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JOURNAL

OF THE

American Veterinary Medical

Association

FORMERLY

AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW

Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.

Edited and Published for
THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
: Be
J. R. MOHLER, WASHINGTON, D. C.
AND
H. PRESTON HOSKINS, DETROIT, MICH. . 7

EXECUTIVE BOARD

George Hilton, 1st District; T. E. Munce, 2d District; S. E. Bennett, 3d District; J. A. Kiernan,
4th District; C. E. Cotton, 5th District; B. W. Conrad, 6th District; Cassius
Way, Member at Large

SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL
S. E. Bennett J. A. Kiernan

Volume LXIl

NEW SERIES VOLUME 15

October, 1922 to March, 1923
DETROIT, MICH.

1923

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PARA Ra

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PorTRAIT OF Dr. Wi1LL1AM HENRY WELCH, 9.
A CAsE OF TRUE OSSIFICATION OF THE AORTA IN A BOVINE. THORACIC PORTION OF AORTA, 71.
MEMORIAL TABLET AT WALTER REED HospiTAL, 78.

EqQuINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA.

Fig. 1. Much enlarged spleen, showing petechiae, 322.
Fig. 2. Visceral Surface of spleen, showing rupture, 322.

Fig. 3. Proximal end of femur, showing bone marrow, 325.
Fig. 4. Section through femur, showing bone marrow, 325.
Fig. 5. Section through femur, showing bone marrow, 325.
Fig. 6. Section through femur (unthriftiness), 326.

Fig. 7. Section through femur (unthriftiness), 326.

Fig. 8. Section through femur (chronic lameness), 326.

Map SHowinG EXTENT OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN UNITED STATES, 372.
PorTRAIT OF Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, 417.

Srupies OF COTTONSEED PoIsoNING. 1. THE PATHOLOGICAL TISSUE CHANGES RESULTING
FROM CONTINUOUS FEEDING OF COTTONSEED MEAL.

Fig. 1. Healing of hemorrhage. Sinus of lymph-node, 452.
Fig. 2. Organization of subpleural edema, 452.

Fig. 3. Organizing peritoneal coagulum, 452.

Fig. 4. Thyroid, showing marked perifollicular hyperemia, 452.

Fig. 5. Normal thyroid after change of diet, 452.

Fig. 6. Lymphoid nodules surrounding a small bronchus, 452.
PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP.

Fig. 1. Sheep Nos. 281 and 301, 462.

Fig. 2. Longitudinal section of lung of Sheep 281, 462.

Fig. 3. Section of lung of Sheep 186, 464.

Fig. 4. Portion of section shown in Fig. 3, 464.

Fig. 5. One of the tubercle-like areas, 466.

Fig. 6. Section of slightly affected portion of lung, 466.

Fig. 7. Consolidated areas in lung, 468.

Fig. 8. Higher magnification of bronchus, 468.

PorTRAIT OF Dr. Orro Faust, 484.
SARCOMATOSIS IN A Cow.
Small, round-cell sarcoma. Heart of cow, 492.
A GRANULOMATOUS CONDITION CLINICALLY SIMULATING GLANDERS.

Fig. 1. Colt, showing depigmented and depilated areas, 644.
Fig. 2. Section of lymph-gland, 644.

Fig. 3. Section of lymph-gland, 645.

Fig. 4. Dilation in small intestine, 646.

Fig. 5. Liver, showing fungoid masses on the surface, 647.
Fig. 6. Spleen, showing fungoid masses, 647.

Fig. 6. Spleen, showing fungoid masses, 647.

INTUSSUSCEPTION OF INTESTINE OF DoG.
Intussusception of intestine of dog, 653.

PorTRAIT OF Dr. Wm. HERBERT Lowe, 705.

GLANDULAR GROUP ANTAGONISM. ITs APPLICATION TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. PHysIo-
LOGICAL STANDARDIZATION.

Fig. 1. Feti, 742.

INTERESTING CASE OF TUBERCULOSIS WITH LESIONS IN THE SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE AND
EPIDIDYMEs.

Fig. 1. Shows location of subcutaneous nodules, 751.
Fig. 2. Shows lesions found in epididymes, 752.

TUBERCULOSIS CONTRACTED BY A FAMILY FROM A TUBERCULOSIS Cow.
Bovine tuberculosis is a menace to human health, 764.

SomE OF THE ATTENDANTS AT THE First SHORT COURSE FOR VETERINARIANS OF WISCONSIN,
HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, MADISON, JANUARY 24-25-26, 1923, 816.

Srarr OF THE NATIONAL VETERINARY SCHOOL OF Mexico, 834.
Portrair oF Dr. A. M. McCotivm, 830.
PortTrRAIT OF Dr. Davip CumMMING, 827.

ili

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Allen, J. A., 349 Kimball, V. G., 751.
Beaver, Donald C., 52. King, Jr., E. D., 763.
Bell, G. A., 703. Klein, Louis A., 25.
Bemelmans, E., 52. Koon, G. H., 193.
Benner, J. W., 148. Lamson, Jr., G. H., 556.
Berg, William N., 607. Lentz, W. J., 746.

Birch, R. R., 148. Lothe, Herbert, 755.
Boardman, Don. A., 493. McBryde, C. N., 162.
Boerner, Jr., Fred, 751. Marsh, Hadleigh, 217, 459, 648.
Bower, Charles W., 39. Marshall, C. J., 654.
Brumley, O. V., 200. Maynard, L. A., 450.
Butler, Tait, 20. Mayo, N. S., 653, 769.
Cameron, A. E.,332. Meck, C. L., 736.

Clark, W. L., 641. Milks, H. J., 310.
Connaway, J. W., 719. : Miller, W. F., 50.

Conrad, B. W..,37. Mohler, J. R., 592.
Cotton, W. E., 179. Moore, V. A., 283.

Cross, Floyd, 759. Muldoon, William E., 297.
De Boni, Antonio, 72. Newson, I. E., 759.
Dorset, M., 162. Niles, W. B., 162.

Doyle, L. P., 643 Ostrander, E. Mildred, 52.
Eichhorn, A., 420 Ousley, Clarence, 13.
Ferneyhough, J. G., 481. Quarll, J. T., 215.

Foster, Robt. J., 570. Roberts, G. H., 643.
Frick, E.-J., 34. Roderisk, L. M., 343.
Frink, W. E., 474. Rubino, Miguel C., 70.
Frost, George P., 197. Runnells, R. A., 490.
Galbraith, A. R., 213. Schalk, A. F., 343.
Gallagher, Bernard A., 435. Schreck, Oscar, 631.

Giltner, Ward, 172.
Goldberg, S. A., 450.
Guberlet, John E., 362.
Hardenbergh, J. G., 731.

Shigley, J. F., 736.
Shillinger, Jacob E., 353, 623.
Smith, E. I., 771.

Hall, Maurice C., 353, 623. Smith, Howard R., 486.
Huddleson, I. F., 172. Steel, E. R., 766.
Jacob, M., 42. Turner; J. P./ 652:
Jorgenson, G. E., 442. Tweed, R. L., 172.
Kelser, R. A., 319. Welch, W. H., 140.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS S

Papers:

Abortion, The Role of the Udder and its Secre-
tion in Bovine Infectious, 172.

Abortion in Cattle and Swine, and Their Prac-
tical Application, Facts Relating to, 719.

Abortion Bacillus that Attacks Swine, The
Character and Possible Significance of the
Bang, 179.

Abortion in the United States Army, The
Control of Equine Infectious, 193. F
Acriflavine and Proflavine Preparations in

Bovine Practice, The, 34.

Agriculture, The Veterinarian’s Relation to, 13.

Anaphylaxis, Bot, 332.

Anemia, Equine Infectious, 319.

Blackleg Immunization, PracticalA spects of ,607

Cases Met in Practice, A Few, 755.

Constipation in the Dog: Its Causes and
Treatment, 631.

Cornea, Diseases of the, 310.

Cottonseed Poisoning, Studies of. The Patho-
logical Tissue Changes Resulting from
Continuous Feeding of Cottonseed Meal, 450.

Curriculum, The Veterinary, 283.

Dispensing as an Asset to the Veterinary
Practitioner, 39, 209.

Distemper, Sequelae of Canine, 297.

Experimentation to Veterinary Medicine, The
Value of Animal, 731.

Fistula of the Withers in Practice, The Hand-
ling of, 37, 207.

Gastroenteritis in Small Animals, 200, 357.

Glandular Group Antagonism. Its Applica-
tion to Veterinary Practice. Physiological
Standardization, 736.

Hemorrhagic Septicemia in Sheep, An Out-
break of, 759.

Heterakids from the Ceca of Chickens by
Rectal Injections of Anthelmintics, The
Removal of, 623.

“Hog Flu,’’ Remarks on, 162.

Lesions of Disease and the Importance of
Such to the General Practitioner, A Review
of the Basic, 442.

Mastitis in the Cow, Clinical Observations on
Catarrhal, 25, 211.

Necrobacillosis in Swine, 641.

Observations of Practical Interest, Some, 42.

Obstetrics in Small Animals, 746.

Organization, Need for, 474.

Pleuropneumonia of the Horse (Equine Grippe),
A Comparative Study of Human Grippe and
Contagious, 52.

Pneumonia in Sheep, Progressive, 458.

Poultry Practice, The Veterinarian in, 435.

Practitioner, the Salt of our Profession, A
Private, 481.

Problems of Our Animal Industry, Present, 592.

Profession as Observed in Various European
Countries, The Veterinary, 420.

Purpura Hemorrhagica, Observations on the
Treatment of, 766.

Public, The Veterinarian in his Relation to
the, 20.

Reserve Corps, The Veterinary, 570.

Strongyles in Aneurisms by Means of Intra-
venous Injections of Drugs, Some Attempts
to Control, 353.

Suisepticus for Hogs, Pathogenicity of Bac-
terium, 343.

Swine Plague, Investigations on the Immun-
ology of, 148.

Tetanus, The Treatment of, 769.

Trend of Veterinary Practice, The, 140.

Tuberculin Testing the Dairy Cow, 50.

Tuberculosis Contracted by a Family from a
Tuberculous Cow, 763.

.

vil

Tuberculosis in its Relation to the Feeding and
Marketing of Livestock, 486.

Tuberculosis with Lesions in the Subcutaneous
dissue and Epididymes, Interesting Cases of,

ol.

Vajda’s Method to the Examination of Fox
Feces, The Application of, 349.

X-Ray in Canine Practice, The, 197.

Clinical and Case Reports:

Abortion Disease of Cattle, 493.

Blackleg in Sheep, Another Case of. 217.

Canker of the Ear of the Dog, Moist Eczema
or, 652.

Coccidiosis in Cattle in Montana, 648.
Glanders, A Granulomatous Condition Clini-
cally Stimulating, 643. :

Intussusception of Intestine of Dog, 653.

Obstruction of the Duodenum of a Horse by a
Biliary Calculus Followed by Rupture of
the Stomach, 72.

Obturator Paralysis, 213.

Ossification of the Aorta in a Bovine, A Case of
True, 70.

Pervious Foramen Ovale, 654.

Poisoning in Chickens, with a Note on its
Toxicity, Potassium Nitrate, 362.

Rabies, An Outbreak of, 215.

Ringworm to Humans, Kitten Transmits, 771.

Sarcomatosis in a Cow, 490.

Stomach-Worm, Control of Sheep, 555.

Abstracts:

Abortion and Malta Fever, A comparative
Study of Bovine, 223.

Abortus, The Relationship Between B. Meli-
tensis and B., 224.

Aphthous Fever (Foot-and-Mouth Disease),
The Duration of the Infectious Period in, 219.

Black Tongue, The Probable Identity of the
Chittenden-Underhill Pallagra-Like Syn-
drome in Dogs, and, 369.

Botulism, Grass Disease and, 369.

Carbon Dioxide Content of Blood Plasma in
the Horse, Combined, 74.

Cowpox and Sheep-Pox, 498.

Diphtheria, Cats and Human, 367.

Distemper in Dogs, New Treatment for the
Nervous Form of, 498. ;

Distemper with Formine, The Treatment of
Nervous Localizations of Canine, 497.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease, On the Immune
Serum Against, 76.

Glanders, The Value of Complement-Fixation
and Agglutination Tests in the Diagnosis
of, 499.

Hemorrhagic Septicemia with Attenuated
Virus, Vaccination Against Bovine, 498.

Licking Habit in Cattle and its Causes, The, 221.

Livestock Services in the United States, The
Veterinarian and the, 221.

Lymphangitis, Epizootic, 366.

Phenol and Cresol as Preservatives in Biologic
Products, 499.

Py ovebbicomie Infections in New-born Animals,
497.

“Rouge’’ of Salted Meats.
Specific Agent, 500.

Trichinae in American Bacon and Hams, The
Vitality of, 368.

Tubercle Bacilli Present in the Sample, Keep-
ing Milk by the Addition of Potassium
Dichromate without Injuring, 225.

Tubercle Bacilti, Studies on Virulence of, 655.

Tuberculin, The Keeping Qualities of Diluted,
222.

Isolation of the

INDEX vil

Army Veterinary Service:

Army Veterinarians Meet, 693.

British Army Course of Instruction, 81.

Horses, A British Army Veterinarian on
American, 228.

Memorial Tablet at Walter Reed Hospital, 78.

Supplies, Army Medical, 79.

Veterinary Corps, The Army, 717.

Association News:

American Veterinary Medical Association

Appointments, 686.

Committee Reports:
Abortion, 245.
Anatomical Nomenclature, 101.
Badge, 298.
Bovine Tuberculosis, 371. 7
Closer Affiliation with State and Provincial,

Associations, 100.
International Veterinary Congress, 105.
Legislation, 118.
Liautard Memorial, 241.
Narcotic Law Revision, 116.
Necrology, 241.
Prevention and Control of Animal Diseases,
248.

Revision of National Formulary, 386.
Salmon Memorial, 233.

Saban Medical Congress, Report of Delegate
to, 100.

Editor, Report of, 91.

Election of New Members, 88.
Executive Board, District No. 1, 687, 786.
Officers, 234, 240.

eneeutive Board, Report of, 87, 117, 231, 505,

General Session, 82, 87, 230.

Greeting, Messages of, 90, 234

Horse Association of America, Report Regard-
ing, 106.

Large Animal Clinic, 521.

Reproduction, Organs of, 522.

Sheep, Diseases of, 681.

Sterility Demonstration, Bovine, 658.
Tuberculin Reactors, 521.

Minutes, Approval of, 87.

National Research Council, Report of Repre-
sentative on, 112, 120.

Next Meeting, Place of, 237, 240.

Ousley, Address of Hon. Clarence, 518.

Papers, Presentation of, 520.

Poultry Clinic, 668.

Botulism in Chickens, 671.
Fowl Typhoid, 678.

Poultry Diseases, 668.
Vitamins in Poultry Feed, 673.

President’s Address, 86.

Revision of Constitution, Committee on, 687.
Appointment of, 110.

Meeting of, 777, 780.

Sanitary Science and Police, Section on, 787.

Secretary, Report of, 92.

Secretary, Editor and Business
Combining Offices of, 506.

Small Animal Section, 393.
Anesthesia and Cesarean Operation, 397.
Clinical Cases, Other, 402.

Parasites of Dogs, 395.
Treasurer, Report of, 97.
Welcome, Address of, 82.

Response to, 84.

Other Meetings

Arkansas Veterinary Association, 404.

Baitiah Columbia Veterinary Association, 406,

B. A. I. Veterinary Inspectors’ Association of
Chicago and Illinois, 545, 692.

Bureau of Animal Industry Veterinarians,
National Association of, 698.

California Practitioners’ Week, 407, 794.

patos ete Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, 5

Manager,

Central New York Veterinary Association, 543.

Colorado Veterinary Medical Association, 549,
810.

Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association,

405.
Dallas-Fort Worth Veterinary Medical Society,
550

Delaware Veterinary Medical Association, 793.
Florida State Veterinary Medical Association,
549

Iowa Conference for Veterinarians, 808.

Iowa Veterinary Association, 807.

Kansas Veterinary Medical Association, 809.

Maryland Veterinary Medical Association, 699.

Michigan State Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, 819.

Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, 551, 799.

Mississippi State Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, 797.

Mississippi Valley Division of Bureau Veterin-
arians, 265.

Montana Veterinary Medical Association, 258.

Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association, 694.

Nevada State Veterinary Association, 406.

New Jersey, Veterinary Medical Association
of, 255, 801.

New York City, Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion of, 265, 539, 689, 792.

New York State Veterinary Medical Society,

123.
New York Conference for Veterinarians, 408,
802

North Central Ohio Veterinary Association, 121

Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association,
408, 817°

Oklahoma
814.

Ontario Veterinary Association, 260.

Pennsylvania, Conference of Veterinarians at,
700

Veterinary Medical Association

Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Associ-
ation, 549. eon

South Carolina Association of Veterinarians,
822.

Southeastern States Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, 690.

Tick-Eradication Forces, Conference of, 699.

United States Live Stock Sanitary Association,
547.
Washington Post-Graduate Course for Veter-
inarians, 798. d :
West Virginia Veterinary Medical Association,
123.

Western New York Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, 697.

Wisconsin Short Course for Veterinarians, 815.

Editorials:

Against Life-Saving, 281.

Amendments, Proposed, 711.

Anthrax Prevention, Many Countries Study,
567.

Army Veterinary Corps, 717.

Associations, Additional, 137.

Change, in Editorship and Management, A, 414.

Change in our Plans, A Slight, 563.

Consistency, Thou Art a Jewel, 280.

County Agents Limited, Duties of, 277.

Distemper, What is Canine, 715.

Editor, Our New, 417.

Education, Veterinary, 713.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Guatemala, 568.

Foreign Drugs, Victory for, 280.

Interest and Enthusiasm Largely Dependent
upon the Attitude of a Presiding Officer, 415.

Meetings, The Winter, 717.

Montreal, A Convention City, 418.

Montreal, Plan to Go to, 716.

Names for Old Friends, New, 564.

New Year, On the Threshold of a, 413.

Order Changeth, The Old, 138.

Ousley’s Address, Colonel, 10.

Vili

INDEX

President of the A. V. M. A., Dr. W. H. Welch,
New, 8.

Rabies in Washington, D. C., 135.

St. Louis, A Practitioner’s Convention, 1. _

Tuberculosis Eradication Stimulates Dairying,
i

Book Reviews:

Bacteriology, Veterinary. A Treatise on the
Bacteria, Yeasts, Molds and Protozoa
Pathogenic for Domestic Animals, 656.

Carriers of Infectious Diseases, 502.

Distemper, Its Complications, Sequelae, and
Treatment, Canine, 370.

Hog Cholera, Its Nature and Control, 504.

Oksebremsens Bekaempelse,Om,( Fight Against
the Ox Warble), 501.

Poultry Diseases, 226.

Tuberculosis, Diagnosis and Treatment of, 226.

Communications:

Correction, A, 409.

Cuba, Greetings from, 409.

Endurance Test, More pee the Horse, 269.

Goodman Improved, Dr.,

Norway and Sweden, V eee Conditions
in, 267.

Smith Memorial Fund, Andrew, 552

Tabby, A Persian, 823.

Necrology:
Ee James B., 831.
Bolser, F. A., 701.

Branson, R. A., 271.

Carter, George H., 833.
Cherry, Allen E., 130.
Cumming, David, 827.
Horstman, Edward, 824.
Howard, C. H., 825.

Klotz, Joseph W., 702.
Lewis, Lowery Lamont, 828.
McCollum, Andrew, 830.
Martinez 8, Jorge, 829.
Maynard, Lee H. P., 832
Oliver, John, 826.

Paige, James Breckenridge, 271.
Richards, George L., 832.
Schaffter, William A., 553.
Troy, Mrs. O. E., 553.
Waugh, Wm. J., 130.

Miscellaneous:

Africa, Livestock Development in Central, 36.

Aloha-land, Rotarian Welcome to, 768.

Arab Horse Test in England, 560.

Beef Production, Marked Changes in, 296.

Birthday, Dr. Hoskins’, 688.

Botulism in Scotland, 279.

Brahman Cattle for the Gulf Coast, 49.

Carbon Tetrachlorid Effective Against Hook-
worms, 73.

Cause and Effect, 654.

Chemical Die-t, A, 630.

Christmas in the Stable, 554.

Convention, British Veterinarians Hold Suc-
cessful, 561.

Diary Cow Now Big Factor in Prosperity of
Oklahoma, 318.

Degrees, French Veterinary, 496

Doping of Race Horses, The, 81.

Dorset Goes Abroad, Doctor, 457.

Embargo, Lifting the, 706.

Endurance Ride, Thoroughbred First, Morgan
Second in, 410

Estabrook Signs Argentine contract, L. M., 538.

Finger Prints, Bovine, 770.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Jamaica, 274.

Germany Admits American Cattle, 318.

Graduates, Veterinary, 434.

Hair Tonic, 12.

Hairless Pigs and ‘‘Rain-Water,” 77.

Health Activities, Uncle Sam’s, 19.

Hookworms in Fiji, Unhooking the, 212.

“Horse in Motion,’ New Film, Analyzes
Movements, 708.

Horsehair for Hypodermic Needles, 130.

aes eee Declines But Quality Improves,

Hospital, New Veterinary, 218.

Jamaica, A Suspicious Disease in, 131.

Kentucky, In, 657.

Law, British Veterinarians go to, 560. :

Lime and Phosphorus are Vital to Dairy Ani-
mals, 558.

Little—But O My!, 630.

MacKellar Goes to Washington, 489.

Milk for School Children, Use Ample Supply of
Pure, 559.

Milk Lessons from America, 134.

Montreal Meeting of A. V. M. A., Plans for, 569.

Noah do it, Did, 591.

Ontario Veterinary College, The New, 407.

Pasteurize Creamery By-Products, 557.

Pictures, Foreign Countries Request Livestock,
551.

Pig Survey to Cover Whole Country, 411.

Post-mortem Settles Scottish Controversy, 622.

Race, The Last, 331.

Reactors, Packers Induced to Pay Better
Prices for, 273.

Reindeer Herds, Improvement in, 441.

Rickets, English Research on, 24.

Riding-Horse Shortage, 703.

Russia, Livestock in, 352.

St. Louis Sayings, 133.

Scholarships, Scottish Veterinary, 496.

Secretary’s Office, From the, 403.

Sires, Florida Ranch Demonstrates Value of
Superior, 606.

Statistics, Livestock, 707.

Tuberculosis in Cattle, 642.

Tuberculosis, Dairymen Finance Local Fight
on, 412.

Tuberculosis Cure, Approve, 196.

Virus, The Definition of Bovine, 229.

Wisconsin has One-Fourth of Cow-Testing
Associations, 227.

Woman Veterinarian, England’s First, 745.

JOURNAL

OF THE

American Veterinary Medical Association

FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n.)
J. R. Mouser, Editor, Washington, D. C.

A. T. Kinsey, President, Kansas City, Mo. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, III.
M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn.

Executive Board

Gro. HILTON, Ist District; T. E. MuNcE, 2nd District; S. E. BENNETT, 3rd District;
J. A. KiErNAN, 4th District; C. E. Corron, 5th District; B. W.
Conrab, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large

Sub-Committee on Journal
S. E. BENNETT J. A. KIERNAN

The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or
statements published in the JourNaL, outside of its own authorized actions.

Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application.

Vol. LXII, N. S. Vol. 15 October, 1922 No. 1

ST. LOUIS, A PRACTITIONER’S CONVENTION

AS PLANNED, the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the
American Veterinary Medical Association, which was held at
St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922, was truly a
convention for the entertainment and instruction of the private
practioners of North America. The interest manifested in this
convention is evidenced by the fact that there were members
present from South America, from the Philippine Islands and
from Canada, as well as from almost every State in the Union.

President A. T. Kinsley called the convention to order m
the ballroom of the Planters Hotel promptly at 10 a. m., August
28. The invocation was made by Rev. Dr. William Crow,
pastor of the Westminster Presbyterian Church of St. Louis.
Hon. Henry W. Kiel, Mayor of St. Louis, officially weleomed
the Association to the city and related many interesting ex-
periences and spoke encouraging words as to the future of our
profession. A happy and entertaining response to the Mayor’s
welcome was given by Dr. Tait Butler in his usual forceful
manner. President Kinsley then presented an optimistic and
well considered address, which was published in last month’s
JOURNAL.

In the afternoon the first business session was opened with
a report of the Executive Board, followed by the election of

1

2 EDITORIAL

new members, reports of the various officers and of the differ-
ent committees. In the evening Dr. Kinsley held the customary
presidential reception in the ballrom of the hotel, following
which dancing, interspersed with vocal selections by the Armour
Quartet, was indulged in.

LITERARY PROGRAM

Tuesday morning was given up entirely to the meetings of
the various sections of the Association, the Section on General
Practice being without doubt the best attended of the three.
As the papers of Drs. Conrad and Klein will appear in this num-
ber, further mention will not be made of their interesting con-
tents. Dr. W. L. Boyd gave a very instructive lecture on the
pathology of sterility and illustrated it with many slides show-
ing the various lesions under discussion. Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough
described the practicing veterinarian as ‘‘the pillar of the
profession.’’ He urged cooperation between practitioners and
those holding public offices or college chairs in order to im-
prove not only the profession but the individual himself. Vet-
erinarians were also urged to go before the legislature of every
State and obtain legislation that would prevent unqualified men
from practicing as veterinarians. Drs. C. H. Honeywell and
E. J. Frick also presented very instructive practical papers on
necrotic enteritis of swine and the proflavine preparations in
bovine practice, respectively.

The Section on Sanitary Science and Police was likewise well
attended. The subject of ‘‘flu’’ in swine was presented by Dr.
W. B. Niles in the absence of Dr. Marion Dorset and brought
about some animated discussion in which Dr. Cahill and Dr.
A. H. Quinn took a prominent part. This was followed by a
paper on equine infectious anemia by Captain R. A. Kelser,
which was illustrated with lantern slides. The subject was
thoroughly discussed by Drs. C. E. Cotton, E. A. Watson and
others. Dr. Cotton brought out the point that many cases of
parasitism are often diagnosed as swamp fever and warned
that a diagnosis should never be made without a postmortem ex-
amination. Dr. Watson called attention to the difficulty of con-
trolling the disease since certain animals were known to be
carriers of the infection for as long as ten years without show-
ing any symptoms. The reading of a paper on the control of
equine infectious anemia, by Captains Koon and Kelser of the

—=-

EDITORIAL 3

United States Army, was omitted, the members present voting
to have the paper appear in the JourNaL. Dr. J. G. Harden-
bergh of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., presented an ex-
cellent paper on the value of animal experimentation to vet-
erinary medicine, which was well received. The paper on tuber-
culosis in its relation to the feeding and marketing of livestock,
by Prof. H. R. Smith of Chicago, Ill., was a strong plea for
tuberculosis eradication. The author pointed out that there was
a very large amount of tuberculosis, especially among the hogs
of this country, and stated that it would be profitable for the
packers to pay a premium for hogs coming from areas in which
the cattle were free from tuberculosis. He also referred to the
fact that the American Institute of Meat Packers was working
out a plan by which its members could pay a premium of 10
cents per hundred on hogs coming from such areas. Dr. J. W.
Connaway of Columbia, Mo., spoke on ‘‘Facts and Interpreta-
tions Relating to Infectious Abortion in Cattle and Swine.”’
The author enumerated all the important facts that are known
about the disease and pointed out in a clear, concise manner
their application for its control and eradication, favoring cer-
tain regulatory measures, based on serological tests. In the
discussion of Dr. Connaway’s paper in which Drs. Kiernan,
Simms and W. E. Cotton took part, some of the important facts
which had been presented were emphasized.

Much interest was manifested in the meetings of the Section
on Edueation and Research, which were presided over by Dr.
E. M. Pickens of College Park, Md., in the absence of Chair-
man Chamberlain. The first paper was illustrated by lantern
slides and consisted of a preliminary report on the differentia-
tion of the various organisms belonging to the hemorrhagic
septicemia group, by Drs. C. P. Fitch and E. N. Nelson. The
authors studied 28 strains of organisms belonging to this group
isolated from several species of animals and found that there
was little variation in their behavior toward the sugars, all
falling into Group IIT of the Jones classification, but serologi-
cally they separated into distinet groups which bore no relation
to the species of animals from which they were derived. Dr.
W. E. Cotton of Bethesda, Md., read a paper on the character
and possible significance of the Bang abortion bacillus that
attacks swine. He pointed out that this bacillus causes dis-
tinetly different lesions in guinea-pigs than does the Bacillus

4 EDITORIAL

abortus which attacks cattle only, and that it is probably per-
petuated through both swine and eattle. Although it is as-
sumed that the Bang bacillus which attacks swine originated in
cattle, the abortion bacilli commonly isolated from cattle have
not been proved pathogenic for swine. The paper by Dr. R.
R. Birch and Dr. J. W. Benner of Ithaca, N. Y., on investiga-
tions on the immunology of swine plague was read by Dr.
Benner and illustrated by lantern slides. The investigations
showed that while a certain amount of immunity could be
produced by vaccination with B. suisepticus, the immunity was
uncertain and the animals were apt to become stunted. Im-
mune serum was found to be somewhat more efficient, but the
chief reliance should be placed in the protection of the herd
against predisposing causes. The foregoing papers were dis-
cussed by Drs. Connaway, Cahill, Eichhorn and Hadley.

Dr. V. A. Moore of Cornell presented an interesting paper on
“The Veterinary Curriculum; Some Suggested Changes.’’ The
essayist emphasized the importance of a thorough preliminary
education and pointed out certain desirable additions to the
curriculum that would round it out and correlate it with agri-
culture, although it would be difficult to find room for them
in a curriculum already crowded. He also directed attention
to the need for more uniformity in veterinary courses, making
it easily possible for a student who wished to specialize in given
subjects to transfer to schools giving the best instruction in
them. In the discussion Drs. White and Stange explained the
combined agricultural and veterinary courses given at the Ohio
State University and the Iowa State College, and Dr. Klein
pointed out the desirability of placing all the basic scientific
subjects in the first part of the course, leaving the latter part
free for the applied sciences.

Dr. A. Eichhorn, who had just returned from Europe, gave
an admirable report on the status and the future of the vet-
erinary profession in various European countries, while Major
Robert J. Foster gave an instructive explanation of the Vet-
erinary Reserve Corps. Dr. W. H. Welch, the newly elected
President, read an entertaining paper on the present trend
of veterinary practice, and Dr. Tait Butler discussed the rela-
tion of the veterinarian to the public. The most noteworthy
address of the convention was that of former Assistant Secretary
of Agriculture Ousley, which is referred to elsewhere.

-

EDITORIAL 5

Space will not permit abstracts of the many other excellent
papers presented at the convention, but they will all be printed
in the JoURNAL as they become available.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS

Tuesday afternon the convention again met in general session
and proceeded with the interesting feature of electing officers
for the coming year. Dr. W. H. Welch of Lexington, IIl., was
unanimously selected as President. The following Vice-Presi-
dents were next elected: First, Col. J. A. McKinnon, Director
of the Army Veterinary Corps, Washington, D. C.; Second,
Dr. J. H. Ferguson, Lake Geneva, Wis.; Third, Dr. M. C. Baker,
Montreal, Quebec; Fourth, Dr. Geo. H. Hart, University of
California, Berkeley, Calif.; Fifth, Dr. John H. McNeil, State
Veterinarian, Trenton, N. J. Dr. M. Jacob, of Knoxville, Tenn.,
was unanimously re-elected as Treasurer, and Dr. Cassius Way
of New York City was selected as member at large of the Execu-
tive Board. The positions of Secretary and of Editor and
Business Manager of the JoURNAL were amalgamated and Dr.
H. Preston Hoskins of Detroit, Mich., was selected for the com-
bined position effective January 1, 1923.

ENTERTAINMENT

On Tuesday evening a number of banquets were held by
alumni of the various veterinary colleges as well as by several
other associations. Those who were not occupied otherwise were
given an excellent evening of entertainment by the local com-
mittee at Forest Park Highlands, where dancing, swimming
and similar pleasures were indulged in. Additional entertain-
ment was furnished the wives and families of the delegates by
shoping tours, a trip to the Observation Tower in the Railway
Exchange Building, luncheon at the Hotel Statler, theater
parties at the Capital Theater and the Orpheum Theater, lunch-
eon at the Planters Hotel, and a boat ride on the Mississippi
River in the steamer Erastus Wells. An interesting diversion
was afforded the delegates themselves on Wednesday evening at
the Planters Hotel in the form of a smoker and round-table
conference, which was followed by a cabaret entertainment in
which the Barbary Coast was temporarily transferred to the
banks of the Mississippi. -

6 EDITORIAL

WoMEN’s AUXILIARY

The Women’s Auxiliary of the Association held its sixth an-
nual meeting at the Planters Hotel, August 29. More than fifty
ladies were present to enjoy the program. The meeting was
opened with a prayer; the address of the President, Mrs. A. T.
Kinsley, followed, after which the ladies were delightfully enter-
tained with readings by Mrs. F. A. Lambert. Beginning July
1, 1922, the Auxiliary will loan each year $350 to a senior stu-
dent in a recognized veterinary college. The 1922 loan was
applied for early in the spring by a young man who easily
fulfilled the necessary requirements, and the loan was made as
soon as the funds were available. After placing this loan the
treasurer’s books showed a balance on hand of $335. Following
the regular business meeting, the biennial election of auxiliary
officers was held and the following newly elected officers were
presented: President, Mrs. G. A. Johnson, Kansas City, Mo.;
Vice-President, Mrs. R. P. Marsteller, College Station, Texas;
Vice-President, Mrs. W. B. Aulgar, Paxton, Ill.; Secretary, Mrs.
F. A. Lambert, Columbus, Ohio; Treasurer, Mrs. H. P. Hoskins,
Detroit, Mich.

SECTION OFFICERS

On the completion of the literary program of the three sec-
tions of the Association, the following officers were elected:

Section on General Practice: H. E. Kingman, Chairman;
Harry Caldwell, Secretary.

Section on Sanitary Science and Police: R. C. Reed, Chair-
man; Orlan Hall, Secretary.

Section on Education and Research: L. W. Goss, Chairman;
E. M. Pickens, Secretary.

MONTREAL FOR NEXT MEETING

Invitations were extended to the convention to hold its next
meeting at Des Moines, Iowa; Omaha, Nebr.; New York City;
Montreal, Canada, and several other points. The Canadian mem-
bers in attendance presented strong reasons for holding the
1925 conference in Montreal and in consequence the Association
voted its acceptance of the invitation so courteously extended
by Drs. Fred Torrance, M. C. Baker and others. The exact
time of the Montreal meeting has not been decided upon, but
it is presumed that it will be held during the last half of August.

~

EDITORIAL

ATTENDANCE

The last figures available showed that 503 persons had regis-
tered, about 350 being members of the Association. Undoubtedly
a much larger number would have availed themselves of the
opportunities afforded by such an international convention had it
not been for the acuteness of the railroad strike which, with its
added risks of travel, deterred many from attending. Despite
the drive which was inaugurated last year for increasing our
membership, there were slightly less than 200 new members
elected at St. Louis.

CLINICS

Probably the most outstanding feature of the convention was
the interesting and diversified series of clinics which covered
two full days. Those for large animals were held at the Na-
tional Stock Yards at East St. Louis and were under the diree-
tion of Dr. H. E. Kingman of Fort Collins, Colo. Sterility
work was demonstrated by Drs. DeVine, Bemis and Boyd, while
the poultry demonstrations were conducted by Dr. B. F. Kaupp
of Raleigh, N. C. The sheep clinic was in charge of Dr. I. E.
Newsom of Fort Collins, and Dr. H. B. Raffensperger conducted
demonstrations of parasites common to hogs and sheep. <A
demonstration of tuberculin testing was given by Dr. D. F.
Luckey, and at the postmortem Dr. J. S. Jenison demonstrated
tuberculous lesions in all but one of the slaughtered reactors. On
Thursday the clinie consisted of surgical operations on the
udder by Dr. G. H. Ferguson, operative treatment of laminitis:
by Dr. G. A. Roberts, diagnosis of swine diseases by Dr. J. W.
Joss, and surgical operations on a number of-horses and mules
by Dr. L. A. Merillat.

While the clinie on large animals was being held at the Stock
Yards, those interested in small-animal practice were entertained
at the Planters Hotel by a series of interesting demonstrations
on dogs and cats under the supervision of Dr. J. T. Flynn of
Kansas City, Mo. Many of these animals suffering from com-
mon as well as unusual diseases were on exhibition for the bene-
fit of the delegates. The subject of canine distemper was pre-
sented by Dr. W. E. Muldoon and brought forth an animated
discussion. The growing importance of the X-ray in canine
practice was brought out by Dr. G. P. Frost, while Dr. H. J.
Milks discussed the diseases of the eye. Dr.- W. G. Brooks

8 EDITORIAL

performed several abdominal operations, Dr. J. G. Harden-
bergh gave a demonstration of administering anesthetics to
small animals, while Dr. R. P. Marstellar discussed the diagnosis
of mange, hookworms and other parasitic troubles of the dog.

After completing all unfinished business on Friday, this high-
ly successful and entertaining convention was formally brought
to a close with the appropriate installation of the various new
officers of the Association.

DR. W. H. WELCH, NEW PRESIDENT OF THE
A. Vicetis oss

DR. WILLIAM HENRY WELCH, better known as Harry
Welch, of Lexington, Illinois, was elected President of the
American Veterinary Medical Association at its annual meeting
held in St. Louis, Missouri, August 28 to September 1, 1922.

Dr. Welch is well known to the veterinary profession and the
laity throughout the country as a progressive citizen, a breeder
of fine horses, and a thoroughly qualified practitioner. He was
born May 7, 1871, near Bloomington, Illinois. His education
was finished at Illinois Wesleyan University, and the Chicago
Veterinary College, from which he graduated with honors in
the class of 1892. Immediately following his graduation he
located at Lexington, Illinois, where he has practiced his pro-
fession continuously for the past thirty years.

In connection with the practice of veterinary medicine, he
took up the breeding of Percheron horses, and his farm is the
home of Apollon, considered by many as the greatest son of
Besique. Although Dr. Welch is a very busy man, he holds in
high regard his duties as a citizen, a churchman, and a member
of the various organizations with which he is affiliated. He
served as Secretary of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical
Association from 1901 to 1906, and was honored by his col-
leagues with the Presidency of that Association in 1906. Under
his able administration the State Association increased its mem-
bership from 70 to approximately 300 and became one of the
largest State organizations of the kind in the country. During
the four years that he has been Resident Secretary of the
A. V. M. A. he has worked diligently to increase the member-
ship in his State and his efforts have figured prominently in
helping to place Illinois in the lead of all other States for two

WILLIAM HENRY WELCH

DR.

10 EpDIvroriAb

years in the number of applications filed for membership in the
national organization.

In addition to serving on the Board of Edueation of his home
city for twelve years and as a member of the City Couneil for
Six years, he was elected Mayor of Lexington, Illinois, for two
years. Dr. Welch is an active member of the Chamber of Com-
merce, Vice-President and ‘‘booster’’ of the local Chautauqua
Association, a member of the board of trustees of his church,
and is greatly interested in Boy Scout work. He is prominent
in Masonic circles as a member of the consistory, Chapter and
Council; he has held a commission as Grand Lecturer for six
years, served as District Deputy Grand Master for two years,
and enjoys the distinction of Past Worshipful Master of his
lodge.

The A. V. M. A. is to be congratulated on selecting such a
worthy representative citizen and able practitioner as its new
President. His training and experience in the fields of vet-
erinary medicine and business, together with his energy, integrity
and ability fit him for the highest office in the national associa-
tion, and he regards this as the greatest among all the honors
that have come to him.

COLONEL OUSLEY’S ADDRESS

THE HIGH POINT in a program of outstanding excellence
at. the recent A. V. M. A. convention at St. Louis was the ad-
dress by Hon. Clarence Ousley, former Assistant Secretary
of Agriculture, on ‘‘ The Veterinarian’s Relation to Agriculture.’’

This paper, with its clear analysis of the situation, its breadth
of view, its sound judgment and its literary excellence, was
most cordially received and made a deep impression. It is sure
to have a wholesome and potent influence in promoting closer
cooperation between the veterinarian and the livestock owner
and in aiding members of the profession to rise to the needs and
opportunities of changing modern conditions.

The general appreciation of the convention found expression
in the following motion which was passed by the Executive
Board:

““That the Editor be instructed to reprint 5,000 copies of the
Hon. Clarence Ousley’s address, and that one copy be sent to
the editors of the leading agricultural journals of the country

e

and sufficient number be sent to the secretary of each State

EDITORIAL a bb

and Provincial veterinary medical association and regulatory
officials of each State and Province, with the understanding
that it will be printed in the JourNaL and announced that
members can get copies on request. It is suggested to the Edi-
tor that the type be kept standing for sufficient time to provide
for further reprints.’’

Accordingly Colonel Ousley’s address, which appears as the
leading article in this issue of the JoURNAL, will be reprinted in
separate form and distributed as directed. Members of the
Association may obtain copies on request.

TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION STIMULATES
DAIRYING

WHEN the work of freeing dairy herds from tuberculosis on
a wide scale was undertaken several years ago, critics advaneed
the belief that the slaughter of tuberculous cattle would result
ina milk famine and that publicity calling attention to the dis-
ease among dairy cows would hurt the dairy business.

The criticisms received careful consideration but were not
permitted to interfere with the constructive program of tuber-
culin testing and freeing herds from the disease. The sound-
ness of this policy is shown by the following figures: During
the period July 1, 1917, to July 1, 1922, 175,000 tuberculous
_cows were destroyed. Instead of a milk shortage there has been
a remarkable increase in both production and consumption of
milk and dairy products. Last year, 1921, milk production in
the United States aggregated nearly 99 billion pounds, a note-
worthy gain over the previous year. Production of butterfat
likewise increased. In 1921 alone, milk cows increased 341,000,
which is a figure nearly twice as great as the slaughter of tuber-
culous cattle during the entire five-year period.

Several hundred towns have issued regulations requiring
tuberculin testing, and apparently with inspired faith in the
safety and value of milk as a food, people are using more of it
than at any time in the past. Frequent instances are reported
in which parents place liberal milk orders with owners of tuber-
culin-tested herds a considerable distance away, although they
could obtain milk from untested herds much more conveniently
and at a lower price. Thus, in spite of various objections to
the free discussion of tuberculosis-eradication problems, the eyi-
dence shows that the benefits outweigh the doubts and fears.

12 EDITORIAL

PUBLICITY AIDED TUBERCULOSIS CAMPAIGN

WHEN extensive campaigns against tuberculosis of cattle
were launched many persons interested in the dairy business
predicted that giving publicity to such conditions would
alarm the consumer and reduce the consumption of milk and
dairy products. But instead of producing this result, the in-
creasing efforts to improve the health of herds have inspired
more faith in the safety and value of foods from the dairy
cow. Hundreds of towns have made tuberculosis regulations
to provide for clean herds and to make milk wholesome and
publicity has been given to the various kinds of work being
done by cities, counties, states, and the Department of Agricul-
ture. As a result of this work to improve the health of the
dairy cow, statistics show that the number of cows has in-
creased and the consumption of milk is greater than ever be-
fore.

In recent months the most encouraging development in the
work of eradicating this great cattle disease has been the
number of counties that have made a complete clean-up of the
herds on every farm. This area work is demonstrating that
complete eradication is not a dream but a practical possibility.
The expense will be paid by more efficient herds and better
products.

HAIR TONIC

I hear that milk and garden greens have snappy things called
vitamines that give us health and strength and pep and put the
ginger in our step. But what is this I also hear from folks
who ought to know, that vitamines will help to make our hair
and whiskers grow? I find my Jove-lke dome of thought of
shade not quite bereft; I’ll use this happy hunch and keep
what herbage I have left. The razor makes a daily trip along
my chin and jowls and lip, so by my wife it is not feared that
T will ever raise a beard or whiskers a la Bolshevik; but Oh, I
want my hair to stick. Upon my brain pan flies would craw]
if I should sport no hair at all, and those that lit upon my head
would have to wear a non-skid tread. They’d slip and slither
on my scalp like mountain climbers on an Alp. To ward them
off my hair I’ll keep though I chew lettuce in my sleep. To
nourish bristles on my brow I’ll buy myself a mooley cow. If
milk and vegetables clinch the thatch upon our beans, so help
me Pete but I will eat a lot of spmach greens——Robert Adams,
in The Cornell Countryman.

THE VETERINARIAN’S RELATION TO
AGRICULTURE *

By CLARENCE OUSLEY
Former Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, Fort Worth, Texas

EVERY HUMAN ACTIVITY, like every scientific process,
depends for its suecess upon the recognition and observance of
certain inexorable principles and unvarying rules of operation.
While there are phenomenal or freak exceptions to the rules
of human conduct, they consist for the most part of rare indi-
viduals and rare circumstances that mean nothing to the aver-
age man. And even these apparent exceptions are themselves
subject to rules which escape ordinary observation. In fact,
many failures in life arise from ignorance or disregard of re-
peated human experiences which form a body of science of
human nature. Man is a part of nature and is subject to na-
ture’s laws—social laws as well as physical laws—and the pen-
alty of disobedience is disaster or suffermg. In these truths there
is both comfort and warning—the assurance that if we are true
to ourselves we will succeed to the limit of our capacity, and
that if we are false we will ultimately fail of the attamment to
which we are entitled.

No professional or commercial activity deserves success rats al fe
major motive is not the sense of service. The wholly selfish
life is bestial. It can not be even truly honest, for its entire
point of view is the animal instinet to get, to take, to seize,
without giving adequate return, and that instinet knows no re-
straint except the fear of punishment.

On the other hand, no professional or commercial activity will
“win respect if it does not exact a fair reward for service ren-
dered. The wholly altruistic life beggars both itself and those
whom it would serve, because no man is entitled to give or to
receive something for nothing.

Between these two extremes of utter selfishness and irrational
benevolence lies the middle ground of successful and happy
human relations. To render true service to agriculture and to
receive adequate compensation is the formula of veterinary
practice.

1Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.
13

14 CLARENCE OUSLEY

Every job is as big as the man who fills it is able and willing
to make it. Barbers were the first surgeons, and surgery be-
came a great profession because some barbers took the pains to
enlarge their jobs. The first veterinarians were ‘‘hoss doctors,”’
and the profession was improved by the endeavors of those who
had the vision and industry to exalt their calling. The world
always respects the man who knows what he professes to know,
and honors the man who excels in the useful or acceptable task
he undertakes. To grow a crop, to point a plow, to pitch a
ball, to vaccinate a hog, to remove an appendix, to write a book,
to preach a sermon—these are all worth while. The question
is not whether one or the other is dignified or honorable, but
whether the work is done well or ill.

Our present task is to find within this broad range and in
accord with these proved rules of appraisal the relations of the
veterinarian to agriculture. :

In thinking of human ailments we think chiefly in terms of
comfort and happiness. In thinking of animal diseases we think
chiefly in terms of material values. Human life has its eco-
nomic value, but it has such a large appeal of love and sympathy
that we searcely reckon the physician as an economic factor.
Brute life, too, has its appeal of sympathy, but its economic
value is so obvious that we reckon the veterinarian with colder
calculation. We are prone to forget his great service to the
human family in the prevention of the ravages of diseases that
lurk in animal flesh—the anthrax, the typhus, the tuberculosis
and the other fateful germs transmitted from animals to men by
casual contact and through the consumption of meat and milk.
A sense of gratitude for the restoration of a loved one to health
may fatten the physician’s fee; only the dollar saved will justify
the veterinarian’s charge.

Therefore, the first consideration is the quid pro quo of the
service, and the farmer is famous for trying to get value re-
ceived. The temptation is for the veterinarian, on the one hand,
to scale his fee and to do something for profit ‘‘on the side’’;
and for the farmer, on the other hand, to do without the serv-
ice and do his own doctoring. Here is the acid test of the vet-
erinarian’s professional stamina. Accordingly as he stands it
or yields to expediency he starts on the road to professional dig-
nity and success or to quackery and failure. Ultimately every

VETERINARIAN’S RELATION TO AGRICULTURE “e 5

farmer whose business is worth having will respect the man
who respects himself and his profession.

The great hindrance to veterinary success, of course, is ig-
norance. But I doubt whether more men doctor their animals
than doctor themselves. At any rate, the only practical remedy
is to contribute to popular understanding. To this end the vet-
erinarian may well afford to make himself agreeable to farmers,
and especially to put himself in the way of being invited to
attend gatherings where it may be possible to discuss livestock
problems. The veterinarian who does not know livestock in a
practical as well as a scientific way is handicapped if not dis-
qualified. ‘‘Love me, love my dog,’’ is a manner of speech to
signify the universal sympathy between those who know animals.
It points the way of approach to the farmer’s respect and pa-
tronage. A man who loves an animal, especially one who thinks
he owns a good animal, is quite apt to think highly of another
man who manifests an interest and exhibits some useful knowl-
edge about the object of his affection. After all, a veterinarian
is something of a missionary, and he is warranted in doing
something more than sitting on his dignity and awaiting calls
from an uninformed populace. Millions of animals are suf-
fering or dying and millions of dollars are wasting for lack of
his skill, and he is not to be excused for hiding his ight under
a bushel. .

The old-time vet. used to hang out around the livery stable
or the blacksmith shop, but these meeting places of the gossips
and tobacco chewers have nearly disappeared, and the modern
man of science must find other means of approach and usefulness.

There is a new order in agriculture. The agricultural college
is more than half a century old. Two whole generations of
scientific farmers are abroad in the land, and they know the
value of science in every phase of animal husbandry. What is
more important, there is a vast new organization of agricultural
extension workers under the direction and maintenance of the
Federal and State governments. This service is a part of the
greatest Department of Agriculture in the world. It is a part
of the agricultural college in each of the forty-eight States.
These agricultural colleges are more and more becoming the
leaders in veterinary education, and the Department of Agri-
culture and the agricultural colleges are charged with important
functions of research and regulation in the livestock industry.

16 CLARENCE OUSLEY

The Department and the colleges have done more than all
agencies combined to develop veterinary science and to dignify
the veterinary profession. Hence veterinary practice is inti-
mately related by sympathy, by public policy and by self-interest
with the whole great scheme of agricultural education. It is
differentiated from the official organization by its independence,
its self-reliance and its larger opportunities for personal gain.

Out of these relations arise possibilities of friction as well as
advantage. The tendency of all officialdom is to extend its
powers. Man is prone to exercise power. As individuals or as
masses we all have conceit, and in excess of zeal or in sheer
love of authority we are all given to aggrandizement or usurpa-
tion. This is the demonstration of history since time began—
in government, in business, in industry, in religion, in every
form of human activity. Out of this disposition have come all
the tyrannies of the past, and the danger of tyranny is as great
now as ever.

So it comes to pass here and there or now and then that the
extension or regulatory official assumes to exercise more authority
or to take more responsibility than the law contemplates or
sound public policy advises. On the other hand, some veteri-
narians are prone to consider much of the public service ren-
dered by Government agencies as an undue encroachment upon
private rights and even to assume that veterinary science com-
prehends the whole field of animal husbandry.

To be more specific, there are numerous points of contact be-
tween the county agent, for example, and the veterinarian,
which may become points of friction if great care is not exercised
on both sides, just as there are such points between the regu-
latory forces of the State and the regulatory forces of the Na-
tion, or between the regulatory and the extension forces of
either. For that matter there are contacts of friction between
the bureaus and divisions of the Department of Agriculture.
All of which is to say that human nature remains human under
the skin in spite of education. No rule ean be framed in terms
broad enough to cover all the cases that will arise in a situation
so complex. The only universal formula is common sense, and
even that is not fool-proof.

Generally speaking, the extension service is educational. It
is charged with teaching agronomy, for example, but its workers
are not to do the planting or the plowing for the farmer.

VETERINARIAN’S RELATION TO AGRICULTURE 17

So it is the duty of the county agent to give instruction in
methods of prevention of contagious and other animal diseases,
and even to advise in matters of simple home treatment or to
give first aid in emergencies; but he is not a veterinarian, or if
so, it is highly improper for him to physic sick animals in order
to save the farmer the expense of a veterinarian’s fee.

Perhaps the most troublesome single point of friction between
the county agent and the veterinarian is the vaccination of hogs
against cholera. The treatment has become so widespread and
its obvious processes appear so simple that even thoughtful men
are apt to assume that anybody can do it safely. That is a
fundamental error. Diagnosis is more important than treat-
ment, and no layman is capable of correct diagnosis. Outward
symptoms are undependable. Men of the deepest learning and
broadest experience are oftentimes puzzled in determining the
precise character of human and brute diseases in their varying
and delicate manifestations, and laymen must beware lest they
kill oftener than they cure. It would be quite as rational to
permit laymen generally to vaccinate against smallpox. They
may do it successfully nine times out of ten, and then kill some-
body with blood poison. In like manner the county agent may
successfully vaccinate a number of herds, but he is quite apt
to be treating a few cases of worms, and he may spread hog
cholera in the neighborhood. In a community without a capable
veterinarian, as in a community without a physician, of course,
the people must do the best they can. But the treatment of
animal diseases is clearly the responsibility of the profession
which is trained and licensed under the law for that purpose.
A man has an ‘‘unalienable right’’ to let his animals die, pro-
vided he does not imperil the lives of his neighbor’s animals;
but no layman has a right in morals or in sound public policy to
‘‘nractice’’ ignorance.

Happily the responsible officers of the Department of Agricul-
ture and the colleges clearly recognize these relations, and we
are coming more and more into a status of mutual respect and
cooperation. It remains for the veterinary profession resolutely
to maintain and to raise its standards of skill and ethics. In
some States the legal requirements of skill and training are en-
tirely too low. The educated veterinarian, like the educated
physician, is discounted when the quack is licensed.

I have sometimes thought that the standards of medical ethics

18 CLARENCE OUSLEY

are too exacting, but when I reflect upon what has been accom-
plished for professional dignity and for human happiness I
revise my opinion and concede that perhaps the doctors know
what is best for themselves and for the health of mankind.
They can not be too highly commended for their large and un-
selfish activities in the prevention of human diseases. Their
devoted state of mind in respect to the conservation of personal
and community health is undoubtedly the product of rational
and exalted ethics. The true scientist seeks and accepts the
truth at whatever cost, and the physicians of the world seem to
have found the truth of ethical human relations and to be praec-
ticing it in a rather more scrupulous degree than most other
classes of men.

The veterinary profession is well emulating the example of
the older profession. The true veterinary scientist sees his
largest duty, and in the best sense his largest self-interest, in
the prevention of animal diseases. Hence it falls upon veteri-
narians to take active leadership in all matters of community
and local sanitation, of proper rationing, of wholesome feeding
and of safe breeding. In this field there is opportunity for serv-
ice and distinction second to none in the whole range of scien-
tific development.

The veterinarian is the instrument of the conservation of ani-
mal values, and that makes him an economic factor of tremend-
ous consequence. But most animals are food, and flesh is sub-
ject to subtle disease. Therefore, the veterinarian is also a con-
servator of human health. Thus in a large way the veteri-
narian is a vital part of the whole machinery of economic and
social welfare. In a much larger way he is vital to the suc-
cess of agriculture, and agriculture is the most important: busi-
ness of mankind. It is not only necessary to our subsistence,
but at this particular time its prosperity should be viewed as a
erave public concern. In our economic structure and commer-
cial practice the farmer rates entirely too low in the distribution
of the rewards of labor. The man who feeds and clothes the
world should have more of the aggregate income and aceumula-
tion of the world. This is not only a matter of common justice,
but it is a matter of social and political salvation. There is a
deep sense of wrong among the producers of the land. It must
be removed or there will be reaction. Economic injustice, like
political oppression, sooner or later breeds revolt. It is appear-

_—

VETERINARIAN’S RELATION TO AGRICULTURE 19

ing already in sporadic outbreaks of anger and revenge taking
form in rash adventures of legislation and in alliances of de-
structive class forces. It is essential to the social and political
welfare that agriculture become more profitable. The most im-
portant single item of increased agricultural prosperity is profit-
able livestock on the farm. Hence in the most practical and
potential manner conceivable veterinary science is to be reckoned
as a powerful agency of the common weal, and the relation of
the veterinarian to agriculture takes on an aspect of vast im-
portance.

UNCLE SAM’S HEALTH ACTIVITIES

The United States Bureau of Animal Industry is described
in a report recently issued by the National Health Council of
Washington, D. C. This report outlines the history and develop-
ment of the Bureau, its legal authority, organization, person-
nel, appropriations and cooperation with other agencies. The
report is the eighth in a series concerning those activities of
the U. S. Government which deal directly or indirectly with
the public health. The previous reports of the Council include
the Division of Vital Statistics of the U. S. Bureau of the Cen-
sus, the Children’s Bureau of the U. 8S. Department of Labor,
the Women’s Bureau of the U. S. Department of Labor, the
Government Health Activities (with a chart), the Division of
School Hygiene of the U. S. Bureau of Education, the Health
Section of the Bureau of Indian Affairs of the Department of
Interior, the Division of Welfare of the U. S. Post Office De-
partment, and the Health Activities of the Bureau of Mines.
It is planned in the near future to combine all of these re-
ports in a single printed pamphlet, thus offering for the first time
correlated, accurate and impartial data concerning the public
health work of the Government. The National Health Council
is a confederation of the fourteen leading national voluntary
health organizations of the country, and has offices in New York
and Washington. Copies of the Bureau of Animal Industry
Report or of any of the others may be obtained without charge
from James A. Tobey, Washington Representative of the Na-
tional Health Council, 17th and D Streets N. W., Washington,
D.C:

THE VETERINARIAN IN HIS RELATIONS TO THE
PUBLIC +

By Tair BUTLER
Editor, The Progressive Farmer, Memphis, Tennessee

MY THESIS is that the veterinarian or any other specialist
or professional man is judged or appraised by the public by
other than veterinary, scientific or professional standards; that
his standing and influence in the community in which he lives
are the results of his education and culture and his social, politi-
cal and community activities, rather than the result of his vet-
erinary or scientific knowledge or his professional activities.
Hence the educated, cultured veterinarian of character, who
takes an active part in the social, political and other activities
of the community in which he lives, exerts a better and broader
influence toward a higher evaluation of the veterinary profes-
sion and its usefulness than he can possibly exert through
strictly professional activities, however profound his scientific
knowledge or extensive his professional activities.

I, for instance, can not judge a lawyer by legal standards,
because I know no adequate legal standard by which to judge
him. Not knowing the law, I must judge of his ability in the
law by some other standard with which I am familiar. Like-
wise the livestock owner and the -general public do not meas-
ure the veterinarian by any veterinary yardstick. Opinions and
confidences are formed as to the veterinarian, not only as to his
general ability and character, but also as to his professional at-
tainments, by other than veterinary or scientific standards. The
livestock owner and the public can not judge the veterinarian
by any veterinary standard, for having insufficient veterinary
knowledge they have no such standard. They judge the vet-
erinarian by how he measures up to their standards, which, as
stated, are not veterinary standards. For instance, if my
client is well informed on breeds and breeding, on feeds and
feeding, and is a good judge of animal form and breed characters,
he is more than likely to form an opinion of my knowledge of
veterinary medicine by what he finds I know of breeding, feed-
ing, etc. He may use this standard unconsciously, but he uses

1 Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medica}
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

20

VETERINARIAN’S RELATIONS TO THE PUBLIC Dill

it just the same, and his conclusions are likely to be accurate.
It is a mistake to assume that he is not competent to judge the
veterinarian because he knows little or nothing of the medical
sciences.

There must be some common ground, some knowledge, interest
or sympathy in common. between the veterinarian and his client,
and between the veterinarian and the public, before the vet-
erimarian can establish confidence in his professional and scien-
tific ability. Hence, while a thorough knowledge of the science
and practice of veterinary medicine and close application to
professional interests are essential to the prestige and influence
of the profession, more will be done toward building up a con-
fidence in and respect for the profession by the veterinarian of
culture and character taking an active part in the social and
the publi activities of the community.

By a profound knowledge of the science and practice of vet-
erinary medicine and by a close application to the practice of
his profession a veterinarian may attain high standing among
his professional colleagues and may obtain an extensive and
lucrative practice, but he will do much less to establish in the
public mind a high respect and confidence in the veterinary pro-
fession than the man who in addition to these necessary quali-
ties possesses education and culture and freely participates in
the publie activities of his community.

For instance, men lke Dalrymple and Cary in the South, al-
though none will question their professional attainments, have
done much more to advance the esteem and respect in which
the profession is held, by their interest in, their knowledge of,
and their helpful service for the development of the livestock
interests of the South, than by their strictly professional ac-
tivities.

In fact, I venture further, and with equal confidence, that
the publie estimate of the veterinary profession is not based
chiefly on the professional service rendered by veterinarians.
The evaluation of the veterinary profession by the general public
is based chiefly on standards familiar to the general public.
These standards are, of course, not veterinary, but the public’s
estimate of the profession is none the less likely to be fair and
accurate.

Unless I can command the respect and confidence of my com-
munity by my knowledge of the things with which they are

BY: Tair BUTLER

familar and by my interest in and service to the community
activities in which they are interested, I can not inspire their
confidence in my knowledge of veterinary medicine. And unless
I can command their confidence in my honesty as a man I
can not command their confidence in the honesty of my veterinary
or professional service.

The veterinarian, the professional man or the specialist loses
a potent influence for the advancement of his profession or spe-
cialty by the isolation in which he places himself. His technical
language and conversation, his reluctance to give information
in a language which the public can understand, his apparent
effort to surround his work with a glamor of mystery, and his
transparent fear of losmg practice by imparting any of his
sacred (?) knowledge, weaken his influence for the good of his
profession, lessen his own influence for good in his community,
and reduce the opportunities for great public service which he
might render.

Recently I heard a veterinarian addressing a body of farmers
on a subject of very great interest to them, but by the use of
technical terms, in fact, by the use of a language which was abso-
lutely foreign to his audience and which they could no more
understand than if he had spoken in French. This veterinarian
sacrificed the highest esteem of his audience, an opportunity to
impart much useful information which would have resulted in
tremendous good to his audience and been reflected back in his
own greater usefulness, and also the higher esteem in which
his profession would have been held.

I know of no one thing which more effectually holds the pub-
he at a distance and consequently lessens its respect and con-
fidence in the professional man than his use of technical terms
which it can not understand, in his private conversation, public
utterances, and writings. For instance, I can not think of a
whole sentence which would tell the man who knows more than
the single word “periosteum’’; but it tells the average person
nothing, and he instinctively resents the use of such technical
terms, whether or not he shows that resentment at the time.

Free, open frankness and ordinary common sense in discuss-
ing veterinary matters of interest to the individual client or
the public, and the use of a language which is understood, will
do more to increase the appreciation of the public for the serv-
ices of the veterinary profession than any amount of the most

VETERINARIAN’S RELATIONS TO THE PUBLIC 23

profound scientific wisdom couched in technical terms and
shrouded in mystery by the use of what to the average man is
_an unknown tongue.

The veterinarian has reason for and sometimes complains of
the kind and amount of publicity which his public services re-
ceive. To a large extent he has only himself and the habits,
or shall I say traditions, of his profession to blame. It is not
the so-called publicity which is put out that counts, but what
is ‘‘put over.’> No matter how many columns may be pub-
lished, unless the matter is such as the public will read, unless
it is matter of public interest, unless it is put in a form which
the public can understand and appreciate, it is not real pub-
licity.

The veterinary profession owes it to itself and the public,
whose influence, respect and confidence it should have, to do
more writing, more speaking and more advertising; for no in-
formation it can give out, no increase in the publie’s knowledge
of veterinary facts, will lessen its compensations, but will add
immeasurably to its opportunities for a larger public service
and greater personal remuneration.

My plea, therefore, is for a broader education or greater cul-
ture and a more thorough training in agriculture and in live-
stock husbandry.

The veterinarian will not obtain his greatest opportunities
for service to the public and himself until he gives himself, as
the basis for his technical and professional veterinary training,
a thorough knowledge of the sciences underlying crop growing

-and animal husbandry. In other words, he must be more broadly
educated than those he is to serve, at least to the extent of being
familiar with their business and then adding his own specialty
as professional training. i

Only by a broader general culture which will enable him to
render a better service in the social, political and other activi-
ties of good citizenship will he be able to meet the general pub-
lic on ground where interests and sympathies are in common,
and this is the only ground on which he can ever reach the gen-
eral public. Only by a knowledge of livestock husbandry can
he meet his clients on a common ground of interest and knowl-
edge, and secure that respect and confidence which common
interests and knowledge beget.

Rend asunder the shroud of mystery, in which ages have en-

24 Tarr BUTLER

veloped it; in its public utterances divest it of the technical
language which has maintained it in isolation, and clothe it with
a knowledge of and interest in matters of common interest, if
you wish to exalt the veterinary profession to that high plane of
public service of which it is capable.

The public does not and can not know the veterinary profes-
sion and its tremendous services to present-day civilization, be-
cause you will not let them. They can not come to your special
field, and you have either refused to go or could not go to theirs,
because of a lack of education, or a lack of an inclination and
desire to do so.

ENGLISH RESEARCH ON RICKETS

Announcement has been received of highly important discov-
eries by the Medical Research Committee of England during an
extensive study of rickets.

The report of the -committee, based largely on the work of
Dr. E. Mellanby, emphasizes that rickets is not due to a single
cause but to a combination of unfavorable conditions as to food
and surroundings.

Dr. Mellanby found as a result of feeding experiments with
more than 200 puppies, that the following factors tend to pre-
vent rickets: (1) plenty of calcium and phosphorus in the diet,
(2) the anti-rachitic vitimin (found most abundantly in cod-
liver oil), (3) meat, and (4) exercise. A lack of these factors,
and an excess of bread or other cereal food or carbohydrates,
were found to produce rickets. The presumption is, naturally,
that these same factors are important in relation to human nu-
trition.
fate = ale anti-rachitic vitamin was found to be much more ef-
fective if the diet contained the necessary amount of meat, and
of calcium and phosphorus; and if exercise was allowed.

It is Mellanby’s idea that an important factor in the effect
of meat to prevent rickets is its well known and characteristic
stimulating action, which increases the effectiveness of the vita-
mins present.

Dr. Alfred F. Hess, of New York, has shown that exposure
to sunlight also is very effective as a curative measure in the
treatment of this disease.

CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS ON CATARRHAL MASTITIS
IN THE COW‘:

By Louis A. KLEIN

School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa.

THREE TYPES of mastitis may be observed in the cow:
(1) Parenchymatous mastitis, which affects the glandular strue-
ture of the udder; (2) catarrhal mastitis, which involves pri-
marily the mucous membrane of the large milk canals, milk
cistern and teat canal, and (3) interstitial mastitis, which is an
inflammation of the connective tissue situated between and
around the glandular structures and the excretory channels.
Every case of mastitis, however, can not be placed within one
or the other of these divisions. . Inflammation beginning in the
parenchyma may extend downward to the milk canals, milk
cistern or teat canal; catarrhal mastitis may invade the paren-
chyma; and either of these forms may involve the interstitial
connective tissue secondarily, while primary interstitial masti-
tis may break into the parenchyma. Nevertheless, a knowledge
of the characteristics of each of the three types is essential in
diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.

Catarrhal mastitis occurs more frequently than either of the
other forms in herds maintained under a system of intensive
milk production. This frequency of incidence together with
a tendency to run a subacute or chronic course and to termi-
nate in atrophy and loss of function of the affected quarter
makes the disease of considerable economic importance. Many
good dairy cows have been sent to the butcher because catarrhal
mastitis has rendered them unsuitable for milk production, and
a large proportion of the three-teated cows in our dairy herds
owe their present condition to this disease.

The successful treatment of catarrhal mastitis depends very
largely upon its early recognition and the prompt application
of suitable curative measures, but as the first symptoms are
usually slight and insignificant the prompt discovery of each
case as it appears can be assured only by keeping the herd
under close supervision. The disease may occur at any time

1Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical

Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922. Pe
20

26 Louis A. KLEIN

during the lactation period, consequently the supervision of
cows in milk must be continuous.

SyMptTomMs, CouRSE AND PATHOLOGY

In two-thirds of the cases of catarrhal mastitis there is no
swelling of the udder apparent at the beginning of the disease,
and the other third shows only slight swelling, with little heat
and not much pain. Generally only one-quarter of the udder is
affected.

On of the first symptoms observed is the presence of small
white flakes in the first few streams of milk from the affected
quarter. These flakes are often quite small, frequently no
larger than a pin head, and may not be very numerous. Un-
less the milk is drawn into the palm of the hand or on a finely
meshed wire strainer and closely examined, they will not be
noticed. In ordinary milking they are almost certain to escape
detection. Milk from a quarter which is not diseased may
show a flake or two now and then, but this does not happen
often and does not oceur at successive milkings.

Another early symptom is difficulty in expressing the first
stream or two of milk. It is usually stated that the cow ‘‘milks
hard,’’ although formerly an ‘‘easy’’ or ordinary ‘‘milker.’’
Sometimes it is reported that the cow kicks when milking is
begun, whereas formerly it submitted quietly to the process.
These symptoms are due to obstruction of the teat canal re-
sulting from swelling of the mucous membrane or collection of
exudate. The stream of milk expressed from the teat may be
split or deflected from the normal direction when particles of
exudate collect and dry around the outlet of the teat canal.
If the end of the teat is examined in such eases before milk is
expressed, small yellow crusts will be seen around the orifice
of the teat canal. Sometimes, however, dried crusts of milk
collect at the same point and change the direction of the stream
in a similar manner when no disease is present, probably be-
cause of fatigue of the sphincter between the lower end of the
milk cistern and the upper end of the teat canal. Splitting
or deflection of the first few streams of milk, in the absence of
any other changes, is therefore not necessarily an indication
of the presence of catarrhal mastitis. Another of the early
symptoms is that the stream of milk is not eut off completely
when pressure is removed from the teat, with the result that

CATARRHAL NASTITIS IN THE Cow 27

the end of the teat is smeared with milk. This is caused by
the mucous membrane being swollen and interfering with the
closing of the sphincter. In the early stages of the disease,
a drop of mucus or pus may be squeezed out of the teat canal
by pressure on the end of the teat.

While catarrhal mastitis is primarily an sadlannistine of the
mucous membrane of the large milk canals, milk cistern, and
teat canal, the inflammation, if not checked, extends into the
submucous connective tissue, producing proliferative changes.
In this way the mucous membrane of the milk cistern becomes
thickened and may then be felt as a hard cord about as thick
as a lead pencil running through the middle of the teat when
the teat is rolled between the thumb and fingers. Flat disc-
shaped thickenings and nodular indurations may be felt in
the upper limits of the milk cistern around the terminations
of the large milk canals. Growths appear upon the wall of the
milk cistern and teat canal as a result of hyperplasia of the
epithelium and may be detected by palpation. These often
interfere with the withdrawal of the milk. This particular con-
dition is known in some dairy sections as ‘‘spider in the teat.”’
The proliferative process, when once started in the submucous
connective tissue, may extend upward into the interstitial con-
nective tissue of the glandular part of the udder, producing
indurated areas of greater or less extent, and the newly formed
connective tissue, subsequently contracting, causes atrophy of
the gland cells with permanent loss of function in the area
affected. The entire quarter may be involved, in which case
the cow becomes a three-teater.

Catarrhal mastitis does not affect the secreting cells of the
udder, and therefore the milk does not show any marked changes,
at least not in the first stages of the disease. It has been men-
tioned that the appearance of small white flakes in the milk
is one of the first indications of catarrhal mastitis. These flakes
are usually present in the first few streams from the teat of the
affected quarter, but sometimes they appear in the middle or
at the end of the milking. But to the casual observer, the
secretion at this time has the general appearance of normal milk
and throughout the entire course of mild cases may not show
any marked change. As the disease progresses, however, the
careful observer will detect clumps of mucus or pus, usually in
the first few streams of milk, or the first expression may con-

28 Louis A. KLEIN

sist entirely of pus followed by milk of normal appearance.
The first few streams from the teat may gradually assume
more and more the appearance of pus, but the secretion subse-
quently drawn from the udder will have the appearance of nor-
mal milk unless the disease extends upward into the secreting
structures, and then a turbid fluid resembling whey, or a fiuid
resembling serum, containing clots of fibrin and clumps of pus,
will be obtained from the affected quarter. In cases of severe
mucous catarrh the secretion from the affected quarter becomes
gradually more and more slimy and viscid and takes on a gray-
ish tint. By carefully observing the changes in the secretion
the extent and character of the disease may be judged, and
these changes are also of assistance in making a prognosis.
When the whey-like or serum-like fluid is present or the secretion
contains much pus, the prognosis is unfavorable.

ETIOLOGY

Streptococci are nearly always found in the secretion from a
quarter affected with catarrhal mastitis. Staphylococci are
present sometimes, streptococci being absent, but in most. cases
streptococci are present. F. S. Jones (1)! has isolated both
hemolytic and nonhemolytie streptococci from cases of mastitis.
The hemolytic streptococci could be classified in two groups on
the basis of their action on carbohydrates, 19 strains in one
group and 10 in the other, but all strains except 3 were ageglu-
tinated by antiserum from a rabbit immunized with a single
strain. On the same basis the nonhemolytic streptococci could
also be divided into two groups, one containing 34 and the other
5 strains, while all the strains were agglutinated with an anti-
serum prepared from one typical strain.

On rare occasions the disease spreads rapidly through a herd,
attacking one cow after another. This has occurred when the
cows were in good physical condition, properly fed, and kept
under good sanitary conditions, the infectious character in such
instances being due apparently to a highly virulent strain of
streptococci. But ordinarily, cases of the disease appear in a
herd at irregular intervals, one case at a time or sometimes sev-
eral at about the same time, cows standing in different parts
of the stable and often those milked by different milkers being
attacked.

1 Figures in parentheses following au_hors’ names refer to list of literature at
end of paper.

CATARRHAL MASTITIS IN THE Cow 29

Considering the opportunity for bacteria to be transferred
from the udder of one cow to that of others by the hands of
the milker, the manner in which cases of this disease ordinarily
appear in a herd justifies the conclusion that other factors are
concerned in addition to bacteria. On one oceasion the appear-
ance of an unusual number of cases of catarrhal mastitis in a
large dairy herd was found to be due entirely to washing the
udders with water and permitting them to be exposed in a wet
condition to a wintry atmosphere (2). The water flowed down
the surface of the udder and collected at the point where the
teat and udder join, dropping thence to the ground. The skin
at this point was found to be inflamed, swollen, and in many
eases cracked. As the skin is here separated from the mucous
membrane of the milk cistern by only the subcutaneous and
submucous tissue, the inflammation in the skin could readily
extend to the mucous membrane. No streptococci or staphylo-
cocci were present in the milk from the affected quarters, and
when the plan was adopted of wiping the udder dry after wash-
ing no new cases appeared, while all the affected cows recovered
except several of those first affected in which induration had
begun, and these were sold for slaughter. There is no informa-
tion as to what extent, if any, catarrhal mastitis is associated
with the ordinary chapped and cracked teats which are more
or less common in cold weather. The udder may be subjected
to the effects of cold in other ways, as when the cow is compelled
to he upon a cement floor without sufficient bedding or is ex-
posed to cold drafts.

In a number of instances which have come under observation
the circumstances have pointed to overfeeding as a factor in
causing catarrhal mastitis. In one herd a number of cows began
to give milk containing flakes and the feces of some of them
were quite soft. On inquiry it was learned that the ensilage
had been used up about ten days before and then the feeding
of new hay, put up about three weeks earlier, was begun. As
the cows seemed to like the hay and gave more milk, the quan-
tity fed was gradually increased until a number were scouring.
About this time the ‘‘flaky’’ milk began to appear and some of
the other early symptoms of catarrhal mastitis were present.
The hay ration was changed to two parts of old hay and one
part of the new, and new cases soon ceased to appear, while
those already existing recovered and the feces of the cows which

30 Louis A. KLEIN

were scouring became normal. On several occasions the ap-
pearance of a number of cases of catarrhal mastitis has been
observed in a herd following a general increase in the amount
of concentrates being fed. In one instance milk from the af-
fected cows was examined but neither streptococci nor staphy-
lococci were present. Certain cows have been under observa-
tion which developed catarrhal mastitis whenever their grain
ration was increased beyond a certain limit.

These observations have led me to conclude that overfeeding
and the effects of cold on the udder, but especially the former,
play a very pronounced part in causing ecatarrhal mastitis, and
that, while the bacteriology of the disease is important, these
factors which appear to operate usually as accessory causes but
which may cause the disease when operating independently must
receive due consideration when treatment is prescribed.

Several cases have been observed in which one quarter was
slightly swollen and firmer than normal but not hot or painful,
while flakes and sometimes clumps of mucus were present in
the milk from the affected quarter, and the herdsman has ex-
pressed the opinion that the quarter was not milked out thor-
oughly at the previous milking. The milker has denied the
charge and it has not been possible to arrive at the facts. Hot
water bathing followed by massage usually restores these cases
to normal in 12 or 24 hours. Incomplete milking and delayed
milking are believed to favor the development of catarrhal
mastitis by those who have had extensive clinical experience
with the disease, and the practice of delaying or omitting milk-
ing in order to ‘‘bag up’’ a cow which is to be exhibited or
offered for sale is generally considered harmful.

TREATMENT

In general practice the treatment of catarrhal mastitis often
fails to give satisfactory results. One of the principal reasons
is that the veterinarian is not given an opportunity to apply
treatment until the disease has made considerable progress.
The best results can be obtained only when treatment is begun
early and is based on proper consideration of all the etiological
factors. But, unfortunately, the early symptoms are very slight
or insignificant and under ordinary conditions most cases are
likely to be overlooked until they have been under way several
days. The first requirement, therefore, is some arrangement

_——

CATARRHAL MASTITIS IN THE Cow 31

which will place all milking cows in the herd under close obser-
vation for the initial symptoms. The treatment must be planned
for the herd rather than for the individual cow. In herds
operating under milk regulations requiring the fore-milk to
be drawn into a special vessel and discarded, this close super-
vision is easily arranged for. It is only necessary to have the
vessel in which the fore-milk is drawn covered with a finely
meshed wire strainer and to instruct the man who draws the
fore-milk to watch carefully for flakes or clumps and to report
any cow immediately when flakes or clumps appear on the
strainer, or when there is difficulty in drawing the milk, or
when any of the other early symptoms of catarrhal mastitis
are observed. At the same time such provision as is possible
should be made to guard against overfeeding, exposure of the
udder to cold, and careless milking. Overfeeding is avoided
with greater difficulty than the other conditions because the
herdsman is naturally ambitious to obtain a high production.
Upon the appearance of the first symptom of catarrhal masti-
tis the grain ration should be immediately withdrawn and the
feeding of ensilage or any other succulent material stopped,
the cow being fed only hay; timothy is better than clover or
alfalfa. At the same time the cow should receive a full cathartic
dose of Epsom salts to deplete the inflamed area, and this should
be followed by a diuretic to keep up the depleting effect. Sali-
eylate of soda is a good diuretic for this purpose, as it is elimi-
nated in part in the milk in the form of salicylic acid, which
exerts an antiseptic effect upon the interior of the udder.
Several years ago, in a paper (3) read before this Association,
I recommended the administration of hexamethylenamina, a
formaldehyde preparation, in solution by the mouth for the
purpose of disinfecting the udder, and subsequently Frost (4)
suggested the use of formaldehyde solution or formalin. Desir-
ing to increase the disinfectant action on the udder, and believ-
ing that the quantity of formaldehyde eliminated through the
udder could not be increased very much by increasing the dose,
I have endeavored to obtain a more powerful disinfectant action
by administering salicylate of soda and boric acid in addition
to the formaldehyde, boric acid also being partly eliminated
through the udder. A half-ounce of sodium salicylate and 2
drams of boric acid! are given in solution in a quart of water

1 These two drugs should be kept separate until they are dissolved in the water.
If mixed together in the dry state they ‘cake’ and form a more or less solid mass.

32 Louis A. KLEIN

morning and night, and in the middle of the day a half ounce of
formaldehyde solution in a quart of water is administered.

From the beginning the affected quarter should be milked
out at short intervals—every hour or two if possible. This is
an important part of the treatment. A portion of any antibodies
which may be found in the blood will pass over into the milk,
and these, together with the antiseptics eliminated in the milk,
will exert an inhibitory or destructive action on bacteria pres-
ent in the udder, while the passage of the milk through the
milk channels will wash the exudate from the diseased mucous
membrane and carry out bacteria and their products. All of
the beneficial effects which may be derived from the injection
of antiseptic solutions into the udder may be obtained by fre-
quent milking without the irritant effects which such solutions
have upon the tissues and without danger of infected material
being carried up into the unaffected parts of the udder by the
injection.

To obtain the best results this method of treatment should
be made a part of the routine management of the herd and
the veterinarian should supply the drugs in such form and
with such directions as will insure their proper use in his ab-
sence. No cow should be put back into the milk line and placed
on full feed, however, until the veterinarian has had an oppor-
tunity to examine the udder and to assure himself that resolu-
tion has occurred.

If induration appears, the affected part should be painted
with a mixture of 2 parts of tincture of iodin and 5 parts
of oil of turpentine two or three times a day until the skin
becomes tender. This same treatment is also indicated when
the catarrhal condition exhibits a tendency to persist. No
local treatment is applied in the early stages of the disease unless
the affected quarter is swollen, and then it is bathed in hot
water for 20 to 30 minutes, rubbed dry and massaged with an
ointment containing camphor, iodin or salicylic acid. This treat-
ment is applied twice daily until the swelling subsides and the
udder regains its normal consistency.

At the time of writing, 44 cases of catarrhal mastitis have
been treated under the system described. Of these, 36, or over
81 per cent, recovered, one-half of them by the fourth day and
all but two by the seventh day. One of these two recovered
on the tenth and the other on the twelfth day. The other 8

CATARRHAL MASTITIS IN THE Cow 33

cows included in the total number treated were sold for slaugh-
ter. One was under treatment for 16 days and one for 17
days, and these were sold because the disease of the udder was
considered incurable, but of the other 6 cases 1 went to the
butcher on the second day after being discovered and placed
under treatment, 2 on the third day, 2 on the fourth day, and
1 on the fifth day. These 6 cows were sold because of age, ~
poor productivity, or for some reason other than the disease
in the udder.

After recovery has occurred the cow should be kept on the
hay ration for at least two days and then should receive not
over 2 pounds of grain a day for the first week, and after that
a gradually increased quantity until on full feed. If the cow
is put back into the milk line and fed to force milk production
too soon the disease will recur.

I fully realize that the practitioner is called on to treat ca-
tarrhal mastitis under conditions which make the adoption of
this system difficult or impossible, but the principles upon
which it is based apply with equal force to the treatment of all
cases of this disease, and they should therefore be given all the
- consideration that circumstances will permit. There are many
dairy herds, however, in which the system can be introduced
without any considerable change in the routine management.

The infectious type of catarrhal mastitis calls for a different
method of treatment.

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE

1. JonES, F. S. Studies in bovine mastitis, I to IV. Jour. Expt.
Med., vol. 28 (1918), no. 2, pp. 149-167; no. 3, pp. 253-267; no
6, pp. 721-733, 735-748.
2. KLEIN, Louris A. An unusual cause of udder disease. Amer. Vet.
Rev., vol. 41 (1912), no. 1, pp. 30-87.
. KLEIN, Louis A. Therapeutics of parenchymatous mastitis. Proc.
Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1913, pp. 395-399.
. Frost, J. N. Formalin in the treatment of mastitis. Jour. Amer.
Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 4, n. s. (1917), no. 1, pp. 85-88.

(oe)

iN

Prof. Charles Laveran, a leading French scientist, has died
at the age of 77. He did notable work on microparasites and
on diseases transmitted by insects. He was a member of the
Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medicine and asso-
ciate director of the Pasteur Institute. In 1907 he received
the Nobel prize in medicine.

THE ACRIFLAVINE AND PROFLAVINE PREPARA-
TIONS IN BOVINE PRACTICE *

By E. J. Frick
Manhattan, Kansas

PREVIOUS TO THE WAR the flavine products were made
only in Germany and their value as antiseptics was but little
known. During the war they were made by British chemists
and their solutions were much used in wound treatment.

Acriflavine is diaminomethylacridine. Proflavine is diamino-
acridine sulphate. There are many other compounds of the
yellow dye group such as agroflavine, trypaflavine, ete., that are
coming into general use. In human medicine acriflavine today
is almost completely replacing the argyrol and protargol treat-
ment in gonorrhea.

The use of acriflavine and proflavine in bovine practice at
the Kansas State Agricultural College clinic has extended over
two years. The solution that apparently gave best results and
was the most often used consisted of 1 gram of acriflavine and
5 grams of proflavine to 1 gallon of normal saline solution.
This is about 1 to 4,000 of acriflavine and 1 to 800 of pro-
flavine solution. It should be kept in amber-colored bottles,
as strong light tends to decompose it. For intravenous use
fresh warmed solutions should be used. To remove the stains
on the hands wash with 1 per cent bichlorid soap.

The flavines are antiseptic, not disinfectant, in action. In-
hibition of bacterial activity is the marked property of these
compounds. The high bacteriostatic power and low toxicity to
living tissues of the flavines is of great value in the successful
treatment of local infections.

There is complete absence of evidence of damage to tissues
where the acriflavine and proflavine salts are used in solution
not stronger than 1 to 1,000. They are not neutralized by ad-
mixture with body fluids such as serum, urine, ete., therefore
they do not require frequent renewal. They possess a high
diffusibility and will penetrate through the submucosa of the
urethra and bladder. They are relatively nontoxic and non-
irritating.

1 Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medi-
eal Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

34

ACRIFLAVINE AND PROFLAVINE ao

Regarding the clinical use of the flavine solution on bovines,
we have had very good results in the treatment of vaginitis,
cervicitis, metritis and retained placenta, thoroughly washing
out the horns and body of the uterus, using the return flow irri-
gation method with a solution of one ounce of our flavine solu-
tion to a gallon of clean normal saline water. Where infection
is severe a stronger solution can be used without danger of
irritation. In conditions of septicemia such as metastatic pneu-
monia following metritis, ete., intravenous injections of the
stock flavine solution are administered. The dosage will be
dependent on the condition. Thirty ecubie centimeters every
two hours for two days showed marked beneficial results in our
hands. Local injection of infected quarters in eases of puru-
lent mastitis, with the regular flavine solution, together with the
internal administration of one ounce of formalin per os have
given prompt recoveries. Puncture wounds of the udder re-
sponded well. As a wound dressing, wet flavine packs have
given excellent results in recent wounds. There is an absence
of toxicity in large wounds, prevention of suppuration and
spreading of sepsis, and the primary dressing need not be
changed for two or three days, and then is easily and pain-
lessly removed. The yellow staining property is proof of its
penetrating power and has its effect on the owner.

In long-standing, stagnating wounds and in infections caused
by Bacillus necrophorus we have found iodin and potassium
permanganate solutions to be more effective than the flavines.
For washing out wound cavities, open joints, ete., one ounce
of flavine solution to a quart of normal saline has worked ad-
mirably.

When administered by mouth or intravenously, acriflavine
and proflavine appear in the urine in less than one hour and
continue for 24 hours. We have not had an opportunity to test
their value clinically in purulent nephritis or cystitis, but favor-
able case reports in human medicine are not lacking.

In Belgium an acriflavine paste prepared by mixing 0.1 per
cent of acriflavine with sodium stearate is commonly used. Also
a gelatin or starch mucilage containing 0.1 per cent of acri-
flavine is extensively used.

The flavines seem to have a selective action against the cocci
group of organisms, as best results are obtained when treat-
ing that type of infection. Subcutaneous or intramascular in-

36 E. J. Frick

jections of dilute proflavine and acriflavine 1:1,000 solutions
may be given in conditions where indicated. The flavines are
not expensive when properly used, as a gallon of the combined
1 to 5 mixture costs about $1.80 and will go a long way. It
leaves no disagreeable odor on the hands, and the stain is easily
removed by means of bichlorid soap or solution.

In conclusion we wish to state that we have found solutions
of acriflavine and proflavine to be decidedly beneficial in recent
wound treatment in uterine and other body cavity infections
and when used intravenously in conditions of septicemia, pyemia,
pneumonia, etc. These preparations, like some few new friends,
wear well and improve on further acquaintance.

LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT IN CENTRAL AFRICA

A recent report on government agricultural operations in the
eastern province of the Belgian Congo, in the heart of Africa,
shows that veterinary science is playing an important part in
the development of a region that was first made known to the
outside world by Stanley’s explorations less than thirty-five
years ago.

Good pasturage affords a favorable condition for stock raising,
but livestock are not numerous. The Belgians are introducing
good breeding animals and are taking steps to breed up the
native stock by crossing. Dipping tanks are being installed.
Bovine ‘‘sleeping sickness’? (nagana?) and a disease known
locally as ‘‘bitaka’’ are reported. Rinderpest has been excluded.

Buttermaking and cheesemaking are being developed, and
churns are being introduced, as the native products ‘‘do not
present guaranties of necessary cleanliness.’’ Goats are numer-
ous in some districts. Orpington chickens have been introduced
and are doing well.

It is interesting to note that the Belgian Government is carry-
ing out its promises to the natives by turning over to them
breeding animals in payment for their aid in furnishing food
and porters for the Belgian African forces during the war.

In the more fully developed region to the west the Belgians
have a veterinary research laboratory. Among other work, in-
vestigations in vaccination against rinderpest are being carried
on. This disease causes a mortality of 80 to 90 per cent in the
native cattle which it attacks.

THE HANDLING OF THE FISTULA OF THE WITHERS
IN PRACTICE +

By B. W. Conravd
Sabetha, Kansas

IN ALL VOCATIONS there are unpleasant phases of use-
fulness. Human tendencies are to criticize and lay stress on
disappointments. Veterinarians fail to perform the necessary
surgical interference to make recovery possible in cases of fistula
of the withers. Hoping to assist brother practitioners in their
field of endeavor, I offer the result of seventeen years of ex-
perience in country practice, covering many cases of this disease.

The cause of fistula is immaterial. The fact that it exists is
all sufficient. The essential thing for our profession is its cure,
and as promptly as possible. The history, nature of swelling
and location are of importance as showing the treatment neces-
ary and in giving prognosis. Many cases are made incurable
by the treatment of owners and empirics. Blistering seldom
repairs the condition and must be approached with caution.
Structures involved are too deep-seated to gain relief by exter-
nal medication. My experience in the use of caustics has been
disappointing. For twelve years [ have followed surgical in-
terference, and the longer I practice it the more convincing is
its efficiency. The use of the Williams operation for poll evil
and fistula has been followed for years. For the poll evil, it is
good, but for the fistula I modify the operation and avoid the
long incision on the crest of the withers, thus doing away with
the possible large gaping wound and the unsightly conditions
that my clientele resents. True, my treatment is more difficult
and requires a more careful procedure, but its advantages war-
rant its continued use.

Manner of restraint is by twitch, local anesthesia, complete
anesthesia and casting harness. Complete anesthesia is the ideal
condition, but local conditions often make it impossible. Any
other condition is courting censure from the humane society
and lovers of animals. The instruments needed are clipping
shears, scalpel, retractors, blunt-pointed bistoury, artery forceps,
dressing forceps, curette, bone saw and bone forceps.

1 Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical

Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

Ot

38 B. W. Conrap

The affected part in the adjoining area is clipped and painted
with tincture of iodin. Be sure that the iodin covers not only
the field of operation but also that area liable to give added in-
fection during the operation. I take double precaution by wash-
ing the area above described with antiseptie solution, then let
it dry. Another application of iodin is then applied. With
the scalpel I make two incisions on each side, one anteriorly,
one posteriorly, to enlargement. The anterior one is made
obliquely downward and forward. The posterior one is made
downward and backward. With the retractor lift the skin from
each opening, and by use of the scalpel separate the skin from
the enlarged area. Through the four openings dissect out the
ligament and all necrotic tissues. In case the part to be removed
is larger than the opening, divide the tissue into sections and
thus remove it. Examine the spinous processes carefully; if
injured, curette; if broken, remove with bone saw or bone eut-
ters. Curette the whole cavity. With dressing forceps and
pledgets of cotton remove all remaining tissues. Apply tincture
of iodin to inside of cavity. Pack cavity with iodiform gauze.
Remove in twenty-four to forty-eight hours. Then apply zine
oxid ointment or 00 capsules filled with iodiform every two or
three days.

The great enemies of fistula are, first, the old-time quack with
his bluestone, corrosive sublimate, butter of antimony, and caus-
tics. Next is the officious neighbor advising some form of aqueous
solution to irrigate the wound. Last, but not least, is the
pharmaceutical house with its sure cure of fistula for two dollars.

The added use of bacterin in many cases assists the healing
process, but all necrotic tissue once removed, very little after
treatment is needed.

The National Veterinary Medical Association of Great Britain
and Ireland held its fortieth annual general meeting at Bath, a
noted English watering place, August 1 to 4.

A British veterinarian, according to The Veterinary Record,
has executed an unusual commission in killing in a humane
manner 27 cats belonging to an octogenarian spinster. The old
woman’s pets had overrun her establishment, and a relative
ordered a wholesale clearance.

DISPENSING AS AN ASSET TO THE VETERINARY
PRACTITIONER '

By CHARLES W. BowErR
Topeka, Kansas

IN PREPARING THIS PAPER it was not the writer’s atti-
tude to create any antagonistic feeling among our coworkers and
friends the druggists. They have vast fields in which to work,
and we are proud when we have several good pharmacists in our
eity with whom we can cooperate.

In selecting this subject I have in mind six main topies that
I wish to bring out and upon them express due emphasis.

1. Dispensing as an asset (a) to veterinary practitioner, (b)
to the clientele.

2. Accuracy.

3. Brings business back to you.

4. Purely professional.

5. A unique system in practice.

If a proper system of dispensing is followed it will be readily
noted that the drugs dispensed will mean a great asset every
month. From records cf the writer’s practice it will be found
that in a month’s business that has a gross income of $800 there
will be from $150 to $200 of dispensing. This is not at all
out of the ordinary, and it may be had in any practice if only
a little time and care are given to this branch of our profession.

Another asset to the practitioner from dispensing is busi-
ness that you would not get if it were not that your client
wants a certain medicine. It happens many times that a per-
son will come for a certain drug or combination of drugs to
treat a case that he has diagnosed himself and doubtless cor-
rectly, too. He could just as easily go to the drug store, where
he would purchase some patent concoction, but he knows that
you will dispense, and thus he will give the business to the one
to whom it rightfully belongs.

As an asset to the clientele I find that I can save my clients
at least 66 2/3 per cent on their prescriptions and then make a
very desirable profit myself. As another asset to the public, let

* Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

39

40 CHARLES W. BOWER

us take the man that came to you instead of going to the drug
store. In this ease let us imagine that he did not make a correct
diagnosis. When he comes to you and asks for a certain medi-
cine and tells you what he wants it for, you have the oppor-
tunity to prescribe and dispense for his exact needs and thus
avoid the expense of his experimenting and injuring his animals.

As a second general topic, let us consider accuracy. Do not
misunderstand me. I do not wish to imply that we as prae-
titioners are much more accurate than a pharmacist, but it has
come to pass many times in my practice and in yours that a
pharmacist would get a certain prescription and if he didn’t
happen to have just exactly what was ealled for he would do
a little substituting, and then if we didn’t get the desired re-
sults our clients would blame us and we would not know why.
If there is any substituting to be done the practitioner should
be the one to do it.

We are trained in our various veterinary colleges to com-
pound formule and to dispense in a professional way, and it is
no more than right for us to exercise this training. Further-
more, it keeps our minds keen on materia medica, and causes us
to look up and study medicine and materia medica more than we
ever did in college.

In conclusion of this paper the writer wishes to bring before
this group of practitioners a system that has been worked out in
his practice. A great deal of dispensing is done, but a prescrip-
tion is written for all medicine dispensed. The prescription is
written just the same as if it were going to the druggist, but
instead it is numbered and the corresponding number is placed
on the label and the prescription is filed for further use and
reference.

At first thought you will probably think that this is a lot of
needless work and expense. In fact, perhaps many of you are
telling yourselves that ‘‘I dispense as much or more medicine
than that fellow, and I don’t keep such a record either.’’ That
is doubtless true, but you should consider that with this system
you not only have a complete record for refillmg, which may
be done absolutely accurately, but you also have a record of.
your good prescriptions that really hit the pomt. You also
have the price you charged your clent, so that there will be
no dispute when a refill is made; and furthermore it will aid
you to render better service. For example, suppose a client

DISPENSING AS AN ASSET 41

would come into your office a year or two from the time he had
a certain prescription filled and say to you: “Doctor, I want
some of that medicine you gave me for my horse some time ago.”’
It would take a good memory for a busy practitioner to remem-
ber what the man wanted. Whereas with the number on the
old container the prescription may be readily found and refilled
in proper and professional manner and accuracy. A neat label
and a suitable container should be provided and the package
should be neatly wrappped.

When your clients see you dispense and keep your record in
such a manner they will doubtless ask many questions, but they
will believe in you because they will readily see that you are
putting in some extra effort really to help them and that you
are making professionalism and accuracy paramount.

The appointment of Dr. Ernest B. Forbes, of Chicago, as
director of the Institute of Animal Nutrition at Pennsylvania
State College, was announced by President Thomas. He will
assume charge of the institute at once.

Dr. Forbes received degrees in science and agriculture from
the University of Illinois in 1897 and 1902 and the doctorate
degree from the University of Missouri in 1908. At one time
he was acting entomologist for the State of Minnesota and taught
entomology and animal husbandry in the Universities of Illinois
and Missouri before undertaking nutrition work at the Ohio
experiment station. He is a member of the National Research
Council, the American Chemical Society and other similar or:
ganizations, and his specialty is work with mineral elements in
animal nutrition.

In Memphis, Tennessee, on July 28, a number of enthusiastic
veterinarians from Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri
and Tennessee took steps toward organizing a new association
to be known as the ‘‘Dixie Veterinary Medical Association’’
with a permanent home in Memphis. Officers were elected and
a committee appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws with
the understanding the first meeting to be held some time in
October, 1923.

SOME OBSERVATIONS OF PRACTICAL INTEREST!

By M. Jacos
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn.

IF ONE were to attempt a review of experiences extending
over a period of more than twenty years, giving due considera-
tion to those things having both useful and practical bearing,
it would occupy more time and space than one could reason-
ably expect on an occasion of this kind. However, if one is so
inclined with his work, it is easily possible to present at least
a few observations that may be of interest to those engaged in
a similar vocation. The important problems confronting the
veterinarian in one section of the country may be of lesser im-
portance in another. As a matter of fact, they vary from an
all-important to a negligible factor regarding their influence
toward successful animal husbandry. This no doubt has in a
measure been responsible for a difference in viewpoint regard-
ing many important problems involving the activities of the
veterinary profession. This is true also of many other lines
of endeavor and should not be interpreted as lacking in pro-
fessional efficiency. It is perfectly natural that one should
become more conversant with problems that with him are more
or less continual than those he has to deal with only now and
then. However, as time goes on, every problem is becoming
more universal, this through the influence of our modern sys-
tem of education and a desire on the part of the veterinarian
to familiarize himself beyond the confines of his immediate
work. Then again, our commercial activities are such that a
problem*which is vital in one State, county or section today
may be equally so in an entirely different one tomorrow. This
is applicable especially to the livestock industry and therefore ~
of interest to the veterinarian. With these few basic thoughts
in mind, it is my purpose to review a few observations. which
I trust may be of some interest.

PowpEery MimpEew or RED CLOVER

During the early part of last May we began receiving let-
ters of inquiry at the University of Tennessee regarding a pecu-

1 Presented at the semi-annual meeting of the Virginia Veterinary Medical Asso
ciation, Blacksburg, Va., July 13, 1922.

42

OBSERVATIONS OF PRACTICAL INTEREST 43

liar clover disease appearing in some sections of the State. As
time went on these inquiries became more numerous, and by
the latter part of May we were receiving enormous numbers
of inquiries by every means of communication, seeking informa-
tion regarding this new clover disease and especially as to
whether or not it was harmful to livestock. In the meantime,
however, it had become prevalent on each one of our Experi-
ment Station farms, and, as in every other section, was con-
fined entirely to red clover. When submitted to our plant
pathologist he identified the mildew as Erysiphe polgoni, which
had occurred the previous year in some of the Eastern States,
but further than that could give little or no information about
it. Our Federal authorities could add nothing more other
than that in Europe, where it has previously been seen, vet-
erinarians had reported the occurrence of inflammatory condi-
tions affecting the mucous membrane of the mouth, throat and
stomach when red clover affected with this disease was fed to
livestock.

In order to give our farmers dependable information regard-
ing the advisability of feeding this mildewed clover, a prelimi-
nary feeding and grazing experiment was undertaken. This
was considered very urgent, as many were reluctant in cutting
their red clover for hay, and if it were not so used an enormous
loss in feeding material for this year would have been entailed.
Fortunately we had one field of about ten acres on the Station
farm at Knoxville sown almost entirely to red clover and which
was admirably adapted to conduct the experiment, which was
started May 31. The field at this time had the appearance as
though limestone dust or ashes had been broadeasted, which
gives an idea as to the prevalence and extent of the mildew. A
part of the field was inclosed, on which we placed four hogs and
four sheep. They grazed on this area without anything else
‘except water for a period of 14 days. From the other part of
the field the clover was cut and cured for hay in the usual man-
ner. This was fed to four Percheron colts, from one to two
years old, and four Holstein heifers, each receiving only a
small amount of grain. The hay was fed in quantities of
about as much as they would consume, extending over a period
of 14 days for the heifers and 35 days for the colts. Dur-
ing the entire period the animals were under close observation,
and they gave no evidence that the clover so affected was un-

44 M. JACOB

palatable and, as a matter of fact, seemed to consume it with
the usual relish. At the close of the experiment the interior
of the mouth of each animal was closely examined, but no evi-
dence of any irritation could be detected. Furthermore, they all
came out of the feeding and grazing experiment without any
ill effect whatsoever. Our conclusion, therefore, was that
powdery mildew of red clover (Erysiphe polygont) is harmless
to livestock.

However, in giving these results to the farmers and veteri-
narians of the State, we drew attention to the fact that the
spread of this red clover disease could be partly accounted for
by the unusual amount of rain during the spring and early
summer, with the result that it was a very difficult matter on
many farms to cure the hay properly before it was stored or
stacked. We therefore may expect to see more or less forage
poisoning if moldy hay of this kind is fed promiscuously, espe-
cially to horses and mules, which might incorrectly be attributed
to the powdery mildew disease, which of itself has been found
to be harmless.

~

Epizootric oF CANINE PSsEupo-EPILEPSY

During the early part of the past winter I received a few
letters from the western section of the State asking for advice
regarding a peculiar disease occurring in a dog which the
owner always described as ‘‘fits.’? At that time I attributed the
condition either to a complication of distemper or to some diges-
tive disturbances brought on by the presence of intestinal
parasites. But before long I began to realize that a condi-
tion existed which was entirely new to me and which differed
very decidedly from the usual line ‘of nervous disturbances in
dogs with which we are all more or less familiar. By the be-
ginning of April it had become so widepsread that the laity had _
already determined upon its nomenclature and referred to it
as ‘‘fright disease,’’ ‘‘running disease,’’ ‘‘fit disease’ or “run-
ning fits,’’ based, of course, upon the most pronounced symptoms.
Since then I have had an opportunity to observe a great many
of these cases and have endeavored to draw some conclusions
based upon clinical characteristics. I have made a careful
search of available veterinary literature, but as yet have been
unable to find anything which in its description bears any re-
semblance to this disease unless it is tetania or tetanus inter-

OBSERVATIONS OF PRACTICAL INTEREST 45

mittens, referred to but very briefly by Hutyra and Marek. So
far as I have been able to learn, it has made its appearance in
practically all of the Southeastern States. Whether it has oe-
curred in other sections of the country I am not at this time
prepared to say.

As in true epilepsy, the onset is very sudden, with no ap-
parent premonitory symptoms. The dog goes into a state of
extreme excitement, and unless confined will run and howl as
if terribly frightened. At times the attack is more typical of
the ordinary convulsion, although a complete loss of conscious-
ness is not characteristic, in which respect it differs from true
epilepsy. The attacks are usually of short duration, lasting
as a rule for only a few minutes, following which the dog again
assumes its normal composure. In the majority of cases there
is a recurrence of the attacks within a few hours, days or weeks.
I personally know of cases that have developed these paroxysms
at varying intervals for a period of more than two months.
Then again, I know of others that had only one attack and suf-
fered no further inconvenience. In a few eases, following re-
peated attacks, the dog manifested considerable depression.
During the periods of excitement there is frequently noticed
involuntary movement of the bowels and kidneys. There is no
change in temperature other than a slight elevation during or
immediately following the attacks. It affects dogs of any age
or breed. The history of these cases does not indicate an asso-
ciation or complication with any other disease, the owner in-
variably stating that the dog appeared absolutely normal pre-
vious to the attack.

In a few cases upon which a postmortem was held there were
no visible lesions other than a hyperemic condition of cranial
meninges, varying somewhat in intensity. The mortality from
this disease is comparatively low, although a large number of
dogs so affected have been destroyed, on account of the faulty
impression that it was a form of rabies. I have heard of com-
munities where the dog population has been practically wiped
out, the people having become panic stricken when a few of
these cases occurred, which resulted in destroying not only the
affected dogs but the exposed or others of the community as
well. Then again in some instances the owner or attendant has
been bitten while trying to control the dog during these violent

46 M. Jacos

attacks. This was due, however, to the fact that the dog was
biting for freedom instead of with malicious intent. Neverthe-
less, as is usually the case under conditions of that kind, the
guilty dog as well as others in the neighborhood must submit
to destruction.

The treatment as carried out by myself has been relatively
simple, consisting of a hypodermic of apormorphia in one-tenth
to one-eighth grain doses administered during or immediately
following an attack, and in one or two hours later give a large
dose of castor oil, the latter to be repeated in four or five
days. In addition the dog should be fed very lightly for at
least two weeks and should be confined in the meantime. Fol-
lowing the initial dose of apormorphia, nerve sedatives in the
form of bromides may also be indicated. This line of treatment
has given satisfactory results.

Now the question comes up, what are we dealing with? As
previously stated, until the beginning of the present epizootic
this disease, in its present form at least, was entirely new to
me, and the fact that no dependable reference could be found
in any veterinary treatise is further evidence that it is new
or has passed unobserved by the profession.

Although having no laboratory proof, I am of the impres-
sion that it is an infectious disease with the probable localiza-
tion of the organisms in the region of the eentral nervous sys-
tem and manifesting itself by the psychic disturbances already
referred to. It would be difficult to conceive of a disease be-
coming so widespread in such a short period of time, presenting
such well-defined symptoms, unless there existed a specific etio-
logical factor. There may, of course, be certain secondary con-
ditions essential for its occurrence, which, to me, however, have
not become apparent. From the fact that dogs in the pink cf
physical condition seem especially susceptible, the disease bears
considerable resemblance to many other infectious diseases with
which we have to deal. The future no doubt has in store for
us considerable interesting information regarding this disease.
In the meantime, however, we might at least adopt a name suit-
able to the condition. I would suggest canine pseudo-epilepsy,
to which the term ‘‘infectious’’ might be added whenever subse-
quent. pathological study establishes this fact.

bp

OBSERVATIONS OF PRACTICAL INTEREST 47

UppER INFLATION

Another thing which has been of more than ordinary interest
to me is the effect of udder inflation in the treatment of animal
diseases. For a number of years we have been more or less
familiar with results that at times seem marvelous in the treat-
ment of parturient paresis when the udder is inflated with air
or oxygen. There was a time when I gave no consideration to
this method of treatment unless the case was typical of partu-
rient paresis and occurring within a few days of or soon after
calving. But as time went on, I found myself using this method
of treatment in milk cows in many eases that could not right-
fully be called parturient paresis or milk fever, if we consider
its relationship to calving as an essential in making our diag-
nosis. Such cases as I refer to are characterized by normal or
subnormal temperature, incoordination of gait or else the cow
being unabble to stand, and marked depression going on to a
state of complete coma, the bowels in some cases being inactive
and in others decidedly loose. While in a recumbent position,
the cow usually maintains a posture typical of the ordinary
ease of milk fever. These symptoms may be present at any
time during the gestation period or even when she has not
been carrying a calf for several months. Usually such cases
are referred to as toxemia and the history is such that the condi-
tion may rightfully be attributed to some dietary cause. At
any rate we are safe in saying that parturition in many of these
eases is not a factor. Yet my experience has been that a very
large percentage of these cases readily respond to the ordinary
milk-fever treatment. This with me has become so firmly estab-
lished that whenever, to use the common expression, “‘the cow
is down or nearly down,’’ and the case is acute and not of
traumatie or infectious origin (specific), the inflation of the
udder becomes the important part of the treatment. This may
appear to some as being on the verge of empiricism. However,
I ean answer this by asking whether the pathology of partu-
rient paresis and its treatment have ever been explained to your
entire satisfaction ?

Another observation along this line which I believe has some
practical virtue is the ability to prevent typical parturient
paresis by maintaining the udder in a partially distended con-
dition both before and for several days following parturition.

48 M. JAcos

This, of course, is accomplished by not milking at all a short
time before and only partly for a few days after the calf is
born. It is only reasonable that this should be so, as it is simply
a natural instead of an artificial means of distending the udder.

Another condition in cows which has responded with at
least a fair degree of success are strictures or fibrous teat ob-
structions. By repeated inflations bringing about a continuous
stretching of the lumen of the teat gradual but satisfactory
improvement has occurred. When we take into consideration
that ordinary surgical interference in cases of this kind is far
from satisfactory, we have reason to expect far better results
from the inflation method.

In my experience this form of treatment has served a very
useful purpose in the treatment of eclampsia in bitches. The
teat orifices in bitches can not readily be entered, consequently
the inflation apparatus is adjusted with a fine hypodermic
needle and inserted deep into glandular tissue for the inflation
of each section of the mammary glands. This treatment is
further supplemented by the administration of hypodermic in-
jections of apomorphia. I should state in this connection, how-
ever, that in a few instances I have observed sudden deaths,
which I attributed to a puncturing of the blood vessel, bringing
about emboli with fatal results. In order to avoid this, instead
of inflating the mammary glands, I have more recently resorted
to the inflation of the uterus. This can be done by introducing
a suitable tube through the vagina directly into the neck of the
uterus and then holding the lips of the vagina firmly with the
fingers for a period of fifteen or twenty minutes.

I will cite a case incidentally coming under my observation
several years ago—to be more specific, in the spring of 1913—
which I consider interesting from the standpoint of the subject
under discussion. The wife of a very close friend of mine was
confined and subsequently developed a very severe case of
puerperal eclampsia. In spite of the efforts of several good
physicians, she gradually became worse and a fatal termination
was anticipated at any moment. The physicians, who were also
my personal friends, stated that they had exhausted every
method of treatment. I availed myself of the opportunity to
suggest that they try the inflation of the breasts with oxygen.
Within twenty minutes they had the oxygen tank ready and
were administering the treatment. Within 30 minutes more

OBSERVATIONS OF PRACTICAL INTEREST 49

the afflicted woman showed marked signs of improvement, which
continued to a rapid and uneventful recovery.

I believe that I have brought out enough to emphasize the
rather wide range of usefulness for this method of treatment.
There are, however, a few things that should not be under-
estimated. First, the importance of an absolutely aseptic tech-
nique, and second, discard air and use only oxygen. I am an
advocate of oxygen because it lessens the possibility of con-
tamination, the cost is not prohibitive, and it is much easier
to administer and gives more satisfactory results. The greater
respect which it commands from your client should at least make
the use of oxygen worth while.

BRAHMAN CATTLE FOR THE GULF COAST

A Brahman bull has been purchased for the Iberia Live
Stock Experiment Farm which is conducted by the United
States Department of Agriculture at Jeanerette, La. There is
a general belief among some cattlemen in certain sections of
the southern coastal region of the United States that the progeny
of grade Brahman bulls of desirable type have certain out-
standing merits that make the use of these bulls on native
and grade cows preferable to the use of sires of better-known
beef breeds.

Several points favoring Brahmans are claimed by the pro-
ducers. Among the more important ones it is claimed that Brah-
man eattle withstand the insect pests and diseases prevalent
in the low and damp areas and that they withstand the heat
during the summer season better than the recognized beef
breeds. It is also claimed that fewer bulls per hundred cows
is necessary where Brahman bulls are used, and the basis for
this statement is attributed to the vigor and vitality of Brah-
man bulls.

The work at present is to compare the merits of a purebred
bull of a breef breed and a Brahman bull as sires for a herd of
grade beef cows in the South.

BEFORE AND AFTER

As the old darkey said, ‘‘ A chicken am de most usefullest ani-
mule there be. Yo’ can eat him befoah he am bohn an’ aftah he
am dead.’’—Lvfe.

TUBERCULIN TESTING THE DAIRY COW +

By W. F. Mier
Stuttgart, Arkansas

THE EXTENT and rapid increase of bovine tuberculosis has,
during recent years, caused alarm, and rightly so, because of its
effects in reducing the general food supply and its great danger
to human health. Admitting, as we must, the increase of this
disease among our food-producing animals, particularly cattle
and swine, it appears that this fact should cause as great concern
from a practical health standpoint, irrespective of the direct
communicability of tuberculosis from animal to man. The im-
portant question as to whether bovine tuberculosis can be di-
rectly communicated to man has attracted considerable atten-
tion in this country for several years and has been discussed at
several medical meetings and by scientific men generally for the
past several years. The conclusion has been reached by the most
advanced thinkers and writers that bovine tuberculosis is readily
transmitted to man.

Of all the diseases that affect humanity, tuberculosis is the
most fatal. It has been conservatively estimated that each year
there are 1,095,000 deaths from this disease throughout the
world, representing 3,000 each day, two for each minute. In the
United States there are, according to Dr. Frederick L. Hoffman,
Actuary of the Prudential Life Insurance Company, 150,000
deaths annually at an average of 35 years of age. A pamphlet
issued by the Prudential Life Insurance Co. says: ‘‘Each of
these deaths represents a loss of 32 years, so that the loss of life,
if measured in time units, annually amounts to the startling
total of 4,800,000 years. In terms of earning capacity the loss
ean not be set down at less than $240,000,000 annually from
this disease in the United States alone.’’

In Arkansas there is a loss of approximately 3,000 human be-
ings from tuberculosis annually, affecting chiefly young men and
women between the ages of 20 and 30, and at any time approxi-
mately 25,000 people in the State are totally or partly incapaci-

1Presented at the meeting of the Arkansas Veterinary Medical Association,
Little Rock, June 9, 1922.

5)

TUBERCULIN TESTING 51

tated by reason of the prevalence of tuberculosis. “fen per cent
of the patients in one sanitarium at Denver are from Arkansas.
Tuberculosis kills as many people, young and old, as diphtheria,
croup, whooping cough, scarlatina, measles and typhoid fever
taken together. Therefore, it is a social problem worthy of our
serious consideration. During the past few years this problem
has been receiving an increased amount of earnest attention.
Only a few years ago it was neglected, and there was, in fact, no
social effort being made to combat its ravages, whereas at the
present time there is a well-organized movement looking to the
eradication and prevention of this terrible disease. People are
being educated and instructed how by proper precautions the
afflicted may be cured and the well prevented from contracting
tuberculosis. ;

It is an undisputed fact that tuberculosis can be acquired by
ingestion as well as by inhalation and inoculation, but until re-
cently the part played by cow’s milk in the transmission of this
disease has not begun to receive serious consideration. That many
persons, both old and young, have been infected with tubercle
bacilli through the milk of cows suffering from this disease is one
of the best attested facts in modern pathology, but the extent to
which children are the victims of this plague is only now being
recognized. Many of the leading conservative authorities have
long held that feeding upon milk from tuberculous cows is one
of the causes of infection to which close attention should be
given. Prof. von Behring goes very much further and says that
the milk fed to infants is the chief cause of infection. Dr. E. F.
Brush, one of our best authorities, regards all tuberculosis as be-
ing of bovine origin.

In conclusion, I appeal to every veterinarian in the State of
Arkansas to urge the tuberculin testing of dairy cattle.

Dr. Mason Weadon of Washington, D. C., who graduated from
the University of Pennsylvania in the class of 1922, has located
at Vero, Florida, where he states a better opportunity is offered
for veterinary work than one would imagine.

Dr. Weadon is also interested in a large citrus fruit grove
and a chicken ranch and is optimistic about the rapid develop-
ment of his locality.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HUMAN GRIPPE AND
CONTAGIOUS PLEUROPNEUMONIA OF THE
HORSE (EQUINE GRIPPE)

By Dr. E. BemeutmMans, Tilbourg, Holland

Translated by
BE. Muprep OstraANDER and DoNALD C. BEAVER

Department of Pathology, Detroit College of Medicine and
Surgery, Detroit, Michigan

(Continued from the September JOURNAL)

III. BaActTERI0oLoGyY

In spite of bacteriological researches undertaken on many
sides since the beginning of the twentieth century, no one has
succeeded in establishing the etiology of the so-called contagious
pleuropneumonia of the horse.

Before Schiitz, who, as a result of his researches in 1887, con-
sidered the diplo-streptococeus as the cause, Friedberger in
1874, as well as Siedamgrotsky, appear to have already deter-
mined the presence of a coccus by the microscopic examination
of the pleural exudate. Peterlein, Perroncito and Brazzola,
and also Mendelsohn, found in the hepatized lungs of horses
diplocoeci analogous to those of man.

The investigations of Rust (1887), Hell and Foth (1888),
Chantemesse and Delamotte (1888), Cadéae (1889), Fiedler
(1891), Falke and Silvestrini and Antonini (1899) confirmed
the opinion of Schiitz.

Some experimentalists succeeded in provoking a pneumonia
in horses by means of an injection of cultures of diplo-strep-
tococci into the lung (Schiitz), as well as in the trachea (Hell).
Cadéac succeeded equally with donkeys, while Fieldler, accord-
ing to his writings, provoked typical pleuropneumonias with
pure cultures.

In opposition to this group of investigators are those who at-
tach a greater importance to the ovoid bacillus as the etiologic
factor of the disease.

The high mortality among horses of the Parisian Omnibus
Company was the cause of Pasteur himself directing his atten-

52

HUMAN AND EQUINE GRIPPE 53

tion to the disease in 1881. Pasteur inoculated guinea-pigs
with the nasal secretion. These suecumbed, and from various
organs he obtained oval bacilli in pure cultures and which pre-
sented a great analogy with the bacillus of fowl cholera. How-
ever, Pasteur never considered these ovoid bacteria as the cause
of the affection.

In 1890 there were published the results of Babes’ investi-
gations, which he considered as the continuation of those of
Pasteur. Babes found in the lungs of horses, in addition to
diplo-streptococci identical with those determined by Schiitz,
some oval bacilli whose morphologic and pathogenic characters
conformed largely to those of the oval bacillus of rabbit sep-
ticemia and fowl cholera (of the hemorrhagic septicemia group).
Direct injections of these oval bacilli into the lungs seemed to
provoke pneumonias with necrotic foci and which were fatal.

Ligniéres interprets in the following fashion the action of
oval bacilli associated with the diplo-streptococei of Schtitz: The
oval bacilli invade the equine organism only at the beginning
period of the disease, preparing the ground for the action of
the diplo-streptococei of Schiitz and then quickly disappearing.

As is known, the absence of Pfeiffer’s bacillus of influenza in
fatal cases of human influenza is explained in an analogous way.
As for the significance of the oval bacillus (coceus) of equine
erippe, my bacteriologic researches have proved that these germs
are found in the course of this affection in the respiratory ap-
paratus; their presence, without any doubt, is sporadic. The
researches of Ostertag and Troester, of Bongert and Grabert,
of Pfeiler, of Robert Koch, of Gaffky and Luhrs, have shown
decisively that one must not attribute to the oval bacilli of
Ligniéres any causative role, either for the malady called con-
tagious pleuropneumonia with a normal progress, or for the
pneumonia with complications.

From what precedes it follows that until 1900 investigators
did not aim to discover the germ which essentially provoked the
affection, but their chief aim was to discover what microbes were
the cause of the pulmonary complications. Generally this sec-
ondary pulmonary inflammation was considered as a primary
contagious pneumonia and not as a complication.

After 1900 reaches were instituted, especially in Germany. It
is interesting to state that since that time it has no longer been

54 EK. BEMELMANS

a question of the oval bacillus as a cause of the secondary pneu-
monia. It may be admitted as proved that in different regions
the secondary infections of the lungs, which occur in the course
ot equine grippe; are provoked chiefly by two germs—the diplo-
(pneumo)-streptococcus and the oval bacillus. The presence of
the first is always more frequent. If the second bacillus is ob-
served, diplo-streptococci will be noticed at the same time.

At the end of the twentieth century the study of the affection
was entrusted chiefly to Professors Ostertag and Troester.
Troester’s investigations, treating especially the experimental
production of contagious pneumonia, were negative. Ostertag
likewise obtained no results.

As contagious pneumonia always presented a great danger to
the combative force of the army, Robert Koch received the gov-
ernmental commission to begin research on the cause of this
affection. It was hoped that the question would then be cleared
up. However, such was not the case, for the results obtained
by Koch contributed nothing new concerning the nature of
the disease.

In particular, Koch was able to attribute to diplo-streptococei
only a causal role of the secondary affection, although frequently
found in the respiratory tract and the lungs, because—

1. It was impossible to produce the so-called pneumonia with a
pure culture of diplo-streptococcus;

2. In some eases, which moreover were very acute, their pres-
ence in the lungs could not be detected.

Likewise the disease could not be provoked with other bac-
teria, particularly the oval baccillus found in the affected lungs.

This eminent experimenter also carefully investigated, as was
his custom, whether other animals might eventually be taken
into consideration as carriers or transmitters of the virus, as
had been previously supposed. Mice and rats treated with the
excrement of pleuropneumonia sufferers never became ill. It
was the same with healthy horses receiving with their rations
the excrement of mice and rats, as well as insects taken in the
contaminated stables. hes, gnats, spiders, coleopteras, bugs
and other insects found in the infected stables were transported,
together with some dust, into other stables which were not con-
taminated and were placed on healthy horses, without a single
infection being produced. The results were likewise negative

HUMAN AND EQUINE GRIPPE ays)

with the only insect which sucks the blood, Hematopinus
macrocephalus, an insect commonly found on horses. At the
end of his report Koch declared that the question of the nature
of contagious pneumonia remained absolutely unsolved.

After the death of Koch, Prof. Gaffky received the commission
to continue the research. This investigator, in collaboration with
health officers and military veterinarians, instituted new, ex-
tensive microscopical researches, utilizing the most recent meth-
ods. He examined 523 organs and more than 4,000 microscopic
preparations fixed and stained by different methods. Cultures
executed in different ways and on a large scale gave no result
at all. The cultivated germs did not differ from those found in
healthy horses and were not in a condition to provoke the disease.
For his investigations Gaffky utilized young horses which had
never had an attack of contagious pneumonia. Like Koch,
Gaffky arrived at the conclusion that it was impossible to infect
rabbits, guinea-pigs or colts by the administration of secreted
products or the organs of horses which have succumbed to the
disease; neither could it be done by utilizing rats or mice as
intermediary animals. Experiments with insects and parasites
found in the stables also gave negative results.

As for my opinion, I am certain that the infection is not
produced by the intermediation of insects. Fleas or bugs are
found seldom or not at all on the horse. <A rapid propagation
by lice is impossible. In autumn, winter or spring, when con-
tagious pneumonia is usually prevalent, there are no flies or
gnats. For this reason it has been considered useless to insti-
tute other experiments with insects as transmitting agents.

Such was the state of investigations when I was charged with
the study of this disease. No one doubts that the hope of ob-
taining any better results was slight. My researches were
founded upon—

1. Bacteriologic examination of the air expired, the blood, the
excretions, the exudate, and different organs of animals affected
with or having succumbed to the so-called contagious pneumonia.

9. Experimentation on animals, relative to the transmission.

3. Experiments relative to the transmission of human grippe
to horses, ete.

4. Injections of Pfeiffer’s bacillus into horses.

56 E. BEMELMANS

1. Bacteriologic Examination of Different Products from Ani-
mals Affected with or Dead from Contagious Pneumonia

The results obtained may be summarized thus:

a. Air expired. In cases with normal progress, as well as
those with pulmonary complications, the presence of diplo-strep-
tococci in the air expired by the sick was determined several
times. This was accomplished by means of plates of serum-
agar.

b. Blood. Numerous examinations of blood from the jugular
veins of horses affected with normal forms of the disease and of
subjects which were on the road to recovery did not permit the
determination of the presence of germs, either microscopically
or bacteriologically. Only at the time of severe complications,
when signs of the danger of death were manifested, diplo-
(pneumo )-streptococci were observed as a general rule in the
blood during the twenty-four hours just preceding death.

c. The rusty mucous discharge which drained in small quan-
tities from the nasal cavities at the time of the existence of
symptoms of pneumonia appeared to contain generally diplo-
streptococci, white and lemon staphylococci, Bacillus coli, sar-
cine and Bacillus pyocyaneus. The presence of Bacillus ovale
appears to be very sporadic.

d. Laryngeal mucous membrane. The second day after the
temperature had attained 41.2°C. (in 24 hours and two bounds),
tracheotomy was practiced on a subject attacked with contagious
pleuropneumonia. Some laryngeal mucus was collected by
means of a cotton swab fixed on a metallic rod, and this was
immediately treated bacteriologically. In it there were con-
stantly found diplo-streptococci which were very virulent.

e. Transudate. The bacteriological examination of the pleu-
ral transudate from the thoracic cavity of horses whose recovery
was complete in a short time was negative. The coloration of
the pleural effusion was the same as that of bloody serum.
That this fluid is a transudate and not an exudate is obvious
from the quantity of residue after desiccation at 105°C. It
contains only 4 per cent of solids.

Frequently repeated examinations of the blood as well as of
the pleural transudate immediately after their extraction always
gave negative results. The presence of microbial germs or of

HUMAN AND EQUINE GRIPPE Dil,

protozoa could not be determined. The culture media utilized
were broth, serum-bouillon, agar, serum-agar, and serum from
coagulated blood.

The diplo-streptococcus was found in the blood of the lungs
as well as in the pleural exudate of horses which had succumbed
to grippal pleuropneumonia. This was especially the case in
three horses which had died from empyema.

In these cases the color of the pleural exudate was a dirty red.
Mice in which some of this exudate was injected succumbed in
36 hours in consequence of a diplococcic septicemia. The pres-
ence of diplo-streptococci and especially of streptococci (short
chains of 4-6 cocci) in the pleural exudate was verified.

f. Synovia of the tendons. At the remount depot I had oce-
casion at different times to perform a bacteriological examina-
tion of the synovia from ordinary tendinous synovitis. I never
succeeded in finding germs in it.

g. Lungs. The examination of the lungs of horses which had
succumbed following pneumonia and whose lungs had been sent
to me from various regions of the country was profitable. The
bacteria found after a complete bacteriological study were:
Diplo-streptococei (cultivated in a liquefiable medium under the
form of small streptococci), staphylococci, (white, golden and
yellow), sporadic oval bacilli, sarcine, Bacillus subtilis, B.
pyocyaneus and B. coli. The presence of diplo-streptococeci and
staphylococci was always predominant.

The above-mentioned bacteria may also be found at different
times in the nasal mucous discharge of healthy horses. The
microscopic examination of smears obtained from different or-
gans, such as lymph nodes, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, gave no
appreciable result. It was the same with preparations stained
by the various methods used for recognizing protozoa (trypa-
nosomes and spirochetes) of the blood and other organic fluids.

2. Animal Experiments to Determine the Transmission of Con-
tagious Pneumonia (Grippe) of the Horse.

a. Mice inoculated hyperdermically with the rusty nasal
mucus usually died in forty-eight hours. From time to time
staphylococci could be cultivated from the heart. More often
the mice appeared to die as a result of a diplo-streptococcic

58 E. BEMELMANS

septicemia, and sporadically only from a septicemia due to the
oval bacillus.

b. Mice inoculated with the secretions from the upper respi-
ratory tract (secretions obtained aseptically by tracheotomy)
usually succumbed in twenty-four hours from a diplo-strepto-
coccle septicemia.

c. Injections of blood, collected on different days from horses
attacked with the typical affection with a normal course, are
accomplished as follows:

(1) Mice—subcutaneously ;

(2) Guinea-pigs—subeutaneously ;

(3) Rabbits—subeutaneously and intravenously ;

(4) Horses—subeutaneously, intravenously, intratracheally
and intrapulmonarily ;

—and always with the same result.

d. It was likewise impossible to provoke the least reaction in
these animals by means of the pleural transudate. After twenty-
four hours only an absorption could be observed in horses that
had been injected with the exudate of tendinous synovitis, which
was manifested during the course of the affection or the con-
valescence.

e. The dirty red hemorrhagic fluid of the pleural effusion,
injected at different times by venous or intratracheal means, did
not provoke the disease.

This pleural exudate had been obtained aseptically from the
horses affected with the disease, either before or after death.
The presence of diplo-streptococci could always be detected
there.

A colt which it was certain had never had pleuro-pneumonia
was (1) injected by the intratracheal method with 10 cc. of
pulmonary material obtained in the following manner: A frag-
ment of lung from a horse which had died from grippal pleuro-
pneumonia was cut aseptically into small pieces and triturated
in a mortar with a solution of sterile sodium chlorid. To sep-
arate the solid particles the mass was filtered through a layer ot
cotton. With this filtrate the subject was inoculated by means
of an intratracheal injection. It provoked no reaction. (2)
Taking another colt, I injected into the lung 10 ee. of this
filtrate, which, like that used for the intratracheal injection,

HUMAN AND EQUINE GRIPPE 59

contained diplo-streptococci, staphylococci and Bacillus subtilis.
The result was only a weak thermal reaction of 1.2°C., lasting
searcely twenty-four hours.

This filtrate was injected into the veins of a four-year-old
horse with negative results. Several repeated trials produced
the same results. It is therefore impossible to infect horses with
the blood, pleural exudate or tendinous synovia of horses
attacked with grippe and recovering from it, even though it is
proved that the animals used in the experiment are not immune
to the disease.

It was thus impossible to produce the affection by means of a
pulmonary exudate and lung fragments of dead horses in which
diplo-streptocoeci as well as oval bacteria were found. ‘Thus
it seems impossible artificially to infect healthy receptive horses.

There is no reason for making experiments with filtrate ob-
tained by passing blood and secretions through bougies, since
from what preceded it is seen that a filterable virus may be
excluded as a cause of the disease.

Summarizing, it is then proved: (1) That the so-called
contagious pleuropneumonia of the horse is not a bacteriemia;
(2) that the causal agent of the affection is absolutely not
filterable.

Neither Ostertag nor Koch having succeeded in provoking the
disease in healthy horses, with pure cultures nor with the diplo-
streptococci of Schultz nor with the oval bacteria of Ligniéres,
it was useless to repeat these attempts on costly experimental
animals.

Moreover, Pfeiler (6) had decided that question. Pure cul-
tures of diplo-streptococci as well as of oval bacteria were in-
jected into twenty-four horses, in different ways, separately or
mixed. From these attempts Pfeiler thought he should conclude
that he had succeeded in provoking pleuropneumonia in horses
by intravenous injections of the diplo-streptococci of Schutz.

Ostertag did not reach such a conclusion. The results of
some of his experiments were interesting, in so far as he pro-
voked complications such as tendinous synovitis and intraocular
inflammations, as well as foundering. As we have previously
seen, these complications are observed in contagious pneumonia
of the horse.

60 EK. BEMELMANS

3. Experiments on the Transmission of Human Grippe to
Horses

After I had the assurance that clinically human grippe was
identical with contagious pneumonia (grippe) of the horse, as
much in its abortive form as in its normal or complicated form,
I could not resist taking the occasion to see if human influenza
was eventually transmissible to the horse. I did not hope for
much from these attempts, because of the fact that no one has
ever succeeded in transmitting contagious pneumonia from a
sick horse to another receptive.

The sputum of men affected with a noncomplicated grippe, as
well as the expectoration of those sick with a complicated pneu-
monia, were administered to horses, mixed in the drinking ~
water and the feed. In this manner I did not succeed in
provoking the least reaction among the horses.

The same was true of deposits of these excretions in the nasal
openings or superficial rubbings on the nasal mucosa. After
intratracheal injection there was produced a slight elevation of
temperature, but this lasted for only a few hours. From these
experiments, then, it results that it is not possible to transmit
human grippe to horses by means of the sputum and excretions
from subjects attacked with the typical affection.

4. Injections of Cultures of Pfetffer’s Bacillus Into Horses.

The numerous bacteriological researches instituted concerning
contagious pleuropneumonia of the horse are all the more inter-
esting since eminent bacteriologists such as R. Koch and Gaffky
have concerned themselves with them. It is true that at that
time the question of the identity of this affection with human
influenza was not even established, but the worth of these sci-
entists is a sure guaranty that they would not have misconstrued
the analogies of the different organisms which they found with
Pfeiffer’s bacillus of influenza if these analogies had existed.

Neither have I succeeded in determining the presence of the
influenza bacillus in the respiratory apparatus, whether that of
a healthy horse or of one affected with contagious pneumonia.
As is known, this bacillus requires a special culture medium for
development. It is not cultivated in the blood of a horse. Even
in the preferred media (pigeon blood, human blood) it dies

HUMAN AND EQUINE GRIPPE 61

quickly and necessitates frequent transplantations to preserve
its vitality. The formation of toxins in these media has not
been mentioned at all, for the reason that I have never been able
to attribute any importance to this supposed bacillus of imflu-
enza as a generator of grippe, because the symptomatic picture
of grippe inecontestably indicates that it must. be provoked by
toxins produced in the course of the disease.

I have concluded, first, that by injections of virulent cultures
of Pfeiffer’s bacillus it would be impossible to provoke contagious
pleuropneumonia of the horse. Indeed, the transplantation
into the nose of these cultures, superficial rubbing on the nasal
muscosa, as well as intratracheal injections, gave no result.

In spite of very numerous investigations, no one has yet suc-
ceeded in discovering the specific virus of human grippe or of
contagious pleuropneumonia of the horse.

It is known that Pfeiffer in 1891, in many eases of grippe,
found in the sputum great quantities of a bacillus which he
considered the casual agent of the disease. Numerous articles
have since then been published on the role of this bacillus, par-
ticularly during the epidemie of 1918. It has been asserted that
in certain regions Pfeiffer’s bacillus was frequently found in
subjects affected with a grippal pneumonia; though often few in
number at the beginning of the disease, these bacilli become very
rumerous during the progress and at the end of the disease. In
other regions these germs are not found at all or only excep-
tionally. Pfeiffer himself was able to find his bacillus in only
51 per cent of his eases.

These germs are not found in very acute cases of grippe
(Schottmueller). Thus many bacteriologists arrived at the con-
clusion that Pfeiffer’s bacillus incorrectly bore the name of
‘influenza bacillus.’’ This is true of Prof. Friedman, who did
not hesitate to admit the existence of epidemic affections pre-
senting the symptomatic picture of influenza and nevertheless
entirely independent of the bacillus of Pfeiffer. Pritschett and
Stilman (7) in 43 per cent of their cases isolated bacilli of
influenza from the sputum of healthy individuals. Kensella (8)
points out the presence of these germs in the pharynx of healthy
individuals, without any epidemic diseases of grippe. Moreover.
these bacilli have been found in the pharyngeal and pulmonary

=

62 E. BEMELMANS

lesions at the time of pneumonia, whooping cough, measles, and
searlatina, as well as in other pathological conditions without
grippe, particularly during endocarditis, meningitis, conjunc-
tivitis, dysentery, ete.

A number of reputed and experienced bacteriologists, such as
Schmorl, Oberdorfer, Kruse, Kolle and Selter, did not recognize
any causal réle of Pfeiffer’s bacillus in human grippe. Rumpel,
Selter and Paltauf discovered Pfeiffer’s bacillus in the upper
respiratory tracts of various patients presenting no symptoms
indicating influenza.

Pfeiffer has personally claimed that the bacilli of influenza
are found, sometimes even in a large quantity, in the sputum of
tuberculous patients, of individuals affected with a chronic bron-
chitis and with bronchiectasis. These germ carriers do not
suffer at all from the grippe, no more than persons found in
their immediate vicinity.

Attempts made by Pfeiffer to transmit influenza to the monkey
failed ; a simple thermal reaction was produced, but not genuine
srippe. Other investigators injected virulent cultures into the
trachea and lungs of monkeys but had no better success. The
bacilli die quickly ; they appear to act only through intracellular
toxins liberated at the time of their death. The monkeys suc-
cumb, presenting collapse and dyspnea. By injections into the
veins and peritoneum, strong doses of cultures killed rabbits and
guinea-pigs. :

Horst (9) performed numerous inoculations with cultures of
the influenza bacillus on rats, guinea-pigs, mice, rabbits, cats
and pigeons. The result was always negative. Thus it follows
that Pfeiffer’s bacillus possesses no severe pathologic action, a
fact which I have equally established for the horse.

It is to be considered, moreover, that in cases of grippe where
the presence of the influenza bacillus has been demonstrated the
progress of the disease is not more severe.

Experiments instituted on man have likewise given no result.
Thus Yamanouchi, Sakakami and Iwashima (10) injected a cul-
ture of Pfeiffer’s bacillus into the noses and throats of a certain
number of individuals. None of these manifested any symp-
toms of influenza.

We must also remember the failure of Uhlenhuth’s attempts
to put into evidence specific aggultins in the blood serum.

HUMAN AND EQUINE GRIPPE 63

Finally, McConnell (11) contests the theory of Pfeiffer’s
bacillus as a cause of the affection with the following argument :
The nonmodification of the number of leucocytes after the in-
jection of this bacillus, while in influenza a leukemia is produced.

For these various reasons I believe that it is wrong to con-
sider Pfeiffer’s bacillus as a causal agent of human inflenza.
No causal relation exists between these bacilli and grippe; they
may be regarded only as companions of the human organism.
If they are present, they lead an existence of saprophytes and
await a favorable occasion for multiplying rapidly and for
preparing the soil for other germs with which they live in
symbiosis.

As far as human grippe is concerned, I attribute to the bacillus
of influenza only a secondary importance, entirely comparable
to what occurs in contagious pleuropneumonia of the horse and
also in grippal pneumonia in man (Orticoni, Barbier and
Auge, 2).

IV. ErmeMIoLoGy

The idea that human grippe always rages as a pandemic
throughout all the country should no longer be accepted. All
who have studied the disease unite in admitting that catarrhal
affections and febrile catarrhs rage under an epidemic form at
the beginning as well as the end of each year, due usually to
changes in the temperature and other atmospheric influences.

The so-called contagious pleuropneumonia of the horse is also
prevalent regularly each year among young horses wherever
many of these animals are assembled.

These are some epidemiologic facts which present a great im-
portance to the etiology. For the beginning of the disease also
there exists a manifest analogy between the human and equine
diseases.

Thanks to the regular recording of the temperatures of the
young horses after their arrival at the remount depot, I have
been able to form an exact opinion of the beginning of this
disease. Since 1886, the year of the installation of the remount
depot, contagious pneumonia has raged every year among the
young horses. The manner of the onset is identical, as a general
rule. There are differences only in the date on which the first
cases appeared. In this respect several factors intervene: (1)

64 EK. BEMELMANS

Condition of the horses upon their arrival; (2) meteorologic
conditions which follow stabling; (3) the hygienic condition of
the stables where the animals are kept.

If horses stay too long at pasture there results a loss of
weight. Changes in the upper respiratory passages are then
produced, especially if meteorologie conditions are unfavorable.
The duration of the development of the contagious pleuropneu-
monia is in direct relation to these different factors. The mild,
nasal and pharyngeal catarrh which horses exhibit on their
arrival at the stables, after their return from the grass lands,
induces the affection and greatly influences the evolution of the
disease.

If meteorological conditions are unfavorable after confining
the horses in the stable; if it is impossible, for example, to take
them out on account of rain, or if the quarters are not adequately
ventilated, we see the cases of nasal and pharnygeal catarrh
multiply, particularly in stables presenting the least favorable
hygienic conditions. It is in these surroundings that sometimes
after two or three weeks typical cases of contagious pneumonia
(grippe) appear.

If, on the contrary, the horses return from pasture in a better
condition, if the meteorological conditions before and after
quartering are favorable and permit long stays in the open air,
if the stables are well ventilated, weeks will pass without a
single suspicious case being found, the animals eating well and
not coughing at all.

As a general rule, for a short time some horses in different
stables refuse a part or all of their feed, cough a little, and show
an elevation of temperature. Frequently the disturbance disap-
pears in 24 or 48 hours. A few days later other horses leave
their feed. This is repeated. In the most poorly equipped
stables, in which the first cases have been observed, new cases
are presented, the symptoms increase, and cases with severe com-
plications may then be noticed.

Horses apparently healthy when leaving the pasture thus
bring the virus. It is inadmissible that the cause of the infec-
tion is found in the same stable, considering the fact that each
year all the stables are cleaned and disinfected before the arrival
of new horses.

As for the extension of the grippe among young horses, I have

o>
Or

HUMAN AND EQUINE GRIPPE

ascertained the following: The first cases of pharyngeal catarrh
without general symptoms are found in the weakest subjects.
It is only a little later, when the virulence of the microbian agent
has been enhanced by several passages, that examples of trans-
mission are observed in vigorous subjects. Then the manifesta-
tions increase, general phenomena are added to local symptoms,
and the nervous determinations predominate.

The largest number of cases of the disease are noticed during
humid, rigorous weather, with a great amount of wind or storm.
Sundays and holidays, when the horses remain in the stables and
when the temperature and ventilation are less supervised, are
marked by a renewed outbreak of the disease. As a general
rule, horses in the corners of the stables are the first to be at-
tacked, because they are in the least favorable hygienic condi-
tions in regard to light and air; they are also more exposed to
currents of air. The number of cases of grippe under treatment
is reduced according to the thoroughness of ventilation.

In recently built stables, complying with the legitimate exigen-
cies of hygiene, the progress of the disease is slower and the
malady continues to prevail for months; a long time elapses
before all have been attacked.

It is known that the extension of the epidemic of 1889 was
very slow in rural communities and that the inhabitants of
scattered farms, if they did not remain free from disease, were
attacked very late.

The horses which had been suffering from nasal or pharyngeal
catarrh in the pasture were not attacked with grippe at the
depot. To this fact must be attributed the transmission by leaps
of the affection in the stables. The progress of the malady is
more rapid among native horses which are brought to the stable
directly after purchase from the grazier. If these subjects are
placed too near each other, in a rather small and less airy stable,
then we see them successively attacked in a very short time. In
one ease, in fourteen days all the animals of a certain stable had
been infected, with the exception of a single animal which showed
himself impervious to all contamination. Thus we observe a
perfect accordance with human influenza. The denser the popu-
lation and the more rapid the extension of the disease, the sooner
it reaches its height and the more promptly it ceases its ravages.
When no more cases were to be found in the larger cities (Feb-

66 EK. BEMELMANS

ruary, 1890) new cases developed in the country for a long
time.

As we have just specified, the number of cases of grippe is
increased during humid and cold weather, especially when the
animals remain in the stable for a few days. As far as differ-
ences in breed are concerned, from my observations I believe
that the neural symptoms are more predominant among Irish
horses, due to the sensitiveness of their nervous systems, than
among native, more lymphatic subjects.

As to human influenza, it is established that middle age is
more receptive than youth and old age. Individuals in full vital
power, healthy and strong, are more frequently attacked. In
this also there exists a remarkable concordance with contagious
pneumonia of the horse.

Among colts I have observed a rapid and typical progress
(for a few days only, an elevation of temperature), while the
largest number of victims was among horses between 4 and 8
years of age.

In the epidemic of 1889-1890, as well as in that of 1918, re-
lapses were comparatively rare. At the time of the first epi-
demic they occurred in the proportion of 8 per cent of the cases
treated. The majority of doctors believe that they are due to
reinfection. They have never observed among their numerous
diseases a single new cast of influenza. Egon Frey (12) said
that persons who had been affected with the disease in the sum-
mer of 1918 were generally spared during the autumn epidemic.
From this it is reasonably concluded that the two epidemics
depended upon an identical infection. Hamilton and Leonard
(12) declared that in a boarding school where two epidemics had
raged none of the pupils were attacked twice. More often an
immunity against a new infaction existed for a comparatively
long time. This is also true of the analogous disease of the
horse. Of the 46,431 cases which were noticed from 1893 to 1913
among German army horses, only 0.04 per cent were taken ill a
second time.

During the sojourn of young horses in the remount depot,
relapses occurred very rarely. About 200 three-year-old horses
were there two years. If they were attacked with contagious
pneumonia the first year, as a rule none of them were attacked

HUMAN AND EQUINE GRIPPE 67

the following year. An absolute immunity does not always exist
for the rest of their lives, but certainly a partial immunity. A
proof of this is found in the rudimentary progress.of the affee-
tion among old horses. These suffered from contagious pleuro-
pneumonia in their youth in the remount depot. In this respect,
again, there is an analogy with human grippe.

In regard to the immunity against grippe Netter says: ‘“‘It
seems, nevertheless, that a first attack procures a relative im-
munity. The employees of the customhouse and postal service
of London who were attacked in 1890 were attacked in 1892 in
a proportion two times less than those who had escaped the
first epidemiec.”’

As I have said, I also have noticed a partial immunity from
this disease among colts. By taking the temperatures of all the
horses regularly, it results that the sudden fever of 40°C. more
or less is maintained for only a short time with some subjects,
to return to normal after twenty-four hours. This is observed
in the absence of other pathological symptoms. A little later,
sometimes even a few days, the horses again appeared infected
and suffered from contagious pneumonia.

During the epidemic of 1889, 372 per cent of the population
were attacked with influenza. Of this number 2.67 per 1,000
succumbed, which places the total mortality at about 1 per
1,000.

The mortality is also low for contagious pneumonia if the
affection is diagnosed early and the sick are isolated and placed
in the most favorable hygienic conditions. Then the chances are
great that the disease will progress normally and no complica-
tions will be produced.

The mortality is greatly reduced by the use of salvarsan;
by its early utilization the losses have even fallen to 0.3 per cent.
Just as in man, the majority of the fatal terminations are the
consequences of disturbances of the respiratory and circulatory
systems.

I have already emphasized that in recently built stables of the
remount depot, presenting good hygienic conditions, particularly
in regard to dimensions, ventilation and lighting (sunlight), the
affection appeared only tardily, its progress was rather slow,
and it was a long time before all the animals had been attacked.

68 EK. BEMELMANS

In crowded stables, on the contrary, where the animals did not
have the necessary amount of air, the affection appeared sooner :
the progress was more rapid and it brought more severe pulmo-
nary complications.

Before my arrival at the remount depot it was the custom to
place the first horse taken ill in the box stalls of the stable.
Many succumbed there in consequence of insufficiency of aera-
tion and lighting. For such affections I consider boxes as tombs.

Cases were found in the stables of the field hospital units of
the countries at war, and often where the horses were crowded
together the mortality rate rose greatly. On the other hand, at
the front, where the horses were in rustic conditions and thus
toughened, the malady raged with only a very weak intensity.

These assertions are to be compared with those made concern-
ing human grippe. Head (14) has shown that in a group of
patients treated with windows open and in the cold the mor-
tality was more than half lower than that computed for another
group of patients cared for in closed, warm rooms. Frey (12)
recommends not crowding severe cases of influenza in the hos-
pitals in such a way as to transform them into mortuaries.

The crowding in hospitals of influenza patients with severe
complications results in an augmentation of the virulence of the
influenza germs; to this should be attributed the death of so
many hospital attendants. Proportionally the number of victims
is much less among physicians, although they may have been in
contact with severe cases. ‘The resistance of doctors must be
explained by their intermittent stay in the open air.

Thus it is not doubtful that human influenza and contagious
pneumonia of the horse are contagious diseases. The reasons
upon which this opinion is based are identical for the two dis-
eases: Typical symptomatic picture; acute progress, sometimes
very acute, among men and horses living in crowded conditions
(large cities, remount depots, trading stables); great depres-
sion follows a short attack of the disease; subsequent immu-
nity, ete. |

It must always be remembered that the infection often pro-
gresses in a very strange manner. Thus at the remount depot
months sometimes passed before contagious pneumonia made its
appearance in a stable situated between others where the af-

HUMAN AND EQUINE GRIPPE 69

fection raged intensely. Moreover, the malady did not become
extended to the horses of farmers near the depot, and yet a very
large number brought fodder and feed there every day.

We also know that it has not been possible to transmit the
disease experimentally. Likewise, infecting a stable by intro-
ducing some sick animals there has not succeeded at all. But as
to this subject I have noticed a very remarkable fact. A sick
horse with severe complications is placed in a stable where no
case has been observed. The horses quartered in this stable
remain well. A few months later when the depot no longer
contains a single sick horse, a case of pneumonia is found in one
of these nonreceptive horses, soon followed by 25 other cases.

As for'the treatment, it is useful to emphasize the excellent
effects of salvarsan. Thanks to this product, the disease has
almost always a short and benign course, but its use, even very
early, does not prevent the spread of the disease.

Experimentally, contagious pneumonia of the horse seems to
be of an autochthonous nature. It may be provoked. For this
it is enough to assemble young horses in a stable, ignoring
hygienic conditions, especially lighting, aeration, ventilation,
orientation, ete.

Upon the whole, I believe I have demonstrated that human
influenza and contagious pneumonia of the horse are epidemio-
logically identical.

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE

_ BEMELMANS. Revue Hollandaise de Méd. Vét., Jan. 1, 1916.

. ORTICONI, BARBIER and AUGE. Presse Méd., May 8, 1919.

Soper, G. A. N. Y. Med. Jour., Apr. 26, 1919.

_ HirscuprucH. Ueber die ansteckende Lungenentsundung—span-

ische Krankheit. (About the contagious inflammation of the
lungs—Spanish grippe.) Deut. Med. Wchnschr., 1918, No. 34.

5. Swicky, H. Grippe, similar to the disease of the mule. Schweiz.
Arch. Tierheilk., Bd. 51, H. 9-10.

6. PFEILER. Ztschr. Infectionskrank., 1910, H. 2-8.

7. PRITSCHETT and STILMAN. Jour. Expt. Med., No. 3, 1919.
8. KENSELLA. Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., Mar. 8, 1919.

9. Horst. Tijdschr. Vergel. Geneesk., 1920.

10. YAMANOUCHI, SAKAKAMI and IwasHIMA. The Lancet, June th
1919.

11. McConNELL. Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., May, 1919.
12. Frey, Econ. Wiener Klin. Wehnschr., 1918, No. 52.

® HAMILTON and LEONARD. Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., Mar. 22,
1919.
14. Heap. Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., May 3, 1919.

tH CO DN

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

(Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this depart-—
ment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful
to others in the profession.)

A CASE OF TRUE OSSIFICATION OF THE AORTA IN
A BOVINE?

By Micuet C. Rusino
Technical Veterinary Inspector and Delegate to the Institute of
Pathological Anatomy and Parasitology of the
Veterinary School of Montevideo

THE PRESENT CASE as described, although it ince prac-
tical interest, because we have not been able to obtain data on
the subject and because it may furnish a new observation, may
also be of importance in future investigations. At the same
time the alterations that we describe not only on account of
their nature but their extensions, we believe have not been
reported in veterinary medicine.

This case was a grade Hereford, seven years of age, examined
August 12, 1917, in the corrals at Durazno. Dr. Felipe Cas-
taeda was present at the autopsy and supplied the following
data:

The general condition of the animal was good, but on being
exercised the animal became fatigued by the least exertion.

Autopsy: There was great resistance in the cutting of the
carotid. Cardiac dilation was pronounced, particularly in the
left venticle, which appeared flaccid, its very thin walls forming
folds. The arterial aorta in the thoracic extension was rigid.
This rigidity, though in a lesser degree, continued in the ab-
dominal aorta and in the thoracic branches of the brachio-
cephalic. It was difficult to delimit definitely the extension of
the infection.

The thoracic portion of the aorta, which is illustrated, was
taken for study. At the beginning it was thought to be a very
extensive calcification of the aorta, but it was observed that in
the external tunic there were calcareous concretions, and a eare-

Translation by N. S. Mayo of an article from the Annals of the Veterinary
School of the University of Montevideo, as reported in the Revista Medicina
Veterinaria, the official organ of the Veterinary Medical Society of Uruguay.

70

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS (1

Thoracic Portion of Aorta

ful examination demonstrated that we were dealing with a true
ossification. The artery that was presented: showed complete
rigidity to pressure; only some small portion appeared rela-
tively flexible. Throughout the external tunic was observed
some small white concretion of a calcareous nature. The inter-
nal surface covered by a heavy lining presented a whitish red
appearance and was seeded with small rigid projections, many
of them pointed.

The trunk of the aorta was totally ossified, as much as was
separated, and we found large rigid plates in contact with
others, except in some portions there were observed small zones
that were not ossified or that were ossified incompletely. In
the internal surface could be clearly observed the process of
ossification by plates, because the inner surface was trans-
parent and one could see the orders of the plates, some cover-
ing parts of others.

A microscopical examination showed that ossification took
place in the middle tunic, involving its whole thickness. The

AZ CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

structure of the tissue is analogous physiologically to planes of
flat bones. The parts that go toward the external and internal
surfaces is a layer of tissue compact and is united by a spongy
tissue, osteoplasms having many zones of orientation in the
Haversian system.

OBSTRUCTION OF THE DUODENUM OF A HORSE BY
A BELIARY CALCULUS FOLLOWED BY
RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH *

By Antonio DE Bont

Chief of Technical Work in Pathological Anatomy and Para-
sitology in the Veterinary School of Montevideo

TAKING INTO ACCOUNT the various causes that intervene
in the production of rupture of the stomach of a horse, I be-
lieve this case will be of interest, and in the description I will
refer only to the most important part of the autopsy, registry
No. 54, March 9, 1918.

The body of a male horse eight years old was brought to
the Pathological Anatomy Institute of the Veterinary School for
autopsy. The only history was that the animal had suffered
from severe colie. =

On opening the abdominal cavity, watery, bloody fluid mixed
with food and blood clots came. Over the peritoneum were
particles of food-and blood clots, particularly on the mesentery,
where there were large quantities. The serous membranes of
the intestines contained some petechiw. The stomach presented
a rupture of 20 centimeters in its Jargest curvature, extending
nearly to the pylorus, the irregular borders festooned and in-
filtrated and with coagula. There were hemorrhagic affusions
in the submucous coat and the muscular coat was retracted.
The mucosa on the edges of the rupture was spotted with violet
and along the edges was a blood infusion and particles of food.

A small quantity of food remained in the stomach; mixed
with it was a rounded calculus of a green color.

On palpating the duodeneum a hard mass was felt and on
opening this organ one could see a dark green calculus, in front
of the opening of the bile and pancreatic ducts (ampolla Vader),
closing the opening of the same. The intestine was contracted,

1Translated by N. S. Mayo from the Revista Medicina Veterinaria, official organ
of the Veterinary Medical Society of Uruguay.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 73

making a mass in which was the calculus. The intestinal mucosa
was intact. In the folds of the pocket were small calculi with
facets held in position by the large calculus.

The color of the liver was gray with a faint olive tint. The
liver was greatly increased in volume and very hard and diffi-
eult to cut. It could not be broken with the finger. The ap-
pearance of the surface was netlike, with a light color. In the
central part of each cell was a depression with a darker color.
The lighter part could be recognized as interstitial tissue, ereatly
increased, forming a mesh, surrounding small islands of the
parenchyma; this had a reddish color.

A microscopic examination revealed the classical lesions of
chronic interstitial hepatitis.

CARBON TETRACHLORID EFFECTIVE AGAINST
HOOKWORMS

A telegram has been received from Fiji reporting the suc-
cessful treatment of more than 12,000 hookworm cases by carbon
tetrachlorid with 90 per cent of cures with one dose, and the
removal of 98 per cent of the worms. This method was tried
first on dogs by Dr. Maurice C. Hall, of the United States Bu-
reau of Animal Industry, who found that 0.3 ¢. ¢. of the drug
for every kilogram of live weight expelled all the hookworms
of those animals, a result he had never previously obtained by
any other method of treatment, while it could be given after
fasting in hard gelatin capsules without purgation being neces-
sary. As the new drug is much less toxic and far cheaper than
either thymol or oil of chenopodium, the last of which has given
rise to a number of fatalities owing to the uncertain amount of
the active principle in different samples, these are matters of
ereat practical importance, and the remarkable success of the
trial now reported will, if confirmed by further observations,
prove a notable advance in dealing with this the most widespread
health and labor-destroying scourge of immense areas of the
world.—Nature, London, No. 2743, v. 109, May 27, 1922, p. 688.

Drs. Brock and Williams of Dallas, Texas, suffered a heavy
loss when their canine hospital was burned to the ground on
August 3, 1922.

ABSTRACTS

CoMBINED CARBON D1oxipE CONTENT oF BLOop PLASMA IN THE
Horse. Nagaoki Ijichi. Jour. of Jap. Soc. of Vet. Science,
voL,.1. (1922); no. 2,.p. 10.

Studies in acidosis have recently made a remarkable progress
and many valuable reports in connection with it have already
been published. The subject is, as is widely known, of great
interest both from a physiological and pathological point of
view. It would be of no benefit, however, to describe here what
acidosis is or what kinds of researches have hitherto been made
on the subject. For three years I have devoted myself to the
study of this subject with the view of finding out its practical
value in veterinary science.

As a first step in my experiments, I have measured the CO,
content of horse blood plasma by means of Van Slyke’s method
which was published in 1917 and is now generally recommended
as the best method for diagnosing acidosis.

The blood used for my experiments was obtained from the
jugular vein of the horse, care being taken in doing so not to
allow the blood to come in contact with the air. According to
the studies of Stadi and Van Slyke, it is not necessary, for the
measurement of the CO, content, to saturate the venous blood
with CO, at the same tension as in alveolar air, if the blood is
drawn from a vein without any stasis. The venous blood em-
ployed in my experiments, therefore, is not subjected to any
process which was to be carried out for the purpose of saturat-
ing the blood with CO,.

The results obtained from a number of experiments are as
follows:

(1) CO, content of blood-plasma in the normal horse.

Experiments in 30 horses (military) show that the CO, con-
tent of blood-plasma varies from 72.1 to 52.8 vol. %, that is,
62.6 vol. % on the average.

It must be noticed here that even in one and the same horse
there is a difference between the CO, content measured in the
morning and that obtained in the evening.

(2) CO, content of blood-plasma in the horse under abnormal
conditions.

74

ABSTRACTS 75

(a) Fatigue.

In horses which have taken a run of about 390 km. the CO,
content has fallen below normal, all of them being in a condi-
tion of acidosis; the content of CO, in 8 tired horses averages
47.0 vol. % (53.2-38.1). Comparing the condition of some ex-
cessively tired horses with that of horses in a state of slight
fatigue, I have found that the CO, content in blood-plasma,
that is, the lowered alkaline reserve, decreases according to the
degree of fatigue, so the blood-plasma of the most severely tired
horse contains the least volume of CQ,.

(b) Podophyllitis, colic, influenza, pectoralis, and morbus
maculosus.

In podophyllitis caused by severe exercise, the CO, content
of blood plasma decreases considerably. An examination of
the blood-plasma obtained from 7 horses suffering from an at-
tack of podophyllitis showed that the CO, content averages 54.1
vol. %, which means that almost all of them were in a condition ©
of acidosis.

It is no unusual matter to find acidosis is proved in a case
of severe colic. According to my measurements, the CO, con-
tent of the blood-plasma taken from a horse which has been
suffering from colic so severely that he died several hours later,
was 32.7 vol. %.

In influenza pectoralis I have found that the CO, content of
the blood-plasma is 27.1 vol. % in its severe form and 50.0 vol.
% when mild.

The blood-plasma taken from a horse affected with morbus
maculosus contains 45.7 vol. % of CO,.

(3) Chlorine and phosgen gas poisoning.

In a room which was tightly shut up, a horse was exposed for
10 minutes to chlorine gas, the concentration of which was
0.2 vol. %. The CO, content of the blood-plasma taken from
the animal decreased from 67.3% to 49.4%, and when the blood
concentration increased to its maximum the symptom of pul-
monary edema was most remarkable.

After 10 minutes exposure to 5 vol. % of phosgen gas, the
CO, content of the blood-plasma of a horse suddenly decreased
from 65.2% to 20.7%. The subject died in 30 minutes from the
beginning of exposure.

(4) Decrease in the CO, content in the case of experimental
acidosis.

76 ABSTRACTS

The appleation of HCl or H,PO, per os gives rise to a eon-
dition of acidosis. i

1000 ¢.c. of 5% HCl solution was given to a horse every day
by means of a stomach catheter. On the 3d day it was noticed
that the CO, content decreased from 63.3% to 27.7%. The
horse died of rupture of the stomach on the 4th day.

A 10% solution of H,PO, was given per os to another horse,
the doses being as follows: Ist day 500 ¢.¢., 2d day 500 ¢.e. and
1,000 ¢.c., 3d day 1,500 ¢.c. On the last day, the CO, content of
the blood plasma of the animal decreased from 68.3% to 30.0%.

By applying the Michaelis solution and a 1% solution of
sodium bicarbonate, the CO, content of the blood plasma began
to increase gradually and on the 9th day the horse recovered
entirely from hyperalkalinity.

(5) Limited feeding.

A horse was fed only with water for 4 days and during the
next three days with a daily allowance of 2 kg. of hay in
addition.

No decrease of the CO, content was observed.

(6) CO, intoxication.

A horse was shut up in an almost air-tight chamber and a
certain amount of CO, gas was allowed to flow into it. After
17 hours when the CO, concentration became 7.8%, the horse
manifested the symptom of severe dispncea, but there was no de-
crease in the CO, content of the blood plasma.—(Author’s Ab-
stract. )

ON THE IMMUNE SERUM AGAINST FootT-AND-MoutH DISEASE.
Susumu Kuragano and Tatsuo Mogami. Jour. of Jap. Soe.
of Vet. Science, vol. 1 (1922), no. 2, p. 111.

The following is a summary of this paper :—

1. Calves subjected to a natural infection proved to be im-
mune against subcutaneous inoculation of virulent blood carried
out 20 to 34 days after their recovery. To determine the dura-
tion of the immunity produced by the natural infection further
investigations are necessary.

2. Subeutaneous inoculation of blood, saliva, vesicular con-
tent, and emulsion of spleen and lymphatic gland from an in-
fected animal produced the disease in the calves experimented
on. The minimum dose of virulent blood for a ealf was 2 ec.

ABSTRACTS a

3. The blood-serum taken from the animal recovered from
one attack of this disease was found to have a protective action
which ean be intensified by repeated injections of the virulent
blood (100, 500, 1,000 e.c.).

4. The period of incubation in this disease is sometimes as
short as 24 hours. To test, therefore, the protective action of
an immune serum, injection of serum first and of virus one or ©
two days later is preferable to the injection of both at the same
time.

5. The animals treated with the immune serum in a dose of
0.53 ¢.c. per kilo body-weight proved to be immune against in-
jection of 10 e.c. of virulent blood carried out 3 weeks later.
To determine the relation between the dose of serum and the
duration of immunity further investigations are necessary.

HAIRLESS PIGS AND “RAIN-WATER”

The Research Station of the Canadian Health of Animals
Branch, located at Agassiz, B. C., reports that in the Agassiz
valley ‘‘hairless pigs’’ are only known to have occurred on one
farm, and only during the occupancy of the present tenant.
This man has been on the farm in question for two years,
and during that time has lost five out of six litters from four
sows. The surviving litter, born this spring, were decidedly
weak and were only saved through careful nursing. The sow
was one that came from the Experimental Farm last fall and
consequently had not been on the place very long. Inquiry
showed that the owner had been in the habit of giving his pigs
rain-water and that no other water was used for the sows. In
view of the fact that previous tenants could raise pigs on the
farm in question, there appears to be no doubt that the pecular
mode of watering used by the present owner was responsible
for the thyroid deficiency shown. The trouble is quite preva-
lent in some parts of the province, and the view is quite widely
held that it has some connection with snow-water; judging from
the effects resulting from the persistent use of rain-water, the
snow-water theory may not be without some foundation. In
affected districts the use of 5 to 10 drops of B. P. tincture of
iodine twice a week to pregnant sows for the duration of preg-
nancy will ensure normal litters.

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

MEMORIAL TABLET AT WALTER REED HOSPITAL.

In the new Army Medical School building, which is now in
course of construction at Walter Reed General Hospital, Wash-
ington, D. C., a large bronze memorial tablet will be erected..
Necessary funds for this purpose will be received by popular
subscription, each subscription being limited to $1.00, and the

list of subscribers restricted to those who saw service as offi-

78

— - — -

———-

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 719

cers, nurses or enlisted men of the Medical Department of the
Army during the recent World War. Each subscriber will re-
ceive an official acknowledgment and receipt. Fellow-workers
desiring to subseribe for this tablet which commemorates the
service of their conrades who fell while engaged in Medical De-
partment work, are invited to forward $1.00 to Lieut. Col. Paul
C. Hutton, M. C., Office of the Surgeon General, Washington,
DC:

The placing of this tablet in this great building which is lo-
cated in a great medical center, can not fail to prove of vital
interest to the thousands of physicians, dentists, veterinarians,
nurses and enlisted men who took part in the World War, and
- the fact that the cost of this bronze is to be borne exclusively
by those who engaged in Medical Department activities, and
further it is in memory of those who fell while so engaged,
should incite the feeling that a contribution of one dollar toward
this worthy object is more of a privilege than a duty.

ARMY MEDICAL SUPPLIES

As part of a comprehensive study under the direction of the
Assistant Secretary of War, the Medical Department of the
Army is undertaking a study of the sources from which the -
supphes which it procures and uses can be had. The Medical
Department is not only concerned with the provision of the
personnel necessary to the treatment of the sick, but is also
charged with the supply of those things which are required by
such personnel.

The armamentarium of modern medicine is exceedingly in-
tricate, but without it the wonderful advances made in medi-
cine are not available to the sick and injured, however skillful
the personnel. The difficulties encountered in providing such
elaborate equipment in time of war for the large number of
new hospitals, infirmaries and first-aid stations necessary, and
particularly in providing it at those institutions in the advance
area, are manifest, and yet if the soldier is to be given the
service that he is entitled to, it must be provided.

In a war of any magnitude the burden thrown upon industry
for the production of these supplies is enormous. Any infor-
mation that could be made available beforehand to industry
as to type, number and quality would obviously be of great

80 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

advantage to industry in its plans. The Surgeon General is,
therefore, side by side with his plans for the extension of the
Officers’ Reserve Corps, with his plans for instructing medical
students through the R. O. T. C. in those duties of a medical
officer which differ from those of the civilian physician, deter-
mining where the supplies needed by these officers may be had,
should any grave emergency arise.

This effort is an attempt to do beforehand what was necessary
after the declaration of war in the recent World War. It is
done in recognition of the fact that the forces of the Medical
Department, however numerous and skillful they may be, will
be but half prepared without the necessary equipment. In
brief, the program contemplates (1) that a careful determina-
tion shall be made, not only of the items needed, but of the
quantity thereof. With a close liason established with industry,
it is probable that often final decision as to the type of an
article selected will be determined by the facilities of industry
to produce it in large quantity. (2) The plan contemplates also
a roster of personnel skilled in the manufacture, inspection and
purchasing of the various commodity groups. It is desired to
secure from industry itself men who are eligible and will accept
reserve corps commissions with a view to their assignment in
time of emergency to the procurement of the commodity in
which they are specialists. It is purposed that upon these men
reliance will be placed in time of peace for advice and assistance
in the study of industrial facilities and that in time of war they
will be assigned to the centers of industry or to Washington
for procurement duty. (38) The plan further contemplates
that a thorough study be made of the facilities of the country
to produce the essential and important items of the supply table
and to have on file in the Office of the Surgeon General such
reports as will enable the immediate placing of contracts in the
event of any national emergency.

In this work the Surgeon General realizes that he must rely
upon industry itself, and it is hoped to secure definite and com-
plete information from the manufacturers as to aid they can
render. It is probable that in an emergency of any magnitude
Congress would again establish control of raw materials, labor,
transportation and installations, and the Medical Department
expects that with the information to be obtained from the study
on file it will be in a position to render great assistance to the

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 81

firms making medical supplies for the War Department. It.
can prevent the drafting of skilled labor, the taking of key
men; it can assure the supply of material, of coal and of trans-
portation, and thus obviate difficulties in the operation of the
plant.

BRITISH ARMY COURSE OF INSTRUCTION

Special courses of instruction for members of the British
Army Veterinary Corps at the Veterinary School at Aldershot
are provided for in recent regulations. Classes of three months’
duration are given for majors and captains. Other officers may
attend by permission of the Director General, either for in-
struction or for work in the laboratories. There are also classes
of similar duration for lieutenants on probation, classes of one
month for veterinary officers of the Militia, classes of twelve
days for veterinary officers of the Territorial Army, and six
months’ courses to train noncommissioned officers and men of
the Veterinary Corps as laboratory attendants.

THE DOPING OF RACE HORSES

The “‘doping”’ of race-horses is the subject of a paper by
Prof. F. Hendrickx, in the Belgian journal Annales de Médecine
Vétérinaire. This practice he says has spread from American
training stables to those of Europe. Doping is defined as the
administration in any manner of drugs capable of provoking an
artificial excitation which permits the animal to put forth an
effort of such intensity as would be absolutely impossible under
normal conditions. The practice is characterized as being ‘‘con-
trary to the rules of honor which alone should prevail in true
sport.’’

Among the medicaments employed the author names heroin,
strychnin, caffein, morphin, cocain and atropin. The action of
these various drugs is discussed at length. As a means of de-
tection he points out that the alkaloids may be found in the
saliva and other discharges of a doped animal soon after admin-
istration, and he proposes that any horse whose saliva taken at
the time of the race shows such an alkaloid on chemical: exami-
nation should be considered as doped.

ASSOCIATION NEWS

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Proceedings of Fifty-ninth Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Mo.,
August 28 to September 1, 1922

MONDAY MORNING, AUGUST 28, 1922

GENERAL SESSION

The first session of the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the
American Veterinary Medical Assoéiation convened at the
Planters Hotel, St. Louis, Missouri, at 10:30 o’clock, President
A. T. Kinsley presiding.

The invocation was delivered by the Rev. Dr. William Crow,
of the Westminster Presbyterian Church, St. Louis.

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: Next we will be favored by an address
of welcome to this wonderful city in the Mississippi Valley by
Mayor Kiel of St. Louis. (Applause.)

ADDRESS OF WELCOME

Mayor Kiet: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is my
pleasure to be here with you this morning. This is one part of
the official duties of the chief executive that I like, because it
enables me to get away from work a little, and then I have the
opportunity of greeting and meeting such people as you. St.
Louis is noted for its hospitality, and it is always glad to extend
this hospitality to those who come within our borders. St.
Louis has made considerable progress as a convention city, and
we are proud of the fact that the delegates to the conventions
come back. We are glad to impress you with the hospitality of
St. Louis, because we want you to feel that you are among
home people and among good citizenship.

There are many things about St. Louis that I might tell you
about, but I am not going to infringe upon your time because
I know that you have lots of things to do, and then after you
do your work I know you want to play a little, and we have
lots of playgrounds around St. Louis. I know that these men
folks can find almost anything they want to attract them, and
I know the ladies will see many things that will impress them.
There was a time when I might have invited you to visit some
of the industries of St. Louis that have now been discontinued,
but of course you will find lots that will take their places.

When men and women congregate as you have done to ex-
change thoughts and ideas, you accomplish many good results.
Your profession is one that many people think is becoming ob-
solete. That is not true. Just as much responsibility devolves

82

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 83

upon you today as at any other period in the history of this:
Nation. More attention is paid today to curing the ills of an
animal than there ever was in the past, and it is just as important
that you devote your time and your energy to doing that kind
of work, because the day will never come when your profession
will be obsolete so long as the red blood flows through the veins:
of the American people. There isn’t any one who doesn’t ad-
mire the dumb animal; there isn’t any one who hasn’t a kind
feeling for the dumb animal.

Today we are paying more attention to a little eruption or a
little sore on a horse’s back than they did in my boyhood days.
I remember when I was a lad, and when I used to drive a horse
to pull the heavy dray, if there was a sore shoulder or something
the matter with the horse, we would get a little axle grease and
rub it over and expect that to cure it. Those days have gone by,
because it is necessary for science to take its part in your pro-
fession the same as it does in any profession.

Again, we have an admiration and love for house animals.
Twenty-five or thirty years ago if a pet dog got sick they would
call in the police and shoot the dog. That was the best way to
eure his ills. That isn’t the case today. We have a little dog
around our house, and that dog visits the veterinarian probably
three or four times a year. I don’t know whether there is any-
thing the matter with the dog, but everybody feels better after
he has been down there.

It is just as important to have your profession as it is to
have any other profession or commercial business, because you
meet a need of the community and are a necessity.

I know that the results of this convention will mean very much
to you, because you can absorb knowledge from one another
that you can’t get out of a book. When people get together
and discuss questions they eliminate friction. Here we are
today right in the midst of a erisis—the railroad strike and the
coal miners’ strike—that has disorganized the entire Nation.
Everybody, the innocent as well as the guilty, is suffering as
a consequence of that difference of opinion, and a difference of
opinion is all it is. There never was a problem so great that
men couldn’t get their heads together and settle it. There
never will be a problem that can’t be settled that way. We
hoped that it could have been done three or four months ago,
before the friction occurred, before this controversy originated.
If men had yielded, if they had been in a reasonable attitude,
the same thing could have been adjusted four months ago
that will be adjusted within the next two or three weeks, pos-
sibly in a shorter time, because of the conditions of the country.
The people who are dependent upon these commodities can’t
exist unless that difference of opinion is eradicated.

By this method of meeting here together, many of you

S4 PRocEEpINGs oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

strangers, you become friends, you become acquaintances, you
20 away after having obtained know ledge that you couldn’t get
otherwise, and I congratulate you for being here.

I am glad you selected St. Louis for your meeting place. You
have made no mistake. We are right in the heart of the
Mississippi Valley. We are proud of our city. We lke it.
A great deal of civie pride will be found in St. Louis because
everyone feels that he is a part of the big plan, a part of that
machinery that makes things worth while.

We have many interesting places in St. Louis. I know you
will spend a very interesting hour or two at our Zoological
Gardens, where you will find every species of wild animal. This
is an institution established by the people of St. Louis them-
selves. They impose upon themselves a tax of two cents upon
every hundred dollars for the purpose of maintaining these
Zoological Gardens. You will find some chimpanzees out there.
One is named after me. I said after I was through being mayor
I hoped he would succeed me, because he is a very bright young
fellow. I want you to see him. The $200,000 that we spend
there is well spent and enlightens the children and a lot of the
older folks.

We also have the Municipal Theater in Forest Park. I am
sorry you were not here thirty days ago. You would have ob-
served one of the greatest productions ever placed upon the
American stage. Community work. It isn’t a commercial propo-
sition; it is simply the getting together of a lot of talent of
St. Louis people, and then the audiences come and witness the
eftorts and the good work of that talent, which played to more
than half a million people last year.

I want you to know that you are here as our guests, the guests
of the city of St. Louis. We want to make it pleasant for you;
we want to extend you every courtesy ; we want to send you home
feeling satisfied that you came and w ‘ith a desire in your hearts
to come to St. Louis again. We are always glad to have you,
and you are just as welcome as the flowers in May. (Applause.)

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: I am certain that I voice the sentiment
of the entire assemblage when I say that we appreciate the re-
marks of Mayor Kiel. He who responds to the welcome address
needs no formal introduction to this organization—Dr. Tait But-
ler. (Applause. )

RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME

Dr. Tarr BurLer (Memphis, Tenn.): Mr. President, Ladies
and Gentlemen—and to you, our Mayor Kiel, for we are all loyal
St. Louisians this morning—you who have so graciously and cor-
dially welcomed our organization this morning, let me express
as fervently as I can our most sincere thanks. The cordial greet-
ing we have received from all assures us that our stay within

PrROocEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 85

this city and our meeting here will be as pleasant and profitable
as you have so generously wished.

But, my dear Mayor, this is no ordinary body of men and
women that you have so hospitably taken into your home this
morning, and this is no ordinary Association in its past record
of service. This Association has passed beyond the youthful or
formative stage and has achieved a splendid record of progress
and service. For, gray as is my head, I am less than a year older
than this Association, this being its fifty-ninth annual meeting.

At first its membership was confined to a few stalwart pioneers
in the then young American veterinary profession, located in
those cities near the Atlantic seaboard, New York, Boston and
Philadelphia. The membership grew but slowly for many years
and the territorial range of its influence was restricted to the
Northeastern States. Even after 25 years, in 1887, when your
humble servant became a member, only a scattering few west of
the Allegheny Mountains had broken into the rather ‘‘close
corporation’? which up to that time had been maintained. In
1884 the first meeting (two meetings a year were then held) was
held outside of New York, Boston and Philadelphia, in Cincin-
nati, Ohio. But not until 1890, or 32 years ago, and 27 years
after the organization of the Association, was the conservatism
of the organization broken down by a persistent effort on the
part of a few western members and the meeting of that year
secured for Chicago. That meeting really marks the beginning
of the Association’s national and international character and
activities. Since then its membership has grown rapidly, gath-
ered from all parts of the United States and Canada. And the
range of its territorial influence is indicated by meetings held
in Toronto and Ottawa on the north, New Orleans at the south,
and in all the larger cities from New York on the Atlantic to
San Francisco on the shores of the Pacific.

But I must not reminisce, for that is a sure sign and one of
the weaknesses of advancing years, and none are old this morn-
ing. This morning, under your cheering words and genial
radiance of hospitality, all are young, and this Association has
renewed and added to its giant strength and dedicated its powers
to a better and larger service with all the enthusiasm and irre-
sistibility of youth.

But let me state that today you have welcomed the largest and
probably the most influential organization of veterinarians the
world has ever seen, the greatest any other Executive ever wel-
comed to his city.

Not alone in its splendid history of progress in service and
scientific growth is this Association noteworthy. Its members,
individually and collectively, and privately and officially, guard
the health of 250 millions of farm animals and conserve thereby
a property value which reaches around the incomprehensible
amount of ten billion dollars.

86 Proceepines oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

But I am dealing in material things in such remarks, and I
wish, therefore, to also call your attention, as modestly as I
may, to the fact that the membership of this organization are
also in no small or unimportant way the conservators of the
health of all the 125 millions of people of the United States and
Canada, in so far as afiected by livestock and the consumption
of livestock products. By the control of animal diseases, some
of which are communicable to man, by the inspection of meat,
dairy and other livestock products, not alone do veterinarians.
conserve the material wealth of these nations, but they also pro-
tect the health of every man, woman and child within the broad
bounds of this North American continent, yea, and also of those
of other countries, who are consuming our livestock products in
increasing quantities.

But in conclusion permit me to state again that we accept your
proffered hospitality of the great and splendid city of St. Louis,
with humility and grateful appreciation. We are not unmind-
ful of the material and historical greatness of the State and
this magnificent metropolis. This State and city have given
our profession and this Association many esteemed members
who have served their State and their Nation valiantly for many
years. We have read and committed to memory all of the hun-
dred or more claims this city makes, I have no doubt accurately,
to be or have ‘‘the largest in the world,’’ including the largest
horse and mule market, in which we are vitally interested; ‘‘the
largest fur market,’’ in which we are not interested just at
this time; ‘‘the largest (bird) cage in the world’’ and the larg-
est blow (pipe) factory in the United States.

To you, Sir, personally and as the Mayor of this great city,
who have left your executive duties to come here to bid us
welcome, and through you to the veterinarians and other citi-
zens of St. Louis, we wish sincerely to tender our thanks for
the splendid welcome you have given us this morning. We
know we are going to have a good time while here, and we wish
you and those you represent the fullest measure of the very
best that this life affords.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

President Kinsley delivered his address. It was published in
the JourNAL for September, 1922, page 596.
After announcements the meeting adjourned.

ProcEeEeDInGs or A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 87

MONDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 28, 1922

GENERAL SESSION

The meeting was called to order at 1:35 p. m. by President
Kinsley.
APPROVAL OF MINUTES

PRESIDENT KiInSLEY: The first business is the presentation and
adoption of the minutes of our last annual meeting.

SecreTARY Mayo: I herewith present a stenographic report of
the proceedings as published in the official journal of the
Association and recommend they be accepted.

(The motion was seconded and carried. )

REPoRT OF EXECUTIVE BoaARD

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: The next order of business is the report
of the Executive Board.

Dr. Cassius Way (New York City): It is with a great deal
of regret that the Executive Board have to report that Dr. Hilton
is unable to be with us at this meeting on account of impaired
health. The members of the Board have done me the especial
honor and the compliment of asking that I serve as chairman
for this meeting. We will endeavor to report to you from time
to time the activities of the Board and present matters which
should come before the Association for consideration.

It is a great misfortune to all of us that Dr. Hilton is unable
to be with us. I recommend that this Association, through its
Secretary, send a telegram to him extending the best wishes of
the Association and the hope for a speedy and rapid recovery of
his health.

From time to time there have been presented names of veteri-
narians from foreign countries for membership in this Associa-
tion. At a meeting of the Executive Board in December in
Chicago, the Secretary was instructed to secure data, catalogs,
requirements for admission and requirements for graduation
from various European and foreign schools. The reports that
the Secretary has received have been considered by the Asso-
ciation with a recommendation that this matter be referred to
the Committee on Intelligence and Education, and that they com-
pile or assemble for the Association such data as will be neces-
sary in reference to making recommendation of schools whose
graduates may be eligible for membership in the Association.

There are some 150 or 160 applications for membership up to
the present time. These will be presented by the Secretary.

Dr. C. P. Fircn (St. Paul, Minn.) : I think that some action
by the Association should be taken in regard to the report, espe-
cially in relation to Dr. Hilton, and I therefore move that the
Secretary be instructed to compile a telegram to Dr. Hilton ex-
pressing the views as given in the report.

8 Proceepines or A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

[o.8)

ELECTION OF NEW MEMBERS

(The motion was seconded and carried.)
PRESIDENT KINSLEY: The next order of business is the election
of new members.

Secretary Mayo: The following applications have been favor-
ably recomended by the Executive Board:

J. E. Aghion, Sakha, Egypt.

A. L. Alton, Manitoba, Canada.
Mostre Arangoy, Havana, Cuba.
C. D. Arias, Marianao, Cuba.

W. E. Armstrong, Cumberland, England.

J. S. Barbee, Kansas City, Mo.
Edw. V. Beaumont, Kansas City, Mo.
S. Bengston, Chicago, Ill.

. E. Biester, Champaign, III.
Bilikam, Tacoma, Wash.

. J. Bird, Centerburg, Ohio.

A. Bogue, Lawrence, Kans.

. R. Bolton, Burlington, Vt.

O. Booth, Oklahoma, Okla.
Bricault, Haverhill, Mass.

. A. Clark, Toronto, Canada.

W. Clark, Yakima, Wash.

E. Cloud, San Diego, Calif.

M. Cashell, Leesburg, Va.

W. Coons, Lisbon, N. Dak.

M. Cockery, Argenta, III.

. B. Crawford, Bethesda, Md.

I. Crawford, Overbrook, Kans.

. W. Curtis, Breckenridge, Mich.

C. Davis, Carrollton, Mo.

. B. Davis, Hartford, Conn.

F. DeLap, Springfield, Tenn.

. E. Dufresne. Quebec, Canada.

. C. Edewaard, Holland, Mich.
W. H. Erwin, Howell, Mich.

F. Etchegoyhen, Havana, Cuba.

R. W. Falk, Canton, S. Dak.

R. W. Finley, Rockford, Il.

E. E. Flory, Aberdeen, 'S. Dak.

Harry J. Fry, Kalona, Iowa.

I. C. Gladish, Carlisle, Pa.

A. J. Gregg, Salina, Mich.

Hare, Nevada, Mo.

R. Harsch, Brownsville, Tex.
E. Hart, Kansas City, Mo.
Henriquez, Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
A. Hermann, Denver, Colo.

P. Hust, Jeersonville, N. Y.

C. Iduali, Havana, Cuba.

E. Jacobi, Ames, Iowa.

F. Jardine, British West Indies.
C. Jesperson, Ionia, Mich.

. R. Kleinschmidt, Merrill, Wis.
L. Langland, Cambridge, Iowa.
B. Lentz, Amherst, Mass.

. W. Lobach, Easton, Pa.

. W. Lupfer, Galva, II.

QOS gS

VOMMUAPAHHSA

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El > D> at

MOU

Proceepines or A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 89

J. H. Lynch, Fonda, Iowa.

H. M. McConnell, Independence, Mo.
J. P. McDonough, Richmond, Va.
J. T. McGraun, Trenton, N. J.

K. G. McKay, Colville, Wash.

A. Maurique, Mexico, D. F.

H. E. March, Cooperstown, N. Y.
F. H. Melvin, Kansas City, Mo.

A. K. Merriman, Williamsville, Ill.
John J. Mitchell, Lansing, Mich.

J. P. Mockford, Greenville, Tex.
Jos. C. Nullineaux, Hagerstown, Md.
C. C. Nickel, Nowata, Okla.

J. P. Niederauer, Pierre, S. Dak.
V. P. Norton, Wisconsin Rapids, Wis.
L. T. Oberheim, Elizabeth, Il.

Z. A. Oviatt, Hubbard, Iowa.

I. W. Perry, Warren, Ill.

L. H. Phipps, Winnebago, Minn.
Jose del Pozo, Mexico, D. F.

H. A. Renor, Kearney, Nebr.

J. P. Rimstidt, Howell, Mich.

F. F. Saint, Calgary, Canada.

J. E. Sargeant, Fairbury, Il.

J. W. Scheibler, Jr., Memphis, Tenn.
A. F. Schrage, Plymouth, Wis.

R. E. Simonsen, Marcus, Iowa.

R. W. Smith, Concord, N. H.

W. A. Smith, Sparland, II.

J. R. Sperry, Schofield Barracks, Honolulu, Hawaii.
F. L. Stevens, Portland, Me.

J. Stokes, Elmhurst, Il.

G. E. Stanley, De Soto, Nebr.

John W. Taylor, Roodhouse, IIl.

L. W. Thiele, Galien, Mich.

E. G. Thorn, Kenosha, Wis.

G. W. Thurber, Loyal, Wis.

Harry Ticehurst, Tenafly, N. J.
George W. Todd, Fort Dodge, Iowa.
W. S. Tomlinson, Galesburg, III.

W. E. Turner, Lincoln, II.

C. F. Tuthill, Onsted, Mich.

C. C. Wang, Nanking, China.

Earl S. Warner, Canada, Ontario.
C. H. Wright, Jackson, Tenn.

R. P. Wiese, Carretson, S. Dak.
Henry Wild, Hartland, Wis.

H. F. Wilkins, Lewistown, Mont.
George B. Winch, George, Iowa.

R. S. Youmans, Lawrence, Mass.
W. B. Wise, Sheffield, II.

C. B. Weagley, Middletown, Md.
F. C. Shake, Hutsonville, Ill.

O. B. Gray, Williamsfield, Il.

F. R. Smith; Kansas City, Kans.
H. Adams, Bellows Falls, Vt.

R. O. Biltz, Georgetown, Del.

J. A. McCampbell, Williamsfield, Ill.
G. M. Dorman, Sioux City, Iowa.
A. C. Etchison, Assumption, III.

H. A. Gastfield, Deerfield, Ill.

90 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

J. Patterson, Hedrick, Iowa.

A. H. Quin, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

J. E. Warner, Waco, Tex.

A. K. Monroe.

T. W. Bowman.

W. D. Price.

W. F. McDougall.

C. W. J. Haworth, Camrose, Alberta, Canada.

On motion of Dr. E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge, La., seconded,
the persons above named were elected to membership in the
Association.

Secretary Mayo: With reference to the application of
Charlie Mangrecock, of Haverhill, Mass., a graduate the Ecole
de Médecine de Montreal in 1891, the Executive Board recom-
mends that the rules be suspended and that he be elected to
membership. This school was never recognized by the Ameri-
ean Veterinary Association and is not in existence now. I would
say that incidentally there are some very complimentary things
regarding the doctor and his training.

Dr. J. A. KTtERNAN (Washington, D. C.): I move that the
rules be suspended and that he be elected to membership in the
Association.

(The motion was seconded and carried.)

MESSAGES OF GREETING

SEcRETARY Mayo: I have a letter from Dr. W. H. Dalrymple
of Baton Rouge, La., that I was requested by the Board to pre-
sent. It is a personal letter that you will doubtless be inter-
ested in.

(Secretary Mayo read the letter.)

Dr. KIERNAN: It is a matter of very deep regret that we
learn that sickness has laid its heavy hand upon one of our
most pre-eminent members, an Ex-President of this Association.
We are all his friends, and everybody in the Association misses
his congenial companionship. As a mark of respect to our Ex-
President, I move that the Secretary be requested to send a
telegram of good cheer to Dr. Dalrymple and ask that he come
to the next meeting.

(The motion was seconded and carried unanimously. )

SEcRETARY Mayo: I have one or two other messages that I
will read.

‘‘Havana, Cuba, August 28, 1922.

‘‘Most cordial greetings and best success to your convention.

: ‘‘B. J. CRESPO,
‘‘Cuban National Association.”’

I suppose that most of you know that Dr. and Mrs. Blatten-
berg are the proud parents of a little daughter a few months
old. (Applause.) This is from Dr. Blattenberg:

PROcEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 91

‘‘Best wishes for most pleasant and profitable meeting. Un-
able to come. Wash out on line.’’ (Laughter.)

PRESIDENT KINsLEY: Do you care to take any action regarding
either of these telegrams?

Dr. E. L. Qurrman (Chicago, Ill.): I move that a telegram
from this Association be sent to the young lady congratulating
her on accruing to such nice parents, as I know personally she
has accrued.

(The motion was seconded and carried.)

Report oF Eprror

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: We are ready for the report of our Edi-
tor, Dr. J. R. Mohler. ;
(Dr. Mohler presented his report as Editor, as follows:)

Report of the Editor of the Journal to the Executive Board

Volumes 13 and 14 (new series) of the JOURNAL, covering the year
from October, 1921, to September, 1922, contained a total of 1,396
pages of reading matter, a monthly average of 116 pages. The
contents comprised 101 papers-on a wide range of subjects, 36 clinical
and case reports, 80 abstracts of research papers (practically all
foreign), 8 book reviews, 107 reports and notices of meetings of
veterinary associations and other gatherings, 35 editorials, and
numerous miscellaneous articles and items.

Although the quantity of material relating to general practice has
been well maintained as compared with previous years, and we have
made every effort to bring about a further increase, I feel that
we are still not covering this field adequately. It is very difficult
to get a good supply of papers and reports on subjects relating to
practice. The research worker appreciates the importance of placing
his results on record and is a fertile source of contributions to veteri-
nary literature. The educator, too, as a rule is a ready writer. The
veterinarian in the public service understands the value of the printed
page as an aid to the efficiency of his work. But the practitioner,
the most numerous class of all, is not given to much writing. He is
anxious to read what others have written that will help him in his
professional work, but he does not always realize that he can render
a reciprocal service by putting into print the results of his ex-
periences that may be helpful to others. If practitioners could be
induced to furnish fragmentary notes on their cases or methods of
practice, jotted down on a piece of note paper, little effort would be
required and much benefit would result.

Our department of Clinical and Case Reports is intended to cater
esnecially to the practitioners. It is for them to supply the bulk
of the material. Special articles on problems of practice are also
invited. Our Resident State Secretaries and the secretaries of
State and local associations can assist greatly in increasing the sup-
ply of such papers and reports. Some of them are already doing
this, and their cooperation is greatly appreciated.

With a view to stimulating a larger supply of material of a
practical character I venture to repeat -a suggestion made in my
report to the Executive Board a year ago, but which was not acted
upon. It is that small prizes be offered for brief essays on certain
subjects which are announced in advance. Some disease or ailment
of general interest should be chosen as a subject and announced,
with an invitation for brief articles (not exceeding, say, 500 words)
to be submited by a certain date (at least three months ahead),

92 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

cash prizes to be awarded to the best three, the prize-winning articles
to be published. Prizes of $15, $10 and $5 are suggested, and the
Subcommittee on JOURNAL should make the awards. The papers
should present effective methods of treatment rather than describe
diseases. I trust that this plan may be approved and put into opera-
tion.

Our deparment devoted to the Army Veterinary Service has
dwindled to small proportions in recent months. Our confréres in
the military service are invited to support this department with con-
tributions of interest in their particular field.

In other respects the contents of the JOURNAL have been satisfac-
tory in volume and of good quality on the whole. Several papers of
outstanding excellence were published. The increasing extent to
which our original articles are reprinted or abstracted in foreign
journals is an undoubted influence in raising the standing of the
American veterinary profession in the eyes of the scientific world.

Our acknowledgments and thanks are hereby tendered to all our
collaborators who have furnished valuable assitance in making the
JOURNAL a success.

The following comparison may be of interest in reference to the
income received by the JOURNAL. From September 1, 1920, to
August 31, 1921, the collections were $7,757.82 for advertising and
$2,111.53 for subscriptions, or a total of $9,869.35. From September
1, 1921, to August 25, 1922, with similar rates obtaining for adver-
tising and subscriptions, the JOURNAL received $8,317.16 for adver-
tisements and $2,325.61 for subscriptions, or a total of $10,642.77.
This shows an increase of $559.34 in collections for advertisements
and $214.08 for subscriptions.

Dr. Jacob, our Treasurer, advises me that he has received this
year from Secretary Mayo and myself for the JOURNAL account
$21,728.90, as compared with $21,372.15 for last year and $12,748.24
for 1920.

Although the expense for advertising is being closely watched by
advertisers, the JOURNAL has noted with gratification that most of
the bills for this service are paid promptly, showing that business
conditions are improving, which should be reflected in the veterinary
profession.

All my records, bank book, check book, letter files, duplicate deposit
ships, monthly statements from the bank, quarterly statements to the
Executive Board, etc., were turned over to a qualified acountant for
review, and his certificate of examination and audit is attached for
your information. J. R. MOHLER, Editor.

( Applause. )

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: You have heard Dr. Mohler’s report, a
complete, comprehensive report. What is your pleasure ?

Dr. QuirMAN: I move that it be accepted.

(The motion was seconded and carried. )

REPORT OF SECRETARY

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: The next order of business is the report
of the Secretary, Dr. Mayo.

(Secretary Mayo read his report, as follows:)

It is gratifying to report a gradual increase in membership, al-
though members alone are not the measure of progress. It is the
active interest of all the members and constructive work that counts.

There are about 4,185 members on the rolls at present. Seventy-
one former members who had dropped from the Association have

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 93

been re-instated. Twenty-one members have died. Eight have re
signed. There are about one hundred and seventy applications for
membership.

I wish particularly to call your attention to the fact that a number
of applications are being received from veterinarians in foreign
countries and a recent letter from the Secretary of the Australian
Veterinary Association stated that the American Veterinary Medical
Association was considered the leading Veterinary Association in
the world. We now have active members scattered all over the world.
The extension of the influence of our association in foreign countries
should be encouraged. I would recommend that a special committee
be appointed to consider and report upon this subject at the next
meeting. :

The Special Committee on Membership composed of President
Kinsley, Editor Mohler and the Secretary in making plans for getting
new members also considered the matter of reinstating members who
had been compelled to drop out during the war or for financial rea-
sons. It was decided by the committee that a special dispensation
should be made and that members who were warriors and who would
have been dropped for non-payment of dues could be reinstated upon
the payment of $5.00. The recommendation of the Committee on
Membership was approved by the Executive Board as it was felt
that it would be a very desirable plan in every way. As a result
of this action more than 150 delinquent members have been reinstated,
a number of them writing letters of thanks for the opportunity
given them.

I would recommend that the By-Laws be changed so as to permit
the Executive Board to make special arrangement for reinstatement
of members who are back in their dues and also to provide for a
few cases where members do not require the JOURNAL. Cases are
frequently occurring where the Association is likely to lose members
on account of some complication. This would be a practical arrange-
ment for the Association in every way, and the following amendment
to Article 7 of the By-Laws is proposed:

“Section 3.—The Executive Board may in exceptional cases make
special arrangement for reinstatement and remission of dues.”

Some years ago our Association had an Honor Roll. Those who
had been active members of the Association for 25 years were placed
on this Honor Roll and were not required to pay any dues. This

‘condition prevailed before the Association published an Official Jour-
NAL. Later, at the time of the adoption of the present Constitution
and By-Laws, the Honor Roll was eliminated, and all were placed on
the same basis.

A number of the older members thought that this was not right
and have dropped their membership in the Association. Whether
it is desirable to make some sort of provision for these long time
members, is for you to decide.

