2 om ny ne - = nae, Ae eee wp ae, J sae + 86 ay eae ag, oa ame ~ aR Ae ee LOT oy “ 2 WOE ce bg — "Hy 4 spteal ahs Ae ao 1 ptt pe oe pewe w a. ee (Nor he, Lot ' rh etn s h wal 2.\ ‘ xt ee - “ inc ~ fix ’ ; * \ 7 eR . - zr i ~ ‘ bin (ile pes . a ae ; ; Y BAO >. ~~ . - \ tata it * “ ‘ . > ~ x eee a: 4a gy ig) heget . ’ i - J 2 . je 2. x a x" 7 5 — > “ »¥ oe “ - Bases 2 oe aS ae Presented to Che Library of the University of Toronto by The Ontario Research Foundation “SS JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association ~ ~ J : th } FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n.) Edited and Published for THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION By J. R. MOHLER, WASHINGTON, D. C. EXECUTIVE BOARD George Hilton, ist District; T. E. Munce, 2d District; S. E. Bennett, 3d District; J. A. Kiernan, 4th District; C. E. Cotton, 5th District; R. A. Archibald, 6th District; A. T. Kinsley, Member at Large. SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL A. T. Kinsley Ss. E. Bennett J. A. Kiernan : y, | ot Index to Volume LIX NEW SERIES VOLUME 12 April to September, 1921 WASHINGTON, D, C. 1921 ore res Sikh eae a CLV ORE Pike nes SADT OS ep gleaned ser m eh Cg Rib lyo b c SV, a», tn 32? tosis FP hain ’ "; ; SAF site ~ oo 1g fe VE = s) Bag Recess eae a Be ; > g eS) 7 5 . rR . . | 2 2h a . ~ ik f “7 HOT IYIHE? ¥. STONE dra es ds, (ANGLIN BY Puan. tos as eg ist 3 ti neared at S ‘a Ail srndteY¥ on robo yj "a — b CU Ra LR “+ ee . nieatin® a ingle Cha eel 1 Le? : Ae f« sf ak - ‘ - r a wee ee: “0% SS) cf me BR > LOL Tee ee ie OF ILLUSTRATIONS ~ ro Ho. Henny C, WALLACE, SkcRETARY oF AGRICULTURE, 2. Fox Arrecren With Hookworms, 64. 1x SHOWING DIAMOND-SHAPED LESIONS From Wich Swine Envstreas Oncan- “ ‘AS ISOLATED, 141, sraic Moritiry Srupies in Goat AND Horse. Graphs 127, 161-106, * or Equrnes. Fig aie ee. foxes, 207. ne Si Tice andl spas ck teak plracted) 20. tes Gatsicca, te a ‘ee Be 1. for intradermic eg test, 341. ee Ng te 5 mye ae seg Bg S View of "Deaveks 6h E 1 SowsNe Risuits or TUBERCULIN TESTING IN CaLIFoRNA, 452. .IANCES FOR RESTRAINT OF ANIMALS. Figs. 1-6, 472-477. T OF Dr. James Law, 493, OF EXPERIMENTS IN IMMUNIZATION AGAINST ConTAGIOUS ABORTION, 507. ActiNomycos1s or Rericutem: IN Bovine, 623. et beat “ avr te PY hae BR Oo er y = rt ser en fe eit. a ae ne . ott gas rN dy mec ae New York Siale Veerinary College (Corel. 13 | 32] 15| 16| 2/78 ef (open atl Y.Univ.)| 7| 3| 5| 8| 23 5 Ohio State University. ...........0.0.0.0.0-. 19| 30/30 25) = |104 4 - Ontario Veterinary College (Toronto, Canada). . 7% 22 | 17 | | 95 z University of Pennsylvania.................. 4/ 8} 7} 11} . | 30 ‘Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College..... 1| 5, 2) 6 4/18 zy ee eee rennoigon egg aaa ) 3 | 1 6 | 12 | (2 \ } As BEAR Sees } Total, State Colleges................ 164; | | 708 Ra Oo be CE oe of P 5 i C. Ih | ' ; ; ; ; Indiana Veterinary College................. 3 | 98 | 23 73 | 1 |136 | Joseph Veterinary College ........-.-- 05 4 38 | 16 | 37 | 100 k PS a) ee 2 2 ee OL ee Fee a Total, State and Private Colleges..... . ‘185 | ) O44 14 Davip S. WuHiIte a system of intensive agriculture only those animals will be retained which pay for their keep. The veterinarian of the future, in my opinion, will find veterinary practice, which now includes all domesticated animals, even poultry, more stable in its remuneration than ever before. In this connection, and as evidence that this view is not shared by the masses, permit me to draw your attention to the student population of the veterinary schools of North America. : The tabulation shows that 944 students matriculated in the fall of 1920 in the fifteen veterinary schools, including two private institutions, one of which is no longer accredited by the A. V. M. A. Of these 185 were freshmen. There were 3,160 veterinary students in North America in 1916, ‘ While, as noted, the higher entrance requirements are proba- bly the principal factor in producing this marked decline in attendance, undoubtedly there are other factors. Briefly, some of them are the complaints of once prosperous veterinarians who have lost their city horse practices, the low salaries paid the veterinarians in the Bureau of Animal Industry, the pover- ty of many municipalities which have outgrown their ability to raise enough taxes to support themselves adequately, the swollen wages of today, and the popular belief that since the production of automotive vehicles there is no further need for the veterinarian. As a remedy for this condition some have advised that the entrance requirements to the profession be lowered, again throwing open its portals to anyone rejected by medicine, law or dentistry. It is an old saying that ‘‘a silk purse can not be made out of a sow’s ear.’’ We are already far enough be- hind the entranee requirements of the other professions. I do not believe that we can make progress by walking back- wards. In the final outcome the matter will adjust itself. If . for the next few years the number entering the profession is too small to meet the demand, the public will recognize this fact, and again we will find the halls of our veterinary insti- tutions of learning filled. There has been a notable increase in the number of veterinary students in France and Germany. The figures are: Alfort, 222; Lyons, 154; Toulouse, 167; Berlin, 410; Hanover, 575; Dresden, 269; Giessen, 202; Munich, 243. The requirements w 'y ane | x = for admission to a veterinary school on the Continent are as Our PROFESSION 15 _ practically equivalent to two years of arts college work in - this country. _ We believe a partial solution of the bab Said is to strengthen our schools by greater appropriations to procure better teach- ers and more adequate facilities and equipment. The live- stock owners of the United States will demand that some group of men minister to the sick and injured animals which they possess and advise them against anything which is a menace to _these animals in health. If the veterinary profession is not competent to do the job some other group of persons will and must. But I do not believe that as a profession we are willing to quit the job. Our past achievements are known to the wide-awake livestock man. He is our best friend and counsellor. When we think of the great animal plagues which our pro- fession has either kept out of the country or controlled or eradicated once they got in, we have much to be proud of. Rinderpest has never visited us. Sheep pox has never existed among us. Surra has been kept out. Despite its remarkable versatility in its effort to gain a foothold on the American Continent, that dreaded immigrant foot-and-mouth disease has each time been accorded such an inhospitable reception that its future under the American flag seems very dark. Those of you who remember the last epizoétic of this plague know well the trials and tribulations of our profession in its effort to perform its duty. With Congress, State Legislatures, Governors, and influential citizens, some of them members of our own profession, on our backs, in the language of football _ the veterinary line ‘‘held.”’ While for a time they were on our two-yard line and bucking hard, nevertheless we held for *“‘downs,’’ the ball was passed over and we punted out of dan- ger. With the disease in 22 States, covering an enormous ter- ritory, greater than that of all Europe and Great Britain ecom- bined, the veterinary profession forced the plague to evacuate our shores. With Southern eattle fever, despite much opposition, the veterinary profession continues to crowd southward the quar- antine line extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It needs no great stretch of imagination to see the last of the cattle ticks drowned in the Gulf of Mexico. After much misrepresentation the use of tuberculin as the 16 Davip 8. WHITE most important factor in the eradication of tuberculosis of cattle has been generally accepted by the public. The great white plague is gradually receding, and while in our time it may never be entirely wiped out we may look forward with confidence to a system of control which will cause it to become negligible. , Hog cholera we now know how to control. Through the discriminate and skilful use of serum-virus on healthy herds hog cholera has ceased to be a problem from a veterinary stand- point. Once the publie is educated to the point of coépera- tion this disease will join the ‘‘ used-to-have-its.’’ With glanders, rabies, dourine and the various skin diseases caused by mites, veterinary control is becoming yearly more manifest. : The most serious problem, and the one against which we have made the least progress, is the abortion disease of cattle. But of this we do not despair. Our history shows that we have in time licked every plague which confronted us. We are of the firm belief that history will repeat itself in this regard. 4 All our profession néeds today is to await the devélenl of more men of the best type. Some of these are already dee- orated with a veterinary degree but still young and awaiting the golden opportunity to make a place for themselves in the profession. Some are in the schools; others will enter the profession once they realize its importance to the Nation and the service which they, through it, ean render to mankind. No veterinarian who has knowledge of the accomplishments of his profession need feel the sting of humiliation. Rather — should he feel the inspiration of a pride, the product of a de- votion to a duty well performed. Whether it be in the field of practice, in National, State or municipal veterinary police work, in research, in teaching or in the Army, experience has taught us that once given the authority to do his own job the veterinarian has always made good. It should be part of the business of every veterinarian to ereate about him an atmosphere of optimism concerning his profession. He should affiliate himself with local, State and National associations and do so with more of the spirit of what he can put into these things than what he can get out of them. Shortsightedness has brought too many of us to professional — a —.. |. Our PROFESSION se ruin. Farsightedness is the keynote of professional success. us as a profession present a united front. Let the slogan **Less knocking, more boosting.’’ Numerically we are the e illest of the learned professions. We can not therefore Bere to allow our house to became divided against itself. ir greatest asset is our knowledge of things of which other n know little or nothing. Without bombast or brag let the » know what our mission is and that we are prepared to try it into effect. In Biblical language, ‘‘Let your light so shine before men that they may see your good works.” STOCK PAPER TO VETERINARIANS. ; maart a well known breeder of purebred beef cattle recently sub- Pete ribed for a leading livestock periodical for a veterinarian of ___ his aequaintance, and gives the following reason which offers ta valuable hint to all veterinarians: Me chee “Today the veterinarian to whom I am asking to have the paper sent and who stands high in his profession, was looking _ over the cattle bought by ——- —— in the and —— sales, "some $18,000 worth. He did not know the breeding of them ‘and it occurred to me that if the veterinarians of our country _ had an opportunity to post themselves on purebred cattle, fp ey could add much to their success and popularity when aaa a VETERINARY PRACTICE AS IS. +: Recently a veterinarian practicing in one of Pennsylvania’s mining towns was handed the following note by a five-year-old boy of foreign birth: “they are 3 months old weigh 35 lbs. “‘they run to the closet all the time and they wount eat nothing and there ears get red like blood and would you give this boy something for them.’’ Being somewhat puzzled, the Doctor questioned the boy and ' received the somewhat surprising answer : ‘‘ Pigs, mister, pigs— " you know pigs.’’ —R. M.S. THE PRACTITIONER’S RELATION TO STATE MEDICINE * By Joun R. Mouuer, Washington, D.C. SIX YEARS AGO war was precipitated upon a startled world and swept from country to country like a great tornado. Civilization trembled under the menace of militarism in its most oppressive form. Thrones were overturned, republics were born in a day, chaos prevailed everywhere in the Old World, and it seemed’ that democracy was doomed to destruction, when the United States entered the conflict and with the might of it powerful resources and the valor of its Army and Navy turned impending defeat into victory. The best of our manhood from all walks of life responded eagerly to the call to colors, but none more willingly or more gallantly than the members of the veterinary profession. Never before in the history of our coun- try had the profession enjoyed such an opportunity of justi- fying its existence. The triumphs achieved by the profession at the front through effective organization and direction and the display of surgical and medical skill justify the recognition that has been accorded to the members of the profession who entered the military service. We heard much about the demands made by war upon the endurance of munition workers, ship builders and coal miners, but those of us who were in position best to know do not hesitate to assert that no group of manual laborers was exposed to a strain greater than that which practitioners and official veteri- narians had to bear, and there was no slackness in their efforts to stimulate production, to encourage conservation and to in- erease and protect the food supply of the Nation. The country was inclined too much to take for granted services which I do not scruple to call the heroism with which that emergency was met by those who were obliged to stay at home. We may justly feel proud of the record of the veterinary profession throughout the war, and the accomplishments during that period indicate the potential possibilities of its efforts in the control and eradi- cation of our animal diseases when organized and working with a unity of purpose under proper and efficient direction. 1 Presented at the Tpirigenth Annual Conference of Veterinarians, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. , January 20-21, 1921. 18 as - PRACTITIONER’S Revation to State MEDICINE 19 We Reidevea material assistance in speedily conquering the mies of civilization on the battlefield, but we are yet con- ated with our old invisible foes, numbering countless lurking in cracks and crevices, launching their in- ious attacks from dark, damp, dirty places, and which for ars and years have been devastating our herds and flocks and al » collecting indemnities in human lives. ~The thought is naturally aroused that if the powers, the forces of the veterinary profession, could be directed - communicable animal diseases with the same zeal and “ ‘The facts are that State medicine has never been developed + _ and organi as it should be. State regulatory authorities have not been prompted nor permitted by public sentiment to put - forth the efforts of which they are capable in animal disease of Peale, and neither they nor the National authorities have been supplied with sufficient funds to utilize to the best advantage the resources of the profession except in the campaigns against " contagious pleuro-pneumonia and foot-and-mouth disease. Lae RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PROFESSION The veterinary profession is the main guard of our ten- eS __ billion-dollar livestock industry—the greatest income-producing ___ property in the United States, and I believe as a whole it stands ready to inerease its efforts in protecting this industry from the ravages of disease if given the opportunity. The number of veterinarians engaged in State medicine are but a handful com- a pared with the thousands of practitioners who for the most part 7 are conducting their battles single-handed under present methods. a In addition to their numerical strength, veterinary practi- 3 tioners are engaged in a work which places them in a position _ of especial and peculiar responsibility to the community and ® to the State and National livestock sanitary authorities, a work =. which carries with it moral and, usually, statutory obligations. : The State requirements in regard to examination, registration : and license for those desiring to practice veterinary medicine | are a partial recognition of this, and presumably such licenses 20 Joun R, MoHLER are given on the assumption that the recipients will fulfill their obligations. Upon the proper fulfillment of these duties and re- sponsibilities depends to a great degree the ability of the au- thorized State and National regulatory bodies efficiently to per- form their functions. The livestock owner reposes confidence in the ability and integrity of the practitioner who is approved by the State, and relies on him for attention and skill, the lack of which may mean loss financially and may indirectly affect the health of the stock owner’s family. The practitioner, through daily con- tact with livestock men, is in a position to render much valuable service to State and National officials as well as to his clients by disseminating correct information relative to the diseases of animals, in helping to mold public sentiment in regard to the approved methods adopted for controlling disease, and in di- recting public action into proper channels for the public wel- fare. Notwithstanding the advances made by science, there is yet much ignorance among the laity. In many sections even the danger to human beings from contagious animal diseases is not generally understood by the people. This is true especially of tuberculosis, rabies, glanders and anthrax. They know little about the parasites that are transmissible from animals to man, and there is need for enlightening livestock growers in regard to prophylaxis including sanitation, and such animal husbandry subjects as feeds and feeding and the principles of breeding. Much of the opposition of stock owners and the public to State medicine in enforcing essential livestock sanitary measures is due to a lack of knowledge as to the nature of the diseases, their harmfulness, how they are disseminated, and the steps which science and experience have shown to be necessary in successfully combating them. Usually ignorance is responsible for the opposition met, but sometimes this opposition is perpetu- ated, if not originated, by prejudiced or covetous individuals, or those who assume positions too radical, though perhaps theoretically correct. PRACTITIONERS ON THE Picker LINE The practitioner by the nature of his vocation is brought into intimate contact with the misfortunes of his clients; he is the one who is best able to tell us where hog cholera has ap- mt A Practitioner’s Retation to State MepiciNe —21 _ peared; he can lead us to the pasture where the spores of anthrax may be found; he can tell us which herds are healthy, a point out the individuals in other herds which harbor ttion. He is the first to know when and where pestilences . , and, most likely, first to learn their source. : Veterinary practitioners constitute the picket line of livestock ox Shy h organizations ; they are the sentinels who are in a position ae 7 ‘ive the first alarm at the presence of disease; they consti- tut e the greatest trained fighting force available—the backbone ‘imal disease control work. The backbone is the most im- ant part of the skeletal frame, but every backbone is sur- ited by a cranium from which the movements of all parts th body are coérdinated and controlled. Every institution and every movement of importance in finance, commerce, moral — uplit or disease control must have a responsible directing head. . Individual effort, no matter how skillfully it may be applied, is ____ limited in its power to accomplish the greatest possible results, Pras £: both ad lack of authority and by restriction of the field of ac- ie £45 - The livestock sanitary board or its equivalent is the ica 1 directing head of organized activities in suppressing il disease within the State, and, under our form of govern- “a pnt under State laws in codperation with the State authori- Bi ties. It is right and proper that States and their communities & 5 eal continue to assume and exercise their local duties and » ee a ot come to depend too much upon National assistance. The National Government, however, becomes interested whenever a a -eommunicable disease appears in a State, as one of its functions ‘A is to protect other States from its spread through interstate = channels. In order to accomplish this most expeditiously and Bs effectively, where States need assistance, it is frequently de- A sirable to extend coéperation to them in suppressing outbreaks. 4 The activities of both the State and National authorities and | those in active associatiou. in the prevention and control of dis- ease constitute State medicine, or, in other words, organized action in combating disease. 22 Joun R. Monier EXPANSION OF Srate MEDICINE I shall not attempt to forecast the precise advance in State medicine, but who can doubt that, as the years go by, veteri- narians, as well as our brothers in the medical profession, will become engaged more and more in State medicine. The Nation is manifestly evolving in the direction of State service. We have but to view the trend in human medicine to become con- vinced of this. At present a considerable proportion of the medical practitioners are engaged in some form of communal service, as, for instance, insurance and poor-law practice, pub- lic vaccinators, medical officers of health, tuberculosis and venereal disease activities, school medicine service, lunacy and factory service, ete., and the large number connected with the Army and the Navy and the United States Public Health Serv- ice. Some have even suggested that compulsory health insur- ance should be extended to all classes of the community. We probably are not within measurable distance of that consum- mation, but it is self-evident that the claims of the body politic upon State medicine in this and other countries will inevitably expand, and it may be expected that veterinary practice will, to a limited degree, follow the advances in human medicine. BENEFIT TO PRACTITIONERS Livestock owners, through their rapidly developing organiza- tions, are inereasing their demands on veterinary State medicine for protection. There is a tendency toward specialization m certain lines of practice, and already a number of farm bureans and counties are employing veterinarians on yearly salaries to protect their interests. Some veterinary practitioners do not regard these changes with enthusiasm or even equanimity. I do not view with serious apprehension for the practitioner the pros- pects of this natural trend of veterinary medicine. Any ad- vances made thus far in this direction in veterinary medicine have resulted in increasing the opportunities of the practitioner. At various times in the history of State medicine there has been a manifest feeling on the part of some practitioners that they were not included sufficiently in the scheme of operation, that they were separate and apart from the coéperating National and State authorities, and that they were not only slighted but their interests were disregarded and jeopardized. wa PRACTITIONER’S RELATION TO STATE MEDICINE 23 Bureau of Animal Industry was established. It immediately turned its attention to assisting the States in eradicating con- tagious pleuro-pneumonia. Again in 1902 when foot-and-mouth disease appeared in New England, some practitioners opposed the policy of slaughtering the diseased and exposed animals on the ground that their practices would be curtailed and probably eee In spite of the efforts of practitioners and the State authori- ties with their limited funds and facilities, sheep scab spread * in the United States until the infeeted area included all of the territory west of the Mississippi and several States to the east, comprising an area of about 1,800,000 square miles. In 1903 the Bureau quarantined the infected area and began actively to coéperate with the States to eradicate the disease. At the time’ this work was begun scabies was so prevalent and the losses from the disease were so great that many stockmen gave up sheep raising and others were deterred from entering the busi- ness. With the elimination of scabies the sheep industry made ‘ unprecedented progress, to the advantage of the practitioner. In 1906, when tick eradication was first undertaken, some practitioners in the South protested against the invasion of their territory by Bureau and State veterinarians. This op- position vanished rapidly when they came to realize that tick eradication meant the transformation of the South into a great livestock and dairy country. The inauguration of the hog-cholera work in 1913, to establish confidence in the reliability of potent anti-hog-cholera serum when properly administered, met an unwelcome reception from many veterinary practitioners. Vigorous protests were made against placing Bureau and State veterinarians in the field to conduct gratuitous demonstrations, on the ground that this serv- ice was robbing them of their means of livelihood. The Bureau held steadily to its purpose, and the desired results were rapidly obtained. The increase in the use of serum resulted in an ex- pansion of the swine industry, and when, last July, it became necessary to reduce the Bureau field force on account of a re- é duction of the appropriation, more letters requesting a con- ‘ tinuation of hog cholera control work were received from veteri- nary practitioners than from any other source, as they had a Se a YT ee, ee ee. ~ ~ t a . « » Sigoe a hc att 24 Joun R. MOHLER come to consider the official veterinarians as a distinet i them. It may be said to the credit of the profession that PE HS standing the limited opposition mentioned, veterinary practi- tioners, generally, gave valuable assistance to State and National authorities in the successful prosecution of these various projects. TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION AND THE PRACTITIONER The control of tuberculosis is one of the most important prob-— lems now confronting the veterinary profession. We can point ~ with pride to the creditable accomplishments of the veterinary profession in the field of scientific research, which have thrown light on the nature of this disease and the methods that must be employed effectually to suppress it. But we have been tardy in systematically applying the acquired knowledge. Although practitioners have been using the tuberculin test in this country ever since 1892 and some States have attempted at different times to control animal tuberculosis, the disease has continued steadily to spread and increase until it has become a menace to our live- stock industry and human health. It is now a National economic problem of vital importance. The livestock industry is looking to the veterinary profession and expects more effective results in handling this problem than have been accomplished in the past. With that object in view we are now engaged in a cam- paign against tuberculosis. It could seareely be expected that any method of procedure that is very promising of success would meet with universal approval by all concerned. The successful eradication of contagious human or animal disease necessarily involves some inconvenience and sacrifice, more or less transi- tory, on the part of all concerned. , On December 4, 1917, the United States Live Stock Seniinee Association and representatives of purebred cattle breeders’ as- sociations unanimously adopted the plan now in operation, known as the accredited herd plan. Later the plan was sub- mitted to the Bureau for consideration, and it was approved December 23, 1917. The work in the field had been inaugurated on a somewhat elaborate seale in May, 1917, in eodperation with the States, under an appropriation made by Congress at the solicitation of the livestock interests of the country. One of PRACTITIONER’S RELATION TO STATE MEDICINE . 2 L PF tap: prorisions of the plan formulated by the joint committee ee "composed of representatives of the United States Live Stock nti, Sanitary Association and the breeders’ associations was that the Oy ed shall be made ‘‘under the supervision of the Bureau of \ - Animal Industry, or a regularly employed veterinary inspector A ie of the State in which the codperative tuberculosis eradication $-e3 __ work is being conducted.’’ This provision brought forth critical 28, - comment from some practitioners, similar to the objections brought forth when the Bureau first began to codperate with _ the States in the suppression of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, hog cholera, and Texas fever. Probably had due consideration been given to future prospects, this pro- vision of the accredited herd plan would not have been viewed _ by any practitioners with grave apprehension. From the beginning it was believed that breeders would be _ eager to take advantage of the opportunity to have their herds freed from tuberculosis and accredited, and that a popular sentiment would be created and develop in favor of eliminating tuberculosis not only from breeding herds but also from dairy ~ herds and circumscribed areas. As a matter of fact, the ae- eredited herd work is developing along the lines anticipated. With the limited funds, even now it is not possible to keep up ___with the demands for advance work, and accredited herds are _«* rapidly accumulating which must be tested yearly to keep them : on the accredited list. Urgent requests for assistance in cir- ecumseribed area work are increasing in number, city boards of health are turning their attention more and more to the sub- | ject of tuberculosis in connection with their milk supply, and , our export trade in breeding stock which must be tuberculin tested is growing rapidly. When the aceredited herd plan was approved by the Bureau it was realized that in order to work out successfully it must have the support and coéperation of all interested and espe- cially the assistance of veterinary practitioners. Regulation 7, which permits recognized graduates to do interstate testing when approved by the State, was prepared in a manner to relieve those regularly engaged in accredited herd work from making tests for interstate movements, and in published and written stateménts the Bureau has advocated the desirability of prac- titioners testing herds wherever possible preliminary to turn- 26 Joun R. MoHLer ing them over to the Bureau and State authéritide for a ing according to the adopted plan. As early as December, 1918, it was recommended that fully accredited herds be placed under the supervision of approved practitioners who should administer the yearly tests to keep them on the accredited list. At the same time it was recom- mended that as many practitioners as possible be employed in cireumscribed area work in order to advance it rapidly. It seems that most of the criticism from veterinary sources was not well founded and was rather premature. The work has been in operation only since May, 1917, and the reports indicate that in various sections of the country the veterinary practi- tioner is already participating in the benefits from the cam- paign to control tuberculosis. At a meeting of the State Veterinary Association of Tennessee the 80 members present were asked what effect the aceredited herd work was having on their practices. Several replied that it had already proved of benefit financially. Most of them had experienced no difference and none claimed that it had uanjures them. Several months ago the Minnesota veterinary officials ex- pressed the opinion that private testing had increased in that State about 55 per cent since the codperative accredited herd — work was inaugurated. Dr. C. H. Case of Akron, Ohio, read a paper at the meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, November 29, in which he stated that the accredited herd was proving of benefit to the private practitioners of his State. It was reported at the last annual meeting of the Michi- gan Veterinary Medical Association that private testing had increased approximately 50 per cent in Michigan since the in- auguration of the accredited herd work in that State. The following is quoted from an article by Dr. W. W. Emmel, an Iowa prattitioner, which appeared in the December, 1920, issue of Veterinary Medicine: When the present campaign against bovine tuberculosis was in- augurated by the Federal Government in codéperation with the various States, it was the consensus of opinion among practicing veteri- narians that their business, so far as the conducting of tuberculin tests was concerned, was “shot.” The eradication of tuberculosis under the Federal accredited herd plan has been in operation in Iowa for a little more than a year. Some statistics recently com- es cae _ PRACTITIONER'S RELATION TO State MEDICINE 27 for the past fiscal year for comparison with the pooner one 1 no doubt prove of interest to every member of eterinary Fiscal year ending July 1, 1919 An tested Kind of test Per cent reactors =. 6,057 Private 3.7 eat) State 4, Fiscal year ending July 1, 1920 Federal codperative test 5.9 Private 4.2 State 5.1 B.—Private tests on animals intended for interstate shipment ot included in either case. _ From the statistics above it will be noted that the number of ani- on private test has doubled since the Federal accredited was put into Forge in Iowa. State tests have increased great extent also, due Big red to the fact that owners now _ Yeceive reimbursement from the State on condemned animals. As a tected to protect the practicing veterinarian, State tests are not c on Be names intended for sale, nor on premises except where words one practitioner, he has “the backbone to find reactors” now. The owner wants to get rid of his reactors now, whereas Rey, there was a tendency for him to want to “get by.” accredited herd plan in Iowa has done much to educate the stockman as to the real character of tuberculosis and the many times economic loss which the disease produces. This has resulted in a marked increase in the number of animals tested by the practicing veterinarian during the past year. That there has been an increase in private testing since the accredited herd plan has been in operation is also indicated by an increase of over 300 per cent in the production of tuberculin by private concerns. The records of the Bureau show the pro- duction for the years 1917, 1918 and 1919 as follows: Year Cubic centimeters Dises 1917 918,340 1,800 1918 786,567 6,535 1919 2,280,490 5,980 During the fiscal year 1920 (July 1, 1919, to June 30, 1920) there were produced 2,761,406 ¢.c. and 51,735 dises. In considering the volume of tuberculin produced we must not lose sight of the fact that the intradermic method has been used to a considerable extent during the past two years. This 28 Joun R. MoHLER means that many more cattle are being tested with each 100 ¢.c. of intradermie tuberculin than with a like quantity of the sub- cutaneous product. ; The veterinary practitioner stands in an important relation to the National and State codperative organization in carrying out the accredited herd plan. As the plan progresses it is ex- pected that his scope of activities will broaden and he will be asked to assume increased responsibilities. Already there are over 5,000 herds on the accredited list, and approximately 27,000 more are in process of accrediting. In all probability State and National appropriations will never be sufficient to employ enough regularly employed veterinarians to more than blaze the trail in eliminating tuberculosis from our 60 ) a bovine and 73 million porcine population. The campaign now being waged against animal tuberculosis is growing continuously in intensity and interest. Only a few months ago a resolution was adopted at a meeting of the repre- sentatives of New York State farm bureaus in Ithaca, providing that every county in the State should codperate with the State and Federal authorities in the eradication of tuberculosis. The Holstein-Friesian Association at its recent annual meet- ing adopted a resolution providing that after a certain date no purebred cattle or any other cattle could be entered for any sale held under the auspices of that association unless they came out of a herd under State and Federal supervision for the eradica- tion of tuberculosis. The New York State Dairymen’s Association held a meeting recently at Watertown, N. Y. A prominent feature of this meeting was the very strong sentiment expressed in favor of the elimination of tuberculosis from all herds in the State, so as to establish in the minds of prospective purchasers from other © States confidence that they could secure in the State of New York cattle of the highest degree of merit for productivity and free from tuberculosis. The accredited herd work now being carried on in the State of New York is highly complimentary to the progressive support of the livestock industry and the State Bureau of Animal In- dustry, and the important relation of the veterinary practitioner to State medicine in the prosecution of this project is deoply appreciated by the coéperating agencies. - STANDPOINT * By C. W. Foeue, Leipsic, Ohio ______ AS A MEMBER of an examining board I was delighted when the American Veterinary Medical Association and the Bureau of __ Animal Industry made the rule requiring a high-school educa- ____ tion for matriculation. I am a graduate of a private school; ‘nevertheless I am not now, nor ever have been, an admirer of _ the methods of some schools. The blame for 75 per cent of : ‘those failing to pass the State examination should be laid at the door of certain unscrupulous schools. They cater to students ___who are not intellectually qualified ever to become veterinarians, . and they do nothing to improve these students, but relieve them of their money and take several years of their time which might otherwise be of some benefit to society. We tried to get certain educational requirements stated plainly in our present veterinary practice law which was en- acted in 1915, but failed on account of certain private interests _ in this State. We were striving to make a four-year high-school course necessary for matriculation, and a four-year college ) course of nine months to the term compulsory, before a student _~ eould take the examination. As we all know, a-high school acts as a sieve; the more unde- sirable students, that either can not learn or will not study, drop _ out. Then honest administration in the first two semesters of _ €ollege weeds out the misfits—men that would make better enginers or preachers, or what not, than veterinarians. Our experience is that most failures are due to the lack of the above- mentioned sorting process, for you get some excellent students from some very bad schools and some quite poor ones from the best colleges. Here are some examples of men who never could pass an examination, no matter who their teachers might be: Question: Give the attachments of the masseter muscle. Answer: The origin of the masseter, it attaches to the head of the femur and to the tibia. Its action is to flex the stifle joint. 1 Presented at the Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Veteri- nary Medical Association, Columbus, Ohio, August, 1920. : 29 | 30 C. W. Foote . (Question; Give the boundaries-of the inguinal canal. Answer: The inguinal canal is located in the abdominal cay- ity. Its boundaries are the stomach, intestines, liver and kidney. I would say that a man would have to be some cireus per- former to castrate a cryptorchid with such an inguinal canal. (Juestion: Name four ductless glands. . Answer: The ductless glands are Steno’s duct, Wharton’s duct, Rivinus’s and Bremer’s duct. Question: Give the dentition table for an ox. Answer: At about four to six months. Question: Give the full dentition table for a horse. Answer: The horse gets his middle teeth at one year, lat- teral at two years, corners at three years, and a full mouth at five years. This man had been in practice seven years. I kidded him, asking how the colt would live without teeth until one year old. He became indignant, saying that the colt was born with all of his temporary teeth. Then I asked what he meant by a full mouth at five, when the corners come through at three, and he said he got his tusks at five. I could burden you for an hour with ridiculous answers out of a list of only twenty-five papers from the last examination, for, after writing this paper, I found some worse than the illus- trations that I have given. These students are misfits. They should never have been per- mitted to pass the examination at the end of the first semester. The fact that they have been given diplomas, and the buck passed to the State Examining Board, shows how unserupulous and mercenary are the faculties of the colleges from which they were graduated. On the other hand, the graduates of some of the best schools show, by their papers, that their education has not been thorough enough in some of the basic subjects which they studied in the second and third year. Some are woefully de- ficient in common sense and knowledge of common law taught in jurisprudence. They have a tendency to use a conglomera- tion of words which mean nothing. They try to use the proper anatomical names and do not know how; when it would be much better, if in simple, plain English, they would indicate some knowledge of the subject. ca ae TRAINING AND Strate Boarp 31 ink that one thing which should be taught to all stu- a their ideas in a simple and concise manner. it that is worth far more in daily life. An examiner : Se Ateomgh four pages of meaningless pseudo-scientific “en one-half page would fully answer the question. poor farmers will have to listen to this foolishness y of every year so long as this man stays in practice. a grave error to have so many recent graduates on the , ching force, men who have never actually made a dollar at i" a, he a fession which they are trying to teach to others; men i ota » deficient i in knowledge of the actual conditions that will ; t with on the farm. Just imagine how popular a veteri- SWould be who washed, disinfected and painted with a pig before castration. And yet I had a student who it that such a procedure was proper and necessary. “It is a mistake for every other State to try to have a veteri- ry depart tacked on to its State University or Agri- Itural College. The States that ndw have good schools should be ene ouraged to make them better. The whole profession houl help i in the matter of securing sufficient funds for these good schools. Let the weak ones drop. ‘he e Rockefeller Foundation has recommended that in all lines f edi vation certain schools should specialize in certain courses of st udy , thereby doing away with so much useless duplication Tg) and expense. It can well be applied to veterinary *, »y oi a ry ¢ A NATURAL CONCLUSION Harkins, who had taken his children to a country place dur- "ora. holidays, was proceeding across the field with Louis, ape oungest, when the latter saw a cow for the first time. a t is that?’’ asked the child. “That's a cow, my son.”’ - **And what are those things on her head?”’ ¥ 4 “‘Horns.”’ oe bw _ And the two then moved on, Presently the cow mooed, — at Louis was surprised. = “Which horn did she blow, father?’’ he asked.—Harper’s : Magazine. PROGRESS OF TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION | IN PENNSYLVANIA * By Samueu E. Bruner ital Bureau of Animal Industry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania — THERE ARE approximately 1,000,000 dairy and breeding cattle on 202,298 farms in Pennsylvania. On a basis covering the number of infected herds found as the result of the first herd test, which is 40 per cent, 9 per cent of all the cattle tested are condemned as the result of the first test. There are on 85,000 of the 202,298 farms approximately 100,000 tubereulous animals in Pennsylvania today. | Consider for a moment that we have under supervision only 3 per cent of the cattle in the State, you will have some idea as to the extent of the work that remains to be accomplished in order to have a tuberculosis-free State. The problem is a large — one. It is gratifying to know that the disease can not only be controlled, but actually eradicated from infected herds in a comparatively short time. While everyone connected with the work is optimistic concerning the future, yet you realize the tremendous task to be performed in order that the disease will be completely eradicated in Pennsylvania. With the results that have been obtained covering herds that have been and are now under the direct and indirect supervision of the Pennsylvania B. A. I., and especially those herds under the aceredited plan, we have sufficient information to state that tuberculosis can be eradicated from infected herds, and once freed they will remain as such. To further justify this statement, refer to Table 1: TABLE 1.—ACCREDITED PLAN, APRIL 1, 1918, TO JANUARY 1, 1921 104 of 115 herds tested 1918, accredited 424 herds accredited 527 herds credited one successful test 73 accredited herds retested and certificates renewed — This table needs very little explanation. From a number of the herds as indicated, before they became aceredited with one successful test, or those fully accredited, tuberculous animals ‘Presented at the annual meeting of the Penreyivania State Veterinary Medical Association, Harrisburg, Pa., January, 32 +g . r aos * : “Tonenconast ‘ERADICATION IN PENNSYLVANIA 33 e removed. Of the ‘46 States codperating with the Federal wel the establishment of tuberculosis-free herds under the ore 1 plan, Pennsylvania stands third as to the number of wredite ited herds. It is to be expected that an occasional ac- edited herd, when retested, will reveal tuberculous animals. _ Recently the Federal Bureau announced that 74 of more than 4,00 0 accredited herds when retested were found infected and certificates revoked. The chances are that it will happen in 2 ; but of the entire number of accredited herds re- ted ain Dibtdbivanka. the entire group, 73 herds as indicated, en retested, all passed successfully and their certificates were ewed. We consider remarkable progress is made, when the — =F - test conducted under the accredited plan in Pennsylvania s as not made until April, 1918, when up to January 1, 192), M4 of the 115 herds that were tested during 1918 are accredited. reference to placing herds in the accredited class, the iat Bur eau’s policy is to proceed with caution, in order that such herds will continue to remain accredited. In other words, we nD a ch prefer quality than volume. If we can have both, well | ae * in n the number of reacting animals in which, when slaughtered, oN we were unable to demonstrate the disease on autopsy or labora- tory examination. Excluding a small percentage, which can — ene he be charged to incomplete autopsy examination, dif- o «eg They, in turn, met with the same results in not being a. able to demonstrate visible lesions. In the case of practically every animal in which, when slaughtered, no visible lesions were found, specimens were submitted to the laboratory for a com- plete examination, and with very few exceptions preliminary © and final reports from the laboratory showed examinations were negative to tuberculosis. __In a paper presented by the writer at the 1920 A. V. M. A. _ @onvention, Columbus, it was shown that the work that had | : been done in Pennsylvania in connection with herds under _ supervision did not agree with the authorities that the tuberculin test was 98 per cent efficient, in so far as being able to demon- on i: 34 Samue.t E. Bruner strate the disease on autopsy, except when the tuberculin was used the first time on a herd.. We are then able to find lesions in practically 100 per cent of the reacting animals, TABLE 2.—HeRps TesTeD UNDER ACCREDITED PLAN, From APRIL, 1918, TO p oOuF 1, 1920. AUTOPSY ~ Re- | Per Tank- Per Test Herds | Cattle | acted | cent Lesions. No lesions. ed cent ) Pos, Eff. | Neg. | Ineff Initial test... . 964 |16,693 1,532 | 9. [1,285 ol) 14 8! 191 13 First retest....| 473 | 8,306 | 218 | 2. 133 B4 25 16 10 6 Second retest. 78 | 1,801 a3.1-%; 20 71 8 29 2 7 Third retest. 5 | ‘193 | 1| ¢s 0 0 1) 100 0 0 - Note—Table 2 covers the work from April, 1918, to July 1, pci In connection with this table, on the initial test 133 ‘animals were slaughtered; first retest, 60 animals were not slaughternl aaa pian retest, 4 animals were not slaughtered. TABLE 3.—HERDs TESTED UNDER ACCREDITED PLAN FROM APRIL, vine TO ) SANTARE 1, 1921 rie AUTOPSY | Re- | Per Tank-| Per Test Herds | Cattle | acted | cent Lesions. No lesions. ed cent Pos. | Eff. | Neg. | Ineff. Initial test....| 1,393 [23,847 2, 330 | 9. (1,860) 93) 144 7 | 288 “ First retest....| 718 |13,004 sis 3. 334 89 41 1 4 6 Second retest..| 208 | 4,471 | a. 33 71 10 29 2 1 Third retest... 28 651 % 9 2 67 1 33 0 0 Fourth retest. . 1 3 0 Note—Table 3 covers the work from April, 1918, to January 1, 1921. On the initial test 326 animals were not slaugh ae first re- test, 143 animals were not slaughtered; second retest, 6 animals were not slaughtered; third retest, 3 animals were not slaughtered. , It will be noted that the same arrangement or scheme is car- ried out in connection with both Tables 2 and 3. In reference to Table 3, the initial test means the first test of 1,393 herds that were tested under the accredited plan. A large number of these herds had been previously tested under a former State plan. This, no doubt, may account for being unable to demon- strate the disease in but 93 per cent of the reacting animals that were slaughtered. The first retest or second test of these herds was applied, depending on the results of the initial test; A. If a herd passed successfully on an initial test, the first re-— test would be applied a year later. B. If a herd on initial test revealed less than 10 per cent re- actors, the first retest would be applied six months later. r P at it _ Topuncetosts beeninee IN PENNSYLVANIA 35 cae It a herd on initial test revealed 10 per cent or more re- acto) : the first retest would be applied sixty days later. solids erate test, the next test is applied a year later. ‘h 1e first retest is a second test covering 718 of the 1,393 herds. 3 _ The second ‘retest is a third test covering 208 of the 1,393 4 x se third retest is a fourth test covering 28 of the 1,393 herds. The fourth retest is a fifth test covering 1 of the 1,393 herds. By observing both tables there are four outstanding facts: ; AS . Tubereulosis is practically eradicated after the first retest. a7 ey _ will be noted on Table 3, the percentage of tuberculosis is ee Ap *r cent as the result of the second retest. Assuming that ; the 6 animals not slaughtered, as the result of the second re- test, will show lesions when slaughtered, plus the 33 that have a been slaughtered that showed lesions, the actual amount of es reulosis would be 0.8 per cent. 2. As the disease decreases, the inefficiency increases, in so fa (as being unable to demonstrate the disease on autopsy or ore examination. After this fact was definitely deter- oe in certain class of herds, before final judgment is passed 2 - on an apparent reactor, as a result of other than the first test, - by taking the history of the herd into consideration, which in- _ eludes a number of things, such as condition of the premises, 4 length: of time the herd was under supervision, the number of __ added animals and their source, if the history is favorable such animals are check-tested before they are condemned. By doing this, it will be noted by comparing the two tables, our efficiency has slightly increased during the last six months. , 3. There is an oceasional herd from which, after each test, tuberculous animals are-removed. By referring to Table 3 it - will be noted that on the second retest 208 herds comprising oe 4471 cattle were tested with the result that 49 reacted. The _ 49 reacting animals were obtained from 24 herds. On the _ hext test or third retest covering 28 herds, the 6 reacting ani- mals came from 4 of the 28 herds divided as follows: Two each from 2 of the 4 herds, and 1 each from the 2 other herds. Three of the 6 animals ave not been slaughtered. The per- centage of reacting animals as the result of the initial test on these 4 herds ran from 20 to 37 per cent. To a certain extent 36 . Samuet E. Bruner the codperation was somewhat lacking in 2 of the 4 herds. Faulty sanitation, no doubt, played a part in connection with each herd. Where the disease can not be properly eradicated as the result of two tests, it is generally found that the fault lies to one or more of the three causes: (1) Faulty sanitation; (2) improper cleaning and disinfection of the premises fol- lowing removal of reactors; (3) faulty technique and improper interpretation of the test. 4. Taking into consideration the number and percentage of reactors on the initial test, and the number tanked, and by comparing it with the records during the first five years’ exist- ence of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry (1896 to 1900, inclusive) we can state that the percentage of tuberculous animals found in the herds tested today, by the extent of the disease, has been reduced 50 per cent. A year ago a definite policy was adopted as to the time and kind of test that should be applied to different classes of -herds covering cattle under supervision. Most of you are familiar with the policy, as it has been published in connection with the paper presented at A. V. M. A. meeting, Columbus, 1920. In connection with one phase of the policy, if in a herd as the re- sult of the initial test more than 10 per cent, reacted, or if the history of a herd was such that we believed it to be extensively affected, or if in a herd which continued as the result of two tests a number of reactions were obtained, a combination test was applied to such herds. Table 4 covers 77 distinct herds tuberculin tested by th- combination method (subcutaneous, intradermal and ophthal- mic), comprising 2,278 cattle, of which 362, or 15 per cent, re- acted. In practically all the combination tests applied to these 77 herds the eye was sensitized in connection with the ophthal- mie test. The intradermal tuberculin was injected, followed three days later by the second instillation of ophthalmie tuber- eulin, After the usual number of pre-injection temperature measurements, the subcutaneous tuberculin was injected. on a ‘ “UB[d peypeso0B FY} JapUN Spies BSeq{} OF perdde ‘opWBIVYdO puv [vULepBQU 480} 3S4y 9} SBM 480} UOPBUTQUIOD 94} Pe}0U eq 1A =poyied ‘SNOBUBINOGNS OF PozORAT SUBIUT ,,8}50} 9914) [TB OF Ajuo “Y,, 380} JOpun spi9y 2 2UL “OUT, JS1Y 94} UO PePBOTpPUT SB Spied L *g}S03 J84y}0 [[B 0] eATBsoU ‘oywpeyyydO puB jeuLepeuy 943 ¥ n ey) }deoxe ‘}s0} SNOOUB}NOGNS 94} SulMol[os “porwolpuyt sv sAep 0} A[UO Pe}OBII YOTUA STBUyUY SuveU ,,"C PUB “] OF Ajuo “Y,, ‘ qUeTEYIP JB epvul 919M §$}S9} OY} JUBOUT ST pojied yseqy Ag "$]80} 194}0 [[@ 0} SAT} BseU ‘ormpeyyydo puv snhoeuRzNogns ot) *yj0q 10 ‘TeULIEpBsjUT 10 sno 0} A[UO pe}oved YOTYA STeULTUe SUBEUT ,,“O PUB 'S oj Ajuo *Y,, -9UB]NOGNS OY} 494719 0} pe}OveT SAVY OSTR ABU PvE S}q} Jepun *$]80] 19420 [[@ 0} GAM BZ0U ‘;eULIepe.sjUy puv SNoeUBINOGNsS ai 03 > speuUjUy “opWyeYyZYdO 0} pezJoveI JequINU suBeT « 4dO 0} ‘U,, ATUO pezovVel YOTYA STeUljUY SUBEU ,,"T PUB *§ 0} AyUO “Y,, ’ *yj0q 10 oyWITBYIYdO Jo Sno *$]89] 10430 [[B 0} FAN BAeU foyumpeqiydo q | -9UBINOGNS OY} 104779 0} poJOVEI GAY OSTe ABUL PBEY Sy} JOpUN ey} 0} A[UO pa}oOVel YOTYA sS[RUlJUB SUBOUL dQ 0} Ajuo “Y,, sreuljUy ‘TeULIOpBszUy 0} pezOBeI JoquINU suvOUT DUI 93 “Wis S380} 10470 [[@ 0} BANBA0U {[VULIOpBAIU} : *yjog 10 ‘oruIpeyZydo 40 [BULIepeBizUy ay 0} AfuO pe}OveT YOTUA sSTeUTyUB SUvEUT ,,"PUT OF quo "U,, ay seyITo 03 peIoved SAVY OSTe ABUT PREY S{y} JepuNn sTeujuy ‘s]s0} J04}0 [[B 0} SANBZeu ‘snosuBINogns ~ As ‘snosuuynogns 0} =pe}over sequinu suBeUT ,,qnS 0} “H, ey} OF AJUO pe}OVeT YOTUM sSTeUjUB SUBETT ,,"qNS 0} AjUo “H,, : zZ 3 | zoe | ze | toe | ss | z6t| ov | sot | oe | cit | 9 | & zx | st | coc | exes] 2 |'°* mon a oor | ot. |.06 1 62 .)et Lt Let dt ee he ea ee eee 6. |r| sou] t |: ::fep-ocy 4 ES Bet oF Fae Ls Oe PB Sr, i cad v cee shes sigh] ane clot tae] ceacsbsesceiney cal ars eaarncalercerfotres orl t ““RUP-O6E P S #2 1% \ieae 0) Se ea Pe t.|S [es 4, Mt) t |: :yAeR-008 S 0s T 0S T Oot z ave = kein oeeee * os I seal een weleemee ' F 4 er ¢ ***KBP-OLE _ 5 6 1M lm le le lee lw 93, {ST | 9,,.).8.. : s | se | os | 961) 9% “KUp-OVE Be te oot ¢ oot S ine S oot ¢ seer * eee Oe eleee . 5% eeeeeleseve 9 ¢ cL ¢ “ Kep-ot 4 % ier |so |\eu|o |s |ot js |ss jor js ft Pye mae Ssio@ 1 T | 8 | 6F | Oss.) 1T. |: °"SeR Or . ze | st | ae | ou | ae | st jae js |e) 9%...) ce |e | ee |e = age RE al oo jet | 28 | s_ |: :-“Sep-0st oe PASE Ge ae Se ee Oe ee ati C> fate | 3 od aig ot oy Rt eT, | Whe Oe PSE: |S “£Ep-0TL ee |e [se [ee | es los | se jot ite iy 1s je ik ie le 6t jot | s |e | Bt | oe | we KUP-06 ee 6l fortes | oorjes |so | se | ss [is jee je [6 [t |e 19/8 oer |e | oe | ee 1 | Lt |: "* £ep-09 Se lise ‘|.ser] 58 | Se | 98. | Te 18 Je) 1s | feo Beret ss & oe et | ge | £83) 2 syst Pe ; > ley)? | ey| > | BF a 7| 71 z 3 ry 5 lh 5 8 g £\ 4 A : jelHi elle bar i pce BS Z : ‘ / ‘ ( 7 ar. r ql 38 Samuet E. Bruner It will be noted by referring to Table 4 that each single and the various combinations had some value. The 362 reactors are divided as follows: 12 reacted to subcutaneous only, or efficiency of 26 reacted to intradermal only. or efficiency of 27 reacted to ophthalmic only, or efficiency of 17 reacted to subcutaneous and intradermal only, or efficiency 23 reacted to subcutaneous and ophthalmic only, or efficiency 112 reacted to intradermal! and ophthalmic only, or efficiency o 146 reacted to all three, or etficiency of By referring to the last six columns of Table 4 the ssilctelans will be noted : 197 reacted to subcutaneous, or efficiency of 54 per cent 300 reacted to intradermal, or efficiency of 82 per cent 307 reacted to ophthalmic, or efficiency of 85 per cent QQgi $1 S8ana~es y H222233 Beit The number that reacted to the subcutaneous may also have reacted to either the intradermal or ophthalmic, or both. Of the number that reacted to the intradermal, they may also have reacted to the subcutaneous or ophthalmic, or, both. The num- ber that reacted to the ophthalmie may also have reacted. t0 either the subcutaneous or intradermal, or both. The best single test in combination, according to this table, was the ophthalmic. The best combination of two is the intra- dermal and ophthalmic. Recently we have been check-testing animals by the intradermal and ophthalmic method, following the subeutaneous test, with good results. By the method used in which the combination tests were applied, as stated above, covering 77 herds, covered by Table 4, it has been pointed out by our Bureau and others by applying the combination tests in this manner that it lessens the number of subcutaneous re- actions and increases the number of intradermal reactions. By changing the order of their application, i.e., after the pre- injection temperature measurements are taken in ¢onnection with the subcutaneous test, injecting the tuberculin, followed immediately by the injection of the intradermal tuberculin, and sensitizing the eye (this order is known as the simultaneous method), we increase the number of subeutancous reactions and lessen the number of intradermal reactions. Regardless of the order in which the subcutaneous and intra- dermal is applied in combination with the three, it seems to make no difference with the ophthalmic test. Rather the two tests increase the efficiency of the ophthalmic test. It will be * ' ee terniccn ERADICATION IN PENNSYLVANIA ~ = 39 oted | in the table that the ophthalmic test is quite valuable. owever, it is not as desirable a test as the other two, for the on that it is subject to so many interferences. We have e in which ophthalmic reactions are recorded as follows: Small amount of pus P-1 Much pus .......................P-2 ' Abundant pus 0. P-3 We were unable to demonstrate the disease in a number of na when slaughtered which were negative to the other tests nd gave a positive reaction to. the ophthalmic, less than P-3. __ Therefore, according to our policy, unless animals give a P-3 i reaction or mucopurulent discharge and are negative to the other b ye two tests, | they are classed as negative or suspects. oe We have no favorite test, our object being to remove tuber- 8 “eulous animals from the infected herds in the shortest possible o bt n It concerns us very little which test they react to, as - as the diseased animals will react, whether to only one of i ahste tests, or whether in combination or single, and on autopsy we are able to demonstrate the disease. We do ie that the combination tests are indispensable. If they “had not been used in Pennsylvania we would never have been able to eradicate the disease from the class of infected herds indicated above. _____ In Pennsylvania some thought has been given to area work. In fact, it was planned to give it a trial in a small way, espe- As ‘cially i in those counties where considerable testing had been done e under the aceredited plan, or in those sections where the owners * 7 ee oe ah £%: t es <7, 5 would place their herds under the plan on a 100 per cent basis in a voluntary manner. A number of counties in other States doing area work have made specific appropriations in order to aid the Federal and State bureaus. Those interested in the Grove City community were in favor of asking the officials of Mercer County to appropriate funds for this purpose, but it _ was found that the officials of the county did not have legal _ authority to appropriate funds. In order to overcome this * diffieulty the present Legislature will be asked to enact such a ; law that will give any county such authority to assist in the ¢ accredited herd work, if it so desires. 40 Samvueu E. Bruner TABLE 5.—ACCREDITED PLAN, APRIL 1, 1918, TO JANUARY 1, 1921 MERCER COUNTY 201 herds tested 126 herds 596 purebred cattle 184 herds 1,598 grade cattle 2,194 cattle under supervision 151 herds accredi 171 herds credited with one negative test Had the work been started in Mercer County, it was planned to group the herds tested in that county according to townships and start area work in the township having the largest number of herds under supervision. Our Bureau early, recognized the value of ‘the intradermal test in combination with the subcutaneous and ophthalmic tests. However, it is not recognized as an official single test in Penn- sylvania, chiefly for the reason that it is a comparatively new test, in comparison with the length of time the subcutaneous has been used. We do know the value of the subcutaneous and its limitations, which is more than we can say about the intra- dermal. The other reason is the wide difference of opinion in the interpretation of the intradermal test. By testing and retesting free and infected herds a sufficient number of both classes has given us a very good idea as to the value of the subcutaneous test. We found that in retesting free herds the subcutaneous test had an efficiency of 98 per cent. One of two things, or both happened to account for the 2 per cent inefficiency. The animals which reacted on the second test after having passed successfully on the first test either became infected between the two tests or they escaped the first test. " . We do know that in testing herds which are infected, as a rule the higher percentage of infected animals found in such herds the larger the number that will escape the first test. In checking up a large number of infected herds in which more than 10 per cent reacted, it was found as the result of the second test that the subcutaneous test showed an efficiency of 87 per cent. It is likely that a small percentage became infected between the first and second tests, but the majority, no doubt, escaped the first test. In order to determine the efficiency of the intradermal test as compared with the subcutaneous test, it has been decided to execute the following project: ~‘Tonercutosis ERADICATION IN PENNSYLVANIA » 41 p A, so yes Initial test, intradermal. Sixty-day retest, t ophthalmic. Grow > B, 150 herds. Initial test, subcutaneous. Sixty-day retest, rmal and ophthalmic. hot herds. Initial test, ophthalmic. Sixty-day retest, inte and ophthalmic, or subcutaneous and ophthalmic. ae, st it is found from the work that is being done in other | es where the intradermal test is used as a single test, and the results of the project show that we can obtain as good re- sults as we are now obtaining with the subcutaneous, the intra- ‘dermal test will be adopted as a single official test. : Th pecerptited plan was amended December, 1920. The im- t changes are briefly as follows: 1A r the reacting bull is no longer in the herd, that herd ‘may it aicredited after passing two successful tests not less six months apart. 2. The final test before a herd shall become accredited shall combination of the subcutaneous and ophthalmic, or the and ophthalmic. Aa iy . Accredited herds revert to the owner to be tested by quali- sd practitioners at owners’ expense after they are accredited a3 "for a period of one year. - Practitioners have played a large part in connection with ope that have been accomplished in Pennsylvania under = _ the accredited plan, no doubt more than a great many realize. «They have assisted in making herd tests and have advised own- _ ers to place their herds under the plan when they knew they were losing an immediate fee. Further, they have tested ap- proximately 4,000 cattle in small lots that were first or second tests on added cattle, or those for sale purposes. At this time we wish to thank the practitioners for their codperation. _ Infected herds can be freed of tuberculosis by two tuberculin tests with few exceptions: 1. By careful application and interpretation of the tuberculin tests. _2. By prompt removal of the infected animals. 3. By a thorough cleaning and disinfecting of the premises. 4. By immediate improvement of sanitation, if faulty. 5. By not feeding calves on milk from doubtful sources, un- less properly pasteurized. . i 7 i “et ning ae 4 aa vis 5 ae: en spre: al } * i 42 Samvuet E. Bruner Accredited herds will continue to remain accredited, if owners will comply with the following : 1. By correcting sanitation, if faulty. r 2. By cleaning and disinfecting stables, etc., at least once a year. 3. By guarding the herd against exposure from a neighbor’s herd, providing the health of the latter has not been determined. 4. By feeding calves pasteurized milk, unless the milk is from tested animals. 5. By using extreme care in adding new animals to herd. 6. By keeping cattle separate and apart from cattle of herds not under supervision, if shown on exhibition. MEXICO FIGHTS DISEASE President Obregon of Mexico is alive to the necessity of im- proving the cattle of his country and of reducing losses from disease. A law has recently been enacted compelling breeders of that Republic to take measures for the prevention and con- trol of the various diseases of cattle. The owners of cattle are required to report to the Mexican Department of Agriculture all diseases occurring among their animals and are thereafter required to follow the instructions of that department for their treatment. Wisconsin Farmer says editorially of tuberculosis-eradication work: ‘‘It is reasonable to expect, then, that as tuberculosis is eradicated from our cattle herds by means of the tubereulin test it will also be eradicated from our swine herds. Now is the time for every livestock owner to take on an individual responsibility in fighting tuberculosis.’’ Dr. L. H. Howard, Direetor of the Massachusetts Bureau of Animal Industry, was one of a commission to draw up new regulations for the control of bovine tuberculosis in his State. The commission recommended a maximum remuneration to own- ers of $125, and that trafficking in tuberculous animals be made a criminal offense. LATION OF VETERINARY EXTENSION WORK TO THE PRACTICING VETERINARIAN, THE LIVE- STOCK INDUSTRY AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH * By Georce H. Harr, ion Veterinarian, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania THE VETERINARY profession today covers a wide field of wor. The general public is almost totally uninformed of various activities. Indeed many veterinarians do not realize they are fundamentally trained to handle, as well or better “ory other class of men, a great variety of problems per- to the breeding, feeding, care and health of livestock, 1 and special problems in sanitation, and the protection e public health against disease transmitted through the of animal food products or by contact and association used animals and their non-edible products. It is erefore not uncommon, largely on account of local cireum- ees and personal preferences, to see certain of its fields ‘well taken care of and sufficiently handled in a section of the country, while others are neglected. If all our activities ~ were. carried on as well generally over the country as each of a is in certain localities, the service rendered by the pro- sion would be greatly increased. It takes the entire Nation eeaenieh a few isolated instances of where veterinarians have the so-called new fields of activities for which their t Siaing properly fits them, for example, the position of county ey t in counties where livestock raising or dairying is the prin- agricultural pursuit, and the position of manager or super- of large livestock farms. ‘Twenty years ago agriculture in this country was not well Seleniscd. Veterinarians were scarce and their time was taken ‘up in caring for horses, largely situated in urban communities. It was, therefore, not necessary for them to be in very close contact with agriculture. Since that time agriculture has been undergoing a vast amouni of organization. The Smith-Lever Act, the Smith-Hughes Act and the Farm Loan Act have come 4Presented at the meeting of the _— State Veterinary Medical Association, Harrisburg, January 26, 43 44 Grorce H. Harr into operation, constituting the three most important legislative milestones of recent times for the improvement of agriculture. The Smith-Lever Act created the farm adviser or county agent system. The Smith-Hughes Act created vocational agricultural training in the high schools, under which have been developed the boys’ pig clubs and ealf clubs of such great po- tential value in the improvement of livestock. The Farm Loan Act, despite its deficiencies, has made it possible for farm- ers to obtain long-time loans at a reasonable interest rate. Sup- plementing this official organization of agriculture, we have a great variety of very potent and energetic special Orgeniannees, such as the livestock breed and dairy associations, wool growers’ association, poultry breeders’ asociations, and in plant industry an even greater number of organizations. The exigencies of the war caused the county agent system to extend more rapidly than the bill originally intended, and as a consequence practically all of the agricultural counties in all of the States are at present supplied with such officials. While this system, on account of its rapid development, had some difficulty in finding itself at first, today we see in it a wonderful organization, taking up all matters pertaining to rural life, from the installation of water storage and irrigation systems, costing millions of dollars, to showing the farmer’s wife, through the home demonstration agent, how to trim her new Easter bonnet. When the agent in his county meets with a problem on a farm with which he is unable personally to cope he is free to call upon the specialist, in whatever the subjeet matter may be, from the State agricultural college, with which he is definitely linked, for the solution of the problem. ‘That specialist may be in any one of the many divisions which go to make up the college of agriculture of today, including in most States a division of veterinary medicine. What has become of the veterinary profession during this period of organization of agriculture? The automobile has sup- planted the horse to a large extent in the urban communities, where most veterinarians are situated, and the use of tractors has been on the increase in rural communities. Despite the eo- incident rise in the value of food-producing animals and the de- velopment of need for veterinary services in many lines, veteri- narians have been slow to take on new fields of activities. Those ————— VETERINARY EXTENSION WorRK 45 ie a t iho have devoted their time for years entirely to horse | ‘actice have been particularly slow in taking up work among her classes of livestock. Rather than do so, many have be- me interested in other lines of business. The important fields _of practice today are in the food-producing animals, and except in | large cities, where small-animal specialists do well, most ipl do some work among this class of animals. The . vast amount of knowledge accumulated on the horse is in text- 2 2 hooks while that accumulated on food-producing animals is less Wea} tity and largely of recent origin. It still remains in > be or periodicals and unpublished in the minds of prae- me titioners where it has developed as a result of individual ex- __periences since changing conditions have directed practice among this class of animals. For example, it is still necessary _ in the teaching of anatomy in our veterinary colleges to use the horse as the principal subject animal, because our text-books ___ are written and illustrated from horse dissection. Many prac- | titioners, whose territory does not contain very many animals _ of certain species, have not become proficient in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting them. As a consequence ee they are often indifferent about answering calls to such animals, RS resulting in unnecessary loss; while in other parts of the country such eases may constitute the principal work of the practitioners. In the State of Pennsylvania educational matters in veteri- __ nary medicine have always been located in the Veterinary De- partment of the University of Pennsylvania. It is recognized _ today that educational institutions have three definite lines of work to pursue, and when receiving public funds for support their full duty to the commonwealth is not being met unless all are in active progress. These three activities are resident instruction, research, and extension. The institution believes— and I think that you will agree with it—that its first duty in veterinary extension is to the veterinary profession, and its _ object is to make all lines of veterinary activities in this State as efficient as any one of them is in any other part of the coun- try. Veterinary extension work among veterinarians is of value at this time to gather facts from the various practitioners, re- search and official veterinarians and distribute them to others, along with the latest written word on the diseases of animals which are either not settled or so recently settled that they are 46 Greorce H. Harr not to be found generally in text-books. All of us are cognizant of the developments in the treatment of abortion disease and its allied conditions. To carry on this work requires special train- ing. It has come into general practice since the great majority of us left college. Most veterinarians in this State, who have become proficient in its application, have received the special training from the officials of the State Bureau of Animal In- dustry who are specializing on the work, and this constitutes an example of veterinary extension work. Where an individual veterinarian is working as extension man it is fully reeognized that he can not in person furnish all the information and carry out the procedures that are included in the field of veterinary medicine. Under such conditions, where problems arise with which he is unable ‘personally to cope, he must be free to call upon the faculty of the college for assistance from the chair ecov- ering the particular subject matter. In this State, where fortu- nately such cordial relations exist between the college and the regulatory authorities, and where the regulatory authorities are so splendidly organized as they are here, it is hoped that they will very frequently be able to furnish specialists to aid the practitioners, as they have so well done in the past. Such de- velopments and coéperation keep pace with the organization of agriculture and make veterinary medicine a part of the organi- zation, instead of being uninterested bystanders, or even ob- jectors, as has been the case all too frequently in the past. An organized agriculture is an efficient agriculture. Veteri- nary medicine has nothing to fear from an efficient agriculture, because one of the two great subdivisions of agriculture, namely, animal industry, can not be efficient without an efficient veteri- nary medicine. It has been well said that veterinary medicine is the servant of the livestock industry, as human medicine is the servant of the human race. In the exercise of that service, which we may well be proud to carry, it will forever be neces- sary that veterinariats be leaders in the shaping of some of the policies that will direct the industry, just as physicians must shape and direct the policies of the human race that deal with the public health. The more thoroughly organized and efficient our agriculture becomes, the more it will recognize the need for and place of an efficient veterinary personnel in all the aetivi- ties with which veterinary medicine deals. a VETERINARY EXTENSION Work 47 Vanesa EXTENSION AND THE Livestock INDUSTRY » the work was primarily intended to be carried on , vterinatans there are times and conditions when its should be carried directly to the livestock interests. en | een has definitely solved certain problems relating to disease in livestock, it is necessary to get the facts definitely befor ee individual livestock owner before the results of re- 1 can be made of practical use. An example of educational ‘campaigns among livestock owners was seen in the Texas fever ck eradication work. In most counties in the South educa- onal work had to be carried on to educate the livestock owner th ‘the procedure before actual eradication work began. To take r example of more direct interest to the practitioners and b-aiiketing most sections of the United States today, I would cite _ the poultry industry. This has developed wonderfully in the ist ten years. The poultry husbandry divisions of our col- leges of agriculture are important parts of the work in animal husbandry, They have placed poultry raising and egg pro- | duetion on a sound basis. Highly efficient methods of culling * tie flocks, feeding, housing and electric lighting have been de- oe ae to increase financial returns from the industry. The 2s is disease. It is probable that a higher percentage of loss will be sustained by this class of breeders without their going _ out of business than“is the case in those handling other classes of _ livestock. Very little research, comparatively speaking, has been ~ earried on among this class of food-producing animals. On ac- count of the virgin field, however, some definite results have Ten obtained. These facts need to be carried to the poultry- - man as well as to the veterinarian, and the farmer needs to be - informed that veterinarians are prepared to render him valuable assistance in the prevention of losses from disease in his flocks. Poultrymen can afford to pay and will gladly pay fees for _ properly informed veterinary services, rendering this an at- _ _ tractive field to practicing veterinarians situated in poultry raising districts. VETERINARY EXTENSION AND THE PusLic HEALTH Veterinary medicine in its public health activities has a close association to human medicine. This is also the case in many of a 48 Grorce H, Harr our research problems, on account of discoveries of the cause and prevention of animal disease being often of fundamental im- portance in the solving of human problems. I would cite the elucidation of the Piroplasma bigeminum as the etiological fac- tor in Texas fever, furnishing the lead from which the human malarial parasite was found. In research, veterinary medicine and human medicine come in closest association, and extension. although having no place in this field, is glad to pay tribute to it. It is the new truths brought out by men devoting their lives to this class of work which extension is so anxious to receive in order that it may be the means through which such facts can be put into general application. Extension may only ask the courtesy of conference with research in order that it may bring to the attention of the latter the problems which at any par- ticular time, in any particular locality, are those most seriously needing elucidation, fully realizing that research must be al- lowed to accept or leave the problems as it sees fit after due con- sideration. In public health matters, however, veterinary extension has definite fields in which it can be of service. This is a field which, although it will always be of less importance than our agricultural connections, has possibilities which are the least realized by the public as well as ourselves today. The health problems, involving the time of health officials in small cities, are mostly of such a nature that the training of veterinarians renders them the logical persons to be called upon for their solution. In such communities the problems of meat and milk inspection, garbage disposal and sanitary and safe manner of keeping various domestic animals on city lots occupy much more time than the handling of infecti@us diseases of humans, the supervision of the work of city nurses, vital statistics, ete. I have in mind one city of 20,000 population in this country, where the full-time health official is a veterinarian with the title of health officer, and a medical man is on part time with the title of city physician. This was done because the prob- lems in this community are principally meat and milk inspee- tion and garbage disposal. It has been definitely shown by the United States Food Administration and others that the efficient and economical method of disposal of city waste, since the ad- vent of anti-hog-cholera serum and virus, is by segregation and Verertnary Extension Work 49 ding the edible portions to hogs, rendering this largely a erinary problem. This is particularly the case when the ty carries on hog feeding itself. Any urban community which s only one full-time professional man in its health office ih do well to consider the advisability of selecting a veterina- r an for the place. On the other hand, every community, < ee r large or small, is not efficient in its government unless erinarian is employed part time for counsel in regard to tain of its health problems. Veterinary extension would be ay ga service, when opportunity offered, to present such facts ose who are in a position to give them consideration and n them. VETERINARY EpucaATION in not close without a word in regard to veterinary educa- Despite the fact that the future need of veterinarians is to be at bg as great as in the past, student attendanve Ma ay predict that this will result in a shortage of veteriitaggiis in the future. The reduced attendance has several causes, "among which might be mentioned, first, the idea of the general DY falbtie that there is no need for veterianarians, now that the — and tractor have increased so greatly; second, the _ opportunity that high-school graduates have had in recent years for making good salaries in commercial lines; third, that men past the high-school age who would like to study veterinary a ‘medicine have not had sufficient preliminary training to do so; to which might be added the present high cost of college train- — _ ing, and so on. With the type of work that veterinarians of the ister must do, and the fact that they will more and more come i in contact with agricultural college graduates well grounded in the fundamental sciences, it is essential that the preliminary en- trance requirements be kept at the present level. To get the facts _ regarding the future of veterinary medicine before the high- school boy and the public in general may be a part of the work _ of veterinary extension. It is, however, a situation that every veterinarian should be informed upon and talk intelligentlv about whenever and wherever the opportunity offers. _ In conclusion we would like you to understand that the ex- _ tension work is now in progress. It is the desire of those who 50 Georce H. Harr originated it, as well as those who are carrying it on, to have it become of service to the veterinarian and through him to the livestock industry and the publie health. We therefore solicit your coéperation and ask you to call upon us without hesita- tion on any educational matter pertaining to your work, and we assure you that no source of information at our comand will be overlooked in an attempt to be of assistance. LICE ON HORSES . Dr. W. R. Lukens, of Hillsboro, Ohio, suggests the follow- ing method for detecting lice on horses and cattle: ‘‘Sometimes lice are difficult to find on a horse. I have de- vised a method of locating them that I have never seen in print. Lice do not like the light and if the animal is led out into a bright light, particularly sunlight, and allowed to stand a few minutes, the lice will seek protection by crawling to the darkest places. After the horse has stood in the sunlight a few minutes it should be led into a dark stable, the darker the better. In about one minute turn an electric torch on the animal and the lice will be seen crawling on the ends of the hair or coming up towards the surface. They can be seen very easily.’’ HIS ONLY FAULT Mr. Klinker was negotiating with a horse dealer. ‘‘T am,”’ he said, ‘‘not so particular about speed, but I must have a gentle horse for my wife to ride. Will you guarantee this horse to be safe?’’ **Certainly,’’ said the dealer. ‘‘He’s a regular lady’s horse.” **You are sure he’s not afraid of anything?’’ asked Mr. Klinker, anxiously, and for the tenth time. Whereupon the dealer assumed an air of reflection. ‘Well, there is one thing that he has always appeared to be afraid of since I got him,’’ he admitted, conscientiously. ‘It seems as if he’s seared to death for fear some one might say ‘Whoa!’ and he not hear it.’"—Harper’s Magazine. __ PRO DUCTION AND INSPECTION OF BIOLOGICAL ) “ °S PRODUCTS : it ‘i n By D. I. Sxrpmore ef, Division of Virus-Serum Control, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. af ‘rchler, Ward and Shore, was read before this Asso- 1 at its annual meeting held in Kansas City, Missouri, in us 1917. In that paper the purpose and scope of the re- at ‘of the Bureau of Animal Industry pertaining to th “preparation, sale, importation, ete., of veterinary biological ; TO luets were recited to you in as comprehensive a fashion as hs = is alloted to the subject would permit. It also touched ie production of the different classes of biologie products _ which were at that time being prepared under a license. It is fore neither necessary nor advisable for me to consume ble time in reviewing the subject matter of their paper. Those who are interested will find it in the March, 1918, issue “of th , JOURNAL of this Association. . 6 In the remarks that I have to make it is my purpose to deal y i wa with the more important and outstanding features re- * to the production and inspection of biologic products Ehage presented themselves for consideration since the ’ * Can: ns ‘City meeting. - CLASSIFICATION oF LICENSED EsTABLISHMENTS Fo administrative purposes licensed establishments are di- rided into two general classes with regard to the nature of the ucts that are produced and the degree of supervision given ac preparation of these products. In one instance the class consists of those licensed establishments preparing biologie prod- “nets which, even though improperly prepared, are not likely to endanger large numbers of livestock and the livestock industry in general. On account of these considerations and the lack of ient funds to do otherwise, the supervision of this class of establishments is of a g-neral and coéperative nature. The products prepared by these establishments include aggressins, cee 1Presented at the Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Columbus, Ohio, August, 1920. i. cai 51 52 D. I. SkipMorE tubereulins, mallein, bacterins and serobacterins, vaccines and serovaccines, viruses exclusive of hog-cholera virus, toxins, te- tanus antitoxin, and antibacterial sera of various kinds other than anti-hog-cholera serum. In the other instance the class consists of licensed establish- ments preparing anti-hog-cholera serum and hog-cholera virus. On account of the importance of these products and their uni- versal use for protecting the swine industry and the country’s food supply, establishments engaged in their production are supervised closely and directly by trained Bureau employees. Experience has demonstrated the necessity for this procedure in order that a supply of pure and potent serum and virulent virus may be available at all times for the prevention of hog cholera and to insure that these products will not endanger the food supply and the livestock industry through exposure to dangerous and costly infectious diseases. SUPERVISION AND CONTROL OF LICENSED ESTABLISHMENTS IN Ciass 1 In order to control as effectively as possible the production and marketing of the several classes of products such as bae- terins, vaccines, etc., named in connection with the first class of establishments, the territory in which these establishments are located has been divided into districts over which an inspector in charge in the Division of Virus-Serum Control, who is lo- eated within the district, is given jurisdiction. Before a license is issued to an establishment in this class an inspector visits the plant and makes an inspection of its con- struction, sanitation and equipment, together with the technique and methods used in producing each product for which a license is requested. Subcultures of organisms and samples of prod- ucts are collected and submitted to laboratory examination. De- tailed reports of the inspection are likewise submitted to the Bureau for consideration in connection with the laboratory find- ings. If all conditions are found satisfactory a license is issued, but if not, such helpful suggestions as may be indicated are made to the applicant. After the issuance of a license an au- thorized inspector visits the establishment periodically and at irregular intervals for the purpose of observing conditions and to see that the products are properly handled, labeled, ete. Re- BroLogicaL Propucts 53 s are ipredeired daadienty giving the quantity of each prod- let producec From time to time samples of products are col- Mice laboratory examination, direct from the producer ni aby purchase upon the open market. If found contaminated hherwise unsatisfactory the product is recalled from the market and destroyed. ae - the successful control of these establishments much de- K upon the integrity, vigilance and efficiency of those re- spe asible for the production and distribution of the products. ; ae mesty and eternal vigilance are prime requisites in the pro- ile uction of satisfactory biologic products. Manufacturers and as Pam yD e Bureau are both called upon to reckon with the personal uation and human fallibilty. However, much has been ac- _ “oka ished by the procedure followed, and the products that D Repared today, particularly those of proven value, are of a Ognhal class than in former years. a : , sae : . _Anti-Hoe-CuHoLera SeruM AND Hoag-CHotera Virus | ies ESTABLISHMENTS ge * stam Seertinge to the class of licensed establishments which prepare anti-hog-cholera serum and hog-cholera virus our super- vision and inspection is continuous. A force of trained veteri- _ narians and lay inspectors is maintained by the Bureau in these _ establishments for the purpose of personally supervising all activities relating to the production of these products. The duties of these employees involve the inspection of all animals presented for admission to the premises. They also involve the inspection of each animal before inoculation, hyperimmuniza- ace - or bleeding. In short, every step in the production, testing, _ bottling and labeling of the products is done under the direct ~ supervision and direction of a Bureau employee who maintains fs own records and reports his activities to the Bureau daily. In addition, samples of the products are collected from time to time and submitted to laboratory examination to determine their bacterial content, and, if circumstances are believed to warrant this action, retests for potency are also made. Clear Serum What is known as clear anti-hog-cholera serum is now being Prepared quite extensively by a number of establishments. This ab toe. 54 D. I. Skiwmore product is prepared from hyperimmune blood mechanically defibrinated, or from such blood defibrinated by the action of heat, the fibrin of which is held in solution by treating the whole blood with sodium citrate. By adding to this blood, at the time of collection, a small volume of a semisaturated sodium citrate solution its spontaneous clotting is prevented by the union of the citrie acid in the sodum citrate with the calcium of the blood to form calcium citrate. In this way the calcium is removed from solution in the blood and spontaneous clotting does not then occur. The application of heat to this citrated blood, from which the corpuscles have been removed, precipitates the fibrin, which can then be eliminated readily by subjecting the product to centrifugation. Clear serum prepared from citrated blood is opalescent, and may be slightly red in color, while that prepared from me- chanically defibrinated blood is of a deeper red color. Both are clear of cell débris, but neither is transparent. This red color in each instance is due to the hemolysis or dissolution of the red corpuscles, which may be largely prevented by collecting each bleeding in a sodium citrate solution. At times this serum will be observed to contain slight precipitates due in one instance to the action of the preservative while in the other it is be- lieved to be caused by the presence in the blood of the elements of digestion. In neither case do these precipitates, if present, affect the potency of the product. The chief physical difference between ordinary defibrinated blood serum and clear serum is in the removal of the corpuseles from the latter product. To accomplish this object either the defibrinated blood or the citrated whole blood is treated with 1 per cent of bean extract to agglutinate or clump the inert cells. This agglutination takes place in a few minutes and can readily be observed by the naked eye. At this point 3 per cent of a satu- rated solution of sodium chloride is added to crenate or squeeze the cells, which action removes the cell fluid and assists in wash- _ing the cell mass comparatively free of serum. After a few min- utes the material is centrifuged for about 30 minutes to separate and pack the cells so that it is an easy matter to decant or pour off the supernatant serum. From this point methods vary to some extent, but the product is usually heated, and if citrate has been used it must be centrifuged again or otherwise handled to re- . Ropamaroas Propucts 55 re the cehatiiaehed fibrin. To this clear serum there is added nt quantity of a 5 to 10 per cent solution of phenol 0: ake the finished product contain 0.5 per cent of phenol by n the early days of serum production the serum of the blood S not separated from the cells, because in the process of sepa- ratior a large part of the true serum or antibody content was at os 1 the small volume of true serum left after removing the a rental have proved too costly for practical use. By the 2 use of the bean-salt method an average of about 67 per cent of Gp whole blood or 70 per cent of the defibrinated blood can be tee vered in the form of true serum; otherwise only 35 to 40 per cent can be obtained. The clarifying solutions are, of course, not removed from the serum in centrifugation and must - ~ be reckoned with in the completed product in addition to the rc _ preserving solution. Further, it is the practice of some firms ay. _ wo add phenolized physiological salt solution to replace partially eo the volume lost in removing the corpuscles. For this reason are two distinct classes of clear serum, with regard to - © poteney or dosage, upon the market at the present time. In one _ @lass the antibody content is concentrated, and in the other it isnot concentrated but contained in practically the same volume re asin ordinary defibrinated blood serum. a“ i. mas ‘. ie Composition and Dosage of Anti-Hog-Cholera Serum Rules governing the preparation, composition and use of these » classes of serums have been promulgated recently by the au. In order that the compositions of these serums may be compared one with the other and with ordinary serum, let me give you a brief outline of the component parts of each. In "the first place it should be stated that carefully conducted ex- _ periments have shown that an average of about 70 per cent of defibrinated blood can be recovered as true serum by the proper use of the bean-salt method. It is estimated that in addition about 2 per cent of the antibody content of the defibrinated _ blood is lost in handling, by adherence to containers and other- '. wise. By comparison with the average recoveries and yields ob- tained by licensed establishments these figures have been found to be fair and essentially correct and are used as a basis for controlling commercial clear serum production. Since these ¥ =A ; a 56 D. I. SkipMorE figures are a fair average, ordinary defibrinated blood serum may therefore be regarded as consisting of 65 per cent true serum, 25 per cent cells and 10 per cent phenol solution. Clear serum prepared from defibrinated blood, and therefore contain- ing less clarifying solutions than when citrated whole blood is used, consists of 85 per cent true serum, 5 per cent clarifying solutions and 10 per cent phenol solution. When prepared from citrated blood it consists of from 80 to 83 per cent of true serum, from 7 to 10 per cent clarifying solutions, and 10 per cent phenol solution. If diluent is added to either class of clear serum, its composition, of course, depends upon the quantity of diluent added; but under Bureau requirements it never con- tains less than 65 per cent of true serum, or the quantity esti- mated as contained in ordinary defibrinated blood serum. As a matter of fact it usually consists of more than 65 per cent — of true serum, 10 per cent of phenol solution, and about 25 = cent of clarifying and physiological salt solutions. Producers are required to incorporate in trade labels a mini- mum dose table. This table in the case of concentrated clear serum recommends doses 20 per cent smaller than is required for either ordinary serum or diluted clear serum, provided the prod- uct contains not less than 80 per cent of true serum and does not represent over 78 per cent of the volume of ordinary serum that theoretically could have been prepared from the hyperim- mune blood used in its production. This class of serum contains from 25 to 30.7 per cent more true serum per volume than does ordinary serum, whereas the field dose is an average of 20 per cent less than with either ordinary serunr or diluted clear serum. To state the matter in arother way, the field dose of ordinary serum and diluted clear serum is 25 per cent larger than it is with the concentrated class of clear serum, while its true serum content is from 18.75 to 22.5 per cent smaller. Making com- parisons as to the volume of antibody content in field doses of serums on the market, we find that a 40 ¢.c. dose of ordinary serum contains 26 ¢.c. of true serum, and that a 32 ec. dose of concentrated clear serum, which is 20 per cent less than the 40 ¢.c, dose of ordinary serum, contains 25.6 e.c. of true serum provided it consists of only 80 per cent of true serum. If it consists of 85 per cent of true serum, this 32 ¢.c. dose will con- BroLoaicaL Propucts 57 rain 27.2 ¢.c. of true serum, or more than is contained in the 0 ¢.c. dose of ordinary serum. The diluted class of clear serum as prepared represents from | to 98 per cent of the volume of ordinary serum that theoreti- ly could have been produced from the hyperimmune blood involved in its preparation. It must also contain as much true serum as a like volume of ordinary serum, but usually contains ‘more, and the field dose required is identical with See Mleractehistic Qualities of Clear Anti-Hog-Cholera Serum ‘The characteristic qualities of clear serum are : 1. The removal of the corpuscles of hyperimmune blood makes ee puible to heat the serum recovered without material impair- ment of its protective value. This heating kills or renders in- ~ noeuous the ordinary pathogens with which the product may be accidently contaminated and with which hogs and other ani- ‘mals may be affected. It also improves the keeping qualities of the serum by destroying putrefactive organisms. _ 2. The corpuscles are of proteid composition and, in effect, are foreign bodies difficult to preserve, and interfere with proper | and rapid absorption of the product, and for these reasons f _ may be responsible for abscesses or other forms of tissue de- struction. 3. The fluidity of clear serum is fabieanta by the elimination of the inert corpuscles and cell débris, thus facilitating its ad- - ministration. ___ Before leaving this subject, I wish to utter a word of caution - to those who may be inclined to administer the minimum dose of clear serum without due regard for existing conditions. The clarification of serum of course adds nothing to its anti- body content, and liberal doses should therefore be given as in the ease of ordinary serum. Not only are the herd conditions to be properly considered, but the conditions and circumstances existing with respect to each individual animal must be given due consideration if satisfactory results are to be obtained in either ease. I want to say further that the value of ordinary defibri- nated blood serum as you know has been established, therefore no one need hesitate to use it whenever it is indicated. How- ever, clear serum has also established its merits, as shown by a Ls | ae 58 D. I. Skiwmore steady and healthy growth in the volume produced and used with satisfactory results. It has now been on the market for . three or four years, but only in the past two seasons has it been prepared in sufficient volume to be subjected to a fair trial. Only in the last few months has it been prepared in a manner that could be expected to give the best results, but in the face of these facts [ am pleased to report that very little authentic information has reached the Bureau of unfavorable results fol- lowing its proper use. IsSUANCE OF LICENSES In conclusion I wish to deviate slightly from the main theme of my remarks and to state briefly the position of the Burean in the matter of issuing licenses. It has been stated many times that the holding of a license by a person or firm is not to be taken as a guaranty by the Bureau of the products li- censed. However, in spite of this there seems to be a feeling in some quarters that if a license is issued for a product by this act the Bureau guarantees it and is responsible for it. A guar- anty by the Bureau of Animal Industry of any biologic product not prepared by it, even though it may be of unquestionable merit, would assuredly be a most absurd procedure. In the development of means for combating animal diseases we do not feel that our Bureau should be an organization of obstruction to progress; therefore when an application for a license is re- ceived covering a biologic product such a license is issued, pro- vided, first, that the product is so prepared that it will not do injury to the livestock industry; second, that it is prepared in conformity with the best scientific thought and aecepted im- munologic principles; third, that it will be recommended for prevention of the disease or condition from which the organisms or antigen used in its preparation were obtained. A license is not issued when a product fails to meet these requirements and when experimental or field tests show that it is unsatisfactory. The field for research regarding the immunologic value of a number of biologic products, however, is almost unlimited and in some degree unexplored. Bacteriotherapy is especially in need of more exhaustive study and investigational work to de- termine definitely what organisms or combination of organisms ean be utilized best to produce products whieh will be uniformly * Browoeicat Propucrs 59 I am hopeful that scientific, research will shortly jhe way for the ultimate solution of many of the per- ng problems now encountered with regard to this class of es. In the meantime if progress can be made by supple- nting the treatment of diseases or conditions with biologie i ets which seem to be indicated, particularly when other +. ns fail or have their limitations, it seems logical to permit ‘their - production under safeguards which will insure that they ‘ill not be contaminated, dangerous or harmful. There is, j ho re om er, a tendency in some quarters to resort to unwarranted th hc ds for creating a demand for products of questionable ®, but this procedure is of course both reprehensible and de- _ e and in time must certainly react to the disadvantage | of those employing it. Ba “Let me suggest here that all recommendations regarding the s and efficacy of these products be given due consideration in a ey eases, and unless their scientific worth is definitely estab- lished by a long series of tests and observations that such com- "ments as are made be properly qualified. A tremendous lot of empiricism still exists in the general application of biologies and i in the dosage employed. It is therefore fitting that all who a, Aa o the literature any scientific basis for expecting favorable re- s from either bacteriotherapy or serum therapy unless the ausative factor in the disease or condition to be prevented or treated is identical with the organism or organisms employed Ee the preparation of the products. All authorities are agreed a the action of these products is specific. Zinnser says: ‘‘To - protest against the random use of commercial stock vaccines _ without laboratory diagnosis and without control is almost a platitude. ” It ought not to be necessary to remind men of _ scientific training of the imperative need for a correct diagnosis re applying bacterins and vaccines with any assurance that satisfactory results will be obtained. Biologics are not cure-alls. _ They are specifies. We occasionally suspend and revoke licenses, and frequently destroy quantities of unsatisfactory products, but the value in- herent to the livestock industry and the country in general in 60 D. I. SkipmMore licensing biologie products and in their proper preparation and control lies not alone in the number of firms denied a license nor in the number of licenses suspended or revoked, nor in the quantity of products destroyed, but primarily and chiefly in the moral influence which the activities and policy of the Bureau have upon licensed establishments and the production of their products. It is our primary aim and purpose to assist by all reasonable means in making available a supply of biologics which will not be contaminated, dangerous or harmful, and to use every proper means at our command to insure that these products will possess potency and worth commensurate with the most modern scientific knowledge of the subject of biologie therapy. COMPARATIVE TABLES OF ANTI-HOG-CHOLERA SERUM Ordinary Serum 100 c.c. defibrinated blood used Defibrinated blood, 100c.c., or 65 per cent true serum 25 per cent cells Preserving solution, llcc., or 10 per cent Total 111 c.c. 100 per cent Clear Serum (Bean-Salt Method) 100 c.c. defibrinated blood used True serum 70 c.c., or 85 per cent Bean extract and salt solution 4 c.c., or 5 per cent Preserving solution WW... 8.2 cc., or 10 per cent Total 82.2 cc. 100 per cent Clear Serum (Bean-Salt Plus Sodium Citrate Solution) 100 c.c. whole blood used True serum 65 c.c., or 81 per cent Citrate solution, bean extract and salt solution 000000. 7 cc, or 9 per cent Preserving solution . 8c.c., or 10 per cent Total 80 c.c., 100 per cent Clear Serum (Diluted) 100 c.c. defibrinated blood used True serum 70 c.c., or 65.42 per cent Bean extract and salt solution A c.c., or 3.74 per cent Preserving solution —..... 10.7 c.c., or 10.00 per cent Salt solution —............ 22.8 «.c., or 20.84 per cent Total 107.0 c.c. 100.00 per cent Share BIoLoGicAL Propucts 61 DISCUSSION As you have all seen from this very interesting has been made to diluted serum, and since, in my involves deceiving the veterinary profession, I think a word be said de ead this procedure. As you know, the serum a years the serum obtained from the hyper- e diluted clear serum has ordinary salt solu- make up the volume. In the scientific process, in the this product, there is absolutely no excuse to dilute the er we have made wonderful progress as a result of the a sion in the manufacture of biologics by the B. A. L, it is ally regrettable that any firm would think it desirable to dilute a : In regard to the abortion bacterins, the statement was no product was licensed until it was proven that the prod- I wish to state that I do not believe that fact that the live abortion vaccines are not detrimental to industry of the country. A BOVINE ABORTION a ‘The growing importance of bovine infectious abortion, as _ a menacing factor in the livestock industry, lends interest to any discussion of the subject, particularly among veterinarians "engaged i in cattle practice. In view of the fact that no uniformly successful treatment _ for the prevention and cure of this disease has yet been es- _ tablished, any reasonable plan intended to accomplish this purpose is worthy of careful consideration and trial by the _ veterinary profession. 4 The H. K. Mulford Company have recently issued a paper on this subject, in which they include a complete outline of a _ suggested plan of action for a veterinarian to follow in hand- 4. ling an infected herd. No extravagant claims are made for the treatment suggested, but an important feature of the plan is _ that it provides for gathering statistical evidence as to the ‘ value of the plan and treatment in combating infectious rtion and increasing herd efficiency. _ Veterinarians who are interested in this subject may obtain a copy of the paper referred to by writing to H. K. Mulford Company, Philadelphia, and mentioning this publication. © Drs. E. R. Stokwell and Albert Buek, neighboring practi- tioners in Ohio, recently passed through Washington, D. C., on an extended automobile tour through Florida. THE EFFICIENCY OF CHLOROFORM AND THYMOL AGAINST HOOKWORMS IN THE SILVER-BLACK FOX By J. A. ALLEN Animal Pathologist, Fox Research Station, Health of Animals Branch, Canada . IN CANADA, particularly in the province of Prince Edward Island, the raising of silver-black foxes in captivity has become an important industry. Although Prince Edward Island is as yet regarded as the center of this growing business, foxes “are now being bred in confinement in other provinces of Canada, the United States, Japan and some European countries. During 1920 there were over 2,000 live foxes exported from the Island. The approximate value of this foundation stock and the pelts marketed that year is said to be $1,400,000. This sum exceeds the revenue derived from all other classes of live- stock in this small province, which has a population of less than 100,000 people. Since the industry is comparatively new, it would be ex- pected that fox ranchers would experience some pathological difficulties in their attempt to keep in small inclosures a wild animal that was accustomed to roam over a wide territory. The writer was assigned in 1919 by Dr. F, Torrance, Veterinary Di- rector General, to make a general survey of fox ranches and to study some of these problems. Our findings were outlined in a previous communication (1). During this investigation we were surprised to find that a large percentage of the carcasses examined harbored hook- worms (Uneinaria polaris, Loos). The further data obtained since the establishment of the Fox Research Station clearly in- dicate that hookworm infestation is steadily spreading. ‘This of course is the result of the increasing traffic in foxes. Economic ImMporTANCcEe or Hookworm INFESTATION IN FOXES It is the experience of practical fox farmers that a much larger percentage of foxes are now developing undesirable tex- ‘Published by permission of Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Director General, and Dr. E. A. Watson, Chief Animal Pathologist. 62 HooxkworMs IN Sitver-Buack Fox 63 ry Seiade: There are two of these conditions that have n fox breeders much concern: (1) Woolliness. As the name s, the fur loses its silky texture, feels much like wool, ve long hair—guard hair—does not grow to the required le (2) Rust—a condition in which the fur takes on a rede ish or brownish hue instead of the deep, glossy blue-black color that characterizes a prime pelt. There is not a very y market for such skins, and they are always sold at a _ greatly reduced price. x “There has been much speculation as to the cause of woolly » Tar. pation the theories advanced to account for it are mal- trition, iodine deficiency and transmission of hereditary char- Patter Since our calling attention to the prevalence of hook- worms, a number of experienced ranchers have the opinion that these parasites have an etiological significance. These men argue that in former years they had no trouble, and that in aa some cases an animal showing good fur quality one year may _ develop woolliness later in life. There is evidence for the support of most of these theories. be “In one experiment in which we mated three pairs of distinctly ‘4 . foxes the parents gave birth to woolly progeny. It has claimed that good results have been obtained by the feed- - of potassium iodide. The available data would indicate aan possibly all these factors are operative. : ‘All *“‘off furred’’ foxes do not show hookworm infestation, but i f seems significant that over 68 per cent of the woolly and n ted animals used in our present experiment harbored hook- ‘However, some of these experimental animals had only few worms, and in this case their presence may have had e significance. In order to account for the inimical influence the fur when only a few parasites are present, one would e to postulate an analogous condition, as observed in ascari- in which foxes become insusceptible to infestation when they reach adult age, and that animals in which early infesta- ‘tion oceurs do not always recover after the influence of the’ parasite is withdrawn. There are cases on record where woolli- ness appeared to be purely transitory, and still other cases where it seemed to be a permanent hereditary character. ‘Tt is our experience that where there is a large number of ‘uneinaria present there is always a poor quality of fur. This 64 J. A. ALLEN merely follows the general rule in hookworm disease, for in mau or animals the condition of the hair or coat is taken as a diag- nostic symptom. In giving the syinptoms of hookworm disease in man, Stiles (4) describes the hair as follows: ‘‘The hair of the head is dry, reminding one of hemp. The beard, axillary and pubic hairs may be very late and scant of growth.’’ Stiles (4) also notes that if severe infection occurs in early childhood, puberty may be delayed for several years. Although we have no experimental data concerning the relationship of uncinariasis and unfruitful matings in foxes, it is suggestive that many of the ranchers in whose animals hookworms were found report a low yield which they attribute to impotence and sterility. Only a comparatively small number of foxes succumb to the disease, i. e., only a small number of carcasses reach us in which the number of parasites found justifies our concluding that the hookworm was the sole cause of death. In heavily infested ear- casses a marked edema of nearly all tissues, pronounced emaci- ation, and inflammatory areas in the alimentary canal are the most constant postmortem finding. In such cases the hook- worm is the primary etiological factor. We have pointed out before (1) that the alimentary system is the most vulnerable part of the black fox’s economy; and it is HookworMs IN Sitver-Biack Fox 65 uite conceivable that the occurrence of some of the gastro- lesions during the summer months is the result of making a portal for infection. It may be stated ; qualification that hookworms in foxes predispose to ecessary to find an effective remedy for the Jelaeenl of these a *s before undertaking the work of eradication. The gs which gave most promise, as shown by accurately checked e@ pe iments in dogs and clinical observation in man, were loroform and thymol. ‘ily TECHNIQUE ye ? -only really accurate method of experimentally determin- efficiency of any anthelmintic is to recover the worms sais feces after treatment and then kill the animal to as- xtain the number of worms still retained. By this method _ the results may be expressed in terms of a percentage. Com- -_Paratively few experiments of this kind have ben conducted. “a » most noteworthy were published by Hall and Foster (2). a cs “The value of most animals precludes such experiments on a pase large enough to give conclusive evidence. This is particu- true of experimentation on silver foxes that cost from ~ $300 to $1,200. The only time that such*work can be undertaken _- is during the pelting season, December to January, and even Be then it is difficult to secure material because the owners fear t the fur may become injured by the handling and close con- nent when the animals are under observation. Ordinarily ~ only the prime animals are killed for their pelts, since the poorly _furred fox has little market value; and when foxes do not fur id out Sabedaly: as is the case in heavy hookworm infestation, ee are usually held over in the hope that the fur may be of etter quality at a subsequent pelting season. For our experi- 's we were fortunate in securing some animals that were _ being eliminated by their owners because of inferior fur quality. oe In these experiments the metric system was used. The weight ~ ofthe animals is expressed in kilos (a kilo equals 2.2 pounds) and the dosage is expressed in mils (a mil equals about 15 _ minims). The animals were fasted from 12 to 24 hours before treatment. In the experiments with chloroform the drug was -. eee 66 J. A. ALLEN administered in doses of castor oil varying from 25 to 35 mils — according to weight. There is a slight inaccuracy in the doses of chloroform given in the text. This is due to the fact that foxes resent the ad- ministration of medicine, particularly liquid ones, and some is lost when dosing. F In the experiments with thymol the drug was given in eap- sule, and the animals received a purgative before and after the anthelmintic. Magnesium sulphate was given as a preliminary purgative. From one to two cathartic pills, according to size of animal, were given one or two hours after the anthelmintic. Because of the inaccuracy noted above in giving liquid medi- cine, the administration of a pill was, we considered, a surer and safer method of eliminating the thymol and preventing ab sorption. ; f During the experiment the animals were confined in shipping crates, the feces were collected and carefully washed and the number of worms expelled were counted. Each animal was tagged with a number which it kept until the time of making the postmortem examination, when the number of worms that still retained was ascertained. EXPERIMENTS With CHLOROFORM Experiment No. 1 Five foxes varying in weight from 3.5 kilos to 6 kilos were given chloroform in castor oil at the rate of 0.2 mil per kilo of body weight. . Fox No. 26 passed 1 ascarid but no hookworms. When killed five days later was found to have retained 1 hookworm. Effie- iency against ascarids, 100 per cent; against hookworms, 0 per cent. A few slight petechie found in stomach and intestines. Fox No. 27 passed no worms; died inside 40 hours after ad- ministration. No worms-found on postmortem. Hemorrhage in stomach ; abdominal cavity full of blood. Fox No. 28 passed no worms; none found on postmortem. Petechiz in stomach. Fox No. 29 passed one ascarid ; died in 24 hours. Postmortem revealed the presence of 15 hookworms and catarrahal inflam- mation of stomach. Efficiency against hookworms, 0 per cent. Fox No. 30 passed no hookworms, but had 5 fixed to bowel when killed five days later. A few petechiw found in stomach and intestines. Efficiency against hookworms, 0 per cent. HookworMs IN Sitver-Buack Fox 67 Ch oroform, administered in quantities usually recommended for dogs, killed two out of five experimental animals; and what i stil more surprising, it failed to remove any of the hook- ‘present. It removed the only two ascarids in the five rimental foxes, but the number present was so small that _— can not be accepted as an index of efficiency. NA Experiment No. 2 In iment No. 1, 0.2 mil of chloroform failed to remove ee Sons of the hookworms present. In this experiment five foxes eo vere given 0.4 mil per kilo of body weight. BS F _ Red Fox No. 31 showed intoxication shortly after receiving Lal 4 medicine. During the 24 hours following treatment passed 1 ee searid and 4 hookworms. When killed five days later the ani- mal still harbored 13 ascarids and 30 hookworms. Efficiency ag ascarids, 7 per cent; against hookworms, 13.3 per cent. 3 Fox No. 32 passed no worms and none were found on post- x ie ates. Animal died in 50 hours. Stomach, intestines and ab- peptnel cavity full of blood. ____ Fox No. 33 died in 50 hours. Passed no worms; none found > on postmortem. Examination showed petechixe in stomach and "intestines and eatarrahal inflammation of stomach. ae Fox No. 34 died in 40 hours, after much straining and vomit- Je _— ing. No worms passed and none found on postmortem. Stom- “ach and abdominal cavity full of blood. Fox No. 35 passed 27 hookworms; had 43 hookworms when - killed three days later; showed petechi in stomach and in- Bs: testines. Efficiency against hookworms, 38 per cent. Experiment No. 3 4 ist this experiment, chloroform was given at the rate of 0.1 3 Je per kilo of body weight. This is one-half of the quantity 7 usually recommended for dogs. — _ Fox No. 36 weighed 5.5 kilos. This animal passed 1 hook- > - worm and had 2 worms adhering to bowel when killed six days ‘later. Carcass in good condition. Efficiency against hook- :¢ worms, 33.3 per cent. Fox No. 37, weighing 6 kilos, was given chloroform as above and died in 24 hours. Lesions typical. This animal passed much feces before death but no hookworms; 22 hookworms were still attached to the bowel. Efficiency against hookworms, 0 per — cent. Experiment No. 4 _ Hermann’s mixture has been strongly advocated as an an- _ thelmintic against hookworms. In his experiments in the treat- < =% 2 * ——_ 68 J. A. ALLEN ment of dogs, Hall (2) found that the mixture owed its an- thelmintie value to its chloroform content. In the two dogs treated with combination he sueceeded in removing 75 per cent of the hookworms present. This appeared to be a suitable rem- edy to recommend to fox ranchers, and its use has been sug- gested by the writer purely on the basis of analogy. Due warn- ing has always been given that only one-half of the usual dose be used, and that untoward results might ensue. According to the published formula, Hermann’s mixture has the following constituents: Chloroform, 3 grams; castor oil, 40 grams; oil of eucalyptus, 2 grams, or oleoresin of male fern, 4 grams; i.e., the mixture should include either eucalyptus or male fern. Owing to an error, Hall included both drugs and apparently found no disadvantage in doing so. In our experi- ments we followed Hall’s unintentional modification of the orig- inal formula because of the high efficiency it gave in his experi- ment with dogs. Since our experimental material on which we had the ad- vantage of postmortem examination was limited, and in view of our previous experience with chloroform, only two foxes were used in this series. Fox No. 38, weighing 5.6 kilos, was given the full amount of Hermann’s mixture, which was divided into three equal doses and administered inside of two hours on an empty stomach. This is the method recommended for dogs. The chloroform con- tent here exceeded that found capable of killing foxes, so the death of the animal after manifesting severe symptoms of en- teritis and general intoxication was fully anticipated. The ani- mal passed no worms and none were found on postmortem. Fox No. 39 was given only one-half the quantity of the mix- ture. The animal became depressed shortly after administra- tion, showed bloody stool, and passed no hookworms. When killed four days later, hemorrhagic areas and 2 hookworms were found in the intestines. Efficiency against hookworms, 0 per cent. Discussion of Results Obtained with Chloroform Combining the results of all four experiments, it is found that chloroform removed only 21 per cent of the hookworms har- bored by the 14 experimental foxes. This is an unexpected re- sult and is quite at variance with that obtained with chloro- form in dogs. Hall (3) found that 0.1 mil per kilo of body Hookworms IN Siiver-Buack Fox 69 yeight was inefficient ; but when used on the basis of 0.2 or 0.3 j - ar kilo an efficiency of 50 per cent could be expected, which, st is better than single doses of either thymol or santonin. = lethality of chloroform is much more pronounced for s than it is for dogs. Two out of five foxes receiving 0.2 ; ri out of five receiving 0.4 mil, and one out of the two foxes receiving 0.1 mil per kilo of body weight died from the z of the drug. The total mortality in the four experi- ents was 50 per cent. Hall (3) found that normal dogs could thstand doses as great as 3.65 mils per kilo given at one dose, 1 5 mils per kilo when the dose was divided and administered : ¥ n successive days. He found that choloroform was safer than . These quotations are offered in support of the writer’s a Riis observation in regard to the apparent idiosyncrasies - of silver-black foxes. This intolerance to chloroform is not only ~ demonstrated in the oral administration of the drug. In the early days of the fox industry, when the animals were valued 3 at from $20,000 to $30,000 a pair, surgical operations were often © performed by physicians, who naturally employed chloroform a as an anesthetic. Deaths follow so frequently that it is now con- safer to forego an operation rather than administer chloroform. EXPERIMENTS With THyMOL - Experiment No. 5 Ue cts five, 40, 41, 42 and 43, with preliminary and subse- quent purging, were given thymol at the rate of 0.13 gram per t _kilo of body weight. The animals varied in weight from 4 to 6 kilos, and were in good physical condition. These foxes are Neve in together because all were free from hookworms, and were in good condition when killed four days later. ia; -# Experiment No. 6 _ Foxes Nos. 44 to 59, inclusive. These 16 foxes were given thymol at the rate of 0.13 gram per kilo of body weight, and in two hours this dose was repeated. Eleven of the foxes were c to harbor hookworms in numbers varying from 5 to 250. In all there were 650 hookworms expelled and 90 retained after treatment, giving an efficiency of 87.8 per cent. ‘The animals weighed from 3 to 7 kilos. The treatment was 100 per cent efficient in 7 out of the 11 infested foxes. Three of the 16 ex- ? =. wee _ + Be oo fhe 70 J. A, ALLEN perimental animals died from the effects of the drug in from three to five days. The mortality with this dosage is, therefore, 18.7 per cent. ; Experiment No. 7 Fox No. 60, weighing 3.5 kilos, was given thymol at the rate of 0.065 gram per kilo of body weight. The dose was repeated at the end of two hours. During the 24 hours after treatment 11 hookworms were passed; none present on postmortem. Efficiency against hookworms, 100 per cent. Fox No. 61, treated similarly to No. 60, was found to be free from worms. , Fox No. 62 during treatment passed 1 hookworm and retained 2 worms. Efficiency 33.3. per cent. The number of worms present in these animals is entirely too small, and no valid conclusion can be drawn from the ex- periment. The owner of a ranch on which infestation was found to be very heavy volunteered to place his animals at our dis- posal. One hundred and sixty foxes were treated with 5-grain doses, repeated in two hours, which was approximately on the same basis as in experiment No. 7. Many hookworms were ex- pelled, but the efficiency of the treatment could not, of course, be determined by postmortem examination. Out of the 160 foxes, 11, or 6.8 per cent, died as a result of the treatment. Two of these animals showed unmistakable evidence of me- chanical pneumonia as a result of getting the magnesium sul- phate solution down the trachea. Experiment No. 8 _ In this experiment six foxes received only one dose on the basis of 0.065 gram of thymol per kilo of body weight. Fox No. 63 passed no hookworms and retained 6. Fox No. 64 passed 4 hookworms and retained 4. Fox No. 65 passed no hookworms and retained 11. Fox No. 66 passed no hookworms and retained none. Fox No. 67 passed no hookworms and retained 2. Fox No. 68 passed no hookworms and retained 14, —P Experiment No. 9 ; . Fox No. 69 on December 13 received oil of chenopodium at the rate 0.2 mil per kilo of body weight, and passed 13 asearids and 3 hookworms. On December 17 the same animal received thymol at the rate of 0.13 gram per kilo; dose repeated in two hours; passed 41 hookworms. When killed four days later it still had retained 6 hookworms. Chenopodium was 100 per eent HookwormMs IN Sitver-Biack Fox : 71 Daehinad ascarids and 6 per cent efficient against hook- ,. while thymol gave an efficiency of 82 per cent against yo 70 on December 13 received chloroform at the rate £0 02 ‘mil per kilo. No werms expelled. On December 17 re- 1 thymol, 0.13 mil per kilo, and expelled 5 hookworms. — san oform showed an efficiency of 0 per cent against hook- ‘ms, while thymol gave an efficiency of 100 per cent. _ Fox No. 71 treated similarly to No. 70, showed an efficiency of 3 ‘ 7. | om for choloroform and an efficiency of 60 per cent Discussion of Results Obtained With Thymol . ~The results obtained in Experiment No. 6 show that thymol has a very high efficiency when given in doses of 0.13 gram F sr kilo of body weight, but the mortality from this dosage | ae s too high for practical and indiscriminate administration. In a is ‘special cases, however, where the infestation is rampant, hang be justifiable to use this maximum dose, which would yua al about 20 grains given in two doses for the average fox, pai r to eradicate the parasite. This would doubtless be the E leiatly procedure in the end. The work of eradication could | We withheld until late fall when the pelts are reaching prime- | a me ess, so that the animals succumbing to the treatment would not Lo » an absolute loss. Seteane the number of hieials included in Experiment No. ‘ a ate Med wv is too small on which to base an opinion, it appears that at ~ t a 33 per cent efficiency may be expected from this dosage, ‘hich equals about 10 grams given in two doses at two-hour in- rvals for the average sized fox. This is supported by results reported in the treatment of 160 animals. With this dosage the mortality i is reduced to about 6.8 per cent, which is not high 4} ae the tenaciousness of the parasite, the usual debili- tated condition of heavily infested hosts, and the poteney that an anthelmintic substance must have in order to be efficient. Experiment No. 8 shows that a dosage of 0.065 gram per _kilo—approximately 5 grains for the average sized fox—is be- low the threshold of an effective quantity of thymol. Only one out, of the six foxes which received this dosage passed hook- worms. _ Thymol is much more effective against hookworms than either chenopodium or chloroform. In the same animal chenopodium i 72 J. A. ALLEN gave only a 6 per cent efficiency, while thymol gave an 82 per cent efficiency, as shown in experiment No. 9. Chenopodium gave a high index against ascarids (Belascaris marginata). In the same experiment chloroform was very ineffective, removing none of the worms, while a subsequent dose of thymol expelled all the hookworms present. SUMMARY 1. All poorly furred foxes do not harbor hookworms, but 68 per cent of the woolly and stunted foxes used in these experi- ments had hookworms. Unecinaria undoubtedly influence the fur when the parasite is present in large numbers. 2. Chloroform is inefficient as an anthelmintic against hook- worms in foxes. It is also a dangerous drug, producing a mor- tality of 50 per cent in the present experiments. 3. Thymol showed a high degree of efficiency (87.8 per cent) when given to foxes on the basis of 0.13 gram per kilo of body weight, with this dose repeated in two hours. From this dosage a mortality of 18.7 per cent followed, which makes it rather dangerous for universal application unless a heroic attempt at. eradication is necessary in ranches where infestation is heavy. 4. When thymol is used on the basis of 0.065 gram per kilo of live weight and the dose repeated in two hours, an efficiency of at least 33 per cent may be expected, and the mortality is ‘reduced to about 6.8 per cent. 5. One dose of 0.065 gram of thymol per kilo of body weight has little or no anthelmintie effect. 6. Thymol is more effective and less dangerous than chloro- form as an anthelmintic against hookworms in the silver-black fox. REFERENCES 1. ALLEN, J. A. Some diseases 0° foxes. Report of Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1920. Reprinted in Rod and Gun in Canada, Oct., 1920. 2. HALL and Foster. The efficiency of some anthelmintics. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 12, no. 7. 3. HALL, Maurice C. Chloroform as an anthelmintic. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., Sept., 1919. 4. Stites, Cu. WarveLL. Hookworm disease. Public Health Bul. 32, Hygienic Laboratory, Washington. Fy its By Joun F. McKenna, Fresno, California YF THE NUMEROUS udder conditions in cows, mammitis is far the most important and is a condition which gives the Aci in, eae considerable trouble at many times. “ ae aring this paper the writer had in mind that perhaps Dandy practitioners would be present and a general dis- on following the paper would be conducive of more good ne anything that might be brought out in the paper itself. w ye $ ago a paper was presented on this subject by the rat bis of the State association meetings. At the Short = Veterinarians, held at Pullman, Washington, last y, he had the privilege of presenting this subject, and illservations at both these meetings it is apparent that eral practitioners are eager to exchange views on this tind particularly as to treatment. ature containing real information on this subject is what meager in spite of the fact that some text-books are iblished on mammitis and other udder conditions, particular- __ I have read the late articles published by Mark Stephens, : n L. Tyler and 8. L. Stewart, also the articles by J. A. Capp 1B. J. Davis and numerous others, but the studies in bovine mammitis by F. S. Jones of the Rockefeller Institute are perhaps a he most complete of their kind ever published. Two Forms or MAMMITIS _ A number of articles which have been presented on this sub- ject tend ioward the theory that all causes of mammitis are of -mierobian origin. For several years I have advanced the ‘ y that the two most common forms of mammitis are (1) ic and (2) true infectious mammitis. ‘I believe that 80 per cent of all cases of mammitis ean be classed as sporadic. By sporadic I mean that form of mam- mitis due to a change: in the condition of the udder which might take place from within or without the body. Under this class ean be named such causes as traumatism of any form, ary see > i California Practitioners’ Week, Davis, California, 73 2 aa 74 Joun F, McKenna pressure, cold, exposure, extreme heat, extreme cold, consti- pation, intestinal disturbances, or sudden change of any kind. Now I do not mean to convey the impression that the various forms of organism usually found in the udder do not play some part in this form of mammitis, but I do contend that these organisms as a rule only do harm after the resistance of the udder has been lowered by one or more of the conditions which I have mentioned, and that the organisms which are present are not able to induce the disease without the help of the initiative causative factor, and furthermore, that the num- ber of bacteria that some writers have described as the initia- tive cause of mammitis were found in the affected gland or glands by virtue of their presence in the normal udder. Jones, in his reprint from the Journal of Experimental Medi- cine, both in the studies of bovine mastitis and also on the source and significance of streptococci in market milk, gives in detail a summary of the examination of milk drawn directly from the udders. The milk was always drawn directly into a sterile wide-mouth bottle. The cows were brushed, washed and dried before the samples were drawn. The first few streams were discarded and samples from each quarter were milked into the same bottle. The milk was iced at once and usually plated within an hour. Of 16 cows which were eliminating streptococci in the milk, mammitis developed clinically in three cows during a period from March until June. Five other cows suffered from mammitis during lactation period, and the other eight of the sixteen never showed any sign of mammitis dur- ing the period of experimentation. In our general practice we have on numerous occasions seen single cases of mammitis in large herds where milkers have milked the animal suffering from mammitis and then gone to milk other cows in the same herd without taking any preeau- tions in reference to their soiled hands, and yet no other cases of the disease have developed in the herd. In my opinion in these cases if the organism which was given off in the secre- tions from the case of mammitis was virulent enough to be the initiative causative factor, then surely other animals in the herd would become infected under these insanitary milking conditions. That form of mammitis which the writer classifies as.true in- fectious mammitis is the form in which an organism or a group . aa MaMMiItTIs 75 ganisms are the initiative causative factor and are virulent transmit the disease from animal to animal or to e the disease without the aid of some agent which will » resistance of the udder. According to the works of », Noecard, Bang and others, a variety of micro- are responsible in producing a true infectious dinical symptoms of both the forms of mammitis re- to are too well known for me to go into detail. How- it will be well at this time to take up a few differential : points. Sporadic mammitis is most commonly found that are heavy milkers, whereas in true infectious is in a herd this does not seem to hold good. In sporadic s the temperature of the animal varies from a degree 3 degrees above normal, whereas in true infectious mam- 2 is always a high temperature varying from 3 to 5 grees above normal. In sporadic mammitis many times y one daavter is affected, whereas in true infectious mam- -mitis is two or more quarters are usually involved. In true in- etic itis there is pronounced loss of appetite and a gener ral depression, whereas in sopradic mammitis this con- 1 but rarely occurs. ‘ wo TREATMENT s fallen to our lot to treat a great number of cows suf- g from inflammation or infections of the udder, and from © practical experience we believe that we have gained a r understanding of the treatment of these conditions as l year has gone by. However, our local treatment has re- oe practically the same during the past eight or nine ‘s. It consists of hot water applications several times daily, d this can be applied best by the use of heavy cloth made 9 suspensory bandages. The hot water should be at a tem- : rature which will permit one’s hands to handle it with com- “We have tried many of the salves and ointments and special preparations which are on the market for use in cases of mam- mitis, but after trying them all the writer is of the opinion that olive oil 10 parts and tuerapogen 1 part gives us an ideal itis oil. _ Apply the hot water and then massage the udder with the 76 Joun F. McKenna oil, which should be done at least three times daily, but five or six times daily is preferable. The quarter should be — at each massage. Internally, laxatives are to be used as indicated. Drastic purgatives are not to be used. Fluid extract of echinacea may be given in 1-ounce doses four times daily, and where this is not practicable, 2-ounce doses may be given twice daily. We believe the drug echinacea is preferable to many of the other agents that have been recommended for this condition, such as phytolacea, potassium iodide, formalin, formaldehyde, or De- Vine’s formula, which consists of hyposulphite of soda 16 ounces, powdered nux vomica 2 ounces, ginger 4 ounces, licorice 4 ounces, given in 2-ounce doses three times a day. Echinacea in the writer’s hands has been able to produce any of the results that could be expeeted from the above-men- tioned remedies, and its theraputie properties reach farther than all of them. This drug actively opposes septic tendencies, stimulates the glandular organs and actively enforces secre- tions and excretions of the lymphatie system. Subcutaneously our treatment has been very varied. Start- ing with the use of nuclein solution, we used this product on all cases of mammitis in 1911, 1912 and 1913. In 1914 we dis- carded nuclein for lymph-gland extract, and during 1914 and 1915 and 1916 we used this extract on all cases of mammitis, — with results far better than when we were using nuclein, our local treatment and internal medication being the same as when we were using the nuclein solution. In 1917 we carried on an experimentation on 100 cases of mammitis, using the same local treatment, the same internal medication, and in place of either nuclein or lymph-gland ex- tract resorted to subeutaneous injections of milk drawn from the affected udder. The affected quarter or quarters were milked into a graduate, and where the secretions were too thick to allow them to be drawn into a hypodermic syringe, milk from one of the other quarters was added to put the con- tents in solution. This solution was drawn into a large hypo- dermie syringe and from 40 to 80 ¢.c. injected subcutaneously into the animal. Careful records were kept on approximately 100 eases. We repeated the injection of secretion in from 48 to 72 hours. This line of subcutaneous treatment gave us even better results than we had been receiving by the use of either MAMMITIS 77 ein or gland extract. The same local and internal treat- was carried on as before mentioned. However, we were t entirely satisfied with the method of administration, prin- vi D alls for the reason that the clients at all times were not en- y satisfied with our methods. About the time that we had npleted the 100 cases that we speak of, one of the biologic on ern: placed on the market a serobacterin. We discarded » of the milk injections in favor of the serobacterin and 1 this serobacterin for several months. At the end of this | e another biologie concern put on the market two mammitis < Fe chastitis bacterins, one a streptococcus mastitis bacterin (bovine) prepared from killed cultures of hemolytic and non- hemolytic types of streptococci isolated from cases of mammitis \ ine herds, the other a mixed mastitis bacterin (bovine) aa from polyvalent killed cultures of streptococci 60 per cant, Bacillus pyogenes 25 per cent, staphylococci 10 per cent, J _ B. coli 5 per cent. These products are highly recommended by the manufacturer both from a curative and prophylactic _ standpoint. They recommend the use of straight streptococcus hacen in the acute cases and the mixed in the chronic cases. cas the last year in our practice we have used these two prod- ucts for subcutaneous treatment in preference to the others = Mentioned: however, we have not discarded in any way our { D ineal treatment or internal medication. We do not agree with the manufacturers of the bacterin _ that most cases of mammitis are of microbian origin and that 4 the majority of cases are due to an invasion of either the hemolytic or non-hemolytie types of streptococci, but believe that the benefit which we derived from either of the milk se- _ eretions as previously outlined or from the mammitis bacterins which are now on the market is due to the fact that in.the sporadic cases of mammitis the organisms found in the udder _ are producing a destructive condition due only to the fact that the tissues have been made a favorable medium by some systemic disturbance or traumatic condition, and that the use of the bacterins is indicated only for the reason of building up resistance power, and that little or no good would be ac- complished through their use without the aid of the local treat- ment and medicinal agents. wv 78 Joun F, McKenna SUMMARY OF TREATMENT Frequent hot water applications. Frequent elimination of secretions from the affected quarter or quarters, Frequent massaging with olive oil 10 parts and 1 part of therapogen. Echinacea in 1 to 2 ounce doses two to four times daily. Laxatives as indicated. The use of bacterins as an adjuvant to the local and inter- nal treatment. Prof. W. Herbert Lowe has just completed the Short Course in Agriculture at Rutgers College, New Jersey. He was chosen by his class to make the address in their behalf at the gradua- tion exercises. As Professor of Animal Husbandry and In- dustry at New York State Veterinary College, New York Uni- versity, Dr. Lowe is leaving no stone unturned to acquire the latest knowledge on scientific agriculture for the benefit of his students. Dr. W. L. Williams, Mrs. Williams and their daughter ar- rived safely in Ithaca the fore part of February. Dr. Williams has spent about a year in the Hawaiian Islands, and reports a most interesting and glorious time. He again took up his work in the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell Uni- versity, on February 14. In a beautifully illustrated New Year’s edition, the Pasadena Evening Post shows the most interesting features of the Carni- val of Roses. Among these is an excellent picture of Dr. W. A. Boucher, Chief Marshal of the parade. Doctor Boucher is one of the leading veterinarians of South- ern California and has taken an active interest in civie affairs. Captain E. A. Watson, Chief Animal Pathologist in the Canadian Department of Agriculture, has just issued a most interesting and well illustrated bulletin on dourine in Canada. The report includes a review and summary of papers and records published in the annual reports of the Veterinary Director General for the years 1904 to 1919, a general deserip- tion of the disease and a number of appendices. TUBERCULOSIS IN MILK GOATS By G. E. GOLDEN Ras © Veterinary Inspector, Bureau of Animal Industry, —" Sioux City, Iowa EY sigh ae badly infected with tuberculosis on a ts near we :. _ City, Towa, in the vicinity of Leeds, lowa. The trip from Swit ‘to the quarantine station at Athenia, N. J., con- 1d about five months. After being in quarantine about we y-five days the animals arrived at their destination, at Leeds, Iowa, the trip being made by express. . | aap. On account of some diseased condition in this herd which Ae to respond to treatment by the local veterinarian, two J e goats were shipped to Dr. Murray, Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, for experimental purposes. Dr. Murray reported the finding of tuberculous lesions in one of the goats on post- Se examination. - % Pile November 30, 1920, I applied the intradermic tuberculin ia st to the herd, which included 33 imported does, 8 imported ee ks and 1 native doe. Seventy-two hours later observations gion 6 well-marked positive reactors. Ser On December 6 an ophthalmic dise was instilled into the left eye of each goat. At 8 p. m. December 8 all goats with the ex- _ ception of bucks and the native doe were given a subcutaneous m of tuberculin. Goats which had previously reacted to intradermic test were given 3 ¢.c. and the remainder 2 c.c. Post temperatures were taken four hours after injection and continued every two hours until 2 p. m. December 9. On December 9 at 8 a. m., a second ophthalmic dise was in- stilled into the left eye of each goat except goat No. 2, which had died in the meantime. Observations were made three hours 4 3 later and continued every hour until 3 p. m. All six goats ‘ 79 . See! 80 G. E. Gotpen which had previously reacted to the intradermie test gave a positive reaction to the ophthalmic test. Three of the six reactors to the ophthalmic and inteadamla tests gave a positive reaction (thermal) to the subcutaneous test. One goat died seven hours subsequent to injection, with a subnormal temperature, the remaining two goats showing a -de- cided rise in temperature. An autopsy conducted on goat No. 2, which died seven hours subsequent to inoculation, revealed the following postmortem lesions: Extensive caseo-caleareous bronchial and mediastinal lymph glands, also well-marked caseo-calcareous lesions in the lungs. On December 10 these tuberculous lesions were sent to , Di. Morse in charge of the Government Laboratory at Omaha, where a miscroscopic examination of the tissues revealed acid-fast rods in smears made from caseo-calcareous material of it as glands. On account of the importance of this case it was deemed ade visable to forward these tissues to the Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C., for further ex- amination. A microscopic examination of these tissues at Wash- ington also revealed the presence of acid-fast microérganisms. An emulsion of the diseased areas was then made and injected into guinea-pigs. These animals became noticeably ill, but were allowed to live until the twenty-fifth day after inoeula- tion, when one of the pigs was killed and well advanced lesions of tuberculosis were found in the prepectoral lymph glands, peritoneum, liver, spleen, and the lymph gland in close prox- imity to the site of inoculation. On the peritoneum the eeenrion _ were studded over its whole surface. ; On December 24 autopsies were made on reactor goats Nos. 92, 22, 39 and 104, and the following tuberculous lesions were found: inotut Goat No. 92.