The expense of the Secretary’s office for the past year may be
classified as follows:

rite ang “SbatiOnery =.=." se
Clerical ee ee |S ee Ec
BO Stet eet ee ee, Bee es ihe ees GI ake BM
OMENS uD PVs wes ree eee Sere cs One a eae 90 ©
PHCIGeTHUAIS) oo 2 es eee oes E MMS ak heen lea bath
PLCle Oras eer ee ee

Reporting Denver meeting
MER SERCO ULEN Pe XI CIS OS le sec ren . 273.03
EERE IN GNF TS) a cae ee eee Ne Dee 429.75
ANU TEINE | SCCTCEALY,S, DOOKS x ieee: pees ersten cnn 25.00
Buttons, for st. Lonissmeeting® 222. so 19.80

94 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

There is no question that the veterinary profession does not re-
ceive the publicity that it should, particularly with reference to the
interests of the practitioner. At the present time campaigns of pub-
licity are being carried out by various interests and a certain amount
of time is often advertised to be dedicated to certain topics of inter-
est to the public. The campaign of publicity for preserving the
teeth has undoubtedly done a great deal of real good, so far as
the public is concerned, and incidentally has brought the dental
profession deserved publicity. Campaigns for purebred livestock
have been successfully carried out. It has been a benefit for not only
the average farmer and stockman, but also to the breeder of purebred
stock. Could not a campaign for healthier livestock be carried out
in cooperation with the breeders of the country? This would not
only help the movement that is on foot to control tuberculosis and
other transmissible diseases, but should include all diseases of ani-
mals, those that are due to faulty diet and lack of proper care.
It is possible that some judicious advertising in some of the leading
agricultural and livestock papers of the country might be of great
Devel not only to the livestock industry, but to our profession as
well.

I would recommend that a committee be appointed to consider this
question, particularly with a view to cooperating with the various
Breeders Associations.

It is evident to all that the lines of demarcation that have existed
between veterinary and human medicine are disappearing. The
American Veterinary Medical Association, as representing the veteri-
nary profession in America is being called upon more and more
to take an active part in solving problems that effect medical science
as a whole and also various scientific organizations whose work has
a bearing on medicine—both the human and comparative.

The American Veterinary Medical Association should take an active
part in all measures looking to a closer cooperation with those agencies
working for the preservation of life, both human and animal, and
I would recommend that a committee be appointed to prepare some
plan for cooperation service between the A. V. M. A. and human medi-
cal and sanitary associations.

Some four years ago I recommended to the Association in my an-
nual report that closer cooperation between the A. V. M. A. and
State and local associations should be given special consideration
and a committee was appointed. This committee presented an ex-
cellent report at the Columbus meeting, but they did not think the
conditions warranted the adoption of a plan similar to that of the
American Medical Association. During the past year this matter
has again been presented to the Executive Board and President
Kinsley has appointed a special committee that will report at this
meeting. There is need of some definite organization in each State
and Province to represent and look after the interest of the National
Association. At present the only representation is the Resident
Secretary and these are frequently changed.

At the last meeting of the Association an official automobile em-
blem was adopted. The price fixed by the Executive Board for this
emblem was $1.25, postage paid. Five hundred seventy-three were
purchased in the first order and about four hundred have been sold.
This emblem is a very attractive one, and the price is very reason-
able. Several orders have been received from non-members, but these
orders have been returned.

The question of changing the date for the annual meeting of this
Association has been raised by a number of members. At the pres-
ent time the meeting comes at a period when many practitioners in
the Central West are busy vaccinating hogs, and it is a period in
their practice that they can not afford to neglect.

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 95

In addition to this, another objection that has been raised is whether
the last of August is likely to be uncomfortably warm. Some mem-
bers have suggested it would be more satisfactory to have the annual
meeting the latter part of June. This is. presented for your con-
sideration.

In the past few years there have been a good many suggestions
made to the Secretary by members of the Association, that pro-
grams should be made as practical as possible, and quite a good
many have urged that a clinic be provided for.

This year, owing to the favorable location. it has been decided to
see if it was practical to have a rather elaborate clinic. You will
all recognize the difficulties in presenting a clinic where the attend-
ance is so large, as it makes it difficult for but a few members to get
any real value from the clinic. These problems have been considered
by those in charge of the clinic, and it has been the endeavor to pre-
sent a clinic in such a way that practically all those who attend can
get the benefit of it.

On the other hand, some members have expressed the opinion that
clinics and practical demonstrations are more properly within the
sphere of local and State associations, and that the National Asso-
ciation meeting program should be made up largely of presentation
and discussion of more general problems, that affect the profes-
sion as a whole, not only in America, but in other countries as well.

There is no question but what the program should include not only
the latest scientific researches and also discussion of practical nrob-
lems, and as a rule an endeavor has been made to present a well-
balanced program along these lines.

This year an effort has been made to present a proeram in which
clinics and practical problems predominate. With these facts and
with the results of the present program before you, an expression
of the opinion by the Association as the general plan to be followed
for future programs, would be of great value to those upon whom
the responsibility for program rests. It has been the earnest effort
to present a program that will meet the needs and approval of a
majority of the members of the Association.

I have notified the Executive Board that because of the pressure
of other duties, I wish to retire as your Secretary. In severing my
official connection, you will pardon me if I review briefly some phases
of the progress of the Association during the past ten vears.

The Association membership has increased from 1.809 to 4.100.
Ten years ago the income of the Association just pxid the running
expenses. Now the Association has a reserve fund of more than

30.000.

Upon my recommendation, an official monthly journal was estab-
lished that has proven a powerful factor in promoting the interests
of the Association and our profession in this and other countries.

The influence of the American Veterinary Medical Association has
increased greatly, not only in America, but in foreign countries. and .
I believe the A. V. M. A. is recognized as being the leading veteri-
nary association in the world.

Some four vears ago I presented, and the Association adonted a
motion to combine the offices of Editor and Secretary and establish
a fixed office where all the business activities of the Association
should be centered. I am firmly of the opinion that no more pro-
gressive step can be taken at the present time. The need of a per-
manent centrally located office for carrying on the routine business
of the Association is greater than ever before and should be put into
effect at once.

The American Veterinary Medical Association has been one of
my pet hobbies, and I have endeavored to promote the interests of
the Association in every way possible in the thirty years I have

96 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

been a member, six years of which I have had the pleasure and
honor of serving as your Secretary. I am proud to have had the
opportunity of doing some constructive work for our Association and
profession, and I shall always be ready to do anything in my power
to help to make the A. V. M. A. bigger, better and more useful.

I wish to express my appreciation for the hearty cooperation and
support to all the officers, committees and individual members, par-
ticularly to President Kinsley, who has worked so hard to make
the work the past year and this meeting successful. I also take
this opportunity to publicly express my thanks for the faithful and
efficient services of my Secretary, Miss Apeland, who has done all
the routine work of the Secretary’s office.

N. S. Mayo.

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: What is your pleasure with the Secre-
tary’s report?

SrcreTary Mayo: It is customary to receive it and refer it to
the Executive Board for consideration.

Dr. A. H. Baker (Chicago, Ill.) : I move it be received and
reterred to the Executive Board.

(The motion was seconded and carried. )

DISCUSSION OF SECRETARY’S REPORT

Dr. HAMLET Moore (New Orleans, La.): There are several
things in Dr. Mayo’s report that eall for considerable discussion.
There is a roll of honor, and a man that had been in this Asso-
ciation twenty-five years was placed on the roll of honor, and then
because the JOURNAL was included in the fee he was taken off that
honor roll. Now to be born with a silver spoon in your mouth
—and every one of the gentlemen might have been (I wasn’t )—
and have it yanked out is a pretty tough proposition. It seems
to me that there ought to be some provision made whereby the
men that have been placed on the honor roll could be placed
on there with the fee for the JoURNAL subscribed.

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: There is no honor roll now.

Dr. Moore: I realize that, but it was abandoned because the
JOURNAL was included in the fee. If you have been working
for twenty-five years, honestly, intelligently and energetically,
and the reward has been given you and then taken away, you
wouldn’t appreciate it very much. Do you remember how
many members we had on that honor roll?

SECRETARY Mayo: I can’t tell you offhand, but I think there
is a matter that will be referred to the meeting in regard to
changing the Constitution and By-Laws with reference to giv-
ing the Executive Board authority to provide for these few
cases in another place. A majority of these old members prefer
to be considered active members and go on. I see half a dozen
here who don’t want to be put on the honor list. There are a
few, however (I don’t believe over a half a dozen), that are
hurt. They are old stand-bys that have been members of this
Association for many years, and their feelings were hurt when
the Constitution and By-Laws were changed, and they were put

Proceepines or A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 97

back after being carried for some years on the honor roll, and
they have dropped out of the Association. A little later I have
a matter coming up that almost bears on this.

Dr. Moore: It was in the behalf of the few that had dropped
their membership that I asked this question, and I don’t think
that this Association can afford to have a man drop his mem-
bership for a thing of that kind. It isn’t a question of their
being placed actively on the list; it is an honor to be on that
honor roll; that is why it was termed an honor roll. It isn’t
a question of a few dollars that is really donated to them or
they are spared from paying, and I believe there should be a
provision whereby the members that have been dropped should
be appealed to to restore their membership in this organization
as members of the honor roll.

The emblem was mentioned in the report. The emblem is
the national and authorized emblem of the Association, and I
don’t see where any nonmember should have an emblem of a
recognized association if he is not a member. I think by all
means that has been the proper course.

SEcRETARY Mayo: This report will be referred to the Execu-
tive Board, and I think they will formulate recommendations
on all the recommendations that I have made, and they will
be presented separately to the association later on for their
consideration, so there will be an opportunity to discuss them.

Report oF TREASURER

PRESIDENT KinsLEY: The next order of business is the report
of the Treasurer, Dr. M. Jacob.

Dr. M. Jacos (Knoxville, Tenn.): As is the usual custom,
the Treasurer’s report has been prepared in pamphlet form and
has been distributed to the seats so that it will become available
to all of you. I wish, however, to supplement the written re-
port with a few remarks in order to bring out some points with
reference to the financing of the Association which might be of
interest to you.

The balance on August 4, 1922, was $33,313.68. The balance
on August 4, 1921, was $27,341.36, showing a net gain for the
year of $5,972.32. Of this balance, $470.56 applies to the Asso-
ciation Fund, $53.33 to the Relief Fund, $5,448.43 to the JoURNAL
Fund. The total amount of interest collected during the past
year was $1,222.49, showing a net gain other than from interest
of $4,749.83.

As to our bond holding and par value, we have $27,000 worth
of bonds, which cost $25,886.10.

Now as to some comparison regarding the gains of the differ-
ent funds. For the year ending August 4, 1921, the Associa-
tion Fund showed a gain of $47.31. On August 4, 1922, it show-
ed a gain of $470.56 for the year. The Relief Fund on August 4,

98 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

1921, was $18.68. The gain for the past year was $53.33. For
the JouRNAL Fund our gain for the year ending August 4, 1921,
was $912.57, while our gain for the year ending August 4, 1922,
was $5,448.43. This, I think, is an elegant showing for the
management of the JOURNAL.

I believe the report shows very clearly that our financial status
at the present time is very much healthier than it was a year
ago. (Applause.)

(The Treasurer’s formal report will be printed later.)

Dr. H. P. Hoskins (Detroit, Mich.) : I move that the Treas-
urer’s report be accepted and referred to the Audit Committee.

(The motion was seconded and carried.)

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: The next order of business is the report
of the Salmon Memorial Committee. I understand that com-
mittee is not yet ready to report. Following that is the report
of the Special Committee on Closer Affiliation with State and
Local Associations. If that committee is not ready I will call
for the report of the Committee on Badge.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON BADGE

SecRETARY Mayo: Your Committee on Badge recommends
that an official A. V. M. A. badge or button be adopted. See-
ond, we recommend a design somewhat similar to the official
automobile emblem—a crimson center with caduceus and super-
imposed ‘‘V’’ in gold. Surrounding the crimson center a white
circular ring bearing in gold letters the words ‘‘ American Vet-
erinary Medical Association.’’ A sketch of design is here-
with submitted. If desired this design could be embossed on
stationery.

Dr. QuirmMAaN: Before moving the adoption of that report I
want to comment on the diagram of that button. I believe it
said it was to be in gold, did it not? That is in keeping with
the automobile emblem, is it not?

SECRETARY Mayo: It is a little different from the automobile
emblem in that there is a wider band of white around the
crimson center, and in this band of white is put the caduceus
with the superimposed ‘‘V.”’

Dr. QuirMAN: I want to suggest that that ‘‘V’’ be enameled
in some color, preferably white, because in gold in the same
color as it is on the automobile emblem, after it turns a little bit,
no one can make out that ‘‘V’’ unless he gets right down to it
and studies it. I have been contemplating seriously taking my
emblem off my machine because no one can see the letter ‘‘V,’’
and they take it for a medical emblem, and I never cared to sail
under false colors. That same change should also be made on
the automobile emblem. That ‘‘V’’ should be in a color, pref-

PROCEEDINGS. oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 99

erably, I think, white, because just as soon as it turns it is
hard to pick out the ‘‘V’’ even when you know it is there.

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: Do you make that as a motion?

Dr. QuirMaAN: I move that we adopt Dr. Mayo’s recommenda-
tion, and that the ‘‘V’’ be enameled in white.

SecRETARY Mayo: I don’t know whether that can be done.
There is a question of manufacture there that I couldn’t decide.

Dr. Quitman: It can be done because you have enameling on
the bottom.

PRESIDENT KiNsLEY: I should like to ask the Secretary, if this
motion prevails, if it carries with it that the Secretary provide
these emblems.

SECRETARY Mayo: No, it doesn’t. This is just the report of
the committee that was appointed to consider an emblem for a
button for the Association, an official button or badge.

PRESIDENT Kinsey: Dr. Quitman has moved, and it has been
duly seconded, that this report be received and that the ‘“‘V”’
on the emblem be enameled in white. It would seem that there
is no instruction in obtaining these emblems, but that is the
motion before the house.

Dr. JoHN Eacue: I don’t see why that ‘‘V’’ should be
changed. We had an emblem with a ‘‘V’’ and it showed up
very nicely. I think if we put a white one there that it would
simply bring out the ‘‘V.’’ I don’t think that would be right.
This is the A. V. M. A. It is uniform and I don’t see why you
should want to bring out the ‘‘V.”’

SEcRETARY Mayo: There is no inscription on here at all ex-
Cope thes Vin”

(The motion was put and lost.)

Dr. Caniuu: I move that the report be adopted.

(The motion was seconded. )

Dr. EactE: Dr. Quitman tells me that that emblem tarnishes,
and there is no reason why that ‘‘V’’ should tarnish.

SECRETARY Mayo: It depends altogether on what it is made of,
whether it will tarnish or not. This is brass, and after the
lacquer wears off it will tarnish unless you polish it up. These
ean be made in gold plate and will cost in quantities about 15
cents each. The gold plate will not tarnish until the gold wears
off, and you ean get solid gold if you want to.

Dr. Hamier Moore: How much will these cost in the gold
for a button?

SECRETARY Mayo: I couldn’t tell you what a gold’ button
would cost, but these gold-plated ones would cost about 15 cents
aplece.

Dr. Moore: The life of a gold-plated button would be several
years.

(The motion was carried. )

100 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

REporRtT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON CLOSER AFFILIATION WITH
STATE AND PROVINCIAL ASSOCIATIONS

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: The next order of business is one that
I consider very important. It has to do with the recommenda-
tion on revision of our Constitution. I am very desirous that
you get the import of this report. I call for Dr. McLeod, who
is chairman of the Committee on Closer Affiliation with State
and Local Associations.

(Dr. McLeod read the report, as follows:)

This committee was selected by President Kinsley to study plans
suggested for reorganization, submitted to the Executive Board in
Chicago. The plans and suggestions were offered by a committee
representing the North Central Iowa Veterinary Association, which
in brief had for its object the possibility of making the A. V. M. A.
a more representative association.

1. It is the unanimous view of this committee that the Constitution
and By-Laws be revised in order to assure a just and democratic
representation of the members of the profession.

2. We believe that there should be an intimate relation established
between this Association and. the State and Provincial associations,
and that representatives from the State and Provincial associations
should constitute the governing body.

3. A number of State associations have voluntarily signified their
approval of these plans by resolutions.

4. Therefore, we recommend that a special committee, consisting
of the President of the Association and four other members, be im-
mediately appointed to study the details of the plans herewith sub-
mitted, in conjunction with the Executive Board, and that this report
shall be considered as a written notice to the Association of a pro-
posed revision of the Constitution and By-Laws at the next annual
meeting. =

5. We further recommend that provision be made for the publi-
cation of the Constitution and By-Laws and distribution to each
member, and that funds be appropriated to defray the necessary ex-
penses of the committee.

J. H. McLeEop, Chairman.
L. A. MERILLAT, Secretary.
CHARLES E. COTTON.

Dr. J. H. McLeop (Charles City, Iowa) : I move the adoption
of this report.

Dr. Corron: I second the motion.

Dr. F. Torrance (Ottawa, Canada): The report of this com-
mittee being as brief as it is, it is difficult to understand it, and
I would be unwilling to commit the Association to amend the
Constitution without understanding it a little further. I would
like the President or the chairman of this committee to explain
a little more in detail what it is proposed to do.

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: In this committee report the notice is
given for the adoption one year hence, and this committee’s find-
ings in conjunction with the Executive Board will be published
so that every member will have an opportunity of studying this
prior to the next annual meeting when it is up for adoption.

Dr. TorRANCE: I understand, then, that an affirmative vote
does not commit us to adopt this.

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 101

PRESENT KINSLEY: Absolutely not. We are just accepting
this report. Gentlemen, you understand that if this motion is
carried you simply adopt the report of this committee, and that
a future committee will be appointed to confer with the Execu-
tive Board and bring up the proposed revision for adoption one
year hence.

(The motion was carried. )
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE

PRESIDENT Kinstey: We will call for the report of the Com-
mittee on Anatomical Nomenclature. The report is in the hands
of the Secretary.

(Secretary Mayo read the report of the committee, as follows :)

This report consists of three parts: I. A brief résumé of work done
by previous committees. ITI. A statement of the present situation.
III. Recommendations.

I. At the Toronto meeting in 1911 the Association ordered the ap-
pointment of a committee to revise our anatomical nomenclature.
The duty of this committee was to prepare a uniform and workable
terminology to replace the chaotic accumulation of names which had
become an unbearable burden to instructors and students and a
serious impediment to the interchange of ideas which involved the
use of anatomical names. This committee found it necessary first to
formulate the general principles which should govern the work of
specific revision. The report embodying these principles was re-
ceived at the Indianapolis meeting in 1912.

The committee was continued and at the New York meeting’ in
1913 presented a report which included the revised lists of names
for the bones, joints, muscles and viscera. This report was received
and published in the Proceedings of the year 1913. No expense ac-
count was presented by the committee.

The committee continued its labors and in 1914 the chairman for-
warded to the Secretary of the Association for presentation at the
New Orleans meeting the revised lists of names for the remaining
structures. This meeting was not held.

The complete report was in the hands of the Secretary to be sub-
mitted at the Oakland meeting in 1915. It was accepted and re-
ferred to the Committee on Publication. The report was not pub-
lished. What appeared in the Proceedings of the A. V. M. A. in the
JOURNAL, pp. 636, 637, as the report of the Committee on Anatomical
Nomenclature was merely the chairman’s letter of transmittal, to-
gether with a few terms which were inadvertently omitted from
previous lists. Evidently this was all that was actually presented
to the Association. Dr. Newsom, a member of the committee, made
an effort to have the actual report presented and acted upon, but
without success. He gave notice that after its publication, presumably
a year hence, a motion for its adoption would be made. Subsequently
the chairman endeavored to have the report published, but without
success; it had apparently disappeared.

On June 1, 1916, the committee sent to Secretary Haring for pre-
sentation at the Detroit meeting a report stating that they had been
unable to make any further progress, and explained that they were
in no way responsible for this unfortunate situation. The impasse
was due to the fact that the terms presented in the preceding report
had not been published as ordered by the Association. It is obvi-
ous that a matter of this kind can not be intelligently dealt with
without publication. The committee therefore recommended that

102 Proceepines oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

the (preceding) report be printed and that the committee be con-
tinued and authorized to obtain the views of their colleagues in order
that the whole matter might be put in final form for submission to
the Association. On December 1 the chairman inquired of Secretary
Merillat as to the status of the committee and its work. The reply
was to the effect that the report apparently was not laid before the
Detroit meeting, although it was duly signed and filed with the Sec-
retary for presentation. There was no excuse for the failure to
read this report, since it could be done in less than five minutes.

The report of the committee filed with the Secretary for the
Kansas City meeting in 1917 quoted in toto the unread and un-
published report of the previous year and repeated the recommenda-
tions made therein (JOURNAL OF THE A. V. M. A., Vol. 52, p. 229).
The executive board recommended that the Secretary be instructed
to multigraph the report of the committee on anatomical nomencla-
ture for distribution among anatomists of the veterinary colleges.
This recommendation was adopted.

The new chairman of the committee (Dr. H. S. Murphey) wrote
to the present and former chairman that he was unable to obtain
the completed list of terms which had been filed by the original com-
mittee with the Secretary in 1914; as before stated, it seemed to
have disappeared.

At the Philadelphia meeting in 1918 the committee reported little
progress, due chiefly to the disappearance of the completed list of
terms filed in 1914, and .the consequent necessity of preparing an-
other list. A brief history of the work was appended. The com-
mittee recommended (1) that the committee be continued; (2) that
the provision regarding multigraphing of the report remain in force;
(3) that the history of the work of the committee be published with
this report. This report was received and the committee continued
(JOURNAL OF THE A. V. M. A., November, 1918, and January, 1919,
p. 464).

During the succeeding year the chairman prepared a new second
list of terms which was almost identical with the list submitted by
the original committee in 1914. Multigraph copies of this list were
sent out to the veterinary anatomists as a referendum. This list
was included in the report of the committee at the New Orleans meet-
ing in 1919. In addition the committee moved (1) the adoption and
publication of the terms by the Association, (2) that the committee
be continued to prepare and submit a table of suggested English
equivalents, together with such additions and corrections as are neces-
sary to conform to the lists of the American Association of Anato-
mists, and that the Committee be directed to cooperate with the
veterinary anatmosists of other English-speaking countries in the
preparation of said lists of anatomical terms. The report was signed
by three members of the committee. After some discussion, which
was apparently due to the unusual action of the committee in in-
cluding motions in their report instead of the usual procedure of
making recommendations, the report was adopted (JOURNAL OF THE
A. V. M. A., February, 1920, p. 541).

In spite of the foregoing action of the Association adopting the
report, the second list of terms was not published.

At the Columbus meeting in 1920 the then chairman and one
member presented a report, stating that the Executive Board had
disapproved the adoption of the list of terms submitted and the
publication of the list. The report contained two motions: A. That
the committee be continued to prepare a table of English equivalents
together with additions and corrections, and that the committee be
directed to cooperate with the veterinary anatomists of other English-
speaking countries. B. That the Latin terms previously submitted be
adopted. This report was adopted.

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 103

The committee made no report at the Denver meeting in 1921. The
present chairman was called upon to make a verbal statement and
suggested the continuation of the committee, which was agreed to.

The committee desires to direct attention to some outstanding
features of the preceding brief historical review.

1. The original committee of three completed in 1914 the work
assigned to them by the Association in 1911. In justice to the other
two members, I. E. Newsom and S. L. Stewart, the chairman, as the
surviving member, feels that the Association should know that the
committee was in no way derelict in its duty, but completed its task
in as short a time as the magnitude and inherent difficulties of the
work permitted. It involved the sifting of thousands of terms, study
of related literature in several languages, and some laboratory inves-
tigations to settle controversial points. Furthermore the work of
the committee had to be done very largely by correspondence.

2. The first action which effectually blocked the progress of the
work was that of the Executive Board, which voted not to carry out
the resolution passed by the Association that appropriated $300 for
the use of the Committee on Nomenclature to publish its report and
send copies to those interested thirty days before the next meeting.
‘In this action the Executive Board undoubtedly arrogated powers
which had no sanction in the Constitution or By-laws and thereby
defeated the purpose of the Association embodied in the said resolu-
tion. The plea of lack of funds was beside the point. It is the
business of an Executive Committee promptly to set aside funds sne-
atcally appropriated, precisely as a bank does relative to a certified
check.

Another serious and unnecessary obstacle to progress consisted in
the failure to publish in the Proceedings the report presented at the
Oakland meeting. It was, of course, the expectation of the com-
mittee that all who were interested would have an opportunity to
examine the lists of names and thus be enabled to criticize the work
of the committee and vote intelligently upon it.

The statement of the chairman of the Committee on Nomenclature
at the Columbus meeting that the Executive Board had disapproved
the adoption of the list of terms and the publication of the list is
an astounding one to those familiar with correct procedure in such
cases.

II. The present situation is briefly as follows:

1. All of the anatomical terms in the lists prepared by the Commit-
tee on Nomenclature have been submitted to the anatomical teachers
of the various colleges for their consideration.

2. These lists have been twice adopted and ordered published by
the Association.

3. The first list, comprising about half of the terms, was published
in the Proceedings of the A. V. M. A. for 1913. This list contains
printer’s and other errors, and omissions. Furthermore it is practi-
cally buried from the standpoint of utility. The second list is yet
unpublished.

III. In view of the foregoing facts your committee respectfully
makes the following recommendations:

1. That the committee be continued and that it be and hereby is
authorized to edit the lists of terms in reports previously adopted, to
publish said lists of terms as edited in book form, and to prepare for
such publication a brief introductory statement.

2. That the Executive Board is hereby directed to conform to the
terms of the preceding recommendation.

SEPTIMUS SISSON, Chairman.
F. W. CHAMBERLAIN.

MARK FRANCIS.

E. SUNDERVILLE.

104 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

Dr. Canim: I move that the report be accepted and laid
on the table.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Hoskins.)

SecrETARY Mayo: For your information I would say that
the list referred to in the report of this committee is in the hands
of the Secretary. It is about two inches thick and consists en-
tirely of anatomical names. It would be of interest only to
teachers and students of anatomy. I am not criticizing this at
all, for I believe this committee has done a splendid work and
a very much needed work. I believe a limited edition of this
ought to be published. We can’t very well publish it in the
official JouRNAL of the Association, because it will take up too
many pages; it would kill the JouRNAL to attempt to put it
in there. I think it would be very proper to publish this in
pamphlet form. I don’t believe it ought to be published in book
form. If anyone wants to have it bound for preservation he
could have it bound at his own expense. I do believe the Asso-
ciation should have this committee. I believe they have some
further revisions on these anatomical names. I think these
names should now be gone over for a final revision by the com-
mittee, and there should be a limited number published, and
a definite amount should be appropriated for that purpose.
We have no idea as to how many should be published. How
many will be needed? Five hundred? A copy for each mem-
ber of the. Association? I confess that personally I don’t feel
qualified to say what should be done. Here is a long report of
purely anatomical names that has a value to teachers and stu-
dents of anatomy. It ought to be in shape for those who want it.

Dr. Eacur: There is only one question, I think, that comes
up there. If this report is going to be laid on the table, that
is going to kill it forever. The question rolls around in my
mind, if this was not an important procedure, why in the world
have they allowed it to go on from 1913 up to the present time,
and allow these men to go to all the trouble and do all the
work that they have done, and then’ come up here today and
lay their work on the table? I think if we were going to kill
that work we should have killed it i 1913 and stopped it. These
men have put in their time and they have put it in gratis, as
T understand it, with very little expense to the Association. If
this doesn’t do any one else any good but teachers, the work
of these men should be appreciated enough to adopt the report
and make a few copies of it at least.

Dr. Quirman: I would like to ask, as a matter of information,
inasmuch as Dr. Sisson is the chairman of that committee, does
this report of these anatomical names differ materially from
Sisson’s Anatomy ?

SECRETARY Mayo: I don’t know.

Dr. QuirmMAN: I would imagine they would be in keeping
with Dr. Sisson’s ideas, and perhaps if a comparison were made

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 105

there would be no necessity for publishing the report. A ighave
an idea that to adopt that report would be to certify Sisson’s
Anatomy as an anatomical verbiage for the profession. I fully
agree with Dr. Eagle, that it would not \be fair nor courteous to
this committee to table this report, and I certainly think the
Association should at least vote against tabling the report.

Dr. C. A. Cary (Auburn, Ala.) : I would like to tell the men
who made this motion and seconded it to lay this on the table,
that that kills it, and it ought to be left for the Association to
decide in a separate motion. It is irregular to have a motion
to accept and lay on the table in the same motion. It is not
permissible by parliamentary usage. I would like to see a mo-
tion made to accept this, and then if you want to make a motion
to lay it on the table, make that motion.

Dr. Canin: It isn’t my intention to discredit the work of
this committee. Far be it from me to belittle their work. But
I am anxious, and I think everybody else is anxious, that we
don’t see our anatomical nomenclature get into chaos—and it
will soon be a hopeless chaos if this is going to be allowed to
stand. If I am correctly informed—I may not be—this com-
mittee’s work is not finished. I can see no sense in publishing
such a vast amount of material which has no standing at this
time until this committee’s work is finished. If the majority of
the representatives of the schools here say that they need that,
I not only would be willing to withdraw my motion to table the
report, but I would be pleased to see a limited number of these
published if the veterinary schools want that done. My idea
was simply to try to prevent this thing being thrown out in the
JOURNAL or otherwise published to add to the confusion and
chaos.

SECRETARY Mayo: I don’t think anyone here is well enough
posted on the work of this committee to say really what ought
to be done with it. I think that the report of the committee
ought to be received and the committee continued, and at the
other meeting let them come before us. This is mostly eriti-
cism of what has happened before; but let them come before
us and show us what the need is, and I feel sure that the Asso-
ciation will do what it thinks is right.

Pres went Kinstey: I would like to ask Dr, Cahill to amend
that motion that we accept the report and the committee be
continued.

(Dr. Cahill agreed to this, with the consent of the second.
The motion was then put and carried. )

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS

PRESIDENT KinsLEY: Next I will call for the report of the
Committee on International Veterinary Congress. Dr. Mohler
is chairman of that committee. I believe Dr. A. Eichhorn is to
make the report.

106 Proceepines oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

Dr. A. EicHuHorn: At the request of the committee I have
visited various countries and have interviewed quite a number
of veterinarians who have been previously interested in inter-
national congresses. The impression J have is that at the pres-
ent time there is hardly an opportunity of organizing a congress
and deciding upon a place where such a congress should be
held. This condition primarily is due to the political and eco-
nomie conditions in Europe, and it will take a considerable time
before it will be possible to establish normal conditions or such
situations which will enable the scientific organizations to get
up and deliberate on problems which are of an international
character. This condition is unfortunate and is probably pri-
maily due to certain countries not desiring to enter into cor-
respondence with alternative organizations of other countries.
For this reason I believe that at the present time it is im-
possible for this country to issue an invitation to the various
countries for the holding of such a congress in the United
States. I therefore recommend, in agreement with the commit-
tee, that for the present time the idea should be given up until
later when we might be in position to invite the veterinary or-
ganizations to come to the United States for an international
gathering. (Applause.)

Dr. V. A. Moore: I move that the report be received and
the committee continued.

(The motion was seconded and carried.)

Report REGARDING Horse ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA

Pres WENT KinstEy: Next we will have the report of the rep-
resentative on the Advisory Board of the Horse Association of
America, Dr. G. A. Dick. ;

Dr. G. A. Dick (Philadelphia, Pa.): The report is in the
hands of the Secretary.

(Secretary Mayo read the report, as follows:)

As representative of the American Veterinary Medical Association
on the Advisory Board of the Horse Association of America, I pre-
sent the following report.

Last year the work of the Horse Association of America up to
that time was presented quite fully. It was found that many lines
of investigation had been completed, all of which were favorable to
the horse. Among those were comparative figures on the cost of
hauling heavy loads and light delivery packages by horses and auto-
motive power; overhead expense on auto trucks standing idle; plow-
ing, harrowing and seeding on large and small farms; investigations
in the production of new horses, etc.

During the past year the Horse Association has been endeavoring
to put this information into the hands of the users of horse and
automotive power. They have also been making other extensive
investigations and have been very active in promoting the use and
production of horses.

Many new booklets, setting forth the advantages of the horse in
various kinds of work, have been published and distributed where
they will do the most good. To make this report complete, I can

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 107

not do better than quote from Mr. Wayne Dinsmore’s recent address
before the Wholesale Saddlery Association of the United States:

“We have reached, directly, with letters personally addressed,
and with facts and figures bearing on their own problems of haul-
age and delivery, the principal city users of transportation. We
have done this over and over again, sometimes by cities, sometimes
by industries, nation wide, with the result that virtually all firms
now know of our work and have had the opportunity to compare their
own costs with those of others in similar lines. We have won the
confidence of large concerns that have complete detailed records of
horse costs and work done, and we are now securing the most valua-
ble data ever made available in our investigations.

“Some increase in horse use in cities is already evident. Whether
this will offset the losses in other places we can not definitely de-
termine as yet. New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Chicago ap-
parently show some gain in horse use in the last year, judging from
the specific increases of which we have knowledge. In other places,
where our work has been less intensive, a loss may show to offset
this. I am perfectly frank with you in these matters, for I want
you to realize that motor truck manufacturers are everlastingly on
the alert with ‘their advertising, their agencies and their salesmen.
One well-known maker of electrics is now selling their trucks for
$100 down (plus $495 when delivered) and the balance in 21 monthly
installments, and is making a special drive to sell to bakeries, laun-
aries towel supply companies and others that have light delivery
work.

“To offset this, we are showing what a horse will do, what he
costs, and how slight the investment and depreciation on horses, har-
ness and wagons is, in comparison to the same factors with trucks.
We must continue to do this, vigorously and steadily, if we are to
sell horse use to merchants and other city transportation users.

“Overconfidence in respect to truck competition will be fatal, for we
have already had to contend with ordinances calculated to legislate
horses and mules off the streets, and new schemes of this kind are
continually being framed up by truck salesmen who hope to benefit
therefrom.

“We have the advantages of lower investment cost, slower depre-
ciation and less expense in maintenance and repair, but our oppo-
nents have the advantage of a high-power sales force, skilled in
salesmanship and big enough financial profit on each sale to make
them work like blazes to close each deal. It is necessary that we
work without ceasing, if we are to make headway against their
sophistry.

“We have secured in the past some excellent costs in horses versus
motor trucks, and have now in progress investigations into horse
costs which are being taken from the financial records of very large
users of horses in city work. These figures will set at rest all ques-
tion as to the life of horses, amounts of feed required and harness
and wagon costs, all of which have been subject to question and
dispute from motor truck interests.

“Other work now under way includes studies on the distance trav-
eled per day by retail delivery horses, with number of stops made;
miles traveled per day by teams hauling coal, sand and lumber, with
tonnage moved; and especial studies of the type of horses which
last longest in city work. We also have negotiations in progress
which will bring a large group of transportation users into coopera-
tion with us on a study of hauling and delivery costs, in which we
will check distance covered, tonnage hauled, stops made, time stand-
ing still and speed maintained while traveling. This is work that
is urgently needed, has never been done, and which will be extremely
valuable in defining the horse zone and horse costs.

108 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

“The breeding of horses and mules is now increasing, but moves
slowly, as there is a lack of sires suitable for use, and in many
communities no one farmer or group of farmers can be persuaded to
make the investment required to secure a good stallion or jack. There
is a marked shortage of young animals in nearly all States.

“T recently received letters from 136 farm auctioneers, located in
thirty-two separate States. I asked them specifically whether there
were enough young horses (under 3) coming on for replacement
needs, and 121, or 89 per cent, of those answering said ‘No.’ Wyo-
ming was the only State from which all replies indicated that there
were plenty of young horses coming on. Our work this season has
been directed toward impressing on farmers the shortage of young
horses and to stimulate breeding. Leaflet 57, entitled ‘Will It Pay,’
has reached more than 150,000 farmers in the principal horse and
mule producing States in the last two months. They can not fail
to be influenced by the facts set forth therein, and the reports we
have had indicate that breeding has increased considerably.

“With a view to establishing still more direct contact with
farmers, we are now securing the names and addresses of the three
leading farmers in each township in each county, for every State.
This will carry our campaign still closer to the farm users and
producers of horses and mules.

“Driving horses have been practically eliminated from our cities
by automobiles, but many farmers who own cars are coming back to
the good old driving horse for all ordinary length trips. We have
given especial attention to the development of riding facilities and
this season surveyed and marked nearly 200 miles of bridle trails
through Cook County Forest Preserves and over connecting roads in
Cook and DuPage counties. No organized effort to develop riding
as a national sport was ever made until we took up the work.

“The response has been most admirable. Our cooperation in Chi-
cago from the Forest Preserve Commissioners, local riders and
highway officials has been 100 per cent. Riders in other cities are
requesting our services in developing similar riding facilities in
their districts, and nation-wide publicity in news stories about horse-
back riding has been abundant this past month.

“In my judgment, we are just at the beginning of the launching
of riding clubs, horse shows, polo associations and riding interests in
general. I am confident that no part of our work will show greater
results in the next few years than that devoted to popularizing this,
the oldest and most exhilarating of all sports.”

It is not necessary to say anything further on the activities of
the Horse Association of America. There is no doubt that this Asso-
ciation has done the horse industry a world of good and is in a posi-
tion to do still more. This will be recognized by the members of
the American Veterinary Medical Association, and it is hoped it
will again render active support and cooperation to the Horse Asso-
ciation of America. G. A. DICK.

Dr. QuirmAN: I move that the report be received and the
committee continued.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Hoskins.)

Dr. Buriter: For the last year I have been more or less
familiar with the work of the Horse Association, through re-
ceiving regularly the matter for publication which they issue.
I have been unable to use very much of their material be-
cause I believe it is unwisely, unfairly produced. We might
as well recognize it now, because it is a certainty that the truck
and tractor are factors in farm power and farm transportation ;

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 109

they are not going to displace the horse. They are probably
not going to lessen the number of horses used, but they are
factors in farm transportation and we might as well recognize it.

The Horse Association in the material that it puts out is not
satisfied in stating the case for the horse, which I admit is
strong enough if fairly presented. They make the mistake of
so many propagandists of knocking the other side of the propo-
sition; of making garbled and unfair presentations, In my
judgment, regarding the tractors and trucks. I accept the
main facts in their propaganda as correct, and I believe
that this Association ought to cooperate with them; but I be-
heve they are lessening, very much lessening, the effectiveness
of their propaganda because it is unfair, because they make
the mistake of knocking the tractor and the truck; and there-
fore I wish that this Association, through its representatives,
could carry a word to the Horse Association, that if they will
make their stuff that they send out deal with boosting the horse,
giving the correct facts about the horse, and not giving garbled,
and what I believe unfair, facts about the tractor and the truck,
their material will get ten times the publicity and would be
infinitely more eftective. I for one would like to have a lot of
stuff they have sent out published, but it absolutely meant edit-
ing in order to play fair to the other interests which we repre-
sent, and I didn’t have the time to do it.

I make this statement purely and absolutely in the interest
of the horse. I believe they can be more effective in their propa-
ganda if they will take the proper view of the thing, that the
truck and the tractor are here to stay, that they are factors and
well established factors, economic factors in farm power. But
there is still a place for the horse; he still has his superiority
in many fields, and he still is going to be used. Let us boost
that; let us put out facts regarding that; let us give everything
we can regarding that; but let us leave the other alone because
we can’t head it off.

Dr. L. A. Mermuar: I would like to ask Dr. Butler in what
particular connection the Horse Association is unfair. I would
like to ask details about it.

Dr. Butter: I am unable to give that now, for I did not
know this thing was going to come up. But if I remember
right I think I recall one of our editors, one of our coworkers
who is not prejudiced in favor of the horse as I am (but as a
matter of fact he is fair) said that the report or an article
sent out based upon a bulletin by the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture was unfair and didn’t give the informa-
tion as it would have appeared. had the whole of the facts been
given. I have had hundreds of dozens of them where I thought
it would have been very much more effective if they had left
out some of the stuff they had in there and stuck to their cause.

’

110 ProceEepines oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

I find every time I knock a competitor I boost him and it lessens
the effectiveness of the statement. That is the only case I can
call your attention to definitely, but I think I can get you a
number of others.

Dr. Quirman: I don’t know whether Dr. Butler’s remarks
have any influence on the vote or not. It is very evident that
Dr. Tait Butler was never run over by a tractor as was our
very good friend Dr. Merillat. You can see the difference. I
want to say that I have read a great deal of the literature of
the Horse Association of America. I am a member of the asso-
ciation, and I do not agree with Dr. Butler that they could
carry out their work just as well by boosting the horse as they
do by making the deadly comparisons. What Dr. Butler terms
knocking is comparison, and from what I know—at least I
have seen the conditions—I believe that the Horse Association
of America can prove every statement that they have made
derogatory to the motive power whether it is farm or city
power. I believe they can prove every statement. I know per-
sonally of a great many of those statements that are coming
true’ They make a great many statements that I don’t know
anything about, but I have seen comparisons and parallels
made, and I believe that they can prove them. I believe, too,
that they are doing a great and a good work for the veterinary
profession, and they certainly should receive the hearty coopera-
tion of every member of this organization.

(The motion was earried. )

APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF CONSTITUTION

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: I wish at this time to nominate the com-
mittee relative to the revision of the Constitution as per adop-
tion of the committee report of Dr. McLeod. The names are as
follows: J. R. Mohler, Chairman, C. A. Cary, J. H. McLeod,
L. A. Merillat, and A. T. Kinsley.

Report OF DELEGATE TO CUBAN MeEpIcAL CONGRESS

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: Next we will take up the report of the
Delegate to the Cuban Medical Congress, Dr. Eichhorn.

Dr. A. ErcHHoRN: First of all I desire to express my appre-
ciation to the President for giving me the opportunity to attend
the National Medical Congress of Cuba as a delegate representing
the American Veterinary Medical Association. The Cuban Con-
gress is held every three years and is comprised of six various
branches of the medical profession. One of the sections is given
over to the deliberations of the veterinarians, while the others
are those of the other branches of the medical sciences. The
general deliberations were held at the general session, whereas
the matters relating to the branches were discussed in the vari-
ous sessions. The general meetings were in session two days,
at which time papers pertaining to all phases of veterinary

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING Hawt

medicine were read and discussed. The papers were of the
highest standard and the discussions indicated that great inter-
est was shown in the various problems confronting the veteri-
narians of the Cuban Republic. The subjects were most varied
and pertained to the control of infectious diseases as well as to
the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the infections. I
do not intend at this time to enter into a report of the various
subjects presented, as I have published a report in the JouRNaL
OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MepICAL ASSOCIATION relative to
my attendance at the Congress.

There are approximately one hundred and thirty veterinarians
in Cuba. Of this number about thirty are serving in the Army,
twenty in the Bureau of Animal Industry, and the remainder
either conduct private practice or serve municipal or other or-
ganizations. At the present time there is one veterinary col-
lege conducted in Cuba, this being a department of the Univer-
sity. The preliminary requirements for entrance into the Col-
lege are the same as those required of the medical students,
and from my meeting of the students and also recent graduates
of the College, the standard is no doubt equivalent to those of
other professions at the University.

The veterinarians in the Army are certainly to be congratu-
lated for having succeeded in obtaining a distinct corps of that
organization, being headed by a veterinarian. Furthermore,
they have also a splendid laboratory with a well-trained staff
of veterinarians, which not only is active in the routine labora-
tory work, but also produces the biological products not only
for the prevention and treatment of the infections occurring
among the army horses, but they also produce all the biological
products used for the men in the military organizations of
Cuba, such as typhoid vaccine, tetanus antitoxin, ete.

The Bureau of Animal Industry has not yet extended its
activity corresponding to our organization in America. How-
ever, it is their aim to have suitable legislation enacted for such
powers as will be necessary for their full control of the live-
stock on the Island. Dr. Crespo, who is the present chief of the
organization, is very active and devotes all his time with the
greatest energy toward that end.

The diseases which the practitioners are meeting are very much
along the line of those occurring in the United States and
Canada. During the discussions on tuberculosis I was asked
why they met with cases of tuberculosis among the cattle which
are imported to Cuba from the United States. That is a puz-
zling question, inasmuch as the native eattle of Cuba are prac-
tically free of tuberculosis. The shipments are tested by of-
ficial veterinarians in the United States and in a retest it is
found that a considerable number of the imported animals are
affected with tuberculosis. It was, of course, difficult for me
to explain the situation, and naturally the veterinarians are very

a IP PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

suspicious whether the testing in the United States is conducted
with such care as would insure the importation of cattle free
from the disease.

The social side of the Congress was also given splendid at-
tention. Many foreign delegates attended, among these being
the dean of the faculty of the Paris University, and the nephew
of Pasteur, besides also delegates from the various South
American countries. This tended to give the Congress some-
what of an international character. Among the social fune-
tions given was a reception for the President of the Republic,
the President of the Congress, and many other entertainments
which made the Congress a wonderful success from the social
point of view.

Your delegate was shown the utmost neenietey by the Cubans,
and was elected an honorary member of the Cuban National
Veterinary Association. It is indeed gratifying that the initial
step has been taken by the Cuban veterinarians toward estab-
lishing closer relation between the veterinary professions of the
two neighboring republics, and it is hoped that this relation
will be fostered in the future and that our Association will not
lose the opportunity of inviting delegates from Cuba to attend
our meetings. (Applause.)

(It was moved by Dr. Eagle and seconded by Dr. Quitman
that the report be adopted.)

SecrErARY Mayo: On behalf of the American Veterinary
Medical Association I extended an official invitation to the Re-
public of Cuba and also to the Republic of Mexico, asking them
to send representatives to this meeting. Unfortunately, in both
Cuba and Mexico the governments have had to retrench in the
last few months in their economic and financial expenditures to
such an extent that I don’t think they felt they could do it.

(The motion was carried. )

Report OF REPRESENTATIVE ON NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: At this time we will call for the report of
the representative on the American Research Council, Dr. L.
W. Goss.

(Dr. Goss read the report, as follows:)

The National Research Council was established in 1916. The
World War was the stimulus for its origin. In 1918 by an executive
order of the President of the United States it was invited to re-
organize as a peace-time organization which might stimulate research
by nee ine the cooperation and reducing duplication in research
wor

The membership consists of representatives of the large “aéionGhe
and technical associations of America. There are over forty such
societies represented in the council. The secretary is the only per-
manent office. It is now held by Vernon Kellogg. The membership
at present is about two hundred and fifty, divided among thirteen
divisions. Seven of these are called divisions of science and technol-
ogy, which devote their activities to the following fields: Mathematics

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING nae

\
and astronomy, engineering, chemistry, geology and geography, medi-
cal sciences, biology and agriculture, anthropology and psychology.
The six other divisions are relation divisions of the council as fol-
lows: Federal, foreign, States, and educational relations, research
extension and research information service. These groups are sub-
divided into about eighty committees.

The Council is not an organization to carry on research work,
but devotes its time and energy to getting together the workers
and encouraging cooperation, assisting in the obtaining of support
and acting in an advisory manner to research.

The funds for maintenance come from private and corporate
benefactors. The Carnegie Corporation and the Rockefeller Founda-
. tion have contributed several hundred thousand dollars for current
expenses. Various industrial concerns have contributed funds for
special problems. The National Research Council is a place where
such benefactors may place their funds and feel that they will be
spent to the best advantage for research.

In 1921 a place was made in the Division of Medical Science for a
representative of the American Veterinary Medical Association. The
writer was appointed by the’ President of the A. V. M. A., the ap-
proval occurring shortly before the annual meeting at Washington
in April. During the following year a survey of the experiment
stations of the United States was made in an effort to determine
what projects were under way and the amount of money allotted to
each. It shows in a general way the projects and the available
funds. There are some States from which reports were not avail-
able. The appropriated funds do not indicate the true expenditures,
as they include salaries of the men in some cases, while in others
the salaries are excluded. There are some States showing no funds
for projects, nevertheless they are doing considerable work upon
certain problems.

It is hoped that the following will be of assistance to those who
are working on a project, by showing them where work is being
dene in their particular field.

,

Research Work at the Experiment Stations of the United States

Project States Funds

JAAIBYDTR BONO epee taal See eee [oye ee ee Ses ee $25,000
NETO O AT eee 13,000

Calitornia ee 12,970

HIUTTOTS feet ee ee ee an 10,000

Miunnesotas = 8,085

OTESON Meet eee oes 5,000

IKeanSastee net ee 5,000

IMaSSo UTI ee eee 3,500

New York 3,500

Arkansas 1,050

Coloradomeen ee eae 1,000

Wyoming ae 875

Wisconsin 500

(Renntsy vein ee ee ?

Massachusetts ..ccsecccccccccceceene ?

AG) Li eee ee ee ces ai 200

SRO Gay ee eee ee $89,680

PNT AITTATEG TRS = soe re a eh i TS eA ae ee oe $475

114 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V.

Project

Bacillus necrophorus

Bighead of sheep

Biological investigations

Botulinus

Bovisepticus

Diseases of animals:
Diseases of swine

Obscure diseases

Diseases of poultry:
Roup, chicken pox
Miscellaneous poultry diseases...
Roup, white diarrhea....................

M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

Funds
$250
?

States
Wyoming
Texas

ee Reet aR Ie

Colorado
North Dakota
New York
California

Minnesota
Nevada
Washington
Texas

Califormiay.. = ee
California
Delaware

Capes in’ chickens. .-: West Virginia
Poultry (diseases = R@QnSAS 22-27 fo eee
Tapeworm of chickens................. KANSAS c.g ee eee eee 100
ROMP eee eee PAT SAG pe ee pee eae 850
Poultry diseases. cote eee eee meee ET CHT] SATIS eee ees ere ane 2,100
Chickensnox. Loup. INGWHUGTESCY see ees 2,000
Blackhead in turkeys................... Rhode Island . 2,000
IDISeaSeSmOn stOWlS ss eee Bs As Ws oe ee ASS (5s
White diarrhea ....... Me ASEH, ee = ee cee 4
Typhoid, white diarrhea Rhode Island === 2,000
Wihitesdiarrheay= sas Massachusettsms22222.— ?
Blackhead in turkeys. ................. Connecicut z
Tumors, diarrhea, blackhead,
drugs, climate, anatomy,
physiology, nutrition ................. North ‘Carolina == == 5,000
Total eit eee eee $26,142
HOLAge spPOlsOnin ge eee BAL Th, SS eee $3,050
Coloradoye = eee 500
Totalt( 2 aoe $3,550
Goiter in calves, =... eee WASCONSIN ee $200
Ohig =. 2-23 ee eee
Hop echolera) 2-5. 1. See eee Bs AS Le ee eee $25, 500
Minnesota, 22) a OSE
North Dakota aa 2,500
Total" ees a ee ee $31,934
TnfectiouS AMCMIA oo ecsceccmeeecee. North Dakota $3,000
ReXaS; pees ?
Wyoming | i iE eee oa eae 875
Total t..3 te ee
Johnestdisease = eee eee Wasconsinu ==

uNneawOrmMsnnicalves === ae
Meningitis

Wiest Varcinia =e
New "Work*i.2 et ae

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 15

Project States Funds

EARASILCS oe mea en Pe tiee bs Tego ee 2 BtA chew 2c ae $30,100
Kansas 1,300
WOUISTAN Dp eee 250:
iPennsylvaniay 22... 4
IWiGSt Vili: Onn ely oe ere ?
Ota Sh ses ee ee $31,350

Poisonous plants:
Weretable “poisonings =". Nevada “00. Se $8,550
BavAc Je tte et eaeer ns 15,000
Wiyomiin gest 2k oe 200
lb oe Ly ae ed "Nees $23,750
EBVeMLe ATEN GIGIS) - 2 eee teen Ninnesota gaa oe 2 crete ene $450
Sheep losses in feed lots Colorado! eo a ee $10,000
Rect ke ees Dat BALA S Siesta $1,575
SDE TCU OSIS ee ets. ees Pee BREA Sse et ae ee $12,200
California, 22 000
Minnesota: 224-20 4 re ee 1,185
Tiltn ols: Sie ee ee 500
Totaly eas Se as $16,885

The above does not take into consideration the valuable researches
under way at the Rockefeller Foundation for the investigation of
diseases of animals, where Dr. Theobald Smith has a corps of workers
who are doing some excellent work, as past reports have shown. In
addition a few of the biological houses are also doing some research.

There has been a general feeling that more men should be en-
couraged to enter the teaching profession. This has brought about
a gift of $100,000 a year for a period of five years by the Rocke-
feller Foundation and the General Education Board. This money
is to be used for teaching fellowships. They are to be given to men
who hold an M. D. or Ph. D. or the equivalent. The above would
imply that it is possible for a man who has had premedical work
and the degree of D. V. M. to acquire a fellowship provided he can
meet the other requirements.

It is hoped that the support and approval by the National Research
Council will be a stimulus which will result in greater appropriation
and the betterment of veterinary education.

A glance at the survey of the experiment stations shows that the
abortion project is the one which is receiving the greatest attention.
However, several States which contain large numbers of cattle are
allotting very small sums to the work. This condition makes it
clear that greater appreciation for research in this disease is still
needed in some States.

By the activity of Dr. C. P. Fitch, Chairman of the Abortion
Committee, with the Division of Biology and Agriculture, and a
request from the writer to the Division of Medical Sciences for the
appointment of a joint committee on abortion, the following were
appointed: Dr. E. D. Ball of the United States Department of
Agriculture; Dr. C. P. Fitch, and the writer as chairman. This
committee will meet in the near future and formulate plans by which
it is hoped that more funds will be made available for this work
and that the cooperation between the workers may be increased.

It is desired that interested persons communicate with the com-
mittee with their suggestions relative to ways and means for more
liberal support.

The manner of the organization of the National Research Council
is so far-reaching that it will bring together many forces which can

116 Proceepines or A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

only result in great benefit to all associations which are connected
with it. LEONARD W. GOSS.

On motion of Dr. V. A. Moore, seconded by Dr. Hoskins, it
was voted that the report be received.

ReEporRT OF COMMITTEE ON Narcotic LAw REVISION

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: The next order we will take up is the
report of the Commitee on Narcotic Law Revision. Dr. J. P.
Turner is chairman of the committee, and the report is in the
hands of the Secretary.

(Secretary Mayo read the report, as follows:)

On March 2, 1922, your committee, in conjunction with similar
committees of the American Medical Association and the National
Dental Association and other committees representing pharmacists,
and representatives of trades and industries supplying these pro-
fessions with narcotics, met at the New York Academy of Medicine
to formulate a uniform law, based on the Federal Harrison Narcotic
Act, which should be used in the various States of the Union. Dr.
Haven Emerson presided.

The conference decided to follow the Harrison Act so far as pos-
sible in framing a uniform State law.

A motion to prevent duplication of records was carried.

It was further agreed that no State should adopt regulations in
conflict with the Harrison Act.

The subject of the treatment and care of drug addicts was con-
sidered as requiring additional legislation not within the scope of
the act now being formulated, and the conference was of the opinion
that the consideration of administrative methods in the treatment of
drug addiction did not come within the scope of its work at the
present time.

The conference further agreed that in the enforcement of any
State narcotic control law the act should specifically state which
administrative body of the State should enforce the law.

Your committee made a strenuous effort to get the annual tax of
$3 under the Harrison Antinarcotic Act reduced to $1, by means
of a motion of the conference, but did not succeed. We were suc-
cessful in the matter of not having the model State law created as
a revenue act, thus saving the practicing veterinarian from paying
another tax.

Another feature of the proposed State law was a paragraph mak-
ing it mandatory for the State licensing board to revoke a practi-
tioner’s license when convicted of violation of the Antinarcotic Act.
We opposed this provision, as many veterinarians might be convicted
of some slight technical offense, such as failure to keep his narcotic
blank books properly posted, and be haled into court by some over-
zealous inspector. Upon our opposition the word “may” was in-
serted in the proposed act, instead of the word “shall,” as relating
to the revocation of licenses by State boards upon the conviction of a
practitioner by the courts.

‘It was the sense of the meeting that such revocation by any board
of examiners should not occur for a mere technical violation of a
State antinarcotic law, but should be held as a punishment for
repeated wilful violations, and convictions under this law.

The sense of the conference was that a committee of five be ap-
pointed to draft a model State law, and that the various profes-
sions and industries should advise them by written suggestion,
but et the Harrison Antinarcotic law should be generally followed as
a model.

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 17

After some further discussion as to amendments to the Harrison
law, relative to the dispensing of codein and morphin, the conference
adjourned. J. P. TURNER, Chairman.

Dr. Flower moved that the report be adopted, and the motion
was seconded.

Dr. Quirman: I can’t get the idea of adopting this report.
‘We ean accept it. There is no suggestion in it particularly that
we are to be guided by, consqeuently I can not see any good
reason for adopting it.

PRESIDENT KINsSLEY: If the report is adopted the committee is
discharged.

Dr. Quirman: I believe that committee should insist on de-
leting apomorphin hydrochlorid. I think that should be separat-
ed from the narcotic regulation, because it would be utterly im-
possible, I believe, for any human being ever to become ad-
dicted to apomorphin hydrochlorid, and of all narcotics now
used that is the one that is most used, and it is a good deal of
trouble to keep track of every dose that we administer, particu-
larly in the small-animal practice. It seems to me if this com-
mittee had done anything worth while they should have gotten
this one thing. I can’t see that they have made any suggestion
worth while adopting.

Dr. FLower: I will withdraw my motion and substitute the
word ‘‘receive’’ for ‘‘adopt.’’

PRESIDENT KINsLey: Dr. Flower withdraws his motion and
places a new motion that the committee report be received and
that the committee be continued.

(The motion was carried. )

Dr. QuitMAN: Is it in order to make a motion or to suggest
to this committee that inasmuch as they stand continued they
lend their efforts to try to have the apomorphin hydrochlorid
deleted from the prescribed narcotic list? If so, I will make a
motion that the committee be instructed to work with that end
in view.

PRESIDENT KinsuteEy: I believe that is perfectly in order.

(The motion was seconded and earried. )

Report OF EXECUTIVE BoARpD
PRESENT KINSLEY: Dr. Mayo will make a short report from

‘the Executive Board at this time.

Dr. Mayo: The Executive Board recommends that the resig-

nations of Dr. R. P. Lyman of East Lansing, Michigan; Dr.
J. O. Greeson of Kokomo, Indiana, and Dr. W. J. McKinney of

Brooklyn, New York, be accepted.
(On motion of Dr. Quitman, seconded, the report was

_adopted. ) .

Dr. Mayo: The Executive Board also recommends that the
resignation of Dr. S. H. Burnett of Denver, Colorado, be not

accepted, but that in view of his distinguished services to the

118 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

veterinary profession he be continued on the roll of the Asso-
ciation.

(On motion of Dr. Hoskins, seconded, the recommendation was
adopted. )

Dr. Mayo: The Board also reeommends that Dr. H. Nunn
of Corvallis, Oregon, be carried on the roll. Dr. Nunn is in a
State hospital at Corvallis, evidently suffering from a mental
trouble. When I learned this I immediately made inquiry to
find if he was in need of relief. The directors of the hospital
said he was not, that he was receiving all the treatment that
could be utilized. The Doctor writes occasionally, and he en-
joys receiving the JOURNAL.

(On motion of Dr. Hoskins, seconded by Dr. V. A. Moore,
the recommendation was adopted. )

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION

e
PRESIDENT KINSLEY: We will have the report of the Com-
mittee on Legislation at this time.
(Secretary Mayo read the report, as follows:)

The following is a résumé of legislation by the Sixty-seventh Con-
gress, second session, affecting the Veterinary Service of the Army:

House Bill 10871, which limits the total number of officers and
enlisted men of the Regular Army, as passed by the House of Rep-
resentatives, provided for not to exceed 109 commissioned officers
of the Veterinary Corps. As this bill passed the Senate it provided
for 144 commissioned officers of the Veterinary Corps. In conference
the representatives of the House and Senate agreed upon 126 officers,
those in excess of this number to be eliminated by December 31, 1922,
under the following procedures, viz: Normal retirement at 64 years
of age; retirement at the request of an officer after 30 years’ service;
retirement for physical disability incurred in the line of duty, all
of which give the officer retired three-quarters of his present pay;
and elimination by Class B as provided under paragraph 24 of the
act approved June 4, 1920, which separates from the service officers
who are below par in efficiency, with one year’s pay. Officers re-
maining surplus after the operation of these methods will be selected
out by a board of general officers convened in Washington for this
purpose. It is provided that all officers having less than 10 years’
commissioned service in the Regular Army shall be discharged with
one year’s pay.

The following quotations from the statute cover these matters:

“Provided further, That officers in excess of the numbers authorized
herein and not removed from the active list by other means shall
be disposed of as follows: Those of the Medical Department and
chaplains shall, prior to January 1, 1923, be eliminated from the
active list as hereinafter provided. * * * Officers selected for
elimination of less than ten years’ commissioned service may, upon
recommendation of the board herein provided for, be discharged with
one year’s pay. * * * Provided further, That commissioned
service for the purposes of this act shall include only active com-
missioned service in the Army performed while under appointment
from the United States Government whether in the Regular, provi-
sional, or temporary forces.

“Provided further, That any officer of less than ten years’ com-
missioned service but of more than twenty years’ service accredited

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 119

toward retirement or for increased pay for length of service may,
in lieu of discharge with one year’s pay as hereinbefore provided,
if he so elects, be appointed a warrant officer and carried as an
additional number in that grade; or he may, if he so elects, be retired
with the rank of warrant officer with pay at the rate of 2 per centum
of the pay of a warrant officer multiplied by the number of years of
such accredited service; Provided further, That the Secretary of War
shall convene a board of five general officers which may include re-
tired officers, whose call to active duty for this purpose is hereby
authorized, which board, under regulations prescribed by the Secre-
tary of War, shall recommend to the President the officers to be
eliminated from the active list under the provisions of this act.”

All officers of the Veterinary Corps, Regular Army, have less than
10 years’ commissioned service as it is defined in this act, since none
was commissioned prior to the act approved June 3, 1916. Conse-
quently all veterinary officers of the Regular Army who came into
the service subsequent to 1912 who are selected out will receive
one year’s pay. Those who entered the service prior to 1912 may
take advantage of a choice of accepting one year’s pay, of being
appointed a warrant officer and carried as an additional number in
that grade, or of being retired with the rank of a warrant officer
with pay at the rate of 2 per centum of the pay of a warrant officer
multiplied by the number of years of such accredited service. The
monthly base pay of a warrant officer of the Army is $148 per month.

On July 1 the strength of the Veterinary Corps was 158 officers.
Under this law 32 officers must be either retired or discharged by
December 31, 1922. This will mean that a very large per cent of
these 32 officers eliminated will be Class A officers who have fulfilled
all requirements of the service satisfactorily. The only reason for
their elimination is that the law must be complied with, and the fact
that such officers will be eliminated can not be considered a reflection
on their professional or moral standing.

Statistics show that 4.5 veterinary officers are required for each
1,000 animals in the Army. This figure covers all overhead, includ-
ing the purchasing of animals, the inspection of forage, the inspec-
tion of meat and meat food products at procurement points and re-
inspection in storage and at points of issue, the detail of instructors
at various service schools for the purpose of instructing in animal
management and horseshoeing, providing administrative officers and
the hospitalization and treatment of authorized private and public
animals at stations and in the field. The present animal strength is
approximately 50,000, which is less than was maintained at any
time during ten years prior to the war. Based on the above per
centum, 225 veterinary officers are required to maintain an efficient
service.

The National Defense Act as amended June 4, 1920, provided for
an Army which required approximately 350 veterinary officers. At
that time, in view of the possible motorization of various units, it
was not considered economical or to the best interests of the country
for Congress to authorize a permanent Veterinary Corps of this size,
but 50 per cent of this number as permanent appointees was pro-
vided for with the expectation that the remainder would be assigned
to active duty from the Reserve Corps as required. Unfortunately,
in framing the appropriation for the Reserve Corps no provision was
made for the assignment of reserve officers to active duty other than
for a period of not more than 15 days during a year, which permitted
the use of these officers in the Veterinary Service for training pur-
poses only. The appropriation for training was so small that prac-
tically no officers were given this training. ‘

The present act cuts the Veterinary Corps as provided for in
the Act of June 4, 1920, from 175 to 126 officers. This cut was made

120 Procreepines oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

without considering that the animal population will probably remain
the same as it was during the past fiscal year which means that
the 126 veterinary officers will be required to verform the duties of
approximately 175 officers or more. In order that the Veterinary
Corps, Regular Army, may be given an opportunity to develop and
demonstrate the economy of an efficient Veterinary Service in the
Army, a return to the number authorized in the Act of June 4, 1920,
is essential, namely, a minimum of 175 veterinary officers, with pro-
vision to employ reserve officers, with their consent, in addition, during
the summer training period, in such numbers as are required for an
efficient service.

Congress has also enacted a law to readjust the pay and allow-
ances of the commissioned and enlisted personnel of the Army, Navy,
Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Coast and Geodetic Survey and Public
Health Service. <A brief synopsis of its effect on the pay of officers
of the Veterinary Corps is given below, the monthly pay shown being
that which an officer receives on promotion to the grade.

Rental Subsistence

gs jnsibe
1 n i nm Lond

Bho wH So S2ieed Seach

on et os j= = ot

Grade pf Sd A py Slates 8 =e

Colonel, 26 years’ SCVVICC.. cece: $466.66 $120 $80 $386 $18

Lieut. Colonel, 20 years’ service...... 379.16 120 80 54 18

Major, 14 years’ S€TViCC sce 300.00 100 60 54 18

Captain, 7 years’ service...2..:.... 220.00 80 60 36 18

1st Lieutenant, 3 years’ service... 175.00 60 40 36 18
2d Lieutenant, less than 5 years’
SOT VICE ee 125.00 40 40 18 18

The rental allowances are applicable only where an officer is on
detached service and is not furnished quarters by the Government.

The column “With Dependents” applies to an officer married or a
widower having children under 21 years of age or an officer having
a dependent mother.

The column “No Dependents” applies to a bachelor officer not hav-
ing a dependent mother.

Our committee has also done all that was possible to get favorable
action on the bill providing for reclassification of civil-service em-
ployees in the Federal service, which is still pending in Congress.

S. J. WALKLEY, Secretary.
J. G. FERNEYHOUGH.

On motion of Dr. Marsteller, seconded, the report was received.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

Dr. Hoskins: When the report regarding the National Re-
search Council was disposed of there was no provision made
either for the continuance or the discontinuance of the com-
mittee. In view of that fact, and also the importance of the
work of that committee, I move, so there will be no misunder-
standing, that the committee be continued.

(The motion was seconded and carried. )

Adjournment.

OTHER MEETINGS

NORTH CENTRAL OHIO VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

Dr. H. B. Ropp of Ashland, Ohio, was elected President of
the newly organized North Central Ohio Veterinary Medical
Association, at its first meeting at Ashland on July 27. Dr.
W. F. Wise of Medina was elected Vice President, Dr. C. C.
Wadsworth of Mansfield was chosen Secretary, and Dr. M. C.
McClain of Jeromeville, Treasurer.

After considerable discussion as to the number of meetings
the organization would have during the year, it was finally de-
cided to leave it to the Executive Committee to fix all dates of
future meetings. After the business meeting, with the election
of the above named officers, a clinic was held, after which a
dinner was served at one of Ashland’s well-known restaurants.
Drs. Case, Krieder, Derr, Schafstall, P. Fulstow, H. Fulstow,
McClain, Merillat, Wadsworth and Wise took part in the clinic.
The evening session was held at the Elks’ Home at which time
Dr. H. H. Lehman, in charge of the information bureau of
Hess & Clark Laboratories, gave a very thorough explanation
of avian tuberculosis and its treatment. Dr. G. W. Cliffe, of
Upper Sandusky, President of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical
Association, delivered the main address of the evening. He
denied the charges made by some people that the veterinary
association throughout Ohio was a political and_ price-fixing
group, but instead it consisted of groups of scientific men asso-
ciated for the purpose of mutual discussion of all the inter-
communicable, contagious, and infectious diseases that are con-
stantly threatening the livestock industry of the country, as
well as the economic welfare of the people of our Common-
wealth. Twenty-eight charter members of the association were
in attendance. C. C. WapswortH, Secretary.

CALIFORNIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The annual meeting of the California State Veterinary Medi-
eal Association was held in Los Angeles, June 5 to 7.. The
program consisted of clinics and papers, all of which were
completely rendered.

121

je PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

Monday morning a general clinie on large animals was held
under direction of Dr. W. R. Carr, assisted by Drs. G. W.
Closson, M. Johnson, C. F. Litton and others, at the hospital
of Drs. W. R. Carr, C. A. White and R. M. Leaf. It was full
of interesting subjects and created great interest.

The afternoon program was held at Normal Hill Center. In-
teresting papers were read by Drs. John L. Tyler, C. F. Litton,
J. P. Iverson (State Veterinarian) and M. Rosenberger; also
Dr. R. J. Bell, whose paper on “Breeding Problems from the
Dairyman’s Standpoint,’’ was exceptionally well rendered and
pointed out the dairyman’s side of this most important ques-
tion, as was the paper by Dr. J. L. Tyler.

The second day’s meeting contained such subjects as ‘‘The
Garbage Hog,’’ by Dr. L. M. Hurt; ‘‘Hog Cholera Virus and
Its Biologic Characteristies,’’ by Dr. Robert Jay; ‘‘ Antisera,
Ageressins and Prophylaxis,’? by Dr. J. G. Jackley, and the
treat of the meeting in an exhaustive paper by Dr. A. T. Peters
of Peoria, Ill., all of which brought out very instructive and
interesting discussion.

A banquet for members and ladies was held at the Virginia
Hotel, Long Beach, at which Dr. L. M. Powers, M. D., gave a
most interesting talk on ‘‘The Veterinarian and His Relation
to the Public Health.’’

The morning of the third day was devoted to a small-animal
clinie under the direction of Drs. C. A. White and T. H. Agnew,
assisted by Drs. F. H. Bescoby, W. A. Boucher and Oscar Kron.

The afternoon program consisted of papers by Dr. W. L.
Curtis, ‘‘Foxtail Infections in Small Animals,’’ and ‘‘ Rabies
and Its Control,’’ by Dr. J. F. Kenna, both of which—dealing
with important questions in California—brought out much use-
ful information.

The election of officers resulted in Dr. John L. Tyler, Hunt-
ington Park, being elected President; Dr. Oscar Kron, San
Francisco, Vice-President: Dr. J. P. Bushong, Los Angeles,
Secretary, and Dr. James Boyd, Milpitas, Treasurer.

San Francisco was selected as the next meeting place for the
first Monday in June, 1923. The meeting adjourned with every;
one expressing the opinion that this had been the best meeting
ever held. J. P. Busuone, Secretary.

1h)
(SU)

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING ay

WEST VIRGINIA VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The annual meeting of the West Virginia Veterinary Medical
Association was held at the Chancellor Hotel, Parkersburg, July
26 and 27, 1922, when a program covering an unusual scope
was carried to a large attendance, all officers being present.

New officers elected for the ensuing year were: President,
Dr. Ernest Layne, Huntington; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. J. J.
Cranwell, Fairmont.

A fine clinie was held at the hospital of Dr. J. C. Callander.

Dr. Neff, who is in charge of tuberculosis eradication work
in West Virginia, was present, and also four of his assistants.
Dr. Neff clearly defined his work here and also the cooperation
of practitioner and Federal employees which he says we must
have for suecess of both. ;

The visiting ladies and members were entertained by a
banquet and moonlight sail on the beautiful Ohio River.

All voted that this meeting was the best ever held by this
association. It was also rumored that a midwinter meeting
might be held in Charleston, when our legislative body is in
action, to try for new veterinary laws badly needed in our
State.

Four new members were taken into our association. A very
strong plea was made by the Secretary to the new members,
as well as any old members who were not members of the
A. V. M. A., to join before the meeting at St. Louis, and all
attend in a body. J. J. CRANWELL, Secretary.

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICIAL SOCIETY

The thirty-second annual meeting of the New York State
Veterinary Medical Society was held in the State Armory, Syra-
cuse, N. Y., July 26 to 28. The meeting opened with the lare-
est attendance ever recorded in the history of the Society. Both
attendance and interest grew as the meeting progressed.

During the morning session of the first day the time was
taken up by the regular order of business. Dr. D. H. Udall, as
President of the Society, read a carefully prepared address
pointing out the conditions of the veterinary profession in the
State and indicating methods by which improvement might

124 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

be brought about. This address is worth the careful study and
attention of every man in the profession. The Society voted
that it, together with the paper by Dr. W. E. Frink on ‘‘Or-
ganization of Veterinarians in New York State,’’ which was
read at the annual dinner held the evening of the first day of
the meeting, be presented for publication to the JourNAL of
THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEpIcAL ASSOCIATION. These papers
will thus both be available to all who are interested in them.
Reports of various committees were read during the morning
session. The Board of Censors recommended 43 new members
for’ membership during the different sessions. All those who
were recommended were elected. This number marks the larg-
est number of members elected in any one year. Thirty-two,
which is the next highest number, were elected at the Brooklyn
meeting in 1919.

Major C. H. Jewell had been detailed by the War Depart-
ment to present the matter of the Veterinary Reserve Corps to
the Society. He was given the first place on the afternoon
program, and much interest was in evidence in that branch
of the service as a result of the talk by Major Jewell and one
following at a later time and upon the same subject by Colonel
Uline, stationed at Syracuse and in charge of the Medical Divi-
sion, 98th Division, Organized Reserves.

The Committee on Resolutions was instructed to prepare and
the Society passed the following resolution:

Whereas, The medical and dental professions have more than filled
their quotas in their respective branches in the Reserve Corps of
the U. S. Army;

And whereas, In the Veterinary Reserve Corps there is a consid-
erable deficiency in the number of applicants;

‘And whereas, The veterinary profession during the recent war
showed as much loyalty and sacrifice as other professions;

And whereas, The deficiency in the number of applicants seems to
reflect on the patriotism of the profession:

Therefore be it resolved, That the New York State Veterinary Medi-
cal Society urge those of its members who are eligible to apply for
admission in the Reserve Corps, thereby correcting any wrong im-
pression as to their apparent indifference to this important National
Service.

Dr. R. H. Spaulding was to have prepared a paper on “ Abor-
tion, Septic Metritis, Pyometra, Cystic Ovaries and Sterility in
Cats.’’ Dr. Spaulding has had considerable experience with
these conditions, and we hoped to hear the paper. He, how-
ever, has just gone into a new location, and being extremely
busy in locating a new hospital, was too busy to prepare the

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 125

paper. The Society will have the pleasure and instruction of
his paper in the future.

Dr. A. E. Merry of Syracuse read an instructive paper on
““The Management of a Small-Animal Practice.’’ Several men
engaged in practice with small animals discussed the paper, to
the interest and benefit of all.

Drs. E. V. Moore and J. L. MeAuliff of Cortland have had
considerable experience with ‘‘ Hemorrhagic Septicemia in Cort-
land County’’ and Dr. MeAuliff read the paper which they had
jointly prepared. These two young men constitute a firm of
progressive and successful practitioners and are doing much to
uphold the highest ideals of the profession. There was much
instructive discussion on this paper.

Dr. J. W. Fuller, engaged in work on poultry diseases at
the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University,
gave a ‘‘Demonstration of the Physical Examination of Poul-
try,’’ which was very practical and created marked interest.
The demonstration was real, for Dr. Fuller used a live bird
first to show methods of restraint and examination, then of kill-
ing the bird and conducting a postmortem.

The evening session was held at the Hotel Onondaga. The
annual dinner was the first feature of this part of the meeting.
Dinner service was delayed for a considerable time because the
staff had to prepare for about twice as many people as they
had been advised would be present. This delay was not minded,
for it gave opportunity to converse, and when dinner was served
it was splendid and thoroughly enjoyed. Mayor Walrath gave
the address of welcome on part of the City of Syracuse. Dr.
E. L. Volgenau of Buffalo gave the response for the Society.
The principal address was by Dr. W. E. Frink of Batavia on
“‘Organization of Veterinarians in New York State,’’ to which
reference has been made. At the meeting last year held at
Buffalo a committee composed of Drs. W. Reid Blair, W. E.
Frink and D. B. Comstock was appointed to confer with Judge
B. A. Pyrke, Commissioner of Farms and Markets of New York
State. Through the work of that committee Dr. Frink became
more cognizant of the dire need of organization and better
representation of the practitioner. His paper, which will soon
be printed, is an able exposition of the topic and should be
read by all interested in the welfare of the profession. The
report of the Committee on Resolutions had been laid over

126 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

until this time and was accordingly presented. This report
was in sympathy with the dominant idea of the meeting, and the
resolutions as adopted are as follows:

RESOLUTIONS RELATIVE TO VETERINARY PRACTICE

Whereas, Leaders of animal husbandry of the State proclaim that
the greatest hindrances to the prosperity of animal industry are the
losses caused by disease;

And whereas, The livestock owners have come to realize the neces-
sity of having competent veterinary service immediately available
when needed to safeguard them against the destructive effects of
diseases in their flocks and herds;

And whereas, The accumulation of knowledge in the sciences in-
cluded in veterinary medicine has made it necessary for those who
enter the profession to devote many years to study and to expend
much money in securing the required training in the nature of ani-
mal diseases and methods for their control;

And whereas, The limited number of animals in a farming com-
munity, and the great variety of diseases from which they suffer,
require the veterinarian to perform all the work in the locality for
the restricted animal population, precluding the possibility of prac-
titioners specializing to any appreciable degree;

And whereas, It has been the practice in recent years of the State .
and Federal Governments to take over tuberculin testing, free of
charge, that the local veterinarians were trained to do as a part
of their professional duties;

And whereas, This beginning of state veterinary medicine is dis-
couraging young men from entering the profession, which will soon
leave animal owners without veterinarians for the great majority of
the diseases for which they need such service;

And whereas, Cattle owners are anxious to have efficient veteri-
narians and are willing to pay for professional services for which
they themselves profit;

And whereas, It is not believed that the agricultural interests de-
sire the services of the practicing veterinarians to be restricted or
abolished:

Therefore be it resolved, That the New York State Veterinary
Medical Society request the Commissioner of Farms and Markets to
assist the animal owners by permitting the local veterinarians to
do as much of the livestock sanitary work as possible.

And be it further Resolved, That this Society ask the Commissioner
of Farms and Markets to recommend tuberculin testing by accredited
practitioners at the expense of the owners, thereby encouraging
more efficient veterinary service for the agricultural districts and
reducing greatly the expense of such work to the State.

And be it further Resolved, That the Federal Bureau of Animal
Industry be requested to cooperate with the Commissioner of Farms
and Markets to arrange proper inspection of the tuberculin tests
to the end that the cattle owners will be assisted in the elimination
of tuberculosis from their herds by the receipt of such indemnities
for reacting animals as the State and Federal Governments may be
willing to provide.

And be it further Resolved, That this Society pledge to the De-
partment of Farms and Markets and to the Federal Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry its honor and loyalty in making and reporting all
tuberculin tests and other reportable conditions, and that it will
exert its every effort to assist the State and Federal authorities
to bring to justice any practitioner of the State who violates the
sacred obligation of professional honor in the conduct of his work.

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 127

And be it further Resolved, That copies of these resolutions be
sent to the Commissioner of Farms and Markets, to the Secretary of
Agriculture, to the Chief of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry,
to the veterinary journals of the country and to the agricultural
press of New York State.

RESOLUTION ON STATE MEDICINE

Whereas, Interest in control of disease has led to extensive develop-
ment of local, State and Federal organizations for this purpose, their
combined activities falling under the general term “state medicine’;

And whereas, Within the past few year the course of applied veteri-
‘nary medicine has been transformed in its relation to the state;

And whereas, Fear that much of the service of the practitioner
might be abolished has contributed to a decreased interest in veteri-
nary science which has led to both public and private loss:

Therefore be it Resolved, That the New York State Veterinary
Medical Society, recognizing the wisdom and necessity of conserving
both State and private effort in disease control, suggests the de-
sirability of a better understanding to the end that progress be not
slackened through apprehension or distrust.

Resolved, That this resolution be transmitted to the A. V. M. A.
with a suggestion that the control of disease in animals depends
on the services of the private veterinary practitioner, with a further
suggestion that the National Association assume a more definite
policy in the preservation of this vanishing group, and that it be
more adequately represented in the JOURNAL of the Association.

RESOLUTION ON THE SCOPE OF VETERINARY PRACTICE

Whereas, Within the past few years the work of the practitioner of
veterinary medicine has undergone a radical change through~ the
demand for herd prevention and control of all forms of disease, and
individual emergency cases demanding immediate attention are less
frequent;

And whereas, Officials, agricultural representatives and others are
sometimes advised that certain incidental phases of this work, such
as tuberculin testing, vaccinations, etc., are not desired by the aver-
age practitioner because they interfere with his emergency work:

Resolved, That it is the opinion of thy Society that such incidental
routine forms an important and essential part of the public service
of the average practicing veterinarian; that in many cases it con-
stitutes an important and essential source of income; that with few
exceptions he is in position to give such service, and that those in-
terested in fostering the extension of veterinary service beyond the
immediate areas of large towns should not be deceived by such advice.

The committee appointed to confer with Commissioner Pyrke
had accomplished so much -in its effort to bring about closer
relationship between the practitioner, the Federal Bureau of
Animal Industry and the State officials that Dr. W. G. Holling-
worth moved that a committee composed of Drs. D. H. Udall,
George Knapp and D. B. Comstock be elected to carry on the
work. The election of the committee was unanimous. The sen-
timent of the Society is to carry on this work started by the
original committee after another year as a permanent organiza-
tion with a permanent secretary. The effort to bring about

128 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

closer cooperation between all interests is bearing fruit and
the good work should be kept up, as it will be with a committee
having the personnel of the one elected this year.

The morning session of July 27 carried out the same basic
idea of organization as had the previous one. ‘‘State Organiza-
tion for the Control of Disease in Livestock’’ was given by Dr.
T. E. Munee, Director, Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Indus-
try. Hon. B. A. Pyrke, Commissioner of Farms and Markets.
for New York State, spoke on the topic ‘‘New York State Or-
ganization for the Control of Disease in Livestock.’’? H. S. Big-
ler, President, New York State Holstein-Friesian Association,
gave a paper on ‘‘The Cattle Industry of New York State;
Its Relation to the Administration of Disease Control in Live
Stock.’’ ‘‘Holstein-Friesian Association Sale Regulation for
Protection Against Disease’’ was the topic of a paper read by
E. R. Zimmer, Secretary, Holstein-Friesian Association of New
York State. D. W. McLaury, Chief of the Bureau of Animal
Industry of New York State, gave an address. The United
States Bureau of Animal Industry was ably represented at the
meeting by Dr. Lash, a member of the Washington staff. Dr. -
H. W. Turner, Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry, read
a paper on ‘‘Tuberculin Technic.’’ Space forbids a discussion
of the good points of these papers and of the discussions they
called forth. Most of them will appear in the veterinary jour-
nals of the country and their value will thus be preserved.

The morning session was a long one, for the business had to
be completed before adjournment. Ithaca was decided upon
as the place of the next meeting. Dr. W. Reid Blair was elected
President, Dr. R. W. Gannett Vice-President, Dr. C. E. Hayden
Secretary-Treasurer and Dr. H. J. Milks Librarian.

During the afternoon session Dr. H. W. Turner demonstrated
the various tuberculin tests and. reaction with twenty cattle.
Autopsies were held. Dr. E. T. Faulder was assigned to assist
Dr. Turner. With Dr. Faulder were Drs. Derrick, Linch, Bales
and Grace. The Society is deeply indebted to Dr. Turner and
to the representatives of the Bureau of Animal Industry who
did so much to make this part of the program a success.

Clinics were held during the morning of the 28th. Dr. W. L.
Williams had a large number of sets of genital organs which
had been sent down from Buffalo. These he used for demon-
stration of the diseases of genital organs. Dr. W. W. Williams

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 129

performed an amputation of the cervix. Dr. J. N. Frost did a
rumenotomy. The clinics were well attended and of great
interest.

The activities of the Society closed with the clinics, but there
was a further program in the afternoon for which many of the
members stayed over. The Society for the Study of the Dis-
eases of the Genital Organs had a session in the State Armory
and there were four very fine papers presented of interest to
all engaged in such work.

The thirty-second meeting of the New York State Veterinary
_ Medical Society was a success from the standpoint of program
and numbers in attendance. This meeting marks a new era
m the history of the Society. C. E. Hayven, Secretary.

At the last meeting of the Tennessee Veterinary Medical
Association, held in Memphis July 27-28, a schedule of uniform
charges for testing cattle for tuberculosis was adopted. This
action will prevent much confusion and create a better under-
standing between the practitioner and the accredited herd
owner.

The Tennessee Veterinary Medical Association, in session
July 27-28 in Memphis, Tennessee, temporarily suspended the
by-laws to admit into the association, without the payment of
fees, all B. A. I. veterinarians working in the State. Imme-
diately following, this was submitted as an amendment to the
by-laws, for action a year hence, to automatically make all
B. A. I. men in Tennessee active members of the T. V. M. A.

Cordial relations are being cultivated between the medical
and veterinary professions of Great Britain. Following the
combined meetings of the Royal Society of Medicine and the
Central Branch of the National Veterinary Association last year,
the Royal Society has opened its membership to veterinarians,
who are admitted on the same terms as physicians. The Sections
of Medicine and Pathology have each elected a veterinarian on
their respective councils. The National Veterinary Association
has joined the Federation of Medical and Allied Services. The
British Medical Association has placed a veterinarian on the
program of its coming annual congress and veterinarians are
invited to attend and to join in the discussion. Such cooperation
is sure to benefit both professions.

NECROLOGY

Dr. Wm. J. Waugh, of Washington, Pa., died suddenly of apo-
plexy while attending a patient at the fair grounds, on August
16, 1922, aged 65 years. He was.a native of Pennsylvania, a —
graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College, class of 1882, and
was Regiment Veterinarian of the 3d Cavalry, U. 8. A., for
15 years, resigning after the close of the Spanish-American
War. He then resumed an active general practice.

He was an expert surgeon and capable practitioner, and ac-
quired a competency. He was a member of the A. V. M. A,
Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Association, Masonic Frater-
nity, and a town councilman.

He was a brother of Drs. Jas. A. and David Waugh, and
had a family of three daughters and three grandchildren.
His wife died about two years ago. He was also a member of
the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry. Dr. Waugh
was planning to retire and recuperate for a year on the Pacific
Coast, but the end came suddenly and closed a useful career.

Jp 2A Wee

Dr. Allen E. Cherry died in Denver, Colo., on March 3, 1922,
at the age of 32 years. He was born in Russia but came to
this country in 1905, graduating from the Veterinary Division
of Michigan Agricultural College in 1915. He joined the
A. V. M. A. the following year and was a first lieutenant in the
World War. At the time of his death he was in the service
of the B. A. I., stationed at Denver.

HORSEHAIR FOR HYPODERMIC NEEDLES

Dr. Benjamin A. Daniels, a physician of Tampa, Fla., writes
to the Journal of the American Medical Association that he
has found horsehair (suture clippings) to be more effective
than either brass or steel wire for keeping open the lumen of
all kinds of hypodermic needles. As they are black, they are
readily seen and picked up when wanted for reinsertion into
the needles. They never rust, seldom break, and may be
sterilized inside and along with the needles.

130

0 ee ee

MISCELLANEOUS

A SUSPICIOUS DISEASE IN JAMAICA

The Jamaica Gazette of July 29, 1922, published the report
of G. O. Rushie Grey, Veterinary Consultant, Agricultural De-
partment, to the Colonial Secretary, on his investigation of a
disease which has recently appeared among cattle in the neigh-
borhood of Montpelier, in the parish of St. James, and later in
Westmoreland -and Hanover, Jamaica. In his report Dr. Grey
states:

At first it was thought to be foot-and-mouth disease, and the De-
partment of Agriculture was requested to send the Veterinary Con-
sultant to investigate and report.

In accordance with instructions I therefore visited Montpelier on
the 18th instant, and readily diagnosed the disease as “necrotic
stomatitis and coronitis,’’ that is, inflammation of the mouth and
coronary region accompanied by necrosis or death of limited areas
of tissue of the affected parts.

In almost every case the first symptom observed is strings of saliva
hanging from the mouth, which is usual in practically all inflam-
matory conditions of the mouth. Later, salivation becomes more
profuse; eyes sunken; gradual or sudden loss of condition; tender-
ness, or even marked lameness of the feet; separation of the horn
and skin at the coronary region with bleeding in some cases; sores
between the claws; extremities swollen. There may be also sores on
the udder. Affected animals cease feeding, stand in one place or
lie down, and when they move do so with difficulty. The animals
are very “tucked up.” Those that do not succumb to the disease be-
gin to show signs of improvement after four or five days.

The preceding is a comprehensive survey of the development of
symptoms; some of the symptoms may be very slight, or even absent;
but salivation is the constant symptom.

Tf the mouth is examined in the early stage, little may be seen;
later, small patches of the covering membrane of the tongue or gums
appear brown here and there; then the membrane comes off in small
patches, or over large areas, exposing a reddened but healing sur-
face below. In some cases the separation of the hoof is so extensive
that the animal is unable to stand, and if moved about the hoof is
liable to be shed.

The report does not show that any inoculation tests were made
in diagnosing this outbreak of disease, which from the symp-
toms described so closely resembles foot-and-mouth disease after
the vesicles have ruptured; neither does it show whether any
other species of animals are affected. On account of the simi-
larity of the symptoms to foot-and-mouth disease, the Bureau
of Animal Industry has issued instructions discontinuing the
importation of hides from Jamaica until further orders. Under
existing law and regulations it has not been permissible to im-

port cattle from Jamaica since 1890.
131

Loe MISCELLANEOUS

HORSE RAISING DECLINES BUT QUALITY IMPROVES

If comparative figures from 14 of the leading horse-producing
States can be taken as showing the tendency in all parts of
the country, there has been a decrease since 1915 of about 60
per cent in the number of stallions in service in the United
States. Grades, cross-breds, and scrubs have been falling be-
hind at a greater rate than the purebreds, the latter decreasing
a little less than 50 per cent. These statements are based upon
a report, Stallion Enrollment as Related to the Horse-Breeding
Situation, just compiled by the United States Department of
Agriculture from reports from 18 of the 24 States having stal-
lion-enrollment laws.

There has been a decrease in the total number of stallions and
jacks every year since 1915, but the rate of decline slackened
somewhat in 1921. Fourteen States having an enrollment of
46,121 stallions in 1915, had only 18,092 in 1921, a decrease of
60.8 per cent. Of the stallions in 18 States in 1921, 74.2 per
cent were purebred. In 1915, only 60 per cent were registered
sires. As the numbers decrease the quality improves. Farmers
are finding that it pays to raise only good horses and mules.

The number of stallions of the light breeds has been decreas-
ing more rapidly than the number of draft stallions. The total
of jacks has been increasing gradually until the last year, when
there was a slight decrease. There has been a striking increase
in the actual number of purebreds. The change in the ratio of
jacks to stallions is a fairly accurate measure of the popularity
of the mule. Twenty-nine per cent of the total number of stal-
lions and jacks enrolled for public service in 15 States in 1921
were jacks, while in 10 States in 1915 only 9.3 per cent were
jacks.

Several States have recently enacted enrollment legislation
that should lead to further improvement of breeding stock and
. the general run of work stock. Pennsylvania and Indiana now
permit the use of only purebred stallions and jacks for public
service. They also disqualify stallions and jacks that are un-
sound or of such inferior type or conformation that they may
prove a detriment to the horse-breeding interests of these States.
Michigan also has passed a similar law that will become operative -
January 1, 1923.

MiscELLANEOUS 133

ST. LOUIS SAYINGS

Among those who motored to St. Louis were Captain and
Mrs. R. A. Kelser, Miss Davidson and Evelyn Ray Kelser of
Washington, D. C. They covered 1,982 miles on the round
trip. i
The jovial countenance of Col. C. J. Marshall was missed by
his many friends at the convention.

Dr. George H. Hart of California, Dr. Thomas Simms of
Oregon and Dr. E. E. Wegner of Washington made the longest
Journeys of any from the States, but the prizes for real dis-
tances should go to Dr. Chas. V. Noback of Colombia, Dr. G. A.
Roberts of Brazil and Dr. S. Youngberg of the Philippines.

Dr. and Mrs. Adolph Eichhorn returned from their three-
month trip through the various European countries just in
time to make connections for the St. Louis meeting. Dr. Eich-
horn’s vivid descriptions of the professional, social and agricul-
tural conditions noted during his travels were deeply appre-
ciated by all those who had the pleasure of hearing them.

The oculists of St. Louis reperted a thriving business on the
day following the cabaret entertainment at the Planters Hotel.

Dr. L. A. Merillat’s new method of restraint as applied to
fillies was to say the least quite unique.

Miss Evelyn Ray Kelser had the distinction of being the
youngest dancer at the President’s reception on Monday night.

The many friends of Dr. George Hilton, Chairman of the
Executive Board, deeply regretted that he was unable to be
present on account of protracted illness. The JourNAL extends
him all good wishes for a speedy convalescence.

“‘Sheriff’’ Jeffries was unable to make any ‘‘arrests’’ during
the convention, although he was observed to be keeping close
watch on one of his fellow townsmen.

Drs. E. A. Watson and A. E. Cameron of the Canadian Health

«

134 MISCELLANEOUS

of Animals Branch visited Washington, D. C., on their way
back from St. Louis. Dr. Cameron will remain in that city
for several months studying the various methods of research
employed in the different government laboratories.

Dr. and Mrs. Hamlet Moore of New Orleans, La., started on
a trip to the Hawaiian Islands immediately after the St. Louis
meeting and will be gone several months.

Dr. C. C. Wang, a graduate of Ames in the class of 1922,
was a recent visitor at the Capital, where he spent some time
acquainting himself with the work of the B. A. I. before re-
turning to China. Incidentally it is stated that Dr. Wang is
the first Chinese graduate veterinarian.

The late Prince Albert of Monaco, who was widely known for
his interest and achievements in science as well as for being the
ruler of the little principality comprising Monte Carlo, be-
queathed to the French Academy of Medicine, of which he was
a member, the sum of one million franes, and a like sum to the

Academy of Sciences.

MILK LESSONS FROM AMERICA

Dr. Robertson, Medical Officer for Birmingham, England,
has been in the United States, in company with Mr. E. W.
Langford and Mr. Gurden, representatives of the retail milk dis-
tributors of Birmingham, to investigate American methods of
supplying milk. He hopes that the American practice of re-
tailing milk in bottles will be introduced in his country. Ameri-
can milk is richer and cleaner than in England, and is pas-
teurized and cooled. He thinks the cooperative system is well
developed in the States, making for economical and speedy
marketing, and having also the advantage of central cooling sta-
tions. Dr. Robertson advocates the recording of milk yields
of individual cows, testing for fat, and the elimination of in-
ferior animals. He points out that American farmers receive
a basic price for milk containing 3.5 per cent of fat, and a higher
price for a superior grade. The minimum percentage of fat
allowable in milk in England is 3 per cent.

JOURNAL

OF THE

American Veterinary Medical Association

FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.)
J. R. Mouter, Editor, Washington, D. C.

W. H. We cu, President, Lexington, Ill. H. Preston Hoskins, Secy., Detroit, Mich.
_M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn.

Executive Board

Gro. HiLton, Ist District; T. E. Munce, 2nd District; S. E. BENNETT, 3rd District;
J. A. Kiernan, 4th District; C. E. Cotron, 5th District; B. W.
ConraD, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large

Sub-Committee on Journal
S. E.. BENNETT J. A. KIERNAN

The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or
statements published in the JourNAL, outside of its own authorized actions.

Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application.

Vol. LXII, N. S. Vol. 15. November, 1922 No. 2

RABIES IN WASHINGTON, D. C.

THE PRESENCE of rabies in, the city of Washington was
proved scientifically in December, 1892. The disease spread
until in the fall of 1895 a fatal case in a woman ealled attention
to the fact that rabies had become prevalent among the dogs
of the city and the examination of all suspected cases was
undertaken by the Pathological Division of the Bureau of
Animal Industry. During the next ten months, beginning
September, 1895, eight rabid dogs and two foxes were exam-
ined by means of animal inoculation and found capable of
transmitting rabies to test animals. As will be seen by the
following table, the destruction of the affected animals after
their malady had reached the furious stage and they had pos-
sibly bitten several other animals did not tend to check the
spread of the disease. Accordingly in June, 1907, an order
was issued by the District Commissioners which required the
muzzling of all dogs running at large in the District of Co-
lumbia. It will be interesting to recall something about the
issuance of this order. A number of children had been bitten
by stray dogs, which fact had been brought to the attention
of President Roosevelt, as had also many protests from dog
owners and others against the proposal to require muzzles.

135

136 EDITORIAL

Mr. Roosevelt sent for Dr. Mohler, the chief of the Pathologi-
cal Division, for an interview during the lunch hour. The
situation was explained briefly, and the fact that the public
schools were to close on the following day for their summer
vacation was mentioned incidentally, with the resultant danger
especially to school boys who would be roaming the fields and
woods about the capital. Immediately the President came to
a decision, wheeled swiftly in his chair, reached for the electric
button, and summoned his secretary, Mr. Loeb; a letter was
dictated at once to the District Commissioners calling their
attention to the conditions that existed, and asking immediate
action. The Board met at 2 p. m. and issued an order effective
the same day, which was published that afternoon in the local
papers.

This order resulted in the impounding of almost twice as
many dogs, but after a year or so it became customary for dog
owners to remove the muzzles and release their dogs as soon
as the dog catchers were thought to have ended their work
for the day. In August, 1910, a more restrictive order was
issued by the Commissioners, the enforcement of which has re-
duced slowly the number of rabid dogs found, the number of
animals impounded, and the number of dogs running at large.

Until the present Board of Commissioners took office muzzles

No. rabid dogs wo. licensed by No. impounded

- rom D. C. ex— : > =
Fea mined by Meee” age age ead
1904 14 9,216 3,219 $16,773.00
1905 13 9,790 2,656 17,819.00
1906 8 10,116 3,139 18,411.00
1907 12 11,021 3,985 20,059.00
1908 61 10,998 6,694 21,424.00
1909 79 11,215 6,946 21,424.00
1910 58 11,318 4,929 21,489.00
1911 75 10,250 5,531 21,921.00
1912 56 9,061 4,703 20 026.00
1913 52 8,659 3,599 17,589.00
1914 56 8,636 3,768 16,759.00
1915 8 9,141 3,210 15,901.00
1916 7 7,917 2,973 16,637.00
1917 5 8,187 3,257 14,414.00
1918 34 8,808 2,747 14,973.00
1919 35 9,280 2,854 16,031.00
1920 9 16,925.00
1921 12

The number of dogs licensed as given in the above table is ap-
proximated for a portion of the years included, as definite records are
not available for a few of the earliest and latest years reported.

EDITORIAL LST

were required throughout the year, but in the spring of 1921
the city heads changed the regulation to provide that muzzles
would be required only from July 9 to October 9. While the
Health Officer recommended that the former ruling requiring
muzzles throughout the year be continued, the Commissioners
decided that there was little need for covering the mouths of
canines during the winter months. This decision of course is
based on expediency rather than on any scientific foundation
as dogs are just as liable to contract rabies on July 8 as on
July 9. However, it is the intention of the present Commis-
sioners to watch results and be guided by them as to further
action for the control of stray dogs.

ADDITIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

IS IT professional unrest or an irrevocable necessity which
encourages the formation of new veterinary medical associa-
tions? Maybe it is not either one; however, there appears to
be a tendency to start something new and those with the spirit
of enthusiasm are able to advance splendid reasons why new
associations should be created. Conversely, another element is
able to produce arguments to the contrary and after one has
carefully listened to both sides, the situation is still befogged
and the mists do not quite clear away. It is a fact that a
number of states support more than one veterinary medical
society and in a number of instances, a group of states are
maintaining an association in addition to their respective state
organizations.

Every qualified veterinarian should feel it his first duty to
support loyally his home state association and the A. V. M. A.
These two should receive first consideration and be given well
measured expression before launching any new adventure. We
must not forget that the old associations are established and
can serve all purposes well if only the members. forget self
and use the organized agencies already developed toward
advancing the veterinary profession. Many have grown gray
in the service; they have met adversity and suffered defeat,
but still they remain loyal and refuse to divide their talents and
enthusiasm with any new order.

New associations require liberal financing and veterinarians
contemplating their formation are usually members of the

138 EDITORIAL

State Association and A. V. M. A. respectively, therefore, as
the question of dues and other expenses plays an important
part, the temptation is offered to neglect one and to support
the other. Whichever way the members goes, his decision is
bound to weaken materially the forces of one society. On the
other hand, the more veterinary medical associations which
become successfully established, the greater advancement the
profession will enjoy.

All professions demand the spirit of democracy and will not
tolerate, at any cost, a domineering autocratic condition. The
minute autocracy appears in an association, the entire system
becomes faulty and the -framework of the structure stands
alone as a gaunt skeleton. This situation obtaining makes men
restless because it robs them of their inherent right, notably,
to enjoy equal rights. The one great eternal principle of suc-
cess is to use well what we already have, and mold it into an
indestructible force. This being accomplished, would there be
any argument against a group of states combining their meet-
ing dates and every three or five years have a joint meeting?
Think it over.

If the veterinarians organizing these new associations feel
sufficiently enthusiastic and financially able to continue their
old obligations, then very little can be said against the under-
taking. K. I. 8.

THE OLD ORDER CHANGETH

AGRICULTURE’S stupendous tribute paid to insects and
plant diseases has for too long been tolerated by a more or
less national psychology founded upon the ramshackle premise
that these pests are ineradicable and that the best we can hope
for is to keep them ‘‘under control.’’ We refer only to those
for which science has discovered remedies. In most cases those
remedies have been applied but half-heartedly because we
have held but a half-hearted belief in them.

It called for a daring imagination on the part of General
Gorgas to undertake the cleaning up of the Canal Zone and
thus so totally to reverse the order of things as to make cer-
tain human diseases there merely an unpleasant memory. But
he did it.

Many years ago New Orleans put up a monumental fight

EDITORIAL 139

to eradicate totally the tiny Stegomyia fasciata, the only
mosquito which is capable of transmitting yellow fever. Think
of hunting down every teacupful of standing water in the
labyrinthine vastness of a city and ridding every such breed-
ing place of mosquito life! New Orleans did this.

And yet only recently the doctrine of eradication has begun
actively to supplant that of control, in the general scheme of
applied entomology, mycology and bacteriology. We are wit-
nessing an absolute facing about of the practical application
61 science by our Federal Department of Agricuiture in such
imstances as its campaign for eradication—no longer control—
of the cattle tick and bovine tuberculosis. The niinds directing
these efforts now refuse absolutely to tolerate auy such com-
promise as ‘‘control measures.’’ Nothing short of total eradi-
cation, drastic as may be the means to the end, is their goal.

This in a sense is ephocal. It marks a turning point. Dar-
ing as are such conceptions in the face of the time-buttressed

tolerance of tick and TB, yet the initiative now taken daily
gathers momentum and in due season is sure to set up a
national mental reaction. And by virtue of this new it-can-
be-done state of mind we shall make an even better job than
ever of controlling those pests for which science as yet has
discovered no specific.

A malignant offspring of the old psychology has been the

brood of parasitically minded humans who would perpetuate

a menace and hand down the task of its control as a heritage.
Many a crop of political plums has been grown on a national
scourge. And by the same token many a campaign of eradi-
cation has aborted as a direct result of determination on the
part of those charged with the practical details not to ‘““work
themselves out of a job.’? Such beings have always sheltered
their derelictions behind the cloak of that established state of
mind which feeds on the creed of control but has not dared
espouse eradication.

But we have annihilated such intangible things as time and
Space with the automobile, aeroplane, radio. Then what, in
comparison, is the task of annihilating tangible, visible para-
sites? Nothing! It is half done when we have destroyed the
thought that it cannot be done.—Editorial in the Country Gen-
tleman, July 15, 1922.

THE TREND OF VETERINARY PRACTICE *

By W. H. WELcH
Lexington, Illinois

IF THE APPELLATION of ‘‘Doctor’’ be legitimately ex-
tended to include all who minister to those ailing in either
body or mind, through ‘‘osteopathiec,’’ ‘‘chiropractic,’’ ‘*‘hyp-
notic,’’ ‘‘Christian Science,’’? or what not methods, then surely
may the practice of veterinary science in its primitive state be
claimed to have existed from almost the beginning of time.
It has always been an honorable calling, and was so recognized
by God himself. Abel, the brother of Cain, was a keeper of
sheep, and ‘‘the firstlings of his flock were made an offering
unto the Lord, and the Lord had respect unto Abel, and unto
his offering.’’ Throughout the Holy Writ there is declared
a manifest respect for the caretaker of animals, as evidenced
by the positions of importance to which David and others were
ealled, while even Christ himself did not despise the appella-
tion of ‘‘the Good Shepherd.’’ The Bible also records that
epidemic of the ‘‘very serious murrain laid upon the cattle,
horses, asses, camels, oxen and sheep, belonging to Pharaoh and
his hosts,’’ in which the death rate was 100 per cent. Further-
more, we learn that the question of sanitation was a problem
in those days, the law of Moses commanding: ‘‘The flesh of
the bullock, and his skin, and his dung, shalt thou burn with
fire without the camp.’’ Again it is recorded that on one great
oceasion the welfare of the entire animal kingdom was com-
mitted unto the care of Noah, and all animals coming under
his ministration lived to perpetuate their kind, while all those
denied his unequalled hospital facilities perished from the face
of the earth.

Coming to our own land and times, the real science of veteri-
nary practice has been developed within the memory of many
here present. Some recall quite vividly the old farrier, who
knocked out wolf teeth and poulticed the foot with cow manure
until the ‘‘gravel’’? worked out. Later he became known as a
‘horse doctor,’’ because he really “cut colts’’ for a living, but
doctored horses for ‘‘their water,’’ ‘‘bots,’’ and ‘‘lung fever.”’

1Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

140

Tur TREND OF VETERINARY PRACTICE 141

About this time there was developed the theory that all disease
has its origin in the blood, whereupon enters the ‘“veterinary
surgeon,’’ whose surgery consisted mainly of bleeding the ani-
mal so long as it could stand, and the owner for all that he
would stand. Naturally, in the process of this evolution his
clientele practically compelled him to undertake the treatment
of other domesticated animals, and it was during this period
that we learn of the marvelous cures effected among eattle
suffering from ‘‘wolf in the tail,’’ ‘“‘hollow horn,’’ or perhaps
the highly prized family cow had been so unfortunate as to
“‘lose her cud.’’? The faithful dog also occasionally demanded
attention, for ‘‘hydrophobia’’ was a very common disease of
those days, and many lives, both human and animal, were saved
(?) by the magic of the madstone. Out of all this seething mass
of superstition and ignorance, due principally to enlighten-
ment through the agency of schools devoted to the teaching
of veterinary science, there has emanated a gentleman bearing
the earmarks of being college-bred and known professionally to
the world as a veterinarian.

Perhaps the most remarkable change recognizable in veteri-
nary practice is observed in the changed character of the
graduate himself. Two or more decades ago few young men
were entering the veterinary colleges of our country, while
matriculants varying from thirty-five to fifty years of age were
very common. Horses were very high in price, and veteri-
narians were scarce, consequently the crying demand for “horse
doctors’’ echoed from every locality. Indeed, excluding dairy
centers, the horse constituted almost the entire practice of
both city and country practitioner. Our college courses were
of but two years, and while we received a smattering of com-
parative anatomy, pathology and medicine, the curricula of
the different schools dealt mainly with the equine subject, and
it would be the rankest of flattery to say that they graduated us
as ‘‘qualified veterinarians,’’ because they graduated us purely
as “‘horse doctors,’’ and rather poorly qualified at that. There
Was not time for adequate instruction in all branches in so
brief a course, so that we majored in the subjects of ‘‘Theory
and Practice’ and ‘‘Materia Mediea’’ at the expense of the
balance of the curriculum. We left school solemnly impressd
that we had graduated from the greatest institution of its kind,
and that there was but little more, if any, to be learned.

142 W. H. WetcH

Sadly enough, many a graduate of that period never found out
differently, for immediately upon completion of his course he
jumped at once into a lucrative practice, and he was so much
better than the empiric whom he supplanted that he was given
a much higher rating than he really deserved. There were com-
paratively few graduates in those days, and small wonder that
many of these should absorb some of the unethical tactics of
his empirical opponent, and later on hesitate to become on
friendly terms with a younger graduate and decline to mingle
with his professional brethren in the meetings of the association.
The empirie had taught him to guard zealously any superior
methods or knowledge of which he might become possessed, else
his competitor would profit thereby. :

Then came the great financial depression, wherein horses
possessed but slight value, and practice went ‘‘blooey.’’ Many
left the profession, and those who stayed in lost interest in
their practice, finally getting into a rut from which they have
never extracted themselves. They read practically no litera-
ture, never attend an association meeting, nor have aught to
do with their fellow practitioners. They make no progress,
and might very properly be christened hermits who have lost
out on the most beautiful and valuable part of their life, the
companionship and fellowship of their professional brethren.

How different the graduate of later years, who, with his
preliminary high-school education as a foundation, and his very
complete four years of veterinary instruction, lacks only ex-
perience and adaptation to make of him a truly qualified veteri-
narian. He enters a field pervaded by a different atmosphere.
He is no longer just a ‘‘horse doetor,’’ but is the confidential
adviser of the livestock owner concerning all the domesticated
animals on the farm. It is his function to keep them well
as certainly as it is to treat the ailing, while as a sanitarian he
is no less valuable than the physician in guarding the health
of his client’s family. He is the leader in bacteriology, path-
ology and other fields of original research, while as inspector
of foods his services are indispensable. He is the cultured pro-
fessional gentleman who without jealousy is daily rubbing
shoulders with his competitor, both at home and at the various
association meetings. To the livestock owner he is indispensa-
ble, and he is one of the community’s greatest assets.

The past two decades have witnessed a wonderful change in

THE TREND OF VETERINARY PRACTICE 143

the character of veterinary practice itself. The city veteri-
narian first noticed it when his cat and dog practice began to
increase, while his equine patients gradually became less nu-
merous. The automobile displaced first the high acting and
popular coach horse, and gradually the truck made great in-
roads on the heavy draft.animal. With the demand for horses
lessened, the country soon began to cease breeding, and since
a large percentage of the country veterinarian’s practice is
with the young, growing animal, equine practice became much
less. But the family cow came into her own, and was as highly
prized as had ever been the family horse of old.

Then occurred the most important discovery that our pro-
fession has ever known, when from our Bureau of Animal In-
dustry came the important announcement that the dreaded
scourge of hog cholera, that periodically swept the ‘‘mortgage
lifter’’ from the earth, could be prevented, as the animal could
be successfully immunized. Placing as it did the swine industry
on a safe financial basis, its value to the entire world ean not
be estimated, while the hog, hitherto almost entirely ignored by
schools and veterinarians alike, strangely enough now becomes
one of the profession’s greatest assets.

Previous to the development of the present method of im-
munization cholera was considered about the only serious af-
fliction of the porcine race, and practically no attention was
devoted to swine diseases by our schools, the original research
departments, or by veterinarians in general. With the advent
of immunization, therefore, it was but natural that disaster
should sometimes follow work in the field, even though con-
‘ducted by veterinarians well versed in all phases of practice as
it pertains to all animals other than the hog. For the past
few years, however, much time and study have been devoted to
swine diseases by all interested persons, and the veterinarian,
daily becoming more proficient in the diagnosis and handling
of porcine troubles, is demonstrating to all unprejudiced minds
that it is on him that the swine owner must depend to guard
successfully the health of this vast industry. The swine indus-
try of today is on a practically safe financial basis for the first
time in its history, and has been placed there solely by reason
of the efforts of the veterinary profession.

There are still problems concerning the hog, and in the hands
of the veterinarian alone rests their solution. That the county

144 W. H. WeEtcH

agent or anyone else who imagines himself capable of render-
ing intelligent service along this line, by exploiting vaccination
in the hands of other than the veterinarian, is, in his gross
ignorance, perpetrating a great injustice on the hog, the hog
owner, the veterinarian, the county which employs him, as
well as on the nations at large which his methods will eventually
deprive of much pork, is a self-evident fact. The farmer at-
tempts vaccination purely as an economic measure. He has
possessed an exaggerated idea of the amount of profit that the
veterinarian was receiving from hog vaccination, while on the
other hand the veterinarian on his part resented any inquiry
into that matter on the part of the farmer. Unscrupulous serum
companies, having regard only for their own income, and with
no serious concern as to the ultimate effect of such a policy,
paved the way for farmer vaccination, by making a bid for
the serum business of the county farm bureaus. They were not
sufficiently far-sighted business men, or they should have seen
the ultimate downfall in reputation of their serum in hands
of the incompetent novice. The farmer himself freely admits
the superiority of the veterinarian in vaccination, but because
he has been led to believe that he can successfully perform it,
only time and experience will teach him the lesson that the
veterinarian is the cheaper in the end. When he discovers
this, as he certainly will do, he will return to the veterinarian,
and will have nothing but condemnation for the county agent
who in his ignorance has led him astray.

When the farmer and the veterinarian come into a mutual
understanding of this subject the matter can be amicably ad-
justed. This can be accomplshed in most instances through
the county veterinary association, in conjunction with the
county farm bureau, and constitutes one of the strongest pleas
for the organization of veterinarians by counties throughout our
nation. The interests of the livestock owner and the veteri-
narian are identically the same, and the closer they become
united the better for each. Farmer vaccination can not last,
because in time it is certain to be followed by disaster. More-
over it not only weakens the control of our sanitary authorities
on a very serious contagious disease, but it is a problem that is
very intimately associated with the meat supply of our nation,
and as such should be absolutely prohibited.

An interesting and profitable feature of practice today, and

THE TREND OF VETERINARY PRACTICE 145

one that is certain to increase greatly, is shown by the fre-
queney with which we are called upon to prescribe for poultry.
Those who have had the benefit of instruction on this subject
during their college career, or have otherwise prepared them-
selves for this phase of practice, will readily testify to its im-
portance from a financial standpoint. The farm flock during
the past few years has been one of the best paying proposi-
tions of the farming industry, and greater care is being given
them than ever before. The increase in the number of pure-
bred flocks is remarkable, and the bird valued at from $5 to
$25 is encountered with wonderful frequency. When one has
demonstrated his ability to cope intelligently with the problems
of the poultry raiser, he renders a service that is adequately
appreciated by all members of the family, and one from which
he will probably receive more advertising of a favorable char-
acter than he would obtain in any other manner. It is a
branch of our profession that has been too long neglected, both
by the veterinarian and by our schools, and promises to play no
small part in the future success of the progressive veterinarian.

The ‘‘aceredited herd’’ work instituted by the Bureau of
Animal Industry promises to add slightly to the income of the
‘‘accredited veterinarian.’’ Without doubt, the purebred herd
and dairy herds that are furnishing milk to municipalities re-
quiring such test will continue to be maintained as “accredited
herds,’’ while county units of ‘‘tuberculosis-free areas’’ are
certain to be the popular method of extending this work just
as soon as we have sufficiently recovered from the financial de-
pression from which we are emerging. However, until this work
is taken up as a county or township measure, I should not be
surprised to learn that the owner of a grade herd will remain
perfectly contented in the knowledge that, his herd has been
pronounced free from tuberculosis by the requisite number of
official Federal tests, and unless new animals are added, or a
tuberculosis-free area is established, that he should cease testing
his animals. Let us encourage the good work among our clien-
tele with the hope that ultimately our townships and county
may be placed on the free area list.

I feel that there is a future belonging to the veterinarian in
the position as county livestock adviser. Who more capable
than he in advising along all lines of animal husbandry, sani-
tary problems, and all phases of livestock production? The

146 W. H. WeELcH

time is coming when throughout the entire livestock belt such
a man will be employed in a majority of the counties, and he
will be a wonderful asset in the improvement of livestock in his
locality.

I can not close the subject assigned me without criticising
a lamentable habit that is fast developing among our practi-
tioners, of purchasing from their drug-houses a line of pro-
prietary specialties, instead of compounding their own rem-
edies for each individual case. Indeed, the entire medical pro-
fession may be said to be degenerating into a state of educated
quackery along this line. The office of the average physician
is today filled, not with fluid extracts and tinctures, etc., as of
yore, but from top to bottom the bottles are labeled ‘‘Rheu-
matic Remedy,”’ ‘‘Diuretic,’’ ‘‘Uterine Tonic,’’ ‘‘Chologogue,’’
ete., and the veterinarian is fast following in the same foot-
steps. Ask the majority of those who have become addicted to
this habit what the preparation contains that he has just ad-
ministered to an animal, and 75 per cent of them can not name
all the ingredients, much less the proportion of each drug per
dose. The oily-tongued salesman explains how much better his
firm can compound these remedies than can the veterinarian,
and impresses on your mind how thoroughly ethical they are,
since each drug and the amount of each is plainly stated on the
bottle. While all this may be perfectly true, I have known as
dangerous a drug as barium chlorid to be camouflaged under
the guise of ‘‘other saline purgatives.”’

The practitioner who allows himself to become addicted to
this custom is fast losing out on his knowledge of medicine, in-
stead of coming to know a drug more thoroughly in its action.
He will in time become merely a mechanical automaton, and
the stock owner who is able to diagnose his animals’ trouble
will fare equally as well by going to the drug store and pur-
chasing over the counter the remedy that has been compounded
by some other firm for that particular ailment. And who can
blame him? For he is perhaps receiving just as good treat-
ment for his animal as his local veterinarian was dealing out to
him. The empiric has always treated his patients by just this
process. He has his favorite prescription for each disease, and
if that one does not ‘‘cure’’ the animal he tries another pre-
scription. Let us steer clear of this practice and avoid shot-
gun prescriptions, so that when we administer a drug we may

THE TREND OF VETERINARY PRACTICE 147

realize when we obtain the expected result, and instead of being
an actual menace to our patrons we will prove a positive benefit.
The public is today demanding better service of the veteri-
narian than ever before, and never was efficient service better
appreciated. Your best patron of today is not the man who
has no knowledge of animals, but on the contrary he is the agri-
cultural graduate who is fairly well versed in all lines of animal
husbandry. It is not sufficient that the veterinarian of the
future be able to treat sick animals intelligently, but he must
be more thoroughly grounded in the very fundamentals of the
profession, as they relate to animal husbandry, sanitation, ete.,
so that he is capable of advising along all problems connected
with the care and handling of livestock. The progressive vet-
erinarian of today is one of the real assets and blessings of his
community, and practice in the future will progress or decline
with us in proportion to the skill that we display. Our pro-
fession of today is, I believe, as successful as is the medical
profession in treating and preventing disease. On the question
of eugenics we are far in advance of them, as we have legislated
our defectives out of business, while the medical profession still
permit their syphilitics and imbeciles to perpetuate their kind.
-Our work goes hand in hand with the county farm organi-
zations, and instead of antagonizing them in a‘fight in which
we should fare second best, let us prove our ability to lend
intelligent aid to their problems, to the mutual advantage of
each. Our future is what we make it. Let us prepare our-
selves for our work, and the work will be prepared for us.

The Technical Committee of the Milk League of France has
adopted the following resolution :

“‘TIn view of false interpretations published with regard to the
recent communication of Prof. Calmette to the Academy of
Medicine, on ‘Tuberculosis in Milk Cows,’ interpretations of a
nature to spread wrongly in the public mind the conviction that
children may consume without danger the raw milk of cows
which react to tuberculin, the Milk League asks that it be clearly
specified that cows whose milk is intended for human food
should be submitted to the tuberculin test at regular intervals,
and that the milk of those which have reacted should not be
consumed except after boiling.”’

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE IMMUNOLOGY OF SWINE
PLAGUE +

By R. R. Bircu and J. W. BENNER
Experiment Station, New York State Veterinary College,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

IT IS IMPORTANT for veterinary practitioners and their
clients to learn the true value of biological products which are
daily brought to their attention in advertisements. Numerous
inquiries come to us concerning the value of swine-plague vac-
cines and bacterins. We conduct a swine practice as a part
of the ambulatory clinic of the New York State Veterinary
College and it is our desire to obtain first-hand information
for the benefit of our students and our clients. Moreover, there
are points concerning important phases such as cause, character
and occurrence of this disease which are still hazy and under
controversy.

In 1919 we decided to begin with the very fundamentals of
swine plague and to continue the work until experimental data
should enable us to take an intelligent stand for or against
biological products claimed to be very valuable prophylactic
and curative agents for this disease. We have confined our
experiments as much as possible to swine in order to eliminate
what seems to us a grave mistake, namely, experimenting with
rabbits and guinea-pigs and trying to apply the results to
swine.

We are continuing our work, hoping to find some effective
immunizing agent, so this paper must assume the nature of a
report of progress. Our data, though incomplete, are sufficient
to indicate very clearly the results which may be expected from
certain immunizing agents. All investigators do not draw the
same conclusions from like data, but our results to date are
submitted in the hope of aiding those who have been perplexed
by the problem of immunizing against swine plague.

From our previous work with Bacterium suisepticum we be-
lieve we have sufficient evidence to warrant the following state-
ments:

1 Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922

148

IMMUNOLOGY OF SWINE PLAGUE 149

1. That Bacterium suisepticum is the specific cause of a swine
disease called swine plague or hemorraghic septicemia of swine.

2. That swine plague occurs sporadically as a well-defined dis-
ease without complications, but that its most common occur-
rence is in a complicated form.
_3. That death can not be caused by subcutaneous injections
of live, unattenuated organisms with any regularity or pre-
cision. ~

4. That intravenous injections of 1 mil of a heavy suspension
of the unattenuated organism regularly kills or disables pigs
under eight weeks of age and the same dose frequently kills
or disables older pigs.

5. That pigs artificially inoculated with intravenous injec-
tions of a suspension are inclined to show joint lesions which
are not commonly observed in naturally infected cases.

6. That pigs closely confined in pens with animals artificially
infected may very rarely contract the disease.

7. That in swine killed by a suspension of Bacterium suisep-
ticum given intravenously, the blood may or may not contain
the organism, depending on the grade of immunity of the animal.

We have seen Bacterium swisepticum manifest its harmful
effects on swine in a number of different ways. We are giv-
ing the various forms of swine plague as we have seen them,
noting under each form the manner in which it was produced
and its predominating characteristics. The forms are not al-
ways separate and distinct. We have seen two or more in the
same animal, but each form will be described briefly because a
different character appeared to predominate in causing either
the disability or death of the animal.

1. A general septicemia which may occur in peracute form,
the animal dying in 48 hours; in an acute form, the animal
dying in 5 or 6 days; or a chronic form, the animal living for
20 to 25 days, then either dying or recovering.

In all three of these variations we have recovered the organ-
isms from the blood of dead animals by the inoculation of agar
slants and the injection of small quantities of heart’s blood into
rabbits. We have seen the peracute and acute septicemias fol-
low intravenous injections of heavy suspensions and the chronic
septicemia in two of our check pigs that contracted the disease
by close contact with pigs which we had infected artificially.

2. What appears to be a toxic form, occurring peracutely and

150 R. R. Birch anp J. W. BENNER

causing death in 48 hours. The blood of swine dying of this
form is sterile, as proved by culturing and rabbit inoculations,
thus differing strikingly from the septicemic forms just de-
seribed.

We consider this form as especially significant from a diag-
nostie standpoint, for it is evident that when it occurs in ani-
mals sent from the field to the laboratory for diagnosis the
cause of death is very apt to remain a mystery when the blood
is found to be sterile. If the bacteriological examination is
somewhat delayed, as frequently happens in field cases, and
such organisms as Bacillus coli, streptococci, etc., pass from the
intestinal tract to the blood, the findings may be misinterpreted
and give rise to numerous and varied pseudo-causes of disease
and death of swine.

Our only explanation for this so-called toxic form of swine
plague may be based on the theories of immunity, 7. e., that
the protective forces of the body, antibodies (Ehrlich) and
phagocytes (Metchnikoff) have been increased to such an ex-
tent that they completely destroy the organisms and in this
rapid destruction enough endotoxin is liberated to kill the ani-
mal. The animal body in these cases can overcome the bacteria
but it can not withstand the toxin liberated. From certain
descriptions of cases of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle re-
cently brought to our notice, we believe that possibly this same
phenomenon occurs in that species.

3. A joint form which usually follows in 24 to 48 hours after
an intravenous injection which is not sufficiently large to kill
the animal. The infection localizes in the joints, especially the
knees and hocks, causing disease ranging from a slight limp to
complete and permanent disability. The pig may lie. for weeks
unable to rise but will eat regularly if helped to food. The
temperature and respiration remain normal. As a rule we have
killed these animals after two or three weeks to terminate their
helpless condition. The blood has been found sterile but the
exudate in the joints invariably contains the organism. In
the septicemic forms we have frequently seen a tendency toward
localization.

Newsom and Cross have noted lameness in sheep caused by
intravenous injection of Bacterium ovisepticum, while. Murray
and McNut, in a recently published article on ‘‘The Tendency of
Organisms of the Pasteurella Group to Localize,’’ cite this tend-

IMMUNOLOGY OF SWINE PLAGUE - 151

ency in various species of domestic animals after organisms of
the pasteurella or hemorrhagic septicemia group have been used
upon them.

4. The pulmonary or pectoral form, which is more or less
chronic. This is the form usually described in standard text-
books and is thought of as most typical of natural infection. This
form occurred in two of our check pigs which were kept closely
confined with four others that had been given intravenous in-
jections of Bacterium suisepticum. These two checks became sick
the third day; one was sick for 20 days and recovered; the
other was sick 25 days and died. The pig that died showed a
typical swine-plague pneumonia as described by good authori-
ties and had the organism in its blood, as was demonstrated on
culture media and by inoculations of rabbits with a small
quantity of heart’s blood.

5. A localized form in which abscesses formed at the point
where live unattenuated organisms were injected. Such ab-
scesses enlarge for three or four weeks and remain almost in-
definitely. They consist of a mass of pus completely encapsu-
lated by connective tissue. Upon killing these animals we have
found the blood sterile but the contents of the abscesses teeming
with the swine-plague organism. ;

By subcutaneous injection of our most virulent strain, the
virulence tested on rabbits, we have not been able to kill or
seriously injure strong, healthy pigs with any regularity or
precision. Local abscesses occurred and there was a stunting
effect, but death was the exception rather than the rule. We
have therefore vaccinated by injecting pigs subcutaneously with
unattenuated organisms and tested the immunity thus conferred
by intravenous injections of similar virus. The vaccine used
was a physiological salt suspension of Bacterium suisepticum
made by washing the growth from agar slants incubated from
16 to 20 hours at 37 degrees C. The suspensions used for the
trial injections were prepared in the same way.

The suspension for each vaccination was tested on rabbits,
and for the trial injection, in addition to the rabbit test, a
nonvaccinated pig was given the same dose in order to compare
the effects on vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs.

As the work which we have done to determine the pathogenic
significance of Bacterium suisepticum, together with two of our
immunizing experiments, has been published in detail in the

152 R. R. Bircw Ann J. W. BENNER

1920-1921 report of the New York State Veterinary College,
we have summarized the results of our previous investigations
and will in this paper attempt to describe briefly an immuniz-
ing experiment which is typical of the regularities and irregu-
larities that one may expect from the microorganism in question.
From our former immunizing experiments we have evidence
that subcutaneous injections of unattenuated organisms will not
confer a solid immunity against subsequent intravenous injec-
tions. But we have had indications that a certain grade of im-
munity may be conferred by this method of administration. The
purpose of the following experiment was to study further the
grade of immunity which might be produced with a vaccine.
The experiment was begun on a group of twelve pigs repre-
senting two litters, seven from one litter and five from another,
All were confined in the same pen throughout the experiment.
These pigs were about six weeks of age when the first injection
was made December 10, 1921. All were of grade Chester White
breeding. The seven had not been so, well nourished as the
five of the other litter. The former averaged 15 to 20 pounds
each and will be termed ‘‘the smaller pigs’’; the latter weighed
from 25 to 30 pounds each and will be refered to as ‘‘the larger

TABLE 1.
VACCINA- VACCINA- TRIAL TRIAL
TION 1. TION 2. INJECTION INJECTION
Pig No. 2 |J]j]JYH Nya | —
Subcutaneous, |Subcutaneous,| Intravenous,
Dec. 16, 1921} Dec. 23, 1921| Jan. 3, 1922 Results
70S. P....| Dec. 10, ’21, ia
1 mil in-
travenously.
Dead Dec.
12, 1921.
CAS SP. oeo| ks amil’s ey crce Snmnlsse yaa. Pomatlins ic oc, ons Slight general stiffness.
TPIS Me onal esi eyeceoe: SACISC aes Gate b Gon apnaee Very slight general stiffness.
estes | Us eral eib-e Biaa aetero eri PSeoueals osc leacooc Dullness, inappetence, weakness,
chilling. Lameness in left front leg.
PANERA eens even eee SEMMIES th a eeees pes oC (area ae Slight general stiffness.
(Ey) Geil eA aallenont Osaonce Be edOnAar et weet adO. setae Very marked general stiffness.
70)! In S| er anced Sees GO ieee An cist Nara c Very slight general stiffness.
ii ALI 2 See | Se Siar I ty er Jan.1,1922, | Found dead 64 hours after injection.
1 mil.
DBs eee ea] eee ere tens rep staal eas chee Rae Janes te Complete and permanent disability.
mil.
iOS) Peel Control.).|.Gontrol: ...-|) Controlaes.
SORE GP 25a don. RdOs oe. Si doses

1S. P. denotes smaller pigs; L. P., larger pigs.

IMMUNOLOGY OF SWINE PLAGUE 153

pigs.’’ All were in healthy, vigorous condition and had not
been immunized against hog cholera.

Table 1 shows the vaccination experiment with details of each
case omitted, and results from the trial injection only.

The effects of the intravenous injection on the vaccinated ani-
mals lasted for about a week and were followed by a gradual
recovery.

It will be noticed in Table 1 that only eleven animals are

accounted for, while in the original group there were twelve.
On January 21 one pig of the group which had been kept as
a control met accidental death and therefore has not been given
a record number. -
' Tt was evident from the trial injection of January 3, 1922,
that a certain grade of immunity had been produced by the
vaccinations and that this immunity was in more or less direct
proportion to the quantity of suspension of Bacterium suisepti-
cum which had been administered.

ANTI-SWINE-PLAGUE SERUM

Experimentation on the animals of this group was continued
by administering larger intravenous doses of the suspension of
Bacterium suisepticum. This was done to test further the grade
of immunity present in the various individuals of the group, to
learn more about the influence of dosage on the grade of im-
munity conferred, and also to learn whether they could be
hyperimmunized against swine plague to the point where they
would produce a potent serum against the infection.

The suspensions used in the following operations were made
and tested in the same manner as were those in the vaccination
experiment just given. The details are again omitted for the
sake of brevity.

The animals that had been used in the vaccination experiment
had recovered from the trial injection of January 3 and seemed
practically normal on February 7 when this experiment upon
them was begun.

Pig No. 79 in Table 2 was used to compare the action of this
sized dose on an untreated pig with treated pigs.

It will be seen that the grade of immunity demonstrated by
the smaller pigs is in almost direct proportion to the quantity
of suspension they received in previous treatments, while in the
larger pigs this is not true. Pig No. 73, receiving only 1 mil

154 Rk. R. Brrcu Aanp J. W. BENNER

TABLE 2.
° Intravenous
Pig. No} Date. injection! Results.

TOISE Pe aloha. Feb:a7, 1922) 75|\-2;muilse ss. Found dead in 16 hours. General septicemia.

RAS Pec alee dOwstrsceas PSEC tae en © In 20 minutes vomited. Feb. 7-14, droopy,
weak, ate little. Feb. 14-28, recovered. —

(PISO Yecbswac|lgoce GoOseecesee MS SAU Cease Slight stiffness and slight serous discharge
from the eyes. Affected markedly less than
pig No. 71.

TBSP a sty call letecane dota ce So AOOL eres Found dead in 16 hours. Blood sterile.

Caos. (Peer Feb 8: 19225 ela On ae Feb. 8-15, very stiff. Inappetence. Slowly
recovered.

Ciba Cad Lae ote as errs O sacra nar betas GON tracer Do.

(OMG Pate ace eee UG ene cane MeO set sae Slight stiffness. Rapid recovery.

SOsGSRE Saen: ts EOE sete se doze ee Very slight stiffness Rapid recovery.

1S. P. denotes smaller pigs; L. P., larger pigs.

of the vaccine and 1 mil intravenously in the trial injection, was
found dead in the same length of time as pig No. 79 which
had received no previous treatment. This indicated a low grade
of immunity, if any, conferred by the treatment. given No. 73.

One of the surprising irregularities occurred among the larger
pigs. No 80 received no previous treatment but showed less
injurious effects than did those that received previous treat-
ments. It seems that this pig had more resistance as a result
of good care and no treatment than did the pigs which had been
given the same care plus treatment.

This experience with pig No. 80 led us to believe that for the
production of anti-swine-plague serum it would be better to
take older, well-nourished hogs and start the hyperimmunizing
process with a larger dose of suspension than to take pigs, as
we did in the above experiment, and try to build up an im-
munity by increasing doses. However, we wished to see if we
could still increase the dose of suspension in the hyperimmuniz-
ing process and not kill our pigs. So on February 28, when
the pigs seemed to have recovered from the bad effects of the
treatment received February 7 and 8, another treatment was
administered as shown in Table 3. We used only part of the
group, fearing that we might kill all the animals used.

Again pig No. 80, which had received only one previous treat-
ment’ (2 mils February 8), withstood the increased dose of 3
mils much better than did Nos. 71 and 74 which had been given
two subcutaneous and two intravenous injections previously.

IMMUNOLOGY OF SWINE PLAGUE a5)

No. 81 was about the same age as the “‘larger pigs’’ in the
experiment (actual weight 72 pounds), but had not been treated
before nor kept in the same pen with treated pigs. Since No.
80 had withstood a 2 mil intravenous dose on February 8 with-
out previous treatment, we thought possibly No. 81 might with-
stand the 3 mil dose on February 28, but such was not the
' ease. The deadly effect on pig No. 81, when compared with the
effects on the other pigs, gave us at least a little information on
the grade of immunity we had in the various individuals of
this group and showed us also that 3 mils could not be used as
the initial dose in pigs of this age.

TABLE 3.

. Intravenous e

Pig No.1 Date ieection ‘ Results.
(lute il Sse eae Feb. 28, 1922. .| 3 mils...... Immediate collapse. Feb. 28—Mar. 11, inappe-
tence, weakness, emaciation. Mar. 1l—
May 1, became normal but was undersize.

Cg) Ba ere beara dOnt aloe done Found dead in 20 hours. Blood sterile.

SOM WEA os |etece C CS ereeets) Sees dovcan Mar. 1, stiff and weak. Mar. 1—6, improving’

Mar. 13, normal.

(ULE Bn eer Maco GOS score | is nave dower: Found dead in 5 hours.

1S. P. denotes smaller pigs; L. P., larger pigs.

A serological test on rabbits was planned as a means of de-
termining more accurately the grade of immunity present in
these pigs, and the application was broadened to test other hog
sera as well.

On March 14, 1922, the animals surviving the treatments just
described were bled. The operations on this date were carried
out in the same manner as in our anti-hog-cholera serum produc-
tion, 7. e., the pigs were bled from the tails in vacuum, the blood
defibrinated by shaking, then strained, bottled and preserved
with 10 per cent of a 5 per cent solution of carbolie acid.

The serum from pigs Nos. 72, 75 and 76 was mixed and con-
stituted one serum. lot in the test. As has been seen in the
tables, these pigs received practically the same quantity of sus-
pension in proportion to their body weight. The serum from
pig No. 80 constituted a second serum lot and was tested sep-
arately because the treatment this individual received differed
markedly from that given Nos. 72, 75 and 76. Serum from pig
No. 71 should have constituted another lot, but this pig was in
such bad condition from his 3 mil intravenous injection of Feb-
ruary 28 that he could not be bled.

156

R. R. Bircw anp J. W. BENNER

A third lot of serum tested was bled from four normal shoats
susceptible to hog cholera and about the same size and age as
pigs Nos. 75, 76 and 80. For the fourth lot we used a bottle of
our regular anti-hog-cholera serum.

TABLE 4.—SErRuUM TESTS ON RABBITS.

| Bacterium
Rabbit Serum, Sr Ditton Resolts.
No. Mar. 14, 1922 (1-400),
Mar. 17, 1922
144 10 mils, anti-swine-plague serum | 1 mil.......| Found dead in 138 hours. General
from pigs 72, 75, 76. septicemia.
TAS | Sere Os ane cslsctutr le rce eee 2 eee BC: COs Se Do.
146 10 mils anti-swine-plague serum | 1 mil....... Found dead in 144% hours.
from pig 80. General septicemia.
147 OOS econ es cence ene sAGOne scores Do.
148 10 mils normal serum fgom pigs | 1 mil....... Found dead in 1634 hours.
82, 83, 84, 85. General septicemia.
WA9 on) he dG Gees csarastes Sater dos Do.
150 10 mils anti-hog-cholera serum, | 1 mil....... Found dead in 19% hours.
? series W stock serum. General septicemia.
151 OO it. hns Sayacis Saons aa ee does. er Found dead in 23 hours. General
septicemia.
Zila Avec. otaiers terete ker Ree ere ae ee Tex etescee Found dead in 1634 hours.
General septicemia.
WSBi5 |b ie s-visbans is aisles wieskaeke oer ere deieaett: Seed eee DOR. severe Do.
1 Check on virulence of dilution of Bacterium suisepticum.
TABLE 5.—AGGLUTINATION TEsT.
Pig No 1-100 1—200 1-500 Check
GO once gets ha heme Core Nes NEON cigs. aes aE == = = =
BB e yeast Sh, cesta, Sey ayseSyccagals Pop iveiay sBarhes TAP EE Stet = = =
CE NO EO Pa ie EE LA ee eee ee eS =e = = =
Day Fecal sey aus ta year an oan tate ae Way = ee ee =F = S a
{ CAO A Oe IAAT OC One ee aoe aPaPare aP = =
CORES RTE AO ao Ae ec ke Sar Sat ar =
OB cio OPER OTS 5 AER oe eae Saas | CSRSPSF SE SRSE SESPSF =
BO sretsraistecevs crasatsroyatorercls vegetarian oa ee SRP SP SESE SF SPSRSr =

1 Complete agglutination.

The normal serum and anti-hog-cholera serum were used be-
cause of slight indications that hogs as they advance in age ac-
quire an immunity to the swine-plague organism. We have
not, however, compared different ages by regulating our dosage
to pounds live weight. If hogs do acquire an immunity as they
advance in age, then the normal serum used in this test should
show a certain degree of protective power and the stock anti-hog-
cholera serum should prove still richer in swine-plague anti-

IMMUNOLOGY OF SWINE PLAGUE 157

bodies, as our hog-cholera serum is always made from hogs more
advanced in age than the animals bled for normal serum in this
test.

As rabbits are so very susceptible to the swine-plague organ-
ism, we chose this species for the test. given briefly in Table 4.

The results of these tests indicate that the blood from the
animals hyperimmunized against swine plague had strikingly
more protective power than normal serum and the anti-hog-
cholera serum.

In the rabbit test, even though the normal serum rabbits and
the checks were found dead at the same time, we think per-
haps the normal serum had a slight protective power, since
the bodies of these two rabbits were still warm and the checks
were cold, showing that the checks had died first.

Again, the normal serum from the younger animals showed
less protective power than the hog-cholera serum which was
made from older animals. The agglutination test may prove
valuable in measuring immunity. Both tests must be repeated
before a rule can be made.

As the anti-swine-plague serum used thus far had been pro-
duced from animals susceptible to hog cholera, we next at-
tempted to hyperimmunize hogs against both diseases to pro-
duce if possible a combination anti-hog-cholera and anti-swine-
plague serum.

Pig No. 87 was one out of three that withstood the 2 mil
intravenous injection. No 89 was one out of two that with-
stood the 1 mil intravenous injection. We then attempted a
different method of administering the swine-plague suspension
which seemed to be less hazardous to the life and health of the
animal than the intravenous method, that is, of giving a large
dose into the axillary space.

According to our rabbit test, the serum from pigs Nos. 90
and 92, receiving the intra-axillary injection, was not as high
in protective power as that from pig No. 89, which had received
1 mil of the swine-plague suspension intravenously one week
after the hyperimmunizing against hog cholera, but it was
higher than that of pig No. 87, which had received a 2 mil
intravenous injection of swine-plague suspension three days
after the hyperimmunizing against hog cholera. The rabbit test
shows also that the serum from pigs Nos. 90 and 92 had five times
more protective power than it did before the swine-plague in-

R. R. Bircu Aanp J. W. BENNER

158

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IMMUNOLOGY OF SWINE PLAGUE 159

jection. We therefore decided to test the serum from these two
pigs, and devised a combination test which would test the anti-
hog-cholera properties of the serum and the anti-swine-plague
properties as well.

The first tail bleeding for immune serum was made on Nos.
90 and 92 three weeks after the swine-plague injection of 20
mils. They were bled four times at one-week intervals. <A
composite sample composed of 25 mils from each bleeding was
used in the combination test given in Table 7.

TABLE 7.—CoMBINATION ANTI-HoG-CHOLERA AND ANTI-SWINE-PLAGUE SERUM TESTS ON Pics

Snes Suspension of
Pig Ante hos sholee Hog cholera Barterium elie
No. Sinan virus, suisepticum, esults
July 6, 1922 July 6, 1922 | intravenous,
a0 July 16, 1922
tOS CD) |e LOnmils=- 42 e ANTAL spel oreo Eres July 9-16, sick, recovered.
POABA(2).. |e Ope ores (3 Paice aie | Pr lend te tn a I July 9-20, sick, died.
TIC GH G3) iad dais [G35 1 Fj Se el Pee WG re ertis|| eat el rset s aeae No sickness.
Tie (Ce | ae Otero oanciaae GOsatese laste cart os ee Do.
Nile (Gel lao Darl Fees aaa lene dOut oa: Pamnalls cs. July 17-23, sick, died, General
septicemia.
19S (G)inlia5 =: OG ys ess Sash |oee dow: Ree AG lie ee July 17-Aug. 18, sick, recovered
slowly.
POSMMGUE| trace cence ee ole tne. Ci Pee Mel lapeie eaneae ae July 12 sick with hog cholera.
killed.
VU ms (SB) Pal Poteey vc Sevorsy deacechckso2 a ieee ccs COs ac Alineasitae chess Do.
201 (9) | 10 mils anti-hog |............ Imil.......| July 17-20, completely disabled.
cholera serum. Died. General septicemia.
2027010) [oo 2. COmtats ea cee elmo s. done =. Found dead in 20 hours. General
septicemia.
203 (11) | July =a CPL Ne eee Al are dosaee. July 17—Aug. 8, sick, recovered.
20 mils.
ZOE ettas OG) ee AS ll lees Da (Rae er dotse=: July 17—Aug. 7, sick, recovered.

The pigs used in the combination test were about ten weeks
old and weighed from 35 to 40 pounds. The anti-hog-cholera
properties of the serum were considered of the greater impor-
tance, and the first ten days of the test was a straight eight-pig
anti-hog-cholera serum test. Two other susceptible pigs, Nos.
201 and 202, were placed in the same pen on the same date,
July 6, to be used in the swine plague part of the test which
was begun ten days later. As they were to be used to check
the virulence of the swine-plague suspension on July 16, they
had to be protected against hog cholera without being immunized
against swine plague. In order to do this, when placing them

160 R. R. Bircu AND J. W. BENNER

in the pen with the eight pigs of the anti-hog-cholera serum test
we gave them 10 mils of stock anti-hog-cholera serum which in
the previous rabbit test (see Table 4) had shown no appreciable
protective properties against swine plague. On July 13, three
days before we began the swine plague part of the test, two
more pigs, Nos. 203 and 204, were given 20 mils of the com-
bination serum and placed in the same pen. At the end of the
ten days we were certain that the serum had the necessary anti-
hog-cholera properties, although our, 10 mil pigs (Nos. 193
and 194) were sick. After the test was begun we found that
the pigs were badly infested with ascarids.

On July 16 the intravenous injections of 1 mil of suspension
of Bacterium suisepticum were made to test the anti-swine-
plague properties of the serum. Six pigs were used for this
purpose; pigs Nos. 197 and 198, which were the 20 mil pigs
that had gone through the anti-hog-cholera part of the test
pigs Nos. 203 and 204, which had received 20 mils of the com-
bination serum three days before but. had not gone through
the anti-hog-cholera part of the test and therefore had received
no hog-cholera virus (as had 197 and 198), and the two pigs,
Nos. 201 and 202, which had been protected against hog chol-
era with a small dose of stock anti-hog-cholera serum but had
received none of the combination serum. The last two pigs
mentioned were used to test the virulence of the suspension of
Bacterium suisepticum.

The results as described in Table 7 indicate that the com-
bination serum, had some degree of protective power against
Bacterium suisepticum, but the difference in effect of the 1 mil
dose of bacterial suspension on the four pigs which had re-
ceived the serum and the two pigs which had not was not strik-
ing. The ascarid infestation in this group of pigs was no doubt
a factor influencing the effects observed, but until further tests
are made the value of a serum of this nature will remain un-
certain.

When we turn to the practical application of vaccines we
are at once confronted with the fact that subcutaneous injec-
tions of large doses of highly virulent cultures of Bacterium
suisepticum will produce only an uncertain immunity, and this
at some risk of killing, disabling or stunting the pigs we wish to
protect.

There can be no doubt that large subcutaneous doses of sus-

IMMUNOLOGY OF SWINE PLAGUE 161

pensions of the organism at times produce a marked degree of
immunity to subsequent intravenous injections of like suspen-
sions. Any person who could have witnessed the results of the
trial injection described in Table 1 would have been convinced
of that. On the morning following the trial injection the dif-
ference between immunized pigs and checks was so striking
that it could well have been likened to the ‘‘break’’ in a hog-
cholera-serum test. But side by side with this seemingly en-
couraging result we have the fact that pigs that have not been
immunized will sometimes show resistance equal to that of those
that have been, and in the individual instance cited we must keep
in mind the fact that five weeks after the trial injection one of
these same pigs succumbed to intravenous injections of Bac-
terium swisepticum.

The fact that swine plague is rarely if ever a rapidly trans-
missible disease of farm hogs precludes the necessity for routine
immunization. Thus all attempts to immunize against the dis-
ease fall in the category of emergency work, and with conceivable
exceptions, which are rarely met in actual practice, we must
administer the product we use to hogs already low in resistance
or to those about to be subjected to devitalizing influences. Un-
der such circumstances a virulent culture is not to be thought
of, leaving a choice between attenuated or killed cultures. Will
either produce an effective degree of immunity quickly enough
and of sufficient duration to warrant its use? Judging from
the erratic immunity produced even by large doses of highly
virulent cultures, we are unable as yet to see a useful place
for swine-plague vaccines and bacterins in practice.

In outbreaks of hog cholera complicated with swine plague,
the mortality is measurably higher than is observed in uncom-
plicated hog cholera. Even transient protection against the ef-
fects of Bacterium suwisepticum produced by a product that
would take effect rapidly, and which would be incapable of doing
actual harm, would be useful in outbreaks of this kind. Thus
we hope that a serum produced from hogs hyperimmunized
against both diseases will be of value, but our work with this
product has not progressed far, and we do not care to hazard
an opinion.

Our best prevention of swine plague at the present time is to
keep devitalizing influences or predisposing causes, especially
hog cholera, out of the herd.

REMARKS ON “HOG FLU”?

By M. Dorset, C. N. McBryve and W. B. NILES

Biochemic Division, Bureau of Animal Industry,
- Washington, D. C.

THE OCCURRENCE of diseases which affect the respiratory
organs of swine has long been recognized. The visible symptoms
which usually result from a pneumonia or pleurisy, or both,
are seen frequently in cases of hog cholera, of verminous pneu-
monia and of swine plague, or what some have seen fit to call
hemorrhagic septicemia. It has been commonly admitted, how-
ever, that, eliminating those cases which accompany other spe-
cific infections, such as hog cholera, the pneumonias of swine
occur for the most part as sporadie infections and practically
never as herd diseases.

However, in the fall of 1918 there appeared, for the most
part in the Middle West, a disease of swine clearly independ-
ent of hog cholera and of parasitic infestations, which pre-
sented as its chief symptoms labored, jerky respiration, a severe
spasmodic cough, fever, and usually great prostration. While
this train of symptoms might for the most part be observed in
the ordinary pneumonias of swine, the suddenness of the onset,
the simultaneous attack on a whole herd, or on a very large
proportion of a herd, taken together with the usual prompt re-
covery within a few days, led many practitioners to conclude
that they had to deal with a new disease of swine.

Dr. J. S. Koen, then an inspector in the Division of Hog
Cholera Control of the Bureau of Animal Industry, not only
recognized this disease as being different from any that he had
previous encountered, but was so much impressed by the coinci-
dental prevalence of human influenza and by the resemblance
of the symptoms seen in man to those occurring at that time in
hogs that he became convinced that the two were actually the
same, and he therefore gave the name of ‘‘flu’’ to this new
disease of hogs. Subsequent observation has not served to sub-
stantiate Dr. Kceen’s original assumption that human infiuenza
and ‘‘hog flu’’ are the same. In fact, although the etiology of
both diseases remains undetermined, the continued and appar-

1 Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

162

REMARKS ON ‘‘ Hog Fivu’”’ 163

ently unabated prevalence of ‘‘hog flu,’’ taken together with
the marked decrease in human influenza during the past two
or three years, leaves little ground for the belief that there is
a relationship between the two diseases. The name ‘‘flu’’ as
applied by Koen seems nevertheless to be rather apt, it has
been generally employed, and we are inclined to continue its
use pending a better understanding of the etiology of this
disease. We realize that objections have been raised to this
name apparently because the same term had been applied pre-
viously to human influenza, and for that reason the name ‘“‘hog
flu,’’ as employed by Murray, should be used to avoid con-
fusion.

If we recognize the existence of ‘‘hog flu’’ as a distinct dis-
ease it becomes necessary to define its characteristics as sharply
as possible in the light of available information. While Koen
and Murray in particular have already given excellent descrip-
tions of this condition, there has been some tendency to con-
fusion. Jay, for example, seems to employ the name “flu’’
synonymously with ‘‘thumps,’’ and quite recently in reporting
the results of an extended study of the bacteria in normal and
diseased lungs of swine, Spray? refers to ‘‘infectious pneu-
monia’’ as being synonymous with ‘‘hemorrhagic septicemia’’
and ‘‘flu.’’ As already indicated, we are of the opinion that
‘‘hog flu’’ should, pending further investigation, be recognized
as an independent disease, and we offer the following descrip-
tion, based upon our own observations, with the hope that it
may aid in a small way to clarify this subject.

Hog flu is essentially a disease of the fall, winter and early
spring months. Exposure to cold and dampness with inade-
quate or cold sleeping quarters seems to predispose to the in-
' fection. The onset is sudden and all or a large part of the
‘herd will quickly develop the gravest symptoms. We recall
a herd of 102 shoats weighing from 100 to 150 pounds in fine
condition on December 3. On December 4 the owner first no-
ticed symptoms of sickness. On December 6 eleven had died
and the entire remainder of the herd was so sick that they could
be walked among and even kicked without forcing them to
move. Recovery is about as rapid and as surprising as the
attack. Indeed, in the herd just mentioned, although the loss

1 Rob. Spaulding Spray, ‘‘The Bacteria in Normal and Diseased Lungs of Swine.”
In Jour. Inf. Dis., vol, 31, no. 1, p. 10, July, 1922.

164 M. Dorset, C. N. McBrypE anp W. B. NILES

from death was much greater than in any other herd observed
by us, the state of severe illness remained practically unchanged
until the sixth day, when there was a remarkable change in
the condition. Practically the entire herd was up and eating
and a large number were out in the yard moving briskly about
and apparently recovered. The disease, therefore, seems to ter-
minate by crisis, although the loss in condition of the recovered
animals remaining is very marked.

With reference to the symptoms exhibited by individual hogs,
our experience has been that they point almost exclusively to
the respiratory organs. Some observers have reported diarrhea
as a prominent symptom. Such has not been our experience,
although we do not, with our present knowledge, question the
occurrence of diarrhea in outbreaks of ‘‘hog flu.’’ In our cases”
the sick hogs exhibited a labored, jerky breathing. At times
individuals were seen resting on the sternum with the forelegs
extended. Particularly when disturbed, there is a hard
paroxysmal cough, which may continue until the hog seems to
clear the air passages of obstructing mucus. The temperature
is frequently high, 108° F. being observed in a few instances,
but this is not uniform. In one herd, apparently a rather mild
type of the disease, the temperature ranged from 101.5 to 105.5.
Great prostration and complete loss of appetite marked the
height of the attack. As stated, recovery from these grave
symptoms is rapid and complete, though, depending upon the
severity of the attack, some time may elapse before the loss in
flesh is regained.

Since the mortality from this disease is low, the practitioner
will generally have but few opportunities for postmortem ex-
amination. In practically every case of death that has come
under our observation we have found congested or hemorrhagic
cervical and bronchial glands and a lobular pneumonia of vary-
ing extent. The trachea and bronchi usually contain a tena-
cious muco-pus which may be tinged with blood. In some cases
killed for autopsy hemorrhages were visible over the surfaces
of the lungs and there was a practical absence of consolidated
areas. Other organs show as a rule no departure from the
normal, although reddening of the intestinal mucosa, patchy
congestion of the kidney and in one case petechize on the mucous
surface of the bladder have been observed. The death rate
from this disease is low. The average probably does not ex-

REMARKS ON ‘‘ Hog Fuv’’ 165

ceed 2 or 3 per cent. In one herd the loss by death was 25
per cent, but this was quite exceptional.

With respect to etiology we are still much in the dark. Ex-
posure to cold and dampness without adequate warm sleeping
quarters seem to be predisposing factors. Murray has reported
the isolation of a micrococcus with which he was able to pro-
duce symptoms of hog flu in pigs by intravenous injection.
Quite recently Spray, during a study of the pneumonias of
swine, isolated a streptococcus, which, however, is clearly not
the same as Murray’s and which proved to be nonpathogenic
for laboratory animals. Our own work has thus far led to no
conclusive results. At the very beginning we found difficulty
in reproducing the disease in pigs.

Blood of hogs affected with ‘‘flu’’ is usually without effect
when injected subeutaneously. Intratracheal injection of mu-
cus from the trachea and bronchi of pigs affected with flu has
usually been without effect, and suspensions of such mucus
as well as suspensions of macerated diseased lung tissue poured
into the notrils of healthy pigs have usually failed to reproduce
the disease. In a few instances, where exposure by pouring
suspensions of mucus from the trachea of affected pigs into the
nostrils of healthy pigs was followed promptly by spraying the
exposed pig with cold water so as to produce a marked chilling,
we have succeeded in inducing symptoms that correspond in
all respects to those of ‘‘hog fiu.’’

Bacteriological studies have given conflicting and irregular
results. We have not been able to isolate the micrococcus de-
scribed by Murray. From one large herd with typical symp-
toms there was recovered a small bipolar staining organism
which is culturally identical with Bacillus bronchisepticus, be-
lieved by Ferry to be the cause of canine distemper. We were
unable, however, to produce any symptoms of ‘‘hog flu’’ with
this micro-organism. Leaving out of consideration Bacillus coli
and other bacteria which were isolated but which appeared to
be of no significance, we may record the isolation of Bacillus
suisepticus from about 50 per cent of the cases examined, and
of a nonhemolytic streptococcus, as yet unclassified, from a like
proportion of cases. With pure cultures of the last-named
organisms we have thus far been unable to reproduce the typi-
cal disease. We are planning to continue our researches through
the approaehing fall and winter, in the hope that with the aid

166 M. Dorset, C. N. McBrypbe anp W. B. NILEs

of cold weather we may gain more light on the etiology of this
puzzling infection.

Inability to reproduce hog flu regularly in experimental ani-
mals has prevented any study of specific methods of treatment
or prevention, and the present state of our knowledge of the
etiology is such that any attempt to prevent or cure the disease
by means of vaccines or sera can be carried out only in a hap-
hazard way.

The very low mortality which generally results when only
good care is used in handling these herds certainly of itself
renders questionable the wisdom of undertaking expensive Imocu-
lation with bacterins, vaccines or other biologics. The veteri-
narian, it would seem, must at least advise his clients of the
facts and leave to them the final decision. For our own part
we believe that good housing, including warm, well-ventilated
sleeping quarters free from drafts and from excessive dust,
will be found to be the most effective treatment that can be
employed.

In concluding this brief paper we wish again to emphasize
the sudden attack on large numbers of hogs, all of which pre-
sent the characteristic jerky breathing and hard cough, as
being the principal diagnostic sign by means of which hog flu
may be differentiated from other swine diseases.

DISCUSSION

CHAIRMAN REED: This interesting paper is now open for discussion.

Dr. STOUDER: I feel that this paper should receive considerable
discussion, because through the Central West—particularly in fall
and winter, I think, more than in early spring—we see this condition,
have it reported an enormous number of times, and I am confident
there is a wide variation of opinion as to the cause of this disease.
I can supplement what the authors have said by saying I have seen
this disease in only part of a herd, and I am impressed with the
fact that practically always the part of the herd that is affected is
under bad housing conditions. There are two extremes under which
the average Iowa farmer usually houses his swine. One is the house
that is extremely drafty, floor draft particularly being a noticeable
thing. In the early fall our average farmer will run 100 to 150
young shoats. They do not need much shelter, and when fall comes
they go in perhaps to the driveway between the common double crib
elevator, and here, with the sliding doors, which seldom fit, the floor
drafts are strong. This herd will probably suffer “flu.” Three or
four sows and their litters, that have access to the good hog house,
remain free, and nothing but a wire fence separates the herds. I
have frequently seen that condition on a farm.

The other extreme I see very often in the spring is that of a
farmer with a hog house that is good. Most of our farmers are
prosperous enough to build a good hog house, with cement floor,
cemented about two feet up, and a drop siding lumber wall just as
tight as it is possible to build. The roof is set on tight, and even

REMARKS ON ‘‘ Hog FLu’’ 167

the overhanging, where the lookouts go over, the wall is mortised
in with quarter round. This house is adequate in its air eapacity,
with the usual chimney, to house 20 or 25 mature hogs, or perhaps
double that number of immature hogs; but 20 sows with 100 to
130 pigs are housed in here. This house is shut up as a rule, except
for a half door at night, and a lot of complications will follow as
soon, as the hogs get off their feed. Across the barnyard are two
or three sows living in a horse barn, absolutely free from this disease.
Adequate ventilation, as the author suggests and impresses, without
floor draft, is the solution, I am confident, of a very, very high
percentage of the so-called “hog flu,” which I think is a pneumonia
brought on by extremes of condition. I suppose sometimes we find
the disease aggravated by the dust these animals are living in.

It is significant to me that, as yet, we are not able to reproduce
this disease by inoculation, unless we lower the vitality of the
hog. The lowering of the vitality of the hog is the easiest thing in
the world, if you go at it right. Just do something that disturbs
his respiration. On a cold winter day let him have a cold bed,
or let him be in a floor draft, or put him in a hog house that is
pretty close and warm, or has two or three chimneys or outlets on
the peak that encourage floor draft. That isn’t the way to ventilate
any building; it encourages floor draft. That is, however, what your
average farmer has, and what we need is to pay considerably more
attention to the proper ventilation of the hog house.

Dr. KINSLEY: I have been very much interested in the paper and
also in the discussion. There are two or three vital questions on
which, it seems to me, if it is possible to give light on, those who
have the information should reveal it at this time.

First: The symptoms as described are very like those of hog chol-
era. Should this disease occur in a herd of swine that are not im-
mune to hog cholera, how can the practitioner differentiate between
“hog flu” and “hog cholera”? As stated, the symptoms outlined con-
sisted usually of a high temperature, inactivity, a tendency for the
swine to remain in their beds, which is a very good though brief
description of hog cholera. In other words, the two conditions are
very similar.

As I caught the distinction intimated by Dr. Niles—I do not know
that he stated it plainly—there is possibly this difference: So-called
“hog flu” is a herd disease that affects a larger percentage of the
animals usually at once than hog cholera. Hog cholera may occur
and affect a large percentage of the herd at once, but usually it is
not nearly so large a percentage as is found in “hog flu.”

In reference to Dr. Stouder’s suggestion, I rather doubt if swine,
say, five or ten years ago, were better housed than they are today.
‘Did “hog flu” actually exist ten years ago? And yet were the
housing conditions then any better than today? If those housing
conditions produce or are contributory to the disease today, why
were they not contributory then? Would that not seem to indicate
that this disease is some infection? It seems to me to point to some
infection. But I believe the question of distinction between this dis-
ease and hog cholera, clinically, is what is needed at the present time
for the practitioner.

I would like also to ask what are the consequences should a herd
of swine susceptible to hog cholera be affected with “flu” and be
treated with hog cholera serum and virus? What would be the
consequences if the practitioner should make the mistake in diagnosis?

Dr. STOUDER: There has been a marked increase in the better type
of building in which we house hogs in our country. We know this
because our Section on Agricultural Engineering has made surveys
in different counties in the State and found that there has been con-
stantly an increase in the amount of money spent and the amount

168 M. Dorset, C. N. McBrYDE anp W. B. NILES

of building, and there has been a marked increase in the housing.

I also remember nine or ten years ago being called into one of
our southwestern counties, and I, no doubt, ran into a case of
“hog flu.” I diagnosed it as hog cholera. Conditions there led me
to say to the owner: ‘‘My advice is to get a veterinarian to immunize
your hogs as soon as you can.” For some reason, I think lack of
opportunity to get serum, they never treated that herd of something
over 100 head of hogs, and they never lost but two. To this day,
if I meet that man or any of his neighbors, they have a good deal
of sport telling me my statistics on hog cholera are away oif. I evi-
dently struck something of this character. Hearing the history, see-
ing the herd, finding evidences of some constipation, and some pigs
showing evidences of diarrhea, with a high percentage, nearly half,
lying about on the sternum, hardly able to move, and with no op-
portunity for postmoriem, I felt very certain of hog cholera and so
advised this owner. But today I am in bad repute in that com-
munity as a diagnostician. I evidently made a mistake.

We have, however, had a great increase in the type of tightly
constructed hog house that we have built in our country for the last
ten years, because there has been a wonderful amount of work
done on drawing plans and assisting the farmer in devising types
of hog house. The increase in swine as a continuous livestock propo-
sition has brought about very much better hog houses, as some of our
county surveys show, in the last five or six years than there were
previous to that time.

I have often made the statement—and I have yet to have anyone
show me that it is erroneous—that I do not believe a herd of hogs
ever suffer from this disease if they live in a low-hung cattle shed
that is deeply bedded with straw. I have not happened to see it
in that type of building, where there is a long overhang of the roof
and plenty of room for the herd to go in and lie in. But they are
affected by this disease where we put them in the average hog house,
a tight building with air doors on the roof, or no ventilation, a roof
that will get frosty in the winter and drip water. We see it very
frecuently then, particularly if we have heavy, foggy weather, if
we have high winds, or if we have a reasonably warm day, as we
do in October, with temperature running up quite high and then
pretty cool nights.

I remember about four years ago this disease was reported to us
by long-distance telephone from pretty nearly all parts of Central
Iowa. In November, the first or second week, we had high winds
for about thirty-six hours, and this disease was everywhere imme-
diately after.

I remember seeing it last winter in a herd of hogs that were
housed in a shed that was as loose as could be; but in a herd of -
hogs living in a shed of much the same type, down in the valley,
there was not the least bit of trouble. I feel sure it was superinduced
by exposure. Perhaps infection does give us the lesion that is
found in the lung, and gives symptoms especially of temperature
and depression, and things of that kind; but it must be assisted,
I believe, by physical exposure.

Dr. CAHILL: I think Dr. Niles’s report on “hog flu” brings two
or three very, very pertinent points point-blank before this Asso-
ciation. It seems to me that the most important of all is an official
or a semiofficial admission that swine suffer with diseases other than
hog cholera. If his paper did nothing other than to convince the
practicing veterinarian that every case of disease he sees in swine
is not hog cholera, then this meeting has made one big, long stride,
and I hope that it goes to the utmost corner of every State in
America. It is a pretty serious state of affairs when we come to
the conclusion that an animal can be affected with only one disease.

REMARKS ON ‘‘ Hoe FLvU’’ 169

It is because of that opinion, held by some of us during the past
few years when sickness in swine has been so much more preva-
lent, that veterinary practice is being discredited, and that a great
deal of discredit has been thrown on simultaneous treatment of hog
cholera.

I believe Dr. Niles did not mention, although he has previously
told me, and Dr. Dorset has previously told me, that this condition
is practically as prevalent in immune hogs as in susceptible hogs.
I am not sure that is in the paper, but I have been advised of that
by both gentlemen. If that is so, we have another important factor
before us. Is it not possible. I would ask Dr. Niles, that some of the
cases of vaccination trouble, particularly in the heavy hogs that
are supposed to be immune to hog cholera and are later diagnosed
as hog cholera, are really “flu,” and the simultaneous treatment is
being discredited in this manner?

There is one thing that is not clear to me, and I say this after being
favored with a long talk with Dr. Dorset on the subiect recently.
I weuld like to know how we are going to differentiate, clinically,
between so-called “flu” and so-called “protein poisoning” as given by
another Rureau of Animal Industry emplovee. The symptoms given
as “hos flu” are identical with the svmptoms given by Jay as “pro-
tein poison” The onset is extremely sudden, inapnetence is mild,
mortality is low. and animals recover with practical'y no treatment
if moved to sanitary ouarters and diet changed. If the animals are
not given any food for a few davs, recovery is complete. I would
like to differentiate between the two.

Any of us who are privile~~1 to examine large numbers of sneci-
mens from field cases of sickness in swine are undoubtedly united in
one thing. and that is that you can take any set of symvtoms and
you will not have uniform postmortem findings, you will not have
uniform bacteriological findings for more than two months. By this
I mean that veu mav examine snecimens from any section of America
and you may find B. susenticus for a period of one or two months.
‘and. without any warning. there is a complete change; you will
get nothing but a streptccoccus.

While Spray was working with his snecimens he came in con-
tact with one of the intermediate organisms almost constantly, and
he was unable to get another culture from the same identical sneci-
men. He came constantly in contact with a streptococcus. Other
laboratories in Indiana had the same experience, and when a few
of us were privileged to meet and discuss this. we found that for a
period of one to two months we all obtained from our svecimens an
organism of the streptococcus. Then at approximately the same
time, from cases showing the same pathological changes, we all
obtained B. swisepticus.

It seems to me, in view of those circumstances, that before we be-
come very enthusiastic regarding “flu” we must realize that without
the symptom changing, the etiological factor of diseases of swine
apparently does change.

DR. QUINN: Dr. Cahill, I believe, has expressed the opinion of
a good many practitioners who are meeting this condition in the
field, not in winter alone but throughout the year, under most dis-
couraging housing conditions and under most ideal housing conditions.
In hogs, regardless of simultaneous immunity or other treatment, the
consensus of opinion is narrowing down to the fact that diet is a
very essential factor in the occurrence of this disease. Some of the
arguments that have been put un in favor of a dietary cause of
this trouble are: First, that the disease is extremely rare as a sve-
cific condition in suckling pigs on a balanced ration of milk. Second,
it is most common in pigs that are forced fed or in over thrifty
conditions, on exhibition at State fairs, swine shows, ete. The condi-

170 : M. Dorset, C. N. McBrybE ANbD W. B. NILES

tion as Dr. Stouder has stated is very uncommon in pigs that must
forage some distance for a living, that are kept in the open and
are as a rule not in an overly fat state. The third reason for a dietary
cause of this trouble is that the period of incubation, as a rule, is
not manifest. In herd after herd that is normal and well today, to-
morrow 90 per cent show a very aggravated trouble. There is not the
initial loss of pigs or the initial manifestation of trouble that you get
with hog cholera or any of the so-called bacteriological diseases of
swine.

The treatment itself is also conclusive in some ways of the diet
relation to this trouble, because if these pigs are immediately taken
and subjected to a good, thorough purgation, recovery is much more
prompt. The mortality in this condition is not parallel with any
bacteriological trouble that we are at present acquainted with. Taken
all together, the absence of a period of incubation, the usual pres-
ence of forced feeding, or exhibition under conditions that will con-
stipate, are predisposing factors, at least, to this trouble.

The disease, to most veterinarians, does not seem hard to differ-
entiate from hog cholera, because of the fact that the trouble is
confined to the respiratory tract and the symptoms are those of
acute edema of the lungs. The cough is deep seated and moist, and
the excretion from the eyes is not usually present in the pigs. The
temperature is variable and constipation in almost all instances is
marked. The postmortem findings are usually a very extensive edema
of the lungs.

Dr. KELSER: I would like to ask Dr. Niles if any special efforts
have been made to isolate organisms of an anaerobic nature. I raise
that point in view of the recent findings of the Rockefeller Institute
in connection with “flu” in man. They have recently isolated an or-
ganism which they hope to prove the cause of “flu” in man. That
organism is one which will pass, in certain stages, the various bac-
teria-retaining filters. It is found only in the early stages of the
disease. Irrespective of whether they find this organism to be the
true cause of “flu” in man, it points out the necessity of going into.
the bacteriology from an anaerobic standpoint in the study of some
of these “flu” diseases of animals. In view of the analogy between
influenza of man and horses and so-called “swine flu,” it appears to
me that we have been giving too little attention to the possibility of
anaerobic infection. The possibility exists that something of that
nature might be found in some of these “flu” diseases of animals that
have been giving us considerable trouble.

CHAIRMAN REED: I will call on Dr. Niles to sum up the discussion
and to answer the various questions as he sees fit.

Dr. NILES: This “hog flu” is certainly a most vital question, and
the authors of this paper do not claim to know any more about it
than anybody else.

In answer to Dr. Kinsley’s question, the sudden onslaught of the
disease, a large number of the herd being attacked, and the jerky
respiration, serve to differentiate between that and hog cholera. When
you first go to a man’s place and see the herd, it does look very much
like hog cholera that has been allowed to run until every animal has
become sick. I do not doubt that there are cases where you might not
be able to differentiate simply by medical symptoms. As Dr. Cahill
said, immune herds are attacked the same as nonimmune herds.

Dr. Stouder gave a most excellent description of the symptoms of
this ‘‘flu” as we see it in Iowa. The fact was not brought out in the
paper that the disease is on the increase in the Middle West, particu-
larly in Iowa. We saw and heard much more about “hog flu” last
fall than we ever heard before in Iowa. In many counties practic-
tioners have reported that 90 per cent of the herds had been attacked
with “hog flu.” I am not sure but what possibly the disease is be-

REMARKS ON ‘‘ Hog FiLvu’’ aye:

coming a little more settled. I believe the mortality is a little less
than it was before. We saw one herd in which 25 per cent of the
animals died. The blood from this herd was injected. The symp-
toms and lesions did not indicate hog cholera in this herd.

Answering Dr. Kelser, we did some work in attempting to isolate
the anaerobic organisms, but I do not think the work was extensive
along that line. I know some work was done, but we have not so
far been able to secure material enough to make extensive studies of
this disease. When you hear of this disease some distance from home,
by the time you get there perhaps the hogs are largely recovered.
and not being able to reproduce the disease, we have not been able
to continue the study.

It is a puzzling question as to why we did not hear more of this
disease prior to the last few years. I have no doubt that it did
occur, but we did not have much of it before we had the appearance
of “flu” in people. I do not think they have any connection, but
that was about the time of its appearance, and it is becoming more
prevalent, and I think we will hear of a lot more of it in September,
October and November.

While it is true that something very similar appeared in hogs ex-
hibited at the fair. I do not know whether it will develop at the
State Fair of Iowa or not. I do not know whether that is the same
thing, but it resembles it.

One gentleman referred to the housing, ventilation, etc. I do not
think that cold is anything more than a predisposing factor. Cold
weather seems to act as a predisposing factor. I do not know why
this infection is more widespread now, but it does look as if the hog
was harboring some organism which is stirred into activity by change
in atmosphere.

One of the herds that showed the most signs was a herd that ran
in the cornfield and slept at night in the field. It was the habit
of the hogs to stay out there both night and day. It is the practice
of hogs that are being turned into cornfields to stay out in the field,
sleen in the field and not come into the hog house until the weather
gets severe. The herd showing the most characteristic symptoms
was a herd housed in this way. In November, one rainy day, these
hogs slept out, and two days later they developed symptoms of “hog
flu,” and about 10 per cent of them died.

There are a lot of questions that may be asked that we do not
know anything about. We hope that we may make some discovery
along these lines; we hope to find out something about the etiological
factors. In the meantime we present these observations for what
they are worth.

A directory of Belgian veterinarians published by the Annales
de Médecine Vétérinaire shows 695 civilian and 99 military vet-
erinarians. Eleven of the latter are on the retired list and 4
are on special service in the Congo.

An English butcher has found a number of old coins in the
stomachs of bullocks slaughtered after grazing on certain marsh
lands, the dates on the coins ranging from 1674 to 1806, so says
our veracious contemporary The Veterinary Record. This may
give a clue to the location of Captain Kidd’s buried treasure.

THE ROLE OF THE UDDER AND ITS SECRETION IN
BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION *

By Warp GILtNner, I. F. HuppLeson and R. L. TwEeEp
Michigan Agricultural College

INFECTIOUS ABORTION of cattle is not only a disease of
great economic importance but it is a stupendous problem or an
aggregate of subproblems of much scientific interest. We are
not by any means in total darkness as respects the problem,
but there are many of the subproblems that are much in the
shadows of ignorance or misinformation. It has been known
for some time that Bacteriwm abortus finds the udder of the
cow a suitable habitat and that the organism persists in the
udder in some cases more or less permanently. These are very
significant facts from a practical standpoint, and it is the
purpose of this paper to discuss the various aspects of these
facts and their probable or known significance.

Obviously the things that are of importance or the questions
that need answering in this connection include the following:
How does the germ get into the udder? Why does it establish
itself there in some cases and not in others? When does it ap-
pear in the udder? How long does it persist under various con-
ditions? What changes, structural or functional, local or gen-
eral, is it responsible for? How numerous are the abortion bac-
teria in the milk? Are they virulent or nonvirulent, and why?
Do they invade the system, including the uterus, pregnant or
nonpregnant? What part does milk play in the spread of in-
fectious abortion to cattle? To swine? To any other species of
animals? Is raw infected milk in any sense dangerous to man,
and if so, under what conditions? If milk from infected cattle
is important in the spread of the disease, what steps may be
taken to eliminate or minimize the danger? These and other
questions of similar or lesser importance have been answered
more or less satisfactorily or need answering urgently. It ap-
pears to us that the solution of the bovine infectious abortion
problem is dependent on a knowledge of the part played by the
udder and its secretion in the event that this factor is either of
great importance or of no importance. Its importance must be

1Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

172

BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION its

established, else our efforts to control the disease will reflect the
confusion in our minds on this one probable source of trouble.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

That Bacterium abortus is excreted with the milk has been
shown by Schroeder and Cotton (1),1 Fabyan (2), Zwick and
Krage (3), Cooledge (4), Evans (5) and others. Cooledege (4),
Evans (5) and Huddleson (6) have studied the cultivation of
Bacterium abortus from milk. The last named seems to have
come nearest to a successful and practicable method and inci-
dentally to have thrown light on both the fundamental physiolog-
ical requirements of the organism and the fact that these require-
ments are peculiarly met in the udder.

Huddleson (7) has had a high degree of success in cultivat-
ing Bacterium abortus in an atmosphere of 10 per cent carbon
dioxid, which is probably the CO, tension inside the udder, since
freshly drawn milk from the healthy udder shows approximately
this pressure of CO,. He has also determined the optimum pH
for the growing of the organism, namely, 6.6. With the im-
proved methods of cultivating the organism from milk it appears
certain that it occurs in very limited numbers even in the most
pronounced cases. In making a bacteriological study of several
carriers he found that the number of organisms in a given sam-
ple would vary from one to about 200 colonies. This represents
the number of Bacterium abortus in one-half of the sediment of a
10 ¢.c. sample. This, of course, is not an accurate measure of
the total number present, but nevertheless it gives us sufficient in-
formation for speculation.

Fleishner, Vecki, Shaw and Meyer (8) infected goats with
Bacterium abortus and report the subsequent finding in the milk
of 100,000 to 250,000 viable organisms per cubic centimeter.
The finding of this number of Bacteriwm abortus in the milk of
goats, however, is not a criterion of the number present in cow’s
milk.

How the germ gets into the udder under natural conditions
is a matter of conjecture. Except for the report of Schroeder
and Cotton, no one has yet been able, experimentally, to intro-
duce the organism through the teat duct and thereby establish a
carrier state in the udder and produce changes similar to or

1Figures in parentheses following authors’ names refer to bibliography at end
of paper.

174 Warp GiuTNner, I. F. HUDDLESON AND R. L. TWEED

identical with those found in natural infection in so far as we
are able to determine. Since it has been determined that the
germ may and probably does travel in the blood stream, it is
only reasonable to conclude that it is taken out by the udder,
conditions being anatomically possible and physiologically favor-
able. How to keep the bacteria out of the udder is, of course,
the whole question, and resolves itself into the prevention of
general infection in the cow and possibly the prevention of en-
trance into the teat duct by the obvious practices of sanitation.
Why the udder is not always affected or affected to the same ex-.
tent is only a matter of speculation. | a

Whether the udder infection is the primary or one of the
secondary manifestations of the infection in the animal is not
known, but probably cases of both types occur. The matter
is of practical importance, since upon it hinge such questions
as whether the udder infection is or may be frequently only a
minor local affection or whether it constitutes a standing menace
to the pregnant cow as a storehouse from which the germs may
invade the body at any unfortunate time. Next in importance
to the prevention of a general infection in an animal is how to
destroy the organism in the udder once it is established. The
solution of this question will probably mean the control of the
spread of infectious abortion. In the line of direct experimental
evidence, Schroeder and Cotton (9) have found Bacterium
abortus in the lymphaties draining the udder, thus indicating
that its presence in the udder is a menace to the body, more
specifically to the pregnant uterus. On the other hand, the germ
seems to persist in the udder indefinitely in some cases which
regularly avoid any troubles of conception or parturition. The
persistence of Bacterium abortus in the tissues of the udder is
probably due to the establishment of an equilibrium between the
organism and the ability of the body cells to produce sufficient
bactericidal substances for its complete destruction. What fac-
tors influence the entrance of the germ into the udder other than
referred to, its persistence there or its complete or partial elimi-
nation from that organ are undetermined.

The changes produced in the udder seem to have been sought
by Schroeder and Cotton (10) at autopsies with negative re-
sults. Cooledge (4) showed that milk from infected udders con-
tains agglutinating and complement-fixing antibodies for Bac-
terium abortus. In a few eases it appeared that these antibodies

Bovine INFEcTIOUS ABORTION 175

occurred in the absence of infection, so that the question arose
as to whether they may not have been produced systemically and
excreted with the milk. In other cases it seemed quite clear that
they were produced locally. Cooledge (11) also undertook to
determine the significance of the cell count in infected udders.
He concluded that a high cell count together with a high anti-
body content indicated an infection, since such milk as a rule
suffices to produce the disease in guinea-pigs upon intraperitoneal
injection of 5 ¢.c. quantities. He did not undertake to determine
the source of the cells.

Later work by Tweed (12) indicates that cows’ udders which
carry an active infection have abnormally high cellular counts
and that the cells found in the milk from these actively infected
udders are mostly leucocytes and not epithelial cells as contended
by Hewlett, Villar and Revis (13). These leucocytes probably
come from the blood stream, as a very close relationship has been
found to exist between decreasing hydrogen-ion concentration of
the fresh milk and an abnormal number of leucocytes. Baker
and Breed (14) attribute this decreased hydrogen-ion concentra-
tion to the entrance of the alkaline substances of the blood into
the milk, together with other substances found in the blood
stream. During the past year O. H. Friedeman (15), working
under the direction of Tweed, undertook to determine the patho-
logical changes that take place in an infected udder. He worked
under very carefully controlled conditions with only one posi-
tive udder and one negative control, and his results were nega-
tive in so far as histo-pathological changes were concerned; or,
to put it in another way, he found nothing in sections of the one
that he did not find in sections of the other udder. His sections
show leucocytes in the lumina of the alveoli, thus indicating
their hematogenous origin. Otherwise his results confirmed those
of Cooledge (11). While his work was not sufficiently extensive
to warrant general conclusions, it is not such as to convince one
that Bacterium abortus udder infection is attended by detectable
gross or microscopic alterations such as catarrh or abscess for-
mation. The hope of finding such alterations rests on the basis
of the relatively small number of cells (assuming them to be
pus cells) in the milk reported by various workers.

Another fact that throws doubt on the possibility of finding
lesions in so-called infected udders is the very small number of
Bacterium abortus found in milk. Recently we have succeeded in

176 Warp Gintner, I. F. HupDLESON AND R. L. TWEED

isolating Bacterium abortus directly from whole milk. The num-
ber isolated averaged 80 per cubic centimeter of milk.

In this connection it is interesting to note the work of Evans
(16), Meyer and Shaw (17) and Kahled (19), an effort to show
the relationship between Bacterium abortus and Micrococcus
(Bacterium) melitensis. - The two organisms are undoubtedly
closely related, but there remains a distinct difference between
their invasive properties. This fact is clearly demonstrated by
the differences in the length of time required to produce an in-
fection in experimental animals with either of the two organisms.
According to Fleishner, Vecki, Shaw and Meyer (8), the
ingestion by monkeys of virulent Bacterium abortus supplied in
the naturally infected milk of a goat may lead to a generalized
invasion of the tissues and even the heart blood, while the inges-
tion of abortion bacilli of a low virulence in small numbers does
not lead to an infection even when fed for 30 days.

From previous investigations it appears that the inability to
produce an infection in animals by feeding milk naturally in-
fected with Bacterium abortus is due to the small numbers cf
organisms present. Our studies as well as those of Evans (3)
indicate this to be a fact. In fact, according to the report of
Shaw (19), cows infected with Bacterium melitensis eliminate
very few organisms in the milk. That naturally infected milk
will not lead to an invasion of the tissues of calves or swine
has been clearly demonstrated in the experiments of Huddleson
(20, 21), Hayes (22) and Simms and Miller (23), and in hu-
mans by the experiments of Colledge (24). The latter also
added pure cultures to milk and fed it to human subjects with
practically negative results. The cultures of Cooledge may have
been of low virulence, however. Huddleson (25) and Meyer,
Shaw and Fleishner (26) have recently demonstrated the dif-
ference in pathogenicity of strains of Bacteriwm abortus for
guinea-pigs. A knowledge of the pathogenicity of strains is
certainly essential in experimental studies.

The virulence of the organism found in milk is demonstrated
by the work of all the early workers who used guinea-pigs as
the test reagent for determining the presence of the germ in
milk. But again virulence for guinea-pigs may not be equiva-
lent to virulence for cattle, man or swine.

In summing up all of the data which have accumulated on
the subject, we can say only that there is no positive evidence

BovINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION aM

to warrant the assertion that milk from an udder carrying
Bacterium abortus is an important factor in the spread or
transmission of bovine infectious abortion. This statement does
not apply to the infected udder as respects its ability to re-
lease organisms to the circulation, either blood or lymph. That
carrier cases (those that carry the germs in the udder but
do not abort) repeatedly show the organism in the uterine exu-
date at parturition has been observed by Schroeder and by us.
Such cases are no doubt the prime source from which many
infections originate. This condition is not apparent to the
breeder, and such cases are given little or no attention before
or after parturition. To us the carrier state appears to be one
of the most important problems in the study and control of
infectious abortion. The application of biological preparations
or chemicals to alleviate such a condition has apparently been
given little attention. We are studying the use of vaccines with
this phase of the subject in view, but the success thus far
obtained can not be considered encouraging.

The elimination of infectious abortion can not be expected
until a successful method has been obtained for the prevention
and cure of the carrier state. Before this can be accomplished
a thorough study must be made of the factors involved in the
passage of Bacterium abortus from the circulatory systems to
the udder and in the opposite direction, and the factors which
lead to the persistence of Bacterium abortus in certain tissues,
such as the udder. ;

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. SCHROEDER, E. C., and Cotton, W. E. 1911. The bacillus of
infectious abortion found in milk. 28th Ann. Rpt., Bur. Ani-
mal Industry, p. 139.

2. FABYAN, M. 1913. A note on the presence of B. abortus in
cow’s milk. Jour. Med. Research, vol. 28, p. 85.

3. ZwicK and KRAGE. 1913. Ueber die Ausscheidung von abortus
bazillen mit der milch infizierter Tiere. Berlin. Tierarztl.
Wehnschr., Bd. 29, S. 41.

4. CooLeDGE, L. H. 1916. <A study of the presence of Bact. abortus
(Bang) in milk. Mich. Agri. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bul. 35.

5. EVANS, ALICE C. 1915. 8B. abortus in market milk. Jour. Wash.
Meo, Sak, vol sos ae

6. HUDDLESON, I. F. 1920. The isolation of Bact. abortus from
milk. Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bul. 49, part 4.

7. HUDDLESON, I. F. 1921. The importance of an increased CO,
tension in growing Bact. abortus (Bang). Cornell Vet., July,
1921.

Warp GiutNner, I. F. HUpDLESON AND R. L. TWEED

. FLEISHNER, E. C.; VECKI, M.; SHAw, E. B., and Meyer, K. F.

1921. The pathogenicity of Bact. abortus and Bact. melitensis
for monkeys. Jour. Infect. Diseases, vol. 29, p. 663.

. SCHROEDER, E. C., and CoTTon, W. E. 1916. Practically signifi-

cant facts about abortion disease. 20th Ann. Rpt., U. S. Live-
stock Sanitary Assoc., p. 117.

. SCHROEDER, E. C. 1921. 25th Ann. Rpt., U. S. Livestock Sani-

tary Assoc., p. 125.

. CooLepGr, L. H. 1918. Studies upon the bacterial flora of milk

with high cellular counts as drawn from apparently normal
udders. Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bul. 41.

TWEED, R. L. Relation of high cellular counts to Bact. abortus
infected udders. Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bul. (in press).

. HEWLETT, R. T.; ViLuar, S., and ReEvis, C. 1913. On the na-

ture of the cellular elements present in milk. Jour. Hyg., vol.
iby oy he

. Baker, J. C., and BREED, R. S. 1920. The reaction of milk

in relation to the presence of blood cells and of specific bac-
terial infections of the udder. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta.; Tech.
Bul. 80.

. FRIEDEMANN, O. H. 1922. A study of a Bact. abortus infected

udder. Thesis.

. Evans, ALICE C. 1918. Further studies on Bact. abortus and

related bacteria. Jour. Infect. Diseases, vol. 22, p. 580.

. Meyer, K. F., and SHAW, E. B. 1920. A comparison of the

morphological and cultural and biological characteristics of
Bact. abortus and Bact. melitensis. Jour. Infect. Diseases,
vol. 27, p. 178.

. KAHLED, Z. 1921. A comparative study of bovine abortion and

undulant fever from the bacteriological point of view. Jour.
Hyg., vol. 20, p. 21.

. Report of British Commission, 1906, part 4, p. 23.
. Huppteson, I. F. Nov., 1921. The susceptibility of swine to

Bact. abortus (Bang). Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta., Quarterly Bul.,
p. 43.

. HupDLESON, I. F. 1916. The transmission of Bact. abortus to

new-born calves through the ingestion of milk. Mich. Agr.
Expt. Sta., Tech. Bul. 32.

. Hayes, F. 1922. Some studies in swine abortion. Jour. Amer.

Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 60, p. 485.

. Stmms, B. T., and Miniter, F. W. 1921. Infectious abortion

studies. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 58, p. 532.

. CooLEDGE, L. H. 1916. Is Bact. abortus pathogenic for human

beings? Jour. Med. Research, vol. 34, p. 459.

. HupDDLESON, I. F. 1922. The comparative pathogenicity of sev-

eral strains of Bact. abortus (Bang). Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta.,
Tech. Bul. 55.

. Meyer, K. F.; SHAw, E. B., and FLEISHNER, E. C: 1922. The

pathogenicity of B. melitensis and B. abortus for guinea-pigs.
Jour. Infect. Diseases, vol. 31, p. 159.

THE CHARACTER AND POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE BANG ABORTION BACILLUS THAT
ATTACKS SWINE?

By W. E. Corton

Experiment Station of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry,
Bethesda, Maryland 5

IT IS MY BELIEF that until a few years ago most investi-
gators who had studied the abortion bacillus of Bang were of
the opinion that it was not a factor of importance except for
cattle. Early investigations indicated that swine were rarely
if ever infected with it. MecFadyean and Stockman in their
Report on Infectious Abortion in Great Britain, 1909, expressed
the opinion that bovine abortion is essentially a disease of cat-
tle, and, although other species can be experimentally infected,
they are not likely to contract the disease in practice excepting
as the result of gross carelessness in the disposal of infected ma-
terial. I believe that for many years most investigators shared
this opinion.

In our earlier work Dr. Schroeder and I tried to produce
abortions in pregnant sows by the injection of Bacillus abortus
in both cultures and tissues, but failed in every case to do so.
We were able to infect boars by the intravenous injection of
large quantities of suspensions of cultures of B. abortus, but the
infections were only transient. In these cases we injected a num-
ber of boars, and killed one each week, up to and including
the fourth week following injection, and also at the end of the
eighth, fourteenth, eighteenth and twenty-second weeks, and
tested their organs for B. abortus by guinea-pig inoculations.
We were able to recover the abortion bacilli from the boars up
to and including the eighth week but not beyond. The organs
tested for these bacilli were liver, gastrohepatic glands, epididy-
mides, seminal vesicles, inguinal glands and Cowper’s glands.
Abortion bacilli were at different times recovered from. all of
these. These results led us to conclude that the tissues of boars
were not ordinarily favorable habitats for the abortion bacillus.
We were, however, working with strains of the organism isolated
from cattle.

1Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

179

180 W. E. Corton

Connaway and his associates (Infectious Abortion in Swine,
1921) pointed out that Traum isolated B. abortus from the
aborted fetus of a sow while working in the Pathological Lab-
oratory of the Bureau of Animal Industry in 1914. Two years
later Good and Smith, of the Kentucky Experiment Station, re-
ported that they had isolated the organisms from aborted swine
fetuses. The year following Connaway, Durant and Newman
published the findings of their serological studies on aborting
swine. Since then all of the above investigators and others,
including Hays and Davis in California, Graham in Illinois,
and Doyle and Spray in Indiana, have contributed to our knowl-
edge of abortion disease in swine.

Early in 1919 Dr. Clark Hays, who at that time was in charge
of the hog cholera eradication work of the U. S. Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry in Indiana, reported an outbreak of abortion
among sows in that State, and sent discharges from one sow
te the Pathological Division of the Bureau for examination.
From these discharges Dr. J. M. Buck isolated an organism
apparently identical in nearly all respects with B. abortus.
Dr. Hays reported that the aborting sows were bred very soon
after they aborted, and that some aborted a second time.

Dr. Schroeder and I obtained from Dr. Buck a culture of
the organism noted above. This culture grew more luxuriantly
than the strains of abortion bacilli, isolated from cattle, which
we had studied, but serologically and microscopically was iden-
tical with them, being agglutinated in the same dilutions by
both cattle and hog sera, as were the strains isolated from cattle.
When tested by guinea-pig inoculations, however, we found
that there was a distinct difference in the lesions produced.
The former was the more virulent for guinea-pigs, and produced
in them certain lesions which we had not before observed in
guinea-pigs inoculated with B. abortus. We thought at first
that some contamination in the culture, either acting alone or in
symbiosis with B. abortus, was responsible for the unusual
lesions, but repeated inoculations of cultures and guinea-pigs
convinced us that this was not the ease.

The strains of B. abortus isolated from cattle, which we have
studied, seldom produce necrotic lesions at the site of inocula-
tion or in the adjacent lymph glands, when the inoculation
is made in the inguinal region; but the Indiana abortion germ
when similarly inoculated causes enlargement and usually necro-

ABORTION BacmuLus ATTACKING SWINE 181

sis of these glands, the glands often being converted into sacs
filled with semifluid neorotic material. Other lymph glands,
notably those of threat and lumbar regions, are very often af-
fected in the same manner. Enlarged lymph glands are not at
all uncommon as a result of infection with B. abortus isolated
from cattle, and small necrotic foci are occasionally found in
them, especially in throat and sub-lumbar regions, but the elands
are not converted into large saes filled with semifluid necrotic
material as in the guinea-pigs infected with the Indiana swine
germ. The lesions of the epididymides are much more marked
and occur in a larger proportion of the guinea-pigs inoculated
with the Indiana abortion germ than with those isolated from
cattle. These organs are converted into enormous saes filled
with semifluid necrotic material. Guinea-pigs having diseased
epididymides, resulting from infection with B. abortus isolated
from cattle, usually show the contents of the seminal vesicles to
be opaque white, but we observed no lesions in the vesicles.
The Indiana swine strain, however; sometimes causes abscesses
to-form in the bases of these organs.

The most characteristic lesions produced in guinea-pigs by
the abortion bacillus isolated from swine, however, are those
found in the spleen and liver. In the former organ the lesions
produced by the abortion bacillus isolated from cattle consist
of a uniform enlargement or an enlargement with elevations
of the same color as the balance of the organ. Gray areas of
solid necrotic material are sometimes found within the organ
and often the capsule is thickened. The lesions caused by the
abortion bacillus isolated from swine are at times like those
described above, but usually are distinctly different. The organ
is enlarged and contains spherical nodules varying in size from
1 to 7 mm. in diameter. On section these nodules are found
to be filled with semifluid, odorless, necrotic material, identical
in appearance with that found in the epididymides.

Many strains of B. abortus isolated from cattle do not com-
monly cause lesions in the liver. When lesions are produced
they closely resemble those of tubereculosis—small, irregular,
yellowish gray areas gradually merging into the surrounding
normal tissue. Lesions of the liver are quite common in guinea-
pigs infected with B. abortus isolated from swine, but they usu-
ally consist of the spherical nodules before described as occurring
in the spleen.

182 W. EK. Corron

In our preliminary study of the strain of B. abortus isolated
from swine and those isolated from cattle, we observed no other
differences than those already mentioned. A year later, in 1920,
we received from Dr. Robert Graham of the University of Illi-
nois a culture of B. abortus which he had isolated from an abort-
ing sow. We found this organism to behave culturally and
serologically the same as that isolated from the Indiana sow.
Guinea-pigs inoculated with it showed the same character. of
lesions, but the lesions were more marked, the organisms seem-
ing to be more virulent than the one from Indiana for these
animals. Unusual lesions made their appearance, or, to be more
exact, lesions appeared in an unusual place, in some of the
guinea-pigs that had been inoculated with subcultures of the
B. abortus received from Dr. Graham and which for convenience
we will call the Illinois swine B. abortus. The lesions consisted
of spherical nodules filled with semifluid necrotic material
identical in appearance with those already described as occurring
in the liver and spleen. These were usually found in the depths
of but occasionally directly beneath the orbits, and in one case
were found at the base of the ear. Sometimes both eyes were
found to be affected, at other times one. These nodules often
become so large that they cause the eyeball to protrude very
much and destroy the sight. Pure cultures of B. abortus were |
obtained from these orbital nodules, and guinea-pigs inoculated
with the necrotic material from the nodules showed the usual
lesions produced by B. abortus isolated from swine. The pro-
portion of guinea-pigs showing these eye lesions in one series
of 41 of these animals, inoculated with fetal and placental tis-
sues from swine and a cow which were infected with the IIli-
nois swine B. aboruts by means of cultures, was 40.6 per cent,
and in another series of 105 inoculated directly with cultures
of the same organism the percentage was 29. This indicates
that growth on artificial culture media reduces the- organism’s
virulence for guinea-pigs, but that it is restored by passage
through swine or cattle. Eye lesions do not usually make their
appearance before 8 or 10 weeks after inoculation. Cultures
obtained from orbital nodules, or the spleens of guinea-pigs
showing such nodules, do not cause eye lesions more commonly
than cultures obtained from guinea-pigs with unaffected eyes.

In the thousands of guinea-pigs which we have inoculated
with many different strains of B. abortus from cattle within the

ABORTION BACILLUS ATTACKING SWINE 183

past dozen years, we have not observed the eye lesions described
above. Smith and Fabyan! describe eye lesions which they
found in guinea-pigs which they had inoculated with B. abortus
in their earlier work with this bacillus, but so far as we are
able to judge from their description they were unlike those
which we have found.

Further work with the Indiana strain of swine B. abortus
showed that this organism at times produced the same kind of
eye lesions in guinea-pigs as did the Illinois strain, but not
nearly so often.

We obtained a culture of B. abortus from Dr. Traum of the
University of California, which he had isolated from an abort-
ing sow in that State. We found that this culture also pro-
duced eye lesions, and in other respects seemed to be the same
as the Illinois strain, but was somewhat less virulent for guinea-
pigs.