—Bronchial lymph gland, well-marked caseo- caleareous condition. Goat No. 22.—Posterior mediastinal lyph gland, well-marked caseo-caleareous condition. A few ecaseo-caleareous nodules in both lungs. Bronchial lymph gland, slightly easeo-caleareous. Goat No. 39.—Posterior mediastinal lymph gland, extensively | caseous. Small caseo-caleareous nodules in both lungs. Well- marked caseo-calcareous nodules in spleen. TUBERCULOSIS IN Mink Goats 81 A | No. 104.—Anterior and posterior lymph glands, exten- j eareous. Bronchial lymph gland, extensively eous. Anterior half of left lung caseo-calcareous, [- caseo-calcareous nodules throughout remainder of Well-marked caseo-calcareous nodules in spleen and “pert of the tuberculous tissues from goat No. 104 were to the Government Laboratory at Omaha, Nebr., where rosec pic examination demonstrated tubercle bacilli in smears from caseo-calcareous lesions in liver, lungs and gland. eased tissues from goats No. 92, 22, 39 and 104 were sent Pathological Laboratory, Washington, where a microscopic aination demonstrated acid-fast organisms of the size and 1 of tubercle bacilli in the lesions present. eactor goat No. 105 was shipped to Ames, Iowa, for a clinic de in connection with the Veterinary Practitioners’ Short ®, January 17 and 18. This animal was retested on the ee 18th at Ames and gave a positive reaction to both the i¢ and subcutaneous tests. The goat was then killed and well-marked caseo-calcareous tuberculous lesions were found lungs and mediastinal lymph glands. ie original source of this infection has not as yet been as- Efe rtaine d. The goats have not associated with other animals | si nee their arrival at Leeds. Very few cattle or hogs are kept on 4 farm. The yards and buildings are in very good sanitary i cei ndition, the latter being recently built. In view of the extensive tuberculosis infection in this herd of Y goats, it is the opinion of the writer that the safest method to to pursue i in order to prevent the spread of tuberculosis to the B. human family from ‘this source would be either to pasteurize th » milk or to test the goats with tuberculin and remove re- Tas From the well-marked positive reactions that the tuber- — culous goats gave to the different tuberculin tests it is apparent - that the testing of goats for tuberculosis can be done with ac- curacy. Goats may be badly affected with tuberculosis and still “appear in good physical condition, as was the case with three of the tuberculous goats in this herd. ag j v6 vy. ee TUBERCULOSIS OF GOATS By Cuartes Murray, 8. H. MeNurr and Pau Purwiy Department of Veterinary Investigation, lowa State oleh Ames, lowa THE GOAT has long been considered highly i to tuberculosis infection, a supposition based on limited observation and experimentation. . Due to the fact that the goat has not been extensively slaughtered at supervised slaughterhouses, ac- curate records over any considerable period of time are not available upon which to determine the extent of the disease in this animal. On the basis of the assumption that the goat is rarely tuberculous, the substitution of goat milk for cow milk has been extensively made as a prophylactic measure against human tuberculosis. The fact is that tuberculosis in goats is not nearly so rare as has been thought, and the false security felt by those using goat milk because of the belief that there is no possibility of the transmission of tuberculosis is a dangerous thing. While it will have to be admitted from the evidence at hand that the disease is probably far less prevalent among goats than among cattle, nevertheless its occurrence must be recognized and a warning should be sounded, and physicians who have given un- qualified recommendation concerning the use of goat milk as a product wholly free from tuberculosis infection should bear in mind thé possibility of the transmission of the disease through that agent. A review of the foreign literature shows that in inspected abattoirs recognition of the disease is not uncommon. Fréhner and Zwick report that at the slaughterhouses in Lyons for the year 1899 3,000 goats were slaughtered of which 7 were ‘tuberculous. At the same place in 1904-1906 the percentage was 0.72. In Bavaria the percentage of tuberculous goats of those slaughtered under government inspection was: For 1904, 0.14; for 1906, 0.19. In Saxony the percentages were: 1898, 0.41; 1900, 2.57; 1902, 2.97; 1904, 1.83; 1906, 1.99; 1908, 1.96. In Prussia: 1898, 0.50; 1900, 0.38; 1902, 0.35; 1904, 0.51; 1906, 0.61. In the United States last year, according to the reports of the Bureau of Animal Industry, there were slaughtered in abattoirs 82 ~ TUBERCULOSIS or Goats 83 -s ler Government inspection an average of dois 4,000 goats mth, but we are unable to obtain the percentage of these 1 tuberculosis.* ; in his report of the director of the Veterinary jenie Institute of Freiberg for 1917 says: ‘‘ Tuberculous sses in goats assume a different aspect from those of other s, tending to a high degree of caseation, calcification and apsulation. Large areas of lung parenchyma are destroyed of caseous, encapsulated nodules appearing in Jesh rm of soft cavernous abscesses inclosed by a thick fibrous . wail. "The eapsule is a thick, smooth, fibrous wall and the con- Flt i aon ~~. 7 oe _ COCCIDIA AS A CAUSE OF QUAIL DISEASE i — By B. A. GauLacHeEr ir: TPethological Division, Bureau of Animal ladushiet. Torr Washington, D. C. - aoe IN 1907 Morse described an infectious disease of American quail which he found was cetera by a form of Bacillus coli. To * his isease he gave the name ‘‘quail disease.” d Ie ymp ntoms. —The symptoms shown by affected birds are dull- s, lack of appetite and roughness of the plumage. Death ‘ occurs within two or three days after the appearance of symp- pms In chronic cases emaciation is extreme. Postmortem Appearance.—On autopsy the carcass usually is g00 od condition. The lungs may be slightly congested. The is congested and in most cases shows necrotic areas. The sple n_ also is congested. The most characteristic lesions are merous ie yellowish areas of necrosis in the wall of the ne. These areas average about the size of a pinhead and p seen through the peritoneal surface. The necrotic ulcers times perforate the intestinal wall. | nia disease is observed principally among various species of ail captured in Mexico and shipped to the United States for king game preserves.’ Thousands of these birds are im- d annually during the winter, and the unusual conditions Mgaahlpe endured in transit and through the period of _ quarantine apparently predispose them to the disease. an n miscroscopic examinations of intestinal contents of quail forwarded to the Pathological Division of the Bureau of Animal te from ports of entry and from game preserves, coecidia _ were frequently found in large numbers. In some cases the post- A 1 lesions were similar to those of acute coccidiosis in and accordingly warranted a diagnosis of intestinal + iosis. In other cases birds showing coccidia in the in- testinal contents also displayed the characteristic lesions of quail disease. The question arose as to whether the coccidia might ea a causative relation to these lesions, since it is well known at these organisms develop a large part of their life cycle vi mucous and liver tissues. iit, ali gee _f8: das Se 86 B, A. GALLAGHER Doubt that the B. coli organism was always responsible for quail disease was entertained by the writer because of the. fact that in many typical cases the colon bacillus could not be iso- lated from the heart blood or lungs, although usually present in the liver. The presence of the colon bacillus in a necrotie liver could well be expected, since the organism, normally present in the intestines, could easily pass through the bile ducts and find a favorable place for growth in necrotic areas; also colon or- ganisms may enter the liver shortly after death and develop pro- fusely. Morse, though giving a form of B. coli as the causative agent, states that ‘‘the bacillus can not always be cultivated from the heart blood of a bird dead of quail disease, nor can it always be cultivated from the lungs. It can usually be isolated from the liver in which lesions exist, and always from the affected intestines.”’ Microscopic Examination.—That the coccidia did bear a re- lation to the development of necrotic lesions of the intestines and liver has béen demonstrated by microscopic studies of see- tions of diseased tissues and of fresh diseased material broken up in potassium hydroxid solution. Numerous coccidial forms in several stages of development were observed in the necrotic material and degenerating tissues in both the intestinal and liver lesions. . EXPERIMENTS An opportunity occurred last spring to test the infectiousness of both the bacillus and the coccidium, isolated from typical eases of quail disease, on several quail which were received from Texas for experimental purposes. These were from a Mexican importation and were kept at the Bureau Experiment Station near Washington for a period of two months without showing evidence of disease. Experiment 1.—One quail received subcutaneously 1 ¢.c. of a 48-hour bouillon culture of a newly isolated colon organism from a case of quail disease, one quail received 1 ¢.c. of the same culture intra-abdominally, and one quail was fed 1 ¢.c. of the same culture. The birds receiving the subcutaneous and intra-abdominal in- jections failed to disclose evidence of infection. The one re- ceiving the culture per os became sick shortly afterwards, no Coccmia As A Cause or Quam Disease ” OF ‘doubt as a result of the toxin formed in the culture mediim. This “W remained dull, droopy and ‘‘bunched up,’’ and was anc L on the morning of the seventh day after the culture was ad stered. On autopsy no lesions of quail disease were found, but B. coli was isolated from the liver. The heart blood sh ] Ssoigs were sterile. No coccidia were found in the intestinal a month after the experiment described was completed several quail carcasses showing characteristic lesions of quail dis- _ ease were received from Virginia. These birds had recently ar- i rived from Mexico. Coccidia were extremely numerous in the I intestines and were found also in the liver lesions. B. coli was . oes _ Experiment 2.—The two quail which survived the previous t with the B. coli and one other quail from the same were allowed to drink water in which the intestinal contents of one of the diseased Virginia quail were mixed. Twelve days one bird was found dead. The autopsy revealed numerous well-marked necrotic areas in the intestines and ceca. The liver contained two large necrotic areas. Microscopic ex- amination showed that coccidia were numerous in the intestine _ and present in the liver lesions. Several colonies of a colonlike . organism were isolated from the liver and lungs. The heart blood was sterile. : “ June 1, 1920, the second quail was found dead. The autopsy disclosed well-marked lesions of quail disease in liver and in- _ testine. Coccidia were present in the liver and intestine. B. coli _ was isolated from the liver only. ‘The third quail remained alive. Whether it contracted the _ disease and recovered or was naturally resistant was not de- termined. ; , CONCLUSIONS Tt appears to be evident, as a result of the foregoing study ‘of quail disease, that the coccidium must be considered as a causative agent. This evidence is supported by the fact that lesions of a similar necroti* nature are found in coccidial and other protozoan infections, such as coccidiosis of the liver of rabbits and young chicks and enterohepatitis of turkeys. 2 is a" aglow i on + 88 B. A. GALLAGHER The experiments, while not sufficiently numerous to warrant elimination of the colon bacillus as another causative factor, showed that quail disease could be induced by allowing birds to consume material containjng coccidia, whereas the injection or feeding of B. coli isolated from a case of quail disease failed to reproduce the disease. The finding of B. coli outside the intestinal tract and espe- cially in the liver of birds dead of quail disease is not of suffie-_ ient weight to give it primary etiological importance. This is particularly true in view of the absence of experimental proof that B. coli is capable in itself of inducing a case of this disease. REFERENCES Morse, GEO. BYRON. Quail Disease in the United States. Bureau of Animal Industry Circular 109. 1907. WARD, ARCHIBALD ROBINSON, and GALLAGHER, B. A. Diseases of Do- mesticated Birds. 1920. Dr. F. D. Owen, in charge of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry’s coéperative hog cholera work in North Carolina, has fully reeovered from a series of operations performed in De- cember, the operations being for appendicitis, gall stones, right and left inguinal hernias, and the removal of a tumor from his arm. The Star-Bulletin of Honolulu for February 14, 1921, an- nounces the arrival of the transport Thomas, with Colonel Wil- liam G. Turner of the Veterinary Corps listed among the through passengers for Manila, Dr. J. M. Kerr has recently accepted a position with the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and is engaged in cobperative tick eradication work. Dr. Chas. W. Bandy, Assistant State Veterinarian of Illinois, has recently moved to Harvel, Illinois, where he will engage in general practice. President D. S. White is a proud and happy grandfather. Tue JouRNAL extends congratulations, EMOE GIC SEPTICEMIA AND ITS CONTROL, sed WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE _~—~—’- NEBRASKA EXPERIMENTS _ By Avorn Ercuuorn, Pearl River, New York ~6% l $A COMMUNICATION to the JouRNAL or THE AMERICAN ERINARY MepicaL Association (vol. 11, p. 241), the writer 1 out the shortcomings of Nebraska Research Bulletins 1 18 on ‘‘The Immunizing Value of Commercial Vaccines Bacterins Against Hemorrhagic Septicemia,’’ by L. Van Es dH. M. Martin. No effort was made at that time to review se publications and it was intended only to point out their : completeness as works of research. In view of the fact that _ the authors have deemed it advisable to make an effort to de- [ nd the various criticisms (JourNAL A. V. M. A., vol. 11, p. by what appears to be a very faint attempt, it is deemed to give further consideration to these publications. significance of the subject and the tremendous amount igations carried out on this disease are of sufficient » to place before the profession such facts as will conclu “ cee eee x x do. ge Ronee Baran oc: x x Died Noy. 20, 1920 eS a apie a Lien oneal x x Lived SPE POMP gpem FEBS ho x x do. 19 Seren. |... aaa. tthe Caen x ied Noy. 19, 1920 20 as; 1... 5s ces x do. 4 Pall Tia, Meneses csc keene x Died Noy. 20, 1920 22 ) do. esate eteleceeeeeees - Lived served with 1 per cent phenol. One-half of 1 per cent of phenol in 10 ¢.e. or even higher doses would not have any ill effeet on rabbits and surely would not cause sudden death as claimed by the authors. In the introductory remark of the same bulletin the follow- ing statement is made: “Aside from a rather transitory and 7 unstable immunity se- cured by the use of an anti-serum prepared by us, there was little or no evidence that injections of bacterins or vaccines, as made in our laboratory, were followed by any degree of resistance against a trial injection of B. bipolaris.” Furthermore, a similar statement was made by Van Es at the Veterinary Conference held in January at Urbana, Illinois. We must again express our great surprise, yes, a disappoint- ment, that the authors failed in producing an immune serum, Hemorruagic SEPriceMIA 95 Value of Hemorrhagic Septicemia Serum in a Horse Siiiitids Elrkaticumunising Trestment Vinus AMOUNT Dare | Insecrep, Resutts Serum Inzecrep 0.002 c.c.' 3/ 5/19 3/ 7/19 Died Mar. 11, 4 days do. do. Died Mar. 9, 2 days (SP 5 c.c. normal serum do. do. Died Mar. 8, 18 hours 3/31/19 4/ 2/19 | Lived : do. do. Died Apr. 7, 5 days Rak «ne 5 c.c. normal serum do. do. Died Apr. 3, 24 hours 4/16/19 4/18/19 Lived do. do. do. seeeeeeeee 5 ¢.c. normal serum do. do. Died Apr. 19, 24 hours ry one who is Hiiniilar with the immunizing experiments 1 against the various forms of hemorrhagic septicemia is aware Pot the fact that many investigators have produced y effective i immune sera against hemorrhagic septicemia. 8 therefore, that there must have been some factor re- on sible for such contradictory results. The writer has been zed in the production of anti-hemorrhagic septicemia srum for many years, and to prove our point it might be of erest to publish some of our potency test charts on the pro- etive value of hemorrhagic septicemia serums. _Table 3 is of particular interest because it shows plainly how, h the increased amount of injection of cultures, the protec- e value of the serum is increased. ‘The protection tests of the serums were conducted in our Puees, on both rabbits and mice. As we find on repeated testing that mice are at least as well suited as rabbits for the test, we are now conducting our routine tests on nice. Such protection tests are carried out at regular inter- vals on the serum-producing horses, and therefore the utiliza- tion of mice in an establishment engaged in the production of large quantities of immune serums is an economical advantage. ‘Serums tested as shown in the foregoing tables were from 4whidien injected with Bacillus suisepticus and some with B. Dovisepticus. The protection in the test animals is rather re- oe: Te 96 ApoLeH EICHHORN _ Table 4+ Protection Tests of Hemorrhagic Septicemia Serum | Amount Dare = Live Cur- Dare : amg ae = Dare Senumin-| IN- ) TURE INJEC- IN- Resurs ; JECTED TION OF | JECTED bes ies | B. bipolaris 1 | 1163 | 9/18/20| 0.2c.0. 9/22/20 || 0.002 c..! | 9/23/20) Lived 2 1163 | do 0.4e0. do do. do. do. 3 | 1163 | do. 0.6c0. | do. “do. do. do. 4 1163 do. 0.8 cc. do do. do. do. 5 2338 do. 0.2 cc. do. do. do. Died Sept. 29, 6 days 6 2338 do. 0.4 cc. do. do. do. 7 | 2338 do. 0.6 c.c. do. | do. do. do. 8 2338 do. 0.8 c.c. do. | do do. do. 9 2460 do. 0.2 cc. do. do. do. Died Sept. 29, 6 days 10 | 2460 do. 0.4 cc. do. || do. do. ll 2460 do. 0.6 cc. do. do. do. do. 12 | 2460 | do. 0.8 cc do. | do. do. do. 18 | Conta hs. Soe ide as ci lee do. do. Died Sept. 24, 24 hours Ma | Oh Uh cokeerteeie comic abe do. do. | Died Sept. 25, 36 hours 15 Pe eee Boe he | DS er . do. do. Died Sept. 25, 36 hours 16 Oa Ase es Joe ssvesvenloes sneas do. do. Died Sept. 24, 24 hours 7 | 16s.) 1/6/21 | 0.2cc. | 1/7/21 || 0-001 c0.*| 1/8/21 | Lived 18 1163 do. 0.4.0. do. do. do. do. 19 1163 do. 0.6 c.c. do. do. do. do. 20 1163 do. 0.8 c.c. do. do. do. do. 21 2460 do. 0.2 cc. do. do. do. do. 22 | 2460 do. 0.4 cc. do. do. do. do. 23 2460 do. 0.6 ec. do. do. do. do. 24 | «(2460 do. 0.8 c.c. do. do. do. do. 25 | 2470 do. 0.2 cc. do. ) do. do. do. 26 | 2470 do. 0.40 do. || do. do. do. 27 | 2470 do. 0.6cc.| do || do do. do. 28 | 2470 do. 0.8c0. | do || do. do. do. 29 | Conteh lias... cbccdeenees ¢ do. | do. do. | Died Jan. 10, 36 hours 30 do ee. (ose se do. ||| da do. do. S|. a ees itary oe do. || do. do. do. eee ee Se fe” heey | do. |i do. do. do. 10.002 c.c.—500 lethal doses 1 for mouse. 70.001 c.c.—250 lethal doses for mouse. markable and clearly points out the possiblity of producing an immune serum of'very high potency in animals with eul- tures of these organisms. It is not deemed necessary to dwell at length upon the production of a serum with B. avisepticus as this has been repeatedly and conclusively proved by investi- gators in various countries. It would require considerable space to mention the names of all who have published articles on the production of an effective serum against chicken cholera. From the foregoing tests and the voluminous literature it is evident that the possibility of immunizing against hemorrhagie septicemia has been proved. It is realized that the essential feature for successful immunization of animals in the field de- — HeMorrHaAGic SEPTICEMIA 97 E pends. to a great extent on the correct diagnosis and further on a theuse of the product when indicated. There is no doubt that 7 in a large number of cases a diagnosis of hemorrhagic septice- __ ‘mia is made, when some other cause is responsible for the losses = im animals. This applies more particularly to the group of diseases designated as hemorrhagic septicemia than any other F ssi The condition is probably due to the fact that veter- op ‘dmarians are prone to accept the presence of various forms of 2 hemorrhage as lesions of hemorrhagic septicemia caused by _ the bipolar organisms, whereas we should recognize the fact that such lesions may originate from many other causes. _._ It is not the writer’s intention to make absolute claims for the effectiveness of hemorrhagic septicemia vaccines. While _-—s- we realize that for hemorrhagic septicemia serum we have con- a elusive evidence to prove its protective value, nevertheless we also have evidence as to the value of vaccines. The tables pub- lished above, likewise the literature citations in the different publications, furnish proof of the possibility of protecting ani- a mals with killed cultures. °* Furthermore we can not lose sight of the fact that field ex- Periences with biological products must also be given due con- sideration. At the present time we do not know in many of the diseases the degree of immunity which is essential to pro- tect the animals against the natural exposure. In some in- fections it might be possible to confer upon the animals a moderate degree of immunity which nevertheless would pro- _ tect them against the natural exposure. Therefore it would be ___— erroneous to disregard entirely any degree of immunity unless the animals would resist tremendous infective doses. Yet this is practically the contention of Van Es and Martin when they say that they ‘‘were not concerned with minimum lethal doses as long as it is a well-known fact that really immune animals withstand doses of Bacillus bipolaris of enormous virulence.” We can nat see the logic of Van Es and Martin in these con- tentions. How do they know that an animal which they con- sider as ‘‘really immune”’ does not possess a degree of immuni- ty that would resist natural exposure? Tf such ‘‘real immunity’’ would be expected in all diseases for which we immunize the animals, biological therapy could not have been developed to the present state. For instance, anthrax vaccination has been established as a desirable mears La mn, \ 6 98 ApoLtpH EICHHORN 4 of protecting animals against anthrax whether the double vaccination or simultaneous vaccination is used, but every one who has been engaged in the study of anthrax immunization knows the fact that immunized animals will withstand the in- jection of only very small amounts of virulent material. Yet in the face of that we also know that immunized animals are pro- tected against the natural infection. While failures of pro- - tection are being observed from time to time, destructive out- breaks among immunized animals are unknown, and it is con- sidered that vaccination against anthrax protects hundreds of thousands of animals annually throughout the world. The study of the application of biological products is by no means yet perfected for all infectious diseases. Yet even in those instances where the experimental work has not yet justi- fied definite claims for a product, authorities in medical science are making use of them. The writer wishes to refer to the use of tuberculin for curative purposes in tuberculosis of man. In almost every country this product is being used more and more extensively for the treatment of certain cases of tuber- culosis. Yet laboratory men have never as yet definitely es- tablished the curative value of the tuberculins on test animals. In the face of this it is remarkable that great medical author- ities on this disease and men engaged in the treatment of the disease in sanitariums should use the product and report favorable results from it. In conclusion it might be of interest to state that products for the control of hemorrhagic septicemia in the form of im- mune sera, bacterial extract and vaccines are being prepared commercially not only by laboratories in the United States but also in most of the foreign countries by laboratories having the highest reputation. Some of these laboratories are even government institutions. It appears reasonable to assume that they had some definite foundation to justify the distribution q of these products. The principles of biological therapeutics are proved correct; when we are confronted with partial or even total failure it is almost invariably due to the faet that our knowledge is neither complete nor final, and only by broadening our knowledge with constructive work can we hope to develop their greatest usefulness. _ HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA VACCINES OR BACTERINS By Waurer E. Kine | Laboratory Director, Beebe Laboratories, Inc., Saint Paul, Minnesota * IN A RECENT issue of the JourNau appeared an article by ~ Van Es and Martin (1) in which reference was made to certain published criticisms (2) of bulletins (3) from the Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska on the immunizing value of hemorrhagic septicemia vaccines. The tenor of this article and some of the statements contained therein require refutation. There is no desire on the part of the present writer to be in- -veigled into a personal controversy in the columns of the Jour- NAL or elsewhere. It is our distinct purpose to avoid such a procedure, regardless of the fact that the authors of the article to which reference is made apparently undertook to mix mat- ters of science with questions of personal honesty. In this article the writer is not concerned with an attempt to defend personal reputation, native ability, methods of work or choice of employers. Turning to the article in question (Jour. A. V. M. A., Feb., 1921, p. 572) the attention of the reader is directed to certain paragraphs as follows: “In another publication by Hadley (6), which, by the way, con- veniently escaped review by the critic King (22), this author states in his summary: ‘Resistance in rabbits to ten billion times the mini- mum lethal dose of a very virulent culture has been artifically pro- duced by a single large dose (3 c.c.) of the homologous culture.’ Mack and Records (24), whose work is also approved and highly commended by the same critic, in a series of experiments did not con- sider it wrong to use test doses of from 1 to 4 c.c., while in other series the dose of 1 c.c. was given. “It is strange that with those facts, mostly quoted from authors who apparently enjoy the confidence of King (22) and whose writ ings he actually pretends to review, so much fault should be found with the doses used by Van Es and Martin, etc. When King (22) encountered those latter smaller doses he deemed it wise to with- * hold the facts from his readers. It may further be instructive to refer briefly to at least one part of Mack and Record’s publication which one critic (22) who pro- fesses to review this work entirely withheld from his readers. That part refers to the attempts of Mack and Records to immunize rab- bits and fowls by means of the use of bacterins. For the details of 99 100 Waxrer E. Kine those experiments we refer the reader to the original, which, no doubt, can yet be obtained from the experiment station concerned or which can be found on the shelves of many libraries. As in the experiments of other authors, a number of animals survived the virus injections, yet in their final summary Mack and Records state that ‘the injection of from one to three doses of bacterin failed to produce immunity in chickens sufficiently to enable them to with- stand subsequent inoculation with virulent cultures.’ Why the critic (22) does not review this part of the work of Mack and Records he does not reveal.” It is to be regretted that more space was not available for the article in which criticisms of Research Bulletins 17 and 18 were ventured, in order that the data offered in the work of Hadley and Mack and Records should have received more detailed re- view. However, the claim is made that in the brief space al- lowed at least as much fairness was exercised as is shown in the article in question. Proof of this statement may be had by the following quotations from the criticism (No. Amer. Vet., Oct., 1920, pp. 341, 342): “Hadley, discussing virus or cultures used in his extensive experi- ments, states as follows: “‘It may here be said that rabbits, which had been successfully im- munized with living cultures were often able to tolerate at least 2 c.c. of virulent culture 48 when the M. L. D. was 0.000,000,001 c.c. “*Mack and Records, Bulletin 85, December, 1916, Nevada State Experiment Station, Tables 2-7, show the results of their work in determining the minimum lethal dose of different strains of B. avi- septicus for rabbits and fowl. “*We have found no strain which could be depended upon to kill even a fair percentage of chickens when administered orally, either in the form of cultures or fresh tissue emulsions from chickens dead of the disease. The lack of such a strain has greatly hampered ex- perimental work on immunity as it has necessitated testing immunity y means of subcutaneous or intramuscular inoculation, which is not comparable with natural exposure and to resist which requires a much higher degree of immunity, than is needed to protect natural infection. “‘One rabbit was successfully immunized by the subcutaneous ad- ministration of bacterin. This method failed to immunize chickens against subsequent subcutaneous or intramuscular inoculation, al- though no more than three injections of bacterin were tried.’” Unfortunately, the entire articles of Hadley and that of Mack and Records could not be quoted and dilated upon, nor for the sake of fairness was it necessary. Such quotations as oceurred were correct and presented fair, logical argument. By way of — comparing methods used in the two articles, excepting personal references which need not be considered, attention of the reader is directed to the following paragraph (Jour. A. V. M. A,, p. 573, paragraph 5) : Hemorruagic Sepricemia Vaccines or Bactertns’ 101 r reference made by some of the critics to the testing and use ' antidiphtheritic and antitetanic serumhas no bearing on this _ ease. We scarcely need to point out that toxin and antitoxin unite in definite proportions and the former will always kill when in ex- 4 In antibacterial immunity the modus operandi is entirely dif- Ass that so far as antitoxic serums and specific toxins -eoncerned there exist no data bearing on the case, why do og Sepa overlook the argumentative illustration contained in critical review which was stated as follows: 2 “Cattle protected by adequate doses of blackleg aggressin may be anor infected with blackleg by the hypodermic injection of __ overwhelming doses of virus.” Fa ee of the foregoing statement may be found by referring - to. the tabulated results of inoculation tests on cattle in an by Shigley (4) on the control of blackleg. as. can not be denied that this phenomenon has a distinct - bearing on this case and calls for discussion if the real point at _ issue is to receive impartial consideration. Before leaving the i aepiation above it may be mentioned that there remain some unsolved questions regarding toxin antitoxin mixtures, as shown = ty McClintock and Ferry (5), Kretz (6), Miller (7), Atkinson _ (8), Babes (9) and Smith (10). _ Again returning to the recent article, the following state- bed conte are found (page 577, paragraph 3) : “Continuing his critical offensive, King (22) further charges that in icarinerta V, VI, VII, VIII and XI second injections of virus were given to surviving animals after the controls had died, for the _ evident purpose of not letting a bacterin-treated animal get by. We Ee fear that the critic (22) is taking some liberties with the truth in two of the instances he mentions and that he severely bends it his way in the others. The truth is that Tables V and VI show most eatty that no second injections were made. Table VII shows that a second injection was made because the first virus injection failed to kill the controls, although it killed a number of the presumably immune rabbits.” The reader is requested to examine the original Tables V, VI, VII, VIII and XI in Research Bulletin 17. It is true that in Tables V and VI no second injection of culture was given be- eause all rabbits died as the result of the first dose. However, proyision was evidently made for the second dose of virus as shown by the space allotted io second injection of virus in Tables V and VI in case it had been necessary. In other words, the intent was evidently present, but the deed was unnecessary. In 4 102 Water E. Kine Table VIL three out of ten treated animals had succumbed, al- though the two control animals were alive on July 12, eleven days after inoculation. The second dose of virus on July 12 killed all animals within twenty-four hours. The results shown in this table are interesting and well illustrate the point under discusion, namely, that in conducting immunological experi- ments the M. L. D. is the important factor, and in many cases is most difficult to obtain. The rabbits included in Table VIT had probably received almost a sufficient test dose of virus with the first injection. However, the dosage in each case perhaps differed, within certain limits at least, as the same number of virulent organisms would not be contained in successive loop- fuls of blood. The data contained in Tables VIII and XI illus- trate the original statements made in the critical review. The criticism of the data involved in this work, ineluding that contained in the recent article, depends upon the lack of methods to determine the M. L. D. of culture or virus for test purposes. The question as to the amount of virus or number of bacteria contained in one loopful is irrelevant and does not concern the point at issue. Each loopful varies within certain limits, as anyone can determine by carefully weighing successive loopfuls analytically. Different strains vary as to virulence, as the literature shows, and the same strains in different generations and under different conditions may vary in strength. The most recent data sub- mitted by the authors in question, which according to their line of reasoning prove for all time that hemorrhagic septicemia bae- terins possess no immunizing powers, are based upon the use of 0.002 ¢.c. of virulent twenty-four-hour broth culture as the test dose of virus. Wesbrook, Wilson and Brimhall (11) in conduet- ing an extensive investigation of equine anemia (swamp fever) isolated B. equisepticus from seventeen eases. These authors state that twelve of the seventeen strains of this representative organism of the hemorrhagic septicemia group were found to be equally virulent. “Doses of 0.00000001 ¢.c. to 1.0 ¢.c. of a fresh broth culture killed rabbits in less than 16 hours after intravenous inoculation. A series of tests (Table IV, Experimental Investigations) showed that in most instances death took place in from two and one-half to seven hours after such inoculations. There was no evidence to show that the site selected for inoculation influenced resistance to infection, as — ew _ Hemorruagic Septicemia Vaccines or BacTertNs® 103 n were almost identical.” » hése authors, who represent bacteriologists of note, sum up eir extensive study of these members of the hemorrhagic septi- group with the statement that ‘‘B. equisepticus is the virulent microdrganism for rabbits ever studied in this aoe. " ne results of intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous in- ong With an organism of this nature, immunological experiments : ‘idTthe laboratory are at present lacking in value in so far as a _ determining the presence of immunizing power in the specific vaccine or in measuring the immunizing value of such a vae- eine. Field results must be considered if fair consideration of _____ the practical value of the products in question is desired. ie It is claimed by some that no data exist in the literature _ ‘which show the possible immunizing value of these vaccines in ; the field. Their attention is directed to the work of Wilson and ____Brimhall (12, pages 408 to 411 of reference). The authors con- pa, as follows: “An attempt was made to immunize cattle by the injection of _ filtered and later of the killed cultures of the bacillus. The chief 7 difficulties met with were in maintaining the virulence of the bacillus ‘ F. on artificial media and in determining the proper dosage. The ex- ; ces onee were too few and the results not sufficiently tested to war- t conclusive statements as to the protective value of the inocu- Diceeeed it regi appear that a fairly high degree of immunity Pics, have been many reports from the field showing the - value of hemorrhagic septicemia vaccines. Reference to various reports of State Veterinarians and State Sanitary Boards indi- _ cates that these vaccines are used to advantage. ; Articles in the last issue of The Cornell Veterinarian illus- trate the present status of this problem. In this publication Fitch (12), who appears to be one of the most vociferous ex- ‘ponents of the worthlessness of hemorrhagic septicemia vaccines, places himself on record as follows: “The work of Van Es and Martin shows that the use of commer- cial bacterins and vaccines is worthless in the control of this disease. We believe many of the favorable reports of the use of these prod- ucts is the result of incorrect diagnosis or the failure to leave unin- oculated controls in the treated herd.” ‘In the same issue Bard (14) recites his experience as a prac- titioner in controlling the disease in cattle by the use of vaccine. He says: ‘‘This procedure is not an ‘upstart’ or ‘quack’ idea 104 Water E. Kine but a practice, the benefits of which are verified by results in thousands of cases.’ In conclusion it may be stated that in so far as laboratory experimentation is concerned, no data have been advanced which conclusively prove the value or the worthlessness of hemorrhagic septicemia vaccines. The failure in the laboratory to demon- strate distinctly the presence or absence of immunizing proper- ties in these vaccines evidently has been due to the variation, within wide limits, of the virulence of the organism and the difficulty involved in establishing the minimum fatal dose of hemorrhagic septicemia culture. The results of extensive practice in the field, however, have demonstrated the value of hemorrhagic septicemia vaccines, and until means are developed for the accurate standardization of these products by laboratory procedures field evidence only ean be considered. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. VAN Es and MARTIN. The Nebraska hemorrhagic septicemia ex- periments and the critics. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Asso., vol. 53 (n. s., vol. 11), p. 572. 1921. 2. Kinc. Hemorrhagic septicemia vaccine or bacterin onteeanis A Review. No. Amer. Vet., vol. 1, p. 340. 1920. 3. VAN Es and Martin. The immunizing value of commercial vac- cines and bacterin against hemorrhagic septicemia. Nebr. Agr. Expt. Sta. Research Bul. 17. 1 The value of commercial vaccine and bacterin against cholera. Nebr. Agr. Expt. Sta. Research Bul. 18. 1920. 4. way The control of blackleg. No. Amer. Vet., vol. 1, p. 331. 1920. 5. MCCLINTOCK and Ferry. Abdruck aus dem Centbl. Bakt., ete., Abt. 1, Orig. Bd. 59, Heft 4, July 15, 1911. 6. Kretz. Ztschr. Heilk., 1901, p. 137. 7. Miter. Jour. Infect, Diseases, vol. 8, No. 1, January, 1911, pp. 8. ATKINSON. Jour. Med. Research, vol. 9, p. 173. 9. Bases. Bul. Acad. Méd. Paris, vol. 34, p. 216. 1895. 10. SmitH. Jour. Expt. Med., vol. 2, p. 241. 1902. Jour. = Re-— search, vol. 16, p. 359. 1907. . 11. WesBROOK, WILSON and BRIMHALL. Swamp fever. Rpt. Vet. Dept., Minn. State Bd. of Health, 1900-1903, pp. 4. 12. WILsonN and BrRiMHALL. Eighteenth Rpt., Minn. State. Bd. of Health, 1899-1900, pp. 352-431. 13. Fitcn. Editorial, Cornell Vet., vol. 11, p. 1. 1921. 14. Barb. Results of hemorrhagic septicemia vaccines. Cornell Vet., vol. 11, p. 52. 1921. he _|_GUNICAL AND CASE REPORTS Ewectitione: and others are invited to contribute to this depart- ent reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful BN € = in the profession.) ST TORSION OF THE UTERUS IN THE COW: By C. R. Rey, Tulare, California IN PREPARING this paper at the suggestion of members © ek thiy:Ban Joaquin Valley Veterinary Medical Association for ee eeine. let me say that I have no intention of appearing an authority on the subject. I have done so purely in the ~ attempt to bring the subject up for discussion, with the hope of possibly improving my own methods in handling this condition. Tam presenting the subject solely from a practitioner’s point of \ . _ view, and the procedure as described will necessarily be devoid of unnecessary technicalities. _ Torsion of the uterus for convenience may be described as a twist twist of that body to one side or the other and of varying de- _ grees, so that the vaginal opening is so changed in relation to | its, or completely occluded, as to prevent the normal ex- 3 Ppulsion of the fetus. 5 _ This torsion, with the personal experience I have had with it, "has been very slight in some cases, easily remedied, and on the _ other hand so severe and protracted that the organ has on 7 autopsy been found so twisted as to resemble the twisted strands =e rope, having been twisted on itself more than once, and of so protracted a nature from the resulting inflammatory changes ‘that the entire organ has adhered itself to the neighboring tis- sues, thus preventing any possible attempt at replacement of it and delivery of the fetus. In the greater average of cases that I have had, however, the organ has been twisted to the right or left (principally to the right), the twist itself constituting a half turn. In other words, the uterus may be spoken of as _ being upside down. History When the veterinarian is -alled the usual’history is that the animal should have calved or rather was due to ecalve all the . + Presented before the California Veterinary Medical Association, Davis. California, January, 1921. : 105 106 CLINICAL AND Case Reports way from one day to a week. Congestion of the udder with milk. Sometimes a history of the cow straining a few times (a day or so before), and of course, if the torsion is not complete, that the animal has passed a little fluid from the vulval opening. The usual Portuguese client will inform you that the cow wants to have a calf but ‘‘she all close up behind and no can gettum in the hand—maybe got to cuttum hole—maybe better come quick—lI think she gonna die.”’ SYMPTOMS At the beginning of parturition straining or the expulsive efforts are more or less severe, and depending on the severity of the condition, these efforts are accompanied with a more or less slimy discharge. If the torsion is complete, however, no fluid is expelled. Usually after a relatively short time expulsive efforts cease; the animal becomes more or less anxious, begins moving about, respiration accelerated, eyes stary, back becomes arched, and urination becomes quite frequent. After this period, which lasts for 24 to 36 hours, the animal becomes listless, lies around a great deal and eats sparingly until, if no treatment is rendered, the eyes become sunken in the orbit, she loses strength and flesh and enters into a gradual decline, which in one instance lasted as long as a month. This animal showed on autopsy ex- tensive adhesions, a complete torsion of the uterus, false mem- branes and an extensive chronic peritonitis. On exploration, after first cleansing the buttocks, tail and contiguous parts, as well as the arms of the operator, the hand on passage into the vaginal canal is arrested by the presence of a spiral fold. This turns either to the right or left, depending on the direction of the twist, and will permit of the passage of the hand if it is directed in a spiral manner, until it passes into the uterus, where the fetus may be felt. On the other hand, if the torsion is severe great difficulty is experienced in entering the uterus. OPERATIVE PROCEDURE In these cases the hand follows the spiral directions of the ruge, in a careful yet persistent manner, as far as possible. The passage of the hand is a very slow and tedious process, yet if persisted in, by introducing it as far as possible, and then re- CLINICAL AND Case REPORTS 107 and again reintroducing repeatedly, the tissues tend to a ens fetal membranes are now ruptured and one of the limbs = of the fetus i is felt for and grasped by the hand. The process = pera either to the right or left. If the torsion is to the sul consequently, the assistant rotates the fetus to the left, and 2 -viee versa. This rotation I have effected by means of the te. aa - The osteotrite is introduced alongside the operator’s arm and hand slowly and carefully, until its jaws enter the uterus. (1 _ might say that I am having made for such cases an instrument _ that is less bunglesome and less difficult to introduce. In one or two instances, owing to the size of the ordinary osteotrite, due to the unnecessarily large size of its jaws, I have had great ‘difficulty and used an unnecessarily large amount of energy in introducing it into the uterus along with the hand.) The jaws of the instrument are now tightened around the limb of the ‘fetus and the hand retracted. Considerable care and judgment must be exercised in this ure for various reasons: (1) The limb of the fetus may be broken and thus disrupt torsion; (2) the end of the osteotrite must be elevated or its position changed in order to permit suc- cessfully the rotation of the fetus and consequently the uterus; and, last but not least, often great pressure on the grip of the instrument is required to effect or complete the process. Usually just before the normal position of the uterus is attained, the twisting process becomes easy, and often so easy as to complete the revolution itself. As soon as this takes place a copious fluid escapes and by no means a small sigh is emitted by the operator and the patient. The fetus is now presented and delivered. In some instances the os has not dilated enough to permit delivery. If such is the ease, the limbs of the fetus are brought into the canal and reasonable traction applied to induce dilation. 1 have on several occasions, owing to stress of another. call, left the patient, to return in 6 or 8 hours, when the fetus was delivered, and in three instances a live one. In conclusion I might say, of course, that it is possible for a 108 CLINICAL AND Case Reports torsion to be so extensive that introduction of the hand, far less an instrument, would be impossible. Yet in the some 20 cases that I have had in my own practice this has always been pos- sible. One consultation case that I had was not remediable, This had been of so long standing that adhesions had taken place in the vaginal canal, and the animal was destroyed. On autopsy the abdominal cavity showed an extensive chronic peri- tonitis, adhesions of the organ to the viscera, and the torsion it- self so extensive as to make reduction impossible. In another case a similar condition arose in that it was im- possible even to introduce a finger. In this instance a laparo tomy was performed, with the faint hope of rendering the ani- mal some assistance, by correcting the trouble in this manner, but it proved to be impossible. No adhesions or other patho- logical changes had taken place other than the torsion, but the constricted portion resembled a long rope. The organ had twisted on itself at least a turn and a half. The animal was destroyed. TREATMENT FOR ATRESIA OF MILK DUCT By Joun K. Bossuart, Camden, N. Y. ATRESIA of the milk duct in cattle may be congenital or due to injuries to the end of the teat or to infections from within or without. Infections of the milk gland in the course of treatment for atresia of any cause most frequently oceur, due to many sources, such as the ease with which the parts come in contact with infective material in the stable and by the attendant. As it is necessary to milk out the quarter with the affected teat as well as the other parts of the gland, pressure is brought upon the injured teat, which has of course the tendency to injure the swelled parts still more, and to induce pain. To obviate this the dairyman resorts to the milking tube, and then by its improper use an infection may be brought about. In the last few years we have met with better suecess in treating such cases than formerly, employing a special line of treatment, and we feel, therefore, that we might deseribe the method in the following lines. As soon as a teat milks with less ease than normally we ad- vise bathing the teat before each milking in a basin of hot water and soap. We prefer to use a small cooking pan with CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 109 long handle, about 4 inches deep and 6 to 8 inches in er. Holding the pan by the handle in the left hand, the t is immersed in the bath, which should be as warm as the * 1 of the milker can stand, or about 110°F. The fingers of fs . right hand are kept in the bath and rub the end of the . thus taken up, thoroughly to cleanse and soften the end of - teat. A free stream of milk can very often be obtained Nip tis simple method, without pain to the cow, and in a few e Monae teat may milk normally again. Other cases are more persistent and take a longer course of t< Re Seago. For these we wipe the end of the teat dry after vi milking and apply a coat of antiphlogistine that covers the end _ of the teat and about half an inch or more of the lateral sur- _ face. This layer should be about one-eighth of an inch thick. _ Some surgical cotton is then pulled so as to have a transparent 7 _ layer, and this is placed over the poultice from the apex of the hs " _ teat and covering all of the poultice. The clinical effects of _ this poultice will be apparent after the first application. By the next milking the bath is given as before and poultice ap- eg plied again when milking has been accomplished and the sur- face has again been wiped dry. No adhesive tape or bandage are necessary, owing to the adhesive property of antiphlogistine. i an outer layer covered by cotton my be dry, but the inner . = gad remains moist. _ We lay great stress upon the fact that a bath is necessary to remove the poultice, thus preventing the omission of the treatment by the attendant or milker who may be in a hurry not willing to follow the prescribed line of treatment. “l ‘Other eases, of course, require surgical interference by the trained veterinarian. _The hot soap and water bath are in our opinion the first ‘dias always to successful instrumentation at this particular region. A warm solution of corrosive sublimate, 1 to 1,000, may be used next for the teat and for the hand of the operator. A sterilized teat dilator, bistouries or milking tubes may then be used as required. After operation and milking the teat is rinsed in plain warm water and sponged off with a tampon with corrosive sublimate solution. It is then wiped dry and a teat plug is used as fol- lows: A round mateh is lighted“and permitted to burn for a al 110 CLINICAL AND Case Reports few seconds and then blown out. The charred portion is then removed from it with some sterilized cotton, in a rotary mo- tion. A practically sterile but black surfaced teat plug is thus obtained, and will have just the right taper desired after a little practice. The posterior one-third is then broken off and the point of the plug inserted into the container of antiphlo- gistine to be covered with it. It is then introduced into the teat canal, projecting about one-quarter to one-half inch to the outside. The end and sides of the teat are then covered with antiphlogistine and with cotton as described before. The teat plug thus made from a common match is inexpen- sive and should be renewed for each new use. Its light weight prevents it from falling out, and it does not break or bend as do metal tubes. The following directions are given to the dairyman to earry out the routine treatment: 1. Bathe teat with hot water and soap for five minutes. 2. Disinfect end of teat with some corrosive sublimate or from stock bottle. — 3. Use milking tube sterilized by boiling and brought to stable in basin just from the stove.» 4. After milking wipe end of teat with antiseptic solution. 5. Wipe teat dry. Make plug by charring end of a clean match as directed. 7. Cover teat plug with ointment and introduce into teat canal. So 8. Use more ointment with dull table knife or putty knife for end of teat. 9. Cover with thin layer of sterilized cotton. THE VETERINARY EXTENSION DIVISION’S ' TUBERCULOSIS EXHIBIT By L. C. Kier Associate Veterinarian, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana AN EFFORT was made at the Indiana State Fair, by means of an exhibit, to impress upon the public the seriousness of tuberculosis in cattle. From every indication our efforts were not in vain. Many reports from over the State show con- DS ee CLINICAL AND Case Reports 111 e ° = “aeat a = =%¢ —e “ af =! Pe"? ‘ b> eae a u ‘ively that breeders have had their herds tested since seeing se tuberculous lesions and their relation to the animal car- s, who did not look with favor upon the test previous to an | the heart, lungs, liver and spleen, placed in a refrigerator. _ These organs were fastened as nearly as possible in their na- ‘tural position. A portion of the legs was removed before the _ eareass could be put into the refrigerator. 4 _ This exhibit would not have been possible without the gen- erous” financial help from outside sources. A plan of the ex- i hibit was laid before the officials of each abattoir operating under Federal supervision in Indianapolis. Each made a finan- _ ¢ial contribution and some of them gave the time of their men to help in rebuilding the large refrigerator, placing it upon the 4 P? and hauling the tuberculous carcass to and from the _ fair grounds under the supervision and according to the rules laid down by the Bureau of Animal Industry. ‘The refrigerator was 8% feet high, 6 feet wide and 4 feet from the front to back, and had a capacity of 1,200 pounds of _ iee. The front consisted of two panes of double strength win- _ dow glass, separated by an air space, to provide insulation. Two _ 100-watt lights located in front of the refrigerator assisted _ greatly in illuminating the interior. The meat kept perfectly © the entire week of the exhibit. . It is estimated that -70,000 people passed through the build- _ ing and closely inspected the carcass. Some of the common _ expressions heard were: ‘‘I never realized the seriousness of _ this disease before, and I am going to have my herd tested im- _mediately.’’ ‘‘I never before realized the importance of Gov- ernment inspection of slaughtered carcasses.’’ We believe that such an exhibit is the most practical and valuable method of demonstrating the seriousness of tubercu- losis to a large number of people. It was our intention to exhibit the carcass of a hog showing generalized tuberculosis, but we were unable to secure a de- sirable subject. This can be done at some future exhibit and the relationship of the disease in cattle and swine emphasized. A pocket folder was distributed setting forth the general points of interest relative to the economic importance of the disease and its relation to public health. ABSTRACTS Breotar Baciiui THE CAUSE OF INFECTIOUS ConsuNcTIVITIS IN Souipeps in East Arrica. Fritz Ruppert. Deut. Tierarztl. Wehnschr., No. 7, p. 45. : THE DISEASE was observed in horses, asses and mules. In each case, the animal appeared to suffer from intense itchiness. It rubbed its head against posts, the manger, and its forelegs. The eyelids were swollen and painful. The ocular secretions were at first serous, then purulent, then mucopurulent, with consequent closure of the lachrymal duct. In many cases there was a nasal discharge. In smear preparations made from the secretions of the eye, rod shaped organisms were visible, which showed bipolar staining when chromatin was used. Sub- cutaneous injections of the organisms were pathogenic for rab- bits. Solipeds were systemically affected when given doses of the secretions from the eye. Treatment consists in instilling into the eye a solution of nitrate of silver or a solution of 1 per cent of sulphate of zine, twice daily. It is probable that diptera play an important part as carriers of the disease. J. P. O'Leary. Tue Germ-Free Recovery AND PRESERVATION OF INOCULUM, ParticuLarLy Bxoop Inocutum. B. Méllers. Centbl. Bakt., ete., 1 Abt. orig., 1918, Bd. 81, 8. 347. WHILE the causative agents of various infectious diseases have not yet been discovered, it is a well known fact that the blood at the height of the disease contains the specifie germs of the malady and it is necessary at times to use such blood for inoculation purposes. Much difficulty is therefore experienced in the use of a sterilizing preservative. If the addition of 0.5 per cent phenol is used as is employed for the preservation of bacterial suspensions, the blood, when subsequently heated, coagulates, and is rendered useless. As a result of his experi- ence, Millers recommends the addition of 0.2 per cent formalin to blood to be used for inoculation purposes, as it is a reliable sterilizer and prolongs the keeping qualities of the material. J. P. O'Leary. 112 a ABSTRACTS 113 INFLvENza oF THE Horse AND INFectTIOUS ANEMIA. J. Basset. Méd. Vét., vol. 95 (1919), pp. 442-449. ___IN 1911 Basset demonstrated that influenza of the horse is __ inoculable, caused by a filterable virus which exists in the -___ blood; that the infectious blood retains its virulence in vitro at oa seal temperatures for over 15 weeks, and in vivo for : about 5 months ; and that an immediate and complete resistance ___ tothe disease results from the first infection. In the first 2 or x 3 days of the disease, fever is the only symptom to the exelu- : ; ion of all others; hence the need of taking temperatures dur- ing an epizoitiec. _ _ Beeause of the striking similarity between the symptoms ____ of influenza in horses and those of ‘‘typho-anemia’’ it was im- portant to ascertain whether these were two distinct morbid eatities. __ Influenza and infectious anemia in the horse are distinct and Paiicrent diseases. Several weeks after recovery from influenza, while the blood still carried the virus, horses did not react to a second injection of the same virus, but they did contract . infectious anemia, like new horses. Several workers base their diagnosis of infectious anemia on the recurrent fever and albuminuria. But there are horses, whose blood is infectious, but which for several weeks and even months, show no signs of fever. Under such circumstances the method of diagnosis fails, as it likewise does when the blood is tested for hemolysins, as nothing specific was found. In a horse that has recovered from both influenza and in- _ fectious anemia, and whose blood carries both viruses, the re- sistance to the former virus is strong and it is not easy to lower the resistance of the animal so that the influenza virus makes itself clinically evident; on the other hand, the resistance to the anemia virus is not so strong and any slight lowering of the horse’s resistance is sufficient to cause clinical symptoms. » In the Serbian army, Basset met an old chronic malarial pa- tient who claimed to have cured himself as follows: When he was in good health he lowered his resistance by a prolonged bath in ice water; this brought the parasites out and they were destroyed by the patient ‘aking a massive dose of quinine. Based on these observations, a new method of diagnosing anemia is proposed. The resistance of the animal is altered 114 ABSTRACTS by injecting intravenously, 100-200 ¢.c. of salt solution; this provokes a febrile crisis 24 hours later, by observing which, a differential diagnosis can be made. Influenza in the horse is an acute disease; after recovery, al- though the virus persists in the blood for several months, there is no relapse. Neither can a relapse be provoked by an in- travenous injection of 100 ¢.c. horse serum. Infectious anemia is a chronic disease. Relapses are frequent, and may be spontaneous or provoked. In cases where there are no parasites in the blood and no fever, the fever is provoked by an intravenous injection; horse serum or salt solution is suitable. It is not necessary to provoke several febrile reac- tions; a single temperature rise about 48 hours after injection indicates anemia. W. N. Bere. ResULtTs OF TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOUS CATTLE WitH CHAUL- MOOGRATE OF Sopa. Rpt. Col. Agr. and Agr. Expt. Sta., Univ. of Cal., July 1, 1919, to June 30, 1920, p. 4. Traum, in codperation with E. L. Walker of the Hooper Foundation for Medical Research of the University of California, found no definite thereapeutic value in sodium chaulmoograte in the treatment of tuberculosis in artificially infected cattle. For many years encouraging results have been obtained in the treatment of leprosy with chaulmoogra oil. Our experiment was, however, suggested by the work of Walker and Sweeney, in which they found distinct bactericidal action of sodium chaulmoograte upon tubercle bacilli and other acid- fast bacteria. Fifteen calves, of eight to ten months old, from a tubereulons herd but which were negative on two intradermal tests, were available for this experiment. These calves became tuberculous by drinking water containing tuberculous lung material from cattle. Fifty-five days after this exposure, all fifteen reacted strongly to the intradermal tuberculin test. Each of five calves received intravenously 203 ¢c.c. of 3 per cent solution sodium chaulmoograte between September 11, 1919, and January 26, 1920. In the same period, five other ealves received 590 c.c. each. The five remaining cattle, used as controls, were not treated. At autopsy, March 22, 1920, no appreciable difference was found between character and extent of the lesions of the treated and untreated animals. De ASSOCIATION NEWS : . VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF e: NEW YORK CITY. The regular monthly meeting of the association was held ‘ lecture room of the Carnegie Laboratory, 338 East 26th Street, Wednesday evening, January 5, at 8:30 p. m., President ‘4 Bee ai presiding. _ ‘The minutes of the December meeting were read and ap- Ree - ‘The President presented a timely and well-chosen address a Paid: also expressed his appreciation and thanks for the honor ;: of being re-elected president. ag He laid much stress on the value of association work as ‘measured by the individual interest of its members in report- _ ing their cases and interesting experiences. Another sugges- tion urged by the president was that of increasing the mem- __ bership of the association. He asked each individual member _ to try and bring in at least one new member during the year as his quota. He also urged the codperation of the members _ with the Program Committee by the presentation of papers ~ _ and ease reports and discussions of subjects presented. 4 The President approved the following committees: a _ Program—Dr. Geo: H. Berns, Chairman; Dr. W. Reid Blair, hy and Dr. Cassius Way. ee: _ Prosecuting—Dr. W. J. McKinney, Chairman; Dr. G. C. _ Rohrer, Dr. E. A. Durner, Dr. R. W. Gannett, and Dr. Thos. E. Legislative—Dean W. H. Hoskins, Chairman; Dr. W. Reid Blair, and Dr. R. W. McCully. _ Professor John F. De Vine gave an axcellent report of the 24th annual meeting of the United States Livestock Sanitary Association, held in Chicago on November 29 and 30 last. He said that the excellent program presented attracted a large attendance at every session and that he regarded the meeting as one of the largest and most interesting in the history of the organization. The Professor supplemented his report with a talk on contagious abortion and anthrax, which brought out - 115 - 116 ASSOCIATION NEWS a good diseussion soa in by Drs. McKinney, Kichhorn, Gan- nett, Berns, Ticehurst and Dean Hoskins. In presenting case reports, Dr. Gannett gave a report of a case of a bitch which he operated on for pyometra. He re- moved the uterus close to the os and the animal made a good recovery. Dean Hoskins, reporting for Dr. Henning, deseribed a case of prolapsed rectum in a pig which he operated on sue- cessfully, and a pig infested with bronchial filaria which he treated with injections of turpentine, carbolic acid and olive oil in the trachea with good success. Dr. Ackerman, reporting a case of distemper in an English bulldog with lung complica- tions, said he had given serum and bacterin simultaneously and that the dog made a remarkable recovery. Dr. Gannett asked Dr. Blair if he had used normal horse serum in canine distemper to which Dr. Blair replied that he had used it but with indifferent results. Dr. Shaw reported Dr. Patrick Burns seriously ill in the hospital. President MacKellar said he would investigate and visit him. Dr. Gannett asked about Dr. David Cochran’s con- dition and Dean Hoskins reported that he had improved and ‘that the doctors had failed to find any organic trouble. He said that he had found him mentally depressed and asked that as many of the members as could conveniently do so call on him and cheer him along. New business brought up included the reading of a letter from the Horse Association of America by its secretary. Dr. Ackerman brought up the subject of having the association meet every three months instead of every month as at present, but the consensus of opinion was against this proposition. Dr. J. Payne Lowe extended an invitation to the members to attend the New Jersey Veterinary Medical Association meet- ing at the Trenton House on January 18. Dr. Gannett asked the members not to forget the 13th annual conference at Ithaca on January 20 and 21. As no further business appeared the meeting adjourned. J. Exvssorr Crawrorp, Secretary. MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The regular January meeting of the Massachusetts Veterin- ary Association was held at the New American House, Boston, ASSOCIATION NEWS 117 Inesday evening, January 26; 35 members and 4 guests isesent. ins =, interesting talk illustrated by blackboard drawings Wr — apsaegy by Dr. Ralph W. Balkam of Springfield, Massa- on ‘‘Infeetious Abortion,’’ after which a lunch was Di general discussion of Dr. Balkam’s paper followed, iaiso reports by Dr. Mason and Dr. Peirce on recent out- . ob eaks of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle, and reports by Drs. _ Playdon and Gilbert on a form of contagious pneumonia which ; cet in their practice. Interesting cases were reported by Drs. Ryan, Maloney and Babbitt. Harrie W. Petrce, Secretary. ie Fah Shs? t Lo cand JA : : pebiebicean Gobbi Ns a VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION usar 5. 4, winter meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary As- , a sociation held at Kansas City, Mo., February 8, 9 and 10, must ‘ rated as one of the most satisfactory in its history. While ; te attendance was somewhat less than one year ago, over 200 and over 50 ladies were present. ‘The first two days ope ‘the meeting were devoted to papers and discussions, the.en- +S tire third day being devoted to clinical work. a The first paper on the program was a series of case reports by Dr. R. L. Allen of Windsor, Missouri. The cases were those - of an obscure type of forage poisoning. This was followed by a well written paper-on ‘‘Cornstalk Disease Among Cattle,’ by H. F. Lienhardt, Manhattan, Kansas. Dr. Lienhardt re- ace on three recent outbreaks of cornstalk disease in cattle, “in addition to three previously reported during January. The _ animals affected showed weakness, wabbling gait, temperatures normal or subnormal and death within a few hours to 48 hours. Autopsies revealed numerous hemorrhagic lesions involving the serous membranes, liver, spleen, pancreas, and cardiac en- velopes. There were also considerable edema, some pneumonia and enteritis. No impaction was found in any case examined. Bacteriological studies gave negative results, both in culture media and in animal inoculation, material having been taken from various organs and blood. Examinations of the feed and feces revealed no Baciilus botulinus, and filtered extracts of the feed produced no toxemia in guinea pigs. Analyses for prussie acid and nitrates revealed no sufficient cause of toxic 118 ASSOCIATION News action from these sources. In some cases the animals were left in the stalk fields or were replaced by other cattle with- out further loss. The cause of death in these herds therefore remains unexplained. Dr. Robert Graham of Urbana, Illinois, followed with a most interesting dissertation on botulism, using lantern slides to show the nature of several experiments carried on. Dr. Graham has discovered Bacillus botulinus in numerous feed- stuffs and has dealt with a number of outbreaks of this trouble in animals. The laboratory of the University, at Urbana, Illinois, is producing a limited quantity of botulinus antitoxin of the polyvalent type, which may be secured for the treat- ment of animals suffering from botulism. He states that no symptomatic differentiation between type A and type B is attempted, but that the antitoxin now used combines both types and is therefore curative in action in any case of true botulism. . Dr. J. C. Flynn of Kansas City, Missouri, read an interesting paper entitled ‘‘Sarcoptie and Follicular Mange.’’ Sarcoptic mange is characterized in dogs by its ease of transmission, marked irritation of ‘the skin, particularly in such regions as the base of the skull, the back, neck and inner surface of the legs and on the feet. Small nodules are produced by the bur- rowing habit of the parasite, which later fill with fluid that may become infected with pus-producing bacteria. He regards the odor given off from the lesions as being quite diagnostic. Specimens may be obtained for microscopic examination only by seraping deep enough to open up the burrows of the para- site. This type of mange is treated satisfactorily with lime and sulphur dips and a satisfactory method of applying this treatment is to have certain days set aside for dipping all of the animals under treatment. The dip is placed in a barrel at the proper temperature, each dog being completely sub- merged, the eyes and mouth being held shut by the operator ‘in order to prevent unnecessary irritation from the dip. The animals are permitted to dry with the dip on their bodies. The operator protects his person with rubber garments and boots. The average case responds to four dippings, while some require eight or ten treatments. Clipping, bathing and brushing the body aids the treatment considerably; the yards and premises e ASSOCIATION NEWS 119 must be also disinfected in order to prevent rein- mange in the doctor’s experience is less easily 1itted ; develops more slowly and produces less irritation. Dilieatment recommended is sponging the skin freely wil La 5 per cent solution of formalin, followed in a few = utes with an application of sulphur ointment or vaseline. eS wo applications each for two weeks will as a rule result in a cure, although some cases are more persistent and require several treatments. Contrary to the usual belief, Doctor Flynn reg rds follicular mange as more easily cured than the sarcop- pee W. i Bailey presented an interesting discussion of & Thyroidectomy in Puppies.’’ This operation is undertaken ws aS an emergency measure to relieve the pressure upon the tr in very young puppies, which otherwise die from suf- — foeat tion. Surgical treatment in his hands has been quite ori Modern Biologies”? was the title of an ably prepared paper . E. A. Cahill! of Zionsville, Indiana. Dr. Cahill set forth © ina very able manner the principles underlying immunity as . eo by various biologic agents. He made a plea for a more th thorough understanding on the part of practitioners, of the manner in which various immunizing substances operate, a order that these classes of agents may be used with a great- r degree of specificity. His paper was one of the best : on this subject that has been contributed to veterinary we “literature. | Ys Dr. S. L. Stewart of Olathe, Kansas, read an excellent paper _ on mammitis in cows. He called attention to the distinctions , ae be made between different classes of inflammations involv- ing the udder and related structures. His methods of treat- ment met with general aproval and it is hoped that the full text of his paper will be read by the veterinarians upon its _ appearance in the veterinary press. Dr. W. T. Spencer of Lincoln, Nebraska, sent his paper on **Progress in Tuberculosis Eradication in Nebraska’’ by his assistant, Dr. F. R. Woodring. The paper was well read and is a tribute to the aggressive work of Dr. Spencer, his helpers and the practitioners of Nebraska. The work in tuberculosis _ eradication in Nebraska began in August, 1918, with two state 129 ASSOCIATION NEWs and two federal veterinarians employed. At the present time 497 herds are under supervision, with one hundred signed ap- plications on file awaiting their turn. Twelve veterinarians are giving full time to the work and the State Legislature is being asked for $300,000 to continue the work of cleaning up the herds of the state. A state law requires the annual testing of all cows from which milk and cream are to be sold to be consumed in the raw state. Public sentiment has been changed so that it now strongly favors tuberculosis eradica- tion and the veterinary practitioners are giving hearty coopera- tion in the work, private testing being carried on to a much greater degree than ever before. Mr. Wayne Dinsmore, Secretary of the Horse Pe F of America, gave a very able address under the title of **Economic Factors Favoring Horse and Mule Production and Use.”’- Mr. Dinsmore’s forceful style, faultless diction and sound logic made a very strong impression upon his auditors. He maintains that the horse has been largely supplanted in in- dustries because of the faulty knowledge regarding operation costs, and that where comparative costs have been made, horses are still in use, or motors are being sold with the intention of restoring the horse to his rightful place. The farm tractor, according to his investigations, is rarely a satisfactory substi- tute for the horse and the man who has used a tractor for a few years is one of the horses’ best friends. The organization which Mr. Dinsmore represents is enrolling many veterinarians and veterinary societies, and by contributing to its support and its work in disseminating facts regarding the horse, veter- inarians are not only benefiting themselves but are saving farmers, merchants and others from adopting costly motor ma- chinery in place of retaining their trustworthy horses and mules. Members of this organization receive voluminous litera- — ture containing the results of extensive statistical studies. Mr. P. H. Ross, Acting Director of Extension Service, Uni- versity of Missouri, discussed in an able manner the relation existing between extension workers and practicing veterin- arians. Mr. Ross is fully conversant with the friction which has existed in some sections between county agents and veterinarians, which he attributes largely to a failure of many eounty agents to understand their proper duties and a lack of get-together spirit on the part of both parties. These con- » AssociIATION NEws 121 di ons he finds have largely disappeared and in many sections the nty agents and veterinarians are working hand in hand their mutual advantage. Speaking of his own state, he : the codperation of veterinarians in learning of un- ated acts on the part of extension workers, particularly , seem to be encroaching upon the duties properly be- : ‘ing to the veterinarian. His address was heartily ap- / plauded and we believe greatly appreciated. __ Dr. John R. Mohler, Washington, D. C., who was listed on Bf program for a paper entitled ‘‘The Veterinary Practitioner in Animal Disease Control,’’ found it impossible to leave Wash- os because of duties in connection with agricultural legis- work. ‘ g Dr. U. G. Houck ably represented his chief, reading the “former's paper and participating in a number of the discus- sions. Dr. Mohler’s paper drew attention to the necessity for Paebiral direction in matters of disease control, particularly when dealing with the great animal scourges. Federal au- thorities have, however, too small a force to undertake such a work single handed and have limited authority when dealing with intrastate problems. It becomes, therefore, necessary _ that they should coéperate with state forces and in so far _4s possible with private practitioners. In all great under- _ takings the federal government has met with considerable op- position, not only from the public but oftentimes from veterin- ary practitioners who thought that their own interests were being jeopardized. Experience has shown, however, that in all such undertakings the practitioner has been benefited rather _ than harmed by federal action. _ Speaking more specifically of the accredited herd plan for Bipbereuloais eradication, he drew attention to the criticism from some quarters because of the exclusion of practitioners from participation in this kind of work. The plan was ad- vocated by the U. S. Livestock Sanitary Association and rep- resentatives of purebred cattle breeders’ associations and was submitted to the Bureau for its consideration. One of the provisions of the plan was that ‘‘Tests shall be made under the’supervision of the Bureau of Animal Industry or a regular- ly employed veterinary inspector of the state in which co- operative eradication work is being conducted.’’ Thus under this rule only certain agents were recognized as legally j Gs a 2 122 ASSOCIATION NEWS qualified for the work. Instead of proving a detriment, how- ever, private practitioners have found that their private test- ing has been greatly increased, also that more of the interstate testing has been allotted to them in order that federal agents might devote more time to the accredited herd work. Reports from various state associations indicate that private testing has increased 50 per cent in Michigan, 55 per cent in Minnesota and nearly 100 per cent in Iowa. That there has been an in- crease in private testing since the accredited herd plan has been in operation is also indicated by an increase of over 300 per cent in the production of tuberculin by private concerns, This, too, in spite of the fact that a much larger number of animals than formerly are now tested by the intradermal method, with a much smaller dose than is used by the sub- cutaneous method. In other words, the accredited herd plan has stimulated such an active response on the part of the owners of good stock that more attention is being paid to their health and care. All such measures are sure to redound to the benefit of the veterinary practitioners in communities affected. Dr. H. M. Graefe of Topeka, Kansas, read a comprehensive paper dealing with suggestions for the handling of recently vaccinated swine to eliminate bad results. The doctor empha- sized as essentials, potent serum and virulent virus, properly administered in proper dosage, following which there must be exercised the best of care in order that the immunity produeed . will be of sufficient intensity to overcome the virus introduced and provide later immunity as well. Conditions of housing, feeding and exposure which deplete and lower general resistance render it impossible for the animal to counteract the effects of virus and build up antibodies for later protection. He re- gards much of the trouble which has been variously summed up under mixed infection, swine plague, ete., as intimately connected with low grade cholera infection. He considers that the value of bacterins in offsetting such mixed infections has been overestimated. In so-called hog-cholera breaks he advises revaccination with serum alone with good sanitation and after care. . The work of the clinie was in charge of Dr. H. M. MeConnell and his assistants. The first series of cases were those of dis- eases in chickens. Dr. R. C. Moore performed an interesting ASSOCIATION NEWS 123 _ test operation in a cow. Dr. W. L. Boyd of St. Paul, Minne- a, demonstrated his treatment for sterility in cows. His work is of a very high order and his advice was eagerly sought. ( - Sterility i in sows was discussed by Dr. J. L. Hearn of Texarkana, = from the standpoint of the breeder of swine. Dr. J. > Connaway of Columbia, Missouri, is especially asking that % tion which might be of value in connection with the - possible co-relationship of abortion disease in swine and cattle be reported to him for use in connection with work which he es Dr. S. W. Alford demonstrated the cutting of ties in the back of a Hereford heifer as a means of preparing the animal for _ exhibition. Following the clinic, the Kansas City Stockyards sere entertained the entire body, including the visiting Jadies, at a substantial dinner on the ninth floor of the Live- stock Exchange Building. A vote of thanks’ was tendered the Stockyards Company for its courtesy in connection with the dinner and the facilities provided at the sales barns for con- ducting the clinical program. The next meeting of the association will be held in Omaha, canes during the second week in July. R. F. Bourne, Secretary. VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF MANITOBA The annual meeting of the Veterinary Association of Mani- toba was held in Winnipeg on February 15, 1921. _ Dr. F. Torrance, the Veterinary Director-General of Canada, was the principal speaker. He stated that the people of Canada must realize that the fight against bovine tuberculosis is not merely an economic one for the livestock breeder and the livestock owner, but a question that involved the whole of the community. Incidentally Dr. Torrance mentioned, commenting upon some observations regarding the establishment of a laboratory in Manitoba, that it might be possible to utilize the equpiment of the Manitoba Agricultural College for such a purpose until the _ federal authorities considered they were in a position to pro- _ vide the funds for the institution. _ “*When twenty-five per cent of the young children who die % from tuberculosis received the infection from drinking the 124 ASSOCIATION NEWS milk of cows affected with the disease, it is time,’’ said he, ‘*for us to awake to the necessity of doing something to protect them.’’ Calling attention to the regulations which municipali- ties could now enforce with respect to dairies, he stated that the cost to the municipalities was practically nothing and low for the dairyman whose dairy was inspected and cows tested. The regulations had been in effect in Saskatoon for years and that trial had demonstrated their effectiveness. ‘‘The system is working very satisfactory,’’ he said, and added that no one could tell the number of lives that had been saved through the supply of pure milk. ‘‘At any rate,’’ he commented, ‘‘the community knows its children are not drinking tuberculous milk.’ Speaking generally of the enforcement of regulations for the testing of cows Dr. Torrance pointed out that they had to secure the codperation of the owners, and outlining the work of the department in the direction of securing accredited herds, herds free from the disease, he said it had been discovered that the ravages of tuberculosis were such that it must have a serious influence on the livestock supply of the nation. The growth of accredited herds, he pointed out, was increas- ing in the United States and he declared that it was realized that unless Canada took similar steps, the time was coming when that market would be closed to Canadian breeders. Steps in this direction were taken last fall and the scheme had been in effect in the Dominion a little over a year. The department, he stated, was receiving the heartiest coéperation from the owners of livestock and up to last week 379 herds had been tested. The department, said Dr. Torrance, hoped to be able to get the assistance of the general practitioner in this work of test- ing and it was proposed to have a list of veterinarians through- out the country qualified for the service. With this object in view an examination would be held in Winnipeg on March 15. By these practitioners, tests would be conducted for livestock owners at the owner’s expense. President John Bracken of the Manitoba Agricultural Col- lege spoke on the relation of veterinary science to agriculture. Short addresses were ‘also delivered by Dr. A. G. Husband, of Belmont; Major S, Robinson, Bradon; Dr. J. A. MeLeish, ASSOCIATION NEWs 125 trict supervisor federal meat division; Dr. W. A. Shoults, - Winnipeg, and Dr. J. A. Stevenson, Winnipeg. j a. Is a toleration for tuberculin caused by repeated in- tradermal injections? b. Is the conjunctiva sensitized for tuberculin through an intradermal injection? ce. How is the intradermal test affected by previous sub- cutaneous or ophthalmic tests? d. How does the intradermal test affect subsequently made subcutaneous tests? e. What is the relative reliability of the intradermal test? NOTES FROM COLOMBIA The following letter was received by Secretary Mayo from Dr. Chas. V. Noback, who recently arrived at Bogota: Colombia is a very interesting country of marked contrasts. It has climates of different kinds from the hot humid tropies of the coast where you almost envy the native with no clothes and where a cold shower is always welcome, to the temperate climate on the plateau or sabanas, 8,600 feet above the sea level or to the parafios, where it is always very cold, with the snow- capped mountains. | ae, 7 MiIscELLANEOUS 131 You leave the tropical city of Barranquilla and go up the Magdalena River, the principal route for the interior, under a the hot sun during the day on the river boat and bitten by the ferocious tropical mosquito at night, until you reach Girardot about a week later. Girardot is a coffee market and the beginning of the Girardot Railway, which takes you to one of the most interesting inland - and high cities in the world, 8,600 feet above sea level, the city of Bogota, older than any city in the United States, dis- covered in 1527 and ever since the capital of Colombia, or as it used to be called, Nueva Granada. - You leave Girardot at about seven-thirty in the morning. It is hot and sultry; you are in your tropical clothes. People advise you to have your overcoat ready when you get to Es- peranza, about half way up. It almost makes you laugh. The train pulls out and soon begins the climb, and sure enough about two o’clock in the afternoon you begin to feel a little refreshed and cool, later in the afternoon you feel chilly and the overcoat is welcome. There is a corresponding change in the vegetation in the higher altitudes, where you see wheat and rye. Towards evening it gets cold. You change cars at Facatativa on the Sabana Railway for Bogota. Bogota is reached about 8 P. M., and you are mighty glad to have your overcoat, for it is always cold, 8,000 feet above sea level at night, even in the tropics. At this altitude (in the Eastern Cordillera) is the plateau of Bogota. Some parts are semi-arid and the cactus is at home. Other parts, better watered, are very fertile, the soil is of a loamy character, said to have been the bottom of an ancient lake like Titicaca many years ago. On the savanna are found many fine cattle, principally beef and dual purpose animals. There is a marked contrast between the savanna cattle and those from the hot country. Those from the latter section are called calestanos and are tick infested. Those calestanos are thin and rangy, while the sabaneros or savanna cattle are sleek - and fat. The former bring in the tick and tick fever to the latter. If the savanna cattle are not vaccinated they come down with ‘tick fever. An examination of blood in acuate febrile vases reveals the Piroplasma bigeminum in the red corpuscles. 132 MISCELLANEOUS HOLLOW HORN Saturday at the Star Hill Vat Zeke Moody came with cattle that He’d brought to dip; but one cow shy And when I asked the reason why, He sagely stroked his chin unshorn, And said: ‘‘She’s got the Hollow Horn, The worst case that I ever saw Her horn is hollow to the core. I sure did work on that old cow But I have got her doctored now. There was no fun in it at all I had to use a harness awl, In both her horns a hole I bored - In which the medicine I poured; The best remedy that’s been found For Hollow Horn is a compound, To make thé same is rather hard, Take quart pine tar and cup of lard, Cook on slow fire ’till near a boil Then add a cup of linseed oil; Keep stirring well until it’s cool (I never overlook this rule) And one thing more I most forgot, Add a crushed garlic while its hot. I filled her horns plumb to the top And plugged them with a wooden stop, Then swabbed them well with turpentine And wrapped them up with cloth and twine, Hollow Horn can’t be cured folks say, But then you’s got to know the way, And I have doetored quite a few, [ reckon I'll eure this one too.’’ L’envoi Wednesday passing Zeke’s plantation I noticed something of a row, And saw upon investigation, . Buzzards feasting on Zeke’s cow. Y +-Haroip N. GUILFOYLE. — JOURNAL — OF THE a ee ed al . . . _ American Veterinary Medical Association - ——”—SdQRORRMEERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n.) bc rie _ J. R. Monuer, Editor, Washington, D. C. -_D. S. Wurrre, President, Columbus, Ohio. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, Il. ee ee M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. ees sot J Executive Board ‘ “Geo. Hnrox, 1st District; T. E. Monce, 2nd District; S. E. Bennerr, 3rd District; ee J. A. Kiernan. 4th District; C. E. Corron, 5th District; R. A. Rae: ARcHIBaLp, 6th District; A. T. Kivstey, Member at Large Sub-Committee on Journal Re ALT. Kuvsiey S. E. BENNETT J. A, Kiernan 2 rs og _ The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or ie published in the Journat, outside of its own authorized actions. uns Miatdts theald be ordered. in. advance. Prices will be sent upon application. ‘Vou. LIX, N.S. Vou. 12 May, 1921 No 2 = * | Pwd « ax ‘SS SWINE ERYSIPELAS THERE appears in this issue of THe JouRNAL an important paper by Dr. Creech entitled ‘‘The Bacillus of Swine Erysipelas ~ Isolated from Urticarial Lesions of Swine in the United States.”’ . The opinion has prevailed generally that we do not have swine Bernese in this country. However, the Federal veterinary . assigned to post-mortem work at meat-packing estab- have frequently encountered deep red blotches on the of swine, rhomboidal in shape and varying in size, which ‘they have reported as ‘‘diamond skin disease.’’ Occasionally _ extensive red areas resembling ‘‘frost bite’’ lesions have been _ observed, but in only one case has a veterinarian reported lesions of the viscera which might be regarded as suspicious of acute swine erysipelas. ; It has been proved conclusively that urticaria, or ‘‘diamond _ skin disease,’ in Europe is caused by the B. erysipelatis suis. _Simee Dr. Creech has succeeded in finding and identifying this organism in skin lesions obtained from our abattoirs, the subject of *‘diamond skin disease,’’ which is regarded as a chronie form £ the malady, may be of more scientific as well as economic _ importance than we have hitherto believed. It seems quite _ plausible Seat this organism, which also exists as a saprophyte, ey 4290 134 EprroriaL might under favorable conditions ‘acquire sufficient virulence in the United States to produce the acute form of the disease. It has even been suggested that the B. erysipelatis ery cored ' associated in some way with some of the phenomena ‘ved in what are termed ‘‘breaks’’ following the immunization of swine against cholera. It is noted that some of the material used in the investigations of ‘‘diamond skin disease’’ came from a hog which originated in Texas. There appears on another page of Tar JoURNAL an abstract of a paper by E. Lopez Vallejo on the subject, ‘‘ Mexican Red Fever of Swine and Its Preventive Vaccination.”’ It is inferred from this paper that swine erysipelas exists to a cansid- erable extent in Mexico, and in this connection the thought naturally arises as to whether there might not be some relation between the existence of the disease in Mexico and the recent - discoveries in the United States. It appears that the regulations of the Department of Agriculture governing the importation of animals from Mexico are sufficiently comprehensive in their scope to protect our swine industry against invasions of erysip- elas and other contagious diseases which otherwise might reach us through the regular channels of commerce. Up to the present time animals of the porcine species have rarely been imported from Mexico, except for slaughter and a few pecearies for ex- hibition or experimental purposes. The established avenues of commerce between the United States and Mexico are well guarded, but even a greater source of danger seems to be the swine that are allowed to roam at large along the international border. While the Rio Grande forms a portion of the boundary line, it is not believed that this river constitutes a sufficient barrier during the dry season to prevent swine from passing at will from one country to the other. In view of the results of this recent investigation, veterinary praetitioners should be on the lookout for clinical cases which might be regarded as suspicious : of swine erysipelas. THE DENVER MEETING EVERY veterinarian who ean possibly do so should attend the — A. V. M. A. meeting in Denver, September 5th to 9th inclusive. Summer excursion rates of one and one-third fares will be in — effect good until October 1. In purchasing your ticket you can EprrortaL 135 ot ist ir ticket to Denver or to Colorado Springs via Denver, in 1 wish to see the sights at Coloradd Springs. The sum- et excusin tickets are also good, going over one road and x by another. FSaclington Route has been selected as the official route r thasago to Denver. This will enable those from Chicago 1 eastern points to travel together to Denver. Leaving — Chicas ‘0 Saturday night, September 3 at 11 p. m., puts one in Der ver yon Monday, September 5 at 7.30 in the morning. You ‘return over another route any time until Oetober 1. Full, ots Re ac aI will be given later and a program of the meeting wi Il be mailed to every member about August 1. | i fc ie | . Denver meeting will give you an opportunity to attend A. ¥. M. A. meeting for which an excellent program is being | eas ‘ided, and also to enjoy an unusual fine outing. Many _ veterinarians are planning to drive to Denver and arrange- ments are being made so that those going from Kansas City 1 vicinity ean drive through in a bunch and have a good time By oge' her. The roads through the West are usually in excellent condition at this season of the year. There are free camping site s in Denver and other western cities. Those who are plan- ee 3 n automobile parties to Denver should write to Tue JourNAL, iviny x date and place of starting and the itinerary so that others s; By join them on the route. The entertainment feature for the Denes meeting has been ticule ly stressed by the committee in charge because it is ed that people come to Colorado to have a good time as well as for serious considerations. It has, therefore, been ar- ang Pe to take the whole organization for a one day’s trip through the mountains back of Denver, past Buffalo Bill’s grave, ver r Lookout Mountain and down Bear Creek Canyon. Here the ght air, mountain scenery and substantial lunch to be furnished | at the end of the drive will be expected to put new life into all visitors from the humid East. If anybody comes without having the time of his life it will not be because the committee has not made sufficiently extensive plans. For the really serious _ side of the meeting, the Denver City Auditorium has been en- gaged, which building has sufficient room for all purposes, since it covers half a block and comfortably housed the Democratic convention of 1904. 136 Eprroriau The Albany Hotel has been selected as headquarters, where reservations can be made at any time. Plan now to take the summer vacation by attending this meeting and if within reason- able distance, motoring through Colorado will be found very exhilarating. N. S. M. PROMPT ACTION IN FIGHTING HOG CHOLERA WHY WILL farmers delay so long in calling assistance when disease appears in their swine herds? Unless early action is ‘taken to diagnose these cases and apply proper treatment, it stands to reason that losses are inevitable. The chances are many that the trouble is cholera and under such circumstances delay is dangerous, for when that disease has spread and pro- gressed in the herd destruction of a large number of animals may be expected. Early attention in an outbreak of hog cholera is essential for the successful treatment of the herd. It has been told repeat- edly that antihog-cholera serum is not a cure; its use is primarily intended as a preventive agent against cholera and as such it is universally recognized as the only reliable treatment. While the serum seemingly has had some favorable effect when adminis- tered to sick hogs in the very early stage of cholera, swine owners should not depend upon the product to save any number of animals after they have developed visible symptoms of hog cholera. In Farmers’ Bulletin 834 (Revised) attention is called to the fact that the serum is most efficacious when administered as a preventive. On page 16 of the bulletin appears the following: ‘* While the serum is regarded as most efficacious when adminis- tered as a preventive, it seems to have some curative value, pro- vided it is administered when hogs are in the very early stage of the disease. But very little benefit can be expected from the treatment of hogs that are visibly sick.’’ Again, on page 19: ‘*Serum should be used with the understanding that it is a pre- ventive rather than a curative agent.”’ And, finally, on page 22: ‘‘It has been stated that serum alone has some value in treating sick hogs. This is true within a certain limitation. Ordinarily it is efficacious only in the very early stage of the disease, before the hogs show visible signs of sickness.”’ EprroriAn 137 oe recently by Dr. R. C. Reed, Chief, Animal , Maryland State Board of Agriculture, appears the : **An analysis of the data obtained from sick herds, - nated in Maryland during 1919, shows that over one-fifth ; SU is swine iad Gied or. were tov sick to.treat. before the herds were immunized.’’ Information from other States where control e.: fe being conducted points to a similar lack of prompt at- ter in reporting outbreaks of hog cholera. a: - Much of the criticism and unfavorable comment against anti- + Paeeakcletn serum are due to the fact that farmers delay the use of the product for too long a period after cholera has reached the herd. When many of the animals show symptoms of the _ disease and the temperature reveals a high fever, it is not reason- a able | to suppose that serum will do much towards limiting losses. fore, the warning is again given to treat the animals at the very f first sign of cholera in the herd. Or better still, if there are . to suspect that the hogs have been or are exposed to in- they should be immunized before they have fallen vic- In sections where there are no known outbreaks of cholera does not seem to be any need for wholesale treatment, but i when the disease makes its appearance in the vicinity no time > should be lost in having all susceptible hogs immunized against = te disease. Reports indicate that farmers and swine owners are remiss ‘in guarding against the introduction of infection and are gen- erally. inclined to expect too much of antihog-cholera serum as a a” yee ha FRENCH AND GERMAN SCIENTISTS _ FRENCH scientists seem disposed to continue in their in- sistence that, as a condition to their resumption of relations with Germans in international scientific gatherings, the German scientists shall publicly repudiate the attitude assumed in the famous manifesto issued in 1914 by representatives of German science and art in justification of Germany’s course in the war. The following resolution was recently adopted by the French Committee of the Second International Congress of Compara- tive Pathology which is scheduled to be held in Rome this year: _ “Whereas, French scientists will not be able to accept the invitation to participate in a congress which German scientists 138 EprroriaAL have been invited to attend, until the latter shall have pro- — claimed, by a public act, that they repudiate all connection with the government and the military leaders of Germany in 1914 as regards the antisocial acts committed by these during the war; therefore, be it unanimously ‘* Resolved, That French scientists are under obligations to refrain from attending the Second International Congress of Comparative Pathology if the subjects of the Central Powers are invited to be present, which decision is in conformity with that arrived at in London in October, 1918, on the initiative of the Royal Society, and at Brussels in July, 1919, where a ratifi- cation of the decision by the delegates of the academies of the various Allied Nations was recorded.”’ SHORTAGE OF HORSES Aroused by advance reports of the 1920 census that the supply of horses in the United States had decreased more than two million in the last ten years, the Horse Association of America is planning to launch an intensive drive to encourage horse breeding as a factor in the country’s economic development. The census reports show there are now approximately 25,300,000 horses and mules in the country. The association has completed a survey of horse power on the farm, which shows that the cost of plowing with horses or mules is cheaper than with motorized plows. The association will appeal to country bankers through- out the United States to aid the farmer in rehabilitating the horse market. The American Remount Association, which is interested par- ticularly in the development of horses suitable for Army pur- poses, also is planning a drive to interest farmers in the breed- ing of horses of this type. CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION The United States Civil Service Commission announces an open competitive examination on May 11, 1921, to fill vacancies as they may occur in the Bureau of Animal Industry. Appli- eation forms can be had by applying to the Civil Service Com- mission, Washington, D. C. THE BACILLUS OF SWINE ERYSIPELAS ISOLATED: FROM URTICARIAL LESIONS OF SWINE IN THE UNITED STATES By G. T. Creecu "he y 7 Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States- Department of Agriculture SINCE the discovery in 1885 of the Bacillus erysipelatis swis by L6ffler (1), who, together with Schutz, differentiated swine erysipelas from hog cholera, considerable investigational work has been done with regard to this disease of swine by Bang, Jensen, Preisz, Lorenz, Voges and other well-known European inves- tigators. . Swine erysipelas is known to be widespread throughout Con- tinental Europe, yet literature fails to record a single instance of an outbreak of the disease in the United States, and it seems to be the consensus of opinion of practically all authorities on the subject that swine erysipelas does not exist in this country. Hutyra and Marek (2) make the statement that erysipelas of swine ‘‘oceurs in the benign form in the United States of North America.’’ The authors quoted no doubt referred to the so- called ‘‘diamond skin disease’’ of swine. Urticaria, or ‘‘diamond skin disease’’ of swine, which is not infrequently encountered by Government inspectors at the various slaughtering establishments in the United States, has long been known to exist in this country. In Europe the etiology of this condition in swine is accepted by different authorities as being the same as the organism causing the acute form of swine erysipelas, i. ¢., B. erysipelatis suis. In other words, ‘‘diamond skin disease’’ is simply considered as being a chronic form of the disease. In the United States such skin affections have heretofore been considered of rather minor importance. There appears to be no authentic case on record in which B. erysipelatis swis was isolated from swine in the United States, wherein the organism was definitely identified as such. There are a few instances recorded where the closely related organism of mouse septicemia, B. murisepticus, first described by Koch (3), was isolated from the tissues of swine. Smith (4) in 1885 isolated an organism from the spleen of a pig which he JOH 140 G. T. Creecu subsequently identified as B. murisepticus. Three years later Moore (5) obtained a similar organism also from the spleen of a hog. In 1894 Smith (6) again isolated a small rod from the lymph node of a hog which was identified as the mouse septicemia organism. More recently Tenbroeck (7) obtained an organism from the tonsils of swine in five different cases which were also identified by him as B. murisepticus. That no considerable effort has been made to determine the etiology of urticaria in swine in the United States would seem to be indicated by the fact that the writer experienced little dif- ficulty in isolating the organisms described herein from such lesions. During the early part of 1920 the attention of the writer was directed particularly to this urticarial condition of swine by the receipt of specimens showing an unusually well-advanced case of such skin lesions which were submitted to the laboratory of the Pathological Division, for diagnosis, by Dr. H. K. Walter, of the meat inspection service of this Bureau. The studies and observations made relative to this particular case led to a further study of a number of somewhat similar cases which were re- ceived at the laboratory on subsequent dates. In this paper it is the intention to outline rather briefly the results of work done and experiments carried out with regard to the organisms iso- lated in five of the cases which came under our observation showing characteristics typical of B. erysipelatis suis. Certain details of the work done, especially in connection with the various inoculation experiments, ete., will be largely omitted, and only a general summary of the results will be given here. _ LESIONS In the first case examined the tissues submitted were from an animal which exhibited particularly well-marked inflammatory lesions of the skin and subeutaneous tissues. There was a highly reddened condition of the skin extending over a large portion of the surface of the body. In addition to the extreme red color- ation there was also in this case a necrosis and sloughing of the skin in certain areas. In sectioning those areas most markedly affected it was noted that this deeply reddened or inflammatory condition extended beyond the skin proper to a depth of from one-fourth to one-half inch. Besides the skin specimens from 7 Swine Erysipetas BAcILLus IN URTICARIA 141 this particular animal, both kidneys and several of the body lymph nodes were also received for examination. The lymph nodes appeared to be somewhat congested, but there were no perceptible pathological changes in the kidneys. The skin lesions in the other four specimens, from which the organisms described were isolated, varied somewhat in the dif- ferent animals, from small reddened areas on the skin surface to. the well-defined, slightly elevated, rhomboidal figures char- acteristic of ‘‘diamond skin disease.’’ (Sce illustration. aS Specimen of Hog Skin Showing Diamond-Shaped Lesions from which Strain CH-2 of Organism was Isolated. History In only one case was the origin of the hog definitely known. This animal, which exhibited the more marked lesions, was shipped east from the State of Texas just prior to being slaughtered. Three of the hogs were slaughtered at Chicago and probably originated in the Middle West. The fifth animal was slaughtered near Washington, D. C., and was probably raised 42 G. T. Creecn —_s in the East. From this it will be seen that some of the animals eame from rather widely separated sections of the country. BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES Isolation of Cultures Realizing that contaminating microérganisms penetrate to a certain depth from the surface of the skin, and in order to ayoid them, a method was adopted of making cultural inoculations from the reverse side of the skin, i. e., from the deeper subeu- , taneous tissue. This was accomplished by the removal of small ‘cubes of the affected subcutaneous tissue, especially in the more marked inflammatory areas. These pieces of tissue were placed “in bouillon tubes and on serum-agar slants. Cultures were also ‘made from the kidneys and the lymph nodes. The inoculated culture tubes were incubated at a temperature ‘ of 37.5° C. After 48 hours small colonies were observed on the -agar slants, and there was a slight cloudiness of the bouillon tubes. Pure cultures of what proved to be a small bacillus were 5 obtained from the several skin specimens and also from one of ‘the lymph nodes. Failure was experienced in obtaining growths ‘of the organism in culture media inoculated from the kidneys. , The strain of the organism isolated from the tissues in this ease - was designated as BH-1. . , The same technique was employed in obtaining cultures in the * other four cases, in which the organism was isolated, and with _ equally good results. These strains of the organism were desig- : nated as BH-2, CH-1, CH-2 and CH-3. Culturally and otherwise, the five strains of the organism * isolated appeared to be practically identical in their several ’ characteristics. * Morphology and Staining The organism is a very slender, straight or slightly curved rod from 1 to 2 microns long. It is non-motile, non-spore-bearing and Gram-positive. In smear preparations the organism is seen to oceur singly, in pairs, and occasionally in short chains or filaments somewhat wavy in outline. Cultural Characteristics Cultures were incubated aerobically and anaerobically, and either of the conditions appeared to be favorable for the growth * = ig ia - ka ee ce we : as ber i ee awake EnverrEnas asks IN URTICARIA 143 of the ger aitiis. Growths were also obtained at room tem- ga —QOn agar slants small round dewdrop-like colonies are i which have a tendency to remain discrete even in the r cultures Growth on agar is rather scant. idified Blood Serum.—A very slight growth is obtained on um, which is not liquified by the organism. Bouillon—Bouillon is rendered slightly cloudy in 24 to 48 hours. After several days a white or grayish sediment is formed a tthe bottom of the tube. Gelatin —This medium is not liquefied, and in stabs there are — = peen; cree 4 or 5 days, lines radiating from the stab toward the _ periphery, giving the culture the rather unusual “‘test-tube -brush”’ appearance which has frequently been referred to as a ral characteristic of B. erysipelatis suis. Potato. —There was no apparent growth on potato under Erotic conditions. aoa was no perceptible change in this medium after ‘ig “Indol.—All tests for indol were negative. 2 ay Carbohydrates. —There was no gas production in any of the various sugars listed. By referring to Table 1 it will be seen that 1 there was acid production in only three of the sugars, while Pr - the remaining ten gave uniform negatiye résults. The Andrade licator was used as a means of determining the acid produc- om in the sugars tested. mn organism J-80', which is a known strain of B. erysipelatis ae was carried through these tests in a manner identical with 2 other oranisms being tested, for comparative purposes. (See EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL INOCULATIONS on] an of the strains isolated proved to be pathogenic for rabbits, ¥ “white mice and pigeons when those subjects were inoculated _ with small quantities of 24-hour bouillon cultures. Guinea-pigs were also inoculated in all cases, receiving the same amounts of the cultures as the rabbits, but were apparently unaffected by the injections. All guinea-pigs inoculated were still apparently on te ge wage hed of B. erysipelatis suis were obtained from Prof. Jensen i ich ot Copenhagen, win indy furnished us with four strains of this organism, wh Sompdrative purposes. healthy a number of weeks after the inoculations. It was found that 0.5 ¢.c. or less of bouillon cultures of the different strains was sufficient to produce death in rabbits, and 0.1 ¢.c. proved fatal to pigeons and white mice. Death of the rabbits, mice and pigeons usually occurred between the third and fifth day after inoculation. The appearance of the lesions of the dead animals and pigeons was that of a septicemia. In many of the pigeons inoculated accumulations of fluid in the pericardium were ob- served on portmortem. In most of the dead animals the organisms were found in the blood in rather large numbers. They were also found in ex- cessive numbers in the pericardial exudate and in the various organs of the dead animals and pigeons. Swine Inoculations.—Pigs from 6 to 8 months of age were selected for inoculations with the different strains of the organ- ism. These inoculations were made at different times following the isolation of the organism in the different cases. Three of the pigs were inoculated intravenously with 3, 4 and 6 ¢.c. respectively, of bouillon cultures of different strains of the organism. Two pigs received subcutaneously 4 and 8 «.c., respectively, of bouillon cultures, while a sixth pig was fed 10 ¢.c. of a culture of one of the strains. These pigs were kept under observation, and temperatures taken, for at least ten days. None of the animals appeared to show any ill effects as a result of the inoculations or feeding. In one or two instances the animals exhibited a slight rise of temperature, but this was not thought to be of any particular significance in the absence of eee ee re Swine Erysipecas Baci.tus in URTICARIA 145 = any other symptoms indicative of an infection with the organism. The results of these experiments were considered negative. An attempt was made to increase the virulence of the organ- isms by passing one of the cultures successively through a number of pigeons. Final inoculations of six pigeons were made. In this experiment a quantity of pericardial exudate, about 4 ¢.c., was collected from the six pigeons, which were dead on the same date, and given to a pig intravenously, the idea being to avoid transferring the organism to artificial medium. While the virulence of the organisms was consider- ably increased for pigeons, the organisms did not prove to be pathogenic for the pig, as the results of the inoculation were negative. | SEROLOGICAL TESTS A comparative study of these organisms was also undertaken by means of the complement-fixation test, with a view of de- termining the relationship, from a serological standpoint, be- tween the organisms isolated from the skin lesions and-the strains of B. erysipelatis swis received from Prof. Jensen. In the first tests made, as indicated in Tables 2, 3 and 4, the immune or positive serum used was prepared by injecting a hog, No. 3318, intravenously with increasingly large quantities up to 15 ¢.c. of bouillon cultures of strain BH-1, the first organism isolated. The injections were made at intervals of 7 to 10 days. Antigen titrations were made against the serum obtained from hog 3318, using bouillon cultures of the organisms isolated by us as antigens. Negative serum used in tests was obtained from a normal hog. The serums were inactivated at 58° C. for 30 minutes. The hemolytic system employed in these tests consisted of a 3 per cent suspension of sheep red cells, 2%4 units of hemolytic amboceptor and 114 units of complement, the latter being titrated against the amboceptor and sheep cells. Proper ~eontrols were used on the positive and negative serums, antigen and the hemolytic system. _ All of the strains of the organisms isolated from the skin lesions showed distinc: antigenic value. A typical reaction showing the range may be seen in Table 2. - Bouillon cultures of the strains of B. erysipelatis swis from Prof. Jensen were then used as antigens and titrated in the same manner against the positive serum from hog No. 3318. In these 146 G. T. Creecu Table 2.—Serological Test Showing Typical Reaction ‘eR Astlaaal . statiats cs twarusseke 10.05 c.| 0.1 6. | 02 ce. | occ. | osee. | 05 ec. Positive serum? ............... = eo ttt [t+ ttt ee +++ Negative serum?.............. - - ‘ lel Rathgael as « sicipiindes ba3cns 8 0.6 c.c. | 0.8 c.c. ) Lec. 15 cc 2e0. Positive serum?...........0+: tetet | ttt | ttt) t+ ++ -+ Negative serum?.............. | - | + | +++4+ ttt tides ‘ tests it was noted that the Jensen cultures had an antigenie value equal to that possessed by our own cultures when tested against the positive serum prepared by us. Examples of typical reactions of the two different organisms and the close similarity of the range obtained in the tests will be seen in Tables 3 and 4. Table 3. rr aavelngtent Test for Comparison with Jensen Culture (Table 4). ) ieee ers io Sc. 8 l0.05 co.| 0.10 force. |'osec. | ose. | 0.5 cc. Positive serum? ............0.. i | + | +4 Resaieaay ~~ Negative serum? .............. ~~ - = = ? ae pe re er ees | 0.6 c.c. ) 0.8 e.c. | lec. ) 15 ec. ) 2cc, Positi Bs acseasacvvess more Per | ane ache take | ae ——- cultures of strain BH-2 isolated from skin lesions. Serem £ rom hog No. 3318 which had received six injections of cultures of BHA. ormal serum. ++ ++ =75 per cent inhibition \. + + =Complete inhibition of hemolysis. In the final tests made, bouillon cultures of the organisms isolated by us, and also of the Jensen cultures of B. erysipelatis_ suis, were used as antigens and titrated against an immune or ‘‘rotlauf’’ serum prepared in Germany by the Siichsisches Serumwork, Dresden. In these tests it was observed that there was a marked similarity in the behavior of our organisms and the Jensen cultures when titrated against the rotlauf serum produced in Germany. By referring to Tables 5 and 6 it will be seen that the titration results are practically identical in character. *. 7% ita 4 -.. ’ : “ oT; = 6 eZ er ee ee Pe) oe ae eee) Jee? ft *% =. ay - r - as: Ss. a . 7 Oe . + a) i ? a. * ie oe * 2 et, 4 a » / “> ie a a, sIPELA 147 At : —T. ntigen Hama bao! dedees| 0.1 e.c. | o2ce. / 0.3 c.c. : O4cc. | 0.5 cc. eT ee - - + 8565 ig +e Dcatasness%, fo | ac ’ eet 5" , RTS. 0.6 cc. 0.8 c.c. lee. / 15 cc. ! ‘2ee. ive serum? .......... cence] HEHEHE | HH44 | +44 ) +444 | +444 ble a . Serum 2... 6p sees a | f= | _ | ++ | ae aby ~ J a —. ihe culture of strain J-80 of B. eF¥siyelatis suis obtained from Prof. Jensen. apts Fides Ne. $518 which had inosived six injections of osltore of BHI. ce =25 per cent inhibition of hemolysis. ~ + = 50 per cent inhibition of hemolysis. per cent inhibition of hemolysis. += Complete inhibition of hemolysis. oa ni! Fr rota! ‘3 Fable 5.—Serological Test with “Rotlauf” Serum 4 ao a aicitins b...+.-- Bon a $ shinee e+e 0.05 c.c. | 0.1 c.c. | 0.2 c.c. / 0.3 c.c. Otc. | 0.5 c.c. OS ee, SES - = - be ie + gative serum?.............. - - es = XS Me 7 at “Sor witibed: tase es 3 0.6 c.c. 0.8 c.c. lec. / 15 cc. 2c.c. sitive serum?............... ++ | +++) +++ toa +444 eS ee ee - -_ _ = am me of - 4g brs culturé of strain BH-2 of organism isolated fi skin lesions. iy +. pa rotlauf serum prepared in Germany. =.) a a5, Scent i MiehSe 6.>-Garcllegion’ Test with Jonson Culture and “Rethouf” Serum 0.05 c.c.| 0.1e. 02ce. | 0.3c. OAc. | 0.5 e.c. 0.6 c.c. 0.8 c.c. 1 e.c. 1.5 cc. 2 c.c. as | *i* tHe jak it ++++ 1 Bouillon cultures of strain J-80 of B. erysipelatis suis obtained from Prof. Jensen timmune | bx Sete Golem gicpeeetite 148 G. T. Creecn Discussion OF RESULTS These results would seem to establish beyond question the close relationship between the organisms we have isolated and the known organisms of swine erysipelas as obtained from Prof. — Jensen. ' oy The fact that none of the five strains of the organisms which were isolated from the different cases of ‘‘diamond skin disease’’ possessed sufficient virulence to produce erysipelas in the inocu- lated pigs might upon first thought seem to be sufficient evidence that they are not a true type of the erysipelas or rotlauf bacillus. However, after making a study of the literature on the subject, and especially with regard to the experimental inoculations of swine, it soon becomes apparent that it has not proved an easy matter to transmit swine erysipelas artificially to healthy hogs, and not only so, but it has been found to be a rather difficult undertaking even in those localities where the disease is preva- lent in the acute form. Preisz (8) in referring to the virulence of the erysipelas bacilli states that the organisms, particularly those in cultures, soon lose their virulence for swine, and that the injection of cultures is not often successful in producing the disease. He also credits Voges and Schutz with having found in their experiments that cultures sufficiently virulent to kill hogs may become so attenu- ated in the course of a few days that they will produce only ‘*urticaria’’ in these animals. Jensen (9) reached the conclusion that ‘‘the erysipelas bacillus is really an almost universally oceurring saprophyte,’’ and in connection with his efforts to produce the disease in healthy swine he says: ‘‘It has hardly ever been proved possible to transmit the disease to hogs either by feeding parts of organs of dead hogs or by injections with pure cultures.’’ Further on in the same paper, in referring to the bacilli isolated by him from the tonsils of swine, he says there was no doubt in his mind that these organisms were genuine erysipelas bacilli, but he was unable to produce the incontrovertible proof by peas: | pigs with these organisms. Stockman (10), in referring to certain peculiarities of swine erysipelas, says that the disease may at times assume such a mild type as to be completely overlooked, while at other times it may appear as a virulent and fatal enzoétie. In a later report ah J ee a Pee a ae a 7s . nn > al aT 149 ) he makes the statement that ‘‘the microbe passes a sapro- s existence in the soil, and the affected pig is only one of SE eictors in the up-keep of the virus.”’ | : a sev iny existence of the erysipelas organism as a saprophyte, and the difficulties experienced in transmitting the disease arti- ey. would tend to strengthen the opinion that the organism acre an increased virulence, sufficient to produce the disease, z er certain conditions and influences which are not under- | - é Sai ints than. prenent time. ges) ConcLUsions ‘Tt has been proved conclusively that urticaria or ‘‘diamond aes skin disease’’ in Europe is caused by Bacillus erysipelatis suis or rotlauf bacillus. The invading organisms in this mild form ___ of the disease are no doubt very much attenuated. The failure, therefore, to infect healthy pigs with cultures obtained from the chronic type of lesions, which are otherwise typical of B. ___ erysipelatis suis, should not, in the opinion of the writer, be ____ taken as evidence that such organisms are not a true type of the __ erysipelas bacillus. This would seem especially true in view of _ the difficulties, previously referred to, which investigators have encountered in their endeavors to produce the disease in healthy _ pigs with what they considered as virulent cultures. he evidence obtained relative to the organisms isolated from urticarial lesions of swine in the five different cases as described _ in this paper, particularly with regard to their characteristics culturally and serologically, and also in their pathogenicity for _____ the small experimental animals, would seem quite sufficient to ____ warrant the conclusion that these organisms are a type of B. erysipelatis suis, and finally, that the disease of urticaria or “‘diamond skin disease’’ now existing in the United States should in the future be classed as a chronic form of swine erysipelas, just as it has been considered heretofore in European countries. The writer acknowledges his indebtedness to Dr. H. W. Schoening of the Pathological Division for valuable assistance rendered in connection with the serological work done. Ae my = 5 =— « BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Lorriter. Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt, 1886, vol. 1, p. 46. 2. Hutyra and MAREK. Pathology and Therapeutics of Diseases of Domestic Animals, 1917, vol. 1, p. 62. 3. Kocu, R. Untersuchungen iiber die Aetiologie der Wundinfek- skrankheiten, Leipsic, 1878. 150 G. T. Creecu 4. Smiru, T. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus., 2d Ann. Rpt. 1886, p. 196. 5. gee * ¥ A. Jour. Compar. Med. and Vet. Arch., 1892, vol. 18; Pp 6. Smiru, T. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus., 12th and 13th Ann. Rpts., 1897, p. 166. 7. TeNBROECK, C. Jour. Expt. Med., 1920, vol. 32, No. 3, p. 331. 8. Preisz. Handbuch der pathogenen Mikro-organismen, 1913, vol. 6, p. 1. 9. posse C. O. Maenedsskrift for Dyrlaeger, 1901-1902, vol. 13, p 10. STocKMAN, S. Annual Report of Proceedings under the Con- tagious Diseases, Markets, and Fairs Act, Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, Great Britain, 1905, p. 21. 11. StockMAN, S. Ann. Rpt., Chief Vet. Officer, Bd. Agr. and Fish- eries, Great Britain, 1914, p. 11. Dr. John Blattenberg and Mrs. Blattenberg will sail for Europe on June Ist. Doctor Blattenberg goes as a delegate to the International Rotary Convention at Edinburgh. From Edingurgh they will go to London, Brussels, Antwerp, Paris, visiting the battlefields of France and the Rhine River. They will also visit Italy and Switzerland. Doctor Blattenberg says they have booked passage on a British ship—not an American ‘‘dry dock.’’ In the Quarterly Bulletin of the Louisiana State Board of Health for September, 1920, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple has a timely and instructive article entitled ‘‘The Sanitary Control of An- thrax or Charbon.”’ S. R. Johnson, D. V. M., graduate of the Veterinary School of the Kansas State Agriculture College, with several years’ ex- perience in pathology, has been given an appointment in the Division of Serology of the Michigan Department of Health. Dr. Johnson, in addition to his serological work with the Health Department, will do diagnostie pathology for the Departmens of Animal Industry. The Nebaska State Board of Examiners of Veterinary Medicine will hold their next regular examination in Lincoln June 20. Applications should be on file not later than June 1. For information and application, address H. H. Antles, Depart- ment of Public Welfare, State House, Lincoln, Nebraska. GASTRIC MOTILITY STUDIES IN THE GOAT AND THE HORSE’ By A. F. Scuatk and R, 8. AMADON | Veterinary Physiological Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Agricultural College, North Dakota SCIENCE is constantly becoming more complete in all of its various branches, each passing year or fraction thereof bringing additional contributions in the form of some rare discovery, some theory verified and made a scientific fact, or the recording of new theories of a tenable nature. That branch of science deal- ing with life in all of its manifestations must of necessity be richly endowed with theoretical premises, more so than is true of the other scientific fields. However, theories and the grounds for their existence are very essential in the process of arriving at a true interpretation of life processes. Even though the theory may be fallacious in part of its entirety, it may suggest lines of thought which assist other investigators of the particular problem. In the field of physiological research there exist certain prob- lems the solution of which has received but little attention, and the sum of our knowledge consists in most instances of vague _ theories possessing no original experimental evidence. ‘The physiological activity of the stomach has received but casual attention until very recently. Early pioneers of physiology ad- vanced a large number of theories, but were unable to found their conclusions upon experimental observations. While the degree of interest in this portion of the alimentary tract has always been very great, the difficulties to be encountered in the investigational work have blocked all efforts until of recent date. In studying the stomach as it presents itself in the different animal species the striking feature of differentiation in structure is to be noted. This organ in the different animal species pre- sents a variety of shapes, forms and sizes. It ranges from a mere dilation in a comparatively straight tube, as found in some ‘Of the lower vertebrates, to a tortuous labyrinth-like structure in some of our higher mammals. Apparently the single com- partment stomach reaches its highest degree of development in - the mammalia represented by man, dog, horse and pig. In the 151 152 A. F. ScHaLk Anp R. S. AMADON class ruminata an entirely different structure is met with. In-_ stead of a well-developed single pouch, the organ is composed of a series of four distinct compartments which make up the stomach complex. ; The stomach oceupies a very important position in regard to organismal economy in both man and beast. The relative fre- quency with which we encounter local and constitutional dis- turbances and lesions in pathological anatomy and clinical medi- cine, as the result of gastric inefficience, reveals to us its real physiologic significance. It is not necessary to go back very far in medical history to where the entire fabric of stomach activity and of digestion pro- cesses in general was almost wholly based upon superstition and mysticism. It appears as though real knowledge based upon careful observations and investigations was slow to dawn in this particular line of science. We still meet with physiological texts which elaborate upon the ‘‘millstone’’ and ‘‘churning’’ activities of the stomach. While it may be possible to stretch the imagi- nation to connect either or both of these time-honored mechan- ical processes with the stomach digestion in man, bird or beast, the present-day student of physiological processes can not afford to form such mental pictures of stomach activities in the light of our present knowledge of stomach motility in man and dog. A survey of the literature shows the field of stomach motility . work practically wholly unexplored in the majority of our do- mesticated animals. Even the very fundamentals and rudiments have not been approached in an experimental way. Thus it will be seen that our teachings in this line for past centuries have , been based almost entirely upon guess-work, hearsay, and imagi- nations of theorists. We should not, however, forget to acknowl- edge that some valuable information has been gathered from surface movements shown through the abdominal musculature a and skins of ruminants. These researches have been begun with the idea of establish- j ing, if possible, some definite and reliable data in regard to the ; true motor functions of the gastric apartments or stomach in ~ some of the higher mammals. Inasmuch as the field is practically virgin, it is necessary that all the different phases of motor ae- tivities of the stomach be investigated. In order to approach the problem in a systematic manner, we are provisionally divid- ing the motor processes of the stomach into three periods: Gastric Moriiry Srupies 1x Goat AND Horse 153 * 1. The hunger period, which comprises the empty or partially empty stomach. ; _ 2. The feeding period, from the time the animal begins eating until digestive contractions put in their appearance. 3. The true digestion period, when the stomach is actively en- - gaged in digestion. HisToricaL | The hunger activities have been most admirably worked out in man. Here the investigators have the advantage of the human element to deal with, which means much. When man is the ex- perimental animal he can readily explain the sensations experi- enced, and being capable of reasoning, can help greatly in arriv- ing at more correct interpretations. The position that man oc- cupies in the evolutionary scale, together with occasional gastric fistule met with in clinical medicine, renders man pre-eminently the subject for gastric physiological investigations. There have been two occasions in medical history when inves- tigators have taken advantage of accidental gastric fistule in making physiologic studies of the human stomach. In the early 30’s of the last century, Beaumont (1), a French-Canadian army physician stationed at an army post in Canada, found a patient, Alexis St. Martin, with a gastric wound which developed into a permanent gastric fistula. Here in the wilds, with only travel- ing-bag laboratory equipment, Dr. Beaumont set about making observations, under difficulties indescribable, upon the stomach of this patient. Although many of his interpretations do not conform to our present-day findings, his work was the real be- ginning, and stands as a monument to diligence, perseverence and genuine investigational spirit. Haller (2), the great physiologist, stated in his Elementa one hundred and fifty years ago that ‘‘the stomach of a hungry, starving man is contracted’’ and that the sensation of hunger was due to the rubbing of the folded mucosa due to this contrac- tion. We may state that the theory of the empty stomach being * in continuous contraction has not only been questioned but de- nied and proven false. Schiff (3) in 1867 wrote that ‘‘the move- ments of the empty stomach are rare and much less energetic than during digestion,’’ and Valenti (4) as late as 1910 stated that ‘‘contractions in the empty stomach are rare and feeble.’’ The foregoing statements are excellent illustrations of how 154 A. F. Scuaux anp R. S. AMApon misleading our teachings may be. Careful investigation of these teachings finds them entirely without experimental evidence and based wholly upon guesswork and the vagaries of dreaming scientists. Commercial book writers cram such things into vol- umes which are inflicted upon the student world as texts. The early years of the present century brought forth some important and fundamental facts in regard to stomach motor phenomena, especially the hunger or starvation phase. Boldy- reff (5) in 1905, working with the balloon method with dogs, demonstrated conclusively that the empty, hungry stomach ex- hibits alternate periods of strong contractions and absolute quiescence, at least during the first three or four days of fasting. He did not think that the contractions gave rise to the ‘‘hunger sensations.”’ It remained for Hertz (6) in 1911 to interpret these contractions as the cause of the hunger urge. Cannon and Washburn (7) of the Harvard Medical School made the next big step by confirming Boldyreft’s findings, but using man, Washburn himself, as the experimental animal. They found that the periods of contraction in the empty stomach are synchronous with the periods of hunger sensation, and that each separate contraction is synchronous with a hunger pang. In 1912 Dr. A. J. Carlson of the University of Chicago was fortunate enough to obtain a man with a permanent gastric fistula. The fistula was of about twenty years’ standing, the re- sult of a constricted esophagus, from accidentally drinking caustic soda. This man, Fred Vleck, a Bohemian by birth, showed normal health conditions both before and after the fistula was made, At the time the investigations were begun upon his stomach he was about 28 years old, At this time (1912) we may consider the beginning of the Carlson school for physiological research upon the stomach. Professor Carlson and a large band of graduate students have investigated practically every phase of stomach motor phenomena imaginable, and have made some forty published contributions to the physiology of the stomach of man and experimental animals. Carlson carefully checked the work of Boldyreff, Cannon and Washburn, and confirmed their findings in the main. He and his pupils and co-workers have earried the work much farther than all preceding workers and established the fact that a certain type of contractions of the empty stomach, or nearly empty stomach, gives rise to the sen- VT so ' es 7 L : Gasrric Mormiry Srupies ix Goat AND Horse 155 gation of hunger by stimulation of sensory nerves, not in the __ gastric mucosa, but in the submucosa or muscularis. This finally : eS establishes the peripheral or gastric origin as the essential ele- ment in the sensation of hunger. INVESTIGATIONAL PROCEDURE There are three available methods for studying the motility of the stomach of man and some of the domestic animals: 1. Direct inspection by means of a permanent opening (gas-. _ trie fistula) into the stomach through the abdominal wall. 2. The introduction of a rubber balloon into the stomach, either through the esophagus or through the gastric fistula, and recording the variations in pressure on the slightly distended balloon due to contractions of the stomach. 