We are now studying three strains of B. abortus obtained
from Dr. Connaway of the University of Missouri and isolated
from outbreaks among swine in that State. All three produce
the same spleen and liver lesions as the Indiana, Illinois and
California strains, and one of them also produces the eye lesions.
Sufficient inoculations have not been made from the other two
strains to determine whether or not they will do this.

In the production of bone lesions in guinea-pigs the strains
of B. abortus isolated from swine seem to be much more potent
than those isolated from cattle. In one series of 105 guinea-
pigs inoculated with cultures of the Illinois swine strain, 29.7
per cent developed bone lesions, and in another series of 23
guinea-pigs inoculated with placenta and fetal tissue of sows
infected by feeding cultures of the Illinois strain of B. abortus
over 45 per cent developed bone lesions. Here again we have
evidence that the B. abortus causing abortion in swine is more
pathogenic for guinea-pigs when growing in the placental and
fetal tissues of swine than when growing on artificial culture
media. Of 124 guinea-pigs inoculated with placental or fetal
tissue of- aborting cows, 11, or 8.9 per cent, developed bone
lesions.

We have never observed bone lesions so gross in guinea-pigs
inoculated with B. abortus isolated from cattle as were a num-

1Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Abt. 1, vol. 61, no. 7, 1912, and Jour. Med.
Research, vol. 26, no. 3, 1913.

184 W. EH. Corron

ber of those produced by the Illinois hog abortion strain. This
organism not infrequently caused one or more ribs to be en-
larged for their entire length, sometimes to four times their
normal volumes. On sectioning one of these ribs it was found
to consists of a very thin shell of bone enveloping a mass of
semifluid necrotic material, the cancellated portion having en-
tirely disappeared. Paralysis due to diseased vertebre is not
uncommon, and it is invariably the lumbar vertebre that are
affected. The lesions in these seem to begin as erosions at the
inferior portions of the articulating surfaces and to continue
till a large cavity between the two vertebre is formed. This is
usually filled with the semifluid necrotic material already de-
seribed.t

Of the six strains of B. abortus isolated from outbreaks of
swine abortion in the four States, thus far stulied at the Ex-
periment Station, all produce certain lesions in guinea-pigs un-
like those produced by the ordinary strains of B. abortus iso-
lated from cattle. All of the swine strains seem to be closely
related and differ only in the volume of lesions produced, but
not in kind. The Illinois strain seems to be the most virulent
for guinea-pigs, the Indiana the least so, and the California
intermediate between the two. We have not as yet determined
the relative virulence of the three Missouri strains. It is
quite likely that the difference in virulence may be due to
length of time the organisms have grown on artificial media.
The Indiana strain has been isolated between one and two years
longer than the Illinois strain. ;

The important point about these observations iach I wish
to impress is that we have studied a number of strains of the
Bang bacillus isolated from outbreaks of abortion among swine,
and that all the strains are somewhat unlike those isolated.
from cattle in factors in which they closely resemble one an-
other.

EFFECTS OF THE SEVERAL STRAINS ON Sows

In order to determine if cultures of B. abortus isolated from
swine would cause abortion in sows, several feeding experiments
were undertaken. The first one concerned two pregnant sows
each of which was given suspensions of cultures of the Indiana

1Fabyan describes bone lesions in guinea-pigs inoculated with one strain of

B. abortus which he isolated from a cow which approaches closely some of the
bone lesions here described.

ABORTION BaAcinLus ATTACKING SWINE 185

swine strain in four feedings several days apart. One of the
sows, No. 3153, gave birth to a litter of 10 pigs 50 days after
the first feeding and 25 days after the last, all of which lived.
The other sow, No. 3154, gave birth to 14 pigs 89 days after
the first feeding and 64 days after the last: three of which were
stillborn and two died the day after birth. Guinea-pig inocula-
tions from the organs of the three stillborn pigs were negative.
No other inoculations were made, as the afterbirths from both
sows were lost.

A month after parturition the serum of sow No. 3153 gave
a positive reaction to the agglutination test in dilution of 1
to 100, and that of sow No. 3154 in 1 to 50. Four months later
their blood reacted in the same dilutions. <A year later both
reacted in dilutions of 1 to 100. A boar was placed with them
soon after, and fifty days later the agglutination titer of the
serum of No. 3153 had risen to 1 to 200, while that of 3154
had fallen to 1 to 50. No further blood tests were made until
the boar had been with the sows for about six months, when
the blood of 3153 reacted in a dilution of 1 to 800 and that of
3154 showed a slight reaction only in a dilution of 1 to 50.
The sows were killed immediately after the test was made, and
autopsy of sow No. 3153 showed her to have been suffering from
a severe metritis. The walls of the uterus were greatly thick-
ened and impregnated with purulent material. The uterine
cavity and Fallopian tubes contained a purulent exudate. The
kidney fat showed the presence of kidney worms and several
necrotic areas containing material similar to that found in
the epididymides of guinea-pigs affected with abortion disease.
Guinea-pig inoculations were made from the uterine exudate,
portions of the uterine walls, necrotic areas found in the kid-
ney fat and udder tissue. All of these tissues were proved by
these inoculations to contain living abortion bacilli.

The uterus of sow No. 3154 contained several fetuses about
half term, apparently normal. Guinea-pig inoculations made
from these were negative.

Evidently sow No. 3153 had aborted as a result of B. abortus
fed more than a year earlier. The organisms seem to have be-
come active at least four months before she was killed, as the
agglutination titer of her blood had begun to increase at that
time. The metritis may be attributed to retained afterbirth.
The kidney fat may have become infected through the Fallopian

186 W. E. Corton

tubes. The B. abortus isolated from sow No. 3153 was identical
with that fed a year earlier.

A second feeding experiment was made with the same strain
18 months after the first. In this, three pregnant sows were
fed cultures of this strain of B. abortus on six consecutive days.
These sows all produced apparently normal litters, 66, 79 and
89 days respectively after the feeding, and their blood remained
negative to the agglutination test. It is not surprising that this
culture was of low virulence for sows, since it had been in
cuinea-pigs and on artificial culture media for over three years.

ILLINOIS STRAIN

Six sows were given three feedings of culture of the Illinois
swine strain of B. abortus within five days. One of these, No.
3347, aborted 35 days after the first feeding. B. abortus was
recovered from the fetal organs and membranes by guinea-pig
inoculations. The lesions produced in the guinea-pigs were very
great, and many of the animals developed orbital nodules. The
agglutination titer of the sow’s blood, when she aborted, was
1 to 50; it had risen to 1 to 200 a montth and a half later, but
had dropped to 1 to 50 four months after that. Four of the
sows gave birth to apparently normal pigs as follows: Two 62
days, one 52 days and one 92 days after the first feeding. The
remaining sow proved to be not pregnant. The blood of one of
the four sows reacted to the agglutination test in a dilution of
1 to 100 at the time of parturition and that of another in dilu-
tion of 1 to 50. The two remaining sows were negative to the
test. The two sows that reacted were negative a month later.

Three additional pregnant sows were each given six feedings
of culture of the Iilinois strain of B. abortus on as many con-
secutive days. The culture was one recovered from aborting
sow No. 3347 before noted, and had been grown for but two
transfers on artificial media since its isolation from guinea-pigs
inoculated with fetal organs of the aborting sow. One of these
sows aborted 35 days after the first feeding. B. abortus was
recovered from both fetal organs and membranes, and her blood
showed an agglutination titer of 1 to 50 at this time. A week
later it was the same, but two months after the abortion it had
risen to 1 to 400, at which point it remained a month later. A
second sow aborted 37 days after the first feeding, but the
fetuses and membranes were lost. Guinea-pigs inoculated with
material swabbed from her vagina were negative and her blood

ABORTION BactinLus ATTACKING SWINE 187

remained negative to the agglutination test. The remaining
sow gave birth to five apparently fully developed pigs, which
were dead when found, but gave evidence of having been born
alive, 89 days after the first feeding. Guinea-pig inoculations
of the organs of the dead pigs were negative. The blood of the
sow showed an agglutination titer of 1 to 200 at this time, and
her milk one of 1 to 400. The titer of the blood was still at
this height a month and a half later. The sow was crippled
about the time of parturition, and was not again able to walk.
She was killed one and a half months later, and it was found
that she had been suffering from a severe metritis. It was
proved by guinea-pig inoculations that both her uterus and
udder tissue harbored the abortion bacillus.

The results of the feeding of the same strain of swine B.
abortus to the two series of pregnant sows above mentioned
indicates that the virulence of this organism ean be increased
or diminished by the character of its habitat. The culture
used in the first series of feedings, in which only one of five
pregnant sows really became infected, had been under artificial
cultivation for much more than a year, while that used in the
latter series, in which two of the three sows used became in-
fected, was the same organism recently passed through a sow.

One pregnant sow was given three feedings of cultures of
the California strain of swine abortion within five days. She
gave birth to six living pigs 14 days after the first feeding and
10 days after the last. B. abortus was recovered from the fetal
membranes by guinea-pig inoculations. The guinea-pigs showed
marked lesions of the kind produced by B. abortus isolated
from swine. The agglutination titer of her blood at this time
was 1 to 50. Two and one-half months later it had almost faded
out. ‘

CaTTLE ABORTION GERM

We have tried over and over again to infect pregnant sows
through feeding them the ordinary strains of abortion bacilli
isolated from cattle, using them in cultures, in guinea-pig tis-
sues and in fetal and placental tissue of aborting cows, but have
always failed.

PATHOGENICITY FOR CATTLE

We injected two pregnant cows intravenously, one 314 and
the other 6 months before parturition, with cultures of the In-

188 W. E. Corton

diana swine strain. They produced normal calves, and we
were not able to show by guinea-pig inoculations of placental
tissue that their uteri had become infected. One of the cows
failed to develop an agglutination reaction, while the blood
of the other had an agglutination titer of 1 to 50 at the time
of parturition, but this had entirely disappeared ten months
later.

One pregnant cow received an intravenous injection of sus-
pension of culture of the Illinois strain of swine abortion 170
days after service. She produced a living but very weak calf
220 days after service. The calf was killed before it had nursed,
and its organs and the placenta were tested for the presence of
B. abortus, by guinea-pig inoculations. Both the calf and pla-
centa proved to be infected. The guinea-pigs showed very gross
lesions characteristic of the Illinois swine abortion strain.

At the Experiment Station we have undertaken to test whether
the abortion bacillus from outbreaks of abortion among swine
may cause abortion in a herd of cattle that seems to have ac-
quired herd immunity against the ordinary strains of the abor-
tion bacillus, and if it does, whether the cattle will infect hogs.
This work is not yet complete, but has already given results
that indicate that a recurrence of abortion may follow the ex-
posure of a herd of the kind defined to the swine strain.

Bioop REACTIONS

The agglutination titer of the blood of infected sows does not
usually rise as high as that of cows, and the agglutinins seem
to be more tardy in making their appearance.

INFECTION OF BOARS

As before stated, Dr. Schroeder, and I failed to produce a
lasting infection in boars by intravenous injection. We did,
however, at a later date, succeed in doing this by injecting the
bacilli directly into the testicles. Boars infected in this man-
ner were permitted to serve and to run with sows, but the sows
produced normal pigs and agglutination tests of their blood
were always negative.

DIscussION OF RESULTS

The work of several investigators has shown that the organ-
isms responsible for abortion in sows in at least five States
are closely related to, if not identical with, B. abortus, eul-

ABORTION BaAciuLusS ATTACKING SWINE 189

turally and serologically. The work of the Experiment Station
of the Bureau of Animal Industry has shown that five strains
of this organism, isolated from swine, obtained from investiga-
tors in four States, differ from one another in their behavior
toward guinea-pigs. Yet this difference is in the degree only,
and not in kind of lesions produced. All five of the strains,
however, differ from all of the numerous cattle strains that we
have studied, in the kind of lesions they produce in guinea-
pigs. This difference is so marked and constant that we are
foreed to conelude that if the B. abortus isolated from swine
is not an actual individual variety it is at least an aberrant
type of the bacillus that, in addition to its pathogenicity for
cattle, in which it probably originated, has acquired a true
pathogenicity for swine, and with this a higher pathogenicity
for small experiment animals.

The distinct types we defined are not necessarily as far apart,
or as certainly true, separate varieties, as the human and bovine
tubercle bacilli, but their differences must nevertheless be clearly
recognized, especially as the swine strain of the abortion bacil-
lus, as we have excellent reasons to believe, may, unlike the
bovine tubercle bacillus, have the faculty of perpetuating itself
through swine.

Most investigators, I believe, who have studied abortion dis-
ease of cattle, have found that strains of B. abortus vary as
to their pathogenicity for guinea-pigs and also probably for
cattle. Some strains produce lesions in a relatively small pro-
portion of the guinea-pigs inoculated, and in these the lesions
are confined to the spleen. Some produce lesions in practically
every guinea-pig inoculated, affecting spleen, liver, epididy-
mides, lymph glands and bones, and in a few instances the
lungs and kidneys. Long cultivation on artificial media seems
to reduce its virulence for guinea-pigs, though with some strains
the reduction does not seem to be marked. We have a strain,
isolated from a cow more than a dozen years ago, which has
been kept alive in guinea-pigs and on culture media, and is
still pathogenic for guinea-pigs. The organism seems to be able
to accommodate itself to varying conditions, as is shown by
the fact that nearly everyone who studies it has his own par-
ticular culture media or method of growing it. It can be made
to grow luxuriantly under an atmosphere containing a normal
or reduced percentage of oxygen, or in one containing a large
percentage of carbon dioxid.

190 W. E Corto

Our work has shown that the pathogenicity of a strain of
swine B. abortus which has grown on artificial media for some
time is increased for both swine and guinea-pigs by passage
through sows. Is it not therefore likely that a strain of B.
abortus nonpathogenic for most sows, but barely pathogenic for
an unusually susceptible one, might be passed on by her as a
much more virulent one? The organism seems to be a strongly
mutating one, and the evidence indicates that, in addition to
the strains already pathogenic for swine, there are others, among
the many strains of widely varying potency which attack cat-
tle that may become so, if opportunity offers. Outbreaks of
abortion among cattle, due to aberrant or unusually virulent
types of B. abortus, should be carefully watched.

In the guinea-pig test we seem to have a means of differentiat-
ing B. abortus organisms that attack swine and cattle from those
that attack cattle alone, almost as certainly as we are able to
differentiate the different types of tubercle bacilli from one an-
other. It will be well worth while if investigattors who have
opportunity to do so should by means of this test determine
whether the organisms affecting the swine and cattle on the same
farms are both of the swine type, and also to test as many
strains isolated from cows as possible, to determine how com-
mon the strain pathogenic for swine is. If this is done, data
that may be of great value in the study of the swine abortion
problem will soon be available.

CoNTROL

The work of Connaway and others and that of the Experiment
Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry has proved that
when B.- abortus attacks swine it behaves much the same as
when it attacks cattle. It is harbored in the udder, may re-
appear in the uterus at a subsequent pregnancy, may be pres-
ent in the fetal membrane and discharges at an -apparently
normal parturition, and it is communicable through ingestion.
Whether the boar is a greater factor in the spread of the dis-
ease among sows than is the bull among cows. has not been
proved, but the work thus far done indicates that he is not.
It. follows, therefore, that the same measures recommended for
the control of the disease among cattle should be recommended
for its control among swine. But there is one additional con-
trol measure which must now be used for both species of ani-

ABORTION BAciILLUS ATTACKING SWINE 1913

mals, and that is the protection against possible infection pass-
ing between them.

The food habits of swine would tend to make them more
liable to pick up infection than cattle would be, but it should
be easier to eradicate the disease from swine, provided com-
munication with cattle harboring B. abortus for both species
of animals could be cut off, because of the rapid maturity of
swine and the ease with which pregnant sows ean be isolated.
Since pigs are probably immune, it ought to be possible to
develop soon a clean herd from an infected one by keeping
the young pigs intended for breeding isolated from the in-
fected stock after weaning.

In localities in which bovine infectious abortion is present
among swine the stock breeder needs to guard against abortion
coming to him through two species of animals instead of one.
The purchase of either infected cows or infected sows would
likely mean that both species of animals on his farm would
soon become infected. In bovine tuberculosis we have some-
what the same, though a more complicated problem. Tubereu-
losis of hogs is nearly all contracted from cattle, the hogs not
being able ordinarily to pass the disease on to other hogs; but
we have every reason to believe that the B. abortus that at-
tacks swine is perpetuated in both swine and cattle.

VACCINATION

It is very questionable whether the use of living swine abortion
bacilli as a means of vaccination against swine abortion is jus-
tifiable. The chances of carrying this type of abortion bacillus
to farms where it does not now exist are too great, and besides,
it is a poor policy to take liberties with an agent about which
little is known as to its possibilities for evil. That some strains
of swine abortion bacilli are very potent agents Dr. Schroeder
and I, because of our experience with them, have become con-
vineed.

It is to be hoped that we shall eventually have a safe and
efficient method of vaccination against this disease, but that
time has not yet arrived; and until it does, it will be far better
to expend our efforts in trying to eradicate the disease by other
means than to use an agent about which we know so little and
which may possess great possibilities for evil.

I believe that it is a common practice with some producers of
bovine abortion vaccine to use a number of strains of B. abortus

192 W. E. Corton

in its preparation, probably in the hope that one of the strains
will be identical with or closely related to the one against which
it is proposed to vaccinate. There is danger, even if a single
strain of the organism is used, that it may be pathogenic for
hogs. This danger is multiplied by the number of strains when
mixed strains are used. Any strain of B. abortus, no matter
what its source, intended to be used in the preparation of bovine
vaccine, should be tested, on guinea-pigs to make sure that it
will not affect swine. Otherwise there is always the danger
that the user of such vaccine, in his efforts to reduce the losses
from abortion among his cattle, will introduce an organism into
his herd that will attack both his hogs and his cattle. Vaccina-
tion against B. abortus disease is still in the experimental stage,
and therefore the use of B. abortus vaccine can not yet be

recommended. SUMMARY

I believe that I am justified in saying that the following points
have been proved by the work of several State experiment sta-
tions and that of the Experiment Station of the Bureau of
Animal Industry:

1. That the organism which causes a large share of the abor-
tion among swine is an aberrant or extra virulent type of
B. abortus; that this organism causes certain lesions to form
In guinea-pigs that are unlike those produced by the organism
commonly attacking cattle, and that the B. abortus which at-
tacks swine can be differentiated from that which attacks cattle
only, by the use of guinea-pigs.

2. That sows become carriers through infection of their udders,
and that the infection may reappear in their uteri at subse-
quent pregnancies, as in the case with cows, and that cattle
can be infected with the swine bacillus, at least by intravenous
injection.

It also seems probable, though not as yet definitely proved,
that cattle and swine are equally susceptible to the swine bacil-
lus, and that the organism originated in eattle; also that young
pigs bear the same relation to infection that calves do.

That swine abortion is a grave menace to the swine industry
seems clear. It apparently has not yet become general, but is
evidently spreading fairly rapidly from several centers in sev-
eral States. Surely intelligent efforts directed toward its con-
trol, or, better, eradication, expended now, will be richly re-
warded.

THE CONTROL OF EQUINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION
IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY

By G. H. Koon and R. A. KELsER
Captains, Veterinary Corps, United States Army

AT THE 1920 MEETING of this Association in Columbus,
Ohio, one of us” reported the occurrence of infectious abortion
among Army brood mares at the remount depots located at
Fort Keogh, Mont., Fort Reno, Okla., and Front Royal, Va.
Subsequently regulations for the control of the disease had to
be applied at Fort Robinson, Nebr., because brood mares had
been shipped to that depot from Fort Keogh. In the report
mentioned it was pointed out that between October, 1919, and
April, 1920, a total of 83 colts were lost as a result of the
infection. It was further shown that a bacterin prepared by
the Army Veterinary Laboratory was giving very gratifying
results in the control of the malady.

Since the time of the report at the Columbus meeting this
work has been continued and further study given several phases
of the problem. In the present paper it is desired to sum-
marize briefly the results to date.

Following the favorable results obtained with the bacterin
as a prophylactic agent, the administration of the same to
all Army brood mares became a routine procedure. During
the years 1920 and 1921 only mares in foal were treated. Be-
ginning this year (1922) all brood mares at the remount de-
pots, whether in foal or not, and all stallions, received the
treatment.

THE BACTERIN TREATMENT

In our early work two types of bacterin were employed, the
one administered to pregnant mares containing only one-half
the number of organisms per cubic centimeter as that given to
nonpregnant animals. Six injections, five days apart, consti-
tuted the course of treatment. Our later investigations, how-
ever, indicated that there was but very little danger of produc-
ing abortion with the full-strength bacterin. Further, as in

1Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medi-
cal Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

2 Kelser, R. A. Equine infectious abortion. Jour. Amer, Vet. Med. Assoc., June,
1921.

193

194 G. H. Koon anp R. A. KELSER

our experience abortions ceased after the second inoculation
of bacterin, it appeared that the number of injections could be
safely reduced. Consequently in the latter part of 1921 we
commenced to use a bacterin containing 114 billion organisms
per cubic centimeter (the two types formerly employed con-
tained respectively 1 and 2 billion organisms per cubic centi-
meter) and reduced the number of injections to four, adminis-
tering 1, 2, 4 and 6 cubic centimeters respectively, at five-day
intervals. While we reduced the number of injections, it was
decided to give two series of treatments during the period of
gestation rather than one, the first series to be given in the
fourth month of pregnancy and the second in the ninth month.

Thus, present regulations for the control of the disease at the
remount depots provide that all brood mares, whether pregnant
or not, and all stallions, shall receive two series of four doses
each of infectious abortion bacterin annually. Any newly
purchased brood mare or stallion received at a remount depot is
given the first series of treatments without delay, preferably
during the usual quarantine period. Thereafter such animals
receive the treatment annually with the others. Interruption
of a series by transfer to one of the other depots vitiates the
treatment already started and the course is commenced anew at
the new station. When an animal which has received one com-
plete series is transferred to another station, a second series is
not given until the regular time for the routine treatment of all
animals.

ReEsutts FoLLowING THE BACTERIN TREATMENT

During 1920 there were foaled at the depots where infectious
abortion existed a total of 195 full-term colts. There were 73
abortions shown to be due to Bacillus abortus equi and 26 abor-
tions from all other causes. This constituted a loss of 24.82
per cent of the entire colt crop of these depots, due to this in-
fection. The great percentage of these abortions occurred in
the early part of the year before the bacterin treatment was
started.

In 1921 the total number of colts born at full term was 228.
There were but two cases which proved to be infectious abortion,
and 13 abortions from other causes. Thus, but 0.82 per cent
of the 1921 colt crop was lost as a result of the disease. The
two cases that did occur were both at the remount depot at
Front Royal, Va.

ConTROL oF Equine INFECTIOUS ABORTION 195

Thus far the figures for 1922 indicate that 149 full-term colts
have been foaled. There has been a total of 6 abortions of non-
infectious type, but not a single abortion which could be attrib-
uted to B. abortus equi.

These figures speak for themselves, requiring no further ex-
planation.

As previously indicated, the bacterin injection is well borne
by the animal. To date over 1,500 treatments have been given,
and so far as those who have administered the same can tell,
no abortions or other ill effects have resulted therefrom. In
the fall of 1921 an affection among the brood mares at the
Fort Robinson depot was reported as possibly due to the
hacterin injection. Investigation, however, proved the ailment
to be infectious anemia, and in no way associated with the bae-
terin treatment.

EFFEcT OF BACTERIN TREATMENT ON SUBSEQUENT COMPLEMENT-
FIXATION TESTS

Another point studied in connection with this work was the
effect of the bacterin injection on subsequent complement-fixation
tests for the diagnosis of the disease. Several thousand speci-
mens of blood serum, taken at different periods from animals
inoculated against the disease, were subjected to the serological
test. The results obtained indicate that serum specimens from
the vast majority of animals thus inoculated give positive re-
actions to the test, and that their serum will continue to give
such reaction for several months.

The complement-fixation test, therefore, is of but little value
when employed with vaccinated animals. However, as pointed
out in the report at the Columbus meeting, the complement-
fixation test, while highly valuable in establishing the presence
of the infection in a particular group when a number of animals
are tested, is not to be relied upon in diagnosing the disease in
individual animals. This conclusion was based on the finding
of aborting mares whose blood serum gave negative reactions
to the serological tests while the specific organism of the disease
was demonstrated in large numbers in their vaginal discharges
and fetal membranes. Thus the loss of the use of the comple-
ment-fixation tests with animals which have been inoculated
against infectious abortion is not a serious loss, because the
greatest value of the test with animals among which the disease

196 R. H. Koon anp R. A. KELSER

has previously occurred would be in identifying individual
cases.
ANTI-ABORTION SERUM

In our early work an antiserum was prepared against B.
abortus equi with a view to employing the same, either alone,
or simultaneously with the bacterin, in the event it was found
that the larger doses of bacterin would produce abortion in
pregnant mares. As no such trouble was experienced, the
preparation of the serum was discontinued.

CONCLUSIONS

Equine infectious abortion, due to Bacillus abortus equi, can
be effectively controlled by the use of properly prepared bac-
terins.

Mares, even though in advanced pregnancy, suffer no ill ef-
fects from the administration of equine infectious abortion bae-
terin.

The bacterin treatment renders the complement-fixation test
for the diagnosis of the disease practically valueless with ani-
mals thus treated. However, this is not a serious consequence,
in view of the fact that the serological tests can not be con-
sidered reliable in diagnosing the disease in individual cases.

APPROVE TUBERCULOSIS CURE

The British Red Cross, after careful investigation, has decided
to purchase the vaccine treatment against tuberculosis originated
by Henry Spahlinger, the Swiss biologist, and a contract for
the sale has just been signed in London.

The Spahlinger laboratory will be continued and others will
be established. A number of American patients, many of them
advanced cases and some given up by physicians, are now un-
der treatment in Switzerland and all are reported to be showing
improvement.

The Spahlinger discovery was announced in Paris early in
1914. Little more was heard of it until after the war, but
within the last year or two it has attracted considerable atten-
tion, notably on the part of the British scientists and officials.
The serum can now be made, it is stated, as cheaply as the
ordinary smallpox vaccine.

THE X-RAY IN CANINE PRACTICE:

By GerorGE P. Frost
Chicago, Tllinois

TO THE SMALL-ANIMAL PRACTITIONER the X-ray
is as useful, and I may say as great a necessity as it is to the
physician. In the correct diagnosis of fractures, determining
the position of broken bones, the types of fractures, the X-ray
is well worth the trouble and expense to which its use puts the
practitioner. There is a great scarcity of literature on the
use of the X-ray in veterinary practice; in fact that is the
chief reason for bringing up the subject for discussion. The
small-animal practitioner who makes use of the X-ray in his
work should come forward and give the profession the bene-
fit of his experience.

I first became interested in the X-ray by having some personal
fractures photographed, having thus become satisfied that it
was practicable to use in canine work. I then canvassed sev-
eral X-ray laboratories until one was found that would do the
work after office hours.

Since the automobile has come into such common use in-
juries to dogs, consisting of fractures and luxations, are be-
coming very common in canine practice. This brings before
us the advantages which we obtain from the use of the X-ray
in those accidents, particularly in injuries of the long bones
of the legs, ribs, and especially also of the pelvis and the skull.

With the aid of the picture the exact condition of the bones
can be determined, and this also shows the manipulations neces-
sary to reduce the fracture. It does away with all guesswork
on the part of the operator and allows him to make a correct
diagnosis and prognosis of the case.

Another angle from which to view the usefulness of the
X-ray in small-animal practice is from the point of view of
the owner. It educates the owner regarding the fact that you
are a scientific man and not simply a dog and eat doctor, as
so many kennel men claim to be.

As an advertising medium it is a suecess. Many owners like
to talk of the ailments of their pets and are glad to spread the

1 Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medi-
cal Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

197,

198 GrOoRGE P. FROST

information among their friends that their doctor had an X-ray
picture taken of some part of their pet’s anatomy, and that they
had seen the picture of the injury. This brings us a lot of ef-
fective and desirable publicity at a small cost.

In hip-joint dislocations the X-ray shows whether luxation
is simple or complicated with fracture of the head of the femur.
In simple luxations the exact relationship of the affected part
and adjacent structures is revealed so that we can easily decide
how and where to apply traction in order to obtain desired
results.

Other very common injuries that we meet with in dogs and
cats are affections of the phalanges due to bites. When wé
receive such eases in our hospital we usually find a badly swollen
paw, with several fistulous openings—conditions caused by a
diseased phalanx. This is another class of cases where the
X-ray is of great help. As a means of locating the character
and position of foreign bodies in the stomach and intestines the
X-ray is invaluable.

The average dog is very easily handled under the X-ray ap-
paratus. To obtain a picture of the pelvis or the femur, place
the patient upon its back on the plate, flex its legs, have the
operator bring the machine into the proper position over the
subject, talk to the animal and soothe the patient all the while,
and you will find that nine times out of ten you will obtain a
perfect picture.

In photographing medium-sized or small dogs, place them on
their backs with their heads held in the hollow of your arm,
holding the dog’s left hind paw with your left hand, the right
hind foot with your right hand, flexing both of the subject’s
legs and spreading them slightly so as to steady the patient.

As to the financial side of the business: We can not expect
very substantial rewards at present; first, because the work is
new with dog owners; second, a majority of our patrons can
not afford to spend much money on their pets; third, the more
reasonable the charge, the more frequently will we be able to
interest our patrons in the benefits to be derived from the use
of the X-ray. Laboratories charge from $3 to $5 for a picture.

A case that serves to illustrate the point was in a mature
Boston terrier that was brought to my office by Mr. N. The
history given was that he had found the dog while driving in
the country; that the dog carried its right hind leg flexed and

THe X-Ray In CANINE PRACTICE 199

would not bear weight on the member. Manipulation of the
parts failed to reveal evidence of fracture and caused no mani-
festations of pain. The X-ray showed complete displacement
of the head of the femur. Reduction was effected under anes-
thesia, a plaster cast was applied beginning at the hock, cover-
ing both hips and extending forward to the lumbar region.

DISCUSSION

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: Dr. Frost has the distinction of presenting the
first paper to the veterinarians on the use of the X-ray, and he has
some pictures he will exhibit.

(Dr. Frost exhibited X-ray pictures of various fractures, etc.)

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: Are there any questions you would like to
ask Dr. Frost?

Dr. W. H. Ketiy: I had a case of a fox terrier that had a wound
on the pelvis that had been there about a year and would not heal.
I took the dog to the hospital and had an X-ray taken and found
the dog had been spayed, and the person who did the operation used
a prcebe to locate the uterus. and the probe was left in for a year.
The X-ray showed the probe. I immediately removed the cause
and had good results.

I had another case of a dog that had trouble in the left legs. I
had an X-ray picture taken and it showed a complete fracture of
the radius, and the other was a greenstick fracture. I am sorry I
haven’t the pictures with me. I recommend the X-ray for diagnostic
purposes.

A magazine writer says the dog fills an empty space in a
man’s life. This is especially true of the hot dog.—dHartford
Times.

The one-hundredth birthday of a Belgian veterinarian, Dr.
Benoit Demol, was recently observed with a celebration in
which his professional brethren and fellow townsmen honored
him. He entered the Government Veterinary School at Cureg-
hem in 1844, soon after its organization, and graduated in 1848.

The problem of bovine tuberculosis from the standpoint of
human health has recently been taken up in France, following
a request by the Council of Hygiene of the Department of the
Aisne asking the compulsory application of the tuberculin test
to cows whose milk is sold to the public and demanding that
all cows with positive reaction be sent to the slaughterhouses.
This proposition was not accepted by the Academy of Medicine,
it being stated that the only way of warding off the transmis-
sion of tuberculosis by milk was to boil the milk.

GASTROENTERITIS IN SMALL ANIMALS’

By O. V. BRuMLEY
Professor of Veterinary Surgery, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio

THE SUBJECT of gastroenteritis is one of great importance
to the practicing veterinarian beeause the condition presents
many difficulties both from the standpoint of an accurate diag-
nosis and the application of proper treatment. Owing to the
various kinds of food taken by small animals and the fact that
such food often contains either foreign substances or preformed
toxins, this condition is of very frequent occurrence.

In many cases in small animals it is wise and advisable to
consider the condition from two distinct standpoints, namely,
gastritis and enteritis. A large number of cases present typical
symptoms of a gastritis without any involvement of the lower
portion of the intestinal tract, while on the other hand the oppo-
site is true, the intestinal tract being of primary importance.
In considering this condition it is well, therefore, to keep in
mind some of the more common factors producing the various
degrees of inflammation and intoxication.

1. We believe that errors in diet, from the standpoint of either
too large a quantity or improper quality of food, produce a
large number of cases presented to us in practice for treat-
ment. Frequently animals are presented to us for treatment
with a history of loss of appetite, vomiting, ete., and upon in-
vestigation this condition is found to be due to some irregularity
in feeding or in the kind of food given. It is often observed
that the eating of food containing preformed toxins, such as
from decomposed cadavers, produces a very serious form of in-
flammation of the entire digestive tract. It is very difficult to
keep small animals from ingesting such substances, and during
the warmer months of the year we may expect many cases of
gastroenteritis from this source.

2. The condition is often brought about by various toxic sub-
stances. It is very common, I find, to have small animals
poisoned, accidentally or intentionally, by one of the corrosive
poisons—carbolic acid, corrosive sublimate, phosphorus, arsenic,

1Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medi-
cal Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

200

GASTROENTERITIS IN SMALL ANIMALS 201

and some of the various combinations of rat poisons. These
constitute a very common source of the trouble. These materials
when taken by small animals naturally produce a serious form
of the condition, and as a rule the entire digestive tract is
affected. In some districts powdered glass is very frequently
administered to produce inflammation of the intestinal traet and
ultimately bring about the death of the animal. It is common
to observe symptoms of poisoning in a whole flock of birds as a
result of sodium chlorid or some similar substance given to them
in too large a quantity with the food. Our observation has
shown that in these cases an intense gastroenteritis is the usual
postmortem finding. In the consideration of this condition in
small animals, therefore, it is very important that these sub-
stances be taken into consideration early in making a diagnosis,
so that proper treatment can be applied, and, if possible, to
counteract the poison present.

3. Some cases of gastroenteritis are produced by administer-
ing foods that are too hot and when swallowed produce con-
gestion of the membranes, which may lead to an inflammation.
Many of such cases confine themselves to the anterior portion
of the digestive tract.

4. In dogs and eats we find a very serious form of the
disease as a result of specific infections. Many eases of dis-
temper in these animals have their primary focus of infection
in the digestive tract. A large number of the cases of dis-
temper in dogs begin with the symptom of loss of appetite and
vomiting. This indicates to us that the primary focus of in-
fection evidently is to be found in the stomach. It produces
a gastritis and may also involve the lower portion of the tract.
I think most practitioners will recall many eases of this kind,
which might easily be mistaken for some other type of gastro-
enteritis. When the case is considered suspicious of being dis-
temper, have the animal quarantined for at least a few days
in order to make an accurate diagnosis, especially to eliminate
the possibility of its being this disease. In cats there is at
present throughout the country a disease which has caused a
great deal of trouble. It is no doubt a specific disease in which
the infection begins in the digestive tract and ultimately ends
in a severe form of gastroenteritis. In some districts it is be-
coming very difficult to raise these animals on account of this
particular disease. I think it is wise, therefore, always to

202 O. V. BRUMLEY

consider gastroenteritis in these animals from this standpoint
and keep them in quarantine in order to avoid infection of
other animals. I think most of the hospitals for small animals
in this country have had considerable experience with this
specifie infection in these animals. Other infections, no doubt,
play an important part in the production of some forms of
gastroenteritis. It would seem, therefore, that this etiological
factor should be considered seriously when making a diagnosis
in these small patients.

5. Practically all small animals have certain species of para-
sites. It has been our experience that some of these species
of parasites, at least, produce rather serious disturbance in
the digestive tract. Aside from the mechanical interference
with the function of these organs, it is no doubt true that certain
excretions from the parasites lead to irritation of the mem-
branes and in some eases to general intoxication. Other species
of parasites produce direct irritation to the membrane, caus-
ing, eventually, inflammation, thickening of the membranes and
marked general disturbance. All cases presented that show
a low-grade inflammation should always be examined for para-
sites. This condition is observed in all species of small animals,
especially where animals are segregated. It is wise, we believe,
to make a regular practice of examining them for parasites in
order to avoid later trouble from the standpoint of either gas-
tritis or enteritis or both.

6. It has been a disputed question whether or not the sub-
jection of these animals to extremes in temperature will pro-
duce gastroenteritis. We have had quite a few cases which
showed evidence of the condition, and as far as could be deter-
mined no other etiological factor was present. Perhaps reduced
resistance, as a result of the exposure, plays the most important
part in the production of the condition. Naturally, the reduced
resistance would allow infection to take place, would disturb the
normal function of the organs, and perhaps, as a result of this,
gastroenteritis would be brought about.

A great many other conditions might be enumerated which
no doubt have something to do with producing gastroenteritis,
but we believe we have named the more important things that
should be considered from a practitioner’s standpoint. The
reason for mentioning these different factors is that when a
ease is presented for examination and diagnosis we should keep

GASTROENTERITIS IN SMALL ANIMALS 203

in mind the various possibilities that will produce such a condi-
tion, and, if possible, find out the specifie cause. Naturally
many cases will be presented to the practitioner where a diag-
nosis is impossible, but we should try to reduce this number to
aminimum. The more accurate the diagnosis can be made, the
more successful we will be in controlling the conditions that
are presented and also in many eases in protecting other ani-
mals from infection, ete.
SYMPTOMS

Vomiting occurs early and is one of the most prominent symp-
toms, especially when the stomach is primarily involved. This
symptom is of very frequent occurrence in the most severe forms
of the condition. In the early stages the vomitus consists of
undigested and decomposed food material covered with mucus,
streaked with blood and having a disagreeable odor. The odor
in these cases is characteristic of that form of gastroenteritis
produced by ptomaines or decomposed food. In some cases
when due to chemical causes the odor of the poison will be de-
tected. It is often observed that specific poisons produce more
or less characteristic odors when decomposed or chemically
changed. As the condition continues the vomitus will consist
almost entirely of mucus, sometimes mixed with bile. When
only the stomach remains affected, these may be the most promi-
nent symptoms. ;

Most eases of severe gastritis are usually followed by involve-
ment of the intestinal tract. Our experience has shown that it
is very difficult to distinguish between gastritis and enteritis,
especially when it is produced by ptomaines, chemical poisons
or specific infection. As a matter of fact the entire tract is
usually affected. When the lower intestinal tract is involved
the symptoms will vary with the intensity of the cause and the
part affected. In the milder cases the symptoms are those of
diarrhea due to functional disturbance of the bowels. In severe
eases this symptom is present and the discharges are usually
mixed with blood. The latter condition is observed particularly
in the cases of poisons and specific infection in all the small
animals. The odor of the drug may be present. Severe ab-
dominal pain is a prominent symptom when either the stomach
or the intestines are involved. The severity of this symptom
will depend somewhat upon the cause and also upon the tem-
perament of the individual animal.

204 O. V. BRUMLEY

In birds gastroenteritis is usually ushered in by a marked
diarrhea with admixture of considerable blood with the dis-
charge. This is especially true following such conditions as
cholera or chemical poisoning.

A chronic type of inflammation of these organs is of frequent
occurrence and in most cases is evidenced by loss of appetitite,
or it may be variable, constipation and diarrhea alternating.
The general condition of the patient is usually bad, the animal
showing more or less emaciation and general cachexia. <A dis-
tinction should be made between the acute and chronic form
of the condition, and this is usually not difficult when the his-
tory of the case is taken into consideration and the symptoms
Shown by the patient. We have found quite a variation in the
symptomatology of gastroenteritis, due mostly to variation
in the etiological factors.

The diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis is not difficult from the
standpoint of determining the presence of a severe inflammatory
condition. The determination of the etiological factor producing
the condition sometimes presents considerable difficulty. It is
always advisable to determine, if possible, the cause of the
condition so that proper treatment may be applied. We have
found it to be highly desirable to examine all of the discharges
to find out, if possible, the definite contents and the probable
condition of the intestinal mucosa. In as much as the causative
factors are so varied, we do not believe it possible to treat such
cases successfully unless the diagnosis is established from this
viewpoint. We will all agree, however, that there are many
cases where the exact causative agent can not be found. The
treatment, it seems to me, depends to quite an extent upon the
cause producing gastroenteritis.

In making our examination of the patients we should also
take into consideration palpation over the region of the stomach
and bowels to note the degree of sensitiveness, fullness, ete. In
all cases of gastritis, pain will be shown on palpation in that
region. This is also true when the lower portion of the digestive
tract is affected. The temperature is a good indication of the
progress of the disease and forms an index as to the cause. A
normal temperature should not be considered a favorable sign
in all cases, because it might be just at the point of dropping
to subnormal. A careful examination is advisable in all cases
in order to make the diagnosis as accurate as possible.

or

GASTROENTERITIS IN SMALL ANIMALS 20:

TREATMENT

In the early stages of the condition, especially with strong .
patients, all food should be withheld for at least 24 to 48 hours,
and then food should be given only in small quantities in an
easily digested form. This should be observed for several days
following the inception of the condition. In weak individuals
small amounts of beef broth or milk may be allowed unless it
produces vomiting. The diet of our small patients during the
course of such a condition is very important on account of the
deranged function of the mucous membrane. Perhaps it is
advisable to eliminate all food for at least two days in most
of the cases.

When only the lower portion of the digestive tract is involved
the animal usually has a good appetite and considerable food
will be taken, only to produce disturbance after it passes through
the stomach. Therefore, such cases sfould be particularly
watched from the standpoint of diet.

Medical treatment will depend a great deal upon the condi-
tion found upon examination. The use of an emetic is indicated
in the early stages of poisonings, ete., in order to empty the
stomach and prevent the toxic substances from passing on down
to be absorbed and produce general intoxication as well as in-
flammation of the lower part of the digestive apparatus. We
have found apomorphin to be the most dependable preparation,
especially for dogs and eats. The dosage should be carefully
considered on account of the depressing effect of a too large
dose. Following this treatment I would recommend irrigation
of the stomach with a 2 per cent solution of sodium bicarbon-
ate. The object of this treatment is to remove irritating ma-
terial from the stomach and also to correct extreme acidity that
may be present. We have found that a practical way of intro-
ducing the solution is by the use of a small rubber tube which
is inserted into the stomach with a funnel attached to the free
end. The solution can be introduced in any quantity desired.
By depressing the end of the tube the fluid can be syphoned out.
It is advisable to allow the fluid to remain in the stomach a
few minutes in order for it to mix witn the contents and to
dissolve the mucus. This operation should be repeated until
the solution comes away clear.

Following this treatment I would recommend the use ot
stomachie tonics. For this purpose there is a wide choice of
preparations. Jron and quinin citrate have given us good re-

206 O. V. BRUMLEY

sults. Tineture nux vomica or gentian may also be used for
this purpose.

When the intestinal tract is also affected I would recommend
the use of purgatives, preferably castor oil or magnesium sul-
phate in sufficient doses to remove all irritating material from
the tract. After a free cathartic action, the administration of
astringents and styptices is advisable. If the condition is found
to be due to certain definite causes, then the treatment must
be applied to counteract those things. It is rather difficult to
prescribe definite treatment in all cases because of the many
variations in the etiological factors. We as_ practitioners
should particularly observe these facts in treating all cases
showing evidence of gastroenteritis.

In many eases of this condition it is advisable, in dogs, to
wash out the entire intestinal tract with a soda solution fol-
lowed by an astringent antiseptic such as tannic acid, iron
sulphate, ete. When this operation is performed it is advisable
to introduce these solutions in dilute form in 1 to 1% per cent.
This operation is performed in most cases without much diffi-
culty by the introduction of a flexible rubber tube with a fun-
nel attached to the free end. The solution is poured into the
tube and allowed to gravitate slowly into the bowels. When
no obstruction is present the fiuid will flow into the stomach
and be ejected through the mouth. In birds a small syringe is
preferable. The amount of fluid to introduce will depend upon
the condition. This method of irrigation can be modified to
suit conditions. We found several cases that responded readily
to treatment after this operation had been performed. In very
weak individuals normal salt solution may be introduced by the
same method to produce general stimulation. Stimulants may
also be given in dilute solution in the same manner.

In chronic cases treatment must be varied according to the
condition. We have found the same general line of treatment
advisable, but it must be modified according to the needs of
the patient.

We must consider the various forms of gastroenteritis in our
small patients as being serious and handle them with the utmost
care in order to accomplish good results. I think the important
thing in all such cases is an accurate diagnosis if it is possible
to make it. At any rate, we do not believe rational treatment
ean be applied without knowing rather definitely what the
conditions are.

DISCUSSION OF PAPERS IN OCTOBER JOURNAL

Some of the papers presented at the recent A. V. M. A. con-
vention were published in last month’s JourNAL, but up to the
time of going to press with that issue the official report of the
discussions which followed those papers had not been received
and could not be published along with the papers. Those dis-
cussions are therefore printed herewith.

DISCUSSION OF PAPER ON “THE HANDLING OF THE FIS-
TULA OF THE WITHERS IN PRACTICE,” BY B. W. CON-
RAD.

(See Paper in JOURNAL for October, 1922, page 37.)

Dr. H. E. BEMIS: I am sure we are all interested in this very prac-
tical and well prepared paper. Probably most of us treat fistulas as
a matter of necessity rather than choice. Nevertheless I have found
a great deal of satisfaction coming from these operations when
they are carefully done, as Dr. Conrad has outlined.

Kegarding the cause of fistula, Dr. Conrad stated that it was
immaterial, but I think it is important from one phase of the sub-
ject. I believe that oftentimes there are conditions on the premises
which bring about a large number of fistulas in that particular
place. We often get history of low sheds, or in Iowa, where we have
timber pastures, overhanging limbs which the animals come in
contact with, and we think in some cases at least we have been able
to control apparent outbreaks (if I might speak of it in that way)
of fistula of the withers by removing those conditions which we
think are causes of this condition. I believe it is important for
the practitioner to help his chent out in trying to prevent this condi-
tion from occurring.

In regard to the operation, I certainly agree with the author of
the article in the fact that the patient should be thoroughly prepared
and completely controlled. There is no excuse for operating under
any other conditions. Of course, the circumstances, as he stated,
will modify the method of control to some extent.

Regarding the operation, I think that the supraspinous bursa
is almost invariably the seat of the original inflammation, and in
most cases you will find that a drainage opening just underneath
the rhomboideus muscle will drain that area. My particular point
in making the lateral incision is to get to the deep face of the
rhomboideus muscle without going through the deep layer of fascia
which immediately underlies it. That drains the process in most
cases but does not go through the underlying fascia, which, if opened,
in some cases allows migration into the deeper layers of the neck.
Furthermore, I like the median line incision over the top of the
withers in most cases, because then I have an easy access directly
down upon the process and can explore it both from above and from
the side, and I feel that I can do a more thorough operation in
finding exac.ly the depth of the pocket and in removing all of the
diseased tissue.

CHAIRMAN MULDOON: I would like to take the liberty of asking Dr.
Ferguson to talk on the subject.

Dr. T. H. FERGUSON: I didn’t hear either one of the doctors men-
tion draining tubes in connection with the operation. I have had
some little experience with handling fistula of the withers. The first

207

208 , DISCUSSION OF PAPERS

ten years I used to play with caustics and never got very good re-
sults. The last sixteen or seventeen years I have been doing the
median line operation, and my procedure is about as follows: If
the horse has high withers, I don’t extend the incision back over
the high part of the withers. If on the other hand the horse has
low withers, I extend it back farther; but if the necrotic ligament
extends back involving the supraspinous ligament, or the hind
part of the withers, I dissect that out subcutaneously. Where the
condition is caused by some injury to the dorsal vertebra at the
highest part of the fracture or an injury to the cartilage of pro-
longation—we get those cases, and sometimes there is an enormous
swelling on each side from a fracture, and that swelling is filled
with serum and has dissected its way back under the rhomboideus
muscles and back between the cartilage and the withers, and there
is more or less diseased tissue back there—I make the incision well
forward just the same, and then dissect out as far back as I can
subcutaneously, and then very often I use a drainage tube. If
both sides are affected, I use the drainage tube, but instead of apply-
ine it laterally across the neck I place it in between the cartilage
of prolongation and the high point of the withers, making the
opening posteriorly and letting it protrude anteriorly and under the
rhomboideus muscle. That drains them out quicker than any other
method that I have used. As soon as you make a good, big incision,
remove the necrotic ligament and keep the wound clean for a few
days; give it a good start and keep it clean afterwards. By letting
the air in, nature will slough out any little necrotic tissue that you
happen to miss incising, and you get perfect drainage that way.

In other cases I just put the tube in laterally, from above down
through and under the muscle on one side, and the same on the
other. I use a half-inch rubber tube that is perforated. I have
operated and not used the tube, but I find that I get better results
by using a perforated tube. Those tubes are not hard to keep clean
if you use a good, long tube and perforate it just through the
center. In cleaning them we use one of those hair brushes similar
to the water-bottle brushes.

We find in our practice that the majority of cases of fistulous
withers start in the supraspinous bursa just above the second dorsal
vertebra or along in that region, above and a little anterior to it.
Occasionally, however, an entry of the posterior angle of the cartilage
of prolongation or fracture of the vertebra will cause a large swell-
ing and an accumulation of fluid that will keep seeking the least
resistance until it is apt to form away back almost to the saddle
seat, and sometimes away ahead. Those cases are rather confusing
until you withdraw the fluid and make your incision and explore
may be with the hand or with instruments, when you can determine
the exact condition. Of course if the cartilage of prolongation has
been broken or part of the scapula has been broken, it is necessary
to remove the fractured part. If it is partly attached, it is often
necessary to separate it with a knife or saw. In case of a diseased
vertebra or a diseased shoulder blade, curetting lightly is better than
curetting deeply, because nature will exfoliate that diseased part
better than we can do it, and if we cut it off or curette it off too
much, she is doing to exfoliate it just the same. So it is better to
rely on nature doing it, as she will do a better job than we do. If
you provide drainage, let the air in and remove most of the necrotic
material.

I have found that the majority of cases will do well with just the
one operation, and it is the most economical way for the owner. The
one job takes care of it if it is well done.

DISCUSSION OF PAPERS 209

DISCUSSION OF PAPER ON “DISPENSING AS AN ASSET TO
THRE VETERINARY PRACTITIONER,” BY CHARLES W.
BOWER.

(See Paper in JOURNAL for October, 1922, page 39.)

Dr. HAMLET Moore: I probably have a little advantage over the
average veterinarian in the line of dispensing. I am a graduate in
pharmacy and served ten years in the drug business. I conduct
a pharmacy of my own that is equipned with all the best and latest
drugs that are on the market. But there are things in Dr. Bower’s
paver as to which I differ with him.

People come into my office and ask for a bottle of cough sirup or
worm medicine for a dog. I have yet to put up my first bottle of
medicine or bottle of tablets or anything else. I simply make the
statement that I will not prescribe without seeing my patient. I
ean see the disadvantage of that in this way: If you begin to put
up medicine when a man comes in and asks you for it, you will
oe be sitting in your store putting up medicine in place of making
calls.

I make as much money on my medicine as anybody. because I was
taught when voung to get the monev. though I am not on the order
of the man who said his father told him, “‘Get it honestly if you can,
but get the money.” I fisure on getting mine honestly. I do not
believe in counter prescribing.

One day last week an Italian came to me and said. “You treated
this mule for us so long ago. She has got exactly the same condi-
tion as she had when you treated her before.” I said, “Well, I am
not taking your diagnosis for it.” He said. “Doctor, if you don’t,
we don’t think your treatment is right.” I said, “I am sorry for
your diagnosis. but that is my position.”” The man went home and
said to his father, “Dr. Moore won’t sell us that medicine.” His
father said, “We have got to have him; te’enhone for him.” He
telephoned. and I went down there. I got $8 for the case and $2
for the medicine. Now I could have sold him that medicine for $2
and I would be $8 short. That condition prevails all the time.

As I said, I am a druggist. I have worked in the drug business
from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Lakes to the Gulf.
I have worked in only two drug stores—one in Boston and one in
New Orleans—where substitution was prohibited.

When the average man or woman brings a dog to me I usually
find they have given it castor oil and vermifuge. and sometimes I ask,
“Why don’t you give it a paint douche ard finish it up?” The aver-
age man who thinks his dog has worms will give “————’s vermifuge,”
and there is no remedy on the market that is as disastrous as that.
This vermifuge gives me more practice than all the rest of the
druss on the market put together.

You simply have got to undo what the druggist has done. I make
it plain to my client that this dom is in a conditinn that I have
got to undo what has been done before I can adopt treatment. I
tell them, “I am going to do what I can for you and promise you
nothing.”

Dr. Bower brought out one very good point about the bottle and
the label. There is not a veterinarian in the city of New Orleans
besides myself who uses a bottle unless it is an embalming fluid
bottle or a beer bottle. There is not a veterinarian in the city of
New Orleans who doesn’t write a label that he can hardly read him-
self. I put a typewritten label on mine. They will dispense tablets
that you can’t tell whether they are whitewashed or chrome yellow,
and take a card and write with pencil on it: “Put one tablet in a
quart of water and give him fifteen drops when you think of it,”
or something of that kind.

210 DISCUSSION OF PAPERS

If the veterinarian will adopt the system of putting up his own
medicine, the precautionary measure of Dr. Bower’s is probably very
fine; but I don’t suppose that there are three men in this body who
have such a variance of prescriptions that they can’t remember. A
short time ago a man who has a kennel club said, “Doc, what do you
use for a dog?” I said, “It makes a lot of difference; it depends on
what is the matter with the dog.” He said, “Well, So-and-So said if
your dog has diarrhea, use I. Q. and S.; if he has constipation, use
I. Q. and S.; sore throat, I. Q. and S.; lame in the left hind leg,
I. Q. and S.” He went through for a long time and gave I. Q. and S.
I don’t believe there are more than three men in here who have such
a varied line of medicals that they can’t remember them, notwith-
standing the fact that I think the precaution is a very gocd one.

My medicines pay me about $200 or $300 a month. When I first
graduated I prescribed because I was in a country town, and I
learned several months afterwards that the druggist had a special
file for my medicines. He had numbered them and carried them in
numbers, and it was only a question of time before somebodv from
the country would come in and say, “You remember that mule that
Dr. Moore treated. Wonder what it was he gave me,” and he was
prescribing from my prescriptions and teking a chance whether he
was right or wrong. I believe the thing to adopt is not to prescribe
without seeing your patient. (Applause.)

DR. QUITMAN: Dr. Bower and Dr. Moore struck some very varying
points. Dr. Moore, however, while not disparaging entirely, threw
just a little bit of cold water on the keeping of prescriptions, under
the contention that a veterinarian relies largely on certain pet formu-
le. The point that I wish to drive home is that the veterinary pro-
fession is making giant strides toward advancement. In the last
ten years, in the last fifteen years, and in the last five years it has
improved intellectually and has improved physically in appearance,
in business methods and all. I agree most heartily with Dr. Bower
that every veterinarian. or ninety-nine out of a hundred, dispensing
his own medicine should keep a prescription file just as soon as he
gets money enough to lay in a stock of drugs, not only for the
reasons that Dr. Bower gave—he gave you a number of good
reasons as to why you should keep a prescription file—but they are
the best legal proof that you can offer in case you are accused of
poisoning s %me animal; and I don’t care how innocent you are,
sooner or later you are apt to be accrsed of po’soning somebody’s
animal. If the horse or dog falls over dead iust as soon as you give
it a dose of medicine, they are liable to acuse vou of poisoning it.
If you can show the court that you are careful, that you even wrote
a prescription for that medicine, you have an advantage. You can
take that prescrintion into court and it can be viewed by experts on
the other side. You want to fill that prescription out. as Dr. Bower
said, just as though you were going to the drvug store. That will
then inculcate into the minds of the court and the iury that you are
careful, that you wrote that prescrintion first and you swear that
you filled it according to that prescription.

Then Dr. Moore made al'usion to the fact that so manv of us
use a certain pet prescrintion that we can remember. All true;
have a prescription on file for these; give them a number. I am
using today one ef my pet prescriptions that I prescribed years ago.
Every assistant I have soon comes to know that 208 is our one best
seller. Even if I am using resular stock remedies that are put up
by the gallon or five gallons. they have a number and that number
goes on the prescription. That creates the idea of carefulness.

I think that the majoritv of points have been covered, except I
want to go one point further in the appearance of the packages
that are given out. I dispense every bottle with a very neat bottle

DISCUSSION OF PAPERS 211

cap. The paper bottle caps are corrugated; they are very inexpen-
sive, and you will find that two sizes are all that you need, a No. 4
for small bottles and a No. 6 for large bottles. The small ones
cost 35 cents per gross and the large ones 40 cents per gross, and
the added appearance that they make to a bottle is worth considerable
to you. It attracts attention to your package from the other fel-
low’s package. It makes the client feel that you are careful, that
you are neat, and if you are neat, you must be careful. These paper
caps are put on either with a turn or two of string, tied neatly,
or with a rubber band. They also aid in retaining the cork, so
that in careless handling of the bottle by the person taking it away
-from your pharmacy the cork will not come out.

Another point not mentioned, although alluded to by Dr. Bower,
was in refills. Do not refill a dirty bottle or send it back with a
dirty label. When a bottle comes to you to be refilled, that bottle
should be cleansed, and if the label is soiled, as it is apt to be, put
on a fresh, clean Jabel. If the cork is dirty and filthy, put in a new
cork or wash that one. ;

I was glad to hear Dr. Bower say that the dispensing stimulates
study of materia medica. I hope he is right. The Lord knows that
is one thing that the veterinary profession requires—some stimulus
to the study of materia medica. And this thing of using stock pre-
scriptions is the greatest detriment that our profession can have—
I mean the practitioner’s portion of the profession. While we can
not avoid having perhaps half a dozen stock formule, in most in-
stances where yeu examine a patient you should put your medicine
specially suited for that case, ard in that instance write a prescrip-
ticn and follow out the other points named in Dr. Bower’s excellent
paper. (Applause.)

DISCUSSION OF PAPER ON “CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS ON
CATARRHAL MASTITIS IN THE COW,” BY LOUIS A.
KLEIN.

(See Paper in JOURNAL for October, 1922, page 25.)

DR. FERGUSON: I would like to ask Dr. Klein a question relative to
the treatment of catarrhal mastitis. He states that he usually recom-
mends frecuent milking as a feature in treating catarrhal mastitis.
I have tried both ways. In some cases of apparently contagious
catarrhal mastitis where there was a decided tendency for ranid
diminution in the milk sunnly, in addition to cutting down on the
feed and administering carthartics, followed by diuretics, we have
had very good success in not m‘lking, letting them miss a milking,
with the idea that frecuent milking not only milked out the bac-
teria, but it milked out the leucocvtes, and we have to depend in
these caces a great deal on the leucocytes for renair or for overcoming
the condition. I have handled a number of outbreaks in that way,
and I wish to get Dr. Kle‘n’s opinion on that one point.

Dr. KTEIN: I was not discussing the treatment of the infectious
type of catarrhal mastitis. The system that I described has been
applied to the treatment of the noninfectious type. I have never
tried the plan followed by Dr. Ferguson. I can see reasons for be-
lieving that it might be desirable, as he says it would permit the
leucccytes to remain in the affected part of the udder, and so take
up the offending bacteria. Before I pass on from that point. I
would say that Dr. Ferguson has a very good foundation for his
treatment in the fact that it is practically the same as the B'er
treatment of inflammation. I remember that treatment consisted
of putting some elastic bandage around the inflamed part to retain
tke blood in that part. In working with these cases of noninfectious
catarrhal mastitis I have always found the milk to contain an abund-
ance of leucocvtes. In fact, the excessive number of leucocytes

212 DISCUSSION OF PAPERS

persists for some time after the bacteria have disappeared and
after the milk has taken on a normal appearance, and after all
clinical symptoms of the disease have disappeared. Because of that
observation I am not certain that it is necessary to permit the re-
tention of this infected material in the affected quarter. However, I
haven’t had any experience whatever, or rather very slight ex-
perience, in treating the infectious type of catarrhal mastitis. My
experience has been very largely with the noninfectious type that
occurs in those dairy herds which are forced for high milk production.

UNHOOKING THE HOOKWORMS IN FIJI

The carbon tetrachlorid treatment for the removal of hook-
worms, developed by experiments by Dr. Maurice C. Hall, is
meeting with great success in the Fiji Islands, where it is being
used on the natives on a large seale. ‘‘Talking of doses,’’ writes
a correspondent in Fiji to an Australian relative, ‘‘all Fiji is
taking carbon tetrachlorid, the new hookworm cure, and a great
improvement on the old one of chenopodium oil, which was
drastic in treatment and expense. But the American Dr. Lam-
bert, with his assistants, reckons he can do the whole of Fiji for
200 pounds sterling (less than $1,000). The dose seems to me
like a tiny bubble of gas in a spoonful of water, which slightly
burns (the throat). About six hours after a dose of salts is
necessary, and nearly everyone is tons better in health after it.’’

A number of laboratory animals (rabbits) which had been
inoculated with anthrax or bubonic plague in the course of the
production of antiserums and vaccines were stolen from the
official antiserum and vaccine institute at Naples. It is to be
hoped that any resulting harm was limited to the person who
committed the theft.

The French veterinary profession is agitating the question
of having the national veterinary schools confer the doctor’s
degree in veterinary medicine or veterinary science instead of
the present title of veterinarian. The faculties of the three
schools (Alfort, Lyons and Toulouse) have passed a resolution
urging the creation of the doctorate and proposing as the most
practicable means of accomplishing this that the veterinary
schools be attached to the respective universities. The matter
is under consideration by the Ministry of Publie Instruction.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

(Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this depsrt-
ment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful
to others in the profession.)

OBTURATOR PARALYSIS

By A. R. GALBRAITH
Garfield, Washington

DURING the months of April and May, a number of brood
mares in this section of the State (Whitman County) were
stricken with a paralytic condition of the hind quarters shortly
after foaling. In eight cases that I came in contact with, each
one followed dystokia due to an abnormally large fetus, and
all of them terminated in death. Five of the mares were my
own cases, and I was ealled in for consultation on the other three.
I was not present at the time of foaling of any of the mares.
In each case but one the owner and his rural assistants, through
the help of block and tackles, wire stretchers and strong arms,
removed a dead colt. Within three or four hours, the owner,
becoming alarmed at the mare not being able to arise, sent out
an 8. O. S. for help.

Upon arrival we find the patient down, with use of the fore
quarters, but the rear end will not function properly. Some
mares, being extremely nervous, especially if it is their first
colt, become restless and make repeated attempts to arise,
while others, apparently aware that something is wrong, will
not. try so frequently. After a careful examination has been
made to determine whether or not a fractured pelvis or fracture
of some other bone is the cause, and after hearing the history
of a large fetus and of help being necessary to remove it, one
is forced to the conclusion that the paralysis must be caused
by pressure on some nerve.

A survey of the anatomy of the hind quarters will show that
the gluteal and obturator nerves are the ones we are chiefly
concerned with in this condition. The obturator nerve is de-
rived from the ventral branches of the last three lumbar nerves.
It runs backward and downward just above the external iliac

1Presented at the Northwestern Veterinary Medical Association meeting, Van-
eouver, B. C., July, 1922.

213

214 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

vein, then it turns inward above the obturator vein and passes
through the obturator foramen in front of that vessel. This
nerve supplies impulse to the external obturator, the pectineus,
gracilus, and the short adductors of the leg. If only one obtura-
tor nerve is contused the animal may be able to walk, but might
need assistance to arise. Then the limb would be held in ex-
treme abduction, but weight could be borne on the affected mem-
ber. When both obturators are injured the symptoms are
entirely different. In the eight cases observed this year none
of them were able to get up. I used slings on the first two,
but had to admit that in this condition, owing to the extreme
nervousness, they are contraindicated, as the majority of pa-
tients will fight them. Neither of the two that I used them on
were able to stand on their feet, due probably to the moving
of one of the feet which caused the legs to slip apart and the
animal would fall upon the pubis.

Treatment.—Strychnin in my opinion should be avoided in
this condition, as it will tend to cause too much excitement.
I have noticed that better results are obtained by using digitalis.
Chloral hydrate can also be given if the patient becomes rest-
less. The placenta is retained in most of these cases. Of course
it should be removed immediately. Then catheterize. This
should be done at least three times a day, as well as to remove
from the rectum any accumulated feces there. There seems
to be a semiparalysis of the muscles of the rectum and the
bladder, as none of the cases observed could defecate or urinate.
The animal should also be turned over very often, in fact, after
the second day as often as every thirty minutes, as it will tend
to decrease the restlessness.

Prognosis.—Unfavorable.

Conclusions.—I have laid more stress on the obturator nerve
than on the gluteal because in the latter (according to Williams)
the paralysis will disappear in from two or three days to three
weeks. When the gluteal is affected the paralysis is generally
unilateral, while in obturator paralysis due to the abnormally
large fetus in all the cases I have observed the paralysis was
bilateral. The obturator nerve can be injured in two places
from the fetus—where the nerve passes over the lumbosacral
articulation and where it rounds the margin of the obturator
foramen.

If the patient should happen to be one of the kind that is

CLINICAL AND CAsE REPORTS rey

not very nervous when afflicted, then slings might be applied
and the hind feet tied together to prevent abduction. But
personally I am opposed to the use of slings in this condition.
The main issue is stimulation without increasing the nervous-
ness, frequent catheterization and if necessary an anodyne like
chloral hydrate or cannabis indica.

AN OUTBREAK OF RABIES

By J. T. QUARLL
Avondale, Pa.

THE OUTBREAK of rabies here reported, in my opinion,
is of interest because it shows the necessity for close inquiry
as to when animals were actually exposed to infection, as well
as the value of the single dose rabies vaccine.

About March 5, 1922, a stray dog, showing clinical symptoms
of rabies, passed through Avondale, Pa., and fought with sev-
eral dogs, one of which was owned by Mr. Howard Brosius.
This dog was severely bitten. The stray dog disappeared and
all trace of him was lost.

On April 8, the Howard Brosius dog developed rabies, fought
with several other dogs in the community and also attacked
a cow. The cow was severely bitten on the head.

The cow and all of the dogs that we knew had been ex-
posed to infection from the Howard Brosius dog were given
canine rabies vaccine, single dose treatment, from two to four
days after this exposure. ,

Of the total number of animals vaccinated, three dogs de-
veloped rabies in from 4 to 6 days after having been vaccinated.
The balance of the animals, including the cow, failed to develop
rabies.

It is impossible to cause rabies by injecting the particular
product used, under the skin of an animal. In view of this fact,
and in view of the fact that these animals developed rabies
in from 4 to 6 days after having been injected, the vaccine
could not have caused the disease, and it, therefore, was freed
from blame.

However, I wanted to know more about these cases and upon
investigation it was found that the animals that developed
rabies, subsequent to vaccination, were animals owned in the

216 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

vicinity of the Howard Brosius premises and were animals that
had been exposed to the original stray dog that passed through
Avondale about March 5. At least 5 weeks had elapsed be-
tween date of their first exposure and date of vaccination, and
in about 6 weeks, after being exposed to the stray dog, these
dogs developed rabies.

I am strongly in favor of using the single dose rabies vaccine
as a prophylactic, and look forward to the day when it will be
required that all dogs be licensed and immunized against rabies.
However, my experiences show that the single dose treatment
is not only a prophylactic but will also prevent the develop-
ment of rabies in animals that have actually been exposed to
this disease, if the treatment is given within a reasonable time
after exposure.

A single injection is probably all that is necessary for small
animals and two treatments (10 ec.) for horses and eattle.
However, I have no hesitancy in using two and three injections
on the small animals and two to five or more on the larger
animals at one to three day intervals. I have had no bad results.

One of the vaccinated dogs, that has come through without
developing rabies, was severely bitten about the head, neck
and throat, besides other smaller wounds on the body. One
large ugly lacerated wound in the vicinity of the angle of the
inferior maxilla, opened into the buccal cavity and was very
hard to heal.

The wounds received treatment in about 12 to 18 hours, but
the dog was not vaccinated until the third day after exposure.
This dog received three single dose treatments. Two full doses
(10 ¢.c.) were given as the first treatment and the other single
(5 @.c. each) dose treatments were given at three day intervals,
a total of 20 cc. being given.

The cow referred to in this report is worthy of special men-
tion because three doses of the single dose treatment held this
animal, in spite of the fact that she was badly bitten about
the head. First treatment was 15 ¢.c. and second and third
treatments 10 ¢.c. each. The treatments were given at two and
three day intervals, a total of 35 ¢.c. being given.

In very severely bitten cases I have no hesitancy in using two
or more doses for dogs and three or more doses for cows and
other larger animals for the first treatment.

~1

CLINICAL AND Case Reports 21

ANOTHER CASE OF BLACKLEG IN SHEEP

By Hap.eigH Mars
Montana Livestock Sanitary Board, Helena, Montana

TWO YEARS AGO this laboratory reported the occurrence
ot blackleg in a bunch of sheep. Our diagnosis was confirmed
by Miss Heller of the University of California, who recovered
a typical strain of the bacillus of blackleg from material from
one of these sheep. Recently another specimen was sent to this
laboratory by Dr. C. H. Stevens of Stevensville, Montana, from
the muscle of the thigh of a sheep, from which we recovered and
isolated in pure culture the bacillus of blackleg.

We do not have a complete history of this case. The sheep
was sheared June 12, was sick June 13, and was unable to rise
on June 15. The left hind leg was swollen from the hoof to
the hip. Three or four other sheep died out of the same bunch,
but we do not have complete information as to the extent of
the loss.

The muscle specimen was dark red and spongy, having an
appearance exactly similar to the characteristic dark, spongy
muscle found in eases of blackleg in cattle. A portion of the
affected muscle was ground in a mortar with salt solution, and
the suspension was injected into the thigh of a guinea-pig. The
guinea-pig died in 36 to 40 hours. Postmortem showed swelling
of the inoculated leg and the flank, the muscle being hemorrhagic
and emphysematous. There was only a small amount of sub-
cutaneous gas. The peritoneum was slightly congested. The
internal organs were apparently normal. Smears from the
muscle showed a spore-forming bacillus corresponding mor-
phologically to Bacillus chauveaut. Smears from the surface
of the liver showed a number of rods, some of them in pairs,
but no chains or filaments.

Cultures from the heart blood in liver-brain medium developed
a pure culture of a large Gram-positive bacillus showing spore
formation and many irregularly staining ‘‘orgont’’ forms. The
cultures were nonproteolytic, there being no blackening of the’
brain medium nor of lead acetate test paper. Shake cultures
in 1 per cent dextrose-agar developed minute pin-point colonies,
with no radiations. A second guinea-pig was inoculated with a
liver-brain culture and died in 36 to 40 hours. Smears from
the surface of the liver showed numerous bacillary forms, many

218 CLINICAL AND Case REPoRTS

in pairs, and a few fours, but no long chains or filaments.

The reactions of this organism in artificial cultures and in
the guinea-pig establish the diagnosis of blackleg.

When the specimen was received at the laboratory I expected
to find Vibrion septique and make a diagnosis of malignant
edema due to wound infection after shearing. The finding of
blackleg instead of malignant edema in this case lends support
to the idea that the blackleg organism is not necessarily spe-
cifically connected with outbreaks of blackleg as generally recog-
nized, but that this organism may be the cause of sporadic and
occasional cases of blackleg in cattle and sheep and _ possibly
other animals. In other words, when an animal receives a
wound of a nature favorable to the development of anaerobic
bacteria, it is more or less a matter of chance whether the bacil-
lus of blackleg, Vibrion septique or some other anaerobe will
be the invader.

NEW VETERINARY HOSPITAL

Early in October ground was broken for the new veterinary
hospital of the Kansas State Agricultural College, at Manhattan,
Kansas.

The new building will stand directly opposite the old Armory,
which was the first building erected on the campus of the col-
lege. Thus the oldest and newest structures will face one an-
other.

The hospital building will be constructed at a cost of $100,000.

Dr. B. L. Lake has given up his private practice at Oregon,
Ill., to accept the position of County Veterinarian for Whiteside
County, Ill., to devote his entire time to tuberculosis eradica-
tion. His previous experience of nine years in general practice
at Tentopolis, Ill., and of one and a half years as veterinarian
and Assistant Manager at the Sinnissippi Farms, should be of
great advantage in carrying on the duties of his new position.

Dr. Wm. Moore, State Veterinarian, and Dr. C. C. Watts,
Assistant State Veterinarian, of North Carolina, have completed
a law course and were granted a license to practice law by the
Supreme Court of North Carolina, on an examination held
August 21, 1922.

ABSTRACTS

THE DuRATION OF THE INFECTIOUS PERIOD IN APHTHOUS FEVER
(Foot-AND-MoutH DisEAsE). Charles Lebailly. Comp.
Rend. Acad. Sci., vol. 174 (1922), no. 24, p. 1580.

Classical treatises and current opinion are in accord as to
aphthous fever being infectious for several weeks. The sani-
tary police regulations impose a quarantine of at least 15 days
following the cure (disposal) of the last case of aphthous fever
in an outbreak. Then, it is important for the struggle against
the epizootic, to determine exactly, if possible, the extent of
the period during which animals attacked are capable of trans-
mitting the disease. This idea presents a leading interest for
experiment.

The experiments, the results of which I report, were made in
the stable, principally on bovines of Normandy breeding, young
or old, excluding females in the period of lactation, on which,
for material reasons, it has not yet been possible for me to ex-
periment. The virus that I used came from an outbreak in the
vicinity of Caen, where it was procured in the course of an
epizootic in December, 1920. I kept it alive by passing through
susceptible animals. The form of disease thus induced ap-
peared from the third to the seventh day.

If, at the first indication of a rise in temperature till the
rupture of vesicles took place, I brought a susceptible bovine in
contact with the sick one, the former infallibly contracted the
disease. Its temperature increased at the end of 48 to 72 hours—
it was a classic infection.

If, on the other hand, I allowed 4 days to pass after ae ap-
pearance of the first vesicle, which in general follows closely
after the initial sign of fever and manifests itself exteriorly by
the appearance of slobbers, and then brought into the stable a sus-
ceptible animal, it did not become infected. There was com-
plete contact between the two animals, both were hitched to
the same ring for 6 hours, they ate from the same rack and
manger, they drank from the same receptacle, and shared the
same litter, and after the 6 hours of contact the susceptible
animal oceupied the place of the sick one. No disinfectants of
any sort were used. My stables are like those on farms where

219

220 ABSTRACTS

the disease has a free course, the animals subjected to the in-
fection had all facilities for picking the germs (virus) of aphthous
fever from the walls, the beams, and the remains of litter from
the preceding days.

During this period of contact the sick animal presented a
lamentable aspect; the ulcerated (inflamed?) vesicles were
partly covered with a grayish deposit, shreds of epidermis (mu-
cous membrane) were still being detached, a mossy froth came
from the mouth, and there was heard at intervals the character-
istic sucking sound.

It is the current opinion that at this stage this animal is
highly infectious, that it must be disinfected as well as the
objects it has soiled. However, for 8 months in the localities
where I experimented I suppressed completely the use cf dis-
infectants; my new animals were brought into the stables with
the sick ones on the fourth day following the appearance of
vesicles. I have never under these conditions observed a ease
of infection. It goes without saying that my new animals were
quite susceptible, a fact proven 15 days or a month later by
the inoculation of the virus or by direct contact during the viru-
lent period of the disease, when they were always infected.

Thus it appears that in the evolution of aphthous fever we
must distinguish two periods. The first period obscure, im-
possible to diagnose through observation, is fully more danger-
ous since it can not be recognized except by thermic rise of
temperature. As soon as there is noted a thermic rise, if only
of a few tenths degree, the animal disseminates the infection
wherever it goes and transmits the disease, unsuspected, to
others which spread it in the same way.

On the other hand, the second period, which attracts the at-
tention of even unqualified observers, does not, in the least,
merit the terror which it inspires. The disease at that stage
is most painful to the animals, but when they have slobbered
for four days they are incapable of transmitting aphthous fever.

The conclusion reached through my experiments is that the
disease is propagated in the animals only during the period of
invasion and incubation, which time is very short. These ob-
servations explain the weakness of sanitary measures applied
when epizootics have reached a certain development. The most
radical measures, such as slaughter, attain nothing more than
supervision and sequestration of primary centers.

ABSTRACTS 221

In a period of epizootic the animals that have slobbered for
four days are less suspicious than those of healthy appearance,
as they are then inoffensive since the virus of aphtous fever has
died within them. The healthy appearing animals are the ones
that should be quarantined before being introduced into an
indemnified herd. T. P2 ME

THE VETERINARIAN AND THE LIVESTOCK SERVICES IN THE UNITED
States. C. Lopez y Lopez. Revista de Higiene y Sanidad
Peecuarias, Madrid, vol. XII (1922), no. 5, pp. 220-250.

In this article, the nature of which is indicated by the sub-
title “Impressions of a Traveler,’’ the author describes his
visits to the laboratories of H. K. Mulford Co., Lederle Anti-
toxin Laboratories, the Veterinary School of the University of
Pennsylvania and the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry and
discusses in a general way the differences between conditions
here and conditions in Spain.

Full information is given regarding courses of instruction,
ete., at the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School and
there is also a general discussion of veterinary education in the
United States.

The organization and work of the U. S. Bureau of Animal
Industry are taken up in some little detail, with a brief de-
seription of the work of each division. The Bureau is, in the
author’s opinion, the greatest organization of its kind in the
world, and worthy of imitation by other countries.

Tue Licking Hasir In CatrTLE AND Its Causes. N. Zuntz.
Abst. in Biedermann’s Zentralblatt, vol. 1 (1921), part 1,
pp. 33-34.

The analogy between the symptoms of licking disease and
those induced by depriving young growing animals of certain
constituents of protein, such as tyrosin, is, according to the
author, so striking, that we are compelled to suppose that the
habit of excessive licking in cattle is due to the absence of one
or more of the substances necessary for the development of the
body. Further, the grazing experiments made by the author,
the success of applying a dressing of sodium nitrate to the
pastures, and the fact that the second cutting suited the ani-

299 ABSTRACTS

mals better than the first cutting of hay, all suggested that the
trouble was due to a deficiency of protein.

The richer the forage in protein, the easier becomes the elimi-
nation of the constitutents which are not used in metabolism.
Further, in many eases, the real remedy for the licking disease
may consist, on the one hand, of increasing the absolute amount
of protein, and on the other of giving protein of a different
composition by altering the constituents of the forage, or the
fertilizer, or using forage of a different quality. The drying
of the forage may also have some effect, seeing that under nat-
ural conditions certain components are washed out by the rain,
and that the action of the sun produces chemical changes affect-
ing some important substances present in fresh grass.

The author, after a consideration of all the data referring
to the licking disease, and the conclusions that may be drawn
from them, recommends the following prophylactic measures:

(1) Care should be taken that sodium should not be lacking
in the forage. The rest of the mineral constituents should form
a basic mixture containing 600 to 750 mgm. of alkali equivalents.

(2) The protein content of the ration ought to be increased
by the addition of concentrates rich in protein (linseed cake)
suitable for ruminants.

(3) Hay must be made of the youngest grass possible; this has
recently been advised by Neubauer as the best means of remedy-
ing the lack of protein in forage intended for growing stock.

(4) In conclusion, the author lays great stress on the neces-
sity of further experiment to determine whether the good ef-
fect of sodium nitrate observed by him is to be attributed to
the sodium, or the nitrogen.— (From Internat. Rev. of Sci. and
Prac. of Agric., Nov., 1921, p. 1436.)

THe KEEPING QUALITIES OF DILUTED TUBERCULIN. A. Eloire,
Ree. Méd. Vét., vol. 93, no. 7, April 15, 1922, p. 200.

Ordinary tuberculin intended for subcutaneous injection.
kept for seven years (1914 to 1921), was found to have re-
tained apparently unimpaired its diagnostic properties when
used for the intradermic and palpebral tests. The tuberculin
was contained in small bottles with rubber stoppers tied with
cord, and the bottles were wrapped in colored paper, so that
the product was protected from air and light. It contained
phenolized water as a diluent.

ABSTRACTS 223

A COMPARATIVE Stupy oF Bovine ABortTION AND Maura FEvEr,
FROM THE BACTERIOLOGICAL Pornt or View. Z. Khaled. Jour.
Hygiene, vol. 20 (1921), no. 4, pp. 319-329. Abst. in Trop.
Vet. Bull., Aug. 31, 1922, p. 78.

In the investigations detailed in this paper 13 strains of B.
melitensis, 10 of B. abortus, and 3 of B. paramelitensis have
been examined. They are said to be representative of strains
isolated in America, on the Continent, and in this country.

The author supports the view put forward by Meyer and
Feusier that a special genus—‘‘ Brucella’’—should be made for
these three organisms.

A brief account of the morphology and cultural characters
of the organisms is given.

In a section devoted to methods of infection the author states.
in connection with B. abortus, that after abortion takes place
‘The animal recovers and then either remains sterile or aborts
soon after service, generally after two months. * * * The
males apparently act as carriers. The causal organism can be
isolated from the spleen, liver, testes, seminal vesicles and uter-
ine discharges, as well as from the milk; the fetal membranes,
stomach, amniotic fluid and cotyledons as a rule give pure cul-
tures. Isolation and disinfection are very effective measures.”’

Although 26 strains of the three organisms are mentioned in
the early part of the paper, the ae later states that 30
were used.

In the agglutination tests, details of the results with only 9
of these are given. Of these, 3 were B. melitensis, 2 B. para-
melitensis, and 4 B. abortus.

Antisera, prepared from rabbits, were used against all of
these. A serum was considered satisfactory only when it caused
agglutination with the homologous organism in a dilution of
1 in 6,400.

Anti-melitensis serum agglutinated B. melitensis and B. abor-
tus to about the same extent, and was practically inactive with
B. paramelitensis.

Anti-abortus serum agglutinated all the nine strains to about
the same extent, while anti-paramelitensis serum was active al-
most exclusively with its homologous organism, no agglutination
taking place with any of the other strains in dilutions above
1 in 200.

224 ABSTRACTS

In the absorption tests the results obtained with only five or
six of the strains used are given, and only B. melitensis and
B. abortus were used.

B. melitensis removed from anti-melitensis serum all agelu-
tinins for B. melitensis and B. abortus.

B. abortus removed from anti-melitensis serum all agglutinins
for the same organisms.

B. abortus removed from anti-abortus serum all agglutinins
for B. abortus and B. melitensis.

B. melitensis removed from anti-abortus serum all agglutinins
for B. melitensis, but not those of B. abortus; this organism
was still agglutinated in dilutions of 1 in 800 after the absorp-
tion.

In a single experiment, inoculation of a monkey with B. abor-
fus was found to confer some degree of immunity against a
subsequent inoculation with B. melitensis; the control monkey
showed a febrile reaction to the test inoculation, which lasted
a month, and continued to lose weight.

In regard to the pathogenicity for man, the author states that
he has seen cases in Egypt which were typical undulant fever,
confirmed by laboratory diagnosis, in persons who have never
ingested goat’s milk. He suggests that B. abortus bears to
B. melitensis a relationship similar to that of cowpox to small-
pox.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN B. MELITENSIS AND B. ABorTUS,
Banc. J. Skarie. Zeitschr. f. Hygiene u. Infektions-
krankh., vol. 95 (1922), no. 3, pp. 358-364. Abst. in Trop.
Vet.Bull,, Aug.315 1922-9. 79:

The author has carried out a number of tests with different
strains of abortion bacilli and Malta fever organisms and with
immune sera prepared by means of these. The results are
parallel with those obtained by other investigators.

He suggests that agglutination shown by the serum of pa-
tients with Malta fever bacili may possibly be due to agglu-
tinins elaborated as a result of the ingestion of milk containing
abortion bacilli.

iw)
bo
Oo.

ABSTRACTS

THE TREATMENT OF MALTA FEVER AND CONTAGIOUS ABORTION
OF CATTLE WITH COLLARGOL AND SIMILAR PREPARATIONS.
H. Ziemann. Deut. Med. Wochenschr., vol. 47 (1921), no.
18, p. 500. Abst. in Trop. Vet. Bull., Aug. 31, 1922, p. 79.

The author states in this brief note, that he has been able to
effect a cure in cases of Malta fever by intravenous injections
of a two per cent solution of collargol. The dose was from 2 to
4 ce.

In one ease a single injection sufficed, but in others a second
injection was given. In the absence of further cases upon which
to try the method he has turned his attention to contagious abor-
tion because of the similarity of the causal organisms. It is
not clear that he has actually carried out any experiments in
this connection. No results are given.

Keeping MinK By THE ADDITION oF Porasstum DicHROMATE
WITHOUT INJURING TUBERCLE BACILLI PRESENT IN THE
SAMPLE. Krautstrunk and Forst. Zietschr f. Fleischu.
Milchhygiene, vol. 32 (1922), no. 10, p. 121.

The addition of 1 to 100 potassium dichromate to milk does
vot destroy the virulence of tubercle bacilli after 12 days contact.
Fifty per cent of the guinea-pigs injected with this material die
with symptoms of poisoning after a few days. Guinea-pigs
inoculated with milk contaiming tubercle bacilli preserved for
» and 7 days with potassium dichromate in the proportion of
i to 500 developed extensive tuberculosis. An addition of
potassium dichromate in the proportion of 1 to 500 prevented
the coagulation of milk at room temperature for a period of
about 3 weeks. The development of bacteria in milk was pre-
vented to a notable degree by the addition of potassium dichro-
mate in the proportion of 1 to 500. Milk samples intended for
examination for tubercle bacilli are best preserved with potas-
sium dichromate in the proportion of 1 to 500.

‘‘Hum,’’ murmured the doctor absently, as he cut into his
restaurant steak. ‘‘Hum, patient very sentile, with extreme
hardening of the tissues.”,—New York Sun.

REVIEWS

Pou.try Diseases. B. F. Kaupp, B. S., M. 8., D. V. M., Path-
ologist and Poultry Investigator, Animal Industry Division,
North Carolina Agricultural College. Published by Alex-
ander Eger, Chicago, Ill., 1922. Price $2.75.

The publication of the third edition of ‘‘Poultry Diseases,’’
by Professor B. F. Kaupp, has just been announced. This edi-
tion contains 342 pages and 134 illustrations, and is divided
into twenty chapters, as follows: Anatomy, Sanitation, External
Parasites, Internal Parasites, Diseases of the Digestive Tract
of Fowls, Diseases Due to Bacteria, Constitutional Diseases,
Diseases of the Respiratory Passages, Diseases of the Liver, Dis-
eases of the Ovary and the Oviduct, General Diseases, Tumors,
Diseases of the Brain and Nerves of the Fowl, Bacteria of the
Intestinal Tract of the Fowl, Composition of the Egg, Malfor-
mation, Fractures-Wounds-Anaesthesia, Castration or Caponiz-
ing, Foods Poisonous to Fowls, and Poultry Remedies.

The range of Dr. Kaupp’s work is apparent from the chapter
titles and that it is popular among poultrymen and _ veteri-
narians is evident from the fact that already the third edition
has appeared upon the market. The new edition appears in
attractive form; the illustrations are clear, the paper and bind-
ing are of good quality, and, most important of all, it shows
great care in the selection, preparation and arrangement of
the subject matter. The diseases and care of poultry are sub-
jects that are steadily increasing in importance. Dr. Kaupp’s
work on poultry diseases is found in the library of many of our
veterinary practitioners and the new up-to-date edition no doubt
will get a welcome reception. UG He

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS. A. Wolff-Eisner.
Leipzig, 1921; p. 188; published by Tauchniz. With 16
plates and 15 figures. (Translated from Bulletin de 1’In-
stitut Pasteur, vol. 20, p. 567.)

This first part of the work, which is to comprise three parts
in all, is devoted to the specific diagnosis of tuberculosis, espe-
cially to the tuberculin reactions.

226

-1

REVIEWS ; 22

The first of five chapters concerns the technic and different
methods of application of tuberculin (cuti-reaction, ophthalmo-
reaction, ete.) (pp. 1-41).

The value of the tuberculin reaction in different affections
(internal pathology, dermatology, gynecology, pediatry, oph-
thalmology, laryngology, ete.) is the subject of the second chap-
ter (pp. 42-128).

The third chapter (pp. 129-193) gives a brief résumé of the
processes susceptible of facilitating diagnosis and which the
authur terms auxiliaries, such as agglutination after Courmont-
Arloing, the fixation reaction, activation by means of cobra
venom after Calmette, the opsonins and dialysis after Abder-
halden.

An entire chapter (pp. 144-163) is given to a treatise on sub-
cutaneous injections of tubereulin: technic, indications and
counterindications, diagnostic value and complications.

Finally, the fifth and last chapter (pp. 164-182) examines the
question of diagnosis from the social, economic and _ political
points of view; the part to be taken by the army, insurance
companies and rural economy (bovine tuberculosis).

The fame of the author makes it unnecessary for us to em-
phasize the rigorous scientific care which characterizes the work.
What gives it a special value is that the author is not only a
laboratory man of recognized competency, but is also a well-
informed physician, never having lost contact with the clinic.

WISCONSIN HAS ONE-FOURTH OF COW-TESTING
ASSOCIATIONS

The 115 cow-testing associations in Wisconsin equal almost
one-fourth of all the associations of the country. Twelve of
these associations have been organized since December 1, 1921,
and the membership in the State now numbers about 3,300
farmers owning 55,000 cows.

The aims of the associations have been to weed out unprofit-
able cows and to feed the animals balanced rations for maximum
milk production. Records of the associations show the value of
high-grade cows and purebred sires. Last year 335 purebred
bulls were purchased by the associations and 83 scrub bulls re-
placed by purebreds in 59 associations.

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

A BRITISH ARMY VETERINARIAN ON AMERICAN
HORSES

SOME interesting observations on his experiences in the
purchase of horses and mules in the United States for the Brit-
ish Army during the war are contained in a paper presented
by Dr. C. W. Cartwright before the North Wales Veterinary
Association and published in The Veterinary Record.

‘“The purchasing points,’’ he says, ‘‘were situated chiefly in
the big cities of the horse-raising districts of the Middle West, of
Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, and even as far
west as Ogden, in Utah, while mules were obtained principally
from St. Louis, the Southern States, and as far south as San
Antonio, in South Texas.’’

The procedure of examining animals before purchase was as
follows: ‘‘Paces shown, mouth and eyes examined, forelegs
handled, trotted, backed, turned, ete., and, if satisfactory, passed
down to have temperature taken and be ridden for wind. Seldom
could the hind legs be handled without special precautions;
to do so was to court disaster. In the wind test the horse was
ridden by expert cowboys, who, by the way, well earned their
high pay. I never saw one unseated unless the horse fell.”’

Artillery and heavy horses of the Percheron class, he says,
were good and plentiful. ‘‘Belgians, Clydesdales and Suffolks
were also met with, while Shires (generally of very indifferent
quality) were seldom seen. Shires are not popular in America.
Riding horses were indifferent, lacking in that great essential,
‘good shoulders.’ Cow ponies of mustang type were hardy and
capable of good service, while the Standardbred saddle horse
of Kentucky, so prized in America, was tried but found lacking
in stamina. Pacing horses were not purchased.”’

The rejections for veterinary reasons were many, and included
age, respiratory diseases, defective vision of all kinds, periodic
ophthalmia in all its stages, even to total blindness; usual dis-
eases of bone and cartilage and wire cuts of all kinds. Laminitis
and dropped soles were very common in horses, but, curiously,
he did not meet with any in the mule. Shivering and stringhalt
were, however, common in mules. Of all the diseases encount-

228

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 229

ered in animals after purchase, catarrhal or shipping fever with
its resultant complications formed the greatest percentage of
cases. The mallein test was applied as daily routine.

‘‘Towards the end of the day,’’ continues Dr. Cartwright,
‘‘when the contractor’s horses had all been shown, smaller fry
in the dealing world would, by arrangement, be allowed to pre-
sent animals for inspection. As a rule they belonged to the
Jewish fraternity, could ‘guess’ more than the truth, and were
past masters in the art of faking. To mention a few conditions
—hbishoping, vicious horses doped for the day, inflation of
atrophied or sweenied shoulders, also hocks to mask a small
spavin, curbs singed and flattened, sand-cracks neatly filled,
cocain occasionally used, roarers with nostrils plugged high up
with one or more small rubber balls or lemons tied to a string
—if opportunity presented they would be removed.’’

In conclusion Dr. Cartwright says of American horses and
mules, ‘‘I am sure we are agreed that, though our debt to the
British war horse and mule is great, our debt to them is greater.”’

A DEFINITION OF BOVINE VIRUS

In his series of favorite stories Irvin Cobb relates the fol-
lowing :

In a rural district in Indiana is a general practitioner of
medicine, who covers up a wide and comprehensive range of
ignorance under an impressive front. Among the natives he
passes for a veritable fount of wisdom.

One evening he walked into the country store, and the store-
keeper, addressing the congregated loafers about the store, said:

‘Now we can find out about it.’? He turned to the newcomer.

‘‘Say, Doe,’’ he said, ‘‘there’s a question come up that we
want you to settle. I been readin’ in the paper here about this
here new bovine virus that them foreign doctors is usin’ now.
Just what is bovine virus, anyhow ?’’

The oracle scarcely hesitated.

‘‘Bovine virus,’ he said, in his most oratorical manner, ‘‘de-
rives its name from the man that discovered it—the eminent
French scientist, Dr. George W. Bovine.”’

‘‘There, now,’’ said the storekeeper, facing the audience, ‘‘!
told you the Doe would know if anybody did.’’

ASSOCIATION NEWS

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Proceedings of Fifty-ninth Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Mo.,
August 28 to September 1, 1922

(Continued from the October JOURNAL.)
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 29, 1922

The second general session convened at 1:35 p. m., President
Kinsley presiding.

Report oF COMMITTEE ON HISTORY

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: The first thing that we will have will be
the report of the Committee on History. Dr. Mayo, the Secre-
tary, has the report of Dr. Adams and will read it.

(Secretary Mayo read the report, as follows:)

Since the Denver meeting the chairman of this committee has con-
tinued to gather facts relative to the history of our profession in
these United States, and respectfully submits the following as ac-
complished and indicative of the status of ycur committee’s work:

1. Veterinary schools. The important facts relating to the origin,
growth and influence of the several private, State or Provincial
schools from which veterinarians have been graduated have been
ascertained thus far solely from printed catalogs and other official
publications. These data must be considerab’y augmented and given
a personal touch through correspondence with present or past offi-
cers of these schools. Your committee has felt that this part of its
work was less urgent and could safely be considered last, because
such histories are largely matters of record.

2. Biographic sketches of the makers of veterinary history—
those pioneers in American comparative medicine who constituted all
there was of our profession between thirty and fifty years ago—
shou'd give the chief interest and value to the history. Much ma-
terial is on hand, but much more is needed. May we not count upon
your hearty cooperation when we ask you for such information?

3. State veterinary associations and the legal enactments of the
several States by which the profession has been given rec>gnition,
protection and assistance have been a matter of investigation and
record. It is expected that during the coming year this will be
completed, sifted ard properly embod‘ed in our report, at least
so far as the older States are concerned.

4. History of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. Dur-
ing the past year Dr. U. G. Houck, a former member of this com-
mittee, and for some years past an official of the B. A. I., has con-
tinued the preparation of an accurate and fairly complete historical
sketch of the B. A. I. With the consent of the Chief of the Bureau,
Dr. Houck has collaborated with the chiefs of the several divisions,
and announces, August 14. 1922, that the sketch is about completed.
It will consist of at least 560 pages of manuscript and will make about
225 pages of printed matter.

5. History of the A. V. M. A. This will be given very briefly,
because it is now largely a matter of printed record, in its minutes
and proceedings.

230

PROcEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 231

In conclusion, your committee believes the completed history of the
veterinary profession in the United States and Canada will be ready
to submit to the A. V. M. A. at its next annual convention and
craves your patience till then. JOHN W. ADAMS, Chairman.

On motion of Dr. O. Faust of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., it was
voted that the report be received and the committee continued.

Report’ OF EXECUTIVE BoaRp
PRESIDENT KinstEy: The Secretary has a partial report from
the Executive Board, particularly referring to the election, of
new members.
SECRETARY Mayo: The following applications for membership
have been favorably recommended by the Executive Board:

Mosley, Thomas, Duncan, Okla.
Farquharson, James, kort Collins, Colo.
Olson, Edgar L., Prescott, Ariz.
McKitterick, James A., Greenwood, Mo.
Shake, Frank Curtis, Hutsonville, Ill.
Wallace, William A., Ashland, Ky.
Strader, H. N., New Hampton, lowa.
Wilhams, Edgar A., Aurora, Nebr.
Gartell, J. V., Lincoln, Nebr.

Wesner, Marnie E., Ohio, Ill.

Rose, G. A., Toronto, Canada.

Head, William M., bradford, Ill.

Cook, O. A., Arrowsmith, Ill.

Davis, D. E., Manhattan, Kans.
Sartorius, George Raymond, Athens, ll.
Randall, Raymond, Washington, D. C.
Grove, BE. E., Newell, Iowa.

Pease, James F., St. Louis, Mo.

Lipe, V. R., Raymond, IIl.

Villeneuve, J. H., Montreal, Quebec.
Rhodes, Howard C., St. Albans, Vt.
Thompson, Henry R., Kansas City, Mo.
Long, R. S., Upham, N. D.

Thompson, William A., Elmvale, Ontario.
Beckmay, C. H., Humboldt, Iowa.
Henderson, C. J., Newman Grove, Nebr.
Gilliatt, Floyd, Decker, Ind.

Leider, L. S., Howard, S. D.

Barber, John W., Exeter, Nebr.

Tobias, David D., Lincoln, Nebr.
Leffler, David, Bronx, N. Y.

Fletcher, Arthur Taylor, Virden, IIl.

It is recommended that those names I have read be elected
to membership.

(On motion of Dr. Hoskins, the recommendation of the Execu-
tive Board was approved.)

SECRETARY Mayo: The Executive Board recommend that the.
By-Laws be suspended and the following be elected to member-
ship:

Shikles, J. R., Dearborn, Mo.

Winegardner, C. C., Goshen, Ind.
Cunard, T. J., Ninety-Six, S. C.

232 PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

None of the schools from which these persons were graduated
were recognized by the Association. Graduates of the Western
Veterinary College who have made good in practice after they
have been out a number of years have been accepted under
suspension of the By-Laws. The University of South Carolina
eranted a degree in veterinary medicine to Dr. Cunard. He
was the only man who cver received the degree of veterinary
medicine from that imstitution. He is vice-president of the
State Association, president of the Southern Cattle Growers’
Association, and an outstanding man in that country, and he is
recommended by Dr. Nyles who was professor of Veterimary
Science of that school at that time when he took his degree in
veterinary medicine.

(On motion of Dr. Hoskins, the report of the Executive Board
was adopted.)

SECRETARY Mayo: I have a resignation of Dr. Lawson of
Ontario. The Executive Board recommend that it be accepted.

(On motion of Dr. Hoskins, the recommendation was adopted. )

SECRETARY Mayo: I have some more reports from the Exeen-
tive Board. These recommendations were made to the Associa-
tion last year; they were Jaid on the table, and they come up now
for adoption.

It is recommended by the Executive Board that the Constitu-
tion and By-Laws be amended as follows: Section 7, Article G,
by adding ‘‘ Excepting members residing in countries other than
the United States and Canada, the said ballot shall be re-
turned within ninety days from the date of issue.’’

You remember I called attention last year to the fact that |
on a postcard vote the By-Laws provide that the ballot must be
returned in thirty days. It is impossible to get a ballot to the
Philippines and back under sixty days, and so it was proposed
to change the By-Laws making it ninety days for members liv-
ing in foreign countries to get their votes back to the Secretary.

(On motion of Dr. Hoskins, the recommendation was adopted. )

SECRETARY Mayo: The Executive Board also recommend that
Article XI of the By-Laws be changed adding, ‘‘ Excepting
the Editor, Secretary, Business Manager and Treasurer, who
shall assume their duties within thirty days following their
election.’’> At the present time the Constitution and By-Laws
provide: ‘‘The officers of the Association shall assume their
duties at the close of the annual meeting at which they are
elected.’’

There is so much to be done at the time of the annual meet-
ing, so far as the Secretary’s office is concerned, that it is neces-
sary to allow a little time to get the books straightened up before
turning them over. That practice has been followed in the
past as a matter of custom; we had to do it. This is a change
in the Constitution and By-Laws to conform.

(On motion of Dr. Torrance, the recommendation was
adopted. )

ProceEeDINGs oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING Dist

SECRETARY Mayo: The Executive Board also recommend to
change Article V, Section 5, to read that the treasurer shall
give an acceptable bond to the Executive Board. At the pres-
ent time it reads he shall give bond in the sum of $5,000. That
was provided when the Association didn’t have much in the
treasury. This recommendation was proposed by the Treasurer,
Dr. Jacob. Now that the Association has $30,000 in the treas-
ury, it is felt that the Executive Board should decide how much
of a bond shall be furnished.

(On motion ot Dr. Faust, the recommendation was adopted. )

SECRETARY Mayo: The Executive Board recommends that
Paragraph L, Section 7, of the Constitution be amended by
eliminating the word ‘‘yearly.’’ I will read that paragraph.

“It shall be the duty of the Executive Board to consider and
recommend yearly to the Association concerning the selection
of Secretary and Editor and Business Manager of the JOURNAL
ot the American Vetermary Medical <Association,’’ ete.

The Board in recommending this, and looking toward the
employment of someone who shall occupy the combined office of
Editor and Secretary, find that they want to make this office
rather stable and permanent, provided the services are satisfae-
tory, and they think it would be better to eliminate the word
‘‘yearly.”’

(On motion of Dr. Torrance, the recommendation was
adopted. )

REPORT OF SALMON MEMORIAL COMMITTEE

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: We will take up one short committee
report, that of the Salmon Memorial Committee, by Dr. Hos-
kins.

(Dr. Hoskins read the following report :)

The Salmon Memorial Committee has made no effort during the
past year to collect additional subscriptions to the fund. It is
the judgment of a majority of the committee that it is inadvisable
to extend further the efforts to increase this fund, started in 1915.
President Kinsley has recommended that the fund be made imme-
diately available for the financial assistance of worthy students
endeavoring to obtain a veterinary education.

The amount collected, with interest to date, represented by cash
in bank and Liberty Bonds, closely approximates $5,000. This
amount invested at 5 per cent will yield $250 per year, and leave the
capital fund intact. Your committee, therefore, recommends that
the suggestion contained in President Kinsley’s annual address be
adopted and the matter placed in the hands of the incoming officers,
with a view to making the income from the fund available during
the coming college year.

SALMON MEMORIAL FUND COMMITTEE.

S. BRENTON, Chairman.

J. R. MOHLER.

H. PRESTON HOSKINS, Secretary-Treasurer.

On motion of Dr. J. F. DeVine of Goshen, N. Y., the report
was adopted.

234 Procerepines or A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: We have adopted a report and recom-
mendations that the income from the Salmon Memorial Fund,
which will amount to approximately $250 a year, be used for
some needy student. Provision should be made for the apphi-
cation of this fund. I don’t know who is to have charge of it.

Dr. Hoskins: It was the sense of the committee that the com-
mittee be discharged and that the incoming officers make what-
ever rules and regulations would be necessary to administer this
fund. It was also the sense of the committee that recommen-
dations for gifts from this fund come through the dean of the
veterinary college which the student was attending. It was
also the sense of the committee that the entire sum of $250
be not given to any one or any two students, but that greater
geood would probably come if the amount were divided so that
it would help three or four or may be five. It very often hap-
pens that a veterinary student gets along toward the end of
his course and $50 or $75 stands between him and the success-
ful completion of that course. Doubtless there are men in
the audience who have known of such cases. In keeping with
the spirit contained in Dr. Kinsley’s address, we believe the
income from this fund at this time could be used im no better
way than along that particular line.

SECRETARY Mayo: I move that the matter of the distribution
ot the Salmon Memorial Fund be referred to the Executive
Board.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Faust.)

Secretary Mayo: I think it is better to be referred to the
Executive Board rather than to the officers for any one year.
This fund and its administration is a more or less continuous
and permanent proposition. Some of the officers at least will
be changed from vear to year, and the Executive Board, or some-
body that takes the place of that Board in the reorganization,
in my judgment, would be better able to look after that fund
continuously than those who are just simply in for a year or so.

(The motion was carried. )

GREETINGS FROM Dr. WRAY

SECRETARY Mayo: I received this morning a cable from Bea-
consfield, England: ‘‘Present to the Association my best wishes
for their good health and prosperity of the individuals and the
profession generally. W. H. Wray.’’ (Applause. )

ELECTION OF OFFICERS

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: The next order will be the election of
officers. I wish to call your attention to some paragraphs m
our Constitution and By-Laws. First, ‘‘No member shall vote
at a regular meeting until he has registered and paid his en-
tire indebtedness to this Association.’’ Second, ‘‘ Nominations
for office, except as otherwise provided for by postcard hallot,

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 235

-shall be made orally. A nominating speech shall not exceed
two minutes, and the nominations shall not be closed until every
member has had opportunity to present his candidate.’’? Third,
‘<The election is by a majority of all votes cast.”’

I just wanted you to understand the regulations under which
we are operating. We are ready for nominations for President
for the ensuing year.

Dr. T. H. Ferauson: I would like to place before this Asso-
ciation the name of Dr. W. H. Welch, of Lexington, Hlmois, for
President. (Applause. )

Dr. TorRANCE: It gives me great pleasure, as a Canadian
representative, to second the nomination. It is a great thing
in the history of the Association to have a practitioner ocenpy-
ing the presidential chair. (Applause. )

Dr. Krernan: The immortal Lincoln once said that a house
divided against itself can not stand. This Association composed
of virile, free men, naturally at times has divergence in views,
but it shows the character of the personnel of this organization
when they all can get together and unite on the officers of the
Association. I take great pleasure in seconding the nomination
of Dr. Welch. (Applause. )

Dr. V. A. Moore: It gives me great pleasure, also, to second
the nomination of Dr. Welch. (Applause. )

Dr. Corron: I consider it an honor and privilege to second
the nomination of Dr. Welch. ( Applause.)

Dr. T. E. Munce: What I have seen and heard at this meet-
ine indicates to me that Dr. W. H. Welch, of [linois, is to the
veterinary profession, and particularly to the practitioners of
the profession in this locality, what the unknown soldier was
to France, England and to the United States. In view of the
service rendered and the sacrifices made by this distinguished
practitioner, | move that the nominations close and that the
election of Dr. Welch be made by acclamation. (Applause. )

(The motion was seconded. )

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: The motion is out of order, but if there
is no objection, it will be put.

(The motion was unanimously carried. )

Dr. W. H. Wetcu: Mr. President and fellow-members of the
American Veterinary Medical Association: I thank you very
sincerely for the distinguished honor that you have conferred
upon me, and for the great confidence that you have expressed
in me by electing me as your President for the ensuing year.
I can only say I hope that as my election was made unanimous,
all the events of the coming year may be as harmonious. I|
thank you. (Applause.)

PRESIDENT Krins_tEY: Next in order is the election of Vice-
Presidents. There are five Vice-Presidents to be elected. The
usual procedure is that the five Vice-Presidents receiving the
highest number of votes be duly elected, the one receiving the

236 PRocEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

largest number being first Vice-President, the one next im num-
ber Second, and so on. We are now ready for nominations for
Vice-Presidents.

(The following nominations were made:)

Colonel McKinnon, of the Veterinary Corps, U. S. Army.

Dr. J. G. Eagle, Oklahoma City, Okla.

Dr. T. H. Ferguson, Lake Geneva, Wis.

Dr. J. H. MeNeil, Trenton, N. J.

Dr. M. C. Baker, Montreal, Canada.

Dr. George H. Hart, Berkeley, Calif.

Dr. I. E. Newsom, Fort Collins, Colo.

Dr. E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge, La.

Dr. J. T. Jennemann, St. Louis, Mo.

SECRETARY Mayo: I asked Dr. Udall to nominate Col. Me-
Kinnon. Col. McKinnon has been selected to head the Veteri-
nary Corps. There is nothing to this but a little honor, but
some of us feel that it would be a decided help to him in his
work in the Army Veterinary Service if you felt disposed to
make him one of your Vice-Presidents.

PRESIDENT KiNsSLEY: The Chair will appoint Dr. Hoskins, Dr.
Watson and Dr. Fitch as tellers.

We have yet to elect the Member-at-Large on the Executive
Board, and I believe we can ask for nominations at this time.

Dr. W. T. Spencer: I want to place in nomination for this
important position a veterinarian who ean fill the position well.
He has had experience as a practitioner and has served his
country overseas. I nominate Dr. R. C. Julien, State Veteri-
narian of Indiana. (Applause. )

Dr. Mermuar: As a member of the Reorganization Commit-
tee of this Association, after a year’s study of the proposed
new Constitution, it appears to me that this is not a very good
time to make any changes in the Executive Board, and for that
reason I want to put in nomination the present incumbent of
the office, Dr. Cassius Way, of New York. (Applause.)

Dr. Waite: I desire, for the reasons given and others which
it is too hot to mention, to second the nomination of Dr. Way.
(Applause. )

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: I appoint Dr. Cloud of Texas, Dr. Udall
and Capt. Kelser as tellers.

While you are preparing those ballots, we have a very im-
portant officer, the Treasurer, yet to be elected. Whom will
you nominate for your Treasurer?

Dr. D. H. Upaui: I place in nomination the name of Dr.
Jacob. (Applause. )

Dr. Stanrorp: I move he be elected by acclamation.

(The motion was seconded. )

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: Are there any further nominations? If
not, I will accept the motion that Dr. Jacob be elected by ac-
clamation.

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING Ziel

(The motion was carried. )

Dr. Jacosp: I wish it were possible for me to entertain you
with a speech while you are awaiting the results of the general
election. However, I am not capable of dome that, and I
simply take this opportunity of expressing to you my sincere
appreciation. I hope that I will be able to serve you for the
coming year in an efficient manner. I can assure vou that I
will try my best. (Applause. )

PLACE OF NEXT MEETING

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: Yesterday it was agreed that at this
time we would consider the proposition of the meeting place for
1923. I wish to read again trom the Constitution: ‘‘The time,
place and duration of the regular meetings shall be fixed by the
Executive Board within sixty days after the annual meeting,
unless otherwise ordered by the Association at an annual meet-
ing.’”’

Dr. Mayo has some written invitations.

SECRETARY Mayo: These are invitations that have come to
the Secretary's office. Official invitations from Omaha, Bureau
of Publicity, Chamber of Commerce, Live Stock Exchange:
Montreal, a telegram from Dr. Baker; a letter from the Secre-
tay of the Missouri Valley Association to the effect that the
Missouri Valley Association has extended an invitation to come
to Omaha; Convention Bureau, West Side Association, New
York City; San Francisco Convention and Tourist League; De-
troit Convention and Tourist Bureau; Graud Hotel, Mackinac
Island, Michigan; Chicago Association of Commerce; Conven-
tion Bureau, Chamber of Commerce, Des Moines; Merchants’
Association of New York City; Hotel Traymore, Atlantic City,
N. J.; Cineinati, Chamber of Commerce and Merchants’ Ex-
change. There are letters in connection with each of them.

Dr. TorRANCE: I desire, on behalf of the Canadian profession,
to present a most cordial invitation for this Association to hold
the 1925 meeting in Canada. Only twice in the history of the
Association has Canada been favored by a visit from it. The
last occasion was eleven years ago. We believe it is time for
you to come to see us again. J not only have an invitation from
the protession of the Dominion of Canada, but the presidents
of the associations of the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec are
here to present in person che invitations of those two organi-
zations.

We have an invitation officially from the city of Montreal,
from the Montreal Board ot Commerce, the Board of Trade,
from the University of McGill, from Montreal University, from
the Veterinary Faculty of that University. I can assure you
that in Montreal you will find not only a warm welcome from
the people, from the representatives of this profession, but you
will find in that city a place of meeting where the noise will be

238 PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

created only by yourselves and you won’t be annoyed by street
cars and other extraneous noises. If you want to make merry,
you will find in that city everything that is desirable.

I feel that in presenting the claims of Montreal and of Canada
to this organization it needs but a very short speech. I know
that since the Eighteenth Amendment went into foree in the
United States there are only three classes of people who are
satisfied with the conditions—those who never had a drink and
never wanted one, those who still have a little, and those who
have a little still. (Laughter.) Now in Montreal you don’t
need to provide your own; it will be provided for you. Come
to Montreal and receive the welcome of the Canadian profes-
sion. (Applause. )

Dr. M. C. Baker: It is with a great deal of pleasure that
I represent here today the veterinary surgeons of the Prov-
ince ot Quebec, having been asked by them to extend to you
a most hearty invitation to come to Montreal for the 1923 meet-
ing. I can assure you that you will receive there a most hearty
welcome. Montreal is decidedly a convention city. We have
very suitable places for holding conventions. We will do the
very best we know how to make the event a satisfactory and
a very memorable one for you all. It is very easy to get to
Montreal by rail or by water.

I have also here today with me a letter from one who was
very familiar to the former generation of veterinarians, and
I presume he is still known to a great many of you here pres-
ent today. I refer to Dr. Duncan MeEachran. I have a long
letter from him saying he will be most happy not only to have
you come to Montreal, but if time permits and you feel able
to do so, he will be most happy to receive you at his own house
and give you a happy, hearty entertainment there in person.
I hope sincerely that we shall have the pleasure of greeting
the members of the American Veterinary Medical Association
in Montreal in 1923. ( Applause.)

Dr. D. A. Irvine: I speak as President and representative of
the Ontario Veterinary Association in supporting the Montreal
Association with their invitation to meet with them in Montreal
next year. I will take no more of your time. (Applause.)

Dr. Torrance: If the Association decides to come to Mont-
real next year, I think I can guarantee the presence of two or
more representative members of our profession from England
and from the Continent. It is some time since we have had the
presence of distinguished men from the other side of the water,
and I have the assurance of men who are able to give that as-
surance with every confidence that it can be earried out, and if
the meeting is held in Montreal we can get representatives of
our profession to attend from England, France and Belgium.
I am sure that their presence at one of our Association meet-
ings would add a great deal to its attractiveness. (Applause.)

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 239

Dr. SPENCER: I desire to bring an invitation to this Associa-
tion from the livestock interests of the Middle West. Omaha is
located in the heart of the great livestock industry. <A large
per cent of the members of the American Veterinary Medical
Association live in that territory, and it seems to me that it is
mportant that we consider future prospects in locating our iext
meeting. We have in that locality 500 or 600 eligible veteri-
narians who would be good prospects if we could bring the
meeting close enough to them so that they could attend. I
happen to be Resident Secretary for the State of Nebraska.
and I made an active campaign this year trying to get new
members for our Association. I have found that the practi-
tioners have put up the argument that they could never attend
the American Veterinary Medical Association meetings because
they are too far away. Now if we can bring this Association
meeting to a central location where our present members can at-
tend and where we will have the prospects of 300 or 400 addi-
tional members, I believe that it is worth while.

Besides the livestock industry, we have invitations from the
Omaha Chamber of Commerce, the Nebraska Stock Growers
Association, the Omaha Live Stock Exchange and several others.
We shall be glad to have you come to Omaha; we are prepared
to take care of you; we have ample facilities for handling the
crowd that may come, and we have entertainment features that
are unique. Those of you who have been through Omaha know
something of the show that is put on there every year. It is
done by an association of 6,000 or 7,000 business men, formed
for the purpose of entertaining conventions and organizations
that come to our city. We believe that it is the logical place
for the next American Veterinary Medical Association meeting,
and we will take care of you if you will come and visit us. ( Ap-
plause. )

Dr. H. B. Treman: On behalf of the Missouri Valley Veteri-
nary Medical Association, I wish to second the invitation to the
city of Omaha for the 1923 meeting.

Dr. C. H. Srance: This is the third time the veterinarians
of Iowa have extended to this Association an invitation to meet
in Des Moines, twice by coming before the Association and once
by inviting the Association through the Executive Board. We
don’t have some of the refreshments that you might find in
Canada, but we have lots of corn, and if those who have the
little stills will bring them along, you will be all right. We
haven’t a great many other entertainment features, but we
have in Iowa over 800 graduate veterinarians. We have State
association meetings with an attendance of over 450, which shows
the interest our veterinarians take in association work.

We believe that if you want to meet somewhere where it will
be for the best interests of the Association, if you want to in-
crease your membership, if you want to get in close touch with

2A PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

the real agricultural problems, you can do no better than to come
to the heart of the agricultural district—Des Moines, Iowa.
( Applause. )

ELECTION OF OFFICERS

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: We are ready to report on the elec-
tion of Vice-Presidents. They are as follows: First Vice-Presi-
dent, Col. J. A. McKinnon; Second Vice-President, Dr. T. H.
Ferguson; Third Vice-President, Dr. M. C. Baker; Fourth Viece-
President, Dr. G. H. Hart; Fifth Vice-President, Dr. J. H. Me-
Neil. I declare the five names read elected as Vice-Presidents.
(Applause. )

The vote on Executive Committeeman at Large shows a total
of 175 votes. Dr. Way received 103, and is, therefore, elected
the Member at aLrge. (Applause. )

Dr. Way: It is almost impossible for me to express to you
my appreciation for this honor. Being a practitioner, I feel
keenly the problems of the veterinary profession, especially in
reference to the practitioners throughout the country. I trust
that the members of the Association as a whole may at any time
feel free to give constructive suggestions, criticisms, ete., that
I may in any way assist in the futherance and the advance-
ment of the profession through the membership on the Execu-
tive Board. These problems, it seems to me, are vital at this
time. There are many questions relative to veteriary practice
which must necessarily be considered in this reconstruction
period and in this period when veterinary medicine is taking
up more and more the question of prophylaxis and preventive
medicine. J thank you sincerely for this honor, and I hope
that I may be able to serve in a way that will be commendable
and satisfactory to this Association. (Applause.)

PLACE oF Next MEETING

PRESIDENT KinsLeY: Are there any other invitations to be
presented at this time?

Dr. DEVINE: When I listened to the various invitations and
saw the facial expressions of some of the older members, I
realized what they suffered the past two years. In all fairness
to them, and particularly to myself, I urge that we go to Canada.
( Applause. )

PRESIDENT KinstEyY: Do you wish to vote and give an ex-
pression of choice to the Executive Board, or do you wish to
decide the location of the meeting place at this time?

(General opinion seemed to be to decide the location at this
time. )

(On motion of Dr. Hernsheim, seconded by Dr. Torrance, it
was voted to go to Montreal for the 1923 meeting.)

PRESIDENT KiNsLEY: According to your instructions and
your voting, the next annual meeting will be held in Montreal.

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 241

SECRETARY Mayo: In a way I am very glad that the Associa-
tion has decided to go to Montreal. There has not been a meet-
ing held in the Northeast for many years, not since the Toronto
meeting. In this Association we do not consider the imaginary
line that stretches across the country. As this Association is
exerting every year a more powerful and wide-reaching influ-
ence upon the veterinary profession of other lands, I believe
that while our attendance may not be as large probably be-
cause of the distance, it will benefit our Association and our
protession as a whole to go to Montreal next year. I hope
that every one of you will begin to plan now to take this trip to
Montreal. Most of you can do it, and it will be, I assure you,
one of the great events of your lives if you have never been in
that country. It will be a trip that you will look back to with
great pleasure the rest of your life. (Applause. )

Report oF LisuraARD MEMORIAL COMMITTEE

PRESENT Kinstey: We have some very important commit-
tee reports. First we will have the report of the Liautard
Memorial Committee, Dr. DeVine.

Dr. DEVINE: Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, I believe, was the
chairman of this committee, and he having died, as you know,
the President asked me to assume the chairmanship. Unfor-
tunately we have not been able to do anything constructive. All
I can report is progress.

(On motion of Dr. DeVine it was voted that the report be
received. )

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NECROLOGY

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: Next we have a report of the Commit-
tee on Necrology, Dr. Bemis.
(Dr. H. E. Bemis read the report, which follows.)

The committee on Necrology regrets to report the loss through
death of fifteen faithful members of this Association to whom we
are pleased to pay tribute at this time. A number of prominent
veterinarians not members of this Association have also been lost
to the profession. Most notable of these is the world famous Dr.
Jacob Albrechtsen.

Among laymen whose work has been closely allied with many of
our problems and who have ever been in sympathy with the work of
the veterinarian but have now passed on we wish to mention Hon.
W. C. Edwards, Senator in the Canadian Parliament and at one
time member of the International Commission on Tuberculosis, and
Dr. Henry P. Armsby, Director of the Institute of Animal Nutri-
tion in the Pennsylvania State College. Records of their achieve-
ments are given in the JOURNAL for November, 1921, and January,

1922, respectively.
R. A. Archibald

Dr. R. A. Archibald, President and Manager of the Western Lab-
oratories, Oakland, California. Dr. Archibald was born in Queens
County, Ireland, in 1870. He came to the United States in 1887,
entered the Chicago Veterinary College, and graduated in 1891.
After graduating he specialized in bacteriology and became a promi-

PAD ProceEepines oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

nent worker in that field. He held the following positions suc-
cessively: Assistant Bacteriologist of the City of Oakland, Profes-
sor of Bacteriology in Oakland College of Medicine and Surgery, and
later a similar position in San Francisco Veterinary College. He
was in charge of the food inspection and sanitary work in Oak-
land for sixteen years. During all of this time he was very active
in association work, being three times elected President of the Cali-
fornia State Veterinary Medical Association, Fourth Vice-President
of the A. V. M. A. in 1914, and President in 1916. During the last
five years he was a member of the Executive Board.

Among Dr. Archibald’s contributions to veterinary literature may
be mentioned the following papers: “Apparent Inconsistencies of
Biological Diagnostics,” ‘Preliminary Report on the Value of Leuko-
cytic Extract from a Therapeutic Standpoint,” “The Laboratory and
Its Relation to Medical Science.”

Dr. Archibald had been in poor health for three years following
an attack of influenza, and died February 4, 1922. This marks the
passing of one of the veterinary leaders of the Pacific Coast and a
tireless and valued worker for the good of the veterinary profession
in America.

Charles H. Babcock

Dr. Charles Henry Babcock was born October 16, 1865, and died
on the anniversary of his fifty-sixth birthday. In early life he was
engaged in the drug business but later completed the course in
veterinary medicine and established himself at New Rockford, North
Dakota. He was always very active in public affairs, being a mem-
ber of the Board of Education of his city for several years and a
member of the State Veterinary Medical Examining’ Board under
three Governors. He was a prominent Mason and a faithful mem-
ber of the A. V. M. A.

A. E. Cherry

_Dr. A. E. Cherry was born in 1883 and died at Denver, Colorado,

March 3, 1922. He was a graduate of the Michigan Agricultural
College in 1915 and joined the A. V. M. A. in 1916. He had been
in Government service at Manila and Fort McKinley, Philippine
Islands, and later at Stotsenburg and Pampanga. Further details
of his service have not been obtained.

J. A. Couture

Dr. J. A. Couture was born in Canada in 1850 and died March
12, 1922. He was one of the first graduates of the Montreal Veteri-
nary College and after graduation became a skillful practitioner and
a very diligent worker in the Department of Agriculture. He was
at one time Superintendent of the Animal Quarantine Station at
Levis and is given credit for preventing the spread of foot-and-
mouth disease and contagious pleuropneumonia.

Dr. Couture was actively interested in improving the livestock
situation in his community and in this way gained the love and
confidence of a large number of farmers and stockmen. A beautiful
tribute to Dr. Couture by Dr. F. Torrance was published in the May
number of the JOURNAL.

Edgar W. Finley

Dr. Edgar W. Finley of Elwood, Indiana, died in May, 1922.. The
date of his birth has not been obtained. He graduated from In-
diana Veterinary College in 1916, served in France during the World
War, and located after his return in Elwood, where he was engaged
in the practice of his profession.

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 243

Nelson T. Gunn

Dr. Nelson T. Gunn was born in 1880 and died of heart failure
at Butte, Montana, November 28, 1921. After spending two years
in the study of medicine at Leland Stanford University, he took up
the study of veterinary medicine at San Francisco Veterinary Col-
lege and graduated in 1915. For one year after graduation he was
engaged in meat-inspection service at South Omaha, after which he
took up practice at Butte, and was apointed District Deputy State
Veterinarian. He was a member of the Montana Veterinary Medical
Association and served as its President in 1918 and Secretary in
1920. He was secretary of the State Board of Veterinary Examiners
at the time of his death. His pleasing personality and professional
ability made his work as a State official a marked success.

Jacob Helmer

Dr. Jacob Helmer was born August 26, 1859, at Brandt, Pennsyl-
vania, and died at Scranton, Pennsylvania, October 31, 1921. After
finishing his work in the public schools he studied for two years at
the State Normal School at Oswego, New York. In 1885 he entered
the New York State Veterinary College. In 1891 Dr. Helmer became
veterinarian to the Delaware. Lackawanna and Western Railroad
Company, which position he held until his death. He had always
been active in association work, having served as President and
Secretary of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association,
member of the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners for
fourteen years, and a member of the A. V. M. A., where he served
for two terms as Secretary of the Division of Associated Faculties
and Examining Boards.

Willard Linn

Dr. Willard L. Linn was born January 9, 1868, and died at Hol-
comb, Illinois, November 24, 1921. Dr. Linn graduated from the
Chicago Veterinary College in 1890 and joined the A. V. M. A. in
1920. He was a member of the Illinois Veterinary Association and
was an Assistant State Veterinarian.

Henry S. Lewis

Dr. Henry S. Lewis died of pneumonia January 24, 1922, at Chel-
sea, Massachusetts. Dr. Lewis was a graduate of the Veterinary
School of Harvard University in the class of 1889. He joined the
A. V. M. A. in 1899 and was a member of the first veterinary examin-
ing board for the State of Massachusetts.

Charles H. McVeigh

Dr. Charles H. McVeigh died at Hanna, Alberta, Canada, Janu-
ary 2, 1922. He was a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College
in 1900 and joined the A. V. M. A. in 1921. He was an inspector
in the Health of Animals Branch of the Department of Agriculture
and did his work in the Province of Alberta. The committee has
no further knowledge concerning his achievements.

Arthur M. Perry

Dr. Arthur M. Perry was born in Van Wert, Ohio, December 10,
1883, and died in Omaha, Nebraska, September 29, 1921. He grad-
uated from Cincinnati Veterinary College in 1916 and engaged in
practice until appointed veterinary inspector in the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry in 1917. He joined the A. V. M. A. in 1918. At the
time of his death he was supervising inspector at one of the large
packing establishments at South Omaha.

244. PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

L. I. Walch

Dr. L. I. Walch was born at Burden, Kansas, in 1895 and died
at St. Paul, Minnesota, January, 1922. He graduated from St.
Joseph Veterinary College in 1918 and joined the A. V. M. A. in
1919. He was a second lieutenant in the United States Army and
served with honor in France during the World War.

H. A. J. Winsloe

Dr. H. A. J. Winsloe was born in Liverpool, England, January 22,
1874, and came to America at the age of eight years. He died at
Copperstown, North Dakota, November 22, 1921. Dr. Winsloe grad-
uated from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1897 and joined the
A. V. M. A. in 1911. He was engaged in the practice of his pro-
fession and had served as Assistant State Veterinarian of North
Dakota. His home papers paid unusual tribute to him as a father,
husband and citizen, beloved by the entire community.

William L. West

Dr. William L. West died at Belfast, Maine, in December, 1921.
The committee regrets that it has little information concerning
Dr. West other than that he was a member of the A. V. M. A.

William J. Waugh

Dr. William J. Waugh, of Washington, Pennsylvania, died August
16, 1922, at the-age of 63 years. He was a graduate of the Ontario
Veterinary College. He served as a civilian veterinarian in the
United States Army under the old organization. For the last few
years of his life he was connected with the Pennsylvania Bureau of
Animal Industry while engaged in practice at Washington, Penn-

sylvania.
Jacob Albrechtsen

While this noted gentleman was not a member of the A. V. M. A.,
the Committee on Membership had decided to recommend that he be
extended an invitation to be our guest at this meeting, and undoubt-
edly he would have been elected to honorary membership at this time.
On account of his valuable contributions to our knowledge on the
intricate problems connected with sterility among animals, it seems
fitting that a brief review of his life work be recorded by this asso-
ciation.

Dr. Albrechtsen was born at Askely on the island of Moen, Den-
mark, October 14, 1859, and died at Copenhagen on September 11,
1921. During his early life he was a sailor and as such he visited
many foreign lands. He later entered the Danish Veterinary Col-
lege, from which he graduated in 1886 and began the practice of his
profession at Nexo. All through his career he paid particular at-
tention to the diseases of cattle. He did a great deal of work in
combating tuberculosis through the Bang method. Later his spe-
cial interest centered in the subject of ‘sterility in cattle and
mares, and it is in this connection that his name is known the world
over. Among his writings on this subject are his first book, “Sterility
in Cattle and Its Treatment,” published in 1908, and “Sterility in
Cattle, Its Causes and Treatment,” which was published in 1916.

In the death of Dr. Albrechtsen the veterinary profession has lost
a tireless worker, a keen observer and in every way a noted gentle-
man.

Resolutions

The following resolutions are proposed:
Whereas, It has pleased God to transfer to other fields of activity
our members, friends and coworkers, R. A. Archibald, Charles H

Proceepines or A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 245

Babcock, A. E. Cherry, J. A. Couture, Edgar W. Finley, Nelson T.
Gunn, Jacob Helmer, Willard Linn, Henry S. Lewis, Charles Mc-
Veigh, Arthur M. Perry, L. I. Walch, H. A. J. Winsloe, William L.
West, W. J. Waugh, and Jacob Albrechtsen;

And whereas, No one of these can be removed without there being
a realization of our loss and a desire to help carry the burden of
sorrow ;

Therefore be it Resolved, That we as an Association do now ac-
knowledge the loss of these friends and coworkers in the building
of the veterinary profession;

And be it further Resolved, That our sympathy be expressed to
the members of the families of each of the departed and a copy of
these resolutions be spread upon the records of this Association.

The wives of at least two of our members, Dr. Guy S. Jones of
Rockwell City, Iowa, and Dr. C. A. Schaufler of Philadelphia, Penn-
sylvania, and the wife of one of our most faithful friends, Dr. N
Rectenwald of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, have been taken from them
during the year.

Therefore be it Resolved, That these members be extended the
warmest sympathy of this association in an attempt to help them
bear this the greatest of all sad bereavements, and that a copy of
these resolutions be spread upon the records of this Association.

A. H. BAKER,
: J. W. CONNAWAY,
W. B. CRAIG,
G. A. JOHNSON,
H. E. Bemis, Chairman.

On motion of Dr. Hoskins the report was received.

Report OF COMMITTEE ON ABORTION

PRESIDENT KiINSLEY: The next on the program is a report of
the Committee on Abortion, Dr. Fitch.

Dr. C. P. Frrcn: The printed report will be presented as it
is. but we have two other items that I wish to bring to your
attention as a part of the report.

As you will note from reading the report, there are a num-
ber of facts and factors in connection with abortion disease
which are yet very imperfectly understood. We would, there-
fore, urge that this Association take action to urge the experi-
ment stations, research workers and all institutions engaged in
the study of animal diseases to concentrate their efforts so far
as is possible on the study of this infection to see if it is not
possible to obtain the answer to a number of the questions
which still remain unanswered.

At the meeting at Denver a subcommittee was appointed to
study and standardize methods for the tests for this disease,
and this subcommittee reports as follows:

The subcommittee of your Committee on Abortion, appointed to
investigate and to make recommendations for the standardization of
the biological tests for bovine infectious abortion, has found its task
to be larger and more complicated than it at first believed it to be,
or than is generally recognized.

The subcommittee has done a considerable amount of work during

the year, particularly with regard to the agglutination test. The
character of the suspensions of abortion bacilli to be used in this

246 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

test, the differences in the results obtained with the test through the
use of different strains of abortion bacilli, the effects of different
methods of growing the bacteria for suspensions, the effect of differ-
ent preservative agents on suspensions, and various other factors
which it does not seem necessary to enumerate at this time, have been
studied, but should receive further attention before the results ob-
tained can be correctly interpreted or should be reported.

The subcommittee recognizes that its work should be continued,
and recommends that either it or a similar subcommittee with a
different personnel should be active in the matter.

J. M. Buck,
G. T. CREECH,
W. E. Corton.

Dr. Fitch then read the printed report of the Committee on
Abortion, which follows:

In its report of 1920 the Committee on Abortion presented a brief
summary of the available knowledge on the disease widely prevalent
throughout the world and variously known as slinking and dropping
of calves, contagious, infectious and epizootic abortion, abortion dis-
ease, etc. This report was very favorably received, both because of
its brevity and the direct and positive manner in which the state-
ments it contained were made. Hence, your committee of this year,
realizing that the latest obtainable knowledge on bovine infectious
abortion, concisely and clearly stated, is urgently needed by all mem-
bers of the profession, has concluded to present a report this year
embodying additional information to the report of two years ago.

Name.—Though cattle may abort from various causes, only one
kind of infectious abortion among cattle has been found to be both
widespread and common. For this evil after due consideration it
is recommended that the name bovine infectious abortion be retained.

Definition.—Bovine infectious abortion is characterized as a rule
by an interference with the development of the fetus, freauently
resulting in its premature expulsion, either dead or alive, viable or
nonviable. There is also a frequent manifest inflammation of the
fetal membranes and of the maternal cotyledons together with fre-
quent retention of the afterbirth. .

Cause.—The essential cause of bovine infectious abortion is Bac-
terium abortus (Bang). The proportion of abortions due to other
causes is relatively small. This germ possesses peculiar biological
requirements which are found in the pregnant uterus and in the
udder. The microbe localizes in these places and has been found in
the regional lymph nodes of the udder and uterus. In the udder it
often persists indefinitely, while in the postparturient uterus it has
been isolated after approximately two months, but usually can not be
found after three weeks. It is commonly found in the stomach,
intestines, liver and other organs of the aborted fetus.

In the bull the bacterium has been found in the reproductive
organs, seminal fluid and urethral discharges. Bulls do not show
so high a percentage of infection as do cows.

Bacterium abortus (Bang) has been found to remain alive and
virulent for many weeks in the material in which it is expelled from
the animal. It is relatively easily destroyed by disinfectants and
natural germicidal agents and is not known to multiply in nature
outside the animal body.

Channels of Infection—Infection with Bacterium abortus (Bang)
occurs through the digestive tract. That it may occur through other
channels (genital tract, urethra, etc.) has not yet been definitely

roved.
js Channels of Elimination—Bacterium abortus (Bang) is dissemi-
nated by uterine discharges, aborted fetuses and fetal membranes

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 247

of infected cows. The milk of such cows and the seminal fiuid and
urethral discharges of infected bulls often contain the germ.

The products of seemingly normal parturitions of infected cows,
that is, fetal membranes, uterine discharges, the surface of calves and
their alvine discharges, frequently harbor abortion bacilli and are dan-
gerous.

A cow may be the carrier and disseminator of the disease without
showing symptoms of her condition.

Pathology. Bacterium abortus (Bang) produces an inflammation
of the chorion and of the fetal and maternal cotyledons in the preg-
nant cow. No significant pathological changes have been observed in
the udder and fetus. Abscessation and other changes in the genital
organs have been found in the bull.

Diagnosis.—The diagnosis of bovine infectious abortion is possible
through the study of the history and condition of the herd, by means
of the serum tests (agglutination and complement fixation) and
bacteriological studies of infected material. =

Sequelz.—In this disease complications are frequent. They include
inflammation of various parts of the reproductive organs, which
may lead to temporary and at times permanent sterility, and inter-
ference with milk and flesh production.

The micro-organisms most commonly found in connection with
these conditions are the common pyogenic bacteria.

Prevention and Control.—The attempt to control bovine infectious
abortion should conform to the principles of general sanitation and
sexual hygiene, making the efforts specific in so far as our knowl-
edge of the etiology of the disease permits. Some of the more im-
portant measures to be practiced are as follows:

(a) The use of maternity stables and pens for all cows that show
signs of approaching parturition, and the segregation of such cows
until all discharges have ceased.

(b) The isolation and care of all aborting cows and their segrega-
tion for a period of 60 days or until no evidences of abnormal condi-
tions in or about their reproductive organs remain.

(c) Permit no animal with diseased genital organs to be served
by the bull.

(d) The male animal should be kept in a separate pen apart from
the herd. Breeding should be carried out on neutral ground. The
female should be segregated after service, preferably so tied that
she can not lick herself until all danger of leakage of infected seminal
fluid from her vagina has ceased.

(e) Consider raw milk as an infective agent for all bovine animals
except young calves. Precautions should be taken to prevent spill-
ing milk from infected sources.

(f) The injection of living abortion bacilli at the proper time into
members of infected herds has been shown to reduce the number
of abortions. It must be kept clearly in mind that vaccination against
infectious abortion has not passed beyond the experimental stage,
and that the suspensions of living abortion bacilli now obtainable
often are worthless. The published tests on the use of dead abor-
tion bacilli have failed to establish their positive value in the treat-
ment or control of abortion.

(g) The possibility of transmission of bovine infectious abortion
to other species of animals, particularly swine, and from swine to
other animals, particularly cattle, should be given proper attention
and measures inaugurated which would effectively prevent trans-
mission. A. EICHHORN,

T. H. FERGUSON,

E. C. SCHROEDER,

F. M. HAYES,

C. P. Fitcu, Chairman.

On motion of Dr. Fitch, the report was received.

248 Proceepines oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

Report oF COMMITTEE ON PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ANI-
; MAL DISEASES

PRESIDENT KiINSLEY: The next on the program is the report
of the Committee on Prevention and Control of Animal Diseases,
Dr. Turner.

(Dr. Turner read the report, which follows. )

At the 1921 meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion at Denver, Colorado, a paper was presented on “The Importance
of Preventive Measures in Repressing Animal Diseases.” It contained
the following suggestion: “We recommend that this association ap-
point a committee on disease prevention to consider the above sug-
gestions and make additions; that the committee report at the next
meeting of this Association.” This recommendation was duly adopted,
and in accordance therewith President Kinsley appointed the foi-
lowing committee: George H. Hart, I. E. Newsom, Leon G. Cloud,
U. G. Houck, Henry W. Turner, Chairman.

In this report we have considered disease prevention from the
standpoint of prevention of transmissible diseases of animals and
poultry. It was decided to present it in the form of a descriptive
outline. A tentative one was prepared and a copy given to the mem-
bers, assigning each a different part to study and report upon.

In order to facilitate the committee’s work, we deemed it advisable
to subdivide the subject as follows:

Causes. Immunization.
Modes of dissemination. Quarantine.
Hygiene. Education.
Diagnosis. Helpful agencies.
OUTLINE OF CAUSES
Causes:
Predisposing causes:
Remote:

Age.

Sex.

Heredity.

Hygiene.

Labor.

Climate and seasons.

Immediate:
Dietetics:
Unbalanced ration.
Deficiency:
Mineral.
Vitamins.

Mechanical injury.
Association with other species of animals.
Exciting or biological causes:
Animal:
Protozoa.
Metazoa.
Vegetable:
Molds.
Yeasts.
Bacteria.
Filterable virus.
Unknown virus.
CAUSES

In considering the causative factors of the transmissible diseases of
the domestic animals one always has uppermost in mind how the

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 249

knowledge of these factors will assist him in devising means for pre-
vention and control. In all the transmissible diseases there are cer-
tain predisposing factors which influence not only the incidence of
infection but also to a greater or less extent the course and severity
of the disease. We all know that in some affections age and heredity
play important parts as predisposing factors, and for that reason
we take special care to protect certain age classes against particular
types of infection and to eliminate from breeding animals whose
offspring regularly incline to disease.

Probably today the most serious thought in matters pertaining
to the avoidance of predisposing causes is given to the subjects of
hygiene and dietetics. Adequate hygiene measures include proper
stable construction and management so that there is secured suitable
ventilation and sanitation, as well as proper exercise and care of
the animals. A good example of the practical application of such
measures alone in the combating of disease is the work initiated by
the Zoological Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry in Mc-
Lean County, Illinois, where parasitism and some of the common
bacterial infections of pigs are being successfully controlled.

The prime importance of maintaining a proper diet in the preven-
tion of diseases can not be questioned. Evidence is accumulating
to show that some of the diseases once considered strictly trans-
misible are quite likely caused by a deficiency in the diet. (Black
tongue in dogs now appears to be a pellagra-like disease.) It has
even been suggested that dietary deficiency may be one of the chief
predisposing causes of hemorrhagic septicemia.

The exciting causes of the communicable diseases comprise three
great classes of parasites and viruses, namely: (1) The animal para-
sites (protozoa and metazoa) ; (2) vegetable parasites (molds, yeasts
and bacterial) ; (3) filterable viruses. A complete knowledge of these
causative agents is essential in order to determine the best means
of prevention and treatment of disease. In dealing with diseases
caused by the first class of parasites, prevention and control are
for the most part dependent on the anvlication of quarantine and
hygiene measures. The diseases engendered by the second and third
classes include some in the prevention of which not only quarantine
and hygiene measures find application, but also biological products
are of very great value. The use of biologics in combating trans-
missible diseases is becoming’ more and more general, and for that
reason it should be the aim of science not only to seek means for
preparing new and more effective products, but also to eliminate as
fast as possible the dangerous and worthless products now in use.
Our efforts should be increased to stimulate interest and activity
in research work to determine as soon as possible the causes of dis-
eases which are now unknown.

OUTLINE OF MODES OF DISSEMINATION
Modes of Dissemination of the Causes:

Direct:
Introduction of animals or poultry:
History.
Physical and special examinations.
Animal.

Animal products:
Virus—living cultures.
Slaughtering establishments.
Reduction plants.
Hides.
Excreta.
Milk food products (unsterilized).

250 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V..M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

Indirect :

Parasites.

Insects.

Birds.

Feeds:
Contaminated; infected.
Improper; unbalanced.

Water:
Streams, ponds, bogs.

Equipment:
Stockyards, cars, ships.
Wagons, trucks, crates.
Public yards, watering troughs.
Utensils, feed sacks.

MOopDES OF DISSEMINATION OF THE CAUSES

In the practice of prevention of transmissible diseases of animals
it is essential to understand the manner in which the exciting causes
of disease are disseminated. This requires a knowledge of the
agents of infection and their modes of entrance into and egress from
the body, as well as the manner they are carried from animal to
animal and from place to place.

Modes of infection—Disease-producing organisms most frequently
gain entrance into the bodies of healthy animals through the digestive
tract, respiratory tract, generative organs, eye, and through abra-
sions in the skin, mucous membrane or by bites of insects or animals.

Pathogenic micro-organisms with few exceptions do not multiply
outside the bodies of animals or lead anything but a parasitic life.

The specific organisms of disease are transmitted most frequently
by animals through their excretions, secretions and products; either
directly or indirectly by means of animal carriers or through such
intermediate agencies as foo', water, insects, etc., which may be in-
fected or contaminated by. pathogenic micro-organisms.

Direct infection is the transference of the specific causative organ-
ism of disease by actual contact between diseased and healthy ani-
mals. This is the most common means by which disease is spread.

Droplet infection is direct aerial infection. The infectious material
is transmited directly from animal to animal through the air at
short distances by coughing or sneezing.

Indirect infection—The exciting cause of disease in this form is
carried by some infected object, animate or inanimate, acting as inter-
mediary, such as infected foods, water and air; also by insects.

Data on dissemination of disease by air are scanty. In order to
convey the micro-organisms through the air it must contain dust or
mist on which the organisms are carried.

Insects as indirect carriers of disease were first definitely demon-
strated by Theobald Smith in 1893 in the case of the tick and Texas
fever in cattle. Diseases are carried by insects in two ways, bio-
logically or mechanically. Biologically, the insect is the intermediate
host of the causative organism. Mechanically, the virus of disease
may be carried in a number of ways by the contaminated insect.
Insect-borne diseases generally are confined to the immediate locality
of the breeding places of insects.

Animal carriers.—All infected animals are potential carriers. Some
animals harbor and disseminate the specific organisms of disease
without showing any recognizable symptoms. They may transmit
the causative organism of disease, either directly or indirectly, and
are doubtless responsible for many outbreaks of disease where the
origin can not be explained.

The most authentic case of this class of infection in medical an-
nals is that of “Typhoid Mary,” the cook who left a trail of infec-

Ol
bea

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 25:

tion in three States, six families and twenty-six people. In veteri-
nary medicine abortion disease, tuberculosis and other diseases may
be disseminated in this obscure manner.

OUTLINE OF HYGIENE
Hygiene:
Animal hygiene:
Individual hygiene.
Breeding.
Age.
Care, exercise, work.
Sanitary habits.
Herd or flock management.
Herd records—breeding, feeding, production.
Feed and water.
Association with other species of animals.
Environmental hygiene:
Site.
Altitude.
Climate, seasons.
Sunlight, atmospheric conditions.
Topography, soils, drainage.
Water supply.
Stream pollution.
Sanitation.
Disinfection, disinfectants. fumigation.
Transportation carriers.
Building construction:
Relative location:
Residence.
Neighbors’ buildings.
Hog pens and other buildings.
Chicken houses and sheds.
Paddocks and pastures.
Material.
Ventilation, light, air space.
Arrangement, equipment.
Drainage, sewage disposal.
Manure and urine disposal.

HYGIENE

This is a field that with a comparatively few: exceptions has been
given but scant attention in animal husbandry. Woeful lack of ap-
preciation of its importance is the cause of much financial loss to
the livestock industry. Regulations, municipal, county and State,
in all parts of the country, forcing improved conditions under which
milk production was obliged to be carried on, have greatly improved
dairy farm hygiene. Moreover, premise conditions have been won-
derfully improved upon in connection with the administration of
transmissible animal disease control campaigns. The more artificial
the breeding, production and surroundings of our herds become, the
more must additional factors be brought into play to prevent disease
processes. This has its direct analogous situation in the human
family, which necessitated the development of elaborate hygiene and
Sanitary measures in our modern large cities which were unknown
before they developed. Animals properly bred, fed and cared for
have the constitution and stamina to carry on their functions under
artificial conditions and still remain resistant to disease.

In the swine industry we see the most widespread lack of appre-
ciation of the ordinary principles of hygiene. Factors tending to
lead to poor hygienic surroundings are the ones furnishing the means

Bae, PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

for prolonging the life of pathogenic organisms outside the bodies
of the host animals. Recent observations have definitely shown that
feeder steers make better gains in the open, even in very cold weather,
when protected from winds and storms by sheds, than when inclosed
in the ordinary barn.
OUTLINE OF DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis:
History:
Individual.
Herd (record of:)
Births.
Deaths.
Additions.
Removals.
Symptoms.
Allergic tests.
Laboratory examinations:
Serological.
Bacteriological.
Pathological.
Animal inoculations.
Parasitological.
Necropsy. DIAGNOSIS

The final diagnosis of a disease must rest in proving the presence
of the specific organism, since we are accustomed to believe that
each transmissible disease is due to a single cause. The presence
of the organism may be determined by means of history symptoms,
allergic tests, laboratory examinations and necropsy. The method
varies according to the disease under consideration and the amount
of accumulated knowledge on the subject. The tendency is, how-
ever, to lay less stress on the symptoms and lesions, and more on
the more recent methods which have been developed. While from
the standpoint of accuracy in diagnosis all possible encouragement
should be given to research workers in order that better methods may
be devised, yet veterinarians should not allow the laboratory methods
to lessen their keenness of perception in determining the presence of
charactristic symptoms or lesions of disease. It seems that there is
real danger of losing the art of physical diagnosis in depending too
much on laboratory methods.

Since, however, laboratories will in the future be used more than
in the past, it is quite important that the men in the field familiarize
themselves with the proper selection and packing of material to be
sent to laboratories, and that they also have sufficient knowl-
edge of the limitations of the laboratory diagnostician, so that the
proper value can be placed upon the report received. There is a
strong probability that too much dependence is placed on the labora-
tory; whereas the real diagnostician should be the man who has
seen all of the conditions including the laboratory report. In other
words, the laboratory worker should be an aid to the practitioner in
making the diagnosis, and not assume to make the diagnosis for him.

OUTLINE OF IMMUNIZATION
Immunization:
Active:
Bacterins.
Vaccines (proven) :
Virulent.
Attenuated.
Passive:
Serums:
Antitoxic.
Antibacterial.

ProcEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 253

IMMUNIZATION

Before this method of controlling disease is decided upon, it
should be definitely determined that there is no immediate possibility
of actual eradication of the disease. Eradication should be the chief
aim, and immunization used only where eradication seems impracti-
cable. This view can be illustrated by saying that immunization
against foot-and-mouth disease in the United States under our pres-
ent conditions would be ill advised, whereas immunization against
blackleg should be strongly urged. 4

Having decided on immunization, any discussion of proper agents
in individual maladies would lead us too far afield and out of the
confines of the territory to be covered in this report. However, a
word of caution which has been expressed many times before may
not be amiss here. When Von Behring found diphtheria antitoxin,
the more optimistic jumped to the conclusion that by the use of
similar products all infectious diseases would soon be things of the
past. This optimism was short-lived, and it was soon discovered that
antitoxins were possible only in very few diseases, and are practi-
cable in a still less number. Vaccines, bacterins and antiserums have
worked their miracles in the alleviation of many of our worst mal-
adies, but each one of these agents seems to have quite definite limi-
tations, and once these are established they should be quite definitely
adhered to.

Here again liberal appropriations for research are urged, in order
that immunizing agents may be developed for diseases where they
are not now used, and that those at present may be improved. It
must not be forgotten that typhoid bacterin as used in the English
Army in South Africa was practically worthless, owing to the fact that
it was heated to 60 degrees C. in its preparation, whereas a bacterin
heated to from 52 to 54 degrees C. removed typhoid fever from
the list of important diseases in the late war.

We recommend the action of the United States Bureau of Animal
Industry in stopping the manufacture of blackleg vaccine at Govern-
ment expense, since an agent that is so well known and so universally
used has reached beyond the experimental stage and is no longer
proper material for Government distribution. Governmental agencies
are properly active in the discovery and introduction of new im-
munizing substances, but manufacture and distribution of well-known
agents should be in the hands of commercial firms under official
supervision.

OUTLINE OF QUARANTINE
Quarantine:
National quarantine:
Importations.
Interstate movement. ae
Special quarantine. Final disposition:
State quarantine: Slaughter.
County. Release.
Township.
Municipal.
Premise.
Quarantine regulations:
Federal.
State. 4
Municipal.

QUARANTINE
Since early in the history of medicine quarantine has been regarded

as essential in the prevention and control of transmissible diseases.
The value of quarantine depends upon the completeness of the

254 Procreepinas oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

isolation of the animals and of the infected territory placed in quar-
antine. The movements of persons and animals can be controlled,
but it is difficult to prevent the spread of infection from quarantined
animals through rodents, birds and insects of various kinds. In
order to establish the most effective quarantine, measures must be
employed to prevent effectually virus from being carried from sick
to well animals. The most complete quarantine ever established in
this country provided for the retention of the suspicious and dis-
eased animals on an island; they were confined to screened stalls and
were constantly under the observation of attendants.

National and State livestock sanitary authorities are empowered
by existing laws to establish and maintain quarantine as occasion
requires for the protection of the public health and the livestock
industry of the country. Uniformity in State quarantine laws and
regulations would be to the advantage of all concerned, and efforts
should be made to obtain such uniformity, which should be in har-
mony with our National laws and regulations.

OUTLINE OF EDUCATIONAL MEASURES

Educational:

Medical units:
Veterinarians, physicians, bureaus of animal industry.
Health departments, hospitals.
Medical and veterinary colleges.

Institutes of learning—universities, agricultural colleges, veteri-

nary colleges.

Associations:
Grangers, club meetings, fairs, institutes, veterinary clubs.
Harvest homes, stockmen’s meetings, reunions.

Extension workers.

General public.

Law-enforcement agencies.

Owner, attendants.

EDUCATION

Public support is an essential factor in all disease prevention. To
bring about a proper attitude the public must be educated to recog-
nize the necessity of this important subject. After a knowledge of
the predisposing and exciting causes of animal diseases and means
of preventing them are ascertained by the investigator, this knowl-
edge must be disseminated to the profession, the stockman and the
general public in order for it to be applied. Only so rapidly as the
truth in regard to disease processes after being elucidated is generally
accepted, just so rapidly will progress be made in disease prevention.
Failure on the part of the public, due to lack of sufficient education,
to accept scientific knowledge in regard to disease has been a potent
factor in retarding progress of prevention. Thus in the Texas fever
tick eradication, as long as ten years were required to free a com-
paratively small area of the tick, but after such a demonstration
and the consequent public acceptance of the same, all the rest of
some States were cleaned in half the time required to clean the
small area.

Once education by means of the spoken, writen and printed word
and by demonstrations has been accomplished, progress is compara-
tively rapid. It is important in such education that truths only be
given wide dissemination. Efforts to educate must be directed along
constructive lines and great care used by men in positions of re-
sponsibility and leadership not to overestimate the value of certain
truths, thereby giving a false sense of security which may result in
loss of confidence or severe reaction of mass opinion. For example,
it is just as important to lay stress on the limitations of the tuber-

St
wt

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING Day

culin test as it is to extend the knowledge of its essential place in
preventing the spread of tuberculosis. All phases of the industry
involved must be considered in educational programs. Efforts should
be made to overcome the lethargy and indifference of so many stock-
men in regard to disease until it is actually decimating their flocks
or herds.

There are at present many agencies for disseminating information
in regard to animal disease prevention which are tabulated. The
veterinary profession must continue to be the source from which the
subject matter for this purpose is derived. At times leads from re-
searches in human medicine have been of valuable assistance, just as
scientific facts elucidated in compa:ative medicine have opened the
way for the amelioration of human ills. Veterinarians must there-
fore recognize the resnonsibility of leadership in regard to animal
disease prevention and keen informed in regard to its various phases,
even though they may not for the present be directly interested in
preventive education?! camnaign~ and erntrol measures. While the
record of the profession stands high in the apnlication of preventive
medicine, great things are still before vs to be accomplished. Our
veterinary colleges can be of service in this regard by instilling into
the minds of prospcctive veterinarians early in their college curricu-
lum the importance of this phase of our activities. While we are
not ready at this time to sugeest that veterinary students, during
their professional curriculum, should specialize in disease prevention,
as has been suggested for the medical students in order to turn out
properly trained public health officials, we nevertheless feel this
is a matter that should be placed before the veterinary student body in
such a way as to show them the advantages of it to their future,
whether they are in the réle of public official or practitoner.

OUTLINE OF HELPFUL AGENCIES

Helpful Agencies:
Sterilization, pasteurization.
Health surveys, statistics.
Enforcement methods.
Muzzline. dipping.
Special measures for special diseases.

HELPFUL AGENCIES

In the prevention of transmissible diseases of animals all agencies
which may assist in any way should be considered and used.

Sterilization or disinfection should be employed to destroy any
pathogenic micro-organisms that might be transmitted through the
use of contaminated equipment.

Pasteurization should be used where there is danger of conveying
disease-producing organisms through food or drink.

Health surveys to determine the extent of transmissible diseases
should be made by trained and efficient investigators so as to enable
regulatory authorities to prevent the spread of disease. In making
these health surveys careful consideration should be given to every
species of animal that might be affected, susceptible, or that might
be a means of transmitting the disease. Accurate records should be
kept of such surveys and filed with the proper authorities for ref-
erence in making future investigations or in compiling’ statistics.
Accurate and reliable statistics should be published so that not only
the amount of infection can be estimated, bui in order that the losses
can be shown to lay stress upon the importance of the use of pre-
ventive measures.

Proper quarantine methods and enforcement of sanitary measures
are important agencies to be employed in the suppression and control
of transmissible diseases.

256 PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

In some diseases more strict regulations and measures must be
used than in others, as in foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, glanders
and hog cholera.

State livestock sanitary officials should have full charge of live-
stock enforcement laws in every State and should be assisted by
county officials in the enforcement of laws when they come within the
bounds of such county.

Muzzling and proper confining of animals affected with certain
diseases should be strictly adhered to and are very essential in con-
trolling such a disease as rabies. Some diseases that are caused
by parasites can be controlled or exterminated by one or a series
of dippings. Dipping is used principally in the control and prevention
of splenetic or Texas fever and scabies. These methods have proved
effectual as well as economical to the livestock industry of the in-
fected districts.

All of these agents are essential and should be kept in mind when
combating transmissible diseases.

Briefly, this completes the work of the initial Committee on Pre-
vention of Transmissible Diseases. This report has dealt with the
subject in a general way. However, we would suggest that a
committee of similar function be continued in this Association, and
that future reports should be confined to specialized topics.

GEORGE H. HART,

U. G. Houck,

L. G. CLOUD,

I. E. NEWSOM,

HENRY W. TURNER, Chairman.

Presiwent Kinsey: This is a special committee, and if it is
vour desire that the committee be continued you should make
a motion accordingly.

Dr. TorrRANCE: I move the report be received and the Com-
mitee continued.

(The motion was seconded and carried. )

(Proceedings to be continued)

PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS GUARDED IN FRANCE

In France there is a ‘‘ National Syndicate of Veterinarians’”
which is very watchful in guarding the interests of the pro-
fession. This organization recently protested to the Ministry
of Agriculture against the designation of two persons as “‘vet-
erinarians’’ in an award announced in the Official Journal,
when those persons were not graduate veterinarians and were
therefore not entitled to that title. Investigation developed the
fact that the men were merely practitioners of castration. An
official correction was published.

In another case an empiric was prosecuted for appropriating
the title ‘‘veterinarian,’’ with the result that, in addition to a
fine of 300 frances, the judgment was ordered to be advertised
and posted at his expense.

OTHER MEETINGS

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF
NEW JERSEY

The thirty-eighth semi-annual meeting of the Veterinary Medi-
eal Association of New Jersey was held at Asbury Park on
July 15 and 14, with headquarters at the Hotel Marlborough.

There was a large attendance of members, their wives and
friends.

A very interesting program and social time was enjoyed. The
Hon. C. E. F. Hetrick, Mayor of the city, being unable to at-
tend, sent a representative to welcome the association to the city.

A delegation of officers from the U. S. Army explained the
Officers’ Reserve Corps and requested a few veterinarians to
join. The association took action to cooperate with the Army
relative to seeing that New Jersey furnished her quota of re-
serve veterinarians.

Mr. C. D. Cleveland, of Eatonstown, presented the statistics
of the dairy industry in New Jersey, to the association. His
talk caused a long discussion on milk problems, with special
reference to pasteurization and tuberculin testing.

Mr. Hunter of Annandale gave a talk on swine problems con-
fronting a breeder.

Dr. Cassius Way of New York covered the subject of breeding
problems very thoroughly. He thinks immunity to abortion is
established. New outbreaks are due to new infections from dif-
ferent organisms. The most difficult condition he and his assist-
ants feel they have to deal with is inflammation of the genitals.
He demonstrated the use of a forceps to attach to each side of
the cervix uteri to draw out the anterior wall of the vagina and
cervix for examination.

Dr. Wm. Gall told the association the system he used in
eradicating tuberculosis from Mattawan’s milk supply. He said
14 per cent of the cows supplying Mattawan were tuberculous.

Dr. Way made the statement that human glandular tubereu-
losis of bovine origin is as rare in New York today as glanders,
due to the pasteurization, tuberculin testing, and certification
of milk. The pasteurization of certified milk is now being con-
templated in order to check diseases spread by man.

257

255 OTHER MEETINGS

Dr. E. W. Smillie of the staff of the Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research read an article on the experiments carried on
by Dr. Theobald Smith and his assistant, Dr. Little, on the
significance of colostrum to the new-born calf and the use of
cow serum as a substitute.

These experiments seemed to indicate that colostrum checked
the prevalent trouble of calf scours. Cow serum given per 0s
seemed to be a good substitute while serum per os and intra-
venously gave excellent results.

These are new experiments that may prove of great benefit
to the stock industry.

These papers, together with further experiments, are to be
printed in the Journal of Medical Research. —_

Dr. B. M. Lyon of Pearl River gave the history of the dis-
covery of the single-dose vaccine against rabies in dogs. He
gave great credit to the Japanese who first prepared it.

From the experiments carried out in the United States and
the trials given this single-dose method in actual outbreaks, it
appears to rank with the smallpox and hog-cholera vaccme for
efficiency.

A very pleasant social time was enjoyed by all. An orchestra
concert and singing were given in the Ocean Grove Auditorium.
Some enjoyed the dancing on the pier, while others took im,
or were taken in by, the various amusements common to the
seashore resorts.

A dip in the ocean and a stroll along the boardwalk were ad-
ditional attractions.

The 39th regular annual meeting will be held in Trenton,
N. J., on the second Thursday in January with headquarters
at the Trenton House.

At this meeting the election of officers and regular routine
business will be transacted.

P. B. Stivester, Secretary.

MONTANA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The annual meeting of the Montana Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation was held at Billings July 26 and 27, 1922. About
thirty-five veterinarians were present at the meeting, and the
attendance at every session during the two days was practi-
cally 100 per cent.

OTHER MEETINGS 259

The morning session of the first day was devoted to business
and the address of the retiring president, Dr. C. H. Stevens.
The afternoon and evening sessions were occupied with a num-
ber of very interesting and instructive addresses and papers. A
very successful clinic was held under the general direction of
Dr. N. B. Smith of Billings during the forenoon of the second
day. The association was entertained with a dairy lunch at the
Yellowstone Creamery, followed by an address by Mr. V. E.
Sampsel, president of the Yellowstone Creamery Company.
After lunch a clinic was held at the Yellowstone Packing Com-
pany on two reactors to the tuberculin test. An afternoon
meeting was then held, at which several papers were read, and
the new business of the association was transacted, including
the election of officers. The business of the association having
been completed, the evening of the second day was devoted to
relaxation in the form of the annual banquet, followed by a
musical program and a number of snappy after-dinner talks.
A feature of the evening was a short visit from the Assistant
Secretary of Agriculture, C. W. Pugsley, who was in Billings
for a short time on a trip across the State.

In connection with this meeting a conterence of Federal in-
spectors and State district deputies was held, to discuss the
‘cooperative work in eradication of tuberculosis.

The following addresses and papers were delivered :

‘*Purification of Farm Water Supplies by Chlorination,’’ Dr.
R. C. Main, City Health Officer of Billings.

‘‘Weeding In Its Relation to Disease,’’ Dr. W. J. Butler,
Helena.

**Coceidiosis In Cattle,’? Dr. E. D. Nash, Helena.

‘Hemorrhagic Septicemia in the Buffalo in Yellowstone
Park,’’ Dr. Neil Plank, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry.

Address by W. Ll. Stockton, President of the Montana Dairy-
men’s Association.

‘Production of Clean Milk,’’? R. J. Posson, Market Milk Spe-
cialist, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry.

Review of Report of the Tuberculosis Conference in Chi-
eago, Dr. Rudolph Snyder, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry.

Address by Mr. V. E. Sampsel, President of the Yellowstone
Creamery Company.

‘‘Epithelioma of the Eye in Hereford Cattle,’’? Dr. M. E.
Knowles, Helena.

260 OTHER MEETINGS

“Veterinary Problems of the Summer Range,’’ Dr. A. C.
Morrow, Dillon.

‘““The County Agent and the Veterinarian,’’ Dr. H. Welch,
Bozeman.

Mr. J. H. Burke, President of the Montana Stockgrowers’
Association, was to have addressed the meeting, but was unable
to attend.

The officers elected for the coming year were: O. L. Devore,
of Bozeman, President; W. E. Heath, of Columbus, Vice Presi-
dent; and H. Marsh, of Helena, Secretary-Treasurer.

The 1923 meeting will be held at Helena.

Hap.LrEIcH Marsn, Secretary.

ONTARIO VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

The annual meeting of the Ontario Veterinary Association
was held in the Recreation Room of the Harris Abattoir on
August § and 10. While the attendance was not so large as at
the winter meeting, the enthusiasm was great, and everyone
appeared to think that his time was well spent listening to the
various addresses or joining in the diseussions.

In his opening address, the President, Dr. J. A. Campbell.
observed that the association was paying attention at this con-
vention to subjects that had heretofore not been featured—
‘<The Better Sire Campaign,’’ ‘‘The Poultry Industry,’’ and’
‘‘Bacon Grading.’’ He urged the necessity of the veterinarian
in the future asserting himself as an authority on these sub-
jects. Dr. Campbell referred to the visit of a deputation rep-
resenting the O.V.C. to the Hon. W. R. Motherwell urging the
provision of more adequate laboratory facilities for coping with
animal diseases and for research work along veterinary lines.
He stated that there was every indication that this visit would
brine definite results in the near future.

The minutes of the last annual meeting were read and
adopted, and the Secretary handed in his resignation, which
was not accepted. It was moved by Dr. Morgan of Shelburne,
seconded by Dr. Short of Erin, that the association pay a fixed
yearly sum to the Secretary.

Dr. T. B. Buckley moved that the fee to the Ontario Veteri-
nary <Association be raised to five dollars, this fee to include
subscription to the Canadian Vetermary Record. Dr. Bur-

OTHER MEETINGS P61

rows seconded this motion which was carried without much
discussion.

Letters from the following were read, regretting their inability
to be present: Drs. H. Perley and J. H. Blattenburg and the
Hon. Manning W. Doherty.

The election of officers next took place, Drs. Torrance and
MeGilvray acting as scrutineers. The officers elected for the
ensuing year are: President, D. A. Irvine, Toronto; Ist Vice
President, T. B. Buckley, Toronto; 2d Vice President, C. L.
Morgan, Shelburne; Executive Committee, H. E. Batt, Guelph;
D. R. Caley, Bracebridge; J. Dunn, Barrie; W. J. R. Fowler,
Toronto; C. D. MeGilvray, Guelph (ex-officio member). See-
retary-treasurer and Registrar, J. S. Glover, Toronto; Legisla-
tive Committee, O. H. Duncombe, Waterford; J. P. Fitzgerald,
Hillsdale; J. C. Brown, Burford. Educational Committee, A.
R. B. Richmond, Toronto; J. McFadzean, Arthur; W. J. Mor-
gan, Kingston; J. Porter, Brantford; J. Short, Erm; W. J.
Wilson, London; W. A. Thompson, Washago; Auditors, R.
Gwatkin, Guelph; W. W. Forsyth, Toronto. The representa-
tives to the various fairs have yet to be appointed.

The auditors presented their report at the beginning of the
afternoon session, stating that they had examined the books
and found them correct, with a credit balance of $150.96. It
was moved by Dr. Tennent, seconded by Dr. Buckley and car-
ried that the auditors’ report be accepted.

Discussion then followed concerning the A. V. M. A. and it
was moved by Dr. MeGilvray, seconded by Dr. Fowler and
earried, that an invitation be extended to the association for
them to hold their next annual meeting in Canada.

“he Relationship of Sweet Clover to an Acute and Fatal
Disease in Cattle,’? was then presented by F. W. Schofield of
the Ontario Veterinary College. Dr. Schofield in his address
stated that this disease was first brought to their notice last
December and that experiments and postmortems indicated
that its cause was sweet clover ensilage and hay. Only moldy
ensilage or hay is apparently the cause. <A brief report of the
work done in this investigation was inserted in the last issue of
the Canadian Veterinary Record, and a further report is beng
prepared.

The next paper, ‘‘Better Sires,’’ was by R. Wade, Director of
the Livestock Branch, Ontario Department of Agriculture. He

262 OTHER MEETINGS

remarked that the veterinary profession could only flourish
where stockmen were convinced of the value of good livestock.
The ‘‘Better Bull Campaign,’’ which his department has been
carrying on for the past two years was fully explained, and
shown to be a very progressive movement. Mr. Wade concluded
his excellent address by saying that it had been proven that
eood livestock was more essential from a financial standpoint
than good crops.

Thomas Olsen of the Harris Abattoir next addressed the
meeting on ‘‘Hog and Bacon Grading in Canada.”’ In his ad-
dress he pointed out the vital necessity of improving the bacon
type of hog in this country if Canada wished to market her
bacon in England. The Danish farm systems of cooperative
breeding, growing, killing, packing and selling were described,
and grading after killing was advocated by the speaker. He
claimed that Yorkshire swine would put Canada on the map
as a raiser of good bacon.

After this entertaining and instructive talk Dr. McGilvray
suggested the advisability of the association framing a_ reso-
lution respecting rail grading to be forwarded to the proper
departments.

The afternoon session concluded with an address by C. H.
Higgins of New York, who spoke on the necessity of more ob-
servation by the average veterinarian. He also touched on
‘‘service,’’ stating that the men who can provide the service
can get the money.

Robert Barnes, Chief Inspector, Meat and Canned Foods Act,
who has recently been appointed President of the Canadian
National Poultry Association was the first speaker of the even-
ing. His address, ‘‘The Relation of the Poultry Industry to
the Veterinarian’’ contained many outstanding facts. He im-
pressed on his hearers the need for a better knowledge of the
prevention and the control of poultry diseases, and remarked
that the man who ean put ‘‘eaponizing and the treatment of
poultry diseases’’ on his shingle will be helping both himself
and the industry.

The next speaker was T. P. White, Assistant Chief, Hog
Cholera Control Division of the B. A. I., who spoke on ‘‘Swine
Diseases.”’ He mentioned the difficulties encountered in the
United States in the control of hog cholera owing to different
laws existing in different States, and compared this condition

OTHER MEETINGS 263

with the method in Canada where the Ministry can enforce the
law throughout the Dominion. Various diseases of swine were
ably dealt with by the speaker.

The last address was by F. Torrance, Veterinary Director
General, who stated that only $5,000 was lost in animals through
hog cholera in Canada last year. He then proceeded to give
an interesting talk on veterinary science in Canada, pointing
out the tremendous field in the fox-farming industry.

Two instructive films were shown at the conclusion of Dr.
Torrance’s address, one dealing with tuberculosis and the other
with roundworms in hogs.

Some discussion took place at the beginning of the second
day’s session concerning the relationship existing between the
Ontario Veterinary Association and the Ontario Humane So-
ciety, and it was moved, seconded and carried that a committee
be appointed from the Ontario Veterinary Association to inter-
view the Ontario Humane Society with a view to getting a
better understanding between the two societies and to recom-
mend that a veterinarian be appointed as chief inspector in
Toronto, and if possible in other cities. Also that a prominent
member of the O. H. S. and Dyce Saunders, K. C., be invited
to the next regular meeting to address the Association to make
clear to the members the laws relating to the O. H. S.

T. B. Buckley then announced that he would move at the
next regular meeting that ‘‘In future the election of officers
shall take place on the evening of the first day of the regular
meeting, and that no man shall be nominated unless he is pres-
ent. Also that a member of the executive committee automati-
cally drops out of the committee if he is not a regular attendant
at executive meetings.’’

Court J. Spencer, of Dundee, N. Y., gave a talk on ‘‘Practi-
cal Hints on Surgical Restraint and Technique.’’ He illustrated
his address by showing on model stocks useful methods of shoe-
ing vicious horses, dehorning cattle, restraining hogs, ete.

J. Dunn, of Barrie, next addressed the meeting on ‘‘Surgery
in Poultry Practice.’’ He gave the treatment for fractures,
impaction of the crop and wounds. Caponizing was also thor-
oughly discussed.

This paper was followed by one on “‘Differential Diagnosis
of Diseases of Poultry,’’ by W. A. Thompson of Washago. In
this paper Dr. Thompson gave an outline showing the most

“64 OrHER MEETINGS

characteristic symptoms of certain common but important
poultry diseases. It is hoped to publish this helpful paper in
the C. Vik.

Mr. McCallum of the Horse Division, Department of Agri-
culture, was next called upon to speak. He stated that veteri-
narians could do great work in connection with this division
in the improvement of horses in Canada. He strongly urged
the veterinary profession to discourage the breeding of poor
quality horses.

At the beginning of the afternoon session a demonstration
in caponizing was given by J. Dunn, who has had cosiderable
experience in this work. Each step of the operation was thor-
oughly described to an interested group of spectators.

‘“The Horse, Canada’s Cheapest Farm Power,’’ was the jad-
dress delivered by Wayne Dinsmore, Secretary, Horse Associa-
tion of America. In calling for a more wide appreciation of
the usefulness of the horse, not only on the farms, but by people
generally, the speaker went on record as declaring that not only
was the horse more efficient than the tractor on small farms,
but last-minute experience had indicated that on the bigger
farms and ranches horses were more useful and efficient than
tractors. Mr. Dinsmore made a plea for the more general use
of the horse in place of the motor ear, pointing out that horse-
back riding was one of the most healthful of exercises.

The session concluded with a demonstration in the treatment
of sterility in a cow by J. N. Pringle, of Toronto. Examina-
tion per rectum revealed one normal and one cystic ovary. An
equine clinie had been arranged by W. J. R. Fowler and T. B.
Buckley of Toronto, but owing to the lack of time this unfor-
tunately had to be abandoned.

During the meeting arrangements were made for visitors to
see through the abattoir, guides being provided by the Health
of Animals Branch.

Owing to lack of space and the fact that the copy has to be
rushed to the printers, this report is necessarily very brief.
Thanks are extended to all who helped to make the meeting a
suecess, including those who took part in the program and dis-
cussions, the exhibitors of biologies, pharmaceuticals and instru-
ments, Dr. Brind, Inspector-in-Charge, Harris abattoir, the Mo-
tion Picture Bureau, and the Harris abattoir for their kind-
ness in providing their recreation room, cafeteria and cigars.

J. S. Grover, Secretary.

OTHER MEETINGS 265

MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DIVISION OF BUREAU
VETERINARIANS

A special meeting of the Mississippi Valley Division N. A. B.
A. I. V. was held at the Federal Building, East St. Louis, Sep-
tember 18, 1922. A round-table program was in order, President
Dr. C. T. Snyder presiding. Drs. J. W. Joss and J. S. Jenison
reported the activities of the N. A. B. A. I. V. meeting held at
St. Louis, August, 1922.

A lively discussion followed, relative to the next meeting place
at Chicago, December, 1923, with the U. 8. Live Stock Sanitary
Association, the efficiency examining board and the intended
drive for a majority membership and the Retirement Act.

It was thought advisable to appoint a committee to draw up
resolutions and present at next meeting of the National Asso-
ciation to amend the By-Laws to read per capita tax one dollar
per annum.

Dr. Bruns was appointed special solicitor. Dr. Jenison, Vice
President at large, has promised lively news letters at regular
intervals.

All Bureau veterinarians are requested to attend the next
meeting November 14, Public Library, St. Louis, for another
round-table discussion. O. E. Bartu, Secretary.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK CITY

The regular monthly meeting of the Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation of New York City was called to order by the President,
Dr. Robert S. MacKellar, in the New York State Veteriary
College building, 331 East 26th Street, on June 7, at 8.30 p. m.
The minutes of the May meeting were read and approved.

Dr. Charles H. Higgins entertained the members with an
interesting talk on ‘‘Glandular Extracts in Veterinary Prac-
tice.’? Dr. Higgins has had extensive experience in laboratory
work and in watching the results in practice. He is convinced
that the glandular products should have an important place in
the treatment of animals and especially so to men engaged in
canine practice. A lively discussion followed Dr. Higgins’ dis-
course.

Dr. Slawson said he used a number of the glandular extracts

266 OTHER MEETINGS

with good results. Dr. Rohar gives pituitary extract in re-
tained placenta in bitches and eats.

Dr. Gannett said he had two eases of dystokia in cats lately.
He gave 1 «ec. pituitin with satisfactory results. Dr. Kock
and others joined in the discussion.

Dr. Alexander Slawson read an instructive paper on “‘ Miliary
Tuberculosis in Dogs.’’ In the doctor’s opinion this disease is
quite common in house dogs. They contract it from the people
with whom they live. He showed the photograph of an Eng-
lish bull terrier, 3 years old. The doctor was called to examine
him after the dog had a long swim, when he showed severe
dyspnea and extreme exhaustion. The doctor was called to ex-
amine him again 5 weeks later and found him emaciated, dull,
listless and with pendulant abdomen. Diagnosis: tuberculosis.
He was destroyed and a postmortem held which showed general-
ized miliary tuberculosis. A section of the peritoneum show-
ing a generalized infection was exhibited. In the discussion
which followed Dr. Bruce Blair said he diagnosed three cases
of tuberculosis in dogs, verified by postmortem. These cases
all came from families in which some of the members suffered
from this disease.

Dr. Gannett reported on two Boston terriers which he at-
tended, both being infected with tuberculosis. These dogs slept
in the bed with a woman who had the disease.

Dr. Ackerman reported a case of spontaneous recovery of
rabies in a dog.

A telegram was read announcing the marriage of Dr. O. E.
McKim to Miss Jene Bruce, giving his future residence as 3438
Filbert Street, Philadelphia. It was moved that a night letter
of congratulations from this association be sent to Dr. McKim,
which was seconded and carried.

The President appointed Drs. Gannett, Slawson and Bruce
Blair as delegates to the New York State Veterinary Society
Convention and Dr. Reid Blair as delegate to the A. V. M. A.
Convention. |

The Secretary read a letter from Dr. Herman Stark, asking
the association to accept his resignation as a member. It was
regularly moved, seconded and carried that Dr. Stark’s resigna-
tion be accepted.

No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned.

J. Evuiorr CrawForp, Secretary.

COMMUNICATIONS

VETERINARY CONDITIONS IN NORWAY AND
SWEDEN

To THE EprIToR :—

This is my promised letter giving you what few scraps of
information I have gleaned on my trip. I sailed for Norway
on August 1 and went to Christiania via Bergen. At Chris-
tiania I met Professor Halth of the Veterinary Institute, who
is a most active, progressive man; he keeps closely in touch
with American work and takes our JouRNAL. Though he does
not talk English very well, I learned the following facts from
him:

Swamp Fever.—They have had about 70 cases; the infection
came from Sweden. All cases have occurred along the border.
Prof. Halth believes in slaughter, and has killed 30 cases this
summer. The animals die in summer and fall. A few live into
the winter; some recover and are carriers. Diagnosis very dif-
ficult; history of importation helpful. Halth has noticed in-
erease in lymphocytes and diminution of eosinophiles. He be-
lieves that insects carry the disease, as it is a summer disease
and does not occur at high altitudes.

Rouget.—Plenty of rouget exists in the country. This is
also a summer disease. Rouget serum made from horses is used ;
50 c.c. is the dose for an adult pig; 90 to 95 per cent recovery
after treatment.

Hog Cholera.—Rare outbreaks occur; only 2 or 3 last year.
Origin of outbreaks impossible to trace.

Glanders.—Very rare. Subcutaneous test is used on all im-
ported horses.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease has been kept out of the country.
The disease comes from Denmark into Sweden. It is believed
that the infection is nearly always brought in by cattle buyers.
Authorities do not believe that birds play any part in carrying
contagion.

Strangles serum is used extensively and most successfully.
It is made at the Institute. They use Schiitz streptococcus,
and if possible obtain strains of organisms from the different
outbreaks.

267

268 COMMUNICATIONS

Tetanus serum is also produced at the Institute.

Tuberculin is made from a mixture of bovine and human
strains in 200 ¢.c. flasks. They are working on a rabbit test for
their tubereulin, much after Schroeder’s test on guinea-pigs,
but they seem to rely on cutaneous reactions on the injected
rabbits.

Prof. Halth works diligently and only had one assistant, two
girls and a laboratory man on the premises.

There are district veterinarians. Where there is no local
practitioner, as in Alten district where I am at present, the
Government veterinarian attends to all cases. However, as the
distances are very great the veterinary often arrives too late
to help the animals.

Stockholm Veterinary School.—This is the finest veterinary
school I have ever seen. I did not have time to go over all the
buildings, but they are large, well lighted, and the class-rooms
excellent. The bacteriological department seems the most active
department. Prof. Gergman was away in Germany when I
called. Prof. Dahlstrom, the head of the college, helped me
very much on my reindeer work. They only have a hundred
students at the school. Prof. Dahlstrom is much interested in
the Swedish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
and has invented a humane killer. He is strongly against the
practice of pithing, and is trying to stop the practice amongst
the Lapps. In my recent paper on the Alaska reindeer indus-
try I spoke in favor of pithing, as it is quite easy to run a
knife through the medulla and into the brain at one thrust.
I explained this to Prof. Dahlstrom and he argued that if this
was so, he had no objection to offer. Tuberculin testing is
going on in Sweden and Norway, but as far as I ean learn
they are conservative about killing. When there are udder
lesions present they kill and pay compensation.

Prof. Dahlstrom made a trip into Russia last year to
look into the cattle plague situation. Apparently he is satisfied
that there is no danger of its invading Scandinavia. Prof.
Dahlstrom is very anxious to visit America.

In Norway Dr. Jensen’s influence (Copenhagen) is strong
and many Norwegian veterinarians are graduates of his school.
I have little to add except to say that I am interested in my
trip.

Getting near the reindeer is difficult at this time of the

COMMUNICATIONS 269

year as the deer are so high up in the mountains. The climbing
is hard, as there are so many rock slides to cross. There have
been no serious epizootics among the reindeer for several years.
The last one was some form of lung trouble at Christiania.
They thought it was due to a Pasteurella, but they told me
that the specimens reached them in glycerin and that their
cultures were not very successful.
SEYMOUR HADWEN.
Bosekop (Alten), Norway, Sept. 3, 1922.

MORE ABOUT THE HORSE ENDURANCE TEST

To THE Eprror :—

The Breeders’ Gazette of Chicago in its issue of August 51,
on page 235, has a three-column article by Wm. W. Dinsmore,
Secretary, Horse Association of America, on our recent 300-
mile endurance test. He did not tell all about it, though. He
should have said that the judges were Major Henry Leonard
of Washington, D. C., and Colorado Springs, Mr. D. Byrant
Turner, Colorado Springs, and Major G. E. Cullum of Wash-
ington, D. C., who is Chief of the Remount Department of the
U. S. Army. They were the most efficient and impartial men
with whom the writer ever was connected. There were also
three veterinarians, Dr. M. J. Dunleavy of Denver, Lieut. B. C.
sridges, Army Veterinary Corps, from Fort Reno, Okla., and
the writer, and all were ‘‘on the job’’ from start to finish. The
State Humane Society, too, was well represented and also well
pleased. :

Another thing Mr. Dinsmore did not emphasize was that
the more purebred blood coursing in the animal’s veins the
better able he was to stand the test.

There were very many interesting. details to this test, but
they are too numerous to write about, besides they might not
interest readers at a distance.

Please let the veterinarians of the country know that horses
are still able to cover ‘‘the distance,’’ especially since a large
number of the younger men scarcely believe a horse can ** get
anywhere. ”’ A. J. SAVAGE,

Colorado Springs, Colo.

NECROLOGY

Lowery Laymon Lewis, dean of the faculty of Oklahoma A.
and M. College, died at his home in Stillwater September
26, following an illness of several months.

Dr. Lewis was the oldest member of the college faculty in
point of service. He went to Stillwater in 1896 as professor of
veterinary medicine and as State Veterinarian. In 1899 he be-
came professor of zoology and experiment station bacteriologist.
In 1900 he was made dean of the school of veterinary medi-
eine; in 1914 of the school of science and literature, and in
1921 dean of the faculty, a position created for him.

At the time of his death he also held titles of professor of
veterinary medicine, professor of zoology, experiment station
bacteriologist and veterinarian.

He was acting president of Oklahoma A. and M. College nearly
a year, between the administrations of J. H. Connell and J. W.
Cantwell, in 1914-15. He was born near Newport, Tenn.,
September 3, 1869, moving to Texas when ten years old.

In 1893 he received the degree of bachelor of science in agri-
culture at Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, College
Station. Later in the same year he took his master of science
degree there. In 1894 he took a doctor of veterinary medicine
degree at Iowa State College, Ames. Lewis was recognized
as the father of athletics at Oklahoma A. and M. College. Lewis
Field, the scene of varsity athletics, was named in his honor
nearly twenty years ago. For many years he was chairman of
the athletic council. Among the alumni of the college Lewis
was known as ‘‘Doe Lew.”’

In later years, old timers of the alumni and former students
have returned to Stillwater to visit him. He was the only man
on the campus whom they had known when in college. Last
spring the alumni corporation started plans to erect a memorial
of some sort to him. It was desired to build it before his death.
The eommittee appointed to get suggestions relative to it and
to provide ways and means for it has not completed its work.

About five years ago Lewis suffered a stroke of paralysis,
from which he recovered and resumed his work at the college.
Several months ago, while returning to Stillwater from a trip

270

NECROLOGY 2A

to Texas, he was taken suddenly ill, and for many weeks was
at the point of death. His condition improved until he was
able to ride about town, but was unable to go to his office. Re-
cently he became weaker.

Dr. Lewis is survived by his widow, a son and a daughter.

Doctor R. A. Branson, of Cottonwood Falls, Kansas, died at
a hospital in Topeka, Kansas, on August 28, following an opera-
tion for appendicitis.

Doctor Branson was a graduate of the Kansas State Agricul-
tural College, Veterinary Division, in the class of 1911. He
jomed the A. V. M. A. in 1915.

James Breckenridge Paige, formerly head of the department
of veterinary science at Massachusetts Agricultural College, died
suddenly October 5, 1922, at the sanitarium in Waverly after
a long illness. Dr. Paige was widely known in Western Massa-
chusetts, where his many activities brought him in contact with
all classes of people. He performed notable service for the
college and for the community, bringing to its accomplishment
keen intelligence, sound training, courage, the will to perform.
Sineere in his friendships, those who knew him trusted him
implicitly, a trust that never was betrayed. Whatever of dis-
tinction was gained by the veterinary department at the col-
lege was mainly due to Dr. Paige. It was largely through his
exertions and influence that the Legislature made appropria-
tions for the veterinary laboratory and stables on the college
erounds. For years he served as veterinarian to the State
Board of Agriculture. In matters pertaining to his profes-
sion he was a recognized authority.

He was born in Prescott in 1861, the son of Francis B. Paige.
He was graduated from the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege in 1882, and in 1888 from MeGill University, with the
degree of doctor of veterinary science. After practicing his
profession in Northampton three years he was appointed a
professor at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, where he
organized the department of veterinary science. He later en-
gaged in graduate study at McGill University and at Munich,
Germany. <A republican in polities, he represented the district
in the Legislature in 1902 and 1903. He served as a mentber
and clerk of the committee on agriculture, and a member of

272 NECROLOGY

the committee on public health. Had he chosen to remain in
polities he might readily have gained nomination and election
to the Senate. He was a member of Pacific Lodge, A. F. & A.
M., serving as Worshipful Master. He served also as Past Dis-
trict Deputy of the 17th Masonic District, as a trustee of the
Masonic Home at Charlton, and was a member of the Royal
Arch Chapter and higher bodies in Masonry. For several years
he was secretary of the General Association of the Alumni of
M. A. C. He was a member of the Amherst Club, and served
as its president. He married, in Bondsville, December 28, 1885,
Ada Russell, daughter of Richard Russell, who survives him,
with one daughter, Beryl Paige, now studying for M. D. degree
at Columbia University. He also leaves two brothers, Dr. Henry
E. Paige, of Amherst, and Frank E. Paige, of Brookline. Dr.
Paige was a good citizen, a good neighbor, a dependable friend.
Those who knew him best feel sincerest sorrow in his passing.

Antirabie treatment was administered to 998 persons at the
Pasteur Institute, Paris, during 1921, with only one death.

A French scientifie commission for the study of cancer, ap-
pointed by the Minister of Hygiene and headed by Dr. Roux,
director of the Pasteur Institute, has among its members two
veterinarians, Professors Cadiot and Petit of <Alfort.

A leading article on ‘‘Selection as a Method of Improvement
of Domestic Animals,’’ by Prof. J. L. Frateur, Director of the
Institute of Zootechny of Louvain, in a recent number of the
Belgian veterinary journal Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire,
shows that our Belgian confréres are alive to the importance
of the veterinarian having a good knowledge of animal breeding.

A German medical commission which was appointed in 1920
fo select German terms to replace French and English terms
used in German medical literature has made its report giving a
list of new expressions proposed as substitutes for the old. The
list as published in the Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
and the Miinchener Medizinische Wochenschrift contains more
than fifty terms.

MISCELLANEOUS

PACKERS INDUCED TO PAY BETTER PRICES FOR
REACTORS

In the campaign for the eradication of tuberculosis in cattle
being carried on by the United States Department of Agricul-
ture, the States, and counties, one of the most important eco-
nomic considerations is the salvage, at a fair price, of the ani-
mals that react to the test. Up to a year and a half ago a
large percentage of the reactors that were passed by the in-
spectors as perfectly fit for food did not bring a fair price,
because some buyers took an unfair advantage of the seller and
profited unreasonably.

The Department of Agriculture through the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry and the Packers and Stockyards Administration
has been looking into this matter for a year or more, taking it
up with packing concerns, commission men, and organizations
interested in the marketing of livestock. As a result much
better prices are now being paid. Reports to the Department
show that the prices being paid for such cattle in various parts
of the country are getting very close to the prices paid for the
same class of cattle on the regular market. <A special traveling
inspector now spends all his time visiting livestock markets,
noting prices that are being paid for reactors and insisting that
buyers who are discriminating against them pay a fair price.

Careasses of reactors that have been passed by the Federal
inspectors are worth as much and are as wholesome as any
other carcasses. There is no warrant for price discrimination
against them. Many of the leading packers at the big markets
and a large number of the smaller concerns on many markets
now see the justice of this view, with the result that reactors
are now selling at more nearly fair prices.

The department has compiled figures on the prices received
for reactors in a number of States for 1921 and 1922, and in
several of them the increase in average price has been consid-
erable, in a few instances reaching more than 100 per cent.
In Kansas the average price paid for these cattle rose from $16.52
to $34.26: in Minnesota from $17.74 to $24.48; in Missouri from
$15.60 to $31.93; in Wisconsin from $16.09 to $26.25, and in

273

274 Mi1scELLANEOUS

Vermont, where only one firm had been handling them pre-
viously, from $5.61 to $16.29. In 18 States, including the live-
stock and dairy States of the Middle West and a number of
Eastern States, the average price paid increased about $3.00 a
head. The department expects that continued efforts on the
part of the bureau and the Packers and Stockyards Administra-
tion will result in still better prices for reactors.

Packers, commission men, and livestock exchanges are getting
behind the movement for better prices since they have been im-
pressed with the fact that the encouragement of the work of
tuberculosis eradication means more and better business in the
future. The Institute of American Meat Packers passed a reso-
lution calling upon the members to pay as much for reactors as
for untested cattle of the same quality.

In connection with this discussion of prices, it is well to keep
in mind that the area method of eradicating the disease has an
additional advantage in that more reactors are available from
one place at one time and, consequently, can be shipped at less
expense and can be handled more economically at the yards and
in the packing house.

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN JAMAICA

Reference was made on page 131 of the October number of
THE JOURNAL to ‘‘A Suspicious Disease in Jamaica.’’? Imme-
diately on receipt of information concerning the character of
the symptoms and lesions of the disease as given in the report
of the Veterinary Consultant of the Jamaica Agricultural De- -
partment to the Colonial Secretary, the United States Bureau
of Animal Industry on August 16 issued instructions as a pro-
tection to our livestock industry, debarring Jamaica ‘hides,
skins, ete., from entering the United States. That the sus-
picions of the Bureau were well founded is revealed in the
information contained in the following article which appeared
in the September 19 issue of The Daily Gleaner, published in
Kingston, Jamaica. It seems from the letter of September 11,
quoted in the article, that early in his observation of the disease
the Veterinary Consultant was fully convinced of its nature,
but suppressed such diagnosis from motives which are apparent
in this letter.

MISCELLANEOUS 275

CATTLE DISEASE Now DIAGNOSED “FOooT AND MoutTH.”—GOVERNMENT
VETERINARY MAKES STATEMENT CONCERNING TRUE NATURE OF
OUTBREAK IN THE WEST.—ACTION EXPLAINED.—HEAvy RAINS IN
PARISHES HAVE CAUSED DISEASE TO TAKE SEVERE FORM.

Through the courtesy of the Acting Colonial Secretary, The
Gleaner publishes the following copy of a Government notice relating
to the outbreak of disease among cattle in the western parishes,
which has been diagnosed as “‘Foot and Mouth Disease.”

Colonial Secretary’s Office,
18th September, 1922.

Referring to Government Notice No. 409, dated the 25th of July
last, declaring Calf Diphtheria (Necrotic Stomatitis) to be a con-
tagious or infectious disease within the meaning of the Contagious
Diseases Animals (Inland) Law, 1909 (Law 1 of 1909), it is here-
by notified for general information that the disease has now been
diagnosed by the Government Veterinary Consultant as Foot and
Mouth Disease under that Law.

The following report of the Government Veterinary Consultant
dated the 11th of September, 1922, addressed to the Acting Director
of Agriculture, is published for general information.

(Sed:)'_ D. Ae Arr.
Acting Colonial Secretary.

THE REPORT

“Merton,” Halfway Tree,
September 11, 1922.
To Acting Director of Agriculture,
Hope.

Sir: I have the honor to submit my fifth interim report on the
cattle disease in the western parishes.

I left Kingston the 7th instant, and proceeded to Sav-la-Mar.

In the majority of cases where there have been heavy losses there
has been evidence of excessive handling and harassing of cattle such
as driving far distances to the pen, catching and throwing animals
down in order to rub their mouths with salt, Seville oranges, etc.

Having regard to the occurrence of the severe form of the disease
on properties which I had anticipated would have only the mild form;
the difficulty of securing efficient quarantine with range cattle; the
question of the exportation of hides, a contingency which I did not
foresee, I desire to make a statement concerning the true nature of
the outbreak in the western parishes and at the same time to give
an explanation of my attitude in regard to it.

On my first visit to the Montpelier area on July 18th, I observed
symptoms among the affected cattle which filled me with grave fears
as to the nature of the disease. Wishing to prevent, if possible, the
spread of the disease should my suspicions be correct, and at the
Same time to minimize a threatened panic among the penkeepers, I
telegraphed to you that the disease, which I termed “Necrotic Stomati-
tis and Coronitis,” should be immediately scheduled under the Con-
tagious Diseases Animals (Inland) Law 1 of 1909.

The remainder of my time was occupied to discover the limit of
spread of the disease and to devising methods of treating range cattle
under the prevailing conditions.

On my following visit July 24th, my suspicious were fully con-
firmed that the disease was “Foot and Mouth” disease. By this time,
however, its spread was found to extend over a much wider area than
was at first supposed, involving the three parishes.

“Necrotic Stomatitis and Coronitis” had already been declared a
contagious disease and quarantine measures were being enforced.

276 MISCELLANEOUS

As it seemed that the method of stamping out the disease by
slaughter was impracticable, and, because all outbreaks outside the
original infected area gave every indication of running a very mild
course, I hope to be able to arrest the disease by means of quarantine
and decided to withhold my opinion.

About this time heavy rains began to fall over the original in-
fected area and surrounding hills which adversely affected many
animals.

Since this time rains have been experienced almost daily. Many
properties which I anticipated would have a mild form of the disease
have recently been experiencing the severe form.

For this reason as well as to prevent the exportation of hides with
the risk of infection to other countries I have decided to disclose the
true nature of the disease which, as stated above, I had hoped to
arrest at as low a cost as possible and without causing great panic.

It is my particular desire that this portion of my report should
be given full publicity, as I am unwilling that any blame should be
attached to your or any other department.

I have the honor, etc.,
(Sgd.) G. O. RUSHIE GREY,
Govt. Vety. Consultant.

The veterinary school at Alfort, France, closed its session
last summer with 205 students, including a graduating class
of 76.

The Washineton Star, telling of the efficacy of Dr. Maurice
C(. Hall’s carbon tetrachlorid treatment for hookworms, says:
‘“A single dose removed all of the parasites from 90 per cent
of 12,000 patients treated in the Fiji Islands.’’ Pretty good
for one dose!

At a recent meeting of the Lewisham Division of the British
Medical Association, Prof. Frederick Hobday, a distinguished
3ritish veterinarian, presented a paper on ‘‘The Necessity for
Cooperation of the Medical and Veterinary Professions in the
Control and Eradication of Diseases Intercommunicable be-
tween Man and Animals.’’

In the Belgian Congo bananas are regarded as a good food
for livestock, according to L. Pynaert in the Bulletin Agricole
du Congo Belge. As a general rule bananas are fed to animals
only when there is a surplus of the fruit. The fruit is fed in
two forms—the peelings, and the dried fruit as a flour or meal.
The peelings are rich in protein and fat, and the flesh of the
fruit has a high content of carbohydrates.

JOURNAL
OF THE

American Veterinary Medical Association

FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.)
J. R. Mower, Editor, Washington, D. C.

W. H. Wetcu, President, Lexington, II]. H. Preston Hoskins, Secy., Detroit, Mich.
M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn.

Executive Board

Gro. HILTON, ist District; T. E. MuNce, 2nd District; S. E. BENNETT, 3rd District;
J, A. Kiernan, 4th District; C. E. Corron, 5th District; B. W.
ConraD, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large

Sub-Committee on Journal
S. E. BENNETT J. A. KIERNAN

The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or
statements published in the JourNaL, outside of its own authorized actions.

Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application.

Vol, LXII, N. S. Vol. 15. December, 1922 No. 3

DUTIES OF COUNTY AGENTS LIMITED

SECRETARY WALLACE issued a statement in the Sep-
tember 6 issue of The Official Record concerning the relation
of Federal cooperative employees to agricultureal organizations.
After quoting section 2 of the act of Congress approved May
8, 1914, the Secretary says:

‘Tt is thus made clear that the work of the cooperative ex-
tension employees, whether county agents, home demonstration
agents, boys’ and girls’ club agents, or other cooperative exten-
sion workers, is educational. These extension workers are pub-
lic teachers, paid with money largely raised from all of the
people by taxation, and are charged with giving instruction and
practical demonstrations in agriculture and home economics.
Their work covers the entire rural field, which includes economic
production, economic marketing, and the development of better
home, community, and social conditions.

‘‘As they are public teachers, it is not a part of the official
duties of extension agents to perform for individual farmers
or for organizations the actual operations of production, market-
ing, or the various activities necessary to the proper conduct of
business or social organizations. They may not properly act
as organizers for farmers’ associations ; conduct membership cam-

c

Li)

17

278 EDITORIAL

paigns; solicit membership; edit organization publications;
manage cooperative business enterprises; engage in commercial
activities; act as financial or business agents, nor take part in
any of the work of farmers’ organizations, or of an individual
farmer, which is outside of their duties as defined by the law
and by the approved projects governing their work. They are
expected, however, to make available to organizations such in-
formation as will be helpful to them and contribute to the suc-
cess of their work.”’

In referring to the Secretary’s statement, The Pacific Dairy
Review for October 5 says in an editorial:

‘‘The Secretary of Agriculture, we are convinced, has done a
wise thing at the right time in issuing a ruling under which
the duties of county farm agents are more clearly defined. We
say it is wise because we believe it is in the interest of the sys-
tem. That the original purpose of the law and the appropria-
tions to carry it out was purely educational there is no doubt
whatever * * *. The farm bureau agents have from the start
been under the fire of reactionary interests that do business
with the farmers and the ruling of the Secretary of Agriculture
is epportune in settling a serious complication and we have no
doubt but that it will be especially welcomed by the county
agents themselves. ’’

implement & Tractor Trade Journal for September 23 says
in an editorial:

‘“At last the work of the ‘county agent’ has been officially
defined! In issuing his statement of definition Secretary Wal-
lace virtually issues an order commanding all agents to desist
from those activities in which they have no proper business
and which, in one way or another, have created dissatisfaction
with the enterprise of the farm bureaus on the part of farmers
themselves, the mercantile community and citizens at large. In
his official definition Secretary Wallace declares the county
agent’s duties to be essentially ‘educational.’ The head of the
department is right, of course.’’

Here and there county agents have conceived it to be their
duty, and in some instances they have been urged or it has been
demanded of them, to help farmers buy and sell their supplies
and products cooperatively and perform other commercial serv-
ices which do not properly belong to them. It would seem

EDItroRIAL 279

that the habitual immunization of hogs against hog cholera and
otherwise treating animals for various ailments also come under
the ban. Such services cannot be regarded as ‘‘educational’’
duties or ‘‘practical demonstrations in agriculture and home
economics.’’ They cannot be regarded otherwise than as com-
mercial services.

BOTULISM IN SCOTLAND

ACCORDING to the British press of August last, quite a
tragedy occurred at the Loch Maree Hotel in one of the north-
western counties of Scotland, as the result of botulism, which
caused the deaths of five guests and a servant, who were mem- |
bers of a picnic party, the organism having evidently occurred
in meat-paste sandwiches which the victims had partaken of.

In an interview given by Dr. J. C. Ledingham, chief bac-
teriologist of the Lister Institute, London, who confirmed the
diagnosis, he stated, which to us seems rather remarkable, that
‘‘we have not had a ease of botulism in human beings reported
in Great Britain before to my knowledge, although there have
been many cases in America,”’ ete.

The doctor further stated that botulism among horses had
been very prevalent in the north of Scotland, and had caused
the deaths of many animals during the previous few months,
although that, of course could have had nothing to do with the
Loch Maree outbreak, the cause in the horses evidently being
infected forage.

Touching the term ‘‘ptomaine,’’ Dr. Ledingham suggested
that it ought to be abolished, as it meant nothing; and that
the great majority of so-called ptomaine cases were bacterial in
origin, and not due to any chemical product of putrefaction.

There were two points in the published reports in connec-
tion with the outbreak which attracted our attention, viz., the
evident scarcity, up to the present at least, of botulism in
human beings in Great Britain; and the rather extensive out-
break among horses in the north of Scotland, as we had not
previously seen any account of the latter in the British veteri-
nary press, which would probably suggest that botulism in horses
is also rarer over there than it is with us in the United States.

WH. D:

280 EpIroRIAL

CONSISTENCY, THOU ART A JEWEL

WE NOTICE, with considerable surprise, that a number of
our prominent members of the profession, few, if any, of whom,
however, are dependent upon practice for a living, have con-
tributed articles on animal diseases to a popular work for
farmers and stockmen which is published by one of our great
department stores.

In extenuation it may be said, of course, that if they had
not written such articles, others would; and that it was better
to have them correct and up to date than to have them con-
tributed by those who were not so well posted. We can not
get ourselves to believe that that is a sufficient excuse, from an
ethical standpoint, as we are of the opinion that such informa-
tion might be made to reach the public through a more ethical
channel than a department store publication, the sole object
of which is to increase the sales of the merchandise handled,
including the publication mentioned, and certainly not the ad-
vancement of the veterinary profession from a scientific point
of view.

It is evident that some of the leaders of the profession must
‘‘orade’’ their ethics, and adapt the grades to circumstances,
whatever the latter may be. However, one of the ‘‘grades,”’
which we can not quite comprehend, is, when men at the head
of veterinary institutions, who are presumed to graduate men
to make their living by their practice, can circumvent the pros-
pects of the latter by contributing articles on animal diseases
to a work published by a commercial concern, which is likely
to get into the homes of the great majority of the stock owners
of the country. It seems paradoxical, to say the least; but,
like ‘‘postum,’’ there may be a reason. It seems so hard to be
consistent. At the same time, ‘‘Consistency, thou art a jewel.”’

NoBLESSE OBLIGE.

VICTORY FOR FOREIGN DRUGS

IN THE HASTE of last-hour legislation, and particularly
through the compromise on drugs and dyes made by the con-
eressional conferees on the tariff bill, American organic chemi-
cal industry is faced with a discouraging situation. The earn-
est work of the last six years to make the United States selt-
sufficient in the matter of synthetic drugs and necessarily the
interdependent dyes, the concomitant,enthusiasm for the chemi-
cal profession stimulated in our universities, and a large amount

EprroriaAu 281

of capital invested in plants, are about to be sacrificed. The
prewar condition of foreign domination of our materia medica
is imminent, a period when it seemed that any product which
could not be used as a dye was quickly added to the inereas-
ing list of synthetic drugs. Thanks to American control, physi-
cians no longer are being flooded with advertisements of new
unessential synthetics, while the really valuable drugs are being
made in this country in adequate quantities; the drugs are pure
and the prices are fair. Under the legislation just passed,
the drugs and dyes derived directly from coal tar received
some protection—though inadequate—based on American valua-
tion. On the other hand, the synthetic chemicals of non-coal
tar genesis (about 30 per cent of all organic chemicals), in-
cluding many valuable drugs, received no practical protection;
they may be imported on a 25 per cent duty based on foreign
valuation. Furthermore, it is stated that large stocks of dyes
and medicinals taken in lieu of reparations, costing relatively
little, are held in England, France, Belgium and Italy. Yet
these countries are protecting their own industries by embargo
or measures similar to the recently terminated license import
system of this country. It is asserted that this enormous sur-
plus material will be shipped immediately to the American
market. Development of the next few weeks will be watched
with anxiety by those ‘interested in organie chemistry in the
United States; and if the predicted dumping of these products
from Europe on the American market actually does occur, a
renewed effort should be made at the December session of Con-
gress to protect the basic key industry so necessary for the
conservation of health as well as national security —Editorial
in the Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., Sept. 30, 1922.

AGAINST LIFE-SAVING
(From The Outlook, October 25, 1922)

COPIES have been sent us of so-called antivivisection bills
introduced in Colorado and California; we are told that in the
latter State an attempt is to be made to secure indorsement
from the voters at the coming election. We strongly urge any
voters before whom the question may come to refuse to indorse
the measure. Certainly they should not do so unless they know
just what it means.

The California bill bears the misleading caption, ‘‘An act

282 EDITORIAL

prohibiting the vivisection or torture of human beings or ani-
mals.’’ But in the text we find that ‘‘the causing of any de-
formity, sickness, or disease in or to any living creature for ex-
perimental purpose’’ is punishable. Now, it may be wrong to
give a mouse a new drug or inject in him a new serum, but it
certainly is not ‘‘vivisection or torture’’ unless it is ‘‘vivisec-
tion’’ to inject the new diabetes serum in a human patient or
‘‘torture’’ to give him a dose of calomel. The major part of
the antivivisection argument is based on the horror caused by
the sound of the word vivisection, although the thing sought
to be restrained is not torture but mild experimentation from
which (as has been demonstrated beyond question) both the
human and the animal world have benefited enormously.

The present California law allows ‘‘properly conducted scien-
tific experiments or investigations performed under the au-
thority of the faculty of a regularly incorporated medical col-
lege or university of this State.’? The new bill repeals this
provision, and thereby brands all the State’s colleges and medi-
eal schools as cruel. Could fanaticism further go! An attempt
‘is made to get the trapper and farmer vote by allowing amateur
-barnyard operations and ignoring the suffering or starving of
tortured trapped animals.

The Colorado bill has a mild title referring to ‘‘experimental
operations or administrations’’; but the text defines among the
things included anything which may ‘‘cause pain or suffering
in any part or any organ’’—a wide-open definition.

A refreshing contrast to these bills comes to us simultaneously.
It is a resolution passed by a vote of about 600 to 20 by the
Pennsylvania State Federation of Women putting on record
‘‘their gratitude to medical science for past discoveries so pro-
foundly beneficial to human beings and to animals, and we be-
lieve that such beneficent researches should be continued and
encouraged.’’

A valued correspondent calls attention to the benefit of ani-
mal experimentation in saving animals from death and suffering
and in food values. Thus in six years through the use of a serum
discovered by animal experimentation the loss from hog cholera
was cut down by about $47,000,000. The illustration might be
multiplied.

If there is any real cruelty or malicious torture going on, by
all means let it be stopped. But don’t be misled by hysterical
language.

THE VETERINARY CURRICULUM '

By VeErRANus A. Moore

Dean, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University,
FihacaNney.

FOR MANY YEARS this association struggled to raise the
entrance requirements for recognized veterinary colleges to a
reasonable standard. There were then two clearly defined
groups among veterinarians on that subject. One, knowing what
the practitioners had done and still were doing, was content to
have progress checked and practice continue as it was. The
other recognized that we were in the midst of a constant discoy-
ery of facts and new truths that could be understood and ap-
plied only by educated and trained minds. These latter insisted
on a preliminary education sufficient to enable a student to
understand the sciences on which the art of veterinary medi-
cine rests. The outcome was the declaration by the associa-
tion, and later by the Government, that four years of high
school, or its equivalent in academie work, was the minimum
preparation for matriculation. The colleges that could not re-
quire it have closed their doors.

In like manner the length of the course of study was slowly
and grudgingly extended from two sessions of five months each
to four full academic years. The methods of teaching also
have changed. At first the full curriculum was given each
year, as in human medicine, and after a student had repeated
it he could take the examination and graduate. At present
the course is graded and the subjects are taken in what to
the teacher seems to be a logical sequence.

Today our colleges are confronted with educational problems
more difficult to solve than the raising of the entrance require-
ments and the lengthening of the course of study. In fact,
the prerequisites may have to be reconsidered and the time de-
voted to the curriculum extended before a satisfactory solu-
tion is obtained. Fortunately there are no longer opposing
groups of men, each seeking a different verdict. We are unani-
mous in the belief that the curricula that are to be followed

1 Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

283

284 VeRANUS A. Moore

should be those that will best prepare our students to meet
the ever-increasing and exacting demands on the veterinarian.

Our veterinary colleges are no longer schools to prepare men
to diagnose and treat the ills of individual animals alone, but
rather institutions where not only instruction in animal dis-
eases and their treatment is developed highly but also where
animal hygiene and sanitation, animal husbandry, dairy and
meat inspection and the relation of animal diseases to public
health are given proper consideration. The veterinarian must
cease to be merely a doctor, a ‘‘tinker’’ of sick and injured
animals. He must become the leader in the animal husbandry of
his community and the protector of the human family from
the diseases of animals communicable to man. His services are
needed constantly by the livestock owners to solve the problems
in breeding and feeding to the end that the losses from disease
may be lessened.

Those of us who are charged with the responsibility of direct-
ing veterinary education feel that the curricula now followed
do not meet fully the obligations of the schools either to the
profession or to the animal owners. We are all too often dis-
appointed in the degree of success attained by young graduates
whom we believed to be capable, qualified and enthusiastic in
their work. Again, we are often told by those who have fol-
lowed the prescribed course and have gone into the practice
of their profession that they do not find themselves as well
prepared for their duties as they should be. Further, animal
owners not infrequently make the observation that the recently
graduated veterinarians are not as well disciplined in the prin-
ciples underlying their work as they had expected to find them.
These rumblings, suggestive of imperfection, are signals that
should be heeded. They do not indicate necessarily that there
is violation of any fundamental principle in pedagogy, but that
readjustments are called for. The profession occupies a more
important position in the eyes of the public than at any previous
time. It is operating under different conditions than hereto-
fore, and, consequently, changes of procedure are required
to articulate it with the varied interests served.

At the present time the veterinary profession is in a some-
what critical state. The growth of knowledge in animal hus-
bandry and agriculture generally has been quite as rapid as it
has been in medical lines. The public has a better understand-

THE VETERINARY CURRICULUM = 285

ing of the symptom-complex of disease, its cause, prevention
and treatment, than heretofore. For that reason the wealth of
new knowledge in the basic sciences and the more thorough
courses in veterinary colleges have not given veterinarians much
actual advancement over the time when both they and the pub-
lic were less informed. Nevertheless, the opportunities for
veterinarians to establish points of contact with animal hus-
bandry on one side and public sanitation on the other are greater
because of a keener appreciation of the helpfulness of one to
the other. This does not lessen the obligations of the schools.
They must teach the subjects necessary to qualify their grad-
uates to do efficiently their professional tasks and to satisfy
the owners that they have been done properly. The efforts of
the practitioner are being judged by a public far better quali-
fied to pass on the character of his work than it was before
the advent of agricultural colleges. The employers of veteri-
narians are often thorough students of breeding, feeding, hy-
giene, or the principles of preventive medicine, and therefore
intelligent judges of the work of the practitioner. In these
circumstances the securing of a training broad enough in its
range of subjects and thorough enough in the details of each
to meet the present-day demands is a difficult task to be accom-
plished in a four-year curriculum with only a high-school prepa-
ration.

In trying to analyze the subject I soon found that it was
not a matter for a single person or school to adjust. The im-
portance just at this time of being secure in the educational
part of our profession convinced me, perhaps without sufficient
evidence, that the curriculum was the cornerstone of veterinary
service. I was so deeply impressed with the necessity of ascer-
taining if our courses of study conformed to the progress that
is being made in animal husbandry and sanitation that I de-
cided to bring the subject before this section for analysis, and
I hope constructive criticism. In the forward movement of
veterinary education and service the curriculum seems to be the
first factor for each of us to deal with. In this connection I
am assuming that the teachers possess a full measure of knowl-
edge, that the students have been prepared properly and have
lofty ideals, and that adequate facilities are provided. Each
of these is an integral part of the composite of college training,

286 VerRANUS A. Moore

and if one is missing, the true value of the others can not be
determined.

The preliminary education of the student has much to do
with the suecess of a curriculum. Many of the failures on the
part of graduates are traceable not to the course of study in
the professional school, but to the lack of preliminary training
and discipline. The character of the teaching the boy has had
determines to a large degree his ability to profit by the instruc-
tion in technical schools. It is essential for the student to have
a good general education as a background for his special train-
ing. However, we must be careful in adjusting a course of
professional studies not to expect more than ean arrive through
the approach provided. There is an eternal ‘‘fitness of things’’
that can not be removed and which always should be taken into
account. The good preparatory schools, as President Hadley
said of liberal arts colleges, are institutions ‘‘where students
learn things that they are not going to use in future life by
methods that they are going to use. The former element gives
the breadth, the latter element the training.’’ I believe it is
the mental training that comes through good and inspiring
teachers rather than the subjects taught that prepares the boy
for the serious study of medicine.

The curricula that are being followed in the veterinary col-
leges are the products of a long evolution of ideas of what an
efficient veterinary course should be. Each faculty has tried
to make its course comprehensive and thorough. Each of the
eleven curricula examined has a tinge of provincialism that is
characteristic of the college or university from which it sprang.
These evidences of individualism are to be commended, for they
are expressive of local needs or the genius of strong men in
the teaching staff. Notwithstanding the excellence of the in-
dividual courses, I am constrained to eall attention to a few
matters of much concern to the veterinary profession because
they bring its members in closer contact with the problems
they have to solve. It is not my purpose to attempt to formu-
late a standard curriculum, but rather to eall attention to a
few modifications that I believe may be made with profit to all.

The first change I would suggest pertains to the organiza-
tion of our curricula. My thought in this connection is to
arrange the subjects that are common to all schools in the
same sequence, thus securing uniformity in the year of the

THE VETERINARY CURRICULUM 287

course for each subject. I recognize that there are honest dif-
ferences of opinion as to the logical prerequisites for the basic
subjects, but that does not preclude the desirability of uniformity
in the order of study. The strongest argument against an in-
violable sequence of subjects is found in the variation in the
order in which they are given in the existing courses.

My reason for urging this uniformity is to simplify the trans-
fer of students from one college to another. It happens fre-
quently that, for good and sufficient reasons, students, especially
from States where there is no veterinary school, find it advan-
tageous to change from the college they are in to another. Such
students find, quite to their dismay, that in the college they
wish to attend there are basic subjects taught in the year or
years they have passed and which they have not had. This
difference in the mechanism of the curricula is perplexing, for
in spite of the desire of the student and the willingness of the
faculty, the transfer is made difficult or impossible.

Another reason for easy transfer is that there are, and there
probably always will be, outstanding men among the teachers
of the different subjects in the various colleges. It is not likely,
and it should not be, that any one school will have in its faculty
the most thorough, inspiring or influential teachers in all of
the subjects. From the very nature of things veterinary prac-
titioners must do a general practice. To render service they
must deal with all the diseases of all species of animals in their
community. There are opportunities for, and there should be,
a few specialists. They must depend very largely, however, on
clients who ean afford to call a veterinarian from a long dis-
tance, and on small-animal practice, where the patients may be
sent to the specialist as in human medicine. The veterinarian
who serves a community must go very largely to his patients,
and there are not sufficient cases of a single disease in a re-
stricted locality to support a specialist. The development of
community interests is tending gradually, and in many places
already obtains, to unify the livestock industry of localities
so that the dominating business in livestock is dairying, raising
of beef cattle, swine, sheep or poultry. As a rule, the domi-
nating species of animals in a community determines the spe-
cialization of the practitioner who serves it. The colleges, there-
fore, must furnish instruction adequate for all of the so-called
specialties and include it in the regular course. The tendency

288 VeERANUS A. Moore

toward this limited specialization is stimulating students who
are preparing for a particular line of work to transfer, when
they come to this subject in their course, to the college that has
in its faculty the most distinguished teachers in that field. If
the colleges are to serve the public by preparing veterinarians,
it would seem that they should make such transfers as easy
as possible. There may be other reasons, but those I have men-
tioned are quite enough to justify reasonable effort to unify the
sequence of subjects in our curricula.

The second question is in relation to the subject matter to be
taught. Those who have watched the growth of new knowledge
in their particular field of study, with the point of view of the
teacher, realize that the time devoted to the subject in the eur-
riculum is becoming rapidly out of proportion to the number
of facts the teacher feels should be imparted to the student.
While this statement may not be applicable to all departments,
in some it is a matter of much concern. A hurried, superficial
survey of the entire subject does not discipline the student in
the fundamental facts and principles that he is to utilize in prac-
tice. If a thorough drill is given in the foundation facts the
time is consumed before the subject is covered. Which course
should be followed? Would it not be better to select, through
a committee of teachers, the topics that should be presented ?

Another point intimately associated with the choice of topics
is the subdivision of departments dealing with fundamental sub-
jects into separate departments and general courses into separate
units of instruction. For example, in the subject of bacteriology,
should separate courses be organized to teach the different in-
tegral parts such as ‘‘the life conditions, function and elassi-
fication of bacteria,’’ ‘‘serum and vaccine therapy’’ and ‘‘im-
munology,’’ or should they all be combined in a comprehensive
course in microbiology? Again, should microbiology be in a
department separate from pathology? The latter includes both
etiology and tissue changes, while the former deals with the
causes only. Can these subjects be taught better, from the vet-
erinarian’s point of view, together in one department or in
separate and independent departments? Again, the teacher
of anatomy is confronted with a like problem. For years the
study of this subject was restricted to the horse because the prac-
tice was confined to the equine species. Today practice includes
all farm and pet animals. The diseases of cattle, swine and

THE VETERINARY CURRICULUM 289

poultry are being studied and treated quite as thoroughly as those
of the horse. With this change in practice, what anatomy shall
be. taught in the time allotted to the general subject and what
shall be omitted? As the general practitioner can not be a
specialist in all of the sciences that contribute to the sum total
of his professional knowledge, it behooves us as teachers- to
bring forward the facts and principles in our respective sciences
that will be most useful to the graduate. The practical parts
of a subject can be taught just as scientifically as any other.
I believe, therefore, that the choice of topics is a matter of vital
importance for the curriculum. Until recently the need for
selection has not been serious, but now that the wealth of knowl-
edge in every subject is so vast that the teacher has not time to
present it or the student capacity to learn it, the choice of sub-
ject matter has become a veritable problem. For these reasons
I have made bold to raise the question and to appeal to the
teachers to differentiate the topics to be taught in the subjects
called for in the eurriculum and those that must be acquired
later.

The third and last question I wish to raise is whether or not
we are including topics enough in animal husbandry, dairy
industry, poultry culture, milk hygiene, meat and food inspec-
tion and possibly others that correlate veterinary medicine with
agriculture and the publie welfare. A study of the curricula
now in operation shows that many of these subjects are taught
in some of our colleges and omitted in others. Again as only a
high-school diploma is required for entrance, should there be
included in the curriculum, such subjects as English, economies,
business law, modern languages or public speaking as part of
the professional course? One or more of these subjects are
taught in a few of the colleges. If they are to be included, as
an aid to general culture, which of the technical courses should
be omitted? The pedagogical principle that too many subjects
can not be taken successfully at one time precludes overcrowd-
ing the schedule. In our experience professional studies and
those in liberal arts when taken together have not been com-
patible. The curricula of eleven of our colleges show that, as
a rule, general cultural courses are not numerous, although the
need for them, as well as those of technical agriculture, is
strikingly in evidence.

The opinion has been expressed that the veterinary curricu-

290 VerAaNnus A. Moore

lum should contain more subjects pertaining to agriculture.
There are those who have encouraged the substitution of a
limited number of such subjects for an equal number of hours
in the veterinary curriculum when the candidate is a graduate
of an agricultural college. We can not deny that such grad-
uates are entitled to consideration and that men of such train-
ing are needed greatly in veterinary medicine. However, it is
not easy to select subjects of a professional nature that could
be replaced to advantage by agronomy, advanced botany, ento-
mology, floriculture or farm management. The appeals that
often come for veterinarians to locate in small country places
where their services are needed and where a well-prepared prac-
titioner can easily become the leader of the animal husbandry,
suggests the wisdom of at least some compromise with agri-
cultural subjects. Notwithstanding the attractiveness of such
a combination, is it wise, when the approved technical subjects
of a strictly veterinary nature are more than enough to fill a
four-year curriculum, to introduce others? The veterinary
schools are confronted with a serious problem—the rebuilding of
a curriculum to conform to the rapid progress in the sciences
on which the art of veterinary medicine rests.

SUBJECTS OF PRESENT CURRICULA *

FIRST YEAR Subject Colleges

Subject Colleges > Botany 2a. ee ee 3
Anatomy 22 see il Chemistiyen SS 5
Animal husbandry ............... Uf Glinies 6 ee 3
IBOtANNYs = ee eee a Conformationa = il
Chemistry). = 11 Dairy hesbendsy dys teds 1
Civies and economics........ 1 Dentistry .. Ee a 1
Glinies) 2 ee 2 Kconomics: .2- ee 2
Embryology 2 iKmbryologyarssss 3
ng ishey se. = eee 5 Wnelish. (se eee 3
Mistolory (2-2 8 Histolocy.— 4
Hygiene, human ................. 9 Hygiene, human. .................. 6
Dray ee 1 Materia medica 5
Military science 9 Medicine j= ae 2
Pharmacy 2... il Military science ............... 9
PHYSICS neice creer 2 Ghctatticseesa es ee il
Physiology 4 Parasitology 2
ZOOMOBY vos 6 Pathology, general ........... 9
Zootechnics 1 Pharmacy ee 6
SECOND YEAR Physical diagnosis. ........... ab

AGRALOIN ye fof PHYySiOlOQY a eenenernrceecernreen 11
Animal husbandry ............. 5 RGSbraint 22 tee 1
BACLT OO Sar ene 10 Surgery, general ................. 2
IBIOCHEMISERYe= se ee i ZOOLOLY ase ee 3

+The subjects included in the curricula of eleven of our oldest State veterinary
colleges in the United States and Canada.
2The number of colleges in which the subjects are taught.

THE VETERINARY CURRICULUM 291

THIRD YEAR Subject Colleges
Subject Colleges Anatomy, surgical and
Anatomy. 2 applied;.3: 23> eee i
Animal husbandry ............ 9 Animal industry... 4
ALG PSICS tno i Nu topSies) 22a 3
Bacteriology 5 iBacteriolozys..=— = Pe
@linics4e ee ee 8 Business law. .cccccncsrees 1
Consulting clinic ............... ul Canine medicine ..............-- 2
Contagious diseases ............ 1 Cattle GiS€ASes ones 1
Day bey eee eee 5 Clinics. 1. 224'2= Se 9
Diagnosis, laboratory ..... i Consulting; clinie = 1
hmbrevoloeye 1 Dairy industry 22>. 2
Bing lish esse 1 Diagnosis, clinical ............. i!
HOTSCSHOEING® oeeecseccssseeeeeseessesernee 4 Diagnosis, laboratory ..... HA
Hygiene, human. ............-. 1 Diagnostics) 222... 3
Hygiene, veterinary ........ 1 Dissection, regional ........... ft
Infectious diseases. ............ 3 Bntomolosy a
JUYUSPYUGENCE oeesseesscoreneenee i Horseshoein Sse ass 4
IGAMENESS jest 1 Hygiene, veterinary ......... 3
Materia Medica ...--rrrceccccee- 4 Nam un yeeeeee 4
Medicines... 3=.2...-12. 10 Infectious diseases. ............ 5
Military SCIENCE ........... 2 Jurisprudence)... =. 6
Modern language ...........-...-- EI Thameness ! 2:3...4 22 1
ODStCUnICSaie eee 2 Materia medica ..........-........ 1
Ophthalmology i Meat and dairy inspec-
Parasitology, =... 6 PAO 25 2o eee eae 10
Pathology, general ............ 6 Medicine 10
Pathology, special ............ 6 Modern language ............. nT
harm a Cypyenee ee 4 Obstetricshy ee ee 8
Physical diagnosis .......... 6 Operative practice .............. 3
Physiology, 222.22 il Ophthalmology nc if
Poisonous plants... i Parasitol ocean. er 2
POUIET Vs cee eters 7 Pathology \2222- 2... 2
Public speaking... if! Pharmacology 2wcset na 2
Small-animal clinic ........... 1 Poultry diseases 0... 2,
Small-animal diseases...... 4 Practice of medicine and
Siw | ee ee 6 jurisprudence 1
Surgery, general .............. 5 Protoz0o0logys ee 1
Surgery, special ............... 2 Public speaking 2
Surgical exercises ...---..+ iL Small-animal clinic ............ ul
Surgical clinic ........--.-—- il Small-animal diseases ...... 1
Miherapeuticsys 3 Surgery, special ................ 10
Wines analysis) ==. 2 Surcical -clinies --- 2
Surgical exercises ...........- 1
_ . FOURTH YEAR Therapeuties ici etecemsan oe 4
Subject Colleges Veterinary sanitation
Ambulatory clinic ..............- 72 La WSip ee eee 2
DISCUSSION

CHAIRMAN PICKENS: The discussion on this paper will be led by
Dr. D. S. White, of Columbus, Ohio.

Dr. WuITE: The problem of a veterinary curriculum is one that
I have been struggling with for nearly thirty years. I do not be-
lieve it is as near a solution now as it was then. In the early day
things were much simpler, less complex than they are now. The
most flourishing college at that time on this continent gave a very
brief curriculum of five months, which was repeated, at least in
part, the next year for another five months. Compared with present
curricula, it would be perhaps considered a failure, but, nevertheless,
that institution did turn out some very good men; many of the
leaders in our profession are graduates of the old Ontario Veterinary

292 VeERANUS A. Moore

School. I think the secret of their success was this: They didn’t
teach much, but what they did teach they taught well.

I think we are attempting to teach entirely too much. Our cur-
riculum is so cluttered up with a great mass of diversified subjects
that about all the student can hope to get out of it—the student who
sits in class from 8 o’clock in the morning until 5 in the afternoon,
with an hour for lunch—is a very bad case of mental indigestion.

I feel, in talking to the most intelligent of our alumni, that what
the student wants to get in college, whether it be in a veterinary
college or a college of some other type, is something that he can
not get outside of college—namely, the fundamental principles under-
lying, first, the basic subjects which form the foundation of the
professional and technical work, and later the fundamental principles
underlying the professional side.

We are passing through, I think, what the medical profession passed
through. I have been told by credible authority that there are nine-
teen possible specialties in medicine, and ten years ago every medical
school tried to make nineteen different kinds of specialists out of
eee student. The result is obvious. They have departed from this
plan.

I concur fully with Dr. Moore in his suggestion that more agricul-
ture, as he calls it, be included in the curriculum. We made an ex-
periment in Ohio State. We found first that there was a demand
coming from young men who had gone into animal husbandry for
more veterinary training than we could give them in an agricultural
course. We also discovered that the required work in a four years’
course in agriculture as given at this university required only two
years, the other two years being made up almost entirely of elective
subjects. So we induced the agricultural faculty to permit students
to elect in those two-years entirely veterinary subjects. That made
possible a combined curriculum of six years. At the end of the
four years the students who have successfully passed through receive
a degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture. At the end of six
years they receive a degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. We
surrendered nothing practically in this combination course. How
popular it will be I know not, because it has been so recently insti-
tuted.

The attempt to standardize these curricula is one that we thought
about a good deal. In fact, during the great war an effort was made
to standardize them, and a committee was appointed, but nothing
came of it. Each college felt that the local conditions governing its
organization brought too much pressure to bear to make any great
departure from the present organization of the curriculum in the
institution concerned, and we must cater to local conditions—there
is no doubt about that. I think that the institution which I repre-
sent should, in a measure at least, first serve the people of the State
of Ohio, who must pay the bill, and we therefore rather resent any
outside institution as long as we feel we are serving those people and
doing it in a professional and in an ethical way. I presume all other
institutions feel very much the same. So, while it might be a laudable
ambition to standardize these curricula in the different schools
throughout the country, I do not believe you will ever see it fully
realized.

CHAIRMAN PICKENS: Dr. Stange, of Iowa, follows in the discussion.

Dr. STANGE: I think Dr. Moore covered the ground pretty well.
I might mention one or two problems that we have had to deal
with out in Iowa. We used to have a great many different subjects
in our course; many of these subjects were one and two hour sub-
jects, and I see a good many of them listed on this chart.

We came to the conclusion that everybody who was teaching a
subject necessarily would take a certain time for preliminary work—

THE VETERINARY CURRICULUM 293

that is, sort of a basis for the particular subject—and then lead up
to the subject matter. We came to the conclusion that inasmuch
as our course was becoming crowded, and we were finding insuffi-
cient time in four years to cover the material, it would be better
to establish fewer courses and make them four and five hour courses
if possible. In that way you don’t cover the same material possibly
two or three times during the time the student is in college. I
think we have solved that problem fairly well with subjects that
are entirely foreign to any of the other subjects in the course.

The other problem that we had was that we found insufficient time
in four years to cover the subjects that are crowding into the course,
and we have had to choose between what we consider the more im-
portant subjects and the less important ones. We have had to take
some subjects from our course which we thought were very valuable
courses, but, nevertheless, they were less valuable than some other
courses that we wanted to put in, so that we have had to cut down
on subjects that Dr. Moore has mentioned, like animal husbandry.
aie have had to omit some of those courses and replace them with
others.

We met the problem very much as Dr. White says they have, by
joining with the agricultural people and putting in a six-year course.
We have had that course now for several years, and every year we
have, I think, some five or six students in the six-year course.

Dr. WHITE: I would like to ask of the deans represented here if
any of them are on the so-called point system. We have instituted
there in Ohio State, beginning this October, the so-called point sys-
tem. We grade the students A, B, C, and D. A carries four points;
B, three; C, two, and D, one. E is a failure. Now a student must
receive so many points to graduate. In other words, he may theoreti-
cally pass everything, but practically not get through the course.
I am afraid that is going to go pretty, hard with our fellows, and
I just wondered if any of you have had any experience with it.

Dr. RICHARDSON: We have had that system. In other words, it is
possible for a man to get a grade of D, which represents a grade of
60, and not be able to graduate.

CHAIRMAN PICKENS: We will hear from Dr. Klein.

Dr. KLEIN: Dr. Moore has presented very clearly some of
the difficulties in connection with the arrangement of a_ veteri-
nary curriculum. Our past experience has given us reason to think
that it is a very difficult matter to arrange a curriculum which will
be entirely satisfactory to everyone. Nevertheless it seems to me
that there are certain basic principles that could be laid down which
might serve as a guide and be carried out in so far as local con-
ditions will permit; because we can not overlook the fact that the
arrangement of a veterinary course is very often—in fact, nearly
always—governed by local conditions.

We could draw a line of separation through the veterinary course
between the second and third years and on the left-hand side we can
put all of the basic sciences and the teaching of scientific facts and
principles, leaving the other side of the line for teaching the applica-
tion of those principles. In other words, we put on one side of the
line the so-called scientific subjects and then on the other side of
the line the so-called practical subjects.

Another thing that Dr. Moore brought up was the time that should
be devoted to each subject. That is always going to be, I think, a
very difficult point to decide. Usually the most able man in a fac-
ulty gets all the time he wants and the other men have to divide
what is left as well as they can. I know of only one instance in which
a course was carried through or made up just exactly as someone
wanted it, and that was during the war. The Educational Depart-
ment prepared for the War Department a schedule of classes for

294 VERANUS A. Moore

a veterinary school, and in this schedule they specified the hours
that each subject was to have, and that was turned over to a board
consisting partly of veterinary officers and civilians and they had
orders to prepare that course for introduction into the veterinary
school, and it was so carried out; and if the war had lasted a little
longer we would have had a veterinary course in all veterinary schools
in exactly the same way. Only under some such conditions will we
have such arrangement in effect, and I am not certain that it would
be a good arrangement, because it would not permit of the school
taking care of local conditions. Some diseases, for instance, or some
subjects, which are important in the North are less important in the
South, and some which are important in the South are less important
in the North.

Now as to how the subjects shall be divided. Dr. Moore mentioned
bacteriology. He brought up the point as to whether bacteriology
should be divided into different sections. I may be wrong on that
point, but my idea is that the bacteriologist should teach bacteriology,
just as the anatomist should teach anatomy in general, and then
the pathologist should apply the bacteriologist’s teaching in special
pathology.

Dr. WEGNER: It seems to me that the time is right now for veteri-
narians to begin to specialize. It may be true that the practitioner in
the small town does not have need for this specialty, but I do know
of a number of veterinarians who would have been very sadly per-
plexed had they not known where to turn to get some valuable, spe-
cial information that they needed. The poultry industry in the
Northwest at the present time needs some men who are capable
of taking care of the health of that industry. I think the demand
is now for specialization in veterinary medicine. A year ago at
our meeting several men asked me, ‘‘Where can we get some special
work on sanitation?”

There are positions that we could get if we could go into the city
and say to the commissioners, ‘‘We are capable of taking hold of your
sanitary matters and running your city.” If those men could go for
a few months and get special training along those particular lines,
I am sure they would be glad to do it.

A word regarding the point system. I do not believe that is going
to hurt anybody who has the proper qualifications, because we figured
it on the basis that the man who gets the grade of the average student
is not going to have any trouble with it.

Dr. KLEIN: While Dr. Moore’s paper has been discussed to some
extent, it has not, in my opinion, received the attention it deserves.
I hardly think it would be possible in a meeting of this character
to give it the necessary consideration. I, therefore, move that a
committee be appointed, consisting of one representative of the fac-
ulty of each approved veterinary school, to take up the suggestions
in this paper, and report, at the next meeting, a plan, if possible, for
givinse them a thorough study.

(The motion was seconded.)

Dr. EICHHORN: I believe it is very opportune at this time to give
this consideration. I do not know that any section has power to
have a committee appointed. I believe it would be advisable, owing
to the importance of the subject, to take it up in the general session,
and request that a committee be appointed by the President of the
Association. That would be a better procedure.

Dr. KLEIN: If this section is not permitted to appoint the com-
mittee without the approval of the general session, I would suggest
that this section vote on this motion, and if it is approved the chair-
man of the section can take it up in the general session. We can
present it to the general session as a proposition approved by the
section.

THE VETERINARY CURRICULUM 295

DR. EICHHORN: That is satisfactory.

CHAIRMAN PICKENS: Will you state your motion again?

Dr. KLEIN: My motion is that a committee be appointed, consisting
of one member from the faculty of each veterinary school approved
by the Association, to take up the paper of Dr. Moore and consider
the suggestions he made, and report to the next meeting of this Asso-
ciation a plan for carrying out or for making investigation that may
be necessary.

Dr. DimocK: What relationship would there be between this work
and that of the Committee on Intelligence and Education?

CHAIRMAN PICKENS: As I understand this motion, it is a case of
referring it back to the main body. I should think that would auto-
matically place it with the proper committee.

Dr. KLEIN: My motion is for the appointment of a special com-
mittee to take these suggestions into consideration, and report the
plan for investigating the proposition. I don’t think the status of
this special committee would place them in a position to inspect vet-
erinary schools and decide whether or not they are complying with
the rules of this Association. This is a matter of considering the
veterinary curriculum with the idea of bringing about more uni-
formity in the curricula in the different schools. Whatever recom-
mendation this committee makes would have to be reported to the
general session of the Association. Then, if it is proper that it
should be referred to the Committee on Intelligence and Education,
they will be so informed. I can’t see that the appointment of this
committee will in any way encroach on the duties of the Committee
on Intelligence and Education.

CHAIRMAN PICKENS: The only point I see is that I don’t know
whether the section has power to appoint a committee or not. Does
anybody know?

Dr. DimMock: It seems to me that all we can do is recommend to
the general session. I don’t see why we can’t recommend that the
regular Committee on Intelligence and Education take this up.

Dr. KLEIN: The objection to that plan is that in considering any
proposition in regard to making the curriculum uniform in the various
schools, local conditions have to be taken into consideration, and I
have endeavored to provide for consideration of local conditions by
having a representative of each teaching staff on this committee.
My purpose in sugvesting the appointment of this committee at this
time is that they will take a general view of the situation and agree
upon some plan whereby the committee of investigation, if necessary,
may be made. For instance, in the teaching of anatomy this com-
mittee might recommend that a committee of anatomists be ap-
pointed to consider certain subjects and certain phases in the teaching
of that subject. The purpose I have in suggesting the appointment
of this committee is that a very general survey should be made by
the committee of the conditions existing in the different schools, and
then they should report on the possibility of carrying out Dr. Moore’s
suggestions; and, if it appears possible, those suggestions can be
carried out. The best way is to undertake that task.

CHAIRMAN PICKENS: I don’t know whether it is in the province
of the section to appoint committees or not.

Dr. KLEIN: There is no doubt that the section has the right to
make the recommendation.

CHAIRMAN PICKENS: Will you amend your motion that we recom-
mend?

Dr. KLEIN: I will amend it that we recommend to the general ses-
sion that a committee be appointed.

Dr. Moore: I think the Committee on Intelligence and Education
is *oing to make a recommendation for the appointment of a com-
mittee. I was talking to Dr. Bergman some days ago about the de-

296 VeRANUS A. Moore

sirability of studying the situation, and he thought it ought to be
taken up, and at the time I read my paper he said he was going
to recommend the appointment of a committee consisting of two or
three men from each collev*. and those men should be elected or
appointed by the college, or by the dean of the faculty of those col-
leges. Dr. Bergman was not here when the paper was discussed. He
told me afterwards the reason he was not here was that he had
thought it over and deemed it better to take the recommendation of
the Intelligence and Education Committee. I think he has a resolu-
tion of recommendation.

Dr. KLEIN: In that case, I will withdraw my motion if that has
been taken care of.

CHAIRMAN PICKENS: With the permission of the second, we will
withdraw the motion.

(Consent of the second was given, and the motion was withdrawn.)

MARKED CHANGES IN BEEF PRODUCTION

Beef production in the United States has undergone marked
changes since 1850, and chief among them is the difference in
age to which animals destined for slaughter are kept on the
farms. |

With a larger proportion of beef cows kept, and with cattle
slaughtered at an earlier age, it is now possible to raise more
beef each year than when there were more cattle in the country
than at present. However, the system of using younger cattle
for beef involves the use of more harvested feed per 100 pounds
of beef produced, since a larger proportion of the gains in
weight are made in the feed lot than was formerly the case
when steers were carried four or five seasons on grass.

While the total number of cattle in the country has decreased
in recent years, the situation is not as serious as might appear,
since the number of cattle is greater now than any year from
1896 to 1917.

That the country can readily respond to a quickened demand
for beef was demonstrated during the war when production was
so stimulated that during 1917 and 1918 combined more than
1,000,000,000 pounds of beef were exported, which was 7 per
cent of our production and 22 per cent of the exports of the
world during that period. Since about 1905 South America
and Australia have been the chief sources of surplus beef.

Americans are eating less beef per capita than formerly, but
the figures show that when demand and prices provide sufficient
stimulus the supply can be inereased at a surprisingly rapid
rate.

SEQUEL OF CANINE DISTEMPER:

By Wiuu1AM E. Muupoon
Professor of Comparative Medicine, Kansas State Agricultural
College, Manhattan, Kansas

DISTEMPER may be defined as an acute, contagious, infee-
tious disease of young canines, which is characterized by febrile
manifestations and an acute catarrh of the mucous membrane.
This condition is frequently followed by numerous pathological
changes, either temporary or permanent, in various tissues of
the animal’s body. As we are particularly concerned with the
sequele of this disease, it is advisable to diseuss the subject in
a more or less systematic way and endeavor to emphasize the
more important forms of distemper and the complications which
may follow each form.

In regard to the symptoms of the disease as a whole it may be
said that the first thing noted is usually a fever of from 103 to
104 degrees. This is accompanied by prostration, dullness,
impaired appetite, erection of the hair along the spine, shivering,
trembling, seeking a warm place, fatigue on slight exertion, hot,
dry nose, and burning pads of the feet. Later the temperature
may descend to normal, or there may be alternations of rise
and fall. One of the most characteristic symptoms of distemper
is the implication of more than one set of organs, so that mor-
bid manifestations referable to the nose, eyes, throat, stomach,
skin and nervous system, and occurring in the same subject, are
to be especially noted. In enumerating the prominent symp-
toms caused by disease of one set of organs, therefore, it is not
implied that the absence of others referring to a different class
of organs is to be understood. On the contrary, a complication
of several is especially significant of the disease, though the
predominance in one class of organs will signify a special form
of the disease.

RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS

One of the earliest symptoms is usually sneezing with a red-

ness of the nasal mucosa, followed by a mucopurulent blocking

1Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

297

298 WituiAm E. MuLpoon

of the nose, and rubbing of it with the paws. With the impli-
cation of the throat there is usually local tenderness and a hard,
painful cough, which may be accompanied by retching or vomit-
ing. The breathing becomes snuffling, especially in the short-
nosed dogs, and rapid and even oppressed in ease of implication
of the smaller bronchi and the lungs. The nostrils may be-
come glued together, the discharge red or dark colored. Vesi-
cles and sores may appear on the mucosa, and the cough may get
paroxysmal, small, weak, husky or gurgling.

Percussion of the lungs may reveal small areas of flatness
from exudate or collapse, and in the case of pleurisy and hydro-
thorax there is lack of resonance up to a given horizontal line,
varying in position according to the position of the animal and
always keeping to that part of the thorax which may at the
time be lowest. Auscultation will reveal various sounds, ac-
cording to existing lesions. There may be a loud, blowing mur-
mur over the large bronchi, or at points to which this sound is
conveyed through consolidated lung. Or a course of finer
mucous rales may be present, indicating the second stage of
bronchitis; or a line of crepitation around a nonresonant area,
indicating pneumonia; or there may be friction sounds, or later,
creaking murmurs from false membranes. Wheezing sounds
are not uncommon, also sounds of the heart, bronchi or bowels,
heard in unwonted situations to which they are conveyed through
consolidated lung tissue. Dyspnea may become extreme, with
puffing out of the cheeks, labial souffle, and violent inspiratory
action. Emaciation, sunken, pale or dark red eyes, putrid diar-
rhea and nervous disorders usually precede death.

Regarding the animals which recover from this type of dis-
temper nothing need be said, but we are at times confronted with
various chronic sequele which often cause the small-animal prac-
titioner a great deal of worry. Under this head we may men-
tion the following:

1. Chronic Nasal Catarrh.—This is usually shown by a puru-
lent discharge, varying in quantity, from both nasal passages.
This discharge in severe cases is streaked with blood and has a
very offensive odor; it causes excoriations on the mucous mem-
brane and skin at the nasal openings, where it forms dry and
hard crusts. There are frequent paroxysms of sneezing. In

SEQUELA: OF CANINE DISTEMPER 299

cases where the nasal passages are occluded the animal breathes
through its mouth.

In handling this condition the best results will probably be
obtained by keeping the animal in a warm place and spraying
the nasal passages daily with a solution of creolin 2 per cent,
boric acid 2 per cent, or sodium bicarbonate 2 per cent. The
dried crusts should be removed with warm water, and zine
oxid ointment applied to the membranes and skin at the nasal
openings. If this treatment fails, cultures may be grown from
the nasal discharge and a standardized autogenic vaccine made.
Two cubie centimeters of this vaccine should be injected sub-
cutaneously every five to seven days until the purulent discharge
ceases.

2. Chronic Catarrh of the Larynz.—The symptoms of this
condition are similar to those of acute laryngitis except that
they are not so severe. The cough sounds dry, hoarse, rough—
sometimes moist—and it is frequent, quite loud, and accompanied
by a wheezy inspiratory sound, and in rare instances with
retching or even emesis. In some cases the cough resembles the
whooping cough of children. It is heard mostly at night, or
when the animal runs and plays as he would do before being
taken out for a run.

As a rule the treatment of this disease is unsatisfactory, but
it depends to a large extent on the condition of the animal.
Various cough mixtures may be prescribed to allay the irritation
and lessen the coughing. Inhalations of medicinal agents, such
as turpentine, etc., may be of value. The best method is to put
the animal on a cane-seated chair, and having placed the medi-
cated agent, steaming hot, underneath the chair, to cover the
dog with a sheet and by holding him compel him to inhale the
vapors for ten or fifteen minutes. Direct applications of silver
nitrate 1 to 100 may be used in some of the more obstinate cases.
In making these applications to the larynx an assistant holds
the mouth open with tapes, the tongue is pressed down with a
spatula or the handle of a spoon, and the throat is sprayed by
means of an atomizer.

3. Chronic Interstitial Pnewmonia.—This is a frequent sequel
to the respiratory form of dog distemper, as in the course of
this condition resolution does not take place and the fibrinous

300 WituiaAmM E. MuLpoon

exudate collected in the alveoli during the stage of red hepatiza-
tion is displaced by a fibrous tissue. The symptoms usually
shown are a moderate dyspnea and a chronic cough, with a
nasal discharge which may be slight or profuse. The exhaled
air has a fetid odor, due perhaps to some smaller abscess forma-
tion. The temperature is usually normal and often no marked
symptoms are noticed. In some eases dropsical effusions are
present, and the animal may suddenly die if compelled to exert
itself.

The prognosis of this condition is bad and the disease is usu-
ally considered incurable. However, one may prescribe expecto-
rants and use general stimulants to modify the symptoms, and
a thorough course of potassium iodid may prove of value.

4. Pleurisy with Effusion.—We are not particularly concerned
with primary pleurisy, except where there is an effusion present
in the chest cavity. When the effusion present is in large quan-
tities, excites much dyspnea, becomes purulent or remains un-
absorbed after from ten to twenty days, proper treatment should
be undertaken. Diuretics and cardiac stimulants have only an
indirect influence on the accumulations, atid when the exudate is
gradually absorbed one can hardly credit these drugs with ac-
complishing the results, as the exudate is usually reabsorbed
when the acute inflammatory stage of the disease has passed.

The best method of treatment is the removal of the fluid by
surgical means; that is, by puncturing the chest wall. This is
best performed by means of a thoroughly sterilized trocar and
cannula or aspirating needle. It is best done with the animal
either in a sitting or a standing position. Remove the hair from
and disinfect a small area on the side of the chest so that the
instrument may be inserted in a forward direction at the anterior
border of the sixth, seventh and eighth ribs, and as low in the
cavity as possible. The amount of fluid that may be removed
depends on the heart action. When the heart becomes weak
and rapid or when coughing suddenly develops, the operation
should be discontinued. If necessary the chest may be tapped
daily at a different site of puncture until all fluid is removed.

Ear SYMPTOMS

Inflammation of the external auditory meatus with the forma-
tion of vesicles and discharge is a common lesion (50 per cent).

SEQUEL OF CANINE DISTEMPER 301

It is marked by pain and tenderness, which usually disappear
during convalescence. In some eases a chronic catarrhal con-
dition of the canal is left which requires constant care for some
time in order to perfect a cure. In such cases the ear should
be carefully cleansed with pledgets of cotton saturated with
ether. The canal should be made dry with clean gauze or cot-
ton and a drying antiseptic powder introduced carefully into
the ear as far as possible. If there are ulcerations present in
the meatus it is advisable to anesthetize the canal first by drop-
ping a 4 per cent solution of cocain into the canal and then
touching up the ulcerated areas with stick nitrate of silver or by
instilling a 5 per cent solution of the silver nitrate into the ear.
Should the animal shake the head continuously, or in any way
hinder the treatment, a head cap should be employed for a few
days.

Deafness may follow distemper in dogs. It is probably due
to a paralysis of the auditory nerve. Treatment is usually of
little value, although good results may be obtained in some eases
by building up the animal’s strength and administering fairly
good-sized doses of strychnin sulphate, according to the animal’s
size, over quite a period of time.

Eyre SYMPTOMS

Conjunctival congestion is one of the earliest and most con-
stant symptoms. Weeping, swollen eyelids and reddened mucosa
are seen. Photophobia may bespeak keratitis. Soon the watery
tears become mucopurulent, matting together the lashes and
even the lids, especially during the night, so that they must pe
sponged to get them apart in the morning. Vesicles exception-
ally appear on the conjunctiva; more frequently it becomes
cloudy and opaque, and at points near the center degeneration
of the epithelium leads to the formation of ulcers, no larger
than pinheads but extending into the cornea and sometimes
perforating it so as to allow protrusion of the membrane of
Descemet or the escape of the aqueous humor. The formation
and extension of the ulcers are favored by the animal’s general
debility, by rubbing of the eyes with the paws, and by the
infection of abrasions with pus organisms. This infection may
extend to the lining membrane of the anterior chamber, and
even of the posterior, with panophthalmia, but in the absence

302 WinttrAmM EK. MuLDOON

of perforation internal ophthalmia is rare. When the ulcers
heal, white cicatricial spots, or black points caused by the ad-
hesion of the uveal pigment, remain.

Chronic conjunctiwitis frequently follows distemper and often
persists a long time. The conjunctiva is somewhat thickened,
and the secretion is scanty and of a mucoid character, and is
deposited at the angle of the lids. In some cases there is little
or no secretion and the membrane is reddened or dry. When
this is the case increased winking occurs in order to moisten the
cornea. The secretion upon the edges of the lids may produce an
inflammation and cause the lashes to fall out; it gives the whole
eye a heavy, drowsy appearance. When the condition has been
severe, eutropion or inversion of the lid often occurs, and in a
large number of cases this is the real cause of the eye trouble per-
sisting.

The uncomplicated chronic conjunctivitis may be treated by
means of astringents such as zine sulphate or copper sulphate
in from 0.5 to 1 per cent solutions. If crusts form about the
margins of the lids, apply yellow oxid of mercury ointment every
night and wash it off next morning with a solution of bicarbonate
of soda. This will soften the crusts, prevent the lids from stick-
ing together, and allow the secretion to flow out more freely.

If an inversion of the lids is present surgical treatment is
necessary in order to afford permanent relief. An elliptical
piece of skin is removed from the eyelid parallel to the margin
and about one-eighth to one-quarter inch from the edge of the
lid, and the skin sutured so that the lid will be drawn out or
everted. A certain amount of judgment is necessary to deter-
mine the amount of skin to remove in each case. After the
operation the wound is covered with a flexible collodion dressing
and the sutures removed in three or four days. Care should
be taken to avoid injury to the deeper structures or to the mar-
gins of the lids when operating.

Opacities of the Cornea.—tThese are the result of an inflam-
mation of the cornea, following dog distemper, and may be
designated according to their density as (a) nebula, a slight
turbidity ; (b) macula, a denser opacity easily seen in ordinary
light; (c) albugo, a translucent opacity; (d) leukoma, the
entire cornea becoming turbid or milk white. The prognosis
depends upon the age of the patient and the duration, location,
extent and character of the opacity. The more recent the

SEQUEL OF CANINE DISTEMPER 303

opacity the more favorable the prognosis. As most of these
opacities are composed of cicatricial tissue, complete removal of
them is very difficult. Dionin is the drug which will probably
give the best results when applied either in solution (5 to 10
per cent) or in the powdered form. It is advisable to begin with
a few drops of a 5 per cent solution instilled into the eye several
times daily, and increase the strength of the preparation later
if necessary. The powdered form may be dropped into the eye
daily for about a week, and a week or ten days allowed to
elapse before the treatment is repeated. A severe reaction
usually follows the first treatments but this disappears after
about a week. Yellow oxid of mereury ointment has also been
used with good results, as well as silver nitrate solution in 4
per cent strength. To obtain results any treatment must be
continued for a long time, and the prognosis in these cases should
always be guarded.

DIGESTIVE AND Hepatic SYMPTOMS

Anorexia and vomiting may usher in the disease. Buccal con-
gestion, dryness, clamminess and fetor are marked symptoms
and there may be some yellowness of the mouth and eye. The
patient may at first be constipated, but diarrhea often sets in
early, with tenesmus, much fetor, mucous froth and even blood,
also abdominal pain and tenderness. The abdomen is habitually
tense and contracted. Ulceration of the mouth, gums and rec-
tum, invagination, prolapsus ani, jaundice, septic pneumonia,
paralysis, and convulsions or cutaneous eruptions are occasional
complications. The abdominal type of distemper is especially
fatal. In its early stages debility, prostration and drowsiness
are marked features.

We need not say much concerning the after effects of dog
distemper upon the digestive tract, as the condition usually rights
itself as the animal returns to normal. In some eases there
may be a persistent gastritis or gastroenteritis which may re-
main for some time, but if the patient is properly fed and cared
for this usually disappears. In case it should not, we can only
recommend the regular outlined treatment which is used in these
conditions when due to some other cause. It is quite probable
that the continuous administration of more or less irritant drugs
over a period of weeks in the treatment of the primary disease
is the cause of this condition.

304 Witwi1AmM E. MuLpoon

CUTANEOUS SYMPTOMS

In a ereat number of cases skin eruptions are observed at
some stage of the disease, and may remain as a sequel for a
time after apparent recovery. In some cases the only promi-
nent symptoms are a high fever and skin eruption, and in these
cases recovery may be looked for with some confidence. The
lesions are most prevalent on white-skinned dogs with short
hair, and on the most delicate parts of the skin (abdomen,
serotum, perineum, inside of the thighs and elbows), but they
may extend over the whole body and even encroach upon the
mucosa. They vary much in different cases and stages. There
may be punctiform reddish spots, changing to hard elevated
papules, and in some eases to vesicles and even pustules. The
vesicles may be small and pointed, but more commonly they are
rounded and flat and as large as a lentil or a small pea. When
first formed they contain liquid exudate which may be clear
and transparent, but is often reddish or even violet. The in-
dividual vesicles tend to burst and dry up, but others appear,
and thus the eruption will continue for weeks, the skin mean-
while exuding a sticky, greasy, offensive-smelling exudate which
mats the hairs together. Itching is usually slight, yet in given
cases excoriations are produced with considerable moist dis-
charge. These skin lesions tend to spontaneous recovery when
the general health improves, and appear to be little affected by
treatment.

NERvous SYMPTOMS

Nervous symptoms are shown more or less from the begin-
ning. The great dullness, depression, apathy and weakness
which usually usher in the disease are indications of a deranged
nervous system. Drowsiness may be shown early. Even the
early nausea and vomiting may be largely central in its origin.
The dog is restless and irritable, getting up and moving from
place to place, starting from sleep, yelping, snapping, with
twitching of the muscles of the face or limbs, rolling of the eyes,
-and excessive heat of the head. Epileptic attacks may appear
at any stage of the disease. Tonic spasms, paresis and paraly-
sis are usually late manifestations and often seem to be sequele
determined by toxin poisoning of the nerve centers, or by de-
~ generation of their structures. Twitching movements may be
confined to the head, or to a limb, or they may affect the whole
body. Tonic spasms often affect the neck, turning the head
rigidly to one side,

SEQUEL OF CANINE DISTEMPER 305

The proper handling of these nervous affections following
canine distemper is one of the most difficult problems that con-
front the smalJ-animal practitioner. We are sorry that we
have nothing specific in the way of treatment to offer, and we
can only say that treatment must correspond to the morbid
phenomena. Extreme prostration may demand diffusible stimu-
lants—ether, camphorated oil, or strychnin sulphate. Spasms
and other indications of congestion may be met by cold to the
head and inhalations of ether, followed by rectal injections of
chloral hydrate. Posterior paralysis may be treated with tonics,
stomachies, easily digestible rich food, and good hygiene. Mas-
sage, rubs and the application of electricity may be indicated,
and of value in this condition. A light firing along the back
and lumbar region may be of some service; at any rate we have
seen a few cases recover where it has been employed.

The nervous twitching so common after distemper is not, in
our opinoin, a true chorea, as it is so often called, but a form of
disseminating myelitis. In the majority of these cases there are
more or less rhythmic contractions which generally involve the
muscles of the extremities, but more rarely may affect the mus-
cles of the neck or the abdominal muscles exclusively. The
muscles of the chest and the muscles supplied by the radial and
sciatic nerves are the ones chiefly involved. In the majority of
cases there is a nuclear paralysis, and sometimes also a supra-
nuclear paraplegia of certain groups of muscles of the extremi-
ties and of the sphincters. Automutilation sometimes occurs in
this condition.

Tt has been our experience that it is absolutely useless to ex-
pect results from the administration of nerve stimulants such as
strychnin, veratrin, arsenic, ete. Neither can results be ex-
pected from the full-sized doses of potassium iodid which are
used by some as a routine treatment. If muscular atrophy
should threaten or should be actually present, attempts should
be made to check it by passive movements of the paralyzed limbs
and by massage. Some authors record rapid improvements fol-
lowing the subcutaneous injection of eserin, pilocarpin or areco-
lin, but the writer doubts their value in this condition. Recently
we have been experimenting with the administration of thyroid
extract in these cases, but as yet our results are not worthi pub-
lishing. The prognosis of these cases is always to be guarded,

306 Wiw1AmM E. Munpoon

and we believe that we can expect results only in the case of
young animals that will receive good care over a long period of
time, and thus perhaps outgrow the condition.

Less CoMMON SEQUELAE

Some other sequele may follow canine distemper but are less
frequently met. ;

Amaurosis.—This is really a symptom and not a disease, and
the condition so-called which we see following distemper results
in blindness without a visible lesion of the eye. It is probably
due to some disturbance of the optic nerve. The principle
symptoms are blindness and an abnormal dilatation of the pupil
which does not react to light. In the early stages the eye ap-
pears normal, but later the globe becomes atrophied. ‘Treat-
ment is usually of no avail, but in some eases as the animal
recovers from the primary disease the eye returns to normal.

Lymphangitis—We have observed several cases of distemper
during the course of which one or more of the legs became hot.
painful and swollen. On examination the subcutaneous lym-
phaties were found to be enlarged and to present a peculiar
corded appearance. In a few eases there was a rapid recovery,
but in some an abscess was formed with an accompanying diffuse
phlegmon. The therapeutic treatment of these cases consists
first in the application of a cooling pack, and later, if the glands
show any indication of abscess formation, in opening them by
surgical methods.

DISCUSSION

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: We have just listened to a paper on one of
the important subjects of small-animal practice. No one enters
into the practice of veterinary medicine for any great length of
time without coming in contact with canine distemper and its after
effects. This subject is open for discussion.

Dr. C. A. Cary (Auburn, Ala.): In the South this last year, the
last six or eight weeks, we have had a peculiar excess, we might
call it, of distemper in dogs, involving not only young dogs but old
dogs. Among hounds where there are fifteen or twenty in the bunch
it is not unlikely that all of them will have the epileptic type follow-
ing distemper, probably. We have had that in numerous cases this
year. In thirty years of experience in the South I have never known
it to occur before. This year it has covered several States in the
South to my knowledge. It is very intractable. The only cases I
have seen recover are those that are a little old. The more you
monkey with these cases the worse they get. I don’t want to knock
our profession in any sense of the word, but we are just up against
it. I don’t know how it is in the North, but if you have it and have
means of controlling it or curing it, I would like to hear about it.

The practitioners of the extreme South are troubled very seriously

SEQUELA OF CANINE DISTEMPER 307

with this problem. I don’t know about the Middle States. Invariably
the owner of the dogs says, “Our dogs have fits.” When we go to
look at them we nearly always find this type of epileptic sequela. We
have tried dieting; we have tried a good many of the so-called reme-
dies for nervous trouble. We have tried sedatives and narcotics and
things of that kind, and we can handle this temporarily. We have
tried to get rid of the worms they say produce convulsions, but it
doesn’t do any good in these cases. I know that most practitioners
are up against it when they encounter distemper.

I remember when I was in Francker’s clinic in Berlin; Francker’s
great drug was calomel. We got over that and found out that calo-
mel probably is a good purgative, in a sense, in certain stages, to
eliminate what we might term bile and things of that kind; but
calomel doesn’t do any good in a lot of cases. I might enumerate a
good many things, bacterins and others things, but I am not going
to do that. I am after this one thing: Can you give me any light on
these cases of epilepsy? Can you give me any help?

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: Can anybody offer any suggestions to Dr.
Cary’s question?

Dr. FricK: The problem of canine distemper, as we know, is the
biggest problem that the small-animal practitioner has to contend
with, and there are a few points I want to call attention to. One
fact is that this is very similar to influenza in humans; in certain
years the virulence will greatly increase and everything dies, and the
next year we think we have a cure for it, and with almost anything
you use the majority of them will live. I wonder if it wouldn’t be a
good plan if there could be some committee arranged by the small-
animal practitioners to spend a definite amount of time in investigat-
ing the question of distemper, similar to the committees on tubercu-
losis and abortion, etc., on large-animal work.

Dr. C. VANDERWARF (Chicago Heights, Ill.): I happen to have
quite a bit of experience with distemper in dogs. I meet with it
every day. I have tried everything, I suppose, that nearly everybody
here has. I am up against it. In the past few days I have lost a
. couple of dogs, which was very much of a disappointment. They
were a couple of bloodhounds that a fellow thought a lot of. There
was a banker in our town who bought a Belgian Police dog and it
died with distemper. He bought another one and told me he was
going to have me immunize it. I tried to immunize it with serums,
and it died with distemper. He got another one and treated it a
while himself, and it died with distemper. I am up against it just
the same as a lot of the rest of you.

I have a dog of my own that just plays around this stuff and it
doesn’t bother him one bit. I don’t hold him back. When a case
of distemper comes on the place I let him run. He is always loose
and all over the place. That dog surely must be immune. I have
had other dogs on the place that weren’t any good. I let that dog
with patients that are probably around, and I have had bad ones on
the place that would refuse food and the discharge would be all over
the food, and I fed it to this dog and couldn’t make the dog diseased
at all. I am not situated so as to have a laboratory, but I have
just been wondering lately whether any of you have ever tried the
serum of an immune dog or hyperimmune dog. I wonder if that is
possible, the same as you would get serum from a hyperimmune hog.
I wonder if this would be possible in the dog. I would like to hear
from any of you who have tried it or had experience.

Dr. MILKS: What kind of a dog is it?

DR. VANDERWARF: It is an English bull, not purebred.

Dr. MILKS: It is very hard to produce distemper in a dog. There
is some controversy as to the cause. We have tried the immune serum,
and our dog died just the same.

308 Wintiiam E. MuLpoon

Dr. F. O. WALTERS (Lemont, IIl.): I have had a great deal of ex-
perience with distemper. It seems that within the last four or five
years we are having more trouble than we used to have. There was
a time when you could immunize a dog against distemper and make
it hold, but that can’t be done. It seems there is a complication pres-
ent with distemper which the scientists or laboratory men haven’t
worked out. They say that we don’t get any results from the treat-
ment we are using at present. It seems we have more trouble in
the highly bred animals. The dog fancier is trying to get a higher
class dog, and I think with this high breeding and inbreeding they
reduce resistance and of course the dog is more subject to these con-
ditions. Dr. -Vanderwarf spoke about his bulldog not contracting
distemper. You have better success with these curs than you have
with the better bred animals. (Laughter.)

DR. QUITMAN: I just want to answer a question. The paper is
almost too long to take up the various points for discussion, but there
has lately been going around—I dare say most of you have heard
of it—the recommendation of using hog-cholera serum in the treat-
ment of canine distemper. I just want to ask if there is anyone
here who has used it, and what your experience has been. I have
heard three or four, may be half a dozen, reports, and they have been
extremely favorable. On the other hand, my own experience with it,
which was only one case, pointed out a great danger. The one gen-
tleman to whom I spoke at this meeting about it had tried it and he
also had unfavorable results from it. That treatment does not ap-
peal to me for this reason: Although I am of the opinion, and have
been for many years, that canine distemper is due to a virus the same
as hog cholera is, I feared when I heard the suggestions made, or
had the reports of the value of hog-cholera serums, the danger of
anaphylaxis. Of course I know anaphylaxis usually comes with the
second or third dose, nearly always the second dose. The second dose
brings the patient down with anaphylaxis. The case of which I speak
was an absolutely hopeless case, but this pup shouldn’t have died
for a matter of four, five or six days. However, after receiving a
dose of concentrated hog-cholera serum, he died in about 15 or 25 min-
utes. I was discussing with Dr. Eichhorn whether this could have been
anaphylactic reaction. At first he said he didn’t think it was, but when
I called his attention and asked him if he didn’t think canine dis-
temper would do, he agreed in his opinion that it was. Then, dis-
cussing the thing, he finally came to the conclusion that it prob-
ably was anaphylactic reaction because of the death of the puppy in
a or 25 minutes where it should have taken four, five or six days to

ie.

I would like to hear if any of you have given this hog-cholera serum
treatment in canine distemper. It is my opinion that when these
gentlemen report good results from it, it is a case of erroneous diag-
nosis, because some veterinarians call every case a case of distemper
if a dog has a discharge from the nose or eyes. During the last three
or four months I have had a great run of ordinary cases of coryza
and rhinitis in the dog. But I know it has become a practice if the
dog shows any nasal or eye discharge to call it distemper. All such
cases, however, are not distemper. It is probably those cases, not
true distemper, that hog-cholera serum acts upon. I think, after
our information on the subject, if any of you have used hog-cholera
serum either favorably or unfavorably you should make a report now.

DR. VANDERWARF: I have tried everything. I have tried clear
serum on the two particular bloodhounds I was speaking about, and
both of them died the same way that Dr. Quitman spoke of. With
ordinary treatment I couldn’t see why they wouldn’t have lived for
about a week or ten days or probably a month, but instead of that
the one came back for the second treatment and the other never came

SEQUEL OF CANINE DISTEMPER 309

back at all. I used this subcutaneously. They were fair-sized dogs.
I gave about 18 c.c. If any of you contemplate using it, I would say
be a little bit careful about the stuff.

Dr. CAHILL: Dr. Quitman has brought up one or two points which
seem to me to be rather important. Thinking back a few years, I
think you all remember the time when one or possibly two biological
producers in this country collected practically all of the serums of
different kinds and simply relabeled them and sent them out as canine
serum. You older men all recall that was a prevalent custom a few
years ago. The Bureau of Animal Industry forced several people to
discontinue that move, and-apparently no more dogs died of dis-
temper since then than before. It seems quite difficult to see a reason
why we should get a nonspecific action from hog-cholera serum in
a case of canine distemper. Nonspecific therapy has been used in
some diseases with apparently good results until properly investigated
and experimented, and then it has proven to be more or less imaginary.
I am sure the same thing will happen if anti-hog-cholera serum
should be used to any extent in canine distemper.

Dr. Quitman’s remarks about a case of anaphylaxis makes me think
of a similar case which was called to my attention last year. From
what information I have, it seems that anaphylaxis in dogs is par-
ticularly prevalent in Chicago following the use of immune serum.
One large practitioner there whom I know had four or five dogs
die in this manner after using canine anti-distemper serum. It was
suggested to him at the time that there existed the possibility of
these pups having been treated by some other veterinarian or the
owner himself, and the owner not conveying the knowledge to this
veterinarian when the dog was admitted to the hospital. He acted
on the suggestion and endeavored to trace the matter down, and he
found out that of the five dogs that died from anaphylaxis he could
definitely ascertain those pups had more than eight days previously
received a dose of anti-canine-distemper serum from another veteri-
narian. There isn’t any more reason why we would get anaphylaxis
in the case of anti-hog-cholera serum given to dogs than in the case
of anti-distemper serum, both of which are foreign proteins. In this
particular case the veterinarian who was experiencing the difficulty
overcame it by sensitizing his dogs first. I might say he has com-
pletely eliminated for several months cases of anaphylaxis by giving
a very small sensitizing dose subcutaneously. I have been informed by
him within the past few weeks that he hasn’t had a case of anaphy-
laxis within four months, whereas he was getting one every few
days previous to that.

Dr. EICHHORN: Instead of sensitizing the dog, it should be de-
sensitized. I just want to convey the impression that we want to
desensitize the animal and then sensitize him.

With regard to the use of anti-hog-cholera serum for the preven-
tion of canine distemper I am very much of the opinion of Dr. Cahill,
that up to date nothing would justify us in employing such a serum
in this disease.

There is no question but what we do not know at this time the
actual cause of canine distemper. I believe that the information
which I received during the recent trip to Europe from the original
investigators of canine distemper in Alfort, that canine distemper
in their belief represents a group of diseases and not a single dis-
ease, is correct. When they designate canine distemper in the French
languace, they call it diseases of young dogs. So we might have
to deal with diseases of young animals with different etiological
factors. That is the result of the findings. Probably in the ma-
jority of cases we have to deal with the virus which is the original
cause of the disease. Some of the veterinarians report unfavorable
results from the use of canine distemper products as marketed today,
and others report favorable results.

DISEASES OF THE CORNEA!

By H. J. Mmtxs
New York State Veterinary College,
Cornell -University,
Tthaca; Ney:

THE TREATMENT of diseases of the eye forms a consid-
erable part of a small-animal practice. Unlike similar work on
medicine, there is no call for refractive work and consequently
most cases mean the treatment of inflammatory conditions. No
one line of treatment will do for all kinds of trouble or for the
same disease in different animals, although with an understand-
ing of what must be done and some knowledge of the use of
different remedial agents much can be accomplished.

Probably no disease with which we come into contact and
for which considerable can be done is met more frequently than
keratitis in some of its forms. It is more common in dogs than
in cats, and certain pop-eyed dogs, such as Bostons, ‘‘Pekes,’’
etc., appear predisposed to it.

EXAMINATION

Normally the cornea is lustrous and transparent and the
epithelium covering it forms as good a reflecting surface as the
best mirror. There are no inflammations of the cornea in which
these characters are not changed. The usual symptoms of in-
flammation are lacking in keratitis because there are no blood-
vessels and the organ is not elastic. The most prominent diag-
nostic symptom is cloudiness, due to a collection of leucocytes
that have passed in from adjacent vessels. If the cornea in such
a case is examined with a hand lens its surface will appear
roughened or uneven as though punctured with needles (stip-
pled), and there is no corneal infiltration in which there is not
this stippled appearance of the epithelium. This condition is
sometimes seen in old sears, but they are distinguished by their
color. Sear tissue is bluish or white, while the infiltration al-
ways has a yellowish tinge.

Congestion of the blood-vessels, conjunctival and ciliary, usu-
ally accompanies inflammation of the cornea, but may be absent

+ Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

310

DISEASES OF THE CORNEA lal

in mild cases and occasionally in severe ones. Iritis and hypop-
yon are frequent complications.

After a diagnosis of keratitis has been made, it is necessary to
know where the disease is located—that is, whether superficial or
deep. This is not easily determined from direct examination,
but there are certain signs that can be used as an aid in the
determination. As a rule superficial inflammations are more
or less sharply defined, the deep ones less so, and have the ap-
pearance of hazy spots of irregular form. Corneal vessels also
play an important role in the diagnosis. The superficial vessels
are arborescent, tortuous, bright red, easily seen, and can be
traced to their origin in the conjunctiva. The deeper ones come
from the sclera and extend into the cornea in straight red lines.
They are less distinctly seen because they are often covered by
a densely infiltrated corneal layer. In general, superficial ves-
sels indicate superficial and deep ones parenchymatous inflam-
mations, but the presence of superficial vessels is not absolute
evidence against deep inflammations, as in some eases the super-
ficial accompany the deep. Deep keratitis is usually due to gen-
eral infection, as in distemper.

Several distinct types of keratis are described and the dis-
ease is often divided into well-defined groups, but for practical
purposes it may be divided into nonsuppurative and suppurative
or ulcerous keratitis. Nonsuppurative may be again divided into
superficial, deep or parenchymatous, and vascular or pannus.

NONSUPPURATIVE KERATITIS

Superficial keratitis is an inflammation of the epithelial cover-
ing of the cornea and the superficial layers of the parenchyma.
It is shown by a bluish white cloudiness which may be localized
or diffuse and is accompanied by lacrimation and photophobia.
Resorption usually takes place in a few days. Occasionally a
slight desquamation takes place, but this is so superficial as to
need special attention to recognize it, although it may easily be
outlined with a drop of fluorescein solution.

Keratitis punctata superficialis or faceted keratitis is often
seen in certain breeds of dogs, especially the Pekingese. It is
characterized by more or less generalized cloudiness in the midst
of which small areas may be distinguished by careful examina-
tion. These spots are opaque, white, gray, or even yellowish,
forming a slight relief in the cornea and penetrating somewhat.

312 H. J. Mirks

Sometimes they ulcerate. Between these are portions of mirror-
like tissue which gives a faceted appearance. This tissue may
erroneously be diagnosed as ulecerous but is in reality sound
tissue. The affection may affect both eyes and, according to
Nicholas, should be regarded as chronic. The attacks are re-
current or tend to be periodic, the symptoms changing some-
what but not disappearing entirely in the periods between the
attacks.

Treatment.—The routine treatment of nonsuppurative kerati-
tis consists in the use of warm, nonirritating antiseptic solu-
tions. According to Gray, the milder the better. Heroic meas-
ures are not indicated in superficial keratitis and their employ-
ment leads to disaster. The use of hot packs, two or three times
daily, and instillation of such agents as 2-4 per cent solution of
boric acid, 1 per cent borax, 1-5,000 bichlorid, chinosol, ete.,
usually effect a cure. A 1 per cent solution of atropin is use-
ful in severe cases, both to relieve pain and lessen lability to
iritis. Pain and photophobia may be relieved by a 1 or 2 per
cent solution of cocain, but the continuous use of this agent is
believed by many to be detrimental. Quinin and urea hydro-
chlorid appears to work well in these cases. It does not pro-
duce its action so rapidly as cocain, but lasts for a long time,
up to 24 hours or more. After the acute symptoms have sub-
sided calomel or iodoform in fine powder or in ointment may
be useful, or the cornea may be massaged with a weak (1 or
2 per cent) yellow oxid of mercury ointment. Dionin is fre-
quently useful and may be employed in pure form dusted upon
the cornea or in 5 to 10 per cent solution or ointment. This
drug produces edema of the conjunctiva and is thought to
promote the flow of lymph through the cornea and in this way
aid in the absorption of the exudate. It is aJso useful in deep-
seated pain. The eye soon acquires a tolerance for this drug,
hence little will be accomplished from its use for more than a
week or ten days. This tolerance soon wears off and the drug
may be employed again after a few days’ intermission.

Pannus is a vascular growth of connective tissue upon the
superficial layers of the cornea, but may be between the corneal
epithelium and Bowman’s capsule. It begins with keratitis in
which areas become clouded and infiltrated with superficial
tortuous vessels, largest at the periphery and directed toward
the center. If the cause has disappeared, the new tissue be-

DISEASES OF THE CORNEA 313

comes organized and takes on a cicatricial appearance, the ves-
sels becoming fewer in number. This disease is not a common
one but is occasionally seen in dogs.

Prognosis depends upon the corneal infiltration and destruc-
tion of the epithelium. It is frequently followed by opacities,
but treatment will often restore an eye to a fairly serviceable
condition.

Treatment consists in massaging with a yellow oxid of mer-
cury ointment and the use of astringents. The application of
dionin seems to be of considerable benefit. Tf very vascular,
periotomy sometimes works well, but according to Gray it is
not usually successful. If there is much cicatricial tissue it
may be removed with a knife or currette, following this with
massage with yellow oxid of mercury ointment and the appliea-
tion of dionin.

SUPPURATIVE OR ULCERATIVE KERAT ITIS

Ulcerative keratitis ig a common disease of dogs. It may be
primary, in which ease it begins in the cornea from abscesses.
wounds, or secondary from conjunctivitis. It may also be classi-
fied as endogenous, due to infections through the blood and
lymph, or exogenous when due to local influences; but of what-
ever nature they lead to the same thing and ulceration is the
result. In some cases the ulcers follow a diffuse keratitis and in
others remain localized and appear as though a small amount
of tissue had been gouged out of the cornea. After the ulcer
has formed it may be progressive, if it is still active, or regres-
Sive, if there is a tendency to cicatrize. In this stage it is also
known as a clean ulcer. The healing process is accompanied by
the development in the cornea of long, flexuous, red_ vessels,
reaching from the ulcer to the molenacouneal limbus. Cicatrization
always takes place by means of opaque tissue on a level with the
corneal struma. The epithelial layer is entirely regenerated by
proliferation of its margins and in the end completely covers
the newly formed tissue. If entirely filled up, the cicatrix is
on a level with the rest of the cornea and can be recognized by
its opacity and irregular surface, but if not completely filled, a
flat faceted place remains. In some eases the sear tissue does
not withstand the intraocular pressure and bulges forward from
the rest of the cornea—‘‘ectasic cicatrix.’?

As the ulcer progresses it may extend into the depths of

314 H. J. Minks

the cornea, destroy its whole thickness and leave only Decemet’s
membrane. This may resist but more often yields, and we get
a hernia of the membrane or a keratocele. As a rule, however,
this membrane breaks under the intraocular pressure with con-
sequences which will be discussed later. As long as any of the
corneal layers remain, the floor of the ulcer will be opaque,
but when only the membrane of Decemet is left the edges will
be opaque but the floor clear. .

Prognosis depends upon the extent and condition of the ulcer
and the age and general health of the animals. In general, aged,
diseased dogs are less favorable patients than young or healthy
animals. Prognosis also depends somewhat upon the early rec-
ognition of the ulcer. As a rule the earlier recognized and
treated, the better the prognosis. Hence all cases of keratitis
should be examined carefully for loss of tissue. In cases of
doubt, a drop of fluorescin solution (fluorescein, 1 per cent; sod-
ium bicarbonate, 2.5 per cent) placed into the eye and immed-
iately washed out will aid in the diagnosis. This preparation
stains any denuded area a bright green but does not effect
sound tissue. While making the examination one must note
the condition of the uleer—that is, whether it is in an active or
healing stage. An active ulcer will have ragged edges, convex
grayish base and general cloudiness and be accompanied by other
local disturbances. If healing, the edges are rounded, smooth,
clear, the cloudiness clearing and the acute symptoms subsiding.

Treatment.—tIn simple ulcers the cul-de-sac of the conjunctiva
should be irrigated thoroughly with one of the mild antisepties
mentioned under nonsuppurative keratitis. Pain and photo-
phobia may also be handled similarly. These simple ulcers often
heal promptly under atropin and boric acid solution or if the
ulcer be touched with a 1 per cent solution of silver nitrate or
strong phenol. If accompanied with conjunctivitis, this disease
must be treated also. We have found it necessary in most cases
to cauterize before we could stop the progress of the ulcer. Our
plan has been to outline the ulcer with a drop of fluorescein
solution which stains the ulcer green. Then apply strong phenol
on a probe, being careful first to shake off any drops that might
accumulate. It is impossible to state whether there is any bene-
fit from the fluorescein solution, but it seems that those cases
upon which it has been used do better than the others. After
the acute symptoms have subsided, or from the beginning in

DISEASES OF THE CORNEA 315

some cases in which the ulcer has been torpid, some stimulation
is needed. For this purpose yellow oxid of mercury ointment,
2 to 5 per cent, iodoform or calomel dusted on the cornea or in
ointment, do well. Recently we have used more ointments than
powders, but always irrigate the conjunctiva sac thoroughly be-
fore massaging with the ointment.

Deep and sloughing ulcers—Hot fomentations and irrigation
with the agents mentioned above are useful. Atropin is espe-
cially useful to prevent iritis and lessen pain. All solutions
should be sterile to avoid infecting an otherwise simple ulcer.
Some recommend a weak solution of eserin (14 to 1 grain to the
ounce). It is claimed that this drug stops the migration of white
cells or promotes absorption through dilation of the ciliary ves-
sels. Like all other myoties, eserin lowers intraocular pressure
and thus lessens tendency to rupture of the cornea. Other au-
thorities are of the opinion that atropin is invariably the better
drug.

If the ulcer still progresses in spite of the milder measures,
as is often the case, more heroic treatment is necessary. If may
be curretted with a sharp knife or spoon until all necrotic ma-
terial is removed, and the edges then touched with a mild caustie.
Strong chemicals may be applied directly to the ulcer by means
of a probe or a probe carrying a small tuft of cutton, taking
care not to wound the sound tissue. Many chemicals may be
used; silver nitrate, 5-10 per cent, or in stick; liquid phenol, 95
per cent; tincture of iodin; formaldehyde, 1-50 per cent, and
many others. The actual cautery is also recommended. In each
of the above-mentioned methods the eye should be anesthetized
after a thorough irrigation and for the best results the ulcer
outhned with fluorescin.

We have recently used hquid phenol (95 per cent), as men-
tioned previously, more than any other caustic. We depended
upon silver nitrate in strong solution or stick for a long time,
but phenol has given us better results. Dionin is often of dis-
tinct service. It acts not only as a lymphagogue and an anal-
gesic, but also seems to be of distinct benefit in stimulating re-
generation.

In cases in which perforation seems certain in spite of treat-
ment, a dry pack should be applied and kept in position except
when dressing. If the floor of the ulcer bulges, it is well to re-
lieve ‘the intraocular pressure by paracentesis of the cornea.

316 H. J. Minks

In small round uleers this may be done through the floor of
the ulcer, but when the ulcer is large and irregular perhaps the
regular operation will do better, and yet it has always been our
custom to puncture through the floors of even these. Some-
times it is necessary to repeat the operation upon several suc-
cessive days. The escape of the aqueous lowers pressure, relieves
pain, favors healing and tends to prevent perforation of the
cornea with its attendant sequele.

Perforation.—It frequently happens that the cornea is rup-
tured with the escape of the aqueous and prolapse of the iris.
In other instances, and especially if the iris has been contracted
with atropin, only the membrane of Decemet protrudes, show-
ing a bulging of a thin transparent membrane. In such cases
puncture the membrane and draw off considerable of the aqueous.
With the diminished pressure the membrane will often return
to its natural position. If there is complete perforation with
protrusion of the iris, atropin or eserin, according as to whether
the rupture is central or peripheral, should be pushed and at
the same time efforts made to return the iris with a probe. If
unable to return, grasp with forceps, pull out and remove with
scissors as close to the cornea as possible. If the perforation has
been large, a staphyloma will result in spite of any treatment.

In cases in which there is no protrusion of the iris, the open-
ing may be closed by granulating tissue which may be so great
as to grow beyond the level of the cornea and need removal.
This condition is often spoken of as a staphyloma but is In
reality granulating corneal tissue. The excess tissue can be re-
moved with a knife or scissors.

Sequelw.—No discussion of uleerous keratitis would be com-
plete without considering the sequele. The most common is the
cicatrix shown by a dense white spot. The thicker and whiter
these spots, the less remedial to treatment, but much benefit will
often follow from massage with yellow oxid of mercury or other
stimulating omtment. The massage should consist of lateral,
vertical and radial movements, completed by circular ones over
the closed lids following the application of the ointment and
lasting from one to two minutes. We have had good results
from daily alternating dionin with the above-mentioned oint-
ments. Sometimes we use dionin for a few days or until the
eye becomes immune to it and then use the ointment for a few
days, following again with dionin. It is not possible to clear

DISEASES OF THE CORNEA Susi

up all these scars entirely, but it is possible to save the eye
with little disfigurement in most cases.

Staphyloma.—The distention of a cicatrix to which the iris
is attached is called a staphyloma. It is due to the fact that
the scar tissue does not stand the intraocular pressure and con-
sequently it is pushed forward. The treatment is preventive
and has already been described. If the case is more severe than
just to allow the prolapse of the iris, no treatment will avail and
an enucleation is indicated. «

Hypopyon consists of a collection of pus in the anterior cham-
ber. It does not come from the cornea but from the vessels
about the periphery of the cornea and ciliary body and iris.
The only treatment is to evacuate the pus by paraceptesis of
the cornea.

DISCUSSION

_ CHAIRMAN FLYNN: You have listened to a well-prepared paper on
a subject that is very important to the small-animal practitioner.
There is nothing that gives your client more worry than to see some-
thing wrong with his pet’s eye. Particularly in keratitis of the
cornea, when the animal is unable to see, the owner is very much wor-
ried and wants something done right away, and he is nearly always
mae to leave the animal in the hospital indefinitely in order to get
results.

Is there anyone who wishes to discuss this paper or ask any ques-
tions of Dr. Milks? ,
DR. QUITMAN: I should like to ask Dr. Milks whether I understood
him right when he recommended the use of nitrate of silver in touch-

ing up the ulcers in the ulcerated keratitis.

Dr. MILKS: We used that for years.

DR. QUITMAN: Don’t you consider that a means of inducing a
permanent opacity, inasmuch as you have formed in the cornea a
silver chlorid that is absolutely insoluble, and no treatment you can
give it afterwards will ever remove it? It is an absolute chemical
law that you will get it. I have noticed it and I have seen it where
cases have come to me from others. I have seen the silver chlorid
opacity there; it is distinct; one can always tell it. It is a chemical
law that you are bound to get a deposition in the cornea of silver
chlorid which is insoluble in everything and absolutely impossible to
remove.

Dr. MiLtKs: Most of the chlorid is immediately washed out with the
tears. That remaining in the ulcer is shed with the necrotic material.
We have never caused argyrism with silver nitrate but have had it
follow the use of some of the organic silver preparations.

DR. QUITMAN: Did you ever touch the ulcers, say, every day or
every other day with tincture of iodin?

Dr. MiLKs: We do use some iodin but only for one or two applica-
tions.

DR. QUITMAN: Mercury ointment acts nicely in some cases, but
nitrate of silver I don’t approve of.

Dr. MILKs: We have used it a number of years without causing
a permanent silver stain. Many of the eye authorities recommend
it and I believe Dr. Baker recommends silver nitrate for this purpose
in his Theory of Practice. We haven’t used it since we have used

318 H. J. Minxs

the phenol because the phenol has given better results and the action
is more prompt.

DR. QUITMAN: What did you mean by fluorescin?

Dr. MILKS: Fluorescin is an anilin dye.

DR. QUITMAN: Anilin green?

Dr. MILKs: It is a red dye that turns the cornea green. You can
tell the progress of the ulcer pretty well. If you drop it in some
morning and don’t get any colorization, you know you have got it
beaten.

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: There is another agent I find quite useful in
cauterizing these ulcers; that is trichloracetic acid. If you use it,
you must touch the ulcer and get away and not allow it to run over
the suxface of the cornea.

DAIRY COW NOW BIG FACTOR IN PROSPERITY OF
OKLAHOMA

A recent map of Oklahoma indicating by marks of various
shapes the location of cream stations, ice cream factories, cream-
eries, pasteurizing plants, and combination plants, shows the
dairy cow now as a big factor in the prosperity of the State.
Formerly, on account of the cattle tick, such a development of
dairying was impossible, but the antitick activities of the State
and Government for the past six or seven years have resulted
in the eradication of the pest from 48,255 square miles, or about
. 90 per cent of the infested territory.

As a result of these strides in eradication the figures on
dairy production show large totals, and in 1921 milk and butter
were important products. Durimg that year 9,939,895 pounds
of butter fat in the form of sour cream was produced, selling
for a little more than $4,000,000, and 9,529,722 pounds of but-
ter, valued at $3,240,000. More than 10,000,000 pounds of sweet
milk was bought for making ice cream. Pasteurizing plants re-
ported handling 62,261,983 pounds of milk. The figures are
from reports received from 26 creameries, 44 ice cream plants,
and 30 combination plants operating in Oklahoma or just out-
side its borders and buying from Oklahoma farmers.

Before the cattle tick was attacked in earnest dairying in
the State was of very little importance.

GERMANY ADMITS AMERICAN CATTLE
A Berlin dispatch states that American cattle may now be
admitted into Germany for immediate slaughter through the
government stockyards at Duisburg and Meiderich.

EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA‘
By R. A. KELSER

Captain, Veterinary Corps, United States Army; Veterinary
Laboratory Section, Army Medical School, Washington, D. C.

DURING the past thirty years, equine infectious anemia,
swamp fever, pernicious anemia or equine malaria, as the dis-
ease has been variously termed, has been reported at irregular
intervals from different sections of the United States. For
quite a period following the recognition of the disease in Amer-
ica the malady was known to exist only in Manitoba and, in the
United States, in Minnesota. Subsequently, however, it has
been reported from a third of the States in this country, in-
cluding at present Washington, Nevada, Minnesota, Wyoming,
North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraka, Kansas, Missouri, Wis-
consin, Oklahoma, Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Virginia and
New York. Not being confined to any particular section or sec-
tions, the disease undoubtedly is even more widespread than our
records tend to indicate.

In America the malady has been studied by Torrance (1),?
Van Es (2), Francis and Marsteller (3), Mohler (4), Kinsley
(5), Mack (6), Scott (7) and a number of others, and while
our knowledge of the disease has been improved considerably
as a result of the efforts of these and other investigators, we
have by no means cleared all phases of the problem.

In November, 1921, the writer was ordered to Fort Robinson,
Nebr., to investigate an outbreak of disease among the brood
mares of the Remount Depot at that post, the malady proving
to be infectious anemia. The history of this outbreak is briefly
as follows:

Between April and November, 28 animals were admitted to
sick report suffering from an obscure effection, which in the
early part of the outbreak was diagnosed variously as anemia,
septicemia, septicemia hemorrhagica, ete. With the exception
of one case in a colt, the trouble was confined exclusively to the

1Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

2Numerals in parentheses after authors’ names refer to list of literature at
end of paper.

319

320 R. A; Keiser *

brood mares of the depot, a group of approximately 100 animals.
The colts obviously were closely associated with the mares, yet
only the one case occurred among them. Because the disease
was thus restricted, and in view of the fact that these mares
had been vaccinated against infectious abortion, the opimion was
held locally that the vaccination was responsible for the trouble.

Of the 28 cases 15 had terminated fatally, 6 had been dis-
charged and 7 were on sick report at the time of the writer’s
arrival at Fort Robinson. Of the 7 on sick report there was
some doubt as to the diagnosis in one case. Several of the fatal
cases were definitely known to be relapsed cases. Because the
identifying numbers of the various animals affected with the
disease were not recorded in the early part of the outbreak, it
was impossible to determine definitely just how many of the af-
‘*relapses

??

fected animals were rather than new cases.

SYMPTOMS

The symptoms manifested by the animals in this outbreak
may be summarized as follows:

The animals appear greatly depressed, are extremely weak,
the weakness in the hind quarters being an outstanding symp-
tom. When forced to move the animal staggers. A rise in
temperature to 103-104.5° F. was noted. In those cases which
assumed a chronic character, the temperature gradually dropped
to normal, followed in several cases by subsequent rises at irreg-
ular intervals. In those cases which ran an acute course the
temperature remained high. The pulse was weak and increased
in frequency, the most rapid noted in the cases examined by the
writer being 60. There was marked inappetence during the
febrile periods followed by a good appetite in the chronic cases
without marked fever.

Examination of the conjunctive demonstrated them to be of
a pale, ‘‘dirty pink”’ color. Small hemorrhages were noted on
the conjunctive of several cases, and in ‘a number of the cases
similar hemorrhages were seen on the nasal mucous membrane.
Some of the cases had a slight serous discharge from the eyes
and nose. The anemic condition of the visible mucous mem-
branes was marked in the chronic cases. Edematous swellings
were noted on the head, lower extremities, in the sternal region
and lower abdominal wall.

aa

EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA Sy b

The blood of 5 chronic cases was examined by the writer. The
red cell counts varied in the different cases between 3,250,000
and 4,300,000. The hemoglobin determination (using a Tall-
quist scale) varied between 45 and 70 per cent. Microscopic
study demonstrated the presence of malocytes and microcytes.
Searcity of eosinophiles, a condition noted by a number of in-
vestigators, was an outstanding feature in the blood examination
of these animals.

Urine specimens from two chronic cases were examined, a
trace of albumin being found in one case while the other was
entirely negative.

The writer had the opportunity to examme but one acute case.
The red cell count in this instance was 6,125,000 and the hemo-
globin determination 80 per cent. An analysis was made of a
specimen of urine from this animal and a considerable quantity
of albumin demonstrated.

The course of the disease varied from a few days to two and
a half months, the exact duration, however, not being deter-
minable because the animals were destroyed upon establishing
the diagnosis of infectous anemia.

POSTMORTEM FINDINGS

At autopsy the carcasses were found to be greatly emaciated,
except in the case of animals dying from an acute attack of the
disease. The small amounts of fat present in some cases were
generally of a yellowish tinge. Varying amounts of a yellowish or
bloody fluid were found in the abdominal cavity in most in-
stances.

Hemorrhages in the serous membranes and in the intestines,
especially the large intestines, were found. These hemorrhages
varied in size from that of a pea to as large as a silver dollar.

The liver in some cases appeared extremely pale, in others
there was no marked change in color, but almost without excep-
tion they were extremely friable. The spleen was noted to vary
in appearance from normal to three times its normal size and
ruptured (see Figures 1 and 2). Petechiw were noted on the
surface of the spleen in several instances. The kidneys showed
evidence of parenchymatous degeneration in a number of the
cases, and in one instance small hemorrhages were noted under

ee, R. A. KELSER

Ak GAL RAM

“eas

Fig. 1—Much enlarged spleen from case of infectious anemia, show-
ing petechiz on parietal surface.

Fig. 2—Visceral surface of same spleen shown in Fig. 1, showing
rupture which had begun to heal.

the capsule. The organs of reproduction appeared normal. <A
mild cystitis was noted in one ease.

The lymph glands, especially the mesenteric, in a number of
instances appeared swollen and of a dark red color. The lungs
generally appeared pale and in a number of the cases showed

EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA 323

smali hemorrhages, some being as large as a dime. Petechiz
were noted in the heart fat and ecchymoses on the endocardium.

Examination of the bone marrow of the long bones of the
upper extremities, especially the femur, showed the spongy bone
marrow of the proximal ends to be of a reddish color. The yel-
low fat marrow of the medullary canal contained dark red areas.
This condition has been held by numerous investigators as a
prominent finding in infectious anemia. This phase of the con-
dition, however, was given subsequent study and will be dis-
cussed further along in this paper.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Fort Robinson takes in approximately 12,800 acres in addi-
tion to a good-sized wood reserve. It is located in the far north-
west corner of Nebraska only a short distance from the Wyom-
ing line on the west and the South Dakota line on the north.
Two streams of water, White River and Soldier Creek, run
through the reservation. The animal population at the time of
the outbreak of infectious anemia was approximately 700.

The investigation of this outbreak revealed the fact that the
brood mares and their colts had been pastured and sheltered
separately from other horses at the post for about two years,
except for an occasional mare brought in for work, in which
case she was kept in a stall in a stable with other work horses.

Of four pastures utilized by the brood mares and their colts,
two were bottom patures, consisting of approximately 50 acres
each. One of these bottom pastures was admittedly the most
bogey on the reservation, part of it being under water when in-
spected by the writer. It happened that, with one exception,
no pastures over which the mares had grazed were used for other
horses. The exception noted was an instance where the mares
and their colts were temporarily turned into a large high and
dry pasture of about 2,000 acres for about two weeks. This
pasture was later used for other animals without detrimental
results. Because of these conditions it was not surprising that
the infection was confined to the group of brood mares.

Several of the animals which died of the disease were known
to have been local purchases. Further, it was learned that a
disease of horses, manifesting itself similarly to that encountered
at Fort Robinson, had been more or less prevalent on several

mA

324 R. A. KELSER

farms in the vicinity. Thus, the disease appeared to have been
introduced at Fort Robinson by one or more of these locally
purchased mares.

Measures inaugurated with a view to eradicating the disease
consisted of the prompt destruction of those cases on sick report
and proper disposal of their carcasses. This was followed by
thorough disinfection of the hospital buildings, stables, etc. The
next step was to isolate those cases which could be identified
as having previously been on sick report suffering from an ail-
ment which, from the diagnosis, was suspicious for infectious
anemia. There were 8 such cases. The remaining mares in
the group were then given a thorough individual physical ex-
amination and those appearing at all unthrifty were isolated
as a second group. The remaining animals were then isolated
as a third contact group. Of the 8 animals with previous hos-
pital records, all subsequently manifested symptoms of the dis-
ease and were destroyed. No new cases occurred among the re-
maining animals until just previous to the writer’s departure
for this meeting, when a report was received by the Surgeon
General’s Office to the effect that another case had occurred.

A review of the literature on infectious anemia shows a dis-
agreement among various investigators on several important
phases of the infection. Chief among these is the variation in
views as regards the natural mode of infection. It has been
conclusively shown that besides the blood, the urine of affected
animals contains the virus of the disease, and until a few years
ago natural infection was generally thought to be through in-
gestion of feed and water contaminated by affected animals.
In 1914 the Japanese Commission (8) published the results of
their four years and ten months investigation of the disease, and
indicted the horsefly family (Tabanidew) as the transmitters of
the disease. They eliminated the stable fly (Stomozxys calci-
trans) as a transmitting agent.

In 1919 Scott (7) of the Wyoming Station, in a paper pre-
sented before this Association at the New Orleans meeting, re-
ported the results of his transmission experiments and named
the stable fly (Stomozxys calcitrans), as well as Tabanide, as
transmitting agents of the disease.

In the Robinson outbreak a number of the cases made their

a.

Equine INFectIous ANEMIA 325

appearance subsequent to the fly season. Howe ever, aS pre-
viously indicated, it was impossible to tell how many cases were
relapses rather than initial attacks. On the other hand, general
conditions at Fort Robinson seemed to point more toward pas-
ture infection than to insect transmission.

HCA Mi /SEUM
/ifet

Fig. 3—Proximal end of femur from case of infectious anemia, show-
ing condition of bone marrow.

Fig. 4—Section through femur from case of infectious anemia, siee
ing condition of bone marrow.

Fig. 5—Section through femur from case of infectious anemia, show-
ing condition of bone marrow.

326 R. A. KELSER

Another point which has been questioned in the last few years
is the bone-marrow findings previously referred to. In 1915
Theiler and Kehoe (9) called attention to the fact that the mar-
row changes were not pathognomonic of infectious anemia. In
1919 Wright (10) reported his findings in this connection at the
New Orleans meeting, and showed that ‘‘other disease condi-
tions may give a bone marrow which is almost, if not quite, iden-
tical to that found in equine anemia.’’ The writer has studied
this. phase of the problem and is in full accord with the findings
of Theiler and Kehoe and those of Wright. Figures 3 to 8 show
the appearance of the bone narrow in cases of infectious anemia,
that in bones from horses that were destroyed because of general
unthriftiness, and that of a horse which was destroyed because

Fig. 6—Section through femur from horse which was destroyed be-
cause of general unthriftiness. Bone marrow indistinguishable from
that in infectious anemia cases.

Fig. 7—Section through femur from horse which was destroyed be-
cause of general unthriftiness. Bone marrow indistinguishable from
that in infectious anemia cases.

Fig. 8—Section through femur from horse destroyed because of
chronic lameness. Animal was in excellent flesh. Bone marrow in-
distinguishable from that in infectious anemia cases.

Equine INrectrious ANEMIA a |

of chronic lameness, the animal being in excellent flesh and con-
dition otherwise.
CONCLUSION

In concluding these remarks it is desired to emphasize the
need for continued study of this insidious malady. We need
to know more about the nature of the virus. Our lack of know-
ledge of filterable viruses generally, of course, makes the prob-
lem an exceedingly difficult one. We pass material known to
contain an infecting agent through bacteria-retaining filters,
and if the specific disease can be produced with the filtrate the
best we can do is to classify the etiological element as an ‘‘ul-
tramicroscopie filterable virus.’’ Here we must stop, the exact
nature of the infecting agent remaining a mystery.

It has been suggested by several investigators that the virus
of equine infectious anemia is probably protozoan. Without
going into the merits of such a hypothesis, it is striking that
the malady has many of the earmarks of a protozoan affection.
The course of the disease, intermittent fever, recurrent attacks,
destruction of red blood cells and the persistence of the infect-
ing agent in the blood of arrested or apparently recovered cases
for long periods of time, are certainly suggestive.

Finally, more definite and practicable means of diagnosing
the disease would be of material advantage in the control of the
malady. At present the diagnosis of the affection in individual
cases, particularly in the beginning of an outbreak, is an ex-
ceedingly difficult proposition. Because of its insidious nature,
it frequently happens that the disease is well established on a
premise before its nature and infectiousness are recognized.
Where the malady is suspected inoculation of a susceptible horse
with blood from a suspicious case is of great value in establish-
ing a diagnosis. In practice, however, such procedure, for ob-
vious reasons, can not always be resorted to.

LITERATURE

1. TORRANCE. Malarial fever in horses in Manitoba. Proc. Amer.
Vet. Med. Assoc., 1902.
Report on swamp fever in horses. Rpts. Com. Agr., Ottawa,
Canada, for 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906-1908.
2. VAN Es. 17th An. Rpt., N. Dak. Expt. Sta., Fargo, N. Dak.,
1907.
Swamp fever. Dakota Farmer, vol. 30, nos. 18 and 19. Aberdeen,
1910.

328 R. A. KELSER

3. FRANCIS and MARSTELLER. Infectious anemia of the horse. Bul.
119, Texas Agr. Exp. Sta., 1908.

Recent experiments on infectious anemia of the horse. Amer.
Vet. Rev., vol. 31 (1911), p. 182.

4. MoHLER. Three diseases of animals which have recently as-
sumed importance to the State sanitarian. Amer. Vet. Rev.,
vol. 34 (1908), p. 198.
Infectious anemia or swamp fever of horses. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Anim. Indus., Cir. 138 (1909).
Infectious anemia. An. Rpt. Bur. Anim. Indus. for 1908.

5. KINSLEY. Equine infectious anemia. Proc. Amer. Vet. Med.
Assoc., 1910.

Infectious equine anemia. Rpt. 14th An. Meeting U. S. Livestock
San. Assoc., 1910.

6. Mack. Equine anemia. Bul. 68, Nev. Expt. Sta., 1909.
A study of a serious anemic disease among horses. Amer. Vet.
Rev., vol. 38 (1909), p. 222.
A fatal anemic disease among horses. Proc. Amer. Vet. Med.
Assoc., 1910.
Eouine anemia investigations in Nevada. Proc. 14th An. Meet-
ing, U. S. Livestock San. Assoc., 1910.

7. Scott. The transmission of swamp fever in horses. 27th An.

Rpt., Wyo. Agr. Expt. Sta., 1917.
Experimental transmission of swamp fever or infectious anemia
by means of insects. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., Feb. 1920.

8. JAPANESE COMMISSION. Report on the results obtained by the
special committee for the investigation of infectious anemia
among horses. Tokyo, 1914.

9. THEILER and KEHOE. Infectious or pernicious anemia of equines
in South Africa. 3d and 4th Repts., Dir. Vet. Research, Dept.
Agr., Union of South Africa, 1915.

10. WRIGHT. A comparative study of the long bones in infectious
anemia and other conditions. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc.,
Feb. 1920.

DISCUSSION

Dr. C. E. Cotton (St. Paul, Minn.): This very excellent paper, in
my opinion, leaves not much room for discussion, but the point
brought out in reference to diagnosis I think can not be given too
much stress, particularly an examination before establishing a quar-
antine. I feel we should be very strongly impressed, before anyone
makes a diagnosis, that he must have an autopsy.

We frequently find that our field men, in the northern parts of
our State, will make a snap diagnosis without holding autopsy. Upon
further examination, we find—particularly in the new territories—
that the trouble is not due to infectious anemia, but is due to an
infestation of parasites. These parasites may be the carriers of
infection, but we have had no cases of infectious anemia being diag-
nosed without autopsy, and we found it due to parasitic infestation.

The point that Captain Kelser brought out, that you should inocu-
late an animal and produce the disease, is very, very important, and we
agree that you must not make the diagnosis without inoculation,
particularly if you have no history of the disease in that territory.

Dr. CAMERON: I would like to ask Dr. Kelser if he attaches any
particular importance to the enlargement of the spleen. In no case
of swamp fever have I personally ever noticed any enlargement; in
fact, very little pathological enlargement of the spleen.

Also in regard to the diagnosis: It is certainly important in the
early stages. Where you get a chart showing the temperatures which
are fairly characteristic, it is simpler. I have under observation

EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA 329

cases which no man could diagnose as swamp fever. They appear
normal, but if their blood is taken and injected into other horses
it will infect them. Those horses have been under observation since
1912. I feel it is an open question whether they are ever cured.

Dr. HOSKINS: Along the same line, in regard to the findings in
the spleen, I would like to ask Captain Kelser whether he noticed
thrombosis of the spleen or thrombosis in any of the other organs,
particularly the liver.

If I got all of the States mentioned in Captain Kelser’s list, he
omitted Michigan. Michigan should be included among the States
where the disease has been found. It was diagnosed by Dr. Brenton
some ten or twelve years ago, in southeastern Michigan, and several
times since then, and proved by inoculation to be swamp fever. I
have later intimate information regarding these outbreaks, and they
point to the probability of being pasture infections in all three cases
that have come to my notice.

Dr. Bux: I would like to ask the gentlemen who have discussed
this paper what they found to be the most satisfactory treatment.

Dr. WATSON: I am not going to answer that question as to a
satfactory line of treatment, because we have not found any, not-
withstanding all the experiments made with that point in view.
With regard to diagnosis, Dr. Cotton says we have only one method
that is certain, and that is the inoculation of another animal. As
Dr. Cameron mentioned, our investigations have been under way for
twelve years. We have, from one lot of animals that were sent to
us with swamp fever, cases where we inoculated a healthy animal
and verified the swamp fever infection by reproducing it in healthy
animals. The survivors of those animals are carriers of swamp fever
infection today. Only a few months ago we took the blood of
one of these animals that has been one of our best work horses, and
his blood today is producing typical cases of swamp fever, ten years
after recovery. How are you going to take measures of quarantine
when we know that there are swamp-fever carriers that may be
carriers for the rest of their natural lives? One of the objects of
research work in swamp fever is to arrive at some method of diag-
nosis, because it is too expensive to inoculate a healthy animal every
time; but there is no way to determine swamp fever without inocula-
tion, and the horse is the only animal that I know of in which we can
produce a definite swamp fever. That is the problem—diagnosis;
treatment has failed.

I believe Dr. Cameron has mentioned that no method of treatment
has proved satisfactory. We get a certain percentage of cases where
recovery seems to take place after the treatment, but when you
bear in mind that probably 50 per cent of those cases will recover
without treatment, if the case is light, with any treatment you can
employ there is no way of proving—except by incoulation—whether
you have cured it.

CHAIRMAN REED: If there is no further discussion I will call upon
Captain Kelser to sum it up.

CAPTAIN KELSER: Answering Dr. Cotton’s remarks, we did make
an examination of those cases that died of the disease, and we found
a mild parasitic infestation among those animals. As Dr. Cotton has
pointed out, infectious anemia is frequently associated with parasites,
and so frequently in some cases, in certain outbreaks, that a number
of investigators have been led to believe that it is actually due to
parasites.

In answer to the question regarding changes in the spleen, that is
not, so far as I have been able to find, a pathognomonic change or a
characteristic change. Generally, in the acute cases, there was a
mild enlargement of the spleen, varying up to this one case. The
reason I showed that was because it was an exception; it was twice

330 R. A. KELSER

normal size and ruptured. The acute cases showed mild swelling with
hemorrhages, but in some of the chronic cases the spleen appeared
normal.

In answer to Dr. Hoskins’s question, I autopsied seven cases that
died or were destroyed, and in the case from which the spleen was
removed I could determine no evidence of thrombosis. In the other
cases I made some special examination to determine that fact.

Regarding diagnosis: As Dr. Watson pointed out, it is impossible
to diagnose the disease from any description or symptoms which you
might find, or through any particular tests. The only test we have
is the inoculation test. If you go into a community and the farmer
has three animals and one was swamp fever, he is certainly not going
to inoculate the others. That test can not be used except in large
outbreaks, where it is a case of using one animal to save the lives of
others.

The carrier proposition is very important. The case he mentioned
of ten years is very interesting. In going over the literature I found
a number that were shown to be carriers after four or five years,
but ten years is longer than any I ever heard of.

I would like to ask Dr. Watson what his opinion is regarding the
possibility of a protozoan infection. It does have some of the ear-
TBA ES) especially regarding the persistence of the organism in the

ood.

Dr. WATSON: That question of protozoan origin in swamp fever has
appealed to every investigator. I remember Dr. Rutherford, who
was one of the first to diagnose swamp fever on this continent, used
that as his first idea, and in every attempt we have made for years
we have proceeded from the protozoan point of view. Of course, that
Japanese work lent another supposition to it. Outside of the Japan-
ese I do not know of anyone who has succeeded in demonstrating this
protozoan in swamp fever, but there is no question as to the disease
being apparently of a protozoan origin, after comparing the swamp
fever sufferer over two or three years with certain protozoan cases
that we know of. The fact remains, however, that we can not dem-
onstrate any protozoan at present in swamp fever.

As the transmission of the disease might come into consideration,
viewing it from a protozoan point of view, we know the fly theory,
and apparently some cases are transmitted by flies. But when you
come to put them in conditions where the fly could transmit the dis-
ease, you usually fail to reproduce it. I have nothing more to add.
We are still looking for the protozoan, but we have not found it yet.

Dr. Hoskins: One remark on the probability of the correctness
of the protozoan theory of this disease. I believe it is true that prac-
tically all protozoa are connected up or intimately associated with
-an intermediate host. The protozoa are not highly resistant organ-
isms. As against the protozoan theory we have the knowledge that
the swamp-fever virus is highly resistant. Several years ago, I took
the blood from a case and dried it and pulverized it and kept it in
a finely powdered state for approximately a year, at ordinary room
temperature, and upon resuspending some of this powdered, dried
blood in salt solution and injecting it into a horse it proved to be
just a8 virulent as it had been a year previous. To my way of think-
ing, that hardly fits in with the protozoan theory.

DR. CAMERON: I believe this disease is not given the importance that
it should have. The use of horses in the preparation of vaccine
serums must be very dangerous, where a disease like this is not
recognized, and it appears to be spreading all over the world. The
possibility of the infection being transferred in these bacteriological
products I think is very serious. In South Africa they take the
precaution of not using any serum for horse sickness until it has

EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA 331

been stored for one year. This they believe excludes the possibility of
the infection from swamp fever.

Dr. HOSKINS: That point was brought out in the discussion of
papers on swamp fever at the New Orleans meeting. At that time
I related another experiment that I had made, which showed very
conclusively that the preservatives which are used in commercial
serums—that is, four-tenths per cent creosote or a half per cent
phenol—will destroy the swamp-fever virus, whatever it is.

THE LAST RACE

An artist great has pictured Death upon a spectral steed.

I’ve looked that horse all over and don’t think he has much
speed.

So when I know Death’s coming, ere I meet him face to face,

There’s nothing I’d like better than to give him one last race.

Now, Tea Tray, pay attention when you hear the Great Judge
eall,

And come back to things terrestrial, to your old box stall.

I’ve got my racing saddle yet, and if you want to run,

I’m overweight—but you won’t mind—once more we’ll have
some fun.

You were mighty temperamental, but when you were inclined

There was nothing could outrun you when you’d once made up
your mind.

You’d often let the bunch away because of some queer whim,

Then you’d burn the track up after ’em, and generally you’d
win.

Maybe that Death’s a grim old sport and just twixt me and you,
I’ll make a side bet with him and give odds of three to two.
About the track or weather I know you’d never care,

In heat or cold, in sand or mud, we’ll race him anywhere.

Just think of what a crowd there’ll be, for unless all guesses fail,
The sporting Shades from all the past will gather at the rail.
We’ll run the race, and win or lose, I’ll wave a last farewell,
Then, arm in arm, I’ll walk with Death to where the spirits
dwell. N. S. Mayo.

The first number of Michigan Veterinary News made its ap-
pearance under date of November 1, 1922. It is issued by the
Bureau of Animal Industry, of the Michigan State Department
of Agriculture, and its function is to disseminate information
of particular interest to the practicing veterinarians of the State.

BOT ANAPHYLAXIS:

By A. E. CAMERON
Veterinary Research Station, Lethbridge, Alberta

FOR SOME YEARS information has been received of losses
of range horses in Alberta in the early spring. In 1922, fol-
lowing the severe snowstorms at that period, reports indicate
a heavy mortality. In one instance out of a bunch of 250 horses
50 head are said to have succumbed. The disease is known as
‘‘jigeers,’’ no doubt from the nature of the symptoms exhibited.
These are a trembling of the large voluntary muscles, especially
of the hind quarters, followed by incoordination and death.

Unfortunately no opportunity for postmortem examination
has presented itself, but where examination has been made by
the ranchers they report this year a heavy infestation with
bots. In one case the owner stated that the bots found in the
stomach of a yearling would ‘‘fill a coal scuttle.’’ Some of the
deaths, where stockmen have been fortunate enough to observe
them, were reported to be very sudden and apparently without
previous abnormal condition being observed.

Dr. J. C. Hargrave, who forwarded this information, with
the suggestion that some experimental work might be carried
out, advanced the interesting theory that possibly the deaths
were the result of anaphylaxis from the absorption of bot toxins.
In the weakened condition that range animals are at this time
of year and with the stomach empty from forced abstinence
from food during the severe snowstorms, the sudden absorp-
tion of toxic products when the bots are in large numbers might
account for the sudden deaths, while the less acute cases might
produce the condition that stockmen term “‘jiggers.’’

This theory was based on the Hypoderma anaphylaxis in cattle
reported by Hadwen (Journal of the A. V. M. A., April, 1917).
Hadwen showed that animals subject to such a reaction were
susceptible only to the species of parasite common to them and
to which they had become sensitized; also that accidents causing
injury to the parasites while situated under the skin of the back
caused the anaphylactie shock in a similar manner to cases which
had the Hypoderma larve extract Injected into them.
AspeaUonT St Usain, Mo. AUPuge Berio. September 10ee © PHEEME By pee

mission of Dr, F. Torrance, Veterinary Director General of Canada.

99
302

Bor ANAPHYLAXIS 333

The theory presented by Dr. Hargrave is worthy of con-
sideration, especially as in this particular year there is known
to be a heavy infestation with bots.

At the Veterinary Research Station, Lethbridge, it must be
assumed that all horses are infested with bots, as after a large
number of postmortem examinations of horses, dead of different
causes, none has been found free from these parasites. It was
not possible, therefore, with the animals available, to have horses
free from bots as controls. Cattle were used, and similar ex-
periments were made on these as were carried out on horses.

The extracts were made from Gastrophilus intestinalis and
G. hemorrhoidalis. The larve of the former were obtained from
the stomach of a horse, the latter from the rectum of horses still
alive. The bots were snipped in small pieces with scissors and
ground in a mortar. Normal saline solution (or in some cases
distilled water) was added andthe whole filtered through cheese-
cloth. When injected intravenously it was also passed through
filter paper.

The dosage was arrived at by first weighing the bots and
also weighing the cheesecloth or filter paper used. The crushed
bots were filtered and then the cheesecloth or filter paper con-
taining the residue was allowed to dry and then weighed. The
weight of the residue was got by subtracting the weight of the
cheesecloth and filter paper. The actual weight of the extract
was the difference between the weight of the bots and that of the
residue.

The doses given were comparatively small, as it was not desired
to kill the horses experimented on. Several of the horses were
infected with swamp fever, but apparently in good health. Most
of the horses used are unbroken and live outside all the year.

EXPERIMENT 1

Horse No. 20 was isolated June 12, 1922, and food was with-
held in order to get the stomach empty as would occur in a severe
snowstorm.

On the 14th, at 10:36 a. m., the temperature was 99.6, when
the horse was given a subcutaneous injection of 0.55 gram of
bot extract (Gastrophilus hamorrhoidalis), as caleulated above,
in 12 @e¢. normal saline solution. Within a few minutes of
being released from the ‘‘squeeze’’ was walking around in an
uneasy manner. At 10:46 lay down and rolled, was biting the
fetlocks and rubbing the head. Two minutes later was switch-
ing the tail and defecated. Up to 11 a. m. was uneasy all the

334 A. E. CAMERON

time, rubbing the body and head on the corral fence and walk-
ing constantly when not rubbing. The itching was severe,
causing the horse to bite the legs, especially the fetlocks. There
were colicky symptoms, lying down and rolling and when down
rubbing the head and neck on the ground. Breathing had be-
come fast and difficult. Up.to 11:15 the itching continued, the
head was shaken vigorously and occasionally yawning occurred.
The respirations were about 70, but difficult to count, owing
to the constant movement in rolling and biting all parts of the
body. There was some saliva dropping from the mouth with
a chewing motion of the jaws and licking of the lips. At 11:11
an urticaria was evident on the shoulders; this was accompanied
by sweating in patches. At 11:20 easier with the breathing
down to 40, although the itching continued. At 11:30 was
placed in the ‘‘squeeze’’ and the rash could be felt all over the -
body. Released again, there was continual rubbing, champing
of the jaws and some saliva dropped from the mouth. Up to
noon dozing occasionally and quieter, with respirations down to
27. Temperature 101.2. :

There was more or less restlessness until 3 p. m., when the
eyelids were noticed to be swollen, breathing increased again
to 80, although a horse in an adjacent corral was breathing 16.
Remained dull until 3:20, when the rash appeared all gone. At
3:39 Sweating increased, with large beads all over the body.
At 4 p. m. mucus was dropping from the nostrils. At 4:15
was turned out to pasture, respirations 60, and looking mis-
erable.

Twenty-four hours after injection the swelling at the point
of injection in the neck was 3 by 4 inches, the horse otherwise
apparently normal, temperature 100.8.

Seventy-two hours after injection the swelling was 8 by 8
inches, and like a typical mallein local reaction, tense and
painful.

One hundred and twenty hours after injection the swelling
was 2 by 2 inches, but appeared to contain pus. The swelling
was opened and some pus evacuated.

On the third day after injection the temperature rose to 103.4
and returned to normal next day.

EXPERIMENT 2

Horse No. 28, a swamp-fever animal, had food withheld for
24 hours. On June 15, at 10:34 a. m., was given an intravenous
injection of 0.4 gram of bot extract (G. hemorrhoidalis) in 25
ce. normal saline solution. Immediately on leaving the
‘*squeeze’’ snorted a few times and defecated. At 10:35 was
nodding the head and walking around straining to defecate and
eroaning all the time. At 10:38 uneasy, tail out, heavy breath-
ing, grunting, and neighed once. Straining was severe, drawing
the abdomen up and grunting. Liquid was dropping from the

Bort ANAPHYLAXIS 335

sheath—probably sweat. Two minutes later there were strings
of saliva from the mouth and the horse lay down, the rectum
was everted and there was much sweat around the anus. At
10:42 the rectum was withdrawn again, sweat was dropping
from the lower part of the body; there was heavy breathing
and neighing occasionally. Passed gas and continued straining,
drawing all the skin of the body into wrinkles. Sweating in
patches and evidently suffering great pain. Up to 10:50 there
was champing of the teeth; respirations were 45; gas was passed
frequently, with heavy straining. Saliva reached to the ground;
wrinkles showed on the skin around the nostrils and over the
body; the sweat between the wrinkles emphasized them. Some
manure was passed. Swaying gait; looked like dropping. The
head was held near the ground. Up to 11 more manure was
passed, with gas, accompanied with groaning and _ straining.
Sweat was dropping from the body, champing the teeth, moving
around slowly and kicking at the abdomen. Vertical wrinkles
showed all over the body and saliva was still dropping from
the mouth. Excessive straining, labored breathing, and hugging
the corral fence. The expression was anxious, and this horse
came right up to me, although a ‘‘broncho.’’ To 11:10 straining
was continued. Lay down. Mucus was discharged from the
nostrils. Quiet for a few moments, then biting the fetlocks.
Breathing was 40, with grunting and groaning. When lying
down would rest on the sternum for a few seconds and then
he flat. The pain appeared to come on in spasms every few
seconds. Up to 11:20 eyes half closed, sleepy looking at times;
got up, staggered, and down again, half dropping. There was
a mucous discharge from the anus. Shook the head up and
down, drawing the head back and groaning. When down alter-
nating from the sternum to flat out. When standing the nose
was on the ground. Still hard straining, turned the head to the
flank occasionally, breathing 42. No urticaria felt. To 11:40
very severe straining; looked as if going to die. Mucus had
ceased coming from the nose and mouth. Had a very tired look
and breathing labored. Winked the eyelids in a noticeable
manner and champed the jaws. Respirations 40. Sweat drying
a little. To 11:50 same symptoms continued. There was now
bloody mucus from the anus. To 12:30 the same movements,
and never rested long in one position. A considerable amount
of gas was passed. Respirations fell to 36. A rash appeared
on the chest at 12:07. In rising the hind fetlocks were knuckled
like paralysis. More manure was passed, and when on the feet
very rocky. Relaxation of the sphincter ani, with suction of
air at each breath. The head was shaken and there was in-
creasing loss of control, with swaying gait. To 2:15 lying down
and getting up, with longer intervals on the feet, but still ocea-
sional groans and straining. Turned out to pasture at 2:45;
rash all gone, the breathing 70, temperature 100.4. Appears

336 A: EK. CAMERON

to be recovering. In moving off the hind legs were stiff, with a
minimum of flexing of the hocks. Was eating until 4 p. m., and
at 5 p. m. was standing in the shade of the trees.

This was altogether a most distressing sight, and an experi-
ment one would “have no inclination to repeat.

EXPERIMENT 3—CONTROL

As a control and to show the specificity of the reaction, heifer
No. 682 was given an intravenous injection of 0.4 gram of bot
extract (G. hamorrhoidalis) in 12 ¢.c. normal saline solution at
1:41 p. m., June 15, 1922.

No disturbance appeared, except that from 1:45 to 1:55 there
were some tears from the eyes and threads of saliva from the
mouth. This was very little, but distinctly caused by the in-
jection.

Nothing further occurred, and at 2:25 this heifer was chew-
ine the cud peaceably. (While watching this process it was
observed that the average number of times of chewing the cud
was 40 and varied from 34 to 44.)

EXPERIMENT 4—CONTROL

Cow ‘‘May’’ was given 0.25 gram bot extract (G. intestinalis)
subcutaneously i in the neck, June 18, at 6:30 p. m.
There were no symptoms or reaction whatever. The cow con-
tinued chewing the cud all along.
On June 19, there was no swelling at the point of injection,
and none later.
EXPERIMENT 5

Horse No. 4 received 0.25 gram bot extract (G. intestinalis)
gi ie ota in the neck at 6:35 p. m., June 18, 1922.

By 7p. m. the conjunctiva was deeply injected. There were
colicky pains, and the upper lip was extended, and this horse
was rubbing and shaking the head. At 7:20 the upper lip was
still being extended. The eyes were swollen like an eye reaction,
mainly the lower lid. There was a profuse discharge from the
nose and coughing. Sweating in patches all over. At 7:25
very labored breathing, quivering of the See of the thighs:
and shoulders and rubbing the nose. At 7:30 quivering of the
muscles was very pronounced and ioteenee Still sweating
in patches. At 7:40 the large muscles still quivering. Breath-
ing 28, of a sighing nature, and difficult. At 7:50 quivering
still very pronounced. There was uncertain lifting of the feet;
the expression was anxious, and the horse followed one around
the corral, walking slowing most of the time and kicking at the
belly occasionally. There was a slight rash on the shoulders
and sides of the cheeks, but had to be felt to be noticed. The
temperature was 97. At 8 p. m. was rolling, breathing 34, eyes:
half closed all the time and the muscles still quivering. By

Bor ANAPHYLAXIS 337

8 :25 there was a dirty discharge from the nose; the muscles were
still quivering; the horse coughed three or four times at a time,
and the upper lip was held out. The abdominal symptoms were
slight, but were continuous from the start. At 9 p. m. looked
easier and recovery seemed assured, but the breathing was very
difficult ; there was evidently edema of the lungs. The muscles
were still quivering, but not so much. Turned out to pasture.

On June 19, the swelling at the point of injection was 1 by 1
inch and painful. June 20, the swelling was 2 by 4 inches. On
June 22, there remained two small lumps of half an inch diam-
elec each,

EXPERIMENT 6

Horse No. 7, a swamp-fever animal, was given subcutaneously
in the neck 0.14 gram bot extract (@. intestinalis) which after
filtration had been kept in boiling water for ten minutes. The
injection was made at 10:15 a. m., June 20, 1922. By 10:18 the
animal had defecated, was switching the tail, and breathing was
48. At 10:28 defecated again. At 10:32 breathing 60, but
not labored. At 10:34 again defecated. At 10:42 respirations
down to 40, At 10:47 was kicking at the belly and standing
in a crouching attitude. At 10:55 was licking the lips and
breathing 35. These symptoms were faint, but the breathing
was much increased, with mild colicky symptoms. There was
yawning and licking the lips occasionally. Two hours after
injection appeared quite normal. On June 21, the swelling at
the point of injection was 5 by 8 inches and painful. On the
23d, the swelling was 4 by 5 inches, not tense, and apparently
not painful. This gradually disappeared.’

EXPERIMENT 7

Horse No. 31, a swamp-fever animal, received subcutaneously
in the neck 0.6 gram bot extract (G. intestinalis) which
had been kept in boiling water for ten minutes, June 21.
1922, at 10:25 a. m. By 10:30 was rubbing and biting itself
and licking the lips. The breathing at 10:35 was 20. To 10:54
was shaking the head and working the jaws, biting the knees
and rubbing the face. The two horses injected together, No.
31 and No. 20, were biting each other on different parts of
the body. To 11:20 continued shaking the head, biting the
legs frequently, winking the eyelids noticeably and yawning.
Breathing was 32 and the itching appeared to extend to all
parts of the body. At 11:35 was standing quietly. Two small
swellings were noticeable at the point of injection. Up to noon
Was occasionally scratching and biting, yawning, shaking the
head and grinding the teeth. There was a rash down the side
of the face and below the ears. Temperature 100.5.

At 1:45 was standing quietly and was turned out to pasture.
On. June 22, swelling at point of injection was 4 by 4 inches,

338 A. E. CAMERON

not very tense. On June 23, swelling 4 by 5 inches, softer, and
not painful.
EXPERIMENT 8

Horse No. 20, which received a subcutaneous injection of bot
extract (G. hemorrhoidalis) on June 12, 1922, was given an
injection of bot extract (G@. intestinalis), 0.6 gram, on the oppo-
site side of the neck, at 10:28 a. m., June 21. At 10:30 was
scratching the point of injection with the hind foot. At 10:32
was scratching the neck besides rubbing the head and biting
the heels. At 10:35 was evidently itching all over. Up to
11:40 continued biting different parts of the body and legs,
the latter especially. Occasionally shook the body.

This was a very mild reaction compared to the first, nine days
earlier.

On June 22, the local swelling was 10 by 8 inches and pain-
ful. On the 23d the swelling covered the whole neck. This
swelling went down and a central area came up with pus which
was evacuated on the 25th.

An abscess formed subsequent to the injections on both sides
of the neck in this horse, although none of the other horses nor
the cow, which had subcutaneous injections, showed any in-
fection.

While the foregoing experiments were being made the oppor-
tunity was taken of observing the reaction caused when the bot
extract was placed in the conjunctiva. Again cattle were used
as controls.

Two bots (G. hemorrhoidalis) were ground in a mortar and
4 @c. of distilled water added. After filtering, half of this was
used fresh and the other half was held in boiling water for ten
minutes. (The total amount of extract was 0.2 gram.) The
fresh extract was used on horses No. 47 and No. 12. The heated
extract was used on horses No. 1 and No. 2. All four horses
were swamp-fever horses.

EXPERIMENT 9

June 16, 1922, horse No. 47 received 5 minims of fresh bot
extract into the conjunctiva. This was administered with a
elass syringe without the needle attached, at 10:15 a. m. At
10:20 there was slight lacrimation, and the horse defecated. At
10:50 the eye was more closed than the other. By 11:20 the
lower eyelid was swollen. At 12:40 the whole eye was slightly
swollen. At 1:45 the swelling of the eye was just noticeable.

This reaction would not have been read as a good eye re-
action.

Bor ANAPHYLAXIS 309

EXPERIMENT 10

Horse No. 12 received 5 minims of fresh bot extract as above,
in the same manner as No. 47, on June 16, 1922, at 10:16 a. m.
At 10:20 there were a few tears. At 10: :40 the eye was more
closed, with a slight mucous discharge. At 12:40 no apparent
difference between the two eyes.

At 1:35 another 5 minims was injected into the conjunctiva.
At 1:45 was rubbing the face. At 1:50 the eye was a little
swollen. At 2 p. m. the area below the inner canthus was swol-
len. At 4 p. m. still a little swelling below the inner canthus,
but not prominent.

This whole reaction was a very poor one.

EXPERIMENT 11

Horse No. 1 received half the bot extract which had been
placed in the boiling water (this had a curdled appearance and
was placed in the conjunctiva with the aid of a spatula) on
June 16, 1922, at 1:20 p.m. By 1:30 the eyelids were swollen.
At 1:35 the eyelids were both markedly swollen. By 2 p. m.
there was a ood diagnostic swelling. At 4 p. m. the upper ld
was markedly sw ollen, the lower lid less so. This swelling went
down eradually, and there was no trace of it on the following
ony EXPERIMENT 12

Horse No. 2 received the other half of the heated bot extract,
as above, into the conjunctiva on June 16, 1922, at 1:22 p. m.
By 1:30 the lower lid was swollen. At 1:35 was rubbing the
eye, and both lids were swelling fast. At 2 p. m. the swelling
had gone down a little and was not quite so pronounced as in
horse No. 1, but was a good diagnostic swelling, the eye being
half closed. At 4 p. m. there were marks of discharge and still
a slight swelling. This gradually went down and there was no
trace of swelling on the following day.

Both horses No. 1 and No. 2 were being worked and were
observed only at the times given.

EXPERIMENT 13—CONTROL

Two bots (G. mtestinalis) were ground and 4 ee. distilled
water added. After filtration this was divided and half was
placed in boiling water for ten minutes.

On June 17, 1922, heifer ‘‘June’’ received 10 minims of this
boiled extract into the conjunctiva at 3:15 p.m. Up to5 p. m.
there was no trace of any disturbance.

EXPERIMENT 14—CoNnTROL

On June 17, 1922, heifer ‘‘Molly’’ received 10 minims of the
raw bot extract, the part of which, heated, had been given to
the heifer ‘‘June.’’ This was placed in the conjunctiva at 3:18
p- m., and up to 5 p. m. there was no trace of any reaction.

340 A. E. CAMERON

EXPERIMENT 15

Horse ‘‘Brownie’’ received into the conjunctiva 10 minims of
raw bot extract (G. intestinalis), part of that used on the heifer
‘‘Molly,’’? June 17, 1922,-at 1:55 p.m. At 1:57 the membrana
nictitans was passing across the eye frequently. At 2, the eye
was kept closed a few seconds at a time. Two minutes later
was rubbing the nose and eye, and some tears were falling. At
2:05 the lower lid was swollen. At 2:10 the eye was kept closed
most of the time and tears issued from it. At 2:15 there was
a localized swelling below the eye and the whole eye was swollen.
At 3 p. m. there was marked swelling of the lower ld, but no
tears. At 3:30 swelling started to go down. At 4 p. m.,, still
noticeable, but going down fast. At 5 p. m. the lower lid still
shghtly puffed but noticeable -only if carefully examined.

This was a good reaction.

EXPERIMENT 16

Horse No. 6, a swamp-fever animal, received into the con-
junctiva 10 mimims of the boiled extract (G. intestinalis), as
used on the heifer ‘‘June,’’ on June 17, 1922, at 1:56 p.m. At
1:57 was rubbing the eye. By 2 p. m. was rubbing the nose and
evidently uneasy and champing the jaws. The eye was kept
closed and water was dropping from the corresponding nostril.
Two minutes later tears were falling from the eye. At 2:05
both lids were swollen, the lower more than the upper. By 2:10
the whole eye was swollen and almost closed. At 2:14 there was
a thread of saliva from the mouth. By 2:20: there was a dis-
tinct fold swollen along the upper lid. At 2:30 the eye was
markedly swollen and by 2:40 there was more saliva from tke
mouth and occasional grinding of the teeth.

This reaction was much greater than that in ‘‘ Brownie.’’

DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY

While the experiments carried out would not admit of defi-
nitely associating the disease known as ‘‘jiggers’’ with the
anaphylaxis produced by bot extract, at least one experiment
brought out the characteristic symptom of the disease.

The lesions caused by bots in the stomach have been fre-
quently observed by the writer to be quite extensive, the ulcer
passing right through the mucous coat into the muscle, and in a
case already reported (Canadian. Veterinary Record, March,
1921) two bots were found adhered to the peritoneal wall of
the stomach quite externally. Other cases are on record where
the parasites have penetrated the stomach walls.

It seems probable that in a heavy infestation with bots enough
toxin might be absorbed to produce anaphylaxis in a sensitized

Bot ANAPHYLAXIS 341

animal. The fact that the animal is sensitized is proof of the
absorption of bot toxin, so that cases might well arise during
Starvation or other causes where enough might be taken into
the system to produce serious symptoms or death.

Colic symptoms are prominent in some cases, and bot anaphy-
laxis may well be an explanation of some obscure cases of colie.

The commonly prevailing idea that bots are harmless may,
in any case, be refuted. The lesions found on postmortem ought
to be enough in themselves to stimulate a more general effort to
rid the host of these parasites.

The symptoms of anaphylactic reaction in the éxperiments
carried out were mainly itching, with occasionally an urticarial
rash, action on the bowels, and in one case extreme straining.
The difficulty in breathing is no doubt the result of edema of
the lungs. The manner of shaking the head would suggest an
action on the brain. The whole reaction produced a decidedly
tired look in the more acute eases.

There appears to be no doubt that larger doses would have
produced death, as has previously been brought about by ex-
perimental intravenous injection of bot extracts (Ries, J. N.,
1916, quoted by Hadwen).

Gastrophilus hemorrhoidalis was not found to produce a
greater reaction than G. intestinalis. In the experiments e¢ar-
ried out a subcutaneous injection with 0.55 gram of extract
of G. hemorrhoidalis (Experiment 1) did not produce a greater
reaction than a subeutaneous injection of 0.25 gram of G. intes-
tinalis (Experiment 5).

The reaction is specific, as all control animals, cattle, showed
no reaction excepting that in Experiment 3, where there was
salivation and tears lasting for ten minutes, following an intra:
venous injection of G. hamorrhoidalis.

Heating the extract in boiling water for ten minutes did not
destroy the power of producing an anaphylactie reaction when
injected subcutaneously. When introduced into the conjune-
tiva the reaction was greater in two horses given the boiled
extract than in two given the raw extract.

If it were desired to use bot extract as a diagnostic agent the
fact that it may be heated would insure that it could be kept
free from bacterial action.

The eggs of three different bot flies (Gastrophilus intestinalis,
G. hemorrhoidalis and G. nasalis) were secured from horses at

342 A, EK. CAMERON

the Veterinary Research Station, Lethbridge, July 4, 1922, which
is earlier than the usual dates recorded. The fly Gastrophilus
intestinalis was captured July 2. No special effort has been
made to find the flies.

The writer desires to acknowledge the assistance received from
H. L. Semans, Entomologist, Lethbridge, and A. E. Cameron, of
Saskatchewan University, in confirming the identification of dif-
ferent Gastrophilus larve.

DISCUSSION

Dr. FitcH: I don’t think this paper should go by without showing
our appreciation for its value. I am not familiar with what Dr.
Cameron has called “jiggers.” Is this a disease? We speak of “chig-
gers,” meaning a little parasite. Is this a disease in Canada?

Dr. CAMERON: Yes, it is a disease.

Dr. FITcH: Will you please describe it?

DR. CAMERON: I explained that the disease is only known to us as
“jiggers,” and in some cases we find bots in large numbers, bots of
horses. In some cases there are no symptoms, and in other cases
for a short period the muscles are very noticeably affected; there is
motion all over. On my way here, I might say, I met the first veteri-
narian who had considerable experience with this trouble. He stated
that in all the horses on which he had made postmortem examina-
tions he had noticed bots, but, of course, never gave them much at-
tention. All those horses had considerable sand in the intestines.

Dr. FiITcH: I would like to ask one other question. I noticed in
your paper that intestinalis produced as much if not more reaction
ie hemorrhoidalis. What is the relative frequency of these two

ots?

Dr. CAMERON: The intestinalis is much more powerful.

Dr. WATSON: I think this condition arises mainly from some spe-
cial cause. The animal may have been starved for a period before
the symptoms of this condition arose.

Dr. CAMERON: The veterinarian with whom I discussed this sub-
ject said that most of the horses on which he held postmortem ex-
aminations had been driven.

Dr. Z. Strong was a delegate from Vancouver to the recent
Liberal convention at Nelson, B. C. He succeeded in getting
adopted an important resolution regarding adequate meat and
milk inspection.

Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Director General, met several
of the B. C. practitioners in the Health of Animals office in
Vancouver on October 12 in friendly conference. Dr. Geo.
Howell, President, B. C. Veterinary Association, brought up
the subject of the practitioners assisting the department in ex-
port and accredited-herd testing, and also the employment of
laymen to do livestock sanitary inspection.

PATHOGENICITY OF BACTERIUM SUISEPTICUS FOR
HOGS '

By A. F. ScHatk and L. M. Roprrick
North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station

THE POPULAR WAVE of animal diseases due to the so-
ealled group of bipolaris septicus organisms, which have been
so conspicuously in the limelight for many years, has recently
experienced a rather sharp decline. Although we have neither
desire nor inclination to discuss at length the more potent
reasons for this marked subsidence, the fact remains that the
more successful practitioners, the more searching clinicians and
the more careful investigators of animal diseases have shown
a much greater disinclination to use the term hemorrhagic sep-
ticemia so promiscuously as they have in the past.

That the prevalence of these diseases, with the exception of
fowl cholera, has been greatly exaggerated and tremendously
overdrawn before the public is now frankly acknowledged by
a large number of their most enthusiastic supporters. Now,
since the crest of the wave is apparently passed over, a tend-
ency toward more sober and conscientious consideration is being
shown on many sides. However, as in most lines of endeavor,
where deliberate exploitation and premeditated propaganda
are practiced, a marked reaction has set in. Among other ways
in which this reaction has manifested itself must be mentioned
the urgent demand of many serious-minded people, both breeders
and sanitarians, for more definite light upon the subject, the
status of which is now generally considered slightly short of
chaotie.

Ever since the germ theory of disease became definitely estab-
lished, we have been using some time-honored expressions in con-
nection with infectious diseases. No discussion of such diseases
would appear complete without conveying the idea that the
course, extent and termination of the disease depends largely
upon the ‘‘virulenece of the organism involved’’ and the ‘‘re-
sistanee of the animal attacked.”’

Accepting these two measures as determining factors in in-
fectious diseases, let us inquire what is the true measure of

*Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

345

344 A. F. ScHaLk AND L. M. Roperick

virulence in the case of the bipolaris suisepticus germ with
which we are dealing. With a large number of infectious dis-
eases one can at least maintain and in some instances increase
the potency or virulence of a virus by repeated passage through
its natural host or some experimental animal. The rabbit ap-
pears to be ultrasusceptible to the suisepticus and serves as a
means extraordinary for determining the presence or absence
of this erganism for diagnostic purposes. When these germs
are injected intravenously or subcutaneously into rabbits, they
just simply die, apparently regardless of the source, quality or
quantity of the virus. It is not at all difficult to obtain any
number of strains of this organism which will carry away rab-
bits within 8 to 36 hours. But inject these same apparently
highly virulent strains into susceptible swine and they produce
no injury whatever. Thus it would appear that if various
strains of these organisms are of sufficient virulence to be of
etiologic significance in inducing disease in large animals, they
would be sufficiently virulent to kill rabbits in 12 to 36 hours.
Those who have had considerable experience with such investiga-
tions are only too keenly conscious of the overwhelming ma-
jority of cases in which they fail to produce the disease in hogs.

When we turn to the other condition, the resistance of the
animal, we are again confronted with a more or less immeasur-
able and undetermined factor. It is only too common usage for
us to say that an organism, such as is represented by the suisep-
ticus, which in nature leads a saprophytic existence, suddenly
may become parasitic, assume pathogenic properties and pro-
duce disease, the result of lowered resistance. As to the real
truth of this latter statement there is but scant absolute proof
in recorded data. It is largely a matter of assuming and tak-
ing for granted, and the assumption is of such long standing
that the idea of lowering resistance in various ways is accepted
and not questioned.

Those who contend that hemorrhagic septicemia as a primary
disease is of great economic importance in the swine industry
attempt to explain their contention on the basis that the re-
sistance of the animal is lowered in various ways and the suisep-
ticus organism rises up from its saprophytic dormancy and
readily attacks and invades the tissues, thus producing disease.

If this be true, it is quite reasonable to conclude that in the
course of ordinary hog raising on the average farm at least

PATHOGENICITY oF Bact. Suisepricus For Hoes 345

some of the ‘‘assumed resistance-lowering conditions’’ are sure
to develop from time to time, causing the swine to contract
hemorrhagic septicemia.

We have especially designed our experiments along the lines
of ‘‘lowering resistance’’ in hogs, if possible, by grossly abusing
their hygienic and sanitary conditions. We have not only at-
tempted to simulate those breaches of hygiene and sanitation
which are commonly encountered in the average hog-lot, but
we have enormously exaggerated them to an almost ridiculous
point in our endeavor actually to lower resistance so that they
will become regularly susceptible to the suisepticus organisms.

This phase of work was undertaken because of the possibility
that these organisms might be an etiologic factor of more or
less significance in swine and because of a close correlation to
our hog cholera investigations.

The suisepticus organisms used in the experiments repre-
sented a variety of strains from several reliable laboratories,
as well as a few isolated from swine at this station. All strains
obtained from outside sources were of swine origin as vouched
for by the laboratories supplying them. Ordinarily several
strains were used, grown in plain broth for 24 hours. All
strains were carefully checked for cultural characteristics and
only those conforming to the bipolaris septicus group were
used. In the pathogenicity tests on rabbits all strains proved
fatal for these animals within 8 to 36 hours. In addition to
feeding the cultures as,indicated below, in many instances the
pigs were also given the entire skinned careasses of the check
rabbits which had died from the inoculations and were fairly
swarming with the suisepticus bacteria.

The pigs used were ordinary grades and, with the exception
of the wormy one, were in fairly good condition. They ranged
in weight from 30 to 80 pounds and, with the exception of five or
six, had not been given the serum-virus treatment.

Investigations relative to the susceptibility of hogs to the
suisepticus organism and the feasibility of producing an in-
fection with cultures may be grouped into six classes. We
believe that infections occasionally produced by subcutaneous
and by intravenous injection can have little relationship to
infections which might arise under natural conditions. Con-
sequently it was attempted to produce infection by feeding the
organism.

346 A. F. ScuHaLkK anp L. M. Roprerick

Report OF EXPERIMENTS

I. Starvation rations plus insanitary surroundings plus feed-
ing large quantities of suisepticus cultures.

Eleven pigs were used in this series of experiments. They
were handled in groups of two or three with the work extend-
ing through two summers. It was attempted to lower their
resistance by general neglect, so they were held in small houses.
The manure was allowed to accumulate, and the rations were
restricted to the starvation point. Such management was be-
oun about a month before infection was attempted. They were
then given in their feed mixed broth cultures of Bacterium
suisepticus. Ten mils was usually used for each pig and given
at intervals of one to three days for periods of about four
weeks. Although ingesting such amounts of presumably viru-
lent suisepticus bacteria and continually exposed to such infec-
tion in their pens, not a single pig showed any elevation of
temperature or loss of appetite durimg the period of infected
feeding. Further, these pigs were injected either subcutane-
ously, intravenously or intracardially at the termination of
the feeding experiment with quantities (1 to 5 mils) of culture
which killed control rabbits. They remained unaffected except
for some transitory loss of appetite in certain instances.

IT. Starvation rations plus exhaustion plus imsanitary sur-
roundings plus feeding quantities of suisepticus organisms.

Nine pigs in two groups were exercised by forced driving for
a period of three hours until they were nearly exhausted. They
were then fed on the meat of four rabbits dead of an injection
of Bacterium suisepticus. This procedure was twice repeated,
yet all pigs remained unaffected. Likewise five mils intracardial
injections of culture produced no untoward results.

IIT. Pigs with opened wounds (castration wounds and opened
abscesses on the heads) plus bedding and feed contaminated
with these organisms.

These pigs were fed and cared for as usual and given seven
infected feeds of various stock cultures, varying from 5 to 125
mils per pig. No disease symptom developed, nor did injections
of culture at the close of the experiment induce disease.

IV. Normal pigs given highly alkalinized feed (sodium car-
bonate) plus feeding large quantities of culture.

These pigs were given four infected feeds of from 10 to
125 mils. Their feed was previously alkalinized with a solu-

PATHOGENICITY OF Bact. SuIsEpTICUS FoR Hocs 347

tion of sodium carbonate. No disturbance whatever arose, nor
did subsequent injections of 5 mils of culture produce disease.

V. Normal pigs plus sudden change to excessively high pro-
tein foods plus feeding large quantities of suisepticus bacteria.

Three pigs were changed immediately from usual feed to a
high-protein ration comprised of tankage, cottonseed meal, mid-
dlings, alfalfa and oil meal. They were given at that time 100
mils of mixed broth cultures. This protein feed ration was con-
tinued for three weeks and then changed at once to the usual
grain mixture and 850 mils of culture given in the feed. Noth-
ing whatever unfavorable happened.

VI. Wormy pigs plus insanitary surroundings plus feeding
large quantities of suisepticus organisms.

Four pigs were obtained from a farm where they were ex-
posed to a severe Ascaris infestation. They were under observa-
tion for a month and given four feeds of 15 to 200 mils of eul-
ture each. Neither did this nor subsequent intravenous injec-
tion produce any disturbance.

It may be assumed that prolonged feeding such as has here
been practiced may lessen susceptibility to infection. While
such a possibility may exist, we were unable by any procedure
to produce an infection except in one isolated instance by intra-
venous injection, a condition which probably has no parallel in
nature. Six untreated pigs were injected subcutaneously with
2-5 mils of culture, two others were injected intranasally, yet
no disturbance whatever could be produced.

There is little difficulty in isolating the suisepticus organism
from the lungs of hogs which are affected with pneumonia.
Spray (Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 31, p. 10) found
Bacterium suisepticus in 168 cases or 54 per cent of the pneu-
monic lungs which he examined.

One might think that such a frequency of occurrence is indica-
tive of the pathogenicity and causal relationship of the organ-
ism to the condition which exists. Examinations were made
at this laboratory of the heart’s blood and lungs of 19 hogs dead
or killed following an infection with the virus of hog cholera.
None of these pigs were exposed intentionally to suisepticus
infection. Of these, 10 resulted negatively to rabbit inocula-
tion both from the lungs and the heart blood. Of the remainder,
3 were positive with both heart blood and lung. Six were posi-
tive with only the lung. Six of the lungs which furnished cul-

348 A. F. ScHALK AND L. M. Roprrick

tures showed more or less serious hemorrhagic or pneumonie
involvement, while 4 appeared normal. It is quite apparent
that the organisms could not have precipitated the hog cholera,
most of the cases of which were inoculated, so it must be in-
ferred that they were incidental and at most only aiding in the
formation of lesions.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Extensive experiments have absolutely failed to produce
any apparent infection in hogs by the use of methods herein-
before described.

We are forced to the conclusion, therefore, from these experi-
ments, combined with our routine laboratory examinations, that
the pathogenicity of Bacterium bipolaris suisepticum for hogs
is purely negligible. Such being the case, the occurrence of
such infections in swine is rare indeed and furnishes little need
for the use of swine plague bacterins. While their presence in
the lungs of hogs, particularly those in which a pneumonie
process exists, is accepted, we believe that their role in the
production of disease is a minor one, that they are at most only
accidental invaders which are enabled to multiply rapidly in
a diseased area which may have been produced by some other
injurious agency.

Such pneumonie conditions in hogs are frequently fulminating
in character. It would appear that good hygienic and sanitary
precautions would be far more efficient in preventing swine dis-
ease than the use of biologics which are prepared with suisepticus
which is notably low in antigenic value.

At the request of the Jamaica Government, the British Colonial
Office has sent Dr. Connacher, a veterinary expert formerly em-
ployed by the South African Government to combat the outbreak
of foot-and-mouth disease, which is spreading in the western
provinees of the Island.

The English Ministry of Agriculture has offered two research
scholarships in veterinary science, each of the value of 200
pounds sterling per annum, for three years. The scholarships
are open to candidates who have obtained the diploma of the
Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons or who have shown evi-
dence of proficiency in medicine or other relevant branch of
science.

THE APPLICATION OF VAJDA’S METHOD TO THE EX-
AMINATION OF FOX FECES:

; By J. A. ALLEN
Animal Pathologist in Charge, Fox Research Station, Charlotte-
town, Prince Edward Island

IN a recent communication Vajda (2)? described a new method
for the quick and accurate examination of feces for the eges
of parasites. The basis of this test is that the specific gravity
of the diluted fecal material is changed by the addition of aly-
cerin so that the eggs ride on the surface of the liquid.

It is quite obvious that if this simple procedure were as ef-
ficient as the older and more time-consuming method, it would
be to advantage to employ it, especially in laboratories where
the examination of feces is a routine practice.

It is a function of this Station to make parasitic surveys for
fox ranchers, and several hundred samples are submitted
monthly. In order to find whether this irksome routine could
be reduced, a series of tests were conducted to obtain compara-
tive data between the standard centrifugal method and that
adopted by Vajda.

In all our fecal work we have employed Pepper’s technique as
described by Stiles (1). Briefly stated, this method consists
in mixing the feces in water, and after the heavier particles are
removed, small quantities of the mixture are placed in tubes
and centrifuged. The supernatant liquid is poured off, fresh
water added, and the process repeated until the supernalant
liquid in the tubes is comparatively clear.

Vajda’s technique consists in merely mixing the feces, diluted
with water to the proper consistency, with varying quantities
of glycerin, depending upon the kind of parasitic eges sought.
Thus for Strongylus, Oxyuris, Dochmius and (sophagostomum
eggs he recommends the addition of 1 part of glycerin to 1
‘part of the fecal mixture. Three parts of glycerin are added
to obtain the eggs of Ascaris marginata, Ascaris lumbricoides °
and Trichuris.

‘Published by permission of Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Director General. and
Dr. E. A. W atson, Chief Animal Pathologist, Health of Animals Branch.

* Numerals in parentheses after authors’ names refer to citations to literature at
end of paper.

349

350 J: AS Arai

Asearid, hookworm and lungworm (Fucoleus @rophilum) eggs
are those most commonly found in fox feces. Coccidia are also
comparatively common. In a preliminary series of experiments
it was found that ascarid and lungworm eggs were recoverable
in greatest numbers when 3 parts of glycerin were added
to the feces; hookworm eggs when 114 parts were added. Coe-
cidia could be readily detected when either 1 part, 114 parts or
3 parts of glycerin were added.

In our series of experiments we selected thirty-two samples
of feces, most of which were found by the centrifugal method,
previously described, to contain the ova of either ascarids, lung-
worms or hookworms. Some of these samples contained coccidia
which were not recognized until the sample was submitted to
Vajda’s test.

One gram of each sample was placed in waxed cones, made
by folding 110 mm. filter papers in the usual manner and dip-~
ping them in hot paraffin. We shall explain later our reason
for the adoption of these ‘‘one service’’ receptacles, which is
a deviation from the technique of Vajda. Water was then
added and the mixture stirred with a toothpick, a different tooth-
pick being used for each specimen, until it assumed the con-
sistency of a diarrheal stool. Fox feces vary so much in con-
sistency that it is impossible to give any constant degree of dilu-
tion. Three such preparations were made from each sample;
and to the first 1 part, to the second 114 parts, and to the third
preparation 3 parts of glycerin B. P., sp. gr. 1.26, were added.
The mixtures were again thoroughly stirred and allowed to
stand for one-half hour before microscopic examination. At the
end of this time a clean, dry, solid glass rod was gently brought
in contact with the surface of the mixture, and the glycerin
droplets transferred to slides for microscopic examination. Care
must be taken not to go below the surface of the liquid. After
recording our observations, the mixtures in all three cones were
centrifuged at about 1,200 revolutions per minute for 15 minutes,
and microscopic preparations made as before. In no ease did
we have to change our diagnosis after centrifuging, though the
process did concentrate the eggs or odcysts of coccidia, so that
they could be seen in every microscopic field. Indeed, in cases
of fairly heavy infestations, hundreds of ova of uncinaria would
be seen in a tiny droplet.

Jn order to record our observations so that they would have

EXAMINATION OF Fox FECES 351

some comparative value it was necessary to decide upon a sys-
tem of notation. H-+ was taken to indicate that hookworm
egos were so few that they could be found only with difficulty ;
H+-+ meant that hookworm eggs were fairly evident; while
H++-+ was taken to show that the eggs were so numerous
that groups of them could be found in each microscopic field.
In the accompanying tabulation L stands for lungworm eggs,
A for asearid eggs and C for coccidia. To include all our read-
ings for every dilution, before and after centrifuging the gly-
cerin mixture, would be too complicated for a table. We will
merely strike a fair average for all dilutions, and compare the
results obtained by the centrifugal method with those of the
method proposed by Vajda.

Sample No. GU a deeee al Sn Vajda’s Method
390 Hea eae

391 LD as ’ i ore

392 H+ Hele

393 L+ Ge

394 H+, L++ B,D
395 i elee Ses ot lee lelcae ey ae

396 Negative C+

397 E- H++

398 star ieeaes ee Ogesh a=
399 SSS lease

400 C+ C++

401 Aras ASeaee

402 ieee ai sain tect (lessee ee se
403 Negative L+

404 <g Fete

405 lsioe ae H-E

406 IslSea= H++

407 Isla Bea

408 H+, A+ Seuss

409 H+, A++ Agee

410 elas, ou e Se H+, L+

411 He ipaincy ote fe lesrtets tas Orta
412 L+ H+, L+, A+
413 Negative H+

414 2? H+

415 B Hee

416 Oe aa L+++

417 NSF Negative

418 H+ H+

419 L++ yo7eee

420 A+ A+

421 A+++ Atlee

302 J: A> ALEEN

The foregoing experiments seem to justify the unqualified
conclusion that Vajda’s method for the detection of the ova of
the parasites mentioned is at least as accurate as the centrifugal
method. The technique is so simple, especially with our sug-
vested modification, that the work may be done in the field,
which is an important consideration in making determination in
a large group of animals. When present in any numbers the
eggs are concentrated so that much time is saved in arriving at
a diagnosis, since one has not to look through a mass of débris
in the search for eggs. Especially when the material is centri-
fuged this method should also prove a valuable aid in experi-
ments devised to determine the efficiency of anthelmintics.

We have adopted the waxed cones because of the possibility
of eggs adhering to the sides of tubes and other glassware when
glycerin is used. In making a large number of examinations,
particularly in the field, it is not always possible to see to it
that all glassware is properly cleansed. The use of individual
receptacles removes this source of error.

REFERENCES

1. Stites, CH. WARDELL. Hookworm disease. Pub. Health Bul. 32.

2. VAspA, THEODOR. A new method for detecting the eggs of para-
sites in feces. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., August, 1922,
vol. 14 (n. s.), no. 5, p. 534.

LIVESTOCK IN RUSSIA
A heavy decrease in numbers of farm animals in Russia dur-
ing recent years is shown in the following statistics issued Ly the
Russian Liberation Committee:

1914 1922
Hiorsesteycrs 23. 22,000,000 8,000,000
Gattle Fivguiys ox 18,000,000 6,000,000
mheep. Gy..c.4 hc 4,500,000 2,000,000
DWIMe go aces. 2 12,000,000 - 3,000,000

The Belgian Ministry of Agriculture has issued an order pro-
hibiting the importation of ruminants from Argentina, Uruguay
and Paraguay, because cattle from Buenos Aires have been
found affected with foot-and-mouth disease on arrival at Ant-
werp, and because a large number of cattle of the same origin
have been found affected with mange.

SOME ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL STRONGYLES IN
ANEURISMS BY MEANS OF INTRAVENOUS
INJECTIONS OF DRUGS

By Maurice C. Haun and Jacosp E. SHILLINGER
U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C.

ANTHELMINTICS as used to remove worms from the lumen
of the digestive tract constitute a very old group of drugs, but
it is only in recent years that successful anthelmintic treatments
have been developed for worms outside of the lumen of the diges-
tive tract, and at the present time there are comparatively few
treatments of the sort which can be regarded as established.
So far the best results have been obtained in the control of cer-
tain fluke infestations, notably the control of the common liver
fluke, Fasciola hepatica, by means of the oleoresin of male fern,
and the control of the blood flukes belonging to the genus
Schistosomum by means of tartar emetic and of emetin. The
attempts to control tapeworm infestation in portions of the
body outside of the lumen of the digestive tract have been much
less successful, and while claims have been published as to the
destruction of cysticerci and hydatids by means of anthelmintics,
various experimenters have failed to substantiate these claims
and at present we have no well-established treatments for the
destruction of cestodes in cases of somatic teniasis. Apparently,
better results have been obtained in the control of somatic in-
festations with nematodes than with cestodes, though less has
been accomplished than with trematodes. Evidence that ap-
pears satisfactory indicates that the destruction of the Guinea
worm, Dracunculus medinensis, will follow the injection of tartar
emetic or of novarsenobenzol. The evidence in regard to the
destruction of Loa loa is less conclusive, and that in regard to
the destruction of the common human filarid, Filaria bancrofti,
js distinctly contradictory and unsatisfactory as yet.

The measure of success which has been. attained in the con-
trol of these worms outside of the lumen of the digestive tract
in recent years warrants a certain degree of optimism in regard
‘to the prospects of developing satisfactory treatments for many

1Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
-Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

309

354 Maurice C. Hatt Aanp JAcoB E. SHILLINGER

of these worm infestations. Prolonged experimentation is al-
most certain to yield positive results in time. While the results
which we have to report are mostly of a negative character, so
little is known at the present time that it seems worth while to
add even a small amount of information on this subject.

One of the nematodes in the group under discussion which is
of most interest to veterinarians is Strongylus vulgaris, the
strongyle which in its larval and agamic stages is responsible
for the formation of verminous aneurisms in horses, asses and
mules, the aneurisms usually occurring in the anterior mesenteric
artery and its branches. These aneurisms are believed to be
responsible for certain types of verminous colic and of inter-
mittent lameness, and may lead to the death of the infested ani-
mal as a result of rupture of the aneurism and consequent fatal
internal hemorrhage. While we believe that the repeated routine
use of the chenopodium treatmént for the removal of the adult
strongyles from the large intestine is a measure of great value
in controlling these worms and diminishing the danger from in-
festation with larval and agamic forms, it appears that a treat-
ment for the destruction of the worms in the blood vessels would
be a useful supplementary measure in the control of these worms,
and we have accordingly carried out the following experiments
with a view to ascertaining something in regard to the effect
on these worms of drugs injected intravenously.

Three horses were used in these experiments, two of them being
given intravenous injections of tartar emetic only, and one
being given intravenous injections of tartar emetic and one in-
jection of carbon tetrachlorid. The usual procedure was em-
ployed of shaving the hair over the jugular vein on the left
side, disinfecting the shaved area (we used 5 per cent carbolie
acid), and slowly injecting by means of a small needle to avoid
the danger of bad results from shock. The protocols of the
experiments are as follows:

Horse No. 232, weighing 900 pounds, was given tartar emetic daily
in doses of 2 grains each for 4 days, then 4-grain doses for the
next 3 days, and then 6-grain doses for the next 13 days, the drug
being given in as small an amount of sterile distilled water as would
dissolve it. On postmortem examination we found in the anterior
mesenteric artery an aneurism practically devoid of thrombus and
containing on its walls only a very small amount of material re-

sembling a thick serum, the lining being otherwise smooth. Two
worms were present, 1 dead, partly disintegrated, and more or less

ArreMPTs TO CONTROL STRONGYLES IN ANEURISMS 3D)

embedded in the wall, and 1 alive and free, or almost free, in the
lumen of the vessel. Both worms were so immature that an exact
identification could not be made, but they appeared to be S. vulgaris,
the worm usually present in these aneurisms.

Horse No. 233, weighing 750 pounds, was given tartar emetic daily
in doses of 6 grains each for 13 days. On postmortem examination
we found in the anterior mesenteric artery an aneurism which, as in
the previous case, was practically devoid of thrombus and contained
on its walls only a small amount of thick serous material. The walls
were less thickened than usual and showed little evidence of recent
irritation. Eight small worms, probably S. vulgaris, were present,
all of them being alive.

Horse No. 234, weighing 825 pounds, was given tartar emetic daily
in doses of 10 grains each for 3 days, then 15-grain doses for 3 days,
and then 20-grain doses for 3 days. The day of the last injection
with tartar emetic this horse was given carbon tetrachlorid, using
the pure, undiluted chemical. When 4 c.c. had been injected the
animal showed evidence of discomfort and alarm. On the injection
of 1 c.c. additional he exhibited marked symptoms of weakness, lack
of control, and intoxication, the symptoms soon subsiding. On post-
mortem examination the next day we found in the anterior mesenteric
artery an aneurism containing a small amount of fibrinous thrombus.
Three worms, probably S. vulgaris, were present, two in the lumen
and one in the wall, all of them being alive.

A consideration of the foregoing protocols shows that horse
No. 232 received a total of 98 grains of tartar emetic distributed
over a period of twenty days; horse No. 235 received a total of
78 grains over a period of thirteen days; horse No. 254 received
a total of 135 grains over a period of nine days, and also re-
ceived a total of 5 ¢.c. of carbon tetrachlorid in one dose. Live
worms were found in all cases, and in only one ease, that of horse
No. 232, was a dead worm found. This horse received the
largest number of treatments, though not the largest total
amount of drug. It can not be determined on the evidence ob-
tained whether the tartar emetic used in this case was respon-
sible for the death of this worm. The presence of live worms
argues against the ability of the drug to kill the worms, but
the drug might be able to kill the worms at certain stages of
development, as at molting, and not at other stages. A large
number of treatments might then be more effective than large
doses. Other worms present during the period of treatment
may have been killed and disintegrated. We examined the
veins of the cecum for evidence of such worms but failed to
find any. The horses tolerated the tartar emetic in the doses

356 Maurice C.. HAuL AND JACOB E. SHILLINGER

used, but the animal given carbon tetrachlorid reacted very
unfavorably, and the drug, as might be expected, is probably
dangerous when given intravenously. It would be of interest
to ascertain its value in killing horses when injected intra-
venously. Chloroform given in this manner is sometimes highly
effective, quickly killing the animal when injected in amounts
as small as 10 ¢.¢., but at other times large doses may be ad-
ministered with only the result of putting the animal to sleep.

There appears to be practically nothing in the literature in
regard to the effect of drugs on horse strongyles in aneurisms
when injected intravenously. We have seen a casual reference
in a commercial house organ to the efficacy of sodium cacodylate
injected intravenously for. palisade worms of horses, but
nothing is given to indicate whether this is for worms in
aneurisms or in the intestine, and there is no evidence furnished
on which to judge the claim that the drug is valuable.

The fact that the aneurisms in the cases of two horses were
practically devoid of thrombus suggested that tartar emetic
might have a beneficial effect in diminishing the amount of
thrombus present, a result which would be of value in clearing
an obstruction from the circulation and in lessening the amount
of material which might dislodge from time to time and lodge
as emboli. However, there was a certain amount of thrombus
present in the case of the third horse, and we occasionally find
untreated horses with aneurisms practically devoid of throm-
bus. It would therefore be necessary to carry on a large number
of experiments to establish the value of tartar emetic in dimin-
ishing the amount of thrombus present, and for the time being
we would reserve judgment on this point.

The Health Board of Lower Merion, Pa., has recently be-
come associated with two neighboring boards in the employ-
ment of Dr. G. W. Grim, as milk control officer, at a salary of
$3,500 per year, according to the American Journal of Public
Health.

Dr. H. D. Martein, a practitioner in the city of Philadelphia
for over 25 years, has been promoted from captain to major in
the Veterinary Officers’ Reserve Corps, and assigned to the
310th Field Artillery.

GASTROENTERITIS IN SMALL ANIMALS

(Discussion on paper of O. V. Brumley, at fifty-ninth annual meet-
ing of the American Veterinary Medical Association. See paper
in JOURNAL for November, 1922, page 200.)

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: Gentlemen, you have listened to a very inter-
esting and instructive paper, well prepared and well presented. This
is a subject that should be of a great deal of interest to all the
small-animal practitioners, and I trust you will take an active part
in the discussing of this paper. We know that gastroenteritis covers
possibly 60 to 75 per cent of the cases that are brought to the small-
animal practitioners.

DR. QUITMAN: Gastroenteritis in some form or another is an all-
frequent disease coming to the veterinary hospital of small animals.
Dr. Brumley, in his most excellent paper, touches a little short, I think,
on the way of treatment, and in enumerating some of the specific ail-
ments that may be mistaken perhaps for an ordinary type of gastro-
enteritis. There should not be any mistake, but canine typhus should
be mentioned for differentiating purposes. Typhus commonly starts
with vomiting and all that, and it is, of course, a very gross error
to diagnose a case of typhus as an ordinary case of gastroenteritis or
gastritis.

In puppies that are weaned I find one of the most common causes
of gastroenteritis is a bread and milk diet—that is, white bread.
It is a well-known fact that a dog is a carnivorous animal, and he
does not take care of starchy foods as well as does the herbivorous
animal. Dogs two months old, three months old, four months old,
are continually brought to the hospital suffering from gastritis or
gastroenteritis perhaps, and oftentimes by sizing up this poorly de-
veloped condition you can name the cause to the owner without ask-
ing any questions. It is a common thing for me to say, “You have
been feeding this pup on white bread and milk, haven’t you?” And
I find I hit the nail on the head nine times out of ten. Sooner or
later, from that white bread not digesting, from fermentation of it,
and the keeping up of continuous irritation, a gastritis or gastro-
enteritis will develop.

In the way of treatment I agree in part with that laid down by
Dr. Brumley, but to a considerable extent I would digress there.
I fully agree with him that we should use every endeavor to ascer-
tain the cause, but sometimes that being impossible, I don’t believe
in treating the ultimate inflammatory condition of either stomach
or bowels. Aside from where specific antidotes are required in the
nature of chemical poisons, or when chemical poisons are the cause,
the treatment can be pretty well unified and in many cases showing
intense pain will cease almost instantly upon the performance, as
suggested by Dr. Brumley, of a gastrointestinal douche, frequently
washing out the intestines. However, that fails in many cases, or
many cases are too weak to stand that. When the dog is in a very
weak condition the gastrointestinal douche is somewhat dangerous
to perform. In puppies under two months old it is not safe, so that
soothing medicines of a somewhat anodyne character are indicated.
In my own practice I use a mixture of a quarter minim of phenol
and 5 to 7% grains of bismuth subnitrate, about 7 to 71% minims
of opii camphorata for soothing effect, and glycerin and cinnamon
water. I find that to be a very efficacious mixture. Sulphate of iron
is recommended by Dr. Brumley, in a mild solution. It is just a little
harsh; it is apt to induce emesis, and perhaps we have been expending
our efforts to check the emesis which is exhausting the vitality of
the patient.

307

358 DISCUSSION ON GASTROENTERITIS IN SMALL ANIMALS

Dr. J. P. Scott: I would like to have Dr. Quitman tell us some
of the differentiations between typhus and gastroenteritis.

DR. QUITMAN: I made the reference in discussing a certain matter
several days ago that while fully acknowledging the value of the
microscope for diagnostic purposes, I have tried to elaborate some-
what on the value of the “nosescope” for diagnostic purposes in veteri-
nary practice, and that is the veterinarian’s nose, a very important
feature for diagnostic means. It helps us to diagnose many ailments
or differentiate many ailments. For instance, a well-known authority -
made the statement that practically every case of mange can be
positively diagnosed only by means of a microscope, and I took issue
with him, saying that for one having a dog practice and having to
stop and make a microscopic examination would seriously retard
the wheels of progress of his business. I told him that many old
practitioners at least called in the help of their noses to differentiate
whether it was eczema or a case of mange. It is the same way with
canine typhus. There are several distinguishing features. I want
to tell you the nose is the most accurate and the quickest diagnostic
method that I could recommend for telling canine typhus.

The breath of a canine typhus patient has a distinctive charac-
teristic odor. It is different from the foul odor of a badly inflamed
stomach or where there is fermenting: and perhaps decomposed food
material in the stomach. It is a difficult odor to describe, but the
fact of the matter is there are, you might say, two odors in con:
nection with typhus. The characteristic odor is an intensely foul
sort of a knock-you-down odor, and it suggests in its character some-
what that of a cross between diseased bone and pulmonary gangrene,
if you can picture that to your olfactory organs. In fact, it has
almost got to be experienced to be understood.

Then, however, in some cases of the peracute type of typhus, that
kind that gets sick and will die within twenty-four hours, that odor
may not have had time to arise, but the odor in that case is ofttimes
i_well, again I am up against it for a description; but it is a sort
of a cadaverous odor, if you can imagine a cadaver that has reached
a point giving off an odor and an effort has been made to deodorize
it with chlorid of lime, without the chlorid of lime odor predominat-
ing, however. That occurs only in the peracute cases, however, if
they die of acute septicemia before any pathological changes have
time to occur.

In differentiating from gastritis and gastroenteritis, aside from
the odor, there is a very great and rapid depreciation that comes
on in typhus. That you may have to get from the history. In typhus
the patient becomes prostrated very much more rapidly than it will
in gastritis or gastroenteritis. That is a very important feature for
differential diagnosis. Then the typhus case very frequently assumes
a sitting posture, whereas the gastroenteritis case is restless, moves
around more, tumbles around more, or in the case of Collie pups they
are more apt to have their feet up in the air, but restless, neverthe-
less. Also in a typhus case they frequently have a peculiar, far-
away look in their eye that sometimes calls for differentiation be-
tween typhus and rabies. There are other differentiating symptoms,
but I believe those are the most predominating ones.

Dr. RICHARDSON: Does the age of the animal enter into the diag-
nosis at all?

DR. QUITMAN: To some extent, but the old animal sometimes has
it from constipation.

Dr. RICHARDSON: Did you ever see typhus in a pup?

DR. QUITMAN: I have seen it in dogs six months old.

Dr. H. J. Mitks (Ithaca, N. Y.): I have a little to add perhaps
to the paper on gastritis. There are two or three things in the
treatment that we differ a little bit on. For instance, we find dogs

DISCUSSION ON GASTROENTERITIS IN. SMALL ANIMALS 359

that won’t hold any treatment for a time; they vomit as fast as
you get it to them. We find an anti-emetic necessary very often in
those cases. Sometimes in those cases of persistent vomiting I use
a cocain solution.

There are some other diseases in regard to diagnosis that have not
been considered. One is vomiting. We have run against that par-
ticularly in neuritis and jaundice and peritonitis. In fact, we have
had a few cases brought to us as gastritis, and it was simply neuritis
that caused the trouble.

In regard to food, I have for years figured that the big thing in
gastritis was to rest the stomach. If you give the dog food and water,
he simply takes it down and it comes back again. He will drink
almost always, and almost always he will vomit. Keep the food
away, and also keep the water away, and allow a few laps at a time,
or put a piece of ice in a leaky dish so he can get a little that way,
but not enough to make him vomit.

Dr. Howarp W. MILLER: Dr. Brumley, in his paper, speaks of
a contagious condition in cats. We have had that in central Ohio
to such an extent that outbreaks of it have pretty nearly cleaned
out entire catteries. So far we have not had any good results from
any treatment we have followed out. I would like to know, Dr. Quit-
man, if under those conditions they have devised anything that will
work; and also in outbreaks of infectious jaundice in puppies, have
they devised anything? We have been working along that line in
Columbus. Dr. J. Mcl. Philip has used an arsenic injection with
which he has obtained results. Sooner or later the results of those
experiments will be put in the magazines.

DR. QUITMAN: I would like to ask the gentleman a question in re-
gard to those cats. Aren’t they cats that are fed almost entirely on
liver?

Dr. MILLER: No, I can’t say that they are. They are cats that
are fed all kinds of things, cat foods.

DR. QUITMAN: Do you mean young cats?

Dr. MILLER: Cats of all ages, females and so on. Some of our
hospitals have been infected to such an extent that nearly every cat
that comes into the hospital for an operation will recover from the
operation all right and five or six days afterwards develop yellow
vomit and so on.

DR. QUITMAN: Have you made a pathological examination? I have
seen gastroenteritis, or apparently gastroenteritis, and on close ex-
amination we find it resembles scurvy, but you don’t get erosion of
gums in cats when they are fed exclusively on a liver diet, and per-
haps getting a little milk occasionally, and that little milk will simply
retard the coming on of the symptoms. That will occur and infect
any number of cats. It is the same way if they are fed exclusively
on salmon or any fish; sooner or later T find they come down with
this scurvy-like disease.

Dr. MILLER: This isn’t a scurvy disease.

DR. QUITMAN: I don’t believe I can answer the doctor’s question
any more specifically, except to find out whether he was alluding
to liver poison or salmon deficiency. I might say I alluded to feed-
ing white bread and milk to dogs. Any number of the laity have
the idea that a cat should be fed on nothing but liver. Sometimes
when you reprimand them for that they say, “Doctor, I cook the liver
sometimes.” They couldn’t change from liver to something else.
But liver alone or liver with milk will not and does not seem to be
a balanced ration for the cat. The addition of milk to the diet will
retard the oncoming of the symptoms. If cats have liver alone from
the time they are weaned, they usually show these symptoms inside
of the time they are about two or three months old. If they get a
little milk occasionally at all, it will be delayed until the cats are

360 DiIscUSSION ON GASTROENTERITIS IN SMALL ANIMALS

six months old. If they get milk regularly daily in addition to the
liver, they will wait until they get one year or two years old, but
they will come down invariably. The same applies to an exclusive
fish diet. I have had considerable numbers of similar cases to those
alluded to by Dr. Brumley and Dr. Miller, and I have always found
them to be of a dietetic origin invariably. Of course their cases
may differ from the ones I have been dealing with.

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: I believe the point Dr. Miller is endeavoring
to bring out is the same point I am confident the essayist had in
mind when he presented that portion of his paper relating to infectious
gastroenteritis of cats. It is indeed a very serious problem, and
when it starts in a small-animal hospital you just practically can’t
bring a cat to the hospital for any kind of an operation, or it will
contract it usually within three days’ time after being exposed, and
death follows anywhere from twelve hours to three or four days.
Sometimes old cats will stand it, will go through, but kittens from
four months to a year of age last usually about twenty-four hours
after they start to vomit this yellow vomit.

Dr. MILLER: That is the condition exactly. I know there have
been times in some of our hospitals when orders have been given
that no cats at all will be accepted at the hospital for a period of
sixty days, so as to clean up this condition, but it will run along for
a while and another animal will come in and in a day or two will de-
velop this trouble, and the hospital is infected all over again. It isa
very serious problem.

This condition of jaundice seems to come from an infection car-
ried by a flea bite, and whole bunches of puppies will slip away from
you in a day or two. In fact, they get away from you before you
recognize the jaundice in them, with just a slight tinge of yellow in
the mucous membrane, and they die like flies.

Dr. MiLkKs: This cat disease is not confined to large cities; it is
on farms and in homes; but it does hit the hospital, of course. We
have been through it and have had a good many pathological exami-
nations made, and the nearest we can get to the cause is the colon
group. I don’t know if that explains the cause or not. We get
letters from farmers frequently asking, “What can we do to keep
cats. Every time we get a cat it dies.”

Just to show you how infectious it is, one man had a cat on his
farm and it died. He then got a cat from town and put it on the
same place, had a veterinarian castrate it; the cat died. The next
time he went back and got another cat; he had someone else operate
on it, and that cat died. He brought the second cat up for examina-
tion, and I told him not to put another cat in that house for some
time. He thought the two cats died from the operation, and the
next time he got one he didn’t have it operated on, and it died within
the same time as the others. It is a serious thing. The poultry
farmers have quite a time with rats, and so have other farmers, and
they can’t keep cats because of this infection. In some cases it works
very rapidly. It isn’t a kennel disease, because we find it in Ithaca
long before we get it in the cat ward. We find it in a certain part
of the town where a cat has only been sick a while before it dies,
and in a day or two we get a cat in and it dies, and almost invariably
it comes from the same part of town.

Dr. E. J. Frick: I would like to add a few more words to what
Dr. Milks has said, and back it up with a little history. Three years
ago I was working in New York City. The Bide-A-Wee Home in
New York City has four or five cages about the size of this room,
and they collect stray cats from all over the city, and have people
bring cats and leave them there until they can find a home for them.
In that home it was a common sight to see in one big case fifteen or
twenty cats in all stages of depression, some dead and others sick

DISCUSSION ON GASTROENTERITIS IN SMALL ANIMALS 361

unto death; some of them just mopy, and some that had been brought
in within a few days and were perfectly well. The Bide-A-Wee Home
does not use any methods of destroying the animals. The home was
originated to collect cats and keep them there until a home could be
found for them. They do not have to destroy them because in a
few days they die, or if someone comes and gets a cat and takes it
home, the cat dies in a short time. The S. P. C. A. and the New
York Women’s League for Animals in New York have practically
the same conditions, except the cats are not kept in such a large cage
and it is not so severe.

In Manhattan, Kans., at the State College, for two years they have
not seen a case of infectious enteritis in cats. This spring a farmer
brought a cat in and the cat died. The farmer had seven other cats |
on his farm; all seven died. The neighboring farmers lost their
cats. We brought in a cat that was sick and we isolated a B. coli
culture and gave the cat a bacterin, and that cat is running around
the laboratory at the Kansas State College.

As far as curative means are concerned, I don’t know what we
can do unless it is a matter of experimenting and trying to find
some serum or bacterin or vaccine or something along the biologic
line to control it. We have tried medicinal preparations and the cats
all seem to go.

Dr. RICHARDSON: May I say just a few words along the lines of
vaccination? I went through this same experience that Dr. Miller has
mentioned. We could hardly take a cat into the hospital without
losing it through infection of this gastroenteritis of cats. The clini-
cians tried for a long time to overcome this condition by changing
diet, by disinfection, by excluding cats from the cat ward for some
time, and finally we in the Pathological Division undertook to make
a bacterin. -We made a bacterin, and in cases in which it was used
at the time the cat came into the hospital, immediately upon its
receipt, we had very good results. We used it as a preventive en-
tirely. We are not fortunate enough to use it in all cases, and in
a great many cases where it wasn’t used until the cat had been in
a day or so, or where it wasn’t used until after the animal was
operated on, we didn’t get any results. I think from what I have
seen and from what little experience I have had that a bacterin can
be relied upon very well as a preventive of this condition.

Dr. C. H. ANTHONY: I believe a great deal of this gastroenteritis
is caused not from the home feeding but from mouse poison and
poison the cat gets in the alley. I have found if you feed a cat
twice a day nothing but raw beef you will never have any trouble
-with your cat. Probably once a week give him a little cream, or milk
containing cream. An ounce or two of cream will satisfy him. Then
give cold water for the balance of his drink, and keep all fish, salmon
and everything of that kind away from him if you want to keep him
healthy.

Dr. H. E. Biester has resigned his position with the University
of illinois and has returned to Ames to take a position in the
Department of Research of the Veterinary School at Iowa State
College.

r. J. Raymond Wells has left Falls Church, Va., and is now
ee in the Division of Sanitation and Ptealih of Beaumont,
Tex., as dairy and meat inspector.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORT

(Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this department
reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful to others
in the profession.)

POTASSIUM NITRATE POISONING IN CHICKENS,
WITH A NOTE ON ITS TOXICITY

By JoHN E. GUBERLET
Parasitologist, Veterinary Department, Oklahoma Agricultural
Experiment Station, Stillwater, Oklahoma

ON the morning of June 7, 1922, the writer had occasion to
observe a flock of chickens suffering from poisoning, the symp-
toms of which were first observed by the owner on the preceding
evening. Upon arrival several birds were found dead and 35
or 40 others were seriously affected, of which some were pros-
trate and others comatose. Those that were in a serious con-
dition had a severe diarrhea with marked diuresis. The drop-
pings were watery and contained large amounts of urate ma-
terials. The combs and wattles ranged in color from dark red
to purple, or even black. Respiration was disturbed. The sick
birds displayed great thirst and, if at all able to stand, were
drinking water or trying to do so. Almost the entire flock of
225 birds showed discolored combs and displayed a great desire
for water. There was a marked diarrhea and diuresis in the
whole flock. Most of the birds showed no other ill effects and
were taking food.

After inquiring of the poultryman as to what had been fed
to the birds on the preceding day it was learned that they had
been given a dose of Epsom salts (magnesium sulphate). The
‘‘salts,’’? according to the poultryman, were given at the rate of
three-fourths pound per 100 birds. It had been dissolved in
water which was used in mixing bran mash. This was taken
fairly readily by the birds. The owner insisted that the *‘salts’’
could not be responsible for the trouble, as he had treated the
flock similarly on former occasions from the same box of salt,
but ‘‘they didn’t eat it as readily before.’’ d

Autopsy.—Skin very dark, subcutaneous blood vessels ¢on-
gested, flesh dark pink to red, blood almost inky black. The

362

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORT 363

lungs in most cases were extremely free from blood, while in
some of the others they were hepatized. Liver severely con-
gested and almost black. The veins of the liver were much en-
larged and gorged with blood clots, while the arteries were ex-
tremely contracted. The kidneys were decidedly enlarged and
highly inflamed. Crop and proventriculus severely congested ;
congestion beneath the lining of gizzard; enteritis and con-
gestion throughout the entire length of the intestine. The
mesenteric blood vessels were gorged with blood.

Further inquiry as to where the salt was procured revealed
the fact that this was a consignment which had been purchased
‘fat a bargain.’’ This particular lot had been wet at the drug
store and had been on hand for some time. The poultryman
bought it for Epsom salts. A sample was taken to the labora-
tory for examination where it was discovered that the ‘‘salts”’
were not magnesium sulphate, but potassium nitrate (saltpeter).

Later conversation with the poultryman disclosed the infor-
mation that at former administrations the salt was dissolved in
the drinking water and given in that way instead of in a mash.
On those occasions the birds would not drink much of the water.
That accounts for the fact that no trouble was experienced at
former treatments.

About 25 of the birds died during the days of June 7, 8 and 9.
Some of the birds that were nearly prostrate had recovered by
the morning of June 8, except that they were very weak. Some
of the affected individuals lingered for two or three days before
they died, and death in those cases was due to acute enteritis
and nephritis. The entire flock apparently suffered to some ex-
tent from enteritis and nephritis for several days. This condi-
tion, however, did not interfere to any great extent with the
activity of the birds, except that they displayed an unusual
thirst and showed a decrease in appetite. Egg production was
reduced.

Little is known concerning the toxic effects of various drugs
upon fowls. The most important work along this line is that of
Gallagher (1919), who conducted a number of very valuable
experiments on chickens to determine the toxicity of some of
the more important and commonly used medicinal agents and of
poisonous substances to which fowls not infrequently have access.
Kaupp (1917) and others give the dosage for nearly all of the

364 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORT

common drugs used in the treatment of fowl diseases but say
little concerning their toxicity.

Saltpeter poisoning in fowls is not of uncommon occurrence,
although not on as large a scale as shown in this instance. This
salt is an important constituent of certain fertilizers, and chick-
ens have been poisoned from that source. Many people often
use this salt in the preservation and curing of meats, and
poisoning from this source some times accidently occurs in fowls.
It has been taken as a purgative by persons, being mistaken
for magnesium sulphate (Holland, 1917, p. 218).

Potassium nitrate was formerly used rather extensively in
medicine, as a diuretic, diaphoretic and febrifuge; also in acute
cases of rheumatism. At present its use as a medicament is
very limited, it being used principally as a local treatment.

Some experiments were conducted by the writer to determine
what would be a toxie and a lethal dose of potassium nitrate
for fowls. This was done because of the observance of such
poisoning in a flock and on account of the interest this incident
has incurred. Twenty birds, weighing 3 to 414 pounds, were
used in these experiments. Doses ranging from 1 to 90 grains
were given by mouth and the results noted.

Very small doses, 1 to 2 grains, produced diuretic action with
diarrhea in two to three hours provided water was near the birds
constantly so that they could drink of it at any moment. This
was especially true if the saltpeter was given in solution. In
doses of 5 to 10 grains the same results were noted, except that
the diarrhea and diuresis were more severe. Doses of 45 grains
produced diuretic action in 40 to 45 minutes when the birds
had constant access to water. Under these conditions doses con-
taining 45 to 50 grains were toxic, and it required 80 to 90
grains for a lethal dose for fowls weighing 4 to 444 pounds.

Chickens under range conditions, such as those in which the
poisoning occurred, go considerable distances from their supply
of water, and consequently can not drink at any moment they
feel the desire. Therefore it seemed desirable that other ex-
periments be conducted in which the birds would be given water
about as often as they would drink under range conditions.
Under this arrangement small doses produced no apparent ex-
ternal symptoms. Doses of 15 to 20 grains produced diarrhea
and a diuretie condition after 2 or 3 hours, and then as a rule

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORT 365

only after the birds had taken water. Fowls taking 25 to 30
grains under these conditions showed toxic symptoms, while
60 grains was a lethal dose for a 314% pound hen and 65 to 70
grains were fatal to birds weighing 4 to 414 pounds.

Toxic doses of potassium nitrate produce symptoms of gastro-
enteritis, nephritis, muscular weakness, slow, weak pulse, depres-
sion of the circulation, disturbed respiration and sheht heme-
lysis of the blood. Along with these symptoms occurs the con-
gestion of the peripheral blood vessels which results in the dark-
ness of the skin and discolored comb. This is followed by a
subnormal temperature, paralysis, collapse, and coma, followed
by death. In nontoxie doses it causes diuresis and diarrhea.
The toxic effect of the salt is lessened by keeping the system
flushed with water. Therefore in the experiments the birds
which consumed large quantities of water threw off from their
systems a large amount of the poisonous substance. Birds
which had been previously fed on a highly concentrated pro-
tei diet, whose excretory organs had already been taxed, suf-
fered more acutely and showed more prominent symptoms than
birds previously fed on a low protein diet.

LITERATURE CITED

GALLAGHER, B. A. 1919. Experiments in avian toxicology. Jour.
Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 54, pp. 337-356.

HOLLAND, JAMES W. 1917. Medical chemistry and toxicology. 5th
ed., 683 pp. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

Kaupp, B. F. 1917. Poultry diseases. 2d ed., 245 pp. Amer. Vet.
Pub. Co., Chicago.

Dr. A. K. Merriman, formerly of Latham, IIl., is now located
at Sullivan, Il., where he has purchased the practice of Dr.
W. C. Bateman.

Dr. Joseph Hawkins, the oldest practitioner in the city of
Detroit, has gone to California, where he will spend the winter
with relatives.

Dr. J. G. Jervis, of Milner, B. C., has been appointed lecturer
in veterinary science at the University of British Columbia, to
succeed Dr. T. H. Jagger, who resigned.

Dr. A. W. Lehman has moved from Duncans. Vancouver
Island, to Penticton, B. C.

ABSTRACTS

Epizooric LyMPHANGITIS. Broeq-Rousseu. Bul. Soc. Cent. Méd.
Vét., Feb. 1922, p. 85. (Abst. in Rev. Gén. Méd. Vét., Sept.
15, 1922; vol. 31, -p. 533.)

After long discussion as to the nature of the parasite of epi-
zootic lymphangitis, it is generally admitted at the present time
that the pathogenic agent is a fungus, Cryptococcus farcimino-
sus. According to recent work of the author, this vegetable
parasite possesses organs of reproduction of different kinds:

1. Conidian forms, spores of dissemination ;

2. Forms of vegetation and conservation, external spores and
chlamydospores ;

3. A budding or eneysted form, the ecryptococcus as found
in the lesions.

The arrangement and form of the conidia permit the placing
of this fungus in the genus Botrytis. Numerous species of the
genus Botrytis have been classified in the following groups:
Oomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes; but the agent of epi-
zootic lymphangitis could not be classified with certainty; all
the attempts made in that respect have been without value, as
they did not rest upon any precise fact.

It has been demonstrated that the conidian form develops best
at a temperature of 20 to 25° C. This fact explains why lymph-
angitis exists in the endemic state in the warm countries of
Northern Africa. There the fungus, under the form Botrytis,
lives on natural media, such as straw, manure, ete., and the
transfer of the spores to the affected animals is accomplished by
the intermediary of insect carriers which are yet to be dis-
covered.

The best method of finding the parasite in the lesions is to ex-
amine fresh preparations of pus without staining. With the.
usual stains, Ziehl or lactic blue, only the membrane of the
envelope is stained; there is no elective staining. The examina-
tion of preparations of fresh pus does not permit the conclusion
that only the eryptococeus is present; it is necessary always
to obtain a culture. By this means there are found rather often
the Priesz-Nocard microbe, streptococci, staphylococci, ete. The

366

ABSTRACTS 367

prognosis of the affection varies in gravity according to whether
the eryptococcus is alone or associated with other microbes.

What is the best remedy to use against well-defined epizootic
lymphangitis not associated with other microbes? All the surgi-
eal methods and all the medicaments employed have resulted in
cures.

According to experiments made in the army, the vaccine pre-
pared by Boquet and Négre has given the most cures. Of 246
animals treated there were 146 cures, or 59 per cent, and 38
showed improvement, a total of 184 cases (74 per cent) cured or
well on the way to recovery. This vaccine therefore appears at
the present time to be the preferable method for the treatment
of epizootic lymphangitis. The only disadvantage of this treat-
ment is the length of time that is sometimes required.

Cats AND Human DieutHertA. W. G. Savage. The Journal
of Hygiene, vol. 18 (1922), no. 4, p. 448.

Bacteriologiec examinations were made of nose and throat
of eight healthy cats and 12 kittens not associated with any
eases of human diphtheria. In 3 of the cats no bacilli were
found which might be taken for Klebs-Loffler organisms. In
each of the 5 remaining cats there were recovered bacilli which
showed an extremely close resemblance to diphtheria bacilli,
but all of which were definitely not true diphtheria bacilli. All
the 12 kittens failed to show any bacilli which at all resembled
diphtheria bacilli. A study of 5 cats which were closely asso-
ciated with diphtheria cases failed to show that any of the
animals had diphtheria-like lesions and with the possible ex-
ception of one case, none of the cats harbored Klebs-Loffler
bacilli. In the one case, organisms were found which resembled
the diphtheria bacillus and agreed with it for the most part
in cultural characteristics. However, a guinea-pig inoculated
with a very heavy dose of culture was unaffected. In experi-
ments with young kittens, it was found impossible to infect
them by throat swabbing, although very massive doses were
used. Kittens in whose throats an artificial nidus for local
growth was provided by chemical or mechanical means failed
to develop diphtheria or any local lesions when mixed cultures
direct from human throats were used. Not only did the bacilli
not infect, but they failed to survive, invariably disappearing

368 ABSTRACTS

after as short a period as 24 hours. Attempts to infect the nasal
cavities of kittens were all unsuccessful and all feeding experi-
ments failed.

The author is of the opinion that the common and widely
accepted view that cats can suffer from a naturally acquired
disease caused by the diphtheria bacillus is entirely without
foundation. L. T. GiLTNeEr.

THE VITALITY oF TRICHINZ IN AMERICAN BAcoN AND Hams.
Erick Sitisskind. Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., June 15,
1922. (Abst. in Rev. Gén. Méd. Vét., Sept. 15, 1922, vol.
Sep. oly.)

In order to obtain exact data on the dangers presented by
hams and bacon of American origin, Siisskind conducted a series
of experiments concerning the vitality of trichine. Fifteen
guinea-pigs were fed with ham and bacon heavily infested with
trichine and well salted. The number of trichine consumed
by each guinea-pig varied between 9,900 and 27,902. On autopsy
not a single trichina could be found in the musculature, al-
though the muscles which are the preferred seat of trichina
infestation were subjected to minutious microscopic examination.

The results prove that the trichine in heavily salted American
hams are dead and harmless, even if their capsules do not show
calcareous infiltration. None of the hams and bacon showed
calcified trichine.

The author then studied the influence of sea salt on muscle
trichine. Pieces of guinea-pig muscle 2 centimeters thick, con-
taining trichine 6, 8 and 10 weeks old, were subjected to mild
and strong curing, 5 and 10 grams respectively of sea salt being
used for 100 grams of muscle. These pieces of muscle, refrig-
erated at a temperature of 3 to 4° C., were removed on the third,
seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, twenty-fifth, thirtieth and
thirty-fifth days of curing and fed to guinea-pigs and mice.
The strong curing destroyed the vitality of the trichine at the
end of seven days. The mild curing required three weeks to
destroy the vitality of the parasites.

The results prove that the use of sea salt is the method to be
preferred for preventing the infestation of man by products of
American origin.

ABSTRACTS 369

Grass DISEASE AND Boruuism. J. B. Buxton. Vet. Jour., vol.
78 (1922), no. 562, p. 125. (Abst. in Expt. Sta. Ree., vol.
47, p. 186.)

This paper relates to a well-known disease of equines in cer-
tain parts of northern England and Scotland which was first
investigated by a special committee in 1918. The symptoms of
this affection appear to be identical with those of so-called forage
poisoning of horses and cattle in the United States, and an
organism indistinguishable from Bacillus botulinus was recoy-
ered by Tocher at Aberdeen early in 1919 from diseased portions
of intestine and from the spleen of several cases of grass disease.
The author’s investigations which followed resulted in finding
that the blood of several horses which had recovered from the
affection contained traces of botulinus antitoxin, type A, and
that its presence was undetectable in the blood of more than 40
normal horses which were similarly tested. It was found that
such blood contained complement-binding antibodies for B. botu-
linus, and that these antibodies did not show the same specificity
for the homologous type as did the antitoxin.