3 By means of X-rayography and fluoroscopic apparatus and obtaining graphic records of the stomach movements. To this may be added in man the recording of the subjective sensations. Tt will readily be seen at the outset that all of these methods are not applicable in the larger mammals. In man and the smaller animals like the dog and the cat all can be applied very satisfactorily. In the horse, for example, where the peritoneal cavity is very spacious, and where the stomach is located a con- siderable distance from the body walls, the idea of permanent attachment and gastric fistula is absolutely out of the question. Also the uncertain factor of surgical interference in the peri- toneal cavity of the equine species renders the success of such an operation highly improbable. At the present time we are not in a position to carry out X- rayography and fluoroscopic observations. However, this line _ of investigation is projected, and as soon as conditions are favor- able this method will be studied. In consideration of the fact that the direct inspection method is impossible and X-rayography and fluoroscopic methods are not available, we are compelled to rely upon the rubber balloon for our preliminary studies. We have learned that with the neces- » Sary precautions and the proper technique this method can be earried out with exceilent reliability. Recent Data The recorded data of the past clearly show that gastrie mo- tility studies have reached their highest degree of perfection in 156 A. F. ScoHatk anv R. S. AMADON man. Since we are dealing with dumb beasts, wholly devoid of reason, thought and will and lacking in the element of subjective sensations to aid us in our interpretations, we are attacking our problems in a comparative way and using mainly the results ob- | tained upon man as a criterion. By the use of a delicate balloon (8), placed in a normal empty stomath of man, properly distended with air, and correctly ad- justed to a delicate manometer-recording device, we find the following pressure variations as_ established by the Carlson * school: 1. Periods of powerful rhythmie contractions alternating with periods of relative quiescence. As these individual eontrae- tions cover approximately 30 seconds, they are termed contrae- tions of 30 seconds rhythm. The entire contraction period is provisionally designated as the hunger period, ‘and the individual contractions in the period as ‘‘hunger contractions.’’ 2. A tonus rhythm (tonus contraction of the fundus) of wonderful uniformity in rate, but fluctuating in amplitude, the rate varying from 18 to 20 seconds with an average of 20 seconds. The tonus rhythm increases in amplitude without change in rate during the periods of powerful rhythmical contractions of the fundus and are weakest immediately after these periods. They are always present in the empty stomach of man, provided the subject is in good health. For the sake of brevity these are provisionally designated as ‘‘20 seconds rhythm.’’? The methods used by previous workers were evidently not delicate enough to detect the tonus rhythm, and hence they coneluded erroneously that the empty stomach of man is completely quiescent between the periods of the strong hunger contractions. A pulse pressure rhythm always present. 4. A respiratory pressure rhythm always present. In periods of relatively powerful contractions, the individual contractions usually begin as a feeble tonus rhythm, gradually increasing in amplitude with shortening of the intervening pauses, and may or may not end in tetanus or prolonged tonus contractions, followed by a relatively abrupt relaxation and quiescence. When the contractions are relatively feeble, the periods of activity are always short, the variations being from 6 to 20 minutes with an average of 12 minutes. The number of strong Gastric Moriniry Strupies tiv Goat AND Horse 157 ® contractions in these periods varies from 10 to 25 with an aver- age of about 14 contractions. The duration of each individual contraction is approximately 20 to 25 seconds. The stronger contractions are usually in the middle of the periods, the initial and last contractions being the weakest. In no case does such a period end in tetany. The more powerful contraction periods exhibit some character- istic features. The periods always begin with weak contractions with long intervening pauses, which may be of several minutes’ duration. Then the individual contractions gradually increase in amplitude, and the intervening pauses become shorter, until the climax is reached in a number of very powerful and rapid contractions approaching incomplete tetanus, which usually lasts from two to five minutes. The cessation of the periods of activity is always abrupt. The ending of the contraction period in an incomplete tetanus appears to be characteristic of young and vigorous individuals. In older people the period usually ends in a single vigorous contraction without tetanus except under _ certain conditions. The tetanus ending appears to be an evi- dence of relatively great tonicity of the stomach. The stomach of dog has perhaps had more attention than that of man, and the motor phenomena of the stomach of prematurely born puppies to very old adult dogs have been worked over very extensively. In the main the results coincide very favorably with those in man, but of course with some variations and differences. All three methods of investigation can be applied with success when studying the dog’s stomach. : RUMEN MOorTILity IN THE GOAT It is the classical work and results obtained in man and dog that gave inspiration for the present researches. Fully realizing the wide unexplored field in this work in a number of animal Species concerned in veterinary medicine, we have projected plans covering a broad scope of motor phenomena work in the ~ horse, ruminants inelnding the goat, the cow and the sheep, and the pig. These investigations were begun in the fall of 1915, when one of us (Schalk), working in the Hull Physiological Laboratories at the University of Chicago, selected the goat for the experi- mental animal and began observations on that part of the gastric complex known as the rumen. The stomach of the goat, like that 158 . A. F. Scuack anv R. 8S. AmAvon of all ruminata, is composed of four compartments—the rumen, the reticulum, the amasum and the abomasum. From a biological viewpoint the rumen corresponds to the cardiac portion of the single stomach. This compartment was selected for our prelim- inary work. Anatomically the rumen occupies almost all of the left half of the abdominal cavity, and extends from the ventral part of the seventh intercostal space almost to the pelvis. It is compressed laterally from side to side, extending to the median line ventrally. Deep longitudinal surface grooves divide it into dorsal and ventral sacs. Internally the grooves are continued as muscular pillars, which are simply continuations and thicken- ings of the muscular walls. This reinforced muscular arrange- ment makes it a very powerful organ. The mucosa presents a peculiar roughened surface due to the numerous papille spread over it. Physiologically it is considered a store-room for macera- tion purposes and holding the ingesta until they are eructated and regurgitated for the act of rumination. Its mucosa contains no glands, hence it secretes no enzymes for digestive purposes. Its functions are supposed to be mechanical, except the bacterial . changes wrought by the bacteria carried in by the food. The dorsal sae lying in close proximity to the parietal peri- toneum and abdominal wall renders conditions ideal for the production of gastric fistule. The surgical operation for same is simple and can be performed very satisfactorily by means of local anesthesia. It is perhaps best to make two separate oper- ations, as follows: The site is located in the left flank region about 3 inches ventral to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebra, at a point about midway between the posterior border of the last rib and the external angle of the ileum. After the usual surgical cleanliness is carried out upon the field of oper- ation and the instruments and hands of the operator and as- sistant, a one-inch incision is made through the skin and fascia; the muscle layers are divided with blunt instruments rather than severed with a sharp knife. After the peritoneum is pierced the rumen wall is grasped with forceps and drawn about one inch through the opening and anchored to the body wall by means of silk ligatures. From four to six stitches are sufficient, but care should be taken that the ligatures should pierce the skin and musculature of the body wall and only the serosa and plain musculature of the rumen. If the mucosa is penetrated £ o Gasrric Moriuiry Srupies rw Goat ANp Horse 159 healing takes place slowly and with difficulty. The wound is now treated by the dry pack method and left undisturbed for about 3 or 4 days, when a second operation is performed. After removing the pack the operator takes a sharp sterile knife and euts out the circular convex protruding portion of the rumen wall just inside the sutures. A medium soft rubber tube is now inserted in the fistulous opening, secured to gauze and -repacked. Daily treatments for 3 or 4 days usually find the - wound healing rapidly, the mucosa finally uniting with the skin similar to that seen at the natural openings of the body. After a few days the animal apparently suffers no inconvenience from the operation, and to all apperances the disturbed function is negligible. It may be necessary to place a rubber tube in the opening from time to time in order to keep the fistula from be- coming too narrow and interfering with the work. Observations can be Started on about the third day after the second oper- ation and can be continued indefinitely if the nourishment of the subject is looked after in the usual manner. Some difficulty was encountered with the first goat in keeping the fistulous opening closed during the active digestion period. The powerful peristaltic waves foreed the semiliquid ingesta from 4 to 6 feet through the opening if unobstructed. It was found impossible to pack and bandage the opening securely enough, and as a result large quantities of nourishment were lost to the patient. He soon refused food, ceased to ruminate, lost rapidly in flesh, and in fact the life of the animal was en- dangered. This condition was finally overcome by taking a tube of a small foot-ball bladder, with about two inches of the ad- jacent rubber, and slipping two layers of gauze over the tube. The adjacent rubber together with the gauze was rolled into a scroll about the tube and passed into the fistulous opening. When once in the rumen the rubber and gauze uncoiled and were then drawn up against the inner side of the opening. A ‘pad of gauze was now slipped over the tube and secured by means of a safety pin, and no further trouble was experienced. In the course of a week to ten days the subject had regained normal conditions. The rubber balloon, air transmission, and water manometer devices, as will presently be described under technique in the horse, were used for recording results. 160 A. F. ScHALK AnpD R. S, AMADON As the rumen is never completely empty in the goat, digestion is more or less of a continual process, and hunger : itself when the rumen is partly filled with food. This is prob- ably true in all herbivora, as it has been shown to be the s both the rabbit (9) and the guinea-pig (10). The body of rumen exhibits strong periodic contractions. It appears as though the peristaltic waves of the digestive period are of the same type and frequency as those contractions recorded during the period when the rumen is partly empty and the animal is manifesting many external symptoms of hunger. When for several days, or when a large amount of the food is removed through the fistula, the contractions become stronger, with prac- tically no change in rate. Provisionally, these contractions be termed ‘‘hunger contractions.’’ The quiescent periods 1 alternate with the contraction periods in man and the dog are entirely lacking in the goat. It may be possible that this feature will be brought out in one of the other gastric compartments, presumably the fourth stomach or abomasum. Thus for the present the only evidence we have of motility hunger manifesta- tion in the goat is possibly the increased tons and the in- creased contractions, as are shown on the graphic records, when the rumen is only partially filled and the animal hungry. — Although only two animals have been subjected to experi- mental conditions, it appears as though a significant fact has been established in regard to rumen motility during the actual feeding period. Graphic records show that as soon as food reaches the partly filled hungry rumen there is a rapid and pro- nounced motility response (Graph 2), As soon as one minute after the animal has swallowed food there are initiated strong, rhythmical and continuous contractions which follow one another with practically no intermission between. Such motility can not be aroused by the animal eating indifferent material. I fre- quently tried this experiment by feeding the goat paper, rags, cotton and such sundry articles which seem to appeal to the vitiated appetites of the goat species, and never succeeded in arousing such motor activity (Graph 3). This feeding type of contraction always subsides at the time the feeding period is completed and gradually passes over to the regular digestive contractions. In our first goat we also observed a constant eructation con- Gastric Mormiry Stupres in Goat AND Horse 161 Graph 1.—Normal rumen peristalsis of goat. Graph 2.—Eating oats. Finished eating at point marked by arrow. This graph follows Graph with 2 minutes’ interval. Note the rapid, powerful feeding contractions. Graph 3.—Goat, after drinking 1 liter of water, 30 hours after feeding. Graph 4.—First two hunger contractions 52 hours after feeding. At X attempted to feed rags; refused. At O fed paper and cotton. Ate, but no feeding motility. At A animal began eating oats (normal food). Observe prompt motility. SCHALK AND R. S. AMADON Graph 5.—Horse at end of feeding period. At FO merging into com- plete quiescence. Graph 6.—Continued from Graph 5. Graph 7.—About three hours after feeding. Stomach emerging from dormancy. ’ ’ ‘ aa . , oer! settee ee a A ee a ee Petras = § 8 veTarsrale BAe. whenwels Graph 8.—Horse during period of complete quiescence in hunger. Graph 9.—Quiescence emerging into a period of powerful hunger contractions; 56 hours since feeding. Gastric Mormiry Srupies iN Goat AND Horse 163 n (Graph 4), ery always initiated regurgitation and the I Peaination. This was a fast explosive movement, such as m id expect to bring about the expulsion of a bolus of food > rumen into the esophagus. A most noteworthy factor 3 ction with these eructation contractions was that they re ways immediately followed with a powerful digestion or gel contraction such as the case may be. 1 . return to our own laboratories these experiments i out upon a second goat, and the powerful contrac- the eructation were entirely lacking. As this aged and in very poor condition, finally dying in the Ae experiment, I have discarded all data obtained from il and shall reserve conclusions upon this phase of the = S definite conclusions, However, we are offering them ond are worth as a matter of record, and as soon as s will permit the work will be thoroughly gone over on of animals and also carried to the abomasum or fourth Horse Sromacn Mormiry Centering our attention upon the horse we find that this es. ticular field has not been invaded by problem seekers to any arked degree. The small store of knowledge we possess at the presen time upon the general physiology of the stomach of the hors » has been attained almost wholly by postmortem examina- ion. This method of study is very primitive, fosters grave errors iz Se eaiosion, involves considerable economic loss, and on the » does not impart knowledge of the subject which is com- ete in any detail. This, however, has been the only means of ming information of this character, however meager, as the la method is met by insurmountable obstacles, the most im- a it of which is that the peritoneal resistance of the horse is y low and an invasion of the peritoneal cavity is fatal, except n rare eases. We speak of course of major procedures which ‘require an extensive incision and considerable manipulation of parts before completion, and such is the case when we perform a gastrotomy. With the operative requirements in mind, let us spend a few moments in reviewing the anatomy of the stomach of the horse. a ee 164 A. F. ScHack anp R. S. AMADON Anatomical Considerations Located in the left upper portion of the abdominal cavity stomach presents itself as a sharply U-curved diverticulum especially interesting to note the small size of the organ pared with the size of the animal, the capacity being be and 4 gallons. The cardia or portal of entrance to tl and the pylorus or outlet are in close proximity, the car¢ almost directly above the pylorus. The dorsal ¢ * organ forms an extensive blind pouch or eul de sac, terme saccus cweeus, which extends 8 to 10 inches: above the ; The antrum pylori is not as distinct or as exten sit > as in the human stomach, being about 3 inches in ny separated from the main portion of the stomach by th sphincter, a band of circular m ar fibers. th of entrance and exit are guarded y well-devel ped muscles. i ee. Upon viewing the interior of the organ we find a distin aration of the mucous lining into two portions. That 1 the saccus eweus presents a similar appearance to the mu the terminal portion of the esophagus and is term esophageal or cuticular region. The pylorie end of cavity is covered by glandular muscosa which elaborates the gastric juice, - and the two portions of the mucosa are separated by be eleva- tion of the mucous membrane known as the margo atus These brief facts are all that are essential for an un ing of the problem, both from the standpoint of the ab tioned difficulties in the establishment of a fistula to the of the horse, and also certain other phases sucks a posi the balloon. = Method and Technique The balloon method appears as the only available obtaining any record of the activity of the equine + ste the only question to be solved was how to place the De the organ. eh Arrangements were made during the holiday season of 1 to start the work with the following methods of procedure: — The horse was secured in the stocks with a dental halter z justed. This being a very mild means of restraint, the ordimary animal would soon become aceustomed to it, and the records — would not be affected by the restraint factor. HO het Se ee Be es Gastric Moriniry Stuptes in Goat AND Horse 165 Graphs 10 and 11.—Continuation of Graphs 8 and 9. One-minute intervals between graphs in this group. Graph 12.—Sudden change from active to quiescent condition; 60 hours since feeding. Graph 13.—Thirty-five minutes after Graph 12. SCHALK AND R. S. AMADON Graphs 14 and 15.—Hunger periods ending in complete tetany. Note ex- haustion following tetany period. Graph 16.—Typical tetany cut short by psychic effect of sight of food. ae - . ~ : . tudied) Mud 4's . . ive Graph 17a.—Without food 44 hours Graph 17b.—Began teasing with food. Observe psychic phenomenon which follows. Teasing discontinued at X. Note limitations of psychic motility. Se ~ Gastric Midlake Srupies in Goar anv Horse 167 ae An ‘rdinary toy balloon, spherical in shape, was attealend to about 1 feet of generator tubing with a glass tube connection to preserve the lumen. The length of tubing was drawn through 1 Mine ct ate stomach tube 10 feet in length. The balloon “was folded over the extremity of the stomach tube and the tube sertec " into the stomach by way of the naso-esophageal route. ile m was now inflated and the stomach tube withdrawn. n the inflation to prevent its return to the esophagus, and a s lubrication of the interior of the stomach tube, the Was thus retained within the stomach. This method very well, although the preparations were somewhat ex- : and the assistance of one or two helpers was required. ring the early spring months a nursing colt was acquired ' the Department for experimental purposes, and we found that ‘the insertion of the recording balloon could be made with- . he aid of a stomach catheter. This method has proved to be rr De iacmentent over the former, as it does not require any jistance, can be executed in a few minutes, and causes little or n no resis tance on the part of the subject. oe We have found our greatest trouble to be the securing of oons of the desired quality and lightness of wall, the open cet product being the only kind we have succeeded in ob- z up to the present time. ) anf Ex i. were 9 sterile cows from the same herd having no clinical all presumably having salpingitis. Several of these _ eases were autopsied and in each there was salpingitis without y accompanying macroscopical changes. another group of 26 cows, 20 were diseased, as follows: Clinical salpingitis, 7, sterile; other lesions, 13, of which 10 were temporarily sterile and 3 permanently sterile. Of the 3 perma- _ nently sterile animals with lesions other than salpingitis, Bacillus enes was recovered from the uterus of 1 and streptococci, agate identical with those found in the oviducts of the _ other animals, were isolated from the uterus of the other 2. In still another herd which had been severely infected for a number of years 52 females were examined. Disease in them ~ oceurred as follows: Salpingitis, 14; cystic corpus luteum, 2; pes st 6. Nearly all these were pieiiaibathy sterile. MS 3 will be interesting to consider the previous breeding history Ee of ‘several of the animals from one herd which has been most F 4 closely observed. In one group of 18 sterile animals slaughtered on account of sterility, the previous calvings of 6 had been ap- parently normal, 4 had retained placenta and metritis, 4 had sf ‘previously aborted, and 4 heifers had never conceived. tn many instances salpingitis appears to follow cervicitis, and __ especially in those herds having a great deal of cervicitis is the - development of salpingitis quite common. Our data show that the condition follows no definite lines of symptoms but that in a ‘vast majority of cases it succeeds an inflammation in other por- tions of the tract. In some it appears after apparently normal parturition, while in other cases it may appear in heifers that have never conceived. - Tt is usually a few weeks or several months after the indica- tions of the obvious primary infection that the salpingitis |= i? ’ 7) 176 CARPENTER, WILLIAMS AND GILMAN appears. The primary infection may or may not be resigetnaae | depending upon its intensity or, whether an examination of the animal was made at the proper time to observe it. Occasionally there may be seen the swollen or ectropic annular folds, indieat- ing a subsided cervical inflammatory process. Clinically, per-— manent uterine lesions are not common, but the uterus probably forms a transitory host, and once the barrier formed by the internal os is broken down and the endometrium invaded, there is little to prevent the entrance of bacteria into the tubes. The definite progression of the infection may occassionally be recog-— nized until it finally causes gross changes of the tube and sur- rounding structures, which may become apparent by digital examination. The first symptom of the inflammation to be noted is a uniting of portions of the pavilion by means of fine strands of connective tissue to the anterior distal aspect of the ovary, to which it normally lies in very close relation. The presence of these ad- hesions, even when very minute, may in a great many cases be readily detected on digital examination by one who is familiar with the clinical examination of the tubes. Sometimes there are strands of connective tissue going from all parts of the tube to adjacent structures, but in this case the tube is usually not clinically defined, the ovary, tube and mesosalpinx forming a conglomerate, adherent mass. The pavilion may become entirely adherent to the ovary in severe cases. If the osteum abdominale becomes occluded, or if an occlusion oceurs at other parts of the tube, hydrosalpinx may result. This condition may be observed throughout the entire length of the tube, while in other cases it may present a nodular form with constrictions in several places. On the other hand, a large percentage of the genital tracts pre- sents no observable macroscopic changes unless there be abnormal changes in the corpus luteum or other parts of the ovary. Most of the animals studied were condemned for breeding purposes and slaughtered for beef. Their tracts were removed carefully as soon as the abdominal cavities were opened. They were wrapped in sterile towels and brought to the laboratory, where the pathological and bacteriological examinations were made. The gross examination shows no marked difference from the lesions described clinically. On section a thick, yellowish, viscid Filia IN THE Cow 177 re te, appearing ‘like pus, usually oozes from the cut end of - the tube, but on microscopical examination only epithelial cells, a _ @ mucoid material, and occasional bacteria are seen. Histo- rr : logically, the conditions observed in the tube are usually some form of a catarrhal inflammation, ranging from an acute exu- dative endosalpingitis to a chronic catarrhal inflammation of all layers with obstruction of the lumen by granulation tissue in the more chronic cases. In acute exudative endosalpingitis there is merely a fibrinous or serous exudate into the lumen, with hyperemia of the mucosa and loss of cilia in many instances. ‘The chronic form is characterized by frequent loss of the lining epithelium, a profuse exudate in the lumen, thickening of the folds by a productive inflammation, and the resulting narrowing, more or less, of the lumen. In the acute catarrhal form affecting _all layers, the muscularis and serosa show hyperemia and more or less exudation between the muscular and connective tissue fibers. Edema, pressing the muscular fibers apart, is seen oc- - easionally, and even may be so severe as to cause atrophy of the tissue elements. Muscular hypertrophy, on the other hand, is rarely seen, and when present is supposed to be due to a pro- longed effort to expel the constantly produced exudate. The chronic form differs from the acute condition by the fact that all coats are, as a rule, affected. Partial or total atresia of the lumen is often brought about, and frequently the intermuseular con- nective tissue is increased, causing more or less atrophy of the muscular fibers. A cellular exudate into all coats is usually seen, particularly in the mucosa. As has been mentioned before, in hydrosalpinx there is occlusion of the lumen at one or more points, causing an accumulation of the serous fluid. The mucosa _ in these cases is not materially altered. The epithelium is usually intact, the wall being much thinner and more or less translucent, due to almost complete atrophy of the muscular and serous coats. The bacteriology of this work has been carried out in con- nection with a complete bacteriological examination of the entire tract. This seemed preferable because a better relation of the microérganisms in the other parts of the genital canal to those found in the tubes was thus obtained. To date, the bacteriology of the oviducts of 43 animals slaughtered because of sterility has _been completed. Seventeen of these came from one of the larger herds. Streptococcus viridans has been isolated either from the 178 CARPENTER, WILLIAMS AND GILMAN tubes or from the adhesions adjacent to them in 14 out of the 17 cases. Streptococcus hemolyticus was recovered in 2 cases associated with Streptococcus viridans. Staphylococci were mixed with the Streptococcus viridans cultures in 7 instances, and an unidenti- fied organism was recovered once. In 1 case Streptococcus viri- dans was not found in the oviducts but a culture with the same characteristics was isdlated from the uterus. The remaining 26 animals came from 12 different herds. Streptococci were isolated from 14 cases, the majority of these being of the viridans type. Staphylococei were recovered from nine cases, occasionally in pure culture but mixed as a rule with the streptococci. Twice, organisms from the colon-aerogenes group were recovered. In six cases no organisms were isolated from the tubes. The Streptococcus viridans which has been recovered is a short- chained streptococcus and the separate segments are distinctly oval in shape. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish them from rods, Some strains have been isolated in which the individual cocei were very large, and in a few cases comparatively long chains have been observed, but this is not the rule. The few strains of hemolytie streptococci that have been recovered are distinetly different in morphology from the viridans. These cocei are decidedly spherical, occur in longer chains and are much smaller. Only two ease reports are given, because they represent the typical history, clinical and laboratory findings of most of the animals examined. CASE 2483 : History Born October, 1916. Bred October 3, 1918. Aborted May 1, 1919, having retained placenta. May 19, 1919, acute catarrhal inflammation of the vagina. Uterus is slightly enlarged. lIodoform placed in Die are June 2, 1919, vagina slightly constri ; organs otherwise ap- parently normal. Dichloramin T injected into uterus. July 15, 1919, organs apparently normal. ¢ August 11, 1919, organs apparently normal. Corpus luteum pres- ent in right ovary. . lied ig cn ; August 20, 1919, organs apparently no rpus luteum re- uine iy from right ovary. Treatment, none. Could not enter cervix. September 27, 1919, bred. October 17, 1919, bred and conceived. June 20, 1920, dead calf expelled, followed by pee pe June 23, 1920, retained placenta. lodoform-oil injected into uterus. September 10, 1920, corpus luteum in right ovary. Acute catarrhal vaginitis. Vaginal atresia. October 6, 1920, slaughtered. a eT ee ee SALPINGITIS IN THE Cow >». 200 bed Autopsy 38cm. Distal end has an area, 5 mm. ia ’ a cavity. It is apparently a place where . follicle has ruptured and the corpus luteum is forming. little lutein tissue is seen. There is a small cyst or follicle at the Remainder of ovary is made up of connective tissue. Right ovary, 3.5 by 2 by 1.5 cm. Distal end contains an apparently normal corpus luteum, 1 cm. in diameter. Adjacent to this is a small mm. in diameter. , ; and left ovitu apparently normal. They are small in ms and walls seem thickened and firmer than normal. “ terus—Body of uterus, 7 cm. across dorsal surface. Horns 4 cm. diameter at base. Walls 1.2 cm. thick at base of horns and body uterus. Cotyledons show up very well. Mucosa is sprinkled with ag hemorrhages which appear like hog-cholera hemorrhages. is a small amount of yellowish, cloudy muco-pus in uterus. Cervix, 7 cm. long, apparently normal. Contains some of the same secretions found in the uterus. Vagina, normal. Contains some of the sam~ — _cuon icund in the uterus. z z Bacteriology Left uterine apéx, negative. _ Right uterine apex, negative. : t ovary, corpus luteum, negative. Right oviduct, negative. re Left oviduct, Streptoccoccus viridans Microscopical Pathology Right oviduct, uterine end, profuse cellular débris and exudate in the cay The epithelium is entirely gone. Chronic catarrhal ex- udative endosalpingitis. ‘ Lai ; ; Middle—Some fibrinous exudate in lumen. Epithelium is entirely uded. . Pavilion—Epithelium entirely gone and there is a moderate fibrino- exudate in the lumen. Some folds are growing together while others are shrinking up. Chronic catarrhal exudative endosalpingitis. Left oviduct, uterine end, chronic proliferative inflammation with a few small groups of epithelial cells remaining. The folds are en- . obliterated. Middle—A ‘moderate fibrino-cellular exudate in lumen. The epithe- lium is enti gone. The folds are undergoing a proliferative in- flammation are commencing to occlude the lumen. Pavilion—A slight exudative endosalpingitis. CASE 1050 History Born 1915. Has never had a calf nor conceived. November 16, 1917, general condition good. Right ovary is 1% in. cystic. Left ovary 1% in. cystic. Cysts removed. Breeding advised. February 15, 1918, vagina showed granular vaginitis. Small cyst or follicle ruptured from right ovary. Small corpus luteum removed from left ovary. Adviseu douching uterus several times. ugust 26, 1918, possibly pregnant. aso: aaa 1918, wares slightly enlarged. Oviducts not ex- amined. Uterus douched and dichloramin T oil injected. Advised ‘‘“ November 15, 1918. Since this animal had not conceived for such a long period and was also tuberculous, she was slaughtered. 180 CARPENTER, WILLIAMS AND GILMAN Autopsy Right ovary, 3% by 2 by 1 cm. The proximal end has a corpus luteum, 2 cm. in diameter, containing a small cyst in center. There is a cyst, 1 cm. in diameter, at side and base of the corpus luteum. Left ovary 2 by 1 by 1 cm. Capsule slightly adherent to pavilion by fine strands of connective tissue.’ Contains atrophied corpora lutea and small peripheral follicles. af Right oviduct, apparently normal. Left oviduct, apparently normal except for adhesion of pavilion to ovary. Uterus, slightly enlarged and wall firm. Diameter of dorsal sur- face at body, 7 cm. Base of horns, 4 cm. in diameter. Thickness of walls, 8 mm. at body; at apex, 3 mm. Cervix, 6 cm. long, contains a little cloudy mucus. Vagina, normal. ss Bacteriology Corpus luteum, right ovary, Streptococcus viridans. Adhesions, left ovary, Streptococcus viridans Microscopical Pathology Right oviduct, acute catarrhal salpingitis. Left oviduct, chronic catarrhal salpingitis. The control of salpingitis depends upon prophylactic meas- ures, inasmuch as most diseased tubes constitute insurmountable barriers to conception, and treatment, with the exception of the expectant treatment, is impossible in so far as our present knowledge is concerned. There is considerable evidence to show that genital infections may be transmitted from dam to offspring in utero. It is not uncommon to find certain families that are inefficient from the reproductive viewpoint. Our attention is frequently called to certain cows, all of whose female offspring fail to reproduce properly, and in some of these, clinical lesions will be found in the oviducts. Further, the occasional finding in aborted fetuses of streptococci having similar cultural and morphological char- acteristics to those commonly found in diseased tubes, together with the extreme chronicity of this type of infection, suggests strongly a transmission from the dam. The development of lesions in many nullipara, recognized after service to apparently sound bulls, leads us to the assumption that the infection may be carried along in a latent form in the genital tract from calf- hood, being intensified sufficiently for the formation of lesions at sexual maturity or following the severe strain incumbent upon the state of pregnancy. The evidence at hand is not sufficient to prove the exact relationship of infections in the dam to those in 'The adhesions following the removal of the corpus luteum from the left ovary are very typical. SALPINGITIS IN THE Cow 181 ae “dete offspring, but we do believe idait' it’ ts quite sufficient that tA - the veterinarian and breeder should consider seriously this aspect -__ of the question. Calves for foundation stock should be born ~ from healthy parents, in a healthy environment, and kept free especially from those infections which cause digestive disturb- We have little or no 5 evbdatigg showing that tubal infection may _ be of direct hematogenous origin. If this were the case, little could be done to prevent it. On the other hand, the prompt and adequate control of vaginal, cervical and uterine foci of infection to be successful as a prophylactic measure. Prevention demands that too much emphasis can not be placed on the early recognition of infection in other portions of the genital tract, and the early adoption of such measures as will eliminate the source of infection and prevent its conveyance into the tube. From observations in this work, it seems as though ovarian massage and pressing out corpora lutea, especially those that are eystic, are always attended with a certain element of danger. This has been proven in many cases by the prompt adhesion of the pavilion to the ovary and the formation of fibrous strands to the neighboring parts, following the removal of a corpus luteum. An open wound is formed at the place where the corpus luteum is ruptured, and if infection is present in the ovary or pavilion it immediately starts an inflammation which spreads in the form of a localized pelvic peritonitis. Salpingitis is apparently very prevalent among animals suf- fering from sterility. In one group of 1,221 cows with genital lesions, examined in routine clinical work, tubal disease was recognized in 187, or 15.3 per cent. The actual amount of salp- “s ingitis is much higher than this and can not be shown by figures, owing to the impossibility of recognizing clinically those forms Without adhesions or tubal enlargement. While we do not con- sider it a primary infection, as it usually follows an infection in some other part of the tract, still it may be the primary lesion causing permanent sterility. The streptococcus, particularly the wiridans type, seems to play an important part in the etiology of this condition. In human medicine it is considered, without doubt, the cause of salpingitis in a considerable percentage of - eases except those of gonorrheal origin. In the course of experimental work one interesting case seems gte™ & » | i. | 182 CARPENTER, WILLIAMS AND GILMAN worthy of mention. tococcus, isolated from a cystic corpus luteum and uterus of an animal slaughtered on account of sterility, was injected with a hypodermic syringe directly into the uterus of a two-months-old calf that appeared healthy. This was done after exposing the uterus through the flank. The calf remained apparently healthy throughout the experiment. Sixteen days later the calf was slaughtered for veal and the uterus was carefully removed and examined, The uterine apices, ovaries and oviducts were all adherent in a mass with fat. The pavilions were adherent to the ovaries; in fact the lesions were very similar to those that have been found in the sterile animals which we have examined. A streptococcus with identical characteristics of the organism injected was recovered in pure culture from the adhesions and from the mucus in the vagina. Many genital tracts of veal calves have been cultured, and almost without exception all of the cultures have been negative. No lesions resembling these in any way have ever been observed in veal calves that have not been injected for experimental purposes. Tasie 1.—BacrertoLocicaL Resuits rrom Ovipucts or STERILE Five mils of a live suspension of a strep- Cows StauceTerep IN One Herp boom “| Ricur Ovipuce Leer Ovipver ADHESIONS 16 Strep. viridans, staph-| Staphylococcus. ... . ces. ™ 17 Staphylococcus. ..... Or Strep. hemolylicus, Strep. viridans. rs ere SS te Strep. viridans 28 Negative. .... ewe. Negative.......... oe ae ON. sais RIG Strep. virdans from body of uterus. oar). SS... Go:..::.... . een TA G00 Ol ee Strep. viridans. At at Pe RANE staph- 45 Strep. 5 eoiylioaed POAC ATI B Strep. viridans at Strep. viridans, staph- Strep. viridans ylococcus. "ag eee do.. Unidentified rod : 49 Strep. viridans... .... Strep. viridans. ..... Strep. viridans, Pia Strep. hemolyticus. NRE Gee O64 Thee 6 Strep. viridans, staph- 52 | Negative............| Strep. viridans...... Negative. 53. | Strep. viridans.......|..... Se re BS | Negative. ..........ae ice .6-4 ee 4 be Ge 1... @o.....50.-... aa 62 ) oe a ee ee a SALPINGITIs IN THE Cow 183 Tame 2.—BacrerioLoGIcAL Rusuirs ¥ FrroM Ovipucts oF STERILE Cows SLauGcurerep IN TWELVE Herps Rice Ovipucr Lerr Oyrpuct ADHESIONS Ic 7m Negative........... shang ty ER ag aeioy -pianam “Streptococcus. .......| Streptococcus,staph- Negative............ Negative. ; bot ¢ Millie cor cee = oe to . 0” Vogt” Se aren | Staphylococcus... . . . Staphylococcus. We pooner ae eS Newstxe eae & Streptococcus. DEE 0S din wie vans 0. : Negative. .........../).... - Be eee: Streptococcus. | Negative........... ..| Strep. hemolylicus.. .| Streptococcus. f yitdane, staph-| Negative.......... Strep. viridans. | Strep. viridans, Strep. viridans...... Strep. viridans, . hemolyticus. a Strep. hemolylticus. Stap hylococcus, 4 Negative Negative...... Pits. Streptococcus ylococeus...... do Staphylococcus... .... Staphylococcus Negative............ Negative Pret 0% Gt er oy tacts vn] Sep. or Strep. viridans... .... do Negative............ Negative a ‘The only solution of the problem, with our present knowledge, 3 seems to be in the prompt removal of the primary sources of infection when they can be reached. It is hoped that more E-iierinariaris will realize the great importance of tubal disease Pe and make an earnest effort to recognize and control this form of é _ sterility : ae ?... BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. WittiaMs, W. L. Veterinary Obstetrics, 1909, p. 247. = ok GILMAN, H. L. The diseases of the oviduct of the cow and their relation to sterility. Cornell Vet., vol. 11, no. 1, Jan., 1921. : 3. ‘CARPENTER, C. M. The bacterial content of the genital tract of * eattle and its relation to calf infection. Rpt. N. Y. State Vet. _ Col., 1919-1920. 4. Tweepy, E. H. Extra-uterine pregnancy following resection of - the tube and insertion of catgut to keep it open. Surg., Gyn. and Obstet., vol. 27, p. 563. 5. MILLER, G. B. Etiology of sterility. Amer. Jour. Obstet., vol. TUBERCULOSIS OF EQUINES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION BY THE ACCREDITED HERD PLAN' By Frep Boerner, JR. Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania TUBERCULOSIS of equines is generally considered of lit- tle economie importance. Statistics, especially those compiled in countries where horses are slaughtered for food purposes, show but a very small percentage affected. The majority of veterinarians have practiced for years without seeing a case of equine tuberculosis. Of the thousands of horses which are de- stroyed and autopsied annually by Federal and State authori- ties, as well as those dying in hospitals where postmortem ex- amination is a routine, there are but relatively few cases of tuberculosis reported. It is true that all cases would not neces- sarily be reported in our journals, but when one converses with those who have been afforded the best opportunity for observing autopsies on large numbers of equines he is more impressed with the scarcity of the disease and is led to look upon it as of no economic importance either as regards animal industry or public health. With these facts plainly before us it would be like making a mountain out of an ant-hill to say that equine tuberculosis is of any great economic importance, but what can be said is that horses exposed to tuberculous bovines may be a greater menace - to livestock and publie health than they have hitherto been regarded. For convenience we can divide horses into two classes, viz, unexposed and exposed. The first class includes those kept in city stables, in separate barns on farms, or so they are not directly exposed to tubereulous bovines. It is chiefly from this. class that our present data have been gathered. The second class includes all horses directly exposed to infection, such as those kept in contact with tubereulous cattle or in the same barn with little or no segregation. It is to this second class, or, better, the - * Contributions from the em as Industry of the Pennsylvania - Department of Agriculture, New Series N 184 TUBERCULOSIS OF EQUINES 185 DP Bipoeed horse, to which our attention should be drawn. This is 3 by far the smaller group of the two, but of the greater import- ance as regards tuberculosis. _ The greater the progress in tuberculosis eradication the more ‘important this question becomes. The larger and better herds __ have been the first to come under the accredited herd plan, but as time goes on and the work expands, more and more herds on ‘small, poorly managed farms will be included. The number of exposed horses will then increase, as it is more common to have both species in close contact on the small farms. Since 1913 but one case with no history of exposure has come to our notice. This was an aged animal kept for years in a large city stable and which was destroyed on account of a suspicious reaction to ophthalmic mallein. The writer autopsied this case - and found a calcified lesion in the mediastinal lymph gland. No lesions of glanders were found. A bacteriological examination revealed tubercle bacilli of the bovine type. During the last two years four cases of tuberculosis in horses have been brought to our attention, all of which were exposed animals. The following is a brief summary of these cases: Case No. 1—April 4, 1919, Dr. L. A. Pratt, Rome, Pennsyl- - yania, submitted sections of lungs and spleen to the laboratory with a request that they be examined for tuberculosis. The lesions proved to be tuberculous and the organism of the bovine type. This animal had been exposed to bovines which had never been tested and which there is reason to believe were infected. This case has been reported in more detail by one of my col- leagues, Dr. M. F. Barnes, in this journal, September, 1919. Case No. 2—January 27, 1920, Dr. Pratt submitted sections of lungs and spleen which showed extensive lesions of tuberculosis from the team mate of the foregoing case. The lesions in both of these cases showed a striking similarity. Smears in both cases showed acid-fast organisms in great numbers and the type of organism in both was the same. Case No. 3.—Specimens of mesenteric lymph glands and in- testines of a horse were submitted by Dr. A. Berg, Doylestown, Pennsylvania. The glands were greatly enlarged and caseated. The intestines revealed tuberculous uleers from the size of a dime to that of a dollar. The type of bacilli proved to be e 186 Frev Boerner, Jr. bovine. This case was investigated and the following history obtained : ia The owner purchased it from a dealer about eight years ago. Last spring it began to lose flesh and did not seem well. During the summer it failed to pick up and in the fall it began to lose : more flesh. During this time attention had been given its teeth 7 and tonies administered. From the 9th of November its appetite varied. Fever developed, 101 to 103. Antipyretics were given, but the fever remained about 102. There was frequent urination, _ A rectal examination was made and a tumor was located in the . sublumbar region which was diagnosed as a” melanotic sareoma. The owner was advised to slaughter the animal, and an autopsy revealed a tumor weighing 25 pounds. The mesenteric lymph glands in the posterior portion of the intestinal tract were en- larged, some to the size of an egg. The cecum and the colon showed many ulcers with ragged edges, from the size of a dime to that of a dollar. Other organs were apparently normal. The barn where this animal was kept was poorly lighted and ventilated and adjacent to the cow barn, both under the same roof. In the stable there were ten cows which were in fair ¢on- dition but had never been tested. All animals drank from the same watering trough. Case No. 4.—A case of tuberculosis in a mare was reported by Dr. A. B. Potteiger, of Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania. This animal was on premises where a tuberculin test was to be applied under the officially accredited plan. On December 15 and 16 the test was applied to the cattle, and at the same time the horse was tested, with the result that a positive reaction was obtained. Eleven of the fifteen eattle reacted. The accompanying chart shows the reaction obtained. The owner also had a herd of cattle destroyed about five years before which was tuberculous. This mare was in close contact and pastured with the first herd as well as the second. On account of the presence of sears on the nasal septum it was thought advisable to eliminate glanders, so a blood sample was submitted to the laboratory, and this gave a negative reaction to the complement-fixation test for this disease. This mare was purchased by the Bureau and shipped to the laboratory for further study. On December 1 the intrapalpebral mallein test was applied, with no reaction. On December 6 and 7 the subcutaneous tuberculin test was applied and a very sus- o'eor esol OZOL | FHOL | THOT Ure T POST e101 £" if seteesies****°O86T ‘OI-ST “90d ‘1807 ShOGUBIROGNS payy |, ‘ard ¢ ‘urd | bagel Na ‘ure 2) “are [| , 2 PVCOL | COOOL PIOL OLOL ZOOL ordzy =e Viol | Stor | Oot |" "*""* OZ61 ‘8-9 “99q ‘189 eee ‘ard p curd Z| ur gy] “urvgT ure g . urd] wed 6 “urd ) . ; | R 3 0 “ord g ‘0 ZOOL FOOT | OOOT *** "O36 ‘LI-OT "AON ‘380) SnoouB)HOGns ys3Ty | ata ey aay ay mee) a oy ant & "yo Es ° oti Bam 95s oa SLSALL i mT aye. ‘ boss os era es | |S | a, ieee ob ‘ ie. vy fas ai a rl * 4 — aT." nose ny Fm ~ 188 Frep Boerner, JR. picious reaction obtained (see chart). At the same time the ophthalmic tuberculin test was applied and gave a well-marked - reaction. The intradermal test was applied simultaneously with the subcutaneous and ophthalmic tests. Three minims of tuber- culin was injected in the left lip of the vulva. The reaction obtained was highly suspicious. On December 9 the submaxillary lymph gland, which was greatly enlarged, was harpooned to obtain material for micro- scopic examination. The material thus obtained from the center of the gland revealed acid-fast — characteristic of = tubercle bacilli. December 15 and 16 a subcutaneous retest was applied, eo dose of tubereulin being 12 ¢.c. A positive reaction was obtained (see chart). Aside from the high temperatures there was a well-marked local reaction at the point of injection. This in- jection also caused a return of the ophthalmic reaction. a Several physical examinations were made of this animal while under our observation. There were three sears on the left nasal septum which were somewhat suspicious of glanders. The sub- maxillary gland was about the size of a large hen egg, hard, not lobulated or tender to touch. Two small enlargements were present in the region of the thyroid glands. No other abnormal conditions were found. Figure 1 shows her general condition the day before she was destroyed. On December 17, 1920, this animal was destroyed, and on autopsy the submaxillary, retropharyngeal and all the cervical lymph glands on the left side were found affected. The glands on the right side of head and neck were apparently normal. Lesions were found in the anterior mediastinal, mesenteric and splenic lymph glands and two nodules in the spleen. All the small lymph nodes in the cervical region were greatly enlarged. The affected glands were greatly enlarged and very fibrous and on section showed innumerable small areas of calcification. A bacteriological examination revealed acid-fast organisms which readily killed both guinea-pigs and rabbits with general- ized tuberculosis, indicating the origin of infection as bovine. DiscUSSION Of the four cases cited above it is to be noted that at least three are to be classed as spreaders and the fourth if not a spreader was certainly dangerously near to that condition. OS ee _ TUBERCULOSIS OF EQUINES 189 Fig. 1.—Case No. 4, Showing Condition of Animal Day Before Destroyed » > a ' x ~ ‘ eee? Set —— — ——— ———————— Fig. 2.—Cervical Lymph Glands of Case No, 4 Fig. 3.—Spleen of Case No. 4 190 Frev Borrner, Jr. To eradicate tuberculosis from herds continually exposed to such animals would come near to being an impossibility. When we stop to think that these cases were all discovered as a result of their physical condition, we wonder how many eases would be found if special attention were given to this subject and all exposed horses tested with tuberculin. I do not mean by this to recommend such a procedure, but rather to impress the reader with the fact that horses exposed to tuberculous cattle may con- tract the disease and become dangerous spreaders. Therefore, where conditions point to this possibility, exposed horses: should be subjected to the tuberculin test. Pies + \ eT s> DANGERS OF TB, SHOWN IN MOVING PICTURES The danger to farm animals and to human beings from the neglect of animal tuberculosis is graphically illustrated in a new motion-picture film prepared and issued by the United States Department of Agriculture under the title, ‘‘Out cf Shadows.’’? The story has to do with the happy family of Henry Benton, a wholesome farmer, with a large and handsome herd of dairy cattle. A Government inspector tracing an epizoétic suggests a test of the Benton herd, and gives arguments that induce Benton to consent to a tubereulin test. The result of the test shows an appalling condition, and explains the declining health of Ben- ton’s beautiful young daughter, who has drunk the milk of a favorite heifer. The clean-up of the farm and Benton’s ac- quirement of a herd of cattle not affected with tuberculosis are results of the inspector’s visit. The daughter, however, is not restored to health until after three years in a sanitarium. The picture is in two reels and carries so strong a human- interest story together with its lesson that it is being widely sought through the loan system of the department, and through purchase by State and local- organizations. The Vermont Legislature has appropriated $400,000 to finance a campaign for clearing the State of tuberenlosis among cattle. This amount will be given for the work to be conducted during the next two years. es aes ee RECORDING TUBERCULIN TESTS, WITH REFERENCE 0 THE INTRADERMAL AND OPHTHALMIC TESTS ' ihr” = By M. H. Reynoups ae erent of Agriculture, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota THE WRITER has recently heard several livestock sani- tarians urge the importance of some standard of abbreviations for tuberculin test work, and not only abbreviations but also a standard method of describing and reporting the ophthalmic and intradermal tests. Lack of something definite in the way of standard descriptions seems to be one of the things now standing in the way of recognition of the newer tests for official work. Worse still, we appear to have no. generally accepted standard of reactions, and this is especially true of the intradermal and sebihainic tests. Taking the intradermal test for illustration, we have no ac- Beeod standard of what constitutes a reaction. Very often the official livestock sanitarian has no information concerning the operator, and the reliability of the diagnosis in this test hinges to a very great extent upon the personal factor in its administra- tion and interpretation, even more so than in the thermal test. It would greatly aid toward proper recognition of the newer tests if the test report submitted gave data upon which the responsible official could estimate the accuracy of the work and the typical or atypical character of the reaction. He needs something more than unknown John Doe’s statement that the animal was given the intradermal test and reacted or did not react. Especially is this true of a test where so much depends on technique and interpretation as the intradermal test, or again with the ophthalmic test where so much depends on practical experience with cattle and familiarity with conditions simulat- “ing ophthalmic reactions. In the ophthalmic test the technique is simple enough, but its interpretation is not simple. It is more than likely that if the writer could examine daily for a month the eyes of every animal in any one of the herds under his care ‘Published with the approval of the Director as iver No. 250, of the Series of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. 191 192 M. H. Reynowps for tuberculin test work, he could find conditions simulating a mild ophthalmie reaction in most of the animals one or more times during that month. In some stables these slight eye dis- turbances are far from rare, hence the necessity of practical experience and common sense in interpretation of an ophthalmic test. So much depends in both these tests upon the personal factor, that for official work, we must have something more than the unsupported statement of a stranger that the animal did or did not react under test. Objection is often made, ‘‘too much trouble, too much detail,”’ ete. The writer submits, after twenty-seven years’ work with tuberculosis control, that we have had and still have altogether too much crude work with the tuberculin tests. Upon crude work, valuable cattle are condemned, and tuberculous cattle are some- times left in valuable herds. It is quite time for a more general attention to aceuracy and painstaking care. The issues at stake are abundantly worth it. It is obvious that important details of a tuberculin test record must occupy very little space for each animal, and the record must be easily read by sanitary officials in the breeder’s own State and by officials in other States to which the animal may be sent. ; My offering has been a gradual development in personal work, and in use about five years, with changes from time to time for simplification or more accurate expression, until during the past two years there do not appear to have been needed any im- portant changes for the author’s personal use. At present he is able to describe any reaction accurately, by symbols, using very little space and giving detailed description of either one or all three tests in the spaces ordinarily used on the ordinary tuber- culin test blank for temperatures alone. Comparatively few of the following abbreviations are usually needed. The others are occasionally needed for unusual cases and especially for critical experimental study. Abbreviations for the thermal test are ineluded in order to show the possibility of a complete record of any test or combination of tests in limited space. Until an operator is familiar with the few com- monly used abbreviations, he can carry a card in a convenient pocket. In my work I usually have someone to record data as I call off, and hence use a small board upon which the test chart thaccibeete TUBERCULIN TEsts | 193 pase Peta with thumb tacks. In case rarely used abbreviations are a “Tiab to be needed, an abbreviation card is tacked on the under __ side of this board. Only a comparatively few abbreviations are ded for “most cases in routine work, and these are learned the first test. ok ‘The reader will notice that a few of the same or similar abbre- _ viations are used for more than one thing, but the connection ” will always enable one to avoid confusion, ¢. g., “‘S’’ for sus- ¢ ‘Pieious: ore and for subeutaneous; ‘‘A’’ for Angus or NG ai = i as ihe. writer makes stable records in pencil, but for final im- portant records in case of simultaneous tests he uses different color inks for thermal, intradermal and ophthalmic tests, thus a vi the possibility of confusion when ordinary thermal test = Blanks are used. If the intradermal treatment is given at the 4 same time as the thermal and the ophthalmic, then the intra- dermal records do not begin until the thermal are done, and will therefore use different columns and spaces, as in the sample chart submitted. _ For the suggested test chart blank, I have modeled after the Bureau blank. The reader will notice changes, particularly with _ reference to animal identification and arrangement to accommo- date combination tests. It is obvious that blanks suitable for either a single test or any combination of tests must be elastic. _ The writer found it quite a problem to work out a chart form - capable of clearly and fully recording any test or combination of _ tests and giving convenient room for records without increasing aie the size of the sheet or wasting space. One line is given to a 2 sample record of all three tests. This should be carried for at _- Jeast the first lot of blanks sent out. Hours should be left blank _ rather than be printed in. One who sees many tuberculin test charts certainly sees enough of poorly recorded tests. General Abbreviations Atypical A Left L * Male M Non-tubercul. us NT Right R Retest (R) Simultaneous Si Suspicious enough to call for aT . Thermal test (referring to Fahrenheit). F Tuberculous T Typical (T) 194 M. H. Reynoups Symbols of Degree " Very slight : pe ea : Marked i Extreme Ophthalmic Test Hyperemia H Lachrymation L Ophthalmic or eye ; 0 Primary or first ophthalmic ‘oO Second treatment of same eye (nenaitteed test Pus °P Examples P would indicate pus about pin head in quantity. Often seen in untreated cattle. * P would record pus several times the size of pinhead. : P records a moderate amount of pus. Plain reaction but not extreme. iP means pus abundant, excessive. 'H :L ! P would mean a moderate hyperemia, excessive asin mation and a moderate amount of pus. Intradermal Test Caudal Cc Intradermal I RCI would record “right caudal intra- dermal.” Nothing appreciable Very slight, swelling barely detected by : a trained finger Slight, % to % inches... + Distinct, % to one inch... Be ny a Pronounced, 1 to 144 inches... +++ Extreme, 1% inches or over. ae ai es Estimated measurements are to the extreme limits of the percep- tible swelling. (1) Diffused’ [1] Defined (2) Soft [3] No heat (4) Sensitive [4] Insensitive (5) About like a match head [5] Discolored (6) Pits under pressure The following are selected as illustrations because Sey, are com- mon records in my work: ++(2) Swelling % to 1 inch, soft -+-+[11(2) Swelling % to 1 inch, defined but soft arm ora 112] Swelling 1 to 1% inches defined and moderately firm ++++(3)(4) Excessive swelling, hot and tender, liable to indicate infection rather than specific tuberculin reaction é ‘in this group of symbols, Saab o represent circles and brackets represent equares, See symbols in chart. RECORDING SUeROULIN TEesTs 195 oe. oa & x ~ (eee a4 Dest some reader may misunderstand and say ‘‘Oh, that is too __-____ ¢omplicated; it is impractical,’’ let it be repeated that only a ay = few small, easily remembered symbols are needed for practical ? 3 - field work, and these give definite record such as a responsible ____ official who must accept or reject the record is entitled to havé _—_—sCIt is true that we have two fairly distinct types of reaction to __ the intradermal test, (a) a diffused thickening of the fold or a __ flat diffused swelling if injection is made below or between the - folds, and (b) a defined tumefaction, but the writer has never felt the need of two sets of symbols for recording these, as was ~ suggested at the 1920 meeting of the Livestock Sanitary Asso- ¢iation. By the key submitted here, either type of reaction is easily described, e. g., +++ (1) (2) describes fully a reaction rites the fold thickening type, and +++ [1] [2] describes fully a reaction of the distinct tumefaction type. _ Combinations of these symbols can be used to deseribe aceu- _ rately any reaction as desired, and to describe it to a limited extent as needed in routine work, or in minute detail and in small space if needed for research studies. A complete system is submitted because there is obvious need for a complete system, ____ but with a final reminder that but few small, simple, easily re- membered symbols are usually needed. : The following breed and color abbreviations are submitted for the man in private practice who does not have every animal tagged, or for anyone testing mixed lots. They will have little use in State or Bureau routine work, and are therefore offered _ as a supplementary list. , Breed Abbreviations * Aberdeen-Angus, — A Ayrshire, purebred — 2 Ay aT e Galloway, purebred _ Gal Grade (E. g. “Ag for Angus grade.) . Holstein, purebred Hereford, purebred He Jersey, purebred J Polled, purebred P Red Polled, purebred RP Shorthorn, purebred Sh (E. g., Polled Shorthorn, P Sh.) Brown Swiss Sw M. H. Reynoips 196 »X SS Al ela | st gf] [-* a tay Pe SF ee ealer|ayt ish Wig PAY HO HH [a] id 7: | i Alwi cl 2i +e] +] O L&v) 7) ox PAR SARA at PUAKWAF i oy lems os| of —x —J—A as %: td4_0| 7:4) 0 } % 4} i}/4 [4M +) + [wr] ey! cpl o'9|49/ 29 | sri cr SEV is] \| lel ers] awe ery | $64 @ o2| O|O|\|o0\o0 Fat Se ° Z Ah) L | LLM) AH | HE OF oF Ze) ox S| Of | LS r4ir1y on op | yw | | © ry ie C|e|e|f| e| ole , * a he IMaM\ avin! Ol ole 27) 27 F797 0 SA lavioy| £7 o'9 |e Pr y | 4 oat aceteeds, A tae 9} 0|97| 0| O| g\ oe zlalalalas|~lwoly> ov] #F| oF] oF] a2] €? oz) rz) er sreoer sin} ad| di) d| ai 7di| Vi os war +) NH ppomor payunvz arg | 8! ID | LT) Or ing we 4 wh ok Lad PMed ad Vel 4 ek of dk ¥ Poy § bn, | Se SPOmy at “yf 2 vorlelur see Soe fg aaar Soe ae 9 € | 8 4O0QUINU ALIS 4o Ne any 8 4, Cad esesee b/s bit “A Riss rs SCuiyieyy pur auleyy a > = yenerrpeuszp us POYWZOY ZEZL NITIOUTEAL LO THOIE RECORDING ‘PUBERCULIN TESTS 197 Colors blk d It (E. g., “It r,” light red.) r Roan ro Spotted sp White w ~ (E, g., spotted red and white, “sp r w.”) The accompanying illustrative chart carries selections from actual tests made in the course of certain research studies. For obvious reasons names and herd registry numbers are omitted in ease of registered stock. Tag No. 118 gives positive reaction to all three tests. The ophthalmic record at 6 a. m., September 8, means excessive pus _-_-— and -~excessive lachrymation; at 4 p. m., moderate pus partially or moderately dried. His intradermal record at 8 a. m., Sep- os tember 11, i. e., at the eighty-second hour, means excessive swell- ing, i. e., more than an inch and a half long, moderately firm and sharply defined. (See chart.) No. 244 is negative to all three tests. No. 289 record means red, grade, female, positive on thermal, positive on intradermal, and negative on ophthalmic. At the eighty-second hour, i. e., September 11, 8 a. m., the intradermal: swelling is from 1 to 11% inches long, with no comment as to characteristics. (See shart.) No. 297 is positive on thermal, slight but positive reaction on intradermal, negative on ophthalmic. The intradermal record on September 9, 5 p. m., i. e., forty-third hour, indicates a swell- ing from 14 to 34 inch in extent. At the last reading on Sep- tember 11, swelling was slightly smaller, but easily detected. The descriptive marks indicate that it was diffused but firm. - V—F.— No. —— was negative on thermal, plainly positive on ophthalmic, slight but positive intradermal. The chart records when read in full mean for the ophthalmic record on September 8, 2 p. m., a moderate amount of pus, slight but evident lachry- mation, and moderate hyperemia. The intradermal record indi- cates a swelling 14 to 34 inch long at the eighty-second hour. No. 284 record means spotted red and white, grade, female, positive on all three tests. The record for the ophthalmic on September 8 at 2 p. m. means an excessive amount of pus with slight lachrymation at that time. The intradermal on September 11, 8 a. m., indicates a swelling of 34 to 1 inch in extent, defined and firm. $ a pe “ THE CAUSE AND TREATMENT OF RICKETS' By H. J. Mitks Professor of Materia Medica, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York RICKETS is such a complex disorder that it seems best to preface this discussion with a definition of the disease, and - since I shall occasionally refer to this malady in children, I will include two definitions, one from veterinary medicine and one from medicine. Hoare (1) defines rickets as a ‘‘nutritional disease character- ized by arrest of growth and development, delay in calcification of the osseous framework, softening and bending of the bones, — enlargement of the joints, wasting of the muscles and ligaments, and, in fact, a disturbance of general nutrition.’’ Holt (2) says: ‘‘Rickets is a chronic disease of nutrition. While the only important anatomical changes are found in the bones, it is not to be regarded as a bone disease; but a very complex pathological process which affects the bones, muscles, ligaments, mucous membranes, and nearly all the organs of the body, particularly those of the nervous system.”’ The disease was first described by Glisson, an English physi- cian, in 1650. He suggested the name rachitis or rachites as an alternative, ‘‘not because he thinks that there is any evidence that ‘rickets’ was a corruption of the Greek term,’’ but because he thinks ‘‘that- they that are expert in the Greek and Latin tongues may peradventure expect a name from us whereof some — reason may be given.’’ He explains that the word was selected by himself and some of his friends ‘‘ because the spine was the first and principal among the parts affected in this evil.’’ It is said that in his description he ineluded all the ailments of children known at that time. THEORIES AS TO CAUSE Many theories have been advanced at various times as to the cause of the disease. They included unhygieniec conditions, lack of sunlight, air and exercise; errors in diet, ineluding deficiency ‘Presented at the Thirteenth Annual oe for Veterinarians, Ithaca, N. Y., Jan. 20 and 21, 1921. 198 CAUSE AND TREATMENT OF RICKETS 199 _ of lime, lack of absorption of lime, lack of fat ; intestinal intoxi- cation, and defective action of the endocrine glands. More _ recently the cause has been attributed to lack of the fat-soluble vitamin, and, by some, to an acidosis. The following theories will be discussed somewhat at length. Lack of Sunlight and Air—While these factors have been given considerable support because rickets is most often seen in _ animals kept in insanitary surroundings and in the children of the poor in cities, they can not be regarded as specific causes, as animals affected with the disease will recover under dietetic changes without any improvement in their surroundings. Ad- ditional proofs that lack of sunlight and air are not the con- trolling factors are that children will contract the disease in tuberculosis sanitaria where special attention is given ‘to the open-air treatment ; that the disease is said to be rare in certain parts of the world where people live in dwellings very poorly lighted, and that it is practically unknown in the Arctic regions where the sun does not shine for the greater part of the year. Lack of Exercise —Although some claim that lack of exercise plays an important réle, some other factor must enter into it _ because many of our better bred animals are confined in small places over long periods. Also many of our wild animals may be reared and kept in captivity if the diet is sufficient. No doubt - any unhygeinie conditions may be regarded somewhat as con- tributing causes, but it should be noted that as a rule most animals which are kept in insanitary surroundings are also the most likely to suffer from errors in their diet. Lack of Calcium in the Diet.—In support of this theory it has been said that without calcium it is impossible to form bone. This, of course, is true, but it must be remembered that in rickets considerable calcium is excreted in the urine, and it is rare that food does not contain even an excess of that element. Another ‘important proof against this theory is the fact that rickets is much more frequent among children fed on cows’ milk than when breast fed, yet cows’ milk contains more calcium than women’s milk. Defective Absorption of Calcium.—This theory is more reason- able to believe than the preceding, but even accepting it, very little light is thrown upon the subject. Lime-water has no value in the treatment of the disease, and rickets may be prevalent in a es 200 H. J. Micxs places where the drinking water contains much lime. Of course it is possible that calcium must be in organic combination to be used. Kassowitz suggested a relative rather than an absolute de- ficiency of lime. In support of this he pointed out that when he produced prolonged hyperemia of bone by intermittent constric- tion of a limb of a growing animal, there was proliferation of cartilage and some absorption of bone. There was excess forma- tion of bone tissue, but not a corresponding increase in the lime salts necessary for its complete calcification. This theory presup- poses some irritant that caused prolonged hyperemia and changes similar to those of chronic inflammation in the areas ‘of bone formation. No such irritant is known, but the frequent asso- ciation of rickets with intestinal intoxication or gastrointestinal trouble has led to the theory that the intestinal trouble is eee and the rickets a result of the toxemia. Solution of the lime salts already deposited in the bone be lactic acid circulating in the blood has been claimed as a cause by some writers. According to this theory, the lime is either dissolved or prevented from being deposited in the bone. Some of the arguments used against this theory are that the blood . never becomes acid in rickets or otherwise; injections of lactic acid into animals does not produce rickets; and it has been im- possible to confirm the observations of the originator of this theory by work upon animals. Lack of Fat.—For a number of years lack of fat has been regarded as the primary factor by most physicians. Osler (3) states that lack of fat or poor fat assimilation is the most im- portant cause. Holt says that ‘‘the essential cause is dietetic, although hygienic influences play a very important réle in its production. It appears, however, that the most essential factor is the lack of fat.’’ Support of ‘this theory has been given by Bland Sutton in observations of animals in the London Zodlogical Garden. De- scribing these conditions, Cheadle says: ‘‘ Young monkeys de- prived of their mothers’ milk and fed entirely upon vegetable food, chiefly fruits, became rickety. Two young bears fed ex- elusively upon rice, biseuits and raw meat, of which the latter they hardly ate, died of extreme rickets. For many years the lion whelps were weaned early and fed on raw flesh only; they Cause AND TREATMENT OF RICKETS 201 - tiratiabty became rickety and died. When milk, pounded bones = and cod-liver oil were added to the raw meat, they lost all signs of rickets and were successfully reared.’’ The addition of milk and pounded bones to the diet makes the experiment less con- elusive than if only the oil had been added. Judging the qual- ity of meat as that usually fed such animals, it is probable that these young lions received very little fat and that fat was the needed addition. The value of fat, and especially cod-liver oil, in the treatment of rickets suggests at least that fat is of great importance. _ Defective Action of the Endocrine Glands.—It is possible that _ disturbances in the function of certain of the endocrine glands— thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, ete.—may occasionally ? et be concerned in rickets, but it is doubtful that in such a common a any one gland can be the primary factor. The argu- ___ ments against this theory are: First, rickets is a comparatively short-lived disease, while disorders of the glands are usually per- sistent; secondly, rickets is usually amenable to treatment , _ through change in the diet; and finally, the use of these glands ___ as therapeutic measures has not been as successful as once hoped ae for them. _____ Acidosis.—Pritchard (4) believes that ‘‘practically all varie- . _ ties of malnutrition occurring in infancy and early childhood ____ tend to terminate in rickets provided they are sufficiently severe or long enough continued. They should not, however, be con- _ sidered as evidence of rickets unless they are accompanied by __ typical changes in the bones.’’ He fits his theory to accept all the others, but claims that the chief fault is the failure of ealcifi- cation or mineralization of the bone. This failure, he believes, is due to the vast requirement of the body for neutralization of the acid bodies in the blood, and the neutralization of this acidosis must be satisfied before the developing bones are supplied. Lack of the Fat-Soluble Vitamin.—Mellanby (5), experiment- ing on more than 200 dogs. appeared at least to connect rickets closely with the absence of the fat-soluble vitamin. His work seems so important to veterinarians that I will review it some- what in detail. The puppies were started on diets after weaning between 5 and 8 weeks of age, mostly the latter. In the earlier parts of the experiments he killed them after 5 or 6 months, but . 2 —— — ee a 202 H. J. Mitks as his work progressed and the diets became more rachitic, this period was considerably shortened. After he obtained diets that would produce rickets, various substances were added and the effect upon the development of the disease noticed. Mellanby concluded that rickets is a deficiency disease. Of the three vitamins, fat-soluble A, water-soluble B and antiscor- butic, he discarded water-soluble B because yeast had no influ- ence on the development of the disease, and the antiscorbutie on Table 1.—Rachitie Diets Drer 1 Drier 2 Li Pe aera et 175 mils. | Whole milk... 5... 5.505051 000s one 175 mils. Oatmeal and rice porridge, aa Broad «<< is ui4is snes 1a a lib. oan tp Pa Uas < v0.6 see ARWE TEAR S6.gm. | Salt... ii. .ccssceensup anes CURE em Drier 3 4 4 PEAS TI bt ys ~ ST ey. ome. Bread (70 per cent wheaten)........ . | Bread wheaten)...... da ee ee 10 mils. ian ee 5-15 mils, ee ee ee ee 10 Yeast... icissni 2. uid. toe 5-15 Saie ce ocedite cdanebataea paws ve gm. | Ovange julos. .. 6.5... cc ccsenceeee Te ee ee em. Table 2.—Diet 1 Plus More Whole Milk Drier | Demassen, Bicorens Histo.tocy Resuuts > eee Pree = eee ree : 4 Rickets BANE ddi ora. : kas av SaRN Ci Oks Ue sie ) 74 Rickets ee eee a eee a 5 Normal Diet 1-+-325 mails milk... 1.0.5. cde ceieesieee ; 5 Normal Table 3.—Diet 2 Plus Meat and Meat Extractives Drer | Denanion, Montus | Histotocy Resunrs eis. che cnet ioc RRR ew oe eeu 4 Rickets ee ee eee Hs: Rickets Diet 2+dog biscuit... 0202022222500, 5! Rickets Diet 2-+-water extract of meat............... | 4 | Normal Diet 2+meat protein.............. Lae oh dee 5 ; Rickets Diet 2+80 per cent alcoholic extract of meat ._ 5 Normal Diet 2+10 gms. meat... . . 60... 0505s vues 54% Normal . ’ Table 4.—Diet 2 Plas Yeast and Malt Extract Dier Dunation, Montas Htsrotocy Resurs Wet Boo nads oclccdsebobis... CMM eEES Doee 5 Rickets Diet 2 +10-—20 gms. yeast 513 Rickets Diet 2+10-20 gms. yeast...) 5h Rickets Det B--aneet GROG. 5 50... - scbnwbeecrp ere 4 Normal Diet 2+moalt extract... .... 2... cee eee eee 7 Slight rickets pe " - 5 o re Cause AND TREATMENT oF RICKETS 203 eee re Table 5.—Diet 2 Plus Different Fats . ' ie Durer Dunation, Montus | Histotocy Resuuts SEN Gath a Fass nenbhe-s-CovVeres bie. 4 Rickets 2+10-20 gms. butter... ............... 6 Normal 2+10 mils cod-liver oil................. 9 Normal 2+10 mils linseed oil.........-......... 5 Rickets 2+10 mils linseed oil................... 5 Rickets 2+10 mils peanut oil...................) 544 Normal 2 extract of butter.............. a Rickets Table 6.—Diet 3 with Different Fats instead of Linseed Oil Duer Duration Histo.ocy Resuuts eee on ss iets ce Ce eas asses 3 months Rickets eS Ee ES ee Fer pana eer 3 months Rickets Mg ere cee eked os ent asaces 17 weeks Normal ge I Ae ee eee 17 weeks Normal oil LOE SG ie EES AL 17 weeks Slight rickets ON eo oe wee oka teat BARE Cece eo a Table 7.—Diet 3 Plus Meat and Meat Extracts Drier Dusation, Weexs | Histotocy Resutrs a $20 fm. meat POR TAS TTS, See 17 Rickets Anglers Sy a Se ee Pe 17 Rickets ROW ee ab al a 30 - - - - S 40 - _ < =i ‘Control tube. Ss There was no growth in any of the tubes. The control showed abundant growth. a Toleration to NaOH, Fuller’s seale: NaOH | 26Houns | 48 Houns 72 Houns 7 Days 10! + 7 + = 0 - + + oa 10 + + + 20 - = + + F 30 - - - - 40 = = - = ’ 50 ~ ~ - - 60 - - - - ' Control tube. Plus 20 arrested growth, and 30 killed the organisms. Below is given the results of the action of this organism on 11 different sugars; all fermentation tubes containing 1 per cent of the sugar; titrations made at the end of 7 days. Monosaccharides: . H : ion ees Galactose, Pentose: Xylose, + Disaccharides: Lactose, ++ Maltose, ++ Saccharose, +++ Trisaccharide : Raffinose, + Polysaccharide: Dextrin, + Polyvalent Alcohol: Mannite, ++ Glucoside: Salicin, +++ Ascess or Freer or HENS 225 There was no change in the xylose, raffinose or dextrin. There was moderate acid formation in the galactose, mannose and man- nite. There was strong acid formation in dextrose, mannose, saecharose and salicin. Where acid was formed in one sugar of a group it is noted that it was formed in all the sugars of that group. There was no gas formation in any of the tubes. Pathogenicity —Inoculation No. 1 was made subcutaneously into a half-grown rabbit, using 4 ¢.c. of a 48-hour broth culture _from case No. 1. Abscess formed at the point of inoculation. The organism was reisolated from the pus of the abscess. Inoculation No. 2 was made subcutaneously into a half-grown rabbit, using 4 ¢.c. of a 48-hour broth culture from case No. 3. Abscess formed at the point of inoculation. The organism was _ reisolated from the pus of the abscess. Inoculation No. 3 was made into the soft structures of the left foot of a Barred Plymouth Rock hen, using 2 ¢.c. of an emulsion made from a glucose-agar slant. The culture was washed off of the slant, using physiological salt solution. At the end of 24 hours the bird was lame, the foot swollen, hot to the touch, red, and painful upon palpation. In the course of a week the acute in- flammation subsided. Inoculation No. 4 was made into the soft structures of the right foot of a Mottled Ancona hen, using 3 c¢.c. of a 72-hour eulture on agar. The culture was washed off with physiological salt solution. At the end of 24 hours there was noted in the inoe- ulated foot heat, painfulness, redness, swelling, the bird holding its foot suspended in the air. In a few days the acute inflam- mation subsided. - Inoculation No. 5 was made into the soft structures of the left foot of a White Plymouth Rock hen, using 2 ¢.c. of a 48-hour culture from case No. 5. The culture was grown on nutrient agar and washed off with physiological salt solution. At the end of 24 hours there was noted heat, pain, swelling, and redness at the point of inoculation. The bird limped when walking. After a few days the acute inflammation gradually subsided. DiIscuSSION In the study of abscess of the feet, of the Single Comb White Leghorn hens, typical of the abscesses found in the after part of the summer and early fall, there has been isolated in pure cul- tures in all cases the Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. The organism, inoculated subcutaneously into a rabbit, caused abscess from which the staphylococci were reisolated in pure cultures. Inoculations into the soft structures of the feet of hens caused acute inflammation, which gradually subsided after a few days. Abscess of the feet of birds is usually found in 226 B. F. Kaupp heavy laying hens and in the after part of the summer when the long months of laying have reduced, to a certain extent, their vitality. It is mostly found in the more delicate breeds, as Leghorns, though abscess of the feet of hens have been ob- served in the heavier breeds as the Rhode Island Reds. Bruising of the soles of the feet, as jumping from high perch poles to hard floors, favors abscess formation when the pus-producing organisms are present. i In all cases the pus in the abscess is of a cheesy nature. Lancing the abscess and curetting out the cheezy pus, followed by swabbing out with pure iodine, is followed by recovery in all cases. One inch bandages can easily be applied and the wound dressed once a day. REFERENCES JorRDAN, E. O. A Text-Book of General Bacteriology. 1912. Pasteur. Bul. Acad. Méd., 1880, vol. 9, p. 447. OGsTon. Brit. Med. Jour., 1881, vol. 1, p. 369. ROSENBACH. Mikroorganismen bei d. Wondinfektionskrankheiten. Wiesbaden, 1884. WricHT, Sir A. E. Studies on Immunization. London, 1909. Kaupp, B. F. Studies in abdominal purulent conditions of the hen and some studies in the resistance of the fowl to ean 2 producing organisms. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 53 (n. s. vol. 6), No. 3, pp. 381-406. June, 1918. 7. Kaupp, B. F. Tendonitis an Se ee resulting from injury by a celluloid spirolet 1 Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, vol. 55 (n. s. vol. 8), No. 4. July, 1919. So SPP RELIEF WORK Report of the Anglo-American-Franco-Belgian Committee for the Relief of Veterinary Victims of the War held its final meet- ing in Paris on November 8, 1920, for the purpose of liquidating its operations. The following paragraph extracted from the proceedings will interest Americans: The Committee has had the pleasure of receiving a check of $500 from the American Veterinary Medical Association as a new contribution from our American friends and confreres to the benevolent work of the committee. At the present rate of ex- change this sum netted 7,520 franes, which has permitted the executive commission to distribute eleven complimentary con- tributions to veterinarians with families to support and which would not have been possible without this new remittance. The veterinary profession of France and our confreres of Belgium will be grateful for this new manifestation of the cordiality of the American veterinarian.—(From the Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire, December 15, 1920.) L, A. M. ep _ ACTION OF CERTAIN DRUGS ON THE UTERUS: it) ee i By A. Deon, School of Veterinary Medisius. University of Pennsyl- mane! ta, vania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ~ DRUGS acting on the uterus have not interested the veteri- ; narian very much in the past, because, until recently, his obstetric practice consisted almost entirely of rendering assist- ance in eases of difficult parturition in the mare and cow and sometimes in the bitch, replacing a prolapsed uterus of the mare ‘or cow, or removing a retained placenta from the cow, and in _ most of these cases he was able to attain the desired result with- out the use of drugs. But within the last few years many breeders of cattle have awakened to the losses resulting from sterilty in cows, and the veterinarian has had an opportunity to treat numerous diseases of the reproductive organs which were formerly not brought to his attention. In view of these develop- ments, drugs acting on the uterus, one of the reproductive organs now frequently demanding his attention, should be of ‘greater interest to him than heretofore, not because they can be used in place of the surgical methods which are usually em- ployed, but because it is possible that they may in some cases be employed to supplement and assist these methods. - Certain drugs when given internally start up contractions in ‘the quiescent uterus and increase the ‘force of contractions already under way ; others cause the uterine muscle to relax, and some dilate the blood vessels of the uterus as well as those of the other genital organs and cause a hyperemia. - The drugs which cause contraction of the uterus include ergot, pituitary extract, quinine and hydrastis. Arecoline and eserine also stimulate the uterine muscle, but they exert a more pro- nounced stimulant action on the intestinal musele. Ergot and pituitary extract stimulate the intestinal muscle, but they act upon the uterine muscle in smaller dose and with greater force. t, hydrastis, quin'ne and pituitary extract have been used extensively in human obstetries to overcome uterine inertia during parturition and to check uterine hemorrhage; but in +Presented at the meeting of the Zenasyiconie State Veterina Medical Association, Harrisburg, Pa., January 25, ~nery } 227 228 Louts A. KLE veterinary medicine, if we may judge from the scarcity of reports in the literature, these drugs have been used very little in these conditions in animals. One reason for this may be that when uterine contractions become: weak or are suspended in the mare or cow, the fetus can usually be delivered by traction. Since the introduction of pituitary extract a few years ago it has been employed to stimulate the uterus in weak or suspended labor in whelping bitches, and usually with good results if the animal was not exhausted and there was nothing to prevent the of the fetus; but few if any reports have been published in the veterinary journals of the use of this preparation as a uterine stimulant for animals of other species. Quinine and hydrastis do not appear to have been used to any extent, if at all, in cases of uterine inertia in animals. Ergot has been employed to expel the retained placenta of the cow, but in those cases in which the results were closely studied not the slightest contraction of the uterus could be de- tected, much less a loosening of the membranes. Ergot also failed to cause the uterus to contract when involution did not take place spontaneously following the removal of a retained pla- centa, although massage of the uterus through the rectum in- duced contraction in such cases (Pomayer'). Albrecht and Dorn are quoted by Fréhner* as authority for the statement that ruminants, and especially cows, react to ergot to only a slight degree. Considering the tendency of ergot to deteriorate, especially. in the presence of water, and the facet that when a drug is administered to a ruminant by the mouth a part of. the dose passes to the rumen, where it is exposed to maceration and bacterial action for hours or days, it is only natural that ergot should act less efficiently on ruminants than on monogastric animals when given per os. The injection of the active principles of the drug subeutaneouly would be a more certain method of testing its efficiency. Ergotoxine, erga- mine or histamine, and tyramine, but principally the first two, have been shown by the researches of Dale and Barger to be ———— responsible for the activity of ergot; but while the physiological — action of these principles on experimental animals has been carefully studied, there is no information in the literature re- — 'Pomayer. C. Das Zurtichkhalten der Nachgeburt beim Rind, p. 57. Richard Schoetz, Berlin, 1908, ? Frohner, Eugen. Arzneimittellehre fur Tierarzte, 11th edition, p. 197. Action or CerTAIN DruGs ON THE UTERUS 229 garding their use in the treatment of disease in the domestic animals. . The preparation known as ergotine, which has been put out by several pharmaceutical houses for intramuscular injection, is principally a mixture of the water-soluble prin- ciples, histamine and tyramine, and contains only a relatively -small quantity of the alcohol-soluble ergotoxine. The fluid extract of ergot may also be injected intramuscularly, but, being : an aleoholic preparation, it probably contains only the alcohol- soluble principle ergotoxine, while the solid extract, an aqueous preparation, probably owes its activity to the presence of hista- mine and tyramine. No careful study appears to have been. made, however, of the relative efficiency of these preparations in inducing contraction or involution of the uterus following retained placenta or in other pathological conditions affecting the uterus of the domestic animals. It would seem to be a reasonable expectation that any agent that will cause the uterine muscle to contract would be of assist- ance in the treatment of chronic endometritis and pyometra of the cow, as the uterine wall is in a flaccid or relaxed condition in these cases, and its contraction should facilitate drainage and improve the circulation. Pituitary extract has been used with satisfactory results in these conditions in women, but there is nothing on record of the use of any of this group of drugs in these conditions in animals. The drug would have to be admin- istered two or three times daily until the uterus was firmly con- _ tracted, which would probably require a week or ten days. As these drugs, except ergotine, are all rather costly, the treatment ~ might be too expensive in some cases, but where it can be used it would seem to be worthy of a trial, especially in those cases which do not respond to the usual surgical treatment. Of the drugs which cause hyperemia of the uterus, yohimbine or quebrachine has the most pronounced action. This is an alkaloid which is obtained from the bark of the yohimbehoa tree (Corynanthe yohimbi) ; it is also present in the U. S. P. prepara- tion aspidosperma (formerly quebracho) and in aspidospermine, which is a mixture of alkaloids and other substances obtained from quebrancho. Yohimbine produces a more or less general dilation of the blood vessels, but it acts most powerfully on the blood vessels of the genital organs, causing a marked hyperemia and stimulating the sexual impulse. This effect is brought about 230 Lours A. KLEem without any irritation of the urinary organs such as occurs when cantharides is administered. In animal experiments with yohimbine, erection of the penis and swelling of the testicles and epididymis were observed in the males, while in females the Graafian follicles matured rapidly, the horns of the uterus be- came hyperemic and swollen, the mucous membrane became hyperemic and some bleeding occurred, the vulva was swollen and there was some blood-stained discharge; in short, all the changes which occur in estrum were observed. Both males and females showed pronounced sexual excitement. Yohimbine has been used in the treatment of impotence in bulls and stallions and in cows which failed to come in heat or which were sterile for other reasons. An injection of 1/3 to 3/4 grain of yohimbine hypodermically will bring on symptoms of estrum in 3 to 6 hours and the effect will continue from 30 to 40 hours. Most of the veterinarians who have reported on the use of yohimbine had satisfactory results, conception occurring in 90 per cent of the females treated; but some practitioners have made unfavorable reports. It seems to act most efficiently in males which are ap- parently healthy and in which no cause for impotence can be found and in females which do not come in heat. The hy- peremia of the uterus produced by yohimbine ought to be bene- ficial in chronie metritis and in pyometra, and the drug pep be given a trial in these conditions. The treatment recently recommended by Frasch*, a Gdvalas veterinarian, for chronic catarrh of the uterus of the cow is along this line. He uses a mixture of equal parts of oil of turpentine and balsam of copaiba and gives 1 ounce daily in’ some mucilaginous substance. Under this treatment the dis- charge is more abundant for the first week, but at the end of the second week it begins to decrease and continues to do so until it finally ceases entirely. The horns of the uterus decrease in size, the cervix if hypertrophied becomes smaller, ovarian cysts or persistent corpora lutea disappear, and in about six weeks normal estrum occurs and conception follows. Of 150 cows treated by. Frasch, 90 to 95 per cent recovered. Reinhart, another German veterinarian, has also obtained favorable results with this treat- ment in many cases, and stated that it is to be preferred to all other internal treatment when local treatment is not possible. wo by Frohner, Eugen. Arzneimittellehbre fur Tierarzte, 11th edition, p. 399. Action or Certain DruGs oN THE UTERUS 231 As turpentine gives a characteristic odor and taste to the milk when administered to the cow in considerable quantity, this fact will have to be kept in mind in applying this treatment. Atropine relaxes the muscle of the uterus and is injected hy- podermically to overcome straining after the replacement of a prolapsed uterus. It is also recommended for cramp of the os uteri during labor, a condition which is said to be most likely to oceur in heifers with the first calf. Chloral dulls the sense of feeling and thus reduces the violent contractions of the uterus which oceur in dystokia and in prolapse of the uterus and other irritable conditions. It also causes relaxation of the muscles in general, including the inferior abdominal muscles; and as the latter muscles contribute most of the force in the expulsive efforts which interfere with the operator in his attempts to correct a malposition, their relaxation will make it easier for him to get the fetus in proper position, while the general mus- eular relaxation will facilitate its delivery. The relaxation of the inferior adominal muscles also adds to the efficiency of chloral in overcoming the straining which is associated with prolapse of the uterus. Chloral by this action and by dulling the sense of feeling facilitates replacement and favors retention. It should be given in large dose and weil-diluted in these cases, 1 to 144 ounces in 1 to 114 quarts of water with 1 to 114 ounces of acacia. Now that veterinarians are being called on to treat a wider variety of diseases of the reproductive organs than heretofore, they will have a greater opportunity to apply the information which has been obtained from animal experiments regarding the physiological action of drugs on these organs, and if they will write up and publish their experiences they will no doubt make valuable additions to a division of therapeutics in which our present knowledge is rather deficient. As stated in the be- ginning, it is not to be expected that drugs can entirely take the place of the surgical methods which have been developed for the treatment of these cases, but if properly and judiciously em- ployed they may serve as valuable aids to these methods. THE PHARMACY OF ZINC CHLORIDE IN EXTERNAL VETERINARY PREPARATIONS By Grorce E. Ewe Pharmaceutical Research Department, H. K. Mulford Company, - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ZINC CHLORIDE is used externally as an astringent, escharotic, caustic and disinfetent (1). McClintie (2) has reported in regard to the reputation of zine chloride as a deodorant, antiseptic and disinfectazi as fol- lows: ‘‘Chloride of zine has had more or less reputation as a deodorant, antiseptic and disinfectant for many years. It is a fairly reliable deodorant in proportions varying between 1 to 500 and 1 to 200. It possesses feeble antiseptic powers. Added to | ordinary sewage it will inhibit bacterial growths in proportions varying between 1 to 500 and 1 to 200. It requires 30 minutes for a 25 per cent solution of zine chloride to kill Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. Spores of B. subtilis are not killed in a ‘100 per cent solution’ in 30 days and the spores of B. anthracis are not killed in a 50 per cent solution in 40 days.’’ Babcock (3) used successfully a solution of zine chloride made by saturating U. 8S. P. hydrochloric acid with zine, in the treat- ment of chronic infected wounds of soft tissue and also of bone involvement. The solution made as prescribed by Babcock con- tains approximately 22 per cent of metallic zine, equivalent to 45 per cent of anhydrous zine chloride. A dilute solution of zine chloride is extensively used in veteri- nary practice for the treatment of suppurating wounds and ulcers. It is well known that neutral zine chloride can not be dissolved in water without the formation of the insoluble oxychloride, which results in the production of a cloudy, unsightly prepara- tion. The formation of oxychloride can be prevented by the use of sufficient hydrochlorie acid, but this is objectionable because it increases the causticity of the resulting solution without ma- terially increasing its germicidal action. J. C. and B. L. D. Peacock (4) have pointed out that clear solutions of zine chloride ean be obtained by the use of boric acid or ammonium chloride, and the object of this note is to 232 PHARMACY oF ZINC CHLORIDE 233 suggest the application of one of the methods of producing a clear solution, suggested by them, to the production of a con- venient form of zine chloride for the above-mentioned uses in veterinary practice. While a dilute solution is popular, it is too bulky to carry around conveniently in a medical bag, and therefore a more ‘concentrated solution of known strength which can be diluted to the desired strength is preferable. A 25 per cent solution (weight to volume) of zine chloride (which is about ten times as strong as commonly employed in practice) can be prepared by triturating 25 parts by weight of zine chloride and 121% parts by weight of ammonium chloride together, and then adding enough distilled water to yield 100 parts by volume of finished solution. This solution is almost colorless, is perfectly clear when first made, and deposits no more than a mere trace of flocculent precipitate after standing _ for a month or two. A stronger solution than 25 per cent can be prepared if desired. Borie acid also yields concentrated solutions similar to those produced by ammonium chloride, but the zine chloride and boric acid must be used in equal proportions. It-is not possible to make as strong solutions with boric acid as with ammonium chloride, and the stronger solutions are not as clear as those made with ammonium chloride. REFERENCES Culbreth’s Materia Medica and Pharmacology, sixth edition, p. 771. Bulletin 22, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health Service. American Journal of Pharmacy, January, 1920, pp. 15-17. Proceedings 41st Annual Meeting, 1918, Pennsy vania Pharma- ceutical Association. po bors After looking over several sections in which to locate, Dr. H. M. Dowling has finally selected Temple, Texas. The Texas State Board of Veterinary Examiners will hold examinations on June 20 and 21, at Fort Worth, Texas. At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Texas Vet- erinary Medical Association, it was decided to hold the next annual meeting of the association at Fort Worth on June 22 and 23, 1921. ACTIVITIES OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY LABORATORIES IN WASHINGTON.’ By Joun 8S. Buckiey Chief of the Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture WHEN it is realized that the science of bacteriology is only seventy years old, and that within the last half of this period the greatest achievements in human and veterinary medicine have been made, as a result of the discoveries in bacteriology, it will be seen that the laboratory workers have been and still are for- tunate in having fertile fields for scientific research. During this period the specific causes of many diseases have been unfolded, yet many more apparently as difficult of solution remain to be solved. One is often amazed by the many brilliant discoveries of certain of the many men of science, included among whom. were workers in the fields of both human and veterinary medi- cine. But realizing that all that does not glitter is not dross, the workers of the Bureau of Animal Industry are heartened by the possibility that some acceptably worthy strides are always to be made, even though no claim is made of the possession of ‘‘ultra-microsecopie eyes’’ or prophesying vision. The impulse for diseovery is always great, and we believe that even a elue or a method or a hint rightly placed is valuable and may ultimately prove almost as important as the final solution itself. Every day’s work in the laboratories doubtless lends some smaller or larger contribution to the knowledge of disease that will help to safeguard the food supply of mankind, indirectly to lighten his burdens, to keep open the channels of trade, to make his living conditions more pleasant, or to save human and animal lives. Some of the perplexing veterinary problems of fifty years ago remain to worry us now. These problems you encounter every day in your practice or in your sanitary control work. The functions of the Bureau laboratories in Washington are to as- sist in the elucidation of these problems. Sometimes it is by confirming a diagnosis by microscopic examination or by a * Presented at the Fifty-seventh Annual —— of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Columbus, Ohio, August 24, 234 Bureau or ANrmaAL Inpustry LARORATORIES 235 ae specific serum reaction. Or perhaps the problem is to identify __ @ poisonous plant, to unravel the origin of an unrecognized disease, to determine the composition and merits of a proprietary dipping fluid, or develop methods of manufacturing certain kinds of cheese. More specificially, the work of the various laboratories is briefly as follows: ee DIvIsION The Biochemie Division conducts biochemical and bacteriologi- eal research concerning animal diseases, examines meat products, disinfectants, insecticides and fungicides, and originates dipping solution formulas. It also tests samples of tuberculin, mallein, anti-hog-cholera serum and hog-cholera virus, and performs laboratory work with these products. Biochemical and bacteriological studies in disease are con- cerned chiefly with swine diseases. In hog-cholera activities studies are made of the channels of infection, survival of the virus, modes of transmission, infectiousness of the various body secretions, and the persistence of the infection in the hog pens and yards. Subcutaneous tuberculin and mallein are made in large quan- tities and are distributed to State and Federal officials and others for use as diagnostic agents. Smaller amounts of ophthalmic tubereulin and mallein have been made for experimental purposes. Disinfectant materials have been made and tested for technical purposes, such as for treating imported hides and other possibly dangerous products. Tests are also frequently performed for other branches of the Government service. Zo6LoGIcAL Division The routine work of the Zoédlogical Division includes the iden- tification of parasites of livestock and man, also those of wild animals, in this and from other parts of the world. The Division examines fecal samples, skin scrapings, ete., for the presence of parasites. It covers the usual work of furnishing information in regard to diagnosis, treatment and prevention of parasitic diseases. The larger part of its work consists in investigations of parasites and parasitic diseases, and it recommends measures for prevention and treatment. The parasites are studied from Cee t: : Se 236 Joun S. Buckiey the standpoint of their morphology, life history, distribution and classification. The diseases caused by parasites are studied with reference to their pathology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment or prevention. The maintenance of an index-catalog dealing with all para- sites reported from all hosts in any part of the world is a project which has attracted much attention and is recognized to be superior to any catalog of a like nature to be found anywhere. The parasite collection is regarded as part of the National Museum collection, which is the largest and most valuable in the world. 4 Important findings have been recorded regarding stomach worms of sheep, ascarids of swine, stomach worms of horses and gape worms of poultry. Control measures are developed for combating or preventing such diseases as trichinosis and cysticercosis. Anthelminties have been studied and treatments developed for many worms of the digestive tract of the horse and dog and for the more important worms of sheep, goats, swine and poultry. The Zodlogical Divi- sion also gives special attention to the study of parasitic diseases that affect livestock in the South, as apparently there is great | need for such work on account of increased livestock following tick eradication. Dairy Division The laboratories of the Dairy Division are devoted entirely to research work. Central laboratories are maintained in Wash- ington with branch laboratories at the Beltsville Experimental Farm, 12 miles out of Washington, and at a creamery at Grove City, Pennsylvania. The work covers all phases of dairy pro- duction and manufacture. It includes investigations on the se- eretion of milk and nurition of dairy cows, taking up such ques- tions as the relation of the mineral salts of the feed and of the animal’s blood and the milk yield and similar fundamental studies on the mechanism of milk secretion. Extensive studies are made of the bacteria occurring in milk, their physiology and classification, channels through which they infect the milk, their aetion on the milk, and methods of destroy- ing them by heat and other agents. The laboratory is organized not only for chemical and bac- teriological studies, but also for small-scale manufacturing. Bureau or ANIMAL INDUSTRY LARORATORIES 237 Manufacturing investigations include such varied problems ‘as the deterioration of butter in storage, the influence of different constituents on the flavor and texture of ice cream, and the fae- tors influencing viscosity of condensed milk and the coagulating point of evaporated milk. The Dairy Division laboratories dis- covered the essential bacteria in Swiss cheese, as a result of which they are in position to control the quality of this cheese by the use of such bacteria. Late studies on Roquefort cheese demonstrate that it is feasible to make this cheese from cows’ milk under American conditions. Ways are being studied to use more efficiently the by-products of the dairy industry by the improvement of old and the de- velopment of new varieties of low-fat cheeses, methods of utiliz- ing as human food the proteins formerly lost in the whey and ‘the more efficient manufacture and extended use of whey and skimmed milk constituents used in the arts as casein and milk sugar. Each of the problems on which the laboratory works is organ- ized with chemists, bacteriologists, physiologists or technical men so that all phases of the work can be carried on at one time, and no new manufacturing method is-given out until it has passed the test of factory operation. Meat INSPECTION LABORATORY As a part of the Federal meat inspection system the Meat Inspection Division maintains a central Meat Inspection Labora- tory which examines meats and meat food products to deter- mine whether the product is properly labeled and contains no deleterious substance. In this laboratory the samples that come under examination are cereals, spices and condiments, coloring agents, curing materials, gelatin, inks and ink ingredients, in- edible greases, lards, fats, oils, compounds, oleomargarin, meats, meat food products, mineral oils for denaturing, soup and meat extracts, waters used in official packing establishments, and other miscellaneous substances. Cases of violation of the regulations with regard to cereals, spices and condiments are due chiefly to dirty, worm-eaten or insect-infested spices. Violations in respect to coloring matters consist chiefly in the use of prohibited substances. Violations regarding curing materials relate chiefly to dirty salt or dirty ae 238 Joun S, BuckLey sodium nitrate. Gelatin samples occasionally contain excessive quantities of copper and zine or even arsenic. Methyl alcohol has been substituted for ethyl aleohol in branding inks. Sour and rancid fats are detected in lards, fats, oils and oleomargarin. Meats and meat food products found not to conform to regula- tions have consisted chiefly of sausages containing excessive quantities of cereals and water. Water samples in a number of instances have shown sewage pollution. EXPERIMENT STATION LABORATORY The laboratory at the Experiment Station, located at Bethesda, Maryland, in the Washington suburbs, acts independ- ently and in full codperation with the city laboratories. Here are conducted studies regarding the causes, character and dis- semination of infectious abortion among cattle with special reference to control and prevention. It studies also the cause, character and dissemination of tuberculosis among domestic animals with reference to control and eradication. It conducts from timé to time investigations of food products derived from animal sources, looking to the possible occurrence of tubercle bacilli, and suggests means of correcting such contaminations. It makes periodie tests of tuberculin made and sold under Goy- ernment license. Tests are made, off and on, of material suspected of being infected with foot-and-mouth disease or other communicable animal diseases, for purposes of control work. Alleged remedies or biological products for infectious diseases of animals are tested. However, from 50 to 75 per cent of the work of the Sta- tion is to furnish facilities for the laboratories in the city to maintain domestic animals for experimental purposes under ap- proximately farm conditions and to keep the various disease groups under such conditions that one group does not endanger another. The large majority of small experimental animals used in the various Government laboratories are bred at this Station to insure their freedom from weakness and disease such as are sometimes seen in animals from pet-stock stores. ; PATHOLOGICAL Division The Pathological Division manufactures blackleg powder vaccines and distributes the product to individual stock owners Bureau or ANIMAL INDUSTRY LARORATORIES 239 and to the head veterinary officials of the various States on request. __ It examines stock cultures, and biological products made from such cultures, that go into interstate trade for the treatment or animals. The cultures are examined to determine whether they are true to labels, and the biological products are examined to determine, in so far as this is possible, whether they are true to label, i. e., whether they were made from the organisms re- puted to have been used in them, whether the product is pure _ and not contaminated, whether it has any evidence of antigenic value, ete. This work is time-consuming and tedious, but it has been developed to such an extent that much valuable in- formation has been obtained that enables the laboratory to as- sist materially the Division of Virus-Serum Control in elimin- _ating dangerous and useless products. One of the most inter- esting of the developments in this work is the identification and differentiation of many anaerobic organisms through serological tests, specifically by complement-fixation tests. The Pathological Division renders valuable aid to the Field Inspection Division by performing serum diagnosis of dourine and glanders, which tests are also applied to all equine animals coming into this country from foreign ports. It studies the nature, cause and feasible control measures of abortion disease of cattle, and similar studies are made of any and every other infectious disease of the productive domestic animals, the study of which is not the specific and exclusive project of some other division. Poultry diseases also receive considerable attention, and we feel that it has been possible to render valuable aid in the matter of advice regarding diseases to those interested in poultry keeping. Specimens of diseased animal tissues received from Federal, State and private sources are examined by pathological and bacteriological methods in efforts to render definite diagnosis for the proper control of the various diseases. Examinations are made of brain tissues of animals suspected ofshaving been affected with rabies, this work supplementing the work of the District of Columbia Health Department labora- tories. _ Coéperative pathological and bacteriological investigations are carried out with other Government bureaus, as, for example, 240 Joun S. Buckiey the Bureau of Chemistry in its efforts to enforce the Pure Food and Drugs Act. Extensive studies are made in the field of the action of poisonous plants on animals, which work is further supple- mented in the Pathological Laboratories by chemical and phys- iological examinations of the active poisonous constituents of the plants. Based on the results obtained, information is fur- nished to stockmen and the Forest Service through pamphlets, bulletins and other means, so that the plants may be eradicated from certain regions or the livestock kept away from such - localities. Po.icy or SERVICE The foregoing remarks refer chiefly to current activities of the various divisions, but more important even than the organi- zation of the work and the facilities of the laboratories is the matter of administration. This includes, of course, the selee- . tion of investigations and the assignment of problems to per- sons best qualified to carry them through to successful comple- tion. No doubt it would be possible te obtain greater results in our pure research work on knotty problems if we wre left unhampered by necessary routine, but, in keeping with the De- partment’s policy of maximum service to the public, the re- search work of the Bureau is aimed at problems that require immediate attention or that have caused heavy and regular losses and the ultimate solution of which is most baffling, It will be seen, therefore, that a systematic plan underlies all of the work, and we feel that there is no problem so difficult that it can not be solved in time through the accumulation of the results of research. The wife and two daughters of Dr. James A. Waugh of Pitts- burgh, Pa., have reached home safely after spending the winter in Southern California. The Washington Boston Terrier Club recently held its annual show at the Wardman Park Hotel. Among those who won blue ribbons with their pets were Mrs. Dr. Wm. P. Collins with her junior puppy ‘‘Fickle Fancy,’’ and Miriam Mohler with her senior puppy ‘‘ Paddy Boy.’’ Dr. D. E. Buckingham’s stud dog **Visecount Dee Cee’’ was also shown. : , ‘ ” oP CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ___——s (Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this depart. Pp a 2 - ~ttyy' 2 ment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful to others in the profession.) A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR DYSTOKIA 2 o Scns By G. E. Jorgenson, Clermont, Iowa I HAVE recently succeeded in having patented a new obstet- rical instrument which I have devised. Believing that this is of interest to the general veterinary practitioner, a description . covering it and its use is submitted with an illustration. In many eases of dystokia of large animals it becomes neces- sary to resort to considerable force to relieve the patient. This has up to the present time been accomplished by the use of a block and tackle. This requires a stable object in the rear of the patient and one in front. The first is to anchor the blocks and the latter to allow the patient to be tied fast. These anchors are in many eases not available or at least not in the position _ that will allow the fetus to be removed along the birth canal over the path of least resistance. The present instrument is constructed so that this object may be accomplished without this cumbersome apparatus and in a more scientific marner. Its action is based upon the diametrical opposite of a jack serew, in that it pulls instead of pushes. Its construction is as follows : A serew shaft four and one-half feet long, threaded the full ~ length, is fitted into a head tapped and threaded to fit the shaft. This head is supported by two steel legs of the same length as the screw shaft. They are attached to the head with pins al- lowing them to be widened or narrowed at the base to fit the width of the hips of the patient. The other ends of these legs are fitted into specially molded feet. They are serewed into these feet, which are coneave both vertically and horizontally, and are somewhat lipped at the inner edge to grasp the thigh, against which they thrust. The screw shaft is fitted in one end with a handle and in the other a swivel is attached fitted with hooks. This swivel may be immobilized on the shaft to allow a 241 242 CLENICAL AND Case REpPorRTS turning as well as a pulling movement, if such is found neces- sary ' The instrument is operated as follows: An assistant holds Trt attached to the fetus are fastened to the hooks. The operator then turns the handle so that the serew shaft travels outward. With the leg placed against the hips of the patient, a pull is exerted upon the fetus which is pulled outward and finally de- livered. If the fetus still sticks after the first part presented _ CLINICAL AND Case REPortTS 243 ___ is delivered, the additional lengths are fitted to the legs and The instrument has been thoroughly tried out and has given a _ perfect satisfaction in over 20 cases, some unusually difficult. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA CLINICS he report of the ambulatory clinic of the School of Veteri- > 3 ' ary Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania shows that 3,379 animals were treated last year on farms within reach of the school by automobile. The patients included 78 horses, 2,162 eattle, 41 sheep, 577 swine, 520 chickens and 1 dog. Cases treated in the hospital during the same period totaled 5,195. In the surgical clinic 265 horses, 8 mules, 2 cows and one hog were treated and of these 146 were subjected to general anesthesia. The animals treated in the medical clinic numbered 102. In the free dispensary for large animals 600 patients re- ceived treatment, this figure including both medical and surgical eases. The small-animal clinic had 4,217 cases, 2,492 in the hos- pital and 1,725 in the free dispensary. The hospital cases in- eluded one skunk from which the scent glands were removed. The figures for the previous year were: Surgical clinic, 260 eases ; medical clinic, 89; free dispensary for large animals, 523 ; small-animal clinic, 3,839 (hospital 2,211, free dispensary 1,628), the total for the year being 4,711. B. H. RAWL RESIGNS FROM B. A. IL. B. H. Rawl, assistant chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, has resigned, after 16 years of service with the Government, to take charge of the educational work of the California Central Creameries. He will have headquarters in San Francisco. Mr. Rawl was made chief of the Dairy Division in 1909 and assistant chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry in 1918. He is one of the most widely known dairy specialists in the world. A native of South Carolina, he is a graduate of Clemson College. He took special work in dairying at Pennsylvania State College and the Universiiy of Wisconsin. He inaugurated the educational work of the Dairy Division in the Southern States and later was placed in charge of all production work of the division. He has been largely instrumental in bringing about the great advance of the past decade in scientifie dairying. ABSTRACTS Tue Patruogentc Errects CAusep BY INTESTINAL PARASITES. D. A. De Jong. Nach Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, vol. 47 (1920), no. 2, p. 82. THE AUTHOR alludes to the injurious effects caused by intestinal parasites in their hosts. These injuries depend on the life habits of the parasite in the digestive tract, as for example, irritation of the mucous membrane, or mechanically through their presence in large numbers; also through trau- matism, boring through the mucous coat and lodging themselves in the intestinal wall. Anemia is a result of harboring blood- sucking parasites. In the case of infestation by Dibothrio- cephalus latus, the anemic condition of the host is due in part to the toxins which the parasite secretes and which the host absorbs. Aside from the parasitic toxins, harmful and deleterious material is absorbed as a result of injury to the intestinal walls which is not possible when the mucous coat is uninjured. The nervous symptoms exhibited by the host as a result of parasitic irritation of the intestinal wall and considered heretofore as reflex in character, are now known to be due to toxins which the parasite secretes. The most serious effects are those which follow injuries to the intestinal coats for the reason that pathogenic bacteria, such as the coli and proteus, gain entrance and infectious diseases such as typhoid, paratyphoid, cholera and dysentery are con- tracted, which otherwise could not have occurred had the intestinal mucous membrane been in its normal condition. Statistics prove that persons harboring intestinal parasites are more frequently attacked with typhoid fever than healthy persons. All intestinal parasites should be expelled. The primary injuries are easily underestimated, the secondary, par- ticularly the origin of infectious diseases, can only be avoided by removal of the parasites. J. P. O'Leary. THe Wurre Ceti Bioop Picture IN GLANDERS OF Horses. Hans Witte. Moratsch. Prakt. Tierheilk., vol. 36 (1920), pp. 429-446. A LARGE number of detailed differential counts of white blood cells were made. In glanders there is an increase in the 244 ABSTRACTS 245 number of leucocytes, especially neutraphile or polymorphonu- clear leucocytes. The increase is not found, however, in horses recently infected, recovered, or only slightly infected. The _ results agree with those of Fréhner, Pruss, Mielke and others, but contradict the work of A. Schulze, who claims to have found a pronounced diminution in the number of polymorphonuclears in glanders. W. N. Bere. CHANGES IN THE BLOOD AND Bopy TEMPERATURE OF THE Horse _ Fotiow1ne SuscutTaNeous AND INTRAVENUS INJECTIONS OF Homotocous Normat Bioop, Serum AND ERYsIPELAS Serum. H. Warnatch. Monatsch. Prakt. Tierheilk., vol. 1 (1920), pp. 413-428, _ THE BLOOD picture of a normal horse is not altered on in- _ trayenous injection (transfusion) of normal horse blood, defibri- nated or undefibrinated; normal serum or erysipelas serum, neither is there any fever. But the picture is changed when blood from a case of infectious anemia is injected into a normal horse. Of particular value in the diagnosis of infectious anemia _is the rise in temperature and its course, lowering of red cell count, and the rise in white cells. The failure to obtain these changes, however, must not be interpreted as proof of the ab- sence of the disease in the donor. The results indicate the cor- rectness of Fréhner’s view that infectious anemia is probably a septicemia having a chronic course, the anemia being secondary. W. N. Bere. Mexican Rep Fever oF SwiNe AND Its PREVENTIVE Vacct- NATION. E. Lopez Vallejo. Mem. y Rey. Soe. Cient. ** Antonio Alzate,’’ vol. 38 (1919), no. 5-8, pp. 277-289. DR. VALLEJO furnishes a good description of the symptoms of swine erysipelas and it is therefore inferred that Mexican red fever of swine is a synonymous term with rotlauf, rouget, and swine erysipelas. The article also contains a summary of the microscopic, cultural, and biochemical characteristics of the causative microorganism, and an account of the methods em- ployed in securing immunization against the disease, which consist chiefly in inoculating the animal with attenuated cultures of the bacillus. : 246 ABSTRACTS Domestic ANIMALS AS FactTors IN THE SPREAD OF INFECTION. W. G. Savage. Medical Officer, vol. 24 (1920), no. 18, pp. 181-183. THE RELATION of bovine mastitis to human disease is a very important one. The chronic form of mastitis is usually due to the tubercle bacillus or less commonly to actinomycosis. Prob- ably the average prevalence is about one per cent. This is the most important source of tubercle bacilli in milk and a potential cause of human tuberculosis. Of the acute variety of mastitis — about 70% is due to streptococci, about 16% to staphylocoeci and the remainder of doubtful bacteriology. The Streptococcus mastiditis which morphologically and culturally resembles the pathogenic streptococci of man, differs from the latter in not being pathogenic. It has been definitely shown that the strains of streptococci of bovine mastitis which are dangerous to man are hemolytic while the streptococci of ordinary bovine mastitis are non-hemolytic. These streptococci gain access from an infection from the milker, whose hands are contaminated perhaps from a sore throat. Concerning food poisoning outbreaks and domestic animals we may accept it as definitely established that all or almost all the outbreaks involving groups of persons are due to infection of the food eaten with members of a particular group of bacilli, the Gaertner group, the infecting bacilli being either B. enteri- ditis, B. suipestifer, or B. aertrycke. The actual source of in- fection of the food is, in the majority of cases, not intra vitam from infected animals, but through secondary infection of sound food. In a minority but still a very considerable portion, it is due to infection of the living animal with one of these bacilli. In connection with the question of the secondary infection of food the importance of rats and mice must not be overlooked, since these animals are frequently infected with Gaertner group bacilli, and such infected animals or those which have recovered and still harbor the bacilli may act as vehicles of infection, _ Concerning the relation of diphtheria and cats, an extensive series of experiments conducted by the author justify the opinion that the common and widely accepted view that cats can suffer from a naturally acquired disease caused by the diphtheria bacillus is entirely without foundation. The reported cases of such an association are based upon insufficient examination and ea Sake i KD > RIP i IN HOLLAND this affection is of more frequent occurrence than has been believed. On a farm with a herd of five cows, ABSTRACTS AND REVIEW 247 ie F ‘differentiation of the bacilli found, due to a failure to realize that a large proportion of healthy, normal cats contain in their throats bacilli which closely resemble, and are difficult to dis- ‘ops from the true B. diphtheriae. era PARATUBERCULOSA (JOHNE’s Disease). Zwynenberg. Ann. Méd. Vét., Aug.-Sept., 1920, p. 378. Abst. in Rev. 'Gén. Méd. Vét., vol. 30 (1921), no. 350, p. 73. three of them were found to be affected with Johne’s disease after examining fecal material by the Webster-Beyers method. ‘The author resorted to the treatment recommended by Mac- -Fadyean, which consists in the administration of 30 grams of ‘the following preparation in a half liter of water: Iron sulphate Dilute palaienke acid aa 142 gms. Water 564 c.c. This treatment was continued for fifteen days, when the ani- mals were turned out to pasture. After five months at pasture the symptoms of enteritis disappeared and the general condition was perfect. The author is of the opinion that the MacFadyean medication exerts a caustic action which arrests the progress of the lesions; part of the mucosa may: become detached and regenerated after elimination. He believes that putting the cattle on pasture may be useful. L. T. Gmurner. REVIEW MANvAL or Vererinary Puysiotocy. By Major General Sir -F. Smith, K. C. M. G., C. B., Fellow and Honorary Asso- ciate of the R. C. V. S., formerly Director-General, Army Veterinary Service. 5th edition, 1921, 893 pages, with 273 * illustrations. Alex. Fger, Chicago. Price $7.50. WE ARE pleased to note the appearance of the fifth edition of this standard work on physiology, which, since the publication _ of the first edition in 1892, has been generally accepted as a text 248 Review book in institutions where veterinary medicine is taught, and its value widely recognized and appreciated. The present edition has been extensively revised. It is divided into twenty chapters which treat of the following subjects: The Blood, The Heart; The Blood-vessels; Respiration; Diges- tion; The Liver and Pancreas; Absorption; The Endocrine Glands and Internal Secretions; The Skin; The Urine; Nu- trition; Animal Heat; The Muscular System; The Nervous System; The Senses; Locomotor System; The Foot; Generation and Development; Growth, Decay and Death; The Chemical Basis of the Body. Two hundred and seventy-three cuts are inserted which serve well to illustrate the text. . To Chapter XVIII is added a fourth section on breeding which is contributed by J. B. Robertson, M. R. C. V. 8S. Prof. T. H. Milroy, M. D., is given credit for the preparation of Chapter XX, on ‘‘The Chemical Basis of the Body.’’ The fifth edition contains 84 pages more than the previous ~ revision, but in spite of this fact is a more compact volume, due to the use of lighter weight paper by the publisher. A considerable portion of the added space is given to those chapters dealing with Generation and Development, and with Nutrition. The author in the preface referring to the more lengthy discussion of the. former subjects states that ‘‘no apology is made because of this feature inasmuch as these are topics of extraordinary interest to the veterinarian.’’ The knowledge gained from the more recent investigations that have been conducted along the lines of food requirements has un- questionably justified dealing with the chapter on Nutrition at greater length than in previous editions. Emphasis has been placed upon the fact that the work should be regarded as a veterinary and not a comparative physiology for the reason that it treats of the science ‘‘not only from its theoretical aspect but discusses its bearing on veterinary medi- cine, surgery and hygiene.’’ The pathological appendix that follows nearly every chapter directs attention to this particular feature. The systematic arrangement of the contents of the work, and its concise though clear manner of description render it especially attractive to both student and practitioner as a text book or as a work for reference purposes. J. M. B. 7 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE soe ~ ”-- To THE Eprror :— May I not say a word or two on Army matters for publication? Several days ago while in Texas I glanced through the JouRNAL and perused with interest someone’s objection to a physician at the head of the U. S. Army Veterinary Corps. The writer re- marked, ‘‘There must be a veterinarian in this great country competent to head this corps.’’ My answer is, ‘‘Sure.’’ A few impressions of a graduated veterinarian who couldn’t see him- self in the Veterinary Corps because he had (and I am not an egotist) too much pride in himself. I enlisted in the line, was afterwards made a commissioned officer and, still better, was advanced a grade while in France. The fault with our Veteri- nary Corps is that ‘‘within itself,’’ it is composed of the type of officer which formed the nucleus of our enlarged corps. Years ago men in the veterinary corps were, as I have learned, mere ~ stable sergeants. I can’t imagine many high-grade veterinarians striving for such positions. I have not practiced in some years, but during our first year of the war, in the interest of my firm, I called on a number of training camps. I distinctly remember two of the old army veterinarians, one at a camp in a north- west State, the other.one I saw only once, but heard a lot about him while he was on a sort of observation or inspection trip to a National Guard camp here in the South (right in this State, at - Alexandria). I wish to injure no one’s feelings when I say that. these two men were in every sense of the word ‘‘horse doctors’’ in all we, as veterinarians, imply when we use this title. Fur- ther, I expect these men are now way up near the top of the Veterinary Corps. Doctor David White, of Ohio University, went to France and became the head of the A. E. F. Veterinary Corps. He is a big man and able to stand on his own feet. He wouldn’t stand the ‘‘bulldozing’’ old regular officers had been used to, due to their utter slipshod and helpless sort of attitude. He was transferred somewhere else and a cavalry officer placed in charge who worked, as I understand it, practically upon the advice of a young reserve officer, to the great wonder of a lot of regular officers, who themselves were and had been for years ‘asleep at the switch.’’ I understand the great war ery of a 249 250 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE lot of the old veterinarians is, ‘‘be a horseman.’’ Are they horsemen? If so, why don’t we hear and read of them as horse- men in the various military and veterinary journals? Here is the discouraging question: Is this thing going to perpetuate itself? I am, perhaps, no great judge, just a business man who has to keep up with the times. If a few of the younger veteri- narians in the Army whom I have had occasion to size up are’ ever called upon to handle big problems in time of need, some- thing is going to ‘‘break.’’ It is very true that men who have good practices can’t afford to leave them and go into the Army. The great U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry seems to me to be high class as to its veterinary personnel. Is it because a veteri- narian is at its head? If so, for heaven’s sake, give us a veteri- narian’s Veterinary Corps in our Army. New Orleans, La. J. B. Todsieieas Dr. L. E. Miller, formerly in the Army Veterinary Corps, has recently located at Corpus Christi, Texas, to engage in general practice. Dr. B. C. Flook has just returned to Canada, after a pro- longed service with the Imperial army. He will resume the practice of his profession at Erikdale, Manitoba. Dr. O. W. Anderson, of Brunswick, Neb., who has been con- nected with the Army Veterinary Corps and more recently with the B. A. L., has aecepted a position with the sie ne ids Board of Health, T. Charles Evans, Lieut.-Colonel, R. C. A. V. C., in addition to being Senior Veterinary Officer for the District of Ontario, is_ occupying the position of honorary editor of the Canadian Veterinary Record. . ait When you read of the millions of dozens of eggs that are brought into this country from China, and read of the millions of children that are starving in that country, we wonder why they don’t keep these eggs home and keep the children from starving. —Milk Reporter. ASSOCIATION NEWS THE COLORADO CONVENTION Reports from Colorado in general and Denver in particular are indicative of a royal reception for our members as they detrain in this ‘‘Paris of America’’ on the occasion of the convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association there in September. Reports from members, in turn, indicate a somewhat lively interest in this rather unusual opportunity to pleasingly com- bine a business and a pleasure or vacation trip. That there'll be plenty to see, as well as to do, is apparent. A young woman, anxious to learn, once commanded a man who had tramped over Colorado for a decade to tell her of ‘‘all he saw.’’ The man replied, that as he had but another twenty years to live, there wouldn’t be time enough. Seemingly far-fetched, this laconic reply was less exaggerated than one who never has visited the State might suppose. That is easily comprehended when one understands that Colorado is considerably larger than all the New England States and two- thirds of it is mountainous—not such as claim that name in Eastern States, but the ‘‘real thing.’’ The height of the average Allegheny mountain is about 2,500 feet. Out in Colorado the average height of the ‘‘Old Guard’’ of the Continental Divide Arapahoe Park and Glacier in Boulder County, Colorado— One of the most magnificent of all the mountain sights of all Northern Colorado—a one-day round trip from Denver. 251 252 ASSOCIATION NEWS ranges from 11,000 to 14,000 feet above the tides of the ocean. Denver is the gateway and starting-out point for all Colorado, and it has been predicted that after the adjournment of the con- vention our members will display an aptitude to start out and see these mountain wonders that will convince the Den- verites that they know a good thing when they see it. That the forthcoming convention promises to go down on record as the most beneficial from a professional, as well as a health standpoint, ‘seems certain. Determined that the comfort of our members shall not suffer, President White has decided upon a special train for our exclusive use, and the C. B. & Q. R. R. has promised to protect our needs in such a way that the going may be counted as one of the real pleasures of the trip. Complete details as to time and date for departure, fares, etc., will be forthcoming at the proper time. NEW MEMBERS During the war the A. V. M. A. had an unusual inerease in new members, but since war activities ceased the number of ap- plieations for membership has fallen greatly in spite of special efforts that have been made. Our association is in an excellent condition, but we need to increase our membership. To do this we must depend upon each individual member to do his part. It requires a personal effort. It is impossible for your officers to get in touch with all of those who should join the A. V. M. A. There is probably no veterinary association that offers more for the annual dues of $5 than does the A. V. M. A. It is the largest and most efficient veterinary association in the world. Every member of the A. V. M. A. should make an effort to get at least one new member. This is your association. Do your part to make it larger and better. If you can’t get a new mem- ber get a subscriber to the JourNa, and be sure and send in case reports and practical suggestions and news items for the JOURNAL. Send me a postal card and I will forward application blanks to you, and a personal letter to any prospective member if you . think it will help. George is willing and anxious to do his part. Will you do yours and get a new member? N. 8. Mayo. ASSOCIATION News 253 ILLMO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Illmo Veterinary Medical Association met in the Live Stock Exchange room, National Stock Yards, Ill., March 17 and 18. Mr. Wm. Moody delivered the address of welcome, which was _ greatly appreciated by the visiting veterinarians. After this the regular program was carried out, as follows: _ Transportation of Live Stock, W. J. Embree, Chicago, Ill. Diseases of Suckling Pigs, A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo. ' Abortion Disease and Sterility of Cattle, C. H. Jungerman, Hiawatha, Kansas. Handling of Vaccinated Swine to Eliminate Bad Results, M. M. Huggins, National Stock Yards. These papers were most excellent and the meeting proved very beneficial as well as instructive. Dr. J. I. Gibson, of the Illinois State Association, gave a talk along the lines of the welfare movement and codperation be- tween the livestock men and veterinarians, which was - very After Dr. Gibson’s talk there was a banquet at the National Hotel, with about thirty present, after which the program was continued. Dr. Salsbery, of Kansas City, gave a very interesting talk along the lines of the work being done by the American Horse Association. Dr. E. W. Saunders gave a lecture on Infantile Paralysis, which was very fine, after which Dr. Robert Graham, of the University of Illinois, gave a lantern slide lecture on Botulism Tntoxication in Animals. The second day’s meeting was called to order by Dr. McKinley and was of a business nature. Among other things, St. Louis, Mo., was selected for the next regular meeting, which will be held in October. A vote of thanks was extended to the National Live Stock Exchange and the National Stock Yards for their very cour- teous and considerate attention given the meeting, after which the members adjourned to the vaccinating department of the stock yards, where a demonstration of the mireperiranenl method of vaccination was given. A very interesting clinic on the intradermal reaction in cattle 254 ASSOCIATION NEWS * was held at Armour & Co. The collection of pathological speci- mens, collected by the B. A. L, under Dr. Jenison, was very elaborate, covering many different diseases. The program concluded with a clinic at Dr. Farris’s hospital on St. Clair Avenue. There were almost twice as many in attendance at this =e as have attended any previous meeting. J. E. JENNINGS, Secretary. 