THE PropasLtE IDENTITY OF THE CHITTENDEN-UNDERHILL PEL-
LAGRA-LIKE SYNDROME IN Docs, AND BLACKTONGUE. G. A.
Wheeler, J. Goldberger and M. R. Blackstock. Pub. Health
Rpts. (U. 8.), vol. 37 (1922), no. 18, pp. 1063-1069. (Abst.
in Expt. Sta. Rec., vol. 47, p. 285.)

Attention is called to the striking similarity between the black-
tongue disease of dogs and the pellagra-like syndrome produced
by Chittenden and Underhill in dogs by feeding a diet of boiled
peas, cracker meal, and cottonseed oil. A review of the litera-
ture on blacktongue is given, together with postmortem findings
in two cases. It is suggested that further investigation of this
disease in dogs and a trial of the efficacy of a strictly dietary
treatment are of importance on account of the probability that
blacktongue in dogs may prove the analogue of peHagra in man.

An advertiser in the Cooperstown (N. Y.) Otsego Farmer
offers for sale ‘‘200 year old White Leghorns in laying condi-
tion.’’ And the following advertisement appears in the New
Haven (Conn.) Register: ‘‘For Sale—A 3-year-old female billie
Sab

REVIEW

CANINE DistEMPER, ITS COMPLICATIONS, SEQUELZ, AND TREAT-
MENT. Hamilton Kirk, M. R. C. V.8., Fellow of the Royal
Society of Medicine, Captain Royal Army Veterinary
Corps. Published by Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, London,
1922. Price 10/6.

The first book dealing exclusively with the subject of canine
distemper has just been published. It contains 226 pages, 28
text figures, and 1 plate, and covers exhaustively every detail
concerning our present knowledge of this most prevalent disease
of our canine friends. An indication of the subject matter
treated is shown by the titles of the twelve chapters, which in-
elude the History; Susceptibility; Etiology; Bacteriological
Notes; Predisposing Causes; Sources of Infection and their
Practical Avoidance ; Preventive Inoculation ; Symptoms, Course,
Progress and Mortality; Morbid Anatomy; Differential Diagno-
sis; Treatment and Convalescence. In addition there are an
appendix and a bibliography.

Captain Kirk, who is a canine specialist, has presented the
various etiological theories, discussed the latest suggestions of
preventive inoculation, and in fact has covered all the various
aspects of the subject in an unusually clear and readable form.
It should therefore prove of value and assistance not only as a
book of reference for the practitioner, but also as an interesting
and understandable work for the student. As stated by the
author, this disease has never received the consideration which
no doubt would have been given it were it transmissible to
human beings or food-producing animals, or were it associated
with a heavy monetary loss to the country.

Both the author and the publishers are to be congratulated for
the excellent manner in which they have performed their task ;
the illustrations are clear; the paper and binding are of good
quality, and undoubtedly the book will shortly be found in the
libraries of our leading veterinarians.

ASSOCIATION NEWS

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Proceedings of Fifty-ninth Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Mo.,
August 28 to September 1, 1922

(Continued from the November JOURNAL. )
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 29, 1922

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON BOyINE TUBERCULOSIS

PRESIDENT KinsLey: Next will be the report of the Inter-
national Committee on Bovine Tuberculosis, by Dr. Kiernan.
(Dr. J. A. Kiernan read the report, which follows. )

Your committee pursued its studies of animal tuberculosis during
the past year, stimulated at all times with an ambition to contribute
some small particle of knowledge to supplement the classic report
rendered to this Association at its forty-seventh annual meeting in
1910 by the first International Committee on Tuberculosis and the
subsequent reports of high character made by the succeeding com-
mittees. All new information on the subject aids in the prosecution
of the campaign for the eradication of tuberculosis of livestock
which is being vigorously waged in the forty-eight States that com-
prise this Union, in the Dominion of Canada, also in the Republic
of Mexico, which is taking a considerable interest in tuberculosis of
livestock.

EXTENT OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNITED STATES

Your committee has made a thorough analysis of the information
available, as a result of the cooperative campaign which has been in
progress in the United States since 1917, for the purpose of re-
porting on the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in the respective
States. We are now in a better position than at any previous period
to indicate the extent of the disease in the various States. For five
years there has been pursued with more or less vigor in the respective
States a campaign which has for its objective the ultimate suppres-
sion of animal tuberculosis. That progress has been made during
that period is quite evident, but of almost equal importance is the
knowledge that has been acquired of the prevalence of the disease,
its location and the extent of the infection. With this knowledge
we are in a position today to take an inventory of the total healthy
and total tuberculous cattle in every State. In consequence a fair
outline may be made for a program which contemplates the eradr
cation of the disease within the respective commonwealths.

The study made of the incidence of bovine tuberculosis shows that
within 1,665,641 square miles in 37 States, and representing 46.2
per cent of the area of the United States not more than 1 per cent
of the cattle are tuberculous. In that area, according to the census
of January 1, 1920, there were 28,307,648 cattle, representing 41.2
per cent of the total cattle of the United States. To recapitulate,
in 46.2 per cent of the area of the United States having 41.2 per cent
of all the cattle, bovine tuberculosis exists to not more than 1 per cent,

S71

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PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 373

and in many parts of that vast area the disease exists to a degree
considerably less than 1 per cent. The livestock owners of those
States have expressed themselves in language which can not be
misunderstood that bovine tuberculosis shall be eradicated from their
herds and that infection must be prohibited from being introduced.
They favor the rigid enforcement of regulations requiring the proper
inspection and tuberculin testing of herds—not merely individual
animals but herds from which individual animals are shipped inter-
state. The owners in those States have such a strong antipathy
toward tuberculosis and are so actively engaged in its suppression that
probably within ten years the disease will be either entirely eradicated
or reduced to a minimum.

The accompanying map and table show the per cent of bovine
tuberculosis as it exists in the various States.

Extent oF Bovine Tusercutosis, May 1, 1922

| a |
Approximate Extent Total | Per Cent |' Total Num- | Per Gent | Per Cent
of Bovine Square | of Total | ber Cattle | of Total | Tuberculous
Tuberculosis Miles | Area Jan. 1, 1920) Cattle | Cattle

| |
Not more than 1 per cent ...| 1,665,641 46.2 | 28,307,648 | 41.2 | 0.6
Over 1 and under 3 per cent.. | 763,979 | Pal ky 16,828,916 | 24.5155 Dol
Over 3 and under 7 per cent.. | 9655905) i), “2628 12,196,003 | LESTE | 4.9
Over 7 and under 15 per cent. 155,638 | 4.3 8,478,185 PASS} 10.3
Oversi5 per cents... fen 93,739 | 1S 2,960,954 4.3 26.0
Total (United States). ......| 3,604,702 100.0 68,771,706 | 100.0 4.0

The committee is of the opinion that the livestock interests of the
country are desirous of obtaining some idea of the extent of the
job that has been undertaken. They have been patient in waiting
for data on the subject, as indicated by the numerous requests that
have been received for information as to the probable number of
tuberculous cattle in the country and the approximate cost of sup-
pressing the disease. The map furnishes the best information avail-
able as to the extent of the disease. This information was obtained
from the livestock sanitary authorities of the various States and
the Bureau of Animal Industry representatives cooperating within
the respective commonwealths.

Since the inauguration of the cooperative campaign in 1917 much
has been done educationally to convince cattle owners that tuber-
culosis may be eradicated from a herd or from groups of herds through
the various methods of tuberculin testing, followed by proper sani-
tary precautions to prevent reinfection and by eternal vigilance of
owners in keeping animals of unknown health away from their
herds. That the educational feature of the work has produced re-
sults is shown by the very general knowledge of the subject pos-
sessed by livestock owners. The accredited-herd plan and the area
plan of eradicating tuberculosis are quite well known in livestock
circles in all parts of the country. This in itself is a matter that is
worthy of considerable consideration—that this information has been
disseminated so widely in such a comparatively short time.

We feel confident that inasmuch as it has been demonstrated to
the satisfaction of the livestock owners of the United States that
bovine tuberculosis may be eradicated from an individual herd or a
group of herds or all the herds within a circumscribed area, this
campaign inaugurated on a cooperative basis in 1917 will not be
abandoned until the disease is entirely controlled. By control we
mean that it shall not only cease to be a menace to the livestock
industry of this nation but in addition that it shall be suppressed
entirely by one means or another within the areas in which it exists
to such an extensive degree.

374 PRocEeEepInGs oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

For more than ten years the crystallization of public opinion against
the shipment of tuberculous cattle interstate, for purposes other than
immediate slaughter, has been making its impression on the live-
stock owners where the disease exists. True, the impression came
slowly and was accomplished at times only through economic coercion,
but happily the impression was so indelibly implanted that there
are but few, if any, who now attempt to ship tuberculous cattle
under the guise of healthy animals. The dairymen of Nevada or
Arizona or Florida who contemplate purchasing improved cattle look
up the record of the State, the county and the herd from which they
consider the acquisition of the animals. They want to know not
only that the individual cows they buy have been tuberculin tested,
but that the entire herd out of which they purchase is under super-
vision and that its health has been demonstrated so far as it is
possible to reveal the true conditions.

PROGRESS IN TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION

It is expected that eradication of tuberculesis will go on with ever-
increasing rapidity until the disease becomes circumscribed within
the badly infected areas. Then eradication in those areas must be
conducted vigorously, otherwise the disease will mean tremendous
financial loss to the livestock owners. There is no endeavor to pic-
ture an optimistic perspective of the future and acclaim the har-
monious progress of tuberculosis work to its ultimate consummation.
The views expressed are only those consistent with the history of
the suppression of infectious diseases of livestock within this country.
Tuberculosis challenged the indomitable will of the livestock owners
of America, and they in their characteristic militant way accepted
the challenge and are making headway against the enemy and will
win as they were victorious in their campaigns against pleuropneu-
monia, foot-and-mouth disease and the various other diseases attacked
by them.

Substantial progress has been made in several of the States in
the suppression of tuberculosis. The elimination of the disease from
all of the herds within entire counties or other units of territory
is being conducted in approximately 150 counties, and the tendency
seems to be at the present time for an expansion of this system
of carrying on the campaign.

As indicated previously in this report, it is not unreasonable to ex-
pect that within a few years tuberculosis will have been practically
exterminated in a number of States where the infection is compara-
tively slight. This will enable the concentration of forces in States
where the problem is of greater magnitude, and with the continued
support of the livestock industry inroads can be made upon the
infected herds and gradually they can be converted by the elimina-
tion of the diseased animals and the building up of sound herds.

The task is no less a tremendous one now than it was in 1917,
but time has revealed the extent of tuberculosis in the respective
States and this stands out now in contrast with the obscurity of the
facts as they existed several years ago. This immense campaign now
in progress contemplates the suppression of tuberculosis. The whole
structure is founded on the established fact that the disease can be
eradicated in the individual herd and among groups of herds of
cattle. In order that the campaign shall endure until the aims are
accomplished, we must pledge our faith to the principle that the
methods known and practiced, although not perfect by any means,
will accomplish the eradication of animal tuberculosis. Time and
practice will evolve better methods and a more perfect system that will
aid in the campaign. No evolution or any degree of perfection can
be accomplished if we cease our efforts and wait for the millennium

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING Sas.

to come. All is not perfection in the cooperative plan of eradicating
tuberculosis of livestock. It is just a plan developed by practice
during the course of many years and will undergo whatever further
changes practice and experience show to be necessary.

A summary of tuberculosis eradication work for five years and
ees of this work June 30, 1922, are given in the accompanying
tables.

Summary or TuBercuLosis Erapication Wonk IN COOPERATION WITH THE VARIOUS STATES,
FiscaL Years 1917-1922

Number Coun-

States Cattle Reactors | Per cent ties Doing
Tested Found Reacted Area Work
x | June 30, 1922
IN EIDE ae. ae eet ee Se aes 79,140 1,118 1.4 8
ATKANSAS 12 beet te Sete ie oe tele 6,564 103 LG jaa | cee
Maliforniae eer -y sae eee ee 4,867 146 3.0 2
Colorado rt gee es eee SI AE 2,027 76 3-8), Gite € See ae
Glonnecticnt =i eh. cl we Pc 38,746 5,884 152) Ae ae eee
Ielayenres) Seen Samant st Mec 22/306 2 Abbe || 10), oe ee
Distuctiof Columbias-=*s. 2... 54... 6,403 72 be es ead Pe ot
Mlorid ats. eee Asi ee oh isk 65,543 1,519 22d! | cies ee eee
KT COUETRL oe, Oe tee eas ene ta 56, 782 1,067 ile) 40
WASHOE ee eo eee Be oe Re 78,388 1,244 1.6 26
MIN OIS Nee ar es ee. A 114,882 7,420 6.5 5
Amidiana ol. 2A EMAL ee ine 183,010 5,412 3.0 5
ROW are et PE be RE es oe aed 210,349 12,821 6.1 33
ANSE: Pyotr as. EN nS fee ¥ 79,450 2,101 220 2
Kentneky: epee oe toe Gch fk 85 , 963 2,052 2.4 33
ouisian al cress oe 3 5 Siok oo eB 40, 960 IS 2 ik | 4.
Miaime hacer Seka Neigh een dint 84, 324 2,122 P25) 15
Wiarylandiat ane eG sD ee 83,338 6,760 8.0 4
Wkassachusetis: 2 54. cae. Sse ee. 30,381 2,549 Seal |e. ea o. Byee
IMichican: 2 Sie. G64 Aten SS 230,083 7,460 Ba 18
Minnesota tom, So a es tee tore 275,810 8,206 DAO) Os atone 3 depts
IVISSSISSI DPI Mistery sees heh ee heme o 107,416 550 0.5 4
IMSS OULIESEAL SPR xtc EL. 265,634 3,219 | ibs 22
Montana +5 Pets. SEE Se, es 210,469 BEiae 1.8 6
INGbraskia eee oo sere ee Pea SS 199,950 6,206 ou 20
INIGWGG NE. AS 6 Ca aaeen ee. ee a eae 31,664 1,140 3.6 10
News Elampshire=-.6 sae. 2. ae 23,704 2,415 10.2 1
New lersey a te). sso Ans eee 39 , 443 2,895 Cine Na Ree ee ar, oe oe
NewallTexicosg.et.) (thar k ee 7,338 70 1.0 8
ING WEY OCK © 690 Pte Bem Hee ha. 218,646 28,623 HE 27
INoxtht Garolinats sp) 320 53. Asy yet ets 103,369 1,455 1.4 45
(NorthyDakotavp rr... fsa leat 160,652 4,928 2.9 8
ORION ats ee ee ee ee 115,182 5,219 fa eal eee eae icra
Oblahomaterc tris 5,5 End ck ee 79,991 2,698 Swave’ PRG emote
rezone st pets: (oe A ay pa 149,086 23,997 4). 4250 36
Rennisvivaniaae of eer ee oe 123 US REDE. 5.9 1
frhodevislandigy, 20 shes hae ee 4,151 370 SIOEP "6. So oes
DONE) Carolina s0 2.5 siccred mien nok 49,080 806 ee | 31
SoutheDakotast ts sfeettns 2k: 50, 167 2,684 | 5.4 | 4
sHennesscemer yy sn teees cn a ee 98,167 | TEUZAS =|) ial | 3
PGK ASE Mirena ets Res ans sees 70,259 1,314 I eh ee Ae A
LUNA S Soe Os Dra ee Cee eee 64,883 637 1.0 12
Wermontr:. = eens 2 ee DAS 2 oA | 183,254 12,719 6.9 4
Wireman yom ce. sos ee. 156,882 4,632 3.0 3
Wiashinetonerer te a te ss 186,589 | 4,682 225 20
UGS WITT Ce 43 , 654 916 2.1 “iO
\WECOMTS 2505 Ce cee ee | Sell 10,076 | 2.8 | 17
Wivorningspees ore SiS 22. 2, Oe 35,781 370 TOF=| 11
Re ATaTIESCHOOISE ts 50s een. 2 es 413 27 6.5 WSK. chad ee tase
[Pinel creas | UES Sit a 4,486 157 (Sie ORES ae
Mohalla: em ewae te tks bak fee 4,931,252 185,670 | 3.8 494

376 PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

Status or Tupercutosis Erapication Work 1N Cooperation witH VARIouS SraTEs,
JUNE 30, 1922

; | Once Tested, Free Accredited Under Supervision
States
|
Herds Cattle Herds Cattle Herds | Cattle
|

Mlahbamay ee eee ee 735 17,444 79 3,458 837 26,344
Arkansas cee, aera h S$: | 39 845 35 1,084 81 2,000
Califomias-cepeee ee eee 129 1,370 0 0 173 4,676
Colorado cere) eee 7 269 | 37 18 759
Gonnecticuteo eee 475 | 8,613 83 2,180 813 18,189
Delawaresrse eee 1,120 | 4,690 125 1,470 1,825 9,625
District of Columbia...... 141 345 194 815 340 1,373
Hlorida’. 2) 2), tee see 3,133 23,865 88 onl 4,014 44,761
Georgiate Were So 1,812 26,523 21 1,558 2,006 36,242
Idaho Peis. ane oes oe 5,056 40 ,454 116 4,031 | 5,607 51,371
Illinois enti Ia ae 709 12,740 368 8,589 | 3,449 44,452
Indiana. .,351 ce nee 8,970 62,290 1,308 22,326 | 11,753 109 ,557
Iowa mi rveal aeaNforor dieters Merete 3,500 — 51,690 779 | 23,649 Deo 113,797
Kansas ASE Oe Ooo nae 395 | 10,500 388 | 11,800 1,000 32,053
Kentucky. 5) 20 eee 5,347 41,273 194} 5,500 | 6,781 57,251
omisianar rcs soe eee ae 516 11,542 63 2,681 591 | 17,023
Maine tyyann ere 6,748 56,203 523 6,413 8,555 | 71,726
Maryland: ese one 1,632 16,698 386 Loker 3,455 34,043
Massachusetts. ..-........ 68 1,930 61. 2,350 216 7,084
Michigan ST Secon cee Rei 13,496 113,519 385 7,642 | 16,727 149,711
Minnesota. eee tee 2,022 38,759 1,506 34,833 4,222 91,872
Mississippi. ....... aN 352 | 11,026 140 | 3,241 674 15,933
Missounls. 5.) nae 18,703 | 177,465 389 | 12,400 | 19,734 205, 792
Montana 5 2. oes 9,914 126 , 466 116 6,358 | 10,845 159,851
Webraskare. 4-7. jane 7,728 95,390 210 5,877 9,769 134,692
Wevadaer. et eee TEST | 8,873 7 | § 882 1,884 18,612
New Hampshire.......... 485 | 5,111 65 ree | 779 12,145
INew:Jerseyes ooo ee. 12) 1,693 73 2,007 293 8,304
INewsMlexico:. 4-5 nc hee 724 Diy Dill io cy sis. cys ane lio eanacayte 883 6,827
New Yorkie: eee oe 4,511 | 53,615 565 | 12,380 | 6,543 | 196,560
North Carolina.........-.!| 20;988 81,545 277 5,604 | 21,652 87,463
North) Dakotae os. oeenen. 3,593 63,037 721 15,962 | 5,357 | 105,058
Ohio ae or es eae 1525 17,774 848 | 15,416 2,802 | 46,118
Oklahoma: screen ace | 391 OFS27 182 6,334 1 bee is) 23,421
Orezonhe a> se Ponee | 29e163' 7 90 , 987 170 4,144 9,333 95,131
Pennsylyania. 53.200 060. 1,039 14,598 1,165 19,501 3,005 | 49 ,454
Rhodevisland) 4. -- ee ae ie 544 14 304 | 42 | 1,213
South Carolina........... 882 | 10,875 80 | 2,639 1,765 17,209
South®Dakotas: 55.0.5. 293 7,600 218 | 4,733 | 610 | 15,452
Mennessees hc ee tee 669 | 13,020 198 7,623 | 6,164 94,072
Mexagne: Secs Soe e 46 | 1,714 66 PAPAL | PAE 16,386
Utaht eee. 232 se) ae eee 6,238 21,994 7F 2 ,40on |) GxebDet 42,763
Vermonts-. <5. seen 2,460 35,573 1,165 17,675 4,440 65,415
Mirginia ys eee 1,300 14,407 675 15,792 2,410 42,599
Washington: eo eee eee 5,687 43,869 lil 2,871 6,166 52,829
West Virginia............ 2,029 17,337 224 | 4,828 | 2,426 26,475
Wiasconsine- pce ero. 2,345 49,505 1,754 39,735 5,066 | 120,477
Wivomineerer rs were 2,774 27,701 3 110 3,083 323235
Motallaet +f se eer 161,533 | 1,548,183 | 16,216 ' 363,902 {212,182 ' 2,616,395

TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION HELPS RATHER THAN HINDERS MILK
PRODUCTION

From July 1, 1917, to June 30, 1922, there were destroyed 175,000
tuberculous cattle. It was believed by some when the campaign began
that the destruction of so many cattle would cause a shortage of
dairy products and that the publicity given to the campaign would
cause such alarm among the consumers of dairy products that it
would work a great injury to the dairy industry. But instead of
producing those results the increasing efforts to improve the health
of herds have inspired more faith in the safety and value of foods
from the dairy cows. Within the last four years several hundred
towns have issued regulations requiring the tuberculin testing of
dairy cows. On June 10, 1922, it was reported by the United States
Department of Agriculture that the production of milk during 1921
was estimated at 98,862,276,000 pounds, a gain over 1920. The aver-

PROCEEDINGS .oF A. V. M. A. MEETING Oued

age per capita consumption of milk during that year was 49 gal-
lons, the largest consumption on record. The number of milk cows
increased during that year compared with 1920. Also the production
of butter increased during the same period. Milk cows on farms
increased 341,000 head during 1921.

THE CONTROL OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS FROM A PUBLIC HEALTH
STANDPOINT -

The Committee on Tuberculosis in the past has not undertaken to
report data concerning the transmissibility of bovine tuberculosis
to the human family, for the reason that it is generally accepted that
this is a question that should be left to the medical profession and
that our profession should confine itself to the study and control
of diseases of livestock and the dissemination of knowledge pertain-
ing to the health of livestock as an economic problem.

The serious study and investigation of bovine tuberculosis as a
public health question was stimulated by the activity of those who
questioned the statements of the late Dr. Robert Koch that the
danger to man from bovine tuberculosis was negligible. Observations
made since that time have established more firmly than ever that
the transmission of the bovine type of tuberculosis to man is not
uncommon and that at least 10 per cent (Park) of the deaths from
tuberculosis in children under five years of age are the result of
infection of bovine origin.

The guarding of public health against such sources of infection
becomes a public duty and justifies this Association and the veterinary
profession in using every honorable means in order that there may
be a more general recognition of this question from a public health
standpoint.

It is not uncommon to hear that representatives of local health
departments and locally prominent members of the medical profes-
sion have made statements that the danger of transmission of bovine
tuberculosis to the human family is negligible. There still continues
to be more or less indifference to this problem on the part of some
of the public health officials. As the source of bovine infection to
the human family is largely confined to the milk, milk products and
meats, a supervision of the production, handling and distribution
of these products constitutes an important public health service,
and no organized effort or campaign for the control and suppression
of human tuberculosis is logical that does not include measures to
control bovine tuberculosis. Large sums of money are expended
annually for sanitoria to care for individuals with tuberculosis, and
larger sums will have to be appropriated for many years to come
unless measures are adopted to prevent the infection of new individ-
uals. Certain scientists, health service organizations and commercial
dealers in milk and milk products attempt to solve the problem by
pasteurization. If pasteurization under rigid regulatory inspection
forces could be universally applied, no doubt it would be effective.
But it is impossible to obtain that kind of pasteurization except in
a few of the larger cities where the inspection service is rigid and
complete. Unless milk and cream are properly pasteurized it simply
sets up a false standard of security to the public. The larger per-
centage of our population living on the farms and in the smaller
communities must continue to use raw milk and milk products.
Proper pasteurization will never become general, nor will it solve
the control and elimination of the bovine source of infection to the
human family.

The members of this Association should interest themselves in edu-
cational campaigns on the relation of animal tuberculosis to the
public health. It is not our duty to do educational work pertaining
to public health, but we should be in a position to furnish health

318 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

authorities with such information as will assist and stimulate them
to reach the public through educational institutions, the public press,
medical colleges, bulletins and other channels. For these reasons
and with the above object in view your committee submits a résumé
of certain literature-on the transmissibility of bovine tuberculosis
to the human family.

Résumé of Literature on the Transmissibility of Bovine Tuberculosis
to the Human Family

Park and Krumweide (1)* examined 487 cases of tuberculosis to
determine the type of bacillus present and recorded 1,033 cases found
in the literature, making a total of 1,520 cases. Nine hundred and
fifty-five were adults over 16 years of age, 177 were children from
5 to 16 years of age, and 368 were children under 5 years. The
bovine type of the bacillus was found present in 35 per cent of the
children from 5 to 16 years of age, and in 26 per cent under 5 years.
Both the human and bovine types were found in eleven additional
cases examined. Examinations made at a foundling asylum on 9
cases in children under 6 years of age, who were fed on cow’s milk,
showed 5, or over 50 per cent, to be infected with the bovine type.
The bovine type was found to be present in 1214 per cent of the fatal
ane of tuberculosis in children under 5 years of age in New York

ity.

Dr. W. H. Park (2) in a later article, as a result of studies of
1,042 cases, drew the following conclusions: :

“As the result of a large series of cases reported by ourselves an
others, it has been shown:

“1. That children are especially infected and usually the point of
entry is the alimentary tract.

“2. That cervical adenitis and abdominal tuberculosis are the most
frequent types of infection.

“3. That generalized tuberculosis due to bovine tuberculosis is less
frequent.

“4. That bone and joint tuberculosis is most commonly of the human

5. That the meninges are less commonly affected by the bovine
than by the human type.

“6. That the infection of adults by bovine bacilli is very infrequent.
_ “7. That pulmonary tuberculosis due to bacilli of the bovine type
is rare.”

Park sums up his data in the following two tables:

TaBLe 1.—PERCENTAGE OF BOvINE INFECTION!

| , ‘
| Adults Children | Children
Diagnosis | 16 years 5 to 16 under 5
| and over years years
|
percent | percent per cent
Pnlmonarystuberculosise aie cc Sob eie eae Oe ee 02 0
Tuberculosis adenitis, cervical. 22... 2.02.2 seta as sens > 4 37 SF.
Aibdominalituberculosis <./< Si seer tae ss Seek 16 50 68
Generalized'tuberculosis: 2.2 acai oe ec hae 3 40 | 26
Tubercular meningitis (with or without generalized
(Ste) hase a ee Sen aes Sone ee ores co 0 0 15
‘Tuberculosis of bones and joints. ..........:....+--.-- 5 3 0
Total number of cases studied. .......---...+-++-- 686 | 132 220

1 Exclusive of the cases of double infections. In considering the pulmonary cases it must
be remembered, however, that bovine tubercle bacilli have been isolated from the lung in
cases of generalized tuberculosis in children.

2 If one doubtful case admitted, 0.2 per cent.

Grand totalistudiés:<\: s@B <tc 5c he ods ale tae ee 1,042
Total infected with mixed or double infection. ............... 4

1 Figures in parentheses following authors’ names refer to list of literature at
end of report. =

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 379

Table 2 shows the importance of bovine infection in those forms
of tuberculosis in children which are of great severity.

TABLE 2.—PERCENTAGE OF BOVINE INFECTION (REVISED)

Children 5 to 16 Years | Children Under 5 Years

Diagnosis | | | |
| Combined | Own | Combined Own
| Figures | Figures | Figures Figures
| |
per cent percent | percent per cent
Abdominal tuberculosis. .......... 66 | 50 69 75
Generalized tuberculosis, alimen- | | |
(AY Orelae esse gedses oe vocge se GON Pree | seteci se oe 48 | 66
Generalized tuberculosis........... 20 Sees tees Se oe | 11 | 18
Tubercular meningitis, secondary | |
to tuberculosis of alimentary |
EV PO g manager soscsiie’ yore wep tuclcbenei ens oie eed | eetcanio tc Bens torsl |Orecioess Toe (CIA edi a cca COC
Tubercular meningitis (other than |
Preceding) JA sa lea. Seite ete nel Rat hes tery ee Wied] |a ee ae eh a Ba 6 514

Park concludes as follows: “A careful study of all the factors
leads us to estimate that about 10 per cent of all deaths caused by
tuberculosis in children under five years of age is due to bovine
infection when the milk is not pasteurized.”

Dr. A. Philip Mitchell (3) of Edinburgh reports the examination
of 72 cases of cervical gland tuberculosis in the Children’s Hospital
in Edinburgh and found tubercle bacilli of the bovine type in 65
cases, or 90 per cent. (Cattle in the vicinity of Edinburgh are very
highly infected with tuberculosis.)

The British Royal Commission (4) announced in 1911 the follow-
ing: “There can be no doubt that a considerable portion of tubercu-
losis affecting children is of the bovine type, most particularly that
which affects primarily the abdominal organs and the cervical glands.”
Of 108 cases of tuberculosis examined by this commission, the bovine
type was present in 24, or 22 per cent, of the cases.

The British Royal Commission, Second Interim Report (5), states
the following conclusion:

“We may briefly sum up the bearings of the result at which we
have already arrived, as follows:

“There can be no doubt but that in a certain number of cases
the tuberculosis occurring in the human subject, especially in children,
is the direct result of the introduction of the bacillus of bovine tuber-
culosis into the human body; and there also can be no doubt that
in a majority at least of these cases the bacillus is introduced through
cows’ milk. Milk containing bovine tubercle bacilli is clearly a cause
of tuberculosis and of fatal tuberculosis in man.

“Of the 60 cases of human tuberculosis investigated by us, 14 of
the viruses belonged to Group 1—that is to say, contained the bovine
bacillus. If, instead of taking all these 60 cases, we confine ourselves
to cases of tuberculosis in which the bacilli were apparently intro-
duced into the body by way of the alimentary canal, the proportion
of Group 1 becomes very much larger. Of the total 60 cases inves-
tigated by us, 28 possessed clinical histories indicating that in them
the bacillus was introduced through the alimentary canal. Of these,
13 belong to Group 1. Of the 9 cases in which the cervical glands were
studied by us, 3; and of the 19 cases in which the lesions of abdomi-
nal tuberculosis were studied by us, 10 belong to Group 1.

“These facts indicate that a very large proportion of tuberculosis
contracted by ingestion is due to tubercle bacilli of bovine source.

“A very considerable amount of disease and loss of life, especially
among the young, must be attributed to the consumption of cows’
milk containing tubercle bacilli. The presence of tubercle bacilli in

380 PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

cows’ milk can be detected, though with some difficulty, if the proper
means be adopted, and such milk ought never be used as food. There
is far less difficulty in recognizing clinically that a cow is distinctly
suffering from tuberculosis, in which case she may be yielding tuber-
culous milk. The milk coming from such a cow ought not to form
part of human food, and indeed ought not to be used as food at all.

“Our results clearly noint to the necessity of measures more strin-
gent than those at present enforced, being taken to prevent the sale
or the consumption of such milk.”

British Royal Commission (6). Excerpt from Third Interim Re-
port:

“Tuberculosis involving the udder is comparatively common in
cows, and in such cases their milk always contains tubercle bacilli
and is, therefore, dangerous for human beings consuming it. It
was, however, undecided what is the danger, if'any, attaching to the
milk of tuberculous cows in which the udder presents no evidence of
the disease. We, therefore, took the opportunity of making a number
of observations and experiments bearing on this point. The experi-
ments were made with the milk of cows which had contracted the
disease in the natural way. In natural tuberculosis in the cow, cases
which show such obvious symptoms of the disease as emaciation and
cough, should be considered separately from the cases in which there
are no such-signs and in which the disease is to be recognized during
life only by means of the injection of tuberculin.

“None of the cows investigated showed any sign of disease of the
udder during life, and in all, after slaughtering, the udder was care-
fully examined for tuberculous lesions and tubercle bacilli. No tuber-
culosis was found except in one cow in which one quarter of the
udder showed four small nodules. These could not possibly have
been detected during life.

“We found that the milk of the cows obviously suffering from
tuberculosis * * *. contained tubercle bacilli whether the milk
was obtained in the ordinary way or was withdrawn from the teat
by means of a sterilized catheter. The presence of tubercle bacilli
in the milk of cows clinically recognizable as tuberculous confirms
the opinion we expressed in our Second Interim Report that the milk
of such cows must be considered dangerous for human beings.

“The experiments which we have carried out with regard to the
infectivity of the feces of tuberculous cows were dictated by knowl-
edge of the fact that dirt of various kinds from cows and the cow-
sheds is almost constantly present in milk as it reaches the consumer.
Cows suffering from extensive tuberculosis of the lungs must dis-
charge considerable numbers of bacilli from the air passages in the
act of coughing and some of the bacilli thus expelled may find their
way into the milk. But our experiments indicate that the excrement
of cows obviously suffering from tuberculosis of the lungs or ali-
mentary canal must be regarded as much more dangerous than the
matter discharged from the mouth or nostrils. We have found that
even in the case of cows with slight tuberculous lesions, tubercle
bacilli in small numbers are discharged in the feces, while as regards
cows clinically tuberculous, our experiments show that the feces con-
tain large numbers of living and virulent tubercle bacilli.”

Eastwood and Griffith (7) of Great Britain report tubercle bacilli
of the bovine type in 55, or 21.1 per cent, of 261 cases of bone and
joint disease examined by them. The percentage of bovine cases
were as follows: All ages, 21.1 per cent; under 10 years, 29 per
cent; over 10 years, 9.4 per cent. The material in all these cases
was removed from an infected bone or joint or from an abscess in
the neighborhood of such a lesion. The cases were taken without re-
striction to age, locality or other circumstance.

Dr. Frazier (8) of Edinburgh examined 70 cases of bone and joint

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 381

tuberculosis, of which 50, or 60 per cent, showed the bovine type of
the tubercle bacillus. He reports that in the greater number of
cases the history indicated that the infection was due to cow’s milk.

Dr. Richard M. Smith (9), Massachusetts Antituberculosis League,
Boston, Mass.: “In general, tuberculosis of bovine origin represents
about 25 per cent of all cases of tuberculosis in children under 5
years of age. In certain types of the disease it is very much more.
It is estimated that in New York City between 6 and 10 per cent
of the children that die in the hospitals each year of tuberculosis die
of bovine tuberculosis. The percentage of cases of bone tuberculosis
which are due to bovine infection varies very markedly according
to the age of the patient. Taking a series of cases, in 67 cases that
were investigated, 70 per cent were of bovine origin, and at least 78
per cent under 4 years, so that beginning with all the cases at 1
year, going up to the children at 12 years of age, it ranges from
100 to 60 per cent. Taking 72 consecutive cases of gland tuberculosis
which were operated on, 90 per cent were due to the bovine organism.
Of these 72 cases, 38 were under 5 years of age, and all but 3 of
the 38 were of bovine origin.

“The real hope of eliminating bovine tuberculosis rests in preven-
tion, not in treatment, and it ought to be possible to entirely elimi-
nate bovine tuberculosis. It comes almost exclusively from milk and
its products, from milk and cream and butter, ice cream and cheese.
The percentage of bovine active, virulent tubercle bacilli in market
butter is quite large.”

Dr. Sheridan Delépine (10) of England says:

“Taking all evidence into consideration, it is possible to say with-
out fear of exaggeration that not less than 25 per cent of the children
under five years of age which are suffering from tuberculosis were
infected primarily by the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus. This
rate is much lower than one based on probabilities would be.”

Ching Yik Wang (11), Edinburgh, Scotland:

“The material for this study was obtained from the Royal Hospital
for Sick Children and the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, and consisted
of postmortem material from 20 children, ranging from 1 to 15
years of age. When the investigations of previous workers aye in-
cluded, the bacteriological examinations of 281 cases of various clini-
eal forms of tuberculosis in Edinburgh resulted in the isolation
of the bovine tuberele bacilli in 78.4 per cent of cases under the
age of 5 years, in 70.3 per cent between 5 and 16, and in 7.8 per cent
over the age of 16 years. Abdominal tuberculosis and tubercular
meningitis are together responsible for about 90 per cent of the
summed mortality from tuberculosis in children under 1 year, and
about 75 per cent in children between 1 and 5 years. The material
from 9 children dead from these two diseases was examined bac-
ee lorically and from 6 the bovine type of tubercle bacillus was iso-
ated.

“From the prophylactic point of view, any measure resorted to in
combating the disease should be directed not only against the human
spread of infection, but also, and more particularly in the case of
children, against the bovine source of infection.

“It should be stated that the material used in the investigations
was from children of the poorer classes. The results, therefore,
should not be held strictly applicable to the community in general or
as representing the conditions prevailing in other localities where the
environment may be widely different.”

Ching Yik Wang (12) gives the following combined table of all
cases:

Special Milk Board, Massachusetts State Board of Health (13):
“It is agreed upon by all leading authorities that at least from 5
to 7 per cent of all tuberculosis in human beings is definitely and

382 PrRocEEpINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

Adults 16 Years | Children 5 to Children Under

and Over 16 Years | 5 Years
|
Human) Bovine Human| Bovine ‘Human Bovine
Pulmonary tuberculosis including sputum.) 1 , 0001 aay DBivaleceek e 45 1
Abdominal tuberculosis eae Pee ee ee ee 24 | 7 ee 7 29 34
Generalized tuberculosis Re ees 39 | 2 ara | 3 169 223
Tuberculous meningitis................ Gale. Sees 13 5 55 102
Tuberculous genito-urinary............. 35 4 By Aa) porn el Caep ads: seeps | Sees
Tirberculous;skinee neers) pies ccs iP | 3 4 62-1 De eg, eee
Tuberculous cervical adenitis........... 624 10 614 18 | 75 75
Tuberculous axillary... . - See ere CAlizees-< O54 #63454. 4: Al Saas
Tuberculous bones and joints........... 825 4 | 2556 61 897 548
Watent tuberculous see eee eee one 2 EN 2 2 4 1
Miscellaneous (other forms)............| 5 | Qa amea tree 1 El A ee 2
Motale., «oct. = shiz Sere ath ae woe ese 1,273 38 420 | 171 | 415 199
Ll |
Percentage of bovine infection at each | |
ap eupellOd nc iee, seek. «awe Pi ars. ae | 2D! 28.9 32.4
| | | \
Total: 3 2c % 2 2k Pee. Re Bots ate dyarise agers dost 2,516
Mixed strains reported by Park and Krumwiede.............. 11
Grand ‘Petal att 4. Ee ee ae he ee eee Eioosbac 64 Moin a ie
1 Including four atypical strains. 5 Including three atypical strains.
2 Including one intermediate strain. 6 Including ten atypical strains.
3 Including one mixed strain. 7 Including two atypical strains.
4 Including one atypical strain. 8 Including three mixed strains.

directly of bovine origin, and the possibility of the true percentage
being still higher can not be denied.”

N. Norvick (14): “It was thought worth while to ascertain, having
material at hand, whether the percentage of incidence of bovine
infection in tuberculous meningitis is appreciable, greater perhaps
than is commonly accepted; whether the bovine type of virus has a
special predilection for the meninges.

“Park and Krumweide, in their study of bovine and human infec-
tion of tuberculosis in man, a study which included about one thou-
sand cases of all forms of tuberculosis, found 15 per cent of bovine
infection in tuberculous meningitis. Rosenau, analyzing 1,040 cases,
including those studied by Park and Krumweide, by the English and
German Commissions, and some cases collected from literature, came
to the following figures:

16 years and over, 686 cases, 9 bovine, 1.3 per cent.
Between 5 and 16 years, 132 cases, 33 bovine, 25 per cent.
Under 5 years, 120 cases, 59 bovine, 49 per cent.

“Rosenau states that ‘almost half the number of cases tabulated
above were studied by the research laboratory and were unselected.’
This is important to note. The striking feature of these figures is
the alarming percentage of bovine infection in children under 5
years (49 per cent). In adults the percentage is very small—almost
insignificant. Undoubtedly, it is due to milk entering as the chief
element in the diet of children and serving as the probable path of
transmission of tubercular disease, and the fact that the bovine bacilli
are much more virulent in the young.”

Edward R. Baldwin and Leroy U. Gardner (15), in an article
entitled “Reinfection in Tuberculosis, Experimental Arrested Tuber-
culosis and Subsequent Infections,” state: “To sum up our study of
this problem, we believe that the lesson to be learned and applied is
that, hand in hand with efforts to safeguard the young from infection,
more attention should be paid to safeguarding both young and old
from disease. Without sputum and dairy hygiene, the supply of
dangerously infected young people will be kept up; without earlier
diagnosis, education and favorable conditions of life for the pros-

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 383

pective victims, clinical tuberculosis will continue at an irreducible
minimum.”

Allen K. Krause (16) in an article “The Prevention of Tuberculo-
sis, Based on the Relation of Childhood Infection to Tuberculosis in
Adult Life,” states: “Yet, that childhood infections are prolific
breeders of adult tuberculosis can not be denied. Anyone who comes
in contact with many adult consumptives needs no better evidence
of this fact than good and thorough histories, which he has pieced
together after adroit cross-examination of his patients. Scores of
these will satisfy every requirement laid down by the most uncom-
promising proponent of the puerile genesis of adult disease, and
physical examination as it brings to light anatomic evidence of
hidden, always silent and never suspected residua, will not infre-
quently clinch post history.”

A. Stanley Griffith (17) reports 1,068 cases of tuberculosis of all
ages in the human family, in which 20.7 per cent was of bovine
origin; 37.55 per cent in children under 5 years of age, 29.45 per cent
in children from 5 to 10 years, 14.66 per cent in children from 10 to
16 years, and 6.25 per cent of cases 16 years and upwards were of
bovine origin.

Dr. W. A. Evans (18), Chicago, in a paper entitled “Why Health
Departments are Interested in the Eradication of Bovine Tubercu-
losis,” which was read before the tuberculosis eradication conference,
Chicago, Ill., November, 1921, states:

“There were 1,096,436 deaths from all causes in the registration
area in 1919. Of these, the total number of deaths from all tuber-
culosis was 106,985, and the total number of deaths of children under
5 from all tuberculosis was 5,830. The estimate of Park is that in
1919, 583 children under five years of age died of tuberculosis due to
bovine tubercle bacilli in the registration area. This is an estimate
only of deaths due to tuberculosis in children under 5.

“The theory of Von Behring as to the cause of tuberculosis in
adults is now decidedly in the ascendant. It is that much, if not
most, of the clinical tuberculosis of adult life is the result of infec-
tion which has lain dormant for more than a decade, is developed
into a clinical disease by some period of stress.

“This theory magnified the importance of infections in childhood,
and incidentally of infections with bovine bacilli.

“There have been no adequate studies to determine the possi-
bility that a bovine bacillus infection in childhood may result in the
excretion of bacilli conforming to the human type of adult life.
In fact, the typing of bacilli excreted by adults having tuberculosis
has been wholly inadequate.”

Schroeder (19) says: “The bovine bacillus is responsible for tuber-
culosis in children. Every case of tuberculosis in the human subject
due to bovine bacilli must be charged to intimate contact. in most
cases through the ingestion of contaminated dairy products between
persons and tuberculous cattle.”

Fishberg (20) says:

“While it is difficult to say how much tuberculosis is of bovine
origin and how much of human origin, yet pathologists who have
studied the question carefully now agree that about eleven-twelfths
of all tuberculosis in man is caused by human bacilli and about one-
twelfth by bovine bacilli; and that bovine infection, as it occurs,
predominates in childhood, while the human infection, although ac-
countable for a large percentage of disease during childhood, is ac-
countable for nearly all disease of adult life. In this connection
the following table from the Imperial German Board of Health is
interesting. It presents an analysis of 1,400 investigated cases.

“The studies of Eastwood and Griffith are very interesting in that
they have made a special study of the type of infection in bone and

384 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

Type _ Percentage of All Cases
Total Number Due to Bovine Type
Investigated
Cases |
Human Bovine In Adults | In Children
Tuberculosis of the lungs... .... 811 807 Esbe i 0.66 0.00
Tuberculosis of the bones and
OMNES ee so eee eee eee 99 95 Saal 0.66 4.30
Meningeal tuberculosis... .... .. 33 ee 3 | 0.00 10.34
Generalized tuberculosis. ....... 178 147 | oo eal 2.50 23.18
Tuberculosis of the cervical |
Fab vi(s eins Sg ed Oe Oe ee 167 | 120 | 47 5.80 40.70
Tuberculosis of the mesenteric |
alandseUMe a ae. een ee 112 78 3500 T2100 Lib STO
Beara od pat ve 1,400 1,277 |. 128

joint tuberculosis. Basing their classification upon cultural char-
acteristics and the virulence of the bacilli as shown upon rabbits,
they examined a total of 261 cases and found the human type of
bacilli in 196, bovine in 55, and a bacillus which they were unable
to classify in 10.

“TI desire to emphasize in this connection the fact that the bovine
type of bacillus disappears very rapidly from clinical tuberculosis
after the tenth year, indicating that the bovine bacillus produces in-
fection only during early child life; or that it probably changes
its characteristics with growth upon human soil for many years,
and assumes the characteristics of the human bacillus.

“We must recognize the fact that our methods of determining the
difference between bovine and human infection are not absolutely
reliable; yet we can not help noting that the results obtained by
different observers agree fairly well. It is also suggestive that all
find little bovine infection in adult life.

“These same writers have made a study of the types of bacilli oc-
curring in the genito-urinary tract, and I will quote their summary:
‘Seventeen cases were examined, the disease affecting the genital
organs in nine instances (7 testicles, 1 salpinx, 1 prostate) and the
urinary tract in 8. The bacilli obtained were of “human” type in
14 cases and “bovine” type in 3. The 3 “bovine” cases were affec-
tions of the kidney in persons aged, respectively, 25, 19 and 20 years.’

“Griffith further reports an analysis of results obtained from the
investigation of sputum of 212 patients, suffering from pulmonary
tuberculosis in England and Scotland, with the following results:
Isolated the standard human type of bacilli in 205; the standard bovine
type in 3; and an atypical human type in 4 of the cases. In dis-
cussing this question, Griffith says: ‘In this country, therefore, pul-
monary tuberculosis which has arrived at the ulcerative stage is
but very rarely referable to tubercle bacilli of bovine type.’ While
such apportionment of bovine and human infection in man seems to
be fairly well accepted, yet it comes in conflict with other pathological
ideas which seem to be fairly established. We are taught today that
clinical tuberculosis in adult life is largely an extension from an in-
fection which takes place in early child life (Romer). If this is true,
and our knowledge of the disease supports the theory, what is there
to hinder this metastatic infection in later life from being of either
bovine or human origin; and, according to the data quoted above,
why is not adult tuberculosis more largely of bovine type, unless
mutation of type takes place? Children unquestionably take in both
types of bacilli and are infected by same; and as yet we do not
know that the resulting infections differ to any great extent, or
even at all, in their subsequent pathological change or clinical course.”

Dr. Louis Cobbett (21), Lecturer in Pathology at Cambridge Uni-
versity, says:

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 385

“These remarks introduce the question whether the bovine type of
tubercle bacillus is more or less virulent for man than the human
type. At first sight it might seem, from the fact that the bovine
bacillus is only found in a small proportion of fatal cases of human
tuberculosis—cases confined, moreover, to very young children whose
susceptibility might be supposed to be greatest—that the bovine type
of tubercle is for man, of considerably lower virulence than the
human. But is this really the case? A. S. Griffith thinks that it is
not. It might be suggested that if comparative inoculations were
made, the bovine type would prove a little more virulent for the
human being, as for the monkey or the guinea-pig. It has been
pointed out that it is easier to infect by the aerial route than by
the alimentary route; that the human type of tubercle bacillus has
a practical monopoly of this easier route, while the bovine type has
no chance of infecting except by the more difficult route of the ali-
mentary canal; consequently the bovine type succeeds, as a rule, only
in young children, when susceptibility is high and milk, the chief
carrier of bovine bacilli, is taken in large quantities. I think this
line of argument is worthy of serious consideration.

“The fact that bovine tubercle bacilli are so frequent in mesenteric
glands and are so rare in the lungs is in opposition to Calmette’s
view that pulmonary tuberculosis is commonly caused by tubercle
bacilli absorbed through the intestinal mucous membrane, and car-
ried by the thoracic duct and the innominate vein to the right side
of the heart, and so to the lungs. If this were the common channel
of infection, we should expect to find the same proportion of bovine
infections in pulmonary as in abdominal tuberculosis. Lastly, the
fact that bovine tubercle bacilli have frequently been found in abdomi-
nal and cervical tuberculosis (that is, in cases arising from infection
through some part of the alimentary canal) and seldom in the lungs,
is easily explained on the ground that human tubercle bacilli alone
are sprayed into the air, therefore alone have a chance of entering
the lungs directly, while bovine tubercle bacilli, being limited to
food substances, can only infect man through the alimentary canal.
The inhalation theory of the origin pulmonary tuberculosis thus
receives strong support.

“In cases of lupus it is, at first sight, surprising to find so high
a proportion of bovine infections as 50 per cent. Lupus usually
arises on the face and, to a lesser extent, on the buttocks, to which
the tubercle bacilli may be considered to have access after passing
through the alimentary canal. It may therefore be considered that
usually, when it is not secondary to ulceration of a caseous gland,
it is caused by direct application of tubercle bacilli to the skin. Now,
bovine bacilli in milk and tubercle bacilli of human type which,
whether dry or moist, get into the air from consumptive patients, have,
probably, about an equal chance of getting to the skin of the face
in numbers sufficient to cause infection. Hence it is that the pro-
portion of infections with one type of mammalian tubercle bacillus
is about equal to that of the other.

“The percentage of total mortality from all kinds of tuberculosis
caused by the bovine tubercle bacillus in England and Wales, in the
year 1919, was 6.5, and therefore due to infection coming from the
cow, probably in the immense majority of cases through milk.”

LITERATURE CITED

. Park and KRUMWEIDE. Jour. Med. Research, vol. 27, p. 109-114.

. Park, W. H. Public Health and Hygiene, 1920, pp. 92 and 388.

. Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., Bd. 24 (1918-14), s. 118.

. Proceedings of Tenth Annual Conference, American Association
of Medical Milk Commissions, p. 87.

me CON eR

386 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

. Second Interim Report, Royal Commission on Tuberculosis (Hu-
man and Bovine), Great Britain, 1907, part 1, p. 448.

. Third Interim Report, Royal Commission on Tuberculosis (Hu-
man and Bovine), Great Britain, 1909, p. 448.

. EASTWOOD and GRIFFITH. Jour. Hyg., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 257-309.

. FRASER, JOHN. The relative prevalence of human and bovine
types of tubercle bacilli in bone and joint tuberculosis, occurring
in children. Jour. Expt. Med., vol. 16 (1912), p. 432.

9. SMITH, RIcHARD M. The danger to children from tuberculosis in
cattle. Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., vol. 12, July, 1917, p. 441.

10. DELEPINE, SHERIDAN. Reprinted from Transactions of Fourth
Annual Conference of National Association for the Prevention
of Consumption and Other Forms of Tuberculosis. Manches-
ter, June, 1912.

11. CHING YIK WANG. The incidence of bovine infection of tubercu-
losis in Edinburgh. Edinburgh Med. Jour., vol. 18 (1907),
Pasties

12. Jour. Path. and Bact., vol. 21, p. 142 (1917-18).

13. Report of Special Milk Board, Massachusetts State Board of
Health, 1916, p. 131.

14. N. Novick. The incidence of bovine infection in tuberculous men-
ingitis. Jour. Med. Research, vol. 41, no. 2 (1920).

15. BALDWIN, EDWARD R., and GARDNER, LEROY U. Reinfection in
tuberculosis; experimental arrested tuberculosis and_ subse-
quent infection. Amer. Rev. of Tuberc., vol. 5, no. 6, August,
1921.

16. KRAUSE, ALLEN K. The prevention of tuberculosis based on the
relation of childhood infection to tuberculosis in adult life.
Amer. Rev. of Tuberc., vol. 5, no. 12, February, 1922.

17. GRIFFITH, A. STANLEY. Jour. Path. and Bact., vol. 23 (1919-20),
Dilole

18. Evans, W. A. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 13 n. s. (1922),
p. 683.

19. SCHROEDER, E. C. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 12, n. s.
(i921) pa 4o4.

20. FISHBERG, M. Pulmonary tuberculosis, 2d ed., 1919, Lea &
Febiger.

21. GOBBETT, LouIS. The Lancet, May 20, 1922. Abstracted in Vet.

Record, vol. 2, no. 25, June 24, 1922, and vol. 2, no. 26, July 1,

1922.

on nm oo

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: You have been privileged to hear a
very splendid report. What is your pleasure?

(On motion of. Dr. Faust the report was received.)

COMMITTEE ON REVISION oF NATIONAL FORMULARY

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: We have one other committee report
that we can dispose of this afternoon, that of the Committee
on Revision of National Formulary. Dr. Brumley was chair-
man, Dr. Klein brought the report in, and Dr. Mayo has it and
will read it.

(Secretary Mayo read the report, which follows.)

In the revision of the National Formulary by the General Com-
mittee it was thought advisable to request the various national organi-
zations to appoint special committees to assist with the portions of
the revision of special interest to them. Accordingly this request
was presented to the American Veterinary Medical Association, and

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 387

President Kinsley created the present committee to go over the
formulas at present in the National Formulary and also to present
any new formulas that might seem desirable from a professional
standpoint and report direct to the General Committee.

In order to obtain the desires of the members of the A. V. M. A.
in regard to methods of »nrocedure and what formulas should be in-
cluded in the revision of the National Formulary, it was decided by
the committee to send out a questionnaire for such information. The
following abstract of letters and questions was sent to 750 members
of the A. V. M. A.:

“The committee desires to have the advice and assistance of the
members of the Association in carrying out its work, and therefore
we are writing to you and other members of the Association for
suggestions.

“Are there any formulas which are freauently used by yourself
or other veterinarians the publication of which in the National Formu-
lary would be a convenience to the veterinary profession in general?
If so, will you not send them to the chairman of the committee?

“Can any of the formulas at present published in the National
Formulary be changed in any way to make them more useful to
veterinarians? The committee will be glad to have your opinion on
this question.

“The revision of the National Formulary is now under way, pre-
paratory to issuing a new edition. and all changes and additions to
be made must be decided upon very soon. Will you not therefore give
the above questions prompt and careful consideration and send us
any new formulas or changes you may have to suggest as soon as
possible?”

The selection of names for the purpose of sending out the letter
and questionnaire was made by writing to the Resident State Sec-
retaries with the request that they send by return mail the names
and addresses of twenty of the prominent veterinarians in their
State who would probably be interested in this work. Some diffi-
culty was encountered in obtaining replies from the State Secre-
taries. In a few instances it was necessary to make selections our-
selves from the roll of members of the A. V. M. A.

As stated before, 750 letters and questionnaires were sent to the
list thus obtained. The result was unsatisfactory. Only a few re-
plies were obtained. Many veterinarians are evidently unacquainted
with the National Formulary and did not seem interested in such
a book. Some few suggestions were received and were gone over
carefully by the members of the committee, but in the majority of
instances the committee did not feel justified in recommending them
for incorporation in the National Formulary. Therefore, only a
few new formulas have been recommended which are in common
use and have been found to be efficient and which, it seemed, should
be incorporated in the National Formulary to make them more con-
venient and accessible to the profession in general.

A list of the formulas at present in the National Formulary were
considered and a recommendation made that they be continued in
the present revision.

The complete report sent to the National Committee follows:

“The committee appointed by the President of the American Veteri-
nary Medical Association to suggest formulas which might be useful
to veterinarians for incorporation in the National Formulary and
also to recommend any changes which may seem desirable in the
formulas included in that publication begs leave to submit the fol-
lowing:

ee mie to obtain information from the veterinary profession.
their desires in this matter, and also to aid the committee in its

388 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

action, it was decided to send a questionnaire to representative mem-
bers of the A. V. M. A. in each of the States. These questions con-
sist of two parts:

“1. New formulas which were frequently used by them or other
veterinarians the publication of which would be a convenience to the
veterinary profession in general.

“2. Suggestions for changes in the formulas at present in the Na-
tional Formulary which would make them more desirable and usefui
to veterinarians.

“1. Under this section of our questionnaire we were unable to ob-
tain very much information. Some formulas were suggested, but
the majority of them were of minor importance and the committee
does not feel justified in recommending them as having sufficient merit
to be incorporated in the National Formulary.

“The following formulas are recommended under this section by
the committee, the members of which are unanimous in their opin-
ion that they should be incorporated in the National Formulary:

(a) White Lotion.

Zine sulphate............ 6 drams
Lead acetate............... 1 ounce
NW iev@ ee se ec ees 30-40
(b) Iodin Ointment.
(Colorless. )

(c) Iodized Calcium.

(d) Camphorated Oil (20%)
For hypodermic use.

(e) Elixir Terpin Hydrate.

“The committee has made no effort to standardize these formulas,
as it is understood that your special committee will properly prepare
them for incorporation in the National Formulary.

“2. You will find appended to list of formulas already in the Na-
tional Formulary that our committee recommends for retention in the
present revision.

“H. J. MILKS,
“T,, A. KLEIN,
“O. V. BRUMLEY, Chairman.”

Preparations from the National Formulary to be Retained, as Recom-
mended by the Committee of the American Veterinary Medical
Association. :

CATAPLASMA KAOLINI
Cataplasm of Kaolin
(ORS: EVAL)
Catapl. Kaolin.

Kaolin, recently dried at 110° C. and cool, and in very fine powder,

Aveshundred and ssixby-llvey SVAMINES = ster-1-to <s-)-cetsleto muelelel rerore cieie ine miners 565.0 Gm.
Borie Acid, in very fine powder, forty-five grammes.................. 45.0 Gm.
Thymols five-tenths) Ofe.aserammnie rr yesevere tala ejere lo iat etter iii ioe Pl) 0.5 Gm.
Methyl) Salicylate; two eerammes jer oiete = lels ei eheine = alnrerais Aintree ise cere 2.0 Gm.
Oil of Peppermint, five-tenths) Of a) prammMew..~ 2.2 cee cise w «le erele viele ie en 0.5 Gm.
Glycerin, recently heated to 100° C., three hundred and eighty-seven

PAP NIDINES) Gig HO CHUB OUD O02 I00000D00 05000 nd ddO0 S005 Sno snO0GSonUDobu ACOs 387.0 Gm.

To make about one thousand grammes.................--cc2-ee 1000 Gm.

Mix the kaolin with the boric acid, and then thoroughly incorporate the
warm glycerin. Finally add the thymol, dissolved in the methylsalicylate and oil
of peppermint, and make into a homogeneous mass. Preserve it in air-tight con-
tainers.

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 389

ELIXIR TERPINI HYDRATIS ET DIACETYLMORPHIN 2
Elixir of Terpin Hydrate and Diacetylmorphine

Elix. Terpin. Hyd. et Diacetylmorph. Elixir Terpini Hydratis cum
Heroina, N. F. III

Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride, twenty-seven hundredths of a gramme. 0.27 Gin.
Elixir of Terpin Hydrate, a sufficient quantity, -
To make one thousand milliliters....-................0....... 1000 mils

Dissolve the diacetylmorphine hydrochloride in sufficient of the elixir to
measure one thousand milliliters and filter,

Average dose—Metric, 4 mils—Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.

FLUIDEXTRACTUM ARNICZE
Fluidextract of Arnica
Fldext. Arnic
Arnic, in No. 20 powder, one thousand BLAINE erie sisi iaeerte coe 1000 Gm.

Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 60), using diluted
alcohol as the menstruum.

Average dose—Metric, 0.1 mil—Apothecaries, 11% minims.

FLUIDEXTRACTUM BUCHU COMPOSITUM
Compound Fluidextract of Buchu
Fidext. Buchu Co.
Buchu, in No. 40 powder, six hundred and twenty-five frammesiwe. ee 625 Gm

Cubeb, in No. 40 powder, one hundred and twenty-five grammes 125 Gm.

Juniper Berries, in No. 20 powder, one hundred and twenty-five grammes. 125 Gm

Uva Ursi, in No. 40 powder, one hundred and twenty-five grammes.... 125 Gm.

Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 60), using a mixture of
two volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the menstruum.
Average dose—Metric, 2 mils—Apothecaries, 30 minims.

FLUIDEXTRACTUM STRAMONII
Fluidextract of Stramonium
(WETS 12s \i00)

Fidext. Stramon.

One hundred milliliters of Fluidextract of Stramonium yields not less than
0.22 Gm. nor more than 0.28 Gm. of the alkaloids of Stramonium.

Stramonium, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes

BOO Me rans Ao 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 60), using a mixture
of two volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the menstruum,

After dissolving the soft extract in the reserye, assay 1
as directed below, and, from the’ result thus obtained, ascertain by calculation
the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid and add to this enough
menstruum to make the finished Fluidextract contain 0.25 Gm. of the alkaloids of
stramonium in each one hundred milliliters.

Assay—Introduce 10 mils of Fluidextract of Stramonium into a separator and
add 10 mils of distilled water and 2 mils of ammonia water. Completely extract
the alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly with chloroform and then extract the
alkaloids from the chloroform solution by shaking out repeatedly with weak

is completely removed. Collect the acid wash-

i n is decidedly alkaline

ct the alkaloid by shaking out repeatedly with

gs to dryness, dissolve

the alkaloids from the residue in exactly 5 mils of tent i i

V. S. and titrate the excess of acid with fifteenth-normal potassium hydroxide
V. S., using cochineal T. S. as indicator.

Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric a
milligrammes of the alkaloids of stramonium.

0 mils of this liquid

LINIMENTUM TEREBINTHIN ACEHTIOUM
Acetic Turpentine Liniment
Lin. Terebinth. Acet.
Linimentum Album. Stokes Liniment. St. John Long’s Liniment
Oil of Turpentine, four hundred milliliters

BE hotnlalale fot Vsvet SoM. a 400 mils
Oil of Lemon, sixteen EALTILERS * Pehepys eh Aer agi tee, 25s Se Lo 16 mils
fe eds city. milliliters odin auans ee RS BFE 80 mils
Hen’s Egg

Rose Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters
Triturate the contents of two fresh eg

oil of turpentine and the oil of lemon in a

GOD OS OU GOR DO0 Cb 6 DOR En Anam 1000 mils
gs and the yolks of two others with the
mortar until they are thoroughly mixed,

390 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MrEeTING

Then incorporate the acetic acid and sufficient rose water to make the product
measure one thousand milliliters.
Shake the liniment, whenever any of it is to be dispensed.
LINIMENTUM SAPONATO-CAMPHORATUM
Camphorated Soap Liniment
Lin. Sapon.-Camph. Opodeldoe Solid Opodeldoc

Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate, ten grammMes..............eeeeeeeecees 10 Gr.
Stearic. Acid2) Aifiys SCAMS © oe oie isicie o oyetlatet ote letetnte anil ete tete fecha ela tohet eel ote iol steer 50 Gr.
Water: one hundred miiliterst cs .). cronies ne isk) a) sroteitte) <a aietet clove inte rcrot eyeteloiers 100 mils
Camphor, in fine powder, twenty-five grammMmes............:.cecceveceoees 25 Gm.
Oillof Thynie; three) milliliters eyes oe otis cise wie atete ehele teeta elinisleteiei- orale 3 mils
OilVofsRosemanyy Six sNUItersiyaer wii <tetotstare oe ete eels aisle elateie eleolara:charolehe]atetete 6 mils
Ammonia, Water, fifty, milliliters. cers striae orale otetste eeleieisietetclelatoteterac- 50 mils
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,

Tosmake fone (thousand emitters ts ertreeeiiesielelanine oolerel ar epe ate aretsienees 1000 mils

LIQUOR ANTISEPTICUS
Antiseptic Solution
(Replacing U. S. P. VIII)
Liq. Antisept.

Borie Acid. twenty-five: crammess =<. octeeriewle sete = mire fete) cleteielelate = felniai 25.0 Gm.
Thymol sone. SFAMME re ppers, lewis slalafolotoa oebaete eletehate tet vaa = raveteletatfotielnltelis fale (altel io yata 1.0 Gm
Fuealptol: ‘five: milliliters soo erste seele tore ieiekateietene wiele et eclolols]o)nlolerwielatatoit 5.0 mils
Methyl Salicylate, one and two-tenths milliliters...................50- 1.2 mils
Oile of “Lhyme;, three-tenths fof a mailiber es cee .loie slate ete icles cis ioialeteis oelete s 0.3 mil
Menthol. Jone framMmes oe case co seine ae eee eeiaie ciel isles isite tebe v-ier 1.0 Gm.
Sodium Salicylate, one and two-tenths grammMes..............eeeeeeeeee 1.2 Gm.
Sodium’ Benzoate, iSix £TAMMESse. pier a siecle elebeiere = eee ciel estate oles Wwictele isis 6.0 Gm.
Alcohol, three: hundred Gmillilitersce = .-to-cle tele eleisls staisiotoistele ie sisiaicieletsietera/et are 300.0 mils
Purified Tale, ‘twenty sTamMMes Hors Sew diese eis bioretelore eieielelcldyslsveiw ove « 2 = 5 cietele 20.0 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity, ——————————

To make, one: thousand milliliters). 6. ceptors cleric cols oles clotsisye'e 1000 mils

Dissolve the boric acid, sodium benzoate and sodium salicylate in six hundred
milliliters of water and the other ingredients in two hundred milliliters of alco-
hol. Pour the aqueous solution into the alcohol solution, add the tale and allow
the mixture to stand, with occasional agitation, during forty-eight hours. Then
filter, returning the first portions of the filtrate and then sufficient water to make
the product measure one thousand milliliters.

Average Dose—Metric, 4 mils—Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.

LIQUOR SODII BORATIS COMPOSITUS
Compound Solution of Sodium Borate
Liq. Sod. Bor. Co. Dobell’s Solution

Sodium Borate, fifteen® erdmmess<se... cece ce cts rca ee ater ciaeeiate aiereoie eee 15 Gm.
Sodium, Bicarbonate,, mifteenerammes,. ccc ecjsiieis ast sacle eiehols aieleteeiersi isle eieiate 15 Gm.
Liquefied Phenol; three milliliters: -..: 3) vciscyeareseneutoceteriontaniet aaa 3 mils
Glycerin} “thirty-fives milliliterss.. cise eek lie cree OTe T EEL Eee 35 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity, ———_-

To*make one thousand smlllaliters. 3. secenaecle oeteeceeeeee sere 1000 mils

Dissolve the sodium borate and sodium bicarbonate in about five hundred
milliliters of water, add the glycerin and liquefied phenol, and allow the mixture
to stand half an hour or until the effervescence has ceased; then add sufficient
water to make the product measure one thousand milliliters and filter.

PILULZ ALOINI, STRYCHNINZ ET BELLADONNZE COMPOSITZE
Compound Pills of Aloin, Strychnine and Belledonna
Pile AS As eb B:. ‘Co:

Aloins sone sand: sthree-Lenths -pTammMes4.-2eer pecan eee ener ee 1.30 Gm
Strychnine, five: hundredths; of ay zramme +e ee eee Eee 0.05 Gm.
Pilular Extract of Belladonna Leaves, eight-tenths of a gramme...... 0.80 Gm
Extract of Cascara Sagrada, three and twenty-five hundredths grammes. 3.25 Gm.

Tomakeonethundred| pillss--.see.cceeee eee eee at oncre setae Sasso Uy syatlin

Uniformly mix the several ingredients, form ¢ ivi it i
ion eaue g a mass and divide it into one
Average dose—1 pill.

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 391

PILUL FERRI, QUININA:, ALOES ET NUCIS VOMIC
Pills of Iron, Quinine, Aloes and Nux Vomica

Pil. Ferr. Cuin. Aloe. et Nuc. Vom. Pilule Quadruplices, N. F. III.
Quadruplex Pills. Pilulas Ferri et Quinine Composite

Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate, six and five-Lenthseerammess—). eee 6.
Quinine Sulphate, six and _five-tenths PL AMIMN ES 5 .ko4., cies) (sc de eee 6.5 Gm.
Aloes, six and five-tenths GRATES fy arate o's aiajot asim. Sas acototeee nevis oe 6
Extract of Nux Vomica, one and six-tenths grammes ]
Extract of Gentian, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred DNS Soc etc eOB Oe tS aon eine Oe Hehe eee 100 pills

Mix the extract of nux vomica with the aloes, thoroughly incorporate the
ferrous sulphate and quinine sulphate, then form a mass with the extract of
gentian and divide it into one hundred pills.

Average dose—1 pill.

SAL CAROLINUM FACTITIUM
Artificial Carlsbad Salt

Sal. Carol. Fact.
1. In dry, amorphous form:

Potassium Sulphate, two BEAU CN Tovalo rate ervrers ata Vale Maletels.s co eshan cote eae 2 Gm
Sodium Chloride, eighteen EL ATND CS EEN =t5 aeoystole se) esac deiner eee ee 18 Gm
Sodium Bicarbonate, EUATENCAIKS (BE ARDEMES hase eA ta. stb caiia, ooh he 36 Gm
Sodium Sulphate, one hundred SEADUGES 5 5's" slashes anise (ne eppree eee eee 100 Gm

To make about one hundred ET AM MES re yerera aievel cates nae ok eee ee 100 Gm.

Mix the sulphate and chloride and dry to constant weight at about 40° C
cool, add the sodium bicarbonate and mix thoroughly.

2. In erystalline form:

“?

Postassium Sulphate, in crystals Sitwo) grammess2.., .s.0-42:.-.. 200. 2 Gm
Sodium Chloride, in crystals, eighteen SramMMeSs.ecc | kita desis ce. acecu., 18 Gm
Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate, twenty-eight grammes................ 28 Gm.
Sodium Sulphate, in crystals, one hundred grammes..................... - 100 Gm,
Distilled Water, one hundred COWS a imeat nad Bae Spain mays a 100 mils

To make about one hundred and eightyserammesen.2 50 nec belle 180 Gm.

Dissolve the potassium sulphate and sodium chloride in the distilled water,
and add this solution to the other two salts, previously melted in a tared dish,
at a gentle heat, in their own water of crystallization. Eyvaporate the mixture
to one hundred and eighty grammes, set it aside in a cool place, and stir it
frequently, to prevent the formation of large crystals, taking care, however, that
none of the salt separates in a pulverulent form. Distribute any remaining mother
liquor uniformly over the crystals, and dry the whole mixture sufficiently by
exposure to air, so that it will retain its crystalline character.

Nore.—A solution of 1 Gm. of the dry or 1.75 Gm. of the crystalline salt in
200 mils of water is similar to an equal volume of Carlsbad water (Sprudel) in
its main constituents,

SYRUPUS RHAMNI CATHARTICE
: Syrup of Rhamnus Cathartica
Syr. Rham. Cathart. Syrup of Buckthorn Berries. Syrupus Spine Cervine
Fluidextract of Rhamnus Cathartica, two hundred MIUTITERS sate Fee 200.0 mils
Oil of Fennel, two-tenths of a Mla NiGer ae eee ens ee ee tne 0.2 mil
Oil of Cinnamon, two-tenths of a SCOPAU ETAT Ra Aner tec ead Sete mee on a eee ae Lae 0.2 mil
Syrup, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters..........................6... 1000 =mils

Add the oils to the fluidextract and mix this with sufficient syrup to make
the product measure one thousand milliliters,
Average dose—Metric, 8 mils—Apothecaries, 2 fluidrachms.

TINCTURA ALOES ET MYRRHAz
Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh

(USCS Ps VIET)
Tr. Aloe. et Myrrh,

Aloes, in No, 40 powder, one hundred CLEAMMES Tart. olapasis ole eee eens 100 Gm
yrrh, in No. 40 powder, one hundred grammes.......................... 100 Gm.
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 40 powder, one hundred grammes................... 100 Gm.

Alcohol,
Water, each a sufficient quantity, —___
To make one thousand milliliters.................0.0..0000...... 1000 mils

Mix seven hundred and fifty milliliters of alcohol with two hundred and fifty
milliliters of water. Macerate the aloes, myrrh, and glycyrrhiza in a stoppered
container, in a moderately warm place, with seven hundred and fifty milliliters
of the menstruum, for seven days, with occasional agitation; then filter through
purified cotton, or a plain filter, and, when the liquid has drained off completely,

392 PRocEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

pass enough menstruum through the residue to make the product measure one
thousand milliliters. , ae
Average dose—Metric, 2 mils—Apothecaries, 30 minims,
TINCTURA SABAL ET SANTALI
Tincture of Saw Palmetto and Santal
Tr. Sabal. et Santal

Sabal, in about No. 16 powder, two hundred grammes.............-.+-.--- 200 Gm.

Sandal Wood, in No. 60 powder, sixty-five grammes.................--- 65 Gm.

Alcohol,

Water, each, a sufficient quantity, ————S=>
Toemake ones thousand! MiIECHS sere crc erorereie le iherelnieioieiecetoralelolel sits 1000 mils

Mix four volumes of alcohol with one volume of water, and saturate the
drugs with this menstruum. After macerating for two days, percolate them
in the usual manner with sufficient menstruum of the same strength until the
product measures one thousand milliliters.

Average dose—Metric, 4 mils—Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.

UNGUENTUM RESORCINOLIS COMPOSITUM
Compound Resorcinol Ointment
Ung. Resorcin, Co.

Resoreinol, (Six SATAN! i. oc «hc catsy ore rev eel alee evade lade eee aslelistels ialicds aro eieetey= rere bens 6 Gm
ZINC Oxides Sixes haMMesteyacreratoetete itetslerdeeielelinisiclel ever ie ieieleneieralnterrasteiaterterers 6 Gm.
Bismuth, Subnitrates six eTrAamMMess.cmyeie cio cera atest levelels sovekel: atelsbolet | toneters ieee 6 Gm.
Rectified se Oil sof. Birchw bar. oSixa se TAM CS reiyeteleieter)lokeyslere) tayeieeil lisesi rice 6 Gm.
Yellows Wax stent erammMesry yee tes coy aintieieeies cistie mieten ce mecha neha eter arene 10 Gm.
Petrolatum, «twenty-five: 2rammMesern secrete ce oem ce onielsicieya cles cercheicleterere 25 Gm.
Anhydrous! Wool) Hat; twenty-eight eamMMesre oe ciciererseicye)-le cicleleteietescteitabatede 28 Gm
Glycerin sy thirteen’ 2ramm Csiecn ce rete teaieterecke rerio ave clorereweeieie etarele cokare seers 13 Gm.

Tommeakel one hundred serammvessererciccer tle er ketieletck-lelet tes ie 100 Gm.

Melt the yellow wax and anhydrous wool fat in a dish on a water bath. Rub
the zine oxide and bismuth subnitrate with the petrolatum until smooth and add
it to the melted mixture. Dissolve the resorcinol in the glycerin, incorporate the
solution with the warm mixture just prepared, then add the oil and stir the oint-
ment until it is cold.

UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS ALKALINUM
Alkaline Sulphur Ointment
Ung. Sulphur. Alk.

Sublineds Sulphur. twenty erammesec.c a. cocicics siciasiclsminicrssleene csrererleistole iene 20 Gm.
Rotassium Carvonates ten) erammMest eis ccerac ieee cece reieinoniciee 10 Gm.
Waters five: <milliliterste ey. eie acres sce ate arsler nals acre. ocele oleic eloverereiele ele cvtorermeieteinke 5 mils
Benzoinated) Lard; “sixty-five Verammess eno oie = els'\clelel> = ev-lelelererslodaveteeiersierere 65 Gm,

Lo make zone shundred) erammes?oc occas sieciciee ee eicieeeeieeioe 100 Gm.

Rub the sulphur with the potassium carbonate and the water, until a smooth,
homogenous mixture results, then gradually add the benzoinated lard, and mix

thoroughly.
UNGUENTUM ZINCI STEARATIS

Ointment of Zinc Stearate
(OR Sy es VILL)
Ung. Zinc. Stear,

“Zine Stearate; ini fine’ powder, fifty grammes..... cc ceeeeciece soe cee coe ee 50 Gm.
White) Petrolatum; fifty mgrammesiaek joe doses coselaeee eee beech encore 50 Gm,
To. make: ‘one hundred serammes:.54- ee eee eee eee 100 Gm.

Rub the zine stearate with the white petrolatum until a smooth ointment is

produced.
VINUM COLCHICI SEMINIS
Wine of Colchicum Seed
(US eb Vili)
Vin. Colch. Sem.

One hundred mililiters of Wine of Colchicum Seed yields not less than 0.036
Gm. nor more than 0.044 Gm. of colchicine.

Fluidextract of Colchicum Seed, one hundred milliliters.................. 100 mils
Alcohol, one hundred and fifty milliliters............... aioeererete steteie rat sists 150 mils
Sherry Wine, seven hundred and fifty milliliters.................c.cc-cece 750 mils

Topmakeszone; thousand milliliters... see ae eee eee ee 1000 mils

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 393

Mix them. Set the mixture aside for two days and then filter.

Assay—Evaporate 150 mils of Wine of Colchicum Seed to 15 mils and proceed
as directed under Fluidextractum Colchici Cormi.

Average Dose—Metric, 2 mils—Apothecaries, 30 Minims.

MISTURA ADSTRINGENS
Astringent Mixture
Mist. Adstring.
Mistura Adstringens et Escharotica, N. F. III. Villate’s Mixture

Solution of Lead Subacetate, one hundred milliliters................... 100 mils
Copperssulphater sixty-five frAMMeESs =. 26.15 cris 10!) a sloyoiey ais) sales selais = lelnal fore helene 65 Gm.
ZINC SUI Pate pe SURLY ILE STAMNIMNES Foes om ole ala) «share sieyeiel [ole lsseke sl = el sta iteheneieeeets 65 Gm.
Diluted Acetic Acid, eight hundred and fifty milliliters.................... 850 mils

Dissolve the copper sulphate and zinc sulphate in the diluted acetic acid, add
the solution of lead subacetate, and agitate thoroughly.

Shake this preparation well before dispensing it, so that the precipitate will be
uniformly distributed.

On motion of Dr. Connaway the report was accepted.

Adjournment.

SMALL-ANIMAL SECTION
WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 30, 1922

The Small-Animal Section of the A. V. M. A. convened at
10:15 a. m., at the Planters Hotel, St. Louis, Mo., Chairman
J. C. Flynn, of Kansas City, Mo., presiding.

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: Not many years ago, you will recall, you
who have been attending the meetings, that if a paper was pre-
sented on small animals, or a clinical case presented, the prac-
titioners were somewhat disgusted. Many of them would get
up and leave the room. If they sat and listened, they listened
with indifference. A vast change is coming over veterinary prac-
tice. If those who are interested in small-animal work take the
trouble to investigate a little or to listen, they will find that
all over the country the veterinarians are waking up to the
possibilities of small-animal work, and particularly is this true
in the cities.

About two or three weeks ago I attended a State meeting in
Oklahoma City, and I found there a new hospital for small
animals, that had just been finished, and it was crowded. The
hospital had been completed only a few days, and it was filled up.

The fact that we haven’t had a good-sized small-animal prac-
tice is the fault of the veterinarians and not the fault of the
public. The public was ready for it for years, but the veteri-
narian has given his time to the large animals and wasn’t
interested in that. When the tractors came along and took away
a good deal of that practice, they began to look around for other
fields to develop. The field was already there and could have
been developed many years ago. One doctor told me yesterday
that he built his hospital two years ago, and said, ‘‘I am only
sorry I didn’t build my place ten years ago.’’? He said it was
a success, and when he was equipped to give service the people
wanted it.

In preparing this program, we looked over the field and tried

394 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

to secure the very best men we could possibly get. I want to
take this opportunity to say that the men have cooperated with
me in every respect in preparing this program. In only one
case was I refused a paper by anyone whom I requested to
prepare one, and he had an ample excuse. The local commit-
tee here, Dr. Jennemann, Dr. Darling and Dr. Ellis, have worked
untiringly to prepare clinical material, and I am confident that
this afternoon we will have ample material to present some most
interesting cases; in fact, cases that come up in every-day prac-
tice, cases that will be of interest to you. Some dogs were
shipped from Texas Saturday, and we haven’t heard from them.
A dog was shipped from Kansas City, and we haven’t heard
from him. We had some animals shipped from Colorado last
Saturday, and they have arrived. If there is any failure of
clinical cases it will be charged up to the railroads and not to
the committee in charge, because they have been loyal and faith-
ful and have done everything they could to make this meeting a
success.

The first paper on our program is one by Dr. O. V. Brumley,
of Columbus, Ohio, entitled, ‘‘Gastroenteritis in Small Animals.”’
Dr. Brumley was unable to attend the meeting, but he pre-
pared his paper and sent it in. Dr. E. L. Quitman, of Chicago,
will present it.

(Dr. Brumley’s paper appeared in the November JOURNAL,
page 200. The discussion following it appears elsewhere in this
issue. )

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 30, 1922

The meeting convened at 2 o’clock, Chairman Flynn presiding.

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: We will ask Dr. Frick, of Manhattan,
Kans., to present the paper of Dr. W. E. Muldoon on ‘‘Sequele
of Canine Distemper.’’

(Dr. Frick read Dr. Muldoon’s paper, which, with the diseus-
sion following it, appears elsewhere in this issue of the JOURNAL.)

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: The next paper will be ‘‘Internal Para-
sites of Dogs and Cats, and Treatment for Removing These
Parasites,’’ by Dr. M. C. Hall. The paper will be read by Dr.
Hoskins, of Detroit.

(Dr. Hoskins read Dr. Hall’s paper, which will appear later. )

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: It seems from Dr. Hall’s paper that in-
testinal parasites of the cat and dog are giving Heinz pickles a
close race. There are 47 varieties of the parasites, and Heinz
pickles have 57. According to Dr. Hall we still have hopes.
He says possibly we will soon be up to the 50 mark.

We will have as the next number on our program a discussion
of the diagnosis of demodectic mange, hookworms and Filaria
ummitis, presented by Dr. R. P. Marsteller, of College Station,
Tex:

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 395

PARASITES OF Docs—R. P. MARSTELLER

Dr. MaARSTELLER: In diseases of dogs that we have to deal
with, over 90 per cent of the dogs are infested with some para-
site. We have found that in handling dogs, especially by rou-
tine in connection with students, it is advisable to make micro-
scopic examination of the feces and blood. This may not apply
so well in other sections of the country, but with us it is im-
portant. Several phases are of vital importance, particularly
in the purchase of dogs. In our part of the country somewhere
between 20 to 25 per cent of the dogs have heart worms. Men
buying what they call stock dogs, which are used for working
cattle, especially in parts of the country where they are dip-
ping cattle, must be very careful. It is the same with valuable
hunting dogs and other dogs. If these worms are present the
dogs can not stand work. Then we find we have some dogs with
heavy infestations of hookworm and other parasites, which makes
an examination rather important.

My main idea in presenting this subject to the A. V. M. A.
was to call your attention to the simplicity of making a miecro-
scopic examination for parasites, and the fact that you ean do
it with a very simple microscope. You can get one that will do
the business from a mail-order house for $12.50.

It has already been mentioned that successful treatment will
cure these different parasites, but the treatment varies. There
are no shotgun prescriptions that I have found that are effective
for all these parasites. And I don’t know any way of making a
quick, clean, positive diagnosis in these parasitic diseases of
dogs other than to examine the feces and blood and skin—serap-
ings of the skin. I have dogs here showing some of these dis-
eases. I brought the dogs with me. If any of you are particu-
larly interested, any time during the afternoon I would be glad
to prepare some blood specimens. It is not difficult; simply
hack a vein in the ear, and you usually find the parasites.

People in our country are insuring dogs, and we should not
think of passing a dog for insurance without examining the
blood and feces. I don’t see how a man can do otherwise, in fair-
ness to all concerned.

We have a great deal of trouble with red mange. We did
nearly everything that has been mentioned verbally or in writ-
ten form, but had little success with it. About eighteen months
ago someone told us about the treatment with arsenic. We hap-
pened to have a case on hand. We made a positive diagnosis,
found the parasite, and treated the animal with 10-grain doses
of arsenic and peroxid. We repeated this about four times,
and followed each administration with oil given internally. The
dog made a prompt recovery, and nothing else was done to it.
We have the dog here. Since then we have tried that treatment
on any number of cases and they have not gotten well, but

396 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

this dog is well. However, about six months ago we accidentally
came onto a formula. I know you are tired of hearing of formu-
le for red mange, but this one contained the following:

8 oz. kerosene,

8 oz. raw linseed oil,

1 oz. carbolic acid,

1 oz. oil of tar,

¥ |b. sulphur.

This has absolutely cleaned up all our chronic cases. This
is not a pipe dream. I haven’t an open case of mange, and I
couldn’t find one to bring here to show you the parasite. I
have dogs that have been treated with this preparation. I
know you are going to laugh about that formula, and I laughed
about it myself, but it does the business. We apply this with
mild rubbing about once a week. We have used nothing else.

Dr. Mitxs: Do vou use precipitated sulphur ?

Dr. MARSTELLER: Just commercial sulphur. In fact, the man
who gave me the formula said, ‘‘Use one ten-cent package of
sulphur.’’

Most of these dogs we get are already clipped. I would like
to show you a wonderful recovery. This is just a little cur
dog. This dog was as splotched as the bulldog is. These places
were raw. There were papule pustules all over these areas that
you see, and for a long time even after she had haired out the
skin looked pink, but that is all cleared up.

Here is another dog which has had about three applications of
the remedy that I mentioned, applied about once a week. You can
see she has begun to hair up and clean up, and you can’t find
any pustules on her—or I wasn’t able to find any before she
left home. These places were raw. I believe she is going to
get well, as a number of others have.

Dr. Mitks: How lately have you examined her skin with the
microscope ?

Dr. MARsTELLER: We haven’t examined her skin with the
microscope since we began to treat her. I would be glad to
have anyone examine her. As a rule we find after the pustules
disappear and the hair begins to come out and the redness dis-
appears we have no further trouble.

Dr. Mitxs: We have a great deal of trouble with mange. The
dog looks typical of the ones that come in to us as to skin trouble,
and you can find any quantity of mange.

Dr. MarsTetter: Her legs and all these places on the skin
you see were hairless and were filled with pus and pus-like
pustules, and there we found the mange mites, plenty of them
alive. It may be that you can find some on her, but in looking
over her hurriedly before leaving home I could not find any in
the skin scrapings or could not find any pustules.

Dr. Hype: Will you make clear to the audience your modus
operandi in applying the treatment ?

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 397

Dr. MArsTELLER: Take a soft cloth or paint brush and apply
it; leave it on until you make the next application.

Dr. QuirmMAn: Dr. Marsteller said he used everything or
nearly everything in the treatment of mange. I want to ask
if he ever used plain, straight castor oil.

Dr. MArstetuerR: J had failure with it.

Dr. Quirman: I have had most brilliant results with it—
just plain, straight castor oil—even where the skin had become
thoroughly corrugated and thickened.

Dr. MArsTELLER: We have had success in sarcoptie mange,
but in the red mange we had no success with eastor oil. I
wouldn’t say that dog over there is cured, but I believe she is
on the way to recovery, though you may be able to find somy
mange mites.

Here is a specimen of an intestine covered with hookworm.
It was collected from a bunch of fourteen pups, two of which
died before they were sent to us, three died during treatment,
and the others recovered after they were given carbon tetra-
chlorid.

Here are two bottles of tapeworms, all taken from one dog.

Here are 1,637 hookworms removed from a 16-months-old pup.
They were removed by the usual dose of carbon tetrachlorid. We
picked these out of the stool.

ANESTHESIA AND CZ:SAREAN OPERATION—J. G. HARDENBERGH
AND W. G. Brook

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: Dr. Hardenbergh will demonstrate anes-
thesia.

Dr. HARDENBERGH: The method of anesthesia which I wish
to demonstrate is one which was perfected for us in experimental
surgery, by which after preliminary etherization in a closed
cabinet the dog is placed flat on its back on the operating table,
the body in a straight line, and the tube is passed down the
trachea.

I think it would be best for me to explain the method after
we get over the preliminaries of the operation. J have some
shdes with which I will demonstrate the entire procedure fol
lowed.

Dr. Mermuat: How do you deliver the ether?

Dr. HArDENBERGH: By passing the tube down the trachea.
The dog breathes the ether in the open ether can with two out-
lets, one connected with this intratracheal tube, and the other
with the open air. The dog breathes the ether vapor off the
ether, which has a real lively high tension, and after the animal
is thoroughly under it and the anesthesia regulated, it is entirely
automatic. The dog can be maintained under complete anes-
thesia for an hour or more without further attention. It is
a method adaptable to one man’s technique when occasion re-

398 Procrrpines or A. V. M. A. MEETING

quires. It is one we feel is particularly adapted to those prac-
titioners who have small-animal hospitals.

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: Dr. Brook will explain the operation he
is about to perform and give you the technique in detail.

(Dr. W. G. Brook demonstrated the Cesarean operation on
a dog, explaining the technique and the various steps. )

Dr. Brook: In performing the Cesarean operation, we per-
form it in a median line by making the incision from the um-
bilical opening down about two or two and one-half or three
inches, depending on the size of the dog and condition we find
the animal in. In operating I wear thin rubber gloves.

After you have made the external opening, find out which
part of the uterus most of the feti are located in. In this case
we have the majority of them in the right horn. We will en-
deavor to bring up this horn to the surface. In bringing the
horn to the surface be very careful in manipulating so as not to
tear the uterus, or that your finger nails don’t go into the uterus
proper.

We make our incision in this case at the bifurcation of the
uterus, so that you can bring the fetus from the opposite side
of the uterus out at this side. Pad the uterus well, so you don’t
get any of it back in the abdominal cavity. In making the in-
cision into the uterus don’t make too small an opening; make
the opening large enough to bring the feti to the surface with-
out tearing the uterus. You should remove one horn of the
uterus at a time. Be sure to remove all placental membranes.
We usually do this operation absolutely without any hemor-
rhage. If you attempt to remove the feti by manipulating with
instruments and bruise the walls of the vagina, your operation
will not be successful.

This operation is absolutely as successful as any one you can
do, and it is not difficult to do at all. There is no reason why
you should not do it. We do this operation very frequently
and our results are very good; but we never attempt it after the
walls of the vagina are bruised, for the simple reason there is
a necrotic condition there, and the dog will get an infection and
die in spite of anything you ean do.

When vou get ready to do the suturing in the uterus, be sure
you have all the membranes clean, using a little iodin. Have
your assistant stretch the uterus into normal position; after you’
get it into normal position, make an uninterrupted suture. In
suturing use chromic catgut; you will find it more satisfactory.
The first line of suture, through the serous and muscular coat,
is absolutely covered up.

Let us consider the class of cases in which the Cesarean opera-
tion is indicated. We find that the Bostons give us a lot of
trouble in obstetrical work on account of the small pelvic cavity.
I have been working for several years on instruments that
would relieve that condition.

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 399

I have here two instruments that I have been using very sue-
cessfully. You are perfectly welcome to examine them. Any
tool-maker ean make them for you, or an instrument company
will make them at a reasonable price.

(Dr. Brook exhibited the instruments and explained their
use in delivering the fetus in cases of difficult parturition. )

Dr. Brook (continuing): After you find that you can’t re-
lieve the animal with the instruments, don’t manipulate her
too much; resort to a Cesarean operation. It is very successful
when done under favorable conditions. If you find the ani-
mal’s uterus is bruised a great deal, don’t do a Cesarean opera-
tion if you want to save the female, but resort to a complete
hysterectomy at once. Don’t try to use serum, because no
doubt you have infection of the uterus at that time, and conse-
quently the operation would not be successful. By doimg a
complete hysterectomy vou will probably have no trouble and
the patient will get well nicely.

After making an uninterrupted suture through the muscular
and serous layers of the uterus we make what we call the Lem-
bert suture, taking up the mucosa and muscular, bringing them
in over the previous suture which closes up the uterus, and
there is no danger of drainage into the abdominal cavity.

In doing this operation I do it mostly by myself, sometimes
with one assistant. I use one grain of morphin, and I find
under that you can do this operation very successfully. Ocea-
sionally you will have to resort to ether, but I always give mor-
phin.

In behalf of Dr. Hardenbergh I might say that his method
of anesthesia has been adopted in a lot of the schools, and by a
lot of the practitioners, and it is very successful.

Dr. Frost: Do you always operate through the median line?

Dr. Brook: I always operate through the median line. In
making the incision through the median line you do not have
the muscular tissue to bother you in making the suture after
the operation, but you have plenty of room there to make the
suture without interfering with the mammary glands. You
can put the pups to nursing within twenty-four hours, just
the same as if nothing had happened.

For bandaging after the operation I put a boracic acid pack
over the wound, then a thin layer of gauze, and put a piece of
cardboard over the line of incision, with a piece of tape between
the teats, clear around the back—and that is all the bandage
that is needed. After a few days the dog is liable to tear this
down; it will begin irritating a little; then put on a medicated
bandage. With careful attention the line of suture will heal
within four or five days and you will have no further trouble.

A Memser: Is there any special after-treatment ?

Dr. Broox: Nothing more than you would have in an odpho-
rectomy. In doing an odphorectomy I do it entirely with a

400 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

headlight, an electric light. I make a small incision and throw
the light, then I can see the horn of the uterus and see it very
distinctly from any other of the structures. After you have
located the horn of the uterus you can take any kind of a hook
you like and reach in there and pick that horn of the uterus up
and bring it to the surface through the small opening and
remove the ovaries the same as any other method.

Dr. Frost: Do you find an odphorectomy satisfactory to the
owner if the bitch comes in heat more than once repeatedly
after the operation ?

Dr. Brook: I do. Very often you will have a condition where
there may be some disturbance of the ovaries, rupture of the
cysts, carrying down into the broad ligament, and you may not
be successtul. By removing a large part of the connective tis-
sue around the ovary you will be absolutely successful. How-
ever, there are cases on record, and I have had one instanee,
where after removing the ovaries the animal came into heat
again, but it occurred only once, and that was the end of that.
We do have that condition occur sometimes.

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: Didn’t that occur where you operated
just previous to the estrual period, just within a few days?

Dr. Brook: Yes, sir. You can’t change the system that
quick.

Dr. Stokes: What disadvantage is the flank method over the
medial method ?

Dr. Brook: I have never resorted to the flank operation, but
I have always contended that you have too much muscular tis-
sue to deal with. You don’t get healing as rapidly as you do in
the median line.

I should advise every veterinarian who has the opportunity
to take up with an M. D., who does a great deal of surgery, the
matter of watching some of those operations. You have no idea
what you can learn of surgery by watching the M. D.’s. In our
city we have a medical college, and I attend clinic there very
often and watch the different operations, with the courteous
invitation of some of the M. D.’s; and you don’t know what a
help it is. You may get used to the different operations and
resort to them in small animals. Your small-animal practice
follows the human practice all the way through.

Dr. TREMAN: I would like to ask if you have done the com-
plete hysterectomy in sows?

Dr. Brook: My practice is not in the field where we have very
much hog work to do, and I have never done Cesarean or com-
plete hysterectomy of the sow.

Dr. Bower: I would like to ask how you control hemorrhage.
Do you ever do ligating in odphorectomy ?

Dr. Brook: In advanced pregnancy sometimes you will be
called to do an ovarian, and you will find the animal pregnant
In those cases I make a complete hysterectomy. It is a whole

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 401

lot easier, the animal recovers a whole lot better, and your opera-
tion consequently is more successful. As for controlling hemor-
rhages in those cases, I first ligate the arteries, the utero-ovarian
arteries above the ovaries, remove the ovaries, and ligate the
uterus, then go through the procedure I explained and make a
complete hysterectomy. In the majority of ovarian operations
I do not ligate the arteries; I use forceps in removing the ovaries
by twisting them off.

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: Do you recommend this operation in prac-
tically all difficult cases of delivery?

Dr. Brook: Yes.

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: You consider they suffer less, and there
is less chance of bad results, fatal results, in the operation than
there is in the use of instruments in delivering the young?

Dr. Brook: There is less chance of bad results by using the
operation. You will find that by using the instruments we have
now you can have better success, but the old forceps we have
been using, catching hold of the fetus, and the traction put on
it more or less tearing it, proved an injury to the walls of the
vagina; consequently you get an infection and the mortality is
very high. By resorting to the Cesarean operation, after you
get familiar with it, you will find it a successful operation, and
I would say 95 per cent of your cases will make a recovery.

I don’t do this operation if somebody else has already made
an attempt and bruised the vagina or uterus. After that I
wouldn’t go ahead and do a Cesarean operation and tell the
owner ‘‘T think she will get all right,’’ for the majority of those
cases will not.

Dr. H. H. Brown: What effect does this operation have on
future pregnancy?

Dr. Broox: If you use the proper suturing material, chromic
catgut or plain catgut, you will not have any trouble at all. The
animal can go ahead and conceive the following season and
come through without any trouble. I had one case in particular
where a veterinarian had used silkworm gut, and in that case
I had to do a complete hysterectomy in order to save the animal.

Dr. H. H. BRown: Would you advise complete hysterectomy
prior to odphorectomy ?

Dr. Brook: You mean if she is pregnant?

Dr. Brown: In any ease.

Dr. Brook: Your question is, if some one brings a dog to you
and wants odphorectomy performed. I do not perform hysterec-
tomy; I perform odphorectomy.

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: I want to thank Dr. Brook for his part
of the program here, and also each and every one of the other
men who have helped us out on this clinic. I want to repeat
that the local committee—Dr. Darling, Dr. Jenneman and Dr.
Ellis—have worked hard, and they have produced a number of
very interesting cases.

402 PrRocEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

OTHER CLINICAL CASES

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: We have two kittens here, shipped from
Colorado. They are peculiarly afflicted. They are here for
diagnosis. The field is open. As near as I ean tell from the
history that I have of those kittens, they have lost their equi-
librium, and seem to be healthy otherwise. We presume this
condition existed when they were born. They are Dr. King-
man’s kittens.

Here is a dog that came to me a month ago. While tied with
long rope, about three months ago, he chased neighbor’s dog
across the lot. He was thrown ‘backw ard upon the sidewalk
with great force. Within a few days after the tumble he showed
evidence of pain while eating, which was noticeable for about
a week; then for a week or ten days he appeared normal. Later
it was ‘noticed that the dog would prehend his food with his
front teeth only, working the food back to the pharnyx with
the tongue without mastication. This dog is unable to open
his mouth any more than possibly an inch and a half or two
inches.. He was given an anesthetic at our place, and we were
just as much unable to open his mouth after he was anesthetized .
as we are now. We have taken an X-ray of the head, and here
are the two photographs. You can look at them, and if you find
out anything about it, it is more than we could. This dog is here
for diagnosis. He has been around in Kansas City to practically
every veterinarian. The owner told me a few days ago that
the head had begun to shrink. I presume it is the temporal
muscles that are shrinking from lack of use. I notice on ex-
amination here now that the head is smaller than it was when
J had him a few weeks ago.

Dr. Darling has a ease here which he will explain; it is quite
interesting.

Dr. Daruinc: This dog has a compound fracture of the lower
jaw, and a lacerated wound on the tongue. This happened
eight days ago. Supposedly the dog used to tease an old sow,
and the supposition is that the sow snapped the dog. ‘The
dog is starting to take solid food in his mouth. He will make a
good recovery, I think.

Dr. Frost: What was the treatment?

Dr. Daruinc: There was not much treatment. We gave him
rectal injections of beef broth and mutton broth. Today he
is eating a little ground Hamburger, and we expect him to get
better. There is a great deal of slough here on the lip. About
one-third of this will slough off. He is a fine hunting dog.

Here we have a 9-year-old cat that had a fistulous opening
on the cheek, communicating with the ear. If we had time the
intention was to run a groove directly in there and open up the
whole tract to see if we couldn’t make a permanent repair.

We have a case here of an infectious venereal granuloma. You

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 403.

see the watery condition around the sheath. That condition is
of six months’ standing and has received no treatment. We
intended to cauterize that.

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: What is the treatment recommended ?

Dr. DaruInc: Curetting and cauterizing; but there is a great
tendency to recurrence.

Dr. L. G. Brown: Would you think it advisable to remove
any of the prepuce?

Dr. Darurna: I think you can save the prepuce in this ease.

Here is a small gland under the membrane; it is quite a
common condition of the eye in dogs. A little cocain is injected
and the gland is taken out very readily.

CHAIRMAN FLYNN: That is a very simple and satisfactory
operation as a rule, and people are well satisfied with it. Dr.
Darling recommended the use of a little cocain, and I believe
by raising the growth up and nipping it off with nippers, usu-
ally in 24 to 47 hours you have practically a complete recovery,
and the owner is very well satisfied.

That completes the small-animal program.

Adjournment.

FROM THE SECRETARY’S OFFICE

There will be a meeting of the Executive Board, at the La
Salle Hotel, Chicago, HL, Tuesday morning, December 5, at 10
o’clock. ee

A new supply of automobile emblems has been secured. All
the unfilled orders which had accumulated while awaiting the
new supply have been filled. Orders will now be filled on the
day of receipt. ——

This is the year for the election of a member of the Executive
Board from the First District, which includes all of Canada.
A notice calling for nominations will be sent out shortly to all
members in the First District whose dues are paid for the cur-
rent year. Members whose dues are unpaid are not entitled to
a vote. “—

Quite a few members in all of the districts have neglected to
remit their dues for the current year. A second notice to such
members will be sent out during the month of December. Mem-
bers desiring to save the Association the expense of sending
out this second notice should remit their dues immediately to
the Secretary, P. O. Box 471, Detroit, Mich. Kindly make
checks payable to the American Veterinary Medical Association.

H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary.

OTHER MEETINGS

ARKANSAS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

The Arkansas Veterinary Association convened at Little
Rock on October 11 with a number of stock men and poultry
men present as guests of the association.

A paper prepared by Dr. B. F. Kaupp, Poultry Investigator
and Pathologist North Carolina Experiment Station, was read
by Dr. Shull and was very favorably received.

Dr. Hubert Schull of Texarkana brought out many excellent
points in the production of clean milk for the home and mar-
ket, at the same time clearly demonstrating the immense ser-
vices practicing veterinarians may perform in conserving pub-
he health.

At the evening session Dr. D. F. Luckey, Livestock Com-
missioner, Livestock Exchange St. Louis, gave an illustrated
lecture on tuberculosis convincing his audience of veterinarians
and stock men that tuberculosis causes considerable economic
losses, is a menace to public health and that the merits of
tuberculosis eradication work are such as to urge its early
eradication. Dr. B. H. Ranson, Chief of the Zoological Di-
vision of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C.,
gave an illustrated lecture on common intestinal parasites ot
swine which was very highly instructive and interesting, espec-
lally the work relative to the life history of the common
round worm.

A constitution and by-laws was adopted at the morning ses-
sion on Ocober 12. A well prepared paper of Dr. J. S. Schill-
ing of the State College of Agriculture on the preparation of
material for laboratory examination prompted considerable
discussion illustrating the import of the laboratory in arriving
at a diagnosis of diseases or conditions.

President Wilson ably discussed infectious abortion of swine.
His experiences corroborating that of others, namely, the im-
portance of quarantine and sanitation.

Dr. H. J. Hayes of Helena briefly discussed barium chloride
and its uses. The President suggested an open discussion in

404

OTHER MEETINGS 405

which Dr. Hayes brought up the subject of tetanus, with dis-
cussions by Drs. Luckey, Schull, Kittrell and Wilson. Drs.
Wilson brought up and discussed briefly the subject of swamp
fever. After the election of Dr. Earl Kittrell as President and
J. H. Bux, Secretary-Treasurer, the meeting adjourned.
JOE H. Bux, Secretary.

CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association held its
quarterly meeting at the Hotel Elton in Waterbury, Wednesday,
November 1. The following members and visitors were present :

Commissioner on Domestic Animals James M. Whittlesey, R.
L. Smith, Inspector in Charge, Bureau of Animal Industry;
Grove Loveland, V. M. Knapp, M. Ray Powers, Charles L. Col-
ton, A. T. Gilyard, B. D. Radcliffe, A. W. Sutherland, F. M.
Page, Harrison Whitney, C. A. Burnette, I. R. Vail, George T.
Crowley, Benjamin Pennell, Thomas Bland, Peter T. Keeley,
J. L. Devereaux, Edwin Laitinen, E. L. Thornton, Geo. E.
Corwin.

Visitors: Dr. H. W. Jakeman, Pitman-Moore Laboratories;
and Professor G. H. Lamson, Jr., Zoologist, Connecticut Agricul-
tural College.

After the regular order of business a very interesting program
was presented as follows: Fracture of the lower jaw of the dog,
showing X-ray pictures, both before and after fixation with
wire sutures, by Dr. Edwin Laitinen; Duties of the State Board
of Examination and Registration, and Its Relation to the Asso-
ciation, by Dr. Charles L. Colton; Nicotine Sulphate: A Vermi-
cide for the Sheep Stomach Worm, by Professor G. H. Lamson,
Jr., Zoologist, Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station. Dr.
Jakeman gave a very interesting talk on Antitoxins, Serum
Therapy, and Immunology. All these cases and papers were
of a very interesting nature and ably presented.

The advanced bulletin and information on ‘‘Nicotine Sul-
phate: A Vermicide for the Sheep Stomach Worm,’’ by Pro-
fessor Lamson, was the first information on this subject of its
kind, and was an important adjunct to the program. The in-
formation it contained and the practical results given were
ably presented,

Gro. E. Corwin, Secretary.

406 OTHER MEETINGS

NEVADA STATE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

The association’s semi-annual meeting for» 1922 was held
October 14, in Reno. More than 50 per cent of its small mem-
bership was present.

The forenoon session in charge of Dr. J. R. Beach of the
University of California was devoted to a general presentation
and discussion of poultry diseases.

After lunch the members attended the football game be--
tween Occidental College of Los Angeles and the University
of Nevada on the MacKay Field of the University.

At six p.m. a buffet supper at the Women’s Twentieth Cen-
tury Club brought the members together again for the even-
ing session.

A round table on cattle scabies, further discussion on poul-
try diseases and an exchange of field veterinary experiences
occupied the evening.

S. Lockett, Secretary.

BRITISH COLUMBIA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

The President and Secretary of the B. C. Veterinary Associa-
tion received copies of the proposed Milk By-Law of the City
of Vancouver, from the City Medical Health Officer, inviting
criticism and suggestions for improvement, to be presented at
a meeting later. The Council proposed an amendment to the
definition of the word ‘‘disease,’’ which they considered inade-
quate, and on receipt of the invitation to attend the meeting,
which was held in the courthouse September 27, Dr. Damman,
as President of the B. C. Veterinary Association, was called upon
to explain the amendment, which he did, and it was adopted.
Other veterinarians took part in the discussion. The chairman
was Dr. Young, Chairman of the Provincial Board of Health,
and there were present Medical Health Officers of Victoria and
Vancouver, members of the Vancouver Medical Association,
Professor Sadler of the University of British Columbia, Mr.
Berry, President of the Fraser Valley Milk Producers’ Associa-
tion, and other prominent dairymen and farmers, and also rep-
resentatives of the City Health Department, and women’s organi-
zations, and the general public. The Vancouver Province de-
voted two columns next day to the meeting, in which the veteri-
nary profession was given equal prominence with the other pro-
fessions represented.

OTHER MEETINGS 407

THE NEW ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE

The official opening of the new Ontario Veterinary College
at Guelph, Canada will take place on the afternoon of Tues-
day, December 12. This date has been selected as the Guelph
Winter Fair is being held at the Same time. The official cere-
mony will commence at 2:30 in the afternoon followed by a
banquet during the evening. While the list of speakers has
not as yet been definitely decided upon it is hoped that the
following may be able to attend and deliver addresses :—Hon.
E. C. Drury, Premier of Ontario; Hon. Manning W. Doherty,
Minister of Agriculture for Ontario; Hon. W. R. Motherwell,
Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion, or his Deputy ; Hon.
S. F. Tolmie, M. P.; Sir Robert Falconer, President of the
University of Toronto; Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Board of Railway
Commissioners, Ottawa; Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Director
General, Ottawa; Dr. J. R. Mohler, Chief of the United States
Bureau of Animal Industry; President J. B. Reynolds, Ontario
Agricultural College and W. B. Roadhouse, Deputy Minister
of Agriculture for Ontario.

On an occasion of this kind it is not possible to send a per-
Sonal invitation to every Veterinary Surgeon and this an-
nouncement should be considered as a cordial general invita-
tion to everyone to attend, and it is hoped that many veteri-
narians and their friends will avail themselves of this invita-
tion to be present at the official opening. This invitation is
extended by the Department and by the Faculty of the Col-
lege and it is hoped that a good representation from the pro-
fession will be present. Everyone is welcome and the college
staff will be pleased to extend a cordial greeting to those at-
tending. Keep the date in mind and decide to be present.

CALIFORNIA PRACTITIONERS’ WEEK

The California Veterinary Practitioners’ Week, arranged
Jointly by the California Veterinary Medical Association and
the Division of Veterinary Science of the University of Cali-
ornia, will be held at the University Farm, Davis, January 2
to 5, 1923.

Three special veterinarian lecturers from the East will be
present at the meeting. Dr. W. E. Muldoon, from the Kansas

408 OTHER MEETINGS

State Veterinary College, will lecture on ‘‘Therapeutics and
Small Animals Practice.’’ Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, from the
Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories, will talk on ‘‘Rabies’’ and
‘‘Anthrax.’’ Dr. J. F. DeVine, of the Goshen Laboratories.
will talk on ‘‘ Abortion and Sterility in Cattle and Horses.”’

Members of the staff of the College of Agriculture of the
University will participate in the program, as well as a number
of practitioners in the State.

The program has been arranged by the committee along the
lines desired by the practitioners in California and a large
attendance is expected. The course is open to all graduate
veterinarians and such men in near-by states are cordially in-
vited to attend.

NEW YORK CONFERENCE FOR VETERINARIANS

The fifteenth annual conference for veterinarians will be held
at the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y., on January 11 and 12. An instructive program
will be provided.

OHIO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association will hold its
annual meeting on January 31, February 1 and 2, 1923, con-
sisting of one full day for papers and discussions, and also a
full day devoted fora clinic. The clinic will be divided into
five sections, namely for horses, cattle, hogs, small animals and
poultry.

The business session will take place on Jan. 31 at the Deshler
Hotel, where the annual banquet will be held on Feb. 1. The
rest of the meeting, consisting of the clinic and the papers read
will be held at the Veterinary Department of the Ohio State
University.

This is to be a truly Ohio meeting, all taking part being
residents of Ohio. It is also a meeting especially arranged
for the practitioner, so all that attend can look forward to
an instructive, as well as a good social and fraternal treat.

Out-of-State veterinarians are welcome; come and lei us
make you feel at home.

Harry T. Moss, Secretary.

COMMUNICATIONS

GREETINGS FROM CUBA

Havana, Oct. 27, 1922.
My DEAR AND GOOD FRIEND Dr. EICHHORN:

Since I knew you were back trom your splendid tour around
Europe, I have been thinking to write you.

As you must imagine, I have read in the JouRNAL your re-
port of the trip to Cuba as delegate of the American Veterinary
Medical Association to our National Congress, and you may be
sure, Dr. Eichhorn, that all the Cuban veterinarians, and par-
ticularly those of the Army Service whom you met here, want
to express to you their gratitude for what you have said in your
report about the professional work that we are carrying on in
Cuba with veterinary science.

The good relationship among the American and Cuban asso-
ciations have been established through you forever, and the
friends that your scientific and social characteristics have ac-
quired while on your trip to this country are interested in your
own success, thus adding one more page to our professional fra-
ternity.

Allow me, then, to felicitate you in the name of my friends,
and be sure of my personal devotion and reciprocal sentiments.

I remain,

Your devoted servant,
ANGEL IDUATE,
President, Cuban Veterinary Medical Association.

A CORRECTION

To tHE Eprror:

In your November issue on page 269 you quote me as saying
‘‘the more purebred blood coursing in the animal’s veins the
better able he was to stand the test.’’ I wish to say that the
word “‘purebred’’ should read ‘‘thoroughbred.’’ Kindly make
correction.

A. J. SAVAGE.

Colorado Springs, Colo.

409

MISCELLANEOUS

THOROUGHBRED FIRST, MORGAN SECOND IN
ENDURANCE RIDE

The fourth annual 300-mile endurance ride, conducted in
mid-October under the supervision of a number of organizations
interested in the development of horses with speed and endur-
ance under the saddle, was won by Vendetta, a Thoroughbred
mare owned by J. Watson Webb, of Vermont. Second rating
was given to Gladstone, a purebred Morgan gelding bred and
raised at the United States Morgan Horse Farm, Middlebury,
Viet

The course followed this year was entirely within the New
England States, beginning and ending at Fort Ethan Allan,
Vermont. At times during the ride weather conditions were
severe. Out of a total of 21 entries only 9 horses finished the
contest, the others having been taken out because of lameness,
accident, or fatigue. Of the 6 horses that were awarded prizes,
two were Thoroughbreds, one a purebred Morgan, one a grade
American Saddle horse, one an Irish Hunter, and one a Thor-
oughbred-Standardbred cross. In the opinion of horsemen who
witnessed the start of the ride, the entries this year were of bet-
ter average quality and in far better condition than in any of
the previous contests.

In this endurance ride the perfect score for speed is given
for a record of 45 hours for the trip, or 9 hours for each of the
5 days. The longest time permissible for a contestant is 55
hours for the trip, or 11 hours for each day. Each horse car-
ries 225 pounds and each rider is required to feed and care for
his mount.

Of the 21 horses which started, four were Thoroughbreds, two
were purebred Morgans, four grade Morgans, one purebred
Arabian, six of Arabian breeding, one purebred American Sad-
dle, one grade American Saddle, one Irish Hunter, and one
crossbred.

The object of this endurance ride, which is approved by the
War Department, the Chief of the Remount Service, and the
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, is to stimulate inter-
est in good saddle horses, possessed of stamina, and hardiness,

410

MiscELLANEOUS 411

and suitable for use in the mounted service of the United States
Army. The annual endurance ride is managed by a committee
made up of one representative each from the Arabian Horse
Club of America, The Morgan Horse Club, The National Steeple
Chase and Hunt Association, The American Hackney Horse
Society, The Thoroughbred Endurance Test Club, The National
Saddle Horse Club, The American Remount Association, The
Horse Association of America, the Bureau of Animal Industry,
other interested organizations, and the two donors of the prizes.

Gladstone, the purebred Morgan awarded second place this
year, is a half brother to the famous Castor, Government Morgan
that finished with very creditable records in the three previous
rides. Both are by the stallion General Gates 666. Gladstone
was the smallest horse to finish the contest, weighing at the
start 924 pounds. He was foaled in 1913. Up to this fall he
had been used at various jobs on the U. 8. Experiment Farm,
Beltsville, Md., and for some time as one of a pair on the carriage
of the Secretary of Agriculture in Washington, D. C.

The following table gives the winners in the order of their
rating on the basis of condition and speed:

Name Breeding Weight Total time
Vendetta...... Thoroughbred .... 1,012.5 45 hrs. 17 minutes
Gladstone...... Morgane oo vo a0% 2 972.5) 45 82? bee
Grantee aes. Gr Am: paddle. “T185) “457 °72)~2os- 7
Gragvmore: |. 2:3 Thoroughbred-St.. 1,082.5 45 ’? 20 ”
Pathfinder..... Thoroughbred ... S902 ib i eS
Clonmel bs ise Irish Hunter..... 1,050 45 it no20R GPA

PIG SURVEY TO COVER WHOLE COUNTRY

The second semi-annual pig survey, cards for which are now
being distributed to rural mail carriers, will cover the entire
country. The survey last spring covered only 17 States, but
as an indication of present and probable pig production the
survey was a great success and readily demonstrated the feasi-
bility of extending the scope of the injury.

Ten cards or questionnaires will be distributed by each rural
mail earrier on agricultural routes. Approximately 50,000 cards
will be sent out. They have been prepared in simple form and
ean be filled out in a few minutes. Where possible, the mail
carriers will fill in the answers as made by the hog raisers. The
cards will show the number of sows farrowed during the last

412 _ MISCELLANEOUS

six months of 1921, the number farrowed during the first six
months of 1922, the number of sows farrowed, or due to far-
row, during the last six months of 1922, and the number bred
or intended to be bred to farrow during the first six months of
1923. Numbers of hogs which died from hog cholera or other
diseases during 1921 and 1922 will be shown, as well as the
number of pigs saved per litter.

The importance of this survey to the farmers in enabling
them to adjust their production to the probable needs of the
market is quite evident. People who deal in crops and live-
stock, such as packers and commission men, have very extensive
organizations for informing themselves of the production of
crops and livestock. Obviously information of this character
is just as important to the farmers as to the people who deal
in farm products.

DAIRYMEN FINANCE LOCAL FIGHT ON
TUBERCULOSIS

In Lyme township, Huron County, Ohio, owners of dairy
cattle organized an association through which they financed
their own campaign against tuberculosis when State and Federal
indemnity funds had run out. The members were assessed. $2
a head for grades and $4 a head for purebreds, one-fourth being
used for organization work and the rest for paying indemnities.
The association has tested 83 herds containing 662 cattle, 26
of which reacted. The owners of the reactors received the sal-
vage value of the animals and a straight indemnity of $20 a
head for grades. For purebreds the indemnity was doubled.
About 85 per cent of the herds in the township were tested.

The organizing of this association indicates the anxiety of
many progressive dairymen to get rid of tuberculosis. These
Ohio men might have waited for more funds to be appropriated
by the State and Congress, but they felt they could well afford
to pay out the money themselves to hurry the work and adver-
tise their locality as free of the disease.

Dr. M. L. Olsen, a recent graduate of the Colorado Veterinary
College, motored from Denver, Colo., to New Westminster, B. C.,
and has taken the examination to become licensed to practice in
British Columbia, and has located at Duneans, V. L, B. C.

JOURNAL

OF THE

American Veterinary Medieal Association

FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.)
J. R. Mouter, Editor, Washington, D. C.

W. H. WeEtcH, President, Lexington, Ill. H. Preston Hoskins, Secy., Detroit, Mich.
M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn.

Executive Board

Gro. HiLtTon, Ist District; T. E. MuNce, 2nd District; S. E. BENNETT, 3rd District;
J. A. KiErRNAN, 4th District; C. E. Corron, 5th District; B. W.
Conrap, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large

Sub-Committee on Journal
S. E. BENNETT J. A. KIERNAN

The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or
statements published in the JourNaL, outside of its own authorized actions.

Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application.

Vol. LXII, N. S. Vol. 15. January, 1923 No. 4

ON THE THRESHOLD OF A NEW YEAR

HOPE is said to spring eternal in the human breast. <At
the beginning of each new year in this period of depression
and reconstruction we have always been buoyed by the hope
that the next year would be better than the last. And so it
has been, though the improvement has fallen far short of the
hopes. Unmistakably, though with painful slowness, we are
making our way back toward what a distinguished gentleman
has termed normaley.

Signs of better times ahead are becoming plainer. Agricul-
ture, upon which the welfare of the veterinary profession
largely depends, has made some progress toward recovery.
In production 1922 was a big year, although continued low
prices of farm products as compared with other commodities
prevented a due measure of prosperity to the farmers. Also,
for the first time in several years, the veterinary colleges in
the United States and Canada show an increased enrollment of
freshmen. An increase of 12 students is not large, to be sure,
but it marks a turn in the tide. Other encouraging indications
might be added.

So, with good reason, we continue to hope. And for the

413

414 EDITORIAL

coming year the JouRNAL extends to its readers its best wishes
for their prosperity, professional advancement and_ personal
happiness.

A CHANGE IN EDITORSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

DEFINITE ACTION was taken by the American Veteri-
nary Medical Association at its last annual meeting toward
putting into effect a change which had been under considera-
tion and discussion for several years. The offices of Secretary
of the Association and Editor and Business Manager of the
JOURNAL were consolidated, and Dr. H. Preston Hoskins was
elected to the combined positions. A full report of this action
is contained in the proceedings published in this number. Soon
after his election Dr. Hoskins assumed the duties of the secre-
taryship, but for reasons of business and convenience the trans-
fer of the work relating to the JouRNAL was deferred until
the first of the year.

The wisdom of the policy of which this change is a part is
obvious. For several years the Association has had no fixed
headquarters and the JourNau has led an itinerant existence,
with rather frequent changes of editors. The degree of pros-
perity enjoyed under these conditions is probably more than
could have been expected. The ideal of a permanent home
and centralization of duties is commendable, and it is to be
hoped that in due time the Association may be able to take
the next step of establishing permanent headquarters in an
office of its own.

After a tenure of three years the retiring Editor may be
permitted to indulge in a few reflections. The editorial and
business management of the JouRNAL, although beset with some
difficulties and conducted along with the heavy duties of
another official position, has been on the whole a congenial
task and a pleasant experience. Efforts have been made to
represent faithfully and to minister to the varied interests of
the veterinary profession and at the same time to promote
the advancement of the profession and the attainment of its
ideals. Hearty cooperation and assistance have been received
from many collaborators who have contributed valuable
papers, clinical and case reports, abstracts, reviews, reports

EDIrorRIAL ANS

of meetings, news items and other material. The attitude of
the Presidents of the Association and of Secretary Mayo and
other officers and members has been cordial and helpful. The
patronage of our advertisers has been an essential factor in
the financial prosperity of the JourNaL, and has made possible
a larger and better magazine than could have been provided
otherwise. Printing firms have given sympathetic cooperation
in making the magazine pleasing and creditable in appearance
and in getting it out on time. All these collaborators, con-
tributors and supporters are entitled to share in the credit
for whatever degree of success has been attained, and to all
of them our sincere thanks and appreciation are extended.

For the new Editor we bespeak a continuance of the same
support and encouragement. Knowing well from experience
the difficulties attending a transfer of management and office
of publication, and the deiay that may unavoidably ensue in
the issuance of the first number under the new conditions, we
ask in behalf of Dr. Hoskins the patient indulgence of the
readers in case the February JourNnau should not be received
on time.

Let us continue to go forward in working together for
greater things for the Association and the veterinary pro-
fession.

INTEREST AND ENTHUSIASM LARGELY DEPEND-
ENT UPON THE ATTITUDE OF A
PRESIDING OFFICER

THOSE who attend a meeting with the privilege of participat-
ing, usually join in the discussions and general proceedings in
proportions to the interest they have in the subject in question,
but with the inexperienced, even though he be full of enthusiasm,
there is often in evidence an invisible restraining influence. The
leaders and older members do not notice it, but the younger
class are very susceptible to the dttitude manifested by the pre-
siding officer. He opens the assemblage according to Hoyle,
and in a very scholarly manner discharges his duty preparatory
toward plunging into the deep channels of the regular program.

Now, ‘‘Let’s reason together,”’ stop a moment and conscien-
tiously reflect. How many meetings have you attended in which

416 EDITORIAL

only a few self-appointed members participated? Then, how
many nieetings have you attended where the majority took equal
part and said all they had to say instead of remaining silent and
furiously expressing their opinions to a small group of sympa-
thizers, out in the lobby? All of us have witnessed these varying
conditions and must agree that the former is far from being
constructive. There is a reason for all of this, and a fundamental
one. We ean blame the members for neglecting to participate,
because they certainly have an opportunity. However, let us not
feel satisfied with such a frail excuse, but go deeper into the
cause.

It has been well said that ‘‘timidity is the cause for the loss
of a great deal of talent.’? Therefore we must contend with this
factor and start remedial measures from the base of it. The
average practitioner is seldom called upon to speak before an
audience, consequently he must have a little encouragement. He
is deeply interested and his brain is full of good, substantial
ideas.

The writer recalls attending a large meeting not many years
ago when conditions were suddenly reversed. The presiding
officer, a very able man, opened the meeting in the usual manner
and clearly pointed out the problems to be considered but he
unconsciously spread over the gathering an atmosphere of re-
serve and fear which appeared to seal the majority to tlicir seats,
and was sure ultimately to overburden the presiding officer.
The writer observed the effect, and immediate! teok the floor
with a message of welcome and an appeal for closer fellow-
ship, asking all to enter unhesitatingly into the spirit of the con-
vention and voice their opinions whenever they felt like it. The
change was phenomenal because someone had warmed the chill
and offered them a welcome as we would in our home. Many
men want to say something, but they are possessed with an
indescribable fear which they cannot overcome. The leader can
do much toward clearing the way by placing himself in their
position, making it a point to encourage timid members and to
see that they have a fair chance without being drowned out by
the roar of those who are always conspicuous and never fail to
shine at every opportunity. De Bes

EDITORIAL AIT

OUR NEW EDITOR

READERS of the JourNAL, meet Dr. H. Preston Hoskins,
who assumes the editorial chair with the next issue.

Dr. Hoskins is well known to American veterinarians not
only as the son of his distinguished and lamented father, Dr.
W. Horace Hoskins, but also by virtue of his own professional
work during the last twelve years. He is a native of Phila-
delphia, and after graduating from the Central High School
in that city he attended the Veterinary Department of the
University of Pennsylvania and received his veterinary de-

4

DR. H. PRESTON HOSKINS

gree in 1910. For a short time he engaged in practice with
his father, then he accepted a position with the University of
Minnesota as instructor and director of the hog-cholera serum
plant. For the last six years he has been in the service of the
well-known firm of Parke, Davis & Co., of Detroit, Mich.,
as veterinary pathologist on the medical research staff. He is
a member and-has served as secretary of a number of State
veterinary medical associations and is a licensed practitioner

418 EpIvoriAL

in the States in which he has resided: He is the author of a
number of papers reporting research work.

His education and training, his wide acquaintance and his
varied experience as practitioner, educator, research worker
and writer give him exceptional qualifications for filling capa-
bly the duties of the combined positions of Secretary, Editor
and Business Manager to which he has been called by his col-
leagues of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

MONTREAL, A CONVENTION CITY

MONTREAL was decided upon at the last annual convention
in St. Louis as the meeting place of the next convention of the
American Veterinary Medical Association. It is a city of
wonderful growth and commercial importance.

The site of this city was discovered by Jacques Cartier 386
vears ago and should that adventerous Frenchman come to
life and visit the scene, he would be astounded at the growth
of this metropolis of Canada. Samuel Champlain in 1611,
when visiting the struggling hamlet, describes it as ‘‘a lhttle
spot which is as far as barques and boats can easily come up.”’
Should this explorer now see this rapidly growing city, he
would learn that although it is the farthest inland port in the
world, being 1,000 miles from the sea, it is the nearest port
to Europe on this side of the Atlantic, being only 2,773 miles
from Liverpool, the next nearest being Boston with a distance
of 2,810 miles. It is the greatest grain exporting port in the
world, having in the seven months of navigation in 1921
shipped 138,000,000 bushels as compared with its nearest com-
petitor, Galveston, with its 72,000,000 bushels. Also the grain
handling and storage facilities of the port exceed those of any
other port in North America, ships drawing 30 feet now com-
ing in to the port at low tide—quite a contrast with Cham-
plain’s day.

We find among the names of those instrumental in develop-
ing this great harbor, that of John Torrance, who was a mem-
ber of the Harbor Commission which made possible this
splendid harbor and facilities for handling and shipping grain
which comes like a flood from the rich prairie lands of Cen-
tral Canada and northern United States. Our own Dr. F.
Torrance is the grandson of John Torrance and he can look

EpITrorIAL 419

with pride on the achievements of his ancestor, these wonders
having really been worked out before his own eyes.

This Canadian city is an excellent convention city, has many
fine hotels and our members and their friends will certainly
be gratified to furnish entertainment to any and all if they
should take their vacations next summer at the time of the
annual convention and attend the meeting

Fonte]

thus combining
pleasure witha highly profitable and instructive postgraduate
course.

The effort made by some misguided people in California and
Colorado to get anti-vivisection bills passed in those States, has
met with defeat. The reports indicate that the proposed legis-
lation was beaten in California three to one and in Colorado
six to one.

Drugless healers, such as chiropractors, osteopaths, ete., are
not entitled to permits for narcotics under the Harrison law.
according to a ruling of a Collector of Internal Revenue in Cali-
fornia. The collector’s attitude seems to be much more con-
sistent than that of the applicants for permits.

“The vigilance of our Bureau of Animal Industry and of the
U.S. Consul at Kingston, Jamaica, has probably prevented an
outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in this country. Doubtless
the Jamaica veterinarians realize by this time that it’s never
safe to monkey with foot-and-mouth. All of us should realize
it in advance and thank our vigilant public servants who keep
it out.’’—National Stockman and Farmer.

An enterprising Jap student at one of America’s inland col-
leges, who landed here with practically no English in his vocabu-
lary, secured a job on a farm during vacation season. He as-
similated the language readily enough and soon had a workable
command of words—enough to get by with; but the feminine
nouns properly applicable to the various domestic animals came
near proving a German Marne. One morning he came running
in very great haste to the master of the house, gasping as he
ran: ‘‘Please, honorable boss, come quickly—hen-pig, she have
pups!’’—Everybody’s Magazine.

THE VETERINARY PROFESSION AS OBSERVED IN
VARIGUS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES *

By A. Etcuuorn, Pearl River, New York

DURING THE WAR and in the years following, only very
meager information came to this country with regard to the
activities of the veterinary profession in the various countries
of Europe. It was, therefore, with the greatest of interest
that the writer looked forward to a trip during the past sum-
mer to those countries in order to observe the conditions as
they existed. The report of the American veterinarians who
participated in the trip through European countries in 1914
in connection with the contemplated attendance at the Inter-
national Veterimary Congress in London, and who had the op-
portunity of closely observing the veterinary institutions and
other organizations pertaining to veterinary activities, con-
tained the last exhaustive available information on the subject.
The tremendous upheaval from the war, resulting in the break-
ing down of the economic conditions in many of the countries,
and also the geographical changes occurring there, together
with the difficulty of carrying out the thorough sanitary and
police measures in the control of infectious diseases during the
war, could not fail to have its effect upon the veterinary pro-
fession, the same as it had upon other lines.

From general information available, everyone is cognizant
of the effect which the World War had on civilization, and we
are now realizing that civilization has received a staggering
blow from which it will not recover for many decades. Scien-
tific activities which had the greatest momentum in the
history of the countries at the time of the outbreak of the war
were naturally sidetracked during the war, and due to the
economic collapse in Europe there is little hope for an early
recuperation along this line.

In the past we have looked upon European institutions as
leaders in scientific research. We have considered some of the
universities from their traditions as being great centers for
learning along the various lines of professions. From observa-

> * Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Med-
ical Association, St. Louis. Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

420

THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN EUROPE 41

tions made it is apparent that most of them will no longer
command such an enviable reputation and will have to be con-
tent with their meager existence. I have in mind the great
medical center of the University of Vienna, to which thousands
of eager students flocked from every country to enjoy the
teachings of the many famous men connected with the institu-
tion, which, however, now is destined to fight for its existence
on account of lack of support.

The trip afforded the writer an opportunity to visit veteri-
nary colleges and scientific laboratories for veterinary research
and also inquire into the veterinary organizations in charge
of all administrative matters in connection with livestock,
sanitary measures, ete.

While there appeared to be no apparent changes in the
veterinary schools, on close observation it was evident that
no progress had been made since 1914, and as a matter of fact,
in many of the veterinary colleges neglect was noticeable,
which in some instances was even associated with more or less
indifference on the part of the administrators.

The attendance in the colleges was practically up to the pre-
war level. In fact, immediately following the war there was
an increase in the number of students matriculating in almost
every veterinary college in Europe. This was due to the facet
that the young men of matriculating age who desired to take
up the veterinary profession were called to serve in the army
and could enter the college only after the conclusion of the
war. The present matriculation, however, appears to be again
normal and is indicative of the prospects which the veterinary
profession offers in Europe. This is of marked significance
when compared with the very small attendance in our veteri-
nary colleges. The veterinary profession in Europe still lures
the youth as offering him an attractive profession with the pos-
sibility of a prosperous future.

The profession apparently offers a broader field there than
in the United States. This would explain the confidence which
the prospective student has in the profession. There is also
a tendency in the curriculum of the veterinary schools to train
the veterinarian for the positions which rightly belong to the
veterinarian but which have been withheld from him because
of lack of specialization. This refers particularly to vocations

499, A. KICHHORN

in food and milk inspection, animal husbandry, research
work, and qualifications for positions in pharmaceutical and
biological laboratories.

With the possibility of training men along those different
lines the veterinarian could not only obtain lucrative positions
but the profession would attain a very enviable place, with
its members attaining a recognition favorably comparing with
that of other learned professions. It is along these lines that
the veterinary schools, especially those of Germany, are striv-
ing to develop their activities, and the leaders are exerting
all their efforts to prepare the students for these various fields
of activity as they realize that such a trend is imperative for
the welfare of the institutions as well as for the future of the
profession. Thus, the departments of milk hygiene and ani-
mal husbandry are being especially well equipped to afford
the student all opportunity to specialize in these lines. Very
intensive instruction is given in laboratory work with the
opportunity for specialization. Such tendencies have’ been ob-
served in the older established veterinary schools, and no
doubt the more recently created veterinary schools in the
newly established countries will follow the example.

In the newly created countries veterinary schools are also
being established, one in Czecho-Slovakia and another in Jugo-
Slavia. I found that the respective governments will spare no
effort to provide these institutions with the necessary equip-
ment to enable them to graduate men of competence, as it is
realized that an efficient veterinary organization for a country
is of the utmost importance. This is a remarkable fact, since
in almost every country of Europe the expenditures have to be
restricted to the minimum, yet the governments do not hesitate
to provide funds for any purpose which will tend to conserve
and build up a livestock industry.

The veterinary colleges abroad are also engaged in provid-
ing postgraduate courses not only for the practitioners but
also for veterinarians engaged in official capacities. These
courses are usually of one to two weeks’ duration and con-
centrate on one particular line of work. Thus in the past years
many courses were given on abortion and sterility. Veterina-
rians who participate in these courses are given an intensive
theoretical and practical training along these lines. They are

THE VETERINARY PROFESSION tN EUROPE 423

given advantages of clinical work and thereby at the conelu-
sion of the course they can carry out the work in their re-
spective localities. Such special courses would no doubt be of
material advantage in this country, as they would afford a
large number of veterinarians an opportunity to familiarize
themselves with the work along those lines. By providing
men with such knowledge they could go out into practice and
carry out satisfactory work which at this time only a few
specialists would undertake. Therefore, such postgraduate
courses are very suitable means for training practitioners
along certain definite lines.

The veterinarians in the various countries of Europe have
not been affected by the depression so much as men engaged
in other lines; that is, their services are in greater demand
now than heretofore, which is due to the fact that the value
of livestock has materially increased and also that the animal
owners are realizing the advantages which result from the
services of trained veterinarians. This became apparent espe-
cially in Germany, where a great number of former army
veterinarians have to be taken care of, likewise those who re-
turned to Germany from the former colonies and also from the
other territories taken from Germany. They apparently all
have secured a livelihood, and I have learned that the veteri-
narians in that country are doing comparatively well.

I failed to learn of any dissatisfaction on the part of the
veterinarians that work which justly belonged to them is
taken over by persons incompetent and untrained to perform
it. This especially applies to the administration of biological
products, which in this country is now greatly concerning the
veterinarians. There was no time in Europe when biologics
could be administered by laymen. It is regrettable that in
this country conditions developed which enable laymen to
administer even the most important and dangerous biological
products. This in itself is a serious problem and should be
regulated for the benefit of the veterinary profession. It seems
that the veterinary organizations and the individual veteri-
narians could do a great deal along this line, and it may re-
quire concerted action to regulate this phase of veterinary
practice. It appears incomprehensible that in outbreaks of
infectious diseases laymen should be permitted to administer

424: - A. KICHHORN

dangerous products. Yet such is the case, and often disastrous
results follow. Furthermore, the handling of products which
may disseminate infections by untrained men is also a menace
to the livestock of the country. This is fundamentally wrong
and should not be tolerated.

The veterinary organization of our county, State and Federal
governments has not as yet received the attention that it has
in European countries. Aside from the various activities of
the Bureau of Animal Industry in which veterinarians are en-
gaged, there are only very few States where an effective veteri-
nary organization operates. Likewise, municipalities, counties,
etc., in various parts of the countries do not provide for veteri-
nary service. Thus one can readily see that with the exten-
sion of an effective veterinary service to the many administra-
tive bodies which should include such service, it would be pos-
sible to extend the scope of the veterinary profession very
materially over what it is at this time. For the purpose of
such expansions it would be, of course, very essential that our
veterinary schools should adopt a curriculum to train the men
along the various lines to which veterinary service should ex-
tend, and by doing so they will materially help in placing the
profession on a higher level and broader activity.

Along the line of sanitary science and control of infectious
diseases, very little progress has been made in the European
countries since the war. No doubt all resources of the coun-
tries have been concentrated toward the prosecution of the
war, and the former efficient control over some of the diseases
has been carried out with more or less indifference. Hence,
some of the infectious diseases which had been eradicated from
some of the countries have again appeared as a result of in-
troduction from other countries, whereas diseases which were
kept in check have been on the increase and now require the
closest attention to prevent further spread of these infections.
Glanders is a possible exception, which, however, can not be
placed in this class, inasmuch as it was very essential that dur-
ing the war all measures be taken to guard against the spread
of this infection to make the armies more efficient in their
functions.

At the present time glanders is under control and is practi-
cally unknown in some of the countries. This must be con-

THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN EUROPE 435

sidered a splendid achievement, especially in considering the
movement of the horses during the war and the insanitary con-
ditions under which horses were kept. It offers also convine-
ing proof that with proper safeguards and control measures it
is possible to check and eliminate certain infectious diseases.
The ophthalmic mallein test together with the biological tests
for the diagnosis of glanders have proven their effectiveness
and these methods of diagnosis can no longer be questioned.

With regard to tuberculosis, very little progress is being
made in the control of this affection. Isolated attempts in cer-
tain localities or by individuals are being made, but there is
no concerted effort in any of the countries toward the control
or eradication of the disease. The wide spread of the infee-
tion, together with the economic depression in the various
countries, eliminates at this time any possible action along
this line. In Denmark, with the splendid agricultural organi-
zations, particularly in the dairy industry, a marked diminu-
tion has resulted, although definite signs of eradication with
the present methods can not be hoped for. The only apparent
uniformity existing in the different countries with regard to
the control of tuberculosis consists in the elimination of clini-
cal open cases, together with compulsory slaughter of all ani-
mals affected with tuberculosis of the udder. Tuberculin test-
ing is carried out on a very limited scale, mostly at the request
of private individuals but without any compulsory require-
ments of disposing of the reacting animals. In Great Britain
the authorities aimed to introduce methods of controlling
tuberculosis along the line of our accredited herd system, but
for the time being this effort had to be abandoned on account
of the lack of funds obtainable for that purpose.

During the war scabies was widely spread among the army
horses, and while measures of control were carried out in the
army, the disease spread to the horses owned by the civilian
population. The spread of the disease has been checked by
proper treatment of animals, which in some sections is still
carried out in placing the animals into specially constructed
cabinets and subjecting them to the sulphur dioxid gases. This
treatment without a doubt has proven very effective and is
one of the contributions of the war to our knowledge of treat:
ing diseases. More recently the same treatment has been ap-

426 A. EICGHHORN

plied to canker of the foot in horses with very effective results.

Infectious anemia in horses also became widely spread dur-
ing the war, and now hardly any country of Europe is free
from this disease. In some sections it 1s very prevalent, and
our vague knowledge of the disease makes its control a dif-
ficult task. No method of diagnosis has as yet been developed,
and positive proof of the presence of the disease can be estab-
lished only by test inoculation of horses. This fact renders
the control of the disease very difficult. The writer’s attention
was called to more recent experimental work along this line
by Jaffre of Vienna, who claims that he has successfully trans-
mitted the disease to rabbits, which develop a characteristic
febrile condition and subsequently also lesions in the liver in
the form of deposits of a pigment. These lesions are supposed
to be characteristic of the disease. The opportunity for study-
ing this infection was afforded to this investigator during an
outbreak of the disease among the serum-producing animals
of the Governmental Serological Institute of Austria. Before
the disease could be controlled more than fifty horses died of
the infection, which was a serious blow to this Institute, inas-
much as on account of the serious economic condition the re-
placement of these horses was a financial problem.

In localities infected with anthrax the control proceeds
along the same lines as in this country, consisting of the ordi-
nary sanitary measures together with the vaccination of the
susceptible animals. The vaccination in the different countries
consists of either the double vaccination or the simultaneous
treatment with anti-anthrax serum and vaccine.

Rabies is more widely spread in Europe than it was before
the war, and while muzzling laws are in effect in almost every
country, and the police authorities are very strict in the en-
forcement of the law, neverthless, the disease is not being
checked, which is no doubt due to the fact that a large number
of stray dogs are permitted to run at large, and also that the
muzzling law has never proven sufficiently effective to control
the disease. Great interest has been manifested in the protec-
tive vaccination against rabies, but it is doubtful whether at
this time any of the countries could undertake such a task.

The subject of hog cholera control is of special interest to
American veterinarians, inasmuch as it is generally recognized

THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN EUROPE 427

that hog cholera is the most important disease of swine, and
many veterinarians in the United States, especially in the Corn
Belt, are mainly engaged in the control of this infection.

Hog cholera is prevalent throughout Europe. Especially
where hogs are raised on a large scale the disease is more ex-
tensive than in those countries where hog-raising is not an im-
portant industry. The countries in which hog cholera prevails
to a great extent and is responsible for great losses are Hun-
gary, Jugo-Slavia, Spain and Portugal. Nevertheless, in all
other countries hog cholera is also being recognized as one of
the principal infections of swine. The control measures adopted
for the suppression of the disease vary in the different coun-
tries and are limited to compulsory reporting and prohibition
of shipments of animals from the infected premises. Prophy-
lactic vaccination has not as yet been adopted to any great
extent in the various countries of Europe, although anti-hog-
cholera serum has been in use in many of the countries since
its discovery in the United States. Progress in the control of
hog cholera by vaccination has no doubt been retarded in
European countries as a result of the failure of adopting the
simultaneous method of prophylactic vaccination. It is only
very recently that this form of vaccination has been adopted
in some of the countries and the superiority of this method over
previous efforts to control the diseases with serum alone is now
recognized.

Every since hog-cholera serum has been employed the gen-
eral practice has been to use it in herds where the disease
already existed. In such instances the serum was administered
to the well and shghtly affected hogs, permitting them to re-
main on the infected ground in order to bring them in contact
with the virus during their state of passive immunity. It was
assumed that the virus thus taken up would convert the pas-
sive immunity into an active form. The fact, however, that
such is not always the case, and furthermore that the control
of the infection is in herds where the disedse has already ex-
isted, would naturally greatly diminish the effectiveness of
the vaccination. With the experience gained in hog-cholera
immunization in the United States, it is not at all surprising
to us that the form of vaccination practiced in Europe would
not give the best results.

428 A. EIcHHORN

The simultaneous vaccination as practiced in the United
States is, of course, known to the authorities in Europe, but
has not been adopted for the reason that some fear was en-
tertained that the general use of the virus might be responsi-
ble for the spread of the disease and its continuous propaga-
tion. In many of the countries it is now recognized that the
exception taken to the use of the virus is not well founded,
inasmuch as the disease is very extensive, and besides, proper
control could be exercised over the virus to be used in con-
nection with the simultaneous vaccination. In view of the
splendid results obtained with the simultaneous vaccination
in the United States, this form of vaccination is now being
introduced in several European countries, and inasmuch as the
results obtained therefrom are so much superior to the serum-
alone treatment, there is no doubt that the general adoption
of the simultaneous treatment will soon be practiced in most
of the countries of Europe. Heretofore in cases of outbreaks
of hog cholera the animals were given the serum treatment,
and since in most instances the immunity produced was only of
short duration, it was necessary in many cases to repeat the
vaccination in two or three months, at each time considerable
losses having been sustained. Such practice is not only costly
but also discouraging to the hog owners.

In one fattening establishment in Hungary with a capacity
of 65,000 hogs the practice was to install the stock hogs when
they weighed approximately 75 to 100 pounds. The establish-
ment being infected with hog cholera virus, these animals con-
tracted the disease within two or three weeks after installa-
tion. As soon as the disease appeared the animals received
the serum treatment and were permitted to remain in the in-
fected pens. Naturally the result was a considerable loss. It
is known that some of the anmials still retained a certain sus-
ceptibility to the disease, and after the passive immunity had
vanished and the animals were subjected to heavy exposures
they developed the disease. Thus the losses in this fattening
establishment from hog cholera were estimated to be annually
between 20 and 25 per cent. It is remarkable that under such
conditions the proprietors have not taken advantage of the
simultaneous vaccination of all hogs installed there, which
would practically have eliminated the losses from hog cholera.

THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN EUROPE 429

The manufacture of hog-cholera serum has also not pro-
gressed to the degree of perfection with which this product is
now being prepared in the United States. At this time the
production is limited to three countries in Europe, and they
have not as yet employed the more up-to-date practice in order
to insure a safe, potent product. The hyperimmunization still
consists in the injection of the virus subcutaneously, which has
long been discarded in the United States for the more effec-
tive method of intravenous hyperimmunization. The tail bleed-
ings are also received in open vessels, without the application
of vaccum, which results in frequent coagulation of the blood
on the end of the tail. The subsequent removal of the fibrin
with plugs of cotton and the hitting of the tail with a stick or
piece of rubber tubing is still used to facilitate the bleeding.
Such conditions, of course, make it difficult to obtain a serum
free from contaminations which may at times be very harmful.
The number of bleedings taken from an animal are also not
regulated. In some establishments after the hyperimmuniza-
tion five, and in others as many as six or seven bleedings are
taken, which from experience in this country and the experi-
ments conducted by the Bureau of Animal Industry could not
produce a highly potent serum. AI] serum used in Europe is
clarified and concentrated.

Dourine also spread among the horses during the war. It
is now very prevalent in countries where it never existed or
from which it had been successfully eradicated. Efforts for
its control now are directed toward eradication and consist of
diagnosis of the infection by the complement-fixation tests.
In some of the countries affected horses are subjected to treat-
ment, for which purpose a special preparation known as Beyer
205 is being employed. Its action on the trypanosome in
dourine is supposed to be the same as the action of salvarsan
on the Treponema pallidum ot syphilis. Many publications
from scientific institutions and veterinary colleges report com-
plete recoveries following the use of this product. In those
localities the infected stallions are castrated and the other in-
fected animals are sent to work in mines where there is no
opportunity for utilizing them for breeding purposes.

Abortion disease in cattle is also a serious problem in the
European countries. The disease is very common, causing

430 A. EICHHORN

tremendous losses in some of the higher developed stock-raising
countries. Research work is being conducted in many of the
countries, but our knowledge has not been furthered recently
from these sourees. In the Imperial Board of Health of Ger-
many considerable experimental work has been conducted on
this disease. The results of Dr. Zeller’s experiments are of
particular interest, in which he failed to recover organisms
of Bacillus abortus from the feces, urine, ete., of animals six
weeks after the injection of large doses of living cultures. The
results of the experiments to control the disease with live
organisms as conducted by the same institution are well known,
as they have received considerable publicity in America. The
findings are noteworthy, inasmuch as the experiments have
been conducted on a sufficiently large scale to justify dependa-
ble conclusions. The following is a summary of these in-
vestigations :

1. Dead organisms. Both in nonpregnant and pregnant cows some
degree of immunity is produced. It°is, however, of low degree and
of short duration. For example, many cows did not abort at the
first calving after this method of treatment, but did so at the second.

2. Dead organisms plus serum. Similar conclusions to those of
dead organisms alone.

3. Living organisms. Better results in all circumstances than
with dead organisms. Of 128 cows so treated which had previously
aborted, and were therefore definitely infected, only 6 aborted after-
wards. Better results were also obtained in preventing abortion in
cows which had not previously aborted but were in contact.

4. Living organisms plus serum. In the case of nonpregnant
cows the results were as for living organisms alone. This method
was also proved useful for the prevention of abortion in pregnant
cows; in fact, this method caused as great a reduction in abortion
among pregnant cows as did living organisms alone among the non-
pregnant ones.

5. Controls (plain broth). Among the animals not inoculated
there was an increase in the number of abortions from 175 to 245.

The opinion seems to prevail that in the infectious forra of
abortion 90 to 95 per cent of the outbreaks are due to the
Bacillus abortus of Bang. The significance of the bull in the
transmission of the disease is given minor or no importance.

During the trip through Germany the writer had the oppor-
tunity to see cattle which were shipped from Texas to Germany
as a donation from some philanthropic sources. ‘These cattle
were sent for the purpose of providing breeding stock for milk-
producing animals, and therefore were not supposed to be
slaughtered for food purposes. The first shipment arrived in

THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN EUROPE | 437.

Bremen during March, 1921. They were quarantined with the
view of ascertaining whether they were affected with piroplas-
mosis. The transmission tests on the first injection proved posi-
tive and there was no difficulty in proving the infection in the
cattle shipped to Germany. Anaplasmosis was also found, which
was successfully transmitted by the Ixodes ticks which are com-
mon in Germany. After determination of the piroplasmosis in
the cattle the Department of Agriculture in Washington was
advised by cable of this occurrence, and in reply the authorities
at Washington suggested that there are probably no ticks in
Germany which would transmit the Texas fever parasite. As
a matter of fact the transmission experiments with Lvrodes
ricinus, the most common tick in Germany, failed. In one in-
stance, however, anaplasmosis was transmitted by these ticks
from the American cattle. Some of the American cattle died
from Texas fever. It is regrettable that prior to the shipment
of these cattle measures were not taken to determine their con-
dition so far as their infection with piroplasmosis was concerned,
especially so as these animals were supposed to be used for
breeding stock.

Contagious pleuropneumonia in cattle has also given great
concern to many of the countries where the disease has not
existed for many years, due to the introduction of the infee-
tion during the war. The problem of guarding the noninfected
territories from the infection has given the veterinary authori-
ties a great deal of concern. Because of the insidious nature
of the disease and the difficulty in diagnosis, it has been diffi-
eult to guard against the spread of the infection. At the same
time laboratories have undertaken experiments in order to
devise practical means of diagnosing the disease, and it is to
the credit of the laboratories of the German Imperial Board of
Health that they have developed a method whereby diagnosis
with the aid of a biological test has been made possible. They
have succeeded in developing a medium in which.a more con-
centrated growth of the virus is obtained. In the cultivation
of the virus they have found that the reaction of the medium
is of the greatest importance. The-medium consists of ordi-
nary bouillon plus 8 per cent horse serum to possess 7.8 to 8.9
pH reaction. They found that the virus has a great affinity
for alkalinity. With this increased growth in the medium they

.

432 A. EICHHORN

succeeded in preparing a product along the same line as tuber-
culin is prepared. Subcutaneous injection of this product in-
duces a thermic reaction in cattle affected with pleuropneu-
monia. Postinjection temperatures are taken every two hours,
the first temperature two hours after the injection. The prae-
tical results from these tests have proven very encouraging
and reliable, so much so that the laboratories are now furnish-
ing to the Czecho-Slovakian Government the product for testing
all animals imported into that country. In this manner they
hope to eliminate the introduction of animals affected with the
disease, which without such a test would be almost impossible
unless long periods of quarantine were enforced. The virus
in the concentration cultivated in the laboratories referred to
is also suitable for the preparation of an antigen which has
been very successfully used in the complement-fixation tests
for the diagnosis of this disease.

The most significant achievements, however, in recent years
must be considered beyond a doubt the results in the efforts
made to cultivate the foot-and-mouth disease virus. The credit
for this is due to Professor Titze of the Imperial Board of
Health Laboratories. Foot-and-mouth disease has been very
extensive all over Europe in the past few years and only re-
cently showed a tendency toward diminishing. In many of
the affected countries considerable research has been done in
attempts to shed more light on this very serious infection.
Only recently Great Britain has provided a battleship for the
study of the disease, which has been equipped with the most
up-to-date apparatus for research, and very competent trained
men were provided to take up this work. Unfortunately they
have failed in accomplishing anything definite or in adding to
our knowledge on the nature of the disease. On the other
hand, in the German laboratories Titze has apparently now suc-
ceeded in cultivating the virus, which accomplishment will no
doubt have a great bearing on the control of the disease. He
succeeded in cultivating the virus in culture tubes up to the
one hundred and sixty-fourth generation and in proving the vir-
ulence of this virus up to the forty-first generation on guinea-
pigs. Furthermore, immunizing experiments with this virus
have also been successful, and the fact that the cultures may
be utilized as an antigen in biological tests is also a substantiat-
ing factor of its successful cultivation. :

THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN EUROPE 433

Another interesting feature in the research with this disease
proved to be the propagation of the virus in guinea-pigs. I
have personally observed guinea-pigs in which the virus has
been propagated for 122 generations. Heretofore we have
thought that it was impossible to transmit the disease to
guinea-pigs, whereas now it has been found that it can be
transmitted regularly by scarifying the pads on the feet and
then applying the virus. In 24 hours typical vesicles developed
on the feet of these guinea-pigs. so. much so that the disease
can be recognized at the first glance. The disease also fre-
quently develops in the mouth of the infected pigs. This ex-
perimental work unfortunately can not be carried out now on
so large a scale as would be desirable, on account of lack of
funds, it being impossible to purchase the necessary number
of large animals desirable for the work. ;

Just a few words with regard to the livestock situation of
Europe. There is undoubtedly less livestock in Europe at this
time than prior to the war, although rapid strides are being
made in many of the countries toward increasing the livestock
to its highest level. The depletion of livestock is most notice-
able in the central and eastern countries of Europe; and not only
is there a decrease in the livestock but also the quality has
suffered. In Germany, Austria, Hungary, Czecho-Slovakia and
Rumania they have considerably less livestock than prior to
the war, and the countries which were compelled to deliver
livestock to the victorious nations suffered a considerable de-
pletion of their choice breeding stock. As a result it will re-
quire many years to stock up these countries again with higher
grade animals. In some of these countries, particularly Ru-
mania and Jugo-Slavia, this may not be accomplished for gen-
erations to come, inasmuch as the large estates have been cut
up and sold to the peasantry. These farmers will not be in a
position to improve their livestock because of the lack of capi-
tal and also lack of understanding of the advantages of better
breeding stock. The governments also are not able to give
material help to the small farmers for some time to come on
account of the economic upheaval existing in many of the
countries. Thus it is apparent that not only the livestock in-
dustry but agriculture in general will not advance for years
to come in many of the European countries. This only sub-

434 A. EICHHORN

stantiates the views of some of the greatest economists that in
consequence of the conditions in many of the countries in
Europe the United States will experience agriculturally a long
era of the greatest prosperity in its history.

Since agriculture and the livestock industry go hand in ee
with veterinary activity, we should look forward to a bright
and prosperous future for the veterinary profession. Further-
more, the United States, being now the only country not ma-
terially affected by the ravages of the war, should be in a posi-
tion to carry out extensive and intensive research work along
the line of veterinary problems. The European countries are
now realizing that the leadership in many of the scientific ac-
tivities is passing from their side to this side of the Atlantic.
We should take advantage of this opportunity and carry on
the work in the right spirit and with a full knowledge of our
responsibility.

VETERINARY GRADUATES

The total number of men graduated from accredited veteri-
nary colleges in the United States during the last 15 years is as
follows:

Number of

Year graduates
VOOS eS: 8 Fees on eee oe Coe et a Ra ee: eee 469
TIOO Sb. eee ee ae tg chs cy ae Naas eee LSED
DDTO SSS aes OE re ee ie ape ee ee 748
TODA ees i, See ee tee De See ae 806
GUD ha A ee Se) Eee. eo ae ee eS 735
POTS uk Rice, cone he ae AL Ne ey 644
TOV 6 >. Se. Ree, 2 ee ee ae 684
AGI. seek os bs ee ee ee 698
1916) Sees hL2 SR eee ae eee aie
it eae oo ee ee, tg ne ot ek T74
1918 2. 248 tee ae ea ee ee 867
1 he Pane 2a re elk ae ees ee 214
W920: hc iv aes. c hs «2s Dee Ae eee 375
POO 2 oxo hen. «ads os Side ee ee ee 267

THE VETERINARIAN IN POULTRY PRACTICE

By Bernarp A. GALLAGHER

Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry,
Washington, D. C.

THE MOVEMENT within the veterinary profession toward
a broadening of its activities to cover all of our domesticated
animals is a welcome development of the past decade. Whether
this expansion is due to natural evolution, economic causes, higher
education, increasing demand from livestock owners, or a
combination of circumstances, its effect has been most beneficial
to both the profession and the livestock industry. That the
domesticated birds are not being slighted in this movement is
shown by the increased attention given to poultry diseases by
veterinary colleges, State experiment stations and other institu-
tions, by the number of articles on the subject carried by the
journals, by addresses at veterinary meetings, and by the con-
stantly increasing number of inquiries coming from practitioners
who seek aid in the diagnosis and control of disease outbreaks
which they are called upon to treat.

The census report of 1920 shows that 473,301,959 chickens
were raised on farms in the United States in 1919. The value of
these and the eggs produced was $1,047,323,170. In addition
approximately 25,000,000 of other kinds of poultry were pro-
duced. It is not difficult to see that an industry of such magni-
tude holds possibilities for the veterinarian which he should be
prepared to cultivate. While the value of an individual fowl
is comparatively small, the tendency of infectious diseases to
destroy a large portion of the flock or Gause a decrease in egg
production makes the total monetary loss a considerable item,
and often means failure to the man who is making poultry rais-
ine a business. It is quite apparent to those in touch with the
situation that diseases of various kinds are extremely common in
domesticated birds, and that the losses sustained are very great.

The demand for Bureau of Animal Industry bulletins on poul-
try diseases and a heavy correspondence show that owners of
fowls are as a rule anxious for help in their difficulties, and they
would no doubt gladly avail themselves of the services of the
veterinarian were they aware that he included poultry in his

435

436 BERNARD A. GALLAGHER

practice. The veterinarian on the ground is in a more favorable
position to render effective assistance than is one at a distance
who attempts to diagnose a disease from inadequate information
received by letter from a layman. Such information too fre-
quently consists of a simple statement to the effect that the fowls
are sick or dying and that a remedy is desired. In other in-
stances symptoms are given which are common to several diseases
or merely indicate that the birds are sick. However, in many
cases distinctive symptoms, history of outbreak, age of fowis,
rate of mortality and autopsy findings are detailed, and these
point the way to a definite diagnosis. By familiarizing himself
with the more important diseases of the domesticated birds and
showing an interest in the flocks of his clients, the practitioner
can not only broaden his practice but also render a distinct sery-
ice to his community.

Until recent years there was no extensive demand for pro-
fessional attention for diseased flocks, owing to the low value of
chickens in the past, the indifference of veterinarians toward
poultry practice, and the failure of the layman to realize that,
like other animals, fowls are subject to a considerable number of
infectious and parasitic diseases. Even with authorities on poul-
try husbandry the tendency has been to attribute abnormal con-
ditions and deaths to faulty feeding or management, except in
cases that showed outward pronounced lesions, as in roup or
chickenpox, or where the mortality was high enough to suggest
cholera. It is safe to say that among barnyard fowls that run
at large the customary method of feeding or variety of the feed
has practically no bearing on the incidence of disease, provided
that the materials ingested do not harbor disease-producing
organisms or bacterial toxins or ptomains. Also among birds in
large flocks with limited range there is but a remote possibility
of disease being due to dietetic causes, since it is customary to
vive the fowls grain, green feed, animal matter and inorganic
material, which contain all the elements necessary to the nutri-
tive requirements of the animal body.

These statements do not apply to those purely organic condi-
tions seen in voung chicks closely confined and fed exclusively
on feeds which are deficient in inorganic salts, proteins or vita-
mins or to older confined fowls which receive a limited diet rich
in starch. It is a well-established fact that birds placed on a
diet of corn meal or polished rice alone, for instance, will de-

THE VETERINARIAN IN PouutTRy PRACTICE 213 Y7/

velop a condition known as polyneuritis, as a result of malnu-
trition. This, however, seldom occurs in the customary feeding
of poultry, except in the case of brooder chicks closely confined.

Among the more important diseases of fowls are bacillary
white diarrhea of chicks, roup, chicken pox, tuberculosis, coceidi-
osis, cholera-like diseases, cholera, fowl typhoid, and blackhead
of turkeys. There are a large number of other disorders, but
they do not affect a large number of birds as a rule and usually
are not attended with high mortality.

The determination of the specific nature of the disease from
symptoms exhibited is in some cases quite difficult or impossible.
Diseases of a septicemic nature are especially difficult of differ-
entiation, since sick birds present much the same general appear-
ance, There is droopiness, listlessness, roughine of feathers,
and general weakness manifested frequently by weakness in the
legs.

From a practical standpoint an exact diagnosis is not of su-
preme importance in some of the diseases, as the method of
handling the outbreak would be the same whether the disease
were cholera, typhoid or one of the septicemias of a similar type.
In those diseases for which specific treatment is available and
where special ways of control are necessary it is, of course, im-
portant that the specific nature of the trouble be discovered.

The rapidity with which successive fowls become affected.
duration of symptoms and degree of mortality may serve as an
aid in determining the disease, at least as to whether it is an
acute septicemic disease, a less acute disease such as coccidiosis.
or a chronic disease such as tuberculosis. For a definite diag-
nosis a postmortem examination will usually be found neces-
sary, and even this may not always reveal the exact cause. <A
laboratory examination is frequently required for a specific
diagnosis.

Of course there are conditions which are readily determined
by external symptoms, such as roup, chickenpox, sealy lee, favus,
depluming scabies, and others of minor importance. Other
external symptoms serve as guides in placing the trouble in a
certain class of diseases. For instance, a pale comb would sug-
gest tuberculosis, coccidiosis, leukemia or fowl typhoid, while a
congested or dark-colored comb would indieate cholera or the
cholera-like septicemias, pneumonia, enterititis, or blackhead of
turkeys. Swelling of the joints and lameness would suggest

438 BERNARD A. GALLAGHER

tuberculosis or gout. Emaciation is observed in tuberculosis,
visceral gout, aspergillosis, internal tumors, anemia or leukemia.
Convulsions might indicate poisoning. Death of a large number
of fowls in a short time with no previous signs of disease would
point strongly to poisoning by bacterial toxins, ptomains or
mineral poisons. Diarrhea is present in so many conditions that
it does not have a very great diagnostic value. However, bloody
droppings may be present in coccidiosis of baby chicks. In
cholera the droppings are of a bright yellow or bright green.
They may show varying shades of yellow or green in other dis-
eases. A postmortem examination can readily be made in
chicken disease outbreaks, and where the more characteristic
lesions of the various diseases are known a sufficient insight into
the nature of the disorder may be gained to point the way to a
method of control.

There are usually enough lesions available on postmortem ex-
amination for the determination of the more important diseases.
Tuberculosis is quite easily recognized by the nodules on the
liver, spleen, intestines, and often on other organs or parts. It
might be confused with tumors of various types. However, in
tuberculosis nodules there will be found yellowish cheesy centers
or points, while in tumors the cut surface will be homogeneous
or show degenerated hemorrhagic areas. Chickens affected with
coccidiosis exhibit enlarged ceca containing a necrotic exudate.
In enterohepatitis of turkeys there are yellowish or greenish
areas on the liver, and enlarged ceca with necrotic contents.
Aspergillosis is indicated when greenish or necrotic areas are
found in the air saes and lungs. In fowl typhoid and leukemia
the liver and spleen are usually greatly enlarged and filled with
necrotic spots. There is generally an absence of inflammation
in the intestine. In cholera and the cholera-like septicemias the
mucous membrane of the first portion of the intestine is inflamed
and there are frequently minute whitish spots on the liver and
punctiform hemorrhages on the heart. In Bacillus pullorum
infection in hens the ovary contains hard, angular, discolored
ova. Enteritis is common in birds and may be associated with
a septicemic disease or may be nonspecific. In the latter case
no general outbreak of disease in the flock would be in evidence.
Pheumonia does not occur extensively in the flock, and is easily
recognized on postmortem examination.

The course, lesions and results of disease in birds naturally

THE VETERINARIAN IN POULTRY PRACTICE 439

correspond with those observed in other animals, but present
some variations. Birds as a rule do not show any marked resist-
ance to the more infectious diseases to which they are suscep-
tible, as a large percentage or practically the entire flock may
become infected upon exposure. Their ability to recover from
a virulent disease is also limited, and the mortality is usually
high. They are, however, highly resistant to many infections
which attack other animals, such as the pyogenic organisms,
anthrax, tetanus, ete. Fowls often may be severely affected with
a disease without disclosing noticeable symptoms as shown by the
frequent death on the roost from septicemias, coccidiosis and
other diseases, when the birds were apparently in good health
and feeding as usual on the previous evening.

Purulent exudates are seldom observed in birds. Instead of
pus, necrotic and cheesy formations are developed. These are
especially apparent in the exudative diseases of the head, tuber-
culosis, enterohepatitis and coccidiosis. There is a marked ten-
dency in birds to increase greatly the leucocyte content of the
blood in infectious diseases, especially in some of the septicemias.

Fowls show considerable tolerance to drugs or substances of a
toxic nature. From the results of experiments which were car-
ried out by the writer with a large number of preparations it
appears that in general grown fowls have approximately the
same susceptibility to the toxie substances as have medium-sized
dogs. They are more resistant than dogs to substances such as
calomel, strychnin and tartar emetic, and less resistant to carbohe
acid, salicylic acid and potassium eyanid. It was also shown
that fowls are not visibly affected by drinking solutions of bichlo-
rid of mercury 1-6,000, carbolie acid 1-1,000, permanganate of
potash 1-500, or crude ecatechu 1-500 substituted for drinking
water for periods of eighteen to twenty-one days. In connection
with these experiments it was interesting to note that the crop
not only serves as a reservoir for food, but that absorption
through its wall is very rapid, symptoms appearing in from two
to five minutes after the administration of such substances as
ammonium echlorid in solution, potassium eyanid and stryehnin
sulphate. All doses in the experiment were given when the crop
contained a normal amount of food.

The control of disease in poultry presents problems of a some-
what different character from those encountered in the control
of disease in other domesticated animals. This is due to several

440 BERNARD A. GALLAGHER

causes. Because of the close association of fowls in flocks an
infectious disease which gains entrance to the premises is likely
to spread rapidly and affect many birds by the time symptoms
become apparent to the owner. Also fowls seem to show less
resistance to their natural diseases than do other animals to
theirs, and the percentage of affected ones which recover in
severe outbreaks is less than is the case in outbreaks of disease
among larger animals. It is obvious that the same care of nurs-
ing that is part of the routine procedure in dealing with other
animals can not well be given to fowls. The value of the aver-
age fowl does not warrant the time consumed and the cost of
treating each one separately, hence mdividual treatment is not
practicable in cases where a large number of birds are affected.
In so far as possible, therefore, measures must be adopted which
will do the greatest good through treating the flock as a whole.

In mass treatment the feed and drinking water are utilized
to a large extent as a means for administering medicine, and it
is fortunate for the success of this method that fowls are not
very critical in their taste, otherwise treatment would be very
difficult. In controlling outbreaks of infectious diseases the first
effort should be to separate the sick from the well as soon as
symptoms become apparent. The ideal method is to remove the
birds not showing symptoms to new quarters, but of course
this is usually not practicable; and then, too, since all in the
flock are more or less exposed, and many may have the disease in
the incubation stage, a series of removals might be required. The
best way to combat an outbreak is to destroy the first birds
which show symptoms. If the poultry owner attempts to treat
such birds there is great danger of carrying infection from the
sick to the healthy in handling or feeding. Where the outbreak
is established, however, a line of treatment should be undertaken
when possible. With some diseases, especially those of a sep-
ticemic nature, such as cholera and the cholera-like diseases,
fowl typhoid, tuberculosis, aspergillosis, and blackhead of
turkeys, treatment of affected birds is of little value, and pre-
vention by separation of the sick, and hygienic measures, includ-
ing disinfection, must be depended on to keep infection as low
as possible.

Preventive measures include daily removal of the droppings
from the houses, and frequent disinfection with such disinfec-
tant as 5 per cent carbolic acid, 2 per cent compound eresol

THE VETERINARIAN IN PouutTRy PRACTICE 44)

solution or 10 per cent formaldehyde solution. The use of per-
manganate of potash in the drinking water tends to prevent the
spread of infection by means of the water and is generally ad-
vised as an aid in prevention. It may be safely used in a 1-2,000
solution. Therefore, the general methods to be followed in
handling outbreaks of infectious diseases are separation of the
fowls showing symptoms, after which they may be given special
treatment or be destroyed as desired; careful cleaning and
thorough disinfection of the houses and all feeding and drink-
ing vessels and other utensils, and the placing of permanganate
of potash or other antiseptic in the drinking water. It is also
advisable to give the entire flock a dose of Epsom salt in the
proportion of ‘2 teaspoonful to each adult bird. The amount
required may be mixed in a sufficient amount of mash for one
feeding. It is best to give it in the morning, as the crop is then
nearly empty.

Precautionary measures will do much to keep fowls free from
disease, since infections gain entrance to the flock through the
introduction of new birds from infected flocks, exposure to fowls
at poultry shows, or contact with neighboring fowls which are
diseased. Infection may also be carried onto the premises on
the shoes of persons or feet of animals. Free flying birds are
probably responsible for the spread of disease in some cases.
Poultry keepers should quarantine newly procured fowls or
show birds for a period of from two to four weeks in order to
allow time for symptoms of any disease which may be carried to
develop.

IMPROVEMENT IN REINDEER HERDS

Dr..L. J. Palmer, in charge of the Government’s reindeer
experiment station at Nome, Alaska, has just reported that con-
ditions among Alaskan reindeer herds are the best this year in
the history of the industry. The fawn crop has been unusually
large, and favorable conditions have greatly reduced the ordi-
nary losses. Herd owners report marked gain in size and con-
dition of animals, and a reduction in the losses from thcse ex-
perienced under former methods. Reindeer introduced two
years ago on Nunivak Island are doing remarkably well, with
the young much larger in size than animals of the same age on
the mainland.

A REVIEW OF THE BASIC LESIONS OF DISEASE AND
THE IMPORTANCE OF SUCH TO THE
GENERAL PRACTITIONER *

By G. E. JORGENSON
Clermont, Iowa

IN the general practice of medicine there is somewhat of a
tendency on the part of the practitioner to consider only the
clinical manifestations of a disease without giving further
thought to the basic or structural changes taking place. In
other words, the extrinsic physical manifestations are duly con-
sidered and appreciated, but the question of just what is taking
place histologically is too often ignored. This leads in many
“instances to erroneous ideas concerning the therapeutic meas-
ures indicated. Take, for example, a case of acute parenchy-
matous nephritis. The urinary and general systemic aberrations
are duly noted and cognizance is taken of the meaning of such
symptoms. However, that is insufficient. To understand thor-
oughly a case of nephritis and the rational treatment thereof one
must not limit one’s conception of the phenomena to the purely
physical manifestations, but rather try to form a mental picture
of just what is taking place in the affected kidney.

Pathology is the science of disease. To it falls among other
tasks the investigations of structural changes accompanying
altered function. Ziegler says: ‘‘Since the finer organizations
ot the different tissues vary according to the functions of them
and since we are unable to conceive of vital manifestations with-
out a material substratum, so it is also reasonable to believe that
pathological manifestations must likewise be the expression of
material changes in the tissues concerned.”’ :

We have learned in the subject of physiology that vital func-
tions are performed according to laws having a structural foun-
dation. It is therefore evident that vital phenomena differing
from those considered normal must rest basically on structural
changes of the tissue involved.

The importance of the subject having thus been established,
it is the intention to consider briefly some of the more important
tissue changes taking place during the progress of a disease.

1 Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Med-
ical Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

442

Basic LESIONS OF DISEASE 443

The clinical manifestations grouped under the general title of
symptoms are, as before stated, basically the result of retrograde
changes in the involved tissues. Retrograde changes are char-
acterized in a general way by degeneration and diminution in
size, disappearance of the tissue elements, and a simultaneous
lowering of the functional capacity of the involved tissue. Any
extensive degeneration is accompanied by inflammation, henee
to the previously mentioned process of degeneration are added
those of inflammation, 7. e., exudation and later proliferation.
The net result of such a phenomenon js the physieal manifesta-
tion of the five cardinal signs, 7. e.. rubor. tumor, calor, dolor
and functio lesa. These are the basic signs of disease together
with sympathetic systemie relations which may be present de-
pending upon the extent of generalization of the condition.

The cause of retrograde changes are any of the injurious in-
fluences to which the tissues are exposed during life. Perhaps
the ones of the greatest import to the general practitioner are
such as are classified under infections. The etiology, however, is
immaterial The basic lesions are the same, depending only
upon the severity of the injurious agent and the duration of its
action.

Among the various forms of degeneration are three which are
fairly constant, 7. ¢., albuminous degeneration, fatty degenera-
tion and necrosis. Albuminous degeneration is characterized
histologically by swelling and enlargement of the cellular éle-
ments, due to the formation of granules, the microchemical
properties of which indicate that they are albuminous in nature.
At the same time nuclear changes take place. Experimental
work has made it evident that recovery is possible in albuminous
degeneration. On the other hand, if the process is not checked
the condition leads to fragmentation of the cell, or fatty degen-
eration follows and finally necrosis supervenes.

Fatty degeneration may be described as a metamorphosis of
the cell in which free intracellular fat is present and indicates
a physicochemical change in the cell protoplasm. Virchow be-
lieved that this fat was formed by a change of the albuminous
content of the cell into fat. Others believe that the fat is
brought to the cell in the normal function of general nutrition,
but that due to its impaired condition it is unable to assimilate
it. The source, however, is immaterial, but the presence of free
fat in the cell protoplasm of cells must be regarded as patho-

444 G. E. JORGENSON

logical with the exception of certain specialized cells wherein fat
is normally present.

Necrosis is the death of individual cells or groups of cells.
Occurring directly and rapidly it is known as direct necrosis.
When occurring less progressively it is known as indirect necrosis
or necrobiosis. Usually necrosis it not demonstrable histolog-
ically until after the phenomenon has occurred and sometimes
not until some short time has elapsed. Histologically neocrosis
finally shows itself by nuclear changes. The nucleus may shrink
and stain abnormally and intensely, pyknosis; or it may break
into fragments of chromatin, karyorhexis; and finally it may not
stain at all but still retain its usual form, finally fading out and
dissolving, karyolysis.

Any or all of these retrograde processes may be present during
the progress of an acute infectious disease.

It might be of interest to review briefly the basic histological
lesions present and demonstrable during the progress of some of
the more common acute ailments which we are called upon to
treat.

Pneumonia, defined as an acute inflammatory disease of the
lungs, shows the typical inflammatory reaction and retrograde
processes described above. The extent and severity of these pro-
cesses depends upon, and is in direct ratio to, the severity of the
injury alone. This varies with the different etiological factors.
For simplicity’s sake this description will be limited to the in-
flammatory processes following an infection with pneumocoeci.
In the ordinary infection it is not easy to demonstrate any
marked injury done to the lung tissue. The inflammatory re-
sponse seems chiefly to be for the purpose of counteracting the
irritation due to the presence of the organisms and their meta-
bole products. Some injury is done, however, for in such cases
it is possible to observe lung cells in the process of karyokinesis
for the purpose of replacing destroyed epithelial cells. The most
noticeable and in fact the most serious feature in connection with
this disease is the mechanical effect of the exudate and the
depressing influence of the bacterial products upon other vital
organs. The exudate is serofibrinous with a marked emigration
of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. There is also as a rule more
or less hemorrhage into the air vesicles. In summarizing it may
be said, then, that in pneumonia the direct tissue destruction is
not so marked as the inflammatory reaction, which by its phys-

Basic LESIONS or DISEASE 445

jeal nature is able to produce serious and distressing symptoms
by virtue of interference with the oxygen supply thus caused.
The secondary involvement of other organs, for instance the
heart, however, is due directly to structural changes in the cells
of the tissue involved. This may vary from albuminous degen-
eration to fatty degeneration and necrosis.

Renal deterioration or nephritis presents a set of basic histo-
logical lesions which vary according to the type of inflammation
present and the severity of the process. To the primary lesions
are added the concurring lesions in other organs and tissues as
a result of the renal inefficiency, Histologically there are four
forms of renal deterioration. They are tubular nephritis, intra-
capillary nephritis, vascular nephritis, and capsular glomerular
nephritis. Regardless of the etiology or the type of nephritis,
the following retrograde processes present themselves, the only
difference being that of the particular part of the organ affected.
Here, too, as in other parenchyamtous organs, we have the pass-
ing picture going through the various forms of degeneration
from albuminous, fatty, colloid and amyloid to final necrosis, and
the presence in the organ of all or the partly absorbed or
excreted tissue débris. Concurrent with the actual primary
lesions we have as a result the faulty function of the diseased
organ a retention in the body complex of metabolic end products
such as the purin bases, creatinin, etc. together with a dissi-
pation of serum albumin and serum globulin in the urinary secre-
tion. The final result, if the condition is not controlled, is a com-
plete aberration in the vital functions of the individual and
death.

Primary idiopathic diseases of the heart are usually of such a
nature that they belong to the gross anatomical defects, while
infectious conditions are rarely primary, and usually secondary.
The histological lesions observed may be limited to the lining of
the heart, or that part of the lining associated with the valves. or
they may be localized in the musculature. Regardless of the
location, the actual structural changes partake of a sinilarity,
and in fact the functional aberration also produces the same end
results, 7. €., cardiac insufficiency.

Diseases of the liver secondary to cireulatory disturbances are
frequently met with. Primary infectious diseases of this organ
are rare, while secondary or metastatic infections or toxemias
are more frequent. Histologically, we here also meet with the

446 G. E. JORGENSON

various forms of cell degenerations ending either in necrosis or
in restoration of the involved cells. Depending upon the severity
and form of the injurious agent, various conditions may obtain.
Perhaps one of the most common forms or types of hepatic retro-
grade process is central necrosis of the lobules. This is character-
ized by destruction of the hepatic cells adjoming the central
lobular veins. Depending here, too, upon the severity, the con-
dition may end in restoration of the destroyed cells by active
multiplication of the remaining cells, or the lesion may remain
and finally by the formation of scar tissue contract and obliterate
that lobule. Occasionally a condition is met with in which, by
virtue of the action over a long period of time, by a somewhat
mild form of irritation, there is a slow progressive destruction
of the parenchymatous tissue and a replacement with connective
tissue and clinically known as hepatie sclerosis. Finally it might
be also said that in certain forms of the previously mentioned
central necrosis the retrograde processes are so extensive as to
cause the destruction of a considerable part of the organ. Only
the blood vessels, bile ducts, sinusoids and connective tissue are
left. There is some regeneration of the few hepatic cells remain-
ing and of the connective tissue; however, there is a noticeable
diminution in size of the organ, which, due to the infiltration
with bile pigments, takes on an intense yellow hue. This is clin-
ically known as acute yellow atrophy.

Both idiopathic and primary infectious diseases of the nervous
system are met with in practice. Structural changes in diseases
of the nervous system are not different from those seen in retro-
grade changes of other tissue elements. Thus we observe the vari-
ous common forms of degeneration and necrosis. A common
phenomenon is the displacement of the nucleus to the periphery
of the involved neuron, or there may be a disappearance of
Nissl’s granules, the so-called ‘‘tiger spots.’’ Again there may
be lesions of the peripheral nervous system manifested by degen-
eration of the nerve fibers, swelling of the axis cylinder, destruc-
tion of the myelin sheath and the presence of myelin, protagon,
cholesterin and other lipoids.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract characterized clinically
by diarrhea and general systemic disturbances show histological
changes differing in no major respect from those seen in other
diseases—the usual forms of cell degeneration ending in necrosis
together with the concurrent inflammatory phenomena, exu-

Basic LESIONS OF DISEASE : 447

dation and emigration of protective cells. At the same time there
is an increased activity of the mucus-secreting cells, and in fact
an increase in the number of these cells, so that it may perhaps
be correct to say that one of the forms of degeneration observed
in intestinal lesions is of the mucous variety. In consequence
of the testinal infection we frequently have retrograde lesions
in other organs. For instance, in typhoid fever there is besides
a marked picture of degeneration in the intestinal elements, a
more or less severe involvement of the elements of the spleen,
heart, bone marrow and skeletal muscles. Changes from mere
cloudy swelling down through the various forms such as fatty,
colloid or hyalin degeneration to final necrosis are seen. These
are due to the toxic effect of endotoxins liberated from the bac-
teria after autolytic degeneration of them.

SUMMARY

From the foregoing discussion one will gather that disease
is a phenomenon characterized by functional incapacity, and
aberrant vital manifestations resulting basically from changes
in the tissue structure, and due to an injurious agent.

One of the attributes of life with which living protoplasm is
endowed is the ability of reacting to a stimulus. When such a
stimulus exceeds a certain degree of intensity it becomes an irri-
tant, and the result is tissue damage manifested histologically
by structural changes and clinically by alterations in function of
the particular part or: parts affected. This forms the basic
lesion of disease. The outcome as previously mentioned is retro-
grade processes and inflammation. The latter phenomenon, as
we know, is a remonstrative reaction upon the part of the tissue
complex against any disturbing factor which tends to harm or
destroy the individual tissue elements. Inflammation is too well
known a phenomenon to require a detailed description ; however,
in reviewing basic lesions, it is fitting to consider briefly the
particular outstanding features of the condition. Primarily it
is characterized by vascular changes in the form of increased
blood supply to the affected part, emigration of defensive cells,
exudation of fluids containing various biochemical substances,
protective and reconstructive in nature, as well as nourishment
for the struggling tissue elements. One of the final outcomes
must necessarily obtain. Either the individual dies or the pro-
tective forces of the body gradually become victorious and the

448 G. E. JORGENSON

diseased part is restored to normal, or at least repaired to such
an extent that the vital functions may in a measure be resumed.
There are two end results in the wake of every healing lesion.
The destroyed part is either regenerated by active division of
the remaining cells adjoining the lesion if regeneration is pos-
sible, or, if it is not, the gap is filled in with connective tissue and
a permenant scar remains. Should this occur in one of the vital
organs in which regeneration is not possible, the remaiming tissue
of that particular organ undergoes a compensatory hypertrophy.

It may be well to point out that the various types of basic
retrograde processes are not limited to any specific disease, nor
do they necessarily appear singly. As a matter of fact they are
all more or less constantly in evidence during the progress of
a disease. Furthermore, the degenerative processes are not
limited to the tissues of the organ or organs primarily affected.
Thus in pneumonia we see cloudy swelling, fatty degeneration
and necrosis in the heart, liver and kidneys as well as in the
lungs, although in this particular disease the primary tissue
destruction is not so important as the degenerative changes in
other organs.

CONCLUSION

It is of course realized that in this discussion, necessarily
brief, all the phases of pathological anatomy, especially the
microscopic structural changes, could not be covered in a manner
which the subject deserves. However, if after due consideration
of the statements made, we leave the realm of pathology and
view these changes from the clinician’s standpoint, we must, if
at all capable of a logical appreciation of the facts obtained by
demonstrations of basic histological lesions, clearly see that
basic lesions being the starting point of disease, the value of an
intimate acquaintance with these microscopical phenomena can
not easily be overestimated.

We will further, upon the application of logical thought,
clearly see that from a standpoint of specificity, as far as directly
aiding the tissues in restoration of their impaired functions is
concerned, we are practically helpless. We find that the removal
or destruction of the injurious agents and the proper nutritional
and hygienic support of the individual is the limit of our useful-
ness. True, proper and cautious therapeutic measures in the
form of medicinal stimulation of lagging organs is helpful;

Basic LESIONS OF DISEASE 449

however, overmeddling may easily cause more harm than good.
From the above it will be gathered that about the most useful
duty we can perform in aiding a diseased organism is to aid
in the control or removal of the etiological factors.

Perhaps the only really efficient agent that we possess which
is truly specific in the function of controlling the causes of
disease is that class which falls under the general heading of
biologicals. However, when all has been said and done, we shall
have to admit that in controlling a disease process or aiding the
tissues in restoring their structural and funetional integrity we
are indeed very incompetent aids, and the greatest share of the
task falls upon the tissue itself. By far the greatest sphere of
usefulness which we may occupy is that of the prevention of
disease by the practice of such prophylactic knowledge as we
have gained by contact with our five basie sciences, anatomy,
physiology, chemistry, pathology and bacteriology.

Tf the statements herein made may be accorded the distinction
of being accepted facts, then we may reasonably assume and
believe that if the general practitioner would not limit his
thoughts to the vital manifestations physically apparent, and
clinically termed symptoms, but go further and delve somewhat
into the occult and consider analytically the basic lesions and
accept them as the starting point of disease in the same manner
that he accepts sclerosis as the end results, his pursuit would be
truly laudable. There is no intention whatever of implying
that a general practitioner should be an expert pathological
technician or theorist, yet the value of sufficient knowledge of
the subject to enable him to have at his command a graphie and
clear understanding of just what is happening when he is called
upon to attend an ailing animal, be it afflicted with an infectious
or idiopathic, local or general disease, is clearly obvious. In
order to obtain such knowledge practitioners should avail them-
selves of the innumerable opportunities of conducting autopsies
on dead animals. The veterinary profession is usually fortunate
in that access to such study is unlimited and, as a rule, without
restriction. A clear conception of miseroscopic pathology to-
gether with caretul, painstaking autopsies on dead animals will
eventually result in a high degree of perfection upon the part
of the practitioner, and it is only by the acquisition of this highly
technical skill and knowledge that the profession can expect to
command the respect of the allied professions, and be able to
render the service which this age of efficiency demands.

STUDIES OF COTTONSEED POISONING

I. THE PATHOLOGICAL TISSUE CHANGES RESULT-
ING FROM CONTINUOUS FEEDING OF
COTTONSEED MEAL *

By S. A. GoutpBerc and L.A. MAYNARD

Departments of Comparative Pathology and of Animal Hus-
bandry, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

COTTONSEED MEAL is one of the most important feeding
stuffs used for farm animals, but its usefulness for this purpose
is limited by the deleterious effect resulting from including too
large a proportion of it in the ration, particularly with certain
classes of livestock. Beef cattle when fed six pounds or more per
day for three or four months become lame and develop eye
trouble, frequently followed by blindness. Pigs are especially
susceptible to the trouble caused by cottonseed meal, death fre-
quently resulting in six to eight weeks from a ration containing
25 per cent of this feed. Calves have a susceptibility similar to
that of pigs.

Although this so-called ‘‘cottonseed meal injury”’ has long been
recognized as a very definite factor, the specific quality or prop-
erty of the meal responsible for the trouble is not yet entirely
clear. The injury has been attributed to cholin or betain or
their decomposition products, to obstruction of the intestines
by fibers, to decomposition products formed by micro-organisms,
to dietary deficiencies, to gossypol, the phenol-like compound
first isolated by Marchlewski (1),? and to other factors. That
cottonseed meal injury is due to the toxicity of gossypol rests on
the work of Withers and Carruth (2). Their explanation of the
trouble seems to be the one most widely accepted at the present
time. However, there is still much uncertainty as to whether
gossypol is entirely responsible, and the question as to how the
injury may be prevented or relieved other than by giving up
the use of the meal where injury i sa possibility, particularly re-
quires further study.

The .pathology of cottonseed meal injury has been studied

1Presented before the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Ithaca,
N. Y.. May 19, 1922.

2 Figures in parentheses following authors’ names refer to list of literature at
end of paper. ;

450

STUDIES OF COTTONSEED POISONING 451

by numerous investigators and the literature has been well sum-
marized by Wells and Ewing (3). Such a wide variety of symp-
toms and of postmortem findings have been reported as to leave
one in doubt as to what are the significant pathological results of
cottonseed feeding, or else to force one to conclude that a variety
of causes are concerned rather than a specific toxic agent. The
specific pathology involved must be of primary importance in
studying the prevention or relief of cottonseed meal injury.

As experiment inaugurated by Harper and Haines, of the
Department of Animal Husbandry, with the object of studying
cottonseed meal injury from a nutritional standpoint furnished
the opportunity for the studies here reported. A group of twelve
pigs, previously inoculated against cholera, weighing from 30 to
50 pounds each, were fed on the following ration: 60 per cent
corn meal, 10 per cent wheat middlings, 25 per cent cottonseed
meal, 5 per cent molasses. Mineral mixture, ad libitum.

The pigs were fed on board floors and had no access to soil or
ereen material. The gain in weight was nearly normal until about
a week before death, when symptoms appeared. Nine of the pigs
died during the period from the eighth to the twelfth week from
the beginning of the trial. The usual symptoms observed pre-
vious to death were failure to eat, vomiting, rapid, short, shallow
breathing, anemia, and a weakness of the leg muscles. Fre-
quently a pig would show these symptoms and recover sufficiently
to eat more food, whereupon the severity of the symptoms would
return and death usually result. At the end of the fourteen
weeks’ feeding, the percentage of cottonseed meal in the ration
was decreased for the three surviving pigs and mangels were
added to their diet. One of these pigs was slaughtered four
weeks later and the remaining two five weeks after the change
of diet. These passed inspection as suitable for food.

Pig No. 1 died 55 days after the experiment was begun. Au-
topsy showed pale mucous membranes and a reddening of the
skin along the right side of the abdomen and the neck. The
condition of the animal was rather poor, with anemic, flabby
musculature and edema of the intermuscular connective tissues
over the sternum. The peritoneal cavity contained about 500
c.e. of a brownish yellow liquid and a little fibrin over the vis-
ceral peritoneum. The ascitic liquid gelatinized on standing. The
serous surface of the small intestines was markedly congested.
Most of the lymph nodes of the body were swollen and congested.

S. A. GoLpBERG AND L. A. MAYNARD

52

STUDIES OF COTTONSEED POISONING 453

The gastrohepatic, bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes were
hemorrhagic.

The capsule of the spleen contained numerous petechiz. On
section a little blood oozed out: the corpuscles were swollen and
congested.

The kidneys showed acute parenchymatous nephritis. The
mucosa of the pelvis of each kidney was congested. The adrenals
were apparently normal. The urinary bladder contained a little
urine. The mucosa showed marked congestion throughout. The
broad ligament was congested, otherwise the genital organs ap-
peared normal.

The liver was swollen and the lobules apparent. On section
some of the lobules were reddened, others were translucent with
a clear liquid oozing out. The large veins were distended.

The stomach contained partly digested corn meal and straw.
The surface of the mucosa was a peculiar yellow color, otherwise
apparently normal. The small intestines contained a little bile-
stained mucus, the mucosa being slightly congested. The large
intestines contained dry, dark greenish material; the mucosa
was slightly congested.

The thoracic cavity contained about 300 ¢.c. of liquid and a
sight amount of coagulum. The lungs showed marked sub-
pleural and interlobular edema affecting practically the entire
lung tissue. The left cardiac, apical and part of the diaphragma-
tic lobes were solidified. On section the lobules were solidified
and the interlobular tissue was edematous, giving the lung a mot-
tled appearance. The rest of the lung showed individual solidified
lobules and vesicular emphysema. The right lung showed
changes similar to the left. On opening the bronchi a consider-
able amount of liquid escaped.

The myocardium was paler than normal; the coronaries were
congested. The pericardial sac contained an increased amount of
liquid.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE

Fig. 1. Healing of hemorrhage. Sinus of lymph node, pig 11.
285.

Fig. 2. Organization of subpleural edema, pig 11. 285,

Fig. 3. Organizinz peritoneal coagulum, pig 12. 285.

Fig. 4. Thyroid, pig 2, showing marked perifollicular hyperemia
and granular material in the follicles. 140.

Fig. 5. Normal thyroid after change of diet, pig 11. 285.

Fig. 6. Lymphoid nodules surrounding a small bronchus, pig. 11.
80.

454 S. A. GOLDBERG AND L. A. MAYNARD

The thyroid glands were swollen and congested. The larynx
and pharynx were congested and contained a little of a sort of
oily liquid. The bones and joints were apparently normal. The
cerebral meninges were congested and edematous.

Histological examination of the lung showed interlobular and
subpleural edema with a considerable amount of fibrin and a few
scattered erythrocytes. The lung tissues showed hyperemia, a
few scattered polymorphonuclear leucocytes and marked des-
quamation of the lining of the air sacs. The small bronchi con-
tained some granular material and red corpuscles, a few lym-
phoeytes and desquamyated alveolar epithelium.

The lymph nodes showed hemorrhage in the sinuses and in the
lymphoid tissue. The lymph nodules were indistinct. There
was also edema and hyperemia of the lymph nodes.

The thyroids showed marked hyperemia and edema between
the follicles, with a granular material in the follicles in place of
the colloid substance (Fig. 4).

The myocardium showed hyperemia of the sinusoids and cloudy
swelling of the muscle fibers.

The pia-arachnoid showed edema and hyperemia. In the motor
cells the Nissl’s granules were absent and there was some vacu-
olation of the cytoplasm. There was marked hyperemia of the
cerebral cortex.

The liver showed marked passive hyperemia with vacuolation
and cloudy swelling of the liver cells, mostly near the center of
the lobules.

The kidneys showed active hyperemia and slight cloudy swell-
ing of the convoluted tubules.

The intestinal mucosa showed slight hyperemia and some pro-
liferation of the glandular cells.

Pig No. 2 died on the fifty-seventh day, pigs 3 and 4, on the
sixty-fifth day. Three more died on the seventy-seventh day.
Pig 8 died on the eighty-fifth and pig 9 died on the ninety-third
day of the experiment.

The lesions were almost identical in all of the animals, with the
following exceptions: Pig 8 showed solidification in the lung
that appears to be of longer duration, and the presence of num-
erous Strongylus paradocus in the smaller bronchi. Pig 9 showed
pale and more firm solidification of the cardiae lobes of the
lungs and marked dilatation of both ventricles of the heart.

Pigs 10, 11 and 12 had recovered after change of ration and

STUDIES OF COTTONSEED POISONING ADD

were fattened. Pig 10 was slaughtered four weeks after chang-
ing the diet and passed for food. Pigs 11 and 12 were similarly
slaghtered for food five weeks after change of diet. They showed
healed lesions in the lungs. In pig 12 there was clear liquid in
the peritoneal cavity and a little coagulum. Microscopically, in
this coagulum there were large numbers of endothelial cells and
fibroblasts (Fig. 3). In the subpleural tissue there was evidence
of previous edema with young blood vessels, fibroblasts and loose
fibrous tissue (Fig. 2). A hemorrhagic lymph node showed
similar evidence of healing (Fig. 1). The thyroid glands ap-
peared normal (Fig. 5). There were numerous lymphoid nodules
around the large and small bronchi (Fig. 6).

Haines attempted an experiment upon pigs with a ration con-
taining 2 per cent of cottonseed previously treated with CaCl,,
which is supposed to*oxydize the gossypol. He used 45 pigs
divided into pens of five.’ The results were the same for those
fed the treated as the untreated cottonseed meal. The deaths
were about the same as in this experiment. The pathological
tissue changes recorded were hydrothorax, edema of the lungs,
congestion of the intestines, and some showed congestion of the
lymph nodes. All showed foamy liquid escaping from the nos-
trils.

Frost and Varley attempted to produce mastitis by feeding a
heavy protein diet. For this purpose a Holstem cow was fed
cottonseed meal for six months, beginning with 6 quarts and
gradually increasing to 10 quarts daily comprising the entire
erain ration, with hay for roughage. At the end of that period
she failed to show any ill effects. Two adults, a boy 5 years old
and two dogs, fed milk of this cow the first week of the experi-
ment, developed diarrhea. Two dogs fed the milk the second
week did not show any ill effects.

A two-day-old calf began sucking this cow 15 days after the
experiment was started. He gained weight steadily and showed
no apparent ill effects. The calf was killed by bleeding from
the carotid at the age of 5 weeks. Autopsy showed edema of the
perirenal fat and of the omentum. In the peritoneal cavity there
was about 600 ¢.c. of a deep amber colored liquid that gelatin-
ized on standing, similarly to the ascitic liquid found in the pigs.
All the other organs appeared normal. The meat was used for
food without any ill effect.

Another ealf sucked this cow for 3 weeks and 6 days and then

456 S. A. GoLDBERG AND L. A. MAYNARD

was slaughtered. The peritoneal cavity contained about 900 c.c.
of amber colored liquid that gelatinized on standing. The omen-
tum showed marked edema similar to the first one. The thyroids
and lungs were normal.

DISCUSSION

The lesions constantly found in these pigs were ascites, edema
of the perirenal fat, hydrothorax, hydropericardium, interlobular
and subpleural pulmonary edema, anasarca, hyperemia and hem-
orrhage in the lymph nodes, hyperemia and marked diminution
of colloid in the thyroid glands, and distention of the sheath of
the males. That the animals die of pulmonary edema, or, as
it is commonly expressed, ‘‘drown in their own serum,’’ as a
result of cottonseed poisoning has been known, but that the edema
is general has not been previously demonstrated. Judging from
the lesions in the calves, it seems quite possible that the ascites
appears before the pulmonary edema. It is also interesting to
note that the poisonous substance has apparently been transmit-
ted through the milk of the dam. This may be of importance in
regions where cottonseed plays an important part in feeding
milch cows supplying milk to infants.

The ascitic liquid was of a brownish yellow color and of an
oily appearance but not of an oily consisteney. It gelatinized
three minutes after removal, forming a peculiar opalescent
streaky solidified mass surrounded by brownish yellow serum.
This liquid in the calves was similar to the ascitic liquid in the
pigs that died. The ascitic liquid in the pigs that recovered after
change of diet was of the consistency as well as appearance of
water. The slight amount of coagulum on the peritoneum con-
tained numerous fibroblasts. This seems to show that the ascites
is possibly the first to appear and the last to disappear in cotton-
seed meal poisoning.

The periods at which the pigs died suggests that some of them
are more tolerant to the cottonseed than others. The difference
in the appearance of the thyroid glands in those animals that
died and those that recovered is suggestive. We hope to attempt
certain experiments with a view of determining if possible the
cause of the relative immunity.

The actual cause of the edema is as yet a mystery. It is pos-
sible that the effect of the poisonous material upon the myo-
cardium is responsible for it. This seems to be strengthened
by the fact that the last pig to die showed ecardiae dilatation.

STUDIES OF COTTONSEED POISONING 457

Some authors also state that ‘‘hypertrophy of the heart’’ is the
lesion in cottonseed poisoning. This hypertrophy was probably
a result of the obstruction to the circulation in the lungs. The
condition of the thyroid glands may be the result of edema. The
contention of some biochemists is that edema is due to increased
acidity of the tissues. On account of this, Wells and Ewing (3)
attempted to determine whether or not there is acidosis in cotton-
seed injury. Their results were negative.

We hope to perform some experiments with a view of solving
some of the biochemic problems that suggest themselves as a re-
sult of the lesions we have encountered in these experiments.
Thus far the following conclusions seem to be justifiable:

1. That the lesions in cottonseed injury are generalized edema.

2. That the initial lesion, apparently, is ascites.

3. That the poisonous substance may be transmitted through
the milk. .

REFERENCES

1. MARCHLEWSKI, L. P. E. Jour. Prakt. Chem., N. F. 1899, vol. 60,
p. 84.

2. WITHERS, W.-.A., and CARRUTH, F. E. Jour. Agr. Res., 1915, vol.
5, p. 261.

3. WELLS, C. A., and EWING, P. V. Ga. Exp. Sta. Bul. 119, 1916
(ait)

4. HAINES, G. An unpublished experiment performed for a manu-
facturing concern, 1921.

DOCTOR DORSET GOES ABROAD

Dr. M. Dorset, Chief of the Biochemie Division of the Bureau
of Animal Industry, sailed November 18 for France and Eng-
land, where he will obtain information concerning the most re-
cent foreign investigations on the prevention of anthrax, foot-
and-mouth disease, hog cholera, and other important animal
diseases.

While abroad Doctor Dorset will represent the United States
in an unofficial and consultative capacity at the meeting of the
advisory committee on anthrax set up by the International
Labor Office. The work of that committee will be to consider
solely scientific and technical questions relating to the preven-
tion of anthrax among workmen employed in wool, hair, and
leather factories, and at the same time the control of anthrax
in herds and flocks.

PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP *

By Hav eIcH MarsH,
Montana Livestock Sanitary Board, Helena, Mont.

MANY SHEEPMEN in Montana recognize that every year
they sustain a considerable loss due to the development in a
certain percentage of their sheep of a condition the symptoms
of which cause the affected animals to be designated as ‘‘lung-
ers,’’ ‘“‘heavers’’ or ‘‘blowers.’’ The mortality is considered
to be 100 per cent, and in affected bands the annual loss averages
from 2 to 10 per cent. This condition has been found by the
Montana Livestock Sanitary Board to be a chronic progressive
pneumonia, the cause of which has not as yet been definitely
determined. At the request of several of the sheepmen of the
State an investigation of this condition has been carried on, with
the result that the history, occurrence, symptoms and pathology
have been quite thoroughly worked out. The work on the eti-
ology has not been completed, and therefore we have not been
able to inaugurate any control measures.

The existence of this condition in sheep was first brought
to the attention of the Livestock Sanitary Board in 1915, when
two sheep outfits south of Fort Benton reported about 10 per
cent annual loss. Field investigations were made, and early
in 1916 two affected sheep were shipped to the Bureau of Animal
Industry at Washington for investigation. The bureau was
unable to determine the cause of the condition from these two
cases, but reported that a similar pneumonia had been observed
in Michigan, where the hemorrhagic septicemia bacillus had been
found to be the causative organism.

During 1916 and 1917 further field investigations were made,
and this condition was found to exist in a number of sheep bands
in the central part of the State. In 1917 two affected sheep were
sent to Dr. Kinsley, at Kansas City, for investigation, and in 1919
two sheep were shipped to the Rockefeller Institute, where Dr.
Theobald Smith studied the condition. In 1919 the Livestock
Sanitary Board opened its pathological laboratory at Helena,
and since then pathological and bacteriological studies have been
made of a number of eases of this pneumonia, and a large number

1 Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Med-
ieal Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

458

PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP 459

of field cases have been observed. At the present time experi-
ments are being carried on in cooperation with Montana Agri-
cultural Experiment Station in an attempt to determine the eti-
ology of the disease.

The history of this disease in Montana leads us to the conclu-
sion that it is a specific entity, and should be described as such.
We find no mention in the available literature of such a condition
in sheep, and the peculiar pathological condition found in the
lungs of these sheep does not appear to have been described as
occurring in any animal.

DISTRIBUTION

As to the distribution of this progressive pneumonia in sheep
in Montana, it has been reported authentically from nine coun-
ties covering the middle third of the State, just east of the Con-
tinental Divide. Only one infected band has been brought to
our attention on the western slope, and it was found that these
sheep had been brought from east of the Divide. We do not
know of the existence of this condition in the eastern third of
the State, but it may occur in all parts of the State, as no survey
has been made to determine definitely its extent. We have been
informed that this type of pneumonia in sheep is not unknown
in Utah and Wyoming, although it apparently is not mentioned
in any published report.

There are many sheep outfits in the affected portion of the
State that are considered free from this trouble. Others who
are losing sheep at the present time say that they had no such
trouble in past years. Such owners usually think that their
losses began when they bought their sheep from some other
section where the disease was known to exist.

From the information which we have been able to obtain from
various sheep owners, it appears that this disease attacks sheep
of all classes and ages, with the greatest losses among ewes over
4 years old. There is a general impression among the sheepmen
that the losses from this source are confined to old ewes, but in
one band, where the same ewes were kept from the time they
were 2 years old until they were 7, losses occurred in about equal
numbers every year.

ETIOLOGY

The cause of this pneumonia has not been determined. We
are of the opinion that the disease is infectious, and two organ-

460 HADLEIGH Marsu

isms have been isolated quite constantly from our cases, one of
which we think may prove to be the primary causative factor.
As the organism primarily involved in any disease is only one
factor in the etiology, we must also look for the predisposing
conditions which make the individual animal susceptible to the
infection. In this case these factors are also undetermined as yet.
While the condition is seen most often in old ewes, there is not
evidence that age is a determining factor. Poor general condi-
tion and insufficient feed do not seem to be of primary impor-
tance as predisposing factors, as considerable losses occur in small
bands on the best of feed. It was thought by the sheepmen who
first reported the condition to this office in 1915 that the feeding
of alfalfa hay was responsible for the trouble. They said that
the disease had been unknown in previous years when the sheep
wintered on range and wild hay. Whether the present methods
of feeding have anything to do with the occurrence of the pneu-
monia we do not know.
SYMPTOMS

The symptoms of progressive pneumonia of sheep develop very
gradually, and it is probable that the pathological condition in
the lungs begins to develop some time before clinical symptoms
appear. It is first noticed that when the band is being driven
these sheep lag behind and breathe heavily, especially when
moving up a slope. A little later the altered respiration can be
noticed when the animal is standing. The nostrils are constantly
dilated and there is noticeably increased flank breathing, with
acceleration of respiration. In the later stages the respiration
becomes very rapid and labored, and there is mouth breathing.
In most eases there is little, if any, discharge from the nostrils,
and very little cough. In some cases the condition seems to be
more acute, and there is a large amount of mucous exudate, caus-
ing violent coughing. As the disease progresses the animal grad-
ually becomes emaciated, although the appetite remains good.
Death finally occurs as a result of asphyxia. Temperatures have
been taken on several cases, and there seems to be a slight in-
crease in temperature, but no marked fever.

PATHOLOGY

Up to this time I have made postmortem examinations on
17 cases of this disease, and in addition 5 sets of lungs have been
sent to the laboratory. Our findings in these 22 cases agree with

PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP 461

reports on a number of autopsies made by other veterinarians
in the State. The autopsies on which this description is based
were made on cases which were killed artificially at different
stages of the disease, except for one case in which death was due
to the disease.

Descriptions of six cases have been selected as representing
the different pathological conditions found in this disease. The
lesions are very characteristic, and there is great similarity in
general throughout the cases, but the pathological picture varies
somewhat as the cases are more or less acute. The first deserip-
tion is that of a sheep in the last stages of the disease, detroyed
and autopsied in the field, and included here because it is believed
that it is typical of the majority of cases recognized in the field.
The others are from records on sheep which were brought to the
laboratory for observation, all of which show some points of
divergence from what we consider the average case.

No. 230. A 4-year-old ewe in an advanced stage of the disease.
She was greatly emaciated, and the respirations were very rapid, with
very pronounced flank breathing. She was killed and a postmortem
examination made immediately. The only abnormal condition, aside
from emaciation, which could be found outside the thoracic cavity
was the presence of a large amount of peritoneal fluid. On opening
the chest wall the lungs did not collapse, but filled the entire thoracic
cavity. The dorsal border was very full and round. The lungs were
heavy, and felt solid on palpation. There were no nodules nor ab-
scesses. The color was very pale, like a pale flesh color. The cut
surface showed a partial consolidation throughout, with a small
amount of air in part of the alveoli. The color of the cut surface
was pale, with a gray effect. There were some hemorrhagic areas.
The mediastinal lymph glands were enlarged and friable, and had a
moist, fatty appearance. The cortex of the glands was very light
colored.

Miscroscopic sections of the lung show the general picture of a
chronic interstitial pneumonia. There is infiltration of small mono-
nuclear cells into the wells of the bronchioles and alveoli and a nod-
ular accumulation of small mononuclear cells at various points, chiefly
in connection with the walls of bronchioles. There is proliferation of
connective tissue in irregular strands between the alveoli. There is
hemorrhage into the alveoli in some parts of the section, and a small
amount of cellular and serous exudate in many alveoli. The lumen
of many of the alveoli is obliterated by thickening of the walls due
to cellular infiltration. -There is perivascular infiltration along the
course of the veins and around small vessels in connection with the
walls of some of the bronchioles, giving the nodular appearance. Some
of the small arteries are engorged. There is cellular and mucous
exudate and hemorrhage into the lumina of some of the bronchioles.

46? HapLeIcGH MarsH

Fif. 1—Sheep Nos. 281 and 301. The heads are held high and the
nostrils dilated

Fig. 2.—Longitudinal section of lung of Sheep 281. Shows indistinctly
the coarsely granular appearance due to the solid gray lobules standing
out from the cut surface.

PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP 465

The cellular infiltration throughout the section consists principally
of small mononuclear cells, with a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
Where there is exudate in the alveoli it consists of epithelial cells,
lymphocytes and a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes and red blood
cells. In some of the bronchioles there is a cellular exudate consisting
of red blood cells and polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

No. 281.—This was a 4-year-old ewe received at the laboratory
May 14, 1921, as a “lunger.” She was in fair condition at that time,
but the respiration, even when the sheep was at rest, was faster than
normal, and somewhat labored. From May 16 to May 31 a record of
temperature and respiration was kept. This showed a slight rise in
temperature during this period, the maximum being 105. The respi-
ration at rest increased from 120 on May 16 to 170 on May 28. On
May 28, a blood count was made which showed 10,400,000 red cells
and 11,400 leucocytes. The differential count showed lymphocytes
75 per cent, polymorphonuclears 23 per cent, large mononuclears 1
per cent, and eosinophiles 1 per cent. This indicates a relative increase
in the lymphocytes.

This sheep was killed May 31. The postmortem examination showed
no lesions outside of the thoracic cavity. The lungs lid not collapse
when the chest wall was opened, but filled the whole thoracic cavity.
There were extensive adhesions between the pleura and the diaphragm
and thoracic wall. There were small adhesions along the dorsal
border of the right lung and on the apical lobe of the right lung.
The lungs had a pale, glistening, opaque appearance. The color was
gray in some portions and a dull pale red in others, in contrast to
the normal pink color. On section it was seen that the apical lobes
and the central portions of the cardiac and diaphragmatic lobes of
both lungs were consolidated. The outer portion of these lobes was
partially air-containing, this portion forming a zone about 2 cm. deep.
In the consolidated portion each lobule was sharply defined, appearing
on the cut surface as a slightly projecting gray area about 3 mm.
in diameter. This gives a coarsely granular appearance to the cut
surface. At one place where the condition was apparently farthest
advanced a group of lobules appeared almost white and stood out from
the cut surface. In the apical lobe of the left lung there was a
considerable amount of mucopurulent material in the bronchi. The
mediastinal glands were large and fatty in appearance. On section
they were soft and pale, the cortex being nearly white.

The microscopic sections showed a picture similar to that described
for No. 230. Sections through the pleura show it to be greatly thick-
ened. The smaller bronchi contain a cellular exudate consisting chiefly
of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. In places there are, in relation with
the bronchi, tubercle-like accumulations of cells consisting principally
of small mononuclear cells. The lumina of the alveoli throughout
this section are obliterated by an infiltration into their walls of small
mononuclear cells. The capillaries are engorged with blood.

No. 290.—This was a 5-year-old ewe received June 1, 1921. At
that time she was in fair condition but showed the rapid, labored

464 HapLeIcGH Marsa

Fig. 3.—Section of lung of Sheep 186. Shows the

infiltration of the alveolar walls, and the peri-

bronchial and perivascular infiltration, with two

tubercle-like accumulations of small mononuclear
cells. X 15.

Fig. 4.—Portion of section shown in Fig. 3. X 65.

PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP 465

respiration of a “lunger.” She died June 16, presumably as a result of
the pneumonia. The temperature record showed a slight increase
above normal.

On postmortem examination the principal lesions were found in
the respiratory tract. The larynx and trachea were normal. The
general appearance of the lungs was rather different from that usu-
ally found in a “lunger,” in that the condition appeared to be more
acute than usual. The color was more red than gray. The lungs
did not collapse to any extent when the thoracic cavity was opened,
but a large part of the diaphragmatic lobes was air-containing. This
would indicate that in this case death was not due to asphyxia. The
apical and cardiac lobes of both lungs were entirely consolidated.
The color was mottled red and gray, the general appearance being of
a dull red. The individual lobules stood out as gray areas about 3
mm. in diameter. The apical lobe of the right lung was much en-
larged and lobulated. A large part of the diaphragmatic lobes was
air-containing, but -not normal, as it did not have the bright pink
color of normal lung and did not collapse to any extent. This portion
of the lung was still elastic. Along the basal borders of the diaphrag-
matic lobes there was partial consolidation similar to that in the
apical lobes. At the posterior border of both lungs there was some
involvement of the pleura, with a white, fibrous appearance and
contraction of the lung tissue. There were no adhesions. The parie-
tal pleura was normal.

The mediastinal glands were somewhat enlarged and appeared
moist. They contained gas bubbles and were friable. The color was
white on the surface, contrasting with the dark medullary portion.
The body lymph glands were congested. The left precrural lymph
gland was enlarged to a diameter of about 8 cm. and was very hard.
On section it was found to consist of several old foci containing a
dry, white, caseous material formed in concentric layers.

Microscopic sections from the air-containing portion of the lung
show a slight infiltration of small mononuclear cells into the walls of
the alveoli. There are several small tubercle-like accumulations of
small mononuclear cells in relation with the arteries and bronchioles.

There is an occasional isolated giant cell. Sections from the consoli-
dater portion of the lung presents a different picture from that found
in sections of the majority of lungs examined. There is a slight
thickening of the alveolar walls due to an infiltration with small
mononuclear cells and also an exudate into the alveloli, consisting
of small mononuclear cells and epithelial cells. The capillaries of the
alveolar walls are injected. In places the alveoli contain solid plugs
of cells, constisting mainly of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and small
mononuclear cells. These plugs coalesce in places, forming dense
accumulations of leucocytes covering an area of a number of alveoli.
The centers of these foci show degeneration and necrosis. There are a
number of giant cells in the alveolar plugs. The bronchioles contain
a cellular exudate similar to that in the alveoli.

466 HapLeIcGH MaArsH

Fig. 5.—One of the tubercle-like areas. X 200.

Fig. 6.—Section of slightly affected portion of lung of Sheep 290. Peri-
bronchial and interstitial infiltration. X 79.

PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP 467

No. 301.—This case was a 5-year-old ewe received at the laboratory
May 14, 1921. At that time she was in poor condition and the wool
was taggy, but she showed only very slight symptoms of progressive
pneumonia. The respiration was apparently slightly labored after
exercise. Record of temperature and respiration was kept from May
16 to July 13. The temperature ran most of the time between 103
and 104, going up over 105 a few times on hot days. The respiration
increased to about 100 by June 1, and from thén on varied between
100 and 150. The temperature record was discontinued after July
13, and the case was now definitely considered to be one of progres-
sive pneumonia. The progress of the condition was unusually slow
in this case.

On August 2, eleven weeks after the sheep was received, although
the disease had not yet approached the fatal stage, the animal was
destroyed and postmortem examination made immediately. No lesions
were found outside the thoracic cavity. The lungs showed a pneumonia
similar to that described in the other cases. The entire lungs were
involved, with patchy consolidation. The color of the consolidated
patches was gray, and the partially air-containing portion was pale
pink. The consolidated portions show the same coarsely granular
appearance noted in the other cases. There was in this case a condi-
tion which has not been noticed in other “lunger’”’ specimens. This
was the presence of numerous small points of calcification, which
appeared in some places like casts of the bronchioles. The pleura
was normal. The mediastinal glands were enlarged and had a moist,
fatty appearance. They were light colored, and there were some
small bubbles beneath the capsule.

Microscopic sections showed peribronchial infiltration with small
mononuclear cells, and infiltration of small mononuclear cells into
the walls of the alveoli. There was exudate into the alveoli in some
places, consisting of epithelial cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes
and small mononuclear cells. The capillaries in the alveolar walls
were engorged with blood, and there was proliferation of connective
tissue in the alveolar walls.

No. 310.—This case, in contrast with the last one described, devel-
oped rapidly. It was a 4-year-old wether, received at the laboratory
August 10, 1921. At that time he showed no very marked respiratory
disturbance. During the next ten days respiratory symptoms devel-
oped quite noticeably, and periods of severe coughing occurred, with
a discharge of mucous exudate. On August 20 the sheep was des-
troyed, just after a violent coughing spell, and postmortem examin-
ation was made immediately. The lower portion of the trachea was
found filled with a mucous exudate, which extended into the bronchi.
The apical and cardiac lobes of the lungs were almost completely
consolidated. The anterior and ventral portions of the diaphragmatic
lobes were completely consolidated. The posterior and dorsal por-
tions of the diaphragmatic lobes were air-containing, with some
patches of consolidation. The consolidated portions were gray, in
contrast with the dull pink of the air-containing portion. The individ-

468 HapDLEIGH MARSH

Fig. 7.—Consolidated areas in lung of Sheep 290. Peribronchial
infiltration. Exudate into bronchi and alveoli. X 45.

Fig. 8.—Higher magnification of bronchus shown in Fig. 7. Giant
cells in exudate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. X 200.

PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP 469

ual lobules of the consolidated lung were sharply defined, giving a
coarsely granular appearance. The mediastinal glands were enlarged
and light colored.

Microscopic section of the consolidated portions of the lung showed
the appearance of a mass of bronchioles. This was evidently due to
a change in the epithelium of the alveoli in this area, in which the
epithelial cells have reverted to a cuboidal type. The walls of the
bronchioles showed a dense infiltration with small mononuclear cells.

There was an exudate into the alveoli and bronchi, consisting mainly
of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, with some small mononuclear cells
and epithelial cells. In this exudate there frequently occur giant
cells, and some masses of cytoplasm which show no nuclei. There
was congestion of capillaries throughout the section, and some hemor-
rhage. There were a number of nodular accumulations of small mono-
nuclear cells. Throughout the section there was infiltration of small
mononuclear cells and a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The
mucosa of the bronchi and bronchioles showed evidence of the secre-
tion of a large amount of mucus. There is proliferation of connective
tissue in the alveolar walls and beneath the pleura.

Sections of the air-containing portion of the lung showed extensive
infiltration of the alveolar walls, which were greatly thickened, and in
many places obliterated in the lumen of the alveolus. There were
dense accumulations of small mononuclear cells in places, just outside
the walls of the small bronchi.

No. 339.—This case was that of a sheep killed in a comparatively
early stage of the disease. It was a 4-year-old ewe, received at the
laboratory October 4, 1921. She was in fair condition but showed
evidence of respiratory trouble. Flank breathing was more pro-
nounced than in a normal animal and the nostrils were constantly
dilated. On October 24 this animal was destroyed. She had changed
very little as far as external appearance and symptoms are concerned.

On postmortem examination no lesions of any kind were found
outside the thoracic cavity. When the thorax was opened the lungs
were found partially collapsed and did not fill the entire cavity as
they do in the far advanced cases. The general color effect was of
a dull pink, rather than the gray appearance found in the advanced
cases. There was partial consolidation of the lungs, particularly
along the basal borders. The dorsal and posterior portions of the
diaphragmatic lobes were air-containing and elastic, but were not
normal. The color was dull and the consistency more firm than in
a normal lung. The consolidation was complete over a considerable
area along the basal borders, and the appearance here was like that
in the consolidated portions in the more advanced cases. In this re-
gion the lobules were distinctly marked, each one appearing as a solid
gray plug. Dorsal to this region, and in the anterior part of the
diaphragmatic lobes, there were areas showing on the surface an
interstitial thickening, the lobular walls appearing as gray lines. In
another area the appearance on the surface was of numerous small
white nodules projecting slightly. The apical and cardiac lobes did

470 HapLEIGH MaArsH

not show any complete consolidation, but contained patches of par-
tial consolidation. On section, part of the bronchi showed slight
thickening of the walls. There was no pus in the bronchi, and no
pus could be forced from the consolidated lobules. A careful examin-
ation for lungworms revealed none.

Microscopic examination of sections through a completely consoli-
dated portion of the lung showed the characteristic histopathology
as described for case No. 230. Sections made through that portion
of the lung described above as showing the surface appearance of
interstitial thickening, with the lobular walls appearing as gray
lines, show air-containing alveoli, with patches of consolidation, and
a number of tubercle-like accumulations of small mononuclear cells.

In the air-containing portion there is cellular infiltration into the
alveolar walls. At one side of the section there is a large bronchus
showing a great deal of mucus production in the ciliated epithelium.
The capillaries in the alveolar walls are injected. Sections made
through the elastic air-containing portion of the lung show all the
alveoli open. In a few of them there is an exudate of epithelial cells.
The capillaries of the alveolar walls are injected and there is hemor-
rhage into the walls. There is some infiltration of small mononuclear
cells into the alveolar walls, and an increase of connective tissue
fibers. There is peribronchial and perivascular infiltration with small
mononuclear cells.

No. 421.—A brief description of this case is introduced because
it was a case of a young ewe. This was a 2-year-old ewe which was
brought to the laboratory about January 1, 1922. At that time she
was in rather poor flesh and showed a somewhat accelerated rate of
respiration. She was held at the laboratory until February 24, during
which time she showed little change. On February 24 the ewe was
destroyed and postmortem examination made immediately. The en-
tire lungs were dull in color, but showed no areas of complete consoli-
dation. They were elastic and air-containing throughout. The medi-
astinal glands showed the characteristic enlargement and fatty appear-
ance. Sections of the lung showed the characteristic interstitial infil-
tration with small mononuclear cells, congestion of capillaries and
hemorrhage, and tubercle-like accumulations of small mononuclear
cells outside the bronchial walls.

Gross PATHOLOGY

From the postmortem findings in the six representative cases
described it will be seen that the lesions are confined to the
thoractic cavity, except for slight changes in the lymph glands
of other regions, and in some cases an excess of fluid in the peri-
toneal cavity.

The gross appearance of the lungs in an advanced case of this
disease is very characteristic. When the thoracic cavity is
opened the lungs do not collapse, but appear as if cast in the

PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP by]!

mold of the chest cavity, the dorsal borders appearing very full
and round. Even in those cases where a large part of the
diaphragmatic lobes is air-containing, there is more rigidity
than normal, due to the thickening of the walls of the alveoli.
In the majority of cases there is no extensive pleuritis, although
in some cases there is a more or less extensive pleuritis with
adhesions. As seen before sectioning, the lungs have a pale,
glistening, opaque appearance in the consolidated portions, and
the color throughout is a pale flesh color, with a gray effect, in
contrast to the bright pink of a normal lung.

On section it is found that a large portion of the lungs is com-
pletely or partially consolidated, particularly in the central por-
tion, following the larger bronchi, and more in the ventral than
in the dorsal portion. In nearly all the advanced cases the
apical and cardiac lobes are practically completely consolidated,
while the diaphragmatic lobes may show quite a large amount
of air-containing lung. In some eases the consolidation is patchy,
with air-containing lung between the areas of consolidation.

In the consolidated portion the color on section is a mottled
gray and dull red. The small lobules are sharply defined and
about 3 mm. in diameter, each standing out from the cut surface
as a plug of gray material, giving a coarsely granular appear-
ance. In one ease the consolidated portion of the lung had
scattered through it minute points of calcification. In some
cases a mucopurulent material is found in the bronchi in the
solid portion, and a similar substance can be squeezed from the
lung parenchyma.

In one set of lungs which showed the typical lesions of this
disease there were several abscesses exactly similar to those
found in caseous lymphadenitis. This fact, together with the
bacteriological findings in several cases, points to a possibility
of a close relationship between these two conditions. In another
case there was a much enlarged and caseous precrural lymph
gland. However, as these lesions have been seen in only two
sheep, it may be that the two conditions were present inde-
pendently in the same animal.

The only constant pathological condition outside of the lungs
has been in the bronchial and mediastinal lymph glands. In all
cases they have been enlarged and somewhat friable, with a
moist, fatty appearance. The color of the cortex of the glands
is very light, contrasting with the dark medullary portion.

A472 HADLEIGH MARSH

HISTOPATHOLOGY

Histologically this condition presents a very interesting study.
In general it may be described as a chronic interstitial broncho-
pneumonia, corresponding to the acute interstitial bronchopneu-
monia described by MacCallum! in his work on the pathology
of streptococcus pneumonia. In combination with this inter-
stitial bronchopneumonia we also find in the sheep cases of lobu-
lar pneumonia, as described by MacCallum as occurring with the
streptococcus bronchopneumonia.

The histological picture of course varies according to the stage
of the infection, the different stages being found in the same
lung, due to the progressive nature of the disease. In the typical
cases the general picture is as follows: In the air-containing
portions of the lung the principal change is the infiltration of
the walls of the alveoli with small mononuclear cells, and a sim-
ilar peribronchial and perivascular infiltration. There are at
various points tuberele-like accumulations of small mononuclear
cells, usually in relation with the wall of the bronchus or bron-
chiole. The infiltration of the alveolar walls varies in amount,
it being in places so extensive that the lumina of the alveoli
are completely obliterated. In this portion of the lung there
is little exudate into the alveoli, although some of them contain
an exudate consisting of epithelial cells and small mononuclear
cells.

In the consolidated portions of the lung there is a good deal
of variation in the picture presented. In the more chronic cases
the consolidation seems to be due principally to an extensive
‘interstitial infiltration with small mononuclear cells, obliterating
the lumina of the alveoli, and a proliferation of connective tissue
strands. The bronchi usually contam plugs of cellular exudate
consisting principally of leucocytes. In some places, where the
alveoli are not obliterated by the infiltration of small mononu-
clear cells, they are plugged with exudate consisting of epithe-
lial cells, leucocytes and small mononuclear cells. There were
found some places where the epithelial cells of a group of alveoli
had changed to a cuboidal type, giving the appearance of cross
sections of a mass of bronchioles.

In the more acute cases there is engorgement of the blood ves-

1MacCallum, W. G. The pathology of the pneumonia in the United States Army

camps during the winter of 1917-1918. Monograph of the Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research, No. 10, 1919.

PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP 473

sels and the capillaries of the alveolar walls, with some hemor-
rhage into the walls of the alveoli and into the bronchioles. The
cellular infiltration into the walls of the alveoli contains some
large mononuclear cells and leucocytes. The alveoli and bronchi
contain cellular plugs consisting mostly of leucocytes. These
coalesce in places to form tuberele-like foci of pus cells, in the
center of which necrosis takes place. Giant cell formation is
found in the cellular exudate in these cases.

SUMMARY

In this paper we have described a chronic progressive pneu-—
monia of sheep which has been observed in Montana for a num-
ber of years, and which causes an annual loss of from 2 to 10
per cent in infected bands. The pathological condition appar-
ently is confined almost entirely to the lungs and the thoracic
lymph glands, and there are no recognizable symptoms until the
involvement of the lung is sufficient to cause labored respiration.
There seems to be no systemic disturbance. The appetite remains
good, and the gradual emaciation and death are apparently due
to the mechanical interference with respiration.

From the study of pathological material from 22 cases of the
disease we have described the condition as a chronic interstitial
bronchopneumonia. The gross appearance of the lungs and
bronchial and mediastinal lymph glands is characteristic. The
histopathology of this pneumonia has been described as _ it
appears in the different stages of the disease, and the condition
seems to be peculiar and different in some respects from types
of pneumonia which have hitherto been described.

The question of the etiology of this condition has not been
discussed to any extent. We believe that it is an infectious
disease, and we have done a large amount of bacteriological work
with our laboratory material, with the result that we have
isolated two pathogenic organisms, one or both of which may
prove to be primary causative factors. We are continuing our
study of the disease, and are at present carrying out bacteri-
ological experiments on sheep in cooperation with the Montana
Agricultural Experiment Station.

NEED FOR ORGANIZATION '
By W. E. Frink, Batavia, N. Y.

WHILE it is probable that our profession would be farther
advanced and our wishes would have received more recognition
had we, long ago, organized for ie this has until
recently seemed unnecessary.

The New York State Veterinary Medical Society, organized
over thirty years ago. had for its main object the promotion of
good fellowship among the profession, and it afforded an oppor-
tunity to meet once each year, renew acquaintances, discuss in-
teresting topics and air grievances. The Society has continued
to flourish and no one can question its usefulness, although at
the present time less than 50 per cent of the eligible veterinarians
are members.

The need of some strong organization not only to promote our
individual interests but to defend the profession against what
promised to be a flank attack was realized when certain interests,
for reasons rather vague, endeavored to popularize the impres-
sion that the profession was divided as to methods and policy in
the matter of disease control. Luckily the word ‘‘principle’’
was not used, as this was the flag around which the defenders
of the situation rallied, and whatever the object of the propa-
ganda, the result was to arouse the thinking men of the profes-
sion to action; and as a result, I believe, more has been accomp-
lished for the future of the profession than could have been done
in any other way. According to Hon. B. A. Pyrke, Commis-
sioner of Farms and Markets, this is probably the first time in
history that the veterinary profession has been instrumental in
shaping the State’s policy. Therefore I believe that organization
at the present time is a most important subject for the veterina-
rian’s consideration.

As we look about us in all lines of human endeavor we see each
important one functioning not through individuals but through
representative bodies of such individuals. Even the skilled
workers whose numbers run into the hundreds of thousands have
their unions, through representatives of which all questions con-
cerning the welfare of the individual are settled. How much

1 Presented at the thirty-second annual meeting of the New York State Veteri-
nary Medical Society, Syracuse, July 26-28, 1922.

474

NEED FOR ORGANIZATION 475

more necessary it is for our profession, one of the fewest in
numbers and possibly the least understood, to have some strong
central body to represent us in questions involving our future
success or failure.

The time is come when the veterinarian has more responsibili-
ties than simply treating the individual cases as they arise in
his field. His scope is more that of a consulting sanitary engi-
neer for the breeder and livestock owner. The great interest
shown and capital invested in the large breeding establishments
have opened a new field, and the traffic in dairy and breeding
stock incident to the foundation and maintenance of such breed-
ing centers, and the interchange of animals necessary to the
improvement of herds already established, have added a host of
responsibilities particularly to the private practitioner if he
is to be efficient and perform his share of the duties in the control
or eradication of the diseases that menace our livestock industry.

The character of the work now demanded of the practitioner
requires that he keep well informed of the new knowledge we
are constantly acquiring regarding these diseases, as well as the
regulations of the different State and Federal bureaus regarding
segregation, quarantine and other details in the handling of the
same and in the interstate movement of livestock. He is brought
in contact with the officials of the different State and Federal
bureaus, and the results of his efforts are no longer limited to
the confines of the small territory in which he works but extend
to other counties, States, and perhaps foreign countries.

The character of the work, particularly the tubereulin testing
of cattle in the attempt to control and eradicate tuberculosis,
naturally requires that the te¢hnique of application and inter-
pretation of results be as uniform as possible in order to prevent

‘later confusion in the movement and retesting of the animals.
The laws and regulations of the different States should also show
as much uniformity as possible for the same reason.

The amount of this work now being performed by the veteri-
narians scattered widely throughout our State, and the prob-
ability of a great increase in the demand for this kind of service,
suggests to us that for the increase of efficiency and at the same
time the protection of the individual veterinarian and the profes-
sion as a whole, an attempt should be made at this time to or-
ganize a strong central body to promote cooperation and _ har-
mony among the different groups of men carrying on this im-

476 W. E. FRINK

portant work. Representatives of this organization could make
demands, recommend and support measures, request changes
in the regulations, investigate charges, and otherwise look after
the welfare of the profession.

It has been publicly stated that on account of the loose
methods of some of our practitioners in tuberculin testing, fif-
teen States have felt it necessary to enact a special quarantine
on cattle from the Empire State unless accompanied by a health
certificate signed by a Federal inspector. An investigation of
this statement reveals the fact that it is untrue. It is true, how-
ever, that enough ‘‘loose’’ testing has been done by a few indi-
viduals to bring our cattle into disrepute in other States, thereby
working a hardship upon and creating a serious menace to our
cattle industry. Not only this, it has caused the most scathing
criticism, not of the individual veterinarians who were guilty of
these acts, but of the profession as a whole. -It is another exam-
ple of the innocent being punished with the guilty, and so far
nothing has been done to establish their innocence or place the
ouilt -where it belongs.

Cases have arisen where cattle tested by men of good standing
reacted upon retest. These men have been summarily removed
from the list of veterinarians approved to do this work without
an opportunity to vindicate themselves. With an organization
such as we suggest to take up these matters with the officials in
the departments, a thorough investigation could be made, and if
there were evidences of omissions or commissions on the part of
the veterinarian, a recommendation to the Board of Regents
that his license be revoked could be made.

If the veterinarian who might be susceptible to influence to
make loose or inaccurate tests of animals or groups of animals
knew that a field agent of a representative body of his brother
veterinarians was liable to appear to check up his work, possibly
to conduct a retest, he would be apt to give more thought to
his responsibilities as a veterinarian, conduct the test in a more
efficient manner, and be more reluctant to yield to the pressure
of unscupulous breeders or dealers whose main desire seems to
be to secure a health certificate for their animals regardless of
the consequences either to themselves, the veterinarian, the cattle
industry or the public.

There are in this State approximately 550 veterinarians reg-
istered by the Board of Regents. A considerable number of

NEED FOR ORGANIZATION ~ 477

these men have been given a license to practice over the protest
of this Society, by amendments to the veterinary practice law
and very liberal interpretations of the same. Some of these
men perform their work as far as they are able in a conscien-
tious manner, but they lack the preliminary and technical train-
ing to do credit to a profession, for they are in no sense profes-
sional men, having been granted a license as a result of cireum-
stances rather than as a result of education and fitness.

It is possible also that some of the graduate men have failed
to realize their responsibilities as professional men and have
been guilty of deceit or negligence that is a discredit to our pro-
fession, and this has added to the already prevailing idea that
the veterinarians of this State are not to be trusted.

Our organization could investigate the: methods of the men
who are accused of unfair or Incompetent work, and whether
they are graduates or nongraduates, members or nonmembers
of this Society, should act on the principle that a profession
-to exist as a profession and develop as ours should, under the
stimulus it should receive from the higher preliminary and more
efficient technical education possessed by the newer additions to
the same, as well as the increased knowledge of disease con-
stantly being gained, thereby broadening the scope of our field of
activities, make their recommendations to the proper authorities
as to whether these men are a credit to the profession and inter-
ested enough in its welfare to be allowed to continue.

Again, the discoveries and new methods of handling and con-
trol of disease, as well as the discoveries of new diseases, have
been worked out by an entirely different group of men than
those who have been so busily engaged in developing our live-
stock industry. We are, therefore, in need of some means of
closer contact between the veterinarian and the breeder, some
practical way by which the needs of the latter may be ascer-
tained and he at the same time be educated as to the possible
assistance he might receive by making use of his veterinarian in
his effort to establish and maintain a herd free from the diseases
that are bound to cause him economic loss unless he approaches
his problems with caution and judgment and fortifies his estab-
lishment with the sanitary and hygenic equipment necessary to
the comfort and health of his animals, for without these they can
never be a profitable investment.

An active field agent or secretary of an active society or associ-

478 W. EK. FRINK

ation could confer with the breeders and men interested in the
welfare of our livestock, ascertain their needs, make recommend-
ations and cooperate with them to this end. He could meet with
the committees of the various breeding associations and other
agricultural organizations where matters of public interest are
being discussed, lend his assistance directly or indirectly in the
formation of measures, and recommend changes in the regu-
lations of the departments in control, if such changes seemed
advisable, thereby assisting in the handling of the problems that
are every day becoming more numerous and complex.

Among the many responsibilities of the veterinarian is one of
no mean importance if we are to make the progress we should.
I refer to his implied duty to the State in return for the special
privileges granted him. A man licensed to practice, possess,
handle and prescribe drugs, serums, ete., for which he may
charge a fair profit, and to perform operations, specific tests,
ete., for which he may charge and collect under the law, as well
as fair fees for expert testimony in cases where his knowledge
and special training make it valuable, should feel that something
is due the State in return. He should at least feel it his duty to
make every effort to be prepared as far as he is able to perform
in a professional manner all the services required of him, or see
that the owner is brought in contact with someone who can do so.

In some sections the practitioner has been criticized because
he openly stated that he did not have time for poultry diseases
or did not care to administer serum or serum and virus to hogs,
or he had plenty to do without tuberculin testing. Many own-
ers have suffered losses because of this attitude of the local veter-
inarian or have been obliged to seek outside assistance. These
remarks have been taken up by farm bureau and other organi-
zations and made the basis of statements that the profession did
not care for such work and it would have to be done by others..
I believe the veterinarian who neglects these opportunities to
serve his State is guilty of an omission, and our proposed field
agent or secretary could investigate cases of this kind and at-
tempt to impress upon the indifferent practitioner the serious-
ness of such an attitude to the profession and urge him to shoul-
der his share of the responsibilities. If he still insisted that he
did not care for the work, it should be seen to that a man was
placed in that locality who did care for the work and was com-
petent to perform it.

NEED F RGANIZATION core
NEED FOR ORGANIZATI LTO

Many of you who are practitioners have no doubt noticed the
weight, sometimes amounting almost to awe, which the opinion
of some veterinarian connected with the State or Federal depart-
ment received when he happened to be asked to diagnose some
condition or express judgment in the matter of tuberculin test-
ing. Was it because of his greater knowledge or skill? No; it
was because of his connection with such a department, giving
him a reputation for superior wisdom that many times he did
not possess.

With a strong organization and a unity of purpose to perform
our service in a scientific and conscientious manner, our members
could soon establish a reputation for skill and integrity that
would be far superior to the one now uppermost in the minds of
the laymen.

I can see no reason why there should be friction between the
practitioner and men engaged in so-called State or Federal work.
If each attended strictly to his own business they should cooper-
ate and be the best of friends.

It has been reported that when cattle tested and condemned
by local veterinarians arrived at the place of slaughter, the offi-
cials in charge of the postmortem work have enlightened and at
the same time dissatisfied the owner by informing him that he
had wasted his money in paying for a private test, as the State
employed a corps of specialists for that very purpose. This I
consider a gross breach of professional ethics, as not even a
tradesman would endeavor to interfere with a competitor’s in-
terests in such a manner.

Other instances have been noted where official postmortems
have been conducted in a negligent manner, this being unfair to
both the veterinarian and the tuberculin test. There is at the
present time no one in authority to investigate and disprove or
confirm the same.

It seems to me that our present association, the New York
State Veterinary Medical Society, could be made to meet the
present need for organization if the interest and whole-hearted
support of the profession in this State could be secured. The
practitioners are the ones who should be most vitally interested
in the future, and just how much state medicine is to interfere
with their source of income should be one of their problems. I
consider it the duty of each and every one of these men to be-
come affiliated with their local and State associations and take

480 W. KE. FRINK 5

an active part in the affairs of the same, that their interest may
receive some consideration when problems concerning them are
beine studied and solved.

Thse suggestions could become realties, we believe, through
this association by the election or appointment of a field secre-
tary or agent whose duty would be to assist in bringing about the
cooperation of the veterinarian, the State and Federal depart-
ments and the livestock owners.

This may be nothing more than a dream on my part, but it
seems to me that the time is come when our profession, both as
individuals and as an organization, should take a more active
part in the formation of the livestock sanitary laws and indi-
rectly in matters pertaining to public health. The veterinarian
is by the nature of his training and experience the one man who
can intelligently advise and cooperate with those directly in-
terested in these questions that are increasing in importance
every day. We have seen numerous instances where questions
involving the scientific knowledge necessary in matters of disease
control have been handled by laymen with a result discouraging,
if not disastrous, to the breeders, and, to say the least, not ele-
vating to our profession. If we as an organization took a more
active part in these affairs of public interest there would be less
need for them to be handled by laymen and less discontent
among the profession regarding the activities of county agents
and others. The livestock industry needs us as willing cooperat-
ors, not as disgruntled individuals, and if we stand ready and
willing to perform a service our opportunity must come.

‘‘[™nited we stand, divided we fall,’’ is as applicable to our
profession at this time as it was to the thirteen original colonies
when they were threatened with disruption, and the same ear-
nest ‘‘honest-to-God’’ effort on our part will bring about a unity
of purpose, and as a result we shall take and maintain the posi-
tion of responsibility and respect in the eyes of the world that
our profession both by its purpose and activities honestly merits.

We must not for a moment forget that such organization is
not alone for our benefit but will enable us to render more effi-
cient service to the livestock owner, for whom the profession was
evolved and to whom it is dedicated.

THE PRIVATE PRACTITIONER, THE SALT OF OUR
PROFESSION *

By J. G. FERNEYHOUGH

State Veterinarian, Richmond, Va.

THE MAN who does things (not just the one who knows how)
is the man who really develops his country and assures his fol-
lowers of success. You men who spend your time and energy
in actual practice are the pillars of our profession, because you
are taking the risk when you carry into practice the theories of
the laboratory man. It is not the inventor of a machine who is
apt to be killed if it proves faulty, but the poor devil who is
game enough to fly it. The surgeon in a quiet room, cooled by
a fan, writes what must be cut and how it should be done. His
discoveries were doubtless made when experimenting on an ani-
mal securely strapped to the operating table, with plenty of help
and all necessary equipment at hand, and the animal in question
merely a ‘‘subject’’ whose life or death concerned no one. Con-
trast this with a practitioner called in to save a man’s valuable
animal, probably in some out-of-the-way place, with no help at
hand, and his practice at stake. Yes, his very hving, among
many other things, he must consider quickly. It takes courage
combined with knowledge, skill and wisdom to make a successful
veterinary practitioner, for here it is that the “‘tree is known by
Hs fruit.”

For these reasons it ill becomes an official veterinarian, whether
he be employed by the State or the Bureau of Animal Industry
or is a member of some college faculty, in any way to ignore,
slight or belittle the veterinarian who gives his life’s work to the
practice of his profession. The State man, the bureau man and
the college professor receive monthly salaries, which they know
will be available; but the practitioner is the man who takes the
chance. He so often tries to work out plans which must neces-
sarily be the making of the man who first thought of them if
all goes well, but the ruin of the practitioner if things go wrong.
In and out of season we make the practitioner the goat—some-
one has to be. Then it surely behooves us in official work to ree-
ognize, and what is more, acknowledge to the profession that the

: 1Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Med-
ical Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

481

482 J. G. FERNEYHOUGH

practitioners, as a class, are the very salt of the veterinary
profession.

During the last twenty years I have devoted my time to the
duties of State Veterinarian, and thus have been thrown con-
stantly with the practicing veterinarians. I know them. I know
not only what they can do, but what they have done, are doing,
and, what is more, what they are going to do. I do not know
about other States, but I dare say no man will be State Veteri-
narian of Virginia for a period of twenty years unless he does
know and appreciate the practitioners of the State.

Of course the practitioner, like the official, must be a respect-
able and honorable man to start with, and a student of his pro-
fession. He must behave and respect himself, or others will not
respect him. He must regard the confidence of his colleagues,
and especially he must be absolutely honest and fair with his
clients. When this has been done on his part, then it is the duty
of the official veterinarian to stand up for, support and apprec-
late the veterinarian in daily practice. We can assist him in two
ways. First, by referring stock owners to their nearest qualified
veterinarian, when they come to us for advice and we know it
is work for a private veterinarian to handle. In the Virginia
office I keep a map dotted with red-head pins denoting the loca-
tion of every veterinarian in the State. The practitioners are
listed by counties as well as alphabetically, and I can advise any
person at a moment’s notice as to the location of his nearest
veterinarian. I have occasion to do this daily. Secondly, as offi-
cials we can go before the legislature and use our influence in
preventing ‘‘quacks’’ from obtaining special permits to practice,
and thus uphold the law. I have had the honor of being Chair-
man of the Legislative Committee of the Virginia Veterinary
Medical Association for fifteen years, and while one or more
bills have been introduced at each session of the State Legis-
lature which would permit persons to practice within this State
who have not been qualified to do so, no such bill has been passed
in Virginia for the last fifteen years..

In fact, we who are in official work can do much toward help-
ing the practitioner, provided we constantly bear in mind that
it is not only our duty but a privilege to strengthen the veteri-
nary profession by supporting the work of every competent,
qualified veterinarian who is practicing our profession. The man
in practice is a veterinarian in the broad sense, because in the

THE PRIVATE PRACTITIONER 483

course of time he must necessarily deal with each and every
branch of the profession.

Of course you can not help an individual unless he wants
help.. Not only must he want it, but, what is more, he must
appreciate it, and respond to the willingness of those who desire
to help him sueceed. In other words, it must not be one-sided,
but thoroughly cooperative. This cooperative spirit must act-
ually exist between the practitioner and the official, and then the
differences will be few and far between. We all find trouble with-
out looking for it, but in order to attain success we must con-
stantly help others overcome the obstacles of life, for nothing
makes one happier than to realize that he has actually done some-
thing to make life brighter for someone else.

DISCUSSION

Dr. FerNeEYHOUGH: I find among the members present this
morning a gentleman who has missed only one meeting of the
A. V. M. A. in twenty years, and everybody would excuse him
then for he missed that meeting to go to a horse race. That
gentleman is Dr. Otto Faust. He has attended these meetings
eighteen years in succession, and I want to say to yourthat I
don’t know anything that I would appreciate more if I opened
the JOURNAL and saw the photograph of that gentleman, a prac-
titioner who attended the meetings for eighteen years. When
you start advertising your practitioners for what they do, then
you are going to have your practitioners attend your meetings.
Now, gentlemen, I tell you I believe we have got to start in
after each meeting and do something toe bring some practitioner
to light; start with your oldest men, they will not be with yon
always; that is why I mentioned the modest gentleman here.
You have a splendid epportunity to recognize the services of a
practitioner. I don’t ask you to publish any five or ten thousand
pamphlets to be sent out and published in newspapers; I merely
ask that the photograph of this man be placed in the JourRNAL
OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, In view of
the fact that for eighteen years he has never missed a single
meeting of the A. V. M. A. Start that now; it is your work,
and then you will go to the front.

Did you ever see a man succeed in business unless he looked
out for himself? You can call to mind some public men who
are always doing something for somebody else, and he will die
and somebody will have to bury him, and everybody will say:
“Tt is a pity that poor fellow didn’t make a success in life.”’

You practitioners here must look out for yourselves. How
many are here this morning? I don’t blame them for not com-

484 J. G. FERNEYHOUGH

ing, I didn’t want them to come to hear me, but, gentlemen,
how many practitioners are here this morning to hear some one
say something in their behalf? I wrote to Dr. Mayo and told
him that I would like to have something to say to the practi-
tioners, and I came here, but how many practitioners are here?

You have got to have a reason for what you do, and vou have
got to line up. If I ean do no more than start this, I do hope

DR, OTTO FAUST
Practitioner of Poughkeepsie, N. Y.,
a Worthy Son of a Noble Father

Breathes there another in our ranks with loyalty so true,
With keener sense of membership, of duty’s broader view ?
A worthy trait of brotherhood his faith and trust inspire.
Let us his action emulate—son of a noble sire.
(With apologies to Sir Walter Scott.)

THE PRIVATE PRACTITIONER 485

you will take this seriously; I do not know of one man in your
Association who has been so faithful. Put this picture in the
JOURNAL as being a practitioner who has attended this meeting
for twenty years, and follow it up, gentlemen, every year, with
the picture of a practitioner, and you will see more interest.
You have got the power, but don’t let somebody flatter you and
geet it away from you.

I have been tied up in educational work so long that I some-
times think we are going wild over education and universities
and colleges. I don’t want to take from them, but I find when
vou talk to the best college men that they are right with us.
It isn’t the fault of the college man, but it is the fault of the
man outside that doesn’t seem to appreciate it, and I think it
is the fault of you practitioners not fighting for your own. I
do want to see you start at this meeting today to take some.
recognition of this practitioner and other practitioners who have
done nothing but practice.

CHAIRMAN KINGMAN: We appreciate these kind remarks.

Dr. FERNEYHOUGH: I never start a thing and lose out. I
am in dead earnest about this. I would like to see some one
make a motion that this photograph business be started. We
have got the worthy practitioner here. I would like to see
someone make a motion that Dr. Faust’s photograph be pub-
lished in the JouRNAL with that history of attendance. It will
make others attend, I know.

Dr. Fercuson: I didn’t just hear who that practitioner was
who attended eighteen consecutive meetings, but I presume it is
Dr. Faust. At any rate, I take pleasure in moving that his
photograph be reproduced in our JOURNAL in an early issue.

(‘The motion was seconded and carried. )

CHAIRMAN KINGMAN: We can express our appreciation here
by giving Doctor Faust a hand, since he happens to be present.
(Applause. )

Dr. Fercuson: Mr. Chairman, I would, on behalf of the
practitioners, express appreciation for the kindness of the doctor
that spoke in behalf of the practitioner. We surely appreciate
his interest in our welfare and appreciate the fact that he is
with us good and strong.

Dr. CALDWELL: We gave quite an ovation to a man last
night. We have had just now a paper and a talk by a man who
is not a practitioner, but he is defending the practitioner, and
not only defending him, but he is doing as much as he ean in
his behalf. Therefore, I second Dr. Ferguson’s motion.

CHAIRMAN Kineman: It has been moved and seconded that
it be made a matter of record that this section wishes to make
known its appreciation of the efforts of Dr. Ferneyhough on
the part of the practitioner.

(The motion was earried.) (Applause.)

TUBERCULOSIS IN ITS RELATION TO THE FEEDING
AND MARKETING OF LIVESTOCK *

By Pror. Howarp R. SmirH

Livestock Commissioner, The National Live Stock Exchange,
Chicago, Ill.

IN CONVERTING farm feeds into meat and milk products
for the most profitable returns, consideration must be given to
the digestible nutrients in various feeds, current market values
on such feeds, and their proper blending in the ration.

Of equal importance to the feed supply is the type of the ani-
mal—one having large digestive capacity and capable of produc-
ing a product of superior quality.

Last, but not least, is the health factor. Most diseases are mani-
fested by outward symptoms. The owner becomes concerned and
seeks necessary treatment. This is not ordinarily true of tuber-
culosis, because the owner is, in most instances, unaware of its
presence in his herd. It is the insidiousness of tuberculosis that
is chiefly responsible for its great prevalence throughout this and
other nations today. It is unfortunate that the tuberculosis
bacillus was not discovered sooner and that steps were not taken
earlier to combat it. That it is a factor which materially increases
the cost of producing meat and milk can no longer be ignored.

Out of a total of 39,416,439 hogs slaughtered under Federal
inspection during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1922, 5,640,081,
or 14.3 per cent, were retained for tuberculosis; 70,304 or 0.18
per cent were condemned as inedible; and 95,809, or 0.24 per
cent, were sterilized. Dividing the total loss at current market
values on condemned pork and its by-products by the total
number of pounds of hogs, including healthy as well as tuber-
culous hogs, slaughtered under Federal inspection during the
year 1921, we find that the average loss on all hogs killed was
nearly 10 cents per hundred pounds live weight. That represents
the toll exacted by tuberculosis in pork producticn—a serious
handicap to the industry and one which has been steadily increas-
ine from year to year.

In realization of this loss, which is in large part eventually

1 Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

486

TUBERCULOSIS OF LIVESTOCK 487

borne by all producers, for the packer must take into consider-
ation the condemnation to be expected according to the law of
averages, The National Live Stock Exchange at the last annual
convention held in Kansas City passed resolutions urging all
hog buyers to pay a bonus of 10 cents per hundred on hogs
bred and fed in tuberculosis-free counties. At a meeting of the
packers called by Mr. Everett C. Brown, president of The Na-
tional Live Stock Exchange, these resolutions were presented and
accepted by the Big Five, as well as many smaller companies
in the Middle West. It was admitted by them that they could
afford to pay 10 cents per hundred pounds more for hogs from
a tuberculosis-free area than the average run of hogs of the same
quality that come to the markets. Enough have already con:
sented to make it seem probable that at the next meeting of the
Institute of American Meat Packers, to be held in Chicago next
October, it will be approved by practically all concerns. It seems
to me but fair to give this recognition to the people of any
county sufficiently enterprising to make appropriations for
county-wide tests on all herds of breeding and dairy cattle,
which, with the slaughter of the reactors, should remove the chief
cause of tuberculosis in hogs.

There are now a large number of counties in the United States
that are successfully eradicating tuberculosis from the herds
within their boundaries. JI can not refrain from taking pride in
the county work being done in my home State. We have in
Michigan 22 counties which have provided funds ranging from
$2,500 to $15,000 each for one year’s work. This money is ap-
propriated out of county funds on the basis of approximately 25
cents per head for the breeding and dairy cattle population of
the county. This is to cover operating expenses. The indemnity
is paid out of State and Federal funds. While this county work
has been under way less than two years, we already have seven
counties that have been once tested. Hillsdale County, the first
to be completed, is due for another complete test next October.
Of 218 infected herds thus far retested, comprising 2,798 cattle—
more than half the entire number of infected herds on first test—
there were found on second test only 56 reactors, and these were
confined to 35 herds. There are now not to exceed 60 infected
herds representing less than 100 infected eattle in the entire
county, and this number will be greatly reduced durimeg the next
six months. We expect in the near future to receive a bonus of

488 Howarp R. SmItTH

$10,000 per year on our hogs in Hillsdale County alone, to say
nothing of the increased value on our breeding cattle.

In this connection I wish to say that the success of the Michi-
gan work in the eradication of tuberculosis is due in large part
to the attitude of our people and the fact that it is cooperative
between the county government, the State and the Federal Gov-
ernments. I believe greater success comes to such an enterprise
when the people in the local community provide a part of the
funds, preferably by county tax. The teamwork of Dr. Rich.
the Federal inspector in charge, and Dr. Killham, State veteri-
narian, has shown what subordinating the personal credit factor
for results can really accomplish in cooperative work of this
character.

County-area work, which means so much to the owners of
erade breeding and market stock as well as to the owners of pure-
bred herds, is also moving forward with pronounced success in
Missouri, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Illinois, New York, Washington,
Oregon, and some of the Southern States. It is an efficient, eco-
noinical and thorough system of eradicating tuberculosis which is
fast bringing the support of all people in securing adequate
appropriations.

Tuberculosis in steers and feeding heifers is not so large
a factor in increasing the cost of production as in hogs because
of the small percentage of tuberculosis among young feeding
eattle, but it is an important factor in feeding cows for beef or
for milk production. It is no exaggeration to state that an aver-
age of 10 per cent of the cows which come to our northern mar-
kets have tuberculosis, many of which are in such an advanced
stage of the disease as to preclude the possibility of using feed,
to advantage. Many of these cows will remain thin, regardless
of the amount of feed supplied. The removal of reactors from
our dairy herds will not only prevent the further spread of tuber-
culosis in the herd but it will eliminate heavy losses on feed that
is being wasted on cows incapacitated by tuberculosis. This is
costing the Nation millions of dollars annually, probably much in
excess of the losses on condemned beef and pork.

While the problem of eradicating tuberculosis is a costly one
for the time being, it will prove to be one of our profitable in-
vestments. An expenditure of eight million dollars annually for
five years will come near eliminating an annual loss of approxi-
mately forty million dollars caused by tuberculosis. While the

TUBERCULOSIS OF LIVESTOCK 489

five years of work, which has really been an organization period,
has not reduced as yet the condemnations on hogs in the Nation
as a whole, it has reduced the number of cattle retained for tuber-
culosis from 2.6 per cent in 1916 to 1.9 per cent in 1922. This
is very encouraging. Many of you are actively participating in
this great enterprise which is being watched with keen interest
by foreign nations. All can take pride in this accomplishment.

The various interests at the market centers, in full realization
of the seriousness of the tuberculosis situation, have been spon-
sors of this campaign from its beginning. Funds have been sub-
scribed for the employment of a livestock commissioner at each
of the principal markets, to devote his entire time to the pro-
motion of this work through educational means. The following
markets are now participating: Chicago, St. Louis, Omaha, Kan-
sas City, St. Joseph, St. Paul, Sioux City and Milwaukee, all
of which work is supervised and coordinated through The Na-
tional Live Stock Exchange.

If success eventually comes and the disease is reduced to a
minimum, which we know now is possible, it will be the result
of an efficient Government organization from Washington to the
various States and counties, and a spirit of cooperation which
comes from love for and loyalty to our Nation.

MACKELLAR GOES TO WASHINGTON

Dr. W. M. MacKellar, a veteran in the tick-eradication work
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, has been appointed assistant
ehief of the Tick Eradication Division in that bureau, effective
November 16. Doctor MacKellar directed the successful eradica-
tion of cattle ticks from the State of California, the work cover-
ing the period 1906 to 1916 and including an area of nearly
80,000 square miles. Upon completion of the work in that State,
he was placed in charge of Federal work in Georgia, and co-
operated with State officials in the eradication of cattle ticks
from 80 counties. He is the author of a recent circular en-
titled ‘‘How to Get the Last Tick,’’ which is used widely in
States where infestation still exists.

Doctor MacKellar’s appointment to the Washington office is
largely a recognition of his ability as an expert in tick eradica-
tion and quarantine activities and of successful work in organiz-
ing field forces and winning cooperation of State and county of-
ficials and livestock owners.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

(Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this department
reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful to others
in the profession. )

SARCOMATOSIS IN A COW

By R. A. RUNNELLS
Department of Animal Pathology, Michigan Agricultural
College, East Lansing, Mich.

A CASE of unusual interest both from the clinical and path-
ological standpoints came under the observation and care of
the Veterinary Division of the Michigan Agricultural College
some time ago. From the clinical standpoint it was of interest
because the symptoms which led to a diagnosis of traumatic
pericarditis proved to be due to an unrelated and uncommon
condition although involving practically the same organs. From
the pathological viewpoint the case attracted interest because a
condition of this nature is rare and the anatomical alterations
were so marked that it was difficult to understand how the pa-
tient survived until they became so extensive.

History.—The patient was a purebred Holstein cow which
three months previously began to show symptoms ordinarily
manifested by cattle suffering from traumatic gastritis and peri-
carditis. During this period there were times when the symptoms
were quite pronounced and others when they seemed partially
to subside. An unfavorable prognosis was given the owner,
but he decided to allow the cow to live until her period of ges-
tation terminated, because she was a well-bred animal and con-
siderable value was attached to her offspring. She gave birth,
three weeks prematurely, to a living bull ealf, and was then
brought to the hospital for treatment, if deemed advisable, or
for autopsy if treatment was thought of no avail. The latter
was decided upon at the end of a week because the symptoms
became greatly aggravated, partly due undoubtedly to the weak-
ened condition in which the patient had been left after the par-
turition of the previous week.

Symptoms.—aAt the time of slaughter she was extremely ema-
ciated ; there was moderate edema of the brisket and abdomen;

490

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 491

she remained in a standing position almost constantly; the fore
limbs were placed well apart with the elbows pointed outward;
splashing heart sounds could not be detected ; there was moderate
diarrhea.

Anatomical Alterations.—A diffuse mass of what appears to
be neoplastic tissue spreads over the outer surface of the retic-
ulum where it comes in contact with the diaphragm. This mass
resembles lymphoid tissue. As is not uncommonly the ease, the
reticulum contains several foreign objects such as tacks, nails,
pins, screws and small bolts, but at one point a brass pin about
5 em. in length has penetrated the reticular wall for a distance
of about 2 em., but still lacks about 1 em. of reaching the outer
surface, due to a marked thickening of the wall and the pres-
ence of the neoplastic tissue at this point.

A considerable quantity of ascitic fluid is present in the ab-
dominal cavity.

The liver is unevenly colored. Light yellowish brown irreg-
ularly shaped areas varying from a pin point to a centimeter in
diameter alternate with relatively small areas or bands dark
reddish brown in color. The lighter areas are quite uniformly
distributed throughout the organ. No other marked alterations
are observed in the abdominal cavity.

In the thorax is a large quantity of fluid similar to that
observed in the abdominal cavity. The heart is much larger
than normal and shaped more like a large ball than a cone.
(After having stood in 10 per cent formalin solution for several
weeks it measured 45 em. from the base to the apex, and the
circumference at the coronary groove was 95 cm. The organ
was not weighed.) The pericardium is adherent to the epi-
cardium in most places. Upon opening the heart from the base
to the apex the cut surface presents tio distinct layers, the inner
consisting of heart muscle and the outer apparently of neo-
plastic tissue. The inner heart muscle layer appears as a rel-
atively narrow band, normal in color but considerably thinner
than the normal myocardium. This is more conspicuous in
examining thin sections made from the base to the apex. In
places the myocardium of the right ventricle is only 8 mm. in
thickness and the left ventricle 4 em., while the outer neoplastic
layer presents a rather constant thickness of 8 to 10 em. over
the entire outer heart surface. There is a sharp line of de-
mareation between the two layers and apparently no infiltration

492 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

of the myocardium by the neoplasm. In sections made from the
base to the apex the inner reddish brown layer and the outer
pale gray layer present a marked contrast. The latter consists
of whorls of light gray areas which seem to emanate from the
heart muscle and are interspersed with and separated by darker
bands of tissue which are firmer in consistency and have the
appearance of having developed with more regularity. That is,
these bands appear to consist of fibers running parallel to one
another in contrast to the whorls of less dense and apparently
less organized tissue. The neoplasm appears to have its origin
in the epicardial connective tissue. As stated before, the peri-
cardium is adherent to the epicardium in most places, though it
can be separated at others.

In the accompanying illustration the myocardium of the ven-

Small round cell sarcoma.
Heart of cow.

tricles appears much thicker than is indicated above, but it will
be noted that the heart was sectioned close to the interventri-
cular septum, which was apparently not involved.
Histopathology.—Portions of the neoplastic tissue from both
the heart and reticulum and portions of the liver were fixed in
Zenker’s fluid, imbedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained by

CLINICAL AND CAsE REPORTS 493
Mallory’s eosin and methylene blue method. In addition por-
tions of the liver were fixed in osmic acid.

Sections from the heart and reticulum show the tissue to be
richly cellular. The cells forming the mass of the tissue are
about 2 to 4 times as laree as red blood cells, round or nearly
round in shape; their nuclei are large, staining deep blue on
account of the dense arrangement of the fine chromatin granules.
Cytoplasm surrounding the nuclei is not discernible. The inter-
cellular stroma of fibrous connective tissue js not abundant
except in an occasional area where it is much increased in
amount and appears to be rapidly proliferating. In _ these
areas the small round cells are massed in clumps or nests. Most
fields shows numerous newly formed capillaries. The structure
of this neoplastic tissue places it with the sarcomas of the small
round cell type with slight alveolar arrangement.

In sections of the liver the usual radial arrangement of the
cords of liver cells is not observed. The parenchymatous cells for
the most part appear as large, clear vacuoles, with or without
nuclei. Where present the nuclei are pushed to one side, givine
the cell a signet ring appearance. Some nuclei stain well with
methylene blue, others only faintly and appear shrunken, while
still others are not in evidence at all. The sections fixed in osmic¢
acid demonstrate that the large vacuoles seen in the eosin methy-
lene blue sections are fat globules. The liver apparently pre-
sents two distinct fatty changes, namely, fatty infiltration and
fatty degeneration. This combination of changes can probably
be accounted for in a case of this kind. Lowered oxidation due
to impairment of the cardiae function might possibly lead to the
former, and the intoxication due to or resulting from sarcoma-
tosis could quite probably produce the latter.

In addition to the fatty changes in the liver there are numer-
ous hemorrhages of varying ages. In the more recent ones the
red cells are intact; in older ones they are hemolyzed, and in
still older ones there is organization in various stages up to com-
plete fibrosis.

ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE

By Don. A. BoarpMAN, Rome, N. Y.

WRITING a paper on this subject, one finds a great conglom-
eration of conflicting theories, hypotheses and_ facts oleaned

494 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

from the literature. Let that be as it may, most investigators
agree that the causative factor is Bacterium abortus, the Bang
organism. Of course there are some other causes of a direct and
secondary nature. The mode of infection seems to be through
the digestive tract, through the blood stream to the reproductive
organs of the female, where it causes either premature expulsion
of fetus, a dead fetus at full time, or an apparently healthy in-
dividual with retention of placenta, depending upon the severity
of the infection and the resistance of the individual animal. The
consensus of opinion seems to be that the disease is most easily
spread through the vaginal discharges of the aborter during the -
sixty days following calving. Complete segregation of the animal
for this length of time should aid in the prevention of spreading
the disease.

A combined economic loss of the breeding power of affected
animals plus the resultant retained placenta, sterility and de-
creased milk production cost this country more money than any
other cattle scourge. The treatment of this disease is in the ex-
perimental stage. Numerous investigators and research workers
have found no specific panacea which satisfactorily copes with
the situation. The treatment ranges from the practice of allow-
ing the afflicted cow to shift for herself, selling her to the butcher
or to some unsuspecting buyer, to calling in more or less effective
professional aid. It is a well-known fact that abortion storms
will sometimes clear up in one or two years and not trouble the
owner again. In other eases a man never eliminates it from his
herd.

The veterinary profession has been trying to cope with the
situation for the past several decades, has discovered much about
the disease, but as yet is still somewhat in the dark. Serums,
bacterins, vaccines and nostrums have been put on the practioner
and stockman alike with pretentious claims for their effectiveness,
but as yet few, if any, are effectual.

The breeding of noninfected cattle with a clean sire, and keep-
ing such priceless individuals completely isolated from any source
of contagion, would be the acme of perfection.

The general practitioner has probably followed the new theories
and treatments which have come to his attention. In my limited
experience I have tried a few of the various treatments.

In 1920 I had a run of abortion ranging from 10 to 46 per cent
of the herd. I will cite my experience on one of these farms.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 495

Sixteen head ranging from heifers with first calf to the oldest
cow in the barn aborted. The remaining nineteen did not abort.
The fetuses ranged from five to eight months and were born
dead and alive. When I was first consulted there were five, all
with retained placentas in various stages of decomposition. One
of the cows was down, unable to rise, and consequently was de-
stroyed. One other, after removal of the placenta, developed a
perimetritis. Due to the straining of the animal, the uterus was
tipped up and backward between the floor of the rectum and the
roof of the vagina, cutting off all escape of the retained liquids
through the os uteri. The following week the uterus was found
adhered to rectum and vagina. The cow was off feed and weak
behind. A longitudinal incision through the roof of the vagina
and through the uterus liberated a copious discharge of retained
débris. She was then douched regularly with the rest of the
herd and ultimately made a good recovery. She was not bred
but sold for beef after the lactation period.

The treatment of this herd was as follows: The placenta was
removed manually when ready, the uterus douched with hot
normal salt solution and vigorously massaged per rectum. The
whole bunch was treated regularly from four to seven days apart
as long as any discharge was present or a small stomach tube
could be inserted through the os. The cows were all kept on
a one-half ounce dose of 1 per cent strychnin twice daily. These
cows were not bred under three months following abortion. The
bull was flushed out with 14, per cent Lugol’s solution before and
after serving. This practice of douching is still carried out to-
day. These fourteen cows all conceived and carried their calves
full time, having apparently normal offspring with but one re-
tained placenta. There was one aborter in the herd the second
year and none last year. In tracing back the herd’s sire we
found that he came from a herd which was apparently saturated
with infectious abortion. Several of these fetuses were sent to
Dr. C. M. Carpenter, at Ithaca, N. Y., who found the Bang organ-
ism in all but one. All cows in this herd were sprayed with a
1 per cent creolin solution twice daily. The gutters were like-
wise treated.

Another herd had six out of twenty abort. These were treated
the same except that bacterins were used. One aborted the
following year.

In another herd three out of fourteen aborted. Same treat-

496 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

ment; vaccinated with live cultures. One aborted, three others
the following year.

Last spring I had another herd in which six out of fourteen
aborted. The first two were unattended and both died. The
other four were treated and douched. These cattle were afflicted
with a necrotic form of metritis and vaginitis. One heifer in
particular had so much necrosis in the vagina that it was nearly
impossible to pass my hand into the vagina. I was afraid it
would perforate the walls of the vagina. Tampons of cotton
saturated with Flavisol were packed into the vagina and left
for several hours. Subsequent flushing of the vagina with the
same solution, twice daily, seemed to control the infection. These
four cows were bred and all conceived.

In another herd under treatment at the present time I have
injected ten head, as fast as they freshened, with live cultures.
This herd has been troubled with abortion for the last five years.

SCOTTISH VETERINARY SCHOLARSHIPS

The Board of Agriculture for Scotland has established scholar-
ships for the sons and daughters of agricultural and other rural
workers. Courses at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Veterinary
Colleges are included. The scholarships are limited in cost to
360 pounds sterling for three years, or 120 pounds for any one
year, with additional allowances for class fees and traveling
expenses.

FRENCH VETERINARY DEGREES

A bill has been introduced in the French Parliament to create
the degree of veterinary doctor to be conferred by the national
veterinary schools at Alfort (near Paris), Lyons and Toulouse.
Heretofore these schools have awarded only a diploma of ‘‘veter-
inarian’’ without the degree of doctor, and this has been an ob-
stacle to the recruiting of students. Certain rules will determine
the guaranties required for the conferring of the doctor’s
diploma and conditions under which it will be awarded to those
who already have the veterinarian’s diploma. The bill provides
for a fine of from 500 to 10,000 franes for those who assume
illegally the title of veterinary doctor, or who, without being a
doctor of medicine, do not mention the title ‘‘veterinary’’ in
connection with that of doctor.

ABSTRACTS

THE TREATMENT OF NERVOUS LOCALIZATIONS OF CANINE Dis-
TEMPER WITH FORMINE {URorTRoPIN). UL. Panisset and J.
Verge. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., vol. 87 (1922), no. 25, p.
411.

Urotropin may be administered to the domestic carnivora per
os, subcutaneously or intravenously. It is broken up in the body
into formaldehyde and ammonia, the former being found in the
cerebrospinal fluid, the saliva and the bronchial secretion. It is
probable that the powerful antitoxin and anti-infectious power
of urotropin should be attributed to its decomposition into for-
maldehyde and ammonia. The authors utilized this marked bac-
tericidal power in the treatment of certain nervous forms of
distemper. Of 11 patients treated, 5 died in spite of intervention,
5 cases were cured, and 1 case is at present improving. The medi-
cation is more effective if used when first symptoms appear.

There is injected intravenously 1 to 2 grams of urotropin
according to the size and weight of the dog. The drug is dis-
solved in either 5 or 10 ee. of normal salt solution. The injee-
tions are repeated each morning for 10 days. Improvement
should occur after about the 5th or 6th injection. When a series
of injections have produced no result, a similar series of injee-
tions should be undertaken after a rest of 10 days. Urotropin
merits a trial in the treatment of other forms of distemper partie-
ularly the pulmonary or intestinal. The treatment should be
instituted early in the disease. L. T. GILTNER.

PYOSEPTICEMIC INFECTIONS IN NEWBORN ANIMALS. L. C. Ma-
cuire. Vet. Jour., vol. 77 (1921), no. 555, pp. 334, 335.
(Abst. in Exp. Sta. Rec., vol. 47, p. 286).

The author claims to have eradicated white scours from eight
dairy farms having a total of 112 cows by treating the pregnant
cows with a vaccine prepared from an affected animal on the
same farm. The vaccination, which is carried out in the seventh
and eighth month of pregnancy, consists of three injections at
intervals of 10 days, the first injection containing 10,000,000, the
second 25,000,000, and the third 50,000,000 dead bacilli. One

497

498 ABSTRACTS

week after birth each calf receives an injection of one-fourth the
initial dose of vaccine employed for the cows.

VACCINATION AGAINST BovINE HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA WITH
ATTENUATED Virus. F. D’Hérelle and G. Le Louet. Ann.
Inst. Pasteur, vol. 35 (1921), no. 11, pp. 741-744. (Abst.
in Expt. Sta. Ree., vol. 47, p. 285.)

Data are presented showing that the virus of bovine hemor-
rhagic septicemia attenuated by repeated passage through rabbits
is capable of producing a lasting immunity in cattle or buffaloes.
This virus can be preserved unchanged in macerated rabbit
tissue, but if kept in macerated beef tissue it apparently regains
its virulence so that fatal results are obtained following inocu-
lation.

Cowpox AND SHEEP Pox. J. Bridré and A. Donatien. Ann.
Inst. Pasteur, vol. 35 (1921), no. 11 pp. 718-740.

The authors review the conflicting literature on the relationship
between sheep pox and cowpox, and report a series of experi-
ments undertaken to solve the question of the identity of these
diseases. The conclusions drawn from the investigation are as
follows:

Sheep can be inoculated with cowpox virus and ean be used
for the production of cowpox vaccine. Inoculation of vaccine
(cowpox) protects sheep against a new inoculation of the vaccine
provided the first inoculation has been followed by a satisfactory
reaction. Vaccination against cowpox does not immunize sheep
against sheep pox, nor does vaccination against sheep pox im-
munize sheep or other animals against cowpox. The results are
thought to indicate that the virus of cowpox and sheep pox are
not identical. Several references to the literature are appended.

NEW TREATMENT FOR THE NERVOUS Form oF DISTEMPER IN Doas.
G. Lichlenstern. Miinchen. Tierarztl. Wehnschr., 1921, p.
779. (Abst. in Rev. Gén. Méd. Vét., Oct. 15, 1922, vol. 31,
p. 603.)

The treatment of Lichlenstern is based on the fact that aged
dogs do not contract distemper, which proves that the blood of
of these dogs contains products (antibodies) which prevent the
evolution of the disease.

ABSTRACTS 499

In order to utilize the blood of aged dogs in the treatment of
distemper Lichlenstern proceeds in the following manner: The
aged dogs, brought for slaughter, are bled white, and there is
added to the blood collected a sterile solution of sodium citrate in
the proportion of 10 per cent. The dogs to be treated receive
100 to 500 grams of citrated blood, injected subcutaneously at
the junction of the neck and shoulders.

According to the author the results are Surprising. Dogs
down with grave nervous symptoms are able to get up the second
day after the injection, the gait becomes easy, and the improve-
ment becomes so pronounced that after a few weeks the weakness
of the hind quarters disappears completely.

PHENOL AND CRESOL AS PRESERVATIVES IN BroLocic PRopucts.
P. Masucci. Jour. Infect. Diseases, vol. 30 (1922), no. 4, pp.
379-387. (Abst. in Expt. Sta. Rec., vol. 47 (1922), p. 383.)

Contrary to the results reported by Krumwiede and Banzhaf,
ether-cresol has been found to be slightly less rather than more
germicidal than cresol alone and is considered to have no advan-
tage over cresol alone as a preservative of serum. No marked
difference was noted in the amount of the precipitate formed
on standing between serums treated with ecresol or ether-cresol.

THE VALUE OF COMPLEMENT-FIXATION AND AGGLUTINATION
TESTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS oF GLANDERS. A Marcis and R.
Manninger. Berlin. Tierarztl. Wehnschr., 36 (1920), no.
29, pp. 333-335. (Abst. in Expt. Sta. Ree. vol. 47 (1922),
p. 385.)

The results are reported of serological tests and postmortem
findings in 380 horses condemned as glandered. The data ob-
tained were analyzed with respect to the following questions: (1)
How often is the anatomical diagnosis of the slaughtered animals
in agreement with the blood tests, and (2) how often in positive
cases of glanders have the blood and eye tests failed ?

In answer to the first question the data obtained show that
of 296 cases in which the complement-fixation test gave positive
results, 286 proved on autopsy to have glanders. With the
agglutination test there were 246 positive results confirmed in 23
cases, while in the eye test there were 228 positive reactions con-
firmed in 213 cases. Of the 286 cases giving positive results on

500 ABSTRACTS

autopsy, the eye test alone failed in 8 per cent, the agglutination
test in 14, the complement fixation test in 12, the combination
eye and agglutination test in 3, the agglutination and comple-
ment fixation test in 5, the eye and complement fixation test in 2,
and the combination of three tests in 2 per cent.

““RouGE’’ oF SALTED MEATS. ISOLATION OF THE SPECIFIC AGENT.
Martel and R. Germain. Bul. Acad. Méd., Dee. 27, 1921.
(Abst. in Rev. Gén. Méd. Vet., vol. 31 (1922), p. 415.)

In the sanitary inspection of salted meats for the French Army
from the beginning of the war the authors noted an alteration
termed ‘‘rouge’’ which affected all sorts of such products, but
especially bacon and hams of American origin and codfish. The
name ‘‘rouge’’ is given to it because of a sticky reddish coating
on the product, ranging from pink to wine color, which in contact
with water forms a sort of mucus.

Microscopic examination revealed numerous germs, several of
which had already been described as agents of “‘rouge’’ by Még-
nin and Le Dantec; but the authors observed that (1) the quan-
tity of microbes in evidence does not correspond with the abun-
dance of the red coating; (2) the germs in different preparations
are often different; (3) there exists in all the preparations a
base inclosing the germs and colored with safranin, the blues,
thionin, ete.

Cultures on solid media saturated with salt permit the isola-
tion of an agent which the authors consider specific and for
which they propose the name Micrococcus rubroviscosus. On
solid media (codfish gelose saturated with salt, potato saturated
with salt, ete.) there appear, sometimes after one month, puncti-
form colonies, always transparent when they are pure, and which
gradually take on a ruby red. In liquid media saturated with
salt a fragile red film is formed, which becomes detached and
falls to the bottom, to be replaced by another.

The examination by dark field illumination of the aqueous
emulsion of a particle of culture reveals the presence of a fine
coccobacillus, when examination by ordinary methods has shown
nothing. The authors point out this peculiarity to explain the
failure of other observers. The specific agent is masked by other
microbes to which it adheres by reason of its tenuity and vis-
cosity.

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS D01

The specific microbe is aerobic; it falls in the class of chlo-
ridophiles of Le Dantec. On solid media its development is slow
and often it does not appear for a month. It may be cultivated
at 10° C.; the optimum temperature is 35° C. After a few
months the red tint fades and turns yellow, as on codfish, which
when decomposition sets in, takes a yellow tint.

The microbe was found on all the salted meats examined.
This ubiquity is explained by the fact that in all the salts of
commerce, except rock salt, the germ may be isolated. All salted
meats are therefore subject to ‘‘rouge.’’ Humidity, heat and
lack of aeration are conditions favoring the development of
the microbe.

The appearance of ‘‘rouge’’ on salted meat, facilitating
by its coating the development of a multitude of germs, is like
the first stage of putrefaction, and little by little the characters
of ‘‘rouge’’ disappear and give way to a putrid softening. On
fat bacon the alteration is benign, as the compactness of the
tissue impedes the penetration of the agent; but on codfish, the
flesh of which is friable, the ‘‘rouge’’ is very serious.

REVIEWS

Om OKSEBREMSENS BEKAEMPELSE (FIGHT AGAINST THE Ox
WaxBLE). Dr. Laust Brodersen. Maanedsskrift for Dyrlae-
ger (Copenhagen), Vol. 34, Pt. 13, Oct., 1922.

The facility with which the ox warbles (Hypoderma spp.) can
be greatly reduced in numbers is mentioned by the author. The
situation of Denmark is favorable to entire eradication of this
pest in that country provided a concerted fight should be made
against it. The Minister of Agriculture proposed a law last win-
ter looking toward the eradication of the pest throughout the
country. While this proposal was received favorably by the law-
making body it was deemed desirable not to press its passage at
that session owing to the danger of the spread of foot-and-mouth
disease by those carrying on the work.

After discussing the various methods of destroying the ox
warble and pointing out their difficulties and objections the au-
thor stresses the advantages of an instrument for mechanically
removing the larvae or grubs, which he and an engineer of
Copenhagen have perfected.

502 REVIEWS

The instrument consists of a brass pump about the size of a
small garden hand sprayer. This is arranged with piston and
valves calculated to create a partial vacuum. The lower end of
the pump is provided with a suction bell of rubber which is ap-
plied to the animal over the warble hole. As this is firmly press-
ed against the warble the handle of the pump is pulled out and
the combined pressure and suction removes the larve as well as
the pus which surrounds it. He states that in some instances
the larvae come out with a single stroke of the pump while in
other cases several strokes are necessary.

Before beginning extraction the hide on the back of the animal
is rubbed with soapy water to facilitate extraction.

The author states that he has tested this device in extracting
about two hundred and twenty larvae from thirty-five animals in
different localities. Most of those extracted were in the later
stages of development but the author believes that the younger
ones could be removed in the same way.

The writer of this review is of the opinion that Dr. Brodersen
has made a notable contribution to this field of work in devising
this mechanical warble extractor. It is, of course, desirable that
the instrument be tried out on a very large scale, especially with
different breeds of cattle, some of which are known to have
characters of hide which make grub extraction very difficult. If
the instrument works successfully under all conditions it would
commend itself on account of the greater cleanliness of the work,
lessening the chances of bruising the tissue and possibly produe-
ing less pain to the animal, as well as its ability to remove the pus
from the eysts. Ikea! Opal Bs

CARRIERS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Henry J. Nichols, M. D.,
M. A., Major, Medical Corps, U. S. Army, with a Section on
Carriers in Veterinary Medicine by R. A. Kelser, D. V. M.,
M. A., Captain, Veterinary Corps, U. S. Army. Published
by Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Md.

Major Nichols is a member of the Medical Corps, U. S. Army,
stationed at the Army Medical School, Washington, D. C., where
for several years he has been an instructor in bacteriology, para-
sitology, and preventive medicine.

Captain Kelser was employed in the laboratories of the Bureau
of Animal Industry for over seven years before he resigned to

REVIEWS 503

enter the Army, and he is now director of the Veterinary Labo-
ratories of the Army Medical School, Washington, D. C. Both
writers are well known to the members of their respective pro-
fessions. F

This new and interesting work on a very attractive subject:
consists of 184 pages, including the index, and 11 illustrations,
and is divided into four parts as follows:

Part I. General Considerations.—Deals with pathology,
diagnosis, treatment, and the importance of the subject of car-
riers.

Part II. Special Diseases.—Carriers in typhoid fever, cholera,
dysenteries, diphtheria, respiratory infections, blood disorders,
and sexual diseases are discussed under this heading.

Part III. Summary.—The place of carrier work and the
method of conducting it are dicussed in connection with the
relations of phorolgy to preventive medicine.

Part IV. Carriers in Veterinary Medicine.—This part of the
work is of special interest to veterinarians. The subject is
treated under four headings as follows:

1. Carriers of organisms pathogenic for both man and the
lower animals. The list ineludes such bacteria as Micrococcus
melitensis, various bacilli such as fetani, anthracis, mallet, diph-
theriw, erysipelatis suis, and the filterable virus of foot-and-
mouth disease.

2. Carriers of organisms pathogenic for animals and possibly
for man.—Bacterium abortus, streptococcus of infectious masti-
tis of cattle, and the trypanosomes appear in the list discussed.

3. Carriers of organisms pathogenic for lower animals only.
The bacilli bipolaris septicus, necrophorus, paratuberculosis; also
various protozoa and the filterable viruses are covered under
this heading.

4. Conclusion.—Comparisons are made between human and
lower animal carriers and the notable features of the subject in
veterinary medicine receive attention.

The recognition of the infectious nature of certain diseases
marked the beginning of a new era in the theory and practice
of medicine, and the observations by Kock in 1892-93 that appar-
ently healthy animals might disseminate the virus of hog cholera
led to rapid progress in the explanation and prevention of in-
fections, but comparatively little has been published on this as
a distinct subject. Previous to the publication of the work by
Major Nichols and Captain Kelser we had in English two mono-
graphs on the subject of carriers—‘The Carrier Problem in

504 REVIEWS

the Infectious Diseases,’’ by Ledingham and Arkwright, and
‘Human Infection Carriers,’? by Simon.

In view of the recognition of the importance of ‘‘Carriers’’
in our fight against disease and the able manner in which the
subject is handled by the authors, ‘‘Carriers in Infectious Dis-
eases’? commends itself to students and to practitioners of both
human and veterinary medicine as a reliable, up-to-date work
on this important subject.

Hoc CuHouers, Irs NATURE AND Controt. Raymond R. Birch,
B. S., V. M. D., Ph. D., Professor in Charge of the New
York State Veterinary College Experiment Station at Cor-
nell University, Ithaca, New York. Published by the Mac-
millan Company, New York, N. Y.

The author is well known to the members of the veterinary
profession through the research work he has done and his parti-
cipation in the activities of National and State veterinary medi-
cal organizations.

This work, consisting of 311 pages, including 20 illustrations,
is divided in 11 chapters, as follows:

History and Economic Importance

Nature and Cause of Hog Cholera

Methods of Dissemination

Complications

Symptoms and Lesions

Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, Prognosis

Preparation of Anti-hog-cholera Serum

Methods of Using Anti-hog-cholera Serum

Handling Hog Cholera in the Field

Hog Cholera, Meat Inspection and Garbage Feeding

Control and Eradictation of Hog Cholera

The book presents a pleasing appearance; it is neatly bound,
the paper is of good quality and the print is clear. Dr. Birch’s
work is deserving of a welcome reception, especially at this time
when veterinary practitioners are looking for up-to-date inform-
ation on the differential diagnosis of swine diseases.

T..Gegke

ASSOCIATION NEWS

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Proceedings of Fifty-ninth Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Mo.,
August 28 to September 1, 1922

(Continued from the December JouRNAL.)

THURSDAY EVENING, AUGUST 31, 1922
The meeting convened at 8:10 p. m., President Kinsley
presiding.

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: First we have a report from the Execu-
tive Board.
REPORT OF EXECUTIVE BoarD

SECRETARY Mayo: Before I make that report I wish to make
an explanation. Some evidently have not understood the regis-
tration fee of a dollar that was charged here. At the meeting
in Columbus two years ago the Association voted to charge a
dollar registration fee, to be used for entertainment. The regis-
tration fee collected here has been turned over to me and is
to be used in defraying the expenses of the clinie only. I
wanted you to understand that.

I have a telegram from Dr. Dalrymple, in response to one
that was authorized to be sent. ‘‘Greetings received with sin-
cere appreciation. Hope meeting unqualified success.”’

The following applications for membership have been favor-
ably recommended by the Executive Board:

Hugh F. J. Arundel, Blackshear, Ga.

F. O. Whiteman, Carrollton, Il.

T. E. Norman, Jasper, Ind.

John D. Lyle, Sparta, Il.

C. W. King, Trenton, Ohio.

W. E. Martin, Perry, Mo.

M. E. Gouge, Sedalia, Mo.

William Tennant, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

J. J. Hoffman, Cincinnati, Ohio.

C. R. Walter, Tulsa, Okla.

PRESIDENT Kinstey: What will you do with this list of ap-
plications?

Dr. ConNaway: I move their election.

(The motion was seconded and carried.)

SECRETARY Mayo: The Executive Board recommends that
Section 1, Article 17, of the Constitution and By-Laws be so

D05

506 ProcEepines oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

amended that the Committee on Intelligence and~ Education
shall consist of two teachers of veterinary science, one veteri-
narian in Federal or Dominion regulatory service, one veteri-
nary military officer and one practitioner.

The Board also recommends that Section 1, Article 5, of the
Constitution and By-Laws be so amended as to permit the
Executive Board to remit individual dues under special cireum-
stances.

Those recommendations will have to lay on the table a year.

The Executive Board recommends that the report of the
Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature be adopted
and the committee discharged.

PRESIDENT KiNSLEY: What will you do with this recommen-
dation?

Dr. Newsom: | move that it be adopted.

(The motion was seconded and carried.)

SECRETARY Mayo: The Executive Board recommends that the
Committee on International Veterinary Congress be discharged
Dr. Minter: I move that the recommendation be adopted.

(The motion was seconded and carried.)

Secretary Mayo: It is recommended that as soon as the
funds in the hands of the Salmon Memorial Committee be
turned over to the Treasurer the committee be discharged.

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: You have heard the recommendation.
What is your pleasure?

Dr. Ketuy: I move it be approved.

(The motion was seconded and carried.)

Secretary Mayo: It is recommended that the report of the
Liautard Memorial Committee be adopted and the committee
discharged.

Dr. Mitter: I move the adoption of the recommendation.

(The motion was seconded and earried. )

SECRETARY Mayo: The Executive Committee also recom-
mends that the Committee on Revision of National Formulary
be discharged.

Dr. Stuns: I move the recommendation be adopted.

(The motion was seconded and carried.)

COMBINING OFFICES OF SECRETARY, EDITOR AND BUSINESS
MANAGER

PRESIDENT Kinstey: Dr. Way, chairman of the Executive
Board, has some further report.

Dr. Way: The Executive Board respectfully submits the
following :

At Philadelphia, in 1918, an amendment to the Constitution and
By-Laws was presented by Dr. Mayo, providing for the amalgamation

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 507

of the offices of Secretary, Business Manager and Editor of the
official JOURNAL of the Association, the incumbent of this office to
devote his entire time to the affairs of the Association.

A subcommittee of three from the Executive Board was appointed
to study the situation and make recommendations to that Board.
For two years the committee has carefully studied the situation in
an endeavor to make recommendations for the best solution of this
question.

Approximately fifty members have been consulted, more especially
in reference to their availability to accept the position, and many
more have been consulted for advice and suggestions.

At the opening session of the Executive Board at this meeting Dr.
Mayo notified the Board that he wished to be relieved of the duties
of Secretary as soon as the change could be conveniently made with-
out embarrassment to the Association. Dr. Mayo has worked faith-
fully and diligently, and at all times has been ready to undertake any
task that has been desired by the Board. His records are most
accurate, his files are most complete. The affairs of his office have
been audited by an expert accountant and found to be in every way
accurate and above criticism.

Dr. Mohler, as Editor of the JOURNAL, and Dr. Mayo, as Secre-
tary of the Association, have been consulted, and the situation has
been discussed from every possible angle, from a business, financial
and policy standpoint, in reference to the advisability of the amal-
gamation of these two offices at this time. Both of these efficient
officers have advised that they feel the step is a wise one, and that
they are willing to assist in every’ way possible in the amalgamation
and serve to the best of their ability in consummating the ar-
rangement.

The Board has considered both the present Editor and the Secre-
tary as admirable men for this combined position; in each case the
proposition has been declined with thanks and appreciation for the
compliment, but for personal reasons it is impossible for either to
accept.

The Board wishes to take this opportunity to commend Dr. Mohler
as Editor of the JouRNAL for the efficient and satisfactory adminis-
tration of his duties in connection with the official organ of the
Association. The business management is efficient, the records are
complete and clear, and an official audit shows his accounts to be
correct and in every way above criticism.

In casting about for a suitable man for this position, one pos-
sessing all the desirable attributes is difficult to find. Men holding
responsible positions receiving, in many cases, higher salaries than
it is deemed advisable by the Executive Board for this Association
to pay, and working under surroundings that are congenial, can not
see their way clear to accept the position.

In the final analysis of the question, the Board has selected and
recommends from the men most available Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, of
Detroit, Mich., for the position of Secretary-Editor of this As-
sociation. He did not seek the position, and by virtue of his training
and ability we believe he will be able to serve the Association in an
efficient and satisfactory manner. We recommend that the complete
amalgamation of the two offices be effected not later than January 1,
1923. Both the present Editor and Secretary have assured us of
their full cooperation in consummating this arrangement.

The Board recommends that the position of Secretary-Editor carry
a salary of £4,000 for the first year, and providing the services are
satisfactory to the Board, that the salary be increased to $5,000 at

508 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

the beginning of the second year, future advancement in this respect
to be governed entirely by results obtained.

It would seem advisable after three years of careful consider-
ation that the plan as suggested would be to the benefit of the Asso-
ciation. We make these recommendations for your careful consider-
ation, and trust that you may see fit to approve the action of your
Executive Board.

Dr. Way: I move the adoption of the recommendation.

(The motion was seconded. ) ;

Dr. Torrance: | would like to interpolate a question at this
stage, because I may be perhaps a little ignorant of the situ-
ation. I have noticed that the report of the committee extols
in no measured terms the efficiency of our present officers, the
Secretary and the Editor, and I feel quite confident that their
opinion of these two officers is well merited and is shared by a
large number of the members here. But, sir, when prosperity
is smiling upon an organization, when everything is running
along smoothly, when you are perfectly satisfied with your offi-
cers, is that the proper time to make a change, a radical change,
in both officers at the same time, taking away the men who have
shown by their experience and by their work that they are weil
fitted for that work, and putting it in the hands of no matter
how well-selected a man, but a man who is not conversant with
the work and has had comparatively little experience?

I would like to ask, therefore, whether any effort has been
made to induce Dr. Mohler to remain as Editor of the JOURNAL
for a further period. I feel strongly, gentlemen, that John
Mohler’s name on the face of that JouRNAL is something like the
‘‘U. S. inspected and passed’’ mark upon a piece of meat. You
know the quality is there, and I for one would be very reluctant,
if it is at all possible to retain Dr. Mohler’s services, to have
them parted at the present time. If by any possible way we
can retain the services of Dr. Mohler, I think we should, for the
benefit of the Association, endeavor to do so; and I would like
to have some assurance from the committee that an effort has
been made to retain those services.

Dr. SHorE: I rise to try to express in some way a second to
what Dr. Torrance has just said. I ean reeall, it seems to me,
when the JouRNAL was not as readable a magazine as it 1s now.
Can’t we do something to continue this present course that the
JOURNAL has taken? Isn’t there some way that we can ask the
Executive Board to reconsider this action, and if possible get
Dr. Mohler to remain in charge of the JouRNAL for some future
period ?

Dr. EaGue: I can not see, from a financial standpoint, how
they expect to better the condition of the Association by remoy-
ing both of these gentlemen at this time, or doing away with the
two offices and amalgamating them into one, if you are going

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 5D09

to pay $4,000 the first year and at the end of that time $5,000
a year, or the combined salary that I understand the two men
are getting now.

Anyone who had any experience or paid any attention to the
JOURNAL previous to the New Orleans meeting knows what that
JOURNAL was. I don’t know who the Editor was. I make no
reflections on him, whoever he was. But we know we did not get
the JOURNAL regularly. Furthermore, if we will take the report
as Submitted by Dr. Mohler and approved by this body of men,
we will note the increase in profit in this JourNAL in the last
year. I am frank to tell you that as commercial men we feel
more like putting our ads in this JourNaL with Dr. Mohler at
the head of it than we ever have before—I don’t say better than
we ever will, but we will feel better with Dr. Mohler as Editor
of that Journau. I can not see why at this time it would
benefit this Association to amalgamate these offices.

- Dr. A. E. Cameron : May I ask if the decision of the Executive
Board was unanimous?

PresipeNt Kinsey: That is a pertinent question. I don’t
know whether it is answerable or not. I will leave that to the
Executive Board.

Dr. TorRANCE: We have had no reply from the committee in
regard to this question that I asked, and before the question of
adopting their report is put to the meeting, I think they should
be given an opportunity.

Presipent Kinstey: I thought it would be well for anyone
who wanted to discuss the report to discuss it first. If there is
nothing further we will ask Dr. Way to answer the questions
that have been asked.

Dr. Way: As for the question of the management of the of-
fices of the JourNaL and of the Secretary, the Executive Board
I think clearly expressed in their report the attitude of that
body toward the present incumbents of these offices.

In Philadelphia an amendment to the Constitution and By-
Laws was presented to amalgamate these two offices. At
Columbus the amendment was adopted. The Association sig-
nified to the Executive Board, by amendment to the Constitution
and By-Laws, that it wished to combine the two offices.

With reference to Dr. Torrance’s question, we of the Board
very much desired that Dr. Mohler accept the combined
position.

In reference to the unanimity of the Executive Board, the
report as submitted has been approved by all the members.

I don’t know that there is anything more I can say. We
simply interpret your instructions, or the instructions of the
Association, in a desire that the two offices be amalgamated, and
we submit our report.

510 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

Dr. WHITE: There seems to be a struggle here between a very
beautiful sentiment and a hard-headed business. I have been
a member of this Association over a quarter of a century. I
have admired its sentimentality but I have often doubted its
wisdom in a business way. The majority of the membership
undoubtedly must have had this feeling some three years ago
when this change was proposed. The change was to profes-
sionalize the offices of Secretary and Editor so that we might
have a continuous administration. This went even further; it
was hoped to include a permanent home for the Association.
Your Executive Board was requested to make a study of this
matter and report. A report is now before us. We have been
procrastinating in this matter for about three years, and we are
not getting anywhere. In the meantime, our Association is
hardly holding its own in membership. Our funds are not in-
creasing. Here a small handful of us represent what is prob-
ably the largest veterinary association in the world. If we wish
to become a power in veterinary policies and polities in North
America, I feel that we must sweep aside any sentiment we
may have in the matter and get down to good, hard-headed, prac-
tical business. One of the first steps in this direction, in my
opinion, is the establishment of a permanent secretaryship, and
personally I feel that before we get where we wish to get we
will have a permanent meeting place.

In the State of Ohio our State Association has a much larger
turnout than does our National Association.

Dr. Mohler is one of my best friends. If I thought for a
moment it would be possible for him to accept this permanent
secretaryship, I certainly would vote in his favor. He has been
asked but obviously he has had to decline it.

When I was President of the Association I found Dr. Mayo
one of the most efficient, pleasant, honorable and upright gen-
tlemen I ever have had the pleasure of dealing with. He also
is unable to accept the position. In the neighborhood of fifty
members of the Association have been approached, but for
reasons given they can not accept. As what might be termed
perhaps, therefore, a compromise candidate, Dr. Hoskins has
been suggested. In the light of these things I trust that the
report of the Board will be adopted, because I feel that it will
be for the best interests of this Association, and make a greater
power in framing veterinary policies and in controlling veteri-
nary politics in North America.

If we continue on in this way, in my opinion in five years
we shall be no more powerful than we are today. An association
can not stand still; it must either go forward or go backward.
Tonight you gentlemen are to decide whether to proceed or
retrogress. In my humble opinion, to sustain the report of

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING vile

this Board will be to progress. I, therefore, shall vote for the
motion.

Dr. Fircu: I happened to be present at this Association
meeting when the motion was originally placed before it to
combine these two offices. There was considerable debate before
the Association at that time as to the wisdom of that policy.
After some debate it was unanimously adopted that such a
policy was a wise one for this Association to take. It has not
been an easy thing to find a man who could and would fill this
position. I might say that I was one of the men who was ap-
proached as to availability, but it is a position which entails
trust and work and responsibility, and one does not always feel
that he can leave a position in which he has partially succeeded
to take one which is possessed of more or less doubt.

This Association in the election of a combined Secretary or a
permanent Secretary and Editor is following the lead of asso-
ciations in other lines. It is following a policy which not only
has proven its worth, but is one in which this Association can
have a great deal of benefit, and it would seem to me that after
four years’ consideration—one year in the consideration of the
amendment and its adoption and three years in the selection of a
man—it would be a step backward if this motion did not prevail.

Dr. Upauu: The question upon which you have been called to
pass is one that involves far more than the personality of any
individual or the temporary success of any journal. It is a
bottom-stone of the principle and of the policy for which this
Association intends to stand. I believe I am correct in the
statement that our profession, as large as it is, is a service in-
cidental to the livestock industry of this country. We are made
up of various groups—practitioners, representatives of commer-
cial houses, teachers, investigators and regulatory men. The
administrative office of this Association should be free from the
entanglements of any single group. The administrative office
of this Association and the policies and the principles that are
best for the livestock industry and for the Association as a
whole are of infinitely greater importance than the selection of
any particular individual or the publication of any journal.

Issues of tremendous importance to this industry and to this
profession are immediately ahead of us. These are issues that
are not peculiar to this profession; they have been before the
medical profession for a considerable time. Briefly stated, the
one of chief importance at the present is the correlation of state
service for the control of disease. There appears to be antag-
onism between these two groups, complaints arise from stock
owners, from practitioners, from individuals of each group of
our protession. The proper correlation and the proper under-

512 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

standing of the questions that underlie this issue are ones that
must be settled for the good of all concerned.

We stand here representing to a considerable extent the lead-
ership of the profession. At home many of our colleagues will
ask, as they have asked, ‘* What does the profession mean to me?
What does the National Veterinary Medical Association mean
to me?’’

We have had an excellent clinic for the practitioner; his in-
terests have been carefully looked after; there has been recogni-
tion of the fact that this body of men, constituting about 85
per eent of our members and the élite of the profession, should
be properly recognized; but we have got to do more for these
men than merely to provide source of instruction and enter-
tainment. They want to know where we stand upon the prin-
ciples that affect their service. I want to know whether I can
say to my clients, whether in the advice that I am giving in
serving, In my service as a private individual, I am supported
in this advice by my national organization.

We representatives of livestock organizations stand for a
policy that seems to be wise both for their interests and for our
interests. I would like to feel that my colleagues in regulatory
work, in institutional work, and in all the different branches of
profession take me equally with assurance. That is the issue
before us, and in voting upon the adoption of this recommen-
dation you are expressing to the mass of men who constitute
our profession the indication as to which way you lean, whether
in this issue of correlation of state medicine and of private enter-
prise you are leaning to domination by state medicine or
whether you are willing to set up a policy in which your repre-
sentative is controlled by all of the various elements of the or-
ganization and to which all can come with equal opportunity
and fight the battle if it is necessary.

Dr. Connaway: I wonder if we haven’t had enough oratory
on this? Even if the water is a little cold, let us try it. I think
we will make no mistake. This young man is young because it
isn’t his fault. In time he will outgrow that. It is no fault of
his that he is young; I am glad he is young; but he has had ex-
perience. I think we ought to vote on this very promptly.

Dr. TorRANCE: I do not wish to delay the decision on this
matter, but I feel that I have a duty to perform in asking for
a definite reply to the question which I addressed to the com-
mittee; that was whether Dr. John R. Mohler had been ap-
proached with a request to continue the editorship of the
JourNAL for a still longer period. The reply which I received
was that he had been offered the position of dual importance,
the position combining the seeretaryship and the editorship.
That was not what I asked. I don’t know that it is absolutely

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 513

necessary for these two positions to be combined at the present
time, and | feel strongly that it is in the interest of the Asso-
ciation, even if it is necessary to postpone for another year the
amalgamation of these offices, that we should endeavor to retain
the services of Dr. John R. Mohler as Editor of this JouRNAL.

It is not necessary from a business point of view at the pres-
ent time to make this change, because the JOURNAL has been
progressing. Everybody admits that it is more prosperous in a
commercial way, more influential in a literary way, than ever
before. The Editor is a man of culture, who understands for-
eign languages, who is able to read foreign literature, and now
we propose to let him out and put a man who has had com-
paratively little experience in journalism, and to combine with
that the office of Secretary.

I believe in progress. I have been a member of this Associa-
tion a long time. I have its interest as much at heart as my
friend Dr. White, who recently spoke. I fully believe that before
you take a step you should see that you are going in the right
direction. Now, I doubt very much whether this is a step in the
right direction with regard to John R. Mohler, and I would,
therefore, move that this recommendation of the Executive
Board be referred back to them with the object of ascertaining
whether it is possible to employ the service of John R. Mohler
for a longer period.

(The motion was seconded. )

Dr. Way: I rise to a point of order. There is a motion be-
fore the house. .

I am sorry that I didn’t answer Dr. Torrance’s question in
a way that he desires. I will endeavor to do so now.

Dr. Mohler told the Executive Board that he would be glad
to assume the responsibility of the JouRNAL for another year, or
that he would be. glad to relinquish the editorship of the
JOURNAL at this time. We all felt (I speak for the members of
the Board as a whole, I think) that it would be better to effect
this amalgamation by extending it over a longer period of time,
but for reasons that were presented to the Executive Board, it
was finally decided that the amalgamation should take place in
four months, or by January 1.

I think that states the position or the question as it has been
discussed with the Editor and with the Secretary by the mem-
bers of the Board.

The point that the Board wished to bring out is this: That
this Association has by amendment to its Constitution and By-
Laws instructed the Executive Board to effect this amalgamation.
If the Association didn’t want the Board to effect this amalga-
mation, why did it give the instruction? We are acting as a
part of this Association; the Executive Board is sort of a clear-

514 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

ing house, and we submit to the best of our ability the results
of the deliberations of the Executive Board on a question re-
garding which you have given very definite and decided instruc-
tion. We trust that the motion may prevail.

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: State your point of order.

Dr. Way: There is a motion before the house.

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: This motion to refer back takes prece-
dence.

Dr. Way: I accept your ruling.

Dr. Butter: It seems to me that Dr. Way has taken rather a
peculiar view of this matter. There is no assumption, so far as
I can see, that the Association doesn’t still want the offices amal-
gamated; but may I not ask that there may be some question of
the wisdom of the way that they are amalgamating? If they had
separated the report so that the Association could vote upon
these two problems separately, there wouldn’t be any question
in my mind but what they would still vote to amalgamate the
offices. But I can see that there might be a very great differ-
ence of opinion as to whether you were wisely amalgamating
them or not; whether it was wise to amalgamate at all at this
time if you had to take a young man, however brilliant, how-
ever honest, however capable in so far as experience would per-
mit, a man certainly not having had such a broad experience to
be in touch with the various departments of the profession as
outlined by Dr. Udall, a man who has not yet had that growth
and development to fit an office of this size—the biggest office
in the veterinary profession in America today, the office for
which you should pick out a man of mature years, of broad,
mature experiences, and a man of known and tested executive
ability and known and tested ability to handle a proposition of
this sort. If it is necessary to pay $5,000 or $6,000 or $7,000 a
year to get that sort of a man, it is infinitely better as a busi-
ness proposition to go out and find a man you want, the man
who is suited, and then get him, and a thousand dollars in sal-
ary should never stand in the way.

Personally, I believe in the amalgamation of the offices; but I
say with all due respect to Dr. Hoskins—I have it from every
hand that he is brilliant, that he is honest, that so far as his
experience goes he is extremely capable—that Dr. Hoskins has
not had that broad experience, has not attained that age and
experience which are necessary for such an office as this. That
is the only reason that I am going to vote against this amal-
gamation.

Dr. WHITE: I would be perfectly willing to pay our Secretary
$15,000 a year. I wanted a Packard, but I got a Ford. I had
only $328. The income of this Association is not unlimited.
If it were possible to pay a permanent Secretary a decent salary

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING — BAD

and at the same time retain Dr. Mohler as the Editor, I would
be more than pleased to vote for that proposition; but I am
assured that the income of the Association at the present time
would not permit of this extravagance. This, of course, is a
compromise proposition. I have no objection to paying what-
ever you want to if you have got the money.

Dr. Eacue: It looks to me lke an association with $30,000 in
the treasury could afford to buy a Packard in preference to a
Ford. Now the increase last year, as I understand it, in the
receipts from this JouRNAL alone was $5,900 increased profit,
and it does appear to me that they could afford to pay a much
better salary than they are offering under the present conditions.
I think this Association with $30,000 in the treasury is in a
pretty prosperous condition.

Dr. Keuuy: I personally think it is a serious thing to exchange
two experienced men for one inexperienced man. Now, I don’t
mean any reflection on Dr. Hoskins personally, but if we can
not at the present time get a person in a business way to man-
age it for the present salary which is offered, I think it is well
enough to defer it. No business corporation or any other firm
would take an inexperienced manager to fill the two most im-
portant offices in its corporation. I think it is inadvisable to
make the change at the present time.

Dr. Lyncu: I hope that you gentlemen will pardon me for
speaking on this subject, being only a member of your Association
at this meeting. I am a young man and a practitioner. I want
to tell you gentlemen that I favor this amalgamation, and I favor
a paid Secretary who is going to devote his entire time to this
work. A great many of the practitioners throughout this coun-
try are absolutely dissatisfied with this Association, and there
is nothing in the world that will bring those men to-a realization
that this Association is the one big need of their lives like havy-
ing a man who is paid, who can go out into their associations,
into their home States and carry the message and tell those men
who are unable to come here what this Association is doing and
show those men that this Association is really functioning and
wants to function for that great mass of practitioners who today
feel that this organization is not organized for them.

I take exception to the gentleman who said that he ques-
tioned the man whom the Executive Board had recommended
for this office. I don’t know the man, but I always have ob-
jected to the fact that anybody will say that a man has to grow
a beard before he is able to run an organization. Throughout
the breadth and length of this great country the young man-
hood of America is coming to its own. As I sat there and lis-
tened to a man say that because he isn’t gray-headed he can not
be a successful secretary, I felt that if the Executive Board,

516 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

which is made up of competent men, has seen fit to choose him,
he is good enough for me.

Dr. Butuer: I didn’t get up to make a reply to the whisker
part; I have too mueh sense to answer that sort of an argu-
ment; but I wanted to answer Dr. White. Any business organi-
zation would not put a young man in there to manage it com-
pletely. I didn’t mean that because he was young. I know
there are men 25 years old that have a good deal more sense than
Dr. Kinsley or myself, even if we grow chin beards; but any
man who is going to manage as important a proposition as this
has got to have experience, I don’t care whether he is 25 or
whether he is 50 years old, if he has had the right kind of
experience; but he can’t get it at 25. That is what I meant. I
didn’t mean any reflection on Dr. Hoskins. I didn’t mean any
reflection on boys, because I know a lot of 25-year-old boys that
will know a good deal more than 60-year-old men. I would
never hope, even if I grew a much longer beard, to have as
much sense as he has; but it takes something more than sense—
it takes experience and development in the work that he is
going to manage, if he is going to manage as big a proposition
as this.

Dr. Hart: This is a very serious proposition that has come
up all of a sudden before an association which has been running
along very smoothly for the last several years. I am not fully
acquainted with all things that have transpired, but from what
I see there are two questions that are bringing up this discus-
sion. One is the experience of the man that is going to take the
place, and the other is the moving of the time of making the
transfer from July 1, 1923, to January 1, 1923.

There is a motion before the house to refer this back to the
Executive Board. I feel satisfied that if this goes back to the
Executive Board and they come back with a recommendation
that this change be made to take effect July 1, 1923, there will
be a unanimous agreement on it, and it seems to me that the im-
portance of that unanimous agreement is greater than whether
we delay six months longer or not. I have perfect confidence
in the experience and in the ability of Dr. Hoskins to carry out
this work. I believe that all we need to do is refer this back to
the Executive Board to have the change made July 1, 1923, and
it will be a unanimous agreement.

PRESIDENT KINsLEY: The question before the house at the
present time is to refer this back to the Executive Board and
have them ascertain and report whether or not Dr. Mohler will
accept the editorship for one year.

(A rising vote was called for. Fifty-four voted for the motion
and 60 against it. The motion was lost.)

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING “517

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: If there are no further remarks we will
vote on the original question.

(The motion was carried. )

Dr. Hoskins: Take a look at your Ford, gentlemen. I can’t
say that it has been extremely pleasant to listen to the debate
during the past half hour or so. I should like to have been
somewhere else.

As the Chairman of the Executive Board said, I did not seek
this office. They came to me, and it was with considerable hes-
itation that I finally consented to allow my name to be consid-
ered. It was not that I doubted my ability to conduct. this
office. I am a young man, I will confess. I have had some
little experience. I wouldn’t like to have to enumerate the
various secretaryships that I have held, but I might Say in¢i-
dentally that I have been doing editorial work for nine or ten
years.

The prospects of assuming this office which the Association
has been kind enough to bestow upon me makes me feel very
much as I did just before I was going to be married. I looked
forward to the event with keen anticipation and pleasure. I
also felt fully conscious that I was undertaking a big jump.

I am not going to tell you what I am going to do with these
offices. It is hardly within the province of the Secretary to
say what the policy of the Association will be, but I give you my
solemn pledge that I will put my entire heart and soul into the
work, and that if necessary I will devote 365 days of the year to
carrying on the work.

I doubt if there is a man in the audience who does not agree
with practically every remark that was made this evening about
conditions generally. Dr. Lynch, I believe it was, said he didn’t
know me, and I don’t think I ever met Dr. Lynch, but he spoke
of the practitioner. I have also been a practitioner; not very
long, I admit, but having been raised in a veterinary atmo-
sphere, I am fully aware of what the man in active practice has
to contend with. My close association with the practitioners of
Michigan during the past six years has kept me in very close
touch with their situation, their conditions. I believe I know
just about how they feel, and when I say that the feeling is
quite general that the American Veterinary Medical Association
has not done everything that it could for the private practitioner,
I doubt if anyone will contradict me. The main reason for that,
as I see it, has been because the Association has been slow in
taking the step that it has taken this evening. They have had
the right idea, they have diagnosed the case, and the only reason
why more has not been done and a better feeling, a more con-
fident feelmg among the practitioners brought about, has been
because the Association has not provided the means for doing

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

Or
fed
(oa)

just that thing, and that was undoubtedly the fundamental idea
in making provisions for somebody to devote his entire time to
this office.

As long as the veterinary science is the diversified profession
that it is, just so long as we have veterinarians engaged in such
a great variety of work, just so long is this Association going
to be made up of these different groups. We should lose sight
of the fact that we are practitioners or that we are educators,
teachers, or sanitary control men. As Dr. Cotton says, we are
veterinarians, and as veterinarians we should look after our
own welfare. Just so long as we have any feeling that one group
of men is dominating the Association, that Association is not
going to enjoy a healthy existence. So the only thing to do is
for everybody to get together and pull together, and I don’t
doubt but what it will be a very short time before this condition
which has been referred to among the rank and file of the prac-
titioners will have disappeared.

I am not going to tell you men that I need your help, because
you know it. I am not going to ask you men to give me your
help, because I know that it is not necessary; I know that you
will give it. If you didn’t get the import of the Executive
Board’s report I am here to tell you that I am taking this posi-
tion on probation, subject to giving satisfaction.

ADDRESS BY HON. CLARENCE OUSLEY

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: We have delayed our literary program
considerably. I want to assure you that the rest of the evening
will be more pleasant and more interesting than that that has
gone before.

The first speaker on our program this evening is a man of -
national and international reputation. He is a gentleman who
has no second in the knowledge concerning agriculture, and par-
ticularly does he know the relationships of the veterinarian and
the agriculturalist. This gentleman was Assistant Secretary of
Agriculture during the period of the war. He was formerly
director of the Extension Division of the A. and M. College in
Texas. He is an agricultural economist. I am pleased to in-
troduce to you the Honorable Clarence Ousley, of Fort Worth,
Texas.

(Colonel Ousley delivered his address, which was published
in the JouRNAL for October, 1922, page 13.)

Dr. QuirMAN: There is no doubt that we have listened tonight
to the treat of the convention, to a most wonderful, broad, com-
prehensive address by the Honorable Clarence Ousley. I am
first going to make a recommendation, and follow it up with a
motion.

I do not think that if we appointed a dozen men to draft a

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 519

propaganda article we could better the address given by the
Honorable C. Ousley. I therefore suggest as one of the duties
of the new Secretary-Editor that we have at least 5,000 copies
of this address printed and a copy sent to every member of this
Association, coupled with the suggestion that he have it pub-
lished in his local paper or papers, and if the opportunity pre-
sents itself, that he read it before the local agricultural or farm-
ers’ associations. I make that suggestion, and if a motion is
necessary I will follow it up with a motion. While I am on my
feet I want to move a rising vote of thanks of this Association
to the Honorable C. Ousley for his most splendid address.

(The motion was seconded and carried by a rising vote.)

Dr. Quirman: I move that the Secretary be instructed to
have printed at least 5,000 copies of this address and that a
copy of it be sent to each member of this Association with the
suggestion that he endeavor to have it published in his local
newspapers or farmers’ publications if possible, and that he also
endeavor to read it before the local farmers’ or agricultural
associations.

SecrETARY Mayo: This, of course, will be published in the
JOURNAL, and I think it should be referred to the Executive
Board. I therefore move it be referred to the Executive Board
for full consideration as to the best way of distributing this
splendid address.

(The motion was seconded. )

PRESIDENT KinsLEY: It has been moved and seconded that
the matter relating to Mr. Ousley’s address be referred to the
Executive Board.

Dr. QuirmMAN: I think that that just means a delay. This is
a question I think that is very clear to us all. The Honorable
©. Ousley showed a comprehensive knowledge of our problems,
just as good and just as well as we understand them ourselves,
and he has pointed out the ways and means of combating the
problems that confront the profession. To refer it to the Execu-
tive Board I think just means a loss of time. I believe that this
Association has a right to formulate some plans of its own re-
gardless of the Executive Board.

If it is published in the JOURNAL many of the veterinarians
who are not present at this meeting will delay reading their
JOURNAL. This iron should be struck while it is hot. I believe
that if it is sent to them separately, it will attract the attention
of the veterinarians. You must remember that there are about
4.000 of our members who are not present at this meeting, and
we want to reach them by the direct method. While I approve
most heartily of it being published in the JouRNAL, still I main-
tain that the direct way is the best.

Dr. Fircu: Personally I would like to have some extra

520 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

copies of this address. It is not an easy thing to send a
JOURNAL to various members of staffs and other organizations
to whom I would like to send this.

Dr. Merituat: I am rather inclined to believe that Dr. Quit- -
man’s motion is out of order, because the Constitution provides
that all matters of publication shall be considered by the Execu-
tive Board. It is out of order because it is unnecessary.

Dr. QuirMAN: J will amend my motion with the consent of my
second. I believe that Dr. Merillat has the right idea about the
Constitution and By-Laws. I will amend my motion to read
that the Executive Board be instructed to have printed at least
5,000 copies. If they see fit, make it 10,000 copies. Like Dr.
Fitch, I would like to have a number of extra copies myself, and
I believe that our members will be writing for extra copies.

(Accepted by the seconder. )

PRESIDENT KINsLeEY: With your permission I will declare the
motion referring this to the Executive Board out of order and
accept Dr. Quitman’s motion.

Dr. Way: I am very sorry that the Executive Board has
gained the reputation of being very inactive. There will be a
meeting of the Executive Board before 12 o’clock, and I trust
that before the midnight hour the address will be well on its
way toward publication.

(The motion was put and carried.)

Hon. CLARENCE OusLEy: Will you allow me to say a personal
word to express my very deep appreciation of your kindly ac-
ceptance of my remarks? If I have voiced the ethics and the
concept of this Veterinary Medical Association, I owe it to the
fact that for three years, as Director of Extension, I sat at the
feet of Dr. Mark Francis, and for two years at Washington, as
Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, I sat at the feet of John R.
Mohler. (Applause. )

PRESENTATION OF PAPERS

PRESIDENT Kinstey: The next number on the program is
‘‘The Trend of Veterinary Practice,’’ by Dr. W. H. Welch.

(Dr. W. H. Welch presented his paper, which was published
in the JouRNAL for November, 1922, page 140.)

PRESIDENT KINSLEY: We have one more address, and I know
you are all interested in it. It is the first general paper we have
had concerning military operations of the War Department. I
take great pleasure in calling on Major Robert J. Foster, who
will discuss briefly ‘‘The Veterinary Reserve Corps.’’

(Major Robert J. Foster presented his paper, which will be
published later.)

The meeting adjourned at 11 o’clock p. m.

PROcEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 521

LARGE-ANIMAL CLINIC
WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 30, 1922

The Large-Animal Clinic was held at the stockyards in East
St. Louis. The first session convened at 8 o’clock a. m., Dr.
H. E. Kingman presiding.

TUBERCULIN REAcTORS—D. F. LUCKEY

Dr. D. F. Luckey gave a demonstration of reactors to the
tuberculin test.

Dr. D. F. Luckey: We started in on a bunch of cows that
have just recently been tested and condemned, and, as you know,
we would not get the type of reactions that we would expect in
a bunch of cattle that had not been previously injected. We
handled this lot of cows so that we would have right at this
hour the maximum of ophthalmic, intradermic and subcutaneous
reactions, but I failed completely.

These nine Holstein cows were injected a week ago yesterday
and shipped in here, and then Sunday morning I gave them an
intradermal injection. The 48-hour observation yesterday morn-
ing at 8 o’clock showed much more pronounced swelling than
they show this morning. The last four cows showed good re-
action. Two show slight reactions to the intradermal tests.

Tomorrow at 3 o’clock these carcasses will be hung up at
Armour’s with the lesions in, with the numbers of the cows
corresponding to the numbers that are on them now, so you can
take your test sheets and compare the numbers and compare the
tests with the lesions.

This herd was examined at the forty-eighth hour and at the
end of the seventy-second hour. If I went into a herd of cattle
with as bad a history as this herd had, I would examine them
at the forty-eighth hour and the seventy-second, and I would
keep on examining them until they quit reacting. That is why
I say we can’t follow the rule. We have got to go down the line
and test these cattle and get the reactions if we have to stay with
a herd a week. Ordinarily they are through at the seventy-
second hour, but occasionally a cow will show a good reaction
on the fourth day.

Probably Dr. Kiernan will have some specific information on
that point.

Dr. Kiernan: On all tests you will get late reactions. I think
there are exceptions.

Dr. Luckey: There are exceptions, but they will do a lot of
damage in a herd of cattle like this. It pays to be very thorough.
Some of these are very valuable cows; they are all registered.
There were 86 head. We made a guess we would find 40 or 50
reactors, and fortunately we only had 15. Some of these are

y22 PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

high-priced cows, and in that kind of a herd it pays to be very
careful.

QUESTION: What is the maximum amount or about the regular
amount of tuberculin you inject ?

Dr. Luckey: I am somewhat at sea. I just make a rule of in-
jecting enough to produce a very plain and visible lump, showing
that the tuberculin is in there. I have been of the opinion that
the amount of tubereulin didn’t matter much, and I was rather
inclined to think that if you could reduce the injection down to
2 minims you would get better reactions. Dr. Augspurger told
me last week he injected the left fold with 2 minims and the right
with 5. I got better reaction with the 5 minim injection. I
don’t know whether that will be a regular thing or whether that
will be a mere instance. I am not prepared to answer questions
specifically, saying that the dose should be 2 minims or 5 minims,
but I think the average man will find that he has averaged 4
or 5 minims.

QUESTION: What is the size of your subcutaneous dose?

Dr. Luckey: The chart there shows that the first six cows got
6 cc. yesterday after 5 o’clock and the last six got 8 ¢«., and
you will see that it made very little difference in the reactions;
probably the last six cows reacted a little better. I will let you
study the chart.

QuESTION: Are you using the so-called deep intradermic in-
jection or very superficial ?

Dr. Luckey: I make the injection with an 8-inch needle, and
I would call it a rather shallow injection. Back in 1917 I started
with scratching the skin, and I got nice reactions. I wouldn’t
be sure about it, but I am inclined to think that the shallow in-
jection is the proper one.

On this subject of tuberculin testing, I want to make another
point that has occurred to me. If you inject 6 or 8 or 10 ee. of
tuberculin into a lot of cows, and you have an early or late
reactor, and miss, you surely have a plugged cow in your herd.
In testing cattle I have been going on the theory of keeping all
the tuberculin out of them we possibly can. Generally I start
on a new herd with a small intradermal injection. Watch out
carefully and try to eliminate all the reactors. Take out all
reactors and disinfect. In ninety days repeat the intradermal
injection and try to take out the recent developed cases. Then
let them go a year from the first test, and my preference would
be to give them a 2 ¢.c. subcutaneous injection. If you get re-
actors still, remove, clean up, and in ninety days give them a 4
c.c. injection. If the herd is not sound then, you are getting into
pretty deep water, because you might then conclude that you have
a nonreactor in the herd.

ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION—W. L. Boyp.

CHAIRMAN KINGMAN: Dr. Boyd will give a demonstration of
gravid and pathological uteri.

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING Syn

Dr. W. L. Boyp: We have some very interesting specimens
here this morning, both of the gravid and ungravid normal uteri,
and other reproductive organs. We also have some very interest-
ing pathologic conditions. These specimens are practically all
fresh, so that they are almost in a normal condition, and they are
much better to handle and much better to demonstrate with than
the frozen specimens. Nearly always the frozen specimens have
undergone some postmortem changes, some changes indicating
that they have been broken down, and after they are thawed out
they never have the same shape as the fresh specimen.

It is well for one who is doing sterility work or expects to take
up treatment of sterility in cattle to familiarize himself or re-
acquaint himself with the anatomy of these organs and to find
out their position in the open heifer or the unbred cow. Deter-
mine or learn to determine the difference of position in case the
uterus be gravid or nongravid, or whether it be in a diseased
condition.

It is surprising what one can determine after he becomes
familiar with the technique employed in a rectal examination or
manipulations. As one keeps up this sort of work he becomes a
better diagnostician of many diseases other than those of the
reproductive organs.

There is a rather common disease among dairy cattle, some-
times resulting as an aftermath in mastitis, or possibly after
metritis, a case wherein the kidneys become infected, and there
is a pyelonephritis, or perhaps some other infection of the kid-
neys. The kidneys can be readily palpated after one has had a
considerable amount of experience; the uterus can be palpated,
and one can palpate some of the lymph glands and readily detect
what is known as fat necrosis. Fat necrosis is quite a common
condition among fat cattle, among the dairy breeds, especially
those animals that have been fed on a rather high protein diet
and pushed for a milk record. Fat necrosis is also quite com-
monly seen in some of the beef breeds. One soon learns to ree-
ognize the shape of the bladder and its consistency and to differ-
entiate it from the uterus. Many times the bladder will be dis-
tended and pushes the uterus out of its normal position, and in
attempting to diagnose pregnancy one may feel the bladder and
think perhaps that is a distended uterine horn and think that
there is a case of pregnancy.

In the small animal one ean tell a great deal about the repro-
ductive organs through rectal palpations, so the more of this sort
of work we do the more efficient we become. I think that every-
body who has an opportunity should first station himself in a
packing house for two or three days. You will have an oppor-
tunity to examine the organs and even to examine some of the
cows before they are slaughtered, and see the difference in the
different stages of gestation and in the different periods of growth
in the corpus luteum. One who avails himself of such an oppor-

524. PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

tunity is going to be much better prepared to know what he is
doing when he attempts to treat the sterile animal or to make a
diagnosis of pregnancy.

One should be absolutely familiar with the normal organs,
because there are some changes in a diseased condition which
resemble pregnancy, and if he is not familiar with those condi-
tions he sometimes gets into serious trouble.

The ovaries of the cow can be very readily palpated. In most
cases, in the unbred heifer or the open cow, part of the uterus
is on the pelvic floor, but of course just as soon as gestation
begins the uterus extends forward and becomes abdominal in
position rather than pelvic. The beginner in making rectal exam-
ination frequently introduces his hands and arms too far, slides
over the uterus and the ovaries, and wonders why he is unable
to find those organs. Again, one should use great care in making
rectal examinations so as not to cause any more hemorrhage
than is necessary. The less hemorrhage you produce the better,
and it looks much better to the owner. By careful manipulation
you can put a great deal of pressure upon the ovary through the
rectal wall. Many corpora lutea can be suppressed by pressure
exerted on the rectal walls without any danger. Some of them
are so deeply embedded that it is an impossibility to remove them
in that way. In those cases one can remove them by exerting
pressure through the vaginal wall. Of course, the walls of the
vagina are very heavy; this organ is quite muscular and will
stand a great deal of pressure, and little or no harm can be done
working through that channel.

The corpus luteum is a gland of internal secretion, a gland
made up of large epithelial cells. The coloring matter is known
as carotin, similar to the color you see in yellow corn and other
material of that sort. This corpus luteum forms in the ovary
after ovulation, after the ripe follicle has been discharged ; then
there is some hemorrhage. This undergoes absorption, and the
cells known as the cells of the corpus luteum begin to multiply.
There is some debate perhaps as to just the origin of these lutein
cells, but they probably come from the cells which go to make
up the ripe Graafian follicle. Then these cells begin to multiply
and grow in size. If the animal is not bred, this yellow body
(the corpus luteum) grows to a certain size and then starts to
degenerate in most cases, and disappears again in twenty-one
days, so that the animal is again in estrum. If the animal is
bred and fertilization take place, the corpus luteum grows and
keeps multiplying in size until you wonder if there is any real
ovarian tissue there; the corpus luteum takes up almost the en-
tire part of the ovary. You may press out a corpus luteum, and
then if through straining the cow removes the ovary from your
hand, you may have difficulty in picking up what is left of the
ovary; that is, there will be a very small amount of tissue left,
but you can soon recognize that through grasping the broad liga-

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 525

ment. You will find a very small amount of tissue left in some
of those cases because the corpus luteum grows so large and takes
up most of the ovary.

We have the false and the true corpus luteum, and we have
them forming every time that ovulation takes place. In ease
conception or fertilization does not take place, this yellow body
soon disappears; but in ease of fertilization it starts to grow and
grows to a size of an ear of corn. In some cases where fertil-
ization has not resulted the corpus luteum does not degenerate,
but grows and becomes as large as a normal corpus luteum or the
corpus luteum of pregnancy; and then that corpus luteum in-
hibits, In many eases, further ovulation, so that the cow is not
coming in estrum any more, and the owner wonders why this
animal does not come in heat.

The corpus luteum of pregnancy has a considerable amount
of function to perform in relation to the development of the fetus.
It is well known that if the corpus luteum is pressed out at the
early stage of pregnancy it is invariably followed by an abortion.
Sometimes if the entire organ is not removed, in case we are
trying to produce an abortion, and a small amount of it remains,
the abortion does not take place in many instances, because there
is enough of the secretion to govern development of the young
animal ;and so it goes on and multiplies and the cells regenerate,
and we have a corpus luteum formed again.

It is remarkable, in some cases where one wishes to produce an
abortion by expulsion of the yellow body, how difficult it is at
times, by pressing out the corpus luteum, really to cause an abor-
tion; but if it is removed in its entirety the abortion takes place
within a few days following. So the corpus luetum has the fune-
tion of governing the development of the young animal in the
early stages of gestation. It has this function also: It has some-
thing to do perhaps in the relation of estrum. We believe that
when a cow has recently calved and is not coming in heat, in
two to four months and sometimes longer the corpus luteum
in some way is interfering with estrum.. We think it is partly
due to mechanical obstruction; that it is in the ovary in which
the yellow body is located; the ova are not ripened and do
not get a chance to come to the surface and escape. The opposite
ovary is apparently normal in every respect, yet ovulation
does not occur there. So if this yellow body is pressed out,
and there are no other pathologic conditions in the animal,
estrum will take place within about three to five days, sometimes
earlier and sometimes later.

From our experience the corpus luteum can be very safely
removed if one will work carefully and take precautions to check
any hemorrhage that may occur. The pitfalls connected with
removal of the corpus luteum are not serious. Occasionally we
may get a serious hemorrhage and even death, but as a rule the
conditions following are not bad. Occasionally upon the removal

526 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

of a corpus luteum we will notice, if the cow be eating at that
time, or ruminating, that rumination ceases and the animal
bloats. There may be some colic symptoms; this is evidenced by
kicking at the belly wall, perhaps attempting to lie down; but
those symptoms soon pass away. If you examine that animal
again, however, sometimes, or in occasional cases, you may find
within a few days that there is a large hematoma which has re-
sulted from the hemorrhage. Again you will find that the cavity
or the crevice that is produced by the expulsion of the corpus lu-
teum will sometimes fill up with blood, and this blood will clot
and become organized and undergo certain changes; and if you
examine that case again you may think there is a yellow body at
that position, but that is really the clot of blood, and it will soon
undergo organization and be reabsorbed.

I do not know of any more satisfactory cases that can be
handled than those that are not coming in estrum due to the
retention of a corpus luteum. All retained corpora lutea are not
responsible for absence of estrum. Some cows will have a re-
tained corpus luteum, and yet they will come in estrum; but
those are the unusual cases, the exceptions to the rule.

The vagina is a very strong muscular organ, lined with strati-
fied squamous epithelium, and this heavy epithelium protects the
organ against infection, so that we do not find many pathologie
conditions in the vagina which cause sterility. You will find
granular venereal disease, and this condition is present in most
females. We find, as a rule, that is does not produce a serious
vaginitis, although occasionally we will see a rather serious vagi-
nitis; but as a rule, on account of this stratified squamous epithe-
lium the organ is really protected against infection.

Frequently we hear men say that they examine the cervix and
find it to be indurated; that it is harder than it should be, and
tightly closed, and they did not think conception could take place.
In the normal structure it should be rather tightly closed; of
course it is more tightly closed in case of pregnancy. The cervix
in its normal, healthy condition should be a rather pinkish red
or reddish color, and the lumen or opening is rather small. The
organ feels rather fibrous because it is made up of fibrous
tissue. It is about 3 to 4 inches in length. It is composed of
about three angular rings and has longitudinal layers of mucous
membrane, and these eripts or folds are rather deep. In case of
inflammation of the cervix the mucus covers over these erypts,
so that if any bacteria be present they are pretty well hidden
and they are hard to reach with medication. This organ is a
rather spiral shaped canal and rather difficult to dilate.

The body of the uterus in the cow is rather short. The horns
of the uterus or the entire organ in a nongravid condition, especi-
ally in the young animal, can be put in the palm of the hand. It
can be drawn on the floor of the pelvis. If you are examining
heifers, in almost every case there is no use to have forceps

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING Bai

attached because the uterus can be readily palpated without the
use of forceps. In some cases you can even examine both ovaries
with one hand.

The corpus luteum invariably is slightly elevated; that is, a
part of it is elevated above the surface of the ovary. As it keeps
growing and enlarging, a portion of it protrudes above the ovary.
The ovary in which the corpus luteum is located is in almost every
instance larger than the other ovary, so that you will have no
trouble in determining the presence of the corpus luteum in
most instances. However, there will be some cases in which the
corpus luteum is rather deeply embedded, there is no elevation
on the surface, there is no elevation at all, and the only difference
is that this ovary is larger than the other; and upon pressure
one can determine, frequently, not always, the presence of the
yellow body, although it be rather deeply located.

Sometimes we will find two corpora lutea in the same ovary—
not very often, but occasionally. It may be that one of those
will be a retained corpus luteum and the other a corpus luteum
of pregnancy.

When we are examining these organs we always determine
first whether or not there is any possibility of pregnancy and if
a corpus luteum be present. If the animal has a history of hav-
ing been bred four or five times without conception, and you think
that she has also passed over this last breeding period, if she is
probably thirty days since her last breeding and you find a corpus
luteum present, it is usually advisable to let that yellow body
alone until sufficient time has passed so that you know there is no
chance of that animal being pregnant; so the corpora lutea under
those conditions should not be removed.

We should familiarize ourselves with this gland of internal
secretion, because it is really a wonderful gland; it has many
functions to perform, it hastens involution of a pathologie uterus,
and when we have a uterus that involutes or comes back to its
normal position rapidly, that sort of an organ presents a condi-
tion that bacteria do not find favorable for their growth in
multiplication. When that organ is abdominal in position and the
walls rather thin, the bacteria find their conditions most favor-
able. So I think that this little gland has a very close relation-
ship to the development of the fetus in the early stages in its
relation to estrum and in its relation to the involution of a dis-
eased uterus. I mean by that that in cases of pyometra where the
pus may be syphoned off, then a corpus luteum removed, that
organ will come back up to its normal position many times within
twenty-four hours, and again, sometimes it may take several
days; but it is remarkable what will happen in many of those
cases, if they are taken early, in which the uterus is greatly
distended, filled with pus, cervix partly dilated. If you just
remove the corpus luteum, nothing else being done, that organ
will commence to undergo involution, evacuate itself, and within

528 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

a few days be almost normal in its position again. This does
not mean that the animal has recovered and is ready to breed
again, because the epithelium has been destroyed to a certain ex-
tent and it takes quite a while for that to become repaired.

This little gland (corpus luteum) as it is removed is about the
size of an acorn, and it leaves a rather large opening.

After conception takes place the cervix begins to fill with a
sort of mucus. The mucous plug of pregnancy is a very sticky,
adhesive-like material, rather difficult to break down. The uter-
ine seal is nothing more than a mucous plug, and this mucus is
very adhesive, and when the fingers come in contact with it
it sticks to them and gives you a sort of an idea that there is a
vacuum there. Sometimes this may be a little misleading in
certain cases of cervicitis; the discharge from the cervix becomes
rather adhesive, and it may confuse you and make you think
it is a mucous plug.

The cervix does not always close tightly after gestation. Some-
times the cow will go through the full period of gestation without
a tightly closed cervix, and even there may be some discharge all
the way through her period of gestation ; but those are exceptions
to the rule. The cervix is invariably tightly closed, and this seal
is formed in the very early stages, so that in the heifer or the
cow that are fifty or sixty days along in gestation the uterine
seal is usually rather easily detected.

We have an organ here in which there is a right horn preg-
nancy. It is in the very early stages, but one can easily tell
that this horn is much larger than the nongravid horn, and when
one feels of it in the rectal palpations it has better tone, and as
one presses on it it rebounds or springs back up against the hand
quickly. There may be tied-in depressions; these tied-in depres-
sions or places are rather common, as we see here in the early
Stages of gestation.

On this side we find the corpus luteum of pregnancy, and it
is slightly elevated, or part of it extends above the surface, and
we find a very small fetus. I suspect, judging from the size of
it, it is possibly fifty days or maybe a little longer in gestation.

I feel that one can, as a rule, in most heifers, determine preg
nancy in thirty-five or forty days, and sometimes earlier; that is
in heifers with their first calf. In cows the changes are not so
rapid, but in many cows gestation can be diagnosed safely as
early as fifty or sixty days, and sometimes earlier. These changes
in case of pregnancy begin in whichever horn the young animal
is located; it begins to develop rapidly in size and increase its
length, so that as one manipulates it by way of the rectum, he
will find that the gravid horn is much larger in caliber and is
more elongated, and then you will find on that side the presence
of the corpus luteum.

If there are any questions about the corpus luteum, I would
like to have you bring them up at this time.

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 529

CHAIRMAN KINGMAN: Is the color of the true and false corpus
luteum the same?

Dr. Boyp: I think they are about the same in color. <As I
said before, it is mainly carotin. These cells are just large epi-
thelium cells. Histologically they resemble very much the cells
in the adrenal gland.

I don’t believe the oviducts can be palpated unless they are
diseased. Perhaps they can occasionally, but as a rule the ovi-
ducts are very small and they are difficult of palpation unless
they be diseased; but as a rule the corpus luteum can be rather
easily palpated.

The mucous membrane or mucous lining of the uterus is
entirely different from tnat of the vagina. The mucous glands
are rather large in number. We have those large lymphoid bodies
in the submucosa and lining of the uterus; in one of the speci-
mens it is destroyed; the epithelium is changed. If these changes
be extensive, it means frequently that the animal is permanently
sterile, and a good many times temporarily sterile, that condi-
tion lasting over a period of months.

If you are examining large numbers of these animals, you will
often say to yourself, ‘‘I believe that cervix is too tightly closed,
and I don’t understand it; I believe we ought to dilate it.’’
But I think as a rule there are very few cases of that sort, where
the narrowness or the tightness of the canal is due to just the
anatomical formation without any signs of disease.

QuEsSTION: Do you think it wise to suppress the corpus luteum
in case of pyometra?

Dr. Boyp: I have seen cases where I thought it would be un-
wise, but in most of them I believe it is wise to suppress the corpus
luteum. Some contend that it sets up salpingitis. On the other
hand, the involution of the uterus sometimes does not take place
if we just depend on syphoning off the contents and then using
perhaps some mild antiseptic. I believe in pyometra, as a rule,
the infection is not so serious and the organisms are not so
virulent, so that in most instances I believe the corpus luteum
can be safely removed, and when it is removed, evacuation takes
place more rapidly and the organ undergoes involution more
rapidly. You may syphon off the contents and find that animal
in heat even the next day, but again that organ may refill. I
have seen them where the contents were syphoned off and the
organ refilled in just a few days, and kept doing that over and
over.

QuESTION: What per cent have mummified?

Dr. Boyp: I don’t know. Sometimes in case of mummification
of the fetus the fetus is so large that we have trouble in enucleat-
ing or removing the corpus luteum, and again upon removal of
the corpus luteum we have to break down the seal, sometimes
injecting the uterus with some oil. Again, if it is not a case of too

530 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

long standing, the removal of the corpus luteum alone will cause
a mumuified fetus to be ejected.

QUESTION: Can you tell us more about fat necrosis?

Dr. Boyp: I wish I knew more about fat necrosis. I want to
bring it up because sometimes it will confuse you with these
normal organs. Fat necrosis is usually in around the pelvis,
and then it follows in along the intestines, and frequently we
find it up around the kidneys. Fat necrosis is usually sort of
an oblong shape, sometimes rather flat, and very hard, and it
may be mistaken for something else. I know of cows that are
suffering with extensive fat necrosis and yet they are breeding
all right. I merely wanted to bring it out in its relation in the
examination of these organs.

Dr. DEVINE: In regard to removing the corpus luteum, if it
is diseased there isn’t any one thing that would do as much good
as taking it out. If there is an infected corpus luteum which may
infect the tube, what good is it to the ovary to leave it there? The
diseased corpus luteum should come out, and there is nothing
that would help a case of pyometra like taking the corpus luteum
out. I would prefer to empty the uterus first and then take the
corpus luteum out afterwards.

Dr. Boyp: I feel that if it isn’t removed, what good is it there,
and even if the cow does become diseased on that side, there is
still opportunity to breed from the other side.

As Dr. DeVine said, if the contents of the uterus are first
drained off, then the organ is easier to handle and you ean bring
it into position better; but in some of our experimental work
we wanted to show just what that corpus luteum was capable of
doing, so we didn’t do that.

QUuESTION: Are there any good results to be obtained from the
removal of the corpus luteum in an ordinary case of retained fetal
membrane ?

Dr. Boyp: I had an experimental case of that, and I came to
a great deal of grief. It is the only one I have tried. There was
a retention of the fetal membranes in this animal, and I thought
Il would just remove the corpus luteum and see what the results
would be. I believe it did loosen the membrane up rather rapidly
but there developed a great deal of ovaritis, salpangitis, and
massive adhesions of the tube to the abdominal wall.

I want to speak of the experimental animals that we gathered
up that had pyometra. Some were short standing cases and
some long standing cases. They all had a large uterus which
was abdominal in position, from which, if you were making a
diagnosis of pregnancy and resorting only to rectum manipula-
tion, you would say there was a good strong chance of that
animal being pregnant; but you would find the cervix slightly
open, and when the cow was in a standing position there was
a discharge of pus; but there was an absence of heat, which
would lead one to believe that the animal was pregnant. But

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING Doll

upon the animais lying down you would find pus, sometimes
malodorous and sometimes not, and sometimes some mucus with
it, usually thick and creamy-like in consistency, and yellowish
gray in color. We took those animals and pressed out the corpus
luteum in every one that we could, and did nothing further.
We just wanted to see what would happen in the way of hasten-
ing evacuation and involution. In almost every instance we
found within twelve to twenty-four hours that that organ would
completely evacuate itself and that it underwent rather hasty
involution, came back up into position, and in a few days, in-
stead of pus being discharged, there was rather a glairy-like
mucus coming away with some particles of pus mixed with it.
It was surprising just how that yellow body would bring those
results. If they were long standing cases, many times the corpus
luteum did not seem to bring about that same result.

In the treatment of such an animal I believe first in remov-
ing the contents before the corpus luteum is pressed out. It
makes it easier and I think safer. The organ then is brought
in the pelvis, and there it can be rather easily manipulated.

Dr. Fercuson: I would like to ask if you prepare cows for
the operation of the removal of the yellow body to bring about
estrum, if you consider it necessary to prepare dairy cows.

Dr. Boyp: I don’t know that it is. Perhaps it might be wise
to do it, but in most instances we feel that it can be done
without putting that cow through any form of preparation; that
the corpus luteum in many instances can be removed by pres-
sure exerted by the way of the rectum. However, if it be done
by the way of the vagina, I would believe in preparation there.

Dr. Fercuson: What I had reference to was the sick period
afterwards, the colic and the cessation of the milk secretion, ete.
I have experienced this trouble in a good many herds where
they were on full feed and full milk flow. A cow may be just
on the verge of indigestion, overfed, and when the corpus luteum
was removed the sickness that resulted afterwards would pro-
duce quite a serious case of indigestion, quite alarming to the
owner. The last year I have made it a practice to empty out
those cows before actually performing the operation, and I be-
lieve that we are getting much better results. If the animal is
dieted and prepared a little before the operation the. after-sick-
ness is much shorter, the after inconvenience, I might put it, is
much shorter, the rumination is resumed much sooner, and the
animal gets back to normal much sooner.

Dr. Boyp: Probably that would lessen the cases. However,
it has been my experience that the percentage of those cases is
rather small. In one herd where we have kept some records we
have found that a very large percentage of these animals showed
no difficulty or no inconvenience; there was no interference in
the milk flow and no interference in the way of digestion. How-

532 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

ever, we get those occasional cases, and sometimes they are
rather embarrassing cases to explain, and they do cause the
owner more or less worry. I recall one instance where a cow
was lactating very heavily on official test work, and the re-
moval of the corpus luteum really seriously interefered with
lactation, so the herdsman says he knows of a way to dry a cow
up. It may cause a serious condition of that sort; that is, it
may cause a falling off in the milk flow. However, in most
cases those men are willing, unless the cow be making a big
record, to sacrifice that record and get the cow back into breed-
ing again; but that should always be explained to the owner.
It should be explained to him that possibly it may interfere
with the milk flow, and let him decide upon whether or not
he should continue this cow on test, or whether he should take
a chance of her milk flow being disturbed, or whether he would
rather have this animal come in estrum and breed again. They
all want, if possible, to get a calf each year. The higher the
breeding efficiency, the better their herd.

QuESTION: Is it known how long after you have suppressed
a corpus luteum from a cow before she aborts?

Dr. Boyp: In our experience we have had a number of cases
wherein purebred females have been bred by a scrub sire, or in
some of the beef breeds in particular where they have been bred
too young, so that their calves would not be eligible for registra-
tion. and the owner wondered if they could not be aborted. Most
of these animals were in the early stages of gestation, perhaps
under ninety days. The corpus luteum has been removed, and
in almost every case (there have been exceptions to this) the
abortion would occur in about five days, sometimes three days;
but we have found in some instances that the abortion did not
occur at all, and we felt that some of those cells were left there
and they regenerated, and there was enough secretion left in
order to hold that fetus in position.

You will hear people say: ‘‘Well, I examined a good many
cows for pregnancy, but I never touched the corpus luteum.”
But if they were trying to abort certain individuals, they would
find out they might have a hard job on their hands to remove
that corpus luteum, especially if the animal was four months
in gestation and they couldn’t mainpulate it well. Sometimes
it is a hard job to abort an animal by the removal of the corpus
luteum, showing it is not going to bounce right out of its position
by manipulation. I believe in manipulating them very easily,
however, and I think that too many times the pressure exerted
on ovaries and perhaps on other of the reproductive organs is
too severe. We hear men say: ‘‘When I first started on that
animal the ovary wasn’t so large, but it seems to grow larger
every time I manipulate it and becomes more fibrous.’’ I think

ProcEEeDINGs oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 533

that palpation is oftentimes too severe, but the corpus luteum
is so embedded in its normal position that one can manipulate
it in pregnancy without disturbing the position of the fetus and
not be afraid of producing abortion, and he will find that out
as he is called to abort these animals that have been bred.

QuEsTION: Has any experiment been made in preparing the
extracts of these yellow bodies and injecting it into the cattle?

Dr. Boyp: Yes. Some work has been done. I beleve Dr.
Hadley has done some work along that line.

Dr. Haptey: Nothing very much.

Dr. Boyp: The corpus luteum has been used in cases where
there was an absence of estrum, in which apparently there
was no corpus luteum, and it has been said it will bring about
estrum. We have tried it out, but our experience has been very
slight. We have fed and injected the corpus luteum extract.
We have macerated the fresh organ. It is said to bring about
estrum in those cases wherein there is no corpus luteum present,
but it is not very often that we find a cow that doesn’t have
a corpus luteum present, and its manual removal is usually
followed by estrum within.-a very short time. The corpus
luteum extract I know is being used in some cases wherein there
is an absence of estrum, and it may be used in cases of certain
pathologie conditions; it is possible that it is. It is said that
some of the extracts of the other glands of internal secretion
are being used in cases of cystic ovaries.

In examining heifers in case that they be freemartins, as I
stated before, the organs are undeveloped. Sometimes a free-
martin will be coming in heat, and you will hear occasionally
where a freemartin has bred successfully, and if she has she
can’t be classed as a true freemartin. It is said this is due to
the fact that the male organs take the place of the female organs.
You will find that the vagina is very small, that the vagina is a
blind sac, and on rectal examination you will find two cords that
represent embryonal tissue, and then as you go farther you may
find one or two ovaries; but you will immediately recognize
that there is no formal formed uterus present; so it isn’t hard
to determine a freemartin by rectal examination. And again,
going through these animals you will find those in which the
uterus is rudimentary or perhaps one horn of the uterus is
missing, and occasionally it is possible to get one of this sort of
individuals to breed, but as a rule they are not fertile. I know
of one animal in which the left horn of the uterus is missing
and she breeds successfully in the right horn. She has a well-
developed left ovary, but the left horn is missing.

The malformed organs can be rather easily determined, and
as you are going through, taking an inventory of the reprodue-
tive organs, you will find those conditions right along. We have
a very interesting specimen here; it is one of the few I hav?

534 ProcrepDines oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

ever seen. It is a good deal like one of the slides that we had.
The uterus is practically normal in size. The left ovary is miss-
ing. The organ has a loss of muscle tone; the cervix contains
some mucus, but the outer part is open. On the right side there
is a rather large tumor; it may, as suggested by Dr. Fitch, have
originated from a corpus luteum. Possibly it has, but we find
this sort of thing causing sterility. Many conditions are causing
sterility other than those connected with abortion disease.

I feel that the Bacterium abortus Bang is not responsible for
many of these cases, but it does pave the way for these other
bacteria. It is possible that the Bacterium abortus Bang may, in
some animals, produce enough changes, but as a rule it does not

QUESTIONS What would be the chance of that cow breeding
with that tumor?

Dr. Boyp: I would say not very good.

QuEsTION: What about removing it and breeding from the
other side?

Dr. Boyp: That could be removed. I can’t tell you how the
other ovary looked, but that could be removed through a flank
overation. It may be advisable to do that. However, on the
other hand, if she had been sterile for quite a while and had not
been breeding, and not of a good breeding line, perhaps it would
not be advisable to operate. However, that is not so large but
that it could be removed by a flank operation.

Remember that the ovary in the cow is rather small, as you
have seen in the specimens that have been passed around. How-
ever, you may examine a number of animals in which the ovary
may be quite large. The ovary might be as large as a walnut
and still be normal, that is, still be able to ovulate; so that one
can not say that the ovary of the cow in its healthy condition is
a certain size or of a certain weight, because it varies so much..

Here we find another case of a well-formed seal, a tightly
closed cervix, and an early stage of pregnancy. You can see
perhaps the beginning of the formation of the cotyledons. One
can palpate the cotyledons in four months’ gestation.

Here we find a nongravid uterus, and we find that in the right
ovary there is a large corpus luteum present. The left ovary is
quite large and contains a cyst. It also has many scars showing
that it has been ovulated. Sometimes upon examination of hei-
fers you will find that the ovaries are smooth and suggest that
ovulation is not taking place. In a number of those cases per-
haps the follicles are not being fully developed and therefore are
not being discharged, so there is a condition of a treated follicle
not being fully formed.

QUESTION: What would you say of a cyst of that size?

Dr. Boyp: It is a rather small cyst. Perhaps it has no signifi-
cance; again, it might be causing that animal irregularity of
estrum, and if it was, it should be broken down. The cow that

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING aon

shows irregularity of estrum and becomes a nymphomaniac is
suffering with cystic degeneration of the ovaries. The cyst may
not be large, but these same symptoms can be present though the
eysts be very small. Usually they are quite large, and the ovary
becomes stretched out into a thin sheet-like structure, and when
the cyst is broken down and the organ returns to its normal con-
dition the interstitial tissue and the glandular tissue rapidly
regenerate.

Qustion : How do you handle the cyst?

Dr. Boyp: Most of the cysts can be ruptured through the walls
of the rectum. Again, they may have to be ruptured by pressure
exerted through the walls of the vagina, and again it may be
necessary even to trocar them, in case the wall is rather heavy
and not readily broken down. Sometimes upon pressure the walls
of the ovary do not break right open and you have a sensation
that it is just slowly evacuating itself. Many times those will
refill, and the ovary will refill sometimes as early as three or
four days, and sometimes in seven or eight days it is just as
big as it was the first time it was broken down.

I would like to say a few words about the organs of the male.

In rectal examination of the male we can determiné certain
pathologic changes, that is, if they be rather well advanced.
However, in many cases we may pass over them. There may be
certain cases where pathologic conditions are causing sterility
in the male. I would like to discuss those of the testicle, w herein
certain changes are causing sterility in the male. I want to say
also that the problem of sterility in the male is of considerable
importance in the handling of an outbreak of this condition or in
the handling of this condition in a large herd. It is a well-known
fact that a big reputation of pretty nearly every breeder has all
been made from some great sire that he has secured, and he in-
rariably wants to hold on to that sire and get just as many
calves as possible, and he keeps using him right up into advanced
age. Finally he begins to notice that quite a number of the cows
that are being served by this animal are failing to conceive, and
he begins to take inventory and find that some of these animals
put to a younger sire will conceive, and he finds out that this
animal is not successful in breeding any more, probably due to
advanced age.

As far as diseased condition of the testicles is concerned, ocea-
sionally we find that injury to the testicles has resulted in ab-
scess formation, and thougl. one of them be injured and remain
apparently normal in size, frequently this animal is sterile from
both organs, and even if one testicle is removed, by castration on
ene side, this animal will still be sterile. However, if this oper-
ation were performed early, possibly this animal would still be
fertile; but they will become sterile through injury in that way.
Injury to the testicle of the bull is not at all uncommon; injury
along the sheath is not all uncommon; and these injuries fre-

536 PrRocreepines oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

quently result in adhesions, and these adhesions are such that
they are hard to break down and get good results. They fre-
quently recur, so that many good sires are sterile because of
adhesions in that way.

In the Angus breed the sire protrudes a part of the prepuce,
and this prepuce sometimes becomes infected. Sometimes the
testicles become greatly enlarged, due to Bacteriwm abortus, and
present the appearance of tuberculosis lesions and may look very
much like tuberculosis. We may find some lesions in the seminal
vesicles, perhaps occasionally in the prostate. The prostate
glands and the seminal vesicles are rather lobulated in the bovine
male and can be enlarged rather rapidly and rather easily pal-
pated. So I say that we should pay attention to sterility in the
male as well as in the female, and look the animal over carefully,
palpate the testicles, examine the prepuce, the sheath, find out
whether or not there are adhesions there, find out whether or
not there may have been a broken penis and adhesions have
formed as a result of that, together with abscess formation.

I would like to say another word about the corpus luteum after
it has been expelled. The corpus luteum, after its expulsion, per-
haps may fall down in the region of the bladder or in around the
coils of the intestine, and there remain for perhaps three or four
months before it is finally absorbed ; but it undergoes absorption
there. Sometimes it may be surrounded by blood. We have
made examination as late as four or five months after it has been
removed and still found some evidence of it around in the mesen-
tery or the region of the bladder, where it is undergoing absorp-
tion. It takes some time before it finally undergoes absorption.

CHAIRMAN KinGMAN: While Dr. Boyd is arranging the spec-
mens we will call on Dr. Bemis. Dr. Bemis has been doing some
work at Ames on the estrous cycle, and he is going to tell you
about some of it. After his talk he will demonstrate on the live
animal the results of their observations.

Dr. H. E. Bemis: Dr. Kingman has said that I have been doing
some work on the estrous cycle. He should have said Dr. Mur-
phey, of the Department of Anatomy, who has really been doing
this work. We have been making observations with him, and then
carrying it on to a practice bearing which we think it has in
doing sterility work. We believe that close attention to details
is very essential in coming to proper conclusions in doing ster-
ility work, as in almost any other kind of work.

This is how Dr. Murphey has summarized his observations :

A. Diestrum.—Os circular; vagina comparatively dry; very few
epithelial cells; practically no leucocytes.

B. Estrum:
Proestrum:
1. Bright cherry red color of vestibule due to congestion of
bulbus vestibuli. (Inflammation.)

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING Bol

2. Enlargement of vaginal part of cervix due to swelling or
ripening of mucous cells.

3. peernne of the outpouring of mucus from the cervical
canal.

4, Slight swelling of the vulva.

Estrum (or heat):

1. Signs: Bawling; uneasiness; depression of lumbosacral
articulation; on digital manipulation of clitoris, receptive
movements. (Chronic heat; cystic ovaries.)

. Swelling of vulva.

. Vestibule deep red to mahogany.

. Involuntary contractions of vestibular sphincter.

Os uteri, a transverse slit.

. Great swelling and protrusion into the vagina of the folds
of muccus membrane of the cervix. The folding is more
marked, and arranged in three to four rows. (Evans says
due to evagination of the encircling rows of folds. In
old cows mostly two encircling rings, while in virgin
heifers mostly one and a half rings.)

7. A marked outpouring of clear, viscid, cohesive mucus.

Postestrum:

1. A sudden cessation of estrum or heat manifestations.

2. A gradual cessation of the anatomical changes. The vulva
becomes wrinkled. The deep color of the vestibule remains
relatively longer; the enlargement of the cervix gradually
subsides; mucus is discharged from the os for two or
three days (not pathological). The vaginal mucus is
streaked with, or shows white flocculi. (Since this we have
found red spots or streaks, erythrocytes, due to red blood
cells intact (discharge isotonic) in a part of the. cases,
probably due to desquamation of the surface epithelium
as is known to occur in other species.) Later it becomes *
gummy, sticky and adhesive; it is opalescent. The white
material is both epithelial cells and leucocytes. How-
ever, some of the latter are present in smears made di-
rectly from the os. Microscopically the cells show increas-
ing degeneration, step by step, with the increasing gum-
miness of the mucus.

Diestrum:

Estrum: Uterus:

1. Marked congestion. (Not pathologic degeneration.)

2. Edematous, glassy, mucous membrane folded in hillock
fashion.

3. Petechiz on both the cotyledonous and intercotyledonary
mucous membrane.

That is merely a brief summary. Probably you will not carry
very much with you from this presentation, but get the point
that it is important to note carefully the color changes and the
character of the mucus and the swelling or protrusion of the
cervix during the various periods of estrum, and learn for your-
selves the things which are normal processes in order that we
may not mistake them for abnormal.

I shall not be able to show you these various conditions, be-
eause I have not been able to get cows which are in the various
stages; but I do want to show you something which I think is
of a great deal of value in making examinations of the vagina

538 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

and cervix, and that is the use of this glass speculum, which was
thought of by Dr. Murphey, in making these observations where
he wanted normal colors with the least irritation possible.

This is merely a glass tube an inch and a half in diameter.
This one is 18 inches long. It may be from 15 to 18 inches
long, and should be perfectly smooth on the ends. This speculum
can be easily introduced into animals of almost any size. I
have a small speculum for very small animals, and larger specu-
lums can be used on larger animals; but this is the average size,
and can be used on practically any animal.

Those of you who have been doing sterility work know that
in the small animals and young animals there is perhaps not
much to do on the vagina; still our examination is not complete
without an examination of the vagina and cervix. There is dif-
ficulty in entering the vagina in any other way, and by the use
of this speculum you can get a view of the mucous membrane,
the position of the cervix, its condition, and complete your ex-
amination very satisfactorily and with very little trouble. It
has become a regular part of our equipment and a regular part
of our routine in making sterility examinations.

I am going to put an animal in the stocks here and introduce
this speculum, and then with the use of a flashlight you will be
able to see the color of the mucous membrane and the position of
the cervix and something of the size of the cervix in its normal
position, which I think is something of value to those who have
not been doing this work.

(Proceedings to be continued. )

L. M. ESTABROOK SIGNS ARGENTINE CONTRACT

Leon M. Estabrook, associate chief of the Bureau of Agri-
cultural Economics, will reorganize and develop the livestock
reporting and statistical work of the Argentine Government.
He plans to sail from New York with his family January 3
for Buenos Aires, where he will make his headquarters.

The selection of Mr. Estabrook was the result of a cablegram
from the present minister of agriculture, Tomas A. Le Breton,
who was formerly Argentine ambassador at Washington. While
in Washington, Senor Le Breton took a special interest in the
organization of agricultural agencies such as the United States
Department of Agriculture and the State experiment stations.
It was his knowledge of the efficiency of the crop and livestock
reporting services in this country that resulted in his request
that a man of national reputation in this work be selected to
develop similar methods in Argentina.

OTHER MEETINGS

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK CITY

The regular monthly meeting of the Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation of New York City was held in the New York Academy of
Medicine, 17 West 43d Street, Wednesday, October 4, at 8.30
p. m., President MacKellar presiding.

The minutes of the June meeting were read and approved.

Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, Pearl] River, N. Y., gave an interesting
and highly appreciated talk on his experience in Europe along
veterinary lines. The doctor spent three busy months visiting
the principal countries of Europe, and as he had a commission
from the United States Government to investigate conditions, he
got an entrée and could delve into the facts that would be impos-
sible to the ordinary tourist or traveler. He visited veterinary
colleges, laboratories, boarding establishments and abattoirs, and
got a broad outline of conditions in the various countries. He
said the veterinary schools have large enrollments but the schools
have not made any progress since prewar times, due to lack of
revenue and scarcity of experimental animals and material for
demonstration, especially so in German, Austrian and Hungarian
schools. Sanitary medicine is being given much attention, and
the prospects for the veterinary profession are bright for the
future. Contagious pleuropneumonia is very prevalent in conti-
nental Europe at the present time. For diagnosis they are using
the complement-fixation test. With regard to contagious abortion
the same conditions prevail as in the United States. They are
using various methods of control. The injection of live cultures
is adopted in all of the European countries. Dr. Eichhorn stated
that livestock conditions in general are still far from the prewar
standard, especially in the defeated countries. In the cities of
Germany and Austria there are very few draft horses seen on
the streets. Russian ponies and oxen take their places. In
France, on the other hand, he said the horses and cattle were
splendid. The doctor answered a number of questions satis-
factorily.

Drs. Way, DeVine and MacKellar, who had journeyed to St.
Louis, gave admirable reports on the A. V. M. A. convention.

oo

540 OTHER MEETINGS

They reported the meeting as well attended, the literary program
of high character, and they said the clinics were the most out-
standing feature of the convention. These covered two days.
Those for large animals were held at the National Stockyards,
while veterinarians interested in small-animal practice were en-
tertained by a series of operations on dogs and cats at the
Planters Hotel. The delegates were unanimously agreed that it
was distinctly a practitioners’ meeting.

Drs. Gannett, DeVine and MacKellar gave a review of the New
York State Veterinary Medical Convention, held at the State Ar-
mory, Syracuse, July 26-28. They reported that the meeting
was well attended and the literary program diversified and of
a high order of merit, with an excellent clinic.

Under case reports Dr. MacKellar said he lately had a peculiar
case in an aged gray gelding. History: Horse refused food for
24 hours before the doctor was called to examine him. Owner
said he had a disagreeable odor from nose and had difficulty in
getting up. Symptoms: Temperature 105, wiry pulse, in-
creased resonance of lungs, bowels and kidneys acting freely,
trembling of shoulder muscles, no apparent pain. Diagnosis:
Probably internal rupture; ‘‘blind ecase.’’ Horse died during
the night.

Dr. I. E. Altman reported the case of a Chow dog which urin-
ated from the scrotum. Passed a catheter through opening and
made a diagnosis of ealeulus. Dog died during the night. On
postmortem found a fistulous traet from urethra at pelvic arch
to scrotum with two caleuli lodged in urethra.

Dr. H. K. Miller reported an Irish terrier puppy 3 months old
with a blind bile duct connecting with the umbilicus.

Dr. E. B. Ackerman said he was called to examine a dog for
a hemorrhage from the penis. On examination he found a rub-
ber band around the glans penis. He removed the band and the
dog recovered. J. ELutiorr CRAwForp, Secretary.

BRITISH COLUMBIA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

The annual general meeting of the B. C. Veterinary Associ-
ation was held in the O’Brien Hall, Vancouver, B. C., on October
6, 1922.

The President, Dr. A. J. Damman, was in the Chair.

The minutes of the last annual general meeting and the
special general meeting were reported as read.

OTHER MEETINGS 541

The Secretary reported that Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Di-
rector General, would soon be in the city and that he would be
pleased to meet the practitioners. The President appointed Drs.
Alton and Chester to arrange the time and place of the meeting
with Dr. W. Mackenzie.

A resolution was then introduced by Dr. W. Thomson of Kere-
meos and seconded by Dr. Strong and after discussion unani-
mously carried, that this association recommend to the conferring
committee of the University of Toronto, that they confer the
honorary degree of Doctor of Veterinary Science on the Hon. Dr.
S. F. Tolmie, our past president and ex-Minister of Agriculture,
im recognition of his work as Minister of Agriculture, his excel-
lent efforts in endeavoring to have the British cattle embargo
removed, and his securing of the admission that the embargo
was no longer justifiable on account of disease of Canadian cattle,
which absence of disease is due to the excellent work of the veteri-
nary profession in Canada; also for his work in cleaning up the
disease of mange in Alberta and Saskatchewan, that resulted in
the removal of the blanket quarantine and so facilitated the
movement of livestock; also of his foresightedness in calling and
arranging the Ottawa Veterinary Conference, and his general
attitude in always advancing and seeking recognition of the
veterinary profession in Canada, as evidenced by his publie
speeches and his speeches in the House of Commons.

The Secretary-Treasurer then read the financial statement and
the President appointed Dr. W. McKay and Dr. R. T. Hoggan as
auditors. These later reported the accounts correct, and kindly
remarks were made of the Secretary’s work during the past year.

The President then made his annual address, outlining the
activities of the association during the past year. He thought
the Council had done good work in furthering the aims of the
association and profession, and in seeking greater recognition,
of which he thought we were not receiving our due amount, and
he hoped next year’s Council would also have good support from
the members to carry on the good work.

Under new business Dr. Strone brought up the subject of
Sanitary inspectors, and said that he thought some of them were
doing veterinary sanitary work. He suggested our affiliation
with the Sanitary Institute, and said that he thought the veteri-
nary association should be the body to decide the qualification
of any person attempting to undertake any class of sanitary work

542, OTHER MEETINGS

that had to do with livestock, or with food for human consump-
tion.

Discussion followed and the subject was referred to the incom-
ing Couneil.

Dr. K. Chester as the association’s delegate to the Ottawa
conference explained the objections to the proposed Canada
Veterinary Act, which objections had been concurred in by
the association at the special general meeting held last Decem-
ber, and a letter was read from Dr. W. Thomson on the subject.
It was moved by Dr. Strong and seconded by Dr. W. Alton and
carried that this association again ratify the action of its dele-
gate at the conference. The meeting was in favor of a real Cana-
dian Registration Act, that would obviate the necessity of Pro-
vincial Examining Boards, to a great extent.

The next item of business was the election of the Council,
and the following were nominated, some by written nominations
from absent members: Drs. Keown, Alton, Sparrow, Edgett,
Hoggan, Howell, Chester, Darby, Swenerton, Ottewell, Damman,
Jervis and Findlay.

The President appointed Drs. Strong and Keown as scruti-
neers. These later reported the following seven elected: Drs.
Damman, Chester, Hoggan, Alton, Howell, Sparrow and Otte-
well. At a Council meeting held later, the Council elected Dr.
Geo. Howell as President, R. T. Hoggan as Vice-President and
Dr. K. Chester as Secretary-Treasurer.

Dr. Damman was nominated for President again but declined,
as also did Dr. M. Sparrow. Provincial Inspectors Drs. Alton
and Sparrow and Dominion Inspector Dr. K. Chester were
appointed Examiners, as provided by the Act.

The subject of raising the annual fee from $5.00 to $7.00
was then introduced, to cover the ‘cost of the subscription to
Canadian Veterinary Record. Speeches were made for and
against, but the majority were of the opinion that the $5.00 fee
was high enough, and that the members should be free to sub-
scribe or not as they saw fit. There was no adverse criticism
of the Record at all, but rather the reverse and all expressed a
willingness to help as much as possible, which was shown in a
practical manner, by ten subscriptions to it being handed to the
Secretary immediately after the vote was taken, which also in-
cluded a written vote from absent members. It was then moved
by Dr. Howell and seconded by Dr. Strong and carried that

OTHER MEETINGS 545

this association forward the sum of $25.00 to the Canadian
Veterinary Record, towards the cost of its publication.

This was all the business transacted, no papers being read, in
view of the Northwestern meeting that was held last July. <A
suggestion was made that the next annual meeting be held in
the Upper Country, but that rests with the Upper Country
members. If they will get together, get busy, choose a place and
arrange a program, there is no reason why we should not have
another successful meeting as the one held at Penticton some
years ago. KENNETH CHESTER, Secretary.

CENTRAL NEW YORK VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

The thirteenth semi-annual meeting of the Central New
York Veterinary Medical Association met in Syracuse Novem-
ber 8, 1922.

The meeting was opened with a clinie at the infirmary of
Dr. J. A. Pendergast, he having just moved into new quarters
and had not had much time to prepare for a clinic; conse-
quently the number of cases was smaller than usual.

Case 1. Black gelding; necrotic lower molar, pus extending
into the surrounding structures. Surgeons, Dr. J. A. Pender-
gast and Dr. J. H. Stack.

Case 2. Roan gelding; ulcerated foot. Surgeon, Dr. J. A.
Pendergast.

Case 8. Bird dog; goiter; removed by Dr. Clark.

Case 4. Trimming the ears of three pups. This was per-
formed by Dr. McLelon, of Buffalo, in a very scientific manner,
and was very interesting.

This closed the clinie and, though short, it was very instruc-
tive. Adjournment was taken to the St. Cloud Hotel.

The regular business session was opened at the St. Cloud
Hotel at 3 p.m. In the absence of the President. and Vice-
President, the meeting was called to order by the Secretary,
and upon motion Dr. W. L. Clark was elected to act as Presi-
dent pro tem.

Minutes of the last semi-annual meeting were read, approved
and ordered placed on file.

At roll call, the following members responded: Drs. Otto
Faust, Don A. Boardman, W. L. Clark, J. M. Currie, E. E.

544 OTHER MEETINGS

Dooling, J. B. Knapp, Hugh D. Laird, J. A. Pendergast, J. H.
Stack, A. J. Tuxill, C. R. Baldwin, F. N. Burk, E. E. Cole,
Geo. W. Derrick, W. G. Hollingworth, W. M. Long, Frank
Morrow, J. C. Stevens and W. B. Switzer.

Dr. Frost of the State College was present and took an ac-
tive part in the discussions.

A communication was read in regard to appropriating
$150 for 100 copies of the Southern Tariff Advocate to be sent
to members of the United States Senate for one year.

Moved, seconded and carried that the matter be laid on the
table indefinitely.

A communication was then read from the Blue Cross Society
in regard to the use of anesthetics in animal surgery.

A motion was made, seconded and carried that a committee
of three be appointed by the President, with Dr. Hollingworth
chairman of said committee; and that this committee adopt
such resolutions for this society as seem in their judgment to
be proper and most humane, and to forward said resolutions
to the Blue Cross Society.

Dr. Don A. Boardman read a very interesting paper on
abortion in cattle. This paper brought out a good discussion,
which was opened by Dr. Frost. Many points were brought
out which tended to show that cleanliness went a long way
toward preventing the disease.

The next paper was by Dr. Clark on Necrebacillosis in Swine.
This was also very interesting and brought out many questions
and suggestions.

Dr. W. M. Long read a report of a case of pneumonia that
he had encountered in his practice. This closed the literary
program, but several other subjects came up for discussion
In a general way.

Dr. Tuxill asked that the Secretary be requested to write
Dr. McAuliff to procure a paper from Dr. Moore that he read
at the Southern Tier meeting, and present it at our next
meeting.

The following volunteered to furnish papers for the annual
meeting in June, 1923: Drs. J. M. Currie, J. H. Stack, Don A.
Boardman, W. G. Hollingworth and A. L. Danforth.

W. B. Switzer, Secretary.

OTHER MEETINGS 545

B. A. I. VETERINARY INSPECTORS’ ASSOCIATIONS OF
CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS

A meeting of the Illinois State and the Chicago Local Associ-
ation of B. A. I. Veterinarians was called to order by the presi-
dent, Dr. W. H. Daly, in the Government office at the Morris
& Company plant, Monday, November 11, 1922, at 9 a.m. This
was the first of a series of meetings, commencing on Monday
morning, to be devoted to the discussion of subjects to promote
the professional interest and efficiency of the B. A. I. veterina-
rians.

The principal speaker of the morning was Dr. A. A. Swaim,
who spoke as follows on organization and the many advantages
obtained by organization:

The tendency of the present day in nearly all avenues of life is
toward organization instead of individual effort. This in a large
measure is the result of existing conditions, and a close analysis re-
veals the fact that people are moving along the lines of least resist-
ance to obtain certain objectives.

Individual effort must accomplish certain things. However, there
are limitations, and it is beyond these boundaries that organization or
association becomes invaluable. Efficiency in the individual or the
organization must always be a prime factor in the success of the in-
dividual or the successfully conducted association. Every individual
or organization must appreciate the value of three things, viz. to learn,
to think, and to do.

A study of psychology reveals the action or behavior of the individ-
ual in connection with and in contrast to groups or organizations of
people. Business and business schools have adopted many principles
of psychology simply because the human element is the prime factor
to be considered.

The present tendency of business is to drift away from individual
ownership and toward corporation or organization as better results
are obtained. Here is one single idea to explain: Organization has
learned the value of the word “please,” and every year $8,000,000 is
spent in inserting that one word in telegrams only.

Treating the subject in a broad sense, we may say that efficiency,
organization and association are the words which compose the syn-
thetic syllabus of correlation preparatory to concentrated action upon
a definite objective or action. One eminent man describes efficiency
as “maximum results with minimum action,” and organization as “a
number of individuals in one group or combination actuated or guided
by a definite purpose or principle.”

There are certain fundamental principles which determine the suc-
cess or failure of an organization, namely: (1) Proper organization;

546 OTHER MEETINGS

(2) loyalty; (3) efficient methods; (4) a definite objective; (5)
spirit—spirit of success.

Proper Organization.—By proper organization two subjects of ma-
terial interest—reclassification and retirement—have been brought to

the attention of the public.

- Loyalty—Loyalty to professional standards has placed veterinary
inspectors in the scientific class in proposed legislation. Loyalty to
our association will make it an efficient force. Any division of our
association at this time would be fraught with serious consequences,
as a united body is the only hope of success. In fact loyalty is the
keynote of success. It is repormed that there is an attempt by one
of the eastern members to change the name of our association by the
formation of “club.” Any division within our ranks with so many vital
issues at stake must result in decreasing our power, prestige and use-
fulness.

Efficient Methods.—Efficient methods must be employed to carry out
one of the prime objects of our association—“to promote profes-
sional efficiency.”

A Definite Objective-——A study of the objects of this association
stamps it as worthy of existence and your cordial support.

Spirit.—Spirit of Success—The value of an organization is
measured by its service. The spirit of this association is service and to
cooperate with the Bureau.

Organization is effective in industry, to the profession, in agri-
culture, and in social life, as shown by the countless numbers of associ-
ations formed in every avenue. They accomplish results where the
individual unit ceases to be effective. Select any of the organizations
in any group, and it will be seen that those which comply with the
above fundamental principles are successful.

A study of a few organizations in the industrial group—Standard
Oil, United States Steel Corporation, Ford Motor Company—is con-
vincing proof of the value of proper organization. Why are they
successful? Because they comply with the requirements of successful

organization. One other reason: There is a master guiding hand
behind each, which it is needless to name.

It has been my privilege to be associated for a number of years with
a large branch organization of the Bureau of Animal Industry. By
complying with five fundamental principles, and with training and
experience the inspector in charge has perfected an organization con-
sisting of a staff of co-workers endowed with and trained in the prin-
ciples of loyalty and efficiency, with the result that the work of the
station, though large and complex, stands second to none. The same
facts hold good in any line of endeavor, whether the unit of operations
be great or small. ;

In conclusion, allow me to say that I should prove recreant to my
trust as a friend and co-worker of such a highly intellectual body of
men if I failed to direct your thoughts to the many advantages to be
gained and the benefits derived from an efficient organization and

OTHER MEETINGS AT

helpful association as represented by the Chicago branch of the Na-
tional Association of Bureau of Animal Industry Veterinarians. |

Let us show our efficiency by adopting progressive methods of or-
ganization to secure and to maintain a proper professional standard.
This can be attained only by the earnest efforts of a well-organized
body of men striving together loyally for a common cause and not
through individual efforts alone.

It is said a chain is only as strong as its weakest link. May each
member of this association forge each individual link so securely in
our whole chain that we shall present a united front on every question
of importance which arises. “In union there is strength.” However,
there is one word which I wish to impress upon your memory in an
indelible manner. That word is “loyalty.” It is the belief within
us which conquers seemingly insurmountable barriers and stamps the
word ‘‘success” upon our efforts. With a loyal association, performing
our duties in a highly efficient manner, and fully cooperating with
the wishes of the Bureau, we have a meat-inspection force so valuable
that anyone may feel justly proud of his membership in such an or-
ganization.

Dr. J. Hannon gave a complete thesis on lobar pneumonia.

A number of pathological specimens were presented and dis-
cussed by Drs. L. Enos Day and W. N. Neil.

H. L. Hopkins, Secretary.

UNITED STATES LIVESTOCK SANITARY
ASSOCIATION

The twenty-sixth annual meeting of the United States Live-
stock Sanitary Association was held in the LaSalle Hotel,
Chicago, December 6, 7 and 8.

The meeting was called to order by the President, Dr. T. E.
Munee, of Pennsylvania, who expressed the regrets of the As-
sociation that the Hon. Henry C. Wallace, Secretary of the
United States Department of Agriculture, was unable to be
present to deliver the opening address. Dr. Munce proceeded
immediately to deliver his address, which was an important
feature of the program, especially on account of the construe-
tive recommendations by one who has given much study to
the aims and policies of scientific organizations and who has
the future welfare of the United States Livestock Sanitary
Association deeply at heart.

The members of the Program Committee are deserving of
much praise for the excellent, well-balanced program which
they arranged. It was necessary to pass two important num-

548 OTHER MEETINGS

bers on account of the absence of Dr. E. C. Schroeder and Dr.
A. Eichhorn. Dr. Schroeder was unable to attend the meeting
on account of the death of his mother, and Dr. Eichhorn was
detained at home to care for his wife who was injured in an
automobile accident. All the addresses were of unusual merit.

The reports indicated that the members of the various com-
mittees gave careful study to their subjects and much care in
the preparation of their material. These reports contain much
information and many suggestions of interest to veterinarians
who have not yet jomed the Association as well as the mem-
bers. For instance, the Committee on Tuberculosis recom-
mended in its report that 15 per cent of the Federal appropria-
tion for indemnifying owners for reactors be used to pay for
cattle tested and condemned by accredited veterinarians.

In connection with the proceedings, the Chicago Live Stock
Exchange gave a banquet on Thursday evening, December 7,
at the Chicago Athletic Club, at which tuberculosis eradica-
tion was discussed. The livestock exchanges, the Institute of
American Meat Packers, State regulatory authorities, farm
bureaus, breeders and the Bureau of Animal Industry were
represented at this banquet. The reports on the progress of
the work in the various States were very encouraging. The
spirit displayed by all concerned indicates that livestock
owners desire the elimination of the disease from their herds
as soon as possible, and future progress will depend upon the
action of State legislatures and the National Congress in pro-
viding funds to. carry on the work.

The weather was favorable for the meeting. It is estimated
that 500 veterinarians and others were present. Notwithstand-
ing the many attractions at the international livestock show,
all of the sessions were well attended. ‘‘We are having a
fine meeting,’’ was a salutation frequently heard when old
friends met in the lobby of the hotel, and it expresses the
universal opinion of those who were present.

Dr. W. J. Butler, State Veterinarian of Montana, was elected
President for the ensuing year; Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough, Rich-
mond, Va.; Dr. J. H. Mercer, Topeka, Kans.; Dr. Benj. T. Davis,
Cheyenne, Wyo.; Dr. A. W. Miller, Washington, D. C.; and
Dr. W. K. Lewis, Columbia, S. C., were selected as Vice-Presi-
dents, and Dr. O. E. Dyson succeeded himself as Secretary-
Treasurer.

OTHER MEETINGS 549

COLORADO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The next meeting of the Colorado Veterinary Medical As-
sociation will be held at the rooms of the Gentlemen’s Riding
and Driving Club, 1525 Curtis Street, Denver, Colorado, on
Wednesday and Thursday, January 17 and 18, 1923.

I. E. Newsom, Secretary.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The fortieth annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State
Veterinary Medical Association will be held in Cameron Hall,
Second and Walnut Streets, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,
January 23-24, 1923.

The Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association is a
member of the Allied Agricultural Associations of the Key-
stone State and its meetings are held in conjunction with the
other agricultural organizations during Agricultural Week.
This practice brings the practitioners into intimate contact
with the livestock owners of the State, and has proven of
ereat value in placing the relationship between the veterinary
profession and the livestock industry on its proper basis.

This year’s program has been arranged to include subjects
of interest to all practitioners, whether they are especially
interested in equine, bovine, porcine or small-animal practice,
including poultry practice. Good, practical papers, presented
by practitioners, are included in the program and good, live
discussions are assured.

All veterinarians are invited to attend the Pennsylvania
meeting and a special invitation is extended to all practitioners
of the State, whether they are members of the association
or not. R. M. Strarey, Secretary.

FLORIDA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The Florida State Veterinary Medical Association held a
meeting in Jacksonville at the Aragon Hotel on November 22.
The most important business coming up before the association
was a discussion of a veterinary practice act for this State.
Such an act was tentatively drawn up by a committee ap-

550 OTHER MEETINGS

pointed for this purpose, and it is hoped that the next legisla-
ture will enact a law regulating the practice of veterinary
medicine in the State of Florida. The following officers were
elected for the ensuing year: Dr. T. J. Mahaffy, Jacksonville,
President; Dr. J. V. Knapp, of Tallahasee, Vice-President ;
Dr. A. L. Shealy of Gainesville, Secretary-Treasurer. The next
meeting will be held in Palatka in March in connection with
the State Sanitary Association meeting.

A. L. SHEALY, Secretary.

DALLAS-FORT WORTH VETERINARY MEDICAL
SOCIETY

The initial meeting of the Dallas-Fort Worth Veterinary
Medical Society was held on the evening of October 23. A
nucleus for the society was formed by a number of graduate
veterinarians who gathered at the offices of the Livestock
Sanitary Commission of Texas, Ft. Worth, for the expressed
purpose of organizing for the interests of both the veterinary
profession and the livestock industry. The meeting was pre-
sided over by Dr. Leon G. Cloud, State Veterinarian. Tem-
porary officers were elected, committees appointed and other
matters taken up which were essential in perfecting the or-
ganization. Several of those present made short talks in
which they stressed the importance and need of graduate
veterinarians in the vicinity of Dallas and Ft. Worth forming
a society. It was the general consensus of opinion that the
organization should be one in which veterinarians would be
benefited, regardless of whether they were engaged in large
or small animal practice, bureau, State or municipal inspec-
tion, laboratory work or in the commercial field, and that
each member with his specialty could be useful to the society.

On Thursday evening, November 23, following a luncheon
at the Oriental Hotel, Dallas, the second meeting was called
to order. The first business before the house was a report
from the committee on constitution and by-laws. Dr. H. L.
Blackburn, chairman of the committee, presented a very com-
plete report. After a thorough and somewhat lengthy dis-
cussion of the proposed constitution and by-laws it was voted
that the instruments with some few minor changes be adopted.
A code of ethies was also read and adopted.

OTHER MEETINGS Sai

The election of permanent officers was next taken up, which
resulted in the election of Dr. Leon G. Cloud, Ft. Worth, Presi-
dent; Dr. A. E. Flowers, Dallas, First Vice-President; Dr. S.
G. Bittick, Ft. Worth, Second Vice-President, and Dr. W. R.
McCuistion, Ft. Worth, Secretary-Treasurer.

A rising vote of thanks was extended to the entertainment
committee, for the splendid luncheon and the arrangement for
a place of meeting, and to the committee on constitution and
by-laws in respect to their labors.

Thirty-nine veterinarians signed the constitution and several
applications for membership will be considered at the next
meeting, which will be held the first Thursday in January, at
Ft. Worth. COMMITTEE ON PUBLICITY.

MINNESOTA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The next meeting of the Minnesota State Veterinary Medi-
cal Association will be held in Minneapolis at the Radisson.
Hotel, on Wednesday and Thursday, January 10 and 11, 1923
An interesting and instructive program is being prepared, and
a large attendance is anticipated.

C. P. Fircu, Secretary.

FOREIGN COUNTRIES REQUEST LIVESTOCK
PICTURES

A series of 10 pictures showing various kinds of types of live-
stock recently issued by the United States Department of Agri-
culture is in demand principally by schools, banks, and livestock
officials in the United States, but is also gomg to foreign coun-
tries. Among recent requests for the pictures are those received
from Norway and Sweden. The series show beef and dairy
cattle, horses, mules, swine, sheep, goats, ard poultry. Each
picture measures 11 by 15 inches and is suitable for wall use or
general display by veterinarians.

The display of such pictures in foreign countries will be of
assistance in acquainting persons who may see them with the
excellent types of livestock raised in the United States and
available for purchase by foreigners. The main purpose of the
pictures, however, is to encourage the improvement of livestock
in this country by the use of better sires.

COMMUNICATION

ANDREW SMITH MEMORIAL FUND

To THE Eprror :—

I am enclosing herewith a statement to date of the Andrew
Smith Memorial Fund, of which I am treasurer. I have thought
that if you could find space to insert this in one of the issues of
the JoURNAL it might result in more subscriptions being received.

We are anxious to get at least $5,000 for this fund and all
subseriptions should be forwarded to me here.

If you could do me this favour it would be very much apprec-
lated.

Yours sincerely,
GEORGE Hinton,
Ottawa, Canada.

Receipts.
Nov.e5s 1922——Total ‘subscriptions... {75 ee eee $760.55
eee 1——Canadian *Ehxchangé.) 2. (eee 22.00
'~— Interest. on. bends!')>t-, “ae eee 37.12
‘Bank. interest... >... .s2.-32s eee 4.62
$824.62
. Disbursements.

Nov. 7, 1921—Three Victory Bonds ($100)*........ hte bea (a

Jan. 10, 1922—Five Victory Bonds, (one for $100 and
tour. $90 bonds) -) 2. 2. le See 299.56
May 1, 1922—One Victory Bond ($100)............ 100.00
Sept. 19, 1922—One Victory Bond ($50)............ 51.06
Dr. ‘Merillat’s expenses); See 41.00
Barik ‘balance? OY). .7).>. 2a eee 41.28
$824.62

or
ON
i)

NECROLOGY

Dr. William A. Schaffter, a veterinary inspector in the Bureau
of Animal Industry, died suddenly in his room on the morning
of October 28 at Elizabeth City, North Carolina.

Dr. Schaffter was born in Wayne County, Ohio, September
27, 1876. He attended the Veterinary Department of the Ohio
State University for two years and graduated from the Chicago
Veterinary College in 1905. He then engaged in the practice
of his profession being associated with Drs. Merillat and Wright,
Chicago, Hl. In 1910 he moved to Mansfield, Ohio, where he
continued in practice, but in 1918 he was compelled to go to
Colorado on account of the iH health of his wife. Mrs. Schaffter
died in 1920. In August, 1921, Dr. Schaffter was given an
appointment in the bureau and was assigned to hog cholera
control work in North Carolina, with headquarters at Elizabeth
City. He was a brother of Dr. E. P. Schaffter, inspector in
charge of Federal meat inspection at Detroit, Mich.

Mrs. O. E. Troy, wife of Dr. O. E. Troy of Raton, N. Mex.,
passed away November 13, at the Miners Hospital from perito-
nitis. Mrs. Troy became the mother of a fine baby boy on No-
vember 6, and her condition was believed to be entirely favorable
to recovery up to a short time before her passing. The child is
reported hearty and well.

Alvina Postel (Troy) was born at Mescoutah, Ill, April 14, .
1896, and was brought by her parents in the same year to Albu-
querque, N. M. She received her education at the public schools
and the high school at Albuquerque, at a girls’ seminary in Mon-
ticello, Ill., and at a normal school in Chicago, where she special-
ized in physical culture. Later she engaged in physical training
work for four years in schools at Dallas and Port Arthur, Texas.
She was united in marriage to Dr. O. E. Troy of Raton in
January, 1922, the honeymoon being spent in an extended tour
of the Hawaiian Islands. Since returning their residence has
been in Raton and upon the Troy ranch southeast of the city.

Besides the husband and the little one, Mrs. Troy leaves sur-
viving her her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Andrew C. Postel of Albu-
querque, and one sister, Miss Paula Postel, St. Johns, Mo.

The sad circumstances of Mrs. Troy’s passing have aroused
deep sympathy for the bereaved husband from his many friends.

553

MISCELLANEOUS

CHRISTMAS IN THE STABLE
By T. P. Wurre, Washington, D. C.

On Christmas night when the bells delight,
And good will to man beseech,

As years are old the legend is told
That the quadrupeds have speech.

At twelve o’clock by the crow of the cock,
In the stables o’er the land,

From lips ere dumb there is heard a hum—
A babble of voices bland.

Said bossy cow, as she made her bow,
‘‘T am sure you'll not deny,
Though to your ear it may sound quite queer,
There is none so useful as I.
My muscles make tender, juicy steak,
And my hide for shoes they tan;
My milk and cream daily flow in stream,
For the food of babe and man.”’

Said grunty pig, “‘I don’t care a fig,
What the rest of you may say,

I am the beast that graces the feast
On this bright and festive day.

A morsel sweet from my head to feet,
I create new appetite;

My tender fiesh either cured or fresh
Is my master’s chief delight.’’

And wooly sheep, as he woke from sleep,
Lent his voice in self praise, too.

Said he, ‘‘My breed is a pride, indeed,
Wether, lamb, or buck or ewe.

’Tis positive that threefold I give,
In leather, in clothes, in meat.

So I contend I am man’s best friend,
’'Tis a fact they oft repeat.’’

MISCELLANEOUS

Or

Then spoke old bay, with a gentle neigh,
As he shook his halter rope,

‘““You’ve all made claim to some valued fame,
And you’re satisfied, I note.

Now list to me, since our words are free,
While a tale to you I tell,

Then without grudge I will let you judge
As a friend why I excel.

‘‘Here I was born on a summer morn,
And the scent of new-mown hay

Came floating by as I cast an eye
On a wonder world that day.

The seasons flew and I quickly grew
To a sound and prancing steed,

And far and wide o’er the countryside,
Not a match had I in speed.

“‘A lad as kind as e’er one will find,
"Twas my destiny to serve.

Each slight command of his voice or hand
Tingled through my blood and nerve.

I set the pace for many a race
Through the vale and o’er the hill,

A rapid clip without spur or whip
"Neath a rider’s guiding skill.

““He hummed a song, I cantered along,
On an autumn morning fair:

My well-shod feet in rhythmic beat,
My nostrils wide to the frosty air.

A sudden alarm, a tightened arm,
An anxious halt, a listening ear,

And clear and plain it was heard again
A desolate ery of fear.

‘““A leap, a bound, at that distress sound,
There’s a human life at stake.

With a vim and dash I’m off like a flash,
A maddened beast we must overtake.

5d6 MISCELLANEOUS

A whispered cheer as I gallop near,
A gentle urge and a final spurt,

The race is won, and the gallant task done,
And a maiden smiles, unhurt.

‘A single glance kindles love’s romance,
So the fates do oft foretell.

A courtship gay and a wedding day
Brought the maiden here to dwell.

And since that time when the carols chime,
On this night of cheerfulness,

I, too, rejoice in my humble voice,
In my master’s happiness.

‘‘T must take heed of the hour’s speed,
So my story’s to an end.

Please signify if I qualify
To be man’s most faithful friend ?”’

Thus asked old bay—but there’s no gainsay,
For the time of speech was spent;

And from the herd not a sound was heard,
So their silence gave assent.

CONTROL OF SHEEP STOMACH WORM

By G. H. LAmMson, JR.
Zoologist, Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station,
Storrs, Conn.

THE experiments in the control of the stomach worms of sheep
carried on for the last three years have culminated by finding
that nicotine sulphate is an effective vermicide for this parasite.
Nicotine for a long time has been found to be efficient when given
in the food, as tobacco stalks, stems, leaves, and dust. Tobacco
dust has been steeped in water and the decoction made has been
found to kill the stomach worms. The tobacco dust, however,
varies greatly in respect to the nicotine content, and for this
reason a staple standardized solution has been sought. It has
been found that nicotine sulphate, commonly sold under the
name of ‘‘Black Leaf 40,’’ added to water made a solution of
uniform strength. This has been found to act more efficiently

or
Or
|

MiscELLANEOUS

than the copper sulphate treatment in the experiments at Storrs.

It was easy to procure, easily made, it was cheap, and did
not have the prolonged after-effects that the copper sulphate and
some other vermicides showed.

The nicotine sulphate can be used in one of three strengths,
namely by adding one teaspoonful of ‘‘Black Leaf 40’ to a
quart of water and giving four ounces of this to an adult sheep,
and two ounces to a lamb over three months old; or adding
two teaspoonfuls to the quart; or three teaspoonfuls to every
quart. One teaspoonful strength is used only for weak animals.
Two teaspoonfuls could be used for the average sheep and lambs,
while three teaspoonfuls could be given to strong animals. In
the instances where three teaspoonfuls have been used, few, if
any, worms have been left alive in the stomachs of sheep and
lambs. Where two teaspoonfuls to a quart were used, it was
found that the efficiency was high. One teaspoonful to a quart
was sufficient to kill a very large number of the worms, and
prepared the animal to gain strength so that later stronger solu-
tions could be given a month or two thereafter. Treatments cost
less than a half-cent a dose.

Animals were drenched in the same manner as with copper
sulphate and were kept without food twelve hours previous to
drenching. In order to have the dosage most effective, it is well
to have them go at least eight hours, after drenching without
food or water. The treatment should be repeated every three
months to an advantage in the average flock. Dosing the sheep
with one ounce of Epsom salts and keeping them confined two
days after dosing, then placing them on a new pasture greatly
reduced the chance for heavy new infection. Over a thousand
sheep have been drenched with nicotine sulphate, and only five
weak animals have died from the effects of the drenching. One
hundred and sixty-five stomachs have been opened and inspected
to determine the efficiency of these tests —Bulletin of Immediate
Information, Storrs Station.