4 ALABAMA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION THE FOURTEENTH annual meeting of the Alabama Veteri- nary Medical Association was held at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, February 23, 24, 25 and 26. A paper on septicemia in chickens was read by E. Everitt. This was followed by another paper on roup, diphtheria and sore head in chickens, by F. D. Patterson. The common diseases of the cat were next considered by N. B. Tyler. This was followed by A. L. Holloway with a paper on diseases of rabbits. These four papers drew forth many questions and suggestions from practitioners. They were eagerly followed by the attending veterinarians, because the average practitioner is now goitig out after all lines of practice, even the small-animal practice. The time-worn distemper in dogs was next considered by Dr. G. S. Phelps. It called forth a variety of opinions, methods and theories. It seems that there is still something to find out about long-known uncontrollable and untreatable dog distemper. Dr. J: 8. Andrade, read a paper on mastitis in cows. He stated that most cases of chronic parenchymatous and catarrhal forms were incurable. Acute and sub-acute cases can sometimes be treated successfully. Warm water fomentations, applications of antiphlogistine, injections of boric acid solutions and the ad- ministration of 1 quart of coffee with 1 dram of formalin, 3 times a day for three to five days in acute cases of mastitis, were advised by him. ; The subject of traumatic pericarditis was not taken up by a paper. But the veterinarians present were anxious to have a round table discussion on this subject, and they had it. How may one make a positive diagnosis of an acute case in the early stage when it might be possible to remove the penetrating mee) \ ne ASSOCIATION NEWS 255 foréign body by doing rumenotomy and thus save the life of the — animal ? The men in practice want a means of making a definite, early diagnosis. After all it seems the only way is by exploratory - diagnostic and remedial rumenotomy. In the chronic case it was agreed that the most constant or most nearly accurate diag- nostic symptom was the edema of the brisket and substernal regions. From the literature it appears that there is no accurate means of making a clinical diagnosis of traumatic pericariditis 100% true. It is always interesting to call up digestive tract diseases of mules and horses; Dr. M. F. Jackson touched the ‘‘button’’ and sparks of opinions came out. Dr. Jackson handles the mine mules for the great T. C. I. Company in the Birmingham Dis- trict. He prevents digestive diseases by careful feeding and handling. Dr. H. C. Wilson read a short B. A. I. Bulletin on necrobacil- losis in swine and then commented on it. A new treatment for stomach and intestinal worms in cattle and sheep was next explained. This treatment has been suc- cessfully used by the McNeill Experiment Station of Missis- sippi: . Copper Sulphate 8 ounces. Snuff _... 8 ounces. Water 5 gallons. Soak the snuff over night in 1 gallon of water. Dissolve the copper sulphate in 2 gallons of water. Mix and strain, and add water to make 5 gallons. The dose is the same as when giving the one per cent copper sulphate solution for stomach worms. Repeat the treatment in 7 days. Dr. D. J. Meador read a paper on osteomalacia, a disease found in the coastal plains or wire grass region of the South. It is apparently due to want of proper vitamines—a deficiency disease affecting not only the bones but the muscles. Numerous reports of various kinds of cases were put before the members for diagnosis, treatment and general discussion. Dr. N. G. Covington held a complete autopsy (after Crocker) on the cadaver of a heifer. Emaciation, anemia and parasites in the stomach and intestines were found. Tuberculosis and tuberculin testing was the next on the pro- gram. Dr. R. S. Sugg led off on tuberculin testing of hogs. He 256 ASSOCIATION NEWS advises the intradermal test applied to the ear. In his experi- ence every reactor gave positive lesions on postmortem. It can be applied in combination with the ophthalmic test. Dr. Elmer Lash of the B. A. I. read his paper on the combination tests. He advocated the combination only of : (1) Intradermic and ophthalmic. (2) Subcutaneous and ophthalmic. Dr. C. J. Becker then read and explained the B. A. I. Regu- lations covering tuberculin tests for making accredited herds and for interstate shipment. These papers led to numerous discussions and questions, be- cause many of the veterinarians anticipated taking the exami- nation required by the State and B. A. I. for testing aceredited herds. About 12 cows and calves and 10 hogs were tuberculin tested by the combination methods. Only one cow reacted. The re- actor gave positive intradermice and ophthalmic reactions. She was slaughtered and lesions were found in the mesenteric, medi- astinal and bronchial lymph glands, and in apical lobe of the lungs. One night and one afternoon were taken up by the veteri- narians present reviewing the pathology and lesions of tubereu- losis in cattle and hogs; also the different tuberculin tests and the State and Federal regulations were discussed, all of which was found to be good preparation for the examination. Thursday night the College Veterinary Medical Association gave a banquet at the Varsity Cafe. Nearly 150 attended and the toasts were timely, fresh and digestible, as well as laugh lifters. On Friday a polyclinie was held for the benefit of the associa- tion members. The weather was ideal. Three cases of fistulous withers were exhibited, all of which had previously been given a radical operation and all diseased tissues (muscle, fascia, liga- ments and bone) had been removed. Each one was making a good recovery. One ventral hernia operation in a pig was per- formed. One tumor was removed from a mule. A mule was exhibited that had been operated on by the French method for cartilaginous quittor and the cicatrix still caused some pain; then metacarpal neurectomy was done on that side, removing the pain and lameness. Another case was a mule with enlarged and DA ——— .. , Sore ASSOCIATION NEWS 257 contracted flexor pedis tendons. The high and the low tenotomy operations had been done and the mule remained very lame. Then median neurectomy was done. Mule was still somewhat lame. A litter of six setter pups, eight weeks old, each one hav- ing a good ease of rachitis, were exhibited for diagnosis and treatment. . .. On Saturday morning 30 veterinarians worked on the Federal . and State examination from 9 a. m. until 12 noon, so as to be given the right to test accredited. herds. It appears that some veterinarians look upon tuberculin testing as easy work. But the profession must know that it is difficult and that the art of applying and interpreting the reaction requires skill, study and close and careful serutiny. Make it accurate and then it will mean something and be aceredited in fact. C. A. Cary, Secretary. | PENNSYLVANIA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The thirty-eighth annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association was held in Harrisburg, Pa., January 25 and 26, with headquarters at the Penn-Harris Hotel. The meeting was called to order by the president, Dr. H. E. Bender. The following papers were read: ‘‘A Few Things Learned in Thirty Years’ Practice,’’ by E. E. Bittles; ‘‘Ex- periences in General Practice,’’ by D. R. Kohler; ‘‘ Traumatic Pericarditis in Cattle,’’ by A. L. Schonck; ‘‘The Dissemination of Anthrax Infection through Industrial Soureces,’’ by Adolph Eichhorn; ‘‘The Action of Drugs on the Uterus,’ by L. A. Klein ; ‘‘ Modern Biologies,’’ by E. A. Cahill; ‘‘Antisepties and Germicides in Surgical Conditions of Living Animals,’’ by John W. Adams; ‘‘Our Profession,’’ by David 8S. White, president A. V. M. A.; ‘*The Relation of Veterinary Extension Work to the Practicing Veterinarian, the Livestock Industry and the Public Health,’’ by George H. Hart; ‘‘The Veterinarian and the Community,’’ by H. W. Barnard; ‘‘The Swine Situation in Pennsylvania,’’ by H. lt. Church; ‘‘Diagnosis of Pregancy,”’ by C. J. Marshall; ‘‘The Present Status of the Horse Industry in Pennsylvania,’’ by G. A. Dick; ‘‘A Synopsis of Sterility and Abortion Work,’’ by W. H. Ridge; ‘‘The Progress of Tuber- culosis Eradieation in Pennsylvania,’’ by S. E. Bruner. 258 ASSOCIATION NEWS There were about two hundred and twenty in attendance. A great deal of interest was shown in the meeting, and everyone felt free to diseuss and pass opinion on all the above papers. From the time the meeting started early Tuesday morning until late Wednesday evening there was always something doing. This was the best meeting I have attended for several years. The following officers were elected for the coming year: Presi- dent, John W. Adams; vice-presidents, H. R. Chureh, E. C.. Deubler and John Reichel; recording secretary, C. S. Rockwell; corresponding secretary, R. M. Staley; treasurer, Thomas Kelly; trustees, H. E. Bender, Wm. J. Lentz, O. E. Quinn, H. W. Barnard and W. D. Ellis. C. S. Rockwetu, Resident Secretary. MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The regular meeting of the Massachusetts Veterinary Associa- tion was held at the New American House, Boston, Wednesday, February 23, 35 members being present. John B. Lentz, V. M. D., of Amherst, and Lawrence H. Batchelder, V. M. D., of Millbury, Mass., were admitted to mem- bership. A diseussion of the different bills before the Massachusetts House and Senate was held. The association voted to appear in favor of Senate Bill No. 69, relative to payment for cattle reacting to tests made under the jurisdiction of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry and Massachusetts Division of Animal Industry. The association voted not to appear in favor of House Bill No. 536, allowing veterinarians not con- nected with the Division of Animal Industry to use anti-hog cholera serum and virus. It was also voted to arrange to hold a meeting of all New England veterinarians some time during the month of June, such meeting to be held in conjunction with the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. A committee of five was appointed to ar- range for the date and place of meeting, said committee to make a preliminary report at the March meeting. The Massachusetts Veterinary Association and the Massa- setts Division of Animal Industry, together with State and ASssocIATION News 259 _ Pederal employes engaged in cooperative tuberculosis eradica- tion in New England and veterinary practitioners and represen- tatives of the livestock industry, are to hold a tuberculosis eradication conference in Boston, Mass.; on June 22, 23 and 24. An interesting program has already been arranged for this meeting, and special arrangements are being made for enter- tainment of the ladies. _ It is hoped that veterinarians or persons interested in such a meeting, residing outside of New England will avail them- selves of the opportunity of meeting the New England veterin- arians at this conference. Harrie W. Pierce, Secretary. IDAHO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION - Lam enclosing herewith a copy of the constitution and by-laws of the I. V. M. A. Inc., also a program of our first annual meet- ing held during the latter part of January, and a copy of the new veterinary law of Idaho just passed. The graduate veterinarians of Idaho have felt for years that the State has been a black spot on the map as far as laws pro- teeting and advancing the profession were concerned. There- fore as soon as the association was formed and incorporated, a committee was appointed to draft a bill to be presented at this session of the Legislature. The association started with a charter membership of 14 graduates and at our first meeting we had about 50 in attend- ance all of whom joined. _ Some of the members have been rather insistent that I get in touch with you, which I refused to do until I could report some- thing definite in advancing the profession in Idaho. The officers for 1921-1922 are: President, Dr. Ray P. Hurd; Vice-President, Dr. E. T. Powell; Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. H. C. Luce. Harry C. Luce, Secretary. A NEW PRACTICE LAW IN IDAHO THE LEGISLATURE of Idaho has just passed a bill regu- lating the practice of veterinary medicine in that State. _ The new bill is an excellent one; it provides for an examining board of three members. This Board not only gives examina- 260 ASSOCIATION NEWS tions but is empowered to revoke licenses. It also detérmines the standing of veterinary colleges as to whether the spi= shall be eligible to take the examinations. The law specifically provides that no one is allowed to ocala veterinary medicine, surgery or dentistry, or perform surgical operations on or prescribe for any physical ailments or deformity or injury to any domestic animal, or to administer hog cholera virus, anthrax vaccine, or to use tuberculin or mallein as wack nostic agents, unless he is registered in that State. ONTARIO VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, A general meeting was held at the Ontario Veterinary Col- lege, Toronto, on February 16 and 17. Although the number present was not so great as at the annual meeting, different parts of Ontario were well represented, and the holding of semi- annual instead of yearly meetings was justified. - The meeting convened in the Assembly Hall at 10 a. m., the President, Dr. J.. A. Campbell, presiding. An address of welcome was given by the Hon. Manning W. Doherty, Minister of Agriculture, followed by an address by Dr. J. G. Rutherford, of the Board of Railway Commissioners. Both gentlemen emphasized the great responsibility resting upon the veterinarian in furthering the development of the dese in- dustry. Letters and telegrams from the following were then vale re- gretting their inability to ve present at the meeting, and éxpress- ing their wishes for its suecess: The Hon. 8. F. Tolmie, Federal Minister of Agriculture; Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Di- rector General; Dr. Hastings, Medical Officer of Health, Toronto; Dr. E. A. A. Grange, Principal Emeritus, Ontario Vet- erinary College, and Dr. Geo. Hilton, Chief Inspector, Health. sid Animals Branch. : The afternoon session commenced at 2 o’clock, with a pie sion on the Veterinary Practice Act. Dr. MeGilvray was the first speaker and fully explained all that had been done in con- nection with the registration of non-graduates. -He pointed out that the members of the Veterinary Practice Board had thoroughly investigated every application and no certificate had been granted until they had satisfied themselves that the man | | f J ASSOCIATION NEWS 261 was entitled to it according to the provisions of the act. Others taking part in the discussion were Dr. Fowler of Toronto, Dr. Hutton of Welland; Dr. Caley of Bracebridge, Dr. Kelly of Orillia, Dr. Watson of the Biological. Laboratory, Ottawa, and Dr. Rutherford. Moved by Dr. Wilson, seconded by Dr. Culp, and unanimously carried that this association pass a resolution, giving its confidence to the Board as they had done everything in their power in behalf of the veterinary profession. The next item on the program-was a discussion regarding the advancement and support of the Canadian Veterinary Record. This journal is now edited by Col. T.-C. Evans, who explained to the meeting the necessity for an increased subscription list. It is the intention to publish the magazine quarterly instead of semi-annually. : Before proceeding with the symposium on contagious abor- tion and sterility, Dr. W. H. Moffatt of the V. V..M. Labora- tories was invited to address the meeting and explain the nature of his preparation which he is distributing as a .preventive and cure of contagious abortion. Dr. Moffatt stated that he was not there to discuss V. V. M. as regards its composition, but merely to tell the effect of its administration in herds where contagious abortion had occurred, and that he did not want any judgment passed at this meeting regarding the efficacy of the product. There was considerable discussion after. Dr. Moffatt had presented his paper, in which Drs. Batt, Gwatkin, Law, Watson, MeGilvray, Rutherford and Col. Mundhenk took part. The general impression created by the paper was that V. V. M. had not been proven a cure or preventive of contagious abortion. ' Dr. R. I. McIntosh was then called upon to address the meet- ing on sterility. His. address dealing principally with the physiological feature of the disease was greatly appreciated. Dr. Batt briefly outlined the physiology of the corpus luteum. / At 7.30 p. m. a banquet was held at the Walker House, at which about forty-six were present. After an enjoyable dinner, accompanied by selections on the piano, Dr. Rutherford was the first called upon to speak. His address was witty and in- teresting, dealing principally with his experiences when he first graduated and practiced in Indiana, New York State, Mexico, and Western Canada. » The next: speaker was Dr. J. A. Amyot, Deputy Minister of 262 ASSOCIATION NEWS Health, Ottawa, who is an honorary member of the association. Dr. Amyot pointed out to the veterinarians the importance of their work in caring for the livestock of the country. His ad- vice was that the veterinarian should educate the farmers up to an appreciation that they were now trying to make two-minute trotters out of hack horses; in other words, the average farmer is content with scrub stock when it costs no more either in time or money or labor to take care of the genuine article. Dr. Amyot also spoke on food values, dealing principally with milk. Dr. Barnes, Chief Inspector, Meat and Canned Food Act, next gave an interesting address, referring to the inspection of meat and canned foods during the war. Dr. Forsyth of the Municipal Health Department was then called upon for a song. He sang ‘‘Roaming in the Gloaming,’’ and an encore ‘‘A Wee Doch and Doris, ’’ which were greatly appreciated. The next speaker was Dr. C. D. MeGilvray, principal of the Ontario Veterinary College, who gave an outline of the course now being given at the college. Col. R. L. Mundhenk, of the Abbott Laboratories, was asked to say a few words. He appreciated the privilege of being at the meeting, and had pleasant memories of associations with wearers of the Maple Leaf in France during the late war. An enjoyable evening came to a close about 11.30. | The morning session on Thursday commenced with a demon- stration in the casting and restraint of horses, by Dr. D. R. Caley. Dr. W. J. R. Fowler performed the radical operation for poll evil, and Dr. J. Porter performed a eryptorchidectomy. Both operators thoroughly explained their technique to the interested audience, and were assisted in their operations by Drs. MeIntosh and Collett. The meeting then adjourned to the lecture room, and Dr. J. B. Hollingsworth, Chief Food Inspector of Ottawa, presented a very interesting paper on ‘‘ Better Dairy Cows.’’ The next paper was ‘‘Sterility in Cows,’’ by Dr. J. N. Pringle of Toronto. The afternoon session commenced at 2 o’clock and repre- sentatives of various biological houses addressed the meeting on the policy of their firms toward the veterinarian.. Mr. I. S. Stinnel of the Mulford Company read a paper entitled ‘‘The ‘ASSOCIATION NEWS 263 7 “ H. K. Mulford Company in the Veterinary Field,’’ and Col. R. L. Mundhenk of the Abbott Laboratories also presented an interest- ing paper dealing with the idea of a tendency growing within us to make things in general more difficult and complex than they actually are. He referred principally to practice, pathology, and veterinary education. A hearty vote of thanks was ex- tended to both these gentlemen-for their excellent papers. _ Representatives of the Parke Davis Company and the Lederle ; Giiiekiories also addressed the meeting, after which an illustrated lecture, ‘‘Standardization of Drugs,’’ was given by Dr. A. R. Fader, of the Parke Davis Company. _ Dr. A. Savage of Macdonald College, Quebec, an honorary member of the association, read an interesting and instructive paper on “‘ Anesthesia in General Practice.’’ Considerable dis- cussion followed, dealing principally with the intravenous in- jection of chloral hydrate for nareosis, in which Dr. Savage has had great experience. _ The last paper was read by Col. J. H. Wilson, of London. His subject was ‘‘Veterinary Ethics.’’ Although short, the paper was excellent and full of good points. _ The meeting was brought to a close by the sale of a number of the late Dr. R. A. Milne’s books and instruments. Dr. Savage acted as auctioneer, and the sum of $101.35 was realized. _ The next meeting will be held on the second Wednesday and Thursday in August. J. S. Guover, Secretary. - The social side of the life of the veterinarian finds expression in the organization of the Women’s Auxiliary of the New York State Veterinary College, New York University, which was effected at a meeting held at the college Friday afternoon, April 1, 1921. Election of officers resulted as follows: Mrs. W. Horace Hoskins, wife of the Dean, President ; Mrs. Roscoe R. Bell, Vice- President ; Mrs. Wm. Herbert Lowe, Secretary, and Mrs. Robert S. MacKellar, Treasurer. t was decided to meet monthly on the second Thursday of ‘month and a most corcial invitation is extended to all ladies of Greater New York and its environs who are interested to join in this movement for the promotion of the social activities of college life. NECROLOGY aut Dr. George Lauer Bushong died of cancer of the liver in Philadelphia, Pa., February 26, 1921, after a lingering illness of seven months. He was born in West Grove, Pa., July 12, 1882, and graduated at the Veterinary School, Dniverntty at Pennsylvania, in 1912. He was an energetic, diligent student and worker. For several years past he was field agent for the Pennsylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board. He resigned this position last June and went to California, where his brother is practicing veterinary medicine. He was taken sick with liver trouble shortly after his arrival and was fe nm to return to Philadelphia. : ~ He was a member of the Pennsylvania. State Veterinary Med- ical Association, the Philadelphia Veterinary Club, and the A.V. M. A. te oes: _ His work was much appreciated by the State Bureau of Animal Industry and by the breeders and stockmen, with whom his duties brought him in contact. He had many friends who join his family in sorrow for his untimely death. He leaves a wife and three sons. ¥ ’ 7 Dr. David W. Cochran, one of New York’s best known prac- titioners, passed on early Easter morn, after many months’ of illness. He was born in East 26th Street, New York City, i in 1854 a was therefore 66 years old at time of death. : Graduating from the Columbia Veterinary Cattage in 1819, from the American Veterinary College in 1880, he had practived in that city for more than forty years. He conducted one of the largest shoeing forges on ‘the 'iBled West Side at 19 Vesey Street, in connection with his practice, and had led a very busy life. He was a member of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, the New York State and New York County Veterinary Medical Societies, taking a very active interest in these organi- zations. He was attached to the teaching staff of the New York State Veterinary College at New York University, covering the sub- 264 NECROLOGY 265 _ jects of shoeing and lameness. He was also Treasurer of his _ Alumni Association. He was active and interested in Masonic cireles, and the rites of these fraternal bodies were beautifully exemplified at the funeral ‘ceremonies. - Mrs. Cochran and three daughters, Mrs. Luce, Mrs. Raymond and Mrs. Marsh, survive him. _ A devoted wife and daughter mourn the death of Dr. John B. Jones, Atlantic City, N. J., which occurred March 18, 1821, following a brief illness from pneumonia. Dr. Jones was born at Allentown, Monmouth County, N. J., May 11, 1863. He was graduated from the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, New York City, in 1897, whereupon he located at Atlantie City, and soon became one of New Jersey’s most successful prac- tioners. ’ Dr. Jones was a member of the Chamber of Commerce of Atlantic City; a former officer of the Veterinary Medical As- sociation of New Jersey, and was also one of the founders of the New Jersey State Scholarship Fund in Veterinary Science es- tablished at New York University, New York City. A large circle of friends mourn the loss of Dr. Alvin W. Schnell, Princeton, N. J., who died March 23, 1921. Dr. Schnell was an alumus of the Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsylvania; a member of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey, and one of the founders of the New Jersey Scholarship Fund,in Veterinary Science es- tablished at New York University, New York City. Tn the death of Dr. Peter A. Davison, Belmar, N. J., the profession of New Jersey sustains a distinct loss and New York University loses a most worthy son. Dr. and Mrs. W. Horace Hoskins spent a short period in Phila- delphia in March paying the last tribute of respect to Mrs. Cheever, the mother of Mrs. Hoskins. Mrs. Cheever passed imto the Great Beyond at the age of 93 years. Her burial at West Chester, Pa., near the scenes of her childhood, and where most of her life had been spent, was in accord with her expressed wish. MISCELLANEOUS A NEW VETERINARY BUILDING FOR KANSAS | The Kansas legislature has made an appropriation of $100,000 for a new veterinary clinic building to be erected at the Kansas State Agricultural College. The building will be used exclusive- ly for veterinary clinical purposes. The class rooms and labora- tories of the Division of Veterinary Medicine in the Kansas State Agricultural College are at this time housed in a com- modious three-story stone building perfectly adapted for vet- erinary instruction. With the addition of a new clinic building, the facilities at the Kansas State Agricultural College will be equal to that of any veterinary school in the United States. The fact that the Kansas legislature made such a large appropria- tion for hospital purposes indicates that they esteem very highly the value of veterinary services, especially since a large number of the legislators are engaged in livestock or agricultural pur- suits. HORSE ASSOCIATION LITERATURE Veterinarians are becoming awake to the importance of getting more information with respect to farm motive power before the farmers in their respective communities. The Horse Association of America, through its indefatigable secretary, Wayne Dins- more, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill, has published recently three very interesting pamphlets on ‘‘Farm Power for Nothing,”’ ‘*Preparedness’’ and ‘‘ Machine versus Muscle.’’ These leaflets are available for distributiqn and Mr. Dinsmore will gladly fur- nish veterinarians throughout the country with copies in such quantity as they desire for distribution. Anyone who will take the time to read these articles will concede that they are particu- larly effective in bringing to the attention of farmers certain im- portant problems in connection with motive power which they have as a rule failed to take into consideration. Tare SWEDEN’S SUCCESS Foot and mouth disease is being fought strenuously but sue- cessfully in Sweden and thus far over 4,000 cattle, 2,000 pigs and 100 sheep have been slaughtered and the infected premises cleaned and disinfected. 266 JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical iceockasies FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.) J. R. Mon.er, Editor, Washington, D. C. ri Wune, President, Aig pom Ohio. s. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, Ill. acos, Treasurer, Knosvilie, Tenn. Executive Board Gro. Huson, = District ; mA E. Munce, 2nd District; S. E. BeNNert, ae District; KIERNAN, 4th eee teay C. E. E. Corron, sts District; R. ae 6th District; A. T. KINSLEY, Member at eres eedanaite! on Journal _ A. T. Kinsey S. E. BENNETT J. A. Kiernan The American Veterinary Medical Association is not nsible for views or statements published in the JourNaL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application. Vou. LIX, N. S. Vou. 12 JuNE, 1921 3 No. 3 THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN CANADA THE LIVE STOCK interests of Canada have always con- stituted one of its greatest assets, and the veterinary profes- sion has for many years rendered excellent service in protecting these interests. The profession has, however, only of recent years years obtained general recognition from our legislative bodies. It is possible that the freedom of this country from epizootics of the more serious diseases has been largely respon- sible for the delay which has occurred in this connection. It is a matter of history that it required almost the com- plete destruction of the herds of cattle, sheep and swine in the countries of Europe and Asia in the sixteenth, seventeenth and | eighteenth centuries to convince the authorities in these coun- tries that the properly trained veterinarian was essential to the well-being of the live stock interests, and that as a protettive measure for their future, immediate action had to be taken to establish and support veterinary schools. The Manitoba Legislature was the first authoritative body in Canada to appreciate the importance of regulating veterinary practice. This body placed an act on the statutes in 1890, which requires all practitioners to register with the Veterinary Asso- ciation of that province. This association is an incorporate body, with an official registrar, who examines the credentials of 267 268 EbrroriaAL the applicants and registers those who possess diplomas from recognized veterinary colleges, after passing an examination held by an examining board. Many members of the profession in the Province of Manitoba were held in high esteem. by the general public, and had been honored in many ways by the residents of the communities in which they resided and practiced long before the passing of this act. Some of these members had seats in the Legislature and, being men of outstanding ability and strong character, were able to impress upon the authorities the importance and neces- sity of regulating the practice of veterinary medicine. No further legislation of this kind was enacted for sixteen years, the authorities in the other eight provinces of the Domin- ion being content to permit anyone to practice within their respective boundaries, whether qualified or not. There were many veterinary associations throughout ‘the country, but it was difficult to obtain united and concerted action on the part of the profession. Efforts were, however, made by outstanding individuals to convince the authorities of the necessity of taking suitable measures to protect the live stock interests. In 1906 the Alberta Legislature passed an act drafted on similar lines to the Manitoba Act, and a year later the Province of British Columbia followed their example. Sas- katchewan and Quebec took similar action in 1909, followed by Nova Scotia in 1913. Prince Edward Island passed suitable legislation in 1920, and the old Province of Ontario hesitated to do so until the end of that year. New Brunswick is now the only province in Canada not having legislation regulating vet- erinary practice. An attempt was made to induce the authorities of that province to take suitable action but without suecess. There are, however, very few opportunities for veterinary prae- tice in New Brunswick and there are, therefore, only a very limited number of practitioners within its boundaries. It is very gratifying to the profession that it has, even at this late date, been so generally recognized. The great changes which have taken place in recent years in the field of study in » veterinary science, which now aims more than ever at the con- trol of animal diseases and their prevention, places the profession in a much more exalted position. The modern stockman is now highly trained in animal husbandry and other matters relating to agriculture, and the veterinarian finds that it is getting more _ Eprrortat 269 ae aifhealt for him to command the respect and cdkiidtats of his clients, who demand better and more efficient service. The vet- erinarian must now be in a position to discuss intelligently with ccs stockmen all matters pertaining to stock raising. It is of _ the utmost importance that veterinary science should be well supported by the publie generally, and members of the profes- sion should give each other mutual support on the general prin- -Riples that affect the profession as a whole. They must value _ their ealling by the use they can be to the country, but they » Siaiat also do their part to convince public bodies of the value ‘of their services. The demands of the world-war have led to international consideration of the best methods of conservation, and it is important that every veterinarian should assist in minimizing the large wastage from preventable disease. Our existence as a profession depends upon the maintenance of a high standard of practical scientific attainment. The attitude of the American Veterinary Medical Association, with regard _ to raising the standard for veterinary education is, in view of these facts, generally appreciated. ; - The Honorable Minister of Agriculture for Canada, a few ____ Years ago, realized the necessity of encouraging unity of thought ___and aetion in the profession, and with this object in view called a conference in Ottawa with the intention of forming a vet- erinary advisory board. Representatives of the veterinary asso- ciations in each province attended this conference and mat- ters of importance to the profession were thoroughly discussed. While a permanent advisory board has not so far been ap- ‘pointed, the profession is of the opinion that such action should be taken, as conferences by such a board would be of great value. As a further means of providing a Canadian medium for the interchange of opinions and the dissemination of information to the profession the first Canadian veterinary journal, the Canadian Veterinary Record, was published as a bi-annual maga- zine last year by a few enterprising veterinarians, who realized the necessity of such a medium. It is receiving general support, and is now being published quarterly. This magazine is al-- ready advocating, through its pages, a Canadian National Vet- erinary Association, as well as Dominion registration for vet- erinarians. The enactment of suitable legislation by the federal authorities is suggested with a view to enabling veterinary prac- titioners to obtain such registration as would entitle them to 270 Eprroriau practice in any of the provinces on payment of the required fees to the veterinary association of the particular province in which they desire to locate. It further advocates that provision be made for the creation of a Veterinary Council or Board for the Dominion, to promote and bring into effect the establishment of a uniform standard of qualification for veterinary practice, this qualification to consist of a diploma or degree in veterinary science from an accredited college or university having a curriculum extending over a period.of four academic years. These suggestions denote progress in the right direction, and should be favorably received by the profession. The time was never more opportune for advanced measures. The live stock breeders are watching the profession with a critical eye. They realize more acutely than in the past the necessity of maintain- ing the health of all domestic animals and are demanding a higher standard of proficiency and professional service. A member of the profession oceupies for the first time in the history of this country the important ante of Federal Min- ister of Agriculture. The country is better prepared to teach thal who desire to enter the profession. It has two accredited veterinary colleges, which require a much higher standard of qualification for en- trance than in the past. These colleges are equipped with ade- quate facilities to suitably train their students, so that they can successfully cope with the present needs of the live setts industry. Our past experience has shown the vital necessity of sola action. The achievements of the Veterinary Medical Associa- tion are excellent examples of such a policy. It is, therefore, the duty of every veterinarian in Canada to take a keen interest in our profession as a whole, and to support in a practical manner any measures which may be advanced to improve the status of the profession with a view to rendering more efficient service to the live stock industry. G. H. BRITISH POLICY REGARDING FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE THE METHOD followed by the British veterinary authori- ties in combating foot-and-mouth disease is similar to that sue- cessfully used in the United States—namely, quarantine, slaugh- a. ED?IroriAL 271 > _____ ter with compensation, and disinfection. In answer to criticism ____ of this policy the British Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries has issued a statement in justification of its course. The cost of ___ this method is placed at only $60,000 for one year, for the pro- tection of a live-stock industry valued at more than a billion and a half dollars. By way of contrast it is shown that Spain’s policy of isolation and attempted cure cost well over $25,000,000 in 1919, while in 1919-20 the disease cost the Netherlands a like sum for a policy forced on that country by her geographical position. The willingness of the United States to expend $5,000,000 for eradication by slaughter in 1914 is cited with “approval. “Tt will be seen by those who will examine the facts care- fully,’’ says the British official statement, ‘‘that our present ‘policy is the cheapest and most effective that could be devised, and it is necessary to add that while it remains our policy— and there is no suggestion from any responsible quarter that it should be reversed—it is illegal for the owner of any af- fected animal to attempt a cure.’’ To attempt a policy of isola- tion and cure, continues the statement, ‘‘could only mean that foot-and-mouth disease would become sooner or later endemic in these Islands. Consequently the whole valuable export trade in the finest pedigree stock in the world would be destroyed ; our meat supply and our milk supply would be endangered and the present free intercourse of farmers with their markets would become a thing of the past.’’ “oe = "= qe Ved ? > r - “ Tr ne | ACCREDITED VETERINARIANS FOR ACCREDITED HERD WORK _ Already a few accredited herds have been turned back to the practicing veterinarians who have been accredited to conduct tuberculin testing of accredited herds in accordance with the uniform methods and rules. The rules adopted by the United States Livestock Sanitary Association, December 3, 1919, and amended December 6, 1920, provide as follows: (a) When a herd has been officially accredited by the United States Department of Agriculture and State, it shall be, when ordered by the Livestock Sanitary Officials of the State, tubercu- lin tested annually by any veterinarian whose name is upon the accredited list of veterinarians approved by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, provided that, before any veterinar- * 272 EpIroriAu ian other than one who devotes his entire time to the work of any State or the Bureau of Animal Industry can be approved for accredited herd work, he shall have passed an examination con- ducted by the proper livestock sanitary officials of the State in which he resides and the Bureau of Animal Industry. He then shall be eligible to conduct annual tuberculin tests upon herds which have been officially accredited upon dates approved by the proper State livestock sanitary, official and the inspector in charge of the Bureau of Animal Industry in the State wherein the herd is located. (b) No herd test ean be made by such an approved vet- erinarian unless he has instructions in writing from the State officials to that effect. The date of the annual tests for each herd shall be recorded in the State office, and also in the office of the inspector in charge. On any annual test the State and the Bureau reserve the right to have a regularly employed official present on the farm to supervise the testing done by the ap- proved veterinarian. (¢) The approved veterinarian shall conduct each test strict: ly in accordance with instructions issued by the Bureau of Animal Industry to employes engaged in cooperative tuberculo- sis eradication work. At the conclusion of each test the ap- proved veterinarian shall submit to the State veterinarian and the inspector in charge of the Bureau of Animal econ a copy of the reeord of the test. (d) Any animal of a herd under supervision whiek may react in any herd tuberculin tested by an approved veterinarian shall be marked for the purpose of indentification in accordance with the regulations of the State in which the animal is located. (e) Tuberculin tests applied by veterinarians other than those regularly employed by the State and the Bureau of Animal Industry shall be paid for by the owner of the herd. Examinations of veterinarians have been held in five States, and the number accepted for accredited herd work appears op- posite the names of these States as follows: 3 Minnesota, 152; Virginia, 39; Alabama, 29; North Caroling, 16, and Pennsylvania, 183. Arrangements are now being made to hold cantons in 17 or more other States June 25, 1921. These examinations will be held at one or more points in each State where State or Bu- reau oftices are maintained. Every effort is made to fix the dates and places for holding the examinations so as to cause the least inconvenience to the greatest number of veterinarians who are desirous of qualifying for the accredited herd testing. In those States in which examinations have been held most of the EprroriaL 273 cane have availed themselves of the opportunity y for this work. ‘Thee is a distinction bétween veterinarians who are approved io tuberculin test cattle for interstate shipment, under Regula- n 7, B. A. I Order 263, and those who are accredited to con- Spepencited herd tests, as is indicated by the following defi- S _o An “‘approved”’ practicing veterinarian is one who has a ae been authorized by the proper State official and the Bureau so a ‘that he may apply the tuberculin test to cattle intended for in- __ terstaté shipment. Said ‘‘approved’’ veterinarian is allowed to as in test cattle that are to be added to accredited herds, in the process of accreditation, but is not permitted to tubere test accredited herds of cattle. ce, - An ‘‘aecredited”’ practicing veterinarian is one who has at peeatally passed am examination of the State and the Bureau yi aay that he may tuberculin test accredited herds of cattle eee on provisions of Section 6 of the Uniform Methods and _ Rules govering accredited herd work which were approved by go. u December 6, 1920. All ‘‘aceredited’’ veterinarians will also have to be “ ”? veterinarians, but if an ‘“‘approved’’ veterinarian fails to pass the examination for accredited herd work, he may con- ti to tuberculin test additions to accredited herds unless he a pproved- for that work by the State and Bureau officials og charge in the State where he is located. rate the above paragraph 1 there have been approved for interstate testing 7,098 veterinarians. __ With the development of accredited herd work in the various States there shall be no reason why the work may not be proper- ly handled by the large corps of veterinarians who will be ac- - eredited to do that class of work. Obviously accredited herds must be officially recognized and official supervision must be maintained over the testing of those herds. No State or Na- | tional Government would affix its mark of approval -upon the testing of herds without having knowledge of the manner in which the work was conducted. Of necessity the methods of testing must be uniformly conducted by the veterinarians; other- wise the livestock owners, whose cooperation is essential for the success of the campaign, would have reason for doubting the aeeuracy of the work. This does not mean domination but co- operation and coordination. To a very large degree the success of the project depends upon the efficiency and integrity of those P< 4 : 274 Eprrortau conducting the test. Therefore it behooves every person inter- ested in the campaign to labor diligently to fulfill his obligations and responsibilities. The veterinary profession is confronted with the great re- sponsibility of maintaining a high health standard for the ten billion dollar livestock industry of the United States. This re- sponsibility must be assumed by the private as well as the of- ficial veterinarians representing cities, counties, States and the Federal Government. These forces must of necessity so align themselves and coordinate their endeavors that the industry shall be best served. 5 The official organizations created by Congress and the re- spective legislatures must render at stated periods reports of the progress of their work, and perforce their records must be based upon facts known to them which can be aequired in but one way, viz., by close contact and supervision. J. A. K. CALMETTE’S TUBERCULOSIS EXPERIMENTS In September, 1920, Dr. A. Calmette, together with C. Guerin, both of the Pasteur Institute of Paris, published an article re- lating to experimental studies on the vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis. This article was quite fully abstracted on page 599 of the February, 1921, Journau. In a recent letter Dr. Calmette states that the newspapers unfortunately have some- what perverted the sense of his article and then explains as follows: ‘*T am carrying out these experiments, which are giving ex- cellent fesults. However, there is no question in any way of transferring them at the present time into actual practice. They must be continued for a long time, and I intend to extend them to anthropoid apes in a laboratory that we hope to install in French Guinea as soon as we can find the indispensable re- sources. ’’ If Calmette and Guerin were men of less consequence in the field of medical research, their claims that they have found a method to attenuate bovine tuberele bacilli and that such at- tenuated bacilli may be used as a vaccine, would not impress the scientific world as being very important. Naturally the dis- covery of a safe and effcient vaccine against bovine tuberculosis would be a great achievement of enormous economic value, and EDITORIAL 275 is to be hoped that the conclusions of these scientists will stand the test of time and further investigations. - However, we should not lose sight of the fact that the con- -____ ¢lusion on tuberculosis immunization was based on the results obtained from only 10 calves. Four of these were used as con- trols, that is, they were exposed to badly diseased cattle with- out receiving any protective vaccination. One of these or 25 per cent failed to show any lesions of tuberculosis on post- mortem, even though it had not been protected by vaccination. Of the three once vaccinated calves, two were found diseased on postmortem and one healthy or a failure to protect in 66 per cent of the calves. The calf that was twice vaccinated and the remaining two calves that were thrice vaccinated all remained healthy, indicating an efficiency of 100 per cent, although they were exposed to the same infection as the controls. As Calmette admits it is highly desirable that these experiments should con- tinue longer on a sufficiently large scale to justify a general con- clusion, but thus far this opportunity has not presented itself. A NEW VETERINARY COLLEGE FOR SOUTH AFRICA We learn from the Rand Daily Mail, dated 18th September, 1920, South Africa, that Sir Arnold Theiler sailed for Europe on the 19th, and will be absent from the colony for ten months, during which time he will visit the important centers of research in the British Isles, the Continent and America. He considers this an ideal method of keeping abreast of the advance in re- search, and insists that the members of his staff take similar trips. Sir Arnold is head of the Research Institution at Onder- stepoort, where he has done much research work for Veterinary Science, regarding the problems of the livestock industry of South Africa. : Plans are being made for the building of a Veterinary College at Onderstepoort, to cost approximately $800,000, and will, when completed, afford accommodation for fifty students. It is quite likely that on his return Sir Arnold will have with him a few experts to increase the staff at Onderstepoort, which would other- wise be too small to cope with the extended duties caused by the. establishment of the Veterinary College. The course will extend over a period of five years, the last two years being completed in the field —(From The Canadian Veterinary Record, March, 1921.) THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF LIVESTOCK: | By G. F. Finuay Ma Walter and Eliza Hall Veterinary Research Fellow, pes x University, Australia ~- ALL MATTERS pertaining to the purebred livestock indus try and to the improvement of the ordinary flocks and are of special interest to the veterinarian, for the prosperity 0 the veterinary profession is directly dependent upon the of the livestock of the country. Questions relating to importa- tions and exportations of purebred stock are of vital importance to breed associations, and as the veterinary authorities have much to do in regulating this trade, it is very necessary that we interest ourselves in the matter and adopt a sy mpathetic atti- tude toward the purebred stock owner, for he is the man git responsible for the improvement in our ordinary livestock. — Tue Export Trape or Great Britain The breeders of Great Britain have up to the present | time held a preeminent position as improvers and distributors of purebred stock. During the last 25 years the average value of the livestock exported from Britain has been over $5,000,000 per annum. This sum distributed among comparatively ‘few breeders has enabled them to build up studs of unrivaled merit and to supply the home demand for high-class breeding stock. Were it not for the export demand, the ordinary stock of Brita would not be of such excellence as it is today. After making due allowance for a great falling off during the war, statistics show that there has been a marked decrease in the export of cattle, sheep and swine during the past 25 years. That horses did not show this falling off, but rather up to 1914 showed an annual itierease in numbers exported, can be attributed to the military preparations of various countries. The Thoroughbred has a world-wide reputation as a cavalry horse, while the draft breeds are also popular. The importance of this trade to the breeders of Great Britain can be estimated when it is realized that the average yearly number of animals exported for a period of 25 years ending in 1918 was 36,284 horses, 3,631 cattle, 6,306 sheep, 473 pigs. The future of the Presented at the Fifty-«eventh Annual Mastin: of the American vasieal Medica! Association, Columbus, Ohio, August, 1920. 276 ‘ye a ‘: “ v ee uf INTERNATIONAL EXcHANGE oF Livestock 277 ae i r f Na » will be greatly influenced by the result of the League s’ attempt to control military preparations. _ I is the export of cattle and sheep that has been of most impe » to America. The beef breeds of Britain, especially Shorthorn, Hereford and Aberdeen Angus, have no rivals. ty nae breeds are the most popular for grading up nal ithe great meat-producing countries of the world. All the mutton breeds of sheep are similarly of British origin. 3 infuence of British hogs, however, has been less’ remark- , for America, the greatest hog-producing country of the wor has built up its three principal breeds, the Duroe-Jersey, t e Poland- China and the Chester White, from foundation stock n from many different countries. me continuous export of breeding stock of the best quality, wever, to other great livestock countries has resulted in the z up of herds and flocks of purebred stock in those coun- s which are almost as good and in some cases quite as good e parent stock. The natural result is the falling off to a able extent in Britain’s export trade in cattle, sheep and eat Britain’s contribution to the dairy industry is greater sn the relative number of the different breeds in the United ; of America would indicate. The Ayrshire is much more . c a in Australia and New Zealand than in America, and as made a reputation for herself as being exceptionally hardy 1 able to adapt herself to different environments. In the ie... countries the milking Shorthorn rivals the Jersey oa favor and has attained a degree of excellence above ¥ that in England. _ _ Britain has been frequently described as ‘‘the stud ia of the world.’’ This epithet has been well earned in the past, but there is every indication that it will not hold good in the near future. There is no danger that Britain will be supplanted from her preeminent position in the livestock world, but the excellence of t the stud stock in the great meat and wool-producing coun- tries makes it less necessar:- than heretofore to import from that country. THe CHANNEL ISLANDS ‘The ieabices of this small section of the British Empire have _ set an example in the science and art of breeding that could = ia -*. ee: > a . a p 278 G. F. Frnuay with advantage be followed closely by patrons of other breeds. ~ The Jersey has long been recognized as the aristocrat of the bovine world. It combines those three ideals of the dairy ecow— capacity for production, constitution, and beauty of form—to a greater extent than the other breeds. I can not quote statistics as to the export of stock from the Channel Islands, but there continues to be a demand from dairying countries all over the world for both Jerseys and Guernseys. Many breeders con- sider that the time is not yet in sight when America could safely dispense with infusions of Island blood. This applies to a greater extent to Guernseys than to Jerseys. THe CONTINENT OF EUROPE Practically all the great breeds of livestock that originated in Continental Europe have been improved in the younger coun- tries. Thus the Holstein-Friesian in the United States and Canada is superior to that of Holland. In the latter country there is no advanced registry; also it is the custom to slaughter the herd bulls at an early age. These two factors are evidenany retarding the development of the breed there. The Merino sheep originated in Spain and has been improved in France, Germany and the United States, but Australia is the home of the highly improved modern type. The Percheron horse of America is equally as good as that of France, though that statement would only hold good for prt bred animals. It can therefore be seen that there is no longer any need for the younger countries to import from Continental Europe. Also the prevalence of contagious diseases there makes it unde- sirable. THe Livestock OF AMERICA It must be conceded that the United States occupies the posi- tion next to Great Britain among the great purebred livestock countries. This applies to purebred stock, but probably does not hold good for ordinary range stock. A traveler in this coun- try can not but be struck by the contrast between the range stock of some of the Southwestern States and the herds in the Corn Belt. The high standard of the purebred beef breeds makes it quite unnecessary to make continuous demands on Britain. The desire to build up an export trade, as evidenced by the 4 ei INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE oF LivEsTOCK 279 ' aetién of the United States Department of Agriculture in send- ing “officials to South America, will establish a healthy rivalry __ with Great Britain and will be to the interest of the southern — ___ republics. The hope of United States breeders of beef cattle is, of course, Brazil, but a prolonged educational policy will be necessary before any great progress in grading up their inferior herds ean be made. ‘a It is in the dairying industry, however, that America is at- j fe _ tracting world-wide interest. Perhaps in one or two breeds first place must be conceded to the country of origin, but for ___ all-round excellence in purebred stock America takes first place, nf though I would group Canada with the United States in making that statement. In the past American breeders have imported the best dairying stock to be found in the Channel Islands, _ Great Britain and Holland, and have not only succeeded in ; a keeping up the standard, but have, in the case of the Holstein- ____ Priesian breed particularly, succeeded in improving on the foun- dation stock. 4 The main factor in effecting this improvement has been the if advanced registry. This system of registration has been taken Ea ap by Australia and New Zealand and in a modified form by Great Britain and the Channel Islands. There is every indica- tion that it is revolutionizing the whole dairying industry. © Prior to its advent the standard of perfection was show type, ‘in which beauty of form, dairy type and minor fancy points _ were the objects in view. Great emphasis has been placed on __ dairy type, but during the past few years genetecists have been _ making very thorough biometrical research as to what degree of correlation exists between conformation and milk production, _ and their results show that there is no justification for placing such emphasis on dairy type as we have been doing in the past. The advanced registry shows up those families which possess the hereditary factors for milk production, but has practically eliminated from popular favor families which, while of good dairy type, yet do not possess the factors for heavy produc- tion. After all, that is the main object in view with dairy breeds. In practical effect advanced registry has resulted in a new method of selection; that is, selection on the basis of the genetical constitution of individuals as regards factors for milk production. The system is more successful in the United States 280 G. ¥. Finuay than in other dairying countries owing to the fact that rears are available which cover many generations. America should have an export trade in dairy stock to coun- | tries in the southern hemisphere. But the American breeder as yet is not held in the same confidence as the older British breeder, and therefore it is to the interest of the breed associa- tions to take every action to safeguard foreign purchasers of stock. A foreign buyer should as far as is possible be given a guaranty against tuberculosis. va A rather puzzling practice to breeders from other couttahae is the different ways of quoting fat or butter records. This is evidently done to impress the uninitiated, but actually rather surrounds the records with suspicion. Another thing that pos- sibly reacts disadvantageously to a breed is the doubt one hears frequently expressed as to the genuineness of some of the big prices paid for stock. There may not be ground for such — but they travel even out of this country. a THe ATTITUDE OF BREEDERS Yin Stock breeders as a class rather fail to appreciate the aiff. culties facing the veterinary authorities in regulating the inter- national exchange of stock so that serious contagious diseases shall not be introduced. However, it must be admitted that the open door for stock importations as far as is compatible with safety is greatly to the interest of breeders and therefore to the whole livestock industry. In some of the younger livestock countries certain breeds have attained such a standard of ex- cellence that it is no longer desirable to make regular impor- tations-from Britain. The breed associations, however, are the best judges of that and ean protect their breeders from the competition of an influence of unnecessary stock which carries the magic word ‘‘imported,’’ by putting high registration fees on such stock. EXPERIMENTAL BREEDING Both North and South America have imported animals for experimental breeding purposes to a considerable extent. The attempts to establish new breeds and in some cases new species by the hybridization of existing species to meet certain climatie conditions have not been very successful. The cross between the zebu and European breeds produces progeny of typical hybrid ia ~ On tap INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE oF Livestock 281 or, bu according to reports from Brazil, deterioration re- in subsequent generations unless they are graded back to ie nt races, and even deterioration in the pure zebu stock orted in that country. » attempts to establish a breed intermediate between the nerican bison and our beef breeds of cattle has not been sue- . il up to the present, though reports show that the female ___ hybrids can be graded back to either parent race. I understand __. the Canadian Government is continuing the experiment. Ee wpimilacly the attempts to (1) establish new breeds by cross- =m oe Asiatic yak with the Galloway, as proposed by Canada _ and Alaska, (2) crossing the Siberian fat-rumped sheep with = * p of British breeds in South Dakota, and (3) crossing the —- sheep with modern breeds in Arizona are all interest- to the genetecist, but our present knowledge of the laws of 1 Simendig searcely lead us to expect the results the experimenters for. rr THe INTERNATIONAL ASPECT The world’s supply of animal foodstuffs is not increasing as a. ae as is the human race. At the same time Asiatic races are ___ becoming educated to demand far more meat and milk than they = ~ have been accustomed to in the past. As the population of a « ee sountry increases, stock raising must give way to crop produc- SMS a ifeabextedt” ‘Thicke factors tend to make animal food- e stu increase in value. As these are, however, our most im- “4 yrtant source of protein, it would seem to be to the interest Lae. os of ev ‘every nation to do all in its power to make the world’s supply are = * —_ of livestock keep up to the world’s population. The greatest possibilities for improvement in existing condi- tions are in some of the South American republics. In Brazil, # or example, there are approximately 30,000,000 cattle, but they E axe? of inferior quality. Reports indicate that zebu blood is very widely disseminated, but is not effecting improvement in _ the range cattle. The government is alive to the importance of the matter and offers subsidies for imported purebred stock. Inthe Argentine the livestock, and especially the cattle, are of high standard, for that country has been the most consistent importer of British beef breeds during the last 25 years. Ar- gentina will probably supply most of the purebred stock r2- ‘quired by the other South American republics. _ a & Le. 282 G. F. Fixiay South Africa imports considerable numbers of purebred stock annually, including sheep from Australia. Australia and New Zealand are both noted for the excellence of their livestock. In spite of the great distance of these coun- tries from Great Britain, importations of all classes of pure- bred livestock have been kept up. America has had a very small part in supplying that demand, but I believe if more were known of American livestock a trade could be established, espe- cially in cattle and swine. Some of your best-bred Herefords and Aberdeen Angus stock would be a decided asset to us, though the Angus has only just recently been taken up. Your dairy breeds, however, would be of the greatest value. . New Zealand in the past has imported a number of high-class Holstein-Friesians from Canada, and these ultimately sueceeded in capturing the Australasian records for butter and milk pro- duction. These importations have had a remarkable influence on the dairy industry in New Zealand. There is no reason why America could not find a market in Australia for some of her best specimens of each of the dairy breeds and especially the Holstein-Friesian. No one will dispute the superiority of the swine of the United States and Canada, and it is rather surprising that such excel- lent breeds as the Duroe-Jersey, the Chester White and the Hampshire have not been taken up by other countries. I be- lieve Australia and New Zealand could very well do with im- portations from this country, but such a trade could be better organized if your swine breeders could send out some selected stock similar to the trial shipment sent to South America a few months ago. In exchange, Australia could supply you with Merino sheep. A type has been produced there which has no equal as regards quality of fleece, conformation and hardiness, and many Ameri- can sheep breeders recognize that it would be to their interest if they could secure these sheep. The type corresponds some- what to your Delaine B, having a plain body with two or three neck folds. I believe a few shipments of these sheep to this country would have an immense influence in establishing a standard type. The rather diverse types that exist here can not be to the interest of the wool trade, At present there is an American embargo on Australian sheep, due to the existence of pleuropneumonia in eattle in some parts of the country. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE 0 or Livestock 283 |New Zealand has been recognized “a American sheep breeders __- @S -~possessing some excellent mutton breeds, and New Zealand = | Remaney Marsh, Lincoln and Corriedale sheep seem to be gain- ing favor in this country. The New Zealand Romney Marsh is F _ @ magnificent large mutton sheep, showing great resistance to ___ foot rot and liver fluke, and is considered superior to its English ’ ancestors. The Corriedale originated in New Zealand some 30 years ago by combining a Merino-Lincoln cross with a small amount of Merino-English Leicester blood. There seems to be a blending inheritance, and they breed fairly true to type. I have seen sale advertisements in the United States of grade Corriedale sheep of half and three-quarters blood, for breeding purposes. That practice is scarcely likely to react in favor of the breed, however. Although New Zealand sheep are playing an important r6le in this country, I am convinced that Australian Merinos would be of still greater value if only the embargo could be raised. The reciprocal interchange of stock could probably be brought i ~ about if there were only a better understanding of actual con- _ ditions between the veterinary authorities of the two countries. I can think of no better method of gaining that knowledge than by an international veterinary conference. Australia could be + depended upon to give her active support to such a conference. / It would appear that the livestock of most of the impor- tant meat and wool producing countries has reached such a standard that it is no longer very necessary to import regular ‘large shipments of purebred stock from Great Britain. But owing to the law of variation in breeding, superior families will continue to be developed in all breeds, and it is to the inter- est of the livestock industry of all countries that breeders be allowed to import and add such desirable blood when the danger of introducing disease is not too great. » aie ne a es Dey ee Ph _ Towa Homestead in an article urging the State legislature to ) appropriate money for tuberculosis-eradication work says: ‘‘If _ the State of Iowa would spei.d from half to three-quarters of a _ million dollars annually for tuberculosis-eradication work and _ the Federal Government would continue to help in the clean-up, - as it is doing now, it is conservatively estimated that bovine _ tuberculosis could be practically eliminated from our cattle and _ hogs i in 10 years. EQUINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION®* By R. A. Keuser* Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. . THE SERIOUS MENACE of bovine infectious abortion to the cattle industry of the country has called forth the efforts of a relatively large number of research workers, and a consider- able amount of work has been done with a view to improving our knowledge of the disease and means for its control. Com- paratively little, however, is reported on equine infectious abor- tion, although notations of its occurrence are not infrequent. It is estimated that the annual colt crop of the United States amounts to approximately 2,000,000 animals, and I am of the opinion that if an accurate compilation of losses for the past five years due to infectious abortion were possible, the size of the figure would probably prove a surprise to a number of us. . According to Williams (1), equine infectious abortion was first recognized in the United States in 1886, when it made its ap- pearance in several States in the Mississippi valley. Since that time its general distribution throughout the United States is indicated from reports of outbreaks in various widely separated sections of the country. It has been responsible for the loss of practically the entire colt crop of various horse-breeding sections during certain seasons. Extensive outbreaks of equine abortion are of more sporadie occurrence than bovine abortion, but the disease in mares runs an acute course and exacts a large toll oe colts when once it appears. For a number of years the etiology of equine infectious abor- tion was a more or less unsettled question, various investigators attributing it to different causes. Even now the organism in- criminated by the majority of investigators as the macs agent is occasionally questioned. Kilborne and Smith (2) in 1893 reported the occurrence of an outbreak of abortion in a large stud in Pennsylvania. An organism of the paratyphoid group, closely resembling the Bacillus suipestifer (hog-cholera bacillus), was isolated. __ * Presented at the F of the American Vi Medical Aaneclation . tawcae A August, I — ta peas 4 * Resigned ‘September 7 , 1920. fr. an | Equine Inrectious ABorTION 285 od a ertag (3) in 1901 called attention to an outbreak of equine : Bs : in Northern Germany and reported the isolation of a aie ‘sh | streptococets His transmission- experiments with the ga 1 isolated were, however, with one exception, negative. ia to Ligniéres (4) reported the isolation of an organism » hog-cholera group in connection with a study of abortion sheep and cows, in France and Argentina. Good (5) of the Kentucky Experiment Station in 1912 re- _ ported the isolatiop of an organism of the paratyphoid group from eases of abortion occurring in several studs in Kentucky, and was able to produce abortion in pregnant guinea-pigs with _ the organism. In 1916 Good and Smith (6) published a further | * article dealing with the etiology of the disease. _ In 1912 De Jong (7) of Holland reported the results of his 4 _ work with an organism of the paratyphoid group isolated from _ eases of equine abortion. He was able to produce abortion quite preems with the culture isolated. _ In 1913 Meyer and Boerner (8) published on the etiology of a | outbreak of equine abortion in Pennsylvania and described _~ an organism of the paratyphoid group as the causative agent. St Ovr K OF INFecTIOUS Equine AportTION At ARMy REMOUNT A Depots be Bait = i _ During the past winter (1919-1920) while the writer was in _ charge of the Army Veterinary Laboratory at Philadelphia, Es Pennsylvania, a rather extensive outbreak of equine infectious _ abortion occurred practically simultaneously at three of the _ army remount depots and afforded an excellent opportunity for a study of the disease and means for its control. This report is based chiefly on the work done during this outbreak. | The remount depots involved were located at Fort Keogh, Montana; Fort Reno, Oklahoma, and Front Royal, Virginia, and so far as could be ascertained there was no record of an inter- change of animals between the three depots at any time imme- diately previous to the outbreak. The disease was diagnosed at the Fort Keogh Remount Depot late in October, 1919, by the Central Department Laboratory, following several abortions in the brood mares at the depot. _ Cultures isolated were later forwarded to the Philadelphia Laboratory and were found to be identical in every way with those isolated from the eases at Front Royal. 7 , .. ” a Rau Sa 286 R. A. Kevser At the Front Royal Remount Depot abortion became frequent in November, 1919, and in December, on account of the con- tinuance of the trouble, which led to the suspicion that the con- dition was infectious, specimens were forwarded to the Phila- delphia Laboratory and we were able to isolate an organism of the paratyphoid group which proved to be Bacillus abortus equi. In February, 1920, the Southern Department Laboratory, employing an antigen prepared by the Philadelphia Laboratory from cultures isolated from the Front Royal specimens, obtained positive complement-fixation reactions with several blood speci- mens from aborting mares at the Fort Reno Remount Depot. Subsequent bacteriological examinations of utero-vaginal speci- mens resulted in the isolation of B. abortus equi quite uniformly. A total of 93 known abortions occurred at these three remount depots during the outbreak; and inasmuch as mares in the very early stages of gestation may abort without this being detected, it is possible that the actual number of abortions even exceeded this figure. Specimens from all mares that aborted were submitted to one of the three laboratories engaged in the work, for bacteriological examination. Further, numerous complement-fixation and ag- | glutination tests were carried out with blood specimens from | the aborting mares and from mares and stallions exposed to the infection. . Tue Erro.oeicaL Factor The organism isolated uniformly throughout the outbreaks at all three of the above-mentioned remount depots corresponds in ~ all essentials to that described by Kilborne and Smith, De Jong, Good, and Meyer and Boerner. It appears as a short, rather stout rod, with rounded ends, varying from 0.4 to 1 micron in length and from 0.2 to 0.5 micron in width. The organism in smear preparations from specimens of discharge has a marked tendency toward bipolar staining. It stains well with the ordinary aniline dyes and is Gram negative. Hanging drop preparations demonstrate it to be actively motile. It is an aerobe and a facultative anaerobe and grows well at the usual incubator temperature of 37.5° C. The growth on agar slants is very characteristic of the organ- ism and serves as one of the chief points of differentiation between Bacillus abortus equi and closely related organisms of Equine INFectious ABORTION 287 3 See growth rapidly takes on a dry, wriulied appearance so < 2 that usually after 48 hours it is uniformly dry and wrinkled * ome its entire surface, and on removing part of it with a plati- We hope all members and their friends will try and arrange to take a vacation and come to a meeting which will be both sh Eg pleasant and profitable. We would like to see the profession ks Some, tepreeented and so far I have received a good response. Kennetu Cuester, Secretary. WASHINGTON STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION _ The next meeting of the Washington State Veterinary Medi- eal Association will be held July 14 and 15 at the Butler Hotel, ~ Seattle, Washington. It will be a oint meeting of the Oregon, Washington and British Columbia Associations. The Idaho As- sociation is being urged to join in and is expected to cooperate. Eastern veterinarians are cordially invited to be present. Cart Cozier, Secretary. VETERINARY LABORATORY FOR SOUTH DAKOTA A substantial two-story building of brick and hollow tile, with a one-story wing containing two rooms for small experimental animals, a postmortem room and a supply room, now houses the animal health laboratory and department of veterinary science and bacteriology at Sonth Dakota State College. Dr. C. C. Lipp and his staff are now settled in the new building which is just to the west of the college armory. The first floor of the building contains two well-equipped laboratories with all the apparatus usually found in such places and also several offices conveniently located for the animal health laboratory staff. The second floor contains a classroom and several storage rooms. The entire building, heated by steam and supplied with sewer and water connections, is splendidly lighted by both na- tural and electric light. The laboratories contain many built-in features not usually found in smaller institutions. Latest elee- trical devices are used to save time and increase efficiency. Many of these are of the self-regulating type and when properly ad- justed will operate continuously without further attention. The new building and equipment enable the department to give more and better ser\ice to the veterinarians and livestock men of the State. SOE ee Saas, NECROLOGY As we are going to press the sad news is received of the death of Dr. James Law, at Springfield, Massachusetts, on the night of May 10. Dr. Law was born in the County of Edinburgh, Scotland, February 13, 1838. His early education was obtained in pri- vate and parish schools of West Calder and Livingston, later in the Burgh High School of Dunbar, East Lothian. At the age of 16 he entered Edinburgh Veterinary College and graduated in - 1857. Though the youngest member of the largest class which up to that time had graduated from this institution, he was awarded the medal for the best examination in anatomy and shared equally with Dr. William Williams the honor of passing the best general examination. In 1863 the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons conferred upon him the degree of M. R. C. V.8.; in 1870 he became F. R. C. V. S. The year following his graduation, Dr. Law accepted the position of Demonstrator of Anatomy in his Alma Mater and later taught Materia Medica (1860-65). In 1865 the college was transferred to London and he became Professor of Anatomy. In 1868 Dr. Law aecepted the chair of Veterinary Science in Cornell University, Ithaea, New York, which he held until 1896, when he was appointed Director of the New York State Veteri- nary College which that year was founded and endowed as a College of the University. Here he taught the subjects of vet- erinary medicine, veterinary science and parasites and para- sitisms in domestic animals from 1896 to 1908, when he retired after forty years of service at Cornell. As a teacher and writer Dr. Law was most eminent among those who have contributed to the development of veterinary education in this country. His appreciation of the high pur- poses of veterinary medicine and his keen foresight are indicated by his attitude toward higher veterinary education. Cornell, at a comparatively early date, prescribed a four-year high school | course or its equivalent as one of the entrance requirements. During his American eareer Dr. Law was veterinary editor for the New York Tribune, Livestock Journal, and contributed liberally to various other journals, magazines and standard medi- eal works on veterinary subjects. The most important of his 394 "ss N¥gcroLocy 395 _ productions as an author are ‘‘General and Descriptive Anatomy ies of Domestic Animals,’’ ‘‘Farmers’ Veterinary Adviser’’ and the i) “Text Book of Veterinary Medicine,’’ consisting of five volumes. fat He was consulting veterinarian to the New York State Agri-— . cultural Society from 1868 to 1896, chairman of the U. S. Treas- ury Cattle Commission appointed in 1880, and a member of the ‘New York State Commission on Tuberculosis in Cattle. He as- sumed charge of contagious pleuro-pneumonia eradication work behalf of the B. A. I. in Illinois on April 20, 1887, and in 3 New York on December 1, 1887. In 1880 he represented the ls U.S. Department of Agriculture at the International Veterinary "Seis en f . Congress at Brussels, Belgium, and during the outbreaks of foot- Be and-mouth disease in 1902, 1908 and 1914 he rendered assistance id through his advice to national and State authorities. Dr. Law was a great champion of higher veterinary education and he was regarded as one of the foremost veterinary educators { in America. In his studies he explored every avenue of learning . j and with tireless brain he wrought to elevate his profession and ‘ promote the livestock industry. He was always a conspicuous ; figure in his profession through his teachings and literary con- tributions. He was a thorough gentleman, loved by all who had 7 the pleasure of knowing him. He is survived by his widow, to whom he had been married for 58 years, and by three daughters. Dr. John Edward Clark died in Washington, D. C., on May 4 of an acute attack of Bright’s disease and was buried at Annapolis, Md. Dr. Clark was born in Raleigh, N. C., 27 years ago. He moved to Maryland as a young man and was employed by the Baltimore branch of Parke, Davis & Company for the four years prior to entering the Veterinary College of George ‘Washington University in 1916. When the latter college closed its doors during the war, he was transferred to the Veterinary School of the University of Pennsylvania from which he gradu- ated in 1920. He became a member of the A. V. M. A. at the ‘Columbus convention. At the time of his death he was an as- sistant to Dr. D. E. Buckingham in whose practice he showed much promise and was developing as a clever operator. He made friends easily and carried high ideals regarding the pro- fession. During the war he was appointed a sergeant in the Students’ Army Training Corps. Dr. Clark leaves a widowed mother, one brother, and a host of friends. MISCELLANEOUS VINEGAR AN EFFICIENT GERMICIDE FOR THE NECROSIS BACILLUS Several months ago a veterinary officer at one of the Army remount depots reported that he had had uniformly good re- sults in the treatment of gangrenous dermatitis due to the necrosis bacillus (Bacillus necrophorus) by using foot baths of dilute cider vinegar. This led to some experimental tests, which were conducted by Captain Raymond A, Kelser in the Army Veterinary Laboratory which then occupied quarters in the Veterinary School building. Liquor cresolis comp., carbolie acid and bichloride of mercury were tested in comparison with commercial cider vinegar and it was found that the vinegar ex- erted a stronger germicidal action on the Bacillus necrophorus than any of the other substances. Liquor cresolis comp. was second in efficiency. Commercial cider vinegar was found to have an acidity of approximately 514 per cent and to retain its germicidal action against Bacillus necrophorus in dilutions up to 1 to 3, but was not effective in greater dilutions. It is recom- mended that in practice a 1 to 14% per cent solution of chemi- cally pure acetic acid or commercial cider vinegar diluted with an equal quantity of water be used. Infected soil saturated with undiluted commercial cider vinegar failed to produce dis- ease in six rabbits which were inoculated with it. The results of these experiments warrant a trial of cider vinegar or acetic acid in the various necrotic conditions in animals due to the Bacillus necrophorus, such as necrotic stomatitis of calves, the necrotic conditions affecting swine, foot rot, lip and leg ulcera- tion of sheep, necrosis of the vulva and anus of cattle, ete. A ealf which presented swellings in each cheek about the size of a walnut, with necrosis of the mucous membrane covering the inner side of the swelling, was recently treated with very satis- factory results by washing out the mouth three times daily with a solution consisting of one part of cider vinegar and three parts of water. The Bacillus necrophorus had been previously demon- strated in a similar case in a calf in the same herd.—From Uni- versity of Pennsylvania Bulletin, Veterinary Extension Quar- terly, No. 2, page 1, by Louis A. Klein, 396 MISCELLANEOUS 397 SERUM TREATMENT GUARANTY BINDING IN Simons Brick Company v. Wiglesworth, 193 Pacific 947, decided November 20, 1920, the Supreme Court of California affirmed the judgment of the trial court against Ed Wiglesworth, president of the Interstate Vaccine Company. Wiglesworth during the spring of 1916 called on the president of the brick company and endeavored to induce him to have its hogs vaccinated by the Interstate Company. As an inducement he stated he would personally guarantee the immunity of the hogs from cholera for the balance of their natural lives. - The following fall without further dealings with Wiglesworth plaintiff employed the Vaccine Company and their hogs were vaccinated. A number of them thereafter died of cholera and the brick company sued to recover their net value, $5,637.20. The trial court awarded judgment for that amount. On appeal the defendant set up as a defense the argument that the guaranty was not in writing, hence not binding; but the Supreme Court held that the promise could be and was con- sidered a primary guaranty and of a nature not required to be. in writing. While the offer of guaranty was one which would ordinarily require acceptance within such time as the parties contemplated, the evidence supported the view of the trial court that plaintiff understood the guaranty to hold good until the hogs were vaccinated.—National Live Stock Exchange Bulletin. MOTOR TRUCKS AND HORSES ON FARMS The motor truck is supplementing rather than supplant- ing the horse on the farm. That is the conclusion reached from a study by the United States Department of Agriculture on the use of motor trucks on 831 farms in the Corn Belt. It was found that only 43 per cent of the farmers had reduced the number of their work horses since purchasing trucks. Twenty- five per cent disposed of one or two horses, and 18 per cent of more than two horses. The average reduction for all farms was 1.2 head. In the opinions of the farmers consulted, the principal advan- tage of a motor truck is in saving time, and the principal disad- vantage is poor roads. As compared with horses and wagons, ‘ 898 MISCELLANEOUS the trucks save about two-thirds of the time required for hauling to and from the farms. A majority of the farmers still use their horses for some hauling on the road. On more than half of the farms all the hauling in the fields and around the buildings is still done with horses and wagons. SEMON’S LAW ia -all gcgricaive, Jesiemi eh dleseieetanetso sh tice motor laryngeal nerves, the abductors of the vocal cords see cumb much earlier than the adductors. In conjunction with Sir Vietor Horsley, Professor Doctor Semon elucidated the central motor innervation of the larynx, and showed that it was practically impossible for a one-sided cortical lesion to produce laryngeal paralysis. A generalization of great practical importance, known as Semon’s Law, which followed from his researches is that ‘‘abduetor paralysis (which may be associated with adductor) is due to organic disease, while adductor paralysis is in a great majority of cases funetional, more rarely myopathic, and then usually due to catarrh.’’ Semon was a great laryngologist and his idea or law may be of some interest to veterinarians in working and the-causes or pathology of laryngeal paresis in solipeds. C. A. Cary. . COMMISSIONER HALLADAY Mr. H. H. Halladay, who for a number of years was in charge of the animal industry work of Michigan, has been appointed by Governor Grossbeck to the recently created office of Commis- sioner of Agriculture, with a broader field of endeavor and en- larged responsibilities. On learning of his action, Secretary H. Preston Hoskins was directed by the members of the Southeast- ern Michigan Veterinary Association to send the Governor a hearty expression of their unanimous indorsement of this wise and timely appointment. Dr. Hoskins’ letter in part is as follows : ‘*Every member of our association is personally ecyiniatal with Mr. Halladay, and we have come to admire him, both as a man and as a public official. ‘*Mr. Halladay has the reputation of being fair in all his deal- ings, always desirous of doing what he considers the best for the greatest number. He has on many occasions demonstrated that he is always forward-looking, and in matters ae MISCELLANEOUS 399 especially as they pertain to animal industry, he has on numer- ous occasions shown himself eminently equipped to. discharge the duties of this higher office, to which you have seen fit to ap- point him and which we consider so richly deserved.’’ FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE IN IRELAND An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease among cattle near Not- tingham, Wngland, has been traced to Ireland. These cattle were imported from Ireland and were evidently infected with | the disease at the time of their importation. Pending full in- quiries as to the origin and extent of the disease in Ireland, which has not had any of the infection for several years, all local authorities in Great Britain have been instructed to make an immediate veterinary examination of all living animals landed from Ireland since March 19 and for their detention for at least 21 days from the date of landing. Furthermore, the land- ing of animals from any port in Ireland has been prohibited at any port in Great Britain until further notice. HEALTH REQUIREMENTS AT THE DAIRY CATTLE CONGRESS The 1921 Dairy Cattle Congress, which will be held in its permanent home at Waterloo, Iowa, September 26 to October 2, has adopted stringent regulations in regard to the health re- quirements of the cattle exhibits. All eattle brought onto the show grounds for exhibition or other purposes shall either be from a tuberculosis-free accredited herd or they shall have passed a satisfactory tuberculin test and found to be free from tuberculosis, not more than ninety days prior to the opening date, September 26. Only tests made by veterinarians approved by both the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry and the State veterinary departments will be accepted. Before the cattle are placed in the barns, each exhibitor will be required to present to the cattle superintendent a health cer- tifieate and tuberculin temperature chart showing the results of the last test. As a further precaution, all exhibition cattle coming from federally accredited herds will be assigned to a certain portion of the barn. The construction and arrangement of the cattle pavilion is such that this can easily be done and still have all 400 MISCELLANEOUS the cattle of one breed in the same division, thus in no way - tracting from the appearance of the show. The barns will all be thoroughly disinfected previous to the opening of the show, which practice has been followed for the past five years.—Wallaces’ Farmer. In the New York Medical Journal of April 6, 1921, is an in- teresting and timely article by Dr. C. J. Marshall, entitled ‘*Measures for the Control of Tuberculosis in Cattle,’’ which ‘was read before the Philadelphia County Medical Society. The JOURNAL is alway pleased to see leading articles by veterinar- ians in contemporary medical journals and especially if such papers have been presented before medical societies, There is also a large field for such addresses at our leading livestock as- sociation meetings. Dr. B. L. Lake, who has been located at Teutopolis, Illinois, has gone to Oregon, Illinois, where he has been appointed Vet- erinary Director of the Sinnissippi Farms, of Oregon, Illinois, and the Woodlawn Farms, of Sterling, Illinois. Doctor Lake is a successful practitioner and his selection as veterinary director of these large farms shows that his ability is appreciated. Dr. E. E. Wegner of the Veterinary Department, Washington State College, was recently promoted by his lodge of Elks from Leading Knight to Exalted: Ruler. Dr. W. Albertson Haines, although enjoying a large practice at Bristol, Pa., finds recreation in performing most excellent work as a member of his State Legislature, where he serves on four of the leading committees, including those on aarienare and public health. Dr. Robert Y. Oosten has changed his location from Medary- ville, Ind., to Demotte, Ind., and reports much satisfaction with his new surroundings in practice. Dr. Otto Faust of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., was the principal speaker at the May meeting of the Hudson Valley Veterinary Medical Society at Sharon, Conn. —_—————s MisceLLaNzous 401 : ig _ Dr. T. M. Dick, who was formerly located at Lake tar _ Arkansas, has moved to er $name ; A . Dr. E. T. Baker of Moscow, Idaho, is the official editor of The Two Forty Niner, a publication issued in the interests of B. P. O. E. No. 249 and approved by the Grand Lodge. - Dr. W. D. Way has removed from Richland Springs, N. Y., a" will in the future practice at Westport, Essex County, New — « ork. That no cattle should be exhibited at the National Dairy Show beginning with the year 1924 unless they come from accredited herds, is expressed in a resolution of the American Jersey Cat- tle Club. The club also contemplates offering no premiums to fairs, cattle expositions, ete., unless the management of these in- stitutions require all cattle exhibited to come from accredited _ The Oklahoma State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners ‘hold the annual examination on June 27, 28, and 29, 1921, at the State Capitol. D. W. Gerber, president of the board, Pidatvinse City. Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, who has been confined to his bed for the past four weeks, has now recovered sufficiently to return to his duties as Dean and Director of the Louisiana College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station. It is reported that the Brazilian Government will aid the im- porters of livestock in importing blooded animals by refunding the charges for freight from the country of origin to Brazil and by their free transportation into the interior. Mr. John DeVine, son of Dr. J. F. DeVine of Goshen, N. Y., has been seriously ill with acute purulent appendicitis. For Several days following ‘he operation his condition was critical. Dr. DeVine’s many friends will be glad to learn that his son is now ne nicely, 402 MISCELLANEOUS An International Veterinary Conference on Animal Diseases commenced its sessions at Paris on May 25. Dr. George Hilton, chairman of the Executive Board of the A. V. M. A., was to have attended this conference and to have furnished our As- sociation with a report of his experiences, but at the last mo- ment he found it impossible to go. Dr. L. W. Goss, professor of pathology, Ohio State University, spent several days in Washington, D. C., recently as a repre- sentative of the A. V. M. A. in The National Research Council. Dr. E. M. Nighbert, formerly in charge of Federal tick eradi- cation work in Florida, has been transferred to London, Eng- land, as an assistant to Dr. W. H. Wray, who has been repre- senting the government in Great Britain sinee 1890. Dr. J. William Fink of Newburgh, N. Y., has returned to his practice, after spending several months in Texas and Arkan- sas seeking relief from an acute attack of neuritis. Drs. S. H. Gilliland and E. K. Tingley of the Gilliland Lab- oratories, Ambler, Pa., were recent visitors to the Capital City. According to a recent number of La Terre Vaudoise foot- and-mouth disease is still spreading in Switzerland with a ‘dreadful rapidity’’ in spite of regulations and restrictions. Dr. W. Horace Hoskins was confined to his home during the early part of April with a recurrent attack of cardiac trouble. A reliable authority computes the cost of foot-and-mouth disease to Spain last year at no less than twenty-five million dol- lars and to Holland for the years 1919-20. at a similar figure; while in regard to Great Britain, going back for something like twelve years, the amount paid in compensation for animals de- stroyed does not exceed an average of $5,000 a month.—( From The Veterinary Record, April 16, 1921.) JOURNAL OF THE | — ® American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW = aos (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n.) > J. R. Moncer, Editor, Washington, D. C. és P=. President, Columbus, Ohio. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, ill. M. Jacos, Treasurer, noe vilte, Tenn. Executive Board EE ao S. E. Bexxerr, ard District: J. A. Kiernan, 4th District; C. E. E. Corron, 5th District; R. A a Bigs dite, Ancuimarp, 6th District; A. T. Kuxstey, Member at Large 2m Sub-Committee on Journal A. T. Kinsiey S. E. Bennett J. A. Kiernan ‘The American Veterinary Medical Association is not ioe rege eE statements published in the Jocanat,. outside of its own au rized a _ Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon a th Vou. LIX, N. S. Vo. 12 Jury, 1921 No. 4 —— = RECRUITS WANTED IT WOULD appear that the time has arrived when ‘some- ¥ caine should be done toward securing a larger attendance at Bs: - our veterinary colleges, especially in Canada. To those of us ____ who believe that the veterinary profession is destined to fill a _ much larger sphere and be of greater service to mankind in ” future than in the past, the small numbers taking the veterinary course in our institutions of learning is a matter of considerable concern. It is true that at the present time to many within the ranks, the future of the profession is not alluring, and they would hesitate to recommend it to anyone as a vocation. The present conditions by which many are judging the future are, however, only temporary and will adjust themselves. To a certain extent the veterinary profession is on trial today and it rests with its members whether they will rise to the occasion and fill the place which is opening out to them. The profession is inseparably linked with agriculture. The former could not exist nor the latter prosper without the other, and the profession should strive to render to agriculture the greatest possible service. In our veterinary schools the horse has occupied too large a 403 404 EprroriaL place in the curriculum. In future the other domesticated ani- mals should oceupy a more prominent place. Graduates will then be prepared to render a greater measure of service in their com- munities. Joined as we are to agriculture, which will last as long as the human race, if we are prepared to fill our proper place we need entertain no fears regarding the future, and may with full confidence recommend the veterinary profession to such suitable persons as are seeking a calling. . To encourage more students the matter of giving scholarships should be seriously considered by veterinary associations, and could well be brought to the attention of the various livestock breeders’ associations as well as wealthy corporations and in- dividuals interested directly or indirectly in agriculture. State aid to veterinary colleges is now an established practice. As- sistance to certain selected students might profitably be consid- ered by our legislators. . M. B. RINDERPEST SERUM: The U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry has received from the Bureau of Agriculture, Philippine Islands, a fresh supply of anti-rinderpest serum. The United States has never been invaded by this disease and every reasonable precaution is being taken through the Federal quarantine service to prevent such an oceurrence. However, in view of the appearance of the disease since the war in coun- tries of Western Europe and South America with which we earry on extensive commercial intercourse, a supply of this serum is being kept on hand in order that no time would be lost in utiliz- ing all of the effectual methods known in combating an outbreak should one oceur. Rinderpest serum is much like hog cholera serum in that it produces a very firm and lasting immunity when used with the virus. It is to be regretted that there is not available an equally effee- tive and dependable serum for use against foot-and-mouth dis ease. Unfortunately none of the various methods proposed for immunizing cattle against foot-and-mouth disease produces more than a very temporary immunity and even that slight degree of protection can not always be depended upon. . vs " f ph. P a] ———— EpIroriAL : 405 ———- VETERINARY SCIENCE CONQUERS RINDERPEST _ THE SUCCESS in eradicating the recent outbreak of rinder- pest in Belgium was a triumph of veterinary sanitary science and has served to show that this dreaded scourge loses much of its terror when combated by a good veterinary organization fol- lowing scientific methods. For the future the ravages of the plague are to be feared chiefly in savage or semicivilized regions where no veterinary organization exists and where no rational sanitary measures are taken. The Belgian outbreak was the first visitation in Western - Europe for about half a century, or since the Franco-Prussian war. Although rinderpest is preeminently a war pestilence and often follows in the wake of armies where there have been large movements of food animals, war conditions can not be assigned as the cause in the recent instance. The introduction of the in- fection was traced to a cargo of zebu cattle from British India, - en route to Rio de Janeiro, which touched at Antwerp about the end of June, 1920. The animals were unloaded and held several days in the quarantine station at Antwerp before being reloaded in another boat. Many of them died in quarantine, but rinder- pest was not suspected. Other cattle imported for food pur- poses passed through the quarantine station about the same time, being held there but one or two days and then shipped to various interior points for slaughter. Most of them were slaughtered before the disease had developed, but the malady appeared in a few small lots, the slaughter of which was de- layed. So far the disease was confined to a few abattoirs and its identity was not recognized. Then a consignment of German eattle for reparation was unloaded at one of these infected ab- battoirs (Ghent) for distribution to the country districts; the disease was spread through their agency, and about July 20 it was recognized as rinderpest. The diagnosis was confirmed by inoculation tests. The Belgian veterinary sanitary service attacked the problem energetically. The French authorities naturally became alarmed also, and closed the French frontiers to Belgian cattle and pro- hibited the movement of animals within the French communes adjacent to Belgium. The French veterinary service in the devastated frontier districis had to be reorganized. The French authorities also offered cooperation to the Belgians and proposed 406 Eprrorian the establishment of a serum station at Brussels, all of which was readily aecepted. Within two months the French mission had not only succeeded in producing a sufficiency of serum but had accumulated valuable experimental data. The fine team-work of the Belgian and French veterinary services made possible the success in restricting and stamping out the infection. Some interesting observations and conclusions are set forth - by the Revue Generale de Medecine Veterinaire, which is the source of much of the foregoing information. The Revue says: ‘*The observations recorded show that the creation of new centers of infection was caused, in nearly every case, by the — fraudulent or accidental movement of contaminated animals; in some simply by moving uncooked fresh meat. On the other hand, none of the indirect methods of contagion, as mentioned in all the classics, was observed. Living intermediaries, such as man, nonsusceptible animals, ete., play a small part or none at all. Careful observations show that flies can not transmit the disease. Sy Se : ‘It thus seems that cattle plague is not so serious as it is generally assumed to be. Previously observed outbreaks, with rare exceptions, have occurred either consequent on military campaigns or in countries where sanitary measures encounter great difficulties of various kinds. * * * On the other hand, it is easily combated in countries which possess an adequate sanitary organization. * * * ‘‘The facts gathered in 1920 are reassuring. They show the value of the classical methods in a country having a veterinary organization. It is certain that the fear inspired by the re- doubtable ‘plague’ of cattle is a great help; and, thanks to this fear, severe measures can be enacted without fear of protest and applied without fear of resistance. The fear of contagions is such that in the ease of this disease one obtains that collabora- tion on the part of those interested which is essential for all successful intervention.’’ Another outbreak of rinderpest was likewise dealt with sue- cessfully under very difficult conditions by the veterinary serv- ice of the Union of South Africa. It seems that the disease was enzootic in German East Africa, and in 1917 military operations and ecgnsequent movements of cattle caused the spread of the infection southward. The Union Government became alarmed and sent a veterinary commission to operate in the zone of danger. The Veterinary Record gives the history as follows: ‘*A belt was formed right across the gap between the northern end of Lake Nyassa and the southern end of Lake Tanganyika. af __ Cattle were removed from a strip of country ten to twenty miles wide in this belt south of the German boundary, and north of this Strip the cattle were all immunized by a so-called ‘simultaneous’ 2 _ method along a strip 35 miles wide. North of the belt protection was afforded by the high range of mountains. The Commission fought against the disease for over a year, during which about a - hundred thousand cattle were immunized successfully, and its work appeared to be terminated in July, 1918. But the disease was brought through the belt again by the retreat of the troops _ under the German commander at about the time of the armistice. The cattle, however, that had been immunized withstood com- pletely the attack, the disease was quickly exterminated, so that in March, 1919, the labors of the Commission were definitely terminated.’’ _ The veterinary profession of the world may well feel a just pride in these two recent achievements in conquering an animal plague which for centuries has wrought devastation and fear. The value of a good veterinary sanitary organization is thus doubly demonstrated. DR. A. M. FARRINGTON RETIRES To date 48 employees of the Bureau of Animal Industry have availed themselves of the opportunity to retire from active ser- vice under the provisions of the Act of Congress of May 22, 1920. Dr. Farrington is one of them. He entered the public service from the State of Maine on September 8, 1881, when he was appointed Veterinary Inspector for the United States Treasury Cattle Commission: In 1883 he was appointed Veterinary In- spector for the Port of New York and superintendent of the Quarantine Station at Garfield, New Jersey. Later he was made Chief of the Division of Field Investigations and Miscellaneous . Work, and finally, in 1906, he was advanced to the position of Assistant Chief of the Bureau. Having entered the public ser- vice before the establishment of the Bureau in 1884, he has seen it grow from its beginning to an organization with a personnel numbering approximately 5,000. He was one of the body of Bureau and State veterinarians which, under unfavorable and often vexatious conditions, succeeded in eradicating contagious pleuro-pneumonia from this country in 1892; he participated ac- tively in the eradication of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in 1902, 1908, and 1914-15; he helped to organize and perfect our import animal quarantine service, which has proved 408 -Eprrorun an effective barrier against the invasion of foreign plagues, as none has reached us through our quarantine stations; he figured prominently in making our meat inspection service the most efficient in the world; his ability as an organizer was of great assistance in formulating Bureau policies affecting the inaugu- ration and perpetuation of cooperative activities with the States in combating such diseases as sheep and cattle scabies, dourine, and the eradication of the Southern cattle tick, and his tact and good judgment were helpful in maintaining cooperative accord. It is appreciated that throughout Dr. Farrington’s thirty- seven years of faithful and efficient service his example, wise counsel and keen forsight contributed much tothe success and achievements that have elevated the Bureau t@ the position of confidence and respect it now enjoys. In a wide sphere of use- . fulness he bore with modesty the honors and responsibilities of his important official assignments, and always performed his duties cheerfully and creditably. He may well be proud of his service record, and he carries with him in retiring the respect and esteem of his many friends among the readers of THE JOURNAL who join the editor in best wishes and the hope that he may enjoy the leisure to which he is so justly entitled. BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOCIATION ACQUIRES A JOURNAL THE NATIONAL Veterinary Medical Association of Great Britain and Ireland has acquired The Veterinary Record, which, on January 1, became the official organ of that Association. The British profession is to be congratulated on this forward step, the wisdom of which we believe has been well shown in the in- stance of our own Association and its JourNaAL. In fact, it is stated that our successful sai hana: had some weight with our * British colleagues. The initial number in the new series of the Record bears a touch of sadness in the form of an introductory editorial by the late Dr. John Malcolm, who, it seems, was to have been the editor under the new control but who passed away before the change was consummated. The present editors are Capt. J. T. Edwards and Dr. J. B. Buxton, the latter the General Secretary of the Association. A foreward by the President of the National Association, Dr. O. Charnock Bradley, contains so much from which the pro- —— =~ EprroriAL 409 aa . - _ fession in America may draw a lesson that we quote a few passages : “‘Beyond question, one of the functions of an Association such as ours is the propagation and diffusion of professional knowl- edge; but an even more important purpose is the fostering of a : unity. No profession, however large, can be really powerful without unity; and in a small profession unity is one of the essentials of existence. * * * That the reorganization of the “National,’ and the possession by its members of an official organ, will serve as a close bond of union is the fervent hope of those ‘who have been actively concerned in recent developments. **But the success of an official professional journal postulates the support of the profession it purports to represent. * * * If the Association and its journal are to fulfill expectations, it must be possible to assert that those members of the profession who are not members of the Association are numerically and professionally negligible. Unless this can be done, however ably the journal may be conducted editorially, its full power can not be exerted or its full value realized. Fortunately, at the _ present moment, every indication points in a hopeful direction; but ootacmnact member should feel it incumbent upon him to help turn probability into certainty by pressing the aims and claims of the Association on those who still stand outside. Unity is imperative. Unity of policy: unity of action: unity of sup- * * * “Regret has often been expressed that so much valuable ma- terial is lost through the practitioner’s disinclination to commit his experiences to paper. Now that the practitioner is the part- owner of a journal, he may be induced to overcome his disincli- nation, and thereby increase the utility and value of his own property.’’ Dr. Maleolm in his introductory note said: “The veterimary profession, like other large bodies, un- doubtedly has its sectional differences; for example, the re- spective merits of whole-time and part-time inspectors. Such minor differences of opinion are capable of adjustment, and should not weaken united action and efforts for our common good. We are too small a body to present a divided front to the world outside the profession. * * * Trivial rivalries and jealousies must be forgotten and a tolerant and liberal spirit adopted, for unless we can convince the public of our complete unity there can be no genuine success.”’ We wish the British Association and The Veterinary Record much success in their new relationship, and trust that the paper under the new regime will be an even stronger factor in pro- _ fessional advancement. UNDEVELOPED RESOURCES IN VETERINARY SANI- TATION AND HYGIENE By A. F. Scua.Kk School of Veterinary Medicine, North Dakota Agricultural College AS we approach the end of the first quarter of the twentieth century there appears to be dawning upon the horizon a new day in veterinary medicine. From the earliest times down through the succeeding ages the noble horse and his equine brethren have served preeminently as the standard bearers of the most efficient and economic motive power to serve the pur- poses and well-being of the human race. During this long ex- panse of time veterinary medicine was largely crystallized around the horse, and the major portions of the problems in- volved in veterinary sanitation and hygiene were to be found in the realm of equine practice for that period. These condi- tions prevailed until comparatively recent times. However, with the advent of the twentieth century, and more particu- larly during the last decade, a new order of things, carrying with it a problem of no small moment, has been brought face to face with the profession. The invention and rapid development of the various mechani- cal motor devices have at least temporarily displaced a large amount of horse power which mankind has depended upon for centuries. This new order of things has been brought about so suddenly that equine practice has been practically paralyzed in certain districts. a Thus the veterinary practitioner who happens to be so un- fortunately located will feel more or less pressure until this chasm is bridged over and new adjustments made. Whether the present prevailing craze for mechanical motive power will develop into a permanent condition, regardless of a ‘dollars and cents’’ consideration, remains to be seen, However, it is thoroughly established and acknowledged by all that the horse will never again occupy his former high rank in the power production world, and thereby a certain amount of equine practice is lost to the veterinary profession. What does this newly created condition mean to us as a pro- 410 ie — Unpevevoren Vererinary Resources ~ 411 » fession? Does it signify a curtailment of just so much veteri- nary practice, and that the profession must “‘stand by,’’ statue- ____ like, and let this period of depression, created by this condi- tion, become a permanent fixture and go by unchallenged? There is a wise old proverbial saying, quite often quoted, that **Necessity is the mother of invention.’’ Is it not possible that the necessity of compensating for the loss in equine practice will bring the profession to a fuller realization of its shortcom- _ings and gross negligence in the past? Will it not serve as a tremendous dynamic force to bring out the many latent possi- bilities in the practice of veterinary medicine, which hitherto have been lying in smoldering dormancy ? EpucATIONAL STANDARDS AND REQUIREMENTS The opportunities are before us. The all-important question is, Are we going to grasp them and improve them to their highest possible development? Veterinary medicine from its very inception upon the American continent has been confronted with many obstacles and factors which have made its advance- ment a continual up-hill game. I want to take this occasion to express my appreciation for and pay humble tribute to the many staunch and loyal standard-bearers of higher veterinary education. While their final goal has not as yet been reached, they have gained a most commanding position from which a magnificent victory and ultimate success is sure to be attained. In all spheres of human effort the growing demand of the twentieth century is for more and higher education and higher educational standards. Failure of our profession to keep abreast of the spirit and progress of the other professions and sciences in regard to higher educational requirements means hopeless gravitation and humiliating retrogression on our part. The ever-increasing demands by the livestock public implies greater responsibilities and obligations on the part of the veterinarian than ever before. How are we going to meet these pressing demands? Undoubtedly the most efficient means by which we ean successfully cope with these problems is to develop and maintain a higher plane of veterinary education. Reading the signs of the present, it appears as though the chronic ‘‘slackers’’ and ‘‘draft evaders’’ of higher veterinary education, who have deliberately, persistently and everlastingly combated the pro- gressive movement for things better, are finding their ranks 412 A. F. ScHaLK depleted by desertion until there is only a handful left to make a final stand. Apparently they are now attempting to barri- eade their ill-founded cause and doctrines with a new brand of propaganda, as we are now and then hearing reverberations to the effect that within a few years there will be a real scarcity and dearth of veterinarians, and suggesting that empiricism will run rampant. If such a collapse should come to veterinary medicine, would it not be capping the climax with the proper kind of evidence ~ to convince us that there is something radically wrong in our system and practice of veterinary medicine? Would it not prove conclusively to us that our ssa of ‘‘horse doctoring’’ has resulted in utter failure? I, for one, do not anticipate such an unfortunate state of affairs, nor is it necessary that such a calamity should befall the profession in order to awaken us from our slumbers. How- ever, if we interpret correctly the handwriting on the wall, I think the most of us can plainly see enough potent symptoms and external manifestations to indicate that it is high time for the profession as a whole to take a real stand and arrive at a definite decision upon the question. How often have we heard these men defending low requirements and standards and advocating the ‘‘grading down’’ system in matters educa- tional, lamenting about veterinarians being denied their just recognition, and that we are constantly being humiliated by being ignored in matters where we should be aythority. There is a reason. The premises are clear; draw your own conclusions. Much time and space. could be given over to detailed dis- cussion of this question, but by concentrating and crystallizing the extracted substances from all the factors which enter into the educational phase of veterinary medicine, it appears as though we are ready for the question: Are we going to continue in the same old way, ‘or possibly recede and retrograde from our present standing, as is urged and advocated by some, or are we going to ‘‘grade up”’ until we establish and maintain a plane equivalent to our allied sciences and professions? If we submit to the former plan we are everlastingly condemned by public opinion and sentiment to the ‘‘lowly horse-doctor class,’’ from which it will be very, very difficult to emerge. By adopting the latter policy, I firmly believe we are destined ——_ ——UNpEvELOrED VererINARY RESOURCES | 413 within the next quarter century to assume and worthily main- tain our just professional status alongside our sister professions. With the proud achievement of first-class high-school train- ing, -or its equivalent, for matriculation in our recognized vet- erinary institutions, and the further requirement of four full collegiate years for graduation therefrom, our profession has, for the first time in its American history, taken a firm stand to place veterinary science upon a sound, substantial basis, giv- _ing it at least the privilege and opportunity of developing itself into a permanent and established science. It is the gaining of this great milestone and the realization of this all-important fundamental principle that constitutes the biggest factor and makes up the largest contribution to the new order of things and the new day in veterinary medicine, into which we are entering. Livestock Srarus AND VETERINARY OPPORTUNITIES Reliable Government statistics inform us that our agriculture maintains an animal husbandry valued’at between eight and nine billions of dollars. The same statisticians tell us that there is sus- tained an annual loss of two hundred millions of dollars from ‘preventable diseases among our livestock. Can anyone picture a more prospective and fruitful field for service for a pro- fession ? While the valuation involved in the animal industry of our country during the past decade far exceeds that of any pre- vious time, it is-also a noteworthy fact that the flocks and herds of the present contain fewer scrubs and a greater number of high grades and purebreds than ever before. This con- dition surely argues well for the practicing veterinarian. As the quality of the breeder’s livestock improves there is a pro- portionate increase in the amount of capital he has invested. Consequently he takes greater pride in his animals, guards their health more cautiously, and in general puts forth his noblest efforts endeavoring to maintain his herd or flock in the highest possible state of production in order to bring forth the best economic returns as well as to satisfy the ambitions which moved him to breed and grow better blood. With the stockman in such mental attitude toward his animals, he will naturally appeal to competent and capable veterinary service 414 A. F. ScHaLK when available, upon much less provocation than if his stock were of inferior grade. Coexistive with the tremendous stimulus in recent years for more and better grades of livestock which contributes to the world’s supply of dairy products, meats, wool and leather, there arises a corresponding increase in the responsibilities on the part of the veterinary profession to deal satisfactorily and sue- cessfully with the many problems which enter into the hygiene and sanitation of our country’s animal industry. Our position can hardly be likened to that of Alexander the Great, ‘‘who wept because he had no more worlds to conquer.’’ I may be in error, but the signs of the times indicate to me, in no un- certain terms, that it might be well for us to take thorough inventory of our stocks in hand and see if we can not possibly fortify and equip ourselves better in order to demonstrate to the livestock fraternity and the public in general that our pro- fession is a worthy one and indispensable to economic and effi- cient animal husbandry. Having checked over our wares in an impartial, unprejudiced and unselfish manner, I do not think it at all difficult to point out several items wherein weakness exists, and which ought to have our most serious thought and attention. Although the resources of veterinary sanitation and hygiene are numerous and manifold, is it not a fact that many of them have been only slightly and partially developed, while others have re- mained wholly neglected and undeveloped? In diseussing the resources of our profession and the many factors pertaining thereto, I do not hope to bring out anything entirely new and startling. In fact, I think all of the phases of which I propose to speak have been brought to your attention many times in one form or another, but in most instances they have been given but mere mention, or passed over lightly. Therefore I wish to enter into considerable detail in attempt- ing to lay before you in a most vivid manner what I consider great possibilities in our resources which are ordinarily over- looked and ignored. If I should succeed in placing some of these apparent commonplace omissions before you in their true light, and significance I shall have fulfilled the purpose of this paper. When endeavoring to locate the causes and place the respon- UNDEVELOPED: VETERINARY RESOURCES. 415 > sibility for this state of affairs it seems as though practically _ all branches of veterinary medicine come in for a share of the _ ‘Dlame, with perhaps the schools and practitioners carrying the portion of the burden. THe ScHoous’ ResponsiBiLiry “Let us begin with the veterinary colleges, the mainspring of _ the profession and the true fountain source of veterinary knowl- el It is in the college career that the plastic mind is wrought and molded. It is here that the fundamental principles of g =e veterinary science should be well grounded for the future. The great Osler, of immortal medical fame, once said that ‘‘the ___ sehool could only guide and direct the student, but make sure that that guidance is in the right direction.’ This statement sums up the situation quite well, and thereby the school assumes i. ig a real responsibility when it opens its portals to matriculating a —_ . students We have elaborated to some extent in our opening pages upon the question of entrance requirements and standards. We now take it for granted that there will be no turning backward by _ the opposing forces, but that instead these standards will be : maintained and possibly raised from time to time by the pro- __ gressive elements as the progression of the times require it. This phase of the subject requires no further discussion. _ Inasmuch as veterinary medicine is passing through a transi- tional stage, we might inquire if the schools are making the necessary adjustments to meet the demands and requirements of the times. Veterinary schools function primarily through three fundamental avenues—its physical equipment, the teach- ing staff, and the curricula. The Physical Equipment A modern veterinary plant equipped in an up-to-date man- ner is one of the real essentials, and no institution has reasons for existence without such equipment. The student requires appropriate and adequate apparatus with which to work, and ample space in which to go about his work. Many institutions in the past were compelled to crowd 75 to 100 students into laboratories which could conveniently accommodate only one- fourth to one-half that number. The only possible result from such conditions is an utter failure for the student in his labora- ear «. @ Wt3 4 416 A. F. ScHatx tory training. Thus he is compelled to enter upon his pro- fessional career under a tremendous handicap, which in a ma- jority of cases must be carried through life. The closing of the doors of most of the private schools has largely removed these overcrowded and under-equipped conditions. The pass- ing of these institutions shows rather conclusively that it is not profitable to attempt to train medical students by modern ap- proved methods in schools entirely supported by private capital. Another essential auxiliary in physical equipment is a care- fully selected and well-appointed departmental library. Reliable current journals, authoritative texts and special monographs should not only be available and convenient but the student should be trained to use them intelligently. To allow a student to confine himself to the lectures and possibly one or two texts in most subjects means narrow and incomplete training. Lead him out into the world of literature through judiciously chosen references and you will not only develop a broad and com-~ prehensive man, but will cultivate the habit of reading and ’ searching for the best there is in the literature. aa. The Teaching Staff The personnel of the instruction staff exerts a wonderful in- fluence upon the student. In so far as possible teachers should be specialists in their respective lines and be capable of impart- ing instruction. A good teacher is a combination of thorough knowledge, tact, skill and diplomacy. This combination has the faculty of presenting subject matter in an interesting, instructive and effective manner so that it actually becomes a part of the student. . An ideal institutional policy is one which requires that all teachers give their undivided time and energy to their teaching and allied activities. Those engaged in teaching foundational subjects should be expected to give over their extra time to pursuing some investigational work along their lines of teaching and making special studies in how to make their work applicable and more readily correlated with the clinical subjects which follow-in the course. Teachers who offer the purely clinical branches such as surgery and medicine should of necessity be broad and comprehensive men, with thorough knowledge of and sufficient experience in their respective subjects to speak with authority. Private practice on their part should be dis- __..UNpeveLorep VETERINARY RESOURCES 417 eouraged and in fact forbidden. They can and should keep - in touch with actual practice by a careful study of the resident hospital cases and above all by personal direction of the ambu- latory clinies in the field. ’ The Curriculum and Collegiate Training The recognized and accredited veterinary colleges of today are required to have-a collegiate course of study covering four y of nine months each. While the course of study is not uniform in the different institutions, there is more or less simi- larity in the subject matter taught and in many instances the amount of time allotted for the various subjects. In considera- tion of the fact that veterinary practice is experiencing a changed state of affairs, it is highly important that we care- fully consider our present-day curricula, with the idea of mak- ing readjustments, where necessary, to fit and prepare better the future veterinarian to meet the growing problems which are confronting him. I think we are pretty well agreed that many of the courses in the veterinary curricula are fairly well established and re- quire but little modification. They seem to be taken care of from time to time in the evolution of the science. However, on the other hand, I think you will further agree that some of the subjects require readjustment or possibly reorganization so that the demands of the time may be met with a wider and more efficient field of service by the veterinarian. — ‘Anatomy and Physiology - From the earliest times in veterinary science the teaching of anatomy has been largely builded around the horse. This con- dition is quite a natural sequence, since this species. has fur- nished the major portion of veterinary practice. Consequently our modern texts feature the horse and the greater part of their subject matter is given over to that animal. It is only by such concentration upon one species that the art of dissection has been brought to its present high state of development by the grand old masters of anatomy. We are now confronted with a difficult proposition, since the horse is being replaced in the field of practice by other classes of livestock. The time ordinarily set aside for dissection in the different schools is not sufficient to give equal time to each individual species. There- 418 . A. F. ScHaLk fore something must be sacrificed, and great care should be ex- ercised in placing the necessary emphasis upon the most im- portant phases of the subject. Some institutions have already taken steps to adapt themselves to the new conditions, and their anatomical departments have made real progress. However, the situation is far from being solved, and it is hoped that in the not distant future a satis- factory policy will have been worked out by which all schools ean offer their students those essentials of the anatomy of all the domesticated animals, which will enable them to ply their profession with the greatest possible confidence. What has been said about the subject of anatomy applies ” equally well to physiology. It is well known and particularly recognized by teachers that veterinary physiology has a very limited amount of material to offer to students which is based entirely upon experimental data gathered from conscientious research and investigation. As a science it is not fixed and established like anatomy and some other branches. Each decade or fraction thereof brings forth some new findings, but on the whole the complicated and deep-seated secrets of normal fune-. tion are brought to light rather slowly, and many of these are incomplete and require further investigation by succeeding generations before they are confirmed and established as physio- logic facts. It is to be regretted that the most of our text-books are dependent upon human physiology for their subject matter. This is only another acknowledgment and illustration that the wide field of fruitful resources furnished by the many classes of domesticated animals remain undeyeloped and are calling for solution by our profession. The Need of More Animal Husbandry Training The impetus which has given general stimulus to production” of more purebreds and higher grade herds and flocks has like- wise resulted in a better educated livestock publie. The breeders have also greatly increased their sanitary troubles by resorting to intensive breeding and foreed feeding methods, endeavoring to produce top-notch individuals and turn out production records for their animals. These two conditions can do no other than reflect greater responsibilities upon the veterinary profession. After making a most careful survey of the present status of animal husbandry subjects in the veterinary curricula of —— UNDEVELOPED VETERINARY RESOURCES ' 419 ' : today, and considering the stockmen’s probable expectations of __ the veterinarian of the future, I do not hesitate in stating that I think it highly advisable to give the student a better founda- tion in the fundamental principles of types and breeds of live- stock and breeding and production as well as feeds and feeding and nutritional problems in general. In the past many schools have woefully neglected this side of the student’s training, and as a result many veterinarians have been inflicted upon the live- stock world almost wholly ignorant of the very rudiments of animal husbandry. I fully realize that schools do not have | _ enough time to make livestock specialists out of veterinary stu- dents, but they do owe their students the privileges and oppor- tunities to obtain at least a sufficient amount of livestock knowl- edge to put them on their feet. To what extent they will de- velop themselves along this line in after life will depend upon the spirit, industry and capability with which they will apply themselves. As most veterinary schools of today are associated with state institutions where good herds and flocks are main- tained in numbers and variety, there is little or no exeuse for lack of conveniences and material. Let it be said that the schools give them the proper start and direction. v dmportance of a Real Course in Veterinary Hygiene ‘The supreme importance of hygiene and sanitation is brought home very forcibly to us in our sister profession of medicine. The most of us are familiar with the classical work accomplished through the agencies of National, State and municipal public- health surveys throughout our country. It is looked upon with sufficient importance that special graduate training is pre- ~ scribed and required of physicians before they can qualify for positions requiring experts and specialists along hygienic lines. Evidently the time has not arrived in veterinary science for such rigid hygienic and sanitary requirements. However praise- worthy the policy may be, it would hardly be feasible at this time, all things being considered. Nevertheless is it not possible and moreover advisable for us to give our students better training in hygiene and sanitation? In most European institutions this subject is given a major position in their currieu'a. How many veterinary schools of America, past and present. have even as much as offered a course in veterinary hygiene? Apparently but few school officials have 420 A. F. ScHaLK come to appreciate the real value of a good, organized and well- balanced course in this subject. When we come to summarize do we not find the greater percentage of animal diseases which the veterinarian is called upon to diagnose, treat and correct, originating from faulty hygienic conditions of air, water, soil, foods and a host of other sources which properly come under ~ the head of hygiene? Truly it may be said that the most of these topics are touched upon elsewhere in the course, but often only lightly and usually in a fragmentary and disconnected manner. In a course in hygiene that has been carefully and systematically organized, and one that is truly worthy of the name, the ‘‘cause and effect’’ and the ‘‘means and end”’ of dis-. ease conditions are connected and correlated in a natural and impressive manner. With such brand of knowledge in stock the student enters the professional world well equipped to make a thorough and intelligent survey of conditions with the idea of arriving at a satisfactory diagnosis and probably render- ing an intelligent and reliable opinion to his clientele. Diseases of Breeding Animals Before closing our discussion on the schools’ duties and re- sponsibilities, it is necessary to dwell upon one more phase of the question, which seems to be most: pertinent and oppor- tune. I refer to special training of students in the many ~— complicated diseases involving reproduction in our breeding animals. It is primarily a hygienic problem, and could have been discussed very well under that heading. However, the com- _ prehensiveness of this question, together with its great economic significance to the livestock interests, certainly warrants its being given a major réle, and perhaps it should be made a separate and distinct course in our veterinary eurricula. Steril- ity in eattle alone, with its allied conditions of abortion disease and retained placente and probably other complications, con- stitutes a vicious cycle of diseases in which the financial losses sustained are exceeded only by those of tuberculosis. The breeders of today, and especially those engaged in the produc- tion and development of high-grade and purebred animals, are calling loudly and persistently for assistanee and relief along these lines. That an urgent need exists there is no doubt, and I am very glad to state that some schools have already taken UNDEVELOPED VETERINARY RESOURCES - 421 _ preliminary steps to train their students to meet the sterility _ Can sufficient knowledge be attained on this subject by the average student by simply requiring more time for and placing greater emphasis upon the anatomy, physiology, pathology, bac- — teriology and surgery of the reproductive organs? While much ‘can be accomplished in this manner, and it would serve as an admirable foundation, it appears as though its importance jus- tifies a separate, carefully constructed course in which the many theoretical considerations could be supplemented by a good lab- oratory course affording the student practical application and real practice. I believe that in the future the burden of censure _ will be placed at the doors of the schools which fail to furnish the proper training for their students in this invaluable field of work. ‘ Post-Collegiate Resources Having attempted to review some of the pre-collegiate and collegiate conditions which might be carried to a higher state of development, let us now turn our attention to the post-col- legiate resources. I am not authority for these statistics, but have been told that approximately 85 per cent of all graduate veterinarians become practitioners, 10 per cent are engaged in State and Federal sanitary control work, and 5 per cent pursue other veterinary activities such as teaching, research, army service and commercial work. Evidently the big field in vet- erinary medicine lies in practice, and all will grant that the field is long, broad and deep, and interspersed with many undu- lations whose peaks are not always readily and easily accessible to the veterinary practitioner. Armed and equipped with the best that the schools of today can furnish him, he soon realizes he is stepping out into a world of unknowns. If the school has guided and directed in the right way it can do no more et the start. It now becomes a matter of personal endeavor and indi- vidual effort on the part of the graduate which largely deter- mines ultimate success or failure. Tue VETERINARY PRACTITIONER In the ‘‘haleyon days’’ of the past when horse practice was lu@rative it was only necessary for the practitioner to locate in a large city or in some prosperous agricultural community where he could practice in independence and with fairly profitable 422 A. F. ScHALK remuneration. He knew something about horses, often enecoun- tering little or no competition, and with the break in ‘‘luck’’ with his application of medicine and surgery he made a com- fortable living. But since ‘‘Old Dobbin’’ has jogged down the road, never to return in his former réle of splendor, it is needless - to say that the old order of things is gone and a new setting is before the practitioner. Is this situation sounding the death knell of veterinary prac- tice, and does it signify a probable loss of livelihood for the practitioner ? The personal element of the man himself is quite certain to be the big factor in determining the outcome. It was never more important than at the present time that the veterinarian, in order to be successful, should keep abreast of modern prog- ress. Surely, enough conditions exist which require special thought and immediate action, and above all there is the need of the practitioner’s greater knowledge, closer harmony and deeper sympathy in-all things pertaining to livestock. The stock- men of today are a more enlightened class than in the past, and naturally they expect a higher grade of veterinary service to assist them in adding to the comforts, health and productiveness of their animals. That he may measure up to the breeders’ expectations it becomes necessary that the average veterinarian greatly increase his general knowledge of the animals he is called upon to treat. How often do we hear ‘‘Doc knows a lot about horses, but he don’t know as much as I do about cat- tle, sheep, and hogs.’’ Immediately there arises more or less doubt in the owner’s mind as to whether you are well informed about the disease conditions of these animals, and thus many a veterinary call is withheld on the owner’s part on account of such suspicions. . Need of More Livestock Knowledge In the business world it is universally accepted that the great- est success is attained by being able to talk intelligently about your customer’s shop or business. This principle perhaps ap- plies with immeasurably greater force to our profession in rela- tion to livestock affairs other than disease conditions. Just as soon as the veterinarian can convince his community, or even the leading animal husbandman of the community, that he is familiar with all phases of livestock breeding and production, __—-“UNDEVELOPED VETERINARY RESOURCES 5 423 —_— a he will at once find a much wider field of consultation and prac- tice awaiting him. The main point I wish to bring out is that the practitioner of today and tomorrow must be able to do a great deal more than simply make abstract calls, administer hypos, prescribe after treatment, and lastly collect his fees. Let us not have it said that veterinary practice has degenerated into a cold-blooded business proposition. The twentieth century breeder is inspired to high ideals and greater and bigger things in animal husbandry. In order to realize his ambitions and reach his goal he is reaching out for, and badly needs, someone near at hand on whom to eall for suggestions, advice, counsel and real assistance, in matters per- taining not only to the sanitation and hygiene of his animals but also to their breeding, production and nutrition. My candid opinion is that the local veterinarian is the logical man of a community to occupy that position of honor, trust and conti- dence with the livestock interests. I further contend that it is within the capability of the average veterinarian to educate and develop himself to the point where the stockmen and the public in general will look up his good counsel and valuable services as being indispensable to success in,their industry. Such recognition can not be expected by the young graduate just coming out, or the veterinarian who has just changed locations nor the old resident practitioner who has gotten into the habit of letting things drift and has not heretofore shown an inclina- tion to mix in livestock affairs. It rarely can be accomplished overnight by some -‘‘lucky strike’’ on the part of the man. It usually requires a long, persistent and conscientious campaign on the part of the veterinarian to reach such an enviable posi- tion. However, one who sets out to accomplish this end, by applying himself with genuine endeavor and earnest devotion, will find himself year by year improving his position with the stockmen and the general public, convincing them of the assis- tance and benefits which they are deriving from his efforts. When once you are strongly entrenched in the confidence of your clientele with a high degree of esteem and respect, they will no longer take long chances on cheap empiricism and un- certain home remedies, but will call you upon the slightest pro- vocation and for very trivial disturbanees. Spirit and action of this nature on the part of the owner, combined with ingenious 424 A. F. ScuaLx diplomatic manipulations of the competent and reliable prac- titioner, will certainly go a great way toward bringing out all the possibilities in our new and undeveloped resources in the realm of practice of cattle, sheep, hogs and poultry. Livestock is the ‘‘bread and butter’’ of the veterinary pro- fession. I believe we owe it to the industry as well as to our own existence and welfare to take an active part in both helping to ‘‘knead the dough’’ and ‘‘work the butter.’’ Therefore it behooves every veterinary practitioner in the land to take ad- vantage of all available opportunities to inform himself better and fortify himself more strongly for the much coveted position of livestock adviser and sanitary expert for the cominunity, by adding to his animal husbandry and sanitary and hygienic knowledge by every possible means. It is fully acknowledged that the graduate just out of college can not be expected to fulfil such a mission ideally from the start. However, he should realize that his graduation means only a commencement, and if he wishes to remain an entry in the arduous race of the future he must resign himself to being an | earnest and constant student to the end of his days. Many things can be done to Stain the necessary livestock knowledge and the ultimate confidence of the stockmen. First, it is essential that the veterinarian surround himself with a good animal husbandry library consisting of the reliable, reeognized books and texts written by men of authority on the different subjects. Supplement this with some of the leading current livestock journals or magazines, and above all do not fail to have your name placed on the mailing list of the United States Department of Agriculture and of the leading experiment sta- tions which are engaged in investigational work along animal husbandry lines. These latter bulletins and circulars can usually be had for the asking, or a few cents per copy, and will serve as an invaluable aid in keeping up to date in the various phases of the work. Secondly, be sure to affiliate yourself with every progressive livestock movement, and moreover become a member of as many livestock organizations and associations of your community as possible. In some organizations membership can be obtained only by being an owner of a particular breed of livestock. That is a good prerequisite and may in some cases prove the stimulus to move some veterinarians to become the owners of some class eae 1)’ =“ NpEVeLoPep Verertnary RESOURCES » 4 of purebred livestock, which in turn would bring them into se touch and deeper sympathy with animals in general. Even male or female will allow your admittance, which would ah you within the inner circle of a large number of men where you could not only add materially to your stock of animal know]- edge but do some general extension work along the line of sani- tation and hygiene. Improve Your Professional Status with the Public ™ Aside from the foregoing suggestions, which apply mainly to the livestock classes, one should ever be ready to improve all opportunities to elevate his standing and establish his profes- sional status with the public at large. There are many ocea- sions in the course of community functions and activities where- in the progressive veterinarian can work in with some impressive and valuable educational service. Lack of appreciation can often be traced to ignorance and erroneous views on the part of the laity, and it is a part of a veterinarian’s duties to correct those views and attempt to place them right by consistent educa- tional propaganda. The livestock meetings, farmers’ institutes, and possibly farm bureau and county agent meetings, as well as general community meetings for civic improvements, all at some time or another will afford you your opportunity. Be sure you are ready to take advantage of the opportunities as they oceur. Everybody is interested in the sanitation and hygiene of milk and meat, but the majority of the masses are partially or totally ignorant of the many possibilities of these products conveying disease and epizootics to the human family. If the veterinarian would only make the most of these subjects by carefully laying the situation before his constituents he would soon arouse public sentiment to the point which would result in the tubereulin testing of virtually every cow which contributes milk and dairy products to his home town, and also perhaps stimulate a meat inspection service. It is even advisable for one to do some*good extension work among the women’s organizations. Do you know that you can take one tuberculous hen before a community meeting of house- wives, and with a thorough demonstration and a thirty-minute diseussion create unbounded enthusiasm and interest? While many of these same women had been previously only lukewarm toward your cause, or perhaps hadn’t the least idea of the 426 A. F. ScHa.tx animal plagues that may come to the human family through dumb creation, a majority of them will now become inspired with a new idea of the importance of your work, and will probably become boosters for, you and your cause to the end of their days. It would be difficult to enumerate the dozen and one ways by | which the enterprising veterinarian can implant himself in the hearts and confidence of a community, both professionally and as a loyal, trustworthy citizen. Perhaps not the least important thing, and one not hitherto given due consideration by all veterinarians, is going about your work in a strictly professional way and with a seriousness and diligence which will command the respect of your clientele. Much too often do we hear the stockmen say: ‘‘ Yes, I ealled the veterinarian, but he did not seem to take much interest in the case. He walked up to the animal, asked a few questions, wrote me a high-priced prescription, charged me ten or fifteen dollars, and drove away.’’ While I am not saying that a few cases can be handled satisfactorily in that manner, the fact is that the majority of them can not. Furthermore, the policy is entirely wrong. It involves an utter lack of sense of duty, the absence of scientifie application of the principles of veterinary medicine, the failure to give adequately for value received, and above all in many instances results in the next call being given to some empirie who will charge only five or seven dollars, and perhaps give the owner as much or.even more for his money, and in the end give better general satisfaction. This last factor of satisfaction must be kept uppermost in the mind of the practitioner at all times. It is only a natural mani- festation of human nature to expect service commensurate with fees charged, and the stockman is no exception. Even in appar- ently trivial conditions it is good judgment to go about gathering the history and arriving at a diagnosis in a systematic and scientific manner. In addition to the satisfaction which con- scientious and eareful effort of this nature is sure to convey to your client, it likewise serves as a safeguard to the practitioner himself to prevent him in some instances from overlooking some deep-seated trouble of a grave nature which was not maniseenn itself by prominent, potent symptoms. The science and art of making a thorough and complete survey of sanitary and hygienie conditions often requires much pa- tience, diligence, skill and tact in order to bring out all underly- ( : , __..UnpeveLorpep Verertrnary Resources 427 ——_ e ing facts and conditions, and on not a few oceasions there will be room for exhibition of talents of a high order in ferreting out diseases and tracing them to their very origin. The practitioner should not lose sight of the fact that the field, the farmyard, the stable, the fold and the sty are his workshops and laboratories in which innumerable opportunities are presented for the appli- eation of the highest scientific attainments. The oft repeated though erroneous saying that ‘‘you can be too scientific for a good practitioner”’ is all ‘‘rot’’ and will not bear critical anal- ysis. Again to quote the great Osler, who said ‘‘there can be no teaching without a patient—the patient is the best teacher,’’ well illustrates the excellent position of the practitioner for study purposes. If he will, he can develop himself into a specially trained observer. And observations of facts and clini- eal conditions carefully recorded by specially trained observers such as the practitioners should be, may lead to new ideas and ‘conceptions concerning disease by the practitioner himself, as well as suggest to the pure scientist possible new lines of inves- tigation. Special Features — Tuberculosis Control Looking forward from the present, we have before us some exceedingly important questions and problems which require considerable enlightenment and education of the public before an efficient and economic solution of them ean be reached. Three years ago the Federal Government through the Bureau of Animal Industry, cooperating with the various State sanitary boards, in- itiated what is known as ‘‘tuberculosis eradication under the aceredited herd plan for purebred cattle.’’ About the same time many States also began in a limited way some circumscribed area eradication work on the same disease. Although both of the movements combined are making but slow progress, when compared with the millions of cattle in the country, they are forerunners to and the starting point of the greatest sanitary project in the world—the ultimate nationwide eradication of tuberculosis in cattle. That this stupendous project may be pursued with the hearty ration of all concerned, an enormous amount of educa- tional work is necessary iv crystallize human sentiment: and to develop a well-directed public opinion for its sanction and unre- 428 A. F. ScHaLx stricted support. Among others, the local practitioner in his daily contact with stockmen occupies an admirable position to conduct a man-to-man campaign for the cause. In so doing he could prepare the correct mental attitude and pave the way for the necessary public cooperation. The people should be given the facts in the ease. They should be informed that it will re- quire at least a quarter and possibly a half century, and that such a program would of necessity have to be carried out grad- ually so that there would be no collapse or famine in our dairy and meat products. While the work in both the accredited herd plan and cir- cumscribed area testing is being done now by Federal and State sanitary men, the annual retest will in all probability fall to the local veterinarian as soon as the preliminary features of the work have been completed. Therefore it is imperative that every veterinarian in the country put his shoulder to the wheel and do his share by word, deed and action to help put the public in a receptive mood for the work. It not only means a useful public duty, but will result in a consistent and dependable source of service for every practitioner who will be able to qualify for the work. The Horse Question Again, Mr. Practitioner, what are you doing in your commu- nity about the horse situation? After the motor-power wave of enthusiasm has somewhat subsided, and the financial condition of the country will no longer endure a reign of extravagance, we are going to arrive at the sane conclusion that there is a certain amount of work requiring motive power that can be furnished best and most conveniently by the horse. During the experimental stage of motor power, through which we are now passing,-all has not gone well from an efficient and economic point of view. As we approach normal conditions we will again be compelled to reckon costs upon a ‘‘dollars and cents’’ basis, and the public will then learn that it will have to depend upon the horse for so much power for certain kinds of work. What is the situation? Horse breeding has been reduced approximately 75 per cent during the last two years. If this condition continues a few more years there will exist a real dearth of horses. When the public awakens to the fact that it actually needs horses there will be no animals available for _.I~veve.torep VETERINARY RESOURCES 429 | = "the tharket and the demand, and consequently it will be forced to fall back on motive power to serve its purposes. This would be a sad state of affairs, and the veterinarians can perhaps do more to avoid it than any other class of people. - Up to three months ago, when general depression struck the | country, the horse market quotations showed that horseflesh over and above 1,400 pounds in good draft types brought from 25 to 30 cents a pound. This clearly demonstrated that good big horses were very profitable livestock and a product that one could well afford to raise. The demand for small and medium light horses is practically nil, but there will always be service for good heavy drafters. It appears as though one could give no better advice than to urge all owners of good big mares of good type to begin breeding at once wherever desirable sires can be procured for mating. Again it devolves upon the veterinarian to spread the gospel of this need and to serve as the most import- . ant means of spreading the necessary education to stimulate the breeding of horses of serviceable type and size. Develop Sterility Resources It has developed in recent years that much can be done in the way of restoring a large percentage of apparently sterile cows to physiologic reproduction. This opens up a very promising field in many localities for practitioners who are qualified for the work. The results obtained by Veterinarians who have followed this line in a systematic and scientific manner are very encouraging and certainly justify the average practitioner in preparing himself to handle that practice in his community. As a rule the local verterinarian is neglecting to develop this resource, principally because he has not had special training for it. While the most of this work has been done by men who have followed it from an investigational standpoint, the average cautious, conservative veterinarian can fit and develop himself to a fairly high degree of accomplishment if he only determines to do so. Inasmuch as the older practitioners did not have the oppor- tunity of obtaining special training in sterility work in their collegiate courses, they are compelled to work out their own salvation to a large extent. Owing to the fact that the work is in its infaney, special literature pertaining to it is rather scant. Texts and monographs on the subject are not to be had at this 430 A. F. ScHALK time, and one will have to depend upon the current literature of the day and information gathered from discussions and demon- strations put on at veterinary association meetings and veteri- nary short courses by men who can speak from experience and with authority. As a preliminary procedure in this work it is advisable for one to familiarize himself thoroughly with the gross anatomy of the female generative organs of the cow. This can be done best at the larger slaughtering establishments where one has the oppor- tunity of examining the organs of a large number of animals. In the course of such extensive examinations you are sure to encounter 4 number of pathological conditions, which will also greatly add to your stock of knowledge. Having obtained a good knowledge of both the normal and pathologic anatomy of the reproductive organs from observation and palpation outside the body, and combining this with the best obtainable theoretical information from the above-men- tioned sources, you are ready to apply the greatest of all educa- tional principles ‘‘learning to do by doing.’’ It is best to begin operations upon animals of not much value, and exercise great care and caution in your mechanical manipu- lations. Keep well in mind that you are dealing with delicate organs, and avoid all undue abuse of them in so far as possible. Following the theory that ‘‘practice makes perfect,’’ it is well to keep your hand in by practicing whenever the occasion pre- sents itself. . It is readily conceded that your clientele will grant you far greater credit and recognition for smaller returns in sterility work than that of most other lines of practice. On aceount of the greater cost of this kind of service it is confined mainly to purebreds and high grades. It is also a line of practice in which the breeder does not expect 100 per cent reeoveries. Often the production of one calf from the owner’s favorite fancy prize- winning animal, which he believes hopelessly barren, will give you unequaled prestige, unlimited community recognition, and, most of all, probable life-long patronage. The remuneration from this service alone will range from $200 to thousands of dollars annually, depending upon the number of valuable cattle in the community, and the practitioner’s proficiency in dealing with the condition. Begin now to prepare and fit yourself for _-UNDEveLoren Verertnary Resources | 431 yee - this work so that your old established clientele will not be com- _pelled to go outside for assistance and ervey in this line. « ' The County ys - We have sufficient evidence before us that county agents in certain localities are inclined to dabble more or less in matters strictly veterinary. In some instances the field agents are not directly at fault, as it is sometimes a part of the general policy of the directors of agricultural extension, by whom they are employed. However, the greater percentage of the intruders _ are over-ambitious men who deliberately reach out as far as they ean in attempting to show the farmer that they are ‘‘jack of all trades’’ and a panacea for all their troubles. Unfortunately the very root of this trouble is implanted deeply in human nature. A large number of persons are always on the lookout for ‘‘something for nothing,’’ something free, and the stockman-farmer is no exception. The county agent, being a _ dispenser of general free information, is often appealed to by _ the farmer for advice and suggestions regarding livestock mai- j ters. Incidentally, he soon begins to tell the agent about some ailing animal, and before he is well aware of it he is lured into veterinary consultation and openly asked what is the best thing to do. The average field agent does not have sufficient courage to tell him to call a competent veterinarian. Indeed, thinking perhaps that it is his duty to help him out, or possibly that he might increase his prestige somewhat, he takes a chance and does a “‘little doctoring.’? The farmer tells his neighbors, and they expect him to render them similar service. The custom is established, the practice is cultivated, and within a short time it is difficult for the agent to stop it; and so it goes until he makes some costly mistake. The policy is a poor one, both from the view-point of veterinary science and livestock interests, and the most of these short-sighted individuals come to grief sooner or later by being led out of their element or by overstepping their bounds. What can be done to relieve the situation? Since practices of this sort are not influenced or controlled by a eode of ethics, and, moreover, as they do not come under a ban of established laws and regulations, it appears as though it remains for the practitioner to make the most of conditions for the present. Again I would emphatically urge the advisability of the veter- ve, a or) 432 A. F. ScHaLKk inarian measuring up to and preferably excelling the county agent in general livestock knowledge, that he may be looked upon as the livestock authority and general animal industry adviser and leader in his territory. Lastly, is it not possible for the veterinary practitioner in most cases to win over and convert the average county agent into a valuable asset, before he develops into a burdensome liability and partial competitor, should he be so inclined? Go out at once, before there is any oceasion for animosities to arise be- tween you, and at all odds make friends and possibly cultivate companionship with the county agent. Visit with him at leis- ure times; discuss with him agricultural conditions and problems, with him oceupying the role of authority and you a good lis- tener. When you have worked into his confidence, incidentally begin to show him diplomatically, by inference, precept and illustration, that veterinary medicine has many pitfalls, and in a large percentage of cases he will soon see that he can not afford to take chances on falling into some of the ‘‘pits,’’ and he will gladly tell the farmer to call a veterinarian who is pro- ficient and reliable. Don’t misinterpret me to say that all of them could be transformed in this manner; but I sincerely believe that if they are approached and schooled in the proper way at least 85 per cent of them could be converted into actual aids and helpers in your practice. I certainly consider them a resource well worth attempting to develop. Try it. You ean not very well make conditions worse, and you may greatly add to-your patronage and at the same time avoid many embarrassing situations. We have attempted to come out into the open, and diseuss freely, frankly and impartially what we consider some of the most jmportant problems and needs concerned in the future of veterinary science. Many more items could be taken into eonsi- deration, which would help to support the contention we are making. However, we believe that we have selected a sufficient number of topies to give us more than faint glimpses of wide fields which have been too much neglected in veterinary resources in the past, and which demand in the future earnest endeavor and cultivation by the entire profession. . With a thoroughly educated veterinary profession, both nor- mally and intellectually, and with a greater animal husbandry UNDEVELOPED VETERINARY RESOURCES 433 knowledge and deeper sympathy with livestock affairs in gen- eral, together with an educated and well-directed public opinion, there will be created a correspondingly wider field of veterinary _ serviee, and we believe that the material interests of the profes- sion will then largely take care of themselves. _ The present period of depression and financial stress is univer- sal, and applies in a like manner to practically all businesses, industries and professions. The restless spirit of the times is but temporary and should cause no undue pessimistic apprehen- sion. However, this is no time to destroy ideals. On the con- trary, they should be constructed with deeper conviction and greater hope than ever before. At all times the veterinarian should keep foremost in his mind the old saying that “‘faith, industry and self-reliance conquer all things,’’ and that the skillful application of principles and the faithful fulfillment of the public trust and confidence will lead to the condition of continued and increased remunerative employment in the future. TUBERCULOSIS CAMPAIGNS COMPLETED IN SIX COUNTIES Six counties have completed county-wide testing campaigns to eradicate tuberculosis, and several others are now doing simi- lar work. The counties having tested the animals in every herd are: Barron County, Wis.; Clay County, Miss.; Hinds County, Miss.; Clatsop County, Oreg.; Island County, Wash.; and Gal- latin County, Mont.. Cattle in the District of Columbia have also been tuberculin tested annually for a number of years. County-wide testing—cealled area work—is regarded as one ‘of the most effective ways of controlling tuberculosis. Herds from which reactors are removed are retested from time to time to make certain that the disease is entirely eradicated. The recent exposure in Western Ohio of ‘‘Doe Nolan’’ and his fraudulent remedy for hog diseases, ‘‘ Noxine,’’ is described in the Prairie Farmer, which also recounts the operations of this fake medicine vendor during the past seven years, and the efforts made by farmers, farm organizations and federal agents to bring technical evidence against the man and stop his dis- honest practice. THE EPIDEMIC AND EPIZOOTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS * By E. C. Scuroeper Superintendent, Experiment Station, United States Bureau of Animal Industry, Bethesda, Maryland THE different types of the tubercle bacillus, it would almost seem, have been discussed often enough and at sufficient length, and, it might be added, with sufficient emphasis, to have ex- hausted the need to say anything more about them. But the questions that are still being asked imply that this is not true, and the matter that has remained clouded with uncertainty in many minds, though it is a factor of major importance in its bearing on the nature of our various antituberculosis activities, is the relation of the different types to epidemic and epizootic manifestations of tuberculosis. An impartial study of the available evidence leaves little doubt that tubercle bacilli may be divided into at least three clearly distinct types—the human, the bovine and the avian, and no one acquainted with the numerous unsuccessful attempts that have been made to transform one type into another will be led far astray by superficially plausible transformation theories, or find encouragement in such theories for the belief that the distinctive characters of the different types lack permanence or stability. By this I do not mean to say that the tuberele bacillus shows absolutely no variations under different conditions of growth and multiplication, as even the late Dr. Robert Koch, a positive and certainly the most authoritative advocate of the stability of the different types, frankly admitted that determinable variations, alike in morphology and virulence, of a kind that lack value as evidence to prove that one type may be transformed into another, had been recorded. The tubercle bacillus, without doubt, is gifted, like most or- ganisms, with a fair degree of plasticity, which enables it to con- form in some measure to the requirements of its environment, but this does not account for the difference between the several ‘Presented at the Tuberculosis Eradication Conference, Atlanta, Ga., May 3, 1921. 434 _Siegniricance or Types or TuBercie Bacitus 435 types. Neither can the difference be explained by the assump- tion that it is a question of pathogenic virulence correlated to some extent with no greater variation in morphology than we find in many true polymorphic organisms. This is well illus- trated by the respective pathogenicity of the different types for two animals widely used in tuberculosis investigations. Guinea- pigs are highly susceptible to the human and the bovine types of the tubercle bacillus and strongly resistant against the avian type. Rabbits are strongly resistant against the human type, which readily attacks guinea-pigs, and are quite susceptible to the avian type, against which guinea-pigs are strongly resistant, ft. If the difference were purely a question of a degree and not of \ a kind of pathogenicity, either guinea-pigs would not be more : j vulnerable to the human type than rabbits or rabbits would not : be more vulnerable to the avian type than guinea-pigs. The 7 more this difference in the kind, as distinct from a degree, of pathogenic virulence is studied with different species of animals, the stronger and more convincing the evidence on which it is based is found to be. The theory that the tubercle bacillus is an actively mutating organism, of which the currently produced types best adapted ' to the environment in which it lives and multiplies gradually become dominant and crowd out other forms, was at one time very attractive to me, and it was my opinion that it would eventually be proved. It is in harmony with the widely enter- tained belief that most tuberculous disease among human sub- jects, irrespective of the age at which it asserts itself through symptoms, is caused by tubercle bacilli that entered the body during childhood, and the fact that the bovine type of the tub- ercle bacillus is found frequently in the tuberculous lesions of children and rarely in those of adults, and the discovery of , exceptional or aberrant types of the tubercle bacillus, seemingly _ intermediate between the human and the bovine types. But it 3 has remained wholly unsupported by eagerly sought, unimpea- _ ghable experimental evidence, and can not now be accepted as ot particularly as the required evidence cvuld easily have een procured and soon would have become very abundant if ormation of the type of the tubercle bacillus through | ‘influence of its environment were common enough to require tion as a practically significant event. 436 E. C. Scurorper In our thoughts on transformation we should bear in mind that we have no valid reasons to believe that the environment in which an organism lives and reproduces itself tends to induce or engender adaptive, heritable modifications that contribute to its welfare or insure its perpetuation. All we know about the functions of the environment in the development and establish- ment of new types, varieties and species is that it selects and preserves desirable and discards undesirable variations. The heritable variations or mutations, equally the selected and the discarded, result from undiscovered causes. Hence, unless the tubercle bacillus is an organism which, through the action of unknown causes, more or less continuously prodv¢es its various known types, each ready to be selected or specially favored by the environment in which it happens to be located, transforma- tion can not serve as a reasonable explanation for the commoner occurrence of the different types in different species of animals or at different ages in the human species. And if the bacillus currently produced its different known types, an enormous number of successful transformation experiments would have been recorded, and the gradual change from one type into an- other would have been observed time and again. It is fortunate, too, that the speedy transformation of the tubercle bacillus from type to type and its better adaptation to a number of different environments is not a common pheno- menon, otherwise we would be confronted in our antitubereulosis work not with three distinct types, each with a reasonably deter- minable or measurable significance, but with a protean patho- genie organism which, in addition to its common human, bovine and avian types, could hardly have failed to produce also por- cine, bovine, canine, feline, equine and many other types each of which -would be at once particularly pernicious for some one species of animals and would, moreover, harbor the evil potency for the rapid development of a high specialized perniciousness for any and all other species, and the separate eradication of human, bovine and avian tuberculosis would be a hopeless dream and its attempt a futile waste of time and energy. fe A better argument against the transformation theory can — hardly be found than two well-known facts, namely, that no” species of warm-blooded animals is wholly immune against all types of the tubercle bacillus, and that no satisfactory proof has af ae | j _ SIGNIFICANCE oF Types or TUBERCLE BACILLUS 437 been obtained to show that the number of types has increased through their growth and multiplication in a large number of different species of animals. I say this though I am acquainted with the rare isolation of alleged unusual types from species of animals, like reptiles and fish, that are ordinarily regarded as immune against tubercle bacilli. Even the epizootic frequency of tuberculosis among hogs has not resulted in the transforma- tion of the tubercle bacillus of the bovine type -into a true poreine type. Now, having a group of closely related but truly distinct organisms which act as the prime etiological factors of a disease that attacks many widely different species of animals, what is the significence of each of the several organisms with regard to the epidemic and epizootic occurrence of the disease? The an- swer to this inquiry, I believe, can readily be found through an analysis of the reasons we have for speaking of the several or- _ ganisms as human, bovine and avian types. We have a good reason for speaking of the human and bovine types as ‘‘mammalian,’’ as they rarely attack other animals than mammals; and the reason for the name ‘‘avian’’ is equally good, as this type rarely attacks other animals than birds. Of the more specific designation, the ‘‘human type,’’ we may say that this similarly is reasonable, because this type is more commonly found in human subjects than any other type and is of rare occurrence in the lower animals. But when we’come to the **bovine type,’’ in view of statistics like those supplied by our meat-inspection service, which indicate that it attacks hogs as often as cattle, if not oftener, we must hunt for a different and better reason to justify its name than the frequency with which it oceurs in one or another species of animal. And we do not have to hunt long to find an excellent and convincing reason. The tubercle bacillus is a parasite; the victim of tuberculosis is its host; it is not only a parasite but an obligatory parasite, which, separated from its host, neither grows nor multiplies. After the parasite is expelled by one host it must soon enter another, else it is doomed; and unless it is expelled by its host before the latter dies it is also doomed. Further, it is a deli- eate, nonsporulating bacterium, easily killed by exposure to light; it has no independent power of locomotion; it can not be transported by currents of air more than a few yards without losing its virulence or ability to multiply in its hosts; and tuber- 438 E. C. Scuroeper culous disease, or the result of the true junction between the parasite and its host, usually requires long continued, frequently repeated, or intense exposure of the host to the parasite. From these statements it will be apparent that the parasite, to insure it against extermination, must be related to its hosts in a way that provides for its ample multiplication and its free, abundant and long continued dissemination. The relationship between the human type of the tubercle ba- cillus and human beings and between the bovine type and cattle is of a kind that makes these provisions. In both cases the lung, an organ in free communication with the exterior of the body, is a common habitat of the parasite; in both cases the tuberculous lesions in the lung break down and discharge their contents into the air passages; in both cases the tuberculous material, charged with the parasites, is coughed up and reaches the mouth; in one ease it is largely expectorated, often in a careless, dangerous way, and in the other it is swallowed and the . tubercle bacilli it contains pass through the digestive tract with- out loss of virulence and out of the body through the rectum; in both cases material infected with the parasites is sprayed from the mouth and nose during coughing and other forcible expira- tory efforts; in both cases the disease is usually chronic, slowly progressive, long enduring in character, which insures that its Victims may long remain agents for the dissemination and per- petuation of the parasites; and in both cases the dissemination often begins long before the danger is recognized or suspected. Plainly, human beings are ideal hosts for the human type and eattle for the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus. In both eases we have bodies in which the respective types multiply abundantly without causing marked or observable disturbances of health in the earlier stages of their parasitism, in locations and with the production of lesions which facilitate their expul- sion and dissemination, and this expulsion and dissemination, as notably favorable for the perpetuation of the parasite as it is dangerous for its prospective hosts, may continue, with con- tantly inereasing activity, not for days and weeks and possibly months, as is the case with the parasites of more acute self-limit- ing bacterial diseases, but for years. When the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus inhabits the human body the conditions are’ quite different, and cattle are so — ~~ Sieniricance or Types or TuBercLe Bact.us 439 highly immune against the human type that it requires no con- sideration whatever in bovine tubereulosis eradication projects. The bovine type truly multiplies in the human body, but remains so locked up in closed lesions in this otherwise favorable host that we may conclude with considerable assurance that tuberculosis among human beings, caused by the bovine type of the tubercle ‘bacillus, contributes nothing to the perpetuation of this kind of tuberculosis or its parasite, and that practically every case of tuberculosis in human subjects due to bovine tubercle bacilli must be charged to intimate contact, in most instances through the ingestion of contaminated dairy products, between persons and tuberculous cattle. The relative frequency with which the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus attacks hogs and cattle, taken by itself, would lead to the conclusion that either of both of two names, ‘‘por- eme’’ and ‘‘bovine,’”’ would be proper for it; but the moment we realize that tuberculosis among hogs and tuberculosis among cattle have no true reciprocal relationship, in that tuberculosis among hogs is almost entirely dependent, like bovine tuberculosis among children, on their exposure to tuberculous cattle, and that tuberculosis among cattle is in no respect dependent upon the exposure of cattle to tuberculous hogs, we see that the bovine type of the bacillus is correctly named and that it would be an error to designate it as porcine. The fact of the matter is, though tuberculosis among hogs has reached an epizootic character, the host and parasite relation- ship between the hog and the tubercle bacillus does not adequa- tely insure the perpetuation of the parasite, and tuberculosis among hogs, like bovine tuberculosis among children, is there- fore purely an adjunct or an appendage of the widespread prev- alence of tuberculosis among cattle. In other words, tuber- culosis among cattle is a great, self-sustaining, self-perpetuating plague, and bovine tuberculosis among children and _ tuber- culosis among hogs are its attendant, accompanying, incidental or concomitant evils, which are not self-sustaining or self-per- petuating, and not even reciprocally related to the cattle plague which gives them their origin. Hence tuberculosis among hogs and bovine tuberculosis among children are plagues which can not be controlled by measures which deal with the victims of the disease, but which would rapidly subside if the exposure of 440 E. C. SCHROEDER children and hogs to tuberculous cattle were prevented or tuber- culosis among cattle eradicated. Regarding the comparatively rare occurrence of iuberculosis among other species of mammals than those tiat have been mentioned, it does not seem necessary to say much about them, as they are unsatisfactory hosts for the tubercle bacillus for one reason or another, and the occasional presence of the disease | among them contributes nothing to its perpetuation. We must not imagine, however, that it is a high degree of immunity which invariably protects a species of animals against tuberculosis, as excessive susceptibility, though seriously dangerous for the in- fected animal, may well serve as a factor of safety for its species. For instance, guinea-pigs have so little immunity against human and bovine tubercle bacilli that have actually entered the tissues of their bodies that they suecumb to generalized tubereulosis in the course of a few weeks after infection; yet healthy guinea- pigs, exposed in a tuberculous environment, contract tubereu- losis very slowly. Hence it follows that tuberculous guinea-pigs, because of their lack of immunity, or the lack of resistance that their bodies offer to the multiplication of tubercle bacilli, die too soon to make the dissemination of tubercle bacilli from their bodies a sufficiently common cause of tuberculosis to provide for the perpetuation of the parasitic germ. As a matter allied to, but really distinct from, the kind of transformation of the different types of the tubercle bacillus that we have been discussing, it may be well to say a few words about the possible development of new types. That the tubercle bacillus is a mutating organism must be admitted, unless we wish to deny the abundant and convincing evidence that proves the occurrence of aberrant or atypical types. Hence it is reason- able to assume that a mutation form may at some time occur that will bear the same relatiinship to a species of animals which does not now serve te perpetuate tubercle bacilli which the human type bears to human beings and the bovine to cattle. This would supply the material for the evolution of a new type in a way probably similar to the origin of the several existing types from a parent stock of so-called acid-fast organisms, or the evolvement of any one or more of the existing types from a previously existing type which served as the parent stock. While this assumption is not based on other available, tangi- ble evidence than the mutating character of the tubercle bacillus, P 5 __-Sten1Ficance or Types or Tusercie Baciutvs) 441 it should not be too lightly dismissed. It is particularly inter- esting in connection with the increasing frequency of tubercu- losis among hogs, especially as bovine tuberculosis among hogs is not as far from the status of an independently possible or a self-maintaining plague as bovine tuberculosis among children, or either human or bovine tuberculosis among guinea-pigs, not- withstanding their high susceptibility. Considerations of this kind help us to appreciate that the eradication of tuberculosis, wholly apart from whether it is human, bovine or avian, ean not be pushed forward too eich for the future health and wel- _ fare of the world. -_ From these statements, which show, I hope with some degree of clearness, that the different types of the tubercle bacillus have been correctly named, I believe we may draw the following conclusions regarding the epidemic and epizootic significance of the different types. 1. The epidemic, or rather pandemic, prevalence of taber- eulosis due to the human type of the tubercle bacillus is caused by tubercle bacilli that multiply in and emanate from tubercu- lous persons. Nothwithstanding the vast epidemic importance of this plague, it has no significance as a cause from which an epizootic prevalence of tuberculosis may arise. 2. The occurrence of the kind of tuberculosis among human beings that is caused by the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus is wholly chargeable to the epizootic prevalence of tuberculosis among ¢attle. While it is a serious evil which should be fought with unremitting energy, it does not lead to the dissemination of tuberele bacilli, and therefore has no significance as a cause which contributes to the perpetuation of tuberculous disease. 3. The widespread, common, practically epizootic prevalence of tuberculosis among hogs is chargeable to the epizootic preva- lence of tuberculosis among cattle. Its importance as a cause which contributes to the perpetuation of tuberculosis is insig- nificant. 4.. The epizootic, really panzootic, prevalence of tuberculosis among cattle is entirely due to the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus, and tuberculosis among cattle is a great self-perpetuat- ing plague, which, because of its nature and the character of its causative agent, in addition to the harm suffered by cattle, derives a further important significance from the fact that it is the eause of the epizootic prevalence of tubereulosis among 442 E. C, SCHROEDER hogs and the too common occurrence of the bovine type of the disease among children. In other words, the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus is a pathogenie parasite which is not only seri- ously destructive to its specifically true host, but a parasite which, making its attack through its true host, also causes tuber- culous disease, epidemic and epizootic in character, in foreign hosts, through which it does not perpetuate itself. 5. The epizootic prevalence of tuberculosis among fowls is dependent upon the avian type of the tubercle bacillus, which lacks the power to serve as the cause of an epidemic or an epizootic occurrence of tuberculosis among mammals. 6. The human and the bovine types of the tubercle bacillus have no significance as a cause for the epizootic development of tuberculosis among fowls. The difference in the pathogenic ranges of the several types of the tubercle bacillus is very impressive. It seems clear in the light of our present knowledge that the human and the avian types, though they occasionally are found in other than their specifically true subjects or hosts, are each responsible for only one plague-like manifestation of tuberculous disease; but the bovine type, though its perpetuation depends almost entirely on its growth and multiplication in its specifically true host, the bovine species of animals, is the true cause of three important plagues, a human, a bovine and a porcine, and in addition to - this is responsible in most instances for the less common oceur- rence of tuberculosis among other domestic mammals than cattle and hogs. It is the supremely papoeeie type of the tuberele bacillus. The legislature of Washington has recently enacted legisla- tion providing that all cattle over one year of age must be tested for tuberculosis and receive a certificate of health at least six months before being exhibited at fairs in the State—Hoard’s Dairyman. ‘*One of the most constructive pieces of legislation passed by the General Assembly of Missouri was the Burch tuberculin test law, which makes testing for tuberculosis compulsory in any herd of 5 or more cows. The owner of such a herd is not even permitted to give away the milk.’’—Farmer and Stockman, * : 3 h : : } _ SOME OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING TUBERCULIN TESTING AND TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL By J. J. Frey Veterinary Inspector and Pathologist, California State Department of Agriculture, Division of Animal Industry. WE ALL recognize the fact that very often generalized con- clusions are based upon a single observation or too few obser- vations. This is inaccurate and unscientific and may lead to great blundering. For this reason, when a great amount of accurately recorded data is accumulated covering any question upon which the world still seeks information, such data should be so classified and studied that sound deductions may be made. EXTENSIVE TESTING IN CALIFORNIA In the State of California, as a result of the operation of the pure-milk-law, a public-health measure, tuberculin testing has been conducted on a larger scale than in any other State in the Union. The intradermal test was first given State-wide official recognition in California. With this test 300,000 or ap- proximately one-quarter million tests have been made. The data recorded and the opinions that have been formed as a result of the experience gained in making these tests should be of con- siderable value in determining the application and adaptation of the test in the future. . VALUE AND LIMITATION While tuberculin is now so generally recognized as a valuable diagnostic agent for tuberculosis that its use has become per- manently established, and while the test has become a boon to the dairy industry and is a valuable guardian of children against ‘ the white plague in so far as the milk supply is concerned, its greatest value will never be realized until we fully appreciate _its limitations. This, then, calls for a discussion of the efficiency of the test or the various tests together with their peculiar ad- vantages or disadvantages. SUBCUTANEOUS Vs. INTRADERMAL The subeutaneous, being the first test used. extensively, was considered for many yeais to be the best. Today it is more and more being replaced as the intradermal method gains favor. 445 444 J. J. Frey The fact that the subcutaneous or the thermal test is cumber- some and time-consuming is not the most serious objection to it. We all recognize that there are many influences that may — cause fluctuations of a cow’s temperature, making the test in- applicable in some cases, as just before or after parturition, and in other cases making the interpretation of the temperature chart most difficult and probably inaccurate. On the other hand, there is but one thing that will cause a typical swelling at the point of inoculation typical of the intradermal reaction; that is tuberculosis. The intradermal test in the hands of an experienced operator is not likely to err on the side of giving reactions when animals are not affected. As to the relative value of these two most commonly used tests, in their ability to pick out all of the reactors, I believe that all that can be said is that in some cases cows will react to the subeutaneous when they will not react to the intradermal, and in other cases, within the same herd, cows will give an in- tradermal reaction when they will not react to the subeutaneous method. , Orner Tests The ‘‘sensitized intradermal’’ test consists in the application of a second injection in the same manner as the first, and at about the same location, on the fourth day following the first injection. This is supposed to be more searching than either the subcutaneous or the ordinary intradermal tests. The limited use that we have made of this test is insufficient to confirm this contention. The intrapalpebral test is supposed to combine the good points of both the intradermal and the ophthalmic tests. From limited observations which we have been able to give this test it seems to have no points of advantage over the intradermal. The ophthalmie test has not been much in favor because when ° used alone it does not detect as many of the tuberculous animals in a given herd as either of the above-mentioned tests. A. modification of this test, known as the ‘‘sensitized ophthalmic,’’ has recently gained great favor as a means for detecting those advanced cases of tuberculosis known as ‘‘spreaders’’ that will frequently not be found by any other means, except possibly a serological test, which has not yet been sufficiently used in com. mon practice to determine its real value. The technique of the sensitized ophthalmie test consists in the § ? ___‘Pesercuuin TESTING AND TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL 445 application. of a dise of dry tubereulin, as prepared for. the ordinary ophthalmic test, into the conjunctival sac, being careful to see that it is dissolved. Two days later two dises of the same size are placed in the conjunctival sae in the same manner as before. This should be done in the morning so that observa- ‘tions may begin at an early hour and continue throughout the day. The possibilities of this test were illustrated recently in a herd of some 60 head that had been tested at about six-month inter- vals during the past six or seven years, using generally the in- tradermal, sometimes the thermal, and at other times a com- bination of the intradermal, thermal and ophthalmic. Into this herd outside animals had been introduced from time to time. Usually one, two or three reactors were found when each test was made. When the test six months previous to the last test was made, five cows reacted to one of the three methods then em- ployed and were removed. At that time there was noted in the herd a cow that was thin and which presented an unthrifty appearance in general, but no reaction to any of the tests then applied was obtained. No external lymph nodes were enlarged and no evidence of tuberculosis, other than the general un- thrifty appearance, could be noted. The herdsman said that a very heavy flow of milk, unusually rich in fat, was being given. Her condition was attributed to this fact, and she remained in the herd. On the last test in this herd 19 head reacted to a combination of sensitized ophthalmic and the intradermal, in- cluding the above-mentioned cow. In this connection there is another important fact to be noted. Not only did she react to the sensitized ophthalmic, but after six days a swelling began at the site of the intradermal injection and increased in size from that time, but on the fourth day not a trace of reaction had been found upon careful examination. The story of this herd suggests two things: First, that the very most important reactions to the intradermal test may appear later than the time ordinarily set for the observation; and second, the various tests used repeatedly may fail to check the spread of tuberculosis in some herds. BELATED REACTORS Discussing first the question of belated reactors, it will be recalled that two years ago in a lecture before the veterinarians in attendance at the short course at Davis, Dr. A. L. O’Banion, 446 J. J. Frey of the California Department of Agriculture, stated that, while little significance could be attached to the size of a reaction, the later a reaction appears the more likely was the animal to be ex- tensively affected. His conclusions were based upon an exam- ination of the reports of animals tested and slaughtered under supervision of California State meat inspectors. His statement seems to be borne out in the illustration just given; however, the cow has not yet been slaughtered. Further evidence that these later reactors may appear more frequently than we had formerly supposed is seen in the fact that two other inspectors, working independently, have recently reported the same occurrence, their attention in both cases having been called to it by cattle owners after the regular fourth-day observation had been made. It is also a frequent occurrence that a dairyman upon being shown a number of reactors in his herd will reply: ‘‘Yes, I ean see them plainly myself now; but last night I examined them all carefully, and there were but one or two that showed any swelling at all.’’ WHEN THE TEST Wiig Going back now to the discussion of the second point ouggiiiia by our illustration, we find ourselves face to face with the most diffieult problem with which we must cope in tuberculosis con- trol, namely, the elimination of the advanced case that is a spreader or likely to become a spreader before a subsequent test. It seems to be the consensus of opinion that if 80 per cent of tuberculous cattle in a badly affected herd react to any test it is doing well, leaving 20 per cent still in the herd. Among this 20 per cent there are likely to be at least some of the most dangerous spreaders of the entire herd. This 20 per cent can be materially reduced by using a combination of tests. Possibly in most instances by the use of the proposed sensitized ophthalmic test the spreaders may all be detected and removed at the time of the first test. However, a combination of the three best recognized methods for field testing, possibly including the serological test, should be given at the beginning of the attempt to eradicate tubereulosis from a given herd; then if the two succeeding tests at six-months intervals show decreasing numbers of reactors, it may be considered that progress is being made and the prognosis favorable. On the other hand, should a num- ber of reactors appear on each succeeding test, it is evidence sufficient that spreaders still remain in the herd, provided proper ___Tuperevuin Testing aNp Tusercutosis Contro. 447 _ sanitary precautions, such as scraping, draining and plowing corrals and grazing grounds, indicated as an absolute necessity by Dr. J. Traum’s experiments recently completed at the Uni- versity of California, have been observed, and if the barns have been thoroughly cleaned and saturated with a disinfecting solution. When spreaders are present in a herd and means of detection fail, there remains but one course: Consider the herd 100 per cent tuberculous and proceed to establish another herd, or remove it entirely from any territory from which an eradication effort _ is being made. z! POSSIBILITIES ~ Now that due consideration has been given to the limitations and shortcomings of the tuberculin test, we must give attention to what can actually be accomplished and what valuable infor- mation may be obtained when it is intelligently used. In one county not a single cow that passed the first general test reacted to the second test. In a northern county but three herds were found affected, and in each case the disease was traceable to outside sources. In another county not a single reactor has been found, due to its geographical isolation, while in an adjoining county where transportation and communication to the outside are easy it is well known that large numbers of tuberculous cattle are present. OrHER EXAMPLES In addition to these facts, there are many herds in various parts of the State that have been cleaned entirely by the test, but the following examples are typical of them all: 1. A Guernsey herd of 150 head, 90 of which were milk stock, gave 14 reactors in first test; on second, 5; on third, 1; on fourth, 2 suspicious, which were removed as reactors; fifth, 1 reactor; sixth, none; seventh, none. 2. A herd in Siskiyou County showed on the first test 3 reactors out of 80 head. None have oceurred since. 3. In San Diego a herd of 38 contained 4 reactors, was clean on third test, and has remained so. It should be stated here that it has been shown that the lower the percentage of reactors and the smaller the herd, the more suecessful is an attempt to eradicate the disease. It is encouraging to note the great majority of cases that have remained free from the disease where herds have been placed 448 J. J. Frey on the accredited herd list by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, after having been declared as free. This, however, may be to some extent attributed to the faet that probably not a high percentage of accredited herds originally contained a high percentage of reactors. CONFIDENCE IN TEST Another fact of significance is that those who have used the test most place the greatest confidence in it. They all will say that practically nothing can be told from physical appearance whether or not an animal will react, but, given the history of a cow or herd, in a surprising number of instances the result may be predicted correctly ; showing a degree of regularity, consisten- cy or dependability that may be credited to the test. Many other occurrences tend to show its great searching value, especially among cattle where the test has not been previously used. For example, there have been noted’ herds in which cows oceupied the same stanchion each time they were stabled. On making observations as one passed down the line, the reactors would occur in groups of five or six standing side by side; the next ten would pass; then three or more gave reactions; several would pass, and then another group of reactors would come. This also illustrates a potent method of dissemination. In another typical observation a dairyman had kept nine head together in a small corral and barn for two years. Just pre- viously to the test he had purchased six head from the moun- tains. This was all unknown to the veterinarian until after the test had been completed, and he had found nine reactors and six free, drawing this remark from the owner: ‘‘That’s funny as hell. I just brought in the six that didn’t react, off of pasture. The others I have had here for two years.’’ Another thing of frequent occurrence is that, upon finding reactors in a herd, an inspector begins to tattoo a ‘‘T’’ in the ear, as now required by the California pure-milk law, where- upon he finds a ‘‘T’’ already present. Upon inquiry it is dis- covered that the owner had unknowingly bought these cows from a neighbor where they had reacted the year previous. Several veterinarians have stated that, upon examining the remainder of the herd closely, they were agreeably surprised to note the remarkable degree to which all of those having been tattooed, as a result of a reaction the year before, had again reacted. __/PUBERCULIN TESTING AND TUBERCULOSIS ConTRoL 449 : TECHNIQUE oat While the technique of testing is generally well known, it is so - wot €Mncommon to find veterinarians going through an elaborate process of disinfection before making the intradermal test. This may be all right as a matter of policy or for effect on the owner, but it has no practical value in so far as the test is concerned. Experiments have been made wherein living cultures of colon bacilli and suspensions of fecal material have been in- jected intradermally without producing a semblance of a reac- tion. Further, the greater majority of the one-quarter million ' tests made by veterinarians of the California Department of Agriculture have been made after simply wiping the spot of Injection clean, and in no instance, except in cases where an animal would jump, causing the needle to tear the skin, was even so much as a trace of infection noted. It is claimed by some that it is even unimportant whether or not tuberculin is injected into or under the skin. This may be true; but if we omit sterilization then obviously we must not earry the needle through the skin and into the subcutaneous tissue, or infection would be quite sure to result. This it seems would be a source of difficulty frequently met, even though we attempted to disinfect the needle and the field of operations each time, and permitted ourselves to be careless about pene- trating the skin. It is, therefore, best, I believe, to keep our intradermal test strictly ‘‘intradermal.’’ INTERPRETATION OF INTRADERMAL REACTIONS a With regard to interpreting reactions, we have come to recog- nize any firm swelling the size of a pea or one-half the size of a hazelnut, or larger, as a positive reaction. Match-head swellings and slight thickenings, evidently a hold-over from earlier swell- ings, are classed as suspicious reactions and are usually found on postmortem to contain no visible lesions. We do not regard P those swellings which so commonly appear after one or two . days and disappear by the third as positive reactions. The tendency seems to be to increase the time from injections to observations. Doubtless in tuberculosis eradication work observations should be made more than once, possibly the third and seventh days, or the third, sixth and eighth days. The following code for recording intradermal reactions was adopted at a recent meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association at Chicago: 450 J. J. Frey An intradermic test shall be neta in accordance with the fol- lowing code: (A) Animals showing no Biv shall be recorded at each ob- servation as N (negative). (B) Reactors shall be recorded as follows: a. For circumscribed swellings, pea size (diameter 3/16 inch) shall be used as the basic standard. Larger swellings shall be recorded as P2, P3, P4, P5, ete. b. For diffused swellings, Thick 2X shall be used as the basic stand- _ ard and signifies a diffuse swelling in which the injected caudal fold is twice as thick as the normal fold. Larger swellings shall be re- corded as Thick 3X, Thick 4X, etc. Test SERVING ITs PURPOSE Is tuberculin testing under the State dairy law accomplishing the thing for which it was intended, namely, the protection of the health of the public against tuberculosis of bovine origin? The reply is emphatically YES. At the time testing was begun, raw milk fiat many large dairies where tuberculosis prevailed to 90 per cent of the herd was being sold. Veterinarians remember having visited such herds where the sale of raw milk had been stopped, and noted the visible effects of tuberculosis upon the children of the family who had continued to drink the milk in its raw state. . - oc axp0 «+ 4 ee Rogenhofera Arista with hairs on upper side and on apical part of power widdey.| >. WRT 02. DAPPER SORES 0 2 2. Antennal pit extended below in a tapering prolongation, the peristomalia converging obliquely and meeting near the mr Ctl Mr CGTINGss. ..... . ds. ; adel vadee tne’ Cuterebra Antennal pit circumscribed below, subcircular, the peristo- malia parallel and closely approximated to earina for about the lower half of its length... ................... Bogeria The larval characters are not well studied for the various species in these genera and a key compiled at the present time is apt to prove misleading and inadequate. Of these 3 genera, Rogenhofera oceurs in South America and . is not known to occur in North America. The North American species belong to Cuterebra and Bogeria. Townsend (1917) lists the following as valid species of these 2 genera: Cuterebra cuniculi, C. analis, C. approrimata, C. histrio, C. americana, C. tenebrosa, C. atror, and C. maculosa; Bogeria emasculator, B. grisea, B. buccata, B. fontinella, B. princeps, B. fasciata and B. scudderi. 484 Maurice C. Haun The first stage larva of Cuterebra americana has recently been described by Ferris (1920). This is the type species of the genus Atrypoderma Townsend, 1919, and the only included species at present. The generic characters of the adult fly are given as — follows: Mesoscutum at most seareely as long as wide. Abdomen no wider than thorax. Front not prominently produced, the front border of head viewed from above subarecuate. Antennal axis little over half head height. Whole outline of head and body viewed from above equilateral and subquadrangular. The egg of Cuterebra fontinella (Bogeria fontinella) has been described by Hadwen (1915). VALUE OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS TO HUMAN SURGERY In The Country Genileman of February 12, 1921, is a most interesting article on vivisection from the pen of Dr. W. W. Keen, Emeritus Professor of Surgery, Jefferson Medical Col- lege. He states that in every operation upon his fellow creatures since 1876, he has been guided by the results of experimental research. ‘‘Research has given to surgeons, physicians, and obstetricians new operations and new means of treatment wholly impossible of attainment by any other method and these have been blest of God to millions of our suffering fellowmen, as well as to animals. These researches have changed the surgery of desperation before 1876 into today’s surgery of assurance.”’ HOGS REQUIRE INCREASED VETERINARY SERVICE Twenty. or thirty years ago more than 80 per cent of the cases to which veterinarians were called consisted of horses. Today the horse represents only about 10 per cent, as shown by ease and hospital records of four of our large State colleges. For convenience, I have placed the animals in the order of num- bers treated. Swine, 7,335; cattle, 6,023; dogs, 5,041; sheep, 2,707 ; horses, 2,688 ; fowls, 2,564; cats, 1,779 ; rabbits, 73; squir- rels, 4; canaries, 3; ferrets, 2; camels, 1; deer, 1; goats, 1, guinea pigs, 1; leopards, 1; monkeys, 1; parrots, 1; pigeons, 1; skunks, 1. Of the 28,227 cases treated, only 91% per cent were horses.—L. Enos Day. THE POSITION THAT VETERINARY SCIENCE OCCU- PIES WITH RELATION TO ANIMAL INDUSTRY ' oa By Avonzo 8S. SHEALY College of Veterinary Science, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippine Islands _ IF my source of information is correct, our profession had its birth in a horseshoeing shop. Men who shod horses naturally came in close contact with ailing animals, particularly lame- ness. It is natural to suppose that these men were eager to relieve the dumb beasts with which they came in contact; and notwithstanding the fact that these men were uneducated, in many cases were even unable to read and write, they were the ones who were looked upon for advice and guidance when any- thing was found abnormal with the locomotory apparatus of the horse. Often they were able to render assistance by the appli- cation of the art of blacksmithing. They could wield the hammer and shape shoes and trim feet in such a manner as properly tu balance a horse, thereby accelerating and improving the gait. This was done by the application of the art of wielding the hammer properly and the art of trimming the foot, without any knowledge of the science of the anatomy of the horse’s foot or the functions of the different parts which compose it. Even to this day there are many arts in the science of veterinary medi- cine, viz., the art of applying the knife in veterinary surgery and the art of administering medicine, not to mention again the art of horseshoeing, all of which are of great assistance and value to the veterinarian. Referring back to the birth of our profession, at that time horses received most consideration, and the horseshoers, who were our first veterinarians, were the logical men whom owners relied upon when anything became abnormal with the horse. As time advanced these early veterinarians did not confine their activities to the horse’s feet. They acquired knowledge of cer- tain drugs, usually through the advice of some practitioner of human medicine, and these they administered, but usually con- fined themselves to the mildest purgatives. These were given without knowledge of the anatomy of the digestive tract or Presented at the Ninth Annual Convention of the Philippine Veterinary Medical Association. 485 ee 2 fe 486 Auonzo S. SHEALY of any of the physiological changes which take place ther All the knowledge required for the practice of veterinary cine was obtained under the most easy circumstances, no doubt in many cases was imparted when the individual was performing his usual vocation of nailing shoes on horses’ feet. Nothwithstanding the fact that very little effort was required in order to obtain sufficient knowledge to practice the profession . of veterinary medicine, few seemed to enter the field. This, no doubt, was due to the fact that as a prerequisite the individual had first to perfect himself in the art of horseshoeing. This condition of affairs continued until other species of live- stock—cattle, sheep, goats, swine, poultry and pet stock—were developed and improved. These animals with the horse formed the livestock industry of the world. As they were developed, increasing their valuation, their owners, with the law-makers of the different parts of the world, realizing the economic im- portance which animals play in civilization, demanded that men, in order to be able to administer for the ailments of livestock, should be educated. Educated not only in the basic sciences upon which the great structure of agriculture is built as a pre- liminary foundation, but must thoroughly inform themselves in the different sciences, viz., anatomy, veterinary medicine, physi- ology, pathology, bacteriology, ete., these combinations forming, not more than twenty-five years ago, what was considered as covering the entire field of veterinary science. . As a result of these demands large funds were made available for the purpose of erecting colleges and equipping laboratories in order to be able to teach men to become capable of filling the great demands for scientists who really knew how to care for and minister to animals when they became ill. Of the coun- tries of the world, probably the United States took the lead. __ In a réeent publication from one of the prominent veterinari- ans of the United States he makes the following statement: ‘‘A diagnosis is based on a careful observation of the symptoms or evidence of disease. This is quite difficult in farm animals, and ° unless we are acquainted with their behaviors and habits and possess a knowledge of the normal functions and appearances of the different organs of the body, we can not expect to be able to properly recognize disease.’’ To me, this message is a ~ revelation coming from one of our own ranks which implies that | we must become better acquainted with the environments per- * ____ MerertNary Science AND ANIMAL INovustry 487 taining to livestock. We as veterinarians are constantly being - Jooked upon as sources of authority on questions of feeds and feeding and breeds and breeding, and) in order to maintain our prestige we can not retire behind the statement that we are not animal husbandmen but only veterinarians. The questions of hygiene and preventive medicine are being forced upon the __-—s veterinarians more today by livestock owners than ever in the past, and it is imperative that we be equal to the demands. As we are so closely associated with the livestock interests of a country, our presence in a community should be so essential to _ the livestock owners that they can not afford to get along without us, as it is a fact that the only exeuse for the existence of our profession is a well-developed animal industry. At the present time some of the great institutions in America have realized the great interrelations of veterinary science with animal industry, and have regulated their curricula so that animal husbandry students are enabled to take a degree in veteri- nary medicine by only two years’ additional work after they have completed their regular animal husbandry course of four years, and vice versa. To my mind this is a happy combination, and the only change that I would suggest as an improvement is that the entire six years of study be required before either degree is conferred, and then one which would carry both qualifications. if In the Philppines animal industry is not organized, and its development is not in aceordance with, the standards of other | activities of agriculture in the country. We have no cattle asso- “a ciations, no horse associations, no swine or carabao associations. a There was. an attempt at forming a poultry association, but by some means its prominence has not asserted itself as it should. I have stated. that the only excuse for the existence of a veteri- nary profession i is a well-developed animal industry. This state- ment, conneeted with the fact that animal industry is not organ- ized and its development is not what it should be in these Islands, does not mean that the profession has no place in this develop- ment and organization. Statistics show that more than 6,000,000 pesos’ worth of animals died of disease during the year 1919. In addition to this, more than 4,000,000 pesos’ worth is reported as having died of other causes, one-half of which ean be safely estimated as having died of disease also, the other half repre- senting those dying from old age, floods, typhoons, ete. This 488 ALonzo S, SHEALY would indicate that at least 8,000,000 pesos’ worth of animals— and these estimates are far below the present market prices— die annually from the result of disease. As veterinarians we are held accountable for this loss. Are we able to cope with this situation and prevent this enormous loss under our present or- ganizations and systems which are in use? If we are not to blame under present conditions, then to me it appears, to use the good old American expression, that it is ‘‘up to us’’ to advocate a change, one that we ourselves can take part in, demonstrating the fact that men who compose this Association have the proper initiative to obtain results. Otherwise I honestly believe that the proper thing for us to do is to retire from the field and wait till the animal industry of these Islands has developed to an extent which will demand our services. Personally I see no cause for even thinking of getting out of the field. I believe in taking up the work as we find it and doing whatever is necessary to do. By this procedure some day it may be possible to realize what to me will be a bright day for the Philippines, viz., in each provinee there will be a well-organized animal industry association and at the head of this association will be the veterinarian who is a good animal husbandman. WORDS, WORDS, WORDS Every business man has wondered some time or other in his life where his lawyer friends get all their words, most of them useless and superfluous. The difference in speech between the ordinary human being and a legal luminary is illustrated quite forcibly in this little story. If a man were to give another an orange he would simply say: ‘‘I give you this orange.”’ But when the translation is entrusted to a lawyer to put in writing he adopts this form: ‘‘I hereby give and convey to you, all and singular my estate and interests, right, title, claim and ad- vantages of and in said orange, together with its rind, juice, pulp and pits, and all rights and advantages therein, with full power to bite, cut, and suck and otherwise eat the same or give the same away with or without the rind, skin, juice, pulp or pits, anything hereinbefore or hereinafter or in any other deed or deeds, instrument or instruments of whatever nature or kind whatsoever to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding.’’— The P. G. Gazette. THE CARE AND TREATMENT OF HORSES AND CATTLE * By Isavore Buum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania HORSES have been the friends and companions of man for ages. Generations and generations ago, Job showed his admira- tion for horses, and so, now in the Bible we can read his famous writing about horses. Coming down the ages we listen to Buffon, the great historian of horses, and he in his turn draws, in a few phrases, a splendid portrait of a horse. Descending still later, we arrive at our time-honored age, the twentieth century, and we ask ourselves the question: ‘‘ Are we treating these animals, which are even written of in the Bible, with justice?’’ In the following paragraphs I will endeavor to treat this subject of horses, and try to find the answer to the preceding question. The horse is one of the most intelligent of animals. His senses of hearing and smell are strong, his sight is excellent, and he can see by night better than man. He has a very strong memory and easily finds a road which he has traveled over once. He knows his master well, and is attached to him. He is also at- tached to cats, and many cases have been known of the horse pining slowly away after the death of this favorite friend, or the opposite is also known. Horses respond to intelligent care and treatment. There is a saying that a good grooming is worth a quart of oats any day. The horse should be kept in a well-bedded stall, which should be cleaned out every day and fresh straw put in again. The stable should be clean, well lighted and properly ventilated. If he can be blanketed he will have a better appearing coat; a light blanket will keep off the flies and add to his comfort. A horse will do its work willingly and cheerfully, if treated rightly. Infliction of pain on a horse is a barbarous act, and yet, even in this stage of civilization, we see it done. All be- cause the driver is in some dejected mood, and having nothing but the horse before him he wreaks his vengeance on him. All * Mate! py written by a ten-year-old boy, oe a ee E. Willard Public School for the was awarded the first p of = offered the Penns vania Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals for the essay on t eare of animals. ae vor author read it before the Philadelphia Veterinary Club, published as written, with prodheely no editing. Considering the youth of the uthor and the fact that he is resident of a crowded vaity where automobiics are numerous and horses iene fewer than formerly, is remarkable that he should have acquired the knowledge regarding this paper indicates him to possess. Evidently it wh ang for a boy to grow up in a bie city and still have an interest in animals, tor. 490 Tsapore BLUM for nothing the horse receives this brutal treatment, yet, he stands it, as only a horse can. ay While ‘‘breaking’’ a colt, his confidence should be aroused. Bad treatment while ‘‘breaking’’ has led to the ferocity of horses as they grow older, as can egsily be seen by anyone who has read ‘‘Black Beauty’’ in the case of ‘‘Ginger.’’ A horse will bite and kick when alarmed, but if the master and horse understand each other there will be no such happening. ae The rations of horses are limited in all countries practically to hay, cereals and grains. The kind of food varies accordin to the locality. In Eastern United States timothy, hay and oats make up a favorite ration; further west, corn with clover and alfalfa hay; on the Pacifie slope, rolled barley is used with hay from the wild oat and barley plants; in the South, corn is the chief grain feed, also the leaves of the corn plant are dried and used for food. In other countries rye and other cereals find favor. The following rations may be suggested for a draft horse weighing 1,500 pounds. Sixteen pounds of mixed hay, timothy and clover, and 16 pounds of mixed corn and oats ground together. If the horse is at light work, the grain should be cut down and the hay increased. pany For driving horses, timothy, hay and oats are the favorite rations. Oil meal, the residue from flaxseed in the manufacture of linseed oil, is a desirable food. This meal fed at the rate of one pound a day helps to keep the animal’s coat smooth and the body in good working order. A horse should be watered before feeding. He may drink when warm if good care is taken. Let him have a swallow of water, then stop him from drinking. Repeat this operation until his thirst has been quenched. he ba; The danger in watering a horse when he is hot is that a large quantity of water striking his stomach at one time chills it, or partially paralyzes it, resulting in acute trouble. A horse should have a chance to drink every five hours. ess Many accouterments worn by the horse are not in the least necessary. One of them, and a very grievous one to the horse, is the cheek-rein. Nature never intended a horse to hold his head so high. Although the check-rein may be used to stop the horse from stumbling, yet it doesn’t have to be drawn baek so that the horse wishes he should in some way be put out of his misery, rather than endure it any longer. Nature never in- Carre AND TREATMENT OF Horses AND CATTLE 491 : tended it, but still man uses it. Why? Because it looks pretty. If we just call to mind the little proverb, ‘‘Do to others as you ~~ would have them do to you,’’ we can then, a little, understand __ the predicament the horse is in because of this check-rein. _ Phen there are the blinkers, and because of these the horse - @an only see what’s directly ahead of him. Many an accident could have been avoided if the horse would have had full use of his eyes. Fire-horses are given full use of these members, be- cause horse authorities know that blinkers impede the speed of horses and sometimes cause serious accidents. ~ A sharp bit should never be used. It cuts the horse’s mouth, _ Which often remains sore for days. _ While working with draft horses, care should be taken to see o the collar. It should be fully padded, for, if not, the skin be rubbed off, causing the horse much pain, and making unfit for work until it is entirely healed. re Another cruelty formerly practiced on animals, but not so tly now, is that of cutting the tail off short. You can see the state the horse is in, for he has no protection against his relentless foe, the fly. It is an unnecessary practice and is used for style, with saddle and racing horses, i We will now leave this subject and talk on the subject of the of horses. As I think of this a scene flashes across my mind which I will relate in the following paragraph. It was a hot day, during my summer vacation. I was sitting on the step, when before me slowly passed a wagon filled to its i A miserable hallucination of a horse was striving with what seemed to be supernatural power to pull the wagon. His nostrils expanded, his head low, his chest heaving, foaming at the mouth, sweating from every pore, and his legs wearily plodding along, exerting his utmost strength. He stops, for he can no longer endure it. A gesticulation, accompanied by a curse, a whistling through the air, a sharp report, and the horse moyed on again.. I awoke from the stupor I had fallen into on seeing such an unearthly sight. Though the wagon was far down the street, yet I could plainly discern a deep furrow on the horse’s flank, where the whip had bitten deep into the flesh. Such is the vivid pieture impressed on my mind, and I pity that horse when I reeall it, even now, for his is an unhappy lot. So, many horses find an early grave, through the cruelty of their masters, which should not be soy 492 Isapore BLUM We are now practically through with horses and so the sub- ject of cows will come next. The same bedding, as that of horses, holds good for cows. They should be let out to the pasture every day, except in winter. If there is no brook in the pasture they should be brought home and watered three times a day.. Do not chase them while bringing them home. They should be cleaned before they are milked. Although the cow may be sick, she should still be milked, but the milk should not be used. The cow should be milked early in the morning and later in the evening. Milk should never be left in the cow from one day to the next, for she’s liable to get sick. Her diet should consist of pasture in the — summer. Corn, hay flavored with molasses, bran, rock salt and corn fodder in winter. We have now finished all, except the answer to the question in the first paragraph, and we will draw our own conclusions as to the correct answer. Taking it as a whole the horse is treated fairly well by some people. (I am not mentioning the cow because she is used for household purposes mostly, while the horse does all the work, and therefore receives the treatment.) But some people still have the idea that a horse is a dumb brute and should be treated as such, which is entirely wrong. Yet I hope these few will soon be converted and the horse will be seen in his true and fitting character. ‘‘The Future of the Horse of Heavy Draft’’ is the title of an article in the Breeder’s Gazette for May 5, by Ellis McFarland, Secretary of the Percheron Society of America, who states that changing farming conditions and the spring business of a pedi- gree registry association indicate the resumption of draft stock production. Among the arrivals at the animal quarantine station at Athenia, N. J., during May was a Belgian sheep dog belonging to Georges Carpentier, the French pngilist. The dog passed inspection and was released to go to his master’s training farm. ‘‘The action of a number of the larger State fairs and stock shows in providing regulations to prevent the spread of tuber- culosis among cattle exhibited at their shows is to be highly commended.’’—Hoard’s Dairyman. A TRIBUTE TO DR. JAMES LAW By V. A. Moore Dean New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. THE history of veterinary education in America is recorded in the biographies of a few distinguished leaders. The evolu- tion of the veterinary practitioner from the untrained and illite- rate enthusiast to the well edu- cated, technically trained and legally licensed veterinarian of today is the product of the efforts of a few veterinarians who came to this country from Europe in the sixth dec- ade of the nineteenth cen- tury. They all became con- nected with veterinary col- leges. Some of them estab- lished schools that were sup- ported by the fees of students and consequently were re- stricted to teaching, largely on a commercial basis. Two of them came to great uni- versities that were in the making under the Morrill Act. One of these, together with his pupils, brought forth the veterinary college at Ohio State University. Dr. Law came directly to Cornell as pro- fessor of veterinary medicine and surgery. He and his pupils founded the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry and the first State livestock sanitary board. Always a leader, he often formed public opinion and guided public action in many critical periods. Dr. Law was a life-long advocate of a preliminary and professional training for veterinarians that would render them the peers of the medical profession. It was through his influence that a four-year high-school course was required by statute for 493 —- ae + lll Se 494 V. A. Moore entrance to the college he founded and also for admission to the veterinary licensing examination of the State. He believed in adequate preparation for veterinary students and likewise their protection after graduation, to the end that competent veter- inary service might safeguard the livestock interests of the State. He was sent to represent the United States at-the Internati Veterinary Congress in Brussels in 1883. While in Europe collected data on the requirements for graduation in thirty- veterinary colleges on the Continent. The report he ts es . those institutions and his notable address, ten years later, befor the New York State Agricultural Society on “The | impo of a Higher Veterinary Education’’ are the two stronge ments in our literature for a better veterinary profession Dr. Law a prominent writer on animal diseases i control. He contributed many papers to veterinary soci journals and also to agricultural papers and public heal ciations. In order to assist animal owners at a time wh were few, if any, veterinarians in the country, he wr helpful book entitled ‘‘The Farmers’ Veterinary which passed through sixteen editions. He is the aut comprehensive system of ‘‘Veterinary Medicine”? in five ve which is in its third edition. Before coming to America h pared, in ors eae with Dr. John Gamgee, 1 the p. ne its clearness, conciseness and accuracy. In addition to hi 3 wri ings, he was always ready to give any assistance he coul advance his profession. The opinion of Dr. Law on all veterinary subjects was for and held in high esteem not only by animal owners nd veterinary practitioners but also by State and Federal officials. For many years he was the leader in livestock sanitary work in the United States. The service he rendered to the Government in the investigation of swine diseases, in the eradication of foot- and-mouth disease in the earlier outbreaks, and in exterminat- ing contagious pleuro-pneumonia were of inealeulable value. His early experience in Scotland with foot-and-mouth disease had caused him to believe that the radical method employed | the United States Government for its elimination was not neces- sary. Although scientific in his habit of thought, he was a con- servative. He was in full aecord with the Bureau of Animal ; _A Trievute to Dr. James LAw 495 44 Industry in its method of eliminating contagious Sibdre) Se Sn 3,575 TOA ering 3,809 1916 88 4,733 5,266 390 23 10,500 iy s—s«éGG2_—s«*11,902_ =. 8,241 666 5 21,476 1918... 77,656 19,115 3,156 617 Income of abattoir for fiscal year, beginning April 1, 1915, $37,219 ; 1916, $70,522; 1917, $112,685. The expenses of operation are slight, so the income begins to assume importance as a source of revenue for the support of _ other municipal departments. The business gives every sign of still further expansion, as the cattle are. drawn from several adjacent provinces. The practice is for the Shantung drovers to buy young calves in the neighboring provinces of Chihli, Shansi, Shensi and Honan and sell them to the Shantung farmers who fatten them for the Tsingtau beef trade.—(Abstract from Far Eastern Review, China.) _ Discussion of Article—The facts in the above article were de- rived from the records of the Japanese authorities now occupy- ing Tsingtau, and were given to Mr. George Bronson Rea who recently made a tour of the Shantung Peninsula. In some in- stances, however, they may be a little misleading to one not ac- quainted with the existing conditions in China. The cattle im- ported into Shantung are not chiefly for fattening for the beef trade, as one would understand it in the United States, but are brought into Shantung and its vicinity for draft purposes. At the end of the planting and harvesting seasons the older animals are sold off to economize on forage. There is practically no pas- 538 MISCELLANEOUS ture or grazing land in the province as the entire section is in- tensively cultivated to provide food for the large population. The forage for these animals is chiefly the residue and remain- der of that raised for the human branch of the family, potato vines and the roots of the various plants, cut straw, bean and peanut vines, sometimes though rather rarely bean and nut cake. This practice makes it very difficult at times to get -suitable cattle for beef purposes, the fat cattle coming to market at two seasons of the year, late spring after sowing and in the late autumn after harvest. They are driven over the road for some- times sixty or even a hundred miles to the Chinese market for sale to the foreign buyers. Between seasons, owing to the lack of forage, the cattle come into the yards and are offered for inspection in a thin, almost emaciated state. The greatest per cent of the animals are castrated males, that is castrated in the Chinese fashion by crushing or burning, which still leaves an undeveloped testicle and the tendency to ride each other if left to run loose. There is a ruling that females suitable for breed- ing purposes will not be slaughtered, but as the owner merely needs to make a statement that the animal will no longer breed, they are gradually robbing the country of breeding animals. If this practice continues there will be a scarcity of beef in the future to say nothing of animals for work purposes. Even now at times it is difficult to get suitable animals for supplying beef required by contract, and there is a noticeable difference in the animals submitted for inspection now and in former years. The inspection of beef and beef cattle as conducted by the Japanese authorities, although copied from United States Bureau of Animal Industry, and probably the most thorough in the East,-is not to be compared with inspection in the United States. They are making good progress along these lines, and taking great interest in the work. In connection with the slaughter- house at Tsingtau, they have a laboratory for the production of serum, and are also doing research in an attempt to eradicate rinderpest and control the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease, which two diseases are causing the greatest losses of cattle among the Chinese. Anthrax and tuberculosis are rarely found, al- though among pigs cholera is quite prevalent. While the ante- mortem inspection of the army veterinarians is thorough, the postmortem examination is principally that of a rail inspection, - __ MISCELLANEOUS 539 the eich being permitted in the killing beds only to inspect for quality and condition and not permitted to inspect glands or organs. The authorities are willing to act on suggestions of the army inspectors and since the contract for beef for the U. S. Army has been in Tsingtau the slaughter-house officials have made a great improvement in their work. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY POSTPONED “THE SECOND International Congress on Comparative “Pathology, which was to have been held at Rome in April last, has been postponed, because, in the words of a statement issued by the committee on organization, of which Prof. E. Perroncito is the head, ‘‘the committee has had to recognize, to its great regret, that even in the field of science we are still far from having reestablished the cordial understanding which alone can assure the cooperation of all scientists interested in comparative pathology, in a manner to render useful and profitable an inter- national congress.’’, The committee expressed its intention to continue its efforts looking to the resumption of international scientific relations ‘‘ without any exclusion.”’ This action was evidently taken in view of the attitude of the French committee in refusing to participate in the Congress if Germans were admitted, unless the German scientists publicly repudiated their indorsement of Germany’s course in the war. A communication just received from Prof. Perroncito states that with the coneurrence of the French committee the Congress has been set for September 20, 1922. It is hoped that by that time international amity will have been sufficiently restored in the scientific world to make possible a successful and repre- sentative Congress. RINDERPEST IN BRAZIL Under the date of April 4, Pr. G. A. Roberts, formerly of the Agricultural College of North Carolina, and now head of the Veterinary Institute of Sao Paulo, Brazil, writes that he discovered an outbreak of rinderpest that has been introduced into Brazil for the first time. On the 5th of March, 1921, Dr. Roberts investigated a serious D540 MISCELLANEOUS epizootic among cattle and from the result of his investigations concluded that the disease was rinderpest (peste bovina). Dr. Roberts’ work was confirmed by Dr. Smillie, of the Rockefeller Foundation. Dr. Roberts, on his own initiative, began immediately the preparations of a serum for the immunization of cattle against rinderpest. Dr. Roberts has promised a paper on this subject for the next A. V. M. A. meeting. ; Dr. Thomas Frazier of Richmond is spending several months in Seotland visiting velatives. Dr. M. J. Hughes has removed from Omaha, Nebr., to Denver, Colo., where he will practice and also represent the Goshen Laboratories in that State.. The many friends and former associates of Dr. William 8. Devoe will be glad to learn that he is enjoying a well-earned vacation at his home in Choppaqua, N. Y. * Dr. Braden M. Lyon of Pearl River, N. Y., was a recent visitor to Washington, D. C., where he spent considerable time confer- ring with the scientists at the various Government laboratories. Dr. Charles W. Boyd who was in practice at Sewickley, Pa., has lately sueceeded Dr. S. E. Young at the Bell Farm, Cora- opolis, Pa., Dr. Young having accepted a position with Alle- gheny County, Pa. Dr. R. J. Donahue, former chief of the Dairy and Livestock Division of the Washington State Department of Agriculture, has returned to the State servic® and has been assigned to duty in Eastern Washington. Dr. Donahue left the State employ to accept a position with the Carnation Stock Farm at Tolft, Wash. ’ JOURNAL . OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.) J. R. Monter, Editor, Washington, D. C. Le — SS “7 u k —¥ * ‘ v t ° Ay 7 t ‘ D. S. Wurre, President, Columbus, Ohio. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, ill. M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Geo. Hitton, ist District; E. Munce, 2nd District; S. E. Bennett, = District ; J. A. KIERNAN, sth District : Cc. Eg. E. Corron, 5th District; R. , 6th District; A . T. Kuystey, Member at pete Sub- os on Journal A. T. Kinsey . E. Bennett J. A. Krernan The American baa! Medical Association is not nsible for views or statements published in the JourNnat, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application. Vo. LIX, N. S. Vor. 12 Aucust, 1921 No. 5 DON’T MISS THE DENVER MEETING _ YEAR by year the conventions of the American Veterinary Medical Association grow in importance and interest. They are mile-posts by which veterinary progress in America may be meas- ured. The fifty-eighth annual meeting, to be held at Denver, Colorado, September 5 to 9, will keep up the pace. In program, in fellowship, in entertainment, in professional interest, it prom- ises to be, like each of its predecessors, only more so, the ‘‘ best yet.”’ And besides all these things there are the delightful climate and seenic glories of Colorado. The program, which appears elsewhere in this issue, is broad enough in scope to cover all phases of professional interest. Other items of information about the convention and the trip have ap- peared in our pages in recent months. A list of hotels and their rates may be found in the July Journa., page 516. It is fitting that the growth and standing of the profession in the West should be recognized by holding some of our conven- tions in that great region. The pilgrims from the East will be amply rewarded for such a journey. In these summer days of oppressive heat it is good io think of the snow on Pike’s Peak. Make your plans to go! a e 541 ra te EprroriaL AN IMPROVED PROFESSIONAL STATUS A PLEASING and significant incident in the direction of closer relations between the medical and veterinary professions was the recent presentation before the British Royal Society of Medicine of a paper by a veterinarian, Major Frederick Hob- day, on the subject ‘‘Observations on Some of the Diseases of Animals Communicable to Man.’’ It seems that the medical so- ciety not only asked Major Hobday to present his paper but also invited the membership of the Central Veterinary Society to at- tend the meeting at which it was to be delivered. In the discus- sion which followed, speakers from both professions emphasized the importance of the study of comparative pathology and the desirability of collaboration between physicians and veterina- rians. It was voted to continue the discussion at a future meet- ing, at which a collection of specimens was to be exhibited. Such an event is a sign of the times which gives promise of greater recognition for the veterinary profession and marks a tendency to dispel any idea of its inferiority. However, we be- lieve that the editor of The Veterinary Record is right in point- ing out that the problem of veterinary recognition is educa- tional in its essence. ‘‘We do not desire for the profession,’’ says that journal, ‘‘a charitably bestowed status that it has not earned, or a scientific fellowship of which it is not worthy.”’ A correspondent of the same journal expresses the opinion that the correction of an erroneous public impression of the stand- ing of the profession comes better if not too consciously sought, and adds that ‘‘to take leave of the modesty becoming a profes- sion hardly illustrates the adaptation of adequate means to ends.’’ It is likely that in the long run a profession will receive such recognition as it deserves. Education, scientific attainments, useful service and organization are some of the factors that will bring us into a better era. MORE LIGHT ON VITAMINS AND NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS LITTLE by little we are learning more about vitamins and other obscure factors in nutrition. Just as the small boy defined salt as ‘‘something that makes food taste bad if you don’t put any in it,’’ so the lack of these little-known elements causes J ea thin ek oe > oe a re EprroriaL 543 what are termed deficiency diseases. Industrious research workers are gradually clearing up the subject. A recent contribution in that direction is a paper on ‘‘ Newer Aspects of Some Nutritional Disorders,’’ by Alfred F. Hess, M. D., in the Journal of the American Medical Association. * While the article relates mainly to human disorders, the writer touches upon nutritional deficiencies affecting animals and dis- cusses vitamins in foods of animal origin. Regarding nutritional disorders of animals he writes: _“Many observations lead to the conclusion that these disorders are not limited to man, but to a large extent effect the animals which man uses for food. It has been found in Victoria, for example, that cattle raised on certain pastures develop paralysis and other in- firmities which can be cured by fertilization of the soil. In the United States in some areas it is impossible to maintain cattle in good con- dition until the forage is improved by mineral or animal fertilizers, which illustrates that a deficiency in plant tissues leads to nutri- tional disorder in animals. Recently Hart, Steenbock and Humphrey * have confirmed these observations by careful experiments which ’ showed how the mere addition of calcium to the fodder of cows pre- vented the birth of premature, weak or dead calves. Indeed, the extensive investigations of Forbes showing that cows producing large amounts of milk, and fed common winter rations, undergo constant losses of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus from their skeletons, eens that large numbers of milch cows are suffering from a de- cy disease.” Tn discussing the relation of animal foods to scurvy Hess says: “For some years there has been. marked divergence of opinion as to the antiscorbutic value of milk. This is an important question, as milk constitutes the basal diet of infants during the first year of life, and constitutes frequently their sole antiscorbutic supply. The conflicting opinions of various investigators have been reconciled re- cently and the results of those who believed milk to be poor as well as of those who believed it rich in this vitamin have been substan- tiated. Its potency depends almost entirely upon the fodder of the cow. We should long ago have established this fact, fortified by our knowledge that animals are unable to synthesize the vitamins. Hart, Steen and Ellis,’ Dutcher and his associates,‘ and Hess, Unger and Supplee* have all reported similar results. In our experiment, cows that had been for a period of three weeks on fodder which was almost completely devoid of antiscorbutic vitamin produced a milk that was almost devoid of this factor, although of normal caloric content. Such results may well have far-reaching dietetic signifi- cance; they raise the question whether ‘winter milk’ supplied by stall- 1 Vol. 76, No. 11, March 12, 1921, p. 693. ? Hart, E. B.; Steenbock, H., and Humphrey, G. C. Influence of rations restricted to the oat plant on reproduction in cattle. Research Bul. 49, Agr. Expt. Sta., Univ. of Wis., 1920. * Hart, E. B.; Steenbock, H., and Ellis, N. R. Influence of diet on the antiscorbutic potency of milk. Jour. Biol. Chem., vol. 42, no. 383. July, 1920. * Dutcher, R. A.; Eckles, C. H.; Dohle, C. D.; Mead, S W., and Schaefer, 0. G. The influence of diet of the cow upon the nutritive and antiscorbutic Dp rties of cow’s milk. Jour. Biol. Chem., vol. 45, no. 119. 1920. * Hess, A. F.; Unger, L. J., ind Supplee, G..C. Relation of fodder to the aatieceet potency and salt content of milk. Jour. Biol. Chem., vol. 45, no. iy L 544 EpirortaL fed cows is a well-balanced and complete food. It is quite possible that it may become part of dairy inspection to note the adequacy of the fodder as well as the sanitary conditions.” With regard to the factors that tend to destroy the antiscor- butie vitamin in natural foodstuffs Hess points out that recent investigations have made it necessary to qualify the view gen- erally held that foods which have been dried, heated to a high degree, or canned, lose their vitamin content and induce seurvy. He goes on to say: “In regard to the effect of heat, it has been shown that the dura- tion of the heating process is Se raged importance than the degree of temperature to which the food is subjected. For example, milk that has been heated to a temperature of 145 F. for thirty ve Be has lost more of its antiscorbutic potency than milk that has been raised to 212 F. for a few minutes, This result confirms clinical ex- perience that scurvy occurs more frequently on a diet of rized than on one of boiled milk. It has been shown also that the reaction of the medium is of importance in regard to resistance to heating— that substances which are acid, such as orange juice or tomato, re- tain their potency in spite of subjection to high temperatures. * * * . Evidently, drying does not necessarily destroy the sensitive anti- scorbutic factor. “We should also maintain an attitude of open-mindedness in re- gard to the effect of canning, commonly regarded as absolutely de- structive of this vitamin. In eral, this view is sound; but experiments as well as clinical tests have proved that this rule has os pu Ro tomatoes may be canned, and that milk may be both dried and canned, and yet preserve its antiscorbutic quality. Ind we found this to be true of dried milk which had been canned pi i for over a year at room temperature; an astonishing result, con- sidering that such treatment involves subjection to almost all the in- fluences commonly associated with the destruction of this vitamin— drying, orga to a temperature above the boiling point in a neutral or slightly alkaline medium, canning, and finally the deteriorating influence of age.” Experiments by Hess indicate that oxidation destroys the anti- scorbutie vitamin. He produced seurvy in guinea-pigs by feed- ing them on milk treated with hydrogen peroxide, Orange juice subjected to oxygen lost a definite degree of its potency. He states that ‘‘dried milk may retain its antiscorbutie virtue, in spite of drying, canning and aging, owing to the fact that it is well packed and hermetically sealed,’’ but that ‘‘it loses its po- tency after it is exposed to the air.’’ Sweetened condensed milk was found to contain antiscorbutic vitamin, but he points out that this product is zealously protected from access of air in the process of manufacture in order to exclude bacteria. He considers it probable that oxidation plays a réle in the partial destruction of this vitamin in the pasturization of milk. Variot and others fed thousands of infants on milk sterilized in hermeti- EprroriaL 545 _ eally sealed bottles without encountering scurvy. Hess ‘there- fore suggests that by bearing in mind the factor of oxidation it may be possible to alter processes of manufacture and preserva- tion of foods so as to guard against destruction of the antiscor- butie properties. We may add that the pasteurization of milk in bottles may prove superior to other methods in this respect. The interrelationship of nutrition and infection is also dis- eussed. A widespread grip infection following latent scurvy in a group of children fed on pasteurized milk is attributed to a primary nutritional disturbance and a secondary bacterial in- vasion. The frequent coincidence of nasal diphtheria and latent or subacute scurvy is also cited. ‘‘Veterinarians and farmers,’’ says Hess, ‘‘are well aware that faulty nutrition leads to fatal infections. The so-called ‘snuffles’ of hogs is recognized as a dis- order of this twofold nature.’’ Referring to skepticism regarding vitamins, Hess says: “This attitude is strange, in view of the fact that for almost a ——— we have become quite accustomed to conceding the ex- of factors which we are unable to isolate chemically. We know quite as much about the chemical nature of the vitamins as we do of complement, hemolysis or immune bodies—substances which have gained general ition and are admitted to the select com- pany of scientifically lished entities.” INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONFERENCE An International Veterinary Conference was held in Parts, France, May 24-28, 1921, for the purpose of formulating interna- tional rules and regulations for the control and eradication of con- | tagious diseases of animals. It appears that France is so badly 4 infected with foot-and-mouth disease that if she adopted the slaughter method, it would cost a vast sum of money and almost a famine among runimants and swine. During January of this year the disease existed in 87 departments and ‘on 12,000 farms and even now the disease is spreading at the rate of 200 new premises infected every 10 days. It was also brought out in the diseussion that Great Britain would never agree to any other method of controlling foot-and-mouth disease excepting that of slaughter and quarantine. Dr. W. H. Wray, Bureau inspector in charge at London, England, represented the United States Government. The proceedings of the conference are expected to be received from France in the near future at which time they will be abstracted for our reade.s. THE IMMUNIZING VALUE OF HEAT-KILLED HEMOR- RHAGIC SEPTICEMIA BACILLI By Roserr Granam and Herman SCHWARZE Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Animal Husbandry Depart. ment, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois DURING the last half deeade the pathogenic significance of Pasteurella suiseptica-like organisms encountered in the internal organs of fatally afflicted swine has presented the etiologie prob- lem of establishing, if possible, the specific importance of bac- terial infections in the mortality of swine diseases. The fatal syndrome of bacterial diseases in swine may occasionally be elin- ically recognized, though not infrequently they are symbiotically associated with and quite indistinguishable from filterable virus cholera. This relation has, as a matter of fact, long been recog- nized. In this connection it is possible that the importance of swine plague has been overemphasized in the commercial devel- opment of bacterins and bacterial vaccines, which, in conjunction with sanitary measures, are sometimes recommended in the con- trol of the disease. So far as the authors are able to learn, spe- cific bacterial therapy of swine plague, as at present applied, constitutes an immunologie assumption based upon methods em- ployed in the prophylaxis of such infections as typhoid and para- typhoid fevers of man, as well as certain paratyphoid infections of animals. The results obtained in the following protocols, which confirm some earlier unpublished observations of the writers in econnee- tion with the antigenic character of Pasteurella aviseptica, sug- gest there may be fundamental biochemie differences between the Pasteurella group and Bacillus typhosus and B paratyphoid types,-or that an overpowering number of strains may prevail in the former. More recently Van Es and Martin* (1920) have re- ported that they were unable to measure the immunizing value of commercial hemorrhagic septicemia bacterins in terms of re- sistance. The forceful manner of their conclusions brings into bold relief the somewhat extraordinary statements credited to manufacturers of biological products relative to hemorrhagic septicemia bacterins, while a subsequent review of the literature 1 Nebraska Research Bulletins 17 and 18, 1920. 546 Taacuniaing VALUE oF Hemorruaacic SepricemiA Bactuui 547 on this subject, including the orginal work of Pasteur, by the same authors’ (Van Es and Martin, 1921) merely constitutes further exposition of the unwarranted élaims for the immunizing valué of the heat-killed cultures of the Pasteurella group under the guise of scientific justification. The exhaustive experiments ‘of Hadley* (1910, 1911, 1912, 1914 and 1919) in the protection of chickens against artificial ex- posure to Pasteurella aviseptica reveal a marked variation in the antigenic character of different strains, though the immunizing value of the most favorable and active antigenic type could not be consistently demonstrated. Notwithstanding the fact that at this time negative or incomplete scientific data limit a definite knowledge of the value of hemorrhagic septicemia bacterins in swine to the experimental field, the implied value of bacterins for the prevention and treatment of swine plague has been freely exploited in the commercial world. In fact, the bartered pack- age is accompanied by indications and dosage directions for im- munizing or prophylactic purpose. A license number printed on the label implies Federal or State supervision in the manufac- ture, though it in no way guarantees the potency of the prepara- tion. In this connection State veterinary colleges, veterinary depart- ments of agricultural experiment stations and veterinary prac- titioners have not been convincingly informed relative to the value of swine plague bacterins. The possibilities have not been ignored, but until recently no attempt has been made to keep pace with commercial progress in this field. Notwithstanding, bac- terins have been used under field conditions with results which have aided the gradual formulating of a bacterin-teaching policy in keeping with the best interests of the livestock industry. For- tunately there is little scientific disagreement relative to the value of swine plague bacterins, and recommendations from in- stitutions of education and research quite agree with the ex- pressed observation of a majority of veterinary practitioners con- sulted. . A preliminary survey quickly convinces one that final and scientific deductions can not be safely drawn from the results in the field. Favorable but erroneous conclusions have been re- pudiated by subsequent observations, and many veterinary prac- tg ag — ny Oe igri etl ee thn 1), No. He rery Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 144 (1910), 146 (1911), 150 caste), ee (1914), 199 le 548 Rosert GRAHAM AND HerMAN SCHWARZE titioners have significantly observed that the results of swine plague bacterins may be regarded as favorable if accompanied or preceded by an injection of hog cholera serum. Furthermore, the drawing of reliable deductions from results in the field has been seriously handicapped by the fact that control animals have not been consistently provided, and, moreover, in the making of final deductions the danger resulting from the tendency to desig- nate all diseases of:swine accompanied by hemorrhagic lesions, including hog cholera, as hemorrhagic septicemia, can not be dis- regarded. These and other diagnostic obstacles have strongly suggested the importance of determining the immunizing value of hemorrhagic septicemia bacterins independent of other com- plicating and entangling pathologic questions encountered in the diagnosis of swine plague. Score or EXPERIMENT Nine hemorrhagic septicemia bacterins for swine plague, of commercial origin, and similar products prepared from known Pasteurella suiseptica strains, were injected one or more times in rabbits of groups of 12 and 24. The animals were later exposed to the unattenuated virus. In all approximately a total of 1,000 rabbits and guinea-pigs were used to determine the antigenic merit of heat-killed porcine hemorrhagic septicemia bacilli. Some of the rabbits, not included in the following protocols, were em- ployed in establishing the importance of a minimum lethal dose, as well as in determining the most convenient avenue of inducing a fatal artificial infection. The minimum lethal dose is probably not as fundamental a consideration, as in toxin-antitoxin balance within reasonable limits, for the reason that a minimum lethal dose of Pasteurella suiseptica apparently suffices to kill the treated and the untreated animals without distinction. The num- ber of bacteria injected was purposely reduced to a point where manifest symptoms did not consistently follow in treated and un- treated rabbits, yet these animals invariably suecumbed to a sub- sequent lethal injection. Since the progeny of a single bac- terium, at the rate of one division an hour, may approximate 16,- 777,216 new bacteria at the end of 24 hours, it must be acknowl- edged that an immunizing agent of true merit must be able to combat invading bacteria in large numbers in order to offset a natural infection. PASTEURELLA SUISEPTICA BACTERIN (445) rcine Pasteurella strain 445 isolated from a specimen submitted for Ake agnosis was harvested from agar in point saline and sub- jected to a water bath of 60° C. for 30 minutes. Each cubic centi- * Immunizine VALUE or Hemorrnacic Sepricemia Baciuii 549 meter of the bacterial suspension contained approximately 10 billion killed bacilli. Amounts of 0.5 c.c., 1 c.c. and 2 ¢.c. were injected sub- cutaneously into a series of 10 rabbits. Five days later each of these ‘animals and the 2 controls were given subcutaneously 1/6,000 of a loopful of the unattentuated virus.‘ Table 1 presents in detail the treatment and the Similar results were obtained when rabbits were injected with heat- killed Pasteurella equiseptica, oviseptica and boviseptica against homologous virus administered intranasally. TABLE 1. Homotocous vinus (445), tin de ¥, SuscuTaneousty, 10/6/20) DEATH i : 0.5 1/6000 of loopful 10/8/20 ‘ do . 10/7/20 3333332 238 £ SSRSSSSSSS § 3 Solemn 23 10/11/20 11 mil bacterin contains 10 billion. POLYVALENT HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA BACTERIN A polyvalent bacterin of the Pasteurella group 194, including equal amounts of Pasteurella boviseptica, suiseptica and equiseptica, was prepared for injection in the same manner as was Pasteurella suisep- tica bacterin (445). A series of 12 rabbits and one of 12 guinea-pigs were injected subcutaneously with 0.5 c.c., 1 c.c. and 2 c.c. of the TABLE 2. Poryvavent Pasteurella Raserr Wercnr, BacTrenin! IT-A, Homo.ocous vinus (194), | Date or No. GRAMS ANEOUSLY, 8/11/20) DEATH 8/5/20 cc. 645 1,300 0.5 0.01 4 hrs. after treatment 646 1,550 5 01 8/12/20 647 1,400 - ol 648 1,250 a 01 8/12/20 649 1,300 1. Ol 8/12/20 650 1,450 s. OL 8/ 651 1,650 . ol 8/12/20 658 1,850 D. ol 8/12/20 652 1,800 2. 01 8/12/20 653 2,200 2. ol /12/: 8/10/20 654 1,700 . ace: | Revie SS a) SS ae 655 2.150 2. o1 Syiz}20 656 2,000 0. 01 8/12/20 657 1,000 0. ol 8/12/20 1 Each 2 mils bacterin contains approximately 50 billion. bacterin. The result of a subcutaneous lethal injection of an un- attenuated homologous virus in each of these animals and two con- trols six days later is recorded in Table 2. 1 Virus from slant cultures was used in animals in all unless sevwiie ap The virulence of bg: strains was maintained tn tae highest state by frequent animal passage. : 550 Ropert GRAHAM AND HerMAN SCHWARZE TABLE 2.—(Continued) PotyvaLent Pasrev- : Gurvea-rra |) ~Werorr, | necia sacrentn' No. I, | Homo_ocous vinus 44s). Dare or No. GRAMS ANEOUSLY, Suncuranequsty, 8/1 DEATH 8/6/20 437 530 os 0.01 8/14/20 613 480 ‘5 ‘01 518 490 5 OL 8/1 432 530 5 .O1 8/1 499 510 1 ia OL 8/1 585 470 a3 OL 8/15/20 970 380 ri 01 8/14/20 960 580 ad OL ee 967 460 2. Ol 118 420 3. oO 8/1 592 530 2. OL 8/17/20 300 {20 3: ‘1 8/14/20 501 460 0. 01 SAs/a0 ! Each 2 mils bacterin contains approximately 50 billion. origin, was HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA BACTERIN (SWINE) (3) (Swine Plague Bacterin) Hemorrhagic septicemia bacterin (3) for swine, of commercial iven subcutaneously to rabbits as indicated in Table 3. Five days following the second injection a lethal amount of a heter- us Pasteurella suis tica strain 4322 was given subcu ol : Table 3 is descriptive of the treatment and the result of artificial exposure. TABLE 3. lewnies pxscceisihchsmnste! Raserr Weicrr, (3), SuscuTangousty, HerenoLocous vinus Date or No. GRAMS ’ DEATH 8/20/20 8/30/20 | Suscutangousty, 9/5/20 cc, c.c. cc, #1 1,000 0.5 0.5 0.01 9, 76 1,130 | 5 01 9 96 1,000 5 a) .O1 9 61 1,160 A 1. 01 ae 62 1,000 x a 01 9 90 1,140 1. Of .O1 9, uM 1,590 2; 2. 01 Remained 60 1,380 2. 2. 01 were 63 2.160 2. 2. .O1 9/9/20 98 2,640 2. 2. 01 be 164 1,400 0. 0. OL 9 182 1,520 0. 0. O1 9 - ' Each mil (c.c.) contains 20 billion killed Bacillus suisepticus. MIxeD INFECTION VACCINE (SWINE) Commercial mixed infection vaccine (4) which, according to label, contained 60 per cent killed Bacillus suisepticus, was injected subcu- taneously in rabbits as shown in Table 4. Five days later a subcu- taneous lethal injection of Pasteurella suiseptica (4322) ministered. The results are recorded in Table 4. to Taaunizine VALUE oF Hemorruacic Serticemia Bact 551 TABLE 4. MIXED INFECTION VAC- a ; cine! (SWINE) ), . sey VIRUS enn ies r No. GRAMS SuBCUTANEOUSLY, DEATH 8/20/20 | 8/30/20 9/5/20 cc. cc 88 1,000 0.5 0.5 0.01 9/9/20 80° 1,080 5 5 01 9/6/20 ee 1,080 5 5 01 9/6/20 “eR 1,200 Rs 1 01 9/9/20 Ss 1,070 1 1 OL 9/6/20 20 1,190 1 1 01 9/6/20 a) 1,100 2 2 01 28 1,850 2 2 01 IE “a 1,730 2 2 01 Remained 91 1,470 2 2 ol areraa 163 1,500 0 0 01 9/6/20 159 1,300 0 0 01 9/8/20 SWINE PLAGUE BACTERIN (5) Commercial swine p e bacterin (5) was injected subcutaneously in rabbits as shown in Table 5. The result of the subsequent subcu- taneous injection of virus is given in that table. TABLE 5. SWINE PLAGUE BACTERIN'!| HETEROLOGOUS VIRUS Raserr Wercsr, (5), SuscuTa NEOUSLY, (4322) Dare or No. GRAMS Suscurt. DEATH : 8/27/20 9/4/20 9/10/20 c.c. cc. c.c. 142 1,100 0.5 0.5 0.01 9/16/20 119 1,000 A 5 .01 9/13/20 131 1,000 5 6 .O1 9/11/20 141 1,270 1. 1. .01 9/16/20 125 1,180 1 \ A Ol 9/11/20 124 1,310 1 A OL 9/11/20 129 1,400 2 2. 01 9/12/20 146 1,500 2 2. 01 9/11/20 iM 1,600 2 } OL 9/1 137 2,150 2 2. 01 51 1,000 0 0. O1 /1 61 1,000 0 0. .O1 9/11/20 1 Bacterial content not given. SWINE PLAGUE BACTERIN (6) (Hemorrhagic Septicemia in Swine) Commercial swine p bacterin (6) was injected in its and guinea-pigs, followed by the subcutaneous injection of a lethal —_* 9 Boma virus (4322). The results are given in 4 3 . 552 Roserrt GRAHAM AND HerMAN SCHWARZE TABLE 6. Swine pracue pacrentin') HerenoLocous vinus Raperr Wetonr, (6), SupcuTangousty, (4322) Dare or No. GRAMS Suscur. ‘ DEATH 8/20/20 | 8/30/20 9/5/20 cc, ce, ee, a 89 1,480 0.5 0.5 0.01 9/6/ 88 1,900 5 5 01 82 1,650 5 5 01 9 37 1,560 Js 1. 01 9 41 1,350 1 1. 01 9 24 1,000 l & OL 52 1,160 2 2. 01 9 27 1,430 2 2. OL 68 1,270 2 & OL 9 mn 1,410 2 a: 01 9 153 1,200 0 0. OL o/ 181 1,050 0 0. O01 os Swine PLaAGuE BACTERIN', HereneLocous vinus Gurvea-pre | = Weronr, (6), SuncuTaNgousty, (2054) °o GRAMS SuBCUTANEOUSLY DEATH 8/16/20 | 8/21/20 8/27/20 cc. cc. cn, 829 300 0.5 0.5 0.01 9 865 330 5 5 01 860 410 6 5 01 JT, 859 380 - 1. O01 9, 861 360 a. 1 01 9 866 290 i 1 01 9, B41 230 2. 2 OL 9 856 ~ 390 2. 2 OL 9 854 390 - I 2 OL 9/ 905 390 2. 2 OL 9/2/20 788 350 0. 0 01 9 787 400 0. 0 .O1 9/7/20 ! Each 2 mils contains Bacillus suiseplicus 50 billion. Commercial swine ‘og Sa bacterin (7) was injected into a series able 7. Six days later these of rabbits as shown in were The results are also given 0.01 c.c. Pasteurella suiseptica (4322). SWINE PLAGUE BACTERIN (7) presented in Table 7. TABLE 7. Swine PLAGUE BACTERIN' HerenoLocous vinus ; Raserr Weitcur, (7), SuscuTangousty, (4322), Dare or No. GRAMS SuBCUTANEOUSLY, DEATH 8/27/20 9/4/20 9/10/20 148 1,050 os 0% 0-01 9/12/20 118 eo 4 + + 9/11/20 143 1,050 1 7 01 144 1,000 i 1. 01 /1 147 : 1,060 1 as 01 vitae - 139 1,370 2 z= OL 116 1,470 2 2. 01 yi 126 1,360 2 + 2 01 133 1,320 2 3. 01 9 164 1,000 0 0. O01 9 55 1,000 i) 0. 01 9/11/20 ) Prepared from alent killed cultures of Bacillus suiseplicus. Each 2 mils contains 45 billion killed as in cunpension. 7 HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA VACCINE FOR SWINE (8) IMMUNIZING VALUE or Hemorruaaic Sepricemia Baciti1 553 hemorrhagic septicemia vaccine for swine (8) was in- Commercial jected into rabbits as shown in Table 8. Six days later all animals were given a‘ lethal amount of virus (4322) subcutaneously. The results are recorded in the table. TABLE 8. CEMIA node . HETEROLOGOUS VIRUS : Rasarr Weicur, —! (4322), Dare or N GRAMS UBCUTANEOUSLY, DEATH 8/27/20 9/4/20 9/10/20 cc, c.c. c.c. 73 1,000 0.5 0.5 0.01 9/14/20 105 1,000 5 OL 9/14/20 ibe 1'230 > "* “OL 9/14/20 31 1,100 1. 1 ‘ol Resaleod 135 1,450 1. 1 01 9/14/30 136 1,550 2. 2 OL Remained health 101 1,100 2. 2 01 712/30 109 1,250 2: 2 01 9/11/20 107 1,430 a: 2 OL 9/12/20 197 1,000 0. 0 01 9/12/20 20 1,600 0. 0 01 9/13 ! Each 2 mils contains 40 billion killed Bacillus suiseplicus. SWINE HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA BACTERIN (9) FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF SWINE PLAGUE Commercial hemorrhagic septicemia bacterin (9) was cutaneously to rabbits, followed by a lethal dose of virus 7 days later. The results are presented in Table 9. iven sub- TABLE 9. Swe — pommecco| HETEROLOGOUS vinUS * Raserr Weicnr, | (9), Sennbateacet: (4322), Date or No. GRAMS 8 ANEO DEATH 9/8/20 9/15/20 9/22/20. M1 c.c. cc. cc. 224 1,000 0.5 0.5 0.01 9/24/ bts 1000 3 :: i 9/13/202 149 1,000 1. 1. ‘Oi 9/23/20 284 1,000 ; i. OL 9/23/20 223 1,000 pn 1. OL 9/23/20 216 1,810 2. 2. 01 9/23/20 288 1,910 2. 2. OL 9/27/10 116 1,370 2. ~ 01 9/25/20 158 1,200 2. 2. 01 Remained 155 1,200 0. 0. 01 9/23/28 82 1,150 0. 0. 01 9/23/20 ! Each mil contains 50 billion killed Bacillus suisepticus isolated from cases of swine plague. 2 Death was traceable HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA BACTERIN (SWINE) (10) to SWINE PLAGUE BACTERIN Commercial hemorrhagic septicemia bacterin (10) was given sub- cutaneously to rabbits as shown in Table-10. Seven days later 0.01 c.c. Pasteurella’ suiseptica A ery was subcutaneously. The treatment and results are ted in the table. 554 ’ Rosperr GRAHAM AND HerMAN SCHWARZE TABLE 10. Hemonnnacic serri- ckmiA BACTERIN' (Swine)| HETEROLOGOUS vinUS Raserr Werewr, Suscurt. pane (4322) Dare or No. GRAMS (10), se ms Supcurangousef, DEATH 9/8/20 9/15/20 ce. cc. 271 1,070 0.5 0.01 9/16/20 287 1,050 5 Ol 9/16/20 252 1,000 5 01 9/1 270 1,000 . OL 9 205 1,230 ) O1 9/ 291 1,270 Re Ol 9/ 272 1,460 2; 01 9/16/20 190 1,350 2. .O1 9/\ 174 1,450 2. 01 9/16/20 222 1,400 a; 01 9/16/20 57 1,000 0. OL Remained 60 1,000 0. ol ies ! Each mil contains 10,000 million killed Bacillus suiseplicus. BACILLUS SUISEPTICUS BACTERIN (11) SWINE PLAGUE (VETERINARY) . Subcutaneous injection of commercial Bacillus suisepticus bacterin (11) for swine plague (veterinary) was given to a series of rabbits. Seven days following the second injection a fatal dose of virus was given. The treatment and results are described in Table 11. TABLE 11. ey HEMonamacic SEPTI- H ae ietads Papers Weicur, fat he ) (4322) Dare or o. GRAMS Suscur. vw. DEATH 9/8/20 9/15/20 9/22/20 cc, ce, cc. of | ie | fe] "| 9 177 1,000 5 ‘5 As /16/208 = | te |b | E | Baba 256 1,440 1 « ol ained 231 1,740 2 2. 01 9/28/ bd 1630 : 3: OL 5/48/20 277 1,720 2 2. ‘01 9/23/20 891 1,200 0 0. 01 9/25/20 152 1,200 0 0. OL /28/ ' Each 2 mils, erage dose for a 200-pound ‘ tains 50,000 million Bacillus sui- capllinn: * Death wos teaseahie to vielemen. oo HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA BACTERIN (SWINE) (12) ; (SWINE PLAGUE BACTERIN) The results of the injection of hemorrhagic septicemia bacterin (12) in guinea-pigs, followed by the subcutaneous injection of virus (4322), are shown in Table 12. HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA VACCINE (SWINE) (13) In the preceding tests rabbits treated with bacterins were inocu- lated with the virus subcutaneously. A series of 26 rabbits were employed to determine if possible the results of an artificial exposure via the respiratory tract. The later method of inoculation has been suggested as the natural mode of infection. Two rabbits were treated with each bacterin of the 9 commercial samples. The 18 treated ani- mals received 2 bacterin injections at an interval of 7 days. Simul- IMMUNIZING VALUE JE OF HEMORRHAGIC SepricemisA Bacruti 555 taneously with hs abbiledl Wadklinit ox axitinals received intranasally 2 minims v7 ge from a rabbit that had succumbed to Pasteurella . TABLE 12. Pe age rnp near s00r ; ETEROLOGOUS VIRUS Guines-pra | Weront, | (12), Yin aaa ) (4322) Date or _ No. GRAMS SuBcUTANEOUSLY, DEATH 9/21/20 9/27/20 far +4 270 os 0-01 10/2/20 320 5 .O1 10/4/20 413 240 5 OL 10/2/20 434 260 1. O01 9/28/20 430 250 | OL 10/3/20 429 280 + .O1 10/5/20 433 280 « 2: .O1 10/1/20 421 210 2. OL 9/28/20 410 380 2 OL 10/4/20 442 230 2. .O1 10/8/20 69 230 0. OL 10/2/20 71 210 0. O01 9/29/20 ! Each mil contains 20 billion killed Bac illus suiseplicus. TABLE 13. Huw — LOGOUS VIRUS Beneet Weicur, CEMIA VACCINE! (SWINE : Unive (445), Dare or o. GRAMS NTRANASALLY, DEATH 10/27/20 | 11/3/20 11/3/20 cc. * ec. minims ° 512 1,700 2 2 2 11/7/20 $27 1,880 2 2 2 11/5/20 579 1,880 2 2 2 11/5/20 566 1,720 2 2 2 11/5/ S41 1,830 2 2 2 11/5/20 588 1,380 2 2 2 11/5/20 393 1,450 2 2 2 11/5/20 395 1,450 2 2 2 11/5/20 e 559 1,700 2 2 2 11/5/20 548 1,980 2 2 2 11/5/20 574 . 1,750 2 2 2 11/5/20 ? 580 2,100 2 2 2 11/5/20 x 557 1.790 2 2 2 11/5/20 J 505 1,690 2 2 2 11/5/20 . 558 1,400 2 2 2 11/5/20 585 1,400 2 2 2 11/5/20 572 1,600 2 2 2 11/5/20 354 2,100 2 2 2 11/6/20 555 1,540 0 0 2 11/5/20 383 1,850 0 0 2 11/5/20 URINE FROM NORMAL naBerr, 11/3/20, INTRANASALLY, 800 720 2 Remained 801 710 2 do - 802 700 2 do 803 750 2 do 804 700 2 do 805 720 2 do Each bacterin (5). 556 Rospert GRAHAM AND HerMan SCHWARZE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RABBITS NATURALLY TOLERANT TO PASTEURELLA — CA During the course of experiments to determine the immu value of heat-killed cultures of Pasteurella suiseptica several survived. All rabbits surviving the lethal injection of the virulent virus were submitted to a subsequent injection of virus. Of this group of 18 rabbits, 5 survived the second lethal injection. The time elapsing between the first and second injections of virus varied from 1 week to 20 days. The results recorded in Table 14 suggest that cer- tain rabbits may withstand lethal amounts of Pasteurella virus at one time and rapidly succumb to a like amount of virus on a sub- sequent date. Rabbits that survived two or three lethal injections of Pasteurella suiseptica at intervals of 1 to 2 weeks su to a fourth or fifth lethal injection of virus, suggesting to the writers that immunity to hemorrhagic septicemia in rabbits is not of permanent character. While there is doubtless a basic resistance or potential tolerance in some animals, it does not seem that this phenomenon as observed in rabbits can be accepted as an example of active immunity in the accepted interpretation. Death following these exposures may be attributed or related to the initial injection; that is, it may repre- sent latent or delayed infection. TABLE 14.—Rabbits lolerant to Bacillus suiseplicus. Raserr Wercnr, Hereno.ocous vinus (4322) Date or No GRAMS Suncurangousty, 9/20/20 DEATH 137 2,150 0.01 10/9/20 uM 1,590 ol 10/3, 98 2,640 Ol 10/1 57 1,000 01 10/7 45 1,100 01 10 22 1,730 .01 9/2 207 2,000 01 10/5/20 86 1,000 01 9/21/20 179 1,620 :01 '22/20 185 1,780 01 y 171 2,000 OL 10/6/20 31 1,100 ol 10/4/20 136 1,550 01 250 2,000 OL do 158 1,200 O01 do 276 1,000 ol 10/8/20 256 1,440 01 652 1,600 01 _ do SuMMARY The alleged immunity produced in swine by injecting com- mercial hemorrhagie septicemia bacterins could not in prelimi- nary experiments be confirmed in rabbits and guinea-pigs by a relative procedure, while heat-killed Pasteurella suiseptica upon being injected into experimental animals apparently possessed no advantage over commercially prepared bacterins. In fact, neither one in amounts injected protected rabbits or guinea-pigs against artificial exposure. Stated in another way, bacterinated animals did not appear more tolerant than unbacterinated ani- mals, and it is even possible that the irregularities following the specific treatment of swine plague may be partly explained in IMMUNIZING VALUE OF Hemorruacic SepricemMiA Bacitui 557 - view of the negative antigeni¢ character possessed by the strain or the arbitrary quantity of the heat or chemically attenuated or killed bacilli employed. — Furthermore, if the experimental results herein recorded are applicable to swine, the specific treatment recommended for swine plague may be fundamentally incorrect, or possibly subject to » quantitative or qualitative modification and improvement in keeping with the biochemie characters of the Pasteurella suisep- tica group. It is true that an occasional rabbit or guinea-pig proved nat- urally tolerant to a lethal amount of virus, yet this phenomenon is apparently not to be confused at this time with an active im- munity, since supposedly resistant animals succumbed on subse- quent exposure. The possibility of a latent or an occult infec- tion can not be definitely eliminated in such cases. The injection of porcine heat or chemically attentuated or killed hemorrhagic septicemia bacilli in amounts herein recorded, commercial and noncommercial, did not appear to injure healthy experimental animals, and in the light of our present knowledge the latter character is basic, yet by no means a scientific justifica- tion for their use. In the last analysis, the fate of an alleged im- munizing product which apparently does not confer immunity in terms of resistance or possess definite immunizing properties is obvious, regardless of ill-founded or unproven claims to the con- trary. The apparently negative immunizing character of certain bac- terins for swine plague will doubtless continue to demand atten- tion of a constructive character. It is hoped that investigations will be projected until immunizing products for hemorrhagic septicemia are developed and the safest methods of use perfected. Until the manufacture of biological products is ultimately lim- ited to those of proven value, as established by acceptable meth- ods, discriminating judgment is a responsibility which must, of necessity, be exercised in some instances for the mutual interests of all concerned. Inactive, nonpotent, and unreliable agents can not be presented indefinitely under the guise of true immunizing products if the veterinary profession is to render the highest type of professional service to the livestock breeder. THE RELATION OF THE EXTENSION SERVICE TO THE VETERINARIAN By W. F. HanpscHin Vice-Director, Agricultural Extension Service, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois IN ORDER to understand somewhat more clearly the relation of the Extension Service to the practicing veterinarian it seems to me desirable to set forth somewhat briefly the essential facts regarding the Extension Service and its organization in Illinois. The principal divisions of the service as at present organized are as follows: (1) County agent or farm adviser work, (2) county home demonstration work, (3) junior extension or club work, (4) specialists in agriculture, (5) specialists in home economies. The most important of these from the standpoint of the veteri- narian is undoubtedly the county farm adviser. In order to un- derstand clearly the work of the farm adviser it is necessary to outline at least briefly the method and function of the farm bureau, the organization which employs the farm adviser. It has been the aim in our work in Illinois to develop the county farm bureau as an independent organization of farmers, developed largely on the basis of local initiative, and carrying on its work to a very considerable extent on the basis of local responsibility, both financial and otherwise. In organizing new farm bureaus it has been the aim of the central office to assist just as largely as possible in getting the organization started on a sound financial basis, also to insure the interest of a fair proportion of the most progressive farmers in the county. With this aim in mind the extension office, which is responsible for the Federal funds put into the farm bureau work, has laid down certain general provisions which must be met before public funds are released to the individual farm bureau. The princi- pal requirements laid down are essentially as follows: (1) The farm bureau must have an organization of 300 or 400 rep- resentative farmers as a minimum, and must have funds ade- quate to carry on its work pledged for a period of three years; the usual annual membership fee being $10 per year. In ad- dition to these general requirements, certain other requirements have been laid down in regard to the qualifications of the county 558 EXTENSION SERVICE AND THE VETERINARIAN 559 farm adviser employed. That is, in order to obtain the part of _ the public funds available the farm bureau must employ an ad- _ viser who meets the following three qualifications: (1) The ean- _ didate must have first-hand knowledge of farm life on the basis of actual experience in farming and rural affairs, (2) he must be a graduate of a recognized college of agriculture, (3) he must have had since graduation five years of experience in some line of agricultural work. On the basis of the high standard of these qualifications it must be apparent that it will be difficult to find a sufficient num- ber of men properly qualified to take up farm adviser work. In fact, it is, perhaps, true that the chief contribution which the Extension Division has made to the farm adviser work in Illinois has arisen out of the fact that such a high standard has been set for the farm adviser work from the very beginning. It has been difficult to find the men who could meet the requirements, and it has been necessary literally to scour the country to find the men thus obtained so far. ‘The farm adviser work in Illinois was developed rather slowly during the years prior to 1917, when we went into the war. The first two counties, DeKalb and Kankakee, took up the work June 1, 1921. By 1917 24 counties had been organized and “were at work. When war was declared the county agent work had developed sufficiently to draw the attention of Congress and other public bodies to the movement as the logical avenue through which to develop the plan for increasing food production made neces- sary by the war. Following the passage of the food supply bill in August, 1917, the work of organizing farm bureaus in new counties was taken up in a systematic manner. By the spring of 1918 the number of farm bureaus with farm advisers at work had more than doubled. At the present time 78 of the 102 counties have organizations; 72 of them have farm advisers at work. This somewhat hasty summary of the growth and character of the farm bureau movement will, I hope, give an idea as to the nature of the work and the aims of the Extension Service as it has been developed during the past six or seven years. I may add that a similar organization is being developed in the _ different counties for the home demonstration movement. At _ present 17 counties have home bureau organizations with home 560 W. F. Hanpscuin advisers at work. Naturally, this whole movement will need to develop slowly, but it is planned to extend it just as rapidly as funds become available and properly trained women ean be pro- cured. In order to understand somewhat more fully our ideas of the relation of the county agent to the veterinarian, [ should set forth, perhaps, the general plan under which the work of the county agent has developed. It has been the aim in all cf this work to teach farmers better methods on the basis of demonstra- tions located on the farms of actual farmers in various parts of the county. In fact many of these demonstrations are already at hand when the county agent takes up the work in the county. They need only to be found and then brought to the attention of farmers from time to time when conditions are most favorable for teaching the lessons which it is planned to develop. Up to the present time the work of the county agent and the farm bureau has been confined rather largely to the problems of pro- duction, that is, increasing crop yields, the improvement of livestock, better methods of feeding and management as applied to farm animals, and the more successful management of the entire farm as a business unit. As the work has developed it has become increasingly impor- tant that attention be given to the problems of distribution as well as those involved in production. The organization of ¢co- operative grain elevators and cooperative livestock shippers’ associations and the development of local organizations for sell- ing various farm products have been among the most important developments in our farm bureau work during the past year or two. The formation of the State federations of farm bureaus, and still more recently the organization of a National Federation of Farm Bureaus, are the next important steps in the solution of the larger problems involved in the distribution of farm pro- ducts. . In so far as the county agent is interested in the problems of production, and particularly in those problems concerned with the production of livestock, he will naturally come into more or less contact with the practicing veterinarian. While substantial progress has already been made in the control of some animal diseases, much remains still to be done in this field. The econ- tinued serious losses in swine production, for example, challenge the attention of everyone interested in this form of animal pro- ____Ex?ension SERVICE AND THE VETERINARIAN 561 duetion. This whole problem at present is being only very in- adequately met. It has always been the position of the Exten- sion Service that if these vitally important questions are to be met at all successfully it can be done only through the most hearty cooperation of the farmer, the veterinarian, and the county agent. Each of these three parties has his contribution to make, and all are necessary to the securing of satisfactory re- sults. It has always been my position that we shall not be able to meet successfully our animal disease problems unless we have the cooperation of all who are interested in the problem. The veterinarian has his proper and legitimate function. In my judg- ment it does not overlap in any sense with that of the county agent. The county agent can be of great assistance to the livestock producer in questions of livestock management, includ- ing feeding, general care and‘sanitation. With reference to the question of sanitation he will obtain best results through close cooperation with the veterinarian. I can not do better, perhaps, in attempting to set forth the position of the farm advisers with reference to their attitude to- ward the vetermary problem than to quote the report of the livestock committee, which was unanimously adopted by the as- sociation of county agents. The committee’s report follows: We recommend that the farm advisers discourage the use of condi- mental feeds and proprietary remedies, tonics and patent preparations. That we favor an adequate inspection of feeding stuffs as pro- vided for in the present statutes governing the manufacture and sale of commercial feeding stuffs in the State of Illinois. That we favor a State and Federal law which will require a state- ment of the following information upon each bag of feed: (a) The minimum amount of crude protein; (b) the minimum amount of crude fat; (c) the maximum amount of crude fiber; (d) the names of the ingredients; (¢) the amounts of each of the ingredients. We consider the county breeders’ sale an excellent means of ad- vertising the livestock of a county. We recommend that farm ad- visers discourage the organization of purebred sales associations when the need for such organization is not plainly apparent. Your committee recommends that we favor legislation or regula- tions prohibiting the distribution of hog-cholera virus to others than licensed veterinarians, and further, that farm advisers do not vac- cinate hogs. We recommend the general adoption of the accredited herd sys- tem among purebred breeders, that all breeding animals be tested before being bought or sold, and that the sale and purchase of such animals be made subject to a retest within 90 days from date of sale. This committee commends the efforts of farmers and livestock pro- ducers to market their livestock and livestock products cooperatively, 562 W. F. Hanpscurn and recommends that the county adviser assist in the organization of marketing associations only in communities where the request for such organization comes from the community itself. We recommend that the members of this association en farmers to cooperate in feeding tests and demonstrations along lines su ted by the experiment stations and colleges. e urge particularly that effort be made to induce some farmers - each community to keep cost accounts on at least one class of ivestock. The Illinois farm advisers feel the need of summarized reports of feeding tests and livestock bulletins published at the University. We recommend that useful information gathered in connection with un- finished experiments be published at timely intervals when same will be helpful to the livestock interests of the State. You will note that the farm advisers specifically go on record as opposed to the use of hog-cholera virus by anyone other than a licensed veterinarian. I feel sure that this represents the feeling of a very large proportion of our farm advisers, as well as that of the Extension Service. I am sorry not to be able to say that the relations between the farm advisers and the practicing veterinarians have been 100 per cent satisfactory. There have been one or two outstanding exceptions. Aside from this, however, to the best of my knowl- edge the relations existing between the farm advisers and both the Federal and local veterinarians have been uniformly satis- factory. In so far as I am informed, these relations are con- tinually improving. While I can not say, as we might say in base-ball language, that our ‘‘ batting average is 1,000,’’ I believe it is at least 900, which I am sure you will grant is a very high average. I wish to asure you that it is our aim to do everything possible to work out such relations between the various members of the Extension Service and the practicing veterinarians as will enable us to meet most satisfactorily the many and difficult prob- lems arising in the field of animal diseases. . We have had in mind for several years the procuring of an extension veterinarian who might be able to serve as our depart- mental specialist in the Division of Animal Pathology. I might add that such a man would correspond to our specialists employ- ed in the various fields in agriculture, that is soils, crops, animal husbandry, dairying, horticulture, and farm management. It was our thought that the man acting as an extension veterinarian would work mainly with the practicing veterinarians of the State, and to a lesser extent, perhaps, with the farm advisers. His chief function would be to keep in contact with the prob- lems arising in the field in order that the research department at -EXrTension SERVICE AND THE VETERINARIAN 563 a . © the University might keep informed as to the difficulties confront- ing the practicing veterinarians throughout the State. It was also assumed that the extension veterinarian might be of service to the veterinarians in the field in bringing to them, from other veterinarians and from the research department, information as to the most successful methods in handling the various problems _ in animal diseases. In short, the extension veterinarian would serve as a clearing-house agent between the practicing veterinari- an in the field and the research staff at the University. I may add that we have devoted a good deal of time and attention dur: ing the past two or three years to finding such a man. Due to the fact that the war withdrew such a large proportion of the veteri- narians from practice and educational work, it has been impos- sible to develop this service. It has also been impossible to take it up because of the lack of funds. It is hoped, however, that funds may be available another year and that we may have the assistance of everyone interested in the problem in developing this service. A second project which we have had under consideration for some time is the publishing of a series of brief notes relating to veterinary matters. It was thought that this publication might correspond in a general way to the Extension Messenger which serves as a clearing-house organ between the University and the various extension workers. It was not the thought that in the beginning such veterinary notes would be published at regular intervals, but perhaps about once a month. The chief aim of such a leaflet would be to put into the hands of practicing veter- inarians from time to time the newest information regarding various problems in animal diseases and the most successful methods developed for meeting them. Such a service would also offer opportunity, perhaps, for practicing veterinarians to send in questions which might be answered in the notes, particularly in such eases as would likely have a somewhat general application among the profession. We would be glad to assist in the publication of such veteri- nary notes in every way possible. Naturally we must depend upon the subject-matter division to furnish the information. The chief contribution of the Extension Service would be, per- haps, to furnish the paper and mimeographing service and to provide the postage. This service it would seem might be of definite value to the practicing veterinarian. 