PASTEURIZE CREAMERY BY-PRODUCTS

There has been considerable discussion and publication recently
relative to the pasteurization of skim milk, whey and buttermilk
returned from creameries to be fed to hogs in the State of
Wisconsin. Our readers will be interested in the following state-

n

© 2)

MISCELLANEOUS

ment by Mr. C. P. Norgord, Commissioner of Agriculture, Madi-
son, Wisconsin:

‘““The Wisconsin Experiment Station investigated the spread
of tuberculosis from creameries in Dane County to herds of
patrons. They compared the spread of tuberculosis by cream-
eries where milk was separated and the skim milk sent back to
different farms with those where the milk was separated on the
individual farms. In the creameries that separated, the per-
centage of tuberculosis was 34.5, while in eight other creameries
that did not separate, the percentage was 8.5. It stands to
reason that the milk from a highly infected herd containing a
heavy seeding of tubercle bacilli is distributed throughout the
milk, skim milk and whey coming from all other herds. When
the farmers take home their skim milk or whey, therefore, they
also take home with them in this product a seeding of tuber-
culosis germs originating from the infected farm. As a conse-
quence, the hogs and calves drinking the skim milk or whey
become infected and often the entire herd of cattle and hogs
becomes tuberculous.”’

The condition prevails in some other States, the same as in
Wisconsin and there has been a continuous increase of tuber-
culosis in swine in these States. Although these States have
pasteurization laws, they are obsérved more in the breach than in
the enforcement. Inasmuch as it will take many years to reduce
bovine tuberculosis in some States to a degree that will cut down
the percentage of swine tuberculosis, it will be highly advisable
to see pasteurization practiced as extensively as possible at cream-
eries and other dairy stations from which products are sent back
to the farm.

LIME AND PHOSPHORUS ARE VITAL TO DAIRY
ANIMALS

Lime and phosphorus, although they are found in relatively
small quantities in feeds, have a great deal to do with milk
production and building up the body of the unborn ealf. If
the cow does not have enough of these elements in her ration
she will draw on the supply in her body for a time, and heavy
producers commonly do this. .Therefore, it is a good practice to
feed cows well when they are running low in milk yield and
when they are dry, so that they may store up these elements as

MIscELLANEOUS 559

well as others in their bodies for use when the large demand is
made.

The common view is that dry cows need only enough feed for
maintenance, but experiments have shown that this is not true.
The cow is a milk-manufacturing plant, and, like many factories,
she must have a reserve supply of materials to draw on when
heavy demands are made. A cow that has been well fed when
dry and has stored up this reserve is able to produce more on
full feed than a cow that was given only a maintenance ration
during that resting period. In this way a cow can utilize her
capacity the year round, although she may not be giving milk
all the time.

In keeping up the necessary lime and phosphorus supply it
is well to keep in mind the fact that certain feeds are richer
than others in these elements. The feeds which contain the
most lime are the legume hays, which include cowpea, alfalfa,
soy bean, the clovers, and some others. Of those mentioned cow-
pea hay contains the most lime, and the others are named here
in the order of their richness in lime. The lime content of hay
depends to a great extent on its quality. Leafy alfalfa hay
contains more lime than coarse, stemmy hay.

The common dairy feeds that contain the most phosphorus
are wheat bran, cottonseed meal, standard wheat middlings, and
linseed meal, in the order given. Less common feeds that are
high in phosphorus are, in order, sesame-oil cake, rice polish,
buckwheat middlings, rice bran, sunflower-seed cake, rapeseed
cake, buckwheat bran, and malt sprouts.

No grain or other concentrate contains anywhere near so
much lime as the legume hays; and no kind of roughage con-
tains phosphorus in quantities comparable to those found in
the concentrates mentioned above. Grass hays, corn silage, and
corn products with the possible exception of those made from
the germs are low in both hme and phosphorus.

USE AMPLE SUPPLY OF PURE MILK FOR SCHOOL
CHILDREN
Now that milk is served in many public schools throughout
the country, milk and dairy inspectors should make frequent
visits to the schools to see that the product is of good quality
when delivered and that it is handled and served to the children
in a sanitary manner. Inspectors in those cities where milk is

560 MiIscELLANEOUS

not served in the schools should advocate the adoption of the
plan.

One of the duties of the inspector is to see to it that the
milk does not stand for some time before being used. A good
plan is to have it delivered just at lunch time, or, 1f this is not
convenient, to see that there are facilities for icing and storing
it. By taking samples at frequent intervals a close check can
be kept on the methods of handling.

Milk for use at schools should always be put up in bottles
to reduce the chances of contamination. Before the bottles are
opened the tops should be thoroughly washed. Because glasses
and cups may not be kept clean, it is best for the milk to be
drunk directly from the bottle. Some dairies use special pro-
tective caps on bottles of milk sent to schools.

ARAB HORSE TEST IN ENGLAND

The Arab Horse Society of England recently held its third
Arab horse endurance test. Under the conditions of the com-
petition the distance to be covered was sixty miles a day for a
period of five days. Nine hours were allowed for a day’s journey,
a minimum of seven hours being fixed for the first three days.
An hour’s stoppage during the day was compulsory, this
being subdivided into two periods of ten minutes each and one of
forty minutes. The weight to be carried was 13 stone (182
pounds), and no stimulant of any kind was permitted. The con-
test was won by Shahzada in 37 hours and 29 minutes (exclusive
of compulsory stops). This horse was the lightest in weight of
those entered, while the second horse, Shwaiman, was the heay-
lest.

BRITISH VETERINARIANS GO TO LAW

British veterinary circles have been stirred by a lawsuit for
damages for slander, brought by Sir John McFadyean, Principal
of the Royal Veterinary College, London, against J. C. Coleman,
a veterinarian of Swindon. The action grew out of criticism at
a veterinary association meeting by Mr. Coleman of Sir John’s
alleged policy of offering tuberculin directly to cattle owners,
with the expectation that they would choose their own veteri-
nary practitioners to make the tests. The trial before a judge
and jury resulted in a verdict for the defendant.

MISCELLANEOUS D61

BRITISH VETERINARIANS HOLD SUCCESSFUL
CONVENTION

The fortieth annual meeting of the British National Veterinary
Medical Association, which was held at Bath last August, appears
to have been an unusually interesting and successful gathering.
The membership showed an increase from 1,115 to 1,362 during
the preceding year.

Dr. O. Charnock Bradley was succeeded as President by Mr.
Henry Sumner. Dr. Bradley’s presidential address dealt in
vigorous fashion with three problems of great present interest
and importance to our British colleagues, ‘‘Salaries, Education
and Research.’’ Mr. Sumner in advocating further professional
advancement said: “It is up to our younger men to take oppor-
tunities of training such as will fit them to be confréres of the
best men that the medical profession can turn out.’’

The Mayor of Bath was especially happy in his address of
welcome and in his address at the annual dinner. Some of his
witty remarks will bear quoting:

““The ordinary medical man can ask his patient what is the
matter, but the veterinary surgeon has to ask himself what is
the matter with his patient—which is a very different thing. A
physican can put his mistakes underground. A veterinary surg-
eon sometimes lives to eat his own errors.

“Since the Government imported mules into this country,
I am told that the insurance premiums upon the lives of veteri-
‘hary surgeons, and for accidents which may befall them, have
considerably increased. A mule is always sure-footed, especially
with his hind foot. I am told that every person living who drove
a mule team in the late war is drawing a pension, in most cases
80 per cent unfit. The average veterinary surgeon takes all
these risks, and he is very badly paid.’’

A number of the veterinarians in Detroit take an active in-
terest in the transactions of the Detroit Section of the Society
of American Bacteriologists. At the September meeting the
subject of ‘‘Actinomycosis’’ was presented by Dr. Donald C.
Beaver, and at the November meeting Dr. H. Preston Hoskins
read a paper entitled, ‘‘The Preparation and Standardization
of Anti-Hemorrhagie Septicemia Sera.’’

962 MISCELLANEOUS

Dr. R. M. Quigley, of Tyrone, Pa., was recently called to
mine-guard duty with the 104th Cavalry,.N. G. P.

The marriage is announced of Miss Harriet C. Rutherford,
of Willow Grove, Pa., to Dr. Frank E. Lentz, of the Veterinary
Faculty, University of Pennsylvania.

Dr. William N. Berg has resigned his position as pathologi-
cal chemist in the Pathological Division of the B. A. I., and is
now engaged in the manufacture of biological produets at the
Berg Biological Laboratory, Brooklyn.

Dr. Charles V. Noback is enjoying a well-earned vacation in
the United States after spending several years as Director of
the Laboratorio de Higiene, Bogota, Colombia, South America.
He is at present visiting friends in Minnesota but his temporary
address while in this country will be 215 Crotona Parkway, The
Bronx, New York City.

A dispatch from Helsingfors, Finland, quotes a Russian soviet
publication as announcing that the bolshevist authorities in one
of the districts ravaged by famine have shot 117 children ‘‘for
sanitary and humanitarian reasons,’’ because they were affected
with glanders following the consumption of the meat of gland-
ered horses.

The veterinary colleges at Utrecht, Netherlands, and Stock-
‘holm, Sweden, both of which were founded in 1821, have cele-
brated their centenaries. To commemorate the occasion each
institution issued a handsomely illustrated booklet containing
historical and other information. These schools have made notable
contributions to veterinary education.

During a very hot spell a man was riding in his Ford with
one foot hanging out over the door. A small boy noticing this
shouted after him: ‘‘Hey, Mister! Did you lose your other
roller skate?’’—Harper’s Magazine.

According to Everybody’s Magazine, the following sign ap-
pears near Stoneham, Mass. : ‘‘ All treepasters will be persecuted
by the bull. Look and leave.’’

JOURNAL

OF THE

American Veterinary Medical Association

FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.)
J. R. Mou er, Editor, Washington, D. C.

W. H. WE cH, President, Lexington, Ill. H. Preston Hoskins, Secy., Detroit, Mich.
M. JAcosB, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn.

Executive Board

Gro. HiLton, Ist District; T. E. MuNce, 2nd District; S. E. BENNETT, 3rd District;
J. A. KIERNAN, 4th District; C. E. Corron, 5th District; B. W.
ConraD, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large

Sub-Committee on Journal
S. E. BENNETT J. A. KIERNAN

The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or
statements published in the JourRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions.

Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application.

Vol. LXII, N. S. Vol. 15. February, 1923 No. 5

A SLIGHT CHANGE IN OUR PLANS

IT HAS been found necessary to make a slight change in the
plans for transferring the JouRNAL from Washington to Detroit,
as announced in the January number. At the meeting of the
Executive Board, held in Chicago, in December, sentiment was
strongly in favor of having some officer of the Association at-
tend every State association meeting held during the winter.
The Secretary was instructed to attend a number of these
meetings.

When it came to the actual work of arranging an itinerary
that would permit attendance at these meetings, looking after
the hundred and one details incident to leaving our old position
and moving into the new quarters of the Association, employing
office help and getting launched on our new duties, the inad-
visability of attempting to get out the February issue from
Detroit was only too apparent.

We appealed to the former Editor, Dr. Mohler, for help, with
the result that he very kindly consented to get out this issue
from Washington. By the time this number reaches its readers
the March number will be well under way. It is our intention
to get the JouRNAL in the mails by the twenty-second of each

563

564 EDITORIAL

month. This slight change in the plans will enable us to do
this the more readily.

We take this opportunity to thank Dr. Mohler very kindly for
his help in the present emergency, for his many thoughtful sug-
gestions, and especially for his efforts to turn over to us a
smoothly running machine. Our burden has been made ma-
terially lighter by his efforts in this direction. Eee ee

NEW NAMES FOR OLD FRIENDS

THE LITERATURE of bacteriology and related branches of
science has long been marked by confusion in the classification
and names of bacteria. The classification was neither logical nor
exact, and different names were applied to the same organisms
by different writers. The Society of American Bacteriologists
several years ago referred this problem to a special committee,
whose final report,! which was adopted by the Society December
29, 1919, provides a basis for uniformity and precision, and, if
generally followed, promises to bring order out of the confusion.
The committee was composed of Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, editor in
chief of the Journal of Bacteriology, Jean Broadhurst, R. E.
Buchanan, Charles Krumweide, Jr., L. A. Rogers and G. H.
Smith.

In the three years that have elapsed since this report was
presented and adopted the new classification has been subjected
to careful study and criticism and has met with- increasing
favor and recognition. It is logieal, orderly and biologically
sound. The new classification and terminology are being fol-
lowed by the Journal of Bacteriology, the Journal of the Amer-
ican Medical Association and other scientific journals, and more
and more by scientific writers. The latest edition of Buchanan’s
‘‘Veterinary Bacteriology,’’ reviewed elsewhere in this issue,
has adopted them. No doubt other text-book writers will follow
suit. The progressive veterinarian will wish to familiarize him-
self with the new forms, at least so far as they concern veteri-
nary science.

An outline of the new arrangement is presented in the ac-

1The familiies and genera of the bacteria. Final report of the Committee of
the Society of American Bacteriologists on Characterization and Classification of
Bacterial Types. Jour. Bact., vol. 5, no. 3, May, 1920, p. 191.

EDITORIAL 565

companying table. The Schizomycetes are divided into five
orders, only the last two of which are of special concern to the
bacteriologist. These two orders are subdivided into eight fam-
ilies, twelve tribes and thirty-eight genera. Names of many of
the previously established genera and of most of the species have
been retained. In some of the names of species the necessary
changes in termination to conform to the accepted Latin style
have been made. A list of old and new names of the commoner
organisms js appended to the committee’s report.

To the veterinarian the most noticeable changes are those re-
sulting from what the committee characterizes as ‘‘the breaking
up of the absurdly incongruous aggregates massed together under
the older names Bacillus and Bacterium.’’ These genera are
now much more restricted than formerly. The family Bacil-
laceae comprises all the spore-bearing organisms, the aerobes
being placed in the genus Bacillus and the anaerobes in Clostri-
dium. The genus Bacterium no longer includes spore-bearing
aerobie organisms but is limited to nonsporulating, Gram-nega-
tive rods. possessing other minor characteristics.

Some examples will show how old familiar friends have taken
on new names. Bacillus tuberculosis has become Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. The blackleg organism, formerly Bacillus chau-
veawi, is now Clostridium chauveaui. Bang’s Bacillus abortus
became Bacterium abortum, and the proposal has been made
more recently to place it in a new genus, Brucella, along with
Bacillus melitensis and one or two other closely related forms.
Bacillus nechophorus is changed to Actinomyces necrophorus.
Vibrion septique, a French term applied by Pasteur in the dawn
of bacteriological science, is transformed and Latinized into
Clostridium septicum. Bacillus botulinus is just as deadly as
ever under the new name of Clostridium botulinum. The gland-
ers organism, Bacillus mallei, becomes Pfeifferella mallet. The
causative agent of swine erysipelas, previously Bacillus erysipe-
latis suis, takes the name Erysipelothriz porci. The hemorrhagic
septicemia or Pasteurella group is now formally placed in the
genus Pasteurella. Bacteriwm anthracis reverts to Bacillus
anthracis, while Bacillus coli becomes Bacterium colt.

The new classification is not intended to be absolutely final,
but is subject to further modification with the increase of knowl-
edge. That it is a step in the right direction seems no longer

566 EDITORIAL

OUTLINE OF NEW BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE
CLAss SCHIZOMYCETES

Order Family Tribe Genus
Myxobacteriales .:sccccccneneecensemememeentsrntnmntientntnnansnntntntnmannrnntriet

Thiobacteriales
Chlamydobacteriales

Actinobacillus
Leptotrichia
Actinomyces
Erysipelothrix

Actinomycetacese® gas re

Actinomycetales.

Fusiformis
Pfeifferella

Hydrogenomonas
Methanomonas
Carboxydomonas
Acetobacter
Nitrosomonas
Nitrobacter
Azotobacter

; Rhizobium

Pseudomonadaceae -.rcvcssceeeecceneevssesmeesnesssreeceenseemnersee Pseudomonas
| Vibrio

Mycobacterium
My cobacteriaceae...nacccnnvnrcnnennennnne Corynebacterium

Nitrobacteriaceae

eo
N
°
a
°
ao
©
Q
=
oO
ss
oO
©
oO

Spar ilaceae.. a esccceeenneeceneneenneemensneememeerneenet Spirillum

Neissereae................... Neisseria

COCCACCAE........2.:o-c0e000- Streptococcus

Staphylococcus

Micrococcus
Sarcina
Rhodococcus

Eubacteriales....... | Microccocceae..........

Erythrobacillus

Chromobacterium

Diplococcus
Streptococceae........ Leuconostoc
Chromobactereae. !

Proteus
Bacterium

Lactobacilleae............. Lactobacillus
L Pasteurelleae............... -Pasteurella
Hemophilaeae.............. Hemophilus

Bacillaceae.. Bacillus
acllilaceae ie gee Clostridium

Bacteriaceae............

cececceccececccnececessceseeseencccancececeeersssesscnsenscsssesseusnseenseenecsessaresseteparseccasascassssaesssn"mpegoupanasnenesssessscesseancnsersnssncrnsenes

EDITORIAL 567

open to doubt. Some time will be required to accustom our-
selves to the new nomenclature. It will come hard to some of
us to cease referring glibly to the familiar ‘‘B.’’ this, that and
the other, and instead to say or write such strange forms as
Clostridium, Pfeifferella and Erysipelothrix. But the effort is
the price of progress and good order. We might as well become
reconciled to the breaking of family ties and the changing of
names among the interesting organisms whose ways and habits
So vitally concern us.

MANY COUNTRIES STUDY ANTHRAX PREVENTION

A NUMBER of European countries are taking an active in-
terest in preventing anthrax among workers in industries where
they are particularly subject to this danger, according to Dr. M.
Dorset, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, who recently re-
turned from London, where, as an unofficial delegate, he at-
tended the conference of the International Advisory Committee
on the Prevention of Anthrax. The object of the committee,
which is made up of members from England, India, Australia,
South Africa, Italy, Sweden, Germany, France and Belgium,
is to secure the adoption of protective measures in various coun-
tries and to find better methods of disinfecting wool, hides,
skins, and hair.

England already has taken steps to protect her wool workers
by putting up a large disinfecting plant at Liverpool at a cost
of $750,000. The cost of operation is said to amount to about 3
cents a pound for the wool that goes through the process. So
far no effective method has been devised for hides and skins
that is not injurious to these products.

In the United States the number of deaths of persons from
anthrax contracted in places where it might be prevented by
disinfection is comparatively low. During the 8 years up to and
including 1917, there were 222 deaths caused by this disease, and
only 25 to 30 per cent of them of persons, such as wool workers
and tannery employees, who might have been protected by
treating the raw materials. Farmers and dock workers who
handle wool, hides, and hair brought into the country can not
be protected in this way.

About 20 per cent of the deaths just mentioned were of farm-

568 EDITORIAL

ers who, in most cases, contracted the disease as a result of
skinning animals that died of an ailment at the time unknown.
The farmer may protect himself by not attempting to salvage
the hides of animals that have died from unknown causes.

In the past there have been occasional newspaper stories of
men who have contracted anthrax through the medium of the
shaving brush. As brushes made of horse hair are the most
dangerous in this respect, brush manufacturers have voluntarily
agreed to use no more horse hair in the making of shaving
brushes.

At the London meeting it was decided that the English method
of disinfecting wool is satisfactory, but that all countries con-
cerned should try to develop a method that may be used on
hides and hair without injury. The committee also recom-
mended that a list should be compiled of countries from which
wool, hides, hair, and similar products may be imported with-
out the necessity of disinfection. It was suggested that in mak-
ing up such a list there should be taken into consideration the
number of cases of human anthrax in industries in the various
countries, the occurrence of anthrax bacilli in the products con-
cerned, and the precautions that are taken to prevent the spread
of the disease among domestic¢ animals.

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE IN GUATEMALA

A SERIOUS outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in epizootic
form has suddenly appeared in Guatemala. From the investiga-
tions made by the Guatemalan Ministery of Agriculture it would
appear that the introduction of this dread disease into Guate-
mala is due to recent importations of cattle from the neighboring
Republic of Honduras. Unfortunately, as is so frequently the
case, the nature of the infection was not quickly ascertained,
with the result that it has already spread over various parts of
Guatemala. It is reported to exist in seven departments along
the east coast and possibly in other departments on the Pacific
Coast. While under the existing laws and regulations of this
country cattle can not be permitted importation into the United
States from Central American countries, cattle as well as other
ruminants and swine may enter our country from Mexico and
to a limited extent are being imported. As Guatemala adjoins

EDITORIAL 569

Mexico on the south and inasmuch as it is reported that cattle
have been imported into Mexico from Guatemala by rail, it is
to be hoped that our Mexican neighbors will be successful in
keeping infection from their territory. Nevertheless it behooves
the veterinarian of the United States located along the Mexican
border to keep a careful lookout for foot-and-mouth disease, as
our neighboring Republic of Mexico must be considered in a
dangerous situation. We understand that information is being
sought through official channels as to the extension of foot-and-
mouth disease in Honduras and Guatemala, confirmation of diag-
nosis, action taken by those countries to prevent exportation
of livestock to Mexico and measures adopted by the latter coun-
try against importation of animals from both Guatemala and
Honduras.

PLANS FOR MONTREAL MEETING OF A. VY. M. A.

President Welch has approved the selection of the following
local committee on arrangements for the A. V. M. A. meeting at
Montreal next August: Honorary chairman, Dr. F. Torrance;
chairman, Dr. M. C. Baker; treasurer, Dr. G. A. Dauth; secre-
tary, Dr. J. H. Villeneuve, 266 Craig Street East, Montreal,
Quebec; members, Drs. G. Genereux, A. A. Etienne, F. T.
Daubigny, L. A. Willson, H. Pilon.

This committee has already taken prelimimary steps toward
engaging satisfactory hotel accommodations and obtaining the
attendance of some distinguished veterinarians from abroad.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Advisor of the British
Government, has promised to come, and it is hoped that the
French Government will also send one or two representatives.

Old Dobbin had his faults, but you didn’t have to pour hot
water on him to get him started on a cold morning.—Wall Street
Journal.

‘Look out for my horse; don’t park your car too near him.”’
‘‘That’s all right. I know the regulation about not parking
within fifteen feet of a plug.’’—Washington Star.

THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS!
By Ropert J. FOSTER

Major, Veterinary Corps, United States Army, Fort Riley, Kans.

THE NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT of June 4, 1920, estab-
lished a definite peace-time military policy for our country for
the first time in its history. This law provides for the organiza-
tion of our military forces into one harmonious, well-balanced
and effective army, the Army of the United States, the compo-
nent parts of which are the Regular Army, the National Guard
when in the service of the United States, and the Organized Re-
serves, composed of the Officers’ Reserve Corps and the Enlisted
Reserve Corps.

An examination of the statute shows that the new law is based
on the idea that in the future, as in the past, great wars are to
be fought in the main by armies composed of citizen soldiers tem-
porarily drawn into the military service. We still have the con-
ception of a small Regular Army in time of peace, reinforced
upon the outbreak of war by such additional citizen forces as the
particular emergency may require. This is our traditional mode
of military expansion, and this method is clearly contemplated
in the act of Congress.

But whereas in the past the necessary citizen forces have been
completely extemporized or materially reorganized upon the oc-
currence of an emergency, the new law provides that they shall
be allocated territorially, that their officers and men shall be
assigned to local units, and that as funds become available pro-
vision shall be made for the training of these officers and men.
In other words, the war force required for immediate mobiliza-
tion in the event of emergency is to be constituted in time of
peace, and filled as far as practicable through the enrollment or
enlistment of qualified volunteers. Under such a system it is
reasonable to expect that the units of the National Guard will
be maintained at sufficient strength to be effective as a first rein-
forcement for the Regular Army, and that the units of the Or-
ganized Reserves will at least include a corps of officers, noncom-
missioned officers, and specialists, organized and trained to re-

1 Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medi-
cal Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

570

THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS BW fal

ceive and train the recruits required in an emergency demand-
ing large forces.

The strength of the Organized Reserves is not fixed in definite
terms but is left to the discretion of the President. However, the
inference as to its strength is that it, together with the Regular
Army and the National Guard, both at full war strength, shall
be such as to meet the needs of complete and immediate mobili-
zation in the event of a national emergency.

The force which has been fixed upon by the War Department
for the complete and immediate mobilization is six field armies,
with the appropriate General Headquarters Reserve units, the
necessary coast defense units, and the units required for the
Communications Zone and Zone of Interior, in all a force of
upward of 2,000,000 men.

This force has been allotted to the three components of the
Army of the United States, as follows:

To the Regular Army: The combatant elements of one field
army, including a few of the corps, army and general headquar-
ters reserve units.

To the National Guard: The combatant elements of two field
armies, including certain corps, army and general headquarters
reserve units.

To the Organized Reserves: The combatant elements of three
field armies, with the remaining corps, army and general head-
quarters reserve units required for the complete mobilization.

The coast defense troops required to supplement those of the
Regular Army have been assigned to the National Guard and
Organized Reserves.

No assignment of Communications Zone or Zone of Interior
units has been made for the reason that the number of such units
is determinate only after the detailed plans for mobilization are
completed.

The units allotted to the National Guard and the Organized
Reserves for organization have been allocated to the nine corps
areas on the general basis of military population, resulting in a
distribution of two National Guard and three Organized Reserve
infantry divisions to each corps area. The distribution of cay-
alry divisions is roughly one National Guard and two Organized
Reserve divisions to each of the three army areas, with one Na-
tional Guard cavalry division somewhat scattered.

The distribution of corps, army and general headquarters re-
serve units approximates to that of military population.

52 Ropert J. Foster

As an aid to understanding the manner in which this allot-
ment of troops to the three components of the Army of the
United States was made, it is well to have in mind the missions
assigned to each in the general scheme of national defense. The
mission of these three components of the Army of the United
States, which should be clearly understood by all those inter-
ested in national preparedness, may be stated as follows:

The Regular Army:

1. To provide adequate garrisons in peace and in war for our
overseas possessions.

2. To provide adequate garrisons for the coast defense within
the continental limits of the United States.

3. To provide personnel for the development and training of
the National Guard and Organized Reserves.

4. To provide the necessary personnel for the overhead of the
Army of the United States, wherein the duties are of a continu-
ing nature.

5. To provide an edequate, organized, balanced and effective
expeditionary force, which will be available for emergencies
within the continental limits of the United States or elsewhere,
and which will serve as a model for the organization, discipline
and training of the National Guard and the Organized Reserves.

6. The Regular Army is the first component of the Army of
_the United States in peace and war.

The National Guard:

1. In time of peace, to provide an adequate, organized and
effective force, which will be available in minor emergencies for
employment within the limits of the United States by the States
or by the United States.

2. In time of war or major emergencies, when Congress has
authorized the use of troops in excess of those of the Regular
Army, to provide an adequate, balanced and effective component
of the Army of the United States for employment by the United
States without restrictions.

3. The National Guard is the second component of the Army
of the United States in peace and war.

The Organized Reserves:

1. To provide a trained, organized and balanced force which
may be readily expanded and developed into an adequate war

THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS 573

component of the Army of the United States to meet any major
emergency requiring the use of troops in excess of those of the
Regular Army and the National Guard.

2. The Organized Reserves are the third component of the
Army of the United States.

3. The Regular Army and the National Guard may be em-
ployed separately or together in minor and in major emergen-
cies, but the Organized Reserves constitute purely a war force
and can be employed only in the event of a national emergency
declared by Congress.

A cardinal consideration in the organization of the three com-
ponents was that together they should contain all of the units
and organizations required for a complete mobilization, avoid-
ing the necessity of disrupting and reorganizing any after the
emergency has occurred.

The fundamental relationship of these three components of
the Army of the United States is shown in the chart.

OVERHEAD: al
x WAR DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT AND CORPS AREA HEADQUARTERS, etc. = |
23 | l
ae |
oes NATIONAL GUARD ORGANIZED RESERVES Hi
>o (while in the service | |
ES of the United States) ||
‘ [|
1]
i]
||
| |
a |
#2 :
8 L Regular National , Officers! | |
Bs | a Army Guard of) Reserve |
Dt x SSS = =
ag officers ! officers Corps |
2, |
° I }
|
| |
ev |
|
|
Regular Amy National Enlisted
warrant Guard Reserve Corps }| 1J
officers and enlisted men
enlisted men
a
- @
@ Wr
BaP
Oar
nob
dedi
aie ROeoT Ce
on.

Chart showing organization of United States Army under National
Defense Act of 1920

574 Ropert J. FOSTER

From this it is seen that the Army of the United States con-
sists of four principal parts or components, viz: The overhead
component, consisting of the War Department, the Corps Area
and Department Headquarters and other activities of a con-
tinuing nature relating to the Army of the United States as a
whole; the Regular Army combatant component; the National
Guard combatant component, and the Organized Reserve com-
batant component. From the arrangement of the chart it is
obvious that these components are coordinate, bearing an iden-
tical relation to each other and to the Army as a whole. Ina
word, these three components are merely echelons of the whole,
designed to reinforce one another under stated conditions, but
never intended to replace one another or to be used as replace-
ments one for the other.

This chart also serves to show the manner in which personnel
of one component may be assigned to the other components. For
example, it shows that Regular officer personnel may be assigned
to the overhead, to the Regular Army, and under certain con-
ditions to the National Guard and to the Organized Reserves. It
shows that an officer of the National Guard, as such, is eligible
for assignment to the National Guard only, this for the reason
that National Guard officers are only recognized and commis-
sioned as such to fill definite vacancies in the National Guard or-
ganizations, and as long as they are filling such vacancies they
are ineligible for other assignment. However, it is provided that
a National Guard officer may also be commissioned in the Offi-
cers’ Reserve Corps, and, in case of separation from the National
Guard, becomes eligible, as a reserve officer, for assignment to
the overhead, the Regular Army, or to the Organized Reserves.

Finally, this chart serves to show the manner in which the
Reserve Officers’ Training Corps and the Citizens’ Military
Training Camps have been linked up with the idea of the Army
of the United States. Prior to the passage of the National De-
fense Act these activities existed as more or less independent and
disassociated projects, but the provision for the Army of the
United States contained in this act has made it possible to give
both of these activities a definite place and function in the
scheme of national defense. Briefly, as indicated by the chart,
they are feeders to the Organized Reserves.

It is not purposed to dwell upon the Enlisted Reserve Corps,
but simply to state that it consists of persons voluntarily en-

THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS 5S

listed therein. The period of enlistment is three years, except
in the case of persons who served in the Army, Navy or Marine
Corps at some time between April 6, 1917, and November 11,
1918, who may be enlisted for one-year periods and who, in time
of peace, shall be entitled to discharge within ninety days if
they make application therefor. All enlistments in force at the
outbreak of war, or entered into during its continuation, whether
in the Regular Army or the Enlisted Reserve Corps, shall con-
tinue in force until six months after its termination unless sooner
terminated by the President.

The President may form any or all members of the Enlisted
Reserve Corps into tactical organizations similar to those of the
Regular Army, similarly armed, uniformed and equipped, and
composed so far as practicable of men residing in the same lo-
eality ; may officer them by the assignment of reserve officers or
officers of the Regular Army, active or retired, and may detail
such personnel of the Army as may be necessary for the admin-
istration of such organizations and the care of Government prop-
erty issued to them.

As a matter of fact, it is not contemplated that Organized
Reserve units will, as a rule, ever be fully organized as to
streneth. On the contrary, the great majority of them will con-
sist of cadres composed of the officers and noncommissioned of-
ficers and a few of the more important specialists. The Organ-
ized Reserves will thus be an organization in skeleton, composed
of molds into which the draft will be poured for training. Thus
organized, these cadres will meet all of the purposes of an or-
ganized reserve and at the same time will obviate the difficulties
to be anticipated in trying to recruit them to full strength and
in getting the money with which to assemble them for training.

While the Enlisted Corps section of the Organized Reserves
will be limited to small units, or cadres, the War Department
desires to organize fully the Officers’ Reserve Corps.

The National Defense Act authorizes the organization of the
Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, the primary object of which
is to provide systematic military training at civil educational
institutions for the purpose of qualifying selected students of
such institutions for appointment as reserve officers in the mili-
tary forces of the United States.

Although the primary object of the Reserve Officers’ Training
Corps is to produce trained officers for the Officers’ Reserve

576 Ropert J. FOSTER

Corps, it is recognized that the basic military training received
by students, who for various reasons fail to complete their quali-
fication course for the reserve corps, is of considerable military
value to the Government.

The Reserve Officers’ Training Corps will add to the educa-
tional resources of schools and colleges and will give to the
student a training which will be as valuable to him in his indus-
trial or professional career as it would be should the Nation call
upon him to act as a leader in its defensive forces.

Graduates of the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps may be ap-
pointed as reserve officers upon a satisfactory completion of the
course of training prescribed by law and regulations. Commis-
sions are issued only in the lowest authorized grade of the branch
in which commissioned.

Today there are four Veterinary Units of the Reserve Officers’
Training Corps, at the following schools, named in the order of
their establishment: Kansas State Agricultural College, Man-
hattan; New York State Veterinary College at Ithaca (Cornell
University) ; Ohio State University, Columbus, and Iowa State
College, Ames. Fifty-nine graduates of these schools have been
commissioned second lieutenants in the Veterinary Officers’
Reserve Corps.

The law governing the appointment of officers in the Veteri-
nary Corps, Regular Army, requires that the applicant hold a
commission in the Veterinary Officers’ Reserve Corps. Gradu-
ates of Veterinary Units of the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps,
commissioned as second lieutenants in the Veterinary Officers’
Reserve Corps, constitute a pool from which those eligible are
given the opportunity to take the examination for appointment
in the Veterinary Corps, Regular Army.

In the future it is hoped that Veterinary Units of the Re-
serve Officers’ Training Corps may be established at all State
universities maintaining a veterinary department. One of the
requirements is that a unit shall consist of at least 50 students,
and, even though they are maintaining four classes, many of the
veterinary departments are unable to comply. Then, too, the
present Army appropriation bill provides for a Veterinary Corps
of only 126 officers, and it may not be possible to spare more for
detail with Reserve Officers’ Training Corps units.

"The National Defense Act also provides for Citizens’ Military
Training Camps to be conducted from time to time as appro-

THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS 577

priations therefor are available. In general, the program for
training camps, in time of peace, will call for three courses of
about one month’s duration each. The first course is for ele-
mentary military training, the second course for training to
qualify as noncommissioned officers of the Organized Reserves,
and the third course for training to qualify as reserve officers.
Entrance upon the officers’ course is limited to those persons who
upon termination of the camp will be eligible under the law for
appointment in the section of the Officers’ Reserve Corps in
which they desire appointment and who possess the educational
and general qualifications required of reserve officers. A cer-
tifieate of graduation from the officers’ course, showing the
requisite military training, will, within two years of the date
thereof, be accepted by an examining board as evidence of pro-
fessional qualifications in those subjects covered by the certifi-
cate when the holder thereof is being examined for appointment
in the Officers’ Reserve Corps.

The National Defense Act authorizes appointments in the
Reserve Corps of former officers of the Regular Army; of offi-
cers of the National Guard federally recognized; of warrant
officers and enlisted men of the Regular Army, the National
Guard and the Enlisted Reserve Corps; of persons who served
other than as officers in the United States Army at any time
between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918; of former offi-
cers of the World War; and of applicants who pass the required
examination.

Veterinarians are chiefly concerned with the last three methods
of appointment.

Any person who served other than as an officer between the
dates named, who before discharge was recommended for ap-
pointment as an officer by the commandant of a training school
or by a regimental or higher commander or other competent au-
thority, may, until November 11, 1923, be appointed upon an
examination of records and a physical, supplemented when neces-
sary by a professional, examination.

Any person who served as an officer of the United States Army
at any time between April 6, 1917, and June 30, 1919, may be
appointed a reserve officer in the highest grade that he held in
the Army, or in any lower grade. Until November 11, 1923, the
examination for such appointment will consist of an investiga-
tion of the applicant’s military record and a physical, supple-

N78 Rospert J. FOSTER

mented when necessary by a professional, examination. Whether
appointment should be made in the highest grade previously held
or in a lower grade will be determined from the examination and
the elapsed time since active service. After November 11, 1923,
no appointments will be made based solely upon the records, and
former officers will be examined and appointed under the pro-
visions governing appointment by examination, that is, as if they
had not been commissioned, and all appointments will be made in
the junior grade.

APPOINTMENT BY EXAMINATION

To be eligible for examination, applicants must, in time of
peace, fulfill the following conditions:

1. Be between 21 and 60 years of age and citizens of the
United States or of the Philippine Islands.

2. Have at least a high-school education or its equivalent.

3. Have the following qualifications:

(a) Service as officers in the performance of duties pertain-
ing to the branch for which examined, or, in the absence of
such service, must, in the case of the Veterinary Officers’ Reserve
Corps, be graduates of reputable veterinary schools, qualified
practitioners of the State in which they reside and engaged in
the active practice of their profession.

In determining fitness for appointment, applicants are exam-
ined as to physical fitness, moral character, general fitness and
professional fitness. The examination as to professional fitness
is generally divided into two parts: Part A, basic military sub-
jects, and Part B, special subjects applicable to the branch for
which examined. The examination or any part thereof may be
oral or written, or both. Practical problems and tests will be
utilized so far as practicable.

ASSIGNMENT

Appointments in every case shall be for a period of five years
unless sooner terminated. An appointment in force at the out-
break of war, or made in time of war, shall continue in force
until six months after its termination, should the five-year period
for which made terminate prior to that time.

Upon the expiration of the period of appointment, a reap-
pointment without change of grade or section will, in general, be
tendered without application.

THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS 579

An appointment tendered must be promptly accepted or de-
clined. If acceptance or declination is not received within 60
days of the tender of appointment, same will be canceled.

In accordance with the provisions of section 5 of the National
Defense Act as amended by the act of June 4, 1920, all policies
affecting the appointment, assignment, promotion and discharge
of reserve officers will be prepared by committees composed of
officers of the War Department General Staff, at least half of
whom are reserve officers. The policies outlined by these com-
mittees and approved by the Secretary of War constitute the
approved policy of the War Department with reference to re-
serve officers. The personnel bureau of the Adjutant General’s
office will act on all matters relating to the appointment, as-
signment, promotion and discharge of reserve officers in accord-
ance with such approved policies.

For administrative control each reserve officer is under the
jurisdiction of the commander of the department or corps area
in which his permanent residence is located. For training or
assignment, or both, most, though not all, reserve officers are
placed under the jurisdiction of department or corps area com-
manders. The term assignment, as used in reference to reserve
officers, refers to an assignment or designation for a class of
duty, or a specific duty for which it is contemplated to use the
officer in time of emergency and for which it is contemplated
he be trained in time of peace.

For purposes of assignment, reserve officers are divided into
three groups:

(a) General Assignment Group.—The officers in this group
are selected by the War Department and are for assignment to
special duties and activities which, in time of peace or war, are
not included in the jurisdiction of chiefs of branches or of ter-
ritorial commanders who function in time of peace. The selec-
tion and assignment of such officers and the scope of duties they
are to perform will be covered by instructions of the Secretary
of War issued from time to time. For convenience of reference
this group will be referred to by the abbreviation G. A. Group.

Officers will be placed in and removed from the G. A. Group
by the Adjutant General of the Army, upon the request of the
chief of the activity for which their services are desired to be
reserved, in accordance with approved policies.

The names of officers in the G. A. Group and their assignments

580 Ropert J. FOSTER

will be recorded in the personnel bureau, Adjutant General’s Of-
fice. The chief of this bureau will cause the records to be kept
in such form as will facilitate the prompt issuance of orders
regarding these officers in case of emergency, and will cause the
chief of the branch in which the officer is commissioned, the
commander of the department or corps area in which he resides
or is stationed, and the chief of the activity for which he is
reserved to be notified of the placing in or the removal of any
officer from the G. A. Group.

The chief of the personnel bureau, Adjutant General’s Office,
will cause each officer of the G. A. Group to be notified of his
assignment.

(b) Branch Assignment Group.—The officers of this group
are selected by the chiefs of branches and are for assignment by
those chiefs to special duties and activities pertaining to the
various branches. For convenience of reference this group will
be referred to by the abbreviation B. A. Group.

Officers will be placed in and removed from the B. A. Group
by the Adjutant General of the Army upon the request of the
chief of the branch concerned, in accordance with approved
policies.

The names of officers in the B. A. Group and their assignments
will be recorded in the appropriate offices of the several chiefs
of branches, who will cause the records to be kept in such form
as will facilitate the prompt issuance of orders regarding these
officers in case of emergency.

The chief of the branch will cause each officer of the B. A.
Group pertaining to his branch to be notified through the depart-
ment or corps area commander of his assignment.

(c) Territorial Assignment Group.—This group includes all
reserve officers not included in the G. A. Group or the B. A.
Group. Such officers are available for assignment by depart-
ment or corps area commanders to any organization or activities
within their territory, not exempted from their control by spe-
cific orders of the War Department. Assignment may be made
to any of the components of the Army, except that assignments
to the Regular Army and the National Guard will be made only
as specifically authorized by the War Department. In order to
adhere as closely as possible to the principle of the localization
of units of the Organized Reserves, department and corps area
commanders are authorized to attach officers to appropriate units

THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS 581

in excess of the strength prescribed by Tables of Organization.
For convenience of reference this group will be referred to by
the abbreviation T. A. Group.

Officers will be placed in and removed from the T. A. Group
by the Adjutant General of the Army in accordance with ap-
proved policies.

The department or corps area commander is responsible for
the assignment of officers in the T. A. Group pertaining to his
department or corps area.

The department or corps area commander will notify each
officer of the T. A. Group, pertaining to his department or corps
area, of his assignment.

As a basis for suitable assignment, all reserve officers will,
upon appointment, be initially classified by the chiefs of
branches, and by the Surgeon General in the case of Veterinary
Reserve officers. All available records will be used in this classi-
fication and all data having a bearing upon the officer’s avail-
ability and suitability for assignment will be recorded on an
abstract of record card. Upon completion of the initial classi-
fication the abstract of record cards will be filed and kept up to
date as follows: G. A. Group, in the personnel bureau, A. G. O.;
B. A. Group, in the offices of chiefs of branches; T. A. Group,
at the headquarters of departments and corps areas.

ACTIVE Duty

Active duty for reserve officers is of two general classes—active
duty in a national emergency declared by Congress, and active
duty in time of peace.

In time of a national emergency expressly declared by Con-
gress, the President may order reserve officers to active duty
for indefinite periods without their consent. For this duty some
reserve officers will be needed before others. The preference of
an officer for immediate or deferred call to active duty are taken
into consideration in determining, in time of peace, his assign-
ment for duty in an emergency.

In time of peace, reserve officers may be ordered to active duty
for training, instruction or temporary duty, provided there are
funds available for their payment specitically appropriated for
this purpose by Congress. No reserve officer shall be employed
on active duty in time of peace without his own consent, except
that, if funds for their payment have been appropriated, they

582 ROBERT J. FOSTER

may, without their consent, be placed on active duty for train-
ing and instruction not to exceed 15 days in any calendar year.
So far as practicable, the personal desires of officers to be called
to active duty will be considered when funds for training only
a portion of the reserve forces in any year are available. Both
in an emergency and at other times as much notice as circum-
stances permit will be given officers prior to their call to active
duty.

A reserve officer called to active duty for training purposes
during any calendar year and upon whom such duty, for busi-
ness or other good reasons, would work a hardship, will, upon
request, be exempted from such tour of duty.

Active duty other than for a 15-day training period may be
for a course of instruction at a service school, for instruction
while attached to the Regular Army, or for any duty of a tem-
porary nature. No officer will be called for such duty without
his consent. Applications or recommendations for such duty
should be made to department and corps area commanders, who,
under policies determined and announced by the War Depart-
ment in accordance with annual appropriations, will be charged,
in general, with the selection of the limited number of reserve
officers, if any, to be placed on active duty. Requests not cov-
ered by announced policies will be forwarded by department and
corps area commanders to the War Department.

A reserve officer when on active duty shall receive the same
pay and allowances as an officer of the Regular Army of the
same grade and length of active service, and mileage from his
home to his first station and from his last station to his home,
but shall not be entitled to retirement or retired pay. Pay
status begins on the date that the officer officially complies with
the order calling him to active duty and ends when he is relieved
from active duty. In time of peace an officer relieved from
active duty is entitled to pay during the actual time required
to travel from his last station to his home, to be computed over
the shortest usually traveled route.

TRAINING AND INSTRUCTION

The training and instruction of reserve officers divides itself
broadly into two general classes—first, that received when they
are called into active duty for that purpose, and second, that
received or acquired through individual interest and effort in

THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS 583

the intervals between periods of active duty. The extent of
training of the first class can not exceed 15 days per year, except
with the consent of the individual reserve officer, and is further
limited in practice by the funds available for pay and other
expenses incident to active duty. Every effort should, therefore,
be made to encourage the individual efforts of reserve officers
while on an inactive status. To this end, corps area commanders
will see that reserve officers within their jurisdiction are given
every practicable assistance in their efforts at self-improvement
and will employ the Regular officers and enlisted men allotted to,
them for duty with the Organized Reserves in the conduct of
this instruction through conferences, correspondence and such
other appropriate means‘as may be practicable under the cir-
cumstances. The instruction imparted to reserve officers as-
signed to units of the Organized Reserves, whether on active
duty or by correspondence or other similar means in the intervals
between periods of active duty, will be directed to the end of
making them effective members of effective military organizations.
Through proper guidance and encouragement of individual ef-
fort the limited time available for active duty can thus be utilized
as the practical culmination of progressive individual work.

The maximum time that a reserve officer may be called to ac-
tive duty for training in any calendar year is 15 days. Whether
or not this maximum obligation is exacted in any year is de-
pendent upon the appropriations for that year and individual
desires. Training programs will be determined and announced
annually when appropriations have been made. So far as prac-
ticable officers assigned or attached to units of the Organized
Reserves will be called out for training with their organizations.
Any reserve officer subject to active duty for this 15-day train-
ing period may, upon his application, be exempted from such
active duty if he has served on active duty for any purpose dur-
ing the calendar year for not less than 15 days, or if, for satis-
factory reasons stated by him, it is established that such active
duty would work a hardship in his ease.

In addition to the annual 15-day training period, a limited
number of reserve officers may with their consent be placed on
active duty for longer periods for courses of instruction at
service schools, or for duty with the Regular Army. The num-

584 Rospert J. FOSTER

ber and method of selection of officers for such training will be
determined and announced annually, when appropriations have
been made.

Department and corps area commanders are charged with the
duty of making full use of any existing opportunities within
their jurisdiction which will enable reserve officers to become ac-
quainted with activities within the regular establishment and to
receive any possible benefit or instruction therefrom. Reserve
officers should be informed by local commanding officers of
events of interest taking place at any camp, post or station near
their place of residence, and invited and encouraged to attend.
It is of special interest to all concerned that as many reserve
officers attend drill, ceremonies, lectures, field exercises, ete., as
conditions permit, and that they receive the maximum benefit
therefrom.

Under instructions issued from time to time by the War De-
partment, reserve officers may attend general and special service
schools, except the United States Military Academy. The num-
bers, branch of the service, and geographical distribution of of-
ficers to attend these schools at any time will depend upon the
funds and facilities available.

When facilities permit, reserve officers may, on their applica-
tion, be attached to the Regular Army for training and in-
struction at their own expense and without being placed on ac-
tive duty. Such applications should be made to department and
corps area commanders, and will be granted when practicable.
An officer so attached will remain on inactive status and at no
expense to the Government, except in so far as the use of the
necessary equipment is concerned. Should a reserve officer apply
to be attached to an organization outside the jurisdiction of
the department or corps area commander, such commander may
make the necessary arrangements by direct communication with
the commander under whose jurisdiction such organization is
serving. All proper steps will be taken to avoid unnecessary
expense for reserve officers who seek instruction under these
circumstances to give them as much instruction as possible in the
time available. The efficiency reports, as required to be rendered
in case of active duty, will be rendered in all cases of voluntary
inactive service with organizations of the Regular Army.

THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS 585

PROMOTION

The promotion system, in time of peace, for the Officers’ Re-
serve Corps will be governed by the following general consid-
erations:

(a) Rank and office are distinct. Officers are provided pri-
marily to fill offices. The accompanying rank is merely that be-
lieved commensurate with the duties and responsibilities of the
office. The primary requisite for the appointment or promotion
of an officer is that he is capable of performing the duties and
accepting the responsibilties of the office which he would fill.

(b) When an officer is eligible for promotion he may, upon hs
own initiative or upon inquiry from higher authority, signify in
writing that he believes himself reasonably qualified for, and is
ready to undergo, examination for promotion. Such statements
will be sent through military channels to the department or
corps area commander, appropriate recommendation being made
‘by all offices through which the statement passes. Whetuer or
not an officer will be examined will be determined by the depart-
ment or corps area commander from a consideration of the
statements of the officer concerned and the recommendations sub-
mitted, and whether there is a suitable assignment for the of.-
ficer in the new grade.

For all sections of the Officers’ Reserve Corps promotions may
be made under the following conditions:

(a) The officer must signify his willingness and must be ree-
ommended to be examined for promotion.

(b) The officer must have served the prescribed minimum time
in the grade from which promotion is contemplated.

(c) The officer must have satisfactorily passed his promotion
examination.

(d) There must be an appropriate assignment or duty for
the officer upon promotion.

To be eligible for promotion to any grade an officer must be
credited with three years’ service in the next lower grade, one
year of which must in every case have been in the Officers’ Re-
serve Corps since November 11, 1918. In computing the re-
quired three years’ service in any grade there will be credited
service in that grade in the Officers’ Reserve Corps since Novem-
ber 11, 1918, and active service in the same or higher grade in
any component of the United States Army between April 6,

586 RoBert J. FOSTER

1917, and December 31, 1920, double credit being given for such
of the above active service as was rendered during the period
of hostilities, 7. e., between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918.
Except for the one year which must have been in the Officers’
Reserve Corps, there will also be credited service as a federally
recognized officer of the National Guard since November 11,
1918. No service of any kind prior to April 6, 1917, is to be
credited, nor is any but active service between April 6, 1918,
and November 11, 1918, to be credited.

In determining fitness for promotion the boards will exam-
ine into the following in such order as it desires:

(a) Physical fitness.

(b) Moral character.

(c) General fitness.

(d) Professional fitness.

Regardless of physical or other disqualifications, the exami-
nation of each officer will be completed unless the officer upon
being informed of such disqualification requests his examination
be discontinued.

The basic subjects required for all officers beg examined for
promotion are the same as those subjects examined in for ap-
pointment; that is, administration, customs of the service, cour-
tesy and military discipline; military hygiene; practical ef-
ficiency. In addition, officers of the veterinary section will be
examined in recent progress in veterinary medicine and surgery,
hygiene—animal, meat and dairy.

Had there been such an established military policy and or-
ganization when the United States entered the World War,
mobilization in 1917 would have proceeded as a decentralized
process and not as a great centralizing process upsetting the
economic life of the Nation. Organized and officered divisions
would have passed to war strength under a decentralized sys-
tem, each in its proper area. It would not have been necessary
to spend millions for great concentrated training camps or to
overburden the railroads with unclassified personnel and mate-
rial in order to organize and train and equip and provide of-
ficers all at the same time. The young men of each community
when called to war would have found organizations near their
homes prepared to receive and clothe and train them. Officers
of all grades, both regular and reserve, would have passed with-
out confusion to predetermined places. It would not have been

THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS 587

necessary to pour the man power of the Nation into great cen-
tral hoppers for organization and classification, because or-
ganization, classification and assignment would have been auto-
matically indicated by the obvious requirements of the peace-
time territorial organization. There would have been little of
the confusion and malfunctioning that comes from putting
square pegs in round holes, because each officer, whether of the
Regular Army or the Reserve Corps, would have taken up duties
for which he had specifically been preparing. It would have
been unnecessary, upon mobilization, to establish extraordinary
means of liaison between the Army and the business world, be-
cause contact between the Army and all of the people would
have been an obvious fact throughout all of the long interval
of peace.

Such a national organization must have saved months in time
and millions in money with a minimum strain upon the economic
and industrial life of the Nation.

It is the object of our new military law to establish such an
organization. It proposes to localize and perpetuate the prin-
cipal military units that fought in the World War. It offers
an opportunity for the veterans of the war to join these units
on a voluntary basis and to participate in the training of their
ultimate replacement. It provides for organized contact between
the professional officers of the Regular Army and the reserve
officers of the National Guard and the Organized Reserves. It
provides for permanent peace-time organization of our system
of national defense. These are the great simple objects of the
law. The many detailed provisions that apparently obscure it
are simply necessary means of welding our pre-existing military
institutions into the permanent structure of the Army of the
United States.

In appointment, as in other matters pertaining to reserve of-
ficers, a policy of decentralization is observed, only sufficient
centralized control being retained as is essential to the mainte-
nance of a reasonable degree of uniformity throughout the en-
tire Officers’ Reserve Corps. In all cases in which appointment
may be made based upon an examination of records only, exami-
nations are conducted in Washington, where the records are
filed. In all cases requiring a personal examination the conduct-
ing of such examination is delegated to department and corps
alea commanders. To provide uniform standards throughout

588 RoBert J. FOSTER

the service, the general scope of examinations is prescribed by
the War Department. To accommodate to varying conditions,
examining boards are authorized to grant such exemptions as,
in their judgment, may be desirable to determine details of ex-
amination and to make additional investigations, if necessary.
With this authority of the boards is coupled a responsibility that
they recommend for appointment only those persons who may
reasonably be expected to make efficient officers in an emergency.
Failure to maintain a proper standard will give rise to a just
cause of complaint from reserve officers who expect and who are
entitled to the preservation of such a standard, and will indi-
cate a failure to appreciate the outstanding lessons of the World
War as to the demand for competent officers and the unde-
sirability of elimination during an emergency.

It is contemplated that, so far as practicable, any future
mobilization will be largely one of organizations and not of in-
dividuals. The reserve officers who have, in time of peace, obli-
gated themselves to service, and who have received training and
instruction, will be called to active duty, either with the organi-
zation to which they have been assigned, or for the special duty
to which they have been assigned in time of peace. It is not
contemplated that persons who have failed to join the Officers’
Reserve Corps and to receive instruction in time of peace will
be appointed in an emergency until such time as it becomes
apparent that the existing reserve of officers is inadequate.
Those persons who are appointed and serve in time of peace
are thus assured priority for service as officers in war over
those who decline or fail to secure appointments in time of peace.

As the National Defense Act establishes for the first time a
definite peace-time military policy, so also is it the first time
that the veterinary service has been recognized as a necessary
adjunct to the Army and included in Tables of Army Organiza-
tion. The present military policy of the United States de-
pends upon the organization and training of the National Guard
and Organized Reserves to complete the Army of the United
States for defense in time of an emergency. The veterinary serv-
ice has been given its proper place in both these organizations,
and in order that the profession may be organized and trained
and coordinated with the other branches of the service it is
essential that we take every means possible of developing the
veterinary service of the Organized Reserves.

THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS 589

The Act of 1920 places the burden of the national defense
upon the civil population for any emergency other than those
of minor importance which the Regular Army will be sufficient
to handle. In this way the organization of the veterinary service
is placed in the hands of the civilian profession to a great extent,
and we are trying to get the men who served in the Veterinary
Corps, National Army, during the World War to enter the Vet-
erinary Officers’ Reserve Corps in order that they may be able
to assist in directing the policies and development of the organi-
zation. As the regulations provide for the appointment of vet-
erinarians in civil life who did not serve during the World War,
representative men of the profession are desired for appointment
in grades commensurate with their professional standing.

The veterinary profession has its opportunity now to develop
equally with the other professions in the Army of the United
States, and it is only by the civilian members coming into the
Organized Reserves that they can shape the destiny of the pro-
fession. It can be done only from inside the ranks of the pro-
fession and not from the outside, as we of the regular service
have learned too frequently during our struggle for recognition
in the Army.

It hardly seems possible that those who saw the results of the
utter lack of organization of the veterinary profession for mili-
tary service in 1917 would not recognize the inclusion of the
veterinary service in the scheme for the establishment and train-
ing of the Organized Reserves and the National Guard as an
opportunity to place the profession in the Army of the United
States on an equal plane with other professions.

During the World War the largest number of veterinary of-
ficers on duty was 2,234 on November 30, 1918. Of this number
1,781 were in the Veterinary Reserbe Corps, 1,596 commissioned
from civilian life, and 185 from the enlisted force.

The Veterinary Corps of the Regular Army must be reduced
to 126 officers by January 1, 1923, and 6 more officers than were
provided by the Act of 1916. Today there are less than 500 of-
ficers in the Veterinary Section of the Organized Reserves, and
under these conditions the pitiably small regular corps would
be as helpless in the face of an emergency as it was in 1917.

What are you going to do about it? Do you consider it es-
sential that the veterinary profession be not found wanting in
the furtherance of plans for the defense of our country? The

590 ROBERT J. FOSTER

way to avoid such a calamity is to get into the Organized Re-
serves. We want 3,000 officers in the Veterinary Reserve Corps.

It is a simple matter for any veterinarian to make known his
wishes as to joining the Reserve. The United States is divided
into nine military departments known as corps areas. Applica-
tions for commissions and requests for information should be
addressed to the Commanding General of the corps area in
which the applicant resides, for the reason that matters are han-
dled by these officers. The following list shows the territory em-
braced in each corps area and the address of the Commanding
General :

Corps Area States Address Commanding

General, Corps Area at

1st Maine Headquarters, Army Base,
New Hampshire Boston 9, Massachusetts
Vermont
Massachusetts
Connecticut
Rhode Island

2d New York Headquarters, Governors
New Jersey Island, New York
Delaware

3d Pennsylvania Headquarters, Standard Oil
Maryland Building, Baltimore, Mary-
Virginia land
District of Columbia

4th North Carolina Headquarters, Fort McPher-
South Carolina son, Georgia
Georgia
Florida
Alabama
Tennessee
Mississippi
Louisiana

5th Ohio Headquarters, Fort Benja-
West Virginia min Harrison, Indiana
Indiana
Kentucky

6th Illinois Headquarters, 1819 West
Michigan Pershing Road, Chicago,
Wisconsin Illinois

7th Missouri Headquarters, Army Build-
Kansas ing, Omaha, Nebraka
Arkansas
lowa
Nebraska
Minnesota
North Dakota
South Dakota

8th Texas Headquarters, Fort Sam
Oklahoma Houston, San _ Antonio,
Colorado Texas

New Mexico
Arizona

THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS 591

Corps Area States Address Commanding
General, Corps Area at

9th Washington Headquarters, Presidio of
Oregon San Francisco, California.
Idaho
Montana
Wyoming
Utah
Nevada
California

In the compilation of this paper extensive extracts have been
made from Special Regulations Nos. 43, 44, 46 and 48 and
Bulletin 19, 1921, which are War Department publications, and
from a paper entitled ‘‘The Army of the United States,’’ by
Colonel M. B. Stewart, published in the U. 8S. Infantry Journal
for April, 1922.

DID NOAH DO IT?

It was a hot day on the border. The regiment had been
ordered to move, and for more than an hour a soldier had tried
to get his mule into a box car. The chaplain came along and
began to laugh at the soldier’s discomfiture. The poor soldier
turned as he wiped his perspiring brow and said: ‘‘Chaplain,
how did Noah ever get two of these things into the ark?’’—
Everybody’s Magazine.

As a war memorial the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College of
Edinbureh has installed a library and a tablet bearing the
names of fourteen graduates and students who died in the war.

Give me morning and a horse and I have all wealth; I sport
with the earth. I leap upon the mountains. The cold clouds of
mortality roll back before the immortal horseman. Swing into
the saddle and take the old trail, for it leads away from weak-
ness and despair.—Stanton Davis Kirkham.

General Pershing said recently at a dinner of the Horse Asso-
ciation of America: ‘‘ There will never be anything that can take
the place of the horse and the army mule in warfare. If we
had had more horses in the World War we might have done
better than we did. I believe the horse is coming back into his
own.’’—New England Farms.

PRESENT PROBLEMS OF OUR ANIMAL INDUSTRY !
By J. R. MouHuer
Chief, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C.

THE domestic-animal population of the United States on Jan-
uary 1 of this year numbered approximately 183 millions, or
one and two-thirds times our human population. The value of
livestock has been estimated at about 5 billion dollars. At the
time of the last census the value of livestock more than equaled
the combined value of all the cotton goods, flour and other grist-
mill products produced in the United States, or twice the value
of the combined output of our foundries and machine shops.

In the development of this great industry we have had to
contend against storms, drought, barriers against our export
trade, and incomplete knowledge concerning the cause of dis-
eases and of the principles of breeding, feeding, sanitation, and
the care of animals. But of all impediments to the development
of the industry, disease has been the greatest. Hog cholera,
tuberculosis, contagious abortion, glanders, rabies, anthrax,
blackleg, Texas fever and pleuropneumonia existed in this coun-
try for many years before the Bureau of Animal Industry was
established in 1884. From the day it came into existence the
Bureau has been striving diligently to protect and develop our
livestock industry; and as a result of our cooperative efforts,
the National Government, State governments, the veterinary
profession and livestock owners can review with pride and satis-
faction the history of the continuous growth of the industry and
the subjugation of its deadly enemies.

LOSSES FROM DISEASE EXcCEED 200 Minuions ANNUALLY

Although marked progress has been made in reducing losses
from animal diseases, they continue to be much greater than they
should, considering the advancement veterinary science has made
and the numerous effective weapons that have been developed
for offense and defense against animal maladies. It is estimated
that the losses from diseases, parasitic troubles, accidents and
neglect amount to considerably more than 200 millions of dol-

*Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medi-
cal Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to. September 1, 1922.

592

PROBLEMS OF OuR ANIMAL INDUSTRY 593

lars annually. Most of the losses could be prevented if the
knowledge we have acquired of disease, sanitation and the care
of animals were properly and diligently applied. Naturally in
warfare against disease, problems arise which must be solved,
policies must be established and plans of procedure formulated
to prevent loss of effort, to avert misunderstandings and _ to
achieve success without unnecessary delay and expense.

Our Export TRADE

Our livestock and meat industry was confronted with a great
problem when, in the period 1879-1881, our pork was excluded
from foreign markets because of trichina infestation, and in
1879 the English government issued an order refusing to admit
our export cattle into the interior of Great Britain and requir-
ing their slaughter within a limited time on the docks where
they were landed, because of the existence of contagious pleuro-
pneumonia in the United States.

In 1891 the Bureau inaugurated a system of microscopic in-
spection of pork for trichine, and in 1892 the eradication of
contagious pleuropneumonia was completed. As a result a
profitable export trade was reclaimed and developed. However,
the order requiring the slaughter of our cattle on the English
docks has never been revoked; it applies alike to cattle from
the United States and Canada, and it is admitted in English
quarters that it is intended more as a commercial expedient
than a hygienic necessity.

PROTECTION FROM FOREIGN DISEASE

A problem with which we are confronted continuously is the
protection of our livestock industry against invasions of foreign
plagues, such as contagious pleuropneumonia, rinderpest, surra,
Malta fever and foot-and-mouth disease. This problem has been
met by the enforcement of quarantine regulations which,
though not hampering seriously the development of our live-
stock industry, has proved so effective that no destructive foreign
plague has as yet passed the barriers of our quarantine stations.
Never in our history have we been so completely surrounded by
foot-and-mouth disease as we have been since the close of the
World War. While Great Britain has been spending millions
of dollars in efforts to suppress the most extensive outbreak in
that country in the present generation, and its ravages have been

594 J. R. MOHLER

reported from most European, Asiatic and South American coun-
tries, the United States has thus far escaped a recent invasion
of this dreaded disease.

An important problem that confronts us now is preparation to
combat an outbreak should one occur. Ever since the eradication
of our last outbreak of 1914 the Bureau has been urging the
States to appropriate funds and to organize their veterinary
forces so as to be able to cooperate promptly in the work if an-
other occasion should suddenly arise.

DOURINE

The spread of dourine among horses on the ranches of North
Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico and
Arizona became a menace to our horse industry. Attempts to
control this disease through inspection and quarantine proved
impractical and inffectual, especially under ranch conditions.
The problem was met in 1912 by adopting and perfecting the
complement-fixation test for detecting the disease in its incip-
ieney. Definite progress has been made in eradicating dourine
ever since this new method of discovering affected animals was
developed. From 1913 to 1921, inclusive, approximately 300,-
000 horses were tested, of which 910 affected animals were con-
demned and slaughtered. While the disease yet exists to a lim-
ited extent in South Dakota and on the Indian reservations of
Arizona, its complete elimination under present methods is as-
sured within a few years. Only those who are familiar with the
nature of this disease can appreciate what its eradication means
to our horse industry.

Hog CHOLERA

Hog cholera has been allowed to exist in the United States for
89 years. From 30 to 60 million dollars’ worth of swine an-
nually die from this disease. The problem of preventing these
enormous losses was partially solved when in 1905 a serum was
developed by the Bureau of Animal Industry which makes it
possible to immunize swine against hog cholera. Permanent im-
munization involves the use of a virus which is dangerous when
not properly produced and applied. It is evident that we shall
never succeed in completely eradicating hog cholera through the
use of the immunization treatment alone. The problem that now
confronts us is to devise a systematic use of serum and virus, to-

PROBLEMS OF OUR ANIMAL INDUSTRY 595

gether with an intelligent application of the knowledge we have
acquired concerning this disease, the rigid enforcement of quar-
antine regulations and the practice of better farm sanitation.
At present the National Government and the States are concen-
trating their efforts on the eradication of other destructive dis-
eases, especially tuberculosis, and the tick which causes Texas
fever, but the time will come when our swine producers will de-
mand the energetic action of National and State livestock sani-
tary authorities and the appropriation of funds by both agen-
cies to help them eradicate hog cholera.

TEXAS FEVER

The extermination of the Texas-fever tick will continue to be
an important problem until the last tick is destroyed. Cooper-
ative tick-eradication work was commenced in 1906. Up to the
present 72 per cent of the 729,852 square miles originally quar-
antined have been freed from ticks and released from quarantine
with an expenditure of National, State and county funds which
together equals less than one-half the cost of building and
equipping a modern battleship. We have yet to free 206,014
square miles of tick-infested territory, or an area approximating
the combined areas of the States of Ohio, Pennsylvania, New
York, Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, Maryland
and Delaware.

Naturally there is a tendency for some cattle owners to manti-
fest less interest in tick eradication as soon as their farms or
ranches are included in territory released from quarantine, and
there are others who do not welcome the eradication of ticks be-
cause they have been profiting financially through the existence
of the pest. But, generally, livestock producers, State legisla-
tures and State regulatory authorities are to be commended for
the zeal they have shown in this great work. The eradication of
the Texas-fever tick is a national problem, and in the interests of
our national livestock industry it must be carried to completion
as rapidly and economically as possible. Our greatest problem in
this work is to stimulate and hasten efforts to get the last tick.

BovinE INFECTIOUS ABORTION

Some breeders and veterinarians rank bovine infectious abor-
tion as the most destructive and troublesome disease of cattle, and

596 J. R. MOHLER

it would be difficult to prove that it does not merit this unen-
viable distinction. The losses it causes, though they can not be
definitely estimated, are enormous, and threaten to increase un-
less vigorous efforts are made to check its further spread.

In addition to actual abortions and the birth of weak calves,
the disease must further be charged with being a common cause
of serious morbid conditions of the reproductive organs and
functions, which greatly reduce the breeding efficiency and gen-
eral productivity of the affected animals, so much so that it is
questionable whieh is of greater importance, the primary evil
or its sequels.

The essential causative agent, the Bang abortion bacillus, has
long been known, but many of the factors upon which the control
of infectious abortion must ultimately depend remained obscure
until quite recently. Among these factors are the frequent, long-
continued persistence of the abortion bacillus in the udders of
apparently healthy, infected cows, its frequent presence in the
uteri of such cows during seemingly normal gestation, and its
dissemination from the uteri of such cows with the by-products
of seemingly normal parturitions.

These factors are responsible for the insidious spread of the
disease, and it is therefore gratifying to know that available
abortion tests promise to be as serviceable for the detection of
carriers and disseminators of abortion bacilli as the tubereulin
test is for the detection of occult cases of tuberculosis.

It may be said for the benefit of those who hope to obtain re-
lief from the abortion evil through the use of specific biological
products that vaccination has not yet passed beyond the experi-
mental stage and that the results obtained with these treatments
must be carefully studied before any definite conclusions are
drawn.

The investigations of the Bureau of Animal Industry, which
must be credited with a fairly large share of our increased know]-
edge on the problems of infectious abortion, will be continued
with the determination to conquer this destructive plague of
breeding animals.

TUBERCULOSIS

A problem that is receiving unusual attention at present is the
eradication of tuberculosis from our bovine population. The

PROBLEMS OF OUR ANIMAL INDUSTRY 597

presence of this disease in our herds was too lightly treated for
many years by those concerned, and, in consequence, it increased
to a point where its eradication is now a great economic as well
as a national health problem.

The tubereulosis-eradication campaign in which we are now
engaged is not an enterprise of the National Government or any
individual or State. Cooperation is the foundation upon which
the aceredited-herd plan was inaugurated. This plan was unani-
mously adopted by the United States Live Stock Sanitary Asso-
ciation and by representatives of the purebred cattle breeders’
associations in December, 1917. The progress made thus far is
very largely the result of the coperative plans formed in the
beginning. While the progress made is very gratifying, we
must not allow success to dazzle our vision of future contingen-
cies nor to make us lose sight of the methods by which this vital
work has proceeded so satisfactorily thus far.

Up to the present there have been few serious obstacles en-
countered, and enthusiasm in the campaign has been increasing
steadily. The demand for the work is greater than the funds
and facilities provided for carrying it on, and there has been
very little of the opposition that energetic disease-control meas-
ures so often encounter. We have had excellent support from
the press and have been helped by an enlightened, sympathetic
public sentiment, because those who are interested in our live-
stock industry have come to realize the necessity of eradicating
tuberculosis while it is yet possible to do so. Under such encour-
aging conditions I can conceive of nothing except the lack of
sufficient funds that will retard it, and the useful facts we are
acquiring through experience will be helpful in facilitating the
work.

A few years ago the eradication of bovine tuberculosis seemed
an impossible undertaking. Then we relied only on physical’
examination and the subcutaneous test for detecting the disease,
but experience has shown that in the use of combination tests we
now have methods that are much more rapid and at the same
time more reliable. The intradermic and ophthalmic tests were
known chiefly by name ten years ago and now they are being
used on a wide seale.- They have given great impetus to the
elimination of tuberculosis and have made possible the area work
which is becoming so popular.

598 J. R. MoHLER

There are instances where macroscopic lesions are not revealed
in reactors on postmortem examination as conducted at our
packing houses where these animals are slaughtered. While
this tends to create doubt in the minds of some as to the efficiency
of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent, it should be remembered that
an animal which reacts to the tuberculin test in the incipient
stages of the disease may not be sufficiently advanced to reveal
lesions at postmortem which are visible to the naked eye. The
tuberculin test has a scientifically sound basis, and those who are
so inclined should hesitate to condemn it because visible lesions
are not always revealed in reactors by the postmortem examina-
tion at the packing house.

Careful Study of Herd Is Important

No doubt some errors have been made in administering tuber-
culin to animals when conditions were present which interfered
with or obscured the reaction of tuberculin. Such cases have
been comparatively infrequent, and, with a view to reducing the
proportion of non-lesion reactors and yet have no tuberculous
animals in herds, efforts are being made to make the test more
perfect by giving more careful attention to the study of the
history of the herd and the physical conditions of all animals
about to be tested.

Although a non-lesion reactor may be found more or less fre-
quently, tuberculin is the best agent we have at present for de-
tecting the disease in live animals, and that it is proving gen-
erally satisfactory is evident from the great demand for the test.

Private Practitioners and Official Testings

In the original plan of eradication adopted by the United
States Live Stock Sanitary Association and representatives of
breeders’ associations, and approved by the Bureau, it was
specified that the test should be administered only by regularly
employed State, county and Federal veterinarians. It soon be-
came apparent, however, that these regularly employed forces
would be unable to meet the demands for advance work and con-
duct the retests to keep herds on the accredited list. In meeting
this problem it was suggested that after herds become accredited
they be turned over to private practitioners who shall be per-
mitted to conduct the yearly retests at the owners’ expense. The

PROBLEMS OF OUR ANIMAL INDUSTRY 599

recommendation was accepted, and in order to protect the in-
terests of livestock owners against incompetent veterinarians it
was arranged to accredit for this important work only veteri-
nary practitioners who are able to show their competency
through passing an examination.

At present accredited veterinary practitioners participate in
the tubereulosis-eradication campaign to the extent that they are
permitted to conduct the yearly retests of accredited herds; their
initial tests of herds in which they find no reactors are accepted
-as the first test for accreditation, and they, as well as other ap-
proved veterinarians, are permitted under Regulation 7 to test
animals for interstate shipment. Likewise the Canadian Gov-
ernment accepts the services of these accredited veterinarians for
mallein testing horses and tuberculin testing cattle destined for
export to Canada. As a sidelight on the relation of both the
Canadian and this Government to the practitioner, attention is
called to the fact that on July 1, 1922, we ceased the manufac-
ture and promiscuous distribution of blackleg vaccine to stock
owners, while Canada followed this same course on August 1,
1922. This means that more practitioners will be engaged to.
vaecinate cattle against blackleg in future than have been em-
ployed in the past.

Some have expressed dissatisfaction because the practitioner
is not employed in tuberculosis work on the same basis as the
regularly employed State, county and Federal veterinarians, and
have insisted that in advance work owners should be paid in-
demnity for reacting cattle tuberculin tested by private prac-
titioners. In reply to a recent inquiry received from a veteri-
nary practitioner, the statement was made that the Bureau would
be perfectly willing to approve a plan to pay indemnity for
tuberculous cattle that react to tests applied by other than regu-
larly employed State, county and Federal veterinarians provided
the funds appropriated for tuberculosis eradication were suf-
ficient to carry out such a plan.

_At the time Congress made the first appropriation for cooper-
ative tuberculosis-eradication work in 1917 there was no pro-
vision made for paying indemnity. However, when hearings
were held the following year on the agricultural bill, a demand
was made by eattle breeders that funds be appropriated for the
payment of indemnity. The amount appropriated for indemnity

600 J. R. MOHLER

that year was included with the fund for operating expenses.
This fund was not sufficient to carry on the work and pay for
the number of reactors found by the comparatively few State
and Bureau inspectors regularly employed. The following year
the indemnity appropriation was increased, and each year since
there has been an increase. Nevertheless the indemnity has
always been exhausted months before the end of the year. At
the present time 417 regularly employed county, State and
Bureau veterinarians are engaged in tuberculosis-eradication
activities. The number of reactors that will be found by this
small force will more than consume this year’s indemnity appro-
priation within eight months.

The eradication of tuberculosis is a national matter, and any
policy adopted in connection with it must be national in char-
acter and scope, regardless of any benefits to be derived by any
person or class of persons. It can not be confined to any one
breed of cattle, and it can not be limited to one State to the
exclusion of others when they request it. A review of the his-
tory of tuberculosis in this country and the manner in which it
has been handled in the past shows that it is absolutely neces-
sary that official forces, State and Federal, be maintained for the
purpose of leading and directing if any progress is to be made
in the suppression of the disease.

The Bureau is fully in sympathy with any policy that would
bring into the work the valuable services of the private prac-
titioners throughout the country, and if there were funds: avail-
able today the Bureau would heartily recommend that indem-
nity be paid for tests applied by all accredited veterinary
practitioners.

Indemnity Fund a Limiting Factor

For the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1922, there is available
$1,727,600 of Federal money for the payment of indemnities.
This appropriation must be divided among all the 48 States in
which indemnity is paid, and, also, allotments made for Alaska
and Hawaii. You will appreciate the fact that if indemnity is to
be paid on tests conducted by any private veterinarians it would
be entirely unjust if they were not all placed upon the same
status. At the present time 4,338 accredited veterinarians are
on the list. You will also agree that one veterinary practitioner

PROBLEMS OF OuR ANIMAL INDUSTRY 601

should not be permitted to incur indemnities in excess of the pro
rata for all those approved. Such a division of the available
funds would allow, for each private practitioner, an average of
$398.25 to cover a period of 12 months, which calculation does
not include the 417 official veterinarians now representing the
counties, States and Federal Government. This means that
many practitioners would test only one herd a year, and some of
them would create a deficit even then, through finding more re-
actors in that one herd than their small allotment would pay for.

It has been suggested that the Bureau and State forces be dis-
banded and that all of the testing be turned over to private
practitioners, a plan which could not under any circumstances be
contemplated under present law. In many instances farmers
have shown a disinclination to turn their accredited herds over to
practitioners, and, further, the livestock owners of the United
States insist that each State maintain an organization for the
purpose of controlling and eradicating infectious diseases of
livestock, and Congress has explicitly signified the same attitude.
This work must proceed, and there seems to be no other way so
satisfactory to all concerned in keeping up the enthusiasm of
the stock owner as the method of procedure now employed. If
the livestock owners would be willing to carry on the campaign
without compensation for tuberculous animals, there would be
no obstacle in the way of approving every qualified veterinarian
in the United States to make tuberculin tests. But without the
indemnity feature the interest of the majority of farmers would
surely wane and the pendulum would swing from increased test-
ing to little or no testing unless compulsory measures were
followed. ‘

The Bureau has, on every occasion when it has been possible
to do so, recommended the utilization of private veterinarians in
animal-disease-control work, and their services have been emi-
nently satisfactory. They would be satisfactory in tuberculosis
work if there were any means by which they could all be em-
ployed on the same basis as the State and Federal veterinarians.
The fact that private practitioners can not obtain indemnity for
their clients when making private tests does not seem to have
reduced their tuberculosis practice. The reports received by the
Bureau indicate that they are testing many more cattle than
prior to the inauguration of the cooperative campaign. From

602 J. R. MOHLER

many sections of the country veterinarians have reported that
their tuberculosis work has increased very materially by reason
of the campaign, and commercial laboratories report far greater
demands of practitioners for tuberculin than ever before.
Another indication that the practitioners are doing more testing
than ever before is the report of the United States Bureau of
Standards, which shows a great increase in the demand of veteri-
narians for standardized thermometers for tuberculin work.

Accredited Herds and State Action

It is optional with the State authorities when accredited herds
shall be turned back to the private practitioner. The Bureau
urges them to turn such herds over to accredited private practi-
tioners as soon as possible after they are placed on the accredited
list. Unfortunately in some of the States the sanitary officials
have not availed themselves as they should of this provision of
the accredited-herd plan, but it will be necessary for such action
to be taken. If owners refuse to have the testing done by ac-
credited veterinarians, it would be better to drop their herds
from the list, as it is manifestly unjust to keep on furnishing
publie service to owners of herds that have been freed of tuber-
culosis while the owners of infected herds are waiting patiently
to have theirs tested.

In the State of Michigan a number of private practitioners
have actively engaged in the cooperative work while the cam-
paign was being conducted in their territories. They were em-
ployed by the county or the State, and indemnity was paid for
the animals they found affected. This arrangement proved
satisfactory to all concerned.

In the State of Iowa there are several townships in which the
cattle have been tuberculin tested by private practitioners who
were paid by the owners and no Federal or State indemnity was
asked for the cattle condemned.

Private practitioners are employed to conduct tuberculin tests
in numerous instances where towns and municipalities have
passed ordinances that require the tuberculin testing of dairy
cows furnishing milk to such towns. Of course in such instances
there has been a strong sentiment among the livestock owners to
eradicate tuberculosis regardless of the payment of indemnities,

PROBLEMS OF OuR ANIMAL INDUSTRY 603

and this sentiment is due largely if not solely to the educational
and publicity work fostered by this campaign.

The Bureau of Animal Industry operates only in States where
the services of its employees are desired. It does not presume
to have the right to go into any State to carry on disease-eradi-
cation work without the consent and cooperation of the proper
State livestock sanitary officials. The respective States possess
the authority to control and suppress infectious diseases within
their borders, and they have invited the Bureau to send in repre-
sentatives to assist the livestock owners in the suppression of
tuberculosis. The State and National Governments are perform-
ing this duty to the best of their abilities, and judging from the
requests from all quarters for more cooperation, the results ob-
tained seem satisfactory. On June 1, 1922, there were on the
waiting list 34,774 herds to be tested, and if the livestock owners
had been encouraged to sign agreements and await tests, there
would be many more herds on the waiting list. Would this con-
dition obtain if all indemnity were expended in less than one
month, and would the farmer’s enthusiasm be maintained
through the eleven months of inactivity?

During the early days of this movement some practicing
veterinarians were inclined to look upon the cooperative plan
with suspicion. However, as the work progressed and as every
promise was fulfilled relative to the return of accredited herds,
the testing of newly purchased and sale cattle, also the predic-
tion proving true that the work pirformed by State and Federal
forces would stimulate a desire throughout the country for tuber-
culosis-free herds to such a degree that the local practitioners
would be called upon to test far more than ever before, the con-
fidence of the progressive practitioners has been gained. In
our area work we find many of the local practitioners are taking
an active part in interesting the Boards of Supervisors in the
project. They are also active in getting the herd owners signed
up. Quite a large number have spent considerable time riding
with the inspectors for the purpose of gaining experience in the
use of the newer methods of testing. Realizing that the task of
keeping our herds free from tuberculosis in the future is to fall
upon the practicing veterinarian, it has been our endeavor to
gain his support by taking him into our confidence and always
standing ready to give him assistance so far as possible.

604 J. R. MOHLER

CHANGES OCCURRING IN Dairy PRODUCTION

In connection with the study of animal diseases it is important
to consider the general trend of livestock development. In the
case of dairy cattle it is interesting to know that the number of
dairy cows for every thousand persons in the country has de-
creased materially in the last 50 years. During the same period,
however, the production of milk per animal has more than
doubled, a rather surprising occurrence in so short a time. How-
ever, the average milk production of dairy cows is still less than »
4,000 pounds a year, which is scarcely half the product of a first-
class dairy cow and much below the average of many large herds.
Such information is of interest to livestock officials and veteri-
narians. The improvement in production of cattle is evidence
that they are being bred and fed more skilfully; and in most
cases highly productive cattle are more valuable than stock of
common quality. It is natural for any livestock owner to take
better care of animals that have superior earning capacity and
value.

In view of the increasing skill and knowledge of livestock
owners, it is highly important that veterinary practitioners and
others who meet farmers in a professional way inform them-
selves regarding modern practices of management. While every
veterinarian can not be expected to be an expert animal hus-
bandman in all branches of livestock work, a person can scarcely
hope to win and retain the confidence of a farmer unless he is
able to discuss with him intelligently the essentials of livestock
management, breeding and sanitation.

These thoughts are presented informally with the suggestion
that the current trend of livestock raising receive careful study
even though it may seem remote from one’s specialized work.

THE Horse SITUATION

As another illustration of changes in the livestock industry we
have the situation surrounding the production and use of horses.

The advent of the automobile and the farm tractor seemed for
a time to threaten the destruction of our horse-raising industry,
but the results have not been as serious as anticipated by many.
According to the 1920 census, which is the latest published, our
horse and mule population for that year numbered 27,283,413.
From 17 to 19 million ecollar-broken draft animals are needed to

PROBLEMS OF OUR ANIMAL INDUSTRY 605

handle the work of crop production, and from 2 to 3 million more
are needed for nonagricultural work. The number of deaths in
1920 exceeded the number of three-year-old colts produced to
fill the vacancies by 482,963. The 1920 figures also show that the
birth rate of horses and mules is not keeping pace with the death
rate. A 25 per cent increase in breeding is required to main-
tain our present horse and mule population, and according to
recent information of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics
there has been a decrease since January 1, 1920, in the number
of horses on farms, and only a small increase in the number of
mules.

The shortage of draft animals is stimulating increased breed-
ing, but at present it is retarded by the scarcity of good breed-
ing stock, especially males, so that under favorable conditions it
will require at least two years and perhaps more to bring the
birth rate up to the death rate. Fourteen States from which
comparable reports were available for the period from 1915 to
1921 showed a decrease of 60.8 per cent in the total number of
serviceable stallions and 4.3 per cent in the number of jacks.

The indications are that we may look for gradually increasing
prices of horses and mules for the next five years. But in con-
sidering the need for increase in horse production it should be
remembered that only good horses are profitable. The market
demands a ‘‘horse for a job.’’ There is no great demand for the
poorer grades. Selection of the right kind of breeding stock,
plenty of good feed and proper training and management of
young horses are essential factors to profitable production at this
time.

DEVELOPMENTS IN SWINE INDUSTRY

The swine industry presents numerous problems in addition
to the control of hog cholera, already mentioned. For instance,
there has lately been an unusual interest in the production
of bacon hogs for export to Europe, in the effect of peanut
feeding on the quality of pork, and in other matters affecting
the demand for pork and its products. Most of these prob-
lems are discussed in a commendable manner in the agri-
cultural press, consular reports, and at livestock meetings. Per-
sons engaged in the swine industry or whose work is related to
the production of hogs may wisely study the dev capac of
progress in the several lines referred to. CJ

606 J. R. MOHLER

You will see from these remarks that the problems of our
animal industry are constantly changing, but fortunately the
intelligence which veterinarians and livestock owners have shown
in handling the various situations gives promise that no problem
need be considered too difficult to solve.

Disease control in general is well in hand, and with the cur
rent attention, both by organizations and individuals, to breed
ing, feeding, and economic questions of production and consump-
tion the outlook is encouraging. For many. years the livestock
industry of the United States has been greater and more diver-
sified than that of any other country, and I see many indications
that our position in these respects will not only continue but
will even improve.

FLORIDA RANCH DEMONSTRATES VALUE OF
SUPERIOR SIRES

By the use of selected bulls of superior quality, an extensive
beef-cattle ranch in central Florida has increased the weight of
its calves by from 30 to 50 per cent over that of native calves
of the same age. Starting five years ago, according to W. F.
Ward, a former employee of the United States Department of
Agriculture and now associated with the ranch, the owners have
improved both type and quality. The breeding operations in
volve the use of more than 100 purebred bulls and a total of
about 30,000 head of stock. In the absence of a sufficient num-
ber of purebred bulls, carefully selected crossbred and high
grades are likewise used temporarily.

The ranch raises approximately 90 per cent of the bulls needed
and the quality is improving from year to year. The breeds
of cattle raised include Aberdeen-Angus, Shorthorn, Hereford
and Brahman. A small herd of purebred cows was recently
acquired chiefly to raise purebred bulls, but the main operations
consist in grading up the native stock by the use of superior
sires and selling the product for beef.

Officials of the ranch in charge of breeding operations have
reported their experiences as a contribution to the ‘‘ Better Sires
—Better Stock’’ movement. The quality of the ealf crop this
year is reported as noticeably better than for any year in the
past.

_ PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF BLACKLEG IMMUNIZATION
By Wuu1aM N. Bere, Brooklyn, N. Y.2

1. BLACKLEG FILTRATE VERSUS BLACKLEG AGGRESSIN

ALTHOUGH numerous products have been used to immunize
cattle and sheep in the United States, but two have found wide-
spread use. These are known as ‘‘blackleg filtrate’ and ‘‘black-
leg aggressin.’’ The blackleg filtrates first produced were of
high potency and were favorably received. Lately, filtrates hav-
ing low potency, and in some cases filtrates having no demon-
strable potency whatever, have been placed on the market. A
decline in the use of filtrate resulted, and blackleg aggressin has
largely replaced it.

A careful search of the literature has revealed no experimen-
tal data which substantiate the claim so often made or implied,
that aggressin protects cattle and sheep any better than filtrate.
On the contrary, the available comparative data indicate that
blackleg filtrates can be prepared and have been prepared with
a potency higher than that of any aggressin.

2. How CuHoosE A BLACKLEG IMMUNIZER?

It is obviously desirable to ascertain which products confer
the highest degree of immunity for the longest time. The
veterinarian instinctively turns to Federal and State govern-
ment reports for comparative tests, and finds but one official
report, 7. ¢., that of the Director of the Kansas Agricultural Ex-
periment Station. This report for 1917-1918 briefly states the
relative merits of blackleg filtrate and blackleg aggressin as
follows (p. 50): ‘‘Preliminary experiments show that this fil-
trate is fully as efficient in immunizing cattle against blackleg
as the germ free-vaccine.’’ In the next report, for 1918-1919
(p. 69), it is stated: ‘‘That this laboratory product, the black-
leg filtrate, is as efficient as the natural product—the aggres-
sin—has been indicated by this year’s investigations.’

3. DEFINITIONS

Blackleg is an acute, but not contagious, epizootic disease of
cattle, swine, and exceptionally of other ruminants, in the course

1Formerly in the Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washing-

on, Dz2.C.
607

608 WiuuiaM N, Bere

of which localized crepitant swellings develop in the muscula-
ture, accompanied by febrile symptoms. It is caused by an
anaerobe, the Bacillus gangrene emphysematose. (Hutyra
and Marek, p. 48, vol. 1.) Although other anaerobes have been
found in blackleg material, they are of incidental importance
or the cause of mixed infections. The cause of ‘‘spontaneous”’
blackleg in cattle is the typical blackleg bacillus and none other.
(Uchimura, p. 316.) Bail was among the early investigators who
used the team ‘‘aggressin,’’ as follows: ‘‘In the tissue fluids of
animals fatally infected with a variety of organisms, excepting
the diphtheria, aggressins were formed by all the organisms in-
vestigated. It was but natural to look for aggressin formation
in materials prepared outside the animal body. Soon the exist-
ence of typhoid aggressin was found in young bouillon cultures.
The aggressin is one of the products secreted by a bacillus.’’
(Bail, p. 745, 748.)

The term ‘‘agegressin’

)

as first used designated a substance or
substances secreted by a variety of organisms in any suitable
culture medium. The term ‘‘blackleg aggressin’’ is now ap-
phed to the sterile filtrate obtained exclusively from affected
animal tissues. This is somewhat confusing, but this use of the
term has probably come to stay. The blackleg bacillus, like many
other microorganisms, secretes an aggressin in any suitable
medium, whether that medium be in a flask or in the tissues of a
susceptible animal.

When the blackleg aggressin elaboration inside or outside the
animal body was noted, it was desired to distinguish between
the two types of products. For a time the product obtained
from affected tissues was called ‘‘natural aggressin,’’ while the
product obtained from culture filtrates was called ‘‘artificial
aggressin.’’ These definitions were apparently inadequate.
Both products contain the same immunizing principle, 7. e., an
aggressin elaborated by the blackleg bacillus, and are so re-
garded by the Bureau of Animal Industry (p. 9) 21). The
recent literature distinguishes between the two products as fol-
lows: ‘‘Blackleg aggressin’’ is the filtrate obtained from
affected muscle tissues. ‘‘Blackleg filtrate’? is the filtrate ob-
tained from laboratory cultures. These designations have ap-
parently supplanted all previous ones. They are used by the

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF BLACKLEG IMMUNIZATION 609

Bureau of Animal Industry in the above sense, and in the
present paper the terms aggressin and filtrate have the above
meaning.

ETIOLOGY

An exact definition of the blackleg bacillus is necessary in the
selection of strains to be used in the preparation of biological
products with which susceptible animals shall be immunized.
The following brief description of the blackleg bacillus is taken
from recent investigations by Haslam and Lumb (p. 363) and
Uchimura (p. 299). <A large spore-forming anaerobe, Gram
positive, rods occurring singly or in pairs, never in long chains
or threads, not a protein putrefier. It ferments dextrose vigor-
ously, forming mainly carbon dioxid and butyric acid. Culture
filtrates are nontoxic. <A culture filtrate from one blackleg
strain immunizes against other strains of blackleg organisms,
but not against other anaerobes. (Uchimura, p. 315.)

5. TREATMENT

The treatment of affected cattle is generally unsatisfactory.
Favorable results are sometimes obtained by the early injection
of 200-300 ¢.c. of blackleg serum, although normal horse serum
is almost as good. (Uchimura, p. 308.) High potency sera
have not generally been obtained against any of the organisms
of the gas gangrene group. (Kolle, Sachs and Georgi, p. 258.)

Prevention of blackleg by protective immunization is the nat-
ural outcome of the impracticability of therapeutic treatment.

6. Previous BuACKLEG FILTRATES

Preparation —Blackleg filtrates have generally been prepared
as follows: Media of various types were prepared, often con-
taining pieces of meat, as in the meat piece broth of Nitta.
After sterilization by heat, the media were inoculated with pure
seed cultures of the blackleg bacillus. After a suitable growth
period, usually from 24 to 72 hours, the cultures were freed from
bacilli by filtration. The filtrates were tested for toxicity and
sterility before release for immunization purposes.

Limitations —Sterilization is the first difficulty, especially
with meat piece media. Because of the high bacterial content of
ordinary market meat, and the great resistance of their spores
to heat, a very long heat sterilization of 100° C. is required be-

610 WituiAM N. Bere

fore it is certain that all organisms and spores have been de-
stroyed. By the time all microorganisms and spores were killed
the media had been heated enough to impair their value as
sources of nutriment for the blackleg bacilli. It is well known
that foods heated for long periods such as 1 to 3 hours at the
boiling point, 100° C., or sometimes at higher temperatures in
the autoclave, lose part of their nutritive value because vitamins
and perhaps other necessary nutritive substances are destroyed,
wholly or in part, by the high heat. Many failures to grow the
blackleg bacillus in pure culture in such superheated media
undoubtedly were caused by lack of vitamins or similar sub-
stances. Workers who attempted to correct this defect by frac-
tional sterilization at 60° C. on three successive days obtained
nothing for their efforts but an impure culture due to spores
that survived the sterilization.

A second difficulty was the proper adjustment of the reaction
or pH of the media. The adjustment of the reaction of a
medium to pH 7.6 before sterilization is comparatively simple.
This reaction is favorable to start growth of the blackleg bacil-
lus. But when the medium is sterilized by heat, the pH changes
as if acid were produced during the heating. The pH fre-
quently shifts to 6.6, which is not suitable for starting growth.
Sterilization by heat not alone destroyed nutritive factors in
the medium, but also caused indeterminate changes in reaction -
that could not be calculated in advance and allowed for. Such
difficulties may arise in any medium, but they are accentuated
by the presence of large quantities of meat. Bengtson (p. 18,
19) describes the difficulties involved in adjusting the pH of
medium consisting of 200 grams of veal to 300 cc. of beef in-
fusion broth as follows: ‘‘Different lots of veal vary in regard
to acid production and it is difficult to control absolutely the
factor of heat so that the desired final reaction may be obtained.
* * * It was found that the individual flasks of medium
varied to a considerable extent in reaction, usually ranging from
| 01 & Baal lon i ey Soe

Unquestionably, the culture of the blackleg bacillus on a large
. scale in media sterilized by heat is difficult and the element of
luck plays an appreciable part. What probably happens is
that vigorous growth takes place only in those flasks in which

PRAcTICAL ASPECTS OF BLACKLEG [MMUNIZATION 611

the heat has not too greatly denatured the nutrient materials
and as a matter of chance the reaction is near pH 7.6.

A third difficulty in preparing blackleg culture filtrates was
in keeping the cultures alive long enough. In order to make
ageressin, the bacillus requires time as well as a suitable medium.
There seem to be no records in the literature of attempts made to
adapt the medium to the special needs of the blackleg bacillus
so that cultures may be grown for several weeks instead of days.
This is entirely practical in the new medium used in preparing
thirty-days blackleg filtrate. Most, if not all, of the filtrates
hitherto prepared contained only so much aggressin as_ the
bacillus could elaborate in a very few days.

The above mentioned difficulties may explain the fact that
certain commercial blackleg filtrates, when tested by the Bu-
reau of Animal Industry, showed no immunizing value what-
soever, while several were poor.

7. BLACKLEG AGGRESSIN

Preparation —Virulent cultures of blackleg organisms are in-
jected into the fleshy parts of a young calf. The bacilli multiply
and produce death of the calf in 36 to 72 hours. The dead
muscle tissue near the sites of infection is dark colored and
partly disintegrated. This is cut out of the carcass, hashed and
pressed to obtain the muscle juice. This juice is then filtered
through bacteria-retaining filters to make it safe to inject into
other animals. The sterile filtrate is the finished product. When
injected into cattle and sheep it immunizes them against the
effects of infection with blackleg bacilli, provided the infection
be not too severe.

The carefully prepared media required in blackleg filtrate
preparation are not needed in preparing aggressin. Here the
medium is furnished by the ealf’s tissue fluids or living muscle
juice. The calf may be regarded as a small tank of ready-made
medium. This is perhaps the only advantage that aggressin
preparation has over blackleg filtrate preparation.

Limitations—The comparatively short length of time during
which the blackleg bacilli can elaborate aggressin while grow-
ing in the calf tissues is a limitation to which properly ad-
justed culture media for blackleg filtrate production are not
bound. In a living calf the bacillus may elaborate aggressin

612 WILLIAM N, Brera

for about 4 days; in the usual culture media, for, at most, 8
days; but in the new medium aggressin production goes on
for 30 or more days. The rate at which aggressin is formed is
also to be considered. In the living ealf the multiplication. of
the blackleg bacillus and the attendant aggressin formation are
opposed by the leucocytes and other natural defences in the ani-
mal, which resist the invading organism. It is only after the
local defenses have been broken down that the bacillus multi-
plies and forms aggressin, and shortly after that the animal
succumbs. During the short interval there is aggressin forma-
tion against more or less resistance. In culture media in flasks
there is no animal’s defensive resistance to be overcome. Be-
ginning with the time of inoculation with pure seed culture,
ageressin formation goes on continuously.

8. TESTING BLACKLEG PRODUCTS BEFORE RELEASE

Blackleg products must pass three tests before being released.
These tests must show that the product is (1) free from poison-
ous substances, (2) free from pathogenic orgaiisms, and (3)
capable of immunizing susceptible animals against large doses
of virulent blackleg bacilli.

Toxicity — Guinea-pigs are suitable animals for this test. A
comparatively large dose, about 5 ©e., of the finished product
is injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly into one or more
guinea-pigs. Survival without symptoms or local lesions indi-
cates that the product contains no poisonous substances.

Sterility.—The object of this test is to make certain that the
product contains no blackleg bacilli or spores or any other
pathogenic material. As ordinarily carried out, blackleg prod-
ucts are tested for sterility by injecting guinea-pigs intramuscu-
larly with 5 ¢.c. doses. If this dose contain an appreciable num-
ber of blackleg organisms or spores, the guinea-pigs succumb to
blackleg. If only few organisms are present, the guinea-pigs
may survive, because they are comparatively insusceptible to
blackleg. Thus Nitta (p. 473) found that it required as much
virus, 0.1 ¢.¢., to kill guinea-pigs as calves. Graub and Zschokke
found (p. 60) that it required twice as much virus to kill guinea-
pigs as calves and sheep. This insusceptibility led Haslam
(Jour. Immunol., p. 541) to the use of brain medium as a more
delicate test for the presence of Bacillus chauveaui.

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF BLACKLEG IMMUNIZATION 613

Potency.—The object of the potency test is to ascertain
whether the product will protect susceptible livestock from the
effects of blackleg infection. The veterinarian knows that black-
leg immunizing products are not always obtained fresh from
the laboratory; they may be over one year old. It is not sut-
ficient, therefore, that a product possess potency when fresh;
its potency when a year old is just as important. The veteri-
narian is interested in knowing how long immunity will last
when calves and sheep are injected with products a day old or
a year old. Will the product keep? A really comprehensive
test for potency, therefore, would involve at least four tests—
two tests on fresh products and two on old products, in which
the resistance of the experimental animals is tested about 14
days after immunization and about a year later.

Two difficulties are encountered in the potency test as prac-
ticed at present. The first is sometimes recognized, while the
second is not. The first is the difficulty of determining the
minimal lethal dose of any one sample of blackleg virus. The
second is the fact that the insusceptibility of the guinea-pig to
B. chauveaui makes this animal almost unsuitable for potency
tests, although it is suitable for the toxicity test and only fairly
suitable for the sterility test.

The Animal Injection Test—In so far as blackleg products are
made for immunizing cattle and sheep, their potency must ulti-
mately be demonstrated in cattle and sheep, rather than in
guinea-pigs. Official or provisional methods for making the
potency test have not yet been published by any of the Gov-
ernment laboratories. Hence a profusion of methods has arisen.

Following is a good example of a potency test (Haslam and
Lumb, 1919, p. 365): Fourteen calves were injected subcuta-
neously with 5 ¢.c. each of a blackleg filtrate. After two weeks
the calves were injected with 10 ¢.c. each of blackleg virus. The
virus was an emulsion of a 24-hour culture, 0.1 ¢.c. of which
usually killed guinea-pigs. These investigators state “‘that of
the fourteen calves treated with filtrate only two were later sus-
ceptible to virus. Ten controls receiving virus alone all died
of blackleg. It will be noted that the filtrates from four differ-
ent laboratories possessed marked immunizing properties.’’ The
protective value of these filtrates might be stated thus: Five
cubic centimeters of filtrate protected calves against 100 minimal

614 WIuuiAM N. Bera

lethal doses of virus for guinea-pigs. And since it takes at
least as much virus to kill a guinea-pig as it does to kill a calf,
the above filtrates in doses of 5 ¢.c. protected calves against
100 or more minimal lethal doses of virus. The above results
were submitted for publication December 9, 1918, and published
in April, 1919. Just one month later (American Journal of Vet-
erinary Medicine, May, 1919, p. 258, and Mulford Veterinary
Bulletin, September, 1919) these investigators published some
experimental data to show that blackleg filtrate did not have
marked immunizing properties. This time guinea-pigs and not
calves were used. The latter tests were made to compare the
immunizing values of blackleg filtrate and aggressin and are
examples of how a potency test should not be interpreted.

At present there is but one satisfactory method of comparing
the immunizing powers of filtrates and aggressins, and that is to
inject calves with the products and test their resistance to equal
doses of the same virus. Potency tests are easily misleading
when guinea-pigs are used. The above investigators claim that
blackleg aggressin is, in general, better than blackleg filtrate for
protecting calves and sheep is not proved. The writer has pre-
pared blackleg filtrate (thirty-days blackleg filtrate) for im-
munizing calves and sheep. Small doses of this filtrate gen-
erally did not immunize guinea-pigs, but they did immunize
calves to large doses of extremely virulent virus.

It is not possible to state why guinea-pigs are unsuited for the
potency test; to say that they are ‘‘naturally insuscept*ble’’ begs
the question. The following investigators claim to have im-
munized guinea-pigs with blackleg filtrates: Nitta (p. 476),
Kichhorn (p. 412), Kelser (p. 259), Graub and Zschokke (p.
65) and Uchimura (p. 58), differing, in this respect with the
previous investigators. The fact that uniform results have net
been obtained with guinea-pigs is good reason for using calves
for all critical potency tests. ‘

The above described test with calves involves no difficulties.
By this test it is comparatively easy to determine whether a
product has some immunizing value or none. The difficulties
arise when attempts are made to compare the immunizing prop-
erties of two products against large doses of virulent virus, with
a view to determining which product confers the greater im-
mediate resistance. Although there is no exact experimental

PractricaAL ASPECTS OF BLACKLEG [IMMUNIZATION 615

method for making the comparison, indirect data can sometimes
be used (see Tables 1, 2, 3, 4). Guinea-pigs are no more suit-
able for potency tests on blackleg aggressin than on filtrate.
Comparatively large doses of both filtrate and aggressin are
required to protect guinea-pigs against very small doses of virus
—in fact, the amounts are so large as to indicate plamly the
limited usefulness of the guinea-pig. In order to protect guinea-
pigs against 0.5 ¢.c. culture (virus) containing approximately
5 minimal lethal doses of blackleg virus, 10 ¢.c. of aggressin were
required (Haslam and Lumb, p. 258; Haslam, p. 543), a dose
which is too large to have practical significance, considering the
proportion between the weight of the guinea-pig and the vol-
ume of the dose. With usual or more reasonable doses, aggres-
sin protects guinea-pigs no better than filtrate. Thus 4 out of
12 guinea-pigs were protected by 2 ¢.c. doses of aggressin against
0.1 e.c, (1 minimal lethal dose) of virus (Haslam, p. 543). The
writer obtained protection in 5 out of 9 guinea-pigs with the
same dose, 2 ¢.c. of filtrate, against similar doses of virus.

The Aggressin Test.—The Bureau of Animal Industry, realiz-
ing the desirability of a laboratory test for potency that would
not require calves, has used the aggressin test. The theory of
the test is that when a sublethal dose of virus is injected into
a guinea-pig along with a dose of the product (filtrate or ag-
gressin) which is claimed to contain aggressin, the presence of
the aggressin renders the animal more susceptible and a sub-
lethal dose of virus is fatal, while the control animals receiving
only the virus in sublethal doses do not die. The weak point
in the test is the difficulty of determining the minimal lethal
dose of virus.

The following results were obtained in a series of experi-
ments in which 48 guinea-pigs were injected subcutaneously
with 0.1 «ec. to 2.0 ce. doses of filtrate (thirty days’ filtrate).
Twenty-two guinea-pigs served as controls, receiving no filtrate.
Injection of filtrate was followed by intramuscular injection of
what was considered to be 1 minimal lethal dose of dry, powd-
ered muscle virus, at intervals between injections of zero to 2
months. The object was to determine whether filtrate would
immunize guinea-pigs. It was soon noticed that the outcome of
an experiment was uncertain and might. result. (1). indetermi-
nately because neither controls nor injected guinea-pigs died,

616 WiuiAM N. Bere

(2) in showing that the guinea-pigs were sensitized by the fil-
trate injection, or (3) im showing immunizing action. When
looking for immunizing action, the experiment wvuld indicate
sensitization, and vice versa, probably because it was so diffi-
cult to determine in advance whether a dose of virus would act
as a sublethal dose or a minimal lethal dose, or whether the dose
injected would kill the filtrate-injected animals as well. Gen-
erally, the sensitizing action of the filtrate was apparent up to
2 months after filtrate injection. The guinea-pig may therefore
be used in potency tests if sensitization by aggressin, rather
than immunization, be looked for.

Complement-fixation Test—Gochenour has shown that germ-
free blackleg filtrates can act as antigens in the complement-
fixation test, and consequently the test may be applhed to filtrates
for the purpose of ascertaining whether the product has im-
munizing value. This method is very recent, and more time will
be required for the development of the very promising results
already obtained.

Of the three methods of testing blackleg products for potency,
the best is calf injection, second is the aggressin test on guinea-
pigs, and last, only because it is so recent, is complement fixa-
tion.

9. THE AVAILABLE COMPARATIVE POTENCY TESTS

Following is an attempt to compare the immunizing potencies
of blackleg filtrate and aggressin. The comparisons are made be-
tween the results of those investigators who attempted to ascer-
tain the potencies of their products against carefully weighed
amounts of dried blackleg organisms or measured volumes of
blackleg culture. Their figures are taken at their face value in
all cases and are summarized in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4.

As an indication of their comparative values, it obviously wil]
suffice if the most potent filtrate be compared with the most
potent aggressin. According to recent data by Haslam and
Lumb (p. 364), 5 ¢.. doses of blackleg filtrate subcutaneously
injected into calves protected them against subsequent infection
with 10 ¢.c. doses of blackleg culture, which was sufficient to kill
100 guinea-pigs. It takes as much blackleg virus to kill a guinea-
pig as it does to kill a calf. On this point the results of several
investigators are in accord (see Table 1). It follows, therefore,

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF BLACKLEG IMMUNIZATION 617

that the 5 cc. doses of filtrate injected into calves by Haslam
and Lumb (see Table 2) protected the calves against at least
100 minimal lethal doses for calves. Their statement (p. 365)
“that the filtrates from four different laboratories possessed
marked immunizing properties’’ is in accord with the results of

numerous other investigators.

TABLE 1.—VIRULENCE OF BLACKLEG VIRUS
The number of cubic centimeters refers to’blackleg culture, milli-

grams to dried muscle powder.

Quantity of virus

Investigators for 1 minimal lethal
dose (MLD)
Franklin and Haslam,
Dslr eee ee 0.02-0.1 ¢.c
ING ba ps A Gos cn cnn. hee 0.1-0.2 c.c
0.1-0.5 cc
scnoble ps 10:32. 0:19 ee.
Haslam and Lumb, p.

Ward, p. 400.
Haslam, p. 541

Uchimura, p. 304................. 0.4 ce
Oxmncics
Do. spas O (een Oe... 30 mg. powder

Schoenleber, Haslam
and Franklin, p. 3........ 2-2.5 mg.

D Ola os | nie.
Haslam and Franklin,
etc. eee ee O00 mes 2)
Harkins and Schneider,
Graub and Zschokke, p.
GO ieee esa eer ae 0.5-20 mg.
| SRST fines ay Oe oe Raia ey 2.5 mg

Animal killed

Guinea-pig.

Rabits not killed by 1.5
Cc:

Guinea-pig.

Calf.

Guinea-pig.

do.
do.
do.
White mouse.
Guinea-pig.
do.

do.
Calf.

“4 out of 8 calves sat-
isfactory.”

Guinea-pig.

Guinea-pig. Calves and
sheep killed by %
guinea-pig MLD.
Used dried culture.

Guinea-pig. Virus must
be at peak of viru-
lence to kill at this
dose. Larger doses
generally required.

Among the high potency aggressins are those described by

Haslam (p. 543) and by Ward (p. 400.

See Table 3). Has-

lam states that ‘‘74 per cent of calves receiving 5 ¢.e. of black-

leg aggressin were immune to 5 ¢.c. of pure culture virus.

* * ¥

618 : WiuuiamM N, Bere

The virus used was of such strength that 0.1 ¢.c. would kiil
two out of three guinea-pigs in 48 hours.’’ On the basis of
these figures, 5 cc. of aggressin protected calves against 50
minimal lethal doses of virus, while the same dose of filtrate
protected against 100 minimal lethal doses.

Similar results were obtained by Ward. Five cubic centi-
meters of aggressin did not protect calves against 4 ¢.c. of virus,
but 10 ce. did. Since 0.05 ce. virus killed guinea-pigs, the
agegressin in 5 ¢.c. doses (calculated) protected calves against
40 minimal lethal doses of virus, a somewhat lower potency than

TABLE 2.—POTENCY OF BLACKLEG FILTRATES

Calculated
number of
Dose of fil- | Animal pro- |Actual dose of| guinea-pig
Investigators trate injected tected virus MLD against
(c.c.) which 5 c.c.
filtrate pro—
tected
Haslam and Lumb, i
p. 364 5 Calf 10 cc. 100
Nitta, p. 476............. 0.5-2 (|Guinea-pig | 0.2 c.c. 10
Do; op. Alla=.. 10 Calf (2 e%e: 1
Graub and Zschokke,

D2 DD: cae een tee 0.5-1 Guinea-pig 20 mg. 5-10
Do:;p: dis. 0.25-5 Sheep 10 mg. 10
Do., p. 119........... 3-20 Calf 10 mg. {

Uchimura, p. 314....... 3 Guinea-pig | 0.7 e.c. 2

or 30 mg.
Kansas Agr. Expt.
Sta., Director’s
Report, 1917-1918,

Se “Preliminary experiments show filtrate to be
as good as vaccine for cattle immunization.”
Do., 1918-1919,

Doge “The filtrate is as efficient as the natural ag-
gressin.”
BOT Ors A pee bn ve Guinea-pig 10 mg. 3
5 Calf Herc. Over 200

that of Haslam’s aggressin and considerably lower than that of
several blackleg filtrates.

Taking the figures of the various investigators at their face
value, and allowing all the potency claimed for each product,
the available data indicate that between filtrate and aggressin,
filtrates had the higher potency.

In Table 2 it is to be noted that the potencies of filtrates
varied very widely. European workers were apparently. satis-

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF BLACKLEG IMMUNIZATION 619

fied with ‘filtrates that immunized against one minimal lethal
dose. They used weak virus. Shigley and Christopher (p. 330)
showed that neither aggressin nor filtrate will protect against
overwhelming doses (2 grams) of virus. When comparing po-
tencies of filtrates with aggressins, those experiments in which
very strong virus was used are of special significance, for
against a weak virus almost any product may immunize. The
potency of a product should therefore be calculated on the basis
of protection conferred against the number of minimal lethal
doses rather than against a number of cubic centimeters or milli-
grams of virus. Protection against virus which kills 9 out of
10 calves in 36 hours or less (Berg) is obviously better than pro-
tection against virus which requires 72 to 96 hours to kill 4 out

TABLE 3.—POTENCY OF BLACKLEG AGGRESSINS

Caleulated

Dose of ag— number of

Investigators gressin in— | Animal pro-— |Actual dose of guinea-pig
jected (c.c.) tected virus MLD against

which 5 c.c.

ageressin

protected

Schoenleber, Haslam

and Franklin, p.

esis. ee eee. 8 Calf 1 mg. 1
Haslam and Lumb,

1 OTe ae ae 10 Guinea-pig 0:5. -c.e: 3
Haslam, p. 543............ 5 Calf 5.0 ¢.¢. 50
Ward, p. 400...——.. 10 do. 4.0 cc. 40

5 do. 4.0 c.c. Calf died
schobl, p: i2Z22==_ 0.5 Guinea-pig 20 mg. 10
Zschokke, p. 104............ 1-2 Calf Os7 6c! 5
0.5-1 Guinea-pig 0.7 c.c. 10

of 8 ealves. In none of the experiments recorded in the litera-
ture was as strong virus used as that used by Berg. In no other
cases was death of calves from the virus in 36 hours or less re-
corded.

The results summarized in Table 3 indicate that different
preparations of aggressin may vary greatly in potency. Schobl
immunized guinea-pigs with 0.5 ¢.c. doses of aggressin, while
Haslam and Lumb found 10 e.c. necessary, or 20 times as much.
With 3 and 5 «ec. doses, 56 per cent and 67 per cent of guinea-
pigs were protected. Such unusually large dosage indicates lim-
ited immunizing power.

620 WiuuiAM N. Bere

TABLE 4.—POTENCY OF BLACKLEG SERUM .

Calculated
number of
Dose of serum guinea-pig
Investigators injected Animal pro—|Actual dose of MLD against
(¢c.c.) tected virus which 5 ce.c.
serum pro—
tected
Schoenleber, Haslam
and Franklin, p.
£3 eh oro Ss SR ai 0.55 Guinea-pig | 1,000 mg. 5,000
15 Calf 250-1,000 150
Harkins and mg.
Schneider, p. 89... 2 Guinea-pig 6 mg. 3
Uchimura, p. 308......... 200-300 Cattle Curative
dose
1 Guinea-pig Orin C-C: 5

The remarkable results of Schoenleber, Haslam and Franklin
with guinea-pigs that were protected by 0.55 ¢c. doses of serum
against 1,000 mg. of virus, of which 2 mg. was a fatal dose
(Table 4), are difficult to understand, and should be confirmed
if possible. That the unfiltered, spontaneously coagulated serum
was but 12 hours old when injected into the guinea-pigs may be
an explanation.

10. Tuirty-Days BuACcKLEG FILTRATE

Preparation.—Virulent strains of B. chawveaui are. grown for
30 or more days in a special culture medium. This is then
filtered to remove all organisms and spores. The germ-free fil-
trate is the finished product.

Medium.—The medium used in the preparation of thirty-
days blackleg filtrate differs from the usual media in the fol-
lowing respects: (1) It is sterilized by filtration and not by
heat. In this way none of the nutrient materials in the medium
are denatured by the excessive heat frequently necessary in heat
sterilization. (2) Neither is the pH changed. Once the reaction
of the medium is adjusted to pH 7.6, it is retained. (3) The
constituents of the medium have been selected in the light of
the best available data on the food and mineral requirements
of bacteria in general and of the blackleg bacillus in particular.

The conditions are extremely favorable for the elaboration of
aggressin. The organisms have a long time and are not op-
posed by leucocytes, bacteriolysins or other natural defenses
present in living tissues.

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF BLACKLEG IMMUNIZATION 621

After the growth period, the cultures are freed from organ-
isms and spores by filtration. Tests are made on the cultures
for purity, and on the filtrates for toxicity, sterility and po-
tency. There is sufficient aggressin in a seven-day culture fil-
trate to protect calves against enormous doses of most viru-
lent blackleg virus. In order to obtain a product having a maxi-
mum of protective power, the cultures are allowed to go on for
30 or more days, permitting further formation of aggressin.
The final filtrate is a pale yellow, pleasant smelling, water-clear
liquid, not poisonous, germ free, and contains an added pre-
servative. The product will not spoil if the container be care-
fully opened and closed. ;

Limitations —Techniecal skill, long time and intensive atten-
tion are required in the preparation of a medium which will sup-
port vigorous growth of the blackleg organisms for 30 or more
days. Some of these are not required in the preparation of nat-
ural aggressin, since the young calf serves as a tank of ready-
made medium.

11. SuMMaARY

Practical tests warrant the conclusion that the potency of
thirty-days blackleg filtrate is higher than that of any other
blackleg immunizing product at present available.

The comparative data indicate that on the whole blackleg fil-
trates have been prepared having higher potencies than aggres-
sins.

When making potency tests on guinea-pigs, sensitization re-
sulted just as often as immunization. Which will happen could
not be predicted. The use of such large doses as 10 ce. of a
product for immunizing one guinea-pig does not justify the
claim made that the product is highly potent in immunizing
calves.

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE

Kans. Agr. Expt. Sta., Director’s Report, 1917-1918 and 1918-1919.

HuTyrRA and MAREK. Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of
Domestic Animals.

UcHimura, Y. Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infectionskrank., 1921, vol. 92, pp.

. 291-320.

BAIL, O. BERLIN. Klin Wchnschr., 1907, vol. 44, pp. 745-748.

Bureau of Animal Industry, Service and Regulatory Announcements,
Jaw.o1920, pi; Feb; 1921, py 21.

HASLAM, T. P., and Lumps, J. W. Jour. Infect. Diseases, 1919, vol. 24,
pp. 362-365.

KOLLE W., SacHs, H., and GreorGi, W. Deut. Med. Wcehnschr., 1918,
vol. 44, pp. 257-261.

622 Wuiuu1iaM N. Bere

Nitta, N. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1918, vol. 6, pp. 466-482.

BENGTSON, I. A. Hygienic Lab. Bul. 122, 1920, pp. 13-31.

Grausp E., and ZSCHOKKE, W. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk., 1920, vol.
62, pp. 52-56, 112-122.

HastaM, T. P. Jour. Immunology, 1920, vol. 5, pp. 539-546.

Hasta, T. P., and Lumps, J. W. Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 1919, p. 258.
Also in Mulford Vet. Bul., 1919, vol. 9, pp. 21-24.

EICHHORN, A. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1917, vol. 4, pp. 406-
413.

KELser, R. A. Jour. Agr. Research, 1918, vol. 14, pp. 253-262.

UcuimurA, Y. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk., 1921, vol. 63, pp. 58-61.

GocHENouR, W. S. Jour. Agr. Research, 1920, vol. 19, pp. 513-515.

Warp, H. C. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1919, vol. 8, pp. 394-401.

FRANKLIN, O. M., and HasitaM, T. P. Jour. Infect. Diseases, 1916,
vol. 19, pp. 408-415.

ScHosL, O. Centbl. Bakt. Orig., 1910, vol. 56, pp. 395-399, and vol.
62, pp. 296-304. Abstracted in Mulford Vet. Bul., 1919, vol. 9,
pp. 10-21.

SCHOENLEBER, F. S., HASLAM, T. P., and FRANKLIN, O. M. Kans.
Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir..59, 1917, pp. 1-7.

HASLAM, T. P., and FRANKLIN, O. M. Jour. Infect. Diseases, 1920,
vol. 26, pp. 424-426.

HARKINS, M. J., and SCHNEIDER, J. E. Mulford Vet. Bul., 1920, vol.
9, pp. 88-90.

SHIGLEY, J. F., and CHRISTOPHER, W. N. North Amer. Vet., 1920, vol.
1, pp. 330-332.

ZSCHOKKE, W. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk., 1922, vol. 64, pp. 97-105.

POSTMORTEM SETTLES SCOTTISH CONTROVERSY

A notable controversy in Scottish veterinary circles of sev-
eral years ago, as to whether or not the Clydesdale mare ‘‘ Sweet
Bloom’’ was affected with ringbone, was recently settled by the
death of the mare. In 1912 there was a lawsuit over the ques-
tion and several veterinarians gave evidence on each side, some
holding that the mare had ringbone and others that she did not.
The court decision, following what seemed to be the preponder-
ance of the evidence, was in the affirmative. A postmortem ex-
amination has disclosed no indication of ringbone. This out-
come is a vindication of the opinion of Prof. J. R. McCall, of
Glasgow, and those who agreed with him.

The development of Irish national consciousness is shown in
an advertisement of the Veterinary College of Ireland, Balls-
bridge, Dublin, which is printed first in what we suppose is
Gaelic and then in English. The college is now in its twenty-
third session. The advertisement does not state in what lan-
guage the instruction is given.

THE REMOVAL OF HETERAKIDS FROM THE CECA OF
CHICKENS BY RECTAL INJECTIONS OF
ANTHELMINTICS

By Maurice C. Haunt and Jacosp E. SHILLINGER
U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C.

EXCEPT for such cases as that of the horse, in which the
cecum has two openings, thereby insuring the entrance of drugs
into it whenever the drugs pass the ileocecal valve, it is a dif-
ficult matter to remove worms from the cecum of an animal,
owing, apparently, to the passage of the drug from the ileum
into the colon and its failure to enter the cecum. In general,
tests on such animals as dogs show that various anthelmintics,
sometimes comparatively feeble drugs, will occasionally remove
whipworms from the cecum, but that more often these and
more potent anthelmintics will entirely fail to remove whip-
worms. It has therefore seemed necessary to use repeated doses
of some drug which is not a gastrointestinal irritant or else a
drug which can be used with safety in large amounts in order
to insure by the number of doses or the bulk of the drug that
it enters the cecum. For repeated doses santonin is perhaps
our best drug; of the bulky drugs leche de higueron, the latex
of a South and Central American fig, seems to be the most ef-
fective drug for removing whipworms.

In the case of most of the domestic animals rectal administra-
tion of drugs to remove worms from the cecum does not seem
to be feasible or advisable. It is unnecessary in the ease of the
horse, since this cecum has two openings as already noted, and
it is probably not feasible. It hardly appears feasible or ad-
visable in the case of cattle. In the case of sheep, Brumpt,
according to Railliet (1915), has used rectal injections of thymol
successfully for the removal of whipworms from the cecum, but
the technique is such that few American veterinarians would
regard it as a feasible procedure. In the case of swine it would
be a difficult matter to flood the cecum by means of rectal in-
jections. In the case of the dog rectal injections prolonged to
the point where the injected fluid is vomited, or what is called
gastrointestinal lavage, has been used to some extent for the

%
623

624 Maurice C. Haut anp JAcosB HE. SHILLINGER

removal of worms. Hall and Wigdor (1918) found that this
lavage method, using tap water or soap solution, removed all
the whipworms from two dogs and left them all in two dogs.
It is probable that the use of suitable anthelmintic solutions
would increase this efficacy and a quite satisfactory method of
treatment in this manner might be developed for the removal
of whipworms from dogs. In the case of man some writers, as
Hurst (1922), state that enemas (of 1.5 pints of fluid) prop-
erly injected will invariably reach the cecum, and it might prove
satisfactory to administer suitable anthelmintics by enema for
the removal of whipworms from the cecum in man. However,
the vermiform appendix is a complication, and such a treatment
does not appear to have been attempted.

The case of chickens is a special case, somewhat different from
those of the foregoing animals. The portion of the large intes-
tine extending posteriorly from the union of the small intestine
and the ceca is quite short, and Browne (1922), in a paper on
the physiology of chickens, has recently noted that the ceca are
easily injected by the injection of an ounce of fluid into the
terminus of the intestine at the cloaca. He notes that this may
be accomplished by using an ordinary enema syringe, the fluid
apparently being driven immediately along the entire length
of the ceca without resistance, and suggests that it should be
possible to treat chickens for the removal of parasites from the
ceca in this manner. The nozzle of the syringe is passed along
the floor of the cloaca into the intestine, and the fluids should
be injected slowly, using gentle pressure.

Browne’s findings in regard to the physiology of the ceca
seem to support amply his recommendations in regard to rectal
injections as a logical method of treatment for the removal of
worms situated here. Tests of various drugs by Hall and Foster
(1918) indicated that it was as difficult to remove worms from
the ceca of chickens as from the cecum of the dog or other mam-
mals when the drug was given by mouth. They succeeded in
removing only 20 of 389 Heterakis papillosa, or 5 per cent, with
areca nut; 10 of 463, or 2 per cent, with turpentine; 2 of 349,
or 0.6 per cent, with chenopodium; and 30 of 162, or 19 per cent,
with a decoction of tobacco stems. In view of these facts we
undertook to test this proposed method of administering anthel-
mintics by rectal injections and carried out experiments with

REMOVAL OF HETERAKIDS FROM CHICKENS 625

birds weighing about 1.5 pounds each, using carbon tetrachlorid,
copper sulphate, chenopodium and turpentine as follows:

Using carbon tetrachlorid (C.P.), six chickens were injected,
the amounts and the results being as follows:

No. 14,10c¢.c. Passed 79 worms (H. papillosa). Postmortem, 0
worms. Efficacy, 100 per cent.

No. 15, 10 c.c. Passed 2 worms. Postmortem, 0 worms. Efficacy,
100 per cent.

No. 16, 5 c.c. Passed 1 worm. Postmortem, 0 worms. Efficacy,
100 per cent.

No. 17, 5 c.c. Passed 0 worms. Postmortem, 10 worms. Efficacy,
0 per cent.

No. 18, 3c.c. Passed 24 worms. Postmortem, 70 worms. Efficacy,
25.5 per cent.

No. 19, 2 c.c. Passed 41 worms. Postmortem, 0 worms. Efficacy,
100 per cent.

Total worms passed, 147; total not passed, 80; per cent removed, 65.

Of the 6 birds, 4, or 66.6 per cent, had all their worms re-
moved. While the smallest dose, 2 ¢.c., was as effective as the
largest dose, the removal of all the worms present seems more
certain where the larger doses are used.

Using 1 per cent solution of copper sulphate, six chickens were
injected, the amounts and the results for the first two days being
as follows:

No. 20, 10 c.c. Passed 0 worms. Postmortem, 50 worms. Effi-
cacy, 0 per cent.

No. 21, 10 c.c. Passed 2 worms. Postmortem, 0 worms. Efficacy,
100 per cent.

No. 22, 5 e.c. Passed 1 worm. Postmortem, 46 worms. Efficacy,
2 per cent.

No. 23, 5 c.c. Passed 0 worms. Postmortem, 34 worms. Efficacy,
0 per cent.

No. 24, 3 c.c. Passed 0 worms. Postmortem, 10 worms. Efficacy,
0 per cent.

No. 25, 2 cc. Passed 0 worms. Postmortem, 16 worms. Efficacy,
0 per cent.

These birds passed a total of 3 worms and had 156 post-
mortem, the treatment being less than 2 per cent effective. To
the indicated total of 159 worms should be added 4 removed
later by arecolin hydrobromid.

As our tests show that all the heterakids will come away dur-
ing the first two days, these birds were given arecolin hydro-
bromid the third day after the copper sulphate treatment, and
subsequently passed a total of 4 heterakids, a result slightly bet-
ter than with the copper sulphate, but yet so shght as to show
that this drug also is of no value for removing these worms. In

626 Maurice C. Haut AnD JAcos EH. SHILLINGER

passing we may say that the experiments with arecolin hydro-
bromid indicate that this drug, which has become extensively
used for removing tapeworms from dogs, is ineffective in re-
moving tapeworms from poultry.

Using oil of chenopodium, dissolved in 5 ¢.e. of cottonseed oil,
six chickens were injected, the amounts and the results being
as follows:

No. 26, 1¢.c. Passed 15 worms. Bird showed toxic symptoms soon
after injection and was found dead the following day. Postmortem,
9 worms. Efficicacy uncertain, as worms usually pass for two days,

and the death of the bird terminated the experiment too soon to per-

mit of conclusions.

No. 27, 0.5 cc. Passed 17 worms. Postmortem, 4 worms. Effi-
cacy, 81 per cent.

No. 28, 0.4 c.c. Passed 4 worms. Postmortem, 0 worms. Effi-
cacy, 100 per cent. ;

No. 29, 0.3 c.c. Passed 9 worms. Postmortem, 0 worms. Effi-
cacy, 100 per cent.

No. 30, 0.2 cc. Passed 14 worms. Postmortem, 0 worms. Effi-
cacy, 100 per cent.

No. 31, 0.1 cc. Passed 1 worm. Postmortem, 0 worm. Efficacy,
100 per cent.

Leaving out bird No. 26, which died, these birds passed a total
of 45 worms and had 4 left postmortem, an efficacy of almost
92 per cent. In view of the death of bird No. 26 we may con-
clude that 1 ¢.c. of oil of chenopodium by rectal injection is lethal
for birds weighing about 1.5 pounds.

Since the tests of chenopodium gave satisfactory results when
small doses were used, an additional series of four birds was
injected with the smallest dose, 0.1 ¢.c., used in the previous
series, the chenopodium being dissolved in 5 «¢.c. of cottonseed
oil, with the following results:

No. 32. Passed 49 worms. Postmortem, 11 worms. Efficacy, 81
per cent.

No. 33. Passed 42 worms. Postmortem, 0 worms. Efficacy, 100
per cent.

No. 34. Passed 2 worms. Postmortem, 0 worms. Efficacy, 100
per cent.

No. 35. Passed 4 worms. Postmortem, 0 worms. Efficacy, 100
per cent.

These birds passed a total of 97 worms and had 11 postmor-
tem, an efficacy of practically 90 per cent, or substantially the
same efficacy as was shown in the previous experiment.

Combining the figures for the 10 birds given oil of chenpodium
shows that they passed 142 worms and had 15 postmortem, an

REMOVAL OF HETERAKIDS FROM CHICKENS 627

efficacy of over 90 per cent. As drugs showing an efficacy of 90
per cent in single-dose treatment in the removal of worms from
animals may be regarded as quite effective, it is evident that we
have in oil of chenopodium a satisfactory drug for the removal
of heterakids from the ceca of chickens. A dose of 0.1 @.c. of
this drug in 5 ec. of a bland oil, such as cottonseed oil, is suf-
ficient for birds weighing 1.5 pounds, and in all probability a
dose of 0.2 ec. in 10 ¢.c. of a bland oil would be a satisfactory
dose for the removal of these worms from adult birds weighing
3 pounds or more. As rectal injections are substantially as
simple as the administration of drugs by mouth, this method
of treatment by means of rectal injections of oil of chenopodium
in a bland oil appears to solve the problem of removing hete-
rakids from the ceca of poultry.

Inasmuch as turpentine behaves in many respects like oil of
chenopodium in removing worms, but requires distinctly larger
doses to secure somewhat inferior results in such animals as
the horse, experiments were made with turpentine in 5 c.c. of
cottonseed oil on a series of six chickens, the amounts of tur-
pentine and the results being as follows:

No. 36, 0.2 c.c. Passed 0 worms. Postmortem, 291 worms. Effi-
cacy, 0 per cent.

No. 37, 0.2 c.c. Passed 0 worms. Postmortem, 32 worms. Effi-
cacy, 0 per cent.

No. 38, 0.5 c.c. Passed 0 worms. Postmortem, 9 worms. Efficacy,
0 per cent.

No. 39, 0.5 ¢.c. Passed 31 worms. Postmortem, 68 worms. Effi-
cacy, 31 per cent.

No. 40, 1 ¢.c. Passed 2 worms. Postmortem, 82 worms. Efficacy,
2 per cent.

No. 41, 1 cc. Passed 0 worms. Postmortem, 102 worms. Effi-
cacy, 0 per cent.

These birds passed a total of 33 worms and had 584 post-
mortem, an efficacy of about 5 per cent. It is evident, there-
fore, that turpentine in doses up to 1 «.c. is distinctly inferior to
oil of chenopodium for the removal of heterakids from the ceca
of poultry by means of rectal injections.

It seems advisable to discuss briefly in this connection the
question of the importance of Heterakis papillosa, since the
question might be raised as to whether it is worth while to treat
chickens by rectal injections to remove these worms. Here
as elsewhere the cost of treatment must be balanced against the

628 Maurice C. Haut anp JAcos E. SHILLINGER

loss from failure to treat infested birds. These worms are some-
times present in enormous numbers, and Railliet states that he
has known them to cause a fatal typhlitis. For such extreme
cases there is a range of decreasing injury to the point where
few worms are present and no pathological symptoms or lesions
are evident. The symptoms which have been associated with
heavy infestations are malnutrition, unthriftiness, drooping
wings, dullness, and digestive disturbances, especially the oc-
currence of a profuse diarrhea. Larve have been found in nod-
ules and in verrucous growths of the ceca, according to Galli-
Valerio and to Letulle and Marotel. According to Graybill
(1921) and to Uribe (1922), the larve occur in the mucosa.
The eggs hatch in the small intestine, the larve pass to the large
intestine and then enter the ceca, being found in the cecal con-
tents 24 hours after the worm eggs are fed to birds. The worms
then enter the cecal glands and are found here from the second
to the fifth day. Subsequent development takes place in the
lumen of the cecum. About the ninth day the worms may be
found in some cases with the anterior third of the body inserted
in the cecal glands, causing some slight damage to their epithel-
ium. Worms are sometimes found in the enlarged cavities of the
lymph nodules, and they may cause minute injuries of the cecal
mucosa.

In connection with this habit of invading the structures in
the walls of the ceca, the findings of Graybill and Smith (1920)
are of especial interest. These writers found that when infec-
tive blackhead material was fed to birds in connection with the
feeding of embryonated eggs of H. papillosa, blackhead would
develop, whereas the feeding of the blackhead material alone
would fail to develop the disease. This indicates that these
worms have, at least at times, some indirect etiological relation-
ship to blackhead disease, perhaps serving as inoculating agents
for the organism responsible for this disease, possibly by con-
veying this organism into the cecal glands in entering these
glands during the period of larval development.

In view of the lesions produced by the worm alone and of its
relation to the production of so serious a disease as blackhead,
the treatment of birds by means of rectal injections for the
removal of these worms seems to be well warranted.

REMOVAL OF HETERAKIDS FROM CHICKENS 629

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1. Experiments to determine the efficacy of rectal injections
for the removal of the common heterakid, Heterakis papillosa,
from the ceca of chickens were carried out as follows: With car-
bon tetrachlorid in doses of 2 to 10 cc. on 6 birds, with an ef-
ficacy of 66.6 per cent; with 1 per cent aqueous solution of
copper sulphate in doses of 2 to 10 ec. on 6 birds, with an effi-
cacy of less than 2 per cent; with oil of chenopodium in doses of
0.1 to 1 ce. in 5 @e. of bland oil on 10 birds, with an efficacy
of approximately 90 per cent; with turpentine in doses of 0.2
to 1 cc. in 5 «ce. of bland oil on 6 birds, with an efficacy of 5
per cent.

2. Heterakids can not be removed from the ceca of poultry
with any degree of certinty by means of drugs administered by
mouth, but can be readily removed by means of rectal injections
of oil of chenopodium, given with a hard rubber enema syringe,
in doses of 0.1 ¢.c. in 5 @c. of bland oil in the case of birds
weighing 1.5 pounds, and double this amount of chenopodium
and oil would probably be substantially as effective for adult
birds weighing 3 pounds or more.

3. In view of the damage credited to these worms in massive
infestations and of their indicated association with the causa-
tive organism of blackhead disease in the production of this
disease, the use of the comparatively simple method of treat-
ment by rectal injections for the removal of these worms ap-
pears to be warranted.

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE

BROWNE, T. G. 1922. Some observations on the digestive system of
the fowl. Jour. Compar. Path. and Ther., Edinburgh, vol. 35, no.
i} Mar. 31, pp» 12-32:

GRAYBILL, H. W. 1921. Data on the development of Heterakis papil-
losa in the fowl. Jour. Expt. Med., Baltimore, vol. 34, no. 3, Sept.
1, pp. 259-270, pl. 18, figs. 1-11.

GRAYBILL, H. W., and SMITH, THEOBALD. 1920. Production of fatal
blackhead in turkeys by feeding embryonated eggs of Heterakis
papillosa. Jour. Expt. Med., Baltimore, vol. 31, no. 5, May 1, pp.
647-655.

HALL, MAURICE C., and FOSTER, WINTHROP D. 1918. Efficacy of
some anthelmintics. Jour. Agr. Research, U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Washington, vol. 12, no. 7, Feb. 18, pp. 397-447, fig. 1.

HALL, MAURICE C., and WiGcpoR, MEYER. 1918. Gastro-intestinal lav-
age in dogs: Its value in removing worms and in other respects.
Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., Ithaca, N. Y., vol. 52, n. s., vol. 5,
no. 4, Jan., pp. 443-456.

630 Maurice C. Haut AND Jacos E, SHILLINGER

Hurst, ARTHUR F. 1922. An address on the sins and sorrews of the
colon. Delivered before the Harrogate Medical Society on No-
vember 26, 1921. Brit. Med. Jour. (3207), vol. 1, June 17, pp.
941-943.

RAILLIET, A. 1915. L’emploi des médicaments dans le traitement des
maladies causées par des nématodes. Rec. Méd. Vét., vol. 91, no.
15, Aug. 15, pp. 490-513. =

URIBE, CESAR. 1922. Observations on the development of Heterakis
papillosa Bloch in the chicken. Jour. Parasitol., Urbana, IIl., vol.
8, no. 4, June, pp. 167-176, pls. 27-29, figs. 1-32, chart 1.

LITTLE—BUT O MY!

Here’s to the chigger,
The bug that’s no bigger
Than the point of a good-sized pin.
But the point that he raises
Itches like blazes,
And that’s where the rub comes in.
—Denison Flamingo.

A CHEMICAL DIE-T
© chemist of skill, investigate!
Answer this quiz of mine:
I think I know what Carbonate,
But where did Iodine?
—Lehigh Burr.

Of that swell place where Carbonate,
The news has now spread wide;
It’s just the place where Sulphuret,

And where poor Iodide.
—Journal A. M. A.

It is harder to remove a colon than a semicolon.

M. A.

Journal A.

Blue eggs are said to be laid by an Argentine variety of hens
known as Arsucana.

Advertisement in a New York State newspaper: ‘‘For Sale—
Seven cows and Jersey bull; fresh and coming in.”’

CONSTIPATION IN THE DOG: ITS CAUSES AND
TREATMENT

By Oscar Scureck, New Haven, Connecticut

DEFINITION.—Constipation is an undue, unnatural reten-
tion, or retardation, in the natural evacuation of the bowels.

I am aware that the subject chosen for consideration is a com-
monplace one, and has been thrashed out by authors great and
small; yet I doubt whether all grains have been separated from
the chaff, as far as the dog and the cat are concerned. If in
active veterinary practice (small-animal practice) there is one
condition which calls for the veterinarian’s aid more often than
anything else, it is constipation.

How often has it been said thst constipation is the one great
affection and drawback of the small-animal practice? In fact,
it is one of the greatest drawbacks of the rapid advancement of
the small-animal practice. The animals suffering from this dis-
eased condition are sluggish and dull. I know of no disease in
which proper treatment affords the animal so much good as that
of constipation.

Among the many derangements of the animal functions to
which the dog and the cat are heirs, there is not one more com-
mon, except digestive troubles (and even here improper digestion
is the starting point in many cases of constipation), as seen in
the small animals. And none is more chronic or more disastrous
in its effects upon the general health of the animal. To enu-
merate all the complaints in which constipation may occur would
require me to pass in review the majority of all the affections
of the animal body. It behooves us to remember the natural
tendency of the dog toward constipation. This ailment embraces
among its victims those of both sexes, and is seen at all ages,
but perhaps more in the lap dog. The remote effects of the sub-
ject under consideration, as veterinarians know, are far more
numerous and serious than is commonly understood by the
animal owner.

An unclean alimentary canal is often, and without doubt, an
important factor in the causation of epilepsy, anemia, vertigo,
hysteria, skin diseases, ete., although the dog and cat owner is

631

632 Oscar SCHRECK

often prone to overlook so humble an origin for causation data.
But we know by observation and study that the above diseases
have their most frequent origin in protracted retention of the
animal feces. It is an insidious evil, and at the same time un-
dermines the general health of the animal. The eliminative
process is an essential factor in digestion, and on its proper
functioning depends the welfare of the entire animal system.
The alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus, and
as has been shown in Stuttgart, Germany, at a health exhibit,
by diagram, the dog’s intestinal canal is four and a half times
the length of its head and body. Its different parts bear differ-
ent names, and bear special functions in the animal economy.
These divisions in anatomical order are: Mouth, throat, esopha-
gus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and rectum.

The mouth receives the food, the throat and esophagus convey
the food to the stomach, and the duodenum receives the alimen-
tary mass out of the stomach. The small intestines assist in
digestion and absorption. The unappropriated food passes into
the large intestines, where absorption also takes place to some
extent; and here is where our trouble is found, and in the rectum
of the animal. One of the points we must agree upon is that 90
per cent of dog diseases are directly traceable to intestinal putre-
faction of stomach waste due to inactivity of the bowels, or the
resulting constipation.

This indigestible residue from the food, together with certain
other elements of waste of the body, constitutes the animal feces.
The function of the colon and rectum is to receive and cast off
this accumulation by the act of defecation, through the back-
ward movement toward the rectum, or peristalsis, and upon this
movement depends the passage of nutritive and fecal matter
along the bowels. But if for any reason there is any interference
with this normal function, constipation is the result, failing to
secure daily evacuations of the bowels, and we have absorption
of poisons that ought to be thrown off from the animal body as
well as in man. For how ean the animal be in health when this
door of nature is closed, or through ignorance or indifference, or
both, on the part of the owner, time is allowed to slip by without
letting the animal attend to nature’s necessities in this direction?
This cause is often seen in well house-broken animals, and this

CONSTIPATION IN THE Doa 633

is one of the evils arising in the cat and dog resulting m
constipation.

The consequences of troublesome and prolonged constipation
should be stated to the owner of the animal and the importance
of proper care of the bowels drawn to his attention. In taking
into consideration the above, it would not be a great stretch of
imagination to picture this long intestinal sewer as containing a
large amount of decomposing material, which is admittedly a
very ideal breeding ground for a large number of different kinds
of germs that are said to be the cause of different diseases, and
as such require as much attention in the animal as the plumbing
in one’s dwelling.

Again, the term constipation is a relative one, and the line of
demarcation between what is physiologic and that which is path-
ologic, in a given case, many times can only be drawn by a
thorough study and knowledge of the individual animal.

Morpip ANATOMY

= There are no morbid changes characteristic of constipation.
Dilatation of the colon in various degrees, sometimes enormous,
depending on circumstances. Impaction with the retained feces
in the intestines is known as coprostasis, and there may be found
remnants of inflammation or other local lesions that may be the
primary factor in the bowel obstruction.

ETIOLOGY

The causes of constipation are as numerous as are its untoward
consequences, since it may be owing to, or the result of, a wide
range of abnormal conditions. In fact, what morbid condition
may not terminate in constipation? The most immediate causes
of this affection in the small animals are atony, resulting in
slowness of peristalsis. This is chiefly caused by the animal
being confined so as to not be able to meet the requirements of
nature’s call for relief. Therefore this disease is seen quite often
in house-broken dogs. Also other immediate causes are impaired
or torpid action of the liver, in consequence of which there is
either a deficient or a vitiated secretion of bile. Also torpor of
the muscular coat of the alimentary canal itself, and more
especially of that portion of it which constitutes the large intes-
tines. Also the production and accumulation of flatus in these
organs, by which their thin parietes are distended. Or a loss of

634 OSCAR SCHRECK

muscular power in the abdominal wall itself from overdistention,
affording a mechanical obstacle to the passage of the feces. Also.
errors in the management of feeding and exercise; deficiency or
a faulty composition of the intestinal secretions; or upon dis-
orders of those neighboring glands that pour their secretion into
the intestines, especially bile.

The feeble, aged and pregnant bitch is predisposed to consti-
pation. Lack of contractile power in the abdominal muscles
from any cause may also induce constipation. Also anemia, and
protracted illness, like distemper. Also food improper in quan-
tity and unwholesome in composition, ete. Also starving, lack
of drinking water, faulty secretion of digestive fluids, irregular
feeding, especially house pets or lap dogs; lack of exercise, con-
finement, overfeeding (obesity), and faulty mastication of foods,
are all factors in the causation of constipation; such as bolting
of food, ete.; also unfavorable surroundings, foreign bodies,
such as wood, bones, marbles, corks, sponges, ete., blocking the
feces in the bowel, and as a result delaying the natural course
of the feces.

Twisted or knotted intestines (small intestines) favor con-
ditions causing undue elimination of fluids by the kidneys, such
as occurs in diabetes, where large quantities of fluid are carried
off by the kidneys. And in some eases the long-continued use
of cathartics is a frequent cause of obstinate constipation. Also
inflammation of the digestive organs, and the supply of blood
to the parts, inflammation by extension, and in the pup or kitten,
atresia ani.

But in the majority of instances constipation in the dog is due
to a deficiency in the peristalsis of the large intestines, from any
cause. The writer has known constipation to be caused by the
change of ownership, thus changing the animal’s diet, habits, ete.
Diseases of the stomach sometimes make it impossible for the
dog or cat to eat and not vomit, and when this exists it is apt to
be associated with constipation. Also when the absorption from
the intestinal canal is too active, and the quantity small, and the
residue left as fecal matter is small, and for that reason passes
along the intestines very slowly, and the feces become dry,
hard and clayey.

Other causes are external obstruction, such as sticking or
matting of hair (called false constipation), and the sequele of

CONSTIPATION IN THE DoG 635

stomach and intestinal catarrh, that generally show a lack of
intestinal juices, as heretofore stated; and the result is a reduced
activity of reflex movement of the intestines, seen in chorea,
paralysis, tetanus, ete. Therefore if constipation of the dog or
cat, from whatever cause, be neglected, the sensitive nerve ele-
ments supplying the mucous membrane of the bowel soon are
obtunded and gradually become blunted, while the muscular
coat of the colon undergoes atrophic changes, and peristaltic
movements grow weak and ineffective. The outward movement
of the intestinal contents grows more and more sluggish, and
unless prompt and effective treatment is brought to bear upon
the condition the animal will be the victim of constipation that
will to the utmost tax the skill of the veterinarian to correct.
I know of no diseased condition of the animal body that is so
prone to produce autotoxemia, or I might say, self-intoxication,
as is constipation, because, in stasis, the intestinal canal becomes
a veritable hotbed for the development and multiplication of
pathogenic germs, while the conditions are present for the rapid
absorption of their poisonous toxins.

Bread, dog biscuits and dry, innutritious foods if given exces-
sively, or an oversupply of bones, without change, is many times
a causation factor. Constipation is also seen as a symptom of
certain febrile diseases acting reflexly. Also jaundice by its lack
cf bile, and in the bitch increased lactation are also causes.

SyMPTOMS

The first symptom noticed will be the animal trying to evacu-
ate, and moving from place to place straining, at times painful
efforts heing in evidence. The animal may succeed in passing a
small, dry, hard, chalk-colored ball of excrement, containing at
times undigested pieces of the animal’s food, and giving off a
very offensive odor.

The abdomen is seen in some cases to be somewhat distended,
and perhaps painful on pressure. If the large intestine is dis-
tended, irritation along the genito-urinary tract may also be
eaused. The carriage of the animal’s tail is straight out, bend-
ing only at the root, and is very characteristic and pathognomie.
Vomiting is often seen, first, of the substances contained in the
stomach, or of bilious fluid, and as the ease progresses, of sterco-
raceous matter.

636 OsCAR SCHRECK

The animal becomes gradually exhausted, with quick, small
pulse, and cold skin, from faulty circulation. But these latter
symptoms are seen more in complete intestinal obstruction. -
Then we have in all cases an offensive odor of breath, conjunc-
tiva of the eyes injected, loss of appetite, vertigo, ete. Erup-
tions such as eczema and urticaria often appear upon the skin,
with dullness of the eyes. In chronic cases the animal is also
subject to fits and temporary loss of consciousness. In some eases
of prolonged constipation there is also diarrhea from irritation
of the mucous membrane produced by the fecal mass. Pressure
on the biliary duct may cause an obstructive jaundice, and is
quite common in the small animals, and is a very troublesome
and dangerous disease. By palpation the impacted mass may
be detected along the line of the intestine. And last, though
not least, in many cases there is an irritable temper of the
affected animal.

The usual termination of constipation when severe, frequent,
and obstinate, is in inflammation of the intestines, which com-
monly assumes enteritis, which in many cases rapidly proves
fatal; or the perforation of the dilated and weakened intestinal
wall, with or without ulceration, may cause fatal peritonitis.

TREATMENT

As this is the most frequent physical disorder of the canine
and feline animals, and also the most mismanaged of all dis-
turbances, the owner should be instructed that the way to cure
constipation is to prevent it. Each case of constipation should
be carefully studied so as to determine if possible the cause, and
its removal if possible. Therefore we should not leave a stone
unturned in our search for discovering its cause. The first ques-
tion of the medicinal treatment is with what remedy or means
can we do the most good for our patient. The habitual giving
the animal purgative medicines by some owners is very injurious,
and increases the evil in the animal as well as in man. Drugs
are not intended to cure constipation. Drugs do no more than’
empty the bowels. They do not and can not cure, because the
trouble is one of disturbed metabolism, and disturbed metabolism
results in most cases in the small animals from insidious diges-
tive insufficiency from whatever cause.

The chief object to accomplish is to lay stress upon the treat-

CONSTIPATION IN THE Doa 637

ment of constipation by other then medicinal means as far as
possible. It is not often that the veterinarian is consulted for
simple constipation in the small animals. Care, diet and ex-
ercise are usually all that is required to keep the bowels open.
But if mechanical means, diet, exercise, ete., fail to overcome the
constipation, recourse must be had to medicinal agents.

In using drugs in order to bring about exacuation, there is a
choice as to the least harmful, and such should be used, for some
drugs affect the whole length of the intestine, while others make
their impressions only upon particular portions, and the choice
should be made with reference to its after effect.

Before giving powerful drugs try oleum ricini, oleum olive,
or equal parts of each. An enema of plain warm water is pre-
ferred (but not as a curative measure, for it is simply to empty
the bowels at the time, and it certainly tends to soften them).
The writer also recommends the injection of one or two drams
of glycerin into the rectum, and it certainly is a good aperient,
and in many eases has produced an easy action when other means
have failed. It is claimed that its action is due to a withdrawal
of the water from the blood vessels of the bowels.

Exercise should not be forgotten, with good judgment as to
the amount and the condition of the animal. Feed carefully, and
regulate diet, as hereinafter stated. After you have softened
the mass, a compound eathartie pill may be used. But let me
impress upon your mind again that a cathartic will not cure con-
stipation unless you remove the cause. To the layman a cathartic
is simply a cathartic and nothing more. One thing is as good
as another, so long as it moves the bowels. To the veterinarian
of today there is a vast difference between ‘‘moving the bowels”’
and inducing normal bowel action if possible. Attention is called
to the contradistinction between obstipation and constipation of
the intestinal tract. In obstipation there is a normal frictional
activity, but there is some deformity, growth, constriction, flex-
ion or foreign body in the intestinal canal which offers a
mechanical obstruction to the passage of the fecal current.
These distinctions must be borne in mind, for while they may
present similar symptoms in the animal, the treatment is en-
tirely different.

Most owners of small animals will treat the ailment them-
selves, and what is everybody’s business is nobody’s business.

638 OscAR SCHRECK

Everybody as a rule treats the case before the veterinarian sees
the case, or treats at it, and the animal is made worse by such
treatment. In many cases men and women who would not
meddle with a watch or a piano do not hesitate to treat the
human and animal bodies. As I have said, each ease is a study of
itself. If all cases are treated precisely alike in all details, it
is probable that one of them is treated wrong. We should
always have in view two objects in treating this ailment: (1)
The immediate removal of the impacted mass; (2) the change
of the pathological condition of the animal system in general, or
of the alimentary canal in particular, on which fecal retention
depends.

All conditions, general or local, which interfere with the health
of the individual animal should be removed. The animal should
have a supply of cool, fresh drinking water at all times, and
nothing but soft food should be given, with exercise to stimu-
late peristalsis.

Certain cases may often be corrected by confining the animal
to a liquid diet, as soon as impairment is noticed, such as oat-
meal water and milk with the cream removed. Salted food is to
be avoided. The food should be well cut up if hard food is
given. Buttermilk is a wholesome beverage for the animal as a
food and drink.

Bread, dog biscuits, and dry, innutritious foods, if given ex-
cessively, or an oversupply of bones, without change, is many
times a causation factor. Corn bread and meal when properly
made and fed to the animal is a sweet, healthful and laxative food
for the dog in this condition, and while it is very nutritious, and
containing oily materials, and yielding more substance to the
animal heat, it should rarely be used as an exclusive article of
diet, but it is indicated as stated above. A meal of corn meal
three times a week is highly beneficial. The medicinal effects
arise, in part, from the roughness of the particles of meal gently
irritating the surface of the intestines along which it passes,
causing the intestine to pour out a more copious supply of fluid,
which gradually is accumulating in the intestines, and acts on
the principle of an injection, namely, by the distention which it
occasions, and the consequent reaction of the contraction which
expels the contents of the bowels. Rice in any form is a good
anticonstipation item of the animal dietary, and an ideal nerve

CONSTIPATION IN THE DoG 639

food, in these cases. Boiled liver is very useful once a week, or
when the animal is off his feed, and acts as a laxative. It is not
intended, however, by the writer as a regular diet.

When a large fecal mass becomes impacted in the posterior
bowel, it will often have to be scooped out with the finger or
rectal scoop assisted by injecting hot water and glycerin solu.
tion against the mass before attempting to remove it. An
enema is an adjuvant in treating all forms of constipation,
where there is evidence of a large fecal accumulation in the
posterior bowel, such being the condition generally in the lower
animal.

When a chronic, local morbid process is at the bottom of, o1
complicates, the affection, it may resist every kind of treatment
until the local disorder is removed. To bring results from
medicinal treatment, I have used phenolphthalein and agar, also
mineral oils in milk, with good results.

The following prescriptions have given me the best results
when I was compelled to use drugs:

AN tna eee ee cee ee or. V sor ~saigram
THIS. [exon ais) TUNG See GPSS) ge oop ee
Resin) podophs- =e es PF: TheiyG BhOioe paws
Ipecactamhas ye sat pe ee PEs Aly yori td Sarees
Wisce et flat capsulas....0.2. No. xxv

Sigma: One or two capsules three times a day for a
large dog. One for a small dog.
Indications: Useful in constipation.

AVOUT, © oe ey et ae eS or, x sor _ -60 jeram
INSarhoetiG con a eee eee OPP IO MracO0 gitee
Misce et fiat pilule
Sigma: One to two pills late at night.
Indications: Used in constipation with flatulency in
case of old animals.

Strychnine sulphatis ................ gr. 1/100 or .00065 gram
loiidged ote acl eee 3 gr. 1/3 “« 20 «“
Powdered ipecac . pay iea alll) io 0OG t
Ext. belladonnz era 1/10 “006 s

One such tablet should be given after feeding at night, and
not on an empty stomach. If it acts in the night when given at
this time, it may be given later, but not on an empty stomach.

For chronic cases the following is very useful :

Bect.pelladomnce: 2222 oy. tL, OF, sloeeram
fects ucts Vom... 28 ees Pg eae ee
Bixt:, Ban Aloes<e. see siees See dx-cssitaeeey S195" 31%
Misce et fiat capsules... No. xxv

Sigma: One.capsule late at night.

640 OscaR SCHRECK

The above treatment will be of no help whatever if the animal
is not allowed to attend to the calls of animal nature with ex-
ercise.

In the cat I find nothing better than hydrargyri, in one bold
dose.

In cases of constipation where a very strong agent is required,
recourse must sometimes be had to croton oil.

Senna is a safe and excellent purgative for the dog and cat,
and the syrupi of it has the advantage especially for adminis-
tration to small animals.

Kansas has more cattle than any one of 45 other States, and
more hogs than 38 other States. Three-fourths of the cattle are
beef animals.—Kansas Farmer.

As an aid to combating dourine in Belgium, a decree has been
issued requiring that all stallions aged 30 months or over be
subjected to the complement-fixation test before January 1, 1923.

We need more constructive and more persistent breeders of
good livestock in this country. ... Now is the time to start be-
cause first-class foundation stock can be secured at most reasona-
ble prices.—Pacific Homestead.

A recent issue of National Stockman and Farmer says: ‘‘A
thermos bottle of freight-car size carried milk from New York
City to St. Paul with a change of only 2 degrees in tempera-
ture,’’ and asks ‘‘Will it transfer a part of the milk industry
to regions more remote from great centers of population? Will
it put-the dairy cow on cheaper lands now occupied by other
livestock ?”’

The vital point that is just beginning to seep into the con-
sciousness of Argentine stockmen is that herd health and sani-
tation play a big factor in success. Professor Humphrey saw
at Buenos Aires animals on exhibition with foot-and-mouth
disease, and tuberculosis is rampant there. . Who knows but that
Wisconsin may become the guiding star of Argentina in the
development of dairy matters?—Wisconsin Farmer.

NECROBACILLOSIS IN SWINE !

By W. L. Cuark
Seneca Falls, New York

NECROTIC ENTERITIS is the most fatal form of necro-
bacillosis and can be recognized with certainty by postmortem
examination. The mucosa of the intestines is covered with a
yellowish white material of cheese-like consistency, which may
be removed by gentle scraping. The accumulation of exudate
on the intestinal lining interferes with function and causes mai-
uutrition, diarrhea and emaciation. In this form of necrobacil-
losis there are observed nervous symptoms, such as spasms, hold-
ing the head to one side, and walking or running in a circle.
Growth is retarded indefinitely. If the animal escapes death it
is rendered unprofitable.

Predisposing factors leading to the development of necrotic
enteritis are digestive disturbances in suckling pigs caused by
overfeeding sows, intestinal parasites, inferior feeding material
and the feeding of caustic minerals or lye. Such conditions
should be corrected when found.

The lesions of intestinal necrobacillosis closely resemble the
button-like ulcers of hog cholera and necrotic enteritis may oc-
cur as a secondary infection in hog cholera. The areas in
necrotic enteritis are non-elevated and diffuse, while those of
hog cholera are circumscribed, well defined, and project above
the surface of the mucosa.

TREATMENT

Where the lesions are accessible as on the face, the first stage
of treatment should consist in the removal of all necrotic ma-
terial with a sharp curette. Then take a swab and apply tine-
ture of iodin. After this prepare a powder composed of boric
acid and chlorinated lime equal parts and rub into the ulcerated
tissue. A few applications will usually overcome the trouble.
In the early stages the only evidence of disease may be a swell-
ing of the tissue around the mouth. Upon close examination a

1Presented at the thirteenth semi-annual meeting of the Central New York
Veterinary Medical Association, Syracuse, N. Y., November 8, 1922.

641

642 W. L.. CLARK

small scab may be revealed. This may be removed and treated
as above. This treatment has given very successful results.

The intestinal form of the disease may be treated with any
intestinal antiseptic or you may give a 3 per cent solution of
the borie acid and chlorinated lime.

ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE

Australia is the latest convert to a scheme initiated in the
United States and since adopted in Canada for dealing with
tuberculosis in cattle. A memorandum from Col. J. A. Gilruth,
D. V. Se., Administrator of the Northern Territory of Aus-
tralia, explains the accredited-herd system, the aim of which is
first to get rid of tuberculosis in a purebred herd of cattle, and
when this has been done to give the owner the advantage of
having his herd placed on an official list of tubereulosis-free
herds. The lst of certified tuberculosis-free herds continues to
grow in the United States, and from a recent communication
from Dr. Frederick Torrance, D. V. Se., the Veterinary Director
General of Canada, we learn that the system is making good
progress also in the Dominion. This country lags behind. ‘The
Tuberculosis of Animals Order did good work while it was in
operation, but has been suspended since 1914. It is time our
authorities gave their attention to its revival or to some alterna-
tive scheme such as the one outlined.—The Lancet, London.

The Finance Committee of the French Chamber of Deputies
in reporting the budget for 1923 proposed a reduction in the
appropriation for the Toulouse Veterinary School which would
have amounted to the suppression of the school. The proposal
was made as a measure of governmental economy and in view
of the falling off in the number of students since the war, it
being considered that the schools at Alfort and Lyons were suf-
ficient for the needs for veterinary education, and also because
the buildings of the Toulouse school will probably have to be
demolished to make way for the enlargement of the railway sta-
tion. The people of Toulouse and surrounding country, how-
ever, protested so vigorously that the appropriation was restored.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

(Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this department
reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful to others
in the profession.)

A GRANULOMATOUS CONDITION CLINICALLY
‘SIMULATING GLANDERS

By lL. P. DoyuEe and G. H. Roperrs

Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station,
Lafayette, Indiana

PATIENT.—A brown male grade Percheron colt, 244 years
old.

History—The colt was on pasture with other colts until
August 1, 1921. Although some of the symptoms shown sug-
gested glanders, the colt had not been off the farm and no new
horses had been introduced into the herd since he was born.
In fact no history was found that would indicate a_ possible
chance for glanderous infection.

Symptoms.—The early symptoms were anorexia, a slight rise
in temperature, and cough that could easily be excited by
a pressure on the larnynx. The conjunctival and Schneiderian
membranes were slightly congested. There was a slight puru-
lent discharge from the eyes and nostrils. There were no visible
uleers on the Schneiderian mucous membrane. There was a
patchy exanthematous dermatitis. The most outstanding symp-
tom was the enlarged, nodulated submaxillary lymph glands,
resembling a condition so often found in typical cases of
elanders.

The colt was isolated at once and the mallein test applied,
with negative results. A sample of blood was collected and sent
to the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, D. C., for ex-
amination for glanders. A microscopic examination of the blood
showed a polynuclear leukocytosis.

The treatment consisted of tonics and two-dram doses of iodid
of potash morning and evening. In September, or approxi-
mately two months later, during the period of shedding the coat,
large areas of the skin became depigmented and the hair came
in white over the depigmented areas. There were w hite patches

643

644. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

Fig. 1—Colt, showing depigmented and depilated areas over its body

Fig. 2—Section of lymph gland, showing a clump of epithelioid
cells in a germ center

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 645

over some parts of the animal’s body that were devoid of hair.

The colt continued to grow and take on flesh. At times the
discharge from the eyes and nostrils was entirely absent. Oc-
easionally a watery discharge containing flakes would be ob-
served coming from the nostrils. The submaxillary glands re-
mained nodulated and gradually increased in size.

In the spring of 1922 the colt was again allowed to graze
with the other horses on the farm until early in June, when it

Fig. 3—Section of lymph gland, showing considerable new tissue,
some of which consists of epithelioid cells

was observed that he had lost considerable flesh. It was then
decided that there was no chance for an ultimate recovery, and
the owner was advised to destroy the animal.

Postmortem findings.—Prominent gross lesions were found in
the spleen, liver, visceral pleura and small intestine. The spleen
was normal in size and color but showed on its parietal surface
two light-colored rather firm fungoid masses. The surface of

646 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

the liver and the visceral pleura also showed fungoid masses.
The small intestine showed a large, thick-walled, spherical dila-
tation. The lymph glands were slightly enlarged and paler in
color than normal.

Histologic findings.—Sections of the spleen showed a marked
round-cell infiltration of the capsule and trabecule, and numer-
ous epithelioid cells in the splenic pulp and in some of the Mal-
pighian corpuscles. The new tissue on the surface of the spleen
(in the fungoid masses) was made up of round cells, fibroblasts,
angioblasts, plasma cells and blood vessels.

Sections of the liver showed a round-cell and polynuclear
leukocytie infiltration around the branches of the portal vein.

Fig. 4—Dilation in small intestine

The new tissue on the surface of the liver was granulomatous
in type, like that on the surface of the spleen. In the liver
. itself, where the new tissue had replaced the liver cells, there
were numerous bile duets.

Sections of the lymph glands showed a marked round-cell in-
filtration of the capsules and trabecule, and, in some of the
glands, a well-marked sinus catarrh. In the germ centers and
in the medullary cords there were many masses of epithelioid
cells. In some areas these epithelioid cells replaced practically
all of the lymphoid tissue. In some of the glands a few giant
cells of the Langhans type were found.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 647

Sections of the dilation in the small intestine showed marked
hypertrophy of the muscular coats, complete disappearance of
the erypts and villi, and metaplasia of the epithelium into a
thick layer of stratified squamous epithelium with approximate
cornification at the surface.

Fig. 5—Liver, showing fungoid masses on the surface
There was not any necrosis found in any of the sections of

tissue, nor were there any microorganisnis observed in sections
stained with hemotoxylin and eosin.

Fig. 6—Spleen, showing fungoid masses on the parietal surfaces

648 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

COCCIDIOSIS IN CATTLE IN MONTANA

By HavueigH MarsH
Montana Livestock Sanitary Board, Helena, Montana

WHILE COCCIDIOSIS in eattle has been reported several
times in the United States and recently in Canada,‘ it does not
appear to have been generally recognized as occurring to any
great extent in this country. For that reason a report of its
occurrence in a number of places in Montana should be of gen-
eral interest.

Since the laboratory of the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board
was opened in 1919, a positive laboratory diagnosis has been
made in ten cases, widely distributed over the State. A num-
ber of reports of losses probably involving coccidiosis have been
received in which no laboratory examination was made. Pre-
vious to 1919 bovine coccidiosis had been positively diagnosed
only once in Montana, so far as we know. About 1915 Dr.
Howard, Welch, of the Montana State College, observed coccidio-
sis In two cattle in the college herd, and confirmed the diag-
nosis by microscopic examination. Dr, C. H. Schultz,? who
has published two articles on coccidiosis, made a diagnosis of
coccidiosis in sheep in western Montana. Between 1915 and
1919 several clinical diagnoses of bovine coccidiosis were made
by Montana veterinarians.

The distribution of this disease in Montana seems to be quite
general. When we first observed the condition we looked for
some importation of feed or some other outside source, but it
appears that the coccidia are pretty generally distributed, and
that the disease may occur almost anywhere when the conditions
are favorable. The ten cases in which we have made a posi-
tive laboratory diagnosis occurred in nine counties representing
all sections of the State. During the winter of 1919 and 1920
a large number of reports came to this office of losses from
bloody diarrhea, the majority of which were undoubtedly coc-
cidiosis. These reports came from all parts of the State.

+ Bruce, E. A. Bovine coccidiosis in British Columbia, with a description of the

parasite Himera canadensis, sp. n. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol 11, 10°16;
March, 1921, p. 638.

* Schultz, C. H. Coccidiosis in cattle and carabaos in the Philippine Islands and
ts relation to rinderpest. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol, 1, no. 6, March, 1916,
p. 687. .

Schultz, C. H. Mysterious losses among cattle in the Pacific Northwest. Jour,
Amer, Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 6, no. 6, Sept., 1918, p. 711.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 649

Coccidiosis, as observed in Montana, occurs principally in
calves, about 6 months old, with some cases in yearlings and
two-year-olds. Older cattle may occasionally be affected. This
is in agreement with Bruce, who describes four outbreaks in
Canada. In three of these cases the majority of the animals
affected were calves, while the fourth outbreak occurred in a
bunch of fifty, all over 1 year old. Those affected were year-
lings, 2-year-olds and 3-year-olds. Smith and Graybill® reported
in 1918 an outbreak of coccidiosis in calves under 3 months old.
They observed only one ease in this herd in an animal over 3
months old. We have not observed the disease in calves under
6 months old.

All but one of our cases have been in bunches of stock cattle
on winter feed or pasture. The one exception was in a herd of
purebred Shorthorns, in which a number of animals were af-
fected, some of them being heifers which were kept in a barn,
and others being run in a pasture. We have no report of its
occurrence in dairy herds.

All the cases reported to this office have occurred in the win-
ter, between November 15 and March 15. The cases reported
by Bruce occurred in January, February and March. This is
in contrast to the statement of Hutyra and Marek in regard to
red dysentery as it occurs in Europe. They state that this
disease occurs almost exclusively between the months of June
and September, when the cattle are on mountain pasture.

In most of our cases the history shows that the cattle were
being fed alfalfa hay. In one case the history was that the
cattle were running on bad land pasture, but it may be that
this was supplemented by hay feeding. It appears that in some
way the occurrence of the disease is connected with the feeding
of irrigated hay, as during the winter of 1920-21, which was
an open winter with little feeding, we had practically no re-
ports of this condition. On the other hand, numerous cases
were reported during the winters of 1919-20 and 1921-22, which
were severe winters, necessitating the feeding of a large amount
of hay. We have a history in one case in which a large num-
ber of cattle were involved, that the losses stopped soon after
changing from alfalfa to wild upland hay.

3Smith, T., and Graybill, H. W. Coccidiosis in young calves. Jour. of Expt,
Med., vol. 28, no. 1, July, 1918, p. 89.

650 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

While we have not had opportunity to carry out experiments
to prove this theory, it appears reasonable to suppose that the
conditions of warmth and moisture in an irrigated hay field dur-
ing the growing season are favorable to the development of the
coccidial docyst to the stage where it is infectious. As cattle
do not have access to these fields during the summer months, the
disease does not appear until the winter feeding season, when
the cattle are turned into the haw meadows, or are fed hay
which has been eut from these infected fields.

The diagnosis of coccidiosis should not be difficult in most
cases. Where the stock affected is mostly calves, and the prin-
cipal symptom is bloody diarrhea, with straining and prolapse
of the rectum in some cases, and without a high temperature,
one is warranted in making a clinical diagnosis of coccidiosis.
This can be confirmed by microscopic examination of the feces
or the mucosa of the rectum, in which the docysts of the coccid-
lum may be easily recognized. As specimens of feces do not
always show the coccidium in any number, where a postmortem
examination is made, a portion of the affected rectal wall should
be taken for microscopic examination.

There are cases, however, where the diagnosis is somewhat
difficult and there is a question as to whether the coccidiosis
is the primary condition present. For instance, in one case a
loss of 50 calves out of 400 was reported, and the history given
was that some of these calves had ‘‘piles.’? When the condi-
tion was investigated, a hospital bunch of about 40 calves was
found, none of which at that time showed a bloody diarrhea.
Postmortem examination of two of the calves showed rumen
impaction and some inflammation of the ileum and congestion
of the rectal mucosa. These calves had been taken from the
cows early, and were being fed a poor quality of alfalfa hay,
with poor watering facilities, and the weather was very severe.

The clinical diagnosis was that the cause of the loss was the
feeding conditions rather than any specific disease. However,
laboratory examination of specimens from the rectums of the
two calves on which postmortem examination was made showed
docysts of the coccidium present in small numbers. In view of
the laboratory findings, it is possible that the final diagnosis
should be coccidiosis, with the feeding condition considered as
a predisposing factor.

CLINICAL AND CAsE REPORTS 651

The symptoms of coccidiosis as observed in our eases eorre-
spond closely to those described by Bruce. The characteristic
feature of the symptoms is the bloody diarrhea. The feces become
very thin and dark colored, and contain blood and mucus. There
is violent straining and in many cases prolapse of the rectum.
The appetite falls off and the cattle become stupid and show a
staring coat. In the later stages some of the affected animals
have so-called fits. They stagger and fall forward and go down.
After a short time they may get up again and appear normal.
This occurs at intervals, and after one of these fits the animal
may lie until death occurs. There is no fever with this disease

The lesions found on postmortem examination are confined to
the intestinal tract, and are most noticeable in the ileum and
rectum. In some cases the only lesions found were in the ree-
tum, and in one case everything appeared normal except about
12 inches of the lower end of the rectum. In another case the
whole large intestine was intensely inflamed and hemorrhagic
from the ileocecal valve to the anus. The mucosa of the rectum
is thickened and corrugated, usually deep red in color, and coy-
ered with mucus. The colon may show congested areas and
hemorrhagic spots. The ileum shows a catarrhal inflammation.

Without accurate information, I estimate the mortality at
about 25 per cent of those affected. In those cases where death
occurs the animal may die in a few days after symptoms are
first noticed, or may become gradually weakened and live sey-
eral weeks. As to the course of the disease in a herd, it seems
to run from one to two months and possibly longer, but it ap-
pears to be self-limiting.

We have recommended treatment in several cases, but have
not been able*to check up the results very closely. The first
recommendation has always been a change of feed. In nearly all
cases the cattle had been fed alfalfa hay, and it has been ad-
vised to change to wild upland hay or to dry pasture. In some
cases we have treated the affected animals by drenching with
linseed oil, followed by treatment with sulphocarbolates.

In several cases we have recommended the treatment advised
by Bruce, modifying the amounts to make the mixture as fol-
lows:

SUN ies sis ee 6 pounds
tron sulphate. 24: aerr ee 6 pounds
Saltigus =G8- wAieicia lnk. Same 6 pounds

eImnSeedsemea lt nae en ee 82 pounds

652 CLINICAL AND CAsE REPORTS

This mixture is fed in troughs daily to 600 calves or 300
grown cattle. This treatment gave good results in one herd
where we were able to get a complete history.

MOIST ECZEMA OR CANKER OF THE EAR OF
THE DOG

By J. P. Turner, Washington, D. C.

THE average practitioner usually has considerable trouble in
treating this disease of the ear, especially if it has passed into ~
the chronic stage. We judge this to be so, owing to the num-
ber of inquiries made by veterinarians in the various veterinary
journals during the past year. The treatment herein recom-
mended has been used for several years, both in the acute and
chronic forms of canker and is usually followed by complete
recovery. Success with this treatment varies according to the
degree of thoroughness which which it is carried out, as we do
not depend on the owner treating these cases by issuing him
the medicine and instruction, as it is seldom that he will follow
directions thoroughly, nor will he clean out the ears properly.
We have cases at times that require half an hour of work to get
the ears thoroughly clean for the first or second treatment.

It is believed that the stimulation caused by the silver nitrate
solution and the dehydration of the ears by the alcohol are re-
sponsible for the success of this treatment. For a drying powder
we have used bismuth formic iodid, as it is almost odorless, and
is very light and easy to pack into the ear. Tannoform, zero-
form, or other such powders may be just as useful, but we have
not tried them.

1. When the ears are very painful, drop a small quantity of
4 per cent solution of novocain in each ear and carefully work
it into the ear. Wait five minutes before proceeding further.

2. Swab out each ear thoroughly with hydrogen peroxid
(pure) and clean away all discharge and scales, until the ears
appear clean. This may require a half hour of work or more.
Dry out with cotton on dressing forceps.

3. With small quantity of cotton and dressing forceps, cauter-
ize the ears as deeply as possible with silver nitrate solution
15 gr. to 1 oz. Dry out thoroughly with cotton.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 653

4. Pour small quantity of alcohol into each ear, in order to
dehydrate the skin. Swab out with cotton until dry.

5. Pack ears as deeply as possible with bismuth formic iodid
powder.

This treatment should be administered twice a week. The
ears are to be packed daily with bismuth formic iodid powder.

INTUSSUSCEPTION OF INTESTINE OF DOG
By N. 8. Mayo, Chicago, Ill.

DR. A. DEAN, of Chicago, Ill., brought to the Abbott Labora-
tories an interesting canine specimen with the following history :
The dog was a female black police dog, three months old. The
present owner had paid a high price for this dog and had owned
her for about a month. The dog on arrival was found to be in

Intussusception of intestine of dog

poor condition, although she had a ravenous appetite and was
suffering from dysentery. There was no vomition.

The dog was treated for diarrhea and worms without results,
and was brought to Dr. Dean’s hospital on Thanksgiving Day,
suffering from convulsions.

The first symptoms of the convulsions were champing of the
jaws and profuse salivation. This would continue for two or
three moments and was followed by a peculiar whining bark.
The dog would make an effort to escape from her pen. Feces
and urine would be evacuated involuntarily during an attack.
The dog would then lie quietly for about twenty minutes, then
she would suffer from another attack, unless she was kept under

654 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

the influence of a narcotic. The dog had partaken of no food or
water for two days.

Dr. Dean recommended the destruction of the dog, and the
owner consented.

An autopsy revealed an intussusception of the intestine, as
shown by the accompanying cut.

This animal showed no evidences of abdominal pain. There
was no vomition, and the fecal discharges were fluid.

PERVIOUS FORAMEN OVALE
By C. J. Marsuaun, Philadelphia, Pa.

GUERNSEY calf delivered with considerable traction.
Showed well marked dyspncea. Would nurse when assisted to
stand. Was examined by the Ambulatory Clinic on the third
day after delivery. Symptoms: Unable to arise without assist--
ance; heart beat rapid and tumultuous. Respiration rapid and
moaned with each expiration. Membranes cyanotic and extremi-
ties cold.

The case was diagnosed pervious foramen ovale and small
doses of digitalis were prescribed. Case was seen one week later.
Symptoms were practically the same. Death occurred one week
later and autopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Yet at the farm we
were unable to locate the opening between the two auricles on
account of too much haste. The heart was brought to the de-
partment of anatomy where the opening was easily located.

The herdsman suspected that the symptoms might have been
caused by an injury at the time of delivery. The autopsy find-
ings showed nothing more than the congenital defect—From
Veterinary Extension Quarterly, U. of P. Bulletin, vol. XXIII,
no. 16.

CAUSE AND EFFECT

A lack of teamwork between the news and advertising col-
umns is shown by the following items which appeared in an
Atchison, Kans., paper:

‘‘Roup has broken out among Atchison chickens.’’

‘‘Chicken dinner at Union Hotel tomorrow, 50 cents.”’

‘“The new lunch at the old Eglinger stand. Chicken dinner,
HO cents. 77

ABSTRACT

STUDIES ON VIRULENCE OF TUBERCLE Bacinul. Fernbach and
Rullier. Rev. Tuberce., vol. 3 (1922), no. 2, p. 160. Abst.
in Amer. Rev. of Tuberce., vol. 6 (1922), no 10, p. 272.

Fernbach and Rullier made two communications, giving ad-
ditional evidence of results previously made known, namely,
that although cultures of the Vallée bovine strain of the Pasteur
Institute had their virulence only slightly diminished by diges-
tion im an artificial gastric juice, being still capable in most
cases of provoking a generalized tuberculosis or at least a lymph
node tuberculosis accompanied by abdominal lesions, especially
of liver and spleen, the bacilli of pulmonary tubercles taken from
animals infected by cultures from the same stock lost their viru-
lence by artificial gastric digestion to such an extent that an
emulsion made from the tubercles never produced evidences of
tuberculosis when injected into guinea pigs. Two new series of
experiments were described. The first one, made with pulmo-
nary tubercles, was devised especially to answer the objection that
the number of bacilli might have been less in the tissue emulsions
than in the material injected from laboratory cultures. From
computation of the number of bacilli contained in the emulsion,
it was estimated that not less than 1,800,000 germs were injected
in the largest doses; that is, nearly 180,000 times enough to in-
fect a guinea pig. The second series of experiments was made
from tubercles taken from the spleen, which, having a lower re-
sistance to the tubercle bacillus than the lungs, might perhaps
harbor bacilli that would be affected differently by artificial gas-
tric digestion. But in spleen tubercle emulsions also, three hours’
digestion at 52 degrees to 53 degrees abolished the virulence of
the bacilli. In both series of experiments all the controls de-
veloped tuberculosis within nine days. Among the animals in-
jected with emulsions of lung tubercles, 60 per cent were alive
and free from evidences of tuberculosis two hundred and fifty
days after inoculation. A vigorous search demonstrated no signs
of tuberculosis in the 40 per cent that have died. In the series
injected with spleen tubercles no signs of tuberculosis were pres-
ent at the end of nine weeks. Local lesions were absent in most

659

656 ABSTRACT AND REVIEW

cases; the exceptions which occurred were explainable as due to
irritation caused by injection of such large masses of substance
or to accidental contamination; they never resembled tubercu-
lous lesions. Artificial digestion, therefore, annihilates the viru-
lence of tubercle bacilli more completely than death by heating,
since injection of bacteria killed by heat produces suppuration
any many even cause the formation of nonbacillary tubercles.

REVIEW

VETERINARY BAcTERIOLOGY. A Treatise on the Bacteria, Yeasts,
Molds and Protozoa Pathogenic for Domestic Animals.
Robert E. Buchanan, Ph. D., Professor of Bacteriology, and
Charles Murray, B. Se., D. V. M., Associate Professor of
Veterinary Bacteriology, Iowa State College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts. Third Edition. Thoroughly Revised.
Octavo of 604 pages, with 209 illustrations. Published by
W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London, 1922.
Price $4.75, cloth.

This is the third edition of Veterinary Bacteriology by Buch-
anan and Murray, the second edition having appeared in 1916.
Its scope is clearly set forth in the subtitle as covering the
Bacteria, Yeasts, Molds and Protozoa pathogenic for domestic
animals. The contents is divided into 7 sections composed of
47 chapters. The revision has been necessitated, as stated in
the authors’ preface ‘‘by the advances in this field in the last
several years.”’

The outstanding features of this volume are the use of the
newer classification of microorganisms and the adoption of the
more recently recognized nomenclature. These revisions are
quite timely and will be welcomed by the workers in veterinary
bacteriology.

The authors have revised all the subject matter pertaining to
the reaction of culture media and the production of acid by
microorganisms to read in terms of hydrogen ion concentration
rather than the indefinite expression of acidity or alkalinity
measured in terms of the amount of normal acid or alkali present
per hundred e¢.e. of solution.

Advantage has been taken of the opportunity to eliminate dis-

REVIEW 657

cussions of organisms whose etiological relationship is question-
able; also those that were at one time thought to be separate
and distinct species, but which in the light of more recent inves-
tigations have been shown to be representatives of well-known
species occurring in somewhat different pathological conditions.
The authors have seen fit to omit the discussions on Bacillus
lactimorbi and Streptococcus abortus.

The chapter dealing with the spore-bearing anaerobes has been
carefully revised in order to keep pace with the remarkable
strides recently made in the studies with this very important
group of organisms.

The authors have apparently overlooked the present status
of dourine in this revision. The distribution of this disease in
the United States is quite different from that given in this vol-
-ume. The subject of cultivation of the Trypanosoma equiperdum
would be more completely presented if the works of Mohler
(Proceedings of the A. V. M. A., 1905, p. 363, and B. A. I.
Bulletin 142) were included, since this investigator cultivated
this trypanosome years before Thomas and Breinl and with much
more success.

It, moreover, appears that an up-to-date discussion of this
disease might advantageously include the published data on the
hundreds of thousands of blood samples tested for the presence
of dourine in the United States.

A careful comparison of this edition with the previous one
will reveal the great number of changes that were necessitated by
a radical revision of classification and nomenclature. The re-
vised edition has much to commend itself to all concerned with
diseases of domestic animals. This book should by all means be
found in every veterinarian’s library. It will also serve a very
useful purpose as a reference text to the bacteriological and
medical fraternities at large. Wiis-7G:

IN KENTUCKY
The Major—Over there is the colonel; a fine judge of horse-
flesh.
City Visitor—So am I; I’ve dined in restaurants for the lasi
twenty years.—Washington Star.

ASSOCIATION NEWS

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Proceedings of Fifty-ninth Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Mo.,
August 28 to September 1, 1922

(Continued from the January JOURNAL)
LARGE-ANIMAL CLINIC
WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 30, 1922
(Continued )

CHAIRMAN KINGMAN: Dr. DeVine will use the rest of the
time. We are very pleased to have him with us.

BovINE STERILITY DEMONSTRATION——-DEVINE

Dr. J. F. DEVINE: Gentlemen, you all realize it is not pos-
sible for Dr. Boyd and myself to make specialists of you here in
a couple of hours. Dr. Boyd has covered this thing about as
well as a man could cover it in one lecture. After you get the
fundamental principles of the thing, the next thing you ought
to do is to come and spend a week with me, and I will make reai
men of you. The only thing I will ask is that you don’t all
come at one time. There are always two or three men there.
You are welcome to come and stay with me as long as you like,
but I can’t handle more than two or three at a time. I can
give you more information in a week in the field than all of
us could give you here in months. But there are certain things
that any of you who intend to take up this work, or even who
are doing general practice, ought to understand, and that is
what Dr. Boyd and Dr. Bemis have been trying to tell you this
morning. I don’t see that there is anything left for me to add,
unless I tell you about the way I go at my cases in actual prac-
tice.

There are certain fundamental principles that you must keep
in mind if you are going to get in this work and not get in
trouble. One is to know how to examine an animal without in-
juring her, and the other is to make sure that you can diagnose
pregnancy and not abort them, because if you do abort them
your name as an expert in that community is done. I don’t
know of anything that is more disappointing or embarrassing
to the veterinarian than to be called to see an animal that is
giving the owner trouble and then in two or three days after he
leaves have the animal abort.

658

Procreepines or A. V. M. A. MEETING 659

You must never pay much attention to the history that the
owner or herdsman may give you. I don’t care what his rec-
ords are or what his conditions are, or how accurate they are.
I went away down to South Carolina last fall to examine a
white-face, an imported cow, that had calved six months before,
and she had not been in heat since that time. The owner was
becoming very much concerned about her, as he paid $4,000 for
her. I went down and found a nice five months’ calf in her,
perfectly alive and all right, and the veterinarian who was in
consultation with me will tell you that she calved all right in
due time. Now they were positive she had never been in heat;
she evidently had been. That is only one occurrence; it is a
thing that you meet every day in every herd. Therefore, these
organs that are here for you to examine are of tremendous ad-
vantage to you.

Dr. Boyd explained to you that the way to learn this work
is to go into an abattoir and get familiar with the organs, and
that is absolutely right; get familiar with the different sized
organs as they advance in pregnancy. He also explained to you
that it was very necessary to have a lot of experience, and that
is absolutely so. A man, if he is adept at it at all, can become
so proficient in the work that up to about three months he
can tell within three or four days how long the animal has
been bred; in other words, you can tell a six weeks’ pregnant
animal or you can tell a six and a half weeks’ pregnant animal.
You must, of course, take into account the size of the cow, the
size of the uterus, the age of the animal, and oftentimes the
breed. The beef breed animals have a longer.and more flabby
uterus than the little Guernsey or Jersey. All those things are
to be taken into account, but experience will make you expert
at it.

In examining animals I prefer never to use an instrument,
excepting possibly that I shall now learn how to use the glass
speculum. I mean to say that forceps are in the way and are
absolutely unnecessary for your original examination of most
animals. You can manipulate the uterus much better in its nor-
mal position, and it helps you locate the different parts of the
genital organs so much more readily. It is absolutely necessary,
in my judgment, to keep the forceps off the uterus if you wish
to palpate the Fallopian tubes in their normal position, and you
can if you let the uterus hang as it should.

You must always be able to differentiate pregnancy from other
conditions. It is a very important thing.

There doesn’t seem to have been much said relative to the
arteries that supply the uterus with blood. Without the ex-
amination or without the knowledge of the posterovaginal artery,
its size and its beat, I would be nonplussed many a time. Only

660 ProcrEEeDINGs oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

last Saturday before I left home I had got in touch with a vet-
erinarian over the telephone about a herd that he helps me with,
and we have had in that herd four cases of mummified fetuses
within the past three years. Each time I went down and pressed
out the corpus luteum in the corresponding horn, that is, the
corpus luteum of pregnancy. I told him that in about 48 hours
the cervix should dilate, and to watch the animal and take the
fetus out and never risk its coming out itself. It is dry, as you
know, when it is mummified, and sometimes it gets stuck on its
way out. Each time he has taken the fetus out. He telephoned
me the other day that he had a cow that was due to calve the
last of May; she is three months overdue. He said he could not
just make out what it was. He did not think there was mummi-
fication there, and he had pressed out the corpus luteum and
the cervix had not dilated as in other cases; so I told him to
have the cow shipped up to my hospital. When I got back from
northern New York I had but a few minutes to get ready to
come up here and I made an examination. I could not tell what
I had. It was not mummification, that is certain, because when
there is mummification the specific gravity becomes so much less
than the abdominal organs that the uterus floats up pretty near
in its normal condition and can readily be handled. It hasn’t
weight enough to be down deep. In this case it lay down deep
enough to be a six months’ pregnancy. I couldn’t handle the fe-
tus, but still I could handle the fluid in the uterus. It was not
pus; the uterus hasn’t taken on the thickened feel and the slow,
fluctuating fluid that you get in pus. If it had gone on to mac-
eration and pus formation it would soon be lighter and float up
where I could reach it, but now it is down in the bottom of the
abdomen; still there is not a live fetus there. How do I know
that? Because the artery has no more pulsation than if the ani-
mal was not pregnant at all; and I defy any man to make a
diagnosis of that case, whether there is a live fetus there or not,
unless he is familiar with the artery.

I reached in and finally located, with much effort, the ovary,
and I found that the doctor had evidently been mistaken. If
he had pressed on the corpus luteum, he had imperfectly pressed
it out and there had been regeneration of it, because there was a
full, deeply located corpus luteum on that ovary. I pressed it
out, and I expect that my associate knows whatever was in that
uterus by this time.

When you go into a herd to make a regular examination,
always see that the animals are fasted at least 12 hours, and it
is better still to keep a bulky feed away from them for at least
24 hours if you can. That has an advantage if you have to
maul them about a good bit, and if there are adhesions, you
must. When there is a considerable amount of abortion in a

/

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 661

herd, the secondary invaders get in and cause metritis, and if
the cow has a little pain and lies down and strains and there is
metritis, all of you men who have had any experience with
surgery know the minute she shoves back the colon against the
uterus you can get adhesions in about half an hour. In other
words, if you can break them loose and she lies down, they will
grow fast in about half an hour; so you want an empty bowel if
you are going to break any adhesions loose; and if there are
many adhesions you are going to make the cow a little sick at
the best. If she is empty, you avoid all this digestive trouble
that would come on after the manipulation. I question whether
there is any man that will go into a herd and examine ten or
twelve cows accurately and correctly if the cows are full of
grass or green silage or corn or alfalfa. The bowels keep rolling
on your hands so rapidly that it tires your fingers and keeps
pushing your hand out of the area after you have located the
little tubes. So I say from a practical standpoint always have
the animals fasted.

My method is, then, after you get the cow cleaned up fairly
well, to dilate the rectum just enough to let air in. Just put
your fingers in and dilate it, and if she is fairly fasted, you
won’t be troubled during your operation, if it is just an ordi-
nary examination.

Then I like to examine the vagina; see that it is normal; see
that the cervix is nice and tight, as Dr. Boyd described to you.
Remember there are very few cervices that ever need opening;
there are a lot that need closing. Of course keep in mind what
he has told you relative to the mucus drying up and the forma-
tion of a seal beginning. That will telegraph to you that there
is a possibility of pregnancy, irrespective of what the history
may be. I like to locate the cervix and then get a hold of it any
way I can, just enough to steady it, and then reach in to the
bifurcation. Remember that Dr. Boyd told you that you must
not try to reach the liver; you don’t have to; just go in a little
way. Steady the cervix so that when you begin to look for the
uterus you are not pushing it out of the way. Then you reach
over that bifurcation with your fingers, and you get a sort of a
feeling like a grip on it. Don’t grab into it, because you may
have one of these six weeks’ or seven weeks’ pregnancies, and if
you grab in there you will crush that little embryo and kill it
and abortion takes place. Just get under it and throw it right
back in the pelvic cavity, if it isn’t already there. You are not
in any farther than your wrist. Then I take the right horn, for
instance, in my left hand, and go around until I find the ovary.
All the time I am making a mental note of what is going on.
If the cow has had two or three calves, the horn she has been
pregnant in is larger than the other. Make all those notes in

662 PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

~your mind, and then reach around and come back a bit, and
here is the ovary just inside of the pelvis, so to speak. Make a
careful examination of the ovary. After you get it in your
hand, just suspend it there and come back and locate the tubes,
and follow them right along back to the end of the horn. Re-
member that a tube that is enlarged at all is a dangerous tube;
it is naturally very, very small and hard. Come along back and
then go right on to the other side. (I always use one hand for
both ovaries.) Then you follow the other horn around and just
keep that cervix stiff enough to steady it, that is all. So make
the examination first, and always with the idea that this cow
may be pregnant. Never get that out of your mind until you
are thoroughly satisfied she isn’t.

There are a thousand things that may confuse a beginner, but
you can’t learn them all in a day. Twenty years ago when I
began trying to know something about this thing, it took me
five years to learn what you can learn here this morning. There
is no literature on it, nothing to tell you how to do a thing or
what you might find or what you might not find.

There are some cows here, I understand, that are actually dis-
eased cows, and I will examine them and attempt to tell you
what I find. You men who have had experience will be inter-
ested in handling them. The.man who hasn’t done any of this
work can’t tell a thing about it.

CHAIRMAN Kineman: Are there any questions that you want
to ask Dr. DeVine?

QuESTION: What do you think of vitamineral?

Dr. DEViNE: I think it is the best thing of its kind made, but
I don’t think it cures contagious abortion. If there is a mineral ©
deficiency and you are having trouble that an intelligent prac-
titioner can couple up with defective calves or immature calves,
I would recommend vitamineral in preference to anything I
know of of that sort; but so far as curing abortion, I have no
faith in it. I have absolutely no faith in straight bacterins. I
used them repeatedly for years under conditions under which I
had a chance to make rather definite observations, but since I
have been having my own laboratories and have been able to
produce some bacterins of a definite strain for certain herds, the
straight bacterins have never given me any results.

QuxsTION: About what per cent of sterility is due to retained
corpus luteum ?

Dr. DeVineE: I think it is associated with other troubles.
There is a cystic ovary usually when there is a cystic corpus
luteum ; there is a diseased ovary or probably there wouldn’t be
a diseased corpus luteum. So far as producing a lot of sterility,
I question if it does.

QUESTION: What about the live culture?

ProcEeepines or A. V. M. A. MEETING 663

Dr. DeVineE: I have absolute faith in the live culture, be-
cause of what Dr. Schroeder, who is the ablest worker of his
kind in America, has proven, and because I have proven to my
own satisfaction in herds that it has helped to reduce abortion
almost to a minimum.

Question: About what have you found as the safest length
of time, or rather the time from the administration of live
eulture until the animal may be bred?

Dr. DeVinE: I am basing my conclusions entirely upon the
experimental work done by the German Royal Commission and
by Dr. McFadyean and by Dr. Schroeder, and they estimate it
takes about two months to produce immunity, and you should
not breed under that time. Any time after that is all right.

QuesTION: How long will the immunity last?

Dr. DEVINE: MeFadyean says the British Royal Commission
say it will last several years, possibly the life of a cow; but there
is no good reason to make that statement, because they haven a
done enough experimental work or carried it on long enough to
take in the life of any cow.

QueEsTION: How many injections of the live culture are
necessary ?

Dr. Devine: One injection. In my own herds, when there is
actual disease in the herd, I recommend that every animal be
put on live culture, and that we repeat the live culture at least
another year, knowing that the law of immunology isn’t always
perfect or a hundred per cent.

QuEsTION: How much of the live culture do you use?

Dr. DEVINE: Whatever our bacteriologists make. I couldn’t
count up as they do. We use 20 c.c. of this heavy suspension,
and I forget how many billions in it.

CHAIRMAN KINGMAN: Would you discuss cervicitis a little
bit, Dr. DeVine?

Dr. DEVINE: Cervicitis, as has been told you this morning,
is no doubt due to the secondary invaders. The cervix is a
mean organ to treat. We dread necrotic cervicitis because we
never know when it is going to end. You can’t make the same
diagnosis that you can if you press out a corpus luteum and
know that has been the occasion of holding up estrum. You can
tell the owner, ‘‘This animal is perfectly normal now. She just
had something in one of the ovaries that we took out. She will
vo in heat in a few days. Keep her cervix clean and her vagina
and she will probably breed the first time you serve her.’’ But
with cervicitis, some may respond immediately, and some never.
I had sixteen cases shipped to my hospital at one time last fall,
and this had been running from two to four years; they had
had various kinds of treatment. The mixed metritis bacterins
took care of those. The other cases we kept burning with dif-

664 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

ferent kinds of caustics until I finally got up to 40 per cent
nitrate of silver. I believe now if.I had a lot more of the same
type and burned them well, starting with 40 per cent of nitrate
of silver, and then douched them every day or every second day.
with very hot water, and added something like bicarbonate of
soda or sodium chlorid, it would be quicker. I took 40 per cent
solution of nitrate of silver and took a long stick and put a big,
heavy swab of cotton on it and went in there and swabbed and
swabbed and swabbed.

CHAIRMAN Kineman: Is it your intenticn to go the full
length of the cervix?

Dr. DEVINE: If it needs it.

CHAIRMANN Kin@MAN: Are you practicing any surgery on
the cervix?

Dr. DEVINE: No, sir, J am not. I saw young Dr. Williams
take off the cervix beautifully, but I confess I don’t think I
could ever learn to do it. It is a real job. I don’t know yet
that he has published any statistics as to how satisfactory it
would be in practice. Have you, Dr. Way?

Dr. Way: I have never seen any report of his work along
that line.

CHAIRMAN KinaMan: Are you performing ovariotomy on one
side?

Dr. DEVINE: No, I hayven’t. Perhaps you might be justified.
If there were salpingitis that I thought was seeping down and
keeping the uterus infected, and the diseased ovary, I see no
reason why the ovary should not be taken out; but if there is
simply a diseased ovary that isn’t infecting the tube, I am not
concerned about it. I don’t see what the advantage would be.

QuEsTION: Have you had any trouble with vaginitis?