564 W. F. Hanpscuin We are anxious to do everything possible to make the econtri- bution of the Division of Animal Pathology, as well as the Exten- sion Serviée, of the greatest possible value in solving the veteri- nary problems confronting the State. In conelusion I bespeak for the Extension Service the heartiest cooperation of the veterinarians of the State. MEAT INSPECTION SHOWN IN MOTION PICTURE . A butcher who explains to an anxious housewife why he sells only Government-inspected meats is the central figure of a new motion picture produced by the United States Department of Agriculture, ‘‘The Honor of the Little Purple Stamp.’’ ‘‘Having worked in a packing house,’’ explains the butcher, ‘*T realized how strictly all meat is inspected for traces of disease, particularly for signs of tuberculosis or the source of tapeworm.”’ The film goes on to show different steps in the process of inspec- tion—how ‘‘suspects’’ or animals which look as if they might be diseased are weeded out; how the head, internal organs, and car- easses are carefully gone over; how unfit meat is condemned and put in a sealed room. The treatment of such condemned parts with denaturing material in sealed tanks is shown, also their final destination in the form of inedible fat which goes to the soap factory and as fertilizer. Convincing proof is given that no doubtful meat is allowed to reach the consumer as a result of meat inspection which is carried on by the Bureau of Animal Industry. The re-examination of ‘‘suspects’’ is shown. The inspection of cured meats, as well as fresh killed, is illustrated from slaughter to shipment in cars. It becomes obvious from the pic- ture that meat goes through vigorous inspe¢tion before it is desig- nated by the reassuring honor stamp in purple, ‘‘U. 8. Inspected and Passed.’’ The.meat vendor explains also to his customer that of the 15,000,000,000 pounds of meat eaten annually in the United States two-thirds is inspected by Government officials. The rea- son some meat is not inspected is that Federal laws governing foods apply only in interstate and foreign commerce. It is there- fore necessary, concludes the film, for the discerning buyer of — meat to insist on the little purple stamp, which is her guaranty of disease-free animals fit for food. COLLEGE TRAINING FOR BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY VETERINARIANS ' By J. R. Mouier Washington, D. C. COMPARATIVELY SPEAKING, it was only a few years ago that our commerce on the high seas was carried on by slowly moving sailing vessels, travel on land was performed principally by stage coach, and mail was carried on the backs of horses. The sailing vessel has been replaced by swift steamships, luxurious Pullman trains have taken the place of stage coaches, most of our business is transacted by telegraph and telephone, men navi- gate the air and converse through space across oceans and con- tinents. Medicine and surgery have kept pace with modern progress in other lines. The discoveries of such men as Leeuwenhoek, Harvey, Koch, Lister, Pasteur, Leuckart, Metchnikoff, Smith and Kilborne have made possible the marvelous advances that have been accomplished in the science of medicine. Through the discovery of the causes of disease we have been able to de- velop effectual protective barriers against plagues and pestilences, and by means of the X-ray we are able to locate in the human body injuries and foreign substances and determine with marked precision the nature and progress of pathological processes. The empiric is giving way to men of scientific training, old remedies are being supplanted to an in- creasing extent by modern biological prophylactics, and more im- portant significance than ever before is being attached to the application ‘of the principles of sanitation in our living condi- tions. When we stop to consider the wonderful changes that have taken place in the world during the last century, or even the last half century, we stand in awe of the power of man’s brain to conceive great things and can only prophesy what his future achievements will be. . The advancement in medicine and surgery has been continuous and rapid. Although much advancement has been made in véterinary medicine, it has failed to keep pace as it should with 1 Presented at the fifty-seventh annual mee of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Columbus, Ohio, August, 1920. 565 566 J. R. Mouuer some of the other professions. The natural trend of veterinary medicine is forward, but the progress made will depend largely upon the stand taken in regard to higher education. There have been some who oppose somewhat the raising of the standard for admission to our veterinary colleges and the lengthening of the course of study for four years. To keep pace with human medicine, dentistry, engineering and other professions, and meet the new demands that are constantly arising and confronting veterinarians, these requirements are necessary. In order to grasp the subjects that have become involved in modern medicine and surgery, it is essential for a veterinary student to have a good academic education of at least four years in high school or its equivalent. And in order to acquire an adequate working knowledge of the rapidly expanding subjects in veterinary medicine, at least four years of diligent and intelli- gently directed professional study are necessary. The day of the proverbial horse doctor and empiric is rapidly passing. The scope of the practitioner’s duties and responsibilities is widening with the increase in value of farm animals and poultry, sanita- tion has opened new fields of important service, physical diag- nosis is based more than ever before on laboratory investigation and facts recently discovered by science, and the application of the principles of successful treatment in animal disease requires a higher degree of intelligence than ever before. There has been a rapid development of intelligence among those who are engaged directly in animal industry. Many of our farmers now are graduates of agricultural colleges which in- clude in their curricula a course of study on animal husbandry and also instruction on the common disease of animals, and in the natural course of events these colleges will no doubt widen their scope and perfect their courses, with the result that future graduates in agriculture will have even more knowledge than those of today on subjects relating to the breeding and eare of animals and also on physical diagnosis and the treatment of the diseases to which animals are subject. The lucrative and interesting occupation of breeding purebred animals has lured to it many men of the higher professions who conduct breeding farms in addition to following their regular pro- fessions, so that our animal industry is being placed on a higher plane than ever before. Therefore, it will require veterinary practitioners of more intelligence to meet the demands. Unless CoLLece TRAINING For B. A. I. VeTeRtNARIANS 567 a veterinarian is able by his appearance, speech and manner to impress the men of other professions with whom he comes in contact that he is master of his profession, he will not create favorable impressions or command the respect and confidence of those who call on him for advice and other service. A good academic education to start with, and mingling with intellectual men during a four year veterinary college course, are of great assistance in preparing veterinarians for a successful career. Theoretically, veterinary medicine embraces in its scope the diseases of all animals and fowls, but until recent years its ap- plication in the United States has been confined largely to horses, dogs and cattle. Many of our veterinary colleges have confined their instruction in anatomy almost entirely to the horse. Com- paratively little was taught concerning the diseases of cattle, less concerning the diseases of sheep and swine, while poultry was seldom mentioned. With the advent of the automobile and the persistent increases in value of farm stock, veterinary practice was gradually divert- _ed from the city to the country. Confronted by these new con- ditions, some veterinary practitioners found themselves at a dis- advantage because they did not know so much about the dis- eases of farm animals as they did of the horse. And even up to the present time some of our veterinary colleges have been slow in adjusting their courses to meet the changing conditions. ‘The veterinary practitioner of the future must be an educator and a sanitarian as well as a practitioner; he must have a good knowledge of animal husbandry, and it will be to his advantage to aequire some information relative to the principles of scien- We have reached a stage in the development of medical science where the prevention of disease in animals, as well as in the human family, is an important function of the medical practitioner, and it is destined to become the chief factor in the protection of health. As prophylaxis in future will constitute a larger part of the veterinarian’s practice, he should have a thorough knowledge of the principles of immunization and of the methods employed in preparing serums, vaccines, bacterins and other biological products used in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease. Laboratory diagnosis is becoming more and more important in veterinary practice; therefore the veterinarian of the futur. will no doubt be expected to have the 568 J. R. Mouuer requisite knowledge and laboratory facilities promptly to make microscopic examinations and the ordinary tests for diseases of animals. Our veterinary colleges should endeavor to adjust their courses to meet the needs of the present and also with a view of preparing the practitioner for the greater and higher service — which evidently he will be expected to perform in the future. Many of us look back with regret on the valuable time wasted in classrooms of veterinary colleges, studying buttereups and violets, starfish and tadpoles, when the time could have been spent more profitably in studying botanical and zoological speci- mens of economic importance, as, for instance, the poisonous plants and the parasites that cause heavy losses among animals each year. Of course it is desirable that veterinary students should have a knowledge of the simplest forms of animal and plant life in order better to understand the structure of such complex forms as the animal organism. The veterinary student in future should have his elementary work in science in the course of his high-school studies. The veterinary eolleges should regard this as required preparatory work and not, utilize the veterinary course for anything but professional training. High schools in general are equipped to teach elementary botany, zoology and chemistry. If the student is prepared along these lines when he enters a veterinary college, he can then take up intelligently the advanced work in the study of poisonous plants, parasitology, toxicology, ete. The veterinary schools have the evolution of the medical schools before them as a guide to their own evolution. The medical schools have dropped preparatory courses and now de- vote their time to professional work. Substantially what has happened in their case will happen in ours. Veterinary colleges will doubtless follow the same line of evolution to the same stage. We have evolved from the stage of the empiric of little standing at home, and none abroad, to the stage of the scientific professional man of recognized standing throughout the world. There is a steadily growing demand in the Bureau of Animal Industry for veterinarians of the highest intelligence. It is be- coming more and more evident that the Bureau veterinarian who is sent into the field is looked upon by the members of his pro-- fession and by intelligent livestock owners as a source of reliable CoLLeGe TRAINING For B. A. I. VETERINARIANS 569 . up-to-date information, and he is-expected, as a representative of the Government, to give the most intelligent advice and as- sistance on matters relating to his profession. In the perfor- mance of his duties he is brought into close contact with physi- cians, lawyers, ministers, engineers and men of other professions some of whom have graduated from institutions that require a college diploma for admission and four years’ attendance for graduation. Therefore, in order to represent the Bureau most ereditably in contact with such men, in making public addresses, in writing articles for the press, and in the application of mod- ern medicine in his field of duty, it is essential that the repre- sentative of the Bureau have a good academic education, equiva- lent at least to four years in high school, and that he should receive not less than four years’ instruction in veterinary medicine. The recent graduate who is in possession even of these advan- tages in education is not qualified to take up Bureau work and carry it on successfully from the first without assistance in the way oftraining. It is necessary to devote considerable time and attention to the training of new appointees. The ease and rap- idity with which these men grasp and master the details of Bu- reau work, and also the progress they make later, depend to a great extent upon their educational preparation, together with their adaptability. The boy who possesses a good academic edu- cation has a great advantage at veterinary college and in the practice of his profession over those who are less fortunate in this respect. ; The numerous activities carried on by the Bureau eall into play all phases of veterinary science and present to men just out of college as diversified and interesting a field as is found any- where else in which to continue their studies and apply the knowledge they acquired at college and at the same time fit themselves to fill positions in the Bureau, or elsewhere, requiring special preparation. On account of the Bureau’s position, its representatives are generally regarded as specialists in meat in- spection and in the control and eradication of animal diseases. It is quite generally recognized as a valuable asset for veteri- narians to have received training in the Bureau of Animal In- dustry, judging from the large number of offers they receive from State, commercial, educational and other agencies. Many of the activities 01 the Bureau are carried on in cooper- 570 J. R. Mouuer ation with the various States; therefore the representative of the Bureau must be able not only to perform the ordinary services of a veterinarian but is expected to qualify as a leader in the line of work to which he is assigned. Some of the special lines of field work in which the Bureau is engaged at present are meat inspection, the eradication of tuberculosis, hog cholera, dourine, anthrax, blackleg, scabies in sheep and cattle, and the extermina- tion of the southern cattle tick. In connection with the field operations, veterinarians selected from the regular Bureau force are detailed to conduct laboratory investigations and produce limited quantities of tuberculin, mallein, vaccines and other bi- ological products now used in diagnosing and combating dis- eases of animals. Although some lines of work conducted by the Bureau might be regarded as specialties, the Bureau does not ask our veteri- nary colleges to turn out specialists in pathology, bacteriology, zoology, meat inspection, tuberculosis or hog cholera eradication, to fill the highly scientific and technical positions; but it must insist that the colleges supply it with intelligent men, well grounded in the principles of veterinary science, including ani- mal husbandry, hygiene and sanitation, so that they may be de- veloped without too much trouble to meet the needs of the Bureau. It is the poliey of the Bureau to ascertain the qualifications, inclinations and adaptability of its employees and to detail them to lines of duty to which they seem best suited. In this connee- tion, it is very important that veterinary inspectors have a thorough, practical knowledge of anatomy and general pathology as a basis for their assignments to meat inspection and the various lines of animal disease field work. This knowledge can not be applied anywhere more readily and quickly than on the killing floor of meat-packing establishments, where, mingled with the healthy, normal animals, are found many which at post- mortem examination reveal the lesions of the various diseases indigenous to the United States. A course of training on the killing floor is of great benefit in preparing recent appointees for other lines of duty and affords opportunity to ascertain the inclinations and adaptability of the various employees. Some who would prove utter failures in tick eradication, hog cholera control, or similiar lines, make excellent meat inspectors. Others soon develop a dislike for meat inspection, but show a prefer- CoLLece TRATNING For B. A. I. VETERINARIANS 571 an, ence and adaptability for field work. Occasionally a man con- tinues his studies in zoology, bacteriology or pathology after entering the service, thus showing an inclination for laboratory work, Some become intensely interested in special lines of field work, as, for instance, tuberculosis. The progress and inclina- tions of Bureau employees are observed, and their assignments, -so far as possible, are made accordingly. The fact that a man is especially successful in one line of work as, for instance, hog cholera control, does not always warrant his permanent retention on that line. It is considered desirable and advantageous to all concerned to transfer Bureau veterinarians from one line of duty to another within the scope of their capa- bilities and adaptability, in order to relieve the monotony of routine work, to further their development, and to in- crease their usefulness. This tends toward making a more flex- ible force and broadens the vision of the individual. A man who knows only tick work and has no desire to keep up on the work of another division, or the man who becomes expert on sheep seab but is not interested in the eradication of the cattle tick, must of necessity have only a limited value. The Bureau devel- ops from the rank and file of its employees its laboratory men, its specialists in field work and its administrative officers, instead of dependng upon educational institutions to furnish them. During the twenty-three years that I have been associated with the veterinarians in the public service I have had an opportunity to observe them closely, and I take pride in stating that I have never come into contact with any class of scientifie men any- where who manifest more loyalty, stronger zeal and greater adaptability than are shown by the veterinarians of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Dr. R. M. Gow, State Veterinarian of Arkansas, after spend- ing 12 months in Colorado, returned to Little Rock April 12 much improved in health. However, Dr. Gow has arranged to associate himself with ranch life for another year, and after ad- justing the business of his office returned to Colorado June 1. At his urgent solicitation and that of other State and College of- ficials, Dr. J. H. Bux, Bureau inspector in charge of hog-cholera work in Arkansas, has assumed the duties of State Veterinarian during Dr. Gow’s absence from the State. BARLEY FOR FATTENING PIGS* By Grecorio San AGustIN College of- Veterinary Science, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippine Islands THIS EXPERIMENT was performed in the Agricultural Ex- periment Station of Wisconsin for the purpose of determining the relative feeding value of barley and corn for fattening pigs. Barley was formerly grown in the United States as a cash crop and used mainly for malting purposes, but since the passage of the prohibition law a great interest has been shown by animal husbandmen in employing it for feeding livestock. This experi- ment also threw some light on a question which has not received attention hitherto—what feeds best supplement or balance bar- ley so as to make the most rapid and economical gains. In all there were fed 12 lots of pigs, averaging 128.8 pounds in weight when the trial began. Each lot contained 5 pigs except the first lot, the standard of comparison, which contained 10, The pigs were purchased as unfinished feeder pigs for $17 per hun- dredweight at Oregon, Wisconsin, and were of the extreme large type. On vaccination for cholera at Madison some pigs showed high temperatures and other indications of having incipient cholera. Though many failed to gain for a few days after vac- cination, none died, and the trial was begun after the pigs had re- covered from the effects of the treatment. Thus the trial had none too promising a beginning. The results of the trial have been computed with barley and corn both at estimated average farm prices in the southern part of the State, and at the average Milwaukee prices for fair to good barley and a certain grade of yellow corn during the period of the trial. The farm price was $1.28 per bushel for corn and $0.84 for barley. Purchased feeds are reckoned at fair retail prices during the period as follows: Tankage, $110 per ton; wheat middlings, $44 per ton; linseed meal, $67.50 per ton. Skim milk is figured at one-half the valde of a bushel of corn. Where net returns over cost of feeds are mentioned, re have 1 Presented at the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Philippine Veterinary Medical Association. 572 BARLEY FOR FarreENING Pics 573 — a — been Gibronted on the basis of the pigs selling at $19.50 live _ weight at Madison. _ . Several trials have been carried on in years past at other ex- periment stations to determine the relative value of barley and corn for fattening pigs, but these trials were conducted before the day of the self-feeder. As the self-feeding scheme has upset several of our rations for hog feeding, we have been testing the relative values of these grains when both are self-fed. We have compared a ration of ground barley self-fed, supplemented by tankage or meat meal, also self-fed, with the ration which has be- me a common standard for comparison in the Corn Belt— shelled corn self-fed and tankage self-fed. _ In one of the trials we were surprised to have a lot of pigs self- fed on ground barley and tankage make large gains and require — even less feed for 100 pounds gain than pigs self-fed on shelled corn and tankage. From the chemical composition of barley and corn we would normally expect barley to be slightly lower than corn in feeding value per 100 pounds for fattening animals, as it contains slightly more woody fiber, due to the hull. These results seem to be due to the fact that the pigs on shelled corn and tank- age took a foolish notion not to eat enough tankage to balance their own ration properly. In other words, though a pig usually has good judgment in proportioning his diet when self-fed on corn and tankage, the pig, like man, may make a bad mistake in judgment. We have therefore carried on another test to compare the feed- _ ing value of ground barley and shelled corn for fattening self-fed pigs, with the results shown in Table 1. TABLE 1. Freep ror 100 FEEp cost Sawe"eo AVERAGE POUNDS GAIN or 100 AVERAGE RATION REACH 9225 are ponaee POUNDS GAIN pounps | Conn OR | Tanxace, | GRAIN AT BARLEY, POUNDS FARM POUNDS Se gry Spd sor 45 2.14 350 M“ 9.92 Sted cor, ts 0.72 pound . . I} y err NLS cory 49.5 1.95 395 28 8.83 Grid arty, el. } Both lots of pigs made usually good gains, the gains of the pigs self-fed on ground barley and tankage being slightly smaller 574 Grecorto SAN AGUSTIN than those of the pigs on shelled corn and tankage. While the corn-fed pigs required 350 pounds of corn and 34 pounds of tankage for 100 pounds gain, the barley-fed pigs required 395 | pounds ground barley and 28 pounds of tankage, in other words, 45 pounds more barley, but 6 pounds less tankage. Barley is considerably richer in crude protein than corn, con- taining 9 pounds digestible crude protein per 100 pounds, while corn contains but 7.5 pounds. Theoretically, therefore, less of the protein-rich tankage should be needed to balance or supplement barley properly than is needed with corn. The barley-fed pigs seem to recognize this fact to some extent in eating less tankage. In this and other comparisons the results have been computed to the time when each lot reached the handy market weight of 225 pounds, except in those unfortunate lots which have not yet reached this weight. This is done because the amount of feed required for 100 pounds gain increases considerably after pigs reach 200 pounds. When results are not given on this basis, but are given for the same number of days for each lot, the best gain- ing lots are handicapped unjustly. Eventually all lots will be fed until they reach 250 pounds. MernHops or FEEDING AND PREPARING BARLEY With the popularity of the self-feeding scheme, the question naturally arises, Is it best to hand-feed ground barley or to self- feed it? Other important problems are, Does it pay to soak ground barley for pigs? and How does soaked whole barley, an easy means of preparing barley, compare with ground barley? It has commonly been advised that barley be ground or rolled for swine, but we lack definite information on these particular points. To study these questions the four lots shown in Table 2 were fed in this trial. Lot 2, self-fed on ground barley and tankage, gained 0.14 pound more on the average per day than Lot 3, hand-fed the same feed. The self-fed pigs had their choice in determining what proportions of barley and tankage to eat, and ate 93.5 per cent barley and 6.5 per cent tankage. We decided in the begin- ning of the trial that 5 per cent tankage was plenty to balance barley, and accordingly fed Lot 3 a mixture of 95 per cent barley and 5 per cent tankage. The hand-fed pigs required 14 pounds more barley for 100 pounds gain, but 6 pounds less tankage. Barvey ror Farrenine Pics 575 TABLE 2. Freep ron 100 Freep cost Days ro AVERAGE | POUNDS GAIN or 100 AVERAGE RATION REACH 225) DAILY POUNDS e POUNDS GAIN, GAIN. POUNDS | Banter, | TaNkace, | GRAIN AT POUNDS | POUNDS Tapas PRICES La? 3 —— barley, dry, se!f-fed, 7.7 0 A eee } 49.5 1.95 395 28 8.83 self-fed, 0.54 pound .. . . Lot 3 barley, dry, hand-fed, 7.4 Ts dowd dned'sd as } 53 1.81 409 22 8.74 hand-fed, 0.39 pound Leth 74 "i , 49 1.97 377 19 8.00 7 #6 0.37 occa” } ; ‘ 5 Whole barley, soaked, hand-fed, 6.6 pounds................. php 1.13 582 33 12.02 Tankage, hand-fed, 0.37 pound... } _ The results raise the question as to whether we can not improve the self-feeding scheme by self-feeding ground barley and hand- feeding the priced tankage. In other words, do we or do we not know better than the pig how much of this expensive feed he » needs for the largest and most economical gains? Comparing Lots 3 and 4 we find that in this trial soaking ground barley paid. However, we could not give any definite conclusion without repeating the trial as the difference is not large, considering the number of pigs per lot. The results with Lot 5 show decidedly that soaked barley is a _. poor feed for pigs compared with ground barley. These pigs ac- J tually required 42 per cent more barley and 50 per cent more ‘. taukage than Lot 3, fed dry ground barley. The cost of gain was increased in a corresponding manner. SupPLEMENTs or BarLEyY CoMPARED For many years we have known that an animal needs a certain amount of protein in its feed for normal growth, fattening, milk production, or even for the mere maintenance of life. Only in reeent years, however, have we found that not only is a certain amount of protein needed but also that the protein must be of the right kind or quality. Proteins are made up of at least 18 dif- ferent *‘building stones,’’ \,hich the chemist calls amino acids. Pigs or other animals can manufacture only a single one of these 576 Greoorio SAN AGUSTIN amino acids from other compounds in their feed. But to make muscle and other protein parts of the body, they have absolutely got to have every single one. Therefore, the protein in the feed must contain a sufficient supply of the various amino acids. Unfortunately, the proteins of the cereal grains are unbal- anced or ‘‘lop-sided’’ in composition for making pig meat or other meat in the animal; that is, they do not contain enough of some amino acids, and they contain more than is needed of others. In other words, the proportion is not suitable for rapid gains. We must today recognize this fact in addition to the well- known fact that the amount of protein in the cereal is too low for rapid growth. We, therefore, fed the six lots shown in Table 3 to find whether tankage, wheat middlings, linseed meal, skim milk or whey sup- plements barley best. TABLE 3. Feep ron 100 Frep cost Days to | AVERAGE POUNDS GAIN or 100 AVERAGE RATION neACH 225) DAILY | _ POUNDS POUNDS GAIN, GAIN. POUNDS | Bantry, | Suppce- | Gnar at POUNDS MENTS, FARM . Barley, 7.7 pounds.............. 49.5 1.95 395 28 8.83 Tankage, -fed, 0.54 pound } wad PE ee A |} 1.27 439 60 ou M S eeted, 0.76 pound. . Barley, 5.5 pounds.............. 1.22 452 36 9.57 Linseed self-fed, 0.43 pound } pees pA” er eas 46 2.10 345 366 8.72 Skim milk, ‘ed, 7.7 pounds .. } 9 Barley, 8.4 pounds.............. 38 2.53 331 629 8.14 Whey, teed tod 15.9 pounds } Lat ‘3 When, bent -fed, 15.ipuemie 7: 41.5 2.33 316 $64 whey 8.21 Linseed meal, hand-fed, 0. 17 pound 7 oil Comparing Lot 2, self-fed on barley and tankage, with Lot 6, self-fed on barley and standard wheat middlings, the pigs gained only 1.27 pounds daily on the average, but on barley and tank- age they gained 1.95 pounds. Apparently, therefore, middlings is not nearly as efficient a supplement to barley as is tankage. - Lot 7,.fed barley and linseed meal, tells the same story. The results of these two lots are of the utmost importance in Wiseon- _.— "BARLEY vor Farrenrne Pics 577 ee mw ie. where middlings and linseed meal are the most commonly Bs purchased supplements used to balance grain for pig feeding. _ Coming to Lot 8, fed barley and skim milk, we have a different sortof story. Here the pigs average 2.10 pounds gain a day, compared with 1.95 pounds on barley and tankage. Skim milk, fed at the rate of only about one pound skim milk for each pound of barley, was therefore a more efficient supplement than tank- age in producing rapid gains. With skim milk figured at half the price of a bushel of corn, the cost ~s was just about the ‘same with the skim milk. Whey contains but 0.8 pound protein per 100 pounds and is surely not a protein-rich feed. However, some work of Osborn and Mendel at Yale with rats has shown that milk albumen, prac- tically the only protein in whey, is a very efficient protein for balancing cereals. We therefore fed Lot 9 only barley and whey, to see if this small amount of protein might be so good in quality that it would supplement the deficiencies of the barley protein. To our delight,it did the trick, and this lot gained on the aver- age 2.53 pounds a day, more than any other lot. The feed re- _ quired for 100 pounds gain was also low, making the cost of feed for 100 pounds gain only $8.14. Instead of being worth only -. $0.32 per hundredweight, whey was actually worth $0.43 com- pared with tankage. Compared with wheat middlings at $44 a ton, it was worth $0.53 per hundredweight. This whey was nearly all skimmed whey. Unskimmed whey would have a some- what higher value. As we were afraid that the quantity of protein in whey was too small to balance barley, in Lot 10 we used a small amount of linseed meal in addition to whey to increase the amount of pro- . tein. This addition did not increase the gain or still further cheapen the cost. Apparently, therefore, pigs may be made to yield rapid and economical gains on only barley and whey, a point of prime im- portance to the cheese districts of Wisconsin and other States. Whether this will provide enough protein for young pigs is a question for further study. Similar experiments are now in progress in the same station, and just recently I heard from Professor Morrison informing me that last year they obtained similar results as in the previous years, but as yet they are not in a position to publish their find- ings because they want to be absolutely sure of their work. 578 Grecortio San AGusTIN This experiment is one of the many in the United States which shows the close relations existing between the experiment station and the farmer. The experiment stations in that country have a noble and definite role to play in solving the agricultural and livestock problems of America. In regard to the livestock in- dustry the experiment stations are pointing out how the cost of meat production may be brought down to where it may yield a reasonable profit to the farmer without the finished product be- _ ing unduly costly to the consumer. Scientists in that country take the lead and farmers follow them. The State of Wisconsin is remarkable in that work. We are meeting similar problems in these Islands. The College of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry of the Bureau of Agriculture should take the initiative. I am sure that our farmers will only be too glad to welcome good and reliable information that may be given them. I want to stress the importance of this move because our country is mainly or wholly agricultural, and animal industry will constitute one of the greatest sources of our national wealth. Hoa RaAIsinG IN THE PHILIPPINES I shall limit myself in this paper to the hog industry. In 1915 we had 2,521,000 pigs in the Philippines, and in 1919 we had 3,- 129,676, showing an increase of 608,676. This increase is due partly to the prolificacy of the species, but mainly to the atten- tion given to hog raising by the natives. I know the Bureau of Agriculture is putting forth great efforts to improve the breed of our native hogs. The public in turn responds most faithfully’ to their work. I understand that actually the craze of the people in the mar- ket is for the short-nosed pigs typified in the Berkshire breed or their cross breeds. Claims have been made that the Berkshire pig is the individual that can stand our climate best and that it can also meet the desire of the public. Consequently the Bureau is perfectly justified in encouraging it, but the Bureau should not lose sight of the fact also that there are still other problems con- nected with this work that need a greater and a more careful consideration. The United States were in similar conditions years ago, but they have learned from their own experience that the Berkshire breed is not the breed for them. They discovered that the Berkshire pig is one of the poorest breeders they have ever handled and also that continuous attention is needed for their Bar.Ley FoR Fatrenrne Pics 579 © growth and reproduction. It has been observed that the Berk- ; shire litters are prone to be stunted on the slightest neglect and they can never be brought up to normal growth even though greater attention and care are restored. Besides, these animals breed very slowly. I recall an instance during my visit at Belts- ville, Md., the Experiment Farm of the Bureau of Animal In- ' dustry, when a Berkshire boar was trying to cover a Poland- China sow for over one hour and a half. The pig authorities in Wisconsin and all over the United States acknowledge the faults of this breed. “In working on this problem we want to give the people a breed which will meet the product desired, but the keeping of such animal must be easy and highly economical. The question is often asked when judged from the commercial standpoint, which is the best breed of swine? We can not answer this question by naming any one breed. Some breeds are superior to others in certain respects, and one breed may be better adapted than an- other to certain local conditions. In general, the best hog is the one the farmer likes best, provided it is what his market de- mands. In this respect apparently we should stick to the Berk- shire in these Islands, because it has the best market and the peo- ple have a special predilection for it. It only means then that the » people are taught to like the Berkshire breed, and whoever in- troduced that breed into these Islands should feel responsible for its results now. From very authentic information gotten from one of the authorities who had been connected for many years with the Department of Animal Husbandry of the Bureau of Agriculture it was said that all the imported breeds such as the Berkshire, Poland-China, Tamworth, Chester White, ete., stand the local climate equally well, but the Berkshire was the one ul- timately preferred by the natives, not because it is the best of them all, but because of its attractiveness as an individual. This breed in the United States is rapidly losing in popularity, being replaced by the Poland-China. We are now in our initial state of development, and we can not afford to take the part of a pioneer. Other countries are pro- gressing rapidly, and we must keep pace with their progress. The pioneering age has long been passed in those countries. The new nations of today can only keep up with their progress by profit- ing from either the failure or success of other nations’ work. We know for certain that the Berkshire breed has been a failure in 580 GREGORIO SAN AGUSTIN America. It is not my intention, however, to insinuate the idea of only imitating the work of that country, but we should recog- nize the fact that the United States is far more advanced than any other countries in the line of hog production. The authori- ties of the Department of Animal Husbandry of the Bureau of Agriculture are also conscious of the faults of the Berkshire pig, and if they continue with their present work it is only a matter of policy to go with the trend of public demand. Having re- alized this point, my suggestion is to concentrate our work on a different line of experiment, employing a better breed of more desirable qualities than the Berkshire pig, so that when the pub- lic come to acknowledge their mistake the Government will then be ready to offer the right substitute. While I was taking my work in America I was certainly sur- prised to have found out that very little effort on our part has been observed in developing the hog industry in this country. While I was pursuing my reference work I could find only two semi-scientifie publications on hogs, namely, ‘‘ Results of Experi- ments on Hog Feeding’’ and ‘‘The Hog Industry of the Philip- pine with Special Attention to the Provinces Around Manila.’’ The former was published in the Philippine Agriculturist and Forester and the latter in the Philippine Agriculturist. Fortu- nately, Professor Gonzalez, of the College of Agriculture, is work- ing now on some experiments to test the efficacy of some of our local feeds. We have rice bran, copra meal, cassava, rice, corn, sliced banana stalks, ete., as local hog feeds. But, much to our regret, none of them has been accurately analyzed. By feeding these feeds to the animals without knowing their exact composi- tion of nutriments we can never run our business on an economic basis, because I am sure that one feed or another will be an extra addition to the ration, that is, we shall never be able to give these animals a well-balanced ration, which is the fundamental factor in the proper feeding of any kind of livestock. I beg to ask pardon for digressing from my topic, but I thought it proper and just to avail myself of this opportunity to discuss before you some questions which call for eareful consideration. Some advantages of hog production over other forms of stock raising may be enumerated as follows: 1. The pig excels all other farm animals in the economy with which he converts feed into edible flesh, requiring but four to . ‘ __— Bary For Fatrenine Pics Se ___ five pounds of dry matter to produce a pound of gain, while fat- _ tening cattle require from 10 to 12 pounds. 2. The pig yields from 75 to 80 per eent of his live weight as dressed carcass, the steer only 55 to 65 per cent. _ 3. Pigs profitably utilize many by-products of the farm other- wise wasted, such as dairy by-products and kitchen and garden _ waste, garbage from hotels, as well as grains that can not other- wise be disposed of profitably. _ 4 Pigs can be brought to profitable production more quickly than any other line of livestock with limited capital invested. ____ 5. Importance of hog industry increases as population becomes _ more dense. _ COLOMBIA ENCOURAGES IMPORTATION OF PUREBRED LIVESTOCK In order to encourage the importation of purebred livestock and the improvement of native breeds, the Government of Colombia reimburses importers of purebred stock to the amount of one-third of the total value of the animals imported. Cer- tain restrictions are thrown about the reimbursement which, * briefly, are: _ 1. The animals imported must be used for the purpose of im- _ proving native breeds, and must be healthy and free from con- _tagious disease. 2. Positive identification of the imported animals must be furnished. 3. If the animals are sold within four years of the date of importation the importer must pay back the sums advanced by the Government. 4. The sums paid by the Government can not exceed $500 a head for horses and cattle, $80 for rams or sheep, and $40 for goats or pigs. The Kansas Stockman presents an article by Dr. C. W. Me- Campbell showing the value of meats and particularly beef as food. ‘‘The figures,’’ he states, ‘‘show that meat even at the high prices retailers have been charging has been a cheaper source of food units, both protein and energy, than either eggs or milk, both of which have been so persistently urged as substitutes for meat.’’ In discussing vitamines, he declares ‘‘It is strange that a deficiency so easily and cheaply supplied should be used in an at- tempt to discredit so valuable a food as meat.’’ EXCEPTIONAL CASES‘ By Rh. R. Cuarx, Newport News, Va. I—A Runaway Broncuo AN old soldier attempted to stop a runaway broncho by closing a bar gate. He was too slow. The bar struck the horse in the breast, a little left of center, breaking the bar and making a nasty wound. Horse ran over and killed the old soldier, ran a — little further and collided with a telephone pole, shattering facial bones on right side. Broncho fought the twitch. I expected him to fall any in- stant, as the breast wound was bleeding profusely, so decided to handle without restraint. Sure enough, he was a true broncho, chock-full of grit. The breast wound had an 8-inch opening and was badly lacerated. I removed a few slivers of wood, shreds of muscle, ete., examined the anterior lobe of the lung and carefully examined the pericardial sac. Found a little dirt and hair on the pleura. The heart was a bit fast, but regular. Packed wound with gauze backed with cotton, securing with four heavy sutures. So far Mr. Bronch had not moved a foot, but would allow no one near him but myself. He evidently believed, ‘‘Two’s com- pany, three’s a crowd.’’ Next the face. He was head shy. A little persuasion and massaging with warm cloths convinced him that I had no inten- tion of bridling him. Premaxillary nasal bones were badly shattered. I removed all splinters; found turbinated bones mashed ; removed all free pieces. In order to insure drainage I decided to trephine the superior maxillary sinus. Was the bronch game? Gamest ever. Moved his head a little when I cut the skin for the trephine. Backed up a few steps while I was trephining. Twice I had to persuade him to lower his head. Packed cavity with gauze. Gave him stimulants. I dressed the wounds daily for 14 days, then sent him home. In about 30 days the owner asked permission to put him to work, as he would permit no one to dress his wounds. [ had him brought in for examination. Breast wound sealed and * Presented at the moots of the Virginia Veterinary Medical Association, Richmond, January 14, 1921. 582 EXCEPTIONAL CASES 583 granulating nicely, face likewise. He was very shy of me. When I closed in on him he fought like a sure-enough bronch. He was put to work in a few days. Ran away at every op- portunity. His last run was disastrous. He headed down the railroad track and met the fast train. The engine was” un- injured. II.—Larce AIREDALE. This dog was inclined to be quarrelsome, especially when the man of the house came home a bit worse for his visit to the clubhouse. A week previous to my being called the man ( ?) had attempted to convince the dog that he was boss. The ' dog was chained, but from all reports gave a good account of himself and was not convinced. I made friends with the dog. All was serene until I attempted to manipulate the seventh or eighth rib on the left side. I could just-detect a slight crepi- tation. The lady of the house had informed ‘me that the dog had been kicked and tramped on in the above-mentioned argu- ment. I made a diagnosis of fractured rib. He was young, vigorous and vicious. I requested that he be kept quiet and free from excitement. He was very disagreeable for about a week. Was inclined to stand up a great deal. Respiration was a little fast. In about ten days a circumscribed swelling developed which was intensely painful. I decided that there must be a sliver from the rib. The lady wished me to operate at once. The dog had just eaten quite a hearty meal, so I made arrangements for the next morning. Mr. Dog beat me to it. During the night he licked open the swelling and his mistress extracted one of her hat _ pins which was a little over 3 inches in length. There was a foul-smelling discharge for a few days, with an uneventful re- covery. Il].—Larce Hoistern Cow, ApVANCED PREGNANCY The cow went off feed three or four times previous to my being called. On examination, I found her pulse a little irregular, res- piration a bit rapid, temperature normal. Auscultation of heart and lungs revealed nothing. The rumen was not very active, no bloat. Fetus active. There was an appearance of general de- pression. I percussed her up one side and down the other. I went over the heart three or four times. History and general appearance indicated acute traumatic 584 R. R. Cuark pericarditis. Yet L doubted and did not say so, as her owner was in the stall with me and she was the best of his 40-odd cows. Then, too, he had just lost a heifer from traumatic pericarditis, caused by a staple. I withheld diagnosis, with an unfavorable prognosis. Prescribed for her general appearance and requested _ that her manure be saved for my inspection. The next day I spent 30 minutes examining her. Made rectal examination; nothing new. The cow was a little more depressed, especially the respiration. The rib action and eye expression were quite suggestive of heaves. The manure was dark gray and had the appearance of that of an animal fed on a narrow ration, yet I knew she was receiving a wide rather than a narrow ration. I was much puzzled. The owner was not present. The herdsman was sympathetic, so I had another day of grace. The third day the herdsman met me. ‘‘You got her all right. She ate her supper and breakfast and is chewing her cud.’’ So far so good. True enough, the eye expression was better, but the respiration was short and stuffy ; temperature normal; pulse fast; heart sounds normal; lungs likewise. She did not want to move. I took off my coat and pereussed and cussed. I was unable to locate anything not mentioned. Ribs seemed a little more ballooned. Manure unchanged. Next morning the owner notified me that ‘‘she was dead. Did I want to post her?’’ I certainly wanted to post her. Postmor- tem findings: Thoracic¢ viscera normal. Abdominal viscera at first glance apparently normal. When I started to remove the rumen I was dumfounded to see a large, long, white mass adherent to rumen and liver. It was quite dense. In a way it resembled uncolored skim-milk cheese. I made careful search for a foreign body. I could not find the pancreas, so I am of the opinion that the tumor was a tremendously enlarged pancreas. The tumor weighed a little over 30 pounds. IV.—Co.uie Doe This dog was brought to me with the following history: Dog came home lame. Mistress discovered a cut on ball of foot; soaked in antiseptic. Foot continued to swell. Dog continued to chase automobiles. (Owner lives midway between two thoroughfares so that the dog had a great deal to do.) Ten days after first lameness the dog was brought to me. Foot was not much swollen. The metacarpal region was nearly girdled by a cut (7%) about a , EXCEPTIONAL CASES 585 _ quarter of an inch wide at the middle¢ third. There wére two __ places where the skin was not cut, each being about half an inch in width; or at least at that time I thought they had not been cut, as I could find no scar. | This dog lives on the bank of the fares where there are rab- bit snares, and on the beach fish nets are spread. Knowing this, I questioned her mistress closely. Light probing revealed nothing(?) foreign. Prescribed treatment at home, as she was a baby’s companion. Heard from her for about ten days. _ Report was favorable. ~ About five months later I was again called. No swelling, ap- little pain, as she could give an auto a good chase. Car- ‘ried her foot when walking over rough ground. There were three small openings from which a greenish pus was discharged. Probe would pass through limb at openings. Searched for foreign body. Irrigated wounds and dressed them for a few days. No progress except improvement in character of pus. Called Dr. McGuire. We decided to do a little exploratory surgery under loeal anesthetic. The posterior opening was enlarged., Found a small pocket of pus inferiorly. Probe located a roughened area on external face of external metarearpal bone. Made an in- cision parallel with bone about an inch long, inferior to opening. Curetted off the necrotic area. I now felt sure a wire snare was guilty of the injury. With the probe we thought we felt a : tendon partially loosened from its attachments. Dressed ankle every day for a few days. Decidedly less pus; greenish cast disappeared entirely. Dog used foot a little more. Through the courtesy of Dr. Corss and his X-ray operator, Miss Knox, I was able to obtain a picture of the ankle and foot. As will be noted from the picture, there is a small depression on the external surface of the external bone, also a light transverse shadow(?) at point of injury. This was caused, as we supposed, by the cicatrix. I let her alone for ten days. Gave her ankle a careful exami- nation. A little pus. Probe dropped through ankle as before. Could feel the same yielding substance, supposedly tendon, as on previous explorations. Yet I was sure it did not belong there. Exerting a little pressure on removing the probe I could see something of a greenish-brown cast. Of course, I thought it was a section of gangrenous tendon. The dog yelped. First evidence of real pain she had ever shown. Her mistress calmed her down; 586 R. R. Cuark took a firm hold of her muzzle. I inserted probe beneath the body. It broke. The dog yelled. I could see a free end and was sure it was a diseased tendon. I quieted the dog and picked up the end of the tendon(?) to test its attachments. Lo and behold, it slipped out of the wound. My tendon was a rubber band! Evi- dently the shadow in the picture was the rubber band. This was Miss Knox’s first animal X-ray and the first time I had ever attempted to read a plate of an animal, so I am sure my mistake was pardonable, more especially when it is taken into Radiograph of Dog’s Foot, nase 445 (Hand of Operator Shows at gnt. consideration that laceration did not completely girdle the ankle at the time of first examination. As a note of interest, her mistress has since informed me that her neighbor’s cat had a swollen foot and a sore tail. They ex- amined limb and tail and found rubber bands at each place. At present the dog scarcely limps and the wound is entirely healed. V.—Ho ster Cow Cow was purchased at public auction. Purchaser thought her sick. Seller said ‘‘She is not sick; just a little off from undue excitement,’’ etc. She was shipped 35 miles by rail. Decidedly a sick cow when unloaded. Purchaser wired former owner. Called me over ’phone. From his description I thought it a case of nervous indigestion and prescribed. Next morning I was called again. Caught early train. Found cow very much de- pressed; temperature normal; pulse weak and stringy; respira- tion very irregular and difficult. Visible membranes bleached. Percussion and auscultation revealed nothing to speak of. Ru- EXCEPTIONAL CASES 587 men not active. Feces scant, but of fair consistency. Milk ex- eretion completely checked. Cow was supposed to be a heavy cow died within 36 hours. Postmortem findings: Media- glands enlarged, filled with pus. A number of smaller abscesses scattered through lungs. Pus was very suspicious of tuberculosis. On opening abdominal cavity found peritoneum very thick and bloody. A layer of blood about half an inch thick covered the entire floor of abdomen. What I first took for a hemastoma was an enormous bloody spleen with an attachment about 2 inches in diameter attaching spleen to reticulum. Went _ to move spleen, capsule ruptured. Followed up attachment. It was filled with a bloody pus. Dissected out at reticulum. Found what was left of wire nail. Removed all of the spleen that would hold together. It weighed a little over eight pounds. COW FEED FROM SAWDUST _ Hydrolized sawdust as a part of a ration for cows is appar- ently giving satisfactory results in Wisconsin. Cows at the Agri- cultural College of that State are doing as well on a ration con- sisting of one-third sawdust as they did when their feed was only one-fourth wood meal. That is to say, they are keeping up their weight and their milk production and show no ill effects from the diet. The Bureau of Animal Industry is considering the proposal of the Forest Service Laboratory to start feeding trials with dairy animals in which the wood product will form a part of the ration and the tests will extend for an entire year at least. The hydro- lized-wood feed for these cows will be made at the laboratory. So far all the stock feed has been made from white-pine sawdust. Other soft woods, particularly the western species, will be tried in the future. **A delegate to a bank conference in Louisiana came out ‘flat-footed’ and told the parish authorities that if they ex- pected the banks to continue to carry cattle loans in their com- munity amounting to $75,000, it would be necessary for them to make appropriations for tick eradication. They made the ap- propriation in short order.’’—American Hereford Journal. SWINE OBSTETRICS * By R. L. Gerz Mount Jackson, Virginia IT IS only within the last few years that the veterinarian has been caled upon to treat diseases of swine, except out- breaks of contagious diseases. His fees in most cases were more than the animal was worth, not counting the trouble to the owner. But in the last few years prices have been high and farmers have raised more hogs .and bred younger sows, consequently the — practice has increased. A sow has become too valuable to run the risk of losing her and a nice litter of pigs, which was as valuable and more saleable than a horse. So swine obstetrics has taken the place of equine obstetrics. In the last summer I had at least eight or ten cases of swine obstetrics to one in the mare. We were called upon to handle a condition which was new to most of us, and one that we had very little experience with, or for which we had not spent much time preparing ourselves. Such a case is slow,tiresome and provoking, and a job that most veterinarians do not care for. To make it less encouraging, we are never called upon to treat these eases until the sow has labored for at least a half or a whole day, and the owner has tried all the suggestions of his neighbors, using every kind of instrument, from long wire hooks to blacksmith tongs. Finally deciding that the fetus can not be delivered by these means, he calls in the veterinarian, who, upon arrival, gen- erally finds a sow all torn to pieces, very much exhausted, and labor pains ceased. Here is the time for one to use his good judgment, after mak- ing a careful examination, to decide which is the best thing to do, to try to deliver by the natural route or to operate. The sow has already lost a great amount of her vitality, and will lose still more if the operation is delayed; but upon an examination as to the position of the fetus and the general condition of the sow if you think there is a possible chance to make a delivery by the natural channel I would advise trying it. This must be done in a gentle manner, offering no resistance to the sow. 1 Presented at the meeting of the Virginia State Veterinary Medical Association, January 14, 1921. 588 SwIneE OBSTETRICS 589 a First of all, prepare yourself for the job. A pair of union overalls is about the best uniform for the occasion, as they cover you all over, and will protect your clothes, which otherwise are sure to get soiled. Roll up both sleeves, and wash hands and arms thoroughly with a good antiseptic solution. Grease hands well with vaseline and go to it slowly and gently. As mentioned before, do not offer any resistance to the sow; if you do she will not help you, and it is alrhost impossible to effect a delivery with- out her assistance. In most cases that have not gone too far, stimulating the os uteri with the hand will start labor pains. If they have ceased entirely, very often a dose of pituitin will start ‘them. The dose will depend upon the size of the sow, ranging from 1 to 3 mils. This will also strengthen the heart and arrest hemorrhages in operations. It should be given subeuta- neously or intramuscularly. Give time for it to act, and if upon examining you find no changes in the position of the fetus and labor pains have not returned, there is nothing to do but to oper- ate; but if they have, and you succeed in delivering the first one, you ean generally deliver the rest of them if you give the sow time enough to work them up into the passage. As the pelvic cavity is too small to admit the hand, you can not do this your- self. Instruments necessary are few and simple. The principal one is a No. 12 steel wire hook 12 to 14 inches long, with a shoe but- ton hook on one end, 14 inch long, and bent at right angles at the other end so as to afford a good hand hold. All foreeps on the market are too large and cumbersome, the wire loop one being about the most efficient one. The hand is introduced into the cavity and if the fetus is in the __vertebro-sacral position as the sow labors try to get the index or middle finger in the pig’s mouth, using pressure in the space be- tween the lower jaw bones and against the lower brim of the pel- vie cavity. Thus holding the fetus in position, introduce the wire hook, guided by the hand in the cavity, and with a little pressure force the hook through the space between the mandi- bles, and with a little traction on the hook guide the fetus and effect a delivery, or far enough that it ean be completed with the hand or a pair of forceps. Should you not succeed, the next thing is to decide if your pa- tient is a fit subject for ar operation. Of course, an operation is all that is left to save the sow, and if you do not save the sow 590 R. L. Gerz you may save several nice pigs. The indications for an operation far exceed those against it, but there is no use operating if you are sure she is going to die. A few suggestions when not to operate unless the owner insists: Do not operate if the sow has any respiratory troubles, es- pecially if an anesthetic is used. Do not operate in the night with a lantern, or if the sow has gone three or four days, or if there are severe lacerations, or if she is m a comatose condition. And, above all, do not operate if you do not have a clean, comfortable bed after the operation. The next thing is where to operate. Any place is better than a dirty, dusty old hog house. About the best place is on an old gravel bed or several wide two-inch planks supported by several trestles on the side of a building from the wind and dust. A nice clean sod, if out of the wind, is a very good place, if your back can stand it. At any rate, use the best possible place. Next is the anesthetic. Shall we use one or not, and if so, what kind? I prefer one in nearly all eases. A man can not operate with an animal rolling around all the time. As to the kind, there are several that give fair results—ether, ether and chloroform, — A. C. E. mixture, chloral and H. M. C. I prefer ether or ether and chloroform. Chloroform alone is too dangerous. Next is the restraint. Whether you operate under an anes- thetie or not, do not rope the hog down. This is time wasted. While you are doing that you can have the sow under the anes- thetic or the external incision made and all struggling over. Two men can hold almost any sow, one at the head and the other at the rump. Preparation for the operation is one of the most important points. Do not start until you are ready, and then finish as soon as possible. The time it takes to complete the operation will be one of the chief factors in your suecess. Have your improvised operating table ready, pen clean and well bedded with straw, muslin or clean white cloth to cover the flank region, bottle of tincture of iodin, can of dusting powder, can of ether, and two basins, one with the antiseptic solution, the other for the in- struments. Instruments necessary forthe operation are as fol- lows: Medium-sized sealpel, curved seissors, blunt-pointed curved bistoury, small needles threaded with catgut, large eurved needles threaded with braided silk, horse trocar, needle holder, and several small hemostats. \s Swine OBSTETRICS 691 ; ee al Preparation of the sow for the operation.—Part of this can be done without restraint in the pen, especially if the sow is docile. Clip the hair off the field of operation, lather, shave, cleanse, dry and paint with tincture of iodin. Plate the sow on the opera- _ ting table and anesthetize at once. The operation.—Make a free, bold incision downward and for- ward, about six inches in length in either flank, from the external angle of the ileum into the perineum. Puncture the perineum, enter a finger and enlarge with the blunt-pointed curved bis- toury to admit the hand freely. If there is an excess of abdomi- nal fluid, roll over on the sternum and press out. If bladder is distended, drain with the horse trocar. The moist muslin is placed over the field of operation and cut the size of the incision. Remove the anesthetic. The upper horn of the uterus is brought out of the cavity as far as possible. Make an incision over the fetus nearest the uterus, parallel with the long axis of the horn, of sufficient length to permit easy removal of the fetus. Try to remove the remaining ones through the same incision. If this eannot be done, make an incision in the other horn. Remove the fetal membranes, mop out all the fluid you can with cotton on dressing forceps, cleanse the uterine wound with ether, remove all shreds of tissue, paint edges of serous membrances with tinc- ture of iodin, and suture thoroughly with a continuous or Lam- bert stuture, always making certain that you have no leakage, this being another point which your success will largely depend. Cleanse horns, replace, cleanse wound margin, suture using an interrupted stitch, including skin, muscle layer, and peitoneum, paint with iodin and use a dusting powder. Remove the sow from the operating table; one man at the head by both ears, the other at the rump by the tail; let down on all four feet. Administer a stimulant of eamphor and oil subeutaneously. Let the sow stand a few minutes and walk into pen. Allow her some milk or fresh water before lying down on the clean bed of straw. If weather is cold, protect her with straw and leave her alone. Keep warm slop in the trough three times a day for a week. Keep outside wound clean with an antiseptic solution, followed by a dusting powder. If she is doing well at the end of 48 to 60 hours, you can expect a successful recovery. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF BOTULISM By C. E. Saussery, Kansas City, Mo. A NUMBER of specimens have been received during the past six months with the requests that bacteriologic and serologie tests be made to determine the presence or absence of the Bacillus botulinus, type A or B, or their respective toxins. Animal in- oculation as well as cultural and microscopical examinations have been made of many samples, but as yet a laboratory diagnosis of botulism has not been confirmed from the samples submitted. The negative results are not, however, perplexing. It is not sur- prising when we learn that the toxin or the organism in question is recognized with difficulty by the ordinary laboratory pro- cedures. In animal feeds this handicap is emphasized by the small portion submitted for examination which may or may not be representative of the preceding or remaining portion of the feed. It is well to note that in some outbreaks investigators have spent several days on some farms studying the various con- stituents of the ration, and in some instances where unmistakable evidence of contaminated feed exists, a laboratory diagnosis establishing the exact source of the disease was obtained with difficulty. Therefore, in sending samples of hay or grain -he possibility of a pocket or patch contamirfation should not be dis- regarded. A small portion of contaminated feed might be res- ponsible for an outbreak in view of the fact that the toxin of this organism is fatal to guinea pigs in 0.0000001 ¢.c. The feed has, however, been incriminated in a sufficient number of outbreaks to establish the relation of the feed to the disease in question. From a practical standpoint, the diagnosis should be made as far as possible from the clinical symptoms, which, within uncer- tain limits, are somewhat characteristic. In cattle an extreme ner- vous attitude with impairment of vision, paralysis of the pha- rynx, and inability to swallow may be observed. Delirium, walk- ing in cireles, or following the fence line have also been noticed. The temperature may be normal, subnormal, or as high as 105-6° F’. In horses, paralysis of the pharynx, or the syndrome common- ly referred to as blind stagger are suggestive of botulism. In cattle the disease may assume a chronic form with cachexia and unthriftness as the outstanding symptoms. Some animals die from botulism without exhibiting noticeable symptoms. In 592 ayo Lanorarory Diagnosis or Borutism 593 a "mnie the eymptons may be frequently confused with hog chol- _ era, and the presence of botulism in any extensive outbreak ; 2 affecting garbage-fed swine should be suspected, provided the _ animals have been properly immunized against cholera. A re. sample of grain, hay, pasture grass or silage might under certain ditions be contaminated, and in as many occasions as possible presence of botulinus intoxication should be confirmed in - laboratory examinations. In outbreaks where fatal eases have occurred it is often best to submit tissues. The presence of the organism in the spleen or brain has been confirmed and these _ organs should be sent for laboratory examination intact. re NEGATIVE FINDINGS Negative bacterial findings in cases of suspected botulism are - not conclusive evidence that the intoxication is not present. Final deductions can, therefore, not be made in case of*negative findings. The organism may be present in small numbers while _ the preformed toxin in the food is the determining and fatal fae- tor. In cases where the food is highly contaminated with the __ organism its presence can be detected by bacteriological proced- _ ures, and in such cases the clinical diagnosis may be confirmed. _ Until more definite and rapid measures of locating B. botulinus i | @are developed, the practitioners will be compelled to rely upon _ the clinical symptons exhibited by affected animals. A physical exa tion of the feed is not a safe and reliable guide. Appar- ; ane grains and hays may be capable of producing the disease. Moldy feed may favor the development of the Yasin provided the organism is present, yet the mold free from B botulinus is not toxic to domestic animals. B. Borutinus Usiquirrous In Nature “Reports from California, Kentucky, New Jersey, as well as the Middle Western States of lowa, Nebraska, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, indicate the widespread character of this disease in animals. There are obviously localities where botulism is enzootic. Any progress in the pre- vention and treatment of botulism as it oceurs in animals must obviously be made through the application of specifie prophy- lactic measures. The judicious use of potent polyvalent anti- toxin is indicated as a specific prophylactic in the control of botulinus intoxication. It is apparent that large quantities of 594 C. E. SALSBERY animal feeds can not be heated for the destruction of toxie sub- stances and that the practice in this connection involves thé protection of the animals, while the food value of contaminated rations is realized. SCREW WORM BEGINS ITS ATTACKS ON LIVE STOCK The screw-worm fly is appearing in considerable numbers in the Southwestern States, and already a number of cases of in- fested live stock have been reported. While this is about the usual time for this pest to begin its attack on animals, the show- ery weather which has occurred over a considerable part of the serew-worm territory, especially southwest Texas, is very favor- able to the multiplication of the fly. By systematically destroying all carcasses, preferably by burn- ing, the losses are greatly reduced. In this instance an ounce of prevention is worth many pounds of cure. A number of progressive stockmen have entered into an active campaign against the flies by means of the use of flytraps on the ranges, in addition to preventing the breeding by carcass destrue- tion. This has been shown to be a good supplementary measure to carcass destruction. NUMBER OF HORSES AND MULES The Census Bureau has announced its figures of the number of horses and mules on farms in the United States on January 1, 1920. The total number of horses was 20,142,455, including 1,204,785 colts under 1 year of age, 1,334,841 yearling colts, 9,- 038,552 mares 2 years old and over, 8,414,665 geldings 2 years old and over, 135,067 stallions 2 years old and over, and 14,545 horses not classified by age or sex. The number of mules reported for the same date was 5,450,- 623, including 392,356 mule colts under 1 year of age, 393,996 yearling mule colts, and 4,664,271 mules 2 years old and over. The estimates of the United States Department of Agricul- ture for one year later (January 1, 1921), made before the an- nouncement of the census figures, showed 20,183,000 horses and 4,999,000 mules. The census figures represent an actual enume- ration, while the figures of the Department of Agriculture are estimates based on reports of agents and correspondents. A THEORY AS TO THE CAUSATION OF MILK FEVER » By Cuarves H. DARLINGTON Phoenixville, Pennsylvania A RECENT ARTICLE on milk fever in a farm paper at- tracted my attention by the character of the statements made therein—that if untreated it ran a rapid course and proved fatal in a few hours; that it attacked only well-conditioned cows, _ rarely or never poorly conditioned ones; that if taken in hand promptly and the teats and udder inflated with air its course could be arrested and the cow saved; that nobody knew what it was, or why the air treatment cured it; that the symptoms, which were described at some length, were characteristic and unmis- takable. I think that sums up the data as the article gave them. They were stated authoritatively, and I saw no reason to question them. My first thought was that the symptoms—shivering, weakness, _ rapid prostration—ran parallel to those of poisoning of the blood or nerves, say like snake bite or the savage’s woorara poisoned arrows. I once had a case of grippe in my family which the physician within reach did not or could not name. Nor I. But the high fever, loss of appetite, prostration and suffering suggested to me blood poisoning, and I instituted blood poisoning treatment—light, nutritious foods, regardless _ of appetite, to maintain strength while nature had to tolerate the generated poisons, and to enable the patient to stay alive until the leucocytes won the battle for poet It brought the answer in good time. Now, in milk fever in cows there appears evidence of a rapid development of poisons that the blood carries throughout the system, which, directly of themselves, or by their toxie effect on the nerves, destroy life. From what source and of what nature? In these days bacteria are blamed for most ailments, and one naturally looks for them or at least suspects them in any case of physical disorder. They act in two distinet ways: by rapid mul- tiplication in favorable media, producing fever by irritation or weakness by themselves usiug up the vital nutritive properties of normal blood, or, secondly, by evolving poisonous dejecta which 595 596 CHARLES H. DarLINGTON the host animal can not handle. There seems no reason to suspect that milk fever is caused by multiplication of bacteria, first, be- cause they would primarily be foreign bodies gaining entrance casually to the cow’s body; second, because research would be so apt to discover them under the microscope. That narrowed my speculations down to the idea of evolved toxins. No living thing, animal or vegetable, can exist for any long time without taking into its substance extraneous matter. That matter is converted to its own living uses, and, having been used up, becomes waste and is cast out. All such exereta are poison- ous to the creature producing them. Just as alcohol will destroy the yeast germ, the breath and perspiration of human beings, if confined, will destroy the latter; water, which is the result of combustion in the inorganic world, destroys combustion. And most of such dejecta are deleterious to other living beings be- sides their creators. Now where could a cow get such toxins and of what bacteria would they be dejecta? © Well, it is a canon of good dairying to throw away or waste on the ground the first squirt from each teat when milking. It is claimed that it contains bacteria lodged at the orifice; and I have heard a story of a barn cat that died within a few days on a diet of these first squirts—as did more than one successor. At the same time authorities tell us that after that first squirt the normal flow of milk is germ-free. Any germ or spore afloat in the air in a cow barn or milking shed is liable to be arrested and detained by a slight moisture at the teat opening. Whether it develops into its own kind of active life depends on conditions it finds there. The yeast class live © outside and ean not develop far for lack of moisture; the lactie acid germs likewise for lack of milk sugar. But one class, which prospers where air is excluded, does its work on nitrogenous substances, and its ejecta are active poisons. The anaerobic germs meet all the conditions of our inquiry. They breed rapid- ly in the colostrum once they get access through the teat ori- fice; they are shut away from the air; their waste products are positive nerve poisons—ptomaines—which ean be absorbed directly into the blood and do their nefarious work through- out the entire animal substance. Have I found the culprit? One thing seems to prove that I have. He is located and does his work in the teat and milk pockets.- Inject air and inflate _ CausATION OF MiLk Fever 597 — i these, and he dies promptly. There is no more evolution of poi- son for the blood to carry. If this fresh air treatment is given in time the animal system will successfully eliminate the poison ___ diffused in it. At least, the poison factoty has been broken up. This may not be a sound deduction or a conclusive theory. Ex- perts must judge it, and I am no expert. Finding anaerobic bac- teria in milk from the teat ought to go far to establish it. They may be too small for a microscope, but if found they must stand I am aware that even the acceptance of this theory does not explain everything, even to me. If the idea is right others will - adjust it to such facts. Any theory to be true must fit the real . facts, but not necessarily at first glance. And a correct theory does far more. It points the direction for further inquiry and reveals much that is as unexpected as it is true. MAINTAINING MILK YIELDS FROM COWS CONTINUOUSLY STABLED Feeding cows for several years, according to the commonly ac ~* cepted standards, with little or no additional pasture, reduced the milk yield much below the optimum, it was found by experi- - ments at the Government farm at Beltsville, Md. This condition may be corrected by giving the animal a dry period of two months, and feeding during that period a ration containing legume hay and grain with a high phosphorus content, with three or four times the amount of protein required for maintenance, and two or three times the total nutriment. The milk yield in the subsequent lactation period may sometimes be doubled by this treatment. The results of the experiments are given in Bulletin 945, The Influence of Calcium and Phosphorus in the Food on the Milk Yield of Dairy Cows. In the case of cows of which the milk yield has been reduced by several years’ standard feeding, as followed at Beltsville, a greatly increased yield can be brought about by feeding ‘‘alter- nated rations with phosphate’’ during the dry period. This is taken to mean that the ordinary rations are more likely to be deficient in one or both of the principal bone-building elements than in any other constituent. e TUBERCULOSIS CUTIS By W. D. Wricur Boise, Idaho TUBERCULOSIS of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is ap- parently far more prevalent than is generally believed. A post- mortem record of 99 tuberculin reactors shows that 7 of these animals were affected with characteristic skin lesions of the disease. Another reacting cow evidenced no visible lesions post- mortem, but laboratory examination fully confirmed the pres- ence of the disease in the visceral and subcutaneous lymphaties. A review of the lesions found in these 8 tuberculin reactors follows: Case No. 1.—Positive reaction to the subcutaneous tuberculin test March 11-12, 1918. Slaughtered March 14, 1918. Post- mortem notes: Diagnosis, tuberculosis . Mesenterie glands, slightly caseous (wheat grain size lesion). Bronchial, ‘pharyngeal and sublumbar glands hemorrhagic. Subcutaneous lesion in region of left hind external coronet. Temperature just _prior to slaughter, 101.7. Microscopic examination of the cal- cified nodules in the subcutaneous tissues showed the presence of acid-fast bacilli which have the true form and size of bovine tuberele bacilli. Guinea-pig inoculations’ made to determine whether or not the microscopic findings were true tubercle bacilli or pseudo-tubercle bacilli showed that characteristic tuberculosis developed in the test animals inoculated with emulsions of the nodules. The two open skin lesions were located along the ex- ternal and posterior border of the metatarsal region, near the hock joint. Several pea-size partially elevated cutaneous lesions of the nodular type extended into the subcutaneous tissues and covered an area about 2 by 3 inches in size. Some of these lesions were separate and distinct, while other lesions in the group were confluent. The affected skin was perceptibly thick- ened and entirely denuded of hair. An increased amount of fibrous tissue undergoing calcification surrounded the affected area. The caseous area was of very limited extent and pre- sented a decidedly grayish yellow cast. Case No. 2.—Positive reaction to the subcutaneous tuberculin test March 13-14, 1918. Slaughtered March 15, 1918. Post- mortem notes: Diagnosis, tuberculosis. Slight caseous lesions in cervical gland (one pea-size lesion.) Bronchial and left pre- 598 ) 1 The laboratory findings mentioned in Cases No. z. to 4, inclusive, were reported by the Pathological Division, U. 8S. Bureau of Animal Industry. ; ! TUBERCULOSIS CUTIS 599 glands hemorrhagie. Skin and subcutaneous lesion in region of right metatarsus. Temperature just prior to slaughter, 101.6. Microscopic examination of the calcified nodules in the subcutaneous tissue showed the presence of acid-fast bacilli hav- ing the form and size of true tuberele bacilli. Guinea-pigs in- oculated with the emulsions of the calcified nodules developed tuberculosis, which would seem to prove that the lesions found in the subcutaneous tissues were true growths of bovine tubereulosis. Several elevated pea-size lesions were located along the posterior and inferior border of the lower metatarsal i The affected area was about 144 by 2 inches in size. ereased amount of fibrous tissue was evident in and about Se diseased area, which had the appearance of undergoing cal- ification. The affected area was denuded of hair. Incision through the diseased skin into the subcutaneous tissues revealed slight caseous deposits of a light yellow color and of the size of millet seeds. No open or discharging lesions were evidenced. Case No. 3.—Positive reaction to the subcutaneous tuberculin test April 9-10, 1918. Slaughtered April 12, 1918. Postmortem notes : Diagnosis, tuberculosis. Mesenteric and prescapular glands hemorrhagic. Subcutaneous nodular lesion in posterior ‘border of left metatarsal region. Temperature just prior to slaughter, 101. Microscopic examination showed the presence of acid-fast bacilli having the form and size of true tubercle bacilli, in the nodules in the subcutaneous tissues. A sensitive - unhealed surface extended over an area about 14 by 34 inch in size. The history accompanying this animal indicated that this lesion had remained unhealed for a period of at least one year, during which time persistent efforts were made to effect healing, without results. Case No. 4.—Positive reaction to the subcutaneous tubercalia test May 1-2, 1918. Slaughtered May 6, 1918. Postmortem notes : Diagnosis, uncertain. Left preseapular gland hemor- ' rhagic. Temperature just prior to slaughter, 100.1. Microscopie findings: Tubercle bacilli in small numbers demonstrated in smears made from lesions in lung (hemorrhagic), pinpoint case- ous areas in the liver and subcutaneous glands. These sub- eutaneous lymph glands, commonly called hemo-lymph nodes, were taken from the region of the loin and back. The presence of the disease here would tend to show in this case a peculiar simultaneous development of tuberculosis in various locations during the early period of infection. Case No. 5.—Positive reaction to the intradermic tuberculin test September 8-11, 1919. Slaughtered November 12, 1919. Postmortem notes; Diagnosis, tuberculosis. Tarsal skin lesion. Several pea to small bean-size caseo-calcareous lesions, flattened, irregular in outline, undergoing calcification, were clustered within the affected area, which was about 1 by 244 mnebey i in size. 600 W. D. Wricrr m The lesions were not open and formed a slight irregular eleva- tion of the skin extending into the subcutaneous tissues. Case No. 6.—Positive reaction to the intradermic tuberculin test January 7-10, 1921. Slaughtered January 15, 1921. Post- mortem notes: Diagnosis, tuberculosis. Slight caseo-caleareous skin lesion, size of small walnut, in external and superior border of right fore coronet. The affected area involved was limited to about 1 by 1 inch (the size of a small walnut.) The lesion as a whole was composed of wheat-grain to pea-size lesions, | caseo-calcareous, flattened, irregular in form, with a slight fibrous development. A pale yellow cast was present in the . caseous part of the lesion. | Case No. 7.—Positive reaction to the intradermic tuberculin test January 7-10, 1921. Slaughtered January 15, 1921. Post- | mortem notes: Diagnosis, tuberculosis. Slight caseous skin lesion size of walnut on right hip. This caseous lesion was smooth and well rounded in outline, having an even surface, and showed no tendency to calcification or crustation. a Germany and other foreign countries to a degree ranging from _ 40 per cent up to 80 per cent of all the livestock in those coun- _ tries. Unfortunately, there are some areas in the more thickly _ populated cattle districts of America where it has been disclosed that tuberculosis exists, ranging from 25 to 30 per cent, and in view of this I can little understand any suggestions which would _ tend to compromise with the siuation. This has been and is the policy of the campaign: An animal which has once been classed as tuberculous is and should remain definitely marked as a po- tential danger to the healthy cattle with which it might come in contact. That this policy has proven correct in principle is proven by the fact that the postmortem records reporting the slaughter of animals condemned as a result of tuberculin tests show a high average of lesions found. The records of the Bureau indicate that during the period from April 1, 1920, to March 31, 1921, approximately 92 per cent of the reactors slaughtered were found to be diseased. Many additional cases were disclosed by laboratory examination of suspected glands and by animal inoc- ulation. Considering that tuberculin is being administered and interpretations made by hundreds of individuals, and that the autopsies are being made by as many different inspectors, all of whom are entirely human beings, the results obtained may be classed as entirely satisfactory. They would under no condition excuse or render necessary recent suggestions by one writer that tuberculous animals be put into different classes, part of which would be subject to retest before slaughter. OTHER MISLEADING STATEMENTS In addition to the above-mentioned criticisms of the present method of handling the tuberculosis problem, such suggestions as the following have been made: : 1. That the abattoir statistics on the slaughter of calves indi- cate that calves under 6 months of age are less susceptible to infection than adult cattle. 2: That the livestock owners of the country were opposed to various requirements of the uniform plan. 3. That one exposure to infection was possibly not a serious matter. Such statements as these are only a few that you will encounter in reading numerous articles published. In denial of these state- ments, I would point out that the abattoir statistics published by the Department upon which such statements are based are not 608 L. B. Ernest an accurate guide with reference to determining the extent of infection in young calves. Since the intradermice method of test- ing has become generally used, it has been found in areas in which a considerable amount of infection has been found that a large percentage of calves originating in such herds will react either as calves or at a later date. This is no criticism of the sta- tisties furnished concerning the slaughter of calves, as in most instances the calves killed under official inspection in the abat- toir are not from infected areas. The suggestion concerning the opposition of livestock owners to some provisions of the present methods has been disposed of by previous statements as to the almost universal support afforded by those ‘‘live wires’’ of America. As stated above, their desires as to the handling of such an insidious disease as tuberculosis makes the idea of holding such cattle more or less repellant to them. I can state unequivocally that fully 90 per cent of the owners of livestock with whom the writer has come in contact, on being offered the opportunity of holding valuable cattle in quarantine for breeding purposes, have refused such offers. The thought that one exposure to infection of tuberculosis is in any way a matter to be lightly regarded should under no cireum- stances be entertained. The history of very many Bang herds proves the contrary. Such information as came to the Bureau where the Bang method has proven a failure would indicate the possibility that the reinfection of the supposedly healthy herd was due to carelessness on one or more occasions by attendants, who either failed to pasteurize properly the milk fed such sup- posedly healthy animals, or were careless in the handling of uten- sils or feed sacks, or who carried the infection on their persons. In conclusion let mé emphasize one point: The very character of the disease, and all previous history pertaining to its modes of infection, and the methods of its spread, indicate that it eannot and will not be eradicated, or even controlled, by any compro- mise measures. Let the veterinary profession grasp the oppor- tunity, not only to exterminate this disease from the livestock of the country, but to prevent the very many cases of human tuber- culosis which ean he attributed to bovine infection. It is be- lieved—and the policy is proving itself correct—that any meas- ures which give the benefit of the doubt to tuberculous animals only react to the discredit of the profession. THE RELATION OF BOVINE TO HUMAN TUBERCU- ' LOSIS AND THE STATUS OF THE VETERINARIAN _ IN THE FIGHT TO CONTROL THIS DISEASE * By A. G. G. RicHarpson Dean, Veterinary Department, Georgia Agricultural College, - Athens, Georgia 7 TUBERCULOSIS is of all the diseases of the human family ~and the domestic animals the most engrossing, from either the humanitarian or economic viewpoint, with which we, as veteri- narians, come into contact and have to deal. This is a trite, oft- repeated but none the less true statement which loses none of its force or importance in repetition. The awful yearly toll exacted by this disease from the human family in the lives it claims, the economic waste and the suffering of the long drawn out course of the disease, the agony of the los- ing fight and of watching the loved ones pass slowly but irrevoc- ably from an active, useful life through the period of decline of all vital functions to lingering death, can scarcely be compre- hended. To attempt to estimate the yearly cost of tuberculosis to this country, to say nothing of the world, is futile, for who can put a price upon human life, upon the sufferings of the victims or upon the agony of the mother, father or lover standing by helpless ? In spite of the strong appeal which the victim of the losing fight with tuberculosis makes to humanity, in spite of the estab- lished fact that this is a preventable disease, in spite of the ex- plosion of the belief that even in its early stages tuberculosis is incurable, most of humanity stands supinely by, both hands up- held, accepting what it regards as inevitable, withholding, through ignorance or misinformation, active aid, and in many cases not even maintaining a sympathetic attitude toward the fight a few of our people are waging against this ravaging monster. For a long time tuberculosis was believed to be hereditary. The fact that it was often a family disease, together with a lack of knowledge of the causative agent and the ways in which it was 1 Presented at the Tuberculosis Eradication Conference, Atlanta, Ga.. May 244, 1921. 609 610 A. G. G. RicHarpson transmitted, lent color to this belief. The victim of this disease is always sensitive and prone to hide his affliction, hoping without hope to the last, always seeking to persuade himself that nothing” is radically wrong, and refusing to believe that he may be a seri- ous menace to the health and lives of his family and friends. It is these beliefs, still deeply rooted in the minds of many people, to- gether with the insidous course that tuberculosis runs, presenting no alarming or emergency phases until the very last, which make it so difficult permanently to arouse the public to a full sense of the dangers of this disease. Had tuberculosis the fulminant char- acteristics of an equally fatal acute disease the fight would al- ready have been won. When we think of the triumphs of medical science over smallpox, yellow fever, Texas fever and hog cholera, it requires no further persuasion or argument to confirm the be- lief that with a similarly energetic fight equal success would fol- low in the case of tuberculosis. Another bit of ancient history which has served to delay and impede the work in eradicating tuberculosis by practically elimi- nating the dairy cow as a factor worthy of consideration, and minimizing the importance of the veterinarian in the fight, is the statement of Professor Koch before the International Tubereu- losis Congress at London in 1901, that tuberculosis of man is pro- duced by a tubercle bacillus’ which differs from the bovine tuber- cle bacillus. He expressed himself as opposed to the generally prevailing opinion of that time regarding the great danger of the eattle tubercle bacillus for man, and as believing that the trans- missibility of bovine tuberculosis to man was so slight compared with the danger which threatens man from tuberculous human beings that its practical importance was negligible. These statements, while not fully aecepted at the time by all students of tuberculosis, attained wide credence among physi- cians, both human and veterinary, and especially among the laity who were engaged in the production of milk, to whom such a statement was a boon, since they interpreted it as sounding the death knell of tuberculin testing dairy animals and as heralding the end of the expense and bother accompanying this test in many herds. These people, in the face of latterly established facts, still numerously cling to the belief that milk carrying bo- vine tuberele bacilli is, if not actually innocuous, at the most only mildly dangerous and, from a practical viewpoint, negligible as a source of tuberculous infection for human beings. _~— BOVINE AND HuMAN TUBERCULOSIS 611 - This belief, as is true of many other not well founded beliefs that have come down out of the ignorance and misinformation of the past, has perennial youth. When prostrated by the estab- lished facts of today it rises again and again to confront us at every turn. Even though Koch himself, in the light of later facts concerning the relation of human and bovine tuberculosis, modified his statements, this has not served to nullify the far- reaching effect of his first statement nor to arouse the public fully to the danger that the tuberculous dairy cow is to the hu- man being. The wide circulation and general credence given to his first statement yet serves to minimize this source of danger, and so, while the human physician and his associates are bending all their efforts to control and eradicate tuberculosis on the basis that it is a disease which is practically always due to a preceding ease of tuberculosis in man, and is largely a class disease in which insanitary housing, long hours of laborious work and little out- of-doors recreation play the most important predisposing parts, it remains for you veterinarians engaged in tuberculosis eradication work among the herds of the country, and you veterinarians who are dealing with tuberculosis of dairy animals in your daily prac- tice, to wage war on this disease in man by ever demanding the _ production of milk free of bovine tubercle bacilli and ever empha- sizing the importance to humanity of tuberculosis-free cows in the dairy. ‘In order that your wank: along this line be carried on effee- tively and intelligently you must understand and believe that the bovine tuberele bacillus is not infrequently a souree of tubercu- lous infection for the human and that the milk of that tubereu- lous dairy cow or family cow is the medium through which it in- _ vades its victims most frequently, though other dairy products ean not be ignored in this connection. The facts, as closely as I ean get at them, which have a bearing on this phase of the sub- ject, are that the danger of tuberculous infection from these sources can can not be disregarded for the adult and is particu- larly great for babies and young children. The per cent of all cases of tuberculosis of bovine origin in man is about eight. If only pulmonary tuberculosis of man is consid- ered, then the per cent drops to 0.6, but if we eliminate pul- monary tuberculosis and consider only the other forms this dis- ease assumes then it rises to 16 per cent. Confining our inquiry to cases of tuberculosis of bovine origin in young children we are 612 A. G. G. Ricuarpson faced by the startling fact that of the fatalities from this disease during the first few years of life 24 per cent are due to this type of infection, Tuberculosis of the cervical lymph glands, a com- mon form of the disease in children, is in about 40 per cent of the eases due to bacilli of the bovine type, while in similar infee- tions of the mesenteric lymph glands 40 to 50 per cent are Steere able to the same type of infection. The location of the disease in these regions along the pe tary tract, the type of the infecting organisms, and the youth of the victims all directly incriminate cow’s milk as the medium through which the infecting organisms have entered the bodies of these victims. In support of the foregoing I quote from Mohler and Bich- horn’s translation of Ernst, Milk Hygiene, as follows: ** According to figures compiled by Park, of the New York. City Board of Health, the frequency of bovine tuberculosis in man as collected by various investigators is as follows: In adults, 955 cases have been examined of which 940 showed human infee- - tion and 15 bovine infection. In children from 5 to 16 years of age, out of 177 cases investigated, 131 were human infections and 46 bovine infections. Among children under 5 years old there were 368 cases of which 292 were found infected with the human type and 76 with the bovine type of tuberculosis. Furthermore, Park mentions the very suggestive results obtained from 9 chil- dren under 6 years of age, who were fed exclusively on cow’s milk at the Foundlings’ Hospitals. Five of these children died of bovine infection and 4 of human infection. On the other hand, in the Babies’ Hospital where the infants are nursed or fed on prescription milk, out of 63 children dying of tuberculosis, 59 proved to be human infection and 4 bovine infection. The figures taken from clinical work in England indicate that from 23 to 25 per cent of the fatal cases of tuberculosis in children are due to bovine infections. Stiles, of Edinburgh, has presented interest- ing statistics to illustrate how bovine tuberculosis particularly af- fects young children. Of 67 consecutive tuberculous bone and joint cases the bovine bacillus was present in 41, the human ba- cillus in 23, while in 3 cases both types were present. In those affected children under 12 months old, only the bovine bacillus was found. Of the 12 children between 1 and 2 years of age, 8 owed their disease to bovine infection, 2 to human infection and 2 to both bovine and human infection. There were 15 cases in 2 to 3 year old children, 11 of which were bovine, 3 human and 1 both infections. The 10 cases from the 3 to 4 year period were 6 bo- vine and 4 human infections, while the 4 to 5 year period in- cluded 3 eases of each type of infection. Stiles further reports on 72 eases of tuberculous cervical lymph glands operated on at Bovine AND HuMAN TUBERCULOSIS 613 the Children’s Hospital in Edinburgh, in which the disease was due to the bovine bacillus in 65 cases, while in only 7 patients was the disease eaused by the human bacillus.” ae to make our fight against the source of bovine infee- tion intelligently and effectively we must understand that the with a tuberculous udder is not the only source of danger, she may be the greatest. The cow with an open lesion of tuberculosis which is eliminating the bacilli with the expired air in the acts of bellowing and coughing, or with the feces, the urine or vaginal discharges, contaminates herself, the neighboring ani- _mals and her stable. From these sources the bacilli may get into ‘the milk at the time of milking or subsequently. We must re- member that it is not only the visibly affected cow that may elimi- nate tubercle bacilli in her milk, also that this elimination of tu- berele bacilli may not be constant, so that a bacteriological exami- nation of the milk of a reacting animal in the presence of nega- tive findings is not always conclusive evidence that the milk of that animal is harmless so far as tuberculosis is concerned. _ The safe and sane method of conducting our part of the anti- tuberculosis crusade is to eliminate from dairy herds all tuber- eulin-reacting animals. This admits of no discussion. Unfor- tunately, the owner of the reacting animal often takes a purely economic view of the matter. This attitude, backed by the lassi- tude of the milk-consuming public, serves to handicap materially the work along these lines. Cows reacting to the unofficial test though in a good physical condition are not infrequently left in the milking herd, or if eliminated take their place in the herd of a neighbor or in the herd of a distant State whose borders they eross in spite of laws to the contrary and where their presence establishes new foci of tuberculosis from which the disease may be spread far and near. This is a contingency which demands especial vigilance on the part of all, but especially those of us who are charged with the enforcement of State or Federal regula- tions governing the movement of livestock here in the States of Our dairy interests are at present in a low stage of develop- ment; our dairy herds are comparatively few in number and more or less remotely isolated. It is because of these conditions, and for the reason that little has been done in the interstate traf- fie Of dairy animals up to ‘he present, that the native southern milk cow has remained surprisingly free of tuberculosis. “this region completely. Dissection of the part reveals the total }- absence of the mandible, agnathia inferior. Only very rudi- . fragments of the maxille are present, which is evidenced by a small maxillary process which passes ventral to the eyeball, superior. The periorbita of both eyes blend together in median line. No teeth or tongue can be demonstrated. The turbinate bones and the nasal septum are present, but the hard _ palate seems to be wanting. — erest of the neck slopes upward and backward. The lateral surfaces of the neck slope gradually from the atlanto- Bs ea region to the shoulder, but the ventral region is con- _ siderably enlarged. From a point just posterior to the rudi- mentary cavum conche the neck enlarges in both the ventral and lateral directions. The width of the ventral region of the neck at a point even with the anterior end of the sternum is nearly as wide as the distance between the lateral surfaces of the two humeri. A dissection of this part showed a heavy mus- eulature covering of the bones with great masses of connective tissue. _ Agnathia superior et inferior synotia seems to be a more de- *: seriptive terminology for a teratic condition of this kind. _ From an embryological standpoint it would appear as if the | ‘first branchial arch was arrested during development, as well __ as the completion of the nasal processes. The exciting cause for the arrest of development could have been due to a fold or band of the amnion stretching across this region in such a manner as to interfere. _ We desire to acknowledge the kindness of Mr. A. P. Hender- son of Glenwood, Minnesota, in sending us this specimen. A CURIOUS CASE OF PARASITISM IN A HEN * By Frep Boerner, Jr., and Howarp CrawLey Philadelphia, Pa. ON MARCH 31, 1921, a hen was sent into the laboratory by a resident of West Philadelphia. This bird had been ob- tained by the owner two years earlier, and had since been 1 Contributions from the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture New Series No. 6. 628 CLINICAL AND Case REPorRtTS kept as a sort of household pet. In addition, it was of some utility as a prolific layer. So far as it was possible to learn it had never been in contact with other chickens. It was fed doubtless on what its owner gave it, but in addition it devoured the snails which dwelt within the garden as long as these lasted. It was sent in to the laboratory on account of developing a condition of the feet and legs which prevented it from walk- ing. This was diagnosed at the first glance as a very bad case of scaly leg. Microscopical examination of material taken from the legs revealed the parasite Cnemidocoptes mutans, Later the bird was killed and an autopsy performed. It was very fat. An examination of the intestine revealed a well de- veloped case of nodular teniasis, the condition arising from an infestation with Davainea echinobothrida. The tapeworms pres- ent were all very small, and the fact that the bird was in ex- cellent physical condition warrants the supposition that the in- festation was not of long standing. There is thus presented for consideration a chicken which had been kept isolated from all other chickens for practically all of its life, and yet was heavily parasitized by two species of parasite. The bird was given the run of the city garden, which was doubtless visited by sparrows and pigeons. There is also the statement of the owner that the hen exterminated the snails which had previously dwelt in the garden. Cnemidocoptes mutans, according to Neumann (Fleming’s translation, 1907, p. 220), is a parasite of the fowl, the turkey, the pheasant and the partridge, and it also occurs on small birds in aviaries, such as bullfinches, goldfinches, paroquets, ete. In the case under consideration, therefore, it is possible that the infection was carried to the hen by sparrows. The intermediate host of Davainea echinobothrida is not known. But according to Neveu-Lemaire, p. 559, the cysticer- eoid of Davainea progottina lives in several species of the slug Limax. Further the intermediate hosts of Davainea tetra- gona are two species of Heliz. The fact that in the two cases where the intermediate hosts of the species of Davainea are known they are snails and slugs suggests that it is in animals of this sort that the eysticereoids of the other species of Davainea live, and it was known that in this case the hen ate a number of snails. ___.-@rtInicaL AND Case Reports 629 — a. But even if this be so, the question as to how these snails be- a3 eame infected remains unanswered. Snails and slugs are ani- mals of limited powers of locomotion, and it was not in evidence t any of the adjacent gardens were recently occupied by chickens. It may, of course, be assumed that the owner of the hen oceasionally used chickens for food, and that the parts not ____ @aten were cast out where the hen could have access to them. ___ This material could scarcely account for the infestation with the ____ tapeworm, but it is remotely possible that the parasite of scaly ___ leg might have been transmitted in this fashion. __ The ease is interesting as showing how a fowl living an isolated : life can become infested with two species of parasites which must have been transmitted in totally different ways. It has therefore been regarded as worthy of record. _ PECULIAR ANATOMICAL CONDITION OF HOG’S _ HEART By H. V. Carvona and M. Borsos Fort Worth, Tezas On December 29, 1920, a hog heart was retained during the postmortem inspéction at the packing house of Swift & Company, Fort Worth, Texas, for a very peculiar anatomical change. The hog from which this heart was obtained was well nourished, © weighing about 200 pounds on foot and being approximately six months old. While palpating the heart a small cyst-like elevation was felt on the external surface of the right ventricle, on the superior edge of the inferior third of the heart and about half an inch an- teriorly from the right cardiac artery and cardiae vein. This eyst-like formation appeared more pronounced when pressure was applied to this organ and as soon as pressure was discontin- ued it was hardly poreeptible. The condition observed on this heart on further examination showed no inflammatory changes of the lamine visceralis or epi- eardium. The epicardium appeared to be smooth, shiny and transparent, and the myocardium presented no visible indication whatever of morbid changes. On cutting into the heart at the center of this cyst-like forma- tion a small tract about 3 or 4 mm. in cireumference was exposed. “* 630 CLINICAL AND Case REPorRTS This small tract was embedded in the muscular wall, extending from the internal surface of the ventricle to the epicardium with no visible external orifice. The ventricular wall at this place was about 6 to 7 mm. thick, and the wall of this tract resembled that of a vein. No inflammatory change was observed in the endo- cardial surface of the ventricle. It appears that this cyst-like formation has no pathological significance ; however, its nature seems to indicate that from an anatomical as well as a_ physiological viewpoint it is very inter- esting. Judging from the absence of any visible inflammatory changes in this organ, and the nature of the described tract, it is the writers’ opinion that this is a congenital malformation. SPEEDING UP PORK PRODUCTION By Kirk W. Srouper Extension Veterinarian, Ames, Iowa A RATHER unusual instance occurred this spring in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa, when a Tamworth sow farrowed eight black pigs on March 27, saving four of them, and then after these pigs were 15 days old dropped eight red ones, six of which she saved. The his history of the case is that the sow, the property of a Mr. Brower, was mated in the fall to a Poland-China boar, and Two Litters from One Sow, Fifteen Days Apart. P was later thought not to be in pig, so a Duroec-Jersey boar was obtained, and she was known to have accepted service from him. When the second litter or the red pigs were born the sow had four black pigs and was milking in only four teats, but now freshened again in all the udder and furnished milk for the second litter. The second farrowing actually occurred in the ¥ 4 _- CLENTCAL AND Case Reports 631 ——— —_—_ ve "presence of two witnesses besides the owner of the sow. A week ~ later it was noticeable that the sow would permit either the four c : black pigs to suckle her or the six red ones that survived, but __ that she would not permit any of the other pigs to do so, of which there were nearly a hundred in the farrowing house of ages and sizes almost identical with her own litters. The sow acknowl- edged all ten of these pigs as her own, for she would lie down for any one of them to suckle, but when others were brought and mixed in with the litter she promptly resented feeding them, getting to her feet and walking away. The accompanying photograph, taken when the last litter was over a week old, gives an idea of the difference in age of the two litters by comparatively showing the actual difference in size of the pigs. A similar case is reported from a farm in Black Hawk County this season, where a sow farrowed two litters of five pigs each about 20 days apart. While sows like these two are not common in Iowa, it is a well- known fact that we do produce more hogs in Iowa every year than are produced in any other State in the Union. CHANGES IN STATE VETERINARIANS - Recently there have been changes made in the following offices of State Veterinarian : *Tennessee—Dr. George R. White, of Nashville, Tennessee, has been appointed to succeed Dr. M. Jacob. Indiana—Dr. R. C. Julien, of Delphi, Indiana, has succeeded Dr. L. E. Northrup. Michigan—Dr. B. J. Killham, an employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry stationed in Michigan, has been appointed to sueceed Dr. George W. Dunphy. The livestock growers of these States are indebted to the retir- ing officials for the earnest efforts they have put forth to promote the interest of the livestock industry. The JouRNAL extends its best wishes to the new appointees for their success in administer- ing the affairs connected with their important assignments. & The Oklahoma Farmer .eports that anthrax is appearing again in eastern Oklahoma. ABSTRACTS PREPARATION OF RinperPEst SERUM IN PoLaNp. R. Monninger, Professor of the Veterinary High School of Budapest. Alla- torvosi Lapok, No. 3-4, February 28, 1921. When the Polish army in 1920 broke through the Russian Bol- shevist front and forced the Bolshevists to retreat to the east of Poland, they came to the sad realization that Brest-Litovsk and vicinity, part of the eastern recaptured district, also the prov- inces Bialistok and Lublin, were infected with rinderpest. The Polish Government, after establishing a military quarantine line, began the task of eradication. All infected animals were slaugh- tered, and all territory east of the western quarantine line was considered as infected. The remaining cattle are being vacci- nated as fast as serum can be produced. Two serum plants were established, one at Pulaway in connec. tion with the local agricultural experiment station, situated in the center of the thousand-acre Michalovska forest, surrounded by high wire fencing. Hog and chicken cholera serum had been prepared at this station for some time. The manufacture of the serum is under the direction of Profes- sor Garoszinski, with four other veterinarians to assist. At pres- ent there are 360 hyperimmunized cattle at this establishment, and the expectations are to raise the total number to 600 head within a short time. The method of rinderpest serum manufac- ture employed is known as Garoszinski’s. The method, described briefly, is as follows: Mature cattle which have recovered from a natural infection are hyperimmunized and used for serum pro- duction. Hyperimmunization is accomplished by the injection of 2 liters of virus subeutaneously every 10 days until four such injections have been completed. The virus is obtained as follows: Cattle from noninfected ter- ritory are artificially inoculated, intravenously, with 5 ¢.c. of virus, or subeutaneously with 10 ¢.c. After five to six days the animals become febrile, and in a day or two more, on the mu- cous membrane of the mouth a characteristic colliquation necrosis appears. At this stage, which slightly precedes the appearance of diarrhea, the animals are bled to obtain the virus at its most virulent stage. The animal to be bled is securely fastened on a wooden table, the carotid artery exposed, and a glass tube with 632 J 7. ABSTRACTS 633 — _ rubber hose attached is inserted. The blood is drawn into large ____ Sterile glass jars and defibrinated. This is then filtered through sterile gauze into a sterilized graduate, from which, by means of Te hand pump and needle, 2 liters are injected hypodermically into animal to be hyperimmunized. Eight to 10 liters of virus is the average production from an animal weighing 200 to 250 kilo- grams, this being sufficient to inject four or five cattle which are being hyperimmunized. This injection produces a very slight reaction; seldom does the temperature reach more than 40° C. on the second day nor continue for more than 24 hours. With the observance of proper sanitary precautions, abscesses are of rare -oceurrence. | Blood is drawn from the hyperimmunized cattle 14 days after the fourth injection, and in 10 days they are bled again. After these two bleedings this animal is again treated with 2 liters of virulent blood, and in two weeks is again bled, and again in 10 days from last bleeding. This procedure may be carried out in- definitely, the only precaution necessary being to treat the ani- mal with 2 liters of virus after every second bleeding. The animal to be bled is placed in a sling with head well ex- tended so that the skin of the neck will be drawn taut. The legs are secured to a ring in floor, and blood is then drawn from the jugular vein into one-half liter glass tubes. The amount of blood drawn varies according to the weight of the animal bled; as a rule one-quarter of a liter to every 16 kg. of live weight is drawn. Thus from an animal weighing 240 kgs. 7.5 liters of blood is taken, which yields from 50 to 60 per cent of serum, or a total of 3.75 to 4.5 liters of serum at every bleeding. To this 0.5 per cent phenol solution is added, and the potency of the serum is determined as follows: Nine control animals are used, each being given 5 ¢.c. of virulent blood subcutaneously. Three grown cattle for every 16 kg. live weight receive 3 c.c., three grown cattle for every 16 kg. live weight receive 2.5 ¢. ¢., and three grown cattle for every 16 kg. live weight receive 2 c.c. The best dosage for practical purposes is one that will produce an elevation of temperature not to exceed 40° C., 24 to 48 hours after injection, but no other clinical symptoms. If the serum failed to protect the animals which received the smallest per- centage of injection, as well as the animals which received 3 c.c. of serum, then this serum will not be used. The second plant is located at Brest-Litovsk, an ideal location 634 ABSTRACTS for a rinderpest serum plant. It is in the infected area, sur- rounded by fort trenches and branches of the Burk River, which makes a favorable demarkation for the establishment of quaran- tine line. This plant originally was an experiment station. At the request of the Polish Government Dr. Gordzialkawski, diree- tor of the bacteriological division of the Warsaw Veterinary Col- lege, took charge of the rinderpest serum production at this plant. The first endeavors here were along the line of immunizing with the heated attenuated virus method ; this, however, was soon replaced by the Garoszinski method, which had proven to be very successful and practical. A few minor changes were inaugu- rated here, mainly in the method of bleeding, physiological salt solution being injected into the jugular vein while the animal was being bled, allowing almost four times as much blood to be drawn as in the method used at Pulaway, and in the dosage, which is 1 or 2 liters. Even though the Polish Government is handicapped by lim- ited means, it is determined in its efforts to stamp out this dreaded disease, not only for the protection of Polish herds, but of those of the neighboring nations. The serum output of these two plants is at present inadequate, but it is hoped that in a short time sufficient serum will be made available to immunize all the cattle in the quarantine area. | M. Borsos. A Practica, Procepure ror OBTAINING COMPLETE ANESTHESIA OF THE Superior Mo._ar TEETH OF THE Horse. A. Vanden Eeckhout. Ann. Méd. Vét., vol. 66 (1921), pp. 10-14. The author reviews the advantages of the association of adrenalin with local anesthetics in equine surgery, based on fourteen years’ experience with this method in the Veterinary School at Cureghem, Belgium. Local anesthesia by cocain- adrenalin has displaced general anesthesia by chloroform ex- cept for certain major operations. The solution used and recommended by the school is as follows: Hydrochlorate of cocain........... 30 centigrams. Hydrochlorate of adrenalin, 1/1000... 5 drops. Distilled water 10 grams. This solution produces local insensibility lasting three hours and is a great boon in painful operations. It has been used at the school for some time for equine dental extraction. ee _— | ABSTRACTS 635 whieh is justly considered one of the most painful operations _ to which the horse is subjected. A method has been developed which produces complete in- sensibility of the superior molars. This is accomplished by injecting the solution into the superior dental canal so as to the superior maxillary nerve at the point of emergence _ of the dental branches. The anatomical arrangement is such _ that the anesthetic so injected will render insensitive the molars, the canines, the incisors, the sinuses, the upper lip and the nostril on the side injected. The bony canal has a caliber much greater than the volume of the nerve trunk, and the latter is scarcely injured by the introduction of the point of the syringe. ‘The injection is made with a 5 e.c. Record syringe equipped with a needle 4 to 5 em. long and 1% mm. in diameter, but having a round extremity like a cannula instead of a beveled point. The needle is provided with a blunt-pointed stylet or miniature trocar extending about 1 mm. beyond the cannula. The injection is made through the infraorbital orifice, which is situated under the submaxillary labial muscle, generally a little below a horizontal line passing by the inferior ex- ~tremity of the malar apophysis, the head being supposed to be held in a vertical position. The operation is made with equal facility on the animal either lying or standing. With the end of the finger the operator searches for the infraorbital orifice; he glides the thumb from the inferior extremity of the malar apophysis toward the an- terior part of the face, lightly pushing aside the submaxillary labial muscle. The opening of the dental canal and the nerve ‘trunk which emerges from it are very easily perceived. Hold- ing the muscle aside toward the median line, by means of a bistoury implanted perpendicularly he makes in the lower part of the infraorbital orifice a small cutaneous incision in- volving the entire thickness of the derma. The skin being divided, he introduces the needle armed with its stylet and inserts it as far as possible into the dental canal. This is very easily done, the tissues offering but little resistance. Then he withdraws the stylet, attaches the syringe to the cannula, and proceeds with the injection of 5 e¢.c. of the cocain-adrenalin solution; then withdraws the needle, and, to prevent the escape of the liquid, compresses the region for one or two 636 ABSTRACTS minutes. The anesthesia is complete in 10 or 15 minutes. This operation causes no bad effects, provided the solution is perfectly sterile. OBSERVATIONS ON THE Bopy TEMPERATURE OF Dry Cows. Max Kriss, Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 21 (1921), pp. 1-28. Several series of temperature observations on two dry cows lead the author to the following conclusions: (1) The rectal temperature is higher than the vaginal when measured at the same depth of seven inches, showing an average excess of about 0.3° F. The relative values, however, vary under different conditions, but show a trend toward parallelism. (2) A fall in temperature invariably follows the drinking of water. This fall varies directly with the quantity of water drunk. After the effect of the water drunk in the morning has been over- come, the temperature remains fairly constant till about 2:30 p. m. When no water is drunk, the temperature is practically constant in the morning and in the afternoon till about 2:30 p. m. (3) There is a gradual rise in temperature in the afternoon from about 2:30 p. m. to about 5 p. m. (4) Eating of feed raises the body temperature slightly for about one-half hour when the cows receive a maintenance ration. (5) The temperature of the rectum or vagina is decidedly higher when measured at a depth of six or seven inches than at a depth of four or five inches, thus indicating a temperature gra- dient. (6) There is no material change in temperature between a depth of six inches and a depth of seven inches, whereas there is a distinct difference in temperature between a depth of four inches and a depth of six inches, thus showing the unreliability of measuring the temperature at a depth of less than six inches. (7) The position of the animal has hardly any effect on the body temperature, but there is some indication that the tempera- ture is slightly affected when measured after the change in po- sition has been made. (8) There is no difference in temperature when measured hae fore or after defecation. (9) Daily fluctuations in body temperature depend to a great extent on the individuality of the cow. ABSTRACTS 637 =: (10) - A variation of 0.8° F. in the rectal temperature of the __ Same animal was observed, when measured at the same time of nS the day under identical conditions and outside the influence of a ¥ water or feed, while under the influence of water a difference of - ; > 13° was observed in two consecutive days measured at the same F time of the day. Pa fiery £ | 7 Fi “A Coxrmimuioy TO THE TREATMENT OF SCABIES IN THE Horse. 2 os =F E. eal Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk., vol. 62 (1920), p. 169. - compares the merits of the earlier parasiticides, then re- ; eit the success which has attended the gas treatment and con- _ eludes with experiments which he conducted with musol. The latter is a tarry liniment with vaseline as a base, to which is aed added various ethereal oils. This remedy is first warmed to the aa _ temperature of the body and applied to the affected parts of the _ animal with a brush. After three days the skin scales off in _ flakes; desquamation is complete in about a month. The hair is ted after a short time. A case of generalized scabies was eured after two applications. Clipping the hair is not required ie in the application of musol, only in those cases where the winter -_@oat is long and thick. If scabies is limited to a particular part “of the body or confined to one side of the animal, it is treated with sulphurous fumes, excluding the head and neck. Clipping _ the hair off the parts affeeted is considered unnecessary. No ill Ses have attended its use. J. P. O'Leary. e. a Oo Pare _ Was THE DANGER rrom INFECTION Wir Bovine TyPE oF Tu- _ BERCLE Bacititus INcrEAsSED DurING THE War? F. Schaef- fer. Ztschr. f. Tuberkulose, vol. 132 (1920), pp. 193-206. An attempt is made to explain the reported increase in mor- bidity and mortality from tuberculosis in humans. According to Schaeffer, the data on tuberculosis in humans are not complete enough to warrant the conclusion that there was an increased in- cidence of the disease in humans from bovine infection during the war. A study was made of statistics of official meat inspec- _ tion service and the veterinary police records. Although some _ of the records were not complete due to the stress of war, nor altogéther satisfactory due to lack of trained personnel in the meat inspection and veterinary police services, the figures indi- 638 ABSTRACTS cate that (a) herds suffered severely from undernutrition. At the Breslau abattoir the weights of slaughtered cattle, over three months old, fell in 1914 to 1917 from 565 to 342 kg., and ealves _ from 53 to 40 kg. (b) The meat inspection statistics show no in- crease in tuberculosis in cattle, but the veterinary police records show a remarkable decrease in the number of cases reported. This is believed to be due to failure to report ‘‘reportable’’ cases, and not to an actual diminution. Questionnaires mailed to 900 offi- cial veterinarians yielded 537 useful replies in which 177 noticed an increase, 207 a decrease, 66 no change in the number of af- fected cattle in their districts. No evidence was found showing that the increased danger of infection during the war could be traced to an increase in bovine tuberculosis. There may have been some danger due to poor enforcement of the milk hygiene regula- tions, especially at points of distribution and in the home. W. N. Bera. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE StuDY OF ORGANISMS ANTAGONISTIC TO Bacittus AnTHRACIs. W. Silberschmidt and E. Schoch. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, vol. 34 (1920), pp. 669-683. A physician sent a pustule excised from a suspected human case of anthrax for examination. The patient worked in a horse- hair weaving establishment. An emulsion of the pustule was injected into a mouse and a guinea pig. The mouse died inside of 48 hours, without typical edema or B. anthracis being found at autopsy. A pure culture of the Friedlander bacillus was ob- tained from viscera smears. The guinea pig died a little later of anthrax easily diagnosed. Agar cultures of the pustule gave both B. anthracis and the Friedlander bacillus. It was desirable to ascertain definitely whether the development of B. anthracis in vivo could be arrested by the presence of other organisms. Experiments were made on the antagonistic action of the Friedlander bacillus, B. coli, B. typhosus, B. paratyphosus, B pyocyaneus and others toward B. anthracis. On solid media, B. anthracis grows in the presence of its antagonists, excepting B. pyocyaneus. The bacillus of Friedlander, B. coli, B. typhosus and B. pyocyaneus are antagonistic to B. anthracis. When the cultures are injected at the same time subcutaneously, the ani- mal is frequently saved. Most definite results were obtained with guinea pigs.. The two injections must be made at the same site, % ABSTRACTS 639 i. otherwise antagonistic action may not take place. Killed cultures 33 were not antagonistic. Separate injections likewise brought forth no antagonistic action. - ___ Animals that survived injections with mixed cultures were not ie, immune to anthrax. W. N. Bera. ___ STANDARDIZATION or TuBERCULIN. A. J. Eagleton. Lancet, 1921, sip. 429. Abst. in Amer. Rev. of Tuberc., vol. 5 (1921), p. 72. ‘The chief uses of tuberculirr at present are the testing of cattle for tuberculosis, the diagnosis of tuberculosis in man and the __ treatment of tuberculosis in man. In this paper the test is de- ___ seribed as applied in the Wellcome Physiological Research Lab- oratories. The main test consists in the comparison of a sample with a standard tuberculin. The Pirquet and intracutaneous tests can be used for the standardization of tuberculin. The re- sults obtained by the subcutaneous test have always had to be e Tn all cases where the skin tests are used alone, a con- trol and the standard must be included on the same animal as the samples under experiment. Since August, 1919, 13 different lots of animals have been infected with a constant dose of the _ Same culture. Of these animals, 91 have received doses of stand- * aed tuberculin ranging from 1.0 ¢.c. to 0.025 ¢.c. In only two eases were irregular results produced with animals of the same lot. The _ following factors must be controlled if accurate results are to be _ obtained: (1) The same strain of tubercle bacilli must be used © for infecting the animals; (2) the guinea pigs should be about _ the same size; (3) all animals to be given tubereulin should be examined and any sick ones discarded; no animals should be _used unless the inguinal glands are palpable; (4) the Pirquet test should be used to guide the dosage for subcutaneous injec- tion. The results show that tuberculins can be tested with a rea- sonable degree of constancy. 4 ACTION OF PROLONGED PASTEURIZATION ON TUBERCLE BACILLI IN Mux. C. Barthel and O. Stenstrom. Centbl. Bakt., ete., vol. 69 (1920), p. 228. Abst. in Amer. Rev. of Tubere., vol 5 (1921), p. 72. 7 The milk is kept at 60° to 64° C. by steam heated cylinders for _ 20 or 30 minutes with constaat stirring. This proceedure had no _ influence upon the taste, the separation or the albumin or soluble Al E * Ly 640 ABSTRACTS lime salt (phosphate) content. Only amylase of the original milk enzymes is destroyed, while peroxidase and aldehydreduetase re- main intact. The majority of the lactic acid bacilli are killed. The experiments were performed under practical circumstances. Tubercle bacilli from lesions of the udder were killed, even if pas- teurization was only carried out for 10 minutes at 60° C. THe INFLUENCE or CHAULMOOGRA OIL ON THE TUBERCLE Ba- cittus. J. A. Kolmer, L. C. Davis and R. Jager. Jour. In- fect. Dis., vol. 28 (1921), p. 265. Abst. in Amer. Rev. of Tubere., vol. 5 (1921), p. 74. Undiluted chaulmoogra oil and dilutions in paraffin oil had no appreciable germicidal influence in vitro on a strain of bovine tubercle bacilli in the authors’ experiments. The sodium salts of the total acids of this oil were not included in this study. Un- diluted and diluted chaulmoogra oil had no appreciable germi- cidal effect on virulent tubercle bacilli by an in vitro-vivo method with guinea pigs. Chaulmoogra oil in doses of 0.2 ¢.c. per 100 gm. of body weight administered by intramuscular injection at weekly intervals had none or but slight effect on the course of tu- bereulosis in guinea pigs. Chaulmoogra oil is relatively nontoxie for guinea pigs. Animals have borne at least 11 intramuscular injections of 0.2 ¢.c. per 100 gm. without deleterious effect, except localized inflammatory changes at the sites of the infection. Vaccine TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN MAN. Davila, Rensoli and Fuentes. Sanidad y Beneficienca, vol. 23 (1920), p. 31. Abst. in Amer. Rey. of Tubere., vol. 5 (1921), p. 74. The Davila vaccine is prepared from tubercle bacilli, wholly disintegrated and emulsified in a perfectly sterilized greasy medium. It includes the bacillary stroma, all the adipo- cerous material and the free toxins. The bacillary poi- sons are so attenuated that it has been possible to inject, at once, up to 32 mgm. of this vaccine, without inducing feverish, con- gestive or any other kind of harmful reaction. Dévila claims that his vaccine contains all the bacillary elements and toxins and that the immunity obtained is therefore complete, whereas the tuberculins necessarily give only partial results. That the — vaccine is not inert is proved by the fact that a cutaneous tuber- — oe REVIEW 641 + 4 ontin test which had been positive prior to the administration of ind the vaccine, reappears after it. Dévila has proved the efficacy _ and the relative immediate innocuousness of high doses by experi- _ ments on rabbits and other animals. The vaccine employed by a Se the authors was prepared two years ago and has kept without al- # - teration and without losing its activity. Nineteen cases were ____ treated at the sanatorium La Esperanza and 13 at the dispensary. The most remarkable results have been obtained at both places, but at the sanatorium the results were more rapid. Not only in- t but also moderately advanced and even a few far ad- __-vaneed cases were selected. The usual hygienic-dietetic regimen must not be neglected. The treatment should be continued sev- _ eral months after signs of activity have disappeared. The vac- _ cine is employed in the following manner: Two hypodermic in- jections a week are given in the deltoid region, at first 1 ¢.c. of an emulsion containing 2 mgm. of active substance. The subse- quent dose is always double the previous one until 32 mgm. are __-reached. If the temperature rises above normal, weaker doses ___ are resumed and more gradually increased. Some patients have steadily gained in weight after they have been discharged and re- turned to their usual occupations. At the dispensary, two preg- Mant women received the treatment, gave birth to normal chil. dren and remained well. The authors recommend the treatment Officially to the Department of Sanitation and Charity; 32 cases _are reported in detail. REVIEW DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS or ANIMALS... By W. L. os Williams, Professor of Obstetrics and Research Professor in | the Diseases of Breeding Cattle, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University. One volume of 856 pages, with - 8 colored plates and 243 illustrations. Published by the author, 1921. Price, $10.00. “Diseases of the Genital Organs of Domestic Animals’ is the title of a new publication by W. L. Williams, Professor of Veterinary Obstetrics and Research Professor of the Dis- eases of Breeding Cattle in the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, with the collaboration of W. W. Williams, B. A., D. V. M. Dr. W. L. Williams is a veter- 642 Review inarian of wide and varied experience and is the author also of ‘‘Veterinary Obstetrics’? and ‘‘Surgical and Obstetrical Operations.’’ These publications are well known to the mem- bers of the veterinary profession and are recognized as being of the highest authority. In additon, he has written many articles and papers of scientific interest to the profession. Dr. Williams’s latest publication is an attractive volume of 850 pages with 8 colored plates and 240 illustrations. The subject matter is arranged in logical order, it is written in a concise, lucid style, the paper is of very fine quality, and the illustrations, most of which are original, are unrivaled in medical literature. This is a timely publication. Authorities on the subject estimate that the reproductive efficiency in purebred cattle, swine and horses has dropped at least 60 per cent below the ideal and it will require the most skillful and conscientious application of the knowledge we have acquired to check the discouraging descent and increase reproductive efficiency in domestic animals. Dr. Williams’s treatise upon this highly important subject is the first comprehensive effort of the kind and he deserves great credit for the systematic manner in which he has covered the defects and diseases of the genital organs, embryo and fetus which affect the reproduction of young. In view of the importance of this new field of useful- ness, it is apparent that students, live stock owners and veter- inary practitioners will weleome this publication on the dis- — eases of the genital organs of domestic animals, especially as it is written by an ardent, resourceful investigator and master of the art and science of obstetrics. U. G. A. Dr._J. Donaldson Pottie of Greenock, Scotland, Government and tess veterinary inspector, writes that ‘‘ American text- books on veterinary subjects are much used and appreciated in Seotland.’’ **Severe storms in southwestern Wyoming are reported to have caused the death of 10,000 shorn sheep during the past few days. All shearing pens have been closed down until after the lambing season is over.’’—Iowa Homestead. pe ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE Pine? Direction of Remount Service To the Editor: - it you have space left in ‘‘Army Veterinary Service’’ for one e- ics contribution on the matter of Army Remount Service, I ae rele offer a remark or two. _ Our Army authorities seem to proceed upon the theory that chief duty of veterinary officers is to sew up cuts and pour me down the throats of public animals and so long as we mit them to think so, so long will the fault lie at our own . . All through the war the veterinarians of the Army had to termaster Corps, on the principle, of course, that public ¥ =nim Js are property. - Some of the drollest facts-developed from such a system worked 4 OM im a time of stress. One of my veterinary friends served at . ee e Remount Depot, the commanding officer of which was, in __ ¢ivil life, an undertaker. Another commanding officer of Re- jounts was a glove manufacturer, another a broker, etc.; all uibtless estimable gentlemen in themselves, but in what re- spect were they eligible for such duties? The only recommenda- ___ tion for their fitness, as given by their friends, was that some of them had ‘‘followed the hounds in England,’’ which logic, if followed out, would force those of us who believe we should have . charge ofthe Remount situation, to inquire if we must first ‘‘go ty the dogs’’ to become eligible? And this also reminds us of the 2 in the little operetta with which you are all familiar: i **Now landsmen all, whoever you may be, If you wish to rise to the top of the tree, Stick close to your desks and never go to sea! And you all may be rulers of the Queen’s navie.’’ . While I can quite understand that persons familiar with com- _ merece and finance would be of value in the Remount Service on the purchasing board, I ask in all seriousness how veterinary officers at Remount Depots can be held responsible for the num- ber of animals on the sick lines or the appearance of the morning report if the ordering of seleetion, feeds and feeding, location and type of corrals, stables and general well being is to be done 643 644 ArMY VETERINARY SERVICE by other persons not versed in the structure and function of the animal body and the fundamentals to maintain health and effi- ciency. With all the leading veterinary schools in America teach- ing animal husbandry, breeds and breeding, feeds and feeding, hygiene, preventive medicine and with many of our veterinarians having been born and raised on large breeding establishments I for one can’t see why we must go to school to the Quartermaster Corps on that issue. If after 50 years of veterinary education in America, we can’t find men in our profession big enough to handle this Army Re- mount situation, then veterinary education and practice in Amer- ica is a failure. But that little word, if, saves us, I have every reason to believe, for it will be strange should it develop that i in all our great country we cannot raise up those competent to take over this great work. Oftentimes we see a man grow to fit the job given him,—a fact which the World War brought out time and again, and I’m not especially interested in the precedent set by other armies in this regard, for I believe that the Yankee veteri- narian, like the Thoroughbred horse, is in practical things just a ‘‘leetle mite’’ keener than any other breed of veterinarian, bar none. And while the above may seem little more substantial than mere faith, I believe somewhere (I don’t know just what spot, perhaps some of you more pious fellows can tell) we read that ‘faith is the substance of things hoped for and the evidence of things unseen.’’? Remember this, we have all types in the pro- fession in America, from the most practical to the ultra-scientifie, and if we don’t believe ourselves competent to procure and main- tain in health the public animals needed by our own United States Army, no one else will. FrepvericK M. Perry. There is every reason to hope that this year or the next will see glanders stamped out of Great Britain altogether—The Vet- erinary Journal. A school of Tropical Veterinary Medicine has been establish- ed under the direction of Dr. L. Panisset in connection with the Veterinary School at Alfort, France. Instruction in various subjects is given by a number of distinguished authorities, namely, Messrs. Adam, Cadiot, Calmette, Dechambre, Henry, Mesnil, Moussu, Nicolas, Panisset, Roubad and Marchoux. ASSOCIATION NEWS EYES ON DENVER The eyes of American veterinarians will be focused on the Queen City of the Plains from September 5 to 9, on the ocea- sion of the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the A. V. M. A. The eyes of those who attend will be regaled with the accompanying view of the fair city situated at the junction of the plain and the mountains, as well as with many other views of some of America’s finest scenery. The local committee has planned some interesting sightseeing side-trips. Bird’s-Eye View of Denver. Be Sure to See This View by Attending the A. V. M. A. Convention, September 5-9, 1921. THE DENVER MEETING In addition to the list of subjects already published in THE JOURNAL, the following subjects will also be presented : Dr. John W. Adams, Professor of Surgery in the Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsylvania, will contribute a paper on ‘‘The Surgical Treatment of Laryngeal Hemiplegia of the Horse.’’ .Every member of the Association knows what a treat this will be. It is hoped that Major-General L. J. Blenkinsop, Director- | 645 646 ASSOCIATION NEWS General of the British Veterinary Service, will be present and deliver an address. Dr. O. E. Troy, of Raton, New Mexico, will present a paper on ‘‘Field Observations of Loco Poisoning.’’ Mr. A. G. Corn- forth, of Elbert, Colorado, President of the American Short Horn Breeders’ Association, will also deliver an address on a subject that will interest all members. Dr. W. J. Embree, Chief Veterinarian for the Western Weighing and Inspecting Bureau, will present an illustrated paper on ‘‘Live Stock Shipping Losses and Some Methods of Preventing Them.’’ .Dr. Santa Maria, of Piedras Negras, Mexico, will have a paper on some subject connected with the control of animal diseases. Dr. A. A. Motley, of Alpena, Michigan, will give an address | on ‘‘Parturient Paresis.’’ Dr. George H. Carr, of Brighton, Col- : orado will present the subject of ‘‘The Veterinarian and Pure- bred Live Stock.’’ Dr. A. N. Carroll, of Pueblo, Colorado, will have a paper on.‘‘The Veterinarian and the Public.’’ Dr. Wil- liam Stephenson, of Salt Lake City, will also appear on the pro- gram, and Dr. J. F. DeVine, of Goshen, New York, will discuss ‘Diagnosis of Pregnancy in the Bovine,’’ a subject that will ap- peal to every practitioner. Dr. Otto Stader, of Oconomowoe, Wis- consin, will present a bacteriological study of ‘‘Sterility in the Male and Female.’’ Dr. H. E. Kingman, of Fort Collins, will pre- sent a paper on ‘‘Clinical Cases’’ that will be illustrated with some lantern slides. Dr. M. C. Hall, of Washington, D. C., will speak on ‘‘The Relative Value of Prophylaxis and of Treatment for the Control of Infestation with Various Parasitic Worms.” Other papers on the program are as follows: ‘‘The Viscera of the Cow,’’ illustrated by lantern slides, Dr. S. Sisson, Columbus, Ohio; ‘‘Some Studies in Swine Abortion,’’ Dr. Fred M. Hayes, Davis, Calif. ; ‘‘Types of B. bovisepticus Encountered in a Dairy Herd,’’ Dr. Fred. R. Jones, Princeton, N. J.; ‘‘Investigations on the Use of Vaccines Made from B. ovisepticus,’’ Dr. I. E. New- som, Fort Collins, Colo. ; ‘‘Some Observations on the Anatomical Effects of Medicinal Agents on the Uterine Mucosa of the Cow,”’ Dr. E. T. Hallman, East Lansing, Mich.; ‘‘ Hemorrhagie Septi- cemia,’’ Dr. L. M. Roderick, Fargo, N. Dak.; ‘‘Importanee of Preventive Measures in Controlling Animal Diseases,’’ Dr. T. E. Munce, Harrisburg, Pa.; ‘‘Results from Immunizing Cattle Against Abortion,’’ Dr. F. B. Hadley, Madison, Wis.; ‘‘Poultry _ Sanitation,’’ Dr. F. R. Beaudette, Manhattan, Kans. ; ‘‘ Digestive _ a ~ Association News 647 eo Diseases of the Dog and Cat,’’ Dr. F. H. MeNair, Berkeley, : sel contribution on praetice from Dr. J. A. Dell, Los i Members will know from the above sabjoeks that the program b “for the meeting will be made up largely of papers of a practical ta Renee’, and will be presented by practical men. _ I hope that members will not wait for me to send their state- a ments for dues for the year 1921. That is, the fiscal year be- September Ist. Just as soon as your remittance is re- a membership card for the coming year will be sent you. rot N. 8S. Mayo, Secretary. > —o ° ' THE SHRINE CLUB OF THE A. V. M. A. ie Hark Ye Shereefs, The Muezzin Calls : - Like the Prophet of Old we must go to the mountain as the intain will not come to us. Therefore it behooves us to visit Nobility in the Oasis of Denver, a right goodly town, albeit a Salta high above the parched desert, with cool groves and bosky _ dells where we can perchance sing with Omar the Tentmaker: ‘‘ A leat of bread, a bottle of near beer and thou.”’ Your Arab steed, or faithful Barb, can not be used in this he- a, as Sheiks of that Oasis have issued a decree that all steeds, palfreys, chargers, coursers, juments, jades, bidets, pads, aa tits, ketches, bayards and garrans are taboo, so leave your . - winged Pegasus, your speedy Bucephalus or your faithful Ro- ; ; te in good hands and make this pilgrimage in a modern way by tram, motor or aeroplane. _ §$o hie ye hence to Denver in time to meet with the boon com- _ panions September 5 to 9, in the time of the new moon, and may the Destroyer of Delights and the Sunderer of Companies stay eng hand among the Shereefs till we meet again. Es Salamu Aleikum, ~~ C. J. Becker, Secretary. Birmingham, Ala., July 12, 1921. 4 648 ASSOCIATION NEWS CONFERENCE OF PENNSYLVANIA BUREAU OF ANI- ( MAL INDUSTRY OFFICIALS The fourteenth annual conference of representatives of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agri- culture, was held May 17-20, inclusive, 1921. In opening the conference, State Veterinarian T. E. Munce called attention to the fact that the duties of the Bureau were prescribed by law and its purpose was? 1. To improve the quality of the domestic animals and poul- try of the Commonwealth. 2. To prevent, control, suppress and eradicate all dangerous communicable diseases of animals and poultry. 3. Enrollment and improvement of stallions. 4. Enforcement of meat hygiene laws and regulations. The work of the Bureau in the past was reviewed briefly and | mention was made of the excellent work the men were doing as well as the efficiency and loyalty of the force which went to make up the splendid organization which is second to none in the country. Up to May 1, 1921, there were 505 accredited herds in Penn- sylvania, 150 accredited herds had been retested and certificates renewed in all eases except one. The part played by the laboratory in the production, testing and distribution of biologics as well as carrying out research problems and in assisting the field representatives in diagnosing obseure diseases was dwelt upon. The work now outlined deals especially with tuberculosis, study and control of infectious abortion and sterility, hog cholera, dis- eases of sheep and poultry, the new stallion enrollment law and meat hygiene. In conclusion, attention was called to the fact that the holding of such a conference entailed a great deal of expense as well as time and labor and a full, free and fair discussion of all ques- tions was invited. Ideas and suggestions for improving the service were requested from all present, regardless of whether they were Federal or State employees. Secretary of Agriculture Fred Rasmussen in his address dwelt on the responsibility of each individual member of the Bureau, not only to the livestock of the State but to the Commonwealth as a whole. The different phases of the Bureau’s work were re- ferred to and gratification was expressed at the interest and ASSOCIATION NEWS 649 and it was hoped this same spirit would be shown in dealing with other equally important diseases, for example, bovine in- ca am abortion, the annual losses from which are estimated to be almost, if not equally, as great as those from tuberculosis. b Im order that each and every veterinarian on the force might 5 feel confident to carry out and demonstrate all kinds of field work 40 cattle which had reacted to the tuberculin test within _ 30 days were shipped to Harrisburg, as well as hogs and sheep. Known reactors were selected in order that the characteristic reactions of tuberculous animals to tuberculin might be seen. “These cattle were not given this second test with the idea of comparing or checking up the previous test, but for the purpose -__ injected at various times in different combinations. The ac- a” 3 ing, lot No. 3 a 72-hour and lot No. 4 a 96-hour reading; e. g., . ‘ a curacy or efficiency of these demonstration tests should not be _ judged by the autopsy findings for the reason already stated, _ i. e., these animals within 30 days had reacted in the field. _ These cattle were divided into 6 lots. Lot No. 1 was subjected to the intradermal and ophthalmic tests so applied that a 24-hour reading could be made while lot No. 2 furnished a 48-hour read- lot No. 1 was given the intradermal tuberculin and the sensitiz- ing dose of ophthalmic tuberculin 24 hours before the time set for recording reactions; the second or diagnostic dose of ophthal- mie tuberculin was administered six hours before the time to make readings; lot No. 2 the intradermal and the sentizing doses of tuberculin were applied 48 hours before recording time, fol- lowed by the diagnostic dose of ophthalmic tuberculin 6 hours _ before the time to make readings, ete. Lot No. 5 was given the - simultaneous combination test, i. e., the subcutaneous, ophthal- mic and intradermal tests were applied at the same time, while lot No. 6 was subjected to a combination test in which the in- tradermal and ophthalmic tuberculins had been applied three days prior to the subcutaneous test. The results of the tubercu- lin tests on these different lots were recorded at 10 a. m. Tuesday, May 17, on charts furnished for that purpose. In checking up the readings it was found that about 50 per cent of the field agents agreed as to the character and extent of the intradermal and opht!.almic reactions. A committee con- sisting of three State and two Federal representatives had been 650 Association News chosen by the field representatives to pass judgment as to the character and extent of reactions. In grading the papers of the men the committee’s decisions were used as a basic standard, even though in some cases they were not unanimous on the intradermal and ophthalmic tests and it was found that the averages ranged from 64 to 88 on these two tests. In testing the animals of lots No. 5 and 6 by the combination of the three tuberculins it was again proven that by changing the order of their application you can increase or decrease the number of subcutaneous or intradermal reactions; e. g., lot No. 5, given the three tuberculins at the same time, six of the eight animals reacted to the subcutaneous test, while only two of the eight animals reacted to the intradermal; lot No. 6, in which the subcutaneous test was applied three days following the in- jection of the intradermal tuberculin, only two of the eight ani- mals reacted to the subcutaneous test and six of the eight animals reacted to the intradermal. While on the surface it would appear that in lot No. 6 the efficiency of the subcutaneous test was interfered with, we are of the opinion that this method of combination testing is valua- ble in that the subcutaneous assists or accentuates the intrader- mal reactions. The work done in Pennsylvania proves this point. Our object is to use such test or combination of tests as will cause tuberculous animals to react. - A number of animals that gave a negative reading to the sub- cutaneous, intradermal and ophthalmic tests at the stock yards showed positive lesions of tuberculosis on autopsy, thus proving that, whenever possible, a definite conclusion should be reached as to the presence or absence of tuberculosis upon the initial test. The testing of hogs for tuberculosis was next demonstrated and the proper technique in giving hogs the simultaneous treat- ment for hog cholera. The proper way to restrain sheep and to administer medi- cine was also shown. The remainder of the day was devoted to examining cows for pregnancy and treating cows for infectious abortion and sterility according to the Albrechtsen method. Area work has not been adopted in Pennsylvania for the rea- son that in most communities we find those who are opposed to tuberculin testing, others, while not actually opposed, are not 7 - ____. Association News 651 | So _ enthusiastic about it. At present there are some 900 breeders _ their herds tested. In view of this we feel that these owners ____ should be taken care of first. Furthermore, area work would ___ necessarily mean the spending of an enormous amount of money _ for indemnity claims and this expenditure would be limited to a few localities and not distributed equally throughout the State. ______ Tuberculosis in chickens is quite prevalent in some sections _ of Pennsylvania. Preparations have been made to launch a vigorous campaign within the next fiscal year to eradicate this disease from our poultry. While it has never been proved con- ___ elusively that avian tuberculosis is transmissible to cattle there __ as the bovine type. ___ _The practice of feeding calves unpasteurized milk from herds _ affected with tuberculosis was strongly condemned, as well as __ the promiscuous adding of cattle to herds free of tuberculosis. Within the past three years horses in Pennsylvania have been equine species is not immune to this disease; for this reason, '» when testing cattle on farms where the horses, hogs and cattle are in close proximity and some of the cattle are found affected _ with tuberculosis, the subcutaneous tuberculin test will be ap- _ plied to the horses and the intradermal test to the hogs. » About adopting the intradermal tuberculin test as a single of- ficial test. The subcutaneous test has been the official single ___ test in Pennsylvania since 1895. The results obtained particu- larly under the accredited herd plan have been most satisfac- tory as the records will show. Not only the Bureau but our herd | owners have confidence in it. We are naturally reluctant, there- fore, to change from the subcutaneous test to one less tried. Therefore, until the intradermal tuberculin test proves itself as efficient under Pennsylvania conditions as the subcutaneous, it will not be adopted as an official single test. The present policy of conducting tubereulin tests on herds under supervision is being revised in order to include some nec- essary amendments. Questions pertaining to diseases of sheep, hemorrhagic sep- ticemia, anthrax, bovine infectious abortion, hog cholera, rabies, 652 ASSOCIATION NEWS Johne’s disease, new stallion enrollment law and regulations were next considered. Parasites and dogs are still our chief sources of trouble with sheep. Within the past year several hundred samples of feces from flocks of sheep throughout the State have been examined to determine the extent and distribution of intestinal parasites. The work on bovine infectious abortion is still being carried on, both from the field and laboratory standpoint. Blood sam- ples are forwarded to the laboratory for serological tests in con- junction with clinical details. Vaccination both with dead and living cultures is being tried on a few suitable farms, but has not proceeded far enough to draw definite conclusions as to the relative value of each. In connection with infectious abortion and sterility, 5,113 ani- mals were examined during the year 1920, and 400 animals treat- ed for sterility ; there were 238 veterinarians to whom the sterili- ty treatment was demonstrated, in addition to 29 veterinary clubs and breeders’ meetings. The results of the serum-virus method of immunizing hogs against hog cholera have been more than gratifying. While formerly the serum-alone method of treatment was the only one practiced, it is now believed that the simultaneous method is by far superior and should be given even to suckling pigs. The following figures show the comparative results from the two methods of treatment: January, 1920—May, 1921 Single Treatment—Herds, 692; hogs examined, 16,234; died before . varclnntiony SHOrs number vaccinated, 12,372; died following vacci- nation, 1,972. Double Treatment—Herds, 292; hogs examined, 24,610; died before ae 779; number vaccina 24,498; died following vacci- nation, 847. Number suckling pigs double treated, 560. Number suckling pigs single treated, 552. Number suckling pigs that died following double treatment, 1. Number suckling pigs that died following single treatment, 31. It was unanimously decided that the Bureau of Animal In- dustry should cooperate in every way with the Horse Asso- ciation of America in stimulating interest in horse breeding and encouraging the use of horses where statisties prove that horse power is more economical and superior to motor power. Dr. J. A. Kiernan, Chief of the Federal Tuberculosis Eradi- ie . vg ul Association News 653 eation Division, and his assistant, Dr. A. E. Wight, were present and took part in the discussions. Dr. Charles E. Cotton, State Veterinarian of Minnesota, was present for part of the meeting and gave an interesting account of the work being done in Minnesota. In summing up, Dr. Munce considered the most important _ points brought out were those dealing with added cattle, tuber- eulosis in hogs and the possibility and danger of tuberculosis being transmitted from one species to another, also to man; the necessity and importance of Pennsylvania having one large State Fair where breeders could show their livestock (this in itself would make Pennsylvania an inviting and de- sirable place for breeders) ; the interest displayed and the co- operation extended by the practicing veterinarians and breed- ers of Pennsylvania in the Bureau of Animal Industry’s work; the responsibility the Bureau owes and the character of serv- ice that is due the breeders, livestock owners and the public; the danger of calves receiving milk from tuberculous herds and the feeding of unpasteurized milk from outside sources; no visible lesion cases in condemned animals; importance of obtaining the history of the herd; value of full premise re- ports from the men making the test in order that sanitary conditions may be improved; the accredited herd plan should be fully discussed with livestock owners in order that they may be fully informed regarding its provisions before the tests are started; prompt removal of all reactors followed by immediate cleaning and disinfecting of premises; advisability and possibility of establishing a quarantine to protect Penn- sylvania’s poultry against epizootics existing in other States; _ the tuberculin code which has been adopted for recording the different combination tests, and which will be included in the revised policy. T. E. Munce, State Veterinarian. VERMONT STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The summer meeting of the Vermont Veterinary Medical Association was called to order by the President, Dr. E. H. Bancroft, in the sun parlor, Hotel Vermont, Burlington. account of not being able to follow the program as sched- uled, the first speaker of the day was Dr. John F. DeVine of 654 ASSOCIATION NEWS Goshen, N. Y. Dr. DeVine gave a very interesting and in- structive talk on infectious abortion and its complications in cows as observed in a very extensive practice. The subject was discussed by Dr. John Thomas and Dr. Herman Phillipsen. The discussion brought out a great many instructive and practical methods on the treatment of sterility in the cow. Next on the program was ‘‘ Diseases of the Udder of Dairy — Cows: Their Treatment and Surgery,’’ by Dr. F. A. Rich. It was emphasized by Dr. Robert Weir and Dr. George Stephens, who discussed the paper, that the udder of the cow was one of the most complex and important parts in the anatomical machinery of the cow. A paper was presented by Dr. George E. Corwin of Hart- ford, Conn., on ‘‘The Intradermic Tuberculin Test.’’ It was discussed by Dr. L. H. Adams and Dr. R. B. Bolton. , A paper was also presented by Dr. A. J. DeFosset of Mont- pelier, Vt., on ‘‘The Ophthalmic Tuberculin Test,’’ which was followed by a general discussion. _ Dr. C. C. Conley, Inspector in Charge at the Burlington Rendering Plant, presented a paper on ‘‘Post-Mortem Exami- nation of Reactors.’’ Hon. E. S. Brigham, Commissioner of Agriculture of Ver- mont, gave a review of the tuberculosis eradication work that had been accomplished in Vermont in the past four years by the Federal and State governments. At the Burlington Rendering Company’s plant the technique and observation of the ophthalmic and intradermic tubereulin tests were shown, followed by the post-mortem examinations, which revealed tuberculous lesions in all the reacting animals. Demonstration of the work was conducted by Dr. G. E. Cor- win, Dr. A. J. DeFosset. and Dr. C. C. Conley. Grorce SterHens, Secretary. ATLANTA TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION CONFERENCE THE OPENING session of the conference was called to or- der by Dr. J. A. Kiernan, on Monday, May 2, at 9.30 a.m. Dr. Kiernan expressed the regrets of the Chief of the Bureau in not being able to be present to participate in the conference. In additional remarks, the chairman emphasized the spirit of — et. Association News : 655 — - - cooperation which had existed between the Bureau and vari- __ our State livestock sanitary officials, and the livestock owners, : bringing out the point that the campaign was based on an attitude of service and a square deal for all interested in furthering the work. _ An address of weleome was made by Mr. Fred Houser, repre- senting the Convention Bureau of the Atlanta Chamber of Com- merce. On behalf of the State, Dr. Peter Bahnsen, State Veteri- narian, extended a weleome to the convention, and in the course of his remarks brought out the difficulties encountered ‘the campaign, and the necessity of fighting to overcome the __-same. His two views of the problem were, first, that the South ___ is practically free of the disease, especially in the native stock; : and, second, that the rest of the nation is more or less badly infected. Based on this, he emphasized the fact that the desire of the South to maintain its comparatively free area would force the exporting States to clean up at the earliest possible moment. ; 4 _ Following Dr. Bahnsen, Dr. M. Dorset read a paper on _ “Puberculin and the Tuberculin Reaction.’’ This paper was _ ” discussed by Drs. Fish, Schroeder, Winant, and others. he Hon. J. H. Stewart, Commissioner of Agriculture of _ the State of West Virginia, being unable to be present, was represented by Dr. George W. Neff, who gave a talk on the status of the work in the State of West Virginia. The afternoon session opened at 1.30 p. m., with a paper read by Dr. W. K. Lewis, Bureau inspector-in-charge and State Veterinarian of South Carolina. Dr. Lewis covered the sub- ject of ‘‘The Eradication of Tubebreulosis in Livestock from the Southern States.’’ Dr. C. A. Cary, State Veterinarian of Alabama, presented the subject, ‘‘The Subcutaneous Tuberculin Test.’’ This paper was discussed by Dr. Schofield and Dr. Winant. Dr. M. Jacob, State Veterinarian of Tennessee, covered the subject of ‘‘The Necessity of Livestock Sanitary Regulations in the Control and Eradication of Tuberculosis.’’ Discussion of this paper was made by Drs. Cary, Kiernan, Becker, Oliver, , Schroeder, Winant, Durset and Ernest. Dr. E. Pegram Flower, State Veterinarian of Louisiana, was 656 ASSOCIATION NEWS unavoidably prevented from being present to present the = ject of ‘‘The Tuberculosis Problem in Louisiana.”’ Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough covered the subject of ‘‘The Tuber- culosis Problem in Virginia.’’ Dr. J. W. DeMilly, because of legislative duties, was not present. His subject, ‘‘Restrictions on Interstate Movement of Cattle from Tuberculosis Free Areas’’ was taken care of by Dr. A. S. Houchin. Discussion of this subject was led by Dr. Jacob, of Tennessee, who moved that a committee be ap- pointed to make recommendations to the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association at its next meeting which would cover this subject. This motion was seconded and carried. The following committee was appointed: Dr. M. Jacob, Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough, Dr. C. A. Cary, Dr. W. H. Simmons, Dr. Peter F. Bahnsen, Dr. W. K. Lewis. The Committee on Tuberculosis Free Area Work unani- mously recommended the following resolution, with the re- quest that it be indorsed by this conference and submitted to the next annua] meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association : **Section 1. That the requirements for tuberculosis-free area work be similar to the tuberculosis-free accredited herd work and to be applied to all cattle located in said area. “Section 2. That before any area shall be recognized as tuberculosis-free, after having complied with Section 1 of this resolution, there must be satisfactory assurance of official livestock sanitary police restrictions to prevent reinfection of said area.’”’ Motion pictures on diseases of livestock and their control put out by the Department of Agriculture were presented at 8 p. m,, by courtesy of the Convention Bureau of the Chamber of Commerce, which provided a moving picture machine and an operator. The morning session of May 3 was opened with an address by Dr. J. E. Gibson, of Indianapolis, Ind., who spoke on the tracing of the sources of tuberculosis infection by means of tattoo outfits, and the Bureau F. I. Form lle reports. Dr. Gibson’s address followed a clinie at the establishment of Shippey Brothers at the Miller Union Stock Yards, by Dr. J. G. Fish, who demonstrated the intradermie method of tuber- Brn ae Association NEws ; 657 eulin testing. The animals for this clinie were 11 reactors from _ the herds in the vicinity of Atlanta. ___ Following Dr: Fish, Dr. T. J. Mahaffy read a paper on ‘‘The _ Veterinary Practitioner and His Relation to Cooperative Tu- _ bereulosis Eradication.”’ _ ___ Qn-econvening at 1.30 p. m., Dr. E. C. Schroeder presented - an address on *‘The Epidemic and Epizootic Significance of __ Different Types of Tubercle Bacilli.”’ Dr. W. Hl. Simmons, State Veterinarian of Kentucky, read _ @ paper pertaining to the cooperative work in the State of ____ Im the absence of Dr. William Moore, State Veterinarian of _ North Carolina, Dr. Paul Vaughn read a paper on ‘‘The Oph- __ thalmie Tuberculin Test,’’ which was prepared by Dr. Moore. - Following this paper, ten-minute discussions of the different _ tubereulin tests were led by Dr. L. B. Ernest, followed by Drs, _ Smith, Wright, McMaster, Winant, Neff, Patterson, King, Mor- gan, Jay, Oliver, Gibson, Carlisle, Schroeder, Bahnsen, Cary ~ and Richardson. | At the suggestion of the secretary, a committee on resolu. tions, consisting of Drs. Jacob, Oliver and Ernest, was ap- pointed. ‘The morning of May 4 was devoted to a clinic of post-mortem _ demonstration of the tuberculin reactors. The committee : handling this clinie was headed by Dr. J. B. Johnson, inspeec- _ tor in charge, Louisville, Ky., assisted by Drs. Hirleman and _ Winant. , vr ‘ At 1.30 p. m. the convention was called to order and the com- mittee on resolutions presented the following, which was adopted : As an indication of the extreme appreciation for the many evi- dences of kind consideration toward this conference and its mem- bership: It is resolved that we extend our heartiest thanks, through Mr. Fred Houser, to the Convention Bureau of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce; the Atlanta veterinarians; the management of the Piedmont Hotel; Shippey Brothers, of the local stock yards; the man- agement of the packing house; and all others who gave their sup- port in its undertaking. Dr. A. G. G. Richardson, of the veterinary department of the Georgia State College, gave an address on ‘The Relation of ine to Human Tube veulosis.”’ - Following Dr. Richardson, Dr. R. W. Tuck, New Orleans, La., 658 ASSOCIATION NEWS | presented a paper on ‘‘ Municipal Cooperation. How it Aids Eradication Work.’’ Discussion on this paper was led by Dr. M. J. Ernest, followed by Dr. Smith, of South Carolina, Dr. Gibson, of Indianapolis, Ind., and others. Discussion on the preparation of reports on cooperative tu- bereulosis eradication work was conducted by Dr. L. B. Ernest. L. B. Ernest, Acting Secretary. ORANGE BELT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION A new veterinary association was formed on June 14, 1921, at Pomona, Calif., to be known as The Orange Belt Veterinary Med- ical Association. The following officers were elected: Dr. A. D. Hubbell, San Bernardino, President; Dr. F. N. Davidson, On- tario, Vice President; Dr. Hal C. Simpson, Pomona, Secretary and Treasurer. Meetings will be held in the evening of the see- ond Tuesday of each month at the offices of different members over the territory, while the ladies are being entertained at the home of a member. After adjournment we all go to the house of the host for a light lunch. Hau C. Snotpson, Secretary. TEXAS EXAMINING BOARD The State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners of Texas held the semi-annual examination in Fort Worth June 20 and 21. Sixteen applicants were examined, thirteen of whom were is- sued licenses. A written examination covered the following 11 subjects as prescribed by law: Anatomy, physiology, pathology, obstetrics, practice, surgery, materia medica, bacteriology, medical juris- prudence, chemistry and sanitary science. Papers were graded during the examination and licenses is- sued at end of the session. The examiners are: President, N. F. Williams; Vice President, P. P. Starr; Secretary-Treasurer, F. E. Barnes. Other board members are A. E. Flowers, R. H. Hodges, W. G. Gregory and J. A. Harris. The next examination will be held in November. TEXAS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The eleventh annual meeting of State Veterinary Medical As- sociation of Texas was held in Fort Worth, Texas, June 22 and 23. The attendance was gratifying to President A. C. Burns and the officers of his administration. ss Association News 659 The following were admitted to membership: Drs. Clyde N. James, William H. Haskell, H. Grafke, C. F. Proper, John A. _ Philips, A. H. Douglas, Floyd D. Marquiss, M. A. Williamson, R. _ BR. Ghildres, Otto C. Wolfe, J. J. Reid, Harry Koll, Thomas _ O'Reilly, H. G. Wickes, C. C. Officer, A. H. Hughes, W. G. Ross, _ Frank Hecker, Charles E. Richardson, L. I. Lucy, Walter T. Johnson, Sull Ross Dunn, Harry L. Rollins, J. W. Caldwell, _ Horst Schreck. With a few exceptions these men have come to . cick Texas in the last two years. ___—'W.«. M. Thaxton presented the subject, ‘‘Common Parasites of ____ Sheep,’’ which was thoroughly discussed by N. F. Williams, M. A. Peck and C. M. Lindley. Dr. G. G. Graham presented the subject of ‘‘Botulinus Poisoning’’ in a full and comprehensive manner. P. P. Starr, J. S. Watson, A. E. Flowers, W. G. Greg- ory, F. R. Jones and Geo. F. Jungerman discussed the paper. H. L. Blackburn presented a paper on ‘‘Bovine Mastitis’’ in an in- _ teresting and instructive way. The subject was discussed by F E. Barnes, L. C. Crabb, G. F. Jungerman, P. P. Starr, W. G. Broek, W. R. Sanderson and J. S. Watson. F. E. Barnes re- sponded to the subject ‘‘State Board Talk.’’ He offered recom- mendations that will lead to further protection of the veterinary practitioner. It was an interesting and pertinent message in which cooperation of every member of the profession was urged. ' Adjourned to reassemble at the Metropolitan Hotel at 8 p. m. for the annual luncheon: Dr. A. C. Burns presided at the lunch- eon. State Public Health Officer, Dr. Manton M. Carrick, a lead-— ing authority on public health, delivered an interesting paper on the importance of public health work. Those responding to the eall of the toastmaster were A. H. Douglas, W. H. Haskell, N. F. _ Williams, L. C. Crabb, G. F. Jungerman, G. G. Graham, F. R. Jones, J. W. Caldwell, C. F. Proper, W. G. Gregory, M. E. Maeir, F. E. Barnes, H. L. Blackburn, T. 0. Scott, M. A. Peek and N. F. Williams. **Public Health and the Veterinarian’’ was presented by A. H. Douglass who reviewed the progressive changes from the days of primitive man to the present time, pointing to the importance of public health work and showing the qualified veterinarian’s po- sition and duties in this work. “Cooperative Accredited-Herd Testing’’ was then presented by L. N. Peterson, who reviewed the work already accomplished, explained the operation of the accredited-herd plan and offered 660 AssociaTiON NEws beneficial suggestions to those who will become identified with the accredited-herd work. In discussion L. G. Cloud outlined the po- sition of the State in the matter and advised the practitioner as to what will be required of him. He suggested that a tubereulosis conference be held on two successive days prior to the dates of the Federal examination, so that those attending might review the subject of tuberculin testing and by actual demonstration ob- serve the proper application of the various tests and become fa- miliar with the factors upon which diagnosis is based. ‘‘ The Prae- titioner as a factor in Tuberculosis Control,’’ by G. V. Adamson, was graphically presented, showing the practitioner’s importance and his rights in tuberculosis eradication work in this very com- plete paper. F. A. Murray and W. H. Haskell discussed the paper fully. ‘‘Canine and Feline Practice’? was presented and discussed by J. W. Caldwell, T. T. Christian, W. G. Brock, G. F. Jungerman. Dr. Mark Francis, of College Station, extended an invitation to the association to come to College Station in 1922 for a practitioners’ course and to hold the next meeting. The association thanked Dr. Francis for the invitation and referred the matter to its Executive Committee for their approval. Reso- lutions were adopted on the deaths of Drs. J. M. Lively, G. 8. Jackson, J. H. Burnett, E. M. Wiggs and L. E. Johnson. The Secretary was instructed to mail copies of resolutions to the fam- ilies of the deceased. At the afternoon session Dr. Geo. F. Jun- german presented the subject of ‘‘Bovine Sterility.”’ After a diseussion of the question, Dr. Jungerman demonstrated the op- erative technic in sterility eases at a clinic in the stock yards. The following officers were elected for the coming year: Presi- dent, M. A. Peck; First Vice President, W. M. Smotherman; Second Vice President, T. O. Scott; Seeretary-Treasurer, A. H. Blackburn. Attorney Harry M. Myers was appointed legal ad- visor for the association. The association is stronger physically and financially than it has ever been before. G. H. Auuen, Secretary. NECROLOGY ¥ a ir . e ____DreG. E. Bartholomew, of Bechtelsville, Pa., died of tubereu- sis, alleged to have been of bovine origin, on June 6, 1921. Dr. ew was a member of the A. V. M. A. and enjoyed the of a large clientele. tha Dr. James Charles Curran, a veterinarian, who recently cele- brated his one hundredth birthday, died of pneumonja on June _ 1, 1921, at his Brooklyn home. Dr. Curran was born in Ireland and came to the United States 75 years ago. In the Civil War | 2 he served with a New York regiment. He cast his first vote for ___ James Buchanan in 1856. He was married three times and is sur- vived by three sons and two daughters. ___—Dr. James W. Sallade, of Auburn, Pa., died July 2, as a re- sult of paralysis of the bowels. He was sick from June 28 and died after suffering intense agony, although he was conscious until a short time before death. Dr. Sallade was born August 19, 1850 and educated in the Public Schools of Berks County, later attending Kutztown Nor- “mal School. After leaving this school he taught in the country __ school of his own county. He was then appointed Superintend- » ent of the Berks County Home. It was here he began his studies in veterinary medicine, later attending the Ontario Veterinary College, where he graduated in 1883. He began the practice of _ his profession in Pottsville, continuing until 1895. He then dis- ~ posed of his practice to Dr. Fegley, who later sold it to Dr. F. H. McCarthy. After disposing of his practice he was appointed ' Deputy Sheriff under the administration of Jos. Woll. He re- mained a resident of Pottsville until 1900 when he moved to his late home at Auburn. Dr. Sallade was the first President of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association and held this office for two terms. He was one of the prime movers in getting the first vet- erinary law through the Pennsylvania Legislature in 1889. In 1895 he was one of the sponsors of the law creating the Veteri- nary Medical Examining Board, and was appointed in Septem- 661 662 COMMUNICATION ber, 1895, a member of this board, which office he held until the time of his death, serving as its Secretary since 1911. Dr. Sallade was a member of the American Veterinary Medi- cal Association, Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Associ- ation, Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical Association. He was a Director and Vice-President of the Auburn National Bank, President of his Home School Board, Justice of the Peace and a member of many organizations in his home community. He was respected and honored by everyone. The profession and com- munity at large have suffered a severe loss. F. H. ScHNEIER, H. B. Cox, W. H. Ringe. July 12, 1921. COMMUNICATION To the Editor: In the June issue of Tur JourNAL the undersigned has noticed on page 345, that Iowa is going to demand that healthy herds only be shown at their annual state fair. I wish to say that the **Old State of Missouri’’ will expect the same, as the writer as- sisted in writing these regulations, which are now on the press and which not only require that all cattle shown must be from” accredited herds or tested by authorized veterinarians, but own- ers are warned that all pails, rub-rags, brushes, ete, used on ex- hibited cattle, shall not be loaned or exchanged. In addition, to reassure owners that they will be amply pro- tected, a note is attached to these regulations stating that all barns will be thoroughly disinfected under the direct super- vision of a competent veterinarian before the ‘‘ Missouri Centen- nial Exhibition’’ opens, which date is Aug. 8 to 20. Sedalia, Mo. Frep C. Caror. Dr. L. J. Roper, Direetor of Public Welfare, Portsmouth, Virginia, is seeking a Chief Food Inspector who must be a veterinarian qualified to do meat and milk inspection. The salary will be $2,640 per annum. eat MISCELLANEOUS Boyes! HOG FEEDING BEST MEANS OF GARBAGE Se oa UTILIZATION ___ IN ALL urban communities the efficient and economical dis- eeg of waste is an important problem. This waste consists _ of a great variety of substances, which fall under several classi- zs - fications as follows: fat ae) Steen and market food refuse, slop or garbage. 8, Combustible material as paper, rags, lawn mowings, flower tree clippings. -combustible material, as tin cans, broken glass and! The food refuse may be disposed of profitably by feeding Lela hogs or by reduction. To make it available for either of ‘these purposes, it must be segregated from other waste. nm not segregated it can only be disposed of by incinera- dumping at sea, or used for filling purposes, all of _ which are uneconomical. The equipment required for redu- _ ¢ing garbage is elaborate and cannot be profitably installed for a. handling this material in cities of less than 100,000 popula- a tion. The feeding of this material to hogs has been a long _ known and widely used method of disposal. Outbreaks of _ eholera among such herds have been very common and severe * _ losses sustained. These losses have been so heavy that many v garbage feeders have been forced to retire and the profitable- ness of the business has been greatly jeopardized over the country generally. It is now definitely known that the hog _ cholera infection is brought into these hogs through the me- ~ dium of ham and bacon rinds and other uncooked pork prod- ucts in the garbage. The losses from hog cholera, up to the time of the use of anti-hog-cholera serum and virus, were so great that some believed reduction of garbage from large cities was more profitable than hog feeding. Since the advent of serum and virus, however, it has been definitely shown by the Garbage Utilization Division of the United States Food Administration and others, that hog feed- ing is the most economical and efficient means of disposing of this*form of city waste. The owners of many garbage fed € 663 664 MISCELLANEOUS know or will not recognize the value of the treatment in the prevention of cholera. Garbage feeders of long experience, who do not use serum and virus, keep their losses from cholera down by raising their own brood sows and buying boars from other garbage fed herds. Young pigs are kept on the sows, three, four and even five months. During this time they gradually eat more and more garbage and finally wean themselves, by which time they have gained a relative natural immunity. Sometimes they are weaned and started on very small amounts of garbage, which is gradually inereased over a period of several weeks or months. Neither of these methods constitute proper hog husbandry. They are ex- pensive and both may be so inefficient as to result in heavy losses from hog cholera, if the animals later become exposed to severe infection. Veterinariahs should, therefore, try to impress garbage feeders with the importance of double treat- ing all hogs raised on garbage before hog cholera appears. This is being advocated by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Ani- mal Industry and on January Ist eighty-three veterinarians had received a permit to use it on two hundred and twelve premises. On old garbage feeding piggeries the breeding stock are immune and only the young pigs need treatment. The double treatment at about three months of age is usually suf- ficient, but in some cases, as pointed out by Birch of New York, it is necessary to give serum alone at six weeks and double treatment at three months to prevent losses. This is particularly necessary where outside hogs are brought in un- der garbage feeding conditions. From many generations on garbage, with little or no outside stock added, the garbage-fed hog has become almost a type of its own. Where efforts are made to rapidly breed up these animals by bringing in double treated purebred breeding stock, the improved type produced does not stand garbage feeding surroundings so well as the regular garbage fed animals. For this reason, breeding up of these herds should be a very gradual process and men going into the business should be advised to get their breeding stock from garbage feeders, when this is possible. Veterinarians should be posted on this subject and be in a position to ad- vise city officials, having charge of the disposal of waste, of the advantages to be derived from utilizing the garbage for hog feeding. In some parts of the country, cities have dis- pt MISCELLANEOUS 665 ; Dsdasd of this material to hog feeders so sal cabins: that _ its removal was without cost to the city, and in a few in- stances a revenue has been obtained from it. me @ Georce H. Hart, Extension Veterinarian, University of Pennsylvania Extension Schools, Veterinary Extension Circular No. 1. | RESOLUTION ON THE RETIREMENT OF PROF. WALTER L. WILLIAMS The following resolution was adopted by the faculty of the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University on the retirement of Prof. Walter L. Williams: _ The retirement of Prof. Walter L. Williams after 25 years of active service at the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University registers the third withdrawal or the loss of half of the original faculty as it was constituted when tlie college opened its doors for instruction and research in Sep- tember, 1896. Like his predecessors, Professors Law and Gage, it is to be hoped that his advice, counsel and cooperation may be available for many years. After spending nearly three years at the University of Illi- nois, Dr. Williams entered the Montreal Veterinary College and completed his work there in 1879. He was Assistant State Veterinarian of Illinois and in active practice at Bloomington antil 1891, when he went as Professor of Veterinary Science to Purdue University. In 1893, he aceepted a professorship in the Agricultural College at Bozeman, Mont., where he re- mained until called to Cornell in the fall of 1896, to fill the chair of veterinary surgery, obstetrics, zootechnies and juris- prudence. In 1915 his work was changed and he became pro- fessor of obstetrics, and research professor of diseases of breed- ing cattle. ; He was an associate editor of the American Veterinary Review from 1890 to 1912; editor for the United States of the Vet- erinary Journal, London, 1906-1908. He is an honorary mem- ber of the Iowa Veterinary Medical Association, a member of Sigma Xi, and a foreign corresponding member of the Société . Centrale de Médecine Vétérinaire, France. He is the author of text books on ‘‘Surgical and Obstetrical Operations,’’ ‘‘ Veteri- nary Obstetries,’’ and ‘‘iseases of the Genital Organs of Domestic Animals.”’ 666 MISCELLANEOUS Dr. Williams is the oldest ex-president of the American Veterinary Medical Association and presided at the Chicago meeting in 1893. He has served as president of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society for two years, 1906 and 1907, and has also been president of the State Veterinary Medi- cal Societies of Illinois and Indiana. — As professor of surgery, he, at the outset of the college work, arranged his courses so that the students should take an active share in the operative technique. In contrast to the previous methods of having students merely witness opera- tions, his students as a result of his training have aequired confidence and skill and have undertaken operations which. had hitherto been rarely performed by general practitioners. He practiced and emphasized the importance of anesthesia in all painful operations. As a surgeon his reputation is based upon improvements in the operative technique for quittor, fis- tulous withers, poll evil and other operations. His chief con- tribution to surgery has been his operation for the relief of roaring in the horse, which, designated as the ‘‘ Williams operation,’’ has come into general use in Great Britain and Europe as well as this country. Upon his wish to be relieved of the surgical work he has, since 1915, devoted himself whole-heartedly to the problems associated with the diseases of breeding cattle and obstetrics. He has traveled abroad and discussed the problems in his field with the leading investi- gators of the Old World. His extensive researches have re- ceived international as well as national recognition. His work has brought him in contact with many stock breeders in this and other States and his efficient service has established him, in their opinion, as an authority and a potent factor in con- serving and rendering productive and useful many valuable herds. By the share he has taken in training young men to become skillful and responsible practitioners; by the production of text books which are standard in his field of work; by a real devotion to research as recorded in many valuable articles con- tributed to the veterinary journals; by his practical and cour- ageous personality and his strict regard for the ethics of his’ profession, Dr. Williams ean look over a period of service in which he has contributed much to the uplift of the profession and to the benefit of the publie in general. As he retires from MISCELLANEOUS 667 ’ the routine duties of his college work, his colleagues “desire 4 to render their appreciation of his achievements and to wish for him many future years of happy of fruitful service in his > veg field. P. A. Fisn, Chairman inp J. N. Frost, he R. R. Breen. : THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF A LOCO VICTIM I am a victim of the weed— Co @ Was once a temperamental steed— 7 Now Locoed! is ar My walk is of a staggering gait, _-——s To eross a bridge I am afraid— It’s Loco! My head aches and my brain is dull, My optic nerve is on a lull— From Loco! My appetite is on a strike, I eat now only what I like— The Loco! My nerves are shattered very bad, And working is no more my fad; That’s Loco! The water which I like to sip Has no attraction for my lip Since Locoed ! I am dejected and morose, And irritated is my nose, : From Loco! My brain which once worked very well Is dull and going plumb to hell— From Loco! I’m getting lazier every day, And instead of eating oats and hay I eat Loco! Ambition, which I had galore, Is gone and now I am a bore, > From Loco! My tail which once whipped flies away, . Is hanging down a shame to say, From Loco! 668 MISCELLANEOUS I dream while standing on my feet, And shy at every paper sheet. 4 It is the Loco! When moonshine lights the pasture green I always can be plainly seen To hunt for Loco! A hat rack is my former frame. Believe, it makes me blush for shame. Oh, Loco! My spine is curved, my skin is dry; My ribs are bent and I step high, From Loco! My hair falls out, my teeth are loose; In daytime I begin to snooze, From Loco! My pep is gone, so is my pride; My brethren shun me far and wide, Because I’m Locoed ! My ears hang down, my lips are twisted, And now I am officially listed As Locoed! My end is near, caused by starvation. My symptoms need no explanation. I die from Loco! And on a stone put on my grave, Shall be inseribed the epitaph, - ‘*Here lies a locoed benefactor ; In life he was a skillful actor.’’ ; Emu Srarz. Montana Livestock Sanitary Board SOUTH DAKOTA ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY By G. S. Weaver, Brookings, South Dakota SOUTH DAKOTA, an important livestock State, is better able to handle contagious diseases from a diagnostic standpoint — than ever before, now that the new animal health laboratory building at State College, Brookings, has been completed. Dr. C. C. Lipp, director of the laboratory, and his corps of assistants are now at home in the new building. A State law for years has required that a bacteriologist be ¢ x MISCELLANEOUS 669 maintained at State College, but until a few years ago the State legislature never saw the need of providing a building for this work. Just recently the legislature made an appropriation to cover the cost of the building in which the work of the Animal Health Department was to be done, but appropriated nothing for equipment. Some money left over from other funds was used to furnish the building, which is arranged to house the equipment needed in making examinations of specimens and in doing a limited amount of research work. Goop SUBSTANTIAL BuILDING The building is substantial, permanently constructed and. although small, is fairly complete. The cost of the building without equipment was about $12,000. The main part of the building has two floors and the wing is one story. It has a comfortable and pleasing external appearance. It is heated with steam from the college power plant and has city water and sewer connections. The first floor has a class room and several work rooms. It is not necessary for the students to pass through any part of. the building except the hall, to get to the class room. The second story contains three well lighted offices and two well arranged laboratories. The rear wing has four rooms especially arrang- ed for light and ventilation. The floor of the wing is cement and the walls are plastered with cement. Convenience was con- sidered when this building was planned. Animal Health Laboratory, Brookings, S. Dak. / 670 MISCELLANEOUS Most Mopern EQuirpMENT The equipment is the latest and most modern in every detail. The main laboratory contains work tables and two permanent microscope tables similarly equipped. An automatic electrical ineubator closet is built in. Ample cupboard space is provided for the storage of chemicals and reagents. City water, hot and cold soft water, electricity, gas and air pressure are all supplied. Opening off the main laboratory is a large preparation room. A built-in refrigerator that can be iced from the outside is pro- vided. Steam sterilizers connected to the main boiler house by direct steam, automatic hot air ovens, sinks and tables for wash- ing glassware and a large centrifuge for washing blood ag Snares are all a part of this splendid equipment. One of the rooms in the wing is used for a storage room ‘isd here will be found an endless variety of glassware, flasks, beakers, tubes and chemicals. Another room is planned for post-mortem examination of small animals and specimens and is equipped with autopsy table, electric lights that facilitate careful work, gas for sterilizing instruments, cases for storage and hose connection for scrubbing. This room is finished in white enamel. The other two rooms of the wing are used for holding small animals before and after inoculation, and are equipped with the necessary cages for this purpose. This laboratory is the best equipped of any at the college. ComBat ConrTacious DISEASES The necessity for the new laboratory arose out of the immense livestock interests naturally looking to the State for assistance when troubledrwith contagious diseases. ; The Animal Health Laboratory was a big factor in the con- trol of a recent outbreak of anthrax. Anthrax commonly occurs in the State and recently Haakon county experienced an out- break. The laboratory cooperated by examining the many samples of blood that were collected. After the proper diagnosis was established, the various State authorities were able to go ahead without question and sueceeded in controlling the out- break and saving many thousands of dollars for the livestock men of that community. HwunNpbREDS OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED Every specimen that comes to the laboratory is given a thorough examination. A seria] number is given to the specimen i ae _. MISCELLANEOUS 671 ————— “ sopie examinations are usually necessary and sufficient to 2 a diagnosis, but many times this work must be supple- by bacteriological cultures, animal inoculations and of tissues. From 700 to 1,000 specimens are received _ every year for examination. Guinea pigs, rabbits and mice are kept on hand for inocu- ation work. When the specimens are received in the proper con- it is rarely impossible to make a diagnosis. aot. Ale INSTRUCTIONAL WorK :. he College classes receive instruction in some of the elementary ____ subjects in veterinary medicine, as a supplement to the agri- ___ cultural course, in this department. Bacteriology, including “ - laboratory work, animal hygiene, disease prevention, elementary ec _ anatomy and physiology are the subjects that receive the most 2 attention. The students have the advantage of the use of the a that come to the laboratory. —, SpeciaL ATTENTION To INFECTIOUS ABORTION _ Infectious abortion and sterility are given special attention. sae C. D. Grinnells cooperates with the practicing veterinarians in doing this work. Demonstrations are given in the proper _ method of operating on cases of sterility. Blood samples are col- ected in the field and taken to the laboratory for the comple- _ ment-fixation and agglutination tests. This work is especially beneficial to the breeders of purebred livestock. Ten different bulletins on contagious diseases have been issued wa by workers in the Animal Health Laboratory. Six thousand of nH each i issue were sent out to the stock raisers of the State and many specimens have come in as a result. Frequent requests for bul- letins have been received after the issues have been exhausted. _ The diagnostic results that follow the use of these bulletins are of - great benefit to the livestock industry. None Too LARGE _ The livestock interests of the State are to be congratulated on — Saving this laboratory. It will mean much in the prevention of disease, as a result of definite and accurate diagnosis. It will mean much in a financial w. iy, through deereasing the losses from animal diseases. It will give interested college students better 672 MISCELLANEOUS facilities for class work. The results of research work alone will justify its existence. While the laboratory is complete, the time _ is already in sight when additional space and equipment must be provided if the livestock interests are to receive the same con- sideration from this department that they receive in adjoining States. Our State College should be congratulated for this splendid beginning and it is hoped that within a few years the live- stock interests will demand larger quarters and more equipment | for the study of a large number of disease problems. RUNT ANIMALS ARE A LOSS TO GROWERS OF LIVE STOCK The question, ‘‘ Why is a'runt?’’ has been answered by hun- dreds of livestock raisers who have filled in and returned ques- tionnaire reports sent out by the United States Department of Agriculture. These reports—nearly a thousand of them—show that inferior breeding, poor feeding, and parasites are the three principal causes of undersized and underdeveloped animals. In fact, about 75 per cent of runtiness is traceable to these factors. All of these factors are under the control of breeders or stock raisers who by controlling them can in a large degree eliminate runts, which, according to the reports, constitute seven per cent of all farm animals. The information gained from the reports is of much interest and value to live-stock owners. Department specialists consider it dependable, for the replies have been received from a large proportion of farms on the aceredited-herd list (having cattle free from tuberculosis), and most of the remainder are from farms whose owners are cooperating with the Department of Agriculture and State agricultural colleges in the ‘‘ Better Sires —Better Stock’’ campaign. Those who answered the question- naire are, therefore, interested in the control of disease and the improvement in quality of domestic animals, and, in general, are progressive live-stock owners. In addition to the three principal causes of runtiness pre- viously mentioned, the reports show that there are numerous other contributing causes. A summary of the opinions from 783 live-stock owners show that the principal causes of runty live stock are: Inferior breeding, 31.6 per cent; inadequate or unsuit- able feed, 30.4 per cent ; parasites and insect pests, 15.1 per cent; MISCELLANEOUS 673 ‘imadequate housing and care, 12.4 per cent; contagious diseases, 4.9 per cent; exposure, 2.9 per cent ; accident, 1.0 per cent; other ___ €auses, 1.7 per cent. It appears that the beesding of welLanlacted ___ purebred stock produces very few under-sized animals, but that __-with serubs—especially when inbred—the percentage of runty stock is high. _ The reports show that runtiness is most prevalent among hogs, the average percentage reported being 10.1. This, moreover, in- cludes a number of farms which reported no runts at all. One farmer, who is breeding good, purebred hogs and feeding them a variety and plenty of feed, states: ‘‘We have not had a runty pig in two years, although the litters sometimes contain from 9 to 11 pigs each.’’ _ The results of the inquiry indicate that the size of an animal of good breeding at birth has but little relation to the mature weight where proper feed, care, and management are provided. This is shown in a number of cases of successful hog raisers who report that lack of uniformity in fairly large litters has been overcome by proper feeding. A cattle breeder in Montana re- ports that proper feeding and care of a runty animal resulted in developing it to such a finish that it took first prize in its class at the State fair. It appears from a summary of 929 reports that a compara. _ tively small number of animals are born runty, and that most stunting of growth begins a relatively short time before weaning, or soon afterwards. More than 50 per cent of runty live stock appears during infancy or before weaning, according to reports, while 35 per cent shortly after weaning, and only 4.4 per cent at birth. In reply to a question on the practicability of raising runts to market size 74 per cent of the replies indicate that it is not profit- able, 14 per cent answered either yes, or yes with qualifications. Comments show that a well-bred animal, even though under- sized, will develop into just as good an animal when it is given an equal chance. ‘‘With inherited runtiness due to inferior breeding,’’ one stockman declared, ‘‘it does not pay. Other cases __ due to lack of proper feed may be raised with profit.”’ _ Several dairymen explained that they have had calves that » were small at birth which with good care and feed made very good cows. Another breede. declares ‘‘being born small gen- _ erally has little influence on size of animal at maturity if it has 674 MISCELLANEOUS proper nourishment to maturity, but to develop into a high-class animal it must have good breeding back of it, and to do this best we must use purebred sires that are Li individuals with strong constitutions.’ Replies indicated practical unanimity in considering runty live stock a serious drain on the industry and a loss to the owner. Though some estimated that their financial returns would be more than 25 per cent greater if runts were eliminated, the eom- mon estimate was between 5 and 10 per cent. Of 511 replies as to the practicability of reducing runts among farm animals 89 per cent were affirmative and without qualifica- tions. Ten per cent regarded reductions possible, but not always profitable. The remaining one per cent were negative replies. In this connection a number of live-stock owners frankly expressed | their inability to cope with the runt problem. The experiences given by many stockmen who are working at the problem of runtiness show the opportunity for reducing and even practically climinating it. BRAZIL ENLARGES LIVESTOCK BUREAU The President of Brazil has recently issued a decree covering extensive reforms and new regulations of the ‘‘Servieo da Indus- tria Pastoril,’’ according to the American trade commissioner at Rio de Janeiro. This department of the Brazilian Government is modeled after the Bureau of Animal Industry in the United States Department of Agriculture, but it also carries on work in soil analysis, as well as studies and experiments relative to the influence of fertilization, drainage and irrigation, botanical study of dangerous forage plants, the culture of exotic forage plants, and tests of forage plant seeds. As an explanation of the motives for the new work to be entered upon, the Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce states that the great progress made by the livestock industry in Brazil since the establishment of the bureau in January, 1915, has necessitated a larger and better- equipped organization to carry on the work. Among the more important duties assigned to the bureau are the following: Organization of projects and budgets for the construction of silos ; study of the productive value of forage and other food for — cattle ; study of the different breeds of cattle, horses, swine, sheep, — MISCELLANEOUS 675 ad s and poultry, according to the specific ehatnctariaticn and : acclimation and multiplication in the various parts of Sea, measures and provisions for the improvement of ional livestock ; publication of propaganda and promotion of ee er erences of syndicate, cooperative and other associations in- terested in cattle and related industries ; experiments with chilled -S _ and preserved meats; technical studies relative to the utilization a of hides and skins with the object of developing the industry; * registration of cattle ; organization of shows, expositions and cat- » fair ; dissemination of information to breeders regarding ecat- and methods of hygiene, and the prohibition of dis- pati animals; and studies of the production, industry, transpor- tation and commerce of milk and its products. In addition, the importation of good breeding stock will be aided na encouraged by free transportation of stock into the in- _ terior; by auction sales of imported and native breeding animals ‘ Z , P me —~ » oe : le aia dy * at various points in the country; by premiums to prize-winning i animals; by furnishing drugs at reduced prices for the treat- _ ment of eattle; and by furnishing at the lowest possible prices _ agricultural implements for harvesting cattle forage, wire for i fences, and all material and utensils used in small cheese and . batter factories. ve BACK TO THE HORSE _ The motor-truck and traction people advertise to the contrary, _» but according to reports, the trend on farms where gas and steam have been used is back to the horse. Note the following from _a letter in the New York Sun: “The Noble Foundation, Limited, operating more than 30,000 aeres of land near Nobleford, Alberta, Canada, reports that in disking and harrowing, when conditions were particularly favorable for tractor use, they found it cost 42 cents per aere to do the work with horses, 60 cents per acre with steam tractors, _ and 70 cents per acre with gas tractors, even without taking into _ aecount depreciation, and that had depreciation been figured in _ the difference would have been much more in favor of horses. 4 “It is also interesting to note in this connection that in the _, Canadian Northwest farmers have found tractors much more ‘ expensive of operation than horses and are reinstating horse- | drawn equipment just as rapidly as they can secure good horses.’’ ‘ie 4 ¥ 676 MISCELLANEOUS In this connection here is the testimony of a few who know: The United States Trucking Corporation, New York (3,200 horses and 300 auto trucks): ‘‘Our experience justifies us in figuring the cost of a truck as one-third more than the corre- sponding cost for a horse-drawn vehicle.’’ Knickerbocker Ice Company (with about 1,000 horses in the city): ‘‘Long experience shows us that horses are more economi- cal and reliable. They are indispensable in our transporation business. ’’ J. M. Horton Ice Cream Company (350 horses and 60 trucks) : ‘*‘In the winter, the cost of truck delivery is prohibitive, but even under ordinary conditions, our operating costs are all in favor of horses.’’ Frank L. Hall Company, Bakers, Buffalo: ‘*‘We are using 99 horses and eight one-ton trucks. We find that no auto trucks can compete with the horse in first cost, time, upkeep, or de- preciation.’”’ General Baking Company: ‘‘Our city delivery is cheaper with horses than with auto trucks. With the reduction in the cost of feed and hay, I see an expansion and economy in horse delivery in many other lines of business in the future.’”’ Every family in America will be indirectly benefited by the reduction of retail operating costs. When the ice man, the coal man, the milk man, the grocery man, the butcher, the baker, or anyone else, covers his delivery routes with automobiles, the American family pays the bill for such needless extravagance, ~——Our Dumb Anima'’s. —- Dr. E. A. Watson, Chief Animal Pathologist of the Canadian Government, has been visiting Prinee Edward Island for the purpose of investigating, in cooperation with Dr. J. A. Allen, an enzootic of an influenza-like nature among the foxes on the island. Dr. George H. Hart, who spent the past college year as Exten- sion Veterinarian at the University of Pennsylvania, on leave of absence from the University of California, returned to his duties at the latter institution on July 1. The services he performed _ in the East were constructive and ‘acta sabilien and were deeply — appreciated by those with whom he came in contact. | al MISCELLANEOUS 677 RESPONSIBILITY FOR HORSE’S KICK An unusual case in a Belgian court, concerning the respon- sibility for damage done by an animal, is reported in Annales de Medecine Veterinaire. An owner sent his horse by his servant to a farrier to be shod. In the absence of the farrier’s assistant the servant volunteered to hold the horse’s feet during the pro- cess of shoeing. Just as a shoe was about to be attached the horse kicked the servant and killed him. The heirs of the deceased brought suit for damages against the owner, who in turn sued the farrier. The court decided that the owner was not respon- sible for the accident, but that the farrier was, as in receiving the animal for a certain service and in accepting the proffered aid of the owner’s servant he had assumed responsibility for taking precautions against accident. The amount awarded was 4,000 frances. The reporter concludes that the same principle would apply in the case of a veterinarian receiving an animal for treatment on his own premises. A MOVING PICTURE ON TUBERCULOSIS The Government has recently produced a film entitled ‘‘Out 4 of the Shadows,’’ which tells a story of unusual nature and gripping interest to all veterinarians. The story opens with a general view of the Benton farm, one of the oldest and best in the community, and one which has been exceptionally prosperous for over 30 years. A beautiful daugh- ter of 16 and an infant are the only two children of the Benton family. Mary, the daughter, has been weary with a terrible **tired feeling’’ for several months, but guesses it is ‘‘just lazi- ness.’’ From time to time, a dead chicken is found among the Benton flocks, there being apparently no cause. Mary asks her father to eall a veterinarian, but he considers that foolish. Mary con- tinues to drink over a quart of ‘‘good, rich milk’’ every day in hopes of building up her health, but she grows steadily worse. Finally a government inspector comes through the country looking for foot-and-mouth disease among stock. He looks about the Benton farm, sees no evidence of foot-and- mouth disease among the stock, but nevertheless, takes cogni- zance of the general situation and holds an earnest conference with Mr. Benton, recommending that he communicate at once with the state and federal departments with a view of having his 678 MISCELLANEOUS entire farm and stock tested. This is done and 19 of the 57 head of cattle are found to have tuberculosis, including Mary’s favor- ite, ‘‘ Betsy,’’ the cow from which she has been drinking a quart of milk each day, trying to build up her health. At this time, Mr. Benton hears from a shipment of hogs which he has just made, in order to raise ready money to send Mary to school. The hogs have also been condemned, being afflicted with the dreaded tuberculosis. Mrs. Benton finally decides to call a physician to examine Mary and the expected announcement is made that Mary has tubereu- losis and must be sent to a sanitarium at once. Three years later the Benton farm is prospering again. A fine herd of accredited cattle is being maintained and by regular tuberculin tests, it is known that they are all healthy. The baby has become a robust youngster and Mary has returned from the sanitarium with her tuberculous lesions healed. Family Affection Henry’s father, a farmer and stock-grower, took several car- loads of hogs, reared on his own farm, to Chicago, where he sold them to a great pork-packing firm. While in Chicago Henry’s father received the following letter from his little boy: ‘‘Dear Papa,—Did you see Mr. Armour kill the big fat hog with the black tail and didn’t he think it was a buster? I was sorry to see the hogs leave the farm and you most of all. Your loving son, ‘*Henry.’’ —Harper’s Magazine. To enable Minneapolis’ babies to have raw milk, Dr. Francis E. Harrington, Minneapolis Health Commissioner, has an- nounced that the Health Department will disregard the order of the State Livestock Sanitary Board and will furnish vet- erinarians with tuberculin for testing dairy cows. According to Dr. Harrington, the State order was issued because the State had no funds to reimburse herd owners for infected cattle con- demned as a result of tuberculin tests. The order of the State Board does not apply to cattle for interstate shipment.—Journal of the American Medical Association. em JOURNAL etic OF THE | Ae American Veterinary Medical Association aj J FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW : Bt eee cen U- S. Vet. Med. Ass'n.) x bug . R. Monzer, Editor, Washington, D. C. % weere President, Columbus, Ohio. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chi ill. hs acos, Treasurer, ern Tenn. _— Gm: wy, Saas Executive Board Munce, 2nd District; S. E. BeNNetr, we District ; J. a” KIERNAN, th Dietriets CG. & Corron,” Sth District; R. A. a ArcumaLp, 6th District; A. T. Krnstey, Member at Large Sub-Committee on Journal A. T. Kryxsiey S. E. Bennett J. A. Krernan The American Veterinary Medical Association is not nsible for views or mere in the Journat, outside of its own au actions. rized should be ordered in advance, Prices will be sent upon application. if = Vor. LIX. N. S. Vor. 12 SEPTEMBER, 1921 No, 6 a THE GRADUATE VETERINARIANS OF 1921 A STUDY of the registration of students at the veterinary col- __ leges of the country for the past year and the number of the 1921 _ “graduates indicates that the low water mark in both registrations __ and graduates has been reached during the current year. The ‘ te al number of veterinary students registered at all the colleges ing the past year was only 973, as compared with 1,314 the ie previous year and 2,992 in 1916, the year before the entry of our eountry into the world war. The number of graduates shows é a corresponding decrease, being only 277, as compared with 375 in 1920 and 867 in 1918, the banner year. The reasons for this large falling off in both registrations and graduates are probably apparent to most of our readers and need not be enumerated. In this connection it is interesting to know that the statement was _ made at the last meeting of the A. V. M. A. that 2,300 American citizens were pursuing a veterinary course with one Canadian ¥ correspondence school, which seems to show that the desire for _ at least a smattering of veterinary education still springs eternal _ in the American breast. Three of the former veterinary colleges, Chicago, Cincinnati i. and McKillip, did not open for the 1920-21 school year, and two _ of the State colleges, Georgia and Texas, lengthened their vet- | erinary course to cover a period of four years. 679 —— a. =<. 7 680 EprroriaL A detailed statement of the number of graduates by colleges follows: ; Number of College graduates Alabama Polytecharic nace tetera | Coalernitcs TUR ci nena ante tales nat apaplee Ting ile Sh tee Bstbeninn 64 Town Stee 2208s at 20 Kansas State... a eee Michigan State .2ocecccecesnemeen . 7 New York State (Cornell)... ee New York State (N. Y. City) 8 Ohio State Ontatio’ (Cantina) 265 Si cinders University of Pennsylvania... St. Jones Lae ee Wlted Gites 5 ee Washington State 0 Georgia State .............. ; Texas State ............ aeSRBSRSE RIBS IN THE MORGAN HORSE UNDER the above captain S. R. Winters has written an inter- esting article in the July 2, 1921, issue of The National Stockman and Farmer. We are reproducing this article with some slight changes for the purpose of interesting our veterinary anatomists in this subject and we would appreciate receiving from them any - information that they may have available or may collect on this topic. The ancestry of the Morgan horse has been established beyond a peradventure, if we are to accept with a degree of finality the claim that one of the distinguishing characteristies of the breed is the possession of one less vertebra in the spinal column than other races of the equine family. The contention of breeders of Morgan horses that the Arabian offspring possessed only 18 thoracie and five lumbar vertebrae has been recently verified by scientific observation. a The carcass of the Morgan stallion, ‘‘General Gates,’’ whose death took place last January, was exhumed for the specifie ob- — ject of verifying the theory relating to the number of vertebrae EbIToRIAL 681 -* on the Besernment farm for the same purpose was “Pat Mur- -__ phy.’’ The number of vertebrae in this instance was likewise found to be 23. ‘The investigations to establish beyond the realm of dispute ap. the ancestry of the Morgan horse were originally promoted by C. . ___ ©. Stillman, secretary of the Morgan Horse Club. The skeleton ____ of the stallion ‘‘Donald’’ has been mounted and is on exhibition i in New York City. The stallion ‘‘Dude’’ has also been mounted ___ and is being exhibited by the American Museum of Natural His- : tory in New York City. The specific object of these displays is ¥ to offer tangible proof of the unquestioned ancestry of the Mor- _ gan breed, one of the characteristics being the absence of one ____ lumbar vertebra, compared to the number common to other spe- ___ eies of the equine family. _ Zoologists have recently become interested in the subject, no- table among the group being Septimus Sisson, Professor of Vet- erinary Anatomy at Ohio State University. In a letter to J. O. Williams, senior husbandman of the Bureau of Animal Industry, he writes: ‘‘The old statement of Samson to the effect that the Barb or African breeds of horses always have five lumbar verte- brae and that this is a special character of these horses has been already shown to be erroneous. I have had little opportunity to ‘examine in this respect these breeds of horses but the observa- tions of several French veterinarians have established the fact that these types are no more subject to this pecularity than other horses. I find from quite numerous observations that the occur- . renee of 19 pairs of ribs in horses of all types is quite common, “emneh more frequent than was thought to be the ecase.’’ Subse- quently, Professor Sisson writes as follows: ‘‘I may say that we have just dissected a horse which has 18 thoracic and 5 lumbar vertebrae. I may add that this reduction ' in the number of verte- _ brae is not common in our experience.’ Let us hear from others. THE DENVER CONVENTION - . This issue of the JourNAL goes to its readers on the eve of | the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the A. V. M. A. at Denver. .The October number will contain a report of the convention and _ the President’s address, and the official proceedings and other . papers will follow from month to month. FAT NECROSIS IN CATTLE By W. A. HaGan Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York IT IS not my purpose in presenting this paper to bring out anything new on the pathology of fat necrosis. I wish merely — to call attention to its incidence among cattle, describe the lesions as I have seen them, and give a brief review of what is known of this rather interesting disease. Fat necrosis appears to be quite a well-known condition in man, and a voluminous literature on it exists (1-9). Reeords of its occurrence among animals, however, are few, and most of these are brief and incomplete. According to the literature that I have been able to find, the disease occurs most often in dogs and hogs (10-14). It has been reported as occurring in sheep and horses (10). I have seen but a-single reference to its oceur- rence in cattle, and in this ease no details of any kind are given (15). This seems rather strange, for the disease appears to be not at all uncommon among cattle in New York and presumably in other States of the United States. During the last three years a considerable number of speci- mens of necrotic fat from cattle have been sent to the diagnostic laboratory of the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University by competent veterinarians who in all cases failed to recognize the condition. In several of these cases the animals had been killed following condemnation for tuberculosis, and it was thought that the condition was some peculiar form of this dis- ease. I have autopsied three cows in which this condition was: found. In one case, a valuable Jersey, the necrotic fat was un- questionably the cause of death; in another it was at least one of the principal contributing causes, and in the third the lesions were small and of little consequence as far as the health of the animal was concerned. As a rule, I do not think that the disease, per se, is of much consequence. Its principal significance lies in the fact that ‘the lesions, especially when small, have been and are likely to be in- terpreted as tuberculous lesions. In these days of active cam- paigning against tuberculosis in cattle, with the frequent 682 — Far Necrosis IN CATTLE 683 Fig. 1.—Perirenal. fat, bovine. natural size. Practically the entire mass Reduced to about one-fourth is necrotic. The lumpy, irregular character of the surface of the fat may be seen. topsing of reactmg animals, it is highly desirable that all tu- bercle-like lesions be as well differentiated as possible from the true lesion in the minds of those making the autopsies, so that fewer errors will occur and better data on the reliability of the several tests be accumulated Fat necrosis in man, beeause of its frequent occurrence in con- Fig. 2.—Same as Fig. 1. fat is seen as an oval mass in the lower part of the Cross section. figure. Tne necroti. bs4 W. A. Hagan junction with evident disease of the pancreas, was long ago at- tributed to the action of the fat-digesting enzyme of that organ, lipase, which, it was supposed, had been liberated pathologically into the body tissues (16,17). In cases of hemorrhagic pancrea- titis necrosis of fat in the neighborhood of that organ invariably occurs, and instances are recorded of a similar result when the organ had been lacerated accidently on the operating table (1). The condition has been found also when there were no evident le- sions in the pancreas. Experimentally, fat necrosis has been produced by ligating the pancreatic duct, by lacerating the organ, and by placing pieces of sterile pancreas into pockets made in the subcutaneous tissue (9). Flexner was able to show that in the affected areas a fat-splitting enzyme was present, while this enzyme was ab- sent in normal fat (7). Evidence is strong, therefore, and it is generally accepted as conclusive, that fat necrosis in man is due to the eseape of the lipolytic or fat-splitting enzyme from a dis- eased pancreas, even though in some cases no disease of that or- gan can be detected. Necrosis of fat is found, except in very unusual cases. only in the fat of the abdominal cavity. In cattle the location seems to be most often in the mesenteric fat. It is seen also in the peri- renal fat and in the collections often found on the serous sur-— faces of the stomach. The affected areas are yellowish-white, sometimes chalky white in color, and opaque. In size they vary from that of the head of a pin to that of a man’s head or even larger. The consistency is quite hard, much denser than normal fat. The masses are usually irregular in outline so that affected fat takes on a hard, lumpy, nodular character. When cut in cross section the affected part presents a dry, hard, cheesy, opaque appearance quite in contrast to the normal surrounding fat. Sometimes chalk-like calcified areas are seen within the necrotic masses. It is when the lesions are of small size, few in number and located in small areas of fat that they are apt to be mis- taken for tubercles. Location of these areas in the mesentery close to the intestine or closely attached to the wall of the rumen or reticulum is especially apt to mislead, the impression being easily gained that they are located in small mesenteric or gastric ' lymph glands. The microscopie picture of necrotic fat is interesting. Normal fat, if it has not heen treated with some fat solvent in the process Far NECROSIS IN CATTLE 685 Fig, 3.—Mass of intestine surrounded by necrotic fat, bovine. From the fatal case mentioned in the text. The irregular, nodular character of the fat surrounding the intestinal loops is evident. of preparation for microscopic examination, shows myriads of fat droplets, each being inclosed in a cell which has been reduced to a thin encircling band around the droplet. Areas of neérotic fat tissue show, instead of these clear, transparent fat droplets inside the fat cells, masses of opaque, whitish, needle-like crystals or clumps of amorphous material. When the fat has been dis- Fig. 4.—Same as Fig 3. Cross section. Aimost the entire mass is necrotic. The sections of the intestine may be seen here and there. 686 W. A. HAGAN solved out with any of the usual solvents, these needles and de- bris remain. They have been demonstrated to be erystals of fatty acids and salts of these acids, notably lime salts (6, 16). The presence of the lipolytie substance in the fat tissue causes a breaking down of the fat globules into their chemical constitu- ents, fatty acids and glycerin. The glycerin is readily absorbed but the fatty acids remain as such in part: and in part are neu- tralized by the body fluids to form salts or soaps, principally the highly insoluble lime soaps. It is the presence of these soaps in the place of the normal fat globules that gives the tissue its yel- lowish white, caseous appearance. In the descriptions of fat necrosis of man, dogs and hogs found in the literature, it is stated that the lesions are generally lo- cated in the interlobular fat of the pancreas or in the immediate vicinity of that organ, and, too, that pancreatis, frequently of a hemorrhagie nature, is observed. As to the connection between fat necrosis and diseases of the pancreas in cattle I have little information and that of a negative character. In most of the eases which have come to my attention I have seen only the af- Fig. 5.—Necrotic fat, bovine. Photomicrograph, X85. The fat has been dissolved out. Te fat ce ls contain long ac.cular crystais in some cases and amorphous material in others. The crystals ai- ways radiate from the center of each fat cell. This material is said to be made up of time saits of the fatty acids which are liberated by the decomposition of the fat. SS ewe __<_<_$ $< > Far Necrosis in Carrie 687 fected tissues which had been removed at autopsy by others and sent in to the laboratory for examination. In none of these cases has any mention been made of the presence of pancreatic lesions of any sort, but unless these lesions were very striking it is quite likely that they would be overlooked, since this organ usually receives scant attention at the postmortem as usually conducted. In the cases which I have autopsied personally no gross pan- ereatic changes were found. A microscopic examination was made in one case, but no pathological changes were discovered. The case mentioned above, in which the fat necrosis was re- sponsible for the death of a cow, is deserving of description here. The subject was a very valuable purebred Jersey cow which had been sent to this college to be observed and treated for sterility by Prof. W. L. Williams. At the time I was working in Prof. Williams’ department and had ample opportunity to observe the ease while living and to hold an autopsy after death. The cow soon after reaching Ithaca began to lose flesh, and a slight, persistent diarrhea began. The appetite failed until after several weeks she could be induced to take only a little water. A tuberculin test was negative. Examination of the Fig. 6.—Partially necrotic fat, bovine. Photomicrograph, X85. In this case most of the cells are normal. A few contain crystalline masses. The section wa taken just beyond the margin of a grossly evident necrotic mass of fat. GSS W. A. Hagan feces for the bacillus of Johne’s disease was likewise negative. She did not appear to be in pain at any time. When emaciation had become far advanced and it was evident that she would die soon, she was destroyed and autopsied immediately. ; The lesions were confined to the abdominal cavity. Almost the entire mass of intestines were inclosed in a single huge mass of fat, a great part of which was necrotic. The fatty mass had com- pletely surrounded entire loops of the bowel, and when neero- sis began to occur the imprisoned loops were inclosed in a hard cheesy material of a non-yielding character which had practi- cally stopped peristaltic action. SUMMARY 1. Fat necrosis is a not infrequent disease of cattle in certain parts of this country. 2. The lesions are confined to the fat of the abdominal cavity. The mesenteric fat is especially apt to be affected. 3. The lesions, especially when small and located in regions where lymph nodes occur, may be mistaken for tubercles. 4. No gross pancreatic lesions have been observed in conneec- tion with the disease. In the only pancreas examined micro- seopically in connection with the disease no pathological changes were noted. 5. The condition, per se, is usually of little consequence. Oc- casionally, however, the condition may prove fatal. BIGLIOGRAPHY 1. MacCALtumM. A Textbook of Pathology. 1916. 2. Opte. Diseases of the Pancreas. 1903. 3. DELAFIELD and PruppEN. A Textbook of Pathology, 10th ed., 1914, 4. ADAMI. Principles of Pathology, vol. 1, 1908. 5. WELLS. Jour. Med. Research, vol. 9 (1908), p. 70. 6. WELLS. Chemical Pathology, 4th ed., 7. FLexner. Jour. Exp. Med., vol. 2 (i897). p 8. WILLIAMS. Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., vol. 24 “tia07), p. B00. 9. WiLLiAMs. Jour. Exp. Med., vol. 3 (1898), p. 585. ~ . KINSLEY. Veterinary Pathology. 1910. EDELMANN. Meat Byeiene. nglish translation a= Mohler ook Eichhorn, 2d ed., 1911. 12. OSTERTAG. Fleischbeschau, 2d aufi., 1895. 13. Kitt. Pathologische Anatomie der "Haustiere, Bd. 1, 1900. 14. Hutyra and Marek. Spezielle Pathologie und Therapie der Haustiere, Dritte Aufl., Bd. 2, 1910. 15. Burnetr. Outlines of Lectures in Pathology. 1916. 16. LANGERHANS Virch. Arch., vol. 122 (1890), p. 252.. (Not read; reference.) 17. DeTTMER. Dissertation. Géttingen, 1895. (Not read; refer- ence, ) | ‘THE TREATMENT OF EXTENSIVE BURNS AND THE i ~ REGENERATION OF SKIN OVER GRANU- LATING WOUNDS* By Joun Parrerson, Hedrick, Towa THE PURPOSE of this paper is not to bring out any new or original ideas in the treatment of burns, but rather to give an opinion on the many prescribed methods of treatment of these ~eonditions, their comparative values, and, in a general way, dis- euss the progressive treatment of extensive burns from the ini- tial treatment up to the final production of new skin over the burned areas. The ideas presented are based on the results of several months’ care of several purebred cattle caught in a burn- ing barn. DEGREES OF BURNS . From a pathological standpoint burns are considered in four classes, depending on the degree of the burn: First, there is simply a reddening or hyperemia of the skin ; second, blisters are formed ; third, there is scar formation reoulttige from the burn; Wishing of the burned areas oceurs, which follows a demarking inflammation and suppuration beneath the destroyed skin; fourth, the parts are charred or burned to a cinder. It is not uncommon to find burns of all four degrees on the same animal. The first is not necessarily serious, either with reference to the method of treatment or certainty of recovery, especially if no large area is involved. First degree burns be- come serious when enough of the skin is burned to destroy its respiratory function and destructive changes take place in the capillary blood. Some extraordinary condition must be present to produce a simple hyperemia over a large area without some of the more serious degrees occurring. Since the second and third degrees, and sometimes the fourth, _ go hand in hand, the classification is not essentially of practical importance. It has been said that when one-fourth or one-third of the body is burned, death is almost certain. We have per- sonally witnessed that this is not necessarily the truth for in this particular fire there were several animals burned on a half or 1 Presented at the Thirty-thir:, Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Associa- ies. Des Moines, Iowa, January, 1921. 689 690 JOHN PATTERSON two-thirds of the entire body surface. When the inhalation of fire and hot gases have destroyed or injured the mucous mem- branes of the respiratory tract, then the mortality is high re- gardless of the amount of skin involved. Inhalation pneumonia, resulting from heat and gases or the gravitation of necrotie ma- terial from the upper respiratory tract, is fatal. Death is fre- quently caused by carbon dioxide poisoning, resulting from the diminished respiratory function of the capillaries in the de- stroyed skin, and the same holds true in case the lung has been injured by gases. It is also claimed that the action of intense heat on the blood destroys the red cells, freeing hemoglobin, which not only becomes toxic, but also diminishes the oxygen- carrying capacity of the blood. When hemoglobinuria is present the prognosis is very doubtful. The animals may seem to go through the first few days with prospects of recovery, but they may die later from septicemia when the burned areas become in- fected and sloughing begins. TREATMENT OF BURNS Few animals will show evidence of shock, but when such hap- pens it is invariably preceded by a chill. At first the animals are frantic from the excitement and intense pain, which delays exam- ination as well as treatment. Injection of morphine at this time This p.cture was taken after all of the burned skin had come off ana tne entire side of the cow was a raw, bleeding surface. The light, irregular area in the center was the deepest burn, and the last to heal over. The entire skin at this place was destroyed, and when healing was complete it was the only surface not covered with a thin coat of hair. ! oe he / Ye ‘ a ». _— ad J TREATMENT or EXTENSIVE BURNS 691 : a is very imy estant, not only to allay pain and quiet the animal, but the faet has been established that it exerts a very pronounced _ action in the prevention of the absorption of toxie material. This _ may be administered for several days ov until it is apparent that toxemia has been at least temporarily aborted and the channels _ of elimination are working well. It is essential that the bowels be _ kept in: a laxative condition and that drinking water be accessible at all times. Rectal. injections will supply the body with water, ‘stimulate bowel movement, assist materially in the control of high temperature and in case the mouth is burned it is the only way that water can be supplied. Cooling mashes and green feeds are the | ideal feeds. When a large area of the body is burned, the medicinal antipyretics are not of much value for the reason that the capillaries upon which they act have been destroyed. In . vase morphine i is being used in the early we their actions will _ be antagonistic. Just as soon as possible all burned areas should be literally drenched with earron oil, one of the oldest preparations on the list and the best, not only because of its efficiency but because of the fact that it is the one thing that can be had in a few minutes and in any quantity from any office or drugstore. It is readily prepared by using equal parts of raw linseed oil and lime water. _ Onall parts which may be bandaged it is applied on cotton, which is kept soaked all the time, changing the cotton when its condi- tion indicates that this should be done. On the other parts of the body it is best applied with a large, soft, flat brush. More oil ean be applied with a brush of this kind than with cotton swabs and with less pressure and pain to the animal. ‘Paraffin preparations are not as efficient for the reason that they will not cling to the surface, are loosened by every move- _ ment of the skin, rubbed off easily, difficult to apply and do not afford the same amount of protection that a coat of oil, applied every few hours, does. Ointments and grease preparations of all kinds are not satis- faetory from the standpoint of cost, method of application and the fact that they will not cling to the surface of a wound after it becomes moist with wound discharge. When possible to do so, very good results may be had by bind- ing on cotton soaked with a saturated solution of piecrie acid. It has a tendency to be astringent, is antiseptie and will allay pain better than any other agent which may be applied locally. Some 692 JOHN PATTERSON This cow was burned from her tail to the end of her nose just as badly as is shown on the hind quarter. Her legs were burned from the bottom of the hoofs to her body. The back was burned as well as the skin of the abdomen, The cow stood in a_ stall bedded deeply with straw and was caught by falling timbers. While she was the most badly burned cow of all, she made a beautiful re- covery, simply because the burns were not deep enough to destroy the deeper layers of skin. The hair came in practically as thick as it had been before. This was a nurse cow and most of the burned area is shown In the picture. She was g.ving a heavy flow of milk and a severe mastitis followed. The teats were split, and finally two were amputated in order to afford drainage. ee TREATMENT or Exrensive Burns _ 693 a: ae successfully from start to finish with picric _ acid solution because it is very efficient in keeping down exces- t _ sive granulations and assisting epithelial growth. _ Where the burns are deep the skin begins to loosen up and Sf - slough off in a week or ten days. Sometimes large areas of tough, i. leathery skin will be undermined by a thick creamy pus, which _ must be removed at once. The loose parts are removed with for- ceps and scissors and the attached portions allowed to slough. It isi essential that the case be examined each day and all aes as and loose skin be removed. Time and patience must be used Ry process, for not only does the pus gravitate into healthy By tissues but absorption takes place, the temperature then runs up and a fatal septicemia results. on Eameaeing the parts with aqueous solutions is not advisable. If “eh 1e sufficiently to cleanse, the tissues are irritated and you have Psa surface oozing blood from every point. Everything that _ needs to come off can be removed with the brush while applying the oil, and the raw surfaces beneath will not be injured. This use of the brush is a very important point and is worth seine in mind. ~ When the infection seems to be too severe and there is a contin- uous production of pus in the wound discharge, a five or ten per i. , cent solution of liquor cresolis compositus in raw oil will cleanse it and stop the pus production. When the whole side of an ani- mal, from the head to tail, is denuded of skin there is a copious a of serum from the entire surface and it is a fertile field for _ pus organisms. _ Aqueous antiseptics are not efficient for the reason that they ~ will not cling to the surface long enough to exert any influence. _ Practically all of the agents in this class must remain for some ao tet in contact with the bacteria before they are antiseptic, to say nothing of bactericidal in action. It is a self-evident fact that the good derived is more mechanical than anything else. At _ times it is necessary to paint small areas with tincture of iodine to control infection. To assist the respiration and elimination through the skin, all non-burned portions of the body should be washed with soap and water and the body kept as clean as possible. When the udder of a cow giving milk is burned, even in the first degree, a mastitis invariably results and destroys the parts. Tt starts with an acute inflainmation, the epidermis comes off, the rd é 694 Joun PATTERSON parenchyma breaks down, and a thick, ropy fluid is discharged from the teats. Teat tubes may be used for a few days to keep the udder drained, but in a week’s time the teats must either be amputated or split to afford drainage of the material which by this time has become too thick to be milked out. Constant atten- tion must be given to drainage and cleanliness or a gangrenous udder is inevitable. The udder must be covered continuously with oil to facilitate shedding of skin, to keep it as soft as pos- sible and prevent the formation of serious cracks and fissures. There will be a separation at the coronary band when the feet are badly burned. Infection, which is bound to get a start in these places, is best controlled with tincture of iodine liberally applied each day. Swabs, frequently wet with cold —— solutions, are indicated. When the back is burned, the larve of the bot fly found ‘ie in the spring and early summer are killed. These readily de- compose, and since they have already produced a passageway be- tween the surface and the subcutis, a dangerous, burrowing sub- cutaneous infection will result unless they are removed and the cavity treated with strong antiseptics. GRANULATION AND PRODUCTION OF NEW SKIN After all the burned skin has sloughed, infection is under con- trol and the dangers of toxemia and septicemia have passed, the problem of granulations and the production of new skin presents itself. Mention has previously been made of the value of pieric acid. The ordinary mixtures and lotions used for barbwire cuts and the like are too irritating to use where large areas are de- nuded. Generally speaking, the problem is not to produce the formation of connective tissue granulation but to control it and keep it down. There is no eavity to fill up, but instead a large area to cover over with epithelium. The epithelium creeps out over the granulating tissue in much the same way that ice starts to form along the shore and gradually extends toward the center. If the surface of the water is rough the process is much slower, and if rough enough it is actually stopped. The same holds true with the growth of epithelium. If epithelial growth is stimu- lated and the ground structures are favorable it is only a matter of time until the process is complete. We have found that a 10 per cent solution of Beibrich’s scarlet red in raw linseed oil is the best agent for this purpose. It is antiseptic, astringent to TREATMENT OF EXTENSIVE BURNS 695 MIAGak connective tissue and stimtilating to epitieiim. s and insects of all kinds will keep away from it, and its mn is lasting. An oily solution of pyoktannin blue is a close d in choice and is very efficient especially when the epithe- tial edges are getting close together. lly when the process seems about complete on some cases BS, ia meter are left uncovered. Literally the epithelium seems worn out : l and refuses to carry on and the connective tissue beneath takes a new start. For this condition the adhesive plaster dressing Ps. of the surgeon is highly satisfactory. The method of application ‘Y ae of the rapid growth of epithelium can best be by quoting from an article by Emil G. Beck in ‘‘ Annals of ina ”? as follows: _ The technic consists in applying strips of plain or zine oxide ad- _ hesive plaster along the edges of the granulating wound. These _ Strips, one-half to three-quarters of an inch wide, must be adjusted so that they cover both margins, that of the skin and the granulating _ wound. This leaves the center of the granulating surface exposed _ for the absorption of wound secretions by a dry dressing. Twenty- _ four hours later the dressing and adhesive plaster are carefully re- _ moved. It will be found that along the margin of the skin there has now been formed a bluish-gray border about two or three millimeters in width. This bluish-gray border represents the new growth of epithelial cells. The wound is now dressed with a dry dressing which is left on for twenty-four hours, followed on the next day with another dressing of adhesive plaster. This procedure is repeated until the entire gran- ulating surface is covered with an epithelial growth. ___ All necrotic material must be allowed to slough off, so that the , base of the wound is clean, before we can expect the epithelium to grow. The wound must never be rubbed with gauze, as this will be apt to destroy the new epithelial cells. _A mistake which is frequently made is to draw the surfaces to- gether with the adhesive strips. This is not the intention. On the contrary, the wound edges should be kept apart as much as possible, so that the skin may grow along a flat surface. When the skin grows _into very deep recesses, so that the skin surfaces are in contact, we _ are likely to produce a pocket in which the skin secretions will accumu- late and undergo decomposition. The reason why large granulating surfaces have no tendency to ; be covered by epithelium is this: The granulation tissue grows much _ faster than the epithelial growth and thus we find that the granu- lating mass overlaps at the margin of the wound. In other words, | the granulating mass is muci higher than the skin level. The 696 JOHN PATTERSON epithelial growth stops at this margin because it cannot grow up- wards over the elevated granulating surface. In order to overcome this obstacle we must establish a level sur- face, merging from the skin over the granulating surface, and this is accomplished by pasting adhesive plaster over the margin. It keeps the granulations from rising higher than the skin and this gives the epithelium a chance to regenerate underneath the surface of the adhesive plaster. The epithelial cells will grow rapidly under these favorable conditions and cover as much as one-quarter inch in twenty four hours all around the wound, which is plainly visible by a bluish- gray border. The under surface of the adhesive plaster acts as a path for the regeneration of the cells, on the same principle that the vine would grow along a string of wire and cover within a short period the entire wall of a building. If the strings were not there the vine would grow in all directions. It.is the string that keeps it close to the wall, and so with the adhesive, it furnishes a trellis for the growth of the epithelial cells Sometimes it is necessary to cut away or pare down the exces- sive granulations and loosen or undercut the epithelial border in order that it may get a start. A recent post card, written jointly by Dr. John Blatten- berg, of Lima, Ohio, and Professor Frederick Hobday, of Lon- don, England, has been received by the Editor from the latter city, indicating that other topics than surgery were being inves- tigated by our itinerant member. Under the title ‘‘The Dirge of the Serub,’’ the Ohio Farmer publishes a feature article beginning: ‘‘The scrub sire is the most costly factor in our national livestock production.’’ It gives the number of serub bulls in the United States as 1,350,000 and points out the abundance of room for action in the campaign for better sires. The Wisconsin Farmer points out editorially that farmers are saving thousands of dollars by having veterinarians treat all kinds of farm animals instead of merely horses as formerly. ‘‘Today the average veterinarian gives 26 per cent of his time to hogs, 21 per cent to cattle, 18 per cent to dogs, 10 per cent to sheep, 10 per cent to horses, 9 per cent to poultry, and 6 per cent to eats.’”’ e a; se mal salt 101 101 101.6101.8102 102.2) Very slight reaction Wistention of the nostrils and swelling of the superficial S, especially about the face, soon appear. There is jugular _ pulse and contraction of the muscles of the hair follicles giving : ise to the so-called staring coat. This is followed by an extensive : z over the entire surface of the body, generally begin- 2 -on the sides of the neck, g this time the animal becomes more and more restless; ul gown. for a moment then gets up; periodic bellowing is also — noted. ‘Swelling of the eyelids and external genitalia are later manifestations and are usually the last to subside. In exag- gerated cases straining is noted, very similar to that during labor. There is a temporary paralysis of the pharyngeal muscles, the ‘mouth i is held open with the tongue protruding and moving from side to side. Distention of the rumen follows that condi- tion, and unless other measures are applied recourse to the tro- ear is necessary. From the throat there is seen a bloody, gela- TUS W. J. Tayuor ano T. L. CASSERLY Salivation and pimpling of the neck and face. Veins swolien. tinous discharge, becoming hard and cartilaginous upon ex- posure to the air. This discharge seems to consist of desqua- mated epithelial cells. Frequent defecation and loose watery feces supervene. The breathing is rapid and shallow. The reaction is not constant in all animals either at the time of its appearance after the injection of the serum, in its duration, or in the time it takes to subside. We have noted reactions be- ginning to appear within 30 minutes in some cases while in others it did not appear until 214 hours after injection. Some cases began to subside within an hour and a half, while others per- sisted for 3 to 4 hours before subsidence set in. All the cases Pimpling over entire body surface oe ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS FROM ANTHRAX VACCINATION 709 = yore : - > . . . ee dk show all the manifestations of the reaction. While some ___ showed all the symptoms enumerated, others were lacking in one ae and they were by no means constant. at Pips romens SequeLs there are any serious after-effects from this reaction. Fol- lowing the last two vaccinations we have noted an unusually " e number of abortions in the native cows. These abortions began to appear in from 10 days to 2. weeks after vaccination, the maximum in about 6 weeks, gradually diminished and finally disappeared in 3 to 4 months. It is interesting to ‘note, however, that the larger percentage of abortions occur at acaneet the same period of gestation. Following the abortions in 1920 it was thought that there is ‘might be a high temperature reaction which would account for them. The last vaccinations were checked in this regard, and the table of temperature submitted does not seem to bear out this ‘supposition. Nevertheless in this year as well as last our abor- tion curve for the entire herd has shown a decided rise following vaccination by this method in those cattle which showed a reac- tion of more or less severity. w .TREATMENT inte revaccination of a herd that has been previously treated by this method it is well to watch carefully and treat the symptoms as they appear. No fixed set of prophylactics seems to be advisable. In those cases of extreme nervous irrita- bility we have used adrenlin chloride 1 dram and atropin 114 to 2 grains with very favorable results. _ Where straining and distention of the rumen occur, the ad- ministration of antispasmodies is recommended. Hyosein, mor- phin and eactoid compound (veterinary) hypodermically has ore good results in our hands. CONCLUSIONS 1. Anaphylactic reactions are liable to appear in cattle vac- cinated against anthrax from year to year by the serum-simul- -. taneous method. A lapse of 18 months or more between vaccin- ations has no effect upon the possibility of a nonreaction. 2.There is no means which we have found for determining which animals will react and which will not. “ 710 W. J. Taytor ann T. L. Cassercy 3. The administration of a sensitizing dose of 1 ¢.c. of serum two hours before the regular vacenation may reduce the severity of the reaction, but it will not prevent reactions in those animals that are susceptible. ; 4. An anaphylactic reaction in cattle is not accompanied by a rise in temperature. 5. Generally speaking, reactions of quite a severe nature will eventually subside without treatment, but in valuable animals treatment of the more violent symptoms is recommended. 6. While there is evidence that the reaction may produce abortion, further investigation upon this point is desirable. VETERINARIAN APPOINTED FOR CHARITY HOS- PITAL BODY For the first time in the history of the New Orleans Charity Hospital a veterinarian has been appointed to the department of pathology, Dr. W. J. Ratigan having been selected for the post. Dr. Ratigan’s duties will inelude animal vaccination for the Pasteur treatments sent out from the Charity Hospital Pasteur Institute. Since leaving the Army Veistiittey Corps a few months ago, Dr. Ratigan has also received the appointment of veterinarian to the New Orleans Police Department and the New Orleans Zo- ological Garden. He promises to furnish our readers several in- teresting case reports relative to caged animals. PRESIDENT HARDING MAY TAKE TO SADDLE President Harding may take to the saddle for exercise when cool weather comes again, riding through the parks of Washing- ton as a variation from golf, his only present outdoor diversion. Brig. Gen. Sawyer, his physician, has recommended the change, but the President, though fond of riding when a younger man, has not been in the saddle for some years and has fixed no date for his first venture. However, it is understood that Wayne Dinsmore has become deeply interested in the proposition and has offered to provide the finest saddler available. ‘PREVENTION OF INTESTINAL WORMS IN PIGS i «By B. H. Ransom, Chief, ee Division os Buran of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. wa ay oe Damace Done By Worms _T 1E = COMMON intestinal roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) is one a the most injurious of the various kinds of parasites that “infest the pig. It causes digestive troubles, retards growth and 54 e elopment, and in other ways interferes with the well-being of rig - especially the younger animals. Furthermore, recent Sele ¢ investigations have shown that this parasite can cause t deal of damage otherwise than merely as an intestinal ) It has been proved that in its early stage of develop- - men t in the pig, while still too small to be seen by the naked eye, _ it travels in the bloodstream to the lungs and then back again to stine by way of the windpipe and esophagus, this curious ne y requiring about 10 days for its completion, after which he young worm settles down in the intestine and grows to ma- ogohigs about two and a half months. If many of the young take this trip at the same time, as often happens, the in- - jury that results is likely to be serious. re ws Ray yc’ THUMPS re my The pig often shows symptoms commonly known as thumps, and may die of pneumonia. Many cases of thumps are caused . by worm infection. Pigs that survive a severe invasion of the lungs by the young worms frequently do not fully recover and “ : _ fail to grow and develop at a normal rate. pei = Pia he: YounG Pics Most SuscerriBie “ag Siieitigstions and experiments have also shown that pigs are ‘most susceptible to infection and suffer most seriously from the infection during the first few weeks of life. As they grow older they become more resistant. oi Sources or INFECTION Sigs become infected by swallowing the eggs of the parasite which are microscopic size and are found in the manure of in- fested hogs or upon and in the soil of places that have been occu- 711 712 B. H. Ransom pied by infested hogs and hence contaminated by their droppings. It has been estimated that one full-grown female worm in the in- testine of a hog may produce as many as 80,000,000 eggs. The eggs as they are passed out of the body of the hog in the drop- | pings are not at first infectious, but in a few weeks or months, | depending upon the weather and various other conditions, the egg reaches a stage of development at which it contains a tiny worm within its shell, and is then ready to be swallowed. The . eggs are very resistant to cold weather and drouth, they are not «= killed by most chemical disinfectants, and are very long-lived (some may live as long as five years). Not all adult hogs harbor intestinal worms even though exposed to infested soil; commonly, however, the parasites may be found in one out of three hogs of breeding age. These worms are also not uncommon in human beings, especially children, in some localities. From the foregoing it is evident that the soil of places ocen- pied by hogs is likely to be heavily laden with the eggs of intesti- nal worms and it is readily understood, in view of their food habits, how pigs kept in such places may become infested with large numbers of the worms. Worm-infested places are especially dangerous for young pigs. It is largely on account of worm in- fection that so many young pigs are lost or fail to grow properly when reared under ordinary methods of hog management. DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM OF PREVENTING INFECTION Upon a basis of the results obtained from laboratory study and experiments on a small scale a system of raising pigs to avoid worm infestation, or rather to reduce the amount of infestation to a point at which it will cause little or no damage, has been worked out by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. Through the cooperation of the Farm Bureau and publie-spirited hog raisers of McLean County, IIL, this system has been tested out on a considerable number of farms. The results of these trials have been so successful that the system is becoming well es- tablished in that county. With reference to this portion of the history of its development it has been called the McLean County System of Hog Sanitation. It has been found that the system not only prevents losses from worms, but also more or less completely prevents various diseases that may be termed filth diseases, Paes 3 as bull-nose, sore mouth and certain forms of diarrhea. It ist not to he depended upon as a prev entive of hog cholera, henee wh —aA-.. |; = ee = | PreveNtion ov Ivrestixat, Wonats 1s Pics | 713 ystem i Hlowed hog-cholera immunization should be still tinued in Dentdanee with approved methods of hog-cholera Tue McLean County System bl . _ Essentially the so-called McLean County System consists in ¥ young pigs from the time of birth until they are sev- e@ peas old in such a manner as to avoid or reduce to a mini- mum the chances of infection with worms, in other words, to keep 3 ‘youn Pigs entirely away from old hog lots or other places that _ have been much exposed to fecal contaminations. on . a Sprine Pics : am _— Farrowing Pens.—Before farrowing time the farrowing pens, Ste should be of sanitary construction, are thoroughly cleaned. the litter is removed and the conerete and wooden floors and of the pens are scrubbed with boiling water and lye. The het of the water (if applied liberally and very hot) is destrue- » to worm eggs and the lye helps to remove the dirt. The in- pens are shut off from the outside pens which are commonly il on connection with permanent hog houses. These outside _ pens are not to be used by the sows and pigs. If the building is t arti heated the cleaning should be done in the autumn = freezing weather as it may be found almost impossible to _— clean the pens properly during the cold weather of early spring Sah e winter. —The sows are placed in the clean pens a few days be- fore farrowing, but not until the mud and dirt that is usually = present on their skins has been removed. The udder particularly ld be well washed with soap and water. If this precaution the skin of the sows is not taken they are liable to carry with them into the farrowing pens a multitude of worm _ eggs and other disease germs found in the soil of the hog yards, “eo that even with the first few mouthfuls of milk the new-born pigs: ‘may swallow hundreds, thousands, or possibly millions of worm eggs and germs of disease. _ After farrowing, the sow and pigs are not allowed out of the 7 farrowing pen until they are taken to pasture. The sow and her litter, in a few days to two weeks after farrowing, are removed to pasture by means of a double crate (one compartment for the sow, the other for the pigs) on a sled which may be backed up to the door of the pen and hauled away with a team of horses, 714 B. H. Ransom Pastures.—A special pasture for the sows and young pigs is provided. This should not be a permanent pasture which has been much used by hogs and thereby more or less badly contami- nated by their droppings, but a field that has been under cultiva-, tion and sown at the proper time to a suitable forage crop. Le- gume pastures available in the normal course of crop rotation may be utilized, devoting a different field each year to this pur- pose. Individual shelter houses for each sow and her litter are provided in the pasture, and water is supplied by piping or by tanks replenished by hauling water to them. No other hogs should have aecess to this pasture, nor should the pigs be allowed to run back from the pasture to the barn lot or hog yards. They are thus kept away from contaminated places until they are at least four months old, or until they weigh about 100 pounds, after which they are little likely to suffer seriously from worm infes- tation even though exposed to infection. If there is much difference in the ages of the various litters, the pigs should be placed in several pastures according to age, or the one pasture may be subdivided. Mixing together pigs of widely different ages commonly results in the younger ones being robbed by the older ones, so that they do not have a fair chance to get the nourishment they need for proper growth. Temporary shade may be built in the pasture if natural shade is not avail- able. Care should be taken to keep the bedding in the shelter houses in a clean and sanitary condition. Some hog raisers move the shelter houses from time to time and burn the old bedding. The location of the feed ground should be shifted occasionally, the surroundings of the water supply maintained in a sanitary condition, and the development of mud wallows prevented as completely as possible. Fai. Pics In the case of fall pigs (if not farrowed too late) the same sys- tem may be followed with slight modifications. The permanent farrowing house need not be used. If the sows have been run- ning on pasture and are not encrusted with mud and filth they may be transferred direetly, without washing, to the special pas- ture, and the farrowing done in the individual houses in this pas- ture. In regions not too far north the pigs (if farrowed at the very beginning of the antumn season or at the end of summer) — will be old enough to be past the age of greatest susceptibility to (~~ ae & aT j , a4 SE itsiraser Hoo Lors ano Fes Yanoe Dacomove - Whenever possible it is desirable to have yards that are much used by hogs so arranged that a change can be made every year or two to fresh ground, ploughing under the surface infection on the old ground, sowing a crop and allowing a firm surface to be- come re-established before using it again for hogs. Hog yards, any case, should be selected with the view of securing proper ainage, and of being able to keep them in a sanitary and cleanly ion, as free as possible from the common type of mud wal- v which usually soon becomes a reservoir of concentrated in- with various verminous and bacterial diseases. It is nearly always feasible to replace mud wallows at comparatively expense with shallow concrete wallowing tanks so con- structed as readily to be maintained in a sanitary condition. As = shown j in Farmer’s Bulletin 1,085, such a tank can also be used ra as a means of applying remedies for lice and mange. ; e _ From what has been said as to the occurrence of the worms under diseussion in children, it is obvious, although they usually _ do not come into such intimate and continuous relations with the soil as pigs, and hence are not so likely to become badly infected, _. that children on the farm, particularly young children, should not be permitted to play i in places that have been exposed to in- ij fection either from pigs or human beings. ei tooner: O. Rubeli, of the Veterinary Sehool, Berne, Switzer- . land, has prepared three excellent charts, with 10 colored figures, _ showing the structure of the udder of the cow. Such charts are invaluable in connection with the teaching of dairy science, es- _ pecially the diseases of the udder. The anatomical preparations _ from which these charts have been made were given the gold medal at the Swiss National Exhibition held in Berne in 1914. “The following Canadian and American veterinarians have been elected honorary fellows of the Central Veterinary Society of Great Britain: Dr. Frederick Torrance, Veterinary Director General, Montreal; Dr. C. D. McGilvray, Principal Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto; Lieut.-Col. D. S. Tamblyn, Cal- gary, Alberta; Prof. W. L. Williams, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. ‘oe ae STUDIES ON THE SHEEP STOMACH WORM— HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS RUD.* ' By J. E. GueBerver Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater, Oklahoma THE STOMACH-WORM DISEASE is an old and ever-pres- ent problem for the sheep industry throughout many parts of the world. Its presence has been frequently reported from many | parts of Europe (Germany, France, Austria, England and Seot- | land), Asia, Africa (South Africa), Australia, New Zealand and | South America. In the United States nearly every State has reported its presence to be more or less severe. The parasites causing the disease are nematodes which attack cattle, sheep, goats and other ruminants. Their habitat is usually the fourth stomach, or abomasum, although they may occasionally be pres- ent in the small intestine. Errectr on Hosr The injurious effect of these parasites upon the host is two- fold, perhaps threefold. First, the loss of blood which these worms extract from the host; second, toxie substances exereted by the parasites, which are absorbed by the host animal and which have a destructive action upon the blood; third, slight abrasions are produced in the mucous membrane lining the abomasum which may allow certain bacteria to enter the system of the host. Lire History or PARASITE The life history of Haemonchus contortus is direct and has been demonstrated by Ransom (1906), Veglia (1915) and others, as well as by the writer. The eggs of the parasites leave the host through the feces, and if deposited under favorable conditions they hatch in a short time. With continued favorable conditions they moult once or twice, after which they reach the infectious or ensheathed larval stage. This usually requires about a week or ten days. At this time the larve show a tendency to migrate upward and erawl upon blades of grass or upright objects. When 1 Contribution from Parasitological Laboratory of the Oklahoma Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Stillwater, Oklahoma. . Presented before the American Society of Zoologists, Chicago, Il., Dec. 29, 1920, 716 2 ee “ Srupres oN Serr Sromact Worm 717 _ they-have Feached a position well upon a blade of grass or other 7 vegetation they are in a favorable position to be taken into the ; stomach of a grazing animal, such as a sheep or other ruminant. er gaining entrance to the stomach of a suitable host the worms complete their development in about three weeks “ast da days). RESISTANCE OF EMBRYOS - ~The control of these worms as a pest is a difficult problem on i. aecount of the remarkable resistance of the ensheathed embryos 2 to adverse conditions. They may be in a dried-up condition for long periods of time and upon the addition of moisture become active again. Repeated freezing and thawing does not materially 3 bP ect them. Ransom (1908) found larval worms to live more than nine months in culture. Veglia (1915) found ensheathed | stomach worms to live in water for more than five months. The aT. writer on two occasions observed larval worms to live in cultures “4 of soil and feces for over eight months, and in one extreme case ___ two living larve were found in a culture of soil and feees after a 2 period of nearly 16 months. The eggs in this case were placed in the culture July 23, 1919, and the two remaining larve were - found November 18, 1920. In this instance the larve were so i. ~ sluggish and in such a depraved condition that they undoubtedly 4 would not have been able to continue development had they : gained entrance to an adult host. Under field conditions where _ the factors of temperature and moisture are important consid- - erations it is probable that most stomach-worm larve do not or- ___ dinarily survive much longer than eight or ten months and still retain enough vitality to continue development if taken up by a fr. proper adult host. :. TREATMENT is “Various methods of treatment for the removal of stomach worms from-sheep have been tried. Several remedies have been . _ used for a number of years with fairly good results. Among these Was coppér sulphate. This was first used by Hutcheon (1892, 1895) in South Africa, who reported its suecessful use in many eases. Later, copper sulphate was used by Stiles (1901), Ran- som (1907), Hall and Foster (1918) and others with compara- tively good results. The writer has treated several hundred sheep for the removal of Haemonchus contortus. Copper sulphate, copper sulphate tobaceo, and intramus-ular injections of cacodylate of so- ‘< ean : : 718 J. BE. Gurerner e. dium were used in the treatment of the animals. Copper sul- phate in a 1 per cent solution, as recommended by the Bureau of Animal Industry, at the rate of 50 ¢.c. for lambs under one year and 100 ¢.c. for sheep over one year, was found to be 75 to 95 per cent effective. The efficiency of the anthelmintic was de- termined both by microseopie examination of feces for eggs and by autopsies. Most of the data were obtained through micro- scopical examination of a definite amount of feces before and after treatment and finding the percentage of reduction of the eggs. A number of sheep were also placed in pens with con- crete floors, where an accurate count was made of the worms passed. Later the lambs were slaughtered and the rs 2 canal examined for the presence of worms. A solution containing 1 per cent copper sulphate and 1 per cent tobacco infusion was found to have an efficiency of 90 to 100 per cent. This was administered in the same amount as given for copper sulphate alone. Over 600 treatments were given with this remedy, which proved to be highly satisfactory. The data were obtained in the same manner as for the other method. The use of tobacco and copper sulphate proved very efficient in removing the tapeworms and hookworms as well as the worms. With a single exception, every animal treated, known, to be infested with cestodes and hookworms, and later autopsied showed none of these parasites to be present. Copper sulphate alone removed some of the tapeworms, but does not seem to be as effective as with the tobaeco added. To- bacco infusion (1 to 2 per cent, 50 to 100 ¢.c.) was used to treat a few lambs, and its efficiency was found to be very variable. In some cases it removed as high as 75 per cent of the stomach worms, while in others it removed only 15 to 20 per cent. How- ever, tobacco undoubtedly possesses valuable anthelmintie prep- erties when combined with copper sulphate. In treating a flock of sheep it was found advisable to give two treatments three or four days apart, because it was found that there are always a few animals that do not respond to treament as well as the rest. In order to make sure that the flock is com- paratively free from parasites the double treatment should be given. Ordinarily a single treatment removes the most of the worms. One interesting point was noted in the treatment of some lambs. These were given treatment and the eggs were re- duced to a certain number. Three or four later treatments failed “ Srupies oN SHeer Svomacu Worm 719 2 that number. The animals were then slaughtered and Se elininstion of the alimentary tract it was found that no rms were present in the fourth stomach, but there were a few - abe. posterior portioh of the small intestine, apparently un- 1 by the action of the anthelmintic. re a injections of cacodylate of sodium at the rate 07 grains for an adult sheep were given to several sheep for e removal of stomach worms. The dose was repeated on alter- ‘days until three or four doses had been given. Since Hae- pote contortus is a blood sucker it was thought that the worms could be poisoned by means of the arsenical prepara- boas However, the results were all negative from these trials. —_ ae. | SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION : Hacmonchus contortus has a periodic seasonal distribution, : _ appearing in the late spring or early summer and disappearing a a ee the fall and winter. This undoubtedly comes about in the spring when sheep or other ruminants are placed in infested pas- : a tures and become infested through grazing. In the fall of the = year, when animals are changed from pastures to feed yards and are fed forage crops, they are not being reinfested and a few worms are gradually being lost. The nature of the food is un- ___ doubtedly responsible for a loss of some of the worms from the A number of infested animals were taken from a pasture and some were slaughtered at once. Upon examination of the ali- ntary tract it was found that there were no stomach worms in intestine. Several days later the rest of the animals in this peep were killed. When the alimentary tract was examined it was found that there were a large number of the worms present in the intestine—in one animal almost 200 worms were in the in- testine. During the interval between the removal from the pas- ture and the time of slaughtering the animals had been fed on rather coarse hay and oats. It seems that the worms are gradu- ally but not always entirely eliminated from the host during the winter season, and the fact that they are present in the intes- tine in such large numbers so soon after the change of feed makes it seem evident that the nature of the food is an im- portant factor. ’ J. BE. Guperier =I t Comparison or Ecos AND WorMs — During the course of some experimental work and observa- tions on Haemonchus contortus an attempt was made to esti- mate the number of adult worms in the host from the number of eggs in the droppings. A number of sheep were used for this work. Different amounts of freshly passed feces were weighed out and washed by being passed through a series of sieves. The eggs were then counted from each amount on a microscopie slide. It was observed that fasting, constipation and diarrhea affected the number of eggs in a definite amount of feces. After making a large number of fecal examinations and after an average of the : eggs from certain amounts was taken, the animals were slaugh- tered. When the alimentary tract was examined it was found ~ that the number of eggs in 1 gram of feces collected from a sheep in a normal condition agreed fairly well with the number of adult female worms in the host. It was discovered that there were 11% to 2 times as many females as males present in the host. Hence, from that an estimate can be made of the number of adult stomach worms in the host. The writer wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. L. L. Lewis, of the Veterinary Department, Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater, for advice and many valuable suggestions which he has kindly offered during the course of this work. SUMMARY 1. The stomach worm disease is a serious menace and causes great losses to the sheep industry. 2. This disease has been known among sheep raisers for many years and is generally distributed throughout the world. 3. Sheep and other animals infested with stomach worms suffer from loss of blood and from the destructive action of toxins ‘which are secreted by the parasite and absorbed by the blood. 4. The life history of Haemonchus contortus is direct. The eggs hatch on the ground and moult in a few days, after which they reach the infectious stage, when they migrate upon grass, where they are eaten by grazing animals. Upon gaining entrance to the stomach of a suitable host animal they reach maturity in— about three weeks. . 5. Mature stomach worm larve are very resistant to adverse ; STUDIES ON SHEEP Sromacn Worm 721 sand may live in soil or water or on vegetation for sev- 6. Animals may be successfully treated for the removal of mach worms with a 1 per cent solution of copper sulphate and “4. Stomach worms have a seasonal distribution in animals, ap- : pearing i in the spring or early summer and disappearing in fall and winter. This is undoubtedly due to the grazing on infested .: "pastures in spring and the feeding of dry forage crops in fall i~4 winter. : LITERATURE CITED ‘S Bae. “Rises 1920. Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Sheep. U. S. Dept. re Farmers’ Bulletin 1150. a Han C., and Foster, W. D. Efficacy of some anthelmintics. Jour. Agr. Research, A 12, no. 7, pp. 397-444. Bhd lacie in sheep and goats, and their treatment with “Aga , sulphate of copper. Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, vol. ; 3, no. 19, pp. 179-181. — 1895. Wire-worms. Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, vol. 8, no. 1, 0? aaa 19. ae: Phe life history of the twisted wireworm (Hxmonchus f contortus) of sh and other ruminants. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Ind. Cir. 93. 1907. Stomach worms (Hxmonchus contortus) in sheep. U. S. Agr., Bur. Anim. Ind. Cir. 102, p. 7. 1908. The prevention of losses among sheep from stomach nim Swot contortus). U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. m ir om, 901. Pricsimeni of roundworms in sheep, goats and cattle. ; U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Cir. 35. 1902. Further investigations on verminous diseases of cattle, sheep and goats in Texas. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Ind. 18th Ann. Rept., 1901, pp. 223-229. ea a 2 erie Anatomy and life history of Hamonchus contortus (Rud.). ek 8d and 4th Rpts., Vet. Div., South Africa, pp. 349-500. From the growth of a crop of lettuces on his lawn a Bangor ‘man discovered that it had been sown with lettuce seed in mis- take for grass seed. This is a common oceurrence, and the usual - remedy is to sprinkle the lawn with salad dressing and have it grazed over by a flock of vegetarians.—London Punch. EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT OF CATTLE TO PREVENT OX WARBLE INFESTATION By Marton Imes Veterinary Inspector, Zoological Division, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, and F. L. SCHNEIDER Inspector in Charge, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, Alberquerque, New Mexico INVESTIGATIONS carried on during recent years by Had- wen and others have shown that the larve of ox warble flies (Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis) gain entrance to the body by penetrating the skin at the roots of the hairs on which the adult flies deposit their eggs. The larve migrate to the esopha- gus, and later to their final location beneath the skin of the back where they form the well-known swellings with openings to the exterior, through which the larve emerge when .the parasitic stage of their development is completed. Hadwen’s studies have shown that the regions of the body on which the flies de- posit their eggs are limited in extent. The hairs of the legs are favorite locations for egg deposition. As a means of control or eradication, systematic extraction of the warbles during the sea- son at which they can be discovered beneath the skin of the back has given good results in some localities, especially in Denmark, where on some farms warble infestation has been reduced al- most, if not quite, to the point of disappearance. This method of control is not always easily applicable, particularly in the ease of eattle which are not under close restraint. The experiments discussed in the present paper were undertaken in order to de- termine whether repeated applications during the fly season of in- secticidal or fly-repellent substances to the skin of cattle, particu- larly to the legs, would prevent the appearance of grubs beneath the skin of the back, or reduce their number if infestation were not altogether prevented. Prior experiments in dippimg and spraying cattle with various insecticides during the season at which the grubs are found beneath the skin of the back had failed to demonstrate the feasibility of destroying the grubs by such 709 PREVENTION or Ox Wareie INrESTATION 723 _—— eatment after they had established themselves in the back. The only apparent remaining plan of attack by insecticidal treat- . nt therefore was to seek to prevent egg deposition, or to de- _ stroy the eggs and larve before the latter could enter the skin; ep other words, to apply fly-repellent or insecticidal substances ) the skin of the animals during the fly season sufficiently often ~ to insure a continuous or nearly continuous fly-repellent or insee- 2 action. EXPERIMENTS ON CorRRALLED CATTLE head of native New Mexico range cows of various ages, ex- tremely emaciated and all grossly infested with ox warble grubs, ore selected for experimental treatment and were placed in a corral near Albuquerque, New Mexico, January 10, 1920. The rral was about one-half acre in extent and the animals were not stabled but held under natural conditions of subjection to ox warble infestation. The cattle were all in one corral and were _ elassified in groups or lots and marked so each lot could be iden- E _ * G4 plan of the experiment included three methods of treat- :* : 1, application of protective treatment to the entire body | oe sur ' including the legs; 2, application of medicaments to the legs only, leaving the body is untreated; 3, treatment of E the feet and lower parts of the legs by causing the animals to i ‘through shallow vats or wading tanks charged with medi- * - eated liquid. 5 Treatment of the cattle was commenced prior to the known sea- = “sonal appearance of warble flies in that locality and continued pas after the disappearance of the flies. The first treatment the cenantitioa of treatment the Betokte were held i in 55 corral until January 31, 1921, in order that examinations i might be made at frequent intervals to determine the effects. of 2 “y several methods of treatment. - _ The wading tanks used in the experiment were constructed of #. ‘‘onerete and were 8 feet long, 214 feet wide and 1 foot deep. When in use the medicated liquid in the tank was maintained at “an approximate depth of 9 inches. _ The essential data of the results of the experiments on the cor- ee cattle are arranged in the accompanying table. Cow No. 1, age 10 years, was sprayed with used automobile eytind’ oil. The spray was applied to the entire body surface, Sceoanavewtr 724 Marion Imes ann F. L. Scuneiwer Results of Experiments on Corralled Cattle. — z iE ss Medicament used. heceoaen. Eg H 3g = Remarks. 3 z-) s § sas <|/=<\|0 pe ae eC 60 0 Faraurry Pencentaces or Bovine Iyrecrions (Pank anno Knumwiepe) Diagnosis Children 5 to | Children ; 16 Years 5 Years Per cent Per cent Abdominal tuberculosis.............. ring sy Meee cate Sp ae | Hs Seon MG ee ee can 7.2 Tubercular meningitis, secondary to tuberculosis of ali- Pg | PG & ORE pee Ven Rs See 0 66 Tubercular Roni a (other than preceding)............. 0 5.4 TOU PRIDE «os Seas ee canoes cdcttas tote 26 18 These figures are based on the bacteriological analysis of 1,511 cases. . The tables bring out clearly the following facts: Seventy-five per cent of gland cases in children are bovine; 66 per cent of generalized tuberculosis in children is bovine; 18.2 to 26 per cent of deaths from tuberculosis in children are caused by the bovine bacillus. . Park finally concludes that about 10 per cent of all tubereu- losis in children from 5 to 16 years is bovine. The British Royal Commission figures are much higher, namely, 37.5 per cent under 5 years of age; 29.5 per cent from 5 to 10 years; 14.6 per cent from 10 to 16 years. It is the lesson these figures teach, and not the figures them- selves, that we wish to impress upon your minds. Statisties are too often meaningless numbers. Bovine AND HuMAN TUBERCULOSIS 745 o summarize: The bovine and human tuberculosis germs are p rate and distinct individuals. The bovine organism can and does cause disease in the human being. It is a real menace to e children of Michigan. By wiping out, the tuberculous cattle hroughout the State we can save the lives and prevent the maim- of thousands of boys and girls. Our duty is one of coopera- _ By eradicating tuberculous cattle, you will play a most r t role in the stamping out of the great white plague, a ae z. isease with which one Michigan citizen in every hundred is afflicted ane BIBLIOGRAPHY OL Fi 1 report of the British Royal Commission appointed to ee inquire into the relations of human and animal tuberculosis. .. a” London, 1911. ls 2 “ae ge The bacteriological characteristics of tubercle bacilli c vas rent kinds of human tuberculosis. Jour. Path., vol. p. 8. Pin and Knumwieoe. The relative importance of the bovine and fi _ human types of tubercle bacilli in the different forms of human _ tuberculosis. Jour. Med. Research, vol. 23, p. 205; Jour. Med. Research, ae? _ p. 313; (final summary) Jour. Med. Re- search, vol. 27, p. 1 a 4 ‘Gaur. The ete carte in glycerin broth. Jour. Med. Re- : ‘search, vol. 25, p. 335 = maven. Arch. Ped., April; 1917. ‘ ‘or NOTES FROM URUGUAY The Rural Society of Uruguay is preparing to erect a monu- ment to the ‘‘gaucho’’ (cowboy), and has invited competitive ., Proposals from sculptors. Booklets setting forth the conditions ” of the contest have been sent to the Pan-American Union in _, Washington for distribution among American sculptors who may __ be interested. _ Foot-and-mouth disease has broken out in the Department of | Rio Negro, and the sanitary authorities have declared a tem- porary quarantine on that department. It is said, however, that the quarantine will not be applied to uninfected herds even though they are located within the quarantined zone. The Tanners’ Council has donated $10,000 to a fund of $40,000 for the purpose of removing grubs from cattle in an entire _ county in New York State. It hopes ultimately to destroy the ” pest.—Farm and Ranch. -* THE SUBCUTANEOUS TUBERCULIN TEST* By C. A. Cary . State Veterinarian, Auburn, Alabama THE MOST common or approved method of applying the sub- cutaneous tuberculin test is as follows: 1. Secure the cattle in separate stalls or by chains, ropes or stanchions, so as to confine them in fixed places, and then num- ber, tag or mark them for temporary or permanent identifica- tion. 2. Take pre-injection temperatures two hours apart, at least three times. Better take pre-injection temperatures once every two hours, from 6 a. m. to 6 or 10 p. m. 3. In all normal animals inject 3 to 10 ¢.ec. of standard sub- cutaneous tubereulin at 6 or 10 p. m. 4. Begin taking post-injection temperatures not later than eight hours after time of injection. For animals that have been repeatedly tested or have previously been given large doses of tuberculin it is better to begin taking temperatures not later than four hours after injection (for early reactors). Continue the regular two-hour temperatures until the eighteenth or twentieth hour after injection. When no regular reaction appears and the temperature rises to 104 or higher at the sixteenth or eighteenth hour post-injection, continue taking temperatures up to the twen- ty-fourth or twenty-eighth hour (for late reactors). 5. Give the same care, feed and water both days, and avoid sudden changes of any kind. At no time give heavy feeds, large quantities of water, or produce excitement or exercise. 6. Interpret the clearly, carefully and accurately recorded rec ords as follows: (a) A regular or typical reactor is one where the post-injec- tion temperatures make a more or less definite curved rise of temperature for three or more readings and the maximum of the curve is two or more degrees higher than the maximum preinjec- tion temperature. | Example: Pre-injection, (1) 101, (2) 101.4, (3) 101.8. Post- injection, (1) 102, (2) 103, (3) 104.2, (4) 105, (5) 104.1, (6) 103. sour resented at the Tuberculosis Eradication Conference, Atlanta, Ga., May 2-4, 921. 746 sue pa oo TuBERCULIN TEST 747 fe wr8 fe 7 i inestton records. This may be regarded as a re- ( f 4, (1) a4, (2) 104.8, (3) 104.8, (4) 104.4, (5) 104.6. Post 2, (1) 105.1, (2) 105, (3) 105.4, (4) 105.2, (5) 106. 4 ma) An early reactor will begin rise in temperature in two to ae a - four hours after injection and will not always show a normal or id 3 . Example: (1) Post-injection, second hour, 104. 5; fourth hour, . 1055 sixth hour, 105; eighth hour, 104; tenth hour, 102. (2) _ Post-injection, ORY hour, 104; fourth hour, 104.2; sixth hour, 104.1; eighth hour, 103.4; tenth ‘hours 101. _(d) A late reactor may start up at the fifth, sixth or seventh shading (sixteenth, eighteenth or twentieth hour post-injection). _ Examples: Post-injection 1, (1) 101.2, (2) 101.4, (3) 101, (4) 102, (5) 101.8, (6) 104, (7) 105, (8) 105.2, (9) 104.8, (10) 103. Post-injection 2, (1) 101.4, (2) 101.6, (3) 102, (4) 10L8, (5) Hap (8) 103.5, (7) 104, (8) 105.1, (9) 104.2, (10) 102.8. _ (e) When there are up and down temperatures, irregular carves, the test may be more or less questionable and the animal is marked suspicious, unless cold drinks of water or sudden exer- cise or excitement may account for the sudden fluctuations of temperatures, and then it is usually best to mark them as sus- picious. Example: Pre-injection, (1) 102, (2) 101.2, (3) 102.2. Post- ‘injection, (1) 102, (2) 104, (3) 101.2, (4).104.2, (5) 103, (6) 102, (7) 103. -(f) When the curve is low and does not have a maximum of two degrees above the maximum pre-injection temperature, then make the animal a suspect, and give it an ophthalmic test or wait 90 or more days and retest with intradermal and ophthalmic. _ Example: Pre-injection, (1) 101.6, (2) 102, (3) 101.4. Post- - injection, (1) 101.5, (2) 101.6, (3) 102.8, (4) 103.2, (5) 103.6, (6) 102.2. (g) Always note the physical changes in the reacting animals. Some have a brief chill, the hair stands up and the coat is dry _ and rough, and some get very thirsty and refuse feed. Some may have a cough, a discharge from the nose and enlarged lymph _ glands. Some have tubercles in the udder. The local changes at _ point of injection must be observed. = 748 C. A. Cary The quantity of standard tuberculin to inject varies with the size, age, and number of the previous injections. If the cattle have never been injected, 4 to 6 ¢.c. is sufficient for the large cattle and 2 to 4 ¢.c. for the small and young cattle. There is no doubt about a tuberculous animal becoming tolerant or plugged by frequent small or large doses. A very large dose (10 to 15 c.c.) of tuberculin will often bring forth a reaction in a plugged or tolerant animal, but it is not always certain or positive. Asa rule tolerant animals react early and some react exceptionally late. In order to stop owners from plugging animals it is im- portant that all tuberculin production and sales shall be licensed and controlled by Federal and State authorities. Temperatures taken before and after injection are very im- portant. The Federal and State regulations specify at least three pre-injection and at least six post-injection temperatures two hours apart running to the eighteenth hour post-injection and beginning not later than the eighth hour post-injection. Where every animal is normal and the course is typical this method will catch many or nearly all of the tuberculous animals, but it will not catch the early and late reactors so often found in herds that have been tested several times by the subeutaneous method. To my mind we should go back to the old-time original method of taking temperatures. Begin at 4 or 6 a, m. and take pre-in- jection temperatures every two hours until 6 or 10 p. m. Inject at 6 or 10 p. m., and begin at 8 p. m. or 12 midnight and take temperatures every two hours to the twentieth or twenty-eighth hour after injection. When this method is carefully and aeeur- ately done, there will be very few mistakes and very few tuber- culous animals missed in the test. It may take more time and at- tention but it pays in accuracy. The morning pre-injection tem- peratures can be compared with the morning post-injection tem- peratures. The same is true with afternoon temperatures. Hence the common daily variations give opportunity for a more accur- ate comparison, with same hours each day. The good points about the subeutaneous method are: 1. The numerous data from which to draw conclusions, nu- merous temperatures, conditions of animals, ete. 2. In non-plugged animals it is very accurate. 3. It keeps the veterinarian on his job and gives him a chance — to note and see clearly any physical reactions that appear. SupcurANEous Tupercuuin Test 749 J eel It t is easily carried on in combination with the ophthalmic hein points are: sists Ad more exacting in work, and oftef takes day and night i .. Its ) houl: J cost more on account of more work for the veteri- rian anc 1 the use of more tuberculin. * a [1 ta es about as much time to test one animal as it does for +. . > ar 4: oS ‘more or less unreliable in plugged animals or animals - that have e been repeatedly tested by this method. he It can not be applied to young calves or to wild cattle. sg a terete _--——sSNNEW STATE VETERINARIAN IN OHIO D oe Edgington has been appointed State Veterinarian Ohio and director of the State Serum Plant, succeeding Dr. _ T. A. Burnett. Dr. Edgington has for the past six years been _ director of the State Serum Laboratories at Reynoldsburg, Ohio, and this duty has now been combined with that of the State ] Dr. Edgington’ S appointment the veterinarians of Ohio those interested in the proper sanitary laws of Ohio livestock feel that their most signal victory has been won. It will please veterinarians everywhere to know that Dr. Edgington was ap- pointed without seeking the place and without the backing of a "single politician in Ohio. Governor Davis and Director of Agri- _ culture E. L. Taber gave much conscientious thought to the se- gten of one for this important position, assuring the profession all along that professional ability, personality and executive capacity alone would be considered. Needless to say the pro- » feasion in Ohio generally is pleased. - Dr. Edgington is an alumnus of the Chicago Veterinary Col- ‘ lege, 1907, and the Ohio State University, 1912. From 1907 to 1910 he was engaged in active practice at Mount Sterling, Ohio. 5 ‘ Dr. W. A. Hagan has resigned his position in the Veterinary _ Sehool at Cornell University and is now connected with the _ Roekefeller Institute, at Princeton, N. J. THE OPHTHALMIC TUBERCULIN TEST By A. J. DeFosser, Montpelier, Vermont THE COMPLETE eradication of tuberculosis from some herds of cattle in the Eastern States would seem almost a hope- less task were it not for the efficacy of the ophthalmie test. Re- markable progress has been made in Vermont in the control and eradication of the disease, in that many herds have been brought under State and Federal supervision. The dairyman and the ‘breeder have confidence in our methods, and the fundamentals of control rest entirely with their hearty cooperation. Each has become thoroughly familiar with the difficulty of our task and is looking forward as eagerly toward a clean herd as he is to an accredited herd. To many of these men a clean herd means one in which each member is capable of passing an ophthalmic check test. A large number of reactors have been removed from herds under supervision during the past two years by the use of the subcutaneous method, and many herds have apparently been rid - from every trace of disease by this method. There are, however, some herds in which infection continues to persist, even after these herds have succeeded in passing one or more clean tests by the subeutaneous method. Some of these cases have become so conspicuous in certain localities that herd owners demand the ophthalmic check test to detect diseased members. These check tests have been applied with great success. Wuat Herps SHoutp Be Cueck Testep? It is not always possible to determine by herd history which herds should receive check tests. I have learned from experience and careful study that all purebred herds in the New England ‘States should be check tested with the ophthalmie method before being placed upon the accredited herd register. Animals in certain grade herds which have repeatedly changed ownership also should receive ophthalmic check tests. We no longer deny that an animal may become completely immunized against the action of subeutaneous tubereulin, due perhaps to the frequent use of small doses and other faulty practices. Many “ 1 Presented before the Vermont Veterinary Medical Association, Burlington, ermont, , T50 OputrHacmic Tusercuuin Test 751 y see 5 ibe whole herds can become immunized eeeeeetansous tuberculin when we reflect for a moment 1 what constituted a tuberculin test but a few years Short hour tests and small dosage. And we need not men- the activity of the unscrupulous dealer and his familiarity hypodermic syringe. Also I have found certain young Is which apparently possess a natural immunity to subeu- us tuberculin. Cases have come to my attention where g animals which had never received tuberculin failed abso- A react to the subcutaneous method, even though large p were used, and responded violently to the ophthalmic xd and on autopsy were found to contain well-marked lesions lisease. These cases and others which have become immunized i will respond to the ophthalmic method when properly treated. Ls - ee __Resuurs or OpHrHatmic Cueck Tests There h have been check tested recently in Vermont by the oph- i chainie method 50 herds of purebred cattle, representing practi- y _ cally all breeds, and the results have been most astounding. Had _ the ophthalmic test not been employed there would have remained in these herds 223 diseased cattle, and a number of these herds — would: have been listed on the free list. Can you conceive of us tuberculosis unless we look carefully into each case to determine what method of test is required? _ These ophthalmic reactors were all slaughtered and showed _ unmistakable evidence of tuberculosis. Some of the lesions were very slight, some well marked, others extensive and generalized. _ Some were of a caseous character, while others were caseocalca- _ reous. Acute lesions also are found. In short, all stages of the __ disease and character of lesions are present on autopsy. vis TREATMENT FOR THE OPHTHALMIC TEST These eases can not be detected by the ophthalmie method ears the animals are properly prepared for treatment, which _ should be done by instilling ophthalmic tuberculin in one eye _ about 72 hours before giving the regular test dosage. This pre- _ paratory process is known as sensitization. For making the oph- | thalmiec test I would recommend the special dise prepared by the _ United States Bureau of Animal Industry. There are tablets on the market prepared by the commercial firms which also are 3 ‘satisfactory. ‘ 752 A. J. DeFosser How rue Test SHouLp Be Mave It is most convenient for a right-handed man to treat the left eye of an animal, and we have for this reason chosen the left eye for the test, and for uniformity in work it is necessary that a certain system be followed. An attendant should hold the head of the animal, which is not difficult to do and needs no special restraint, while the operator stands in front of the sub- ject and raises the upper lid of the left eye by grasping it gently with the left forefinger and thumb. The tablet, which is held be- tween the right forefinger and thumb, should be pushed up under the external lateral lid into the conjunctive fornix. After a little experience a deft and skillful operator can do this without injury or pain to the animal. When the tablet has been placed in position the fingers of the left hand should be released from the - upper lid and brought down over both lids, holding them together firmly yet gently so as not to injure the eye until the tablet has dissolved in the closed conjunctival sac which has been foreed by bringing the lids in apposition with each other. Great care must be taken that the tablet is not worked out of the eye before it has had time to dissolve. The tablet should not be placed into the inner angle of the eye because the proper tissue structure cannot be treated there, also the membrana nictitans, whose function it is to remove foreign bodies, would remove much of the tuberculin before proper treat- ment has been effected. The tuberculin should be placed into the upper fornix of the lateral angle because that portion of the con- conjunctiva is covered with stratified cylindrical epithelium con- taining goblet cells and tubular glands. These cells and glands are capable of secreting mucin when reacting to the toxins in the tuberculin. The criterion of a reaction is a mucopurulent exudate in more or less profusion. We can not expect a reaction unless we apply the treatment to tissue capable of reacting. A reaction will usually be preceded by slight redness and lacrimation. A reac-. tion usually does not follow the application of the first tablet, which is employed as the sensitizing agent. The best results follow the application of the second tablet, which should be given about 72 hours later. It is not well to hasten the time of sensi- tization, because the reaction may in some cases be very slight and tend to cause confusion. The best results may be obtained in from three to five days’ sensitization. The ophthalmic test OresaLay Tupercuuin Test 753 n rer eareful sensitization is absolutely essential if one would expect satisfactory results. If either the sensitization or - the subsequent treatment is carelessly or improperly applied one __ ‘May note a faint mucous discharge at the inner canthus, which lay appear as a little wavy thread, and it is difficult to make an _ accurate diagnosis and differentiate between the mucopurulent 2 exudate of a tuberculous reaction and a slight mucous discharge seen in normal eyes following the introduction of some ~ foreign substance. A man who would make a successful ophthal- mie tuberculin test must be a student of the test and very observ. bs od of what takes place after treatment has been placed into the Diese vattin should be made if possible in about 10 hours after the first tablet has been introduced, and a note should be made of any changes observed and any deviation from the normal or control right eye, using the proper characters for future refer- ence. After the introduction of the subsequent treatment, obser- vations should be made at hourly intervals or oftener, beginning not later than three hours after the instillation of the tablet. Some reactions take place within two hours after the second treatment has been applied. If the treatment has been properly ‘applied, the reactions will be clear and well defined, manifesting themselves first by, lacrimation, slight redness of conjunctiva, photophobia, and a’ free discharge of mucopurulent exudate. If there is a tendency of the reaction being somewhat retarded or ill defined, an additional tablet may be given five hours after the second tablet, and this ofttimes tends to give conclusive results if the animal is tuberculous. If there still remains some doubt as to a positive reaction, the animal may be retested within one week by using two tablets without previously sensitizing. Most eyes remain sensitized a week or longer after the subsequent treat- ment. Very young animals or calves very frequently will give a reaction to one treatment of ophthalmic tuberculin. I recommend the tablet form of tuberculin because of the ease with which it can be placed in the proper tissue structures. Only fresh dises which dissolve readily should be employed. ; How Tests SHoutp Be REcorpDEpD _ Tt is necessary that we adopt the use of some character so that _ the degree of reaction can be noted as one would note the degree | in a thermic reaction. Inasmuch as certain changes take place 754 A. J. DeFosser in the treated eye during reaction, a note for future reference should be made of these changes. These notes should be in such form that they may be recorded on a chart as one would the nu- merals in thermic reaction. The notations should be made in the order in which the change becomes manifest. For instanee, if lacrimation is observed two hours after treatment, the letter L should be placed in that column. If exudation follows next, then the next column should show LX, and so on. The degree of exu- dation may be noted from X, meaning slight, to XX, well marked, and XXX, very extensive or copious exudation. When only a trace of exudation is observed, it may be noted by writing 44 or %4X. A positive reaction may be LX or LXXX of varying de- gree, depending also upon the character of exudation. Hyper- emia or redness may be noted by H. , As the ophthalmic test becomes officially recognized, see will undoubtedly be issued some instructions for adopting a uniform character or code for recording the reactions. Some NEcESSARY PRECAUTIONS 1. Don’t treat abnormal eyes or a herd when sore eyes are prey- alent. 2. Don’t try to make an ophthalmic test in a barn or corral where the wind is sweeping through and blowing dust, cinders or other foreign matter. 3. Don’t manipulate the eye of the subject unnecessarily and cause irritation from natural results. 4. Don’t try to put tablets into the eyes of animals before you pare your finger nails carefully and eleanse the hands. 5. Don’t use irritating chemicals on your hands. 6. Don’t try to see something in the eye that isn’t present. 7. Don’t let the owner feel that you have no confidence in your work. Oklahoma has started a final drive to put the cattle tick com- pletely out of business so far as that State is concerned. * * * That is the spirit of the times. Now let Texas and a few South- ern States left fall into line.—Pacific Homestead. The most serious outbreak of rinderpest in 20 years is re- ported on Masbate Island in the Philippines. Cattle are said to be dying by the thousands.—Washington Herald. RAISING CALVES WITHOUT RAW MILK OR ey COLOSTRUM * By J.TraumM . tural Experimental Station, University of California, Berkeley, California s-free herd from one containing a large percentage of sie in reactors is to provide for the calf, as soon as it is expelled ‘womb, an environment free from any infective tubereu- aes suitable food for the newly-born, which is free from such ‘material. To this end it has been recommended to pro- vide milk from animals that are definitely known to be free from et tuberculosis, or to feed them upon properly heated milk. The _ latter plan is adaptable to most dairies and is the most eeonom- ical. ‘The question, whether or not calves can be successfully raised without receiving any raw milk during their calfhood, has been frequently asked, and it is a pertinent question in executing the above plan. Unfortunately we have not been able to find in the literature a definite answer to this query. On the other hand, there is sufficient evidence to warrant the statement that, after receiving raw milk for the first few days of their lives, calves can be at least as successfully raised upon heated as upon raw _ milk. Experiments carried on by Otis* atthe Kansas Experi- © sient Station bring forth strong evidenee | to > support this state- bevisaes For instance: 5 No. of ee Av. Gain Daily Gain Experiment Calves Fed perhead per head Skim oo to 212° F.... 10 154 233 1.51 10 154 287 1.86 Running with dams... 22 140 248 1.77 The 42 calyes were then placed in feed lot and fed for seven mathe. -they were then about one year old. No.of Months Av. Gain Daily Gain i] | Experiment Calves Fed perhead per head || Skim milk, sterilized... 10 q 440 2.10 Whole milk 10 7 40 193 _ Running with dams... 22 7 422 2.00 . 1 Presented at the California State Veterinary Medical Association Meeting, _ Fresno, ee 6, 1921. 755 756 . J. TrRAUM It will be seen that the heated skim milk calves made the best gains. The feed records show that these calves produced 100 pounds of gain for 439 pounds of grain, while the whole milk calves required 470 pounds of grain per 100 pounds of gain, and the calves running with the dams required 475 pounds of grain per 100 pounds of gain. Unfortunately, it was not possible, from these experiments, to determine the age of the calves at the beginning of the experiment. On this point, Dr. Williams, in his recently published book, ‘* Diseases of the Genital Organs,’’ states: ‘‘I consider it highly important that the milk fed to dairy calves, after they are about ten days old, be boiled. It is virtually always mixed milk com- ing from a large number of cows. Often when there is a bad udder or a cow has aborted or had retained afterbirth, the milk is fed to calves. Such milk is often badly contaminated with in- fectious discharges from the uterus which have flowed down the tail and thighs. It is safe when boiled, but otherwise unsafe. The same is generally true of mixed raw milk. It contains all in- fections reaching the milk of any cow, so that the danger is mul- tiplied by the number of cows contributing to the ration of milk fed.’’ . Williams’ principal argument against feeding heated milk in first ten days of calves’ lives is that he considers it necessary to supply the calf with protective substances present in the raw milk of its dam against infection with organisms transmitted by the dam. Quoting Williams verbatim on this point, he states: ‘*Experimentally, I have fed numerous calves upon thoroughly boiled milk. A considerable portion of these, probably one-third, lived and grew splendidly ; the others quickly perished from dys- entery, arthritis or pyemia. Those which did well showed health and vigor beyond that of calves fed upon raw milk. A further study reveals the interesting fact that the calves which did well upon- cooked milk came from clean herds where harmful genital infections were low or not clinically recognizable, while the calves which promptly sickened and died came from herds where genital infections were intense. In other words, the cooked milk was excellent for those calves which were born comparatively free from bacteria in the meconium, and highly perilous for those having large volumes of bacteria in the alimentary tract when born. The cooked milk was perfect as a food, but useless as a bactericide.’”’ RAISING am Wrrnour Raw Mik 757 . : : ‘*While a calf can be well grown experi- c Gaetaly upon boiled milk from the outset, it requires very close ____Watehing and skillful handling in most instances. I prefer that, _ for the first eight or ten days, the calf should be fed the very small ration of raw milk from its dam. During this period there - _ is confessedly the danger from infection borne in her milk, but _ under usual conditions this is more than counterbalanced by its content of protective substances of a highly essential character. Ptaclen has very important limitations. If the dam is tubereu- _ lar, her raw milk should not be fed to her calf. Either the milk _ of a tuberele-free cow should be substituted or the milk of the dam boiled, fed very sparingly, and the loss of the antibodies in her milk destroyed by boiling, counterbalanced by the liberal use of ealf scours serum.”’ _ He continues: ‘‘My results were in such sharp contrast with _ the observations of others that their reliability was questioned. Some disbelieved the effectual and reliable boiling of the milk. In order to meet this objection, I personally removed two calves from their dams at birth, without the dam’s having so much as licked her young. These were placed upon milk autoclaved for _ 30 minutes under 15 pounds of steam, equivalent to a tempera- ture of about 240 degrees F., or 28 degrees above boiling. The milk was browned to about the color of weak coffee. I believe that, if vitamins or other essential constituents were destroyed by heat, this would demonstrate the fact. But the calves did * phenomenally well, equalling in health and rapidity of growth any I have ever observed. One calf was extremely thin, weak and sick at birth. She weighed forty-nine pounds. Each ealf gained upon an average of two per cent of its body weight at birth per day during the experiment. Neither calf at any time lost the lustre of its hair. After the first few days, they remained plump j and were unusually playful.’’ Dysentery and threatened pneu- monia were controlled by the liberal use of serum. The question of the destruction of vitamins by heating milk has been mentioned above. Reports of results of experiments concerning these important substances have been, and are being, issued so rapidly that it is difficult to keep right up to the min- _ ute on the latest printed information especially for one who is not experimenting nor diree:ly concerned in studying or teach- Pea" 758 J. TRAuM ing the subject of nutrition or biochemistry. We, therefore, ean- - not be too sure of any stand on the present status of vitamins. The question of the effect of heating and drying upon the vita- mins is receiving a great deal of attention. Daniels and Laugh- lin, in Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 44, No. 2, November, 1920, draw conclusions that have direct bearing on the question of the use of heated milk for bringing up the young. It is there pointed out that the deficiencies in heat-treated milks are due to precipi- tation of insoluble calcium salts. These deficiencies, however, ean, no doubt, be avoided by rapid heating and proper stirring of all the heated milk before feeding. These workers state: ‘*The results of all our experiments on the long heat-treated milks point to the same conclusion, namely, that, in the process of heating, the calcium salts are rendered more or less insoluble, depending upon the length of time the milk is heated. In this insoluble form they may be lost, owing to the fact that some of the precipitated material adheres to the container, as in the case of long pasteurized or slowly heated milk, while some, for example, in evaporated milk, separates out on standing. When especial care was taken to include the insoluble material by colloidal sus- pension ( as in condensed milk), results comparable to those on raw and quickly boiled milk were obtained. We have secured no data indicating that either the fat soluble or the water soluble vitamine in milk is affected by heat treatment. Nor is the casein apparently affected. Rats fed superheated milk supplemented with calcium phosphate properly incorporated made normal growth gains.’’ More recently (Science, n. s., vol. 53, May 6, 1921, p. 446) the Minnesota Experiment Station workers have found that de- struction of the nutritive and antiscorbutie properties of milk is caused by oxidation rather than by heating, and their work per- mits them to state: ‘‘ Milk may be pasteurized in closed vessels or boiled in the open air without appearing to lose its nutritive and antiscorbutie properties when fed to guinea pigs.’’ Oxidation would appear to be a more important factor than heating as far as the nutritive and antiscorbutic properties of milk are con- cerned. Another difficulty in carrying out the plan outlined in the in- troduetory paragraph for the establishment of a free herd from a badly-infected one, is the question of colostrum. Practically every book and publication which treats of the subject of raising Raisine Catves Wrrnour Raw Mik 759 s that the feeding of colostrum to the newly-born is sol daeeditia). Williams emphatically disagrees with these teachings He states: ‘‘ Notwithstanding the assertions of nu- ‘ous teachers regarding feeding, the necessity ter feeding ‘trum to a calf is a myth.’’ e May, 1921, issue of the North American Veterinarian, set throws new light on the physiological significance of col- 7 He points out that work carried out by Porcher and himself indicates that colostrum is a product of retention. With the ineeption of gestation, the udder is secreting, not actively _ but in quantities sufficient for these secretions to be emptied ‘ _ into the lactiferous canals and, not being eliminated, they are re- 3 G tes leaving large numbers of leucocytes, charged with fat _ globules, which are found in the colostrum. To prevent reten- ia _ tion, they milked all four quarters of a subject daily, beginning ee _ 58 days before parturition. For the first four or five days they _ obtained a fluid colostrum, 48 days prior to parturition. The _ colostrum had the appearance of milk and the milked product See ponitively milk one month before parturition. Large quan- _ tities of milk, however, did not come until glandular activity was incited by parturition. Colostrum and milk are originally the same product; one is retained and the other is excreted. . TLeould find nothing more in literature that would further aid us materially in determining the efficiency of raising calves where the milk portion of their diet never contained the raw product. The presentation of observations bearing on this point, covering a period of over 4 years, though meager, is, therefore, thought highly desirable. zm : In the fall of 1916 a considerable number of the cows recently purchased for a dairy producing Grade A raw milk, reacted to the tuberculin test and, at that time, it was considered inadvis- a able to either slaughter or sell these cows, so a tuberculin-re b acting herd was started. Provision for the proper protection Nal _ the calves born upon the infected ranch was imperative, and, _ with this in mind, a procedure was adopted by Mr. L. J. Kelley, the manager, which, in brief, is as follows: g 1.25 (1) Cows in the reacting herd, when about to freshen, were put in box stalls. (2) Calves, before being licked by cow, were removed as soon as dropped, and rubbed dry. (3) It was intended to douche the bowels of the new-born ealf 760 J. Traum with warm salt solution in lieu of colostrum feed, but in the non- reacting herd there were usually about 25 fresh cows yielding sufficient colostrum to frequently supply the calves born in reaet- ing herd, and the plan of douching the calves was not religiously adhered to, especially when labor was high. In fact, douching was finally done only when no colostrum was readily available. (4) The whole and skim milk fed to calves in pens which came from the reacting cows was heated to at least 145° F. and held for at least 30 minutes. At the end of four or five months, abe calves were sent to the range and later bred. The work was not started with a view of reporting upon it, int it is fully realized that it lacks a great many features of a well- planned experiment. Nevertheless, it has a practical value and should help us in making progress in the control of tubereulosis, at least until such time as a well-planned experiment or other ex- periences indicate different lines of procedure. The dairy in question is a strict business proposition and is ox. pected to take care of the wear and tear and to yield a fair in- come on the invested capital, and any work done is of necessity carried on in the most practical and economical manner. This — dairy consists of 214 milking cows, mostly Holsteins, with the usual number of dry cows (about 65), heifers 85, and calves not yet bred 175. As pointed out, some of the original reecommenda- tions were not adhered to; nevertheless, there were at least 50 calves raised that had no raw milk product in their diet during their existence, and practical dairymen and expert dairy hus- bandmen, who have seen the calves and heifers at various ages, have gained the impression that these animals are as well-devel- oped for their respective ages and breeds, as can be found in the average well-kept grade herd. Those animals that have matured and ecalved one or more times have fine average producing rec- ords. In brief, nothing has thus far come to light in our experi- ence that would indicate that calves receiving no colostrum nor unheated milk are inferior animals, either in their calfhood or later, to a similar grade of animals raised on unheated milk. In conclusion, I desire to direct attention to the following: (1) That we have been unable so far to find any information which ean be construed as determining definitely that calves cannot be raised without the use of colostrum or raw milk; (2) That we have presented experiments, experiences and Raistnc CALVES Wrrnovur Raw Mik 761 “ opinions Which, though not extensive and conclusive, neverthe- ike indicate that such ean be successfully done ; me (3) That when it becomes necessary to feed heated milk to there should be no hesitancy in prescribing that such milk, skim or whole, be heated above the pasteurization re- ts for human consumption. Milk heated to the boiling in the experience of Williams, Otis and others, is not in- as a good food for growing calves to ordinarily pasteurized a, eae an editorial entitled ‘‘State Farms for Tuberculous Ani- ___ maals,’’ the St. Paul Farmer says: ‘‘It has been suggested there might be evolved some plan whereby both the owners of pure- ; ae bred stock and the Federal and State Governments could save e* money in tuberculosis-eradication work by establishing State a farms where tuberculous animals could be kept untilsomesalvage on. could be secured. A considerable number of breeders in years a past have attempted to maintain separate quarantine herds under the Bang plan, separate and apart from their main herds; but few individual farmers are so situated that they can maintain an absolute quarantine. The deadly infectiousness of the dis- ks ease has nearly always caused breeders working under the Bang plan considerable loss in the long run. However, it is argued that the State might maintain special farms where tuberculous animals could be kept until such time as the calves from react- ing females are dropped. These calves, which are free from tuberculosis at the time of birth, would then be immediately taken to clean herds, where a large percentage of them would grow up free of disease. The saving of these calves would mean a tremendous saving, both in money and in good blood to the live- stock industry. It is a strange fact, but almost literally true, that tuberculosis and other infectious diseases always seem to take the most valuable animals in the herd.’’ Dr. C. P. Fitch, of the University of Minnesota, was a recent visitor to Washington, D. C., where, as chairman of the A. V. M. A. Committee on Abortion, he met the Committee on Medical Sciences of the National Research Council for the purpose of sectring aid and cooperation. Accompanying him were Drs. E. C. Schroeder, J. P. Turner, Gilbert Creech and several others. CLINICAL AND CASEJREPORTS (Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this Pe a ment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be h to others in the profession.) A CASE OF PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA WITH SPE- CIAL REFERENCE TO THE USE OF EPINEPHRIN * By Srwon D. Brimway and Joun G. HarpensBereu. Division of Experimental Surgery and Pathology, The Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minn. PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA of horses is comparatively rare and professional interest in its occurrence probably is de- rived more from its unusual features than from consideration of its economic importance. However, in purpura hemorrhagiea, the veterinarian has a rather unsatisfactory case to treat because the prognosis is so uncertain and, even with recovery, the owner usually loses considerable on account of the long period of treat- ment and the rest necessary before the affected animal can work again. The case reported here was severe, but it resulted i in a fairly rapid and very satisfactory recovery. Report or A CASE A five-year-old grey mare, weighing about 1,250, was found on the morning of May 4, 1921, with a marked swelling of the left nostril, almost occluding the air passage and involving the upper lip, particularly the anterior portions. There were also three sharply defined swellings on the abdomen, and the hind legs were badly swollen. The upper lip showed an extensive submu- cous hemorrhage. Serous fluid dripped steadily from the mucosa of the nose and lip. All the swellings were sensitive and pitted on pressure, A diagnosis of purpura hemorrhagica was made. The possi- bility of malignant edema was excluded by immediate laboratory examination of material from the affected areas. Later, during the course of the disease, bacteriologic examinations were thade of the blood and serous exudates in order to determine the pres- ence or absence of infecting organisms. These materials did fiot son Presented b before the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association, Hutchin- son, y. 762 yoo AND Case Reports 763 prodiice a Growth on various culture mediums and failed to pro- _ duce any untoward effects when injected into guinea pigs and ;, cere Consequently, no light was shed on the question of mi- , infection so far as the methods used are concerned. The prognosis was not favorable because the condition had pro- ae at a rather alarming rate since it was first observed. _Simce the case was apparently one of blood-vessel wall involve- ment primarily without evidence of any infection other than an elevated temperature, the use of epinephrin was decided on. _ Treatment was begun at 2:00 p. m. on the first day, at which time the mare’s temperature was 104.8, pulse 76 and weak, res- - ietin rapid and labored. Two cubie centimeters of epin- ephrin (adrenalin) solution (1:1000) were given intravenously and one pound of Epsom salts administered by mouth. Several puncture incisions were made through the mucous membrane of the swollen upper lip to promote drainage of the extravasated serum, with the hope of relieving some of the nasal swelling and rendering tracheotomy unnecessary. Within five minutes after the injection of the epinephrin, the mare Was sweating lightly over the entire body; this continued for about ten minutes. Thirty minutes later she started pawing _and showed rather characteristic symptoms of colic. _ At3:30 p. m. the temperature was 103.8; the pulse was fuller, slower and stronger. Symptoms of colic were still present. At 7:30 p. m. the temperature was 102.8 ; the pulse was 60 and fairly strong. Respiration was labored; the mare was still very | uneasy. Two cubic centimeters of epinephrin solution were given -* imtravenously and one-half pound of Epsom salts by mouth. _ Generalized sweating again appeared for a few minutes. _ May 5, the mare was much brighter, and able to drink water and eat hay and grain. The temperature was 100.2; the pulse was 56; the heart action was good ; the swellings around the nos- trils had not increased, and respiration seemed much less labored. The swellings on the abdomen had enlarged somewhat and co- alesced; the swellings on the leg were unchanged. Two cubic centimeters of epinephrin solution were injected intravenously ; light sweating was noticeable for a few minutes. 3 May 6, the mare was turned out to graze; the temperature was - . 101.6; the pulse was 60; there was no dyspnea, as the nasal swell- ings were greatly reduced. The swellings on the abdomen were - somewhat larger. The hemorrhagic area beneath the mucous _ aes a |. i ; he! 764 CLINICAL AND Case Reports membrane of the upper lip was entirely resolved. No epinephrin solution was administered. May 7, the mare was reported to be improving but she grew worse before noon and when seen later, a hard, tender swelling had developed in the outer wall of the right nostril, occluding the air passage on that side and giving rise to marked dyspnea. The upper lip was again badly swollen, also the pendulous por- tion of the lower lip; the swellings on the abdomen were consid-- erably larger. The temperature was 102.2; the pulse was slow and weak. Two cubic centimeters of epinephrin solution were injected intravenously and multiple injections of 0.5 ¢.e. were made around the margins of the nasal and abdominal swellings. One pound of Epsom salts was given by mouth and puncture in- cisions were made through the mucous membranes of the upper and lower lips. Generalized sweating was observed within ten minutes after the epinephrin injection; it persisted for about the same length of time. At 9:00 p. m., the mare was plainly much worse ; the tempera- ture was 104.6; the pulse was weak and rapid; the respiration was dyspneic, due to increased swelling around the nostrils. However, it was decided to postpone tracheotomy as long as pos- sible. Two cubic centimeters of epinephrin solution were given intravenously, and generalized sweating occurred within five minutes. May 8, the mare was greatly improved and could eat and drink. The nasal swellings were reduced; the temperature was 101.4; the pulse was fairly strong, and the respiration was normal. Two eubie centimeters of epinephrin solution intravenously again in- duced light generalized sweating. The animal was turned out to graze; she exhibited marked stiffness of the hind legs. A tonic of iron, quinin and strychnin was prescribed for administration three times daily. May-9, the mare showed continued improvement. Subcutaneous injections of 1 ¢.c. of epinephrin solution were continued three times daily for several days. Three weeks later the animal had completely recovered and was doing light work. When last seen she was ready for hard work. That the swellings did not break down and slough was no doubt an aid in the rapid recovery. DIscussION It is regretted that only one case has been observed. The re- sults, in this ease, which was really serious at the outset, seem to CLINICAL AND CAsE Reports 765 SR use of epinephrin in purpura hemor- Because of the rarity of the disease it seems inadvis- of | the use of epinephrin in this condition appears ther- ally sound, and has been recommended by a few writers, ‘reports of the results obtained are available in veterinary nals ; however, several physicians have reported favorably on suse % eases of purpura in man. Since purpura hemorrhagica clinical and pathologic aspects is essentially an affection of vessels, a brief consideration of the physiologic action hrin on those structures may be of value. _ Meyer and Gottlieb' state that the most efficient means for the “gla restoration of the circulation in all conditions of vascular depression is the intravenous injection of epinephrin. It eon- stricts the arterial path by acting locally on the vessel walls and restores the tone of the splanchnic vessels even after they have been relaxed completely. A change in the distribution of the blood is produced ; while this action is usually fleeting, its good effects appear to last for a long time when it is used in eases of cireulatory disturbance. Recent experiments have shown that the vaso-contrictor action also prevents inflammatory transuda- tion and that either intravenous or subcutaneous injections of the drug cause an increase in the coagulability of the blood, both of which actions seem to be highly desirable in the disease under The fact that, after the effects of the epinephrin have sub- sided, vasodilation may occur to an even greater extent than was originally present is a possible objection that may arise. It is be- lieved that such action is not greatly to be feared; it was not evident in the ease here reported. To guard against such an after-effect, it might be well gradually to ‘‘taper off’’ the dosage of the drug prior to discontinuing it. ‘The phenomenon of light generalized sweating after each in- travenous injection of epinephrin, as noted in this case, is not un- derstood in view of the general knowledge that this drug is sup- posed to have no effect on the sweat glands, although it acts spe- cifically on the sympathetic system. - No good can result from giving an excessive amount of the drug at one time and it may even be dangerous by causing too 1 Meyer, H. H., and Gottlieb, R.- Pharmacology; clinical and experimental. Phila- delphia, Lippincott, 1914, 616 pp. 766 CuLInicaAL AND Case Reports pronounced increase of blood pressure. Two cubic centimeters of 1:1000 solution is about the proper dose for the horse. We be- lieve that this amount should be given intravenously at least twice daily at the beginning of the disease together with multiple subeutaneous injections of small amounts around the margins of the swellings. After a few days, if there is improvement, subeu- taneous injections of 1 ¢.c. three times daily may be substituted for the intravenous and local injections and then gradually dis- continued. The practitioner will recognize that with this treat- ment the affected animals should be given a light laxative diet. The appetite should be maintained, if possible, and the bowels kept freely open. CHLOROMA IN A COW* By C. H. Weaver Pathological Division, Health of Animals Branch, Ottawa, Canada THE RARITY of chloroma seems to warrant the recording of individual eases. The one herein described was found in the Federal Meat Inspection Service at the Toronto District in April, 1920. The subject was a well developed and well nourished cow, with a dressed weight of 520 pounds. It had passed a physi- cal antemortem examination as healthy. During the course of dressing, while the hide was being removed, an enlargement was found and removed from the left abdominal ribs. This, at the time, was taken to be an abscess, but it was noticed to be of a green color. Later, when the carcass was eviscerated, lesions were found as follows: Posterior mediastinal and left pre- crural lymph glands greatly enlarged, green in color, soft in consistency, and with softened degenerated areas. Lungs con- tained several large areas and numerous small foci which cor- responded to the lymph gland lesions. The smaller ones, how- ever, were free of degeneration process. The liver contained several small lesions similar to those in the lung, and the organ was greatly enlarged, weighing 20 pounds. The portal glands showed enlargement only. Both kidneys contained well marked 1 Published by permission of F. Torrance, Veterinary Director General. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ia Pete d +. Fig. |.—Section of tumor, low power, showing cellular arrangement and the small amount of stroma which characterized all lesions. ' Stained with phosphotungstic-acid hematoxylin. Fig. 2.—The same in higher magnification, showing the large non- granular cells. The smaller cells with eosinophile granules have photographed with equal density throughout nuclei and cytoplasm. Stained with Mallory’s eosin and methylene blue. 768 CLINICAL AND Cask Reports petechix, but were approximately normal in size and the cap- sule stripped readily. The spleen and abdominal viseera other than mentioned were normal, except for a general hypertrophy of the lymph glands. The one oustanding feature of all the le- sions was the bright green color which they possessed. This color, however, soon faded when exposed to the air. At the autopsy the first lesion found, on the side of the evista, was taken to be a wound infected by chromogenic organisms, from which the other lesions had developed. This view was sup- ported by the condition of the lymphatie system and the pe- techie in the kidneys. A diagnosis of sepsis was therefore a5 > =I LABORATORY EXAMINATION Through the kindness of Dr. Robinson, Pathologist to ‘the Toronto General Hospital, the material was worked over in his laboratory. Cultures were made on ordinary laboratory media which were negative for Bacillus pyocyaneus or similar isms. Rabbit inoculation was made for B. necrophorus which also was negative. Tissue was fixed in 10 per cent formalin, some of which was later refixed in Zenker’s fixative, from both of which paraffin sections were made. Frozen sections from the formalin-fixed tissue were subjected to oxidase reaction using benzidine, with the characteristic reaction for marrow type of cells. Moreover when portions of the lesions, which had almost completely lost the green coloring, were placed in hydrogen per- oxide the original bright green color returned. Unfortunately blood smears were not made, nor was the marrow examined. MICROSCOPICAL FINDINGS All the lesions presented the same cellular characteristics. The growths were extremely poor in stroma with very delicate thin walled blood vessels. The tumors invaded the surrounding tis- sue without definite capsule formation. There were two types of cells, one a large rounded cell with large nucleus, usually ee- centrically situated, rich in chromatin, prominent nucleolus and with pale non-granular cytoplasm (myeloblasts). The other type was small with densely staining nucleus, rounded or ocea- sionally lobulated. The cytoplasm contained large granules which took the eosin stain deeply (eosinophile myelocytes). Kidney—There was well marked venous engorgement with cortical hemorrhages. Tubular nephrosis was quite marked but no tumor lesions could be found in this organ. : cepanks AND Case Reports 769 2M REPORT ON TUBERCULIN REACTING CATTLE Belen <: - ae ; ae : ORDER to give a better understanding of. the sequence of which have a bearing, either directly or indirectly, 1 the findings of the postmortem examination of the animals lestion, or the lesions found, it seems best to take up the points in the order in which they were presented. the first of April of this year I received instructions m the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry to proceed to _. Ogde Utah, for the purpose of assisting in holding postmortems By L. Enos Day, Chicago, Illinois cattle which had reacted to the tuberculin test in Star Valley, Wyoming, and were to be slaughtered at the Ogden Pack- ing and Provision Company’s plant in Ogden as soon as conve- ient to ship the cattle to that point. I was further instructed 1 visit Star Valley for the purpose of making an investigation Bea, conditions which existed there. ; During the early part of this year Dr. J. T. Dallas, in charge of tuberculosis eradication in Wyoming, and Dr. G. H. Good, As- sistant State Veterinarian of that State, went to Star Valley for ; the purpose of making the initial test on all of the cattle in Star a Valley over six months of age, with a view to ultimately eradi- 6 eating tuberculosis from the cattle in that vicinity. Before this work was begun there was an understanding among all parties concerned that all of the reactors were to be slaughtered and the ‘owners reimbursed. The initial test was completed during the early part of April. . About this time Dr. Dallas notified me that arrangements were being made to ship about 85 head of the reactors to Ogden for slaughter and that the cattle would arrive there about April 18. I arrived in Ogden on the day appointed, and at once met Dr. Dallas and Dr. Good, also Dr. B. F. Davis, State Veterinarian of Wyoming, and Dr. E. D. Kennedy, inspector in charge at Og- , and his assistant, Dr. J. F. Hauber. Arrangements were made for slaughtering the cattle on the following day, at which time Dr. F. E. Murray, in charge of tuberculosis eradication in the State of Utah, and his force were expected to be present. On the following day, when the process of slaughtering began, our forces were organized in such a way that each had a partieu- lar part only to examine. By so doing a more thorough exami- 770 CLINICAL AND Case Reports nation could be made, and at the same time the inspection would not hinder the progress of slaughter. . I was informed that previous to this lot of 85 reactors 45 head of reactors from Star Valley had been slaughtered at the Ogden plant and that lesions were found in 23, the remaining 22 show- ing no lesions. Of the 23 in which lesions were found, 17 showed lesions in the skin. These results were communicated to each one present with a view to stimulating a more careful search for le- sions in the present lot. The results of the postmortem findings were as follows: Skin lesions-only. ... <0.) Ws seid olds siete eee 29 Skin lesions combined with other lesions............... 9. Udder lesions, either alone or combined with others..... 10 Teat lesions combined with other lesions..............- 4 Teat lesions alomie. 05 ese as ot a 5 Total number econdemned.............0-00e0seeeeeeee 3 Total number showing lesions. ................000000: 62 Per cent found showing lesions................0000005 .73 Per cent found showing no lesions.............+++++. 27 There was a thickening of the subcutaneous tissue in one ease involving very slightly the deep layer of the skin over the tu- berosity of the ischium. The thickened area was about 2 inches wide and about 3 inches long and 1% inch thick, pinkish gray in color and quite firm. At the time we doubted whether this change in the subcutaneous tissue was tuberculous. However, portions were sent to the laboratory at Chicago, and it was later found to be tuberculous ,which raised the percentage of tuberculosis lesions found from 71.77 to 73. If we consider the teat lesions as skin lesions, which they practically were, we have 47 of the 85 show- ing lesions in the skin, or 55.3 per cent. The large number of skin lesions attracted attention and com- ment by those present. In all cases the lesions in the skin were located in the deep layer of the true skin and in the fascia be- neath. In no place did the tuberculous area extend through the skin and to the outer surface. All appeared to be chronic. In most cases they were caseous or easeo-caleareous. The lesions varied some in size and number; in some instances there were only three or four spherical nodules from 3 to 5 mm. in diameter, while in others the nodules ranged from 2 mm. to 5 em., or even more. In most cases the nodules were located on the hind quar- ters along the outer and back part of the thigh or below the hock, although some were found on the forelegs and under the Lae eee Tinea 771 ——— nd flan In all cases they were found in the locations s the skin came in direct contact with manure. All of the ~ lesions were very characteristic of tuberculosis with the exception ‘the one before mentioned. 4 Ba Tiere were 68 owners with herds vengiine from 10 to 133 eat- 4 Sens contributed to the lot of 85 reactors, the number of re- - ranging from 1 to 4. In 51 of the herds only one. reactor was found i in each herd. Of these 51 reactors 22 showed skin ~ __ Tesions only, and 3 showed teat lesions only. a It will be remembered that only 3 of the 85 reactors were con- _ demned. Only 2 of these. were open cases and could have been _ elassed as ‘‘spreaders.’’ This lack of open cases was surprising tow, since such a large number of skin lesions only were found. ___ The thought was advanced that there must have been a number ____ Of very advanced cases which failed to react to the test remain- __ ing on the farms. While we recognize the fact that occasionally ____ a tuberculous animal does not react to the test, we have no ree- -ords where more than 43 per cent of such animals on one ocea- _ sion failed to react, as would be the case in the 51 herds each of which contained only one reactor, and of this number 22 showed skin lesions only. With these facts before us it seems apparent ‘that we must look for some more patent cause for these condi- I believe the following to have a direct bearing on this question and that it offers an explanation for many of these lightly infected cases. Star Valley, Wyoming, is located along the western border of ; the State. The Valley is about 50 miles long from north to south, © and from one to six or eight miles wide. It is paralleled on the east arid west sides by a rather high mountain range. Melted snow from these ranges serves to supply moisture for the grow- _ ing erops through a well-planned system of irrigation. Dairying _ and farming are the only industries. The principal crop is al- falfa, although some timothy, wheat and oats are raised. The high elevation makes the season between frosts too short for corn. Practically all of the crops are fed on the farms, the most of which are small. Dairying is the chief industry. There are four cheese factories located at vantage points in the Valley. All of the milk is manufactured into cheese. Montpelier, Idaho, a distance of 45 miles, is the nearest railroad point, which is reached by team over a mountain pass more than 9,000 feet high, and a very poor road duriug the winter and spring months. 772 CLINICAL AND CAsE Reports During the early part of the summer of 1919 the snow on the mountains melted earlier than usual and water became very low in the irrigation ditches. There was practically no grass on the ranges in July. Severely cold weather started in October, and the winter of that year proved to be the severest in the past 30 years. Many of the young cattle and dry cows were sent out of the valley to other parts where feed was more plentiful and most of them did not return. Hay fed those that remained was hauled from Montpelier, Idaho, at a cost, delivered, of about $90 a ton. Owing to the great shortage of feed and the high prices of hay, and the severe winter, it is estimated that between 30 and 50 per cent of the cattle which remained in the Valley died. Upon investigation, the condition in which cattle are kept in this locality was found to be very bad, and insanitary in the ex- treme. The barns and corrals in which they are confined and sheltered during winter are very filthy. Many of the stables are built of small pine logs. Cow manure is used instead of mortar to chink the cracks. No bedding or litter of any kind is used in the barns, stables or corrals, and the cattle stand or lie in feces from a few inches to 2 feet deep, which is undiluted with straw or other litter. The manure is allowed to remain in the barn- yards from year to year in most places, and even in the stables in some. Manure is piled high around many of the stables, ob- structing the drainage, and as a result water from the outside seeps in to be added to that excreted by the animals themselves. It seems reasonable to suppose that under the conditions just mentioned all or nearly all of the advanced cases of tubereulosis succumbed during the severe winter and spring of 1919-20, which animals were in all probability responsible for spreading the in- fection, and that those that contained skin or teat lesions only be- came infected at that time. The filthy practice in the care of the animals already mentioned would explain the large number of skin lesions, which would be caused by manure collecting in large quantities in the hair and on the skin, causing irritation of the skin and cracking, causing an atrium of infection. Aside from the skin and teat lesions referred to, there were three other cases which deserve mention. One was a 2-year-old heifer, not pregnant, which was the only reactor in a herd of 23. This animal showed skin and teat lesions only. There was one nodule at the base of one of the teats not over 2 mm. in diameter, and four or five nodules just under the skin on the CuricaL AND Case Reports ; 773 ; part of the hock, the largest of which was about 5 mm. in iameter. In the other two, each had a tuberculous nodule about the size and shape of a shelled almond, located along the fascia of f the flexor carpi medius, about 214 inches above the carpus. The of both of these animals contained some tuberculous no- dt les. The skin of one was also tuberculous. = ‘There were i in all 6,669 cattle tested in the Valley, of which 133 reacted, the autopsies of 85 of which I had the good fortune to view. The intradermal test was used on all tested. There was one cow which failed to react to the test, although a diagnosis had a been made by physical diagnosis. This animal was slaughtered on the farm where owned, and on postmortem was found to be a ease. In places I noticed that the chickens roosted in the stables _ where the cattle and horses were kept. During the time I was in Star Valley I saw a postmortem held on a chicken affected with tuberculosis, and was informed that a large number of chickens were affected with the disease in that locality. I am mentioning these facts to emphasize the careless way in which domestic ani- mals and fowls are cared for. _ It has been pointed out that avian tuberculosis has been found in the skin of swine, and it might be possible that this type may _ affect cattle under certain conditions. I was not able to connect avian tuberculosis in this instance. with the skin lesions found in cattle. the _ Dr. S. B. Nelson, who for twenty-five years has been dean of » the Veterinary Department of Washington State College, is now giving his entire time to his duties as director of Agri- cultural Extension, and the deanship has been conferred upon Dr. E. 8. Wegner, acting dean for the past two years, and Professor of Veterinary Surgery. Dr: Nelson was intimately associated with the affairs in veterinary medicine in the entire Northwest for many years, and the veterinary profession and the livestock industry regret his withdrawal from this phase of the livestock work, but he will be heartily welcomed in his new position. *! The Brazilian Federal Minister of Agriculture announces x that rinderpest is extinct in the State of Sao Paulo. It is __ stated that no new cases have occurred in Brazil during the last ABSTRACTS Leap PoIsoNING IN Horses. V. Kirschner. Zeitschrift fiir bb as nirkunde, vol. 30, pp. 495-497. The author refers to lead poisoning in 34 horses, 14 of which died. Three of the horses were slaughtered for food and passed. The cause of the poisoning was the use of lead-containing tanbark obtained from a white lead factory, as bedding in the stalls. A — sand-like mass found in the larynx of a dead horse contained lead. Treatment consisted of alkalies, caffein and camphor. Symptoms—Normal temperature in most cases; in fatal cases up to 40.3 C. (104° F.). Respiration, shallow, 16 to 30. Pulse, 40 to 46, but 80 to 100 in severe cases. Nasal discharge was slight or heavy, unilateral or bilateral; may last for several weeks, fre- quently mixed with food particles. In a few cases there was swelling of the eyelids. Conjunctiva and nasal membranes in all eases were pale yellow to yellow red; dark red in severe cases. Salivation was present in three-fourths of the cases. Frequent swelling, with pain and heat, was noted in the region of the larynx. Percussion and auscultation in light cases gave no re- sults. Bad smelling breath, but no diarrhea was noted. Stricture of anus was frequent in the beginning of the poisoning. Course—In one ease, sudden death oceurred without previous symptoms. In most cases patients become dull, hang their heads and sometimes sway in their hindquarters. Appetite is good in the light cases. Half of the patients recovered in two to three weeks; in the others there were emaciation, staring coat, and death after severe lung and heart disturbances. Autopsy—In all cases the lungs were profoundly altered ; al- most always lung gangrene, with fatty degeneration of the heart. There was cloudy swelling of liver in half of the cases. In most cases, slight hemorrhagic inflammatory areas were observed in various sections of the small intestine, cecum and colon. W. N. Bera. Brre Wounps Causep By Rapin AND Suspect Rasi ANIMALS AND THE Resuutts or VAccINATION. Zeitschr f. Fleish u. Milchhygiene, vol. 31, (1921), No. 8, p. 107. In the year 1917 in Germany there were reported officially 282 cases of wounds caused by rabid or rabies suspect animals. Of 774 ABSTRACTS 775 vese 150 were given Pasteur treatment in the Robert Koeh In- _ stitute in Berlin, 113 in the Pasteur Department of the Institute __ of Hygiene of the University in Breslau, and 19 persons received ___ ho treatment. Of those treated 0.38% died of rabies, of those untreated 21.1% died. _____ In 1918 there were reported in Prussia 194 cases of wounds e. caused by rabid and rabies suspect animals. Of these 189 were ~ _ given the Pasteur treatment: 121 in the Robert Koch Institute in ___ Berlin, and 68 in the Pasteur Department of the Hygienic Insti- tute in Breslau. Of the vaccinated persons 1.58% died of rabies. Of the non-vaccinated 25% died. The percentage of fatal cases roa those vaccinated appears relatively high. This mark has not been reached since 1909 (2.13% fatal cases). In this con- nection, however, it must be stated that one patient received the first treatment ten weeks after being bitten and succumbed to rabies. The delayed application of the vaccination in this ease ex- plains the relatively unfavorable results. ors L. T. GmutNer. a A Srupy On tHE AntiI-Rapic INocULATION or DoGs AND THE Resuuts or Irs Practica Appiication. S. Umeno and Y. ne Doi. Kitasato Arch. Exper. Med., vol. 4 (1921), No. 2, p. 89. ~ In Japan rabies has existed since 1901 and in later years has been spreading quite rapidly. In 1915 there were 1,424 rabid dogs, and in the same year 3,230 persons were bitten. In 1918 in the Kanagawa Prefecture alone there were 213 rabid dogs and 218 persons bitten; in the same year in the Tokyo Prefecture there were 511 rabid dogs and 682 persons bitten. The methods already applied in the prevention of the disease, viz., killing of rabid dogs and all non-pet dogs, and the confinement of pet dogs, or the use of muzzles have not proved effective. The authors believed that __ prophylactic vaccination might secure the desired results. For anti-rabie vaccine they used the brain and cord of fixed-virus rabbits. This material was ground up in a mortar and mixed with four-fifths parts of phenolized glycerin water (60 parts glycerin and 40 parts water containing 1.25% phenol). The vaccine was then stored at room temperature 18°-22° C. for two weeks or in the ice box for 30 days, when it was ready for use. The dose was 6 e.c. of vaccine per 15 kg. bodyweight. This quan- | tity 6f vaccine was injected snbeutaneously at two different sites. 776 ABSTRACTS The vaccine was used experimentally on 500 dogs with no losses, and no cases of rabies development during the time of observa- tion. +4 - In Kanagawa Prefecture in 1918 6,644 out of 9,402 dogs w vaccinated, and in 1919 9,150 out of 14,644 registered pet dogs were treated. No vaccination losses occurred, and no cases of ra- bies developed in these dogs after vaccination. In 1919 the total number of rabid dogs decreased to four-fifths of that of the pre- ceding year, while the number of persons bitten during the same year decreased to three-fourths of that of the preceeding year. All the cases of rabies occurred in non-vaccinated dogs. In 1919 in Tokyo Prefecture, 15,513 dogs were vaccinated of which one died after vaccination and one contracted rabies. In that year there were about 20,000 registered pet dogs, of which 13,177 were vaccinated during the seven months from May to December. During the six months from October, 1919, to March, 1920, there was about one-half of the total number of rabid dogs which had appeared during the corresponding six months of the preceding year, and likewise the total number of persons bitten was, during the former period, only about one-half of that for the latter period. All the rabid dogs except the one ease of the vaccinated dog mentioned above were non-pet dogs. . From these practical experiences with rabies vaccination in_ dogs the authors conelude that the most rational method for the prevention of rabies would consist in killing all non-pet dogs and vaccinating all pet dogs. L, T. Grupner. EUGENICS FROM VETERINARY STaNnppoint. S. J. Bonansea. Re- vista Mexicana de Biologia, vol. 1, No. 3 (1921), p. 116. Abst. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., vol. 76, No. 22 (May 28, 1921), p. 1,540. tery yy Bonansea has been studying the effeet in cows of parenteral injections of autogenous milk and in other animals, of the injee- tion of organ extracts and lecithin. He found the litters larger when the males had been kept fasting for 24 hours before being put with the females. Parenteral injection of the cow’s own milk inereased the output of milk by two and a half quarts a day. These injections did not cause any disturbance unless the cow was diseased, in which case they seemed to whip up the latent disease. When the rabbits and guinea-pigs were injeeted with ABSTRAGES Ti7 hin jus Is’ ‘before being placed with males that had been fast- en Po the litter contained only from 27 to 39 per cent les inste dof the usual 63 to 70 per cent. He gives other prac- s for veterinary practice, and ascribes the failure py in certain cases to the fact that the extracts d from the opposite sex. ie a re ‘eye ee yi 1 FOR THE PRESENCE OF ABORTION INFECTION IN CATTLE - THe Preciprrin Reaction or Sacus-Georai. Sachweh meaner: Deut. Tier. Woch., vol. 28 (1920), No. 30, pp. a control reaction, the agglutination test for the di- 7 infectious abortion in cattle and horses is yet possible. aa re igh ue , however, obscure results occur due to the varying re- ee. rot the abortus strains and the serums. Apart from the nation test as a control, the precipitin reaction of Sachs- : g is very useful, a positive precipitate proving the presence s infection even following a typical or negative agglu- Fhe. The precipitin reaction is the most accurate test or ) and is much siperior to the agglutination method. urthe er advantage of the precipitin reaction is its simplicity of ! J. P. O'Leary. roe ty oath us Use or Purcatives. Galliard, et al. Revue Sci- ae ‘entifique, April 18, 1919. (Abst. by P. B. in Revue Vétéri- naire, vol. 72 (1920), p. 108). A number of purgatives can be administered subcutaneously. z In the | first place may be mentioned natrium sulphuricum and _ Magnesium sulphuricum, which are given in doses of 1 ¢.c. of a _ 25% aqueous solution, to the human subject. This method can be applied i in canine practice when the administration per os is difficult. The injections are to be repeated for several ys ins succession when necessary. J. P. O'Leary. Viramixs my Mik. M. J. Rosenau. Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., vol. 184, No. 18 (May 5, 1921), p. 455. Abst. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoe., vol. 76, No. 22 (May 28, 1921), p. 1531. 4 One of the newer facts recently disclosed is that milk is not _ equally rich in all vitamins, but contains these essential acces- 778 ABSTRACTS sory dietary factors in variable amounts. The antiscorbutie val- ue of milk depends almost entirely on the fodder of the cow. The quantity of vitamins in plants probably varies with the soil in which they are grown, and animals in turn suffer by lack of, or profit by richness of, vitamins in plant foods. Milk is usually rich in all three vitamins. It is unusually rich in fat-soluble A, contains an abundant amount of water-soluble B, and a variable but ordinarily sufficient quantity of antiscorbutie vitamin. Therefore it protects against all of the known deficiency diseases. It has long been known that the effect of heat on vitamins var- ies with the reaction and other factors. Most vitamins are more readily affected by heat in an alkaline medium than in an acid one. Fortunately, most foods are acid. Milk is acid from the time it leaves the udder. With regard to the effect of heat upon antiscorbutic vitamin, it has been shown that the duration of the heating process is of greater importance than the degree of tem- perature to which the food is subjected. Dry milk may retain its antiscorbutie virtue in spite of drying, canning and aging, es- pecially if well packed and hermetically sealed. It loses its po- tency after it is exposed to the air, Canned milks and dried milks, then, retain the fat-soluble A and water-soluble B vita- mins in almost their original potency. The only vitamin in these preparations that may be affected is the antiscorbutie vitamin. The amount of this in canned milk will vary with many factors, primarily, the amount in the original milk, and secondarily, on the process of heating and evaporation, with special reference to oxidation. TuBercuLosis IMMuUNIzING Vaccine. N. Raw. Brit. Med. Jour., No. 3,147 (April 23, 1921), p. 594. Abst. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoe., vol. 76, No. 22 (May 28, 1921), p. 1534. Since 1906 Raw has subeultured every month human bovine and avian tubercle bacilli. The present growths represent the one hundredth and eighty-fourth generation. The growths are still profuse and true to type, but they are quite nontubereuli- genie and completely nonpathogenic to animals. Every year since 1906 Raw has injected these bacilli into animals with a view to testing their pathogenicity. Until the ninety-fourth genera- tion of subcultures, no change in virulence was noted. After that time attenuation became marked, and in a year or two the eul- tures were avirulent. ~ _>——__ ABSTRACTS 779 ; —— » et | nent of disease by vaccines prepared from organisms at- - tenuated naturally means that the production of antibodies will . a. take place rapidly without any preliminary shock to the system ___ such as invariably follows the injection of a vaccine prepared __ from a virulent strain of bacteria. With a view to elucidating the real amount of tuberculosis in man caused by the human and bovine types of bacilli, and also ___ a8 to immunity produced by one infection toward the other, Raw __ instituted clinical observation on a large scale in a Liverpool ___ hospital containing 900 beds, of which he had sole charge for 18 _ years. In no case of primary pulmonary tuberculosis did he ob- serve during the course of illness tuberculosis of bones, joints, glands, or skin, nor any instance of meningitis. Among the sur- gical cases of tuberculosis 28 developed lung symptoms; 25 died. In all cases the infection of the lung was either by direct exten- sion from cervical glands to the apex of the lung, or from a pri- mary foeus in the abdomen extending upward through the dia- phragm to the bronchial glands and.lungs. This large clinical experiment convinced Raw that the human body is attacked by two quite distinct forms of tuberculosis—the one conveyed from person to person by direct infection and attacking chiefly the _lungs, or so-called consumption, and the other conveyed by milk “from tuberculous cows, and developed in the first few years of life. These two disease are caused by different types of tubercle haeilli which will not live in the body at the same time and, what is of the highést importance, one disease produces immunity to © the other. Hence Raw always uses a vaccine prepared from bo- vine cultures in the treatment of the human infections and vice versa. . The vaccine which he has had prepared from his attenuated eultures is a bacillary emulsion of the bacilli, and contains all the products of the bacillus. It is nontoxie and avirulent, and produces no reaction even in large doses. For purposes of im- munization in susceptible children six injections are given at weekly intervals, and repeated in three months. The doses recom- mended are 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, 0.005 and 0.006 mg. No symptoms whatever have been observed to follow these injections. In the treatment of the active disease the doses used are much larger than have been possible hitherto; it is recommended that the treatment should consist wf at least 12.injections given in in- _ ereasing doses at intervals of seven days. The doses commence at ie £ 780 ABSTRACTS 0.001 and increase to a maximum dose of 0.025 mg. The vaccine should be freshly prepared from the cultures and should not be ~ used after one month. This vaccine, prepared as it is from aviru- lent cultures, can be used with complete safety in any stage of the disease, and even in advanced vases great relief from night sweats, toxie symptoms and erratic temperatures has been noted. The results in suitable cases are excellent. Raw has succeeded in completely immunizing highly susceptible animals against tuberculosis by the use of attenuated cultures which have required 14 years’ subculturing in the laboratory, and he firmly believes that if all children with a tuberculous his- tory could be safely vaccinated in the manner described they would be placed in a better position to resist infection at home. TREATMENT or Septic Merritis Wirt ANmMAL CHARCOAL. Reis- inger, Heller and Versinger. Allatorvosi lapok snag (vet- erinarius), vol. 42, p. 102. The successful treatment of acute and chronic enteritis with animal charcoal encouraged the writers to perform some experi- ments with animal charcoal on cows affected with septic metritis, which was well indicated on account of the fact that the present method of treatment in these cases by irrigation with various antiseptic solutions, did not give the expected results. Wie- chofski and his co-workers deduced from thorough investiga- tions that animal charcoal acts not only physi-chemically on the morbid substances and absorbs bacteria, but forms an irrevers- ible mixture, which has a prohibitive effect on inflammatory and putrefactive processes. Therefore, from its use, particularly in septic metritis, good results can be expected. At the time of this experiment an article was published along the same line by No- vak, in which he described excellent results from the use of animal charcoal in septic metritis in women. Out of two cases, one case with one treatment of animal charcoal resulted in com- plete recovery, while in the other, visible improvement was noted. ‘ The authors of this article experimented on 14 cows with sep- tie metritis, eight eases having retained placenta, which had to be removed by physical force. In two cases infection resulted from difficult parturition, where the assistance was given by laymen, while the other four presumbably followed normal pregnancies with properly passed placentae. ABSTRACTS | 781 nt of all of these cases was the same. The uterus 1 with warm sterilized water (in cases where re- e placentae was necessary they were removed me- y) then drained, then washed with a fluid paste made charcoal in the proportion of 1 to 25 parts of well mixed. The quantity of charcoal was varied to the a avesamiq The average dose was 50 grams of charcoal to lit rater. In cases where the uterus was slightly or not all contracted, larger doses were given, from 100 to 300 grams t thei “1 ed water. 1 these 14 animals used for this experiment recovered within 1 of 8 to 17 days. In one case infected with bacillus of Sealy one treatment was necessary. In three cases, two; in ir eases, three; in two cows, four; in four cows, five applica- "as ns were ns: The improvement was very noticeable in » the metritis had produced general systemic condi- aa ‘The temperature after one charcoal treatment was reduced \orma ; the appetite and lactation were also improved. It is also y to be mentioned that none of these animals devel- ope arthritis (in hoek joints), which is such a common compli- metritis. e animal charcoal will not irritate the mucous membranes. erefore, it can be used with good success in catarrhal, as well fat ati ie metritis. Out of nine cases of catarrhal metritis, three ( J from one administration of charcoal; three from two; n three ; one from four; and in the last five irrigations In two cases of pyometritis, one required two three irrigations to effect a complete recovery. M. Borsos. oa et a ) me i wine tis J; da ‘eae . | B Dr: ‘and Mrs. Wm. Henry Kelly, of Albany, who have been _ spending the summer at their cottage at Round Lake, were re- oom to Saratoga Springs. ag itiiales near Lexington, Kentucky, have found that using a dle on cows prevents them from bloating on alfalfa pastures. —Wallace’s Farmer. ° 27:4 = a a oxo ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE MORE ABOUT THE ARMY VETERINARY CORPS To the Editor: I note in our issue of May, 1921, a letter from J. B. Robinson regarding the Army Veterinary Service. The writer, after prov- ing his competency by presenting his credentials as ‘‘a graduated veterinarian,’’ and as one of the wartime ‘‘line officers’’ proceeds to offer ‘‘a few impressions’’ about the Army Veterinary Corps. It is amusing how his opinion was formed about the old army veterinarians. He remembers two of them: ‘‘One at a camp in a northwest State, the other one I saw but once, but heard a lot about him.’’ So much for the old army veterinarians. The younger veterinarians he ‘‘had occasion to size up,”’ and he de- cided that when the time comes for them ‘‘to handle big prob- lems, something is going to ‘‘break.’’ Gentlemen, why all this trouble about personal contact, and rigid examinations, just ‘*size them up”’ and you will know all about them. The ‘‘eritie’’ fails to realize that the Veterinary Corps is but in the process of formation. To compare it with the Bureau of Animal Industry, an organization that has over 30 years of ex- perience in back of it, is ridiculous. While it is true that the Bureau, by the very nature of things, has produced, and has with it brilliant men, it is equally true that the average Bureau veterinarian is of no higher professional attainment than the ay- erage army veterinarian. Judging by examinations that I have taken both for the Bureau and the Regular Army, the latter is more critical as to its personnel. I would suggest that J. B. Rob- inson, after considerable coaching, attempt to enter the Regular Army. He would be surprised to discover that it takes more than lack of pride to do so. Those unfamiliar with army conditions fail to realize that in addition to administrative ability, and professonal knowledge, a director of the Army Veterinary Service must have army experi- ence—actual contact with the army for a considerable length of time. This, in my opinion, is the probable reason, why our be- loved Doctor David White, admittedly a big and capable man, failed to fill the place as Chief Veterinarian, A. E. F., with en- — tire satisfaction. Regarding the ‘‘bulldozing’’ of line officers — one must not forget that the Veterinary Corps, just like the Med- — 782 = SERVICE 783 is but an auxiliary to the armny, and not an independ- mL OL / ss he fact i is that the Veterinary Corps has some very promis- ng material, and, considering its youth, is developing a marvel. $ efficiency which will be the pride of the veterinary profes. * Selle To inject the element of discord, and the offering of de- _ structive criticism by one of the profession, who ‘‘had too much pric ” hod belong to the Veterinary Corps, is strongly resented. a Louis G. WEISMAN, ; First Lieut. Veterinary Corps, U. S. Army. or’ io Arizona, June 11, 1912. “se ? ae Ak - Ciba: the Army remount station, Fort Reno, Okla., there are 2,000. animals, including 400 brood mares, which have been un- _ der the sanitary supervision of Captain W. H. Houston, of the _ Veterinary Corps. There are also about 30 stallions which are | available for the farmers and ranchers in that community for | public service. Captain Houston has been very successful in __ eontrolling infectious abortion which has prevailed at Fort Reno for the last few years. The causative organism has been iso- lated from these mares by the Army Veterinary Laboratory in Washington, D. C., where a bacterin was prepared for the inocu- lation of infected and exposed animals. The mares were injected on the fourth and ninth months of pregnancy and carried their foals to full time. It is reported that a mare which is negative __. to the complement-fixation test before the injection will give a 4 _ plus reaction after a small injection of the bacterin and will hold » this reaction for months afterward. Last year there were as _ many as 8 abortions a week, but after the second injection of 2 c.c. of the bacterin all abortions stopped suddenly and no more have occurred. | According to a New York paper four men in Newton, Kansas, _ had their arms broken in trying to crank a motor-car. It is _ thought that the car must have been bitten by an Army mule.— _ London Punch. French military authorities have discovered that seaweed makes an excellent substitute “or oats as fodder. Particularly in __ the Remount Division of the Horse Marines.—Life. 4 i ASSOCIATION NEWS PENNSYLVANIA VETERINARY ALUMNI MEETING About 100 alumni of the Veterinary Department of the Uni- versity assembled at the Veterinary School on Alumni Day, June 11, 1921. During the morning interesting amd instructive clinies and the judging of horses were conducted by members of the teaching staff. A business meeting was held in the Veterinary School Li- brary between 12 m. and 1.30 p. m. At 2 p. m. dinner was served in Leonard Pearson Hall, after which the veterinary alumni joined the parade to Franklin Field to attend the ball game. Some of the members attended other alumni day fune- tions. The Class of 1887 was the oldest class represented and all classes since that time, with the exception of 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1893, were represented. The Class of 1916 had the highest number present. Among those present were the following: Dr. Robert Formad, of the Class of 1888, who was an instrue- tor in Normal and Pathological Histology at the School of Vet- erinary Medicine for several years. Having taught several classes he is known to a large number of graduates. He is now with the Pathological Division of United States Bureau of Animal In- dustry. Dr. W. H. Ridge, of the Class of 1888, taught Veterinary Ob- stetries in the early days of the school and is now with the Penn- sylvania Bureau of Animal Industry. Dr. Charles Williams, of the Class of 1887, taught Theory ‘and Practice before Leonard Pearson served as a teacher of that sub- ject. - Dr. C. J. Marshall, of the Class of 1894, was a successor to Leonard Pearson as Pennsylvania’s State Veterinarian and Pro- fessor of Theory and Practice. He served during the World War as Lieutenant Colonel in the Veterinary Corps and at the present time is back at his old post as Professor of Veterinary Medicine. He organized and is in charge of the Ambulatory Clinie. } Dr. T. E. Munce, of the Class of 1904, is State Vetezinaiiaal of: 3 Pennsylvania. 784 aes ee oe |! a am Ee i) 5 Association News 185 > oe *MeNeil is State Veterinarian of New Jersey. . L. A. Klein and all members of the faculty were present. ne entire day was spent with great interest to all and many ndships were renewed. The ing were elected to office for the ensuing year: Pres- en tS. H. Gilliland, of Ambler, Pa., also Representative on 1 Alumni Board. st Vice President, W. A. Haines, of Bristol, Pa.; Second Me President, John R. Mohler, of Washington, D. C.; Seere- pre Dressurer R. M. Staley, of Philadelphia, Pa. ; , Hiseeien, E. 5. Deubler, of Ithan, Pa. C. S. Rockwet, Resident Secretary. “ee Re > > Ll _ tre ag a _ MICHIGAN TUBERCULOSIS CONFERENCE : ade The Michigan Tuberculosis Conference held at East Lansing te dune 22 to 24 brought out more veterinarians of the State than me _ any meeting ever held in the past. All told, there were present _ 300 of the 475 veterinarians in the State. It was the consensus es “at opinion that it was a really worth while meeting and it was _ suggested by some that a similar conference be held each year. The conference was conducted by the Veterinary Division of the Michigan Agricultural College assisted by the State Depart- © ment of Animal Industry and the local branch of the Bureau of - Animal Industry. Dr. F. W. Chamberlain, Acting Dean of the _ Veterinary Division, presided at all sessions, and Dr. T. S. Rich, ‘ ‘in charge of tuberculosis eradication work in Michigan, repre- _. sented the Bureau. q _ Members of the college faculty and representatives of the "State Department of Animal Industry and of the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry talked on all phases of tuberculosis eradication. In _ addition to this subject some time was given over to the diseus- sion of hog cholera and sheep seabies. One evening session was held at which Dr. R. M. Olin, Commis- sioner of the State Department of Health, Mr. H. W. Norton, - Commissioner of Animal Industry, and Hon. H. H. Halladay, _. Commissioner of the State Department of Agriculture, were the 3 principal speakers. At the close of the latter’s address he an- ~~ nouneed the appointment of the new State Veterinarian, Dr. B. J. Killham, and the new State Examining Board, which is to con- 6 sist of the State Veterinarian, together with Dr. B. A. Perry and Dr. E. T. Hallman. Mr. Falladay called all three appointees to 786 ASSOCIATION News the platform and introduced them amidst great applause. Fol- lowing this the B. A. I. educational film, ‘‘Out of the Shadows,’’ was thrown upon the screen. ° On the day following the conference, the Federal examination on tubereulosis was conducted at the college by Dr. Rich and his assistants. Most of the attending veterinarians remained for this examination. It required three large lecture rooms to seat them. R. A. RUNNELLS, Secretary. WASHINGTON, OREGON, IDAHO AND BRITISH CO- LUMBIA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATIONS A meeting of the above associations was held in Seattle, Wash- ington, July 14 and 15, 1921. This was a most successful conference of the veterinarians of the Northwest, there being 70 veterinarians present. ; The meeting was called to order and a few opening remarks were made by Dr. R. A. Button, President of the Washington Association. He called upon Corporation Counsel Meyers of the City of Seattle to give an address of welcome, which he did in a few well-chosen words. Dr. Cook, of Brownsville, Oregon, re- plied. Dr. Button then introduced Dr. W. Coon, of Forest Grove, Ore., President of the Oregon State Association, whom he asked to preside at the meeting. Dr. Coon accepted the honor with a few words and then called upon Dr. W. Brookes, of Duneans, B. C., who spoke on the subject of ‘‘Veterinary Hygiene and Sanitation in Relation to Dairy Cattle and Their Products.’’ Discussion was opened by Dr. L. Pelton, of Olympia, Wash.. and followed by Drs. R. Lytle, Button and Howell. The next paper was one read by Dr. J. H. Woodside, of Red- mond, Wash., on the ‘‘Methods of Removing Retained Placenta in Cows.’’ Discussion was opened by Dr. A. Damman, of Van- couver,-B. C., and followed by Drs. Cook, Howell, Donohue, Ke- own, Jagger, Ackley, Selander, Button and Simms. Then followed an address by Mr. J. L. Peterson, of the U. 8. Forest Service, on ‘‘ Poisonous Plants on the Range,’’ illustrated by lantern sides. Voluminous figures were given showing the area of the forest ranges, the number of stock on them, ete., and concluded by showing natural size pressed specimens of the poisonous plants. Diseussion was by Drs. Fuller and Reagan. — In the afternoon the session was opened by a paper entitled, ASSOCIATION NEws 787 ’ wy Few Case maaerts on Sterility in Cattle,’’ by Dr. P. Mack. __ jntosh, of Yakima, Wash. Discussion was opened by Dr. Jagger, President of the B. C. Veterinary Association, and continued by Saperstein, C. Philips, R. Donohue, F. Hendrickson, B . J. R. Fuller, of Walla Walla, Wash., then read a paper on an ‘uncommon condition entitled, ‘‘Harvest Pneumonia in ag yaa diseussion was by Dr. E. E. Wegner, of Pullman, % “ote E. Sleeth, of Vancouver, B. C., then presented different slides prepared by himself, showing different breeds of dogs and pointed out the different points and lines indicative of the presence of quality and type in dogs for show purposes. His object was to assist veterinarians, who often have dogs brought to their office and are asked if such a dog is worth exhibiting or could be fitted up for show purposes, so they would be able to give an intelligent answer. General discussion followed. The next was a talk by Dr. A. Saperstein, of Ferndale, Wash., on ‘‘Operations to Remove Teat Strictures.’’ Discussion was by Drs. C. Philips, Howell, Cook, Jagger and Carter. ‘The first paper the next morning was one by Dr. C. 8. Phil- ips, of Mt. Vernon, Wash., on the subject of ‘‘ Mastitis.’’ Dis- “ eussion was opened by Dr. C. Cozier, of Bellingham, Wash., and continued by Drs. J. Hendrickson, G. Howell, Jones, Carter, Chester, Coon, Miller and Keown. The next was a paper of growing importance to the veteri- » narian, ‘‘ Diseases of Poultry,’’ by Dr. W. T. Johnson, of Puyal- lup, Washington, which was illustrated by beautiful lantern slides. Discussion was by Drs. Howell and Ackley. In the afternoon Dr. L. Pelton, of Olympia, Wash., gave an address on ‘‘Hog Cholera and Allied Diseases.’’ Discussion was opened by Dr. J. Frank and continued by Drs. Howell, Jagger, Hess and Chester. Mr. Ringer, of the Pacific Hog Ranch, by in- vitation, gave some interesting remarks on his experience with hog cholera and different hog diseases, and the use of serum and virus. . On invitation of the Chairman, the various associations ad. journed for one hour to discuss their respective association af- fairs and, after convening again, Dr. E. Derflinger, of Eugene, Ore., read a paper of great interest to inspectors on ‘‘Types of Tubereulin Reactions and Location of Lesions Found on Au- ot re 788 Association News topsy.”’ Discussion was by Drs. M. Sparrow, Lytle, Donohue and Ackley. Adjournment was taken at 6 p. m., and on meeting again at 8 p. m. the first paper was one by Dr. R. Button, of Tacoma, Wash., on ‘‘Some Peculiar Cases Met in General Practice.’’ Discussion was by Drs. Philips, Fuller, Cook, Howell, Howard, Keown, Fullington and Strong. Dr. G. A. Jones, of Sedro-Woolley, Wash., then read a paper on ‘*Panaritium in Cattle,’’ on which there was a general discus- sion. ‘ This was followed by a paper by Dr. B. Simms, of Corvallis, Ore., on ‘‘Some Experiments with Contagious Abortion in Cat- tle.’’ This very interesting paper was fully diseussed by Drs. Miller, Hendrickson, Donohue, Coon, Howell, Derflinger, Wood- side and Fuller. Dr. Cozier, of Bellingham, Wash., then read an amusing paper entitled ‘‘Some Useful Therapeutic Preparations,’’ written by Dr. E. T. Baker, of Moscow, Idaho. The final paper was one by Dr. E. E. Wegner, of Pullman, Wash., on ‘‘Some Phases of Veterinary Surgery,’’ and was dis- cussed by Drs. Damman, Cook, Moorehouse, Button and Fuller. At the end of the morning session, Dr. T. H. Jagger, President of the British Columbia Veterinary Association, with a few well- chosen remarks, invited the Northwestern Veterinarians to meet next year in Vancouver, B. C., at a date to be arranged by the different secretaries. Dr. L. Pelton moved that this invitation be accepted. This was seconded by Dr. Cook and on the question being put, was unanimously carried. Dr. K. Chester, Seeretary of the British Columbia Association, introduced the following resolution : Whereas, On account of the importance of the consumption of milk, meat,. fish and other food products; And Whereas, The consumption of these foods, if tainted, is often the cause of ailments and disease of human beings; 2 And Whereas, The members of the medical profession, by their of knowledge and training in the anatomy, physiology and per of domesticated animals, are not competent to inspect such foods thus protect the public from such ailments and diseases; Be it Resolved, That this meeting of Northwestern Veterinarians go on record that it is necessary that all veterinary colleges should give a post-graduate course to qualify veterinarians as health officers; and be it further resolved, That in the opinion of this meeting all cities, towns and municipalties should appoint a health officer. dh ms le a i i o _ASSOCIATION News 789 ‘h Pieoplitisn: wan digcamed: iy! Des. Ehitips, Brookes, Weg- x and others and was carried unanimously. “T hve not attempted to deseribe any of the papers as this lee the report too long, but it is a pity that the veteri- profession as a whole could not get the contents of some of '@ papers, and it would not be fair to refer to one and it others. he meeting seemed like a post-graduate course, crammed into t sand I am sure no veterinarian in attendance could feel at vd of his valuable time was wasted. We hope to have as 2 la meeting next year in British Columbia. ©. minty “i 3 K. Cuester, Secretary, 3 oe Pap IS) A B. @. Veterinary Association. aa eo: ! Ss we “a a] a peg: & = i VIRGINIA VETERINARY MEDICAL ; 2 ea maktg ASSOCIATION aby. | meeting of the West Virginia Veterinary Medical Associa. ae was held in Parkersburg, W. Va., July 7 and 8. The elee- tia of officers resulted in the selection of Dr. W. E. Langford, _ Keyser, W. Va., President; Dr. W. B. Alford, Weston, W. Va., Vice President; Dr. C. T. Higginbotham, Charleston, W. Va., ‘ and Treasurer. ___—Dr. J. F. Devine was present and gave a lecture on abortion ana sterility, followed by a demonstration on the method of making an examination of a cow suspected to be sterile. The je — subject used was a cow which has been sterile for three years. . The afternoon of the last day was spent in demonstrating the combined intradermal and ophthalmic tuberculin test by Dr. H. __W. Turner, of Pennsylvania. -__ A herd of 28 dairy cows had been injected and the eye sensi- tized previously by Dr. F. M. Johnson and Dr. F. E. Johnson, of the B. A. I. force. No reactors were found, much to the dis- satisfaction of the members in attendance. The lectures of Drs. Devine and Turner were well received and very much appreciated by the veterinarians present and we felt ~ well repaid for our trip to this meeting. _ Dr. G. C. Melody was present and extended an invitation to visit his farm near Deer Park, Md., where he is arranging for a clinic on August 7 and 8, 1921. ; C. T. Hiecinporuam, Secretary. 790 ASSOCIATION NEWS AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The inaugural meeting of the Australian Veterinary Associa- tion was held in the Lecture Hall of the School of Veterinary Science, Melbourne University, on January 12, 1921. It was preceded by a meeting of veterinarians called together by the Honorary Organizing Secretary, who, in so doing, briefly out- lined the steps taken in 1914 towards the formation of the asso- ciation, and referred to a previous attempt to form such an asso- ciation in 1880. One member of that association was present at this meeting in the person of Dr. W. T. Kendall. The Organizing Secretary called for nominations for a Chair- man for the meeting, and Professor H. A. Woodruff was nomi- nated, seconded, and duly elected. The Chairman requested the Organizing Secretary to read out the proposed procedure for the holding of the inaugural meet- ing. This was done. The Chairman then called for nominations for a Credentials Committee of not more than three, to examine the credentials of those present, and of any proxies held by them. Messrs. Woodruff, Kendall and Henry were appointed to act. The conference then proceeded to the election of members in accordance with Resolution 4 of the conference of January, 1914, as modified by authority of the State associations, and embodied in the procedure for the inaugural meeting. Conference then proceeded to the ratification of the suggested rules as drafted at the conference of 1914, and modified by au- thority of the State association. The proposed rules were dealt with seriatim, and many amendments made. The provisional rules having been ratified and accepted as amended by the con- ference then in session, the Chairman declared the first general meeting of the Australian Veterinary Association to be in ses- sion. After the meeting adjourned, a meeting of the Council was held, at which the following officers were elected: President, Professor J. Douglas Stewart; Vice-President, Professor H. A. Woodruff ; Treasurer, 8. T. D. Symons; General Seeretary, Max Henry. The Council decided that nominations for Council and mem- bership from Western Australia and Tasmania, delayed owing to the strike, should be considered as valid. The Council approved of payment of incidental expenses in —E ____. Association News 791 eonnection with the inaugural meeting to be made a first digs n the funds of the association. was decided to hold the second meeting of the Australian rinary Association at Sydney in Easter Week, 1922. Max Henry, Secretary. 4 ROYAL COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SURGEONS ; _ The seventy-eighth annual general meeting of the Royal Col- .. Veterinary Surgeons was held in the Royal Dick Veteri- nary College, Edinburgh, on June 2, Dr. O. Charnock Bradley The Chairman, before proceeding with the ordinary business _ __ of the meeting, pointed out that only twice previously had they met in Edinburgh—in 1880 and in 1904. On only four oeea- _ sions had the meeting been held out of London. He thought he __ was justified in saying that the Scottish members of the profes- sion greatly appreciated the departure from the usual custom. _ They also appreciated the courage of those English members who had braved the difficulties of traveling at the present time. _The annual report of the Council stated that the net number _of individual students examined during the year was 523, com- "pared with 271 in 1919 and 158 in 1918. The Registration Com- mittee dealt with 28 formal complaints, in ten of which, however, there was no case for action. Two members were called to ap- pear before the Committee on charges of unprofessional conduct. _» In one case the Committee found the charge not proven, and in the other it has recommended the removal of the member’s name from the register. Two unqualified persons were prosecuted for infringement of the Veterinary Surgeons Act, and convictions were obtained. The Council appointed a Special Committee to consider and report as to whether the exclusion of professors and of members who are not Fellows from the Boards of Examiners for the membership diploma under the charters of 1844 and 1876 are obstacles to the development of veterinary education and the advancement of the profession. The Committee presented a re- port to the effect that the question in each case must be answered in the affirmative, and recommended a scheme by which the bona-fide or principal teacher of a subject should act as an in- ternal examiner, unpaid, in .ddition to the two external exami- ners. The Committee also expressed the opinion that it would be ¢ | | ey nt ae 4 792 Association News . j in the best interests of the profession to throw open the appoint- ment of examiners to the whole profession. The Parliamentary and General Purposes Committee considered all Parliamentary Bills affecting the profession. In the case of the Dangerous Drugs Act, representations have been made to the Home Office urging amendments to the regulations made under the Act, so as to pro- vide that veterinary surgeons may be placed, as regards the use of dangerous drugs in the treatment of diseased or injured ani- mals, on the same footing as are medical practitioners as regards the use of these drugs in human medicine. The statement of ae- count shows that the sum of $1,335 was received during the year | 1920-21 in voluntary subscription. In addition to this amount, | the sum of $4,170 was received from members’ subscriptions. The | War Memorial Fund amounts to $4,810. A memorial tablet has . been erected in the entrance hall of the college. ~—From “The Scotman,’’ Edinburgh. NORTHWEST NOTES Dr. E. E. Wegner, who has been Vice Dean of the Vader? Department of the Washington State College for the last two years, has been honored by being promoted to the Deanship. Dr. Wegner is a graduate of the Washington State College of the class of 1908, and with the exception of two years in the Government Service, has been a Professor in the Veterinary School at his Alma Mater. Governor Louis F. Hart, of the State of Washington, reeently appointed a new Board of Veterinary Examiners. Those upon whom this new honor has fallen are Drs, P. G. MeIntosh, of Yakima; H. A. Trippier, of Walla Walla, and A. R. Galbraith, of Garfield. The first examination under the new Board was held in Spokane beginning June 17. Commencement exercises of the Washington State College were held in the College Auditorium June 16th. Among the graduates were 12 from the Veterinary Department. A movement is on foot to bring the 1924 A. V, M. A. meeting to the Pacific Northwest. The city most likely to apply for it is Spokane, Washington. Spokane is a town of over 100,000 popu- lation and can very easily handle a meeting of this kind. A. R. Gacararra, Resident Secretary. NECROLOGY Sc ema OF THE “OLD GUARD” HAS ANSWERED THE LAST ROLL THE MEMBERS of the veterinary profession throughout the country will learn with sincere regret of the death of Dr. William Horace Hoskins. For some time previous to his death he had been suffering from an affection of the heart, which terminated fatally on Au- gust 10 at his home, 135 East 30th Street, New York City. Undoubtedly there was no man in the profession who enjoyed a wider and closer acquaint- ance among the veteri- narians of the country than Dr. Hoskins. He was born in Rock- dale, Pennsylvania, July 23, 1860. His early educa- tion was received in the publie schools, and in 1881 he graduated from the American Veterinary Col- lege of New York City. The greater part of his life was spent in Philadelphia, where he practiced his profes- sion. In connection with his practice he edited the Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Archives, and for a number of years he filled the chair of veterinary jurispru- dence, ethics and business methods in the Veterinary Depart- ment of the University of Pennsylvania, until 1917, when he became dean of the New York State Veterinary College at New York City and professor of jurisprudence and clinical medi- cine in that institution. He was identified with various civic and scientific organiza- tions, including the American Veterinary Medical Association, the. Pennsylvania State \eterinary Medical Association, the DR. W. HORACE HOSKINS 793 794 NECROLOGY Keystone Veterinary Medical Association, and was elected to honorary membership in the Missouri Valley, the Virginia State and the New Jersey State Veterinary Medical Associations and the New York County Veterinary Medical Association. He was ex-president and ex-secretary of the Pennsylvania State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners. He always took a deep in- terest in local, State and national polities and was nominated by his party for Mayor of Philadelphia in 1899. He was prom- inent in Masonic circles, being a member of Ivanhoe Lodge, St. John’s Chapter, Corinthian Chasseur’s Commandery, Phila- delphia Consistory and the Mystie Shrine. As a successful practitioner Dr. Hoskins ranked among the foremost in the United States, but he was never too busy nor too fatigued to take an active interest in all movements in- tended to elevate and promote the profession. He was an ardent advocate of a high standard of veterinary education, and his articles in veterinary publications and addresses before public gatherings accomplished much in helping to raise our standard to where it now is. He devoted much energy and time for twenty-five years to securé legislation in the interest of the Army veterinary service, and what has been accom- plished was largely through his persistent efforts. , Those who attend the meeting of the A. V. M. A. at Denver this year will greatly miss Dr. Hoskins, as he has established the unprecedented record of having been present at every meeting of this Association for the last 39 consecutive years, and has always taken an active part in its proceedings. Real- izing the potential possibilities of such an association, national in character and far-reaching in influence and power for good, he gave his best without stint of zeal or time to help make it the useful and respected organization that it has become. Dr. Hoskins was honored with the presidency of the Amer- ican Veterinary Medical Association from 1893 to 1896 after serving as its Secretary for the previous five years, and has constantly served the Association through appointments on im- portant committees. He was recognized as one of the most fluent, fearless speakers, resourceful debaters and accom- plished parliamentarians in the Association; he never harbored ill feeling in defeat, and his literary contributions to programs were always a source of pleasure and profit to the members. See NECROLOGY 795 _ The latte years : of Dr. Hoskins’ 's life were spent principally . a. ‘an educator and he proved as successful in this line, par- ticularly in securing substantial endowments for his work, as note the sufferings among the poor in the great metropolis _ where he resided, and he became identified with community | welfare in the poor sections of New York City. Through the aa death of Dr. Hoskins the profession suffers the loss of an a outstanding practitioner, higher veterinary education an %, ardent advocate, the veterinary college an eminent instructor, _ veterinary literature a valuable contributor, the B. A. I. and the Army veterinary service a staunch supporter, the A. V. M. in or faithful, energetic worker, the country a loyal, patriotic _ eitizen, and most of us in the profession have lost a dear, un- selfish personal friend. He is survived by his widow, Mrs. Annie Evans Hoskins; one daughter, Mrs. Julius M. Hofstetter, and two sons, Dr. n Preston Hoskins and Cheston M. Hoskins, both of whom ot followed their father’s profession. _ The Journat joins the many friends of Dr. Hoskins in ex- tending sincere sympathy to the members of his family in their sad bereavement. <¢ It is with deep regret that we announce the death on July 25 of Dr. Edward A. A. Grange, who for many years enjoyed a wide acquaintance among veterinary practitioners, educators and research workers in this country and abroad. Dr. Grange was of Irish descent. Although he was born in London, England, his parents spent most of their lives in Canada. His early education was obtained at private schools, and in 1873 he graduated from the Ontario Veterinary College with the degree V. S. His M. Se. degree was conferred in 1908. From 1875 to 1882 he lectured at the Ontario Agricultural Col- lege, and from 1883 to 1897 he was professor of veterinary sci- ence in the Michigan Agricultural College, where he performed some of his most important work. In 1897 he became principal _ of the Detroit Veterinary College, which position he held for - about one year. From 1898 to 1908 he engaged in veterinary re- _ search work in the State of New York, but at the end of 1908 he - returfted to Canada as principal of the Ontario Veterinary Col- ma of owt Vy i lege, which position he seattle filled until a few hes. Ago, . 4 when he resigned. | During his lifetime Dr. Grange made many valuable conti . tions to veterinary literature in the form of bulletins and essays. Notable among his bulletins are the following: ‘‘Milk Fever,’’ 1883 ; ‘‘Observations on a Disease Affecting the Eyes of Sheep,”’ ‘*Laminitis,’’ ‘‘ Dourine,’’ and ‘‘The Horse’s Foot,’’ 1887; ‘* Ex- | perimental Work Among Cattle,’’ 1888; ‘‘Foot-Rot in Sheep,’’ ‘*Glanders and Farey,’’ 1891; ‘‘ External Conformation of the Horse,’’ 1894. He was a member of the American Veterinary Medical Association and numerous other veterinary and scientific societies. He read many valuable papers before the American Veterinary Medical Association, including ‘‘ Disinfection,’’ 1899; ‘‘Care and Comfort of Domestie Animals Under Varying Con- ditions,’’ 1902; ‘‘Nervous Influence in the Cause and Cure of Disease,’’ 1909; ‘‘Topics Relating to Veterinary Edueation,’’ and ‘‘ Field Work in the Training of Veterinary Students,’’ 1912. Dr. Grange was one of the most accomplished veterinarians and educators in America. He was beloved and respected both in and out of his profession, and his influence as a teacher and practi- tioner will survive him many years and will be reflected in the practice of those who received his teachings and strive to emulate his worthy example. 796 ; ‘Necrowoay Dr. Wallace Calvin Abbott, who died at his home in Chicago, on July 4, was born in Bridgewater, Vermont, October 12, 1857. His early education was obtained at the State Normal School, Randolph, Vermont, the St. Johnsbury Academy, St. Johnsbury, Vermont, and Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. Moving West, he worked his way through the University of Mich- igan,; winning his degree as Doctor of Medicine in 1885. The following year he engaged in the practice of medicine in Chicago, building up a large practice on the North Side and winning many friends. It was during this time that Dr. Abbott established The Abbott Alkaloidal Company, now known as The Abbott Laboratories, of which firm he was President continuously from the time of its establishment, more than 30 years ago, until his death. ; Doctor Abbott was a man of broad vision and great energy. He — was an organizer of rare ability, warm-hearted and beloved by _ NercroLoey 797 s, and was deeply interested in the cavilieant of the profession. “Dr. Alfred S. Burdick has been sleted to ill the vacane ei the death of Dr. W..C. Abbott. He is ie Braduate: of the Alfred, University, Alfred, N.Y... and ush 3 ledie College, Chicago. Amc ng the many friends of the late Dr. W. Horace Hoskins sompanied the body to its last resting place at Rock- a., were Dr. S. Brenton, Detroit; Dr. George H. and » Berns, Brooklyn; Dr. and Mrs. Harry B. Cox, Drs. 2 Saar, M. J. Maloney and W. Fl. Ivens, Philadelphia; . L. Rhoads, Lansdowne; and Drs. J. P. Turner, U. G. k and J. R. Mohler, of Washington, D. C. - i CHANGES IN STATE VETERINARIANS i Ts Aadisional changes recently made by several States in the office of State Veterinarian are as follows: Tis —Wm. A. Stephenson replaces R. W. Hoggan. Tilinois—F. A. Laird succeeds A. T. Peters. -Ohio—Bruce Edgington takes the place of T. A. Burnett. Hampshire—Robinson Smith has been selected for the created position of State Veterinarian. T Ritede Island—T. E. Robinson has been appointed as the sue- _ eessor of J. S. Pollard. 3 Connecticut—George E. Corwin takes the place of Charles ~ L. Colton as Deputy Commissioner on Domestic Animals, which yeh eae to the — of State Veterinarian in other States. Sie) ee bez Dr. John F. DeVine, of Goshen, N. Y., stopped over in Wash- d ~ figton, D. C., to renew friendships, whils enroute to the meeting ians of adjacent States at Mountain Lake Park, Md., "where he was one of the principal speakers. ~~ The Farmer discusses State farms for tuberculous animals and that the establishment of such farms would save money for the Federal and State Governments as well as for livestock Dr. Sales W. Dunphy, formerly State Veterinarian of Michi- gan, is now associated with the Michigan State Board of Health. ‘COMMUNICATIONS VIRGINIA ACCREDITED HERDS TURNED OVER TO APPROVED VETERINARIANS There are 515 accredited herds in the State of Virginia, also 743 once tested free herds. Seventy-four accredited herds were turned over to the 40 private veterinarians since January 1, 1921. There was considerable speculation as to the number of herd owners who would continue the accredited herd plan after free testing was discontinued, and they were required to pay the prac- titioners to apply the tuberculin test. Of the 74 herds, only 5 owners discontinued the cooperative agreement. When it was first suggested that the practitioners would be asked to take an examination given by the State and Bureau, be- fore accredited herds were turned over to them, I am quite frank to say that I was not in sympathy with the move. I felt that our veterinarians, after graduating from a recognized veterinary college, and passing the Virginia Veterinary Medical Examining Board, were then equipped to do first-class work, without further credentials from them. Nevertheless, after a second thought, I felt it was quite necessary to have some record of the standing of the men throughout the country, who were to take charge of the herds which the State and Bureau had tested, and retested until they were free from reactors, in order to know whether or not the veterinarians were sufficiently interested in the tubereu- lin test to give it their time and attenion. Therefore I wrote all the practitioners in Virginia, suggesting that they take the ac- credited herd examination, provided by the U. S. Bureau of Ani- mal Industry, if they cared to have this work turned over to them. As a result of this, I am happy to say that most of the veterinarians of the State have taken this examination and passed with distinction. From the above it ean be plainly seen that the tuberculin test work in Virginia is not only cooperative with the State and Bu- rean of Animal Industry, but the practitioner and the herd owner are equally interested in the cooperative work, and it is the result of this close cooperation that Virginia stands in the front ranks in this work today. I feel that I know whereof I speak, because on July 1 of this year I completed my nine- teenth consecutive year as State Veterinarian of Virginia, and 798 ~ ComMUNICATIONS : 799 is hardly a veterinarian or a herd owner, and certainly no ireau man, in this work with whom I am not personally, as well as officially acquainted. I believe it is a grand piece of work, and f we can include in the near future the “free area work,”’ i« s been mentioned so often by Dr. Kiernan, the result will be similar to that which we accomplished in tick eradication. We oi - back and point behind us, first, to individual counties ch have been pronounced ‘‘free from tuberculous cattle’ — area), and later we may hope to have this free area ter- ry include large portions of many States, with the final result | we hope not only to eradicate the disease from the individ- : = States, but as time goes on, our hopes and belief are that e tuberculosis, which is now being controlled in the different will ultimately be eradicated, as I honestly believe deter- and cooperation can achieve this end. . J. G. Ferneyuouacn, State Veterinarian. fa ik ee Ts Richmond, Va. ‘ To THE Eprror : hz preparing my mailing list, as Resident-Secretary for New noe it was necessary to go over the list of ‘‘registered veterin- __arians,’’ as published by the University of the State of New _ York. In doing this work I was very much surprised to find how rapidly the non-graduates were falling by the wayside, as you will see by the enclosed mawked copy, which is self-explana- tory. Wo. Henry KELtty, nee oe . Resident Secretary. a or » "25,1 z MISCELLANEOUS THE CAUSE AND PREVENTION OF LAMZIEKTE OR LOIN DISEASE IN MARCH, 1919, announcement was made by Sir Arnold Theiler, K. C. M. G., Director of Lamziekte Research, and his ¢o- workers that the cause of the fatal paralytic disease of cattle of the South African ‘‘veld’’ known as lamziekte or gallamziekte is a toxin derived from animal debris seattered over the veld, such material as rotten bones and decayed flesh of other animals or even of small wild animals or birds. Such material chewed or in- gested by the grazing cattle with depraved appetites engenders the disease. A mass of experimental work since that time has furnished abundant confirmation of the stand taken. In view of the fact that we have in this country, especially in southeastern Texas, a malady known as loin disease, down-in-the- back, lumbar paralysis, muscular weakness, or stiff disease, which . it is quite evident is the same as lamziekte of South Africa, the essential features of Theiler’s article will be presented at length. Furthermore, it is quite possible that the so-called salt sickness of Florida will be found to have a similar explanation, while some of the reported cases of botulinus poisoning of cattle must in the future be differentiated from lamziekte or loin disease. The previously held views as¢o the etiological factors of lam- ziekte have now been grouped by Theiler into a coordinated chain, each link of which plays an important part in the theory . of causation. These are enumerated as follows: 1. The toxin which poisons the animal. 2. The germs that elaborate the toxin. 3. The careass material out of which the toxin is manufae- tured. . 4. The pica or depraved appetite of the animal that impels it to eat decomposing bones and flesh which it would es a . The vegetation which produces the pica, the soil euseiianl fy upon which the vegetation grows, and the climate of the dis- trict. 6. The susceptibility of the animal concerned towards pica and towards the toxin. 800 801 ag ; “ Jattle are almost exclusively affected because these animals almost exclusively afflicted with piea (depraved appetite), isease can be produced experimentally in horses, sheep, its, guinea pigs, ostriches and ducks. Cattle contract ! it of chewing bones, and it is this bone craving, which the hor designate as ‘‘osteophagia,’’ that causes these animals to sso to contract the disease, and it is the absence of pica er animals that saves them from lamziekte. one effective break in the etiological chain of cireum- % ead to be sufficient to prevent the disease; hence, the a practical eradicative measure is based on the breaking of _ the chain at its weakest link. It may happen that only on account of the absence of link 2 : disease is not prevalent in areas known not to be lamziekte _yet the introduction of a lamziekte animal into a clean be a source of future cases of the disease. THe Toxin sort of carrion may serve as origin of the toxin—not bones 33 Pau alone. ae When pica is very bad cattle blindly attempt to satiate their . rs by eating hide, dried flesh fragments and other filth, yet rotten bones represent the usual source of the trouble, but ~ rotten flesh may contain much more of the toxic substance. ‘The most toxic material of all has been prepared in the labora- —thiry where so small an amount as one-ten-thousandth of a gram ¢ kilo of body weight killed cattle by subcutaneous injection, i. e., less than half a grain ean produce the disease in a 600- pound beast. When given by the mouth a much larger amount is . necessary, but then less than a gram (15 grains) may prove fa- q tal. So far it has required an ounce to four ounces of the veld _ * material to kill an animal by feeding (drenching) test. Old bleached bones seldom retain much of the toxic substance, but this resides in the bones that have been least weathered. Perhaps in certain eases the toxin is present as much as six months or longer, this depending on the time of year and other circumstances. Depending on the amount of toxie material fed (rotten flesh or bones) the disease can be produced at will in from 17 hours to 10 days. The toxin is easily destroved by 130° Centigrade of heat, and as the treatment for pica symptoms is the feeding of sterile bones Bg 802 MISCELLANEOUS or bone meal, the infectious bones may actually after sterilization be used to cure pica. The closest analogy for the lamziekte toxin is the toxin of Bacillus botulinus, but the identity with this toxin is excluded by its physiological behavior toward different ani- mals. The symptoms of experimental botulism in cattle are dis: tinctly different from lamziekte. TOXIGENIC SAPROPHYTIC BACTERIA The toxigenic bacteria grow upon dead organic matter rather than in the living animal, as it has been definitely proved that the disease is infectious, not contagious. The amount of the toxie material eaten by the animal has a direct bearing on the early or later onset of the disease, and the disease occurs only when the bacteria grow saprophytically upon dead organie mat- ter. The organisms are spore-bearing anaerobes and thus main- tain their existence by resistant resting spores. They grow in mixed culture with other aerobic putrefactive organisms that use up the present oxygen or in association with oxidizing enzymes. Impure toxie cultures are easily obtained in which three differ- ent sporulating organisms are constantly present. The pre- dominant one is B. putrificus, a common soil anaerobe. The sec- ond dominant one is a ‘‘raequet form,’’ and the third is a ‘‘drum- stick’? form: The latter is the one to which suspicion at- taches. The two latter germs have not as yet been identified. Animals dying in a noninfected section of the country do not appear to harbor the necessary anaerobic organisms in their ca- davers which will transmit the typical lamziekte disease, but animals drenched with toxic material from a lamziekte area die and then their putrid carcass material will convey the disease to other animals feeding upon it. However, it is believed that climate, soil, putrefactive flora, ete., have an influence on the - disease being more prevalent or favorable in one area than in another. For instance, pica may be common in an area where the disease does not occur, which fact would tend to show that aside from the bone eating, the proper bacterial flora that produces the toxin must also be present. The manner of spread of the disease is by blow flies, dust, birds, and by moving animals, for longer distances. The blow fly lar- ve feeding on such animals are toxic, and the pupe from such larve are toxic. A careass putrefying in the winter is less dan- gerous than in the summer, and this is without doubt due to the _ ___ MISCELLANEOUS 803 of the blow fly which intensifies the amount of infection ‘summer. Heavy and continuous rains help to dissipate the toxin on the veld. An animal from the lamziekte area may har- bor the anaerobes in its intestines for quite a while if it does not di¢e; and may cause new centers of the disease should it die in ae fre » area where pica is prevalent. Inasmuch as each animal from or in a lamziekte area is an incubator for the germs of the Re disease at its death, the veld or pasture may become so heavily infected that the cattlemen may have to abandon their busi- ee ness. To control lamziekte it is hopeless to attempt to eliminate the organisms by any other means than by destroying its food i Se ‘supply, i. e., by cleaning the farm of all carcass materials. — aE. } Tue MareriAL Out or WuicH ToxIN 1s MADE S "Definite attention is called to the fact that any dead animal, matter is a good substrate for the bacterial growth that causes the production of toxin, i. e., any animal carcass or any substance rich in protein or nitrogenous matter. It is also likely that pro- tein-rich vegetable matter might also act as a good substrate or any dead vegetable matter at all could serve for toxin production provided the proper degree of anaerobiosis would obtain.’ It_is even suggested that a silo might at times have the proper condi- ‘tions for growth of the organisms. The point of importance, though, so far as as lamziekte is concerned, is dead animal mat- ter, even carrion of any kind as dead birds, rabbits, lizards, frogs, ete. But by far the greatest source of danger is dead cattle, calves, sheep, poultry, ete. Naturally enough, when the larger dead animals are carefully disposed of the greatest danger will be removed, yet so long as the smallest beast of the field is there, so long can a small loss be expected, especially in summer. e Pica Poeditions on the South African veld are apparently very con- ducive to depraved appetite on the part of the animals and in the lamziekte areas is probably due to one cause (shortage of phos- phorus). Its distinction from other forms of pica must there- fore be kept in mind, as under the circumstances the animals nat- urally have intense craving for bones and it was noted that when the eraving was worst lamziekte was not far off. Indeed, years _ ago the supplying of bone meal to the animals in a lamziekte area prevented the disease by dispelling an appetite for bones on the veld. SU4 MISCELLANEOUS It was found that the craving for bones (which, in other words, is a craving for phosphorus) at different seasons of the year had a direct bearing on the phosphorus contents of the grasses of the veld at the corresponding periods, yet certain diserepancies not yet explained continued to oceur. Phosphorus reduces craving — quickly, though much depends on the components of the ration. A ration of wheat bran containing 2 per cent phosphorie oxide reduces craving in grazing animals in a few weeks when fed at the rate of 2 pounds a day. Bone meal, the obvious preventive for bone craving, generally reduces pica to zero in a month, when fed at the rate of four ounces per head per day to average animals. A very heavy ration of bone meal, one-half to one pound daily, sometimes reduces craving in one or two weeks, and it is strongly recommended if Jamziekte is bad, or until osteophagia (bone craving) subsides. Precipitated calcium phosphate, sodium phosphate or pure phos- phorie acid may be substituted for bone meal provided 16 to 26 gm. of phosphoric oxide per head, as would be contained in an effective bran ration, were given. A system of test feeding of cattle in enclosures will readily detect the bone eravers, and these are the only animals that it is really essential to feed the bone meal or supply phosphorus by other means. The toxicity of the careass material is at its worst during the periods of droughts, i. e., in South Africa in the spring and early summer. CLAss oF ANIMALS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE DISEASE For practical purposes cattle almost exclusively come up for consideration. The etiological chain referred to previously may be broken by immunizing the cattle, but natural immunity is so fleeting that this is scarcely to be considered. The attempt to build up a more lasting immunity is now being worked out, al- though greater reliance is being placed on breaking the etiologi- cal chain at link 3, i. e., removing material out of which the toxin red. is forme CONCLUSIONS 1. Clean the farm of all bones and earrion and keep it clean. 2. Test bone craving by turning animals into a corral where a feed trough contains sweet bones and putrid bones. The putrid — bone eaters are to be marked and vigorously treated while the other bone eaters may be treated with smaller quantities of hos . meal. téd bones if SERiay-tolted for three successive or steritzed by steam under pressure at a temperature of ”° Centigr » may be made available for feeding the animals Cat Dotaving. 4. Onl ly the cravers need be fed and sweet bone meal may be st easily and most quickly supplied by feeding one-half pound to each bone eater per day. When the craving sub- s three to four ounces of bone meal per day will suffice. ) d tests may be necessary to detect others that have I the ani - > meal is best fed by using a large number of small — troughs “ti is advisable to mix a little bran with the bone meal. id a. It would be too expensive to feed bone meal all the year |e ~ round. Therefore. it should be supplied when the craving is at |S its worst, which is during the dry season, in the spring and early summer, before the heavy rains set in. If a farm could be kept pi free from all carcass material, bone meal would not have to be fed at all. 8. a. Feed bone meal only to bone eaters and not to entire herd. er b. Reduce rations when eraving stops. | __ @. Feed only during certain seasons of year. 9. Last injunetion—Clean the farm of all carcasses and keep - it clean. re 74 CANADIAN CATTLE IMPORTATIONS At Sir Stewart Stockman, director of veterinary research at the aim of Agriculture, London, was a witness before the Royal * Commission on the importation of Canadian eattle yesterday. _ Foot-and-mouth disease was conveyed to his country, he said, in apleost the fact that animals were excluded. At considerable ex- Ee inconvenience they were able to deal with those out- s, which were confined almost entirely to certain parts of the ; country, but if foot-and-mouth disease was introduced by live- _ stock and distributed over wide areas it was practically certain __ they would have to face a general outbreak. He referred to the ex- __ tensive nature of animal diseases prevailing in Continental coun- _ tries, and remarked that that would be the sort of thing to which _ they would lay themselves open if they admitted overseas cattle. _ It was a very risky business, although, of course, the risk could __ be slightly diminished by a process of differentiation and quaran- tine. at 3 S06 MISCELLANEOUS Asked by the chairman, Viscount Finlay, what he had to say about the admission of Canadian cattle, witness said he had ex amined the records, and considered that the department in charge of contagious disease in Canada was good and had done every- thing possible to eradicate disease. ‘‘I have the greatest admira- tion for their record, and Canada as a country is in a general way as free from disease as ourselves,’’ witness added, ‘‘but I cannot say there is no risk in importing cattle from Canada with- out quarantine or differentiation. I would not say Canada is any cleaner than this country, and quite rightly to my mind Canada imposes a quarantine on animals from this country.’’ If Canadian cattle were admitted he was of opinion that there should be a month’s quarantine at the ports in this country. In reply to Mr. Aspinall, witness said the longest period of quar- antine would be three months for pleuro-pneumonia. Foot-and- mouth disease could be spread by animals eight months after they had recovered. Further, witness dealt with the prevention of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease, and stated that it would be even more expensive to stamp out other diseases; and under further cross-examination he said it was a fact that there was no quarantine for hay and fodder coming from Canada—From Daily Telegraph, London. The following story comes from North Carolina by way of the Memphis Commercial-Appeal and the Journal of the Ameri- can Medical Association: ‘*A thief has been sneaking into the barn at night and milk- ing a cow owned by a Johnson County farmer. The planter de- termined to put an end to the eulprit’s depredations. A few days ago the cow was transferred from her regular stall and a young mule was substituted. Several nights ago the farmer was aroused by a terrific racket in the vicinity of the stable. The planter grabbed his shotgun and ran to the barn, but the thief had -eseaped, leaving a battered milk pail, a small stool and a hat in the mule’s stall.’’ —— ~® > ORE LIBRARY DISCARD | > “ American Veterinary 601 «Medical Association AS el v.59 cop.2 Biological & Medica! Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY STORAGE TES - ~ eistettiemead —— nw sek oes oo. ; —_ mall Cie Naked 2 poceas ~~ ie = mere ~+ a oo