Dr. DEVINE: We do have vaginitis, but they all respond so
easily to treatment that we haven’t any cases that have given us
any great concern. I went into a herd once where there were
several cases, and every time the bull served the cow that meant
a case of vaginitis, but they were all cleared up in two weeks.
Here is the treatment we used: We made up a powder we call
our dusting powder ; it is nothing more than sterilized salt dried,
and douched them every day with that.

QUESTION: Give us a treatment to restore to normaley a cow
that has been in high milking flow and high protein contents and
failed to conceive.

Dr. DEViNE: Give her plenty of exercise; feed her lightly;
let her get somewhat thin, then correct anything that is wrong.
Very, very fat cows will give you trouble.

QUESTION: How do you proceed to drain a case of pyometra?

Dr. DEVINE: Dr. Boyd covered that pretty thoroughly, I
thought. Let me take a concrete case. We went down to Ken-

Proceepines oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 665

tucky a year ago to see a cow that they had bought in New
York for $6,500. She was due to calve in July and they bought
her in June. She hadn’t calved, and this was the next Mareh—
last March. She had been pronounced with a calf eight months
before she left. The probabilities are that she had her uterus
full of pus then, and she carried it seven, eight or nine months,
and may be longer. When I reached in there I found that this
was a great big uterus, large enough probably for a five months’
calf. Both horns were filled; in other words, the same as if
there were a five months and a half twin pregnancy. But of
course the fact that the artery wasn’t beating, and that the
uterus laid up there right back of the rumen where it could be
handled made it plain that there was not a five months and a
half fetus. In other words, the size of the uterus was altogether
out of proportion to its weight. The five and a half months’
uterus with twins would be out of reach entirely. That cervix
was partly dilated. I simply passed a semi-hard rubber tube in
and the pus began to run. After it had run a while I said to
the herdsman, ‘‘Wouldn’t it be just as well to catch this?’’ So
we caught a great big pail full, and we estimated there was
about twenty quarts. We had fourteen quarts besides what had
run out on the ground. It was thin pus. If it had been thick
we might have had to pump something in first; but it was thin
and ran just as fine as could be, and it drained right down
almost to the last drop, because I put my hand in the rectum and
kept pushing the uterus down, and it floated right up where it
should be. I then put in two quarts of normal salt solution and
rinsed it. The minute I did it, it dropped down. Now if I had
put anything in there in the way of Lugol’s, or anything to
irritate that uterus and weight it down and didn’t drain it, I
would have established adhesions when that cow lay down and
probably ruined the chances of her recovery. Don’t do any-
thing to excite an inflammation.

I went down on Sunday and massaged it, and there was about
a quart in it. I went out to the farm again on the following
Tuesday and massaged it, and there was some eatarrhal mucus
in it. I could not arrange with the local veterinarian to attend
to the case, so we had to let her go.

I was down in Kentucky not long ago and talked to the su-
perintendent of, the farm, and he told me the cow is safe with
ealf. :

QursTION: Was there a continuous discharge from that cow
before that?

Dr. DEVINE: They said there had not been. I had a lot of
correspondence about the case. Of course all I had for it was
his word. There was no discharge behind her the day I ex-
amined her. That wouldn’t mean there was never any dis-

666 ProcrEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

charge, necessarily ; it would probably collect in the vagina and
drop out and not be noticed; but there was not a continuous
discharge from this cow, notwithstanding the fact that she had
about twenty quarts of pus in her uterus.

QUESTION: In the case where there is a dead fetus in the
uterus and the cervix contracted so it is impossible to get in,
what is the procedure?

Dr. DEVINE: Of course, if there is a corpus luteum, squeeze
it out; that would help dilation. You can’t dilate the cervix of
a cow very much.

QUESTION: Could you use the knife on the cervix in any way?

Dr. DEVINE: Yes, you could if you couldn’t get it any other
way. I remember one we did cut in two places sufficient to get
the hand in. I would rather not make any fresh wounds if I
can help it.

CHAIRMAN Kineman: While Dr. DeVine is making prepa-
ration to examine the sterile cow, Dr. Bemis will show you what
he has to demonstrate.

CHAIRMAN Kineman: Dr. Luckey, will you give us the history
of this Jersey cow?

Dr. Luckey: She is very high bred; brought a calf three
years ago, and has been frequently bred since without any re-
sults. In heat regularly with very rare exceptions. She is
somewhat aged, nine years old probably, and hasn’t bred for
the last three years.

(Demonstrations by Dr. DeVine and Dr. Bemis.)

CHAIRMAN Kin@mMAn: Dr. Devine has some further remarks.

Dr. DEVINE: This cow is probably nine or ten years old.
She had calves regularly up to three years ago and then she
refused to have any more. I believe the local veterinarian has
examined her, but we can’t locate him just now to see what he
has found. We haven’t been able to find out whether she has
been served by different bulls or not, but she probably has been.
Her bulb is a little thick here. She evidently hasn’t suffered
much from cystic ovaries because she is full here. So with that
history I will see what I ean find.

I don’t use anything but white soap, and it is well to keep
your arms soaped all the way up, so that as you are manipu-
lating you can move your arms at any time you wish. Never
use any caustic soaps, because they are hard to. work with and
they are irritating. : :

Make your examination in the vagina first. I find here her
cervix is slightly dilated, but the cervix is not wide open and
weeping. If you had a wide open, weeping cervix, there would
be handfuls of mucus in there. There is very little mucus; you
can see here how much. You would expect that much mucus
with that sort of a cervix. It is apparently clear and it doesn’t

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 667

show any evidence of infection or even much ecatarrh. That is
almost clear enough to be the mucus of estrum.

These little varicosities are almost like growth in the bottom
of this vagina; you need not pay any attention to those; they
don’t have anything to do with irregular breeding.

Now I have located the cervix; I will steady the uterus and
go in with my other hand. She hasn’t been fasted, so she doesn’t
empty as well as she would, but she is not bad at all. If the
bowel is full it keeps rolling on your fingers, and it is hard for
you and tires your hand. As soon as your hand begins to get
numb you lose the fine touch that is necessary.

This cow is pretty well along in years, and as you remember,
Dr. Boyd told you that with the older cow the uterus would he
more ahead. I have hold of it, and I will draw it right back
here so my hands are not in any more than wrist deep. i
manipulate the cervix to see whether or not it is flexible and soft
all the way back. If it is flexible and soft and has the proper
touch, I don’t have any concern about it being diseased in any
way. Never think of correcting this trouble by dilating the
cervix.

I have the uterus right back in my hand; I have the cervix
pushed ahead just a bit, and there it hes right in my hand,
tipped over; and I have the uterus in my upper hand. Now I
will follow the right horn around; I have the right ovary in my
left hand now. I will manipulate that ovary through the fingers
of both hands. I find the right ovary is about the right size.

Now I will examine the tube to see whether or not it is en-
larged. I usually trace the tube from the ovary back; it seems
a simple way to do it. The tube is more easily handled in the
living cow than it is on the table, because it hangs just so you
ean follow it. You should handle the tube all the way over,
because there may be salpingitis in just one spot, so you can’t
make a hurried examination of the tube and make a thorough
one. This cow handles very well because she is not full. I can
just feel the tube; it is a little bit of a hard, wiry tube, which
indicates in itself that it is all right. It is about as large as a
horse hair. The right ovary hasn’t any corpus luteum on it,
and it is pretty smooth. It would lead you to believe that pos-
sibly it hasn’t ovulated very regularly, or lately, at least. It
seems to have about the right consistency.

Now I will follow the left horn right around. The left ovary
in this case is lying pretty well down. This cow will breed.
The left ovary indicates it might be going into sterility a little
bit, but then it is very common to find that the ovaries are not
symmetrical, not the same size. The left ovary has a soft spot
in it.

My judgment is that if this cow’s right ovary were massaged

668 ProcEEDINGS or A. V. M. A. MEETING

regularly every five or six days, she would breed. Her left tube
is probably twice as large as it ought to be. Now she is ovulat-
ing from the left ovary, and the left tube is suffering from an
inflation, which always suggests atresia when it is at all enlarged.
The chances are you can get her right ovary functioning, be-
cause the tone is good.

The treatment would be, then, to massage the right ovary and
rub the uterus between the hands about every five days until
ovulation begins; then leave that ovary alone and see that she
comes in heat with the right ovary. When she comes in heat
with the right ovary, you will find a corpus luteum in that
ovary, and if she has a corpus luteum in there, then breed her.
We always dust these cases four or five days before breeding,
so if there is any ecatarrhal condition that would interfere with
the semen it would be taken care of.

(The meeting adjourned at 11.50 a. m.)

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 30, 1922
POULTRY CLINIC

The meeting convened at 1 o’clock, Dr. Kingman presiding.

CHAIRMAN KINGMAN: It is my pleasure to introduce a man of
international reputation, Dr. B. F. Kaupp, of Raleigh, N. C.
He is responsible for this poultry clinic, and we will turn it
entirely over to him until the end of the period.

PouutrRy DIsEASES—KAUPP

We have endeavored (I say we because I have enlisted the
help of others) to give you a clinic which we hoped would be
worth while. As to whether we have succeeded remains for you
to determine. We have made an effort to produce some diseases
here, you might say, to order, and that is a very difficult thing
to do, as you know, because in acute diseases after the onset of
the prominent symptoms it isn’t very long until the bird is dead.
However, we have some things which we hope will interest you.

I will take a few minutes with these specimens on the platter,
while they are fresh. We will pass them around.

First is the problem of roup. I haven’t the time to go into
the discussion of roup and of accumulations of materials as a
result of catarrhal conditions in the infraorbital sinues, or the
sinues below or in front of the eye, but in connection with cases
showing evidence of diarrhea and tuberculosis we also run
across another specimen in which there is quite an accumulation
of a cheesy pus in the lower part below and in front of the eye.
That is a condition that you quite frequently find and is one
which is readily treated. All you need is a sharp sealpel; rip
the skin open over the part and remove the cheesy pus.

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 669

Usually to swab those parts out with pure iodin will give the
best results. Pus in a chicken is always, or practically always,
of a cheesy nature. We don’t get a thin, liquid pus; and so in
our surgical work with chickens we are not so particular about
drainage as with livestock. .

Dr. Schwarze has been kind enough to collect for us some
chickens from an outbreak of tuberculosis. You know that we
have certain isolated zones in our country in which tuberculosis
is quite common. It has been our experience in our poultry
disease studies that some sections are practically free, but in
some sections we have quite a little.

The symptoms are rather vague, the bird gradually losing
weight, gradually becoming emaciated. There may not be a
partial loss of appetite. Laying hens that are attacked will,
after a while, cease to lay. The comb will dry down, be small
and dark and covered with a thin scale, indicating a general
nonlaying condition of the hen.

In diagnosis you have two positive ways. One is, of course,
resorting to postmortem, and the other is the giving of tuber-
eulin. Dr. Schwarze was kind enough to inoculate these birds
yesterday morning with the intradermal test. We haven’t a
good reaction to give you, but we can show it to you in the
process of reaction. We should have seventy-two hours instead
of thirty-six, as we have. This bird is quite poor, quite emaci-
ated. The fat has disappeared from the breast region, and the
muscles are somewhat shrunken. She has somewhat of an un-
thrifty appearance, and those of you who are familiar with the
bird know that that hen is not laying because she hasn’t the
flushed red comb of the laying hen. In this side there was placed
in the skin about one drop of bovine tuberculin. That is a very
delicate operation in a chicken because the skin is so thin. Of
course the avian tuberculin would be better, but we didn’t have
it, and we are getting a slight reaction with the bovine tuber-
culin. In reading the reactions, we have to use the same care
that we do with cattle. A false reaction, due to infection, would
mean, of course, a hot, circumscribed swelling, and in seventy-
two hours this should be quite large.

The second method is that of postmortem. The lesions as they
appear postmortem are in some respects similar to those of live-
stock. The tubercles are usually small, but they do not show
that quick tendency toward calcification, and as a result those of
you who have had experience in cattle and hogs should not ex-
pect the tuberculous lesions to cut gritty; and if they do not
cut gritty don’t say it isn’t tuberculosis, because it may be.

We have a specimen from this same flock in which there is the
miliary type of tubercle shown in both the liver and the spleen.
Some of them in the spleen, which lies above the liver, are quite

670 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

large. These tubercles will not only be found in the liver and
the spleen, but at times they are found covering over the surface
of the intestines.

In this bird likewise, as you can see from the breast muscles
and the retroperitoneal structure, the fat has all disappeared.
Remember that the storehouse for fat in the chicken is the
retroperitoneal location. In a fatter hen you will find in the
abdominal wall perhaps nearly a half inch of fat, pure fat.

The next problem is one of Bacterium pullorum infection.
Bacterium pullorum, as you know, is the cause of bacillary white
diarrhea. It is transmitted from the hen through the ovum,
which is infected, and the chick can go down with the disease in
two or three days after it is hatched, and the bulk of the deaths
come in the next few days. The diarrhea which occurs from the
tenth to the fourteenth day we regard, as a rule, as not being
due to Bacterium pullorum, but rather due to other causes such
as chilling. Fifteen minutes out from under the hover in a cold
atmosphere is sufficient to chill birds, and in a very few days
the diarrhea and death begin.

Spoiled feeds and many other conditions, including environ-
mental conditions, are some of the causes of diarrhea, which
must be differentiated from white diarrhea. I don’t think it is
necessary for me to go into details on the symptoms, as I think
you are all familiar with them, but more the diagnostic phases
and how to get a flock that is free from white diarrhea.

At present some work is being done in regard to the perfec-
tion of a product from Bacterium pullorum similar to that of
the tubercle bacillus. Possibly before long we shall be able,
with the intradermal method, to test our hens. We are working
now on the investigation of bacillary white diarrhea, making a
study of the antibody formation. We find that the Widal test
in our hands has been very successful in weeding out the chronic
carrier.

There are two things to do in regard to getting rid of bacillary
white diarrhea. First, get the reactors and get rid of those
from the breeding flocks. Second, take those pullets and cocker-
els that have escaped bacillary white diarrhea in the first few
days of their lives, and put them in a flock by themselves on new
ground and in a new house. In that way you will get a bunch
of pullets which are probably free from bacillary white diarrhea
infection.

Now as to the ova in the affected hen. You will find a great
many ova that are blighted; the yolk, as you know, is developed
in the ova, then that routes itself through the capsule, separating
or breaking, and the yolk passes into the funnel portion of the
oviduct; then passing down the oviduct the albumen is formed
around it in the second portion of the oviduct: in the third

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 671

portion two shell membranes; in the fourth portion or uterus,
the shell; and then the fifth portion there is formed the tint,
if the egg is tinted.

This hen shows quite a few ova that are blighted, and they
are lying out in plain view. There is one lying on top which has
shrunken considerably, is in a state of degeneration and has
quite a neck hanging to it. This hen was laying, and there were
two ova that would have been discharged in a very few days;
but in order to show the diseased ova I took those away. Per-
haps I should have left them for comparison’s sake, but I ac-
cidentally ran my knife into one, and I got disgusted with it and
pulled the other one off.

In order to connect this subject with another condition which
must be differentiated from it, I am going to ask Dr. Graham to
speak just a moment on Bacillus botulinus infection and the
method of combating it with the antibotulinus serum.

BOTULISM IN CHICKENS—GRAHAM

Dr. GRAHAM: We thought that the best way to present the
subject of botulism in chickens would be by reproducing the con-
dition in a few chickens and leave as control a few birds that
had received some antitoxin to show the prophylactic valve of
the antitoxin as against this specific toxin.

The three birds that we used received yesterday noon one-
half cubic centimeter of toxin, and the bird that is alive received
the same dose of toxin with 2 ¢.c. of antitoxin. It is very diffi-
cult to put on these experiments and have typical symptoms of
limberneck showing at the right time. We used some of the
Same antitoxin as a little test, and in twenty-four hours without
antitoxin we had the characteristic symptoms of limberneck, the
bird’s neck falling, the bill just reaching the ground—a con-
dition that some of you have seen in the field. The dose must
have been too big or the toxin too hot, because we can’t show
you the field condition. If you saw the characteristic limberneck
conditions I don’t believe you would ever forget them.

The fact that limberneck in chickens is due to a specific toxin
was first suggested, I believe, in California, by Dr. Hart, and he
made a report on one outbreak in California. Pictures of it ap-
peared in the A. V. M. A. JourNau about two years ago. The
losses from this case, I believe, were 700 or 800 birds out of
1,500 within a week or ten days. The source of infection in this
case was traced to canned beans, or possibly canned corn, that
had been thrown into the garbage, and the birds had had access
to it.

In the field infections that we have encountered, near Kansas
City, we have been able in nearly all cases to find a source of
contamination from the garbage, spoiled fruit or canned goods

‘

672 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

that have been thrown near, and feel that that was the source.
In some cases we have been able to get the specific toxin right
from the garbage and reproduce the condition. Last fall we had
quite an experience with it in the vicinity of Kansas City. The
practitioner sent in quite a few birds, and it was felt that it
was due to feeding wheat, because that was the only change of
food the birds had received.

In diagnosing limberneck, we are not familiar with any con-
dition that will produce the characteristic symptoms where the
head falls right straight down between the legs, and whether
other conditions or other infections will produce that, I don’t
know. I expect Dr. Kaupp will have something to say on other
diseases that will produce limberneck, but in the field we have
never found it, and with parasites, macerating them or feeding
them, we have never been able to reproduce the symptoms of
limberneck.

I might say just a word about the organism that causes it,
Bacillus botulinus. Type A is the only organism that produces
toxin that is fatal to chickens. There is another type of this
same organism, Type B. We can feed large amounts of toxin
to the chickens, and apparently no ill results. It is reported now
through recent research work that there is still another type of
organism which we have arbitrarily designated as Type C. That
will produce similar conditions in chickens; so that we have a
great deal to learn about botulism in chickens. We feel we are
making a great deal of headway in studying the subject of
botulism by the few facts that we have gained from animal ex-
perimentation and field studies,

I am sorry the birds are not showing that characteristic lim-
berneck, because that is really the best part of a demonstration
or information on botulism.

Dr. Kaupp: The control which you see here, as the Doctor
Says, received 1 ¢.c. of toxin and 2 «ec. of antitoxin at about 11
o’clock yesterday. Of the two that are dead one was still warm
this morning. The one that received 4 ¢.c. and the one that
received 1 ¢.c. died some time during the night. These chickens
are a little down in figure and perhaps the toxin worked a little
fast in them. They had been used in experimental work for
some other things, and that might be one of the causes.

We are particularly fortunate in having the cooperation of
another research laboratory in helping us put on our poultry
clinic. Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Plasantz of the research laboratory,
Purina Mills, are doing quite a lot of work along nutritional
lines, testing out the various feeds for possible deficiency in
some of the various essential elements. We will now hear from
Mr. Plasantz on the subject of deficiency diseases in pigeons and
chickens.

ProceepDines oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 673

VITAMINS IN PouULTRY FEED—PLASANTZ

Mr. Puasantz: Mr. Wilkins had originally agreed to present
this subject, and I am going to try to present it in the best way
I can.

The subject of vitamins is a rather new matter, as you know.
It is only within the last ten years that there has been much
concentration on the subject, and it is only within the last few
years that we have certain definite ideas about vitamins and
what they will do. There is a great deal more for us to learn
about vitamins, and it is fortunate that there are so many scien-
tists that have enlisted their services in this work to continue
this study.

We do not look upon vitamins as the only necessary constitu-
ent of feeding stuffs. That, of course, would be entirely wrong.
There are other products—the proteins, the mineral ingredients,
the ash, the carbohydrates, the therms—all playing an impor-
tant part; but vitamins are just as necessary an adjunct as any
one of those constituents, so we must treat the subject of nutri-
tion as a whole. The part I am attempting to present today
is the subject of the vitamins, this one phase, so don’t think
that I am putting all the stress on vitamins and that subject
alone and saying that that is the all-important matter in the
study of nutrition.

There are, at the present time, four vitamins that are rec-
ognized as producing certain results. No one has ever seen
vitamins; they have never been isolated in the pure state; we
only know what they will do when they are lacking in the diet
and then know what the result will be when they are supplied
in the diet.

Solubility Name Function Source

Water A Antiophthalmic Growth promoting; Butter, milk, egg
prevents ophthal- yolk, green leaves,

mia. glandular _ organs,
cod-liver oil, yellow
corn.

Water B’- Antineuritic Growth promoting; Eggs, milk, yeast,
prevents beriberi fresh vegetables,
and polyneuritis. fruits, , alfalfa‘,

clover.

Water C Antiscorbutic Prevents scurvy. Fresh canned toma-

toes, oranges, lem-

ons, sprouted grains,
e raw milk from cows
; on fresh pasture.

Fat D Antirachitic Prevents rickets; Cod-liver oil.
regulates calcium
and phosphorus as-
similation and depo-
sition.

674 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

Vitamin A, or fat-soluble A, has a particular function, the
antiophthalmic. In other words, if you have a diet which is
deficient in fat-soluble A, a characteristic eye disease will de-
velop. It has been studied more particularly with rats, but it
has been observed and studied more or less in the various other
species of the vertebrates particularly.

The chart indicates where it is found. Those products are
not all equal in value in supplying fat-soluble A. Perhaps cod-
liver oil is outstanding. Butterfat and milk have a certain value,
and that value varies a great deal on the diet which the cow
has. The fat-soluble A which is contained in the diet of the
cow will influence the butterfat accordingly. A cow or any
other animal does not have the power to synthesize vitamins,
but can only transmit them from the foodstuffs into the milk or
its products. That likewise applies to eggs and other products.
However, the meat products are comparatively low even in fat-
soluble A.

Water-soluble B is one which we will show you here, giving
you an actual demonstration. Unfortunately we do not have
the rats here to show you this ophthalmia. Water-soluble B
produces a certain paralysis. Here we have it exhibited in the
pigeon. Note the condition of this particular pigeon. After
the pigeon is slightly excited it seems to be more pronounced.
That simply means that while it is in the quiet stage the ef-
fects are not so noticeable. Its effect is on its nerves, on the
spinal column and in the brain cells. They have deteriorated
to a certain extent and death will eventually result. If this
pigeon was not fed vitamin straight or some product rich in
water-soluble B, it probably would be dead by tomorrow, or the
day following at the most.

We have a pigeon here which day before yesterday was in
a much worse condition than it is now. If it were not for los-
ing the pigeon, which happens to play an important part in
experiments which we are conducting, I would be very glad to
turn it loose and show you that it can fly around the room;
but I hope you will take my word for it. Had that pigeon
not been fed this vitamin product containing water-soluble B
it would have been dead today without any question.

Here are other pigeons in various stages not quite so far
along. Notice this one does not attempt to fly. It is no tamer
than any of the other pigeons; it is just unsteady on its feet.

Dr. Mounter: What means did you use to produce that con-
dition ?

Mr. PLasantz: That condition was produced by feeding those
pigeons for about twenty-five days on a diet which is inadequate
in water-soluble B, perhaps has no water-soluble B. The prod-
uct is a commercial pigeon feed which is used not only for main-

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 675

taining young, but for maintaining older birds. We took that
feed and heated it in an autoclave for an hour under 40 pounds
pressure, and killed the water-soluble B. In addition to this
food we gave it some polished rice, just like the rice that you
buy in the stores for your household consumption, and we also
fed it tapioca. It had tapioca and rice and this autoclave prod-
uct. The product which we have used to bring this pigeon back
is some wheat germ, and I will endeavor in a few minutes to
feed this one here some of the wheat germ. If you men are
back here tomorrow I wish you would take particular notice
of the markings of this pigeon, and I feel quite sure the chances
are nine out of ten that this pigeon will be alive and in the
same condition as that pigeon back there.

By just a little more excitement this pigeon will get to the
condition where it will turn cart-wheels and lose all sense of
which is top and which is bottom.

This pigeon’s throat is paralyzed to a certain extent, and it
is unable to swallow food, therefore it is necessary to force-feed
it, and not only that, but to give it a drink of water at the same
time.

Two grams of this product, wheat germ, are enough to cor-
rect that disease. I am not giving exactly 2 grams but approxi-
mately 2 grams at this time, and if we haven’t killed him he is
all right.

The water-soluble B is found in a number of different con-
stituents. The ones that are listed here are not the only sources
of water-soluble B—eggs, milk, yeast, fresh vegetables, fruits,
alfalfa and clover.

Now as to water-soluble C, the antiscorbutie vitamin. You
are all more or less acquainted with scurvy. You know its ef-
fects, and I will not treat that so extensively. The experimen-
tal animal for demonstrating that is ordinarily the guinea-pig.
Fresh pasture, you notice, plays an important part there.
Oranges are perhaps the outstanding product that is used a
great deal, especially in human nutrition. Babies are given a
great deal of orange juice. It is a product that is very meri-
torious and should be used a great deal. I have known where
trouble has been corrected in the livestock industry by feeding
certain livestock on oranges.

The fat-soluble D is, in a way, associated with A. It is our
newest vitamin. For a long time we felt that fat-soluble A had
a certain relation in the correcting of rickets. We thought, in
addition to this eye trouble, this eye disease which was so com-
mon in rats, that this same vitamin would prevent rickets. Re-

cently it has been shown that the particular products contain-
ing fat-soluble A can be so treated through a course of oxida-

676 ProceepDines or A. V..M. A. MEETING

tion which destroys fat-soluble A, but will still leave it potent
as a corrective against rickets.

This has been worked especially with cod-liver oil. Cod-liver
oil can be oxidized for about twenty hours and it will no longer
correct it and protect animals against the eye disease. It is
still effective in causing lime to be deposited in the bones. Rachi-
tis is nothing more nor less than the deficiency of lime and
phosphorus particularly, and the outstanding product for sup-
plying it is cod-liver oil. It may be that cod-liver oil will take
quite a jump in price if you gentlemen find cases where you
think that there is a deficiency of this particular product in the
diet of your animals, or you feel that the animals are more or
less affected with rachitis, and you will prescribe cod-liver oil.
It is being prescribed more and more in the human family as a
corrective against rachitis in children.

Here is a little booklet that has been prepared for another
purpose which shows pictures of pigeons before and after they
were brought down on this deficiency disease and then cor-
rected by this particular product.

CHAIRMAN KINGMAN: Would any one like to ask Mr. Plasantz
any questions on the deficiency diseases?

QUESTION: How does pasteurization affect vitamins?

Mr. Puasantz: Pasteurization would affect the water-soluble
C contained in milk, but would probably have very slight, if any,
effect in injuring the water-soluble B or the fat-soluble A.

QuESTION: Does the long-time storage of milk affect it, the
same as eggs?

Mr. PuAsantz: Now you are getting into the protein proposi-
tion. You are getting away from the vitamin subject. Surely
the long-time storage of milk is going to have the same effect
from the protein standpoint on the storage of milk that it will
on the storage of eggs, because to begin with our milk is not in
the pure state; there is more chance for contamination in milk
when it is stored than there is in the case of the eggs.

QUESTION: Does it injure milk to warm it for chickens in the
winter time?

Mr. Puasantz: No, not the way you warm it.

QUESTION: Do fresh turnips or anything of that kind contain
this water-soluble B?

Mr. Puasantz: Yes. Root tops are rich; bluegrass is rich.

You veterinary men are not likely to come in contact with
animals or birds that are totally deprived of any one of these
vitamins. If you did you would immediately recognize these
particular symptoms, and you would become alarmed. But you
are going to come in contact with feeders who are not practicing
the right methods of feeding, who are not feeding a balanced
ration, and you will get cases that are just receiving part as

PROcEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 677

much vitamins as they should have, and that effect is going to
be cumulative, and sooner or later these animals are going to
be doomed and are not going to reproduce properly.

QUESTION: How is millet?

Mr. Puasantrz: Millet will supply B and a little A, but will
not supply C or D. Understand, there are four distinct vita-
mins, and each of them has a different effect. You have to go
to one product to find one, to another to find another, whereas
pasture grass seems to be rich in practically all of these, as are
green alfalfa and green clover.

On the other hand, when you cure alfalfa you injure the
A, slightly reduce the B, and totally destroy the C, in which
it is very rich. You take grain and sprout it, and it contains
no C, but after it sprouts it is immediately rich in water-soluble
C. They were able to protect the armies against scurvy in the
recent war by feeding them sprouted grains.

Dr. Mowurr: Have you done anything on the mineral de-
ficiency ailments? '

Mr. Puasantz: Of course the D causes the minerals to be ab-
sorbed, especially calcium and phosphorus. You might feed an
apundance of that, but unless you have this D vitamin there the
animal would not have the power of using that calcium, and
when you have B along with it it does the work.

Dr. Frercuson: According to that, this feeding of lime salts
to cattle in the winter time wouldn’t amount to much. You
would have to feed the cattle on grass.

Mr. Puasantz: No, it has some effect. There is some D there,
probably a little. You are feeding coconut feed, for instance.

Dr. Ferauson: I mean with the ordinary dry dairy feed in
the winter time.

Mr. PuAsantz: It would have some effect, but not near as
marked an effect. It is well recognized that most of the cows,
especially those producing heavily, are putting out more calcium
in the winter time than they are other times. In other words,
it is a negative calcium balance; there is more outgoing than
there is Incoming.

Dr. Fercuson: I understand that by feeding the calcium salts
they wouldn’t be assimilated to the degree they are in the sum-
mer time.

Mr. Puasantz: Not nearly so.

QuESTION: Will this cod-liver oil work equally as well with
a dog with rickets?

Mr. Puasantz: Yes. I am feeding it to my baby now.

Dr. FERGUSON: How does it work in calves?

Mr. Puasantz: It would probably have a very good effect.
I don’t know that any experiments have ever been conducted
with calves; at least I have no record of such.

678 PrRocEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

Question: Of what particular value is yeast?

Mr. Puasanrz: It is especially rich in B vitamin. Yeast does
not have the power to synthesize vitamins. The product in
which they have grown and which they have fermented will
regulate the amount of vitamins contained in the yeast plant
itself. In other words, yeast is not a builder of vitamins. If
yeast cultures are grown on a rich corn, or a corn which is rich
in vitamins, well and good; but if you raise yeast on a degermi-
nated corn or on molasses you will not have very much vitamin
in it. The amount of vitamins contained in yeast is quite a
variable factor.

QuESTION: Has the absence of light anything to do with
rickets ?

Mr. Puasantz: I couldn’t say definitely on that. It undoubt-
edly has some effect. I feel very sure that light is a factor, and
is something which we should consider, though it is probably
uf lesser importance. I don’t know that the scientific work has
been carried on far enough to demonstrate the relation of light
to vitamins.

QUESTION: Do you make any distinction between yellow and
white corn? -

Mr. Puasanrz: Yes, I do; a marked difference in favor of
the yellow corn. It is questionable whether white corn has any
A in it or not. Yellow corn has some A and will, providing the
hogs have been on a good range during the summer, lay up
enough to tide them over in fair condition; but I doubt if there
is enough for reproduction, especially where the mothers bear
early in the season, long before they can get on grass.

Fow. TypHomi—K AUPP

Dr. Kaupp: I might call your attention to one of three or
four charts which I brought along with me in regard to the
study of fowl typhoid, or Klein’s disease. Recently we had
quite an outbreak so that we could study it each day, and also
hospital cases, noting the temperature as well as other clinical
symptoms, and I put one of these on the wall. In all, we made
a study of 34 cases in regard to the temperature, and I will
read you a summary of the clinical symptoms, which would
be about all you would care to indulge in, I presume.

The clinical symptoms, including the temperature and respi-
ration were studied in 34 cases, of which 25, or 73 per cent, died
and came to autopsy, and 9, or 27 per cent, recovered and were
returned to the pens. This percentage of recovery was due to
autogenous vaccines which we made from the germ isolated
from this outbreak. All birds becoming affected, and not vae-
cinated, died, while 27 per cent of those that were sick and vae-
cinated recovered.

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 679

Only young range birds from four to five months of age were
attacked, and the disease was not arrested by the time the third
range flock was attacked. That is to say, we had several range
flocks, one right after the other, and it started, we will say, for
convenience, in range lot No. 1, and in a couple of days it oc-
curred in the pen adjoining it, and in a couple more days in
the pen adjoining that.

In another outbreak just eight miles from here (and we sus-
pect that the sparrow was to blame for carrying this infection,
although, of course, we do not know) it attacked the old birds.
In that case the young birds were not attacked. I didn’t want
to leave the impression that this disease attacked only young
birds. There were no old birds attacked in this flock that 1
am relating about now.

The outbreak was a violent one, and spread rapidly. The
first day it was observed it was thought to be limberneck, but
the reading of the inoculated nutrient agar slants the following
morning showed it to be an outbreak of fowl typhoid. Vaccine
was hurriedly prepared, and in the afternoon the sick birds
and part of the first flock attacked, then only one, were vac-
cinated. The following day autogenous vaccine was used on
the three pens finally paying toll, but it required four days to
secure immunity and make inroads on arresting the disease, and
finally the last bird died two weeks from the ushering in of the
disease.

I had some stock vaccine and hurriedly made a vaccine from
the stock culture the first day. The vaccinations were given all
young fowls on the plant, and three to four vaccinations were
given the sick birds. Two vaccinations were given the adult
birds in the end of the plant where the disease appeared, and
the balance of the adult fowls were given one injection of 1
e.c, each of the vaccine. In all, 673 range chickens were vac-
cinated, 647 adult fowls, 11 water fowls (consisting of 9 ducks
and 2 geese), 1 turkey, and also 12 pigeons, a total of 1,160 birds.

The symptoms as observed in this outbreak and among young
fowls are as follows: In the initial stages the symptoms may be
overlooked, if the birds are in any way alarmed, that is, if they
become uneasy. If one observes them from a safe distance the
birds may show signs of dozing, which, of course, must be dif-
ferentiated from sleepiness, as in hot weather birds quite fre-
quently in the shade will sleep, even in the daytime. When
awakened, and especially when startled to a small degree, the
bird does not present a normal facial expression, the head is
slightly nervous, and the bird, if it now arises and moves away
under stress of disturbance, will show weakness in its gait.
These symptoms are progressive until the bird becomes prostrate.
In advanced stages the bird when at ease for a moment will

680 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

sit with its head and tail down, and when it moves shows great
weakness. Loss of flesh is very rapid, three days being suf-
ficient to reduce the bird from a fair range condition of flesh to
one of poor condition.

The bird may become partially comatose, and if sitting, the
head may fall forward until the beak touches the ground. There
is one condition which somewhat simulates limberneck. When
I speak of hmberneck I always think botulism. Of course birds
are susceptible to ptomain poison and other neurotoxins outside
of the toxin of Bacillus botulinus, which to me show similar
symptoms in the initial stages in this disease on account of the
fact that it is a very severe neurotoxin and is likely to be mis-
taken for limberneck.

When the bird lies on its side its head may be curved under
its breast. At this stage there is complete loss of use of the
muscles of the neck, and the bird is unable to walk. That goes
back to the point that in any severe nerve poison which destroys
the use of the muscles of the neck, of course, you are going to
have a limber neck. The bird may die without a struggle, or
it may die in spasms. There is soon observed an unkempt ap-
pearance of the feathers and a sulphur-colored discharge from
the bowels.

In this outbreak it appears that the minimum period of in-
cubation is about three days, and that four days are required
to stop the disease from spreading with autogenous vaccine.
In some birds the temperature falls before death, but in others
the reverse holds good, the temperature rising. Usually the
temperature falls immediately after vaccination, although the
reverse may be observed.

The carcass is usually observed to be in emaciated condition.
There may be present edema, especially in the thorax, in the
region of the heart. The pericardial flood may be increased in
quantity; more rarely there may be an abdominal hemorrhage.
We found abdominal hemorrhage in three or four of these birds.
The liver is always enlarged, a hepatitis congestion; blood drips
from a section surface. The liver is pliable and tears easily,
which accounts for the internal hemorrhage. The kidneys are
congested, and the section surface shows a grayish color, indi-
eating cloudy swelling. The heart is congested, as shown by
the blood vessels standing out full and red. The heart presents
a parboiled appearance. The spleen is uniform in size. Micro-
scopic pathology : Cloudy swelling is marked in all of the paren-
chymatous organs. This in some instances is terminated in the
dissolution of the parchymatie cells. Congestion, both active
and passive, is always observed in the kidneys, liver and heart.
This accounts for blood dripping from the cut surface of the

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 681

liver. The whole microscopic pathologic picture is a result of
intensive toxic poisoning.

The normal temperature of the fowl is approximately 107.4.
In the first case on the chart the temperature is 112.5. The
highest temperature we have had is 114.5, or 7 degrees of fever,
which is a terrific fever. After giving 1 cc. of autogenous bac-
terin, the temperature by the next morning had dropped down
to 107.4. Then the temperature fluctuated along. On the fourth
day the bird was given a second vaccination and three days
later a third vaccination, and a day later was returned to the
pens.

The next bird died after the first temperature was taken. The
first temperature was 111. The third bird died after the first
temperature had been taken. The temperature at the time of
going into the hospital was 113. The fourth case died after the
first temperature was taken, temperature of 110.5.

The next case we have is a little different, starting in with
106.5. These birds, when picked up, were quite hurt. This
bird was vaccinated, and the temperature went up instead of
down. Usually it goes down, but it didn’t happen to do it in
this case; I don’t know why; but the bird died two days later
with a temperature of 109.5. The other cases are similar. In
one case, after the vaccination the temperature dropped 2
degrees and remained practically normal until the bird was
returned to the range.

I am wondering if there are any questions you would like to
ask.

QuESTION: What other disease do you have besides these liver
derangements?

Dr. Kaupp: Well birds are quite prone to have a condition of
hepatitis. Of course in cholera you don’t have an enlarged
liver, but there you have an acute infectious disease where birds
are dying with a sulphur-colored discharge from the bowels, and
usually enlarged liver indicates fowl typhoid rather than
cholera.

LARGEH-ANIMAL CLINIC

DISEASES OF SHEEP—I. E. Newsom

CHAIRMAN Kineman: I want to introduce Dr. I. E. Newsom,
Fort Collins, Colo., who will talk to you on some diseases of
sheep. Remember that Dr. Newsom has the opportunity of see-
ing something over 700,000 feeder lambs and sheep every year.
This gives him considerable clinical experience besides his corps
of laboratory workers. (Applause.)

Dr. Newsom: I wrote to a number of different men who I
thought would be interested in sheep diseases, and asked them
to send particular cases to this clinic. Among those who have

682 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING

furnished cases was Dr. Butler, of the State Veterinary Depart-
ment of Montana. Dr. Butler has, for a number of years, been
seeing out there in Montana a peculiar disease, one which he
believes is separate and distinct from the diseases which we com-
monly encounter in sheep in this country, and Dr. Butler has
been fortunate enough to obtain two of these cases, and has
shipped them to us. These will be our first cases for demon-
stration. Dr. Butler wrote to Dr. A. D. Knowles, who has
kindly sent us these two cases.

It is our purpose to look over these two ewes for a few min-
utes, and then they will be slaughtered, and before I finish with
the discussion I hope we shall be able to show you the lesions
in these two ewes. I want to call your attention particularly
to the drooping of the ears, to the emaciation of the sheep, to.
the hump of that particular one, the larger one, and also the
fact that the temperatures are either normal or below. The tem-
perature of the smaller one is 100.8; the temperature of the
other is 102. Notice also the discharge from the nose. There is
a slimy discharge from the nose.

Some years ago Dr. Kinsley asked me if I had seen any of
these cases, and I told him I had not. He described them as
having not only this discharge from the nose, but he said that
discharge contained a calcareous material so that the calcareous
granules could be felt between the fingers. I haven’t been able
to determine that that condition exists here, but we have the
word of the Montana men that these are typical cases of what
they are wont to call chronic progressive pneumonia in sheep.

Not being familiar with this disease myself, I asked Dr. Butler
if he could not come down here and talk Pies these cases, or
send some one who could. He was not able to come; he sent
me a paper written by Dr. Hadleigh Marsh, pathologist for the
Montana Live Stock Sanitary Board.

(Dr. Newsom read a paper entitled ‘‘ Progressive Pneumonia
of Sheep,”’ prepared by Dr. Hadleigh Marsh. This paper was
published in the Journau for January, 1923, page 458.)

Dr. Newsom: I will have to make a very need postmortem
examination. A considerable portion of this lung is solid. It
is light in color so that it doesn’t appear to be so much differen-
tiated from the rest of the lung, but you may take my word for
it that a considerable portion fheree is quite solid. Even extend-
ing up farther on the inside there is some solidified area also,
indicating an inflammatory condition of considerable standing.

There are certain areas in the other lung that are in the same
condition; I should say they are hardly as extensive as thev
were in the first lung. Here is an area that is collapsed and
rather firm; an area of some little size here, the apical lobe,
in a similar condition that seems to be solidified—no air in it.

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING 683

It seems to me from the general feel of the whole lung that it
is a little firmer than a normal lune should be, and possibly
would show small areas of conerete inflammatory condition
throughout.

I think that there were no other very noticeable lesions in
the eareass. I don’t know that I can demonstrate it, but you
will find in a very emaciated sheep, as well as emaciated ani-
mals of other kinds, in the mediastinum a gelatinous appear-
ance that commonly goes with emaciation. It doesn’t have any
special significance, of course, in this particular animal.

In Colorado we still have some disease that the old stockmen
are wont to eall hollow belly, and our diagnosis of that is fre-
quently made on the finding of this gelatinous condition of the
fat everywhere where the fat should be associated with emacia-
tion. There is no adhesion, and no evidence of any pleurisy
at all.

QUESTION: That disease doesn’t show up any except on the
lungs ?

Dr. Newsom: Apparently on the lungs.

Dr. Mouter: Are those areas solid enough to sink in water?

Dr. Newsom: No, it does not sink. There has been some
pleurisy in this animal because the lungs adhere to the ribs.
This is rather more extensive. This is the larger ewe, the one
that was pumping so hard, and we would rather expect the con-
dition to be a little more extensive here. Here the difference
in color is quite marked, more so than in the other. The af-
fected area appears darker; very extensive adhesions of the
other lung to the ribs, much more so than the first one I took
out; and the proportionate area of diseased lung, I suppose,
is nearly as great as in the other case.

Yesterday afternoon we took six lambs—five of them you see
before you here—and we gave inoculations of a pure culture oi
Bacillus ovisepticus to five out of the six, leaving one as a con-
trol. I don’t know just which one is the control now, but we
will get it located in a moment. The amounts given were 20,
15,10 and 5 and 1e.e. This culture was taken out of an incuba-
tor a week ago today, and at that time was a 48-hour culture.
We have been accustomed to using this eulture—our strain No.
33—and being able to kill lambs of approximately this size quite
readily with 10 ¢.c. given in the jugular vein. That was the
method of administration here—in the jugular vein.

Of course, we realize that taking a culture at room tempera-
ture and leaving it for a considerable length of time may give
unusual results. You heard a statement to that effect yesterday
in one of the sections, that no one quite knew just how virulent
an organism of this kind was at a given time. You might deter-

a

684 PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. MEETING

mine its virulence at a given time, and in a few hours you
wouldn’t know what its virulence would be.

The peculiar thing here is that the one that got the 10 ce.
died, and the one that got the 15 and the one that got the 20
are alive, and will probably continue to live, because it has been
our experience that death usually follows within 24 hours, or
prostration is so great at the end of 24 hours that it is very
evident that that animal will die. :

From the fact that these lambs are not showing prostration,
although they do show a little rapidity of breathing, I should
say that it is quite probable that not any more of them will die,
so that the one that died was the one that got the 10 ¢.c. in the
vein, and not the one that that got the larges amount.

Anyone who has worked with hemmorhagie septicemia organ-
isms understands that there is considerable irregularity in viru-
lence and will not be surprised at the result we got, considering
the fact that the culture has been so long out of the incubator.
Just why one sheep should die that had 10 ¢.c., and another one
that had twice as much should survive, I do not know, but of
course there is a difference in susceptibility of animals. It is
not at all likely that there was any difference in virulence of
this organism, because all of it was taken out of the same bottle.

I had hoped to have two or three or more cases for examina-
tion in order to demonstrate lesions that come from inoculation
of pure culture. As you see, I have only one. The lesions that
we find in inoculated animals are extremely varied. ‘There may
be practically no lesions. In other cases there may be a few
hemorrhages and a very large amount of straw-colored fluid in
the thoracic and abdominal cavities. In other cases hemorrhages
may be very considerable, under the skin, under the pleura,
rather rarely under the peritoneum, and under the pericardium.
In this case we had a few hemorrhages under the skin, a few
hemorrhages in the lung showing under the pleura, some very
minute hemorrhages under the pericardium, some reddening of
the lymph glands, and some reddening of the stomach. Whether
these can be demonstrated at this time I do not know. I made
this examination just after noon, and it is possible that due to
drying these things will not be readily demonstrated.

You see a little hemorrhage on the neck here, a little redden-
ing, even though it is dry. Of course that was a result of the
inoculation. The trachea was pretty well filled with foam, and
that is a condition we find in so many field cases that we call
hemorrhagic septicemia. Very frequently at the nostril of the
dead sheep you find a little mass of foam, oftentimes tinged with
blood. This trachea was pretty well filled with foam; it doesn’t
show so readily now, because it has dried up. The mucous mem-

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. MEETING 685

brane is a little darker than normal, although not so dark as is
frequently seen.

The submaxillary lymph glands are somewhat reddened, but
not much swollen. The prescapular lymph glands are reddened
and somewhat swollen, which is rather common not only to in-
oculated but to field cases. In field cases of hemorrhagic septi-
cemia we find particularly the prescapular and submaxillary
lymph glands very much swollen and very deeply reddened in
acute cases.

Those are the lymph glands which particularly show change
in this animal. The. other lymph glands that I examined were
_apparently normal. Some few hemorrhages can be noticed un-
der the pulmonary pleura, but not at any considerable distance.

The fourth stomach is turned rather dark now, but it was
rather noticeably reddened when the sheep was first opened,
and there again is a condition that has caused a considerable
interest to us.

For a number of years, we believe that we confused hemor-
rhagie septicemia with a dietary disorder. Don’t understand
me to say that we haven’t dietary disorders in sheep; we have.
We have extreme losses in sheep from dietary disorders. But
because of the reddening of the fourth stomach in many field
cases we used to say dietary disorder at once, and let it go at
that, until finally we got so many eases where there seemed no
possibility of attributing it to diet, that is, they were not on
full feed of barley, corn or peas or whatever the feed might be,
and then when we had so many times, using pure cultures of
the organism, reproduced this stomach lesion, that we found that
Bacillus ovisepticus was capable of producing a gastritis that ap-
peared extremely red, and that the appearance of gastritis
didn’t necessarily mean a dietary disorder.

I want to take just a few minutes to express my views on
hemorrhagic septicemia in sheep. I know very little about hem-
orrhagie septicemia in other animals, and I may know very little
about hemorrhagic septicemia in sheep. We are quite certain
that we have diagnosed many cases in sheep as hemorrhagic
septicemia that were not so, and I am quite sure that all of us
are doing that. Possibly that is true of other animals. We also
believe that there is a real hemorrhagic septicemia in sheep, and
we have come to the conclusion that in a considerable percentage
of field cases we can, with some degree of certainty, tell by the
examination, the postmortem, the history, all the factors in the
case, whether or not we ean isolate from that animal a bipolar
organism,

We have a number of dietetic disturbances out there in ‘our
feed lots from which we have taken a bipolar organism from

686 A. V. M. A. News

the spleen, lymph glands, heart blood, and even lungs, and have
failed in practically all cases.

On the other hand, when we have these enlarged lymph glands,
the red trachea, the hemorrhages under the pleura, particularly,
we can, in most of those cases, isolate the bipolar organisms.

This dietetic disturbance, whatever it may be, comes not in
the first two or three weeks or month after they get into the
list, but after the animals are on full feed, are fat and ap-
parently in excellent condition. They die quickly. In those
conditions we may have hemorrhages, but the hemorrhages are
more apt to become intermuscular. You hold up the thin ab-
dominal wall in those eases, and you find it is just interspersed
with hemorrhages, and in those cases where the average man
would say that there was no question about it because there are
the hemorrhages even more profuse than in what we are calling
real, true hemorrhagic septicemia, we haven’t been able to isolate
the bipolar organism.

So, as I say, we think we are able to accept that the dietetie
disturbance comes on full feed of corn, barley, peas. I don’t
know what relation it has to the diet. We have tried to repro-
duce it by overfeeding, and have failed. We have put sheep in
experimental conditions, under all sorts of peculiar surround-
ings, with irregularity of feeding, and overfeeding, and all that,
and we never could produce disturbance of that kind; and yet
we are not able to isolate any organism, but we do know that it
comes when they are on full feed; and when the grain feed is
cut out that condition stops.

Of course, that is only one. That is probably our chief dis-
ease that causes loss that is not the hemorrhagic septicemia in
our feed-lot lambs. We have undoubtedly several more.

We make a diagnosis of hemorrhagic septicemia when we find
these lesions that I spoke of, and when we ean, by inoculation,
isolate the bipolar organism from the spleen and the lymph
glands and the heart blood, or any one of them we still believe
that there is then a hemorrhagic septicemia, and some years it
causes very heavy loss and other years not very much.

(Proceedings to be continued.)

PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTMENTS

The following appointments have been announced by Dr.
W. H. Welch, President of the A. V. M. A.:

Dr. William E. Muldoon, of Manhattan, Kans., has been ap-
pointed A. V. M. A. representative on the Board of Managers
of the Horse Association of America.

Dr. T. H. Ferguson, of Lake Geneva, Wis., has been ap-

A. V. M. A. News 687

pointed to the Committee on Intelligence and Education, suc-
ceeding. Dr. J. S. Koen, whose term had expired.

Dr. J. S. Koen, of Bloomington, Ill, has been appointed to
fill the vacaney on the Committee on Legislation, caused by the
expiration of the term of Dr. F. A. Bolser.

Dr. Wm. M. Bell, of Nashville, Tenn., has been appointed to
fill the vacancy on the Committee on Revision of the Constitution
and By-Laws, caused by the resignation of Dr. J. R. Mohler.

The Committee on Prevention and Control of Animal Dis-
eases has been announced as follows: Dr. H. W. Turner, Chair-
man; Dr. George H. Hart, Dr. I. E. Newsom, Dr. A. F. Schalk,
Capt. R. A. Kelser.

President Welch has recently appointed a special Committee
on Policy, consisting of the following members: T. E. Munee,
chairman, and C. E. Cotton, representing the Executive Board ;
M. Jacob, representing agricultural education and the South;
D. H. Udall, representing veterinary education; L. A. Merillat
and W. H. Welch, representing the practitioners; J. R. Mohler,
the Federal Government, and H. Preston Hoskins, acting as sec-
retary.

COMMITTEE ON REVISION

The Committee on Revision of the Constitution and By-Laws
of the A. V. M. A. met with the Executive Board, in Chicago,
December 5 and 6, and discussed a number of proposed amend-
ments to the Constitution and By-Laws. <A copy of these pro-
posed changes, with the articles or paragraphs of the present

Constitution and By-Laws proposed to be changed, has been
sent to each member of the Revision Committee and the Ex-
ecutive Board, for further comment or approval, and the same
will be published in full in March issue of the JouRNAL, in pur-
suance of the motion passed at the St. Louis meeting.

ELECTION IN EXECUTIVE BOARD DISTRICT NO. 1

A great deal of interest is being manifested in the election of
a member of the Executive Board from Distriet No. 1 (Can-
ada). The first fifty nominating ballots returned to the Sec-
retary’s office contained the names of twelve different Canadian
veterinarians. Owing to the closeness of the race (at the time

688 A. V. M. A. News

this is being written two votes would change the standing), it
seems desirable to keep the polls open the sixty days implied by
the by-laws. Therefore, the nominations will close February
11, 1923. As soon thereafter as possible, the Secretary will mail
an election ballot, containing the names of the five members
receiving the highest number of nominating votes, to each mem-
ber in good standing in the First District. These ballots should
be returned without delay, properly marked, to the office of the
Secretary.

DR. HOSKINS’S BIRTEDAY

January 3, 1923, was the thirty-seventh birthday of Dr. H.
Preston Hoskins, the Secretary-Editor of the A. V. M. A. He
celebrated it by moving into the new offices of the Association,
which have been opened in the Book Building (Suite 735-6), on
Washington Boulevard, Detroit, Mich. The first visitor to the
office was Dr. S. Brenton, of Detroit, who served the Association
as President in 1911-1912. It is to be hoped that no veteri-
narian will pass through Detroit without calling at the office of
the Association. If you want to call the office by long distance
telephone, the numger is Calillic 1037.

An encouraging sign: The Seeretary reports that up to Janu-
ary 3, 1923, eleven members of the Association had paid up
their dues one year in advance. Who is next?

Another good sign: Up to January 3, 1923, the Secretary re-
ports that he already has on file seventeen applications for mem-
bership to be acted upon at Montreal, and the real campaign
for new members has not yet been started!

Among those who attended the 24th annual meeting of the
Society of American Bacteriologists, held in Detroit, December
28, 29 and 30, 1922, were the following veterinarians: Drs. W.
A. Hagan and H. L. Gilman, of Ithaca, N. Y.; Ward Giltner
and H. J. Stafseth, of East Lansing, Mich.; S. R. Johnson, of
Lansing, Mich.; John Reichel, of Glenolden, Pa.; C. P. Fitch, of
St. Paul, Minn.; Donald C. Beaver, Archibald R. Ward and H.
Preston Hoskins, of Detroit, Mich.

OTHER MEETINGS

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK CITY

THE regular monthly meeting of the Veterinary Medical
Association of New York City was held in the Academy of
Medicine, New York City, on Wednesday evening, November 1,
President Robt. S. MacKellar presiding. The minutes of the
October meeting were read and approved.

Dr. W. Reid Blair, who had just returned from an extensive
tour through continental Europe, entertained the association
with an instructive talk on his experiences in the various coun-
tries along veterinary lines. The doctor’s discourse was greatly
appreciated and brought out a good discussion and a number of
questions were answered satisfactorily. The following resolu-
tion was proposed by Dr. Blair:

Wuereas, The American Blue Cross Society, under the di-
rection of its president, Miss Maud Adams, is endeavoring to
promote legislation compelling the use of anesthetics in painful
operations on animals; and,

WHEREAS, ‘Such legislation, if properly drafted and properly
enforced, will contribute to greater humaneness in the handling
and treatment of animals; be it

Resolved, That the Veterinary Medical Association of New
York City heartily endorse the movement of the Blue Cross So-
ciety in its efforts to prevent undue suffering as the result of
surgical or other painful operations on animals.

After a general discussion the resolution was seconded and
carried.

The single-injection method for immunization against rabies
was brought up and a snappy discussion took place. Dr. Tice-
hurst said he had vaccinated a great number of dogs that were
exposed to rabies around Englewood and Tenafly, N. J., none of
which came down with rabies after vaccination. Dr. Goubraud
said he had vaccinated six exposed dogs successfully lately. Dr.
Higgins pointed out that rabies has existed in the United States
for a long time, and as the single-injection method had been suc-
cessful in eliminating rabies in Canada and in Japan, he thought
the time was ripe for veterinarians in the United States to advo-

689

690 OTHER MEETINGS

cate to health departments and the public generally the advan-
tages of this method of control.

Under new business, the president brought up the subject of a
meeting place for the association. After discussion it was agreed
that the Academy of Medicine was most convenient if our finances
could stand the rental.

Dr. Clayton proposed that the by-laws be temporarily sus-
pended to omit the $5 initiation fee to stimulate the admission
of new members, which was carried.

Dr. Clayton proposed that Section I, Article 8, of our by-
laws be amended to read: ‘‘ And the annual dues shall be $5 per
year, payable in advance.’’

Dr. R. W. Gannett spoke on the advisability of having some
outside prominent men in the profession address the meetings.

No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned.

J. Exuiorr CRAWwForD, Secretary.

SOUTHEASTERN STATES VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

THE seventh annual meeting of the Southeastern States Vet-
erinary Medical Association was held in Chattanooga, Tenn.,
Hotel Patten, November 20-21, 1922.

The meeting was opened by an address of weleome by Mayor
A. W. Chambliss, Chattanooga, Tenn., and responded to by Dr.
Tait Butler, of Memphis, Tenn.

President W. M. Bell, of Nashville, Tenn., delivered his ad-
dress in an impressive manner and conveyed an optimistic view
of the future of the veterinary profession in the South.

The convention was honored with the presence of Dr. W. H.
Welch, Lexington, Ill., president of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, who delivered the principal address of the
morning session. Among the many good points brought out in
his address was the possibilities of poultry practice. He sub-
stantiated his opinion with his experiences in his own practice.
All who heard his address feel sure of a successful year for the
American Veterinary Medical Association under his direction
as president.

‘‘The Veterinarians’ Position in the Advancement of Southern
Livestock Industry’? was discussed by Dr. Tait Butler, of
Memphis, Tenn., editor of the Progressive Farmer, who pre-

OrHER MEETINGS 691

dicted that the veterinary profession would continue to grow
and develop with taster strides than ever before. He also paid
a fine tribute to Dr. C. A. Cary and Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, when
he said they were the two most useful veterinarians to the pro-
fession in the South along the lines not concretely veterinary,
as they had educated the people on basie principles of agrieul-
ture and livestock production.

nmediately following the morning session a Dutch luncheon
was enjoyed by all at the Patten Hotel.

The afternoon session was opened by a paper from Dr. T. P.
White, Bureau of Animal Industry, on ‘‘Our Swine Disease Situ-
ation with Especial Reference to Cholera.’’ His paper brought
out a great deal of discussion and many points of interest.

Dr. J. H. Reitz and Dr. W. H. Cheney discussed ‘* Laboratory
Diagnosis as an Aid to the Practitioner.”’ Mr. C. E. Brehm
read a paper on ‘Relationship of the County Agent to the Vet-
erinary Profession.’’ He outlined the position that the county
agent should have, from the county agent’s viewpoint, and we are
sure that if the policies outlined by him were adhered to a
better feeling would exist between agriculture demonstration
agents and the veterinarian.

Quite a unique number on the program was the lantern slide
illustrated lecture by TDr: Gis Ac Roberts, of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
In this paper he discussed the common diseases mong livestock
in Brazil and showed the possibilities of the profession as he saw
it during his three years’ veterinary service in that country.

The banquet was held in the dining room of the Hotel Patten
at 7 o’clock. Dr. M. J acob, of Knoxville, Tenn., acted as toast-
master, and every one seemed to have a good time at this banquet.

The following papers were read and discussed at the morning
session of November 21: “Fright Disease in Dogs,’’ by M.
Jacob and others; ‘‘Botulism in Dogs,” by Dr: P. @. McLain;
‘Summary Case Reports of Canine Practice in Does,”’ by Dr.
W. J. Cross, and ‘‘Treatment of Intestinal Parasites in Dogs,’’
by Dr. J. G. Phelps.

At the business session the following officers were elected for
the incoming year: President, M. Jacob, Knoxville, Tenn. 7 Tst
Vice President, A. L, Hirleman, Atlanta, Ga.; 2d Vice President,
A. G. G. Richardson, Athens, Ga.; 3d Vice President, J. S. And-
rade, Huntsville, Ala.; Seeretary-Treasurer, John I. H

andley,
Atlanta, Ga.

692 OTHER MEETINGS

The next meeting will be held in Greensboro, N. C., the second
Monday and Tuesday of November, 1923.
JOHN I. HANDLEY, Secretary.

B. A. I. VETERINARY INSPECTORS’ ASSOCIATION

THE following is a report of the meetings held during the
last month by the school of instructions for the veterinary in-
spectors, as instituted by Dr. W. N. Neil, inspector in charge of
the Chicago station, which meets in the Government office of
one of the local plants each Monday morning. The Chicago
branch of the National Association of Bureau of Animal In-
dustry Veterinarians prepares a program for several weeks in
advance on various subjects relating to meat inspection. All
subjects are presented by inspectors who have had considerable
experience in the Bureau. Various pathological specimens of
interest, as well as rare conditions found by the inspectors, are
collected during the week and held under refrigeration until the
following Monday morning when diagnoses and discussions are
made.

On November 20, Dr. L. E. Day, in charge of the pathological
laboratory, talked on the subject of ‘‘Diseases of the Skin.’’
Dr. Day’s talk was very interesting and instructive, as it in-
cluded practically all of the diseases of the skin.

On November 27, Dr. Otto Hornlein, assistant inspector in
charge of the Chicago station, read a very interesting paper on
the ‘‘History of Meat Inspection.’’

On December 4, Dr. L. E. Day gave a very interestmg talk
on the blood. The physiology of the blood as well as its relation
to diseases was fully discussed.

On December 11, Dr. W. H. Daly, president of the local asso-
ciation, presided at the meeting. Dr. C. M. Lombard read a
well-prepared paper on ‘‘Diseases of the Osseous System from
the Standpoint of Meat Inspection.’’

At each meeting interesting pathological specimens were pre-
sented for discussion and diagnosis. At the last meeting all
veterinarians were instructed to make a special study of ‘‘Swine
Erysipelas’’ before the next meeting, as specimens of diamond
skin disease will be presented, and the relation between the two
will be fully discussed.
L. T. Hopxiys, Secretary.

OTHER MEETINGS 693

ARMY VETERINARIANS MEET

THE Army veterinarians, both active and reserve, at the Sixth
Corps Area had a get-together meeting and dinner at the Hotel
LaSalle, Chicago, December 7, 1922. About thirty officers
were present. Col. W. P. Hill, Chief Veterinarian of the
Sixth Corps Area, presided. Col. D. S. White spoke in a de-
lightfully humorous way of his army veterinary experience.
Col. L. A. Merillat vividly described many difficulties encoun-
tered in his varied experience in France. Lieut.-Col. N. S.
Mayo spoke on the Reserve Corps from a citizen’s standpoint.
Col. Keck and Maj. Christy, line officers in charge of the Re-
serve Corps activities in the Sixth Area, spoke of the need of
reserve officers and the opportunity that the Reserve Corps
offers. Maj. Christy stated that the percentage of veterinary
officers in the Reserve Corps was much below that of any other
branch of the service, and urged veterinarians to enter the Re-
serve Corps. They will be assigned to units and can take ex-
aminations for promotion. Veterinary officers that served dur-
ing the war can take the examination in much less time than
veterinarians coming in from civil life, as their war service
counts.

Capt. MacCanachie, of the Canadian Army Veterinary Serv-
ice, waS present as a guest, and related in a delightful way
many amusing experiences while he was serving with the Brit-
ish forces overseas.

An organization of Army veterinarians was started. Col. W.
P. Hill was made temporary president and Col. L. A. Merillat
temporary secretary. It is hoped to make this a national or-
ganization similar to organizations in other branches of the
service.

Everyone present agreed to do all he could to increase the
number of veterinary officers in the Reserve Corps.

A most delightful evening was spent, and it is believed that
preliminary steps have been taken that will be of great service
to the Army Veterinary Corps, both active and reserve.

N.S. Mayo.

694 OrHER MEETINGS

NEBRASKA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

THE twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Nebraska Veterinary
Medical Association held in Lincoln, December 12 and 15, was
by far the most successful from every point of view during the
existence of the organization.

Headquarters of the association were maintained at the Hotel
Lincoln where excellent facilities were obtainable for the literary
and social portions of the program.

The morning session of the first day was opened with the
rousing address of welcome from Honorable F. C. Zerung,
Mayor of the City of Lincoln, with response by Dr. D. W. Hurst,
Mayor of Tecumseh. These remarks were followed by the ad-
dress of the President, Dr. Geo. A. Young, of Syracuse, and
with a paper on the ‘‘Future of Our Profession,’’ by Dr. O. H.
Person.

Dr. R. R. Dykstra, dean of the College of Veterinary Medicine
of the Kansas State Agricultural College, whose reputation as a
practical lecturer on veterinary subjects is well known, was the
last speaker during the morning session, and succeeded, as usual,
in holding the interest of every one present to the last minute
with his explanation of differential diagnosis of certain cattle
diseases that resemble each other clinically.

Following lunch, a special street car conveyed the veterina-
rians from the hotel to the University farm, where a general
clinic was held in the horse pavilion, a place admirably fitted
for the occasion. The clinic, in charge of Drs. Perrin, Foltz, and
Skidmore, included demonstrations of practical value to the
practitioner. The first part of a demonstration in the treat-
ment of sterility in cattle was given by Dr. W. L. Boyd, of the
University of Minnesota, using special subjects and selected
specimens. Dental nerve blocking, ventral hernia operation,
caponizing, Ferguson’s operation on hard-milking cows, intra-
venous medication and blood infusion, ablation of bull’s eye,
scrotal hernia operation by pleating method, umbilical hernia
operation, and an operation on a hermaphrodite dog were par-
ticipated in by R. R. Dykstra, J. S. Anderson, L. J. Boulier,
S. W. Alford, L. V. Skidmore, P. Phillipson, Geo. A. Young,
R. C. Gilmore, R. C. Moore, and Fred Collins.

The annual banquet for the veterinarians, their relatives and
friends at 6.30 p. m. at the Lincoln Hotel, with Dr. L. Van Es

OTHER MEETINGS 695

as the very able toastmaster, was a huge success in every re-
spect, with two hundred in attendance.

In order that the spirit of the season should not be forgotten
the banquet room was gorgeously decorated in true holiday
style. A great Christmas tree standing in the center of the floor
and reaching to the high ceiling was decorated and adorned with
many colored electric lights. From the chandeliers, which were
draped with colored tissue paper, ran long streamers of ever-
green and tinsel, ending at the side walls and forming an at-
tractive arch, under which the banquet tables were spread. At
either side of the room and on the platform surrounding the
orchestra were numerous smaller trees resembling the large one
in the center.

During the sumptuous repast of roast turkey with trimmings
favors were passed in the form of paper hats, toy balloons, and
horns, which created much mirth and closer fellowship. Several
musical numbers during and after the banquet were enjoyed by
all, more especially the song created by some poetically inclined
individual in our midst which is entitled ‘‘When the Roll is
Called Up Yonder Who’ll Be There?’’ sung to the tune of ‘‘Old
Black Joe,’’ and humorously dealing with the appointment of
the next State Veterinarian in view of the change of political
faith in Nebraska.

The after-dinner speakers included Mr. August Eiche, Presi-
dent of the Lincoln Chamber of Commerce, who extended a
welcome to the visitors on behalf of the organization which he
represents, followed by a response by Dr. F. R. Woodring, As-
sistant Chief of the Nebraska Bureau of Animal Industry. Dr.
A. R. Mitchell, of Lincoln, member of the executive committee
of the American Medical Association, gave the principal address
of the evening, pointing out in a very able manner how much the
medical and veterinary professions have in common. The speak-
ing program was concluded with a short, snappy talk by Dr.
R. R. Dykstra, of Manhattan, Kans.

Dancing until midnight, following the banquet, with musie
furnished by a four-piece orchestra, ended the first day’s
program.

Beginning the morning session of the second day the reports
of the secretary-treasurer and the various committees were
read, followed by the election of thirteen new members, which
is evidence of the rapid growth of the association. Practical

696 OTHER MEETINGS

papers by Dr. T. P. Rose, of York, and Dr. C. C. Hall, of Omaha,
carried many helpful pointers to the veterinarians. The second
part of Dr. Boyd’s lecture on sterility in eattle, illustrated by
lantern slides, covered a subject of such vast importance, given
in such an efficient way, that this alone was well worth the time
given by every one in attendance. The election of officers for
the ensuing year resulted as follows: D. W. Hurst, of Tecumseh,
President; Elmer Watkins, of Cambridge, Vice President; F. R.
Woodring, of Lincoln, Secretary and Treasurer.

During the afternoon a number of subjects of merit were
discussed, the titles of which were: ‘‘Crow-foot Poisoning in
Hogs,’’ ‘‘Some Conditions in Swine Met With in Practice,’’
‘*Coeeidiosis in Sheep,’’ ‘‘ Relation of Soil to Animal Diseases,’’
‘“State Veterinarian’s Office and the Practicing Veterinarian,’’
‘Case Reports,’’ and ‘‘Observations in Animal Disease Con-
trol Work,’’ by the following veterinarians in their respective
order: Drs. D. W. Hurst, Maurice C. Hall, H. M. Martin, L.
Van Ks, D. D. Tobias, C. H. Hays.

The lecture on ‘‘ Parasitic Diseases of Live Stock and Control
Measures,’’ by Maurice C. Hall, of Washington, D. C., explained
in minutest detail those conditions met with in every-day prac-
tice on which the veterinarian is as a usual thing not so well
informed as along some other lines; therefore the information
gained was of inestimable value.

Miscellaneous business and appointment of committees fol-
lowed, with Grand Island selected as the next meeting place.

The committees on local arrangements with W. T. Spencer, of
Lincoln, as general chairman, and Mrs. Carl J. Norden, as chair-
man of the ladies’ committee, are to be especially commended
for the efficient way in which this portion of the meeting was
handled, everything working with clock-like precision, which
added much to the success of the meeting.

At 10 a. m. Tuesday an informal reception was held for the
ladies in the English Room of the Lincoln, followed by a get-
aequainted luncheon at 11.30 a.m. The afternoon was taken up
with a visit to the Eiche Greenhouses, the largest in the State
where 40,000 roses were found to be in full bloom. After an
inspection of this wonderful place, the ladies proceeded to the
Gooch mill, bakery and macaroni factory, where many of the
mysteries in the manufacture of grain-food products were seen
and explained by courteous guides. At the close of the inspec-

OTHER MEETINGS 697

tion the guests were favored with a buffet luncheon at the mill,
following which the ladies were returned to the hotel in au-
tomobiles furnished by the Lincoln Auto Club.

Wednesday was crowded full for the ladies with a morning
shopping tour and informal reception on the balcony of the
hotel and at 12.30 a luncheon was served by the Lincoln Chamber
of Commerce in the club rooms with the visiting ladies as guests.
A matinee at 2.30 o’clock at the Orpheum Theatre ended a most
delightful two-days’ entertainment.

During the session a Ladies’ Auxiliary was formed with the
election of Mrs. 8. W. Alford, of Lincoln, as President; Mrs.
J. S. Anderson, of Aurora, Vice President, and Mrs. A. A.
Anderson, of Grand Island, Secretary.

Thus ended the successful twenty-fifth meeting of the Ne-
braska Veterinary Medical Association.

F. R. Wooprrine, Secretary.

WESTERN NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

THE Western New York Veterinary Medical Association held
its annual meeting December 15, in the building of the Erie
County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Buf-
fala, Ni ¥.

The meeting was called to order at 1.30 p. m. by President
E. L. Volgenau, with clinies as the first order on the program.
Clinies consisted of lamenesses in horses and demonstration of
the roaring operation by Dr. J. N. Frost, of Cornell University ;
complete paralysis in a cat, ovariotomy of a bitch by the flank
operation, by Dr. J. L. Wilder, Akron, N. Y.

Business meeting convened at 4 p. m., thirty-five members re-
sponding to the roll call. Two new members were added to our
list, which now totals seventy.

The following officers were elected for the year: President,
E. C. Cleveland, Cattaragus; Vice President, Chas. D. Blaser,
Buffalo; Secretary-Treasurer, F. F. Fehr, Buffalo; two Directors,
E. L. Volgenau and H. D. Martin, both of Buffalo, to serve a
term of three years.

At 6.15 the meeting adjourned for dinner at the Old Teck
Cafe, where the members were joined by the ladies and enjoyed

a bounteous repast.

698 OTHER MEETINGS

After dinner the ladies, who had been entertained during the
afternoon at the B. G. H. Club, with Mrs. F. F. Fehr as hostess,
were escorted to the theatre, and the meeting reconvened at
So. or OAs alt.

Dr. E. T. Faulder, of Albany, gave a talk on ‘‘The Eradica-
tion and Control of Bovine Tubereulosis,’? and showed the
progress being made in different states under the accredited
herd plan. Dr. R. F. Frick, Erie County Farm Bureau Direc-
tor, spoke on the cooperation and assistance of the Farm
Bureau to the Federal, State and local veterinarians in control-
ling tuberculosis.

After several interesting case reports were presented by
members, the meeting adjourned to meet at Akron, N. Y., the
second week in July, 1923, as the guests of Dr. J. L. Wilder.

Visitors were E. T. Faulder, Albany; B. J. Cady, Olean;
J. N. Frost, Ithaca; H. M. Starling, representing the H. K.
Mulford Co.; W. 8. Anderson, representing the Cassius Way
Co., and Harold Smith, representing the Tilden Co.

F. F, Lene, Secretary.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUREAU OF ANIMAL
INDUSTRY VETERINARIANS

A meeting of the Metropolitan Division of the N. A. B. A. I.
V. was held in Room 303, U. S. Barge Office, New York, N. Y.,
on December 15, 1922. Twenty members were present. Dr.
Albert Long presided. After completing the regular order of
business, Dr. N. L. Townsend supplemented News Letter No. 1
with personal impressions of the convention of the N. A. B. A.
J. V. held in St. Louis, which he attended as Vice President at
Large. The next order of business was a paper presented by Dr.
M. J. Murphy on ‘‘Tuberculosis with Particular Reference to
the Mode of Entrance and Distribution of Tubercle Bacilli in
the Body.’’ This interesting and instructive contribution ‘0°
our knowledge of tuberculosis was fully discussed by nearly all
members present. Dr. Murphy’s paper was in line with the
policy of this division which is to devote a portion of its time
to the discussion of subjects considered of most importance in
the work of veterinary inspection. Such discussions add to the
interest our members take in the meetings and have a tendency
to increase the efficiency of Bureau work. The program com-

OTHER MrETINGS 699

mittee, consisting of Drs. N. L. Townsend, R. M. Mullings and
M. J. Murphy, intimate that there is a possibility of arranging
a program for the January meeting that will be of exceptional
interest. Epw. L. SAanprer, Secretary.

CONFERENCE OF TICK-ERADICATION FORCES

A conference of Federal and State employees engaged in the
work of eradicating cattle tick from the South was held at the
Texas Hotel, Fort Worth, Texas, January 9 to 11. The meet-
ing was also attended by State livestock sanitary officials from
those States which remain infested with the tick.

Although the meeting was called at the instance of the offi-
cials of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the program was largely
in the hands of those representing various State organizations
which are interested in seeing the cattle industry of the South
freed of the fever tick.

Matters pertaining to the administration of State laws and
regulations relating to tick eradication were discussed. Pre-
liminary tick eradication by means of motion pictures, posters, |
and other means of properly informing cattle owners as to the
advantages of eliminating the tick as a ‘‘star boarder’’ from
their cattle was brought before the conference by those who
have had successful experience along this line. The organi-
zation of Federal, State and county forces, to obtain the most
efficient cooperation of all forces engaged in the work, was also
discussed.

It has been found in past years that such conferences of those
actively engaged in tick eradication prove of great benefit to
the campaign. General discussions of experiences in the cam-
paign during last year enable the workers to plan their work
effectively for the coming year.

MARYLAND VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The regular semi-annual meeting of the Maryland State Vet-

erinary Medical Association was held on Thursday, January
18, at the Medical Hall, 1211 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, Md.,
beginning at 10 o’clock a. m.

The program was as follows:

Forenoon: Election of officers and reports.

,
700 OTHER MEETINGS

Afternoon: Address by Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Superintendent
of the Bureau of Animal Industry Experiment Station at
Bethesda, on *‘Contagious Abortion of Cattle,’’ followed by an
address by Dr. I. K. Atherton, Inspector in Charge of Hog-
Cholera Investigation for Maryland, on ‘‘The Control of Hog
Cholera.’’

Both of these gentlemen are well known to our members and
their addresses showed that much study and investigation had
been given to their respective subjects.

HULBERT YOUNG, Secretary.

CONFERENCE OF VETERINARIANS AT PENNSYL-
VANIA

A conference of veterinarians will be held on February 27 and
28 at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Penn-
sylvania. The program, as far as completed, includes bovine
pneumonia, ascaris in swine, other important diseases of swine,
equine influenza and contagious pneumonia, some of the ail-
ments peculiar to Thoroughbreds and Hunters, and poultry dis-
eases of special interest. All veterinarians are cordially invited
to attend. The Alumni Society has arranged to give a smoker
on the evening of February 27 to those attending the conference.
The program will be printed later and copies will be mailed om
request.

The Paris Society of Comparative Pathology has adopted the:
following resolution as a means of combating the danger of the
spread of echinococci:

“Resolved, That private slaughterhouses be suppressed and be:
replaced by communal abattoirs.

“That the legislative enactments concerning the seizure of
stray dogs and the destruction of animal carcasses be strictly
enforced.

““That dogs should not be permitted to enter the flaying rooms’
at all, and the abattoirs to only a limited extent, as controlled
by definite regulations.

““That the declaration of all animals discovered in the abat-
.toirs to be infested with echinococci shall be obligatory.’’

NECROLOGY

A notice of the death, early in November, of Dr. James B.
Ashcraft, a professor in the College of Veterinary Science, Las
Banos, Laguna, Philippine Islands, has just been received. The
deceased was a member of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, having joined the Association at the Denver con-
vention in 1921.

A resolution of the Philippine Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion on the death of Dr. Ashcraft is as follows:

WuHereas, Dr. James B. Ashcraft was elected to membership
in the Philippine Veterinary Medical Association on February
4, 1921;

W HEREAS, He was an active and inspiring promoter in the
progress of this Association ;

WHEREAS, God, in His great wisdom, willed it that we be de-
prived of his warm friendship and valuable assistance in the
progress of veterinary medicine in the Philippine Islands; be it,
therefore

Resolved, By the Philippine Veterinary Medical Association,
as it is hereby resolved on this 14th day of our Lord, to unani-
mously convey our sympathy to the family of the deceased for
this irreparable loss; be it further

Resolved, That copies of this resolution be spread on the min-
utes of the Association and sent for publication to one local
paper and to the JoURNAL oF AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION.

The Committee on Resolution:

GREGORIO SAN AGUSTIN.
MIGUEL MANRESA.
A. K. Gomez.

Dr. F. A. Bolser died suddenly at his home in Newcastle,
Ind., in the latter part of November while EEO One a major
sur veal operation.

Dr. Bolser enjoyed an enviable reputation as a practitioner
and was known widely among the members of the profes-
sion throughout the United States. As Assistant State Vet-
erimarian of Indiana he rendered valuable service to the
livestock industry through the energy, decisiveness and good
judgment he displayed in his activities to help free his State and
country of foot-and-mouth disease in 1914 and 1915. He was
elected vice-president of the A. V. M. A. several years ago and

70]

702 NECROLOGY

was selected to serve on the A. V. M. A. Legislative Committee,
which was most successful in obtaining official recognition of
veterinarians in the U. S. Army service. He was a fiuent
speaker and wrote a number of scientific articles and papers on
diseases of animals. Two papers that attracted favorable atten-
tion were entitled ‘‘My Experience with Hog Cholera,’’ and
“The Importance of Hog Cholera and the Production of Hog-
Cholera Serum.”’

Dr. Bosler was 65 years old, and it is an interesting coincidence
that he died on the forty-second anniversary of his marriage.
Dr. Bolser is survived by a wife and son, Dr. Harry Bolser. His
many friends join THE JOURNAL in extending sympathy to his
family in their bereavement.

Dr. Joseph W. Klotz died of apoplexy on December 19. He
was a resident of Noblesville, Ind., and at the time of his death
was president of the Indiana Veterinary College, located at In-
dianapolis, Ind. In connection with his administrative duties
as president he taught surgery and obstetrics in the college. In
closing his course of lectures for the first half of the school year
on December 19, he wished the members of the class a pleasant
vacation and a merry Christmas. The announcement of his
death a few hours later came as a great surprise, as he seemed to
be in good health and spirits when he left the lecture room.

Dr. Klotz was a graduate of the Ontario Veterimary College
in the class of 1891. His ability, his geniality and his straight-
forward business methods inspired confidence, and he was soon
successful in building up a large practice in the vicinity of In-
dianapolis and Noblesville. He was one of the most prominent
veterinary practitioners in his State and ranked among the
foremost veterinary educators in this country. He was too
busily occupied with his practice and school work to have much
time for leisure or writing for scientific publications, but his ex-
ample was an inspiration to the students of the college, and he
is quoted in many sections of the country by the graduates of
the Indiana Veterinary College who are applying his teachings
in their practices.

As a citizen Dr. Klotz took a deep interest in the welfare of
his community. He was a member of a number of fraternal
organizations, including the Masonic Order, which conducted his
funeral services. He joined the A. V. M. A. in 1894 and took
an active interest in the affairs of the Association.

MISCELLANEOUS

RIDING-HORSE SHORTAGE

By G. A. Bet, Chief Animal Husbandman, Remount Service,
Quartermaster’s Corps, United States Army, Sacramento, Calif.

THE following appeared in a comparatively recent issue of
the Breeder’s Gazette under ‘‘Market Movement sand Values’’:

‘There is a persistent demand for riding horses, orders com-
ing from many small towns and cities scattered all over the
East and the Mississippi Valley, with no immediate prospect of
execution.’

This same persistent demand exists in practically every part
of the United States. The writer, during the past year, has
been in nearly every section of this country; from the New
England States to Florida, from New York to California and
from Montana to Texas; and everywhere the dearth of high-
class riding horses is very apparent, and this, in face of an in-
creasing demand, makes the situation acute.

The writer has been frequently asked, ‘‘Where can I buy a
carload of good polo mounts? Where can I get some good rid-
ing horses for the members of our riding club? Where can I
get some good jumpers or some good cross-country horses?’’ All
of these classes require a high-class riding type. Many a dealer
is scouring the country picking up a good one here and a good
one somewhere else, but to find a large number of good ones for
sale in any one community is impossible.

Many riding clubs have been organized during the past few
years and such clubs are continuing to be organized. Horseback
riding is growing in popularity rapidly, as the beneficial results
from such a healthful exercise and such an exhilarating sport
are becoming more and more apparent. There is a keen pleas-
ure in being in the saddle that is afforded by few other sports.
Both adults and children are taking to horseback riding as a
pleasure, in greater numbers than ever, and most of these
children will continue to ride for many years, thus continuing
the demand for saddle horses.

- Where are these riding horses coming from? They do not

703

704 MIscELLANEOUS

exist at present, and there was never a better demand nor better
prices offered for really high-class useful horses that ean go
out and do a satisfactory day’s work. Not only are these horses
wanted for pleasure purposes, but also on the cattle ranches for
work in handling cattle. It is almost impossible to purchase, at
a reasonable price, one of the good cow horses from a rancher.
He realizes the searcity of the good ones and needs them for
his own use.

There is but one solution to the problem and that is for the
ranchers, farmers and breeders to produce the needed animals,
both for their own use and to supply the city demands. There
are a large number of mares in various sections of the country
suitable for producing riding horses, but owing to the scarcity
of suitable stallions, but a small number of these mares can be
bred.

The Remount Service Q. M. C., U. 8. A., is doing much to re-
heve the situation by placing high-class stallions in selected com-
munities where the conditions are satisfactory. There are about
260 of these stallions now available and, while this is but a sma!l
per cent of the number needed, the result in the end will be to
relieve, quite materially, the acute shortage of riding horses.
As it takes six years to produce a really serviceable horse, the
present shortage must remain for several years, but in the
meantime these good animals are being produced and encourage-
ment is being given to the production of a horse to meet com-
mercial demands and to build up a reserve supply that will be
available to meet a war emergency.—From The Remount, vol.
3, no. 5, January, 1923.

Silage odors are: absorbed largely through the body of the
cow rather than from the air, according to tests made by the
United States Department of Agriculture. However, these
odors may be practically or entirely removed by the aeration of
the milk while it is still warm. Rather heavy feeds of silage
may be given to cows one hour after milking without any un-
desirable flavors or odors passing into the milk. When green
alfalfa was fed in relatively large quantities one hour before
milking marked flavors and odors were noticed in the milk, but
when as much as 30 pounds per cow was fed after milking there.
was no effect on the milk from the next milking.

MIscELLANEOUS

DR. WM. HERBERT LOWE
Of Paterson, N. J., One of the Leading Practitioners on the
Atlantic Coast and President of the A. Y. M. A. in 1905-1906

705

706 MISCELLANEOUS

LIFTING THE EMBARGO

Both Houses of Parliament have passed the new legislation
which endorses the earlier decision of the Commons to remove
the embargo upon Canadian store cattle. No doubt, in defer-
ence to the strong opposition of breeders in this country, and
likewise to the critical state of agriculture, that legislation has
been rendered as harmless as possible to their interests while
fulfilling the ‘‘pledge’’ of which so much was heard. Of course,
the new legislation which is proposed does not render us so
free from possible attacks of disease as does complete exclusion,
but it is satisfactory to note that a wider issue has not been ac-
cepted and that it has been recognized that the occasion could
not be used as a means of opening the ports to all parts of our
far-flung dominions. The only part to which we take objection
is that of permitting considerable latitude to the Ministry of
Agriculture to allow the importation of breeding stock. We
prefer the old system under which only for special reasons could
that proposal be put into operation, for those who are acquainted
with the stock-breeding industry know quite well that there is
no need to introduce breeding stock from other countries. Even
the special occasions are not vital. They are mainly applicable
to breeds which have been so recently established that they are
still uncertain about type, or to pigs of declining constitution.
The great mass of stock breeders are practically independent
in this respect, and their work is so widely recognized in other
countries that the boot is really on the other foot and these
countries come to us.

Ireland, no doubt, suffers because of her aspirations after a
new status, but it is one of the penalties apparently which is
incidental to the new relationship. So far as the British breeder
is concerned (and he is the main person to be consulted), it is
satisfactory to note that Canadian importations must be identi-
fiable and must have indelible marking. In the course of the
debate it was hinted that to complete legislation an extension of
the Merchandise Marks Act sholld be contemplated next Ses-
sion. We take that to mean that the marking of meat must fol-
low as a reasonable protection to the public and to those who
breed. The butcher clamored for this cheaper meat. Let him
now purvey it. If the Government completes its legislation in

MISCELLANEOUS 707

this respect, no one will be much the worse; but if it fails to do
this, then a new blow has been aimed at British stockbreeding,
and it has been hard hit already. We suggest that the bodies
which put up such a good fight on behalf of the British stock-
breeding interest when the Canadian cattle agitation was at
its height should finish their work by urging this new step upon
the Government. The ‘‘home-killed’’ ticket must be entirely
abolished and a distinction must be drawn between animals
which are bred and fed at home and those which are imported
and fattened here. The butcher must not be allowed to fill his
pockets at the expense of the British home producer and the
paplies =, i

The Bill is an effort to fulfill what many regarded as a pledge,
but a few noble lords seem to think that its principles should
be applied to other Dominions. It was stated that what the
British farmer had to fear was not cattle on the hoof, but meat
importation. If that is so, why encourage the revival of a trade
in livestock that must be uneconomic and even cruel because of
the length of the journey. We sincerely hope that no imperial
pledges will be given in the face of the known views of those who
breed stock and of the House of Commons which has refused
sanction to a wider application of the Bill—Editorial in Farmer
and Stock Breeder, London, Dec. 18, 1922.

LIVESTOCK STATISTICS

Figures show that the United States has but one-sixteenth of
the world’s population, but it has one-sixth of the world’s live-
stock, approximately as follows:

One-half of the world’s 9,000,000 mules,
One-third of the world’s 169,000,000 swine,
One-fifth of the world’s 100,000,000 horses,
One-seventh of the world’s 492,000,000 cattle,
One-ninth of the world’s 465,000,000 sheep.

Statistics indicate that the United States ranks fourth in the
per capita consumption of meat. The following table shows the
figures for the principal meat-eating nations of the world:

708 MISCELLANEOUS

Lbs. Lbs.

Country meat Country meat
‘Argentina ts ie eee sy 291; | (Belgium is2223.4 eae 70
Australiah 2220524: 22 2268) Netherlands js ee 70
New Zealand. 22.00.2222 22+ ZS NGMEGCE.- 2 Ses. Sy Ug ees 68
UNITED STATHS ........ 142 Austria-Hungary 64
(CATV EN GT a oes eee a eh NOT WAY © fe ee 62
United*kKanedonr soe 1207 Sweden 2... eee 62
Germany! 272s sieraaas 1155 teP Gland; ees ee eee 62
Hranee 22.22 a oh ee BOs yitUSS1a |\).4. #2 eee 50
Denmark iaccec24 20 cast ste GO VO 3 a ee 49
Switzerland (= Secs ee (oe tally... : 2. eeeeenemerneee 47

A study of the trend of human and livestock population from
1850 to 1922 shows that human population has had the great-
est increase, that the number of swine is the most variable, and
that sheep show the greatest general decline. The relative posi-
tions of the curves in 1922 indicate more and more difficulty
in supplying our ever-increasing population with sufficient meat
products, and at the same time maintaining a surplus of these
products for export.

A study of per capita meat consumption in the United States
from 1907 to 1922 shows a considerable decline. The consump-
tion of veal is about equal to that of mutton and lamb, and as
a rule slightly more pork is consumed than beef.

The most recent statistics on beef and dairy eattle in the
United States show that beef cattle have undergone more fluc-
tuation and that at present beef and dairy cattle are about
equally numerous.

The livestock industry of any nation acts as a great storage
reservoir for its surplus grains in years of plenty, and its
grasses and forage crops that can not be eaten by man. It is
a significant fact that no great meat-eating nation has ever suf-
fered famine from crop failure.

“HORSE IN MOTION,” NEW FILM, ANALYZES
MOVEMENTS

You have seen a horse walk, trot, pace, gallop, run, and jump,
but do you know just how he does it? You can learn how from
a new United States Department of Agriculture motion picture,
‘“The Horse in Motion.’’

MISCELLANEOUS 709

This one-reel film, sponsored by the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry, is an analysis by means of a high-speed camera of all
the important gaits of horses. The gaits are first shown at nor-
mal speed, followed by the retarded action, one-eighth of normal.
The normal pictures were made sixteen to the second, but the
slow pictures were made 128 to the second. Among the types
of horses shown are draft animals, pacers, trotters, hunters, run-
ners and cavalry horses.

The technique of the jumps is demonstrated by Dandy Dude,
owned by Gen. John J. Pershing, who was present at the first
showing of the film in Chicago, before the Horse Association of
America. The movements of cavalry horses are shown by three
troops of United States Cavalry in a stirring charge on the
parade ground at Fort Myer, Va.

‘“‘The Horse in Motion’’ will be circulated through the De-
partment of Agriculture’s film distribution system. Copies may
be bought by authorized purchasers at the cost of printing.

Dr. J. A. Allen, Animal Pathologist, Canadian Health of Ani-
mals Branch, attended the Fox Show held in connection with
the Royal Winter Fair at Toronto, and reports that all the
foxes were examined before being allowed to enter the show
building. Out of approximately 300 animals only 5 were re-
jected.

Strict sanitary precautions were observed throughout the
period of the show, and exhibitors were required to disinfect
the show cages daily. The tongs used in handling the foxes
during the time they were being judged were boiled before using
on other animals. The foxes have been returned to their ranches
without any fatalities.

Dr. Robt. Barnes left Ottawa on December 3 for Brantford,
where he delivered an address on ‘‘ Food Inspection’’ before the
Kiwanis Club. He then proceeded to Chicago to attend the
twenty-sixth annual meeting of the United States Live Stock
Sanitary Association.

On December 12 he visited Clarksburg, Ontario, and ad-
dressed a meeting of the ‘‘Farmers Section—Clarksburg Board
of Trade.’’ .

710 MISCELLANEOUS

Mr. C. S. McGillivray attended a meeting of the New York
Canners’ Association, held in Rochester, N. Y., on December 7
and 8.

Dr. R. E. Cropper, formerly of Cartersville, Ga., has moved
to Winchester, Ky.

Dr. Geo. W. Winslow has taken up his residence at Ontario,
Oreg., having moved from his former location in Grand Forks,
IN: .D:

Dr. E. C. W. Schubel, who has been in practice at Danville,
Ill., for a number of years, recently changed his location te
Reading, Mich.

Dr. A. E. Slocum is now a resident of Sioux Falls, 8. D., hav-
ing formerly practiced at Longmont, Colo.

Dr. W. E. Frink, who for many years enjoyed a lucrative
practice at Batavia, N. Y., has moved to the sunny land of
southern California, and has located at Hollywood.

Dr. A. H. Davison, formerly in practice at Hume, IIl., is now
located at 1010 N. Market Street, Urbana, Ill. He has been
employed by Champaign County (Ill.) in tuberculosis-eradica-
tion work.

Dr. A. H. Quin, Jr., has been transferred from sales work
in eastern Iowa, for the Fort Dodge Serum Company, to the
home office in Fort Dodge, where he will act as assistant sales
manager and conduct field investigations.

The Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture of the
Union of South Africa contains a statement of Sir Arnold
Theiler, Director of Veterinary Education and Research, that
his laboratory has commenced the distribution of the live
contagious abortion vaccine to the farmers of that country.

JOURNAL

OF THE

American Veterinary Medical Association

FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW

(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.)
H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary-Editor, 735 Book Building, Detroit, Mich.

W. H. WE cH, President, Lexington, III. M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn.

Executive Board
Geo. HILTON, ist District; T. E. Munce, 2nd District; S. E. BENNET, 3rd District
J. A. KIERNAN, 4th District; C. E. Cotton, 5th District; B. W. Conrap,
6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large, CHAIRMAN.
Sub-Committee on Journal
S. E. BENNETT J. A. KIERNAN

The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements
published in the JOURNAL, outside of its own authorized actions.
Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application.

Vol. LXII, N. S. Vol. 15 March, 1923 No. 6

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS

In this issue will be found the minutes of the meeting of the
Executive Board, held in Chicago, in December, together with
the minutes of two joint meetings of the Executive Board and
the Committee on the Revision of the Constitution and By-Laws.
Every member of the Association should consider it his duty
to read these pages carefully.

It will be recalled that at the meeting in St. Louis, last August,
the Committee on Closer Affiliation with State and Provincial
Associations made its report, which has already been published
in the Journal (page 100, October 1922). This report con-
tained a recommendation that a special committee, consist-
ing of the President of the Association and four other members,
be immediately appointed to study the details of the plans
submitted, in conjunction wlth the Executive Board, and that
this report (of the special Committee on Closer Affiliation with
State and Provincial Associations) should be considered as a
written notice to the Association of a proposed revision of the
Constitution and By-Laws at the next annual (1923) meeting.

The Committee which was appointed by Ex-President Kinsley
(with one change) met in Chicago, in December, to draft pro-
posed changes in the Constitution and By-Laws. This committee

711

712 EDITORIAL

later met with the Executive Board, for the purpose of jointly
considering the proposed amendments. Numerous changes
and additions were made at the first joint meeting of the two
bodies, and the Secretary was instructed to prepare a draft of the
proposed amendments, together with those sections of the
Constitution and By-laws which it was proposed to amend.
The Executive Board and Revision Committee met a second
time, to consider further these proposed amendments. These
were taken up seriatim and discussed. It was agreed upon the
part of those present to have the Secretary prepare a new draft
of the proposed amendments and submit a copy to each member
of the Executive Board and of the Revision Committee, for
approval, before publication in the Journal. This has been done.

In fairness to all, attention is directed to the fact that some of
these proposed amendments are looked upon favorably by all
the members of both the Executive Board and the Revision
Committee, while a number of these amendments have failed
to receive the unanimous endorsement of all those present at
the joint conferences, and when it is stated that the final draft
of the Secretary was approved, it means only that the Secretary
correctly interpreted and worded the proposed amendments
as expressed by the authors and approved by a majority of those
in conference.

Attention has been directed to the question of the legality of
acting upon any of these proposed amendments at the coming
meeting in Montreal, for the reason that Article 6 of the Consti-
tution and By-Laws provides that, ‘Any amendments to this
Constitution shall be proposed in writing at an annual meeting and
referred to the Executive Board for recommendation or otherwise;
but such amendments shall not be acted upon until the next follow-
ing annual meeting, nor shall they be adopted finally except by the
votes of at least two-thirds of the members present and voting.”
Article 20 of the By-Laws provides for the amendment of the
By-laws according to the same procedure as provided for amend-
ing the Constitution. The By-Laws may be suspended tem-
porarily by a vote of three-fourths majority, but such suspension
shall not apply to the section covering amendments. Some of
our members lean to the opinion that these proposed amendments
cannot be acted upon legally at the next meeting, in Montreal,
the only amendments which can be acted upon legally at that
time being those submitted by the old committee at the St.
Louis meeting.

EDITORIAL 713

VETERINARY EDUCATION

Is higher veterinary education on trial? For many years the
teachers and research workers on animal diseases in the Land
Grant Colleges and certain practitioners saw very clearly the
necessity for better veterinary education. They recognized that
the important and difficult problems connected with the pre-
vention and treatment of animal diseases could not be solved
without a knowledge of the laws that govern them and the
practical application of this knowledge. These men understood
the close relation of veterinary medicine to animal husbandry
and public health. Further, they believed that veterinarians,
possessed of educated minds and disciplined in the sciences of
veterinary medicine, would be invaluable advisers on all matters
pertaining to animal health and disease, They made an earnest
effort to raise the standards of veterinary education in this
country. They saw that, as in other learned professions, there
are difficulties to be overcome, discouraging situations to be
faced, and pessismism to be dispelled.

In 1918, the War Department ruled that veterinary schools
whose graduates were to be eligible to the. Army must have at
least high-school graduation for entrance, a professional course
of four, full, academic years and adequate facilities for teaching
not only the basic sciences but also practical medicine and
surgery. The Federal Bureau of Animal Industry took similar
action relative to its service. This was in accord with the ideals
of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

The first, peace-time matriculation of students after the
adoption of these standards, by those schools that did notalready
possess them, was in 1919, when there was a good registration
but, as expected, not equal to pre-war days. In 1920, there was
a marked decline in the number of matriculants and in 1921 the
reduction was still more pronounced. This year there is no
appreciable gain. The drop in the number of students is not more.
striking, however, than in the number of veterinarians. In
1910, there were 11,552 licensed veterinarians and in 1922,
there were 8,692 graduate veterinarians in the United States,
according to a recent estimate made by Dean White. There are
retiring, for natural causes, about 400 veterinarians annually,
and to take their places the schools can supply approximately
125 each year for the next four years.

The veterinary student situation suggests a possible shortage

714 EDITORIAL

of veterinarians, The serious effect of such an eventuality has
led-a few men to believe that the higher requirements are re-
sponsible and that the remedy consists in a return to lower
standards. Such a course might fill the classrooms, but it would
bring disaster to the profession. The responsible veterinarians,
and the live-stock owners as well, would not permit such a step
backward. They realize that every inch of progress gained
must be held tenaciously to avoid a wearisome and retarding
repetition of the former struggle for high standards. It is the
common experience of professional schools that an advance in
requirements is followed by a decrease in the number of students
and then an influx of better-prepared men.

There are a number of factors that explain the present situa-
tion. The advent of the motor car has eliminated the driving
horse; the unfavorable economic conditions that have prevailed,
especially in the rural districts, and the extension of the ac-
eredited-herd plan for the control of bovine tuberculosis from
the pure-bred herds, for which it was originally approved, to all
cattle, have tended to discourage the practitioners in the pro-
fession to such a degree that many of them have left it with the
result that in some localities the situation appears to be serious.
These conditions which have had a discouraging effect are,
from their very nature, with the exception of the automobile,
temporary. They are the products of changed economic con-
ditions and the effect of the World War.

The financial situations in the rural districts ahi improve.
The demand for dairy products is increasing and state veterinary
medicine will not prevail at the detriment of animal-owners or
practitioners. The scientific principles of veterinary medicine,
efficiency in service and economy will determine the course that
will become permanent. The relation of live stock to the eco-
nomic prosperity of the country is the same; the total number
of animals is as large; the sporadic diseases and injuries are as
numerous; and the need for veterinary service is as urgent
today as in pre-war time. The facilities for service, however,
have made it possible for a practitioner to meet the demands of
a greater number of clients. The reduced number of students,
therefore, may be a blessing, for in the general shifting of things
a smaller number of better prepared veterinarians may be all
that the demand requires. The free tuberculin-testing that
reacts against the practitioner today will, according to the plan,
give him increased work in the near future.

EDITORIAL 715

No, higher veterinary education is not on trial. It is the edu-
cated and trained veterinarians who are standing firm on the
platform of professional ethics and efficient service who are
holding the ideals of the profession against the onslaught of
theories and actions that accompany post-bellum adjustments,
and that would bring disaster to the animal husbandry of the
country if it were not for their stabilizing influence. Veterinary
education presents many problems in the development of
adequate professional knowledge and a system of imparting
it that will inspire young men with the ideals of true service.
These questions are being considered and will be solved event-
ually, by those who have a vision of the “fitness of things”
and the veterinary needs of the great animal husbandry of
the land.

WHAT IS CANINE DISTEMPER?

Veterinarians are experiencing a great deal of difficulty at the
present time in the treatment of a diseases (or disease) of dogs
called canine distemper. There seems to be almost universal
dissatisfaction with the results being obtained with biological
products in the treatment of this disease. We say ‘‘disease’’
rather guardedly, for the best opinions lean to the belief that
veterinarians are facing more than one disease prevalent among
dogs at the present time. Some veterinarians do not hesitate
to say that there are at least two distemper-like diseases prevalent
among dogs. Other practitioners, not quite so conservative, go
further and say that there are three or possibly four of these
diseases, which, for want of a more careful diagnosis, are called
distemper.

It is now something like fifteen years since Ferry isolated
Bacillus bronchisepticus. This work was subsequently confirmed,
in this country by the findings of Torrey, and abroad by the
researches of McGowan. Since that time Bacillus bronchi-
septicus has been accepted as the causative agent of canine
distemper in this country, and all present biological products
are derived from this organism. The filterable virus of Carre is
. still believed by some to be the etiological factor in canine dis-
temper, particularly abroad. It must be said: that Bacillus
_bronchisepticus is an organism which is undoubtedly responsible
for an infectious respiratory disease of dogs and of other small

716 EDITORIAL

animals, having been isolated from a number of different species
by various investigators at different times. This fact is some-
times held against Bacillus bronchisepticus being the specific
cause of canine distemper.

Many dog owners and veterinarians feel that more research
work should be done on this disease. It is true that very few
laboratories have at their disposal any funds which may properly
be utilized for the investigation of dog diseases. The investiga-
tions of Ferry were conducted in a commercial laboratory,
while those of Torrey were conducted in a state university, the
work being made possible by funds raised among wealthy dog
fanciers. With so many of our veterinarians in the cities devoting
their time almost exclusively to small animal practice, and with
the very large number of persons interested in dogs, financially
and otherwise, it would appear that some concerted effort might
result in raising a fund which could be used by some trained
animal pathologist in a well equipped laboratory, to conduct
further researches into the diseases of the dog, now prevalent in
this country. We know of few projects which are more in need
of being carried on, and it is safe to say that there is nothing
which would receive more hearty approval from practicing
veterinarians than an investigation of this kind.

PLAN TO GO TO MONTREAL

Reports from Montreal would indicate that the members of
the Committee on Local Arrangements are hard at work per-
fecting the details of the program for entertaining the Associa-.
tion next August. The tentative dates that have been selected
for the meeting are: August 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31, 1923. We had
hoped to be able to announce in this issue that these dates had
been officially approved, but this has not been done at the time
this editorial is being written.

A recent communication from Dr. J. H. Villeneuve, the very
active Secretary of the Local Committee, called attention to the
fact that our Convention is being held this year in a city where
the Volstead Act is strictly ‘‘taboo’. The Committee has
already decided to have a banquet this year, a feature which
has been missed at recent conventions, and that the banquet
will be of the real, old-fashioned kind, “with its accompanying
source of enjoyment.” Dr Villeneuve states that the local

EDITORIAL 717

veterinarians will not be satisfied with anything less than a
record attendance.

We might add further that the railroads will offer very attrac-
tive rates for the trip to Montreal. We hope to have the certi-
ficate plan in effect, but even though this may not be possible,
the summer excursion rates offered by the various railroads
will be very attractive. Our Association will be 60 years old
this year, and we should not allow the event to pass without
celebrating it in a fitting way. Plan to go to Montreal:

THE WINTER MEETINGS

In this number of the Journal will be found very good accounts
of quite a number of the winter meetings of the various state
associations and short courses held throughout the country.
In almost every case the reports indicate that the attendance
at these meetings was unusually good, Iowa leading with some
four hundred members in attendance at Des Moines.

The fact is worth knowing that quite a number of these associa-
tions have decided to have, or are considering the advisability
of having only one meeting a year. It has been found increas-
ingly difficult during recent years to have two good meetings
a year. Secretaries have found it difficult-to arrange attractive
programs and veterinarians have not found it possible to attend
two meetings a year in many cases. We believe that it is better
to have one good meeting rather than two poor meetings.

In this connection it is to be noted that the number of local
and county veterinary organizations is apparently on the in-
crease, and these local meetings in different parts of the state
help to supplement the annual meeting of the State Association
and render semi-annual meetings unnecessary to quite an extent.
With most of the State associations holding one meeting a
year, and this during the winter months, it is to be hoped that
the attendance at the meetings of our National Association
will be larger in the future. We heartily endorse the plan of one
good meeting a year for our State associations.

THE ARMY VETERINARY CORPS

All of the older members are familiar with the strenuous efforts
made by the A.V.M.A. to obtain an efficiently organized veter-
inary corps for the Army of the United States. The necessary

TIS - EDITORIAL

legislation has been obtained and we now have a small but well
organized veterinary corps.

Congress has reduced the Army of the United States to a min-
imum so that there are now only 126 veterinary officers in the re-
gular army. To provide for emergencies, an officers’ reserve corps »
has been provided by Congress and organized by the Surgeon-
General of the Army. Officers are commissioned in the Army of
the United States and are assigned to duty where their abilities
and training will be most useful in time of national emergency.
Under this plan, the difficulties experienced by the veterinary
Corps at the outbreak of the World War will be avoided.

At a meeting of the army veterinarians, both active and reserve,
of the Sixth Corps Area, Major Christy, of the Cavalry, stated
that there was great need for the veterinary reserve officers as
there was a smaller percentage of veterinary reserve officers than
in any other branch of the service.

Does this mean that veterinarians are less patriotic than other
professions or than the average citizen? I do not think so, but it
is up to our profession to make good as patriotic citizens and as
veterinarians. It is a duty we owe to our country and to our pro-
fession. The A.V.M.A. has played an important part in securing
an efficient army veterinary organization and now that our ser-
vices are needed in this organization, let us ‘‘deliver the goods’’.

If you have not applied for a commission in the Veterinary
Officers Reserve Corps, write to Col. J. A. McKinnon, Director
Veterinary Corps, Surgeon-General’s Office, Washington, D.C.,
and secure an application and full information — and then JOIN.

N.S. M.

THE RIGHT WAY

Dr. Laurence E. Green has sent us a card announcing his
admission into partnership in the Monroe Jarrett Manufactur-
ing Company, of Trumbauersville, Pa. He writes, ‘As you
see by the enclosed, I have resigned from the veterinary pro-
fession, but I hope to keep in touch with the boys through your

Journal. Kindly see that I receive the Journal regularly at my
new address.”

Dr. Green graduated from the University of Pennsylvania,
Class of 1915.

FACTS RELATING TO INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN
CATTLE AND SWINE; AND THEIR PRACTICAL
APPLICATION!

By J. W. CoNNAWAY
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missourz

Scientific research is essential in developing unknown facts in
the field of medicine; and critical discussion is often necessary to:
bring out the proper interpretation or correlation of the facts.
But in the opinion of members who are more interested in the
end-results of research, and their practical application, too much
time has frequently been given in our programs to the detazls of
technical research, and especially to acrid, disputatious discus-
sions concerning abortion disease, which at the time yielded too
little in results of immediate practical value to the busy prac-
titioners, or to live stock sanitary officers, many of whom had
come hundreds of miles for definite usable information, but
too often returned home in a confused and discontented frame
of mind regarding this question.

I am happy, therefore, to have this opportunity to attempt
to show that research men are really practical men, and appreci-
ative of the practical needs of their colleagues who deal daily
with the more practical phases of the problem. A dozen others,
whom it would be easy to name, could render this service as
well or better than I; but this opportunity has come to me, and
I hope I will not fail in presenting the essentials of the subject
in a clear and acceptable manner.

In the control of any disease it is evident that the more com-
plete our knowledge is of the nature of the disease, its cause,
the modes of transmission, and the conditions necessary or
favorable for its propagation, the more easily can effective
measures of control be devised and applied. Infectious abortion
in farm animals is no exception to the rule. However, there is
no justification for withholding the practical relief that is now
possible, even though certain phases of the problem are still in
the experimental stage, and the last chapter relating to research
has not been written.

It does not matter in what stage of progress our science at
any time may be, the demands of the live stock breeders are

1Read at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association,
St. Louis, Mo., September 1, 1922.

719

720 J. W. CONNAWAY

that we use to the best of our ability, and in a safe manner, the
essential facts that are available, be they few or many. And in
my opinion, we have at the present time sufficient well estab-
lished knowledge concerning the nature of abortion, particularly
in cattle, to control this disease successfully. A review, therefore,
of the facts which have a practical bearing, with suggestions as
to the application of these facts, I believe will be of particular
vaiue to the veterinary practitioners, and to the live stock
sanitary officers, at this time.

What facts of practical bearing have been established? The list
which I shall give, I am confident will be accepted by the great
majority of veterinarians and investigators, as having been
proven, or at least as being supported by a sufficient weight of
evidence to justify their tentative acceptance and use. And as
this paper has been written for purely practical purposes, the
list is presented as a statement of useful facts, without argument,
and without burdening the paper, and your patience, with a
confusing array of bibliographic evidence.

IMPpoRTANT Facts CONCERNING INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN
CATTLE AND SWINE

1. The first important fact is that there actually exists a
truly infectious disease, specific in nature, which causes the
majority of abortions in cattle, and probably also in swine.

2. This infection is transmissible, under certain conditions,
directly from an infected female to a healthy female, when kept
in close association.

3. The infection is transmitted from the infected female to
healthy animals through the uterine discharges, namely, the
aborted fetus, the afterbirth, the subsequent lochial discharge;
also by the milk.

4. An infected female which is sufficiently resistant to carry
viable young to full term also discharges abortion infection at
the time of parturition, on the coat of the live calf, in the after-
birth, and later in the lochial flow, and in the milk.

5. The infection remains alive outside the body of the infected
animal for a considerable time, under favorable conditions; and
the soiled tail and hair of the rump of the infected female, and
the bedding, contaminated by the uterine discharges, may
transmit the infection to healthy exposed animals.

6. The period of discharge of infection from the uterus is
comparatively short—from three to six or eight weeks.

bo
_

ABORTION IN CATTLE AND SWINE 7

7. The disease is contracted under natural conditions by
ingestion of infected materials.

8. Transmission by copulation is also possible, but probably
not of frequent occurrence.

9. In the majority of cases, a mature infected female remains a
permanent carrier of the Bang abortion infection during lie,
and is liable to abort at any pregnancy; and is a potential
spreader of the disease at each parturition, and for a period
thereafter.

10. Bulls occasionally become infected systemically, and the
generative glands and passages may discharge abortion germs
and infect females through copulation, or by the latter licking
the soiled sheath of the bull, or the vulva of a cow which has been
recently served by an infected bull.

11. The milk of abortion-infected cows is not liable to trans-
mit infection to mature cattle—except from gross carelessness
in handling the milk. The probabilities are not great that many
sexually mature cows will have an opportunity to ingest sufficient
infected milk to cause harm. 3

12. The danger of transmitting abortion infection from the
milk of an infected cow through the fecal discharges of calves
nursing infected mothers, has not been determined experimentally
(Field observations of a few cases have shown no bad results).

13. Occasionally the young of an abortion-infected mother
becomes permanently infected with the Bang abortion organism,
in utero, or from the milk after parturition; as a rule, however,
the young animal overcomes the infection before reaching sexual
maturity and may be reared free from the Bang abortion disease.

14. Infected, non-pregnant cows, free from uterine discharge,
do not transmit the abortion disease to healthy pregnant or
non-pregnant cows.

15. Infected, pregnant cows do not transmit the Bang abor-
tion infection to pregnant, non-infected cows before the period
of parturition (or abortion).

16. Some infected cows develop a considerable degree of
immunity or tolerance to the Bang abortion infection, and do
not abort more than once or twice; while others may abort
repeatedly. ‘

17. The artificial inoculation of the living B. abortus germs
in sexually mature females causes a permanent infection iden-
tical with the naturally acquired disease. The effects upon the
animal are the same.

722 J. W. CONNAWAY

18. Healthy heifers and cows artificially infected before .
breeding are not so liable to abort as when infection occurs
after breeding. Such inoculation, however, prior to breeding,
causes abortion in some of the inoculated animals after they
are bred; and any case so treated and infected permanently is
liable to abort during a future pregnancy. And in all cases
they are potential spreaders of abortion infection at time of
parturition.

19. The Bacillus abortus (Bang) is the specific cause of the
majority of cases of abortion in cattle and probably also in
swine.

20. The serological tests—agglutination and complement
fixation—are reliable, practical, diagnostic tests for detecting
infected animals in a herd. The abortion test properly used is
as accurate for its purpose as the tuberculin test is for detecting
tuberculous animals.

21. Other organisms than the Bang bacillus occasionally
cause cows to abort; as for instance, the tubercle bacillus may
produce lesions in the uterus that result in the death and expul-
sion of the fetus; but this organism and the pus-formers which
occasionally gain access to the uterus, do not have the selective,
invasive properties that are possessed by the B. abortus (Bang),
and which entitle the latter to hold the chief place as an aborti-
facient organism in cattle and swine.

Spirilla or vibrios have been found associated with abortion in
cattle; but thus far there does not appear to be any indication
that these organisms will prove a serious menace to cattle and
swine breeding, as a specific or primary contagium transmissible
from herd to herd through infected animals.

22. Sterility is at times a sequel of an abortion due to the
Bang bacillus infection; but this sterility is probably the result,
in most instances, of the post-invasion of the open uterus with
pus-formers, and other wound infections, following a retained
and neglected afterbirth.

23. Infectious abortion in swine, if not identical with that
of cattle, is a closely related infection with strong evidence of
intercommunicability.

PRACTICAL MEASURES OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL

The facts summarized in the foregoing paragraphs supply
the basis for measures of control which have been put in prac-
tice with success on a number of stock farms, and which it is

ABORTION IN CATTLE AND SWINE 723

believed can be adapted to any condition that may arise. An
outline of these measures is given herewith.

1. If an abortion occurs in the herd, isolate the animal
promptly. Do not take the risk that the abortion was due to
an accidental injury or shock, or to some non-specific infection.

2. Destroy the aborted fetus and afterbirth; burn, or bury
them deeply, adding quick-lime before covering with earth.

3. Disinfect the stall and litter where the abortion occurred.
Use compound cresol solution (U.S.P.), or other good disin-
fectant. If the abortion occurred in the open field, or cattle-
yard, cover the spot with freshly slaked lime and sprinkle with
a disinfectant which has a disagreeable odor, to prevent healthy
cattle from licking up infected material.

4. Give attention to the quarantined cow. If the after-
birth has been retained, give proper treatment to prevent
complications leading to chronic metritis, and other conditions
that may result in temporary or permanent sterility. Day by
day disinfect thoroughly the uterine discharges and contam-
inated bedding. Do not permit these to come in contact with
healthy mature cattle and swine; and especially in contact with
healthy pregnant females.

5. Keep the aborting cow in quarantine until uterine dis-
charges have ceased. Before releasing from quarantine, spray
the rump, tail and vulva with a disinfectant which has a suffi-
ciently disagreeable odor to prevent healthy cows from licking
the soiled parts.

6. While the cow is in quarantine, draw a blood sample and
send it to the State Laboratory, or other properly equipped
laboratory, where the diagnostic tests for abortion disease are
made.

(a) If the first sample, drawn soon after the cow aborted,
proves negative to the test, draw another sample in ten or fifteen
days and have a retest made. (It occasionally happens that
the blood-serum of a cow that has recently aborted does not con-
tain sufficient reacting antibodies—in a free state—to give the
specific reaction. If convenient, also send a sample of colostrum.
This fluid contains the antibodies even when they are appar-
ently absent from the blood of an infected cow or sow. The
blood as a rule reacts strongly, both at time of parturition
and at later periods. If therefore a negative reaction is reported
on samples drawn on the fifteenth or thirtieth day, the proba-

724 J. W. CONNAWAY

bilities are that the cow is not infected with the Bang abortion
disease.)

(b) If the blood sample, however, shows a positive reaction
to the abortion test, proceed to test all the sexually mature
breeding cows in the herd, as well as the mature bulls. There
may be other infected animals in the herd that are not sus-
pected, but which are carriers and distributors of abortion
infection at an apparently normal calving; or, in the case of
an infected bull with a diseased genital tract, a more continuous
discharge of infection may be occurring.

7. After the test of the herd Has been made:—(a) Mark or
identify in some plain manner all the reacting individuals.
(b) If convenient, separate all the reactors from the non-reactors,
in different pastures and barns, to facilitate proper handling
and observation, as well as to lessen the risk of spreading infec-
tion to the healthy animals. (c) Make a careful appraisement
of the worth of the reactors as breeding animals, or as milk-.
and butter-producers. (d) Sell to the butcher all reactors that
are not of special merit; such as old cows that have about reached
the end of their usefulness, animals of defective conformation,
poor milkers, unthrifty “hard-keepers,’ uncertain breeders,
cows with bad udders, cows affected with persistent leucorrhoea,
metritis or other genital ailment that has not yielded to expert
treatment; and other reacting ‘‘boarders’”’ in the herd, the
disposal of which would lessen the leaks in the business.

The greater the number of reactors of the class mentioned
that are sent promptly to the butcher, the better it will be
for the owner of the herd—and for the industry. It will lessen
the number of potential distributors of abortion infection to
be kept under surveillance, and will hasten the day when the
herd will be free from the disease. The ultimate elimination
of all reactors is the end to be striven for.

8. Do not sacrifice abortion-infected animals of exceptional
merit. They can be handled without great danger of spreading
the disease. Some of them will abort more than once, and in
widely separated pregnancies; and practically all will remain
potential distributors of the infection; but many of them will
become quite regular breeders, and their progeny, with but few
exceptions, can be reared free from abortion disease. A careful
watch, however, must be kept on all abortion infected pregnant
cows, and if one should show signs of premature calving, she
should be removed promptly from the herd into the quarantine

ABORTION IN CATTLE AND SWINE 725

quarters, and handled as described in a preceding paragraph
until safe to return to the herd.

All abortion reactors retained in the herd,should be regarded
as dangerous distributors of the infection at calving time; although
the calving may appear to be in every way normal, and the
calf fully developed and vigorous. Virulent infection has
been demonstrated in the afterbirth of abortion reactors in
such cases. (The same is true of abortion-infected sows which
farrow living litters of pigs.)

To avoid danger from this source, separate the abortion
reactor from the herd, several days before she is due to calve.
Place the cow if possible in a calving-stable so constructed that
it can be kept in proper sanitary condition. Isolated paddocks
may be used if the drainage can be controlled.

When the cow has calved, dispose of the afterbirth and
contaminated bedding in the manner already described. The
vaginal tract and uterus should receive such treatment by the
attending veterinarian as the circumstances may require.
Disinfect the tail, and soiled hind-quarters, as often as seems
necessary while the cow is in quarantine. Spray the infected
stable litter daily with a disinfectant before cleaning the stall,
so that infection may not be carried on the feet of the attendant
to the stalls of susceptible cattle; and to prevent cattle from
eating. the contaminated bedding.

Disinfect the coat of the calf before transfer to quarters
where the young animal may come in contact with mature
susceptible cattle.

Keep the cow isolated from mature, non-infected cattle
until free from infectious discharges—three to six or eight
weeks. And when released from quarantine, sponge or spray
the tail, vulva, and hind-quarters with an ill-smelling disin-
fectant to prevent other cattle from licking the parts mentioned.

The use of the spray on the hind-quarters is especially appli-
eable in the handling of beef-bred cows which are reactors,
and which have recently aborted or calved. The period of
detention in quarantine may be lessened, if the infected cows
are sprayed frequently after release from quarantine until
the danger period is past.

In the case of milk cows, the use of an ill-smelling disinfec-
tant applied as a spray is objectionable, on account of its contact
with the teats and udder and the danger of tainting the milk;

726 J. W. CONNAWAY

but the application can be made more carefully by the use of a
sponge, and the objections mentioned can thus be overcome.

9. The handling of the calves from abortion reactors is not
a matter of much concern, prior to sexual maturity, so far as
the transmission and the perpetuation of B. abortus infection
in the herd are concerned. And no special changes in herd
management are necessary during this period so far as the
young calves are concerned. For, although the young of abor-
tion-infected mothers are exposed to the danger of infection
in utero, and subsequently from ingesting infected milk (for
a period of several months in the case of beef-bred calves),
the infection is nevertheless, in the great majority of cases,
effectually overcome by the young animal before sexual maturity
is reached.

The young heifer, on reaching breeding age should, however,
be carefully protected from ‘‘open cases’’ of abortion carriers;
namely, cows that have recently aborted, and abortion-reactors
that have recently calved.

Both heifers and gilts when sexually mature are susceptible
to permanent infection before breeding, as well as after becom-
ing pregnant, although the susceptibility is probably greater
during the pregnant state. Proper protection therefore should
be given both before and after breeding to all sexually mature
animals. .

10. While the bull is not, as a rule, an important factor in
the spread of abortion infection, it is preferable not to use an
abortion-reactor; and no reacting bull should be allowed to
run free with the herd.

_ If from necessity, or other valid reasons, a reacting bull is
used, a special breeding pen should be provided to be used
for this purpose only. The sheath of the bull should be flushed
out a half-hour or more before service, and a canvas-bag muzzle
should be placed over the mouth of the cow while in contact
with the bull. Moreover, after service, the coat of the cow,
and especially the rump, tail and vulva, should be sprayed or
sponged with a coal-tar disinfectant. The cow should then be
isolated a few days and sprayed again with the disinfectant
before she is returned to the herd.

11. In the management of a herd of cattle or swine, a rigid
rule should be adopted and adhered to by every breeder—
requiring the temporary isolation of all sexually mature breed-

ABORTION IN CATTLE AND SWINE (pa

ing animals that are purchased; and the application of the
serological abortion test before admission to the home herd.
This also applies to nurse-cows that may be needed in show
herds; and to cows and sows sent in from other herds to be
bred. Clean herds of pure-bred cattle, and of swine, have
become infected and suffered severe loss from these sources
of infection.

12. A systematic testing and retesting of an abortion-infected
herd should be carried out until the herd is free from the disease.
All the young heifers should be tested after reaching breeding
age, and especially after they have been bred a few weeks.
The entire herd should be tested two or three times yearly,
or oftener as circumstances may require. The drawing of the
blood samples is such a simple matter, and the disturbance
to the animal so slight, that these tests should not be neglected
in valuable pure-bred herds.

13. The health certificate for inter-state shipment of sexu-
ally mature breeding cattle and swine should include an affi-
davit that the abortion test has been applied, and that the
animal has been found negative to the test.

14. As vaccination against cattle and swine abortion with
live B. abortus vaccine increases. the number of permanent
carriers and potential spreaders of abortion infection, its general
and unofficial use should be prohibited. Its use should at
least be surrounded by the strictest measures of governmental
control.

15. In conclusion, I would emphasize the fact that the con-
trol of the Bang abortion disease is a comparatively simple
matter; depending upon the proper application of a few essen-
tial measures; namely, the use of the diagnostic tests, with
history of the cases, for the detection of the infection carriers,
and the handling of these potential distributors of abortion
infection in a manner to prevent sexually mature animals from
ingesting the infectious discharges.

It is evident however that success cannot be attained in
the control of this disease, unless the special though simple
details of herd- and stable-management, which have been men-
tioned, are carried out in an intelligent and diligent manner.
And while the burden of this work must be borne by the owners
and the herdsmen who are in immediate charge, a special obli-
gation rests upon the veterinary practitioners, and the veter-

728 J. W. CONNAWAY

inary sanitary officers, in the course of their professional work,
to give the men in immediate charge of a herd practical instructions
in the details of what to do, how to do it, and when to do it.

DISCUSSION

CHAIRMAN REED: Now, this interesting paper on one of the most important
subjects we have to consider in the matter of veterinary medicine is open for
discussion, and I hope we may have some very good discussion on it. Dr.
Connaway, I know, will be glad to answer any questions that any of you
have to ask in regard to his work.

Dr. Connaway: Before the paper is discussed, I wish to say that I hope
the last two words just spoken by Dr. Reed will not mislead anyone into
thinking that this paper is wholly my work; since the fact is that I have not
hesitated to appropriate everything that was good from every available
_ source, and endeavored to put it into practical form for the use of the members
of the Section on Sanitary Science and Police.

Dr. W. E. Corron (Washington, D. C.): Dr. Connaway has ably discussed
this subject giving the known facts and their application. There are one or
two points that he touched on which I would like to mention, and give a little
of our experience at the Bethesda Experiment Station that bears on them.

Dr. Connaway stated that he believed there is not much danger of trans-
mitting this disease from one cow to another through the milk. This is gen-
erally true, I believe, but there are exceptional cases where the milk may be
dangerous to other cattle. It is the practice in some pure-bred herds to allow
the calves to take milk until they are a year or a year and one-half old. When
this is done, it may be that some of the calves will become infected, if the milk
contains living abortion bacilli. We know that it is safe to allow calves to
ingest milk infected with abortion bacilli for the first three or four months of
their lives, but whether it is safe to continue this practice until they are a
year or a year and one-half old, is a question that, so far as I know, has not
been answered.

Dr. Connaway also spoke of the possibility of abortion bacilli passing out
with the feces of calves. We did a little work on this problem some years ago
at the Experiment Station. We fed calves cultures of B. abortus and made
guinea-pig inoculations from the feces. Our results were negative, but as so
many of the guinea-pigs died before lesions, due to abortion bacilli could have
developed, the experiment was not conclusive.

To emphasize what Dr. Connaway has said about the infection of fields
and pastures through abortions occurring in them, and the need of disposing
of all infected material, I want to give the results of one of our experiments
made to determine the length of time abortion bacilli remain alive in fetal
and placental tissues when exposed to the weather. These tissues were exposed
on the ground, under a wire screen, to prevent them from being carried away
by animals, and it was found that during the colder months, the abortion
bacilli remained alive in them for considerably more than 100 days. In the
summer, they died in a much shorter time.

As to “carriers’’ that have never aborted, they are more dangerous than
those that have aborted, because they are unsuspected. As to the danger
through copulation, we, at the Bethesda Experiment Station, have not been
able to transmit abortion disease through copulation, though we have tried
repeatedly. We do recognize the danger, through the seminal fluid that is
spilled, of contaminating food, but through direct copulation we have been
unable to transmit the disease.

Of course, with hogs, the danger from food contamination is greater, because
of the larger quantity of the seminal fluid discharged, and the habit of the
hogs of eating from the ground.

_ As to the use of abortion vaccine, I would not go quite so far in my opposi-
tion as does Dr. Connaway, because, if you inject real, live, abortion bacilli
into cattle at the proper time, something in the way of preventing abortions
in infected herds will be accomplished. Unfortunately, abortion vaccines
that are on the market are frequently dead or contaminated. The abortion

ABORTION IN CATTLE AND SWINE 729

bacillus sometimes dies very quickly. We have had it die within 48 hours
when suspended in physiological salt solution; and then again had it live for
months under the same conditions, as nearly as we could determine them.
Vaccination against abortion disease has not yet passed the experimental
stage. At best, it can be only an expedient to reduce the number of abortions
in infected herds. It cannot be used as an agent for eradicating the disease.

Dr. J. A. Kiernan (Washington, D. C.): Will you discuss the point of
intercommunicability from cattle to hogs?

Dr. Connaway: Evidence in the way of reports from stockmen indicate
that this has occurred; but we have no well checked proof that it occurs under
natural conditions. Experimentally, however, we have produced abortion in
pregnant sows by infecting them with the bovine strains of B. abortus.

Dr. Cotrron: At the Bethesda Experiment Station, we fed a herd of twenty-
five cows a small amount of culture of abortion bacilli isolated from swine,
daily for about a month. There had been no abortion in this herd for a long
time; it had acquired a strong herd-immunity. Inside of three months after
feeding this culture three abortions occurred in the herd. We have not yet
proved that these were caused by the abortion bacilli isolated from swine that
had been fed, but the “lighting up” of abortion disease, where it had been so
long quiescent following the feeding, indicates that there may have been some
connection between the ingestion of the bacilli and the abortions:

Dr. E. B. Haskin (Indianapolis, Indiana): I would like to ask about the
disease as it relates to swine. For instance, we will say that we have one
hundred brood sows; sixty-five of them abort two or three weeks prior to
farrowing time. What advice would you give the owner in such a condition,
and what might we expect in the event that these sows were rebred?

Dr. Connaway: ‘These are all pure-bred sows?

Dr. Haskins: About fifty per cent of them are.

Dr. Connaway: I would put in the pork-barrel all of those grade sows,
to lessen the amount of infection to be dealt with, and to get closer to the pure-
bred business; then I would select from the pure-bred bunch the best of the
non-reactors as the foundation of a new herd. If, however, there were among
the reactors or aborters, one or more of exceptional merit, I would isolate
these from the others and breed them again, for many of the sows that have
aborted will farrow a good litter of pigs the next time, and some of them may
never abort again. But some may have only two or three live pigs, with
maybe two or three dead pigs with hair on them, and perhaps a hairless
mummy.

One of the drawbacks of this disease in swine is that, even if a complete
abortion is not produced, a part of the litter may come dead; and in other
sows only small litters are produced, and such sows are not profitable to the
swine breeder. Moreover, some sows become permanently sterile after
abortion.

In contrast with the conditions mentioned, we have in our experimental
herd one infected sow that, so far as we know, has never aborted and is very
prolific, having large and thrifty litters at each farrowing. We know this
sow to be infected, since she is a reactor to the test, and B. abortus cultures
were isolated from an afterbirth. Moreover, the young pigs were reactors
after sucking the mother. We regard this sow as a probable spreader of
abortion infection to susceptible animals, at her farrowing periods.

There is another thing that should be mentioned; we found that the younger
stock, which as a rule lose the abortion reaction before sexual maturity,
became reactors again if left with the older sows until they had attained
sexual maturity; and this occurred in quite a number of cases in unbred gilts.

In a group of young boars, litter-mates of the gilts, which were separated
from the mothers at weaning, the reaction remained negative until they
were infected experimentally, or were exposed naturally, after they were
sexually mature.

CHAIRMAN REED: Gentlemen, Dr. Connaway made the remark that he
had not done much work, but from his discussion I believe he hasn’t been
asleep all the time, and probably has some other things he could tell us if we
would only ask him.

Dr. B. J. KrttHam (Lansing, Mich.): I have admired Dr. Connaway’s

730 J. W. CONNAWAY

paper principally because of its practical nature, and there has occurred to
me a question that is also confronting sanitary officials at this time and will
become more difficult to answer as time goes on.

Dr. Connaway mentioned in his paper that for interstate shipment, cattle
should be subjected to the “abortion test,’ and an affidavit furnished to
accompany the shipment, indicating that the animals were free from the abor-
tion disease. I would like to ask his opinion as to the practicability of requiring
such at the present time for interstate and other movements of cattle.

Dr. Connaway: It is certainly very desirable, and I think more practi-
cable than the tuberculin test. There is less disturbance to the herd in making
the test, the task of the veterinary inspector is easier and requires less time.
His duty would be to draw a small blood sample from each animal to be tested,
identify the animals and samples officially and send the samples to the state
laboratory. The report upon the abortion test can be secured quite as soon
as that of the tuberculin test.

Some herds in our state, and no doubt in many states, have been badly
infected through the purchase of one or two infected animals from other states.
And, as a great many breeders regard abortion disease as an economic menace
fully as great as tuberculosis, I am convinced that most of them are favorable :
to an official test for interstate traffic. Those who buy undoubtedly are.

CHAIRMAN ReeEp: Is there any further discussion? Have you anything
further, Dr. Connaway?

Dr. Connaway: Further discussion would perhaps only raise questions I
can’t answer.

CHAIRMAN REED: The subject is of such tremendous economic importance
that we want to get all the information possible as live stock sanitary officials.
When Dr. Connaway mentioned requiring a test for every breeding animal
that was shipped, at least interstate, I felt what an ideal condition that would
be if we could at this time demand such a test. It is not perhaps such a diffi-
cult matter in itself, but I fear it would be rather a difficult one to administer.
Personally I would be glad to see something of that sort done, especially if it
is going to lessen the amount of disease we have to combat.

Pardon the Chair for taking a little part in the discussion, but it is a subject
ot tremendous interest to me, as I have done some work in the field along these
ines.

PRUDENCE

In Georgia they tell of a country minister, the Reverend Tyler
Bliss, who was driving a spirited horse through a village, when he
overtook a local physician, who happened to be on foot, and in-
vited him in for a lift.

Ten minutes later the horse bolted, tipped over the carriage
and spilled both men. The doctor rose to his feet and felt him-
self over to see whether he was injured. Then he turned angrily
toward the clergyman.

“See here,” he demanded. ‘‘What do you mean by inviting
me to ride behind an animal like that?”

“Well,”’ replied the minister mildly, ‘‘it was lucky that this
time there were no bones broken. But I always like to have a
doctor with me when I drive that horse.”

The American Legion Weekly.

THE VALUE OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION TO
VETERINARY MEDICINE*

JoHn G. HaRDENBERGH, V. M. D.
Division of Experimental Surgery and Pathology,
Mayo Foundation,

_ Rochester, Minnesota.

The veterinary profession has advanced and prospered in direct
ratio to the advancement and prosperity which has attended the
development of the live stock industry. Conversely, the live
stock industry always has been and always will be dependent for
sucess on the ability of the veterinary profession to solve the pro-
blems of disease which have arisen and will continue to arise so
long as domestic animals play a part in the scheme of existence.
These statements are so obvious as to appear superfluous, yet
they form the basis for consideration of still another factor, one
which more than any other, has placed veterinary medicine in the
position of ‘“god-father” to the live stock industry. For it is be-
lieved that animal experimentation has enabled veterinary
science to perform its greatest service to man and animals
through the control and eradication of the infectious diseases to
which our domestic animals are subject.

The history of greatest advancement in the control of disease is,
for the most part, the history of experimental investigation. The
day which sees the restrictions or prohibition of animal experi-
mentation, as conducted by competent persons, will also mark
the initial decadence of the medical professions in their chosen
fields of service to man and animals. Yet it is safe to say that
very few of those not actively engaged in investigational work as it
applies to disease ever give much thought to animal experimen-
tation in its various phases. Nine out of ten veterinarians today
might say on casual consideration that it has little or no bearing on
their work. However, a careful review of the subject reveals the
fact that a surprisingly large part of our professional knowledge
has resulted from such investigation, and that an equally large
share of the veterinarian’s equipment for the treatment of dis-
ease is dependent on the same factor.

The main attribute of success in any prefession is a mastery of
the fundamentals on which further knowledge must be based.

*Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922.

731

732 JOHN G. HARDENBERGH

Anatomy, physiology, pathology and bacteriology, pharmacology
and therapeutics are the essentials of the education of the veter-
inarian, without which the theory and practice of veterinary
medicine and surgery would be nothing more than quackery.
With the possible exception of anatomy, not one of these essen-
tials would have emerged from the realms of guesswork without
the employment of living animals in experimental work, and even
in anatomy very painstaking research with living subjects has
been necessary in order to determine many of the finer points of
anatomic structure and relationship. As regards physiology, we
still might believe, as did Aristotle, that ‘‘the heart is the seat of
consciousness and will, and the brain an organ to cool the heart’’,
had not Harvey and other pioneer physiologists pointed the way
to certain knowledge by observations on animals. Pathology
and bacteriology are so closely related to animal experimenta-
tion that any attempt to separate them would be foolhardy.

In pharmacology and therapeutics the relationship is Just as
close. Few drugs of any value have come down to us from the
times before animal research was known and the actions of these
were, as a general rule, only slightly understood. In the sixty-
five years which have passed since the establishment of the first
pharmacological laboratory more progress has been made in our
knowledge of drugs than in all the centuries preceding.

Such statements are interesting as matters of history, but the
average person is concerned chiefly with factors which have a
more direct bearing on his everyday activities. In order to ob-
tain accurate data concerning the effects of animal experimenta-
tion on the routine practice of the veterinarian today, a question-
naire was sent to the leading pharmaceutical and biologic houses
of the country. Information was requested as to the extent to
which the preparation or standardization of their products de-
pended on animal experimentation. Commercial houses were
consulted in this matter rather than those engaged in research be-
cause it was desired to obtain data concerning animal experi-
mentation in its practical application to veterinary medicine
rather than to dwell on the purely scientifle phases of the work.
Analysis of the answers received reveals some interesting facts.
It is found that no less than fourteen species of animals are re-
quired either in the preparation or standardization of products
commonly employed in veterinary practice.

Horses are employed for the production of tetanus antitoxin,
anti-anthrax serum, anti-blackleg serum, antistreptococcie serum,

ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 733

white scours serum, and antihemorrhagic septicemia serum.

Cattle, including calves, are used in the production of black-
leg vaccine, aggressin and for anti-anthrax serum.

Sheep and goats are used as test animals for anthrax vaccine.

Swine furnish anti-hog cholera serum and hog cholera virus
and are also used to test the potency of these products.

Dogs are essential in standardizing cannabis indica, epine-
phrin and ergot; they are also employed to prove the efficacy
of antirabic vaccine.

Rabbits are the source of antirabic vaccine and are invaluable
in testing various serums for potency and maintaining the vir-
ulence of bacterial cultures used in the preparation of vaccines
and _ bacterins.

Guinea-pigs are the animals officially designated to test the
potency of tetanus antitoxin and are universally employed to
test the safety of various serums and bacterins. They are also
used in the standardization of aconite.

White mice are commonly employed to maintain the virulence
of bacterial cultures, roosters are employed to standardize ergot,
frogs to standardize digitalis, and so on through the list.

In the production of pharmaceuticals, therefore, a considerable
number, about 10 per cent, of drugs commonly employed in vet-
erinary practice, are standardized on animals of various species.
Among these drugs may be mentioned digitalis, squill, strophan-
thin, ergot, aconite, cannabis indica, epinephrin, pituitary solu-
tions. By the use of animals in this work, the manufacturers are
able to place in the hands of the practitioner products known to
be active, the dose of which is accurately determined, and pro-
ducts so well standardized that practically no question arises as
to the effects they will produce under given conditions. Few
veterinarians would be willing to eliminate these drugs entirely,
or accept preparations of them concerning the reliability of
which they could know nothing.

The preparation of biologic products presents a much more
striking example of what animal experimentation is doing for the
veterinarian and the animals he is called on to treat. One hun-
dred per cent of these therapeutic agents depend wholly or in
part on animal inoculation and animal experimentation for pro-
duction, tests of potency, tests of safety, and so forth. Hog
cholera serum and virus, anti-anthrax serum and vaccine,
blackleg vaccine, tuberculins and malleins head the list of bio-
logic products without which the followers of veterinary medi-

734 JOHN G. HARDENBERGH

cine could not long hope to maintain the record they have made
in conserving the health of animals.

Again, in certain communicable diseases for which there is no
specific treatment, animal research has made possible the devel-
opment of measures whereby epidemics may be checked and
foci of infection eradicated. The stupendous achievements in
the campaigns of eradicating tuberculosis of cattle, tick fever
glanders and other plagues have in one way or another been
brought about by investigations carried on with living animals.

It may be argued that the prohibition of animal experimenta-
tion can have little effect on veterinary problems for the reason
that much of the legislation aimed at restriction of this practice has
for its chief object the exemption of the dog from experimental
work. This is partly true and yet the forces opposed to animal
experimentation are working to prohibit all animal experimenta-
tion so far as possible. Those familiar with the situation are en-
titled to question the advisability of allowing an entering wedge
of any degree to be inserted beneath the foundation of further
advancement in the medical sciences. If the opponents of animal
experimentation succeed in prohibiting the use of the dog in re-
search, then, to be consistent, they should and undoubtedly
would bend their energies toward exempting other species or all
species of animal life from this work. Once started, inconceiv-
able havoc may be wrought by the unsympathetic intrusion of
those who refuse to see the benefits obtained by observation on
animals. Those who oppose the germ theory of disease and even
go so far as to question the existence of such communicable
diseases as rabies are scarcely fitted to dictate what shall be done
and what shall not be done along the lines of experimental in-
vestigation.

For many years, the medical profession has carried the brunt
of the fight which has been forced upon it by the pernicious
activities of mistaken individuals who have assumed the role of
animal lovers supreme. And yet the veterinary profession has
just as much at stake as those who are primarily concerned with
the public health. It is true that some of the leaders in our pro-
fession are taking part in the activities of those organizations
whose purpose is to teach the public the value of animal experi-
mentation. As a profession, however, we have been inclined to
limit our activities to the passage of resolutions opposing legis-
lation aimed at the restriction of such research.

Every veterinarian, in his daily contact with clients, can ac-

ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 735

complish much by tactfully pointing out the relationship of the
work which has made possible the development of agents, such
as anti-hog cholera serum, for the control of infectious diseases.
If the live stock owners of the country can be made to grasp the
significance of animal experimentation as it applies to the health
of their stock, a tremendous influence will be exerted in the in-
terests of veterinary science and the advancement of medical
knowledge generally.

In bespeaking the active interest of all veterinarians in the
cause of animal experimentation, it is not asked that they re-
linquish in any degree their regard for animals. This profession,
from its very nature, should have greater interest than any other
group of persons in the welfare of all domestic animals. But we
must be able to discern between what is best for the livestock in-
dustry with its millions of animals and what a few individuals
would have us believe is best for the comparatively small number
of animals used in research. The greatest good to the greatest
number is a principle which can be applied to any situation.

Today there are just as difficult problems in veterinary medi-
cine which require the assistance of animal experimentation to
effect their solutions as have existed in the past. Much remains
to be accomplished in abortion disease in cattle, foot and mouth
disease, certain swine diseases, canine distemper, nutritional
diseases, and a host of the more common ailments concerning
which our knowledge is still rudimentary.

Briefly then, animal experimentation has furnished the basis
for veterinary education; it plays a part in the production of
10 per cent of the drugs used in veterinary medicine; it is con-
cerned with 100 per cent of veterinary biologic products. In the
past all the veterinary profession has been able to accomplish in
the control of infectious disease has been due to considerable
extent to what animal experimentation has taught. Any future
progress will depend quite as much on the same factor, and it is
imperative that we do all in our power to prevent the weakening
of that force.

Dog LANGUAGE
Agitated Hotel Manager—“Say, don’t you know that you
shouldn’t whistle in the lobby like that?”
Bell Boy—‘‘Boss, I ain’t whistlin’. I’se pagin’ Missus Jones’
dawg.”
Life

GLANDULAR GROUP ANTAGONISM. ITS APPLICA-
TION TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. PHYSIO-
LOGICAL STANDARDIZATION!

By J. F. Suicury, D. V. M. and C. L. Meck, B.S.
Beebe Laboratories, Inc., St. Paul, Minn.

In order to outline clearly the purpose of this paper, reference
must be made to previous articles on the subject of glandular
therapy and its relation to diseases of animals. The discussions
and results of experimental investigations* are based upon a
theoretical study of the physiologic activity of glandular life.
The periods of glandular activity and the important endocrine
glands which are related to the different periods are shown in
Table 1.

TaBLeE 1—PERIODS OF GLANDULAR ACTIVITY

1. YoutH 2. SexuaLt Maturity | 3 PREGNANCY | 4, SUCKLING 5. OLp AGE

Thymus Male Female Placenta Mammary Atrophy

Pituitary Testes Ovary Corpus luteum Ovaries of all of

Thyroid Adrenal Adrenal Mammary Uterine mucosa the glands

Adrenal Thyroid Thyroid Foetus of internal

Pineal Pituitary Pituitary Uterine mucosa secretion
Prostate

It has also been shown that a properly balanced mixture of
extracts of the sexual maturity group is indicated for the treat-
ment of failure to come in heat or ‘‘non-breeder,”’ also for retained
placenta and delayed parturition. Such preparations can be
accurately standardized in the laboratory, by their specific
abortive action on pregnant guinea-pigs.

Reference has been made to clinical data on the successful
use of an experimental glandular extract mixture for the treat-
ment of animals in which the signs of heat were not pronounced,
and those which fail. to breed. Attention has also been called to
the successful clinical treatment of animals afflicted with nympho-
mania.

GLANDULAR GROUP ANTAGONISM

The present paper is limited to consideration of the two
important glandular groups, namely, the female sexual maturity

1Read before the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, St. Joseph, Mo., February 13, 1923.

*KiInG AND SHIGLEY, Glandular therapy with special reference to animal experimentation.
Veterinary Medicine, January 1923; SHigLEY AND Meck, Endocrine therapy, North American
Veterinarian, February, 1923; Kine, Glandular therapy in treatment of animal diseases, North
American peiorustian, January, 1923; Saictey, Organo-therapy, Veterinary Medicine, Feb-
ruary, 1923.

736

GLANDULAR GROUP ANTAGONISM 737

group (No. 2, Table 1) and the pregnancy group (No. 3, Table 1).
It is the purpose of this paper to report results which strengthen
the theory, that the neutralizing or antagonistic action of one
of the above glandular groups may be used to practical advantage
in bringing the opposite glandular group into proper balance
when same is over-stimulated or hyper-active. The results
recorded in the earlier articles have shown experimentally that
there exists a glandular group antagonism directed by the female
sexual maturity group against the pregnancy group, as evidenced
by the abortion of 80% of pregnant guinea-pigs after injection
with synergistically balanced extracts of the sexual maturity
group. This observation affords not only concrete evidence as
to the existence of glandular group antagonism but, as already
has been stated, it provides a means of physiologically standard-
izing a glandular extract mixture which is clearly indicated in
the treatment of conditions in the breeding animals which are
dependent upon a lowered tone, lack of balance and debility of
the female sexual maturity group. Such conditions are: failure
to come in heat or “‘non-breeder,” retained placenta and delayed
parturition.

NYMPHOMANIA—CLINICAL RESULTS FROM TREATMENT WITH
PREGNANCY Group (No. 3)

Turning to the pregnancy glandular group which consists of
placenta, corpus luteum, mammary, fetus and uterine mucosa,
the theory has been advanced that, a synergistically balanced
mixture of these glandular extracts is clearly indicated in the
treatment of nymphomania. This is theoretically true because of
the fact that in nymphomaniacs the sexual maturity group of
endocrinous glands (ovary, adrenal, thyroid and pituitary) are
over-stimulated, or are subject to hyper-activity, while the
glands of the pregnancy group (corpus luteum, mammary and
uterine mucosa) are lacking in proper tone or are debilitated.
In such cases, the animals should be treated with repeated
injections of a properly balanced mixture of the pregnancy
group extracts. In support of this the results are submitted
(Table 2) following the treatment of seven grade cattle which
were chronic nymphomaniacs.

DeETAILED Discuss1IoN—NYMPHOMANIA CASE REPORTS

These animals were all registered Holstein cattle, kept in
the usual well-arranged, modern barn and provided with bal-

738 J. F.SHIGLEY ann C7 L.-MECK

TABLE 2—TREATMENT WITH PREGNANCY Group No. 14

Record of Condition Period
No.| Age} Calves and Heat Period of before of Result
Abortion Periods | Nymphomania| Treatment | Treatment
1 5 3 calves Daily About one 14 days Increase in
(1 abortion) year (See) ; butter-fat
25 days and flesh.
Loss of (10cce). Heat period—
flesh. 2 weeks.
2 5 oS 2-3 days S Broad a Same. Heat—
ligaments 20 days.
— relaxed.

3 9 7 2-3 6 months ae As above.

: Heat—14 days.
times SS SS EEE

4 4 2 calves per ei hn 14 days

week /}——————, Sagging Improvement.

5 5 oe Sw ts back. (See). Were sold.

6 4 1 calf 2-3 days| 10 “

7 | 12 | Number of | Daily More than 2 weeks Marked im-
calves not one year. (See). provement.
determined. Increased | Developed
Retained to 10cce. abscess in 1
placenta. (2 weeks) | ovary, sterile
Vaginal dis-
charge.

anced rations fed according to approved methods. Special
attention was paid to milk records and butter-fat production
and less to the breeding condition of these animals. As nympho-
mania became evident the veterinarian’s attention was called to
the condition, and repeated examinations, with rupture of cysts,
failed to bring about any marked improvement. It was then
decided to use a balanced mixture of extracts of the pregnancy
glandular group in an attempt to restore the normal activity of
the parts affected.

Cow No. 1 had given birth to 3 calves, one of which was an
abortion. This animal was fed for milk production and developed
chronic nymphomania. This was accompanied by loss of
flesh, changes in broad ligaments, sagging back and a consequent
decrease both in the amount of milk and the butter-fat content.
experimental lot No. 14 of the pregnancy glandular group was
injected in 5-ce doses daily for about two weeks, when the
herdsman allowed the animal to go for a short period without
injections. When injections were resumed 10 cc daily were given
with marked improvement in the physical condition of the
animal, increased butter-fat, and an improvement of ovarian
tissue, with a decrease in formation of cysts. The frequency of
the heat periods rapidly subsided and at the time the above
record was made the minimum period was at 14-day intervals.

Cow No. 2 has a record very similar to Cow No. 1, with the
exception that heat periods were at 2- to 3-day intervals. Im-

GLANDULAR GROUP ANTAGONISM 739

provement was marked following the use of the extracts of the
pregnancy glandular group as the heat periods were at twenty-
day intervals which is approaching a normal condition.

Cow No. 3 showed extensive physical changes, with sagging
back, base of tail prominent, broad ligaments sunken. Heat
periods occurred 2 or 3 times per week with the usual effect on
milk-production. Ovaries were cystic and body of uterus showed
lack of tone. The use of extracts of the pregnancy group was
indicated and the improvement was very noticeable. The
ovaries showed a rapid approach to normal consistency, with less
tendency to cyst development. The uterus had a better tone
and the heat periods were at approximately fourteen-day
intervals.

Cows Nos. 4, 5 and 6 were younger than the others and showed
fewer external physical characteristics than the others. When
treated, these animals showed improvement and were sold with a
group of others from the same herd. It wouldseem that these
animals were sufficiently changed in habits so that the purchaser
would not recognize that chronic, nymphomaniac conditions
had existed.

Cow No. 7, aged, number of calves not determined. This
animal had a history of retained placenta, at last calving, and
a vaginal discharge which was not controlled with the use of
local applications. Nymphomania had been evident for over a
year and hence the case presented was not very favorable. The
use of experimental lot No. 14 resulted in an increase in general
tone as well as in the tone of the uterus and ovaries. However,
this animal developed an abcess in one ovary and the owner
desired to dispose of her.

In all of the above cases the animals were subjected to regular
examinations and cysts were ruptured as they were detected.
It is well to bear in mind that all of these cases were of long
standing and most of them had been considered hopelessly
chronic, beyond any form of control or treatment. The results
clearly show that repeated injections of synergistically balanced
extracts of the pregnancy group, experimental lot No. 14,
effected a material change in regulating the heat periods, in
controlling the behavior of the animals, and in influencing the
production of butter-fat.

740 §:.F SHIGLEY Ann G7, MECK

PuysroLocic AcTION, PREGNANCY Group (No. 3)

Among other laboratory experiments, concerned especially
with the experimental testing of the activities of various glandular
mixtures, considerable attention has been given to the develop-
ment of a physiologic test of a synergistically balanced mixture
of the extracts of the pregnancy glandular group (placenta,
corpus luteum, mammary, fetus and uterine mucosa). It has
been found that the potency or activity of such a product may
be determined by the use of normal virgin guinea-pigs which
have attained the breeding age. Such animals, as they are found
in good, healthy breeding-stock are represented for the most
part by young females, in which the sexual maturity group of
endocrinous glands are active, due to rapid maturity and in
many cases are over-stimulated.

It is, of course, well known that the guinea-pig represents an
animal which is a prolific breeder and in which the period of
gestation is relatively short (seven weeks). Those who are
familiar with the breeding of guinea pigs, especially on a large
seale, often observe that in a lot of virgin females, of approxi-
mately the same age or same period of sexual maturity, con-
ception will occur at various times. This is in all probability
due to an absence of proper balance between the sexual maturity
and pregnancy groups of glands. The rapid development of the
sexual maturity group of glands causes an over-stimulation of
that group and a consequent delay before the sexual maturity
group regains a normal degree of activity and allows the preg-
nancy group to attain full activity. With these observations in
mind, a series of experiments were conducted in sixteen virgin
guinea-pigs, a summary of which is found in Table 3.

The above series of guinea-pigs were known to have been
virgins, and had had no opportunity to become pregnant, as
male animals had not had access to them before the experiment
was undertaken. As the period of gestation of a guinea-pig is
seven weeks the experiment was conducted for that length of
time. Eight of the animals were treated with 1 cc of synergisti-
cally balanced mixture of extracts of the pregnancy group,
experimental lot No. 14, the subcutaneous injection being given
at 48-hour intervals. Three of the control animals were given
1 cc of protein solution, which represented the same amount of
protein material obtained from the tissue extracts as that con-
tained in the glandular extract mixture. Five of the control

GLANDULAR GROUP ANTAGONISM 741

TaBLE 3—EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE EFFECTS OF A MIXTURE OF THE EXTRACTS OF THE
PREGNANCY GLANDULAR GROUP

Pig Weight | Period of Treatment Distribution and Total wet. of feti
No. | gms. Treatment Number of feti per pregnant pig
1050 | 400 | 48 days lec. Lot 14 Right horn 2 | 12.5 gms.
Every other day
0? | 410 ane ba ‘ Both horns 2 8.9 gms.
1060 | 448 z ce « 3 | 30.0 gms.
1061 | 420 | * “ “ 3 | 14.60 ems.
0a ai 4 | Oar ta 3 | 29.60 ems.
Nea RTE a ‘ Right horn 2 | 3.80 ems.
1064 410 2 ids af Both horns 3 | Toosmall to weigh
1056 360 ‘ 2 - 3 20.00 gms.
1065 | 330 ss lee. protein Non-pregnant
solution
1067 | 450 % 2 “
1069 | 450 eae : Left horn 3 | 32.30 gms.
OO ASE (OO Control Right horn 1 | Toosmall to weigh
1071 350 haps sale se Non-pregnant
tio 0 ee [ae ‘ “
1073 | 315 | ss 7 Left horn 1 4.80 gms.
1074 | 380 | = « ‘ Right horn 1 | 3.10 gms.

animals received no treatment whatever. The results of this

experiment are summarized in Table 4.

TABLE 4—SumMMARY OF RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT WITH PREGNANCY GLANDULAR GROUP

Eight Virgin Females \Eight Virgin Females
treated with Mixture three treated with
of Extracts of Preg- Protein Extracts.
nancy Group No. 14 Five untreated.
100% \Percentage Pregnancies 50%
21 Number of feti 6
118.5 gms. Weight of feti 40.1 gms.
: 14.8 gms. Average weight of feti per mother 5.0 gms.
75% Both horns of uterus pregnant 0
250% Percentage increase, feti over controls, by number
188.3% Percentage increase, feti over controls, by weight

A concrete idea of the results secured in the above experiments
may be obtained by a glance at photograph (Figure 1), of the feti
dissected from the uteri of both treated and untreated pigs.
Five of the treated virgins produced three feti each. Usually
primipara give birth to only one or two pigs.

The clear-cut, distinctly positive results of the above experi-
ment, in addition to furnishing good evidence that a properly
balanced mixture of the extracts of the glands of the pregnancy

742 J. F. SHIGLEY anp C. L. MECK

group may be tested in the laboratory, also clearly demonstrate
the practical application of the use of balanced extracts of the
pregnancy group of endocrinous glands in clinical work. It is
clearly shown that such a preparation exerts a distinctly antag-
onistic action toward the female sexual maturity group of glands.
This conclusion is borne out by the result of clinical work upon
cattle which are subject to chronic nymphomania. The use of a
balanced mixture of the extracts of the pregnancy group exerts
a markedly beneficial action in antagonizing or neutralizing the
over-stimulated female sexual maturity group.

FIG.1._Feti on left are those from control pigs. Those on right from treated pigs. One fetus
omitted from group on left, being too small to be dissected from uterus. Uterus at bottom of
group on right contains three feti too small for dissection.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE GLANDULAR ANTAGONISM
OF PREGNANCY GROUP

Furthermore, in the light of this experiment it seems probable
that non-breeding animals, with the exception of those which
are subject to specific infection or surgical disorders, may be
divided into two classes: first, those which fail to come in heat;
second, those which come in heat, but which fail to conceive.
Those animals included in the first class, which fail to come in
heat, represent an improper glandular group relationship, in

‘ MA
ght te

a

GLANDULAR GROUP ANTAGONISM 743

that the pregnancy group predominates, thus holding in check
the female sexual maturity group. Such cases show material
results following the use of a properly balanced mixture of the
extracts of the female sexual maturity group. Secondly, those
animals which come in heat, but which persist in failure to con-
ceive, illustrate the predominance of the pregnancy group over
the sexual maturity group. It seems evident that in such cases
the relationship of the two groups is such that the activity of
the sexual maturity group is overneutralized by the hyper-
activity of the pregnancy group. It follows, therefore, that in
such cases a properly balanced mixture of extracts of the preg-
nancy group should be administered for the purpose of stimulating
the pregnancy group and antagonizing the hyper-activity of the
sexual maturity group.

PracticaL APPLICATION OF THE GLANDULAR ANTAGONISM OF
SpxuAL Maturity GROUP

As illustrating further the practical application of glandular
group antagonism in the treatment of certain animal diseases
reference may be made to the results of experiments reported in
previous articles. It was found that the administration of a
properly balanced mixture of extracts of the female maturity
group, to pregnant guinea-pigs, exerted a specific abortive or
oxytocic action in 80% of the treated animals. Aside from the
scientific application of these results in the standardization of
such a glandular extract mixture, which is indicated for the
treatment of animals which fail to come in heat, and in which the
sexual maturity group of glands is not normally active, they are
of practical importance from the point of view of the application
of glandular group antagonism. Not infrequently abortions are
desired in pure-bred animals. This is especially true in the case
of pure-bred cattle, which have been inadvertently served by a
scrub bull. It often happens that a valuable bitch is bred by a
mongrel or the value of a registered filly is impaired because of
accidental service by a grade stallion. In such cases a syner-
gistically balanced mixture of the extracts of the sexual maturity
group of glands, in repeated doses subcutaneously, should be
given to produce the desired abortion. This follows along the
line of a physiologic process unattended by loss of flesh and debility,
which are commonly experienced after the use of various drugs
employed for this purpose.

744 J. F. SHIGLEY anp C. L. MECK

SUMMARY

1. The basis for the experimental work outlined depends upon
the grouping of the various endocrine glands in their relation to
the different periods of life, as follows: (1) Youth (thymus,
thyroid, adrenal, pineal); (2) Sexual Maturity (ovaries, adrenal,
thyroid and pituitary for the female, and testes, adrenal, thyroid,
pituitary and prostate for the male); (3) Pregnancy (placenta,
corpus luteum, mammary, fetus and uterine mucosa); (4) Lac-
tation (mammary, ovaries, uterine mucosa).

2. A synergistically balanced mixture of extracts of lot No. 14
showed markedly beneficial action in the treatment of a series
of seven cows which were chronic nymphomaniacs. The heat
periods were reduced from approximately daily to two.or three
times a week, to fourteen- to twenty-day intervals. The butter-
fat was increased, as well as the general condition and the habits
of the animal.

3. A series of sixteen virgin female guinea-pigs were removed
from the pens in which no males had had access and placed with
breeding males. Eight of these pigs were given subcutaneously,
at forty-eight-hour intervals, a properly balanced mixture of
extracts of the pregnancy group. Eight of the pigs were re-
tained as controls, three of these being given subcutaneously,
at forty-eight hour-intervals, 1l-ce doses of protein extract
solution. At the end of forty-nine days all animals in the series
were killed and autopsied. 100% of the treated animals were
pregnant, while only 50% of the controls were pregnant. The
treated animals as compared with controls showed the following
results: 21 feti as against 6; 118.5 gms of feti, as against 40.1
ems; 14.8 gms. of feti per mother as against 5 gms.; both horns
of the uteri pregnant in 75%, as against none. The percentage
of increase of feti in the treated animals, by number, was 250%
and by weight, 188.3%.

4. The results of these experiments show that a properly balanced
mixture of the extracts of the glands of the pregnancy group
exerts an antagonistic action, or a neutralizing effect, upon the
secretions of a hyper-active female sexual maturity group.

5. The results of guinea-pig experiments tend to indicate that
non-breeding animals may be divided into two classes. First,
those which fail to come in heat, due to lowered activity of the
sexual maturity group of endocrinous glands, and second, those
which do not conceive although they come in heat, due to a

GLANDULAR GROUP ANTAGONISM 745

predominance of the activity of the pregnancy group over the
sexual maturity group of endocrinous glands.

6. Further illustrations of the practical significance of glandular
group antagonism in the treatment of animal diseases is afforded
by the action of properly balanced extracts of the glands of the
female sexual maturity group, in exerting a specific abortive
action in 80% of treated guinea-pigs. This might be applied,
in the field, in the case of pure-bred heifers, or other valuable
animals which have been inadvertently bred to undersirable
sires.

7. The results of experimental work indicate that the proper
application of glandular group antagonism, if directed in a care-
ful manner, depending upon properly diagnosed conditions,
should yield specific beneficial clinical results.

ENGLAND’S FIRST WOMAN VETERINARIAN

England’s first woman veterinarian has distinguished family
connections. She is Miss Aleen Cust, daughter of the late Sir
Leopold Cust and a sister of Sir Charles Cust, Equerry to King
George. Miss Cust told the story of how she became the first
woman to enter upon the practice of veterinary surgery with the
approval of the Royal College. Appropriately enough, she lives
in a mews back of fashionable Eaton Sq., and as animals are her
hobby in life, she is literally surrounded by highly bred dogs.

“It has taken me 18 years to get the diploma,” she told your
correspondent, ‘‘although a long time ago I passed through the
four years’ course at the Edinburgh Veterinary College, gaining
medals and prizes in open competition. At that time the Royal
College would not open its doors to women.

Miss Cust, among other activities, served during the World
War in a bacteriological laboratory attached to a veterinary
hospital in France. For 10 years she was veterinary inspector
under the Galway County Council and the Department of Agri-
culture in Ireland, but had to leave when conditions became un-
settled across the channel.”

Brooklyn Daily Eagle

Dr. T. E. Munce, of Harrisburg, Pa., addressed the December
meeting of the Pennsylvania Tuberculosis Society on “The Re-
lation of Animal Tuberculosis to Public Health.”

OBSTETRICS IN SMALL ANIMALS*
By Wiu1am J. Lentz, V. M. D.

School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania.

In this paper I have confined myself to narrow limits, as the
title, “Obstetrics in Small Animals’’, is entirely too comprehen-
sive for one paper.

ESTRUM OR SEASON.—This in the bitch is an irregular
function, usually twice each year; sometimes but once, in others
oftener; duration from ten to twenty days. The consensus of
opinion among breeders is that when copulation occurs late in the
estral period, there will be a preponderance of males. Recent
scientific investigations, however, prove that there is no founda-
tion for this belief. Furthermore, they believe that a successful
service is one which has taken place late.

Bitches in estrum should not be exposed to damp and cold or
bathed unnecessarily. Congestion and enlargement of the lobes
of the thyroid, bringing about difficult respiration, is not un-
common during estrum.

BREEDING OR MATING.—The sexes should be nearly
equal size, so as not to produce offspring to which the female is
unable to give birth. Like begets like, but it should also be
borne in mind that the sire and bitch are in a sense only inter-
mediaries through which the characteristics of the grandparents
are transmitted.

Breeders are generally of the opinion that the bitch all retain
a mental impression of the dog with which she has been mated.
There is absolutely nothing in this. They keep the bitch isolated
after a service, not only because of this idea, but also to guard
against the danger of a second conception with an undesirable
male. Several instances of superfetation have been brought to
my attention, that is, a bitch may copulate several times during
an estral period, with an interim of several days or more, thus ac-
counting for different periods at which the progeny sometimes
appears. One or two days is not at all uncommon between the
puppings; in one case even ten days. The puppies may even
be of different breeds.

Opinions differ as to the number of “‘visits’” necessary to in-

*Presented at the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, at Harrisburg, Pa., January 23 and 24, 1923.

746

OBSTETRICS IN SMALL ANIMALS 747

sure pregnancy. This, however, depends largely upon the dur-
ation of the connection. It should be at least ten to fifteen min-
utes. The second ‘‘visit’’ should not be too long delayed so
that the interval between the birth of the puppies is short.
Because of the possibility of superfetation in the bitch, the in-
terval between matings should not be more than twenty-four to
forty-eight hours, and in delivering an animal, one should elicit a
history as to the number of copulations, and the duration of time
between.

DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY.—This may frequently be
determined by palpation of the uterus after the third or fourth
week. This may of course be facilitated by first fasting the ani-
mal and then placing her on her side or back. Later, a fairly
accurate diagnosis can be made by the use of the X-ray. The
vertebral columns of the foetuses will be shown on the skiograph
at a comparatively early period. Swelling of the mammae and
the presence of milk in the teats are not necessarily a sign of
approaching parturition, as this condition is frequently in evi-
dence in estrum.

PARTURITION.—The duration of pregnancy is from sixty-
two (62) to sixty-four (64) days. In our parturition cases in the
bitch, we are frequently confronted with the question as to when
to render aid. We should not be too hasty in making a display
of our skill as obstetricians, as the time occupied in giving
birth to a puppy is often of long duration, and the interim be-
tween births is often very long; this undoubtedly is a wise pro-
vision of nature to guard against prostration of the mother.

It is always advisable to make an examination per vaginam.
If a puppy is felt through a sack of membranes, so to speak, that
is, if the water-bags are not broken, one should, as a general rule,
refrain from interference at this time. If, on the other hand, the
finger comes in direct contact with the hair-coat of the puppy,
and it is not in the pelvic inlet, then aid should be given.

The most frequent causes of dystokia are malpositions of the
foetus, a too small or deformed pelvis, uterine inertia, ete. The
first labor pains are short and somewhat weak, but as labor pro-
ceeds they should become stronger, longer and more frequent,
and the supplementary respiratory and abdominal muscles
should be active.

Uterine inertia calls for the administration of pituitrin, ergot
or quinine, and in this connection it should be borne in mind that

748 WILLIAM J. LENTZ

in some bitches with pendant bellies, the foetuses have to ascend
a step, so to speak, to reach the pelvic inlet. Therefore it is
advisable in some cases to hold up the abdomen of the bitch when
she is laboring. In dry labor and in malposition of the foetus, I
have found a vaginal and uterine douche of warm flaxseed tea,
soap suds or therapogen solution of marked value, when it be-
comes necessary to employ instruments, because we can thus bal-
loon the vagina and uterus and we are less apt to pick up or in-
jure the walls of these organs; besides, we can frequently move
the foetus about. In dry labor, it is sometimes advisable to place
the animal in a warm bath, meanwhile keeping the finger in the
vagina until relaxation ensues.

Ergot seems of marked value to produce uterine contractions
in the bitch. If the labor is protracted and the pains are weak
it is indicated.

Various instruments are employed for the extraction of pup-
pies and there are several different patterns of forceps. The most
necessary and essential feature of any forceps is that the blades
must be long enough to grasp as much of the foetus as possible.

One of the simplest, and at the same time one of the most
effective, instruments for the extraction of puppies is a piece of
copper wire about one foot and a half in length and a ecanula.
The wire is doubled and passed through the canula so as to form
a loop at one end. The index finger of the left hand carries the
loop into the vagina and holds it in place on the poll of the puppy.
The end of the canula is now pushed forward beneath the chin
and an assistant then puts traction on the wire. Another very
effective instrument is simply a blunt hook made from a piece of
stout wire about a foot long, exercising care to keep the finger on
the hook after its fixation. Sometimes, by placing the hook into
the intermaxillary space live puppies may be extracted. When
the puppy is dead it may literally be raked out with such an
instrument.

CESAREAN SECTION.—We prefer the median-line oper-
ation and do not consider it a hindrance to the proper suckling
of the young. The question as to whether or not a uterus should
be extirpated is dependent entirely upon the viability of the
organ. If the uterus has a grayish, purplish or greenish color,
is flaccid and involution does not appear to have taken place, then
it should be removed. A viable healthy uterus should involute
under one’s eyes, so to speak, after the puppies are removed, and

OBSTETRICS IN SMALL ANIMALS 749

one can often draw conclusions in this respect on noticing how
freely the uterus bleeds when the incision or incisions made in
it are stitched up. A healthy uterus bleeds somewhat freely when
stitched. Preparatory to stitching, the cavity of the uterus
should be flushed with a normal saline solution. The application
of warm saline solution packs or the electric current, or lightly
painting over the organ with Lugol’s solution, will sometimes
overcome the flaccidity and cause the organ to involute. As far
as our experience enables us to speak, we are inclined to believe
that the animal is more likely to survive an extirpation of the
uterus, if the ovaries are not removed.

Besides puerperal sepsis and shock, a very common cause of
death is hemorrhage from the uterus, which is made manifest by
the blanched appearance of the visible mucous membranes. To
guard against this, preparatory to and following the operation,
we give hypodermically 10 to 30 ce of normal horse serum and
in addition, ergot and atropine. Numerous reports by medical
obstetricians call attention to the value of normal human, horse
or rabbit serum in uterine hemorrhage and in eclampsia.

PUERPERAL SEPSIS or infection along the genital tract
after labor, is sometimes a very intractable condition to treat,
because of the long bicornuate uterus in the bitch. If complete
or partial involution has occurred, and the contraction of the
cervix uteri has been active, we find it almost a physical impos-
sibility to treat the uterine mucosa by irrigation. Inasmuch as
about ninety per cent of the infections of the genital canal are
due to streptococci, antistreptococcic serum seems to be indica-
ted. When recourse to instruments has been found necessary,
irrigation with the following solution, by gravity, immediately
after delivery and before the uterus involutes, will often prevent
infection: formalin 20 minims, glycerine 4 ounces, and 1 pint of
one per cent Lugol’s solution. After injection, gentle pressure
on the abdomen facilitates the removal of the solution.

If the temperature following labor is elevated for several suc-
cessive days, one must assume either that general systemic in-
fection has occurred or that an inflammatory action has begun
along the tract, anywhere from the vulva to the ovaries. In gen-
eral infection, we must support the body cells in the combat
which they must wage with the invading micro-organisms. Oc-
casionally, septic peritonitis is a complication, which is indicated
by pain and rigidity of abdominal muscles on palpation, vomit-

750 WILLIAM J. LENTZ

ing, fever, etc. Sometimes as a sequel, we have bladder infec-
tion due to injury of the wall resulting from pressure and stretch-
ing, thus diminishing the vitality of the cells of the mucous mem-
brane; and they are thus not in a condition to resist the attacks
of micro-organisms which may have gained entrance to the blad-
der. This is made manifest by frequent micturition, pain on
pressure, fever, pus in urine, etc. We have frequently found that
Epsom salts, belladonna and sweet spirits of nitre, in rather
large doses, reduce the temperature from 104 and over, to the
normal in 24 hours.

Infection of the teats and a subsequent mammary inflamma-
tion or suppuration is sometimes prone to occur after parturition.
Cleanliness, emptying of the glands by milking, and support by
wide bandage are beneficial. Prevent suppuration by drawing
the blood from the mammae by an active purge. Fomentations of
very hot water and packs of lead water and laudanum frequently
renewed are measures of value.

SUB-INVOLUTION.—An arrested or retarded return of the
uterus to its normal condition and dimension after labor is of com-
mon occurrence. The most frequent cause is the retention of
placentae, wholly or in part. Sometimes, of course, it is due to a
passive congestion or hyperemia of the organ. Douching with
a solution of therapogen, normal saline, soapy water or mineral
oil, is indicated, as well as ergot or large doses of quinine by the
mouth.

ECLAMPSIA.—The indications for treatment in convulsive
seizures of this nature are: first, to diminish nervous sensibility
and lessen muscular power, in order to reduce the convulsions in
violence and frequency; and second, to eliminate the poison
from the blood as quickly as possible. The first indication is met
by an anesthetic such as ether or chloroforn and the use of hypo-
dermics of morphine sulphate. The second by an active purge,
normal saline, enemas, hypodermic injections of normal saline
solution and arecolin.

Dr. Louis A. Klein, of the University of Pennsylvania, regarded
as one of our foremost authorities on diseases of the udder, de-
livered addresses on the subject of ‘“Mastitis’”’ before the Schuyl-
kill Valley Veterinary Club, at Reading, Pa., in December, and
the Northeastern Veterinary Club, Wilkes Barre, Pa., in January.

INTERESTING CASES OF TUBERCULOSIS WITH
LESIONS IN THE SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE AND
EPIDIDYMES!

By Frep Boerner, JR. AND V. G. KIMBALL
Philadelphia, Pa.

In July, 1922, one of us (V.G.K.) was called to examine a val-
uable Guernsey bull, which, according to the herdsman, showed
some lumps in the skin over the cervical, thoracic and ischial re-
gions. An examination revealed nodules arranged more or less
in chains and about the size of walnuts. They were freely mov-
able beneath the skin, firm, solid and painless. From the

Fig. 1. Shows location of subcutaneous nodules

ischial tuberosity to the hock, there were about fifteen or more of
various sizes. Nodules were distinctly visible in the neck of the
scrotum and on palpation the epididymes were found to be great-
ly thickened. There were several small nodules along the under
side of the tail and a few over the ribs.

The history revealed that the nodules were first noticed about

1Contribution from the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry and Veterinary School
University of Pennsylvania. This paper was presented at the meeting of the Pathological
Society of Philadelphia, December 14, 1922.

751

FRED BOERNER anp V. G. KIMBALL

~~
on
to

two months before, at that time being very small but growing
rapidly. The patient was in good flesh but according to the herds-
man was becoming slow in service. Since the herd (numbering
several hundred) had recently passed a satisfactory tuberculin
test, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was at that time excluded.
The patient was negative to an ophthalmic and subcutaneous
test in November, 1921.

On July 17th one of the tumors in the ischial region was excised
for laboratory examination. A diagnosis of tuberculosis was
made, based upon histologic examination. An ophthalmic and
intradermal test was then applied with negative results. The
patient began to lose flesh and had difficulty in rising. A stenotic

Fig. 2. Shows lesions found in epididymes

respiratory noise developed about the middle of August. The
dyspnoea became quite marked upon the slightest exertion. It
was finally decided to slaughter the animal.

On August 11th the bull was killed.. A necropsy was performed
and the following pathologic changes noted. The nodules pre-
viously described in the ante-mortem examination were found to
be located in the subcutaneous tissue and in a few instances in the
fascia between the muscles. Most of them were spherical, but
a few, particularly those on the tail, were elongated. They

TUBERCULOSIS OF SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE 753

varied in size from a pea to a walnut and were either isolated, in
clusters, or in chains, apparently following the lymphatics.
They were for the most part confined to the hind quarters. A
few nodules were found on the flank.

On section these nodules all presented the same general appear-
ance, having a necrotic center which was rather firm with begin-
ning caseation. Upon close inspection the necrotic center ap-
peared somewhat laminated and surrounded by a distinct ecap-
sule which was rather thick. Similar tumor-like nodules were
present in the genital organs. Both epididymes were converted
into a mass of nodules identical with those just described.
Between the nodules there was considerable induration. Both
testicles were apparently free of any lesions. In the post-
pharyngeal region an abscess’ the size of two fists was found
which contained a large quantity of floeculent pus. The wall was
about one-half inch in thickness and on section showed minute
areas of calcification. A portion of this abscess was directly press-
ing upon the larynx and superior end of the trachea. The super-
ior cervical and retropharyngeal lymph-glands on both sides
were greatly enlarged and caseous. A caseous lesion the size of
a half-dollar was found in the anterior mediastinal lymph-gland.
Several miliary lesions were found in the lungs. The liver con-
tained a caseous lesion the size of a dime.

Smears made from these lesions failed to reveal acid-fast
bacilli. However, a histologic examination of the lesions showed
typical tuberculous inflammation in every instance. Guinea-
pigs were inoculated as follows: Two with pus from retro-
pharyngeal abscess, two with emulsion of mediastinal lymph-
gland and two with an emulsion of the nodules from the subcu-
taneous tissue. All of these animals developed generalized tuber-
culosis except those inoculated with material from the subcutan-
eous nodules. Even though we were unable to demonstrate
tubercle bacilli in these nodules the histology was typical of this
disease. This, together with the fact that extensive tuberculous
lesions existed elsewhere, justified our considering them as tuber-
culous.

DISCUSSION

Tuberculous epididymitis appears to be very rare in animals.
This case shows very extensive lesions of both epididymes with-
out involvement of the testicles. This is in accord with obser-

754 FRED BOERNER anp V. G. KIMBALL

vations in human medicine that “Extension to the testicle may
occur, but is unusual’.

The central necrotic mass of the nodules found in the subcutis
and epididymes was large in proportion to the capsule and well
circumscribed. The degenerative changes were followed by
coagulation necrosis with slight tendency to caseation. Whether
it is usual or unusual for tubercles developing in these situations
in bovine animals to develop in this manner we are unable to
state. We may say, however, that in man tubercles in the skin
and subcutis rarely caseate and it is difficult to discover tubercle
bacilli in the lesions.

Why this animal failed to show sensitiveness to tuberculin
might be explained by the theory of desensitization, in other
words, that the lesions were so extensive that the animal develop-
ed a tolerance on account of the tuberculin thrown into its system
from the lesions. But from the history of the case, together with
the failure to react to either of the local tests which are supposed
to be very sensitive, it is difficult to accept this explanation. Is it
not possible for an animal to become infected with tuberculosis and
develop extensive lesions without becoming sensitive to tuber-
culin? Are all strains of tubercle bacilli capable of producing the
same degree of hypersensitiveness in animals.?

From our present knowledge of the tuberculin reaction we are
unable to answer these questions. We present them merely as
hypotheses. When more is known regarding the mechanism of
the tuberculin reaction, these hypotheses may become facts ap-
plicable to such cases.

It might be well to add that this bull was mated to sixty-eight
cows during the last year. The number of matings during the
last six months was as follows: February 10; March 17; April 7;
May 2; June8; and July 2. The calves so far born have been
vigorous and healthy.

The entire herd was tested during the month of November,
1922, and with the exception of one animal passed a satisfactory
subcutaneous test. . This one animal gave a slightly suspicious re-
action and on account of her being mated with this bull she was
slaughtered. A necropsy failed to reveal any visible lesions of
tuberculosis.

Dr. N. H. Howlett, who has been located at Cardiff, Md., has
removed to Lansing, Mich. He gives his address as 617 North
Hillsdale St.,

A FEW CASES MET IN PRACTICE*
By Herpert Lotus, D.V.M., Waukesha, Wis.

A Holstein cow, 11 years old. An extremely high producer in
that she had three records of over 1000 lbs. of butter, one above
1000 lbs. of fat, in a year.

History: Except for cystic ovaries that yielded to treatment in
two months, cow had enjoyed perfect health since last freshen-
ing, in September 1919. She was bred and conceived on April 22,
1920. On January 21, 1921 (nine months after conception) cow
had been “‘off feed” for four days.

Symptoms: Cow appeared dull labor pains were absent. Pulse,
respiration and temperature normal. Vaginal examination re-
vealed a completely dilated cervix with unruptured foetal mem-
branes protruding. The membranes were ruptured allowing
coffee-colored, placental fluids to escape (color probably due to
intra-uterine scouring of fetus). A slight amount of traction de-
livered a live but somewhat weak male calf, which got to its feet
in a couple of hours. The afterbirth was ee spontaneously
about eight hours post partum.

On afternoon of January 22, 1921 cow showed no improvement
in appetite but showed evidences of weakness of posterior ex-
tremities. The weakness and unsteady gait were taken for signs
of milk fever and the udder inflated with air. Two hours later
the pulse was found accelerated, temperature normal, mental
disturbances (eyes staring) which gradually became more pro-
nounced until convulsions, with biting of fore legs, foaming at
mouth, champing of jaws became manifest. The respirations be-
came accelerated and finally assumed the Cheyne-Stokes variety.
(Cheyne-Stokes breathing is breathing where the respiratory
rhythm is changed in such a way that the patient after a pause of
several seconds begins to breathe with gradually increasing
rapidity and depth, and then, after reaching an acme of hurried
respirations, gradually decreases their rapidity and depth until
they fade to nothing, when, after a pause the process is repeated).

Examination of the bladder showed that organ empty. After
an hour or more the cow arose to her feet and appeared better,
only to assume a recumbent position again with a repetition of the
convulsions and Cheyne-Stokes breathing. Death occurred in

*Presented at tie First Short Course for Veterinarians of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc., Janu-
ary 24-25-26, 1923

755

756 HERBERT LOTHE

about eight hours. Three hours after the death of the mother
the calf showed convulsions that apparently responded to a
hypodermic of 1% grain of morphine sulphate. Eight hours later
a second attack of convulsions appeared, with death to the calf.

Treatment: This consisted of inflation of the udder and cam-
phor in oil intramuscularly. Later chloral hydrate was given
to control convulsions, with no response.

Post Mortem: No gross changes were revealed except edema
of the lungs.

The thing of interest to me is,—What caused the train of symp-
toms enumerated? Was this parturient paresis? Eclampsia?
Puerperal septicemia? Uraemic poisoning?

Milk Fever: The case has this in common with milk fever; it
occurred shortly after parturition; there was weakness of the
posterior extremities, and hyperaesthesia does occasionally occur
in milk fever. It differs from milk fever in that inflation of the
udder had no beneficial effect; there were convulsions, with
apparent consciousness between attacks of convulsions; there
was no somnolence so commonly seen in milk fever; there was
disturbed respiratory rhythm unlike any I have ever seen or
heard reported (Cheyne-Stokes breathing) in milk fever, and the
calf manifested symptoms such as I have never seen in the off-
spring of cows that have milk fever.

Eclampsia: Eclampsia in women is defined by Williams* as
“an acute toxemia occurring in pregnant, partruient or puerperal
women, and is usually accompanied by clonic and tonic convul-
sions, during which there is loss of consciousness, followed by a
more or less prolonged coma, and frequently results in death’’.
Post mortem the condition is characterized by changes in the
liver. ‘These consist of irregularly shaped, reddish or whitish
areas scattered thru the entire organ and originating near the
smaller portal vessels. Ordinarily they are readily seen by the
naked eye, and on section give the liver a mottled appearance.
Under the microscope they are recognized as areas of necrosis,
involving the periphery of the individual lobules and the portal
spaces’. These post-mortem changes are considered pathogno-
monic. Healy and Kastle, working at the Kentucky Experiment
Station in 1912, advanced the view that parturient paresis and
eclampsia are identical, in that they found albuminuria, changes
in the nitrogen partition of the urine, and liver changes simula-

*Williams’ Obstetrics, p. 568

A FEW CASES MET IN PRACTICE 757

ting those of eclampsia in cows with milk fever. These views are
not generally accepted in that the liver lesions are not exactly
those of human eclampsia.

In the case in question no examination of the urine was made
as none was available. The characteristic liver lesions were not
noted on gross examination and no sections were made for mic-
roscopic examination. The fact that the calf died in convulsions
is suggestive of eclampsia as such occurrences are reported in the
human. Cheyne-Stokes breathing does not seem to be a record-
ed symptom of eclampsia.

Puerperal Septicemia: The absence of temperature and the
rapid onset and termination of the case is hardly that of puer-
peral septicemia.

Uremia: Uremia is defined as, “a toxemia from renal insuffi-
ciency developing in the course of nephritis or in conditions
associated with anuria’’.* Clinically the symptoms are divided
into cerebral, dyspnoeic and gastro-intestinal. The cerebral
symptoms are those of mania, convulsions, coma and local pal-
sies. The dyspnoeic symptoms are those of continuous dyspnoea,
paroxysmal dyspnoea and Cheyne-Syokes dyspnoea.

In this case the post-mortem revealed no kidney lesions or
obstructions to the ureters, but no microscopic sections were
made so the condition may have existed. There was evidently
suppression of urine but this condition also occurs in eclampsia.

It is to be regretted that urinary analysis and microscopic sec-
tions of the liver and kidneys were not made in this case, for in
the absence of these it is impossible to state just what condition
we had to deal with. It should be remembered, however, that
our knowledge of the etiological factors of milk fever, eclampsia
and uremia is very meager indeed, and that the scientific world
realizes our profound ignorance of the subject. ‘Moreover, it
should be borne in mind that totally different pathological con-
ditions may be accompanied by identical clinical manifestations,
so that a proper classification cannot be based upon the occurrence
of such symptoms as albuminuria, fever, coma, or convulsions,
but must be based upon our ability to isolate certain specific
poisonous principles, or to demonstrate distinctive pathological
lesions. Unfortunately the former is as yet out of the question,
but the latter has already been accomplished along certain lines

*Osler’s Principles and Practice of Medicine, pp. 688-690.

758 HERBERT LOTHE

(eclampsia)”.* This case illustrates the limitations of a purely
clinical examination in determining the nature of toxemias.

EVERSION OF THE UTERUS.

You have no doubt all had a great number of cases of eversion
of the uterus in the cow, with the experience that quite a per-
centage recover after replacement, but a small percentage of
cases, apparently identical, either die before replacement has been
accomplished or shortly after it is completed. I have had this
experience quite often and have held a number of post-mortems
to determine the cause of death. I wish to report two cases that
are typical of what I have found.

Case No.1. A red,grade Durham cow inverted her uterus some
20 minutes before my arrival at the farm. The afterbirth was
attached and what appeared to be an unusual amount of uterus
protruded from the vulva. Cow was lying flat on her side, much
depressed and unable to get up. During the process of removing
the afterbirth the cow gave a few struggles and died. Post-
mortem revealed the peritoneal cavity and prolapsed uterus filled
with clotted blood, the right, broad ligament was severed close
to its attachment to the ovary and with it the utero-ovarian
artery, from which the internal haemorrhage had occurred, I do
not recall that I have ever seen this cause of death reported.
The severing of the broad ligament of the pregnant horn allows
that horn to protrude farther than otherwise and the condition
may be suspected when the uterus seems unusually protruded.

Case No.2. A grade Holstein cow inverted her uterus possibly
three-quarters of an hour before my arrival. The afterbirth was
not attached and the uterus was replaced after some little trouble,
consuming about a half hour. A rope truss was being adjusted to
the cow when she suddenly began to weave and dropped to the
floor dead. A post-mortem revealed no internal hemorrhage but
there was a great distention of the splanchnic veins with clotted
blood. The mesenteric veins were about three inches in diameter
and filled with clotted blood. This cow evidently died from what
we know as “surgical shock’’.

All cases I have posted of cows that died suddenly after in-
version of the uterus have fallen in these two classes.

*Williams’ Obstetrics, p. 550.

AN OUTBREAK OF HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA IN
SHEEP

By I. E. Newsom and Fioyp Cross,

Colorado Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colo.

Unfortunately fashion seems to be in vogue in medicine as
well as in the matter of dress. In presenting this subject,
therefore, we feel very much as one who would go down the street
in the middle of January wearing a straw hat. A few years ago
practically every outbreak of disease among domesticated
animals, which was associated with the presence of subcut-
aneous or subserous hemorrhages, was diagnosed as hemorr-
hagic septicemia. We, ourselves, may have been guilty of adding
fuel to that widespread flame and if so, we are ready to do peni-
tence as may be required. We, however, differ with some in-
vestigators and writers in this field, in that we still feel as we
have previously stated, that hemorrhagic septicemia is a real
disease entity and must still be dealt with regardless of fashion.

No one appreciates any more than we that many diseases are
associated with hemorrhages, and that there are many obscure
diseases of the domesticated animals, the cause of which we little
know, but we do feel that a distinct advance was made when it
was determined that hemorrhagic septicemia was the cause of
certain losses in live stock. It is in line,then, with our previous
publications, that we present another outbreak which we have
diagnosed hemorrhagic septicemia. Not that this is a rare con-
dition in our experience, but rather that the special work done on
this case, separates it from many of the others with which we
have worked, and gives us reason to believe that the informa-
tion here set down will be appreciated by others interested in
the subject.

A band of three thousand lambs, weighing in at 54 pounds,
was loaded at Sweet Grass, Montana, fed at Billings, at Casper
and just out from Wendover, and arrived at the pens near
Fort Collins, on November 7, 1922. Altogether they were on
the road approximately eight days, the usual time being increased,
owing to a severe snow-storm. When the lambs arrived, they
showed evidence of having been on the road for some time,
because some of them had the wool eaten from their backs;

759

760 I. E. NEWSOM anp FLOYD CROSS

otherwise they appeared rather strong and were in no case to be
considered as cull lambs.

During the day they were allowed to run on beet and stubble
fields, and were put in the pens and given alfalfa hay in self-
feeders at night. No grain was given for approximately two
weeks after arrival. Within a few days, some of these lambs
were noticed to have a discharge from the nose and a consider-
able number showed crusted lips, which latter condition is
common in feed-lot lambs during the first two weeks after
arrival. The illness shown by the lambs, however, seemed to
increase and deaths became more numerous, so that on the 19th,
when they were first visited by the writers, there were about
200 noticeably ill and the loss to date had been approximately
50 head.

On examination, we found a considerable percentage of the
swollen, crusted lips, quite a number showing purulent discharge
from the eyes and nose, many showing dullness, but of four
temperatures taken all appeared to be normal. The owner stated
that coughing was rather noticeable in the lambs. While some
of the smaller ones were among those dead, yet the loss was
rather heavy among those that appeared to be strong and in
a good condition of flesh.

Of four lambs posted, one showed marked evidence of pneu-
monia in the lower portion of both lungs, without other lesions.
The other three showed no evidence of pneumonia, but did show
the usual subserous and submucous hemorrhages, which we
are prone to associate with hemorrhagic septicemia.

As the disease progressed, there was a larger percentage of
those posted showing solidification of the lungs, and a smaller
proportion showing the hemorrhages which are generally con-
sidered to be indicative of the acute type of disese. Gastritis
and enteritis were seldom observed and scouring was not a
noticeable symptom. The disease continued without abate-
ment for the next six days, and from then on for the next two
weeks an occasional lamb was lost, so that the total loss attri-
butable to the outbreak was 116 head.

Some of the sick were removed to a hospital pen, and specially
cared for, but no medicinal treatment was used on any of them,
nor was any vaccine administered. An interesting factor was
that these lambs were placed in the same pens and mixed with
two thousand other lambs that had been received about two
weeks previously. As far as could be determined, there was no

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA IN SHEEP 761

spread of the disease to the other lambs. This statement can-
not be made as a positive fact, but it is believed to be true.
This observation is in accord with many which have been made
previously, and which seemed to indicate that the disease does
not spread from one band to another.

Since the question had been frequently asked us, as to what
percentage of lambs, in what we regarded as a typical outbreak
of hemorrhagic septicemia, would show the bipolar organism, —
we determined to make special observations on that point in
this case. As a consequence, the place was visited each day for
the next six days, and material was brought to the laboratory
where rabbit inoculations were made according to the table
submitted herewith. These inoculations were carried out by
taking a small portion of the tissue and emulsifying it in boiled
water, after which approximately 2 ce of this emulsion was in-
jected intraperitoneally into the rabbit. The accompanying
table will show that of 34 rabbits inoculated, 32 died rather
promptly, and from which a pure culture of Pasteurella oviseptica
was obtained in each case.

Since it had been our belief that animals showing localization,
oftentimes did not show the presence of the organism in the

TABLE 1
Rabbit Tissue used Inoculated Died Pure culture from

No. heart-blood of rabbit
1 Spleen 11-19-22 11-20-22 ta
2 Lung 11-19-22 11—20—22 S=
3 Spleen 11-19-22 11-20-22 =r
4 Spleen 11-19-22 11-20-22 a=
5 Spleen 11-20-22 Lived —
6 Spleen 11-20-22 11-22-22 Se
Z Spleen 11—20-22 Lived —
Spleen 11-20-22 11-21-22 ==
9 Lung 11—21—22 11-22-22 aR
10 Lung 11-21-22 11-22-22 ate
11 Lung 11-21-22 11-22-22 SF
12 Lung 11-21-22 1]—22-22 +
13 Spleen 11-21-22 11-22-22 +
14 Spleen 11-21-22 11-22-22 =F
15 Spleen 11-21-22 11-23-22 aF
16 Spleen 11-21-22 11-22-22 ae
17 Spleen 11-21-22 11—22-22 +
18 Spleen 11-22-22 11-24-22 Ar
19 Spleen 11-22-22 11-23-22 Fo
20 Lung 11-22-22 11-23-22 a=
21 Lung 11—22-22 11-23-22 a
22 Lung 11—22-22 11—24—22 4=
23 Lung 11-22-22 11-23-22 a5
24 Lung 11-22-22 11-23-22 ta
25 Spleen 11-23-22 11-24-22 a=
26 . Spleen 11-23-22 11-24-22 ==
27 Spleen 11-23-22 11-25-22 +
28 Spleen 11-23-22 11-24-22 =e
29 Spleen 11-23-22 11-24-22 5
30 Lung 11-25-22 11-26-22 ==
31 Lung 11-25-22 11-26-22 Se
32 Lung 11-25-22 11-26-22 ate
33 Spleen 11-25-22 11-26-22 +
34 Spleen 11—25-22 11-26-22 -—

762 I. E. NEWSON axp FLOYD CROSS

general circulation, and as most of the later cases showed evi-
dence of pneumonia, rabbits numbers 25 to 29 inclusive, and
numbers 33 and 34 were given spleen emulsion rather than lung
emulsion. In all seven cases, however, the rabbits died, just as
did the others in the same series that were inoculated with lung.
Conclusion should not be made from this finding that all cases
of localization will show the presence of the organism in the gen-
eral circulation, as our previous observations have been against
this view. It did seem, however, in this case, that the organism
was as readily isolated from the spleen as from the lung, even
though pneumonia was quite well marked.

In order to show that this organism had pathogenicity for
sheep, on the 17th of December a lamb weighing approximately
50 pounds was given 10 ce of a 48-hour bouillon culture intra-
jugularly. Another one was given 5 cc in the same manner on
the same date. The lamb receiving 10 ce was found dead the
following morning, cultures from the spleen showing the presence
of Pasteurella oviseptica. The lamb receiving 5 ce survived.

SUMMARY

An outbreak of hemorrhagic septicemia in sheep is here de-
scribed, in which 116 lambs died out of three thousand. The
history of the case would lead to the belief that the lowering of
vitality, incident to shipping, was a very important factor in
the onset of the disease, although it must be admitted that many
bands passing through similar vicissitudes do not show any
evidence of illness. The acute type of the disease seemed to
be present early, which later developed into a marked pneu-
monia. Of 34 rabbits inoculated from tissue emulsions from 34
different sheep, 32 died, revealing pure cultures of Pasteurella
oviseptica. The statement should be added that our unpublished
observations, extending over a period of years, do not support
the prevailing view that Pasteurella oviseptica can be regularly
isolated from sheep dying from a great variety of diseases.

SELF-PRESERVATION

A Hint to Hens.—An Ottawa hen laid an egg daily for 107
days. There’s a saying in every hen-house that an egg a day
keeps the hatchet away.

Judge.

TUBERCULOSIS CONTRACTED BY A FAMILY FROM
A TUBERCULOUS COW

Biya). KING, Jr-., DV Me
Valdosta, Ga.,

Mr. W. D. Odom, of Columbus, Ga., formerly of Valdosta,
Ga., who used the milk of a tuberculous cow for his family to
prove that he did not believe in its existence in cows ten years
ago, and which disease has caused the death of his wife, the per-
manent disability of his son and the hospitalization of his two
daughters, now believes that tuberculosis can be contracted
from cows. His statement follows:

“In the fall of 1912 the dairy herd of Mr. O.H. Hightower was
tested for tuberculosis by Dr. W. M. Howell, and two cows
were put out of the dairy. One was killed as a reactor and one
was called suspicious and the suspicious one was taken to my
premises and milked. I felt that the office of Milk Inspector was
a graft, to give some man an easy job, and did not believe that
there was any such thing as tuberculosis in cows. This cow
was fed, just as those in the dairy were fed, and in one month
she looked so bad that I was afraid to milk her, She was given
back to Mr. Hightower.

“My son, Jesse, developed tuberculosis the next year and has
had it until the present time (about nine years) and my wife, I
believe, contracted it from the boy.

~The boy was kept in the Hospital (Scottish Rite Hospital for

Crippled Children) at Decatur, Ga., for four years, and on his
back for nine months, where part of the bone of the neck was
removed and a part of the leg bone used to replace it, and the
bone of a sheep used to replace the leg bone.

“My two daughters are now in the tubercular hospital at Alto,
Ga., and I believe that they contracted the disease from their

mother, who was buried here today.
W. D. Opom”’

Mr. Odom was an employe in the above-mentioned dairy
about the time that meat and milk inspection was started, and
had subscribed to the belief of some that it was not beneficial,
and to prove his sincere belief that it was all wrong, took the
cow against the advice and quarantine of the Meat and Milk

763

764 E, D. KING, Jr.

Inspector, but during the time he was milking the cow, the re-
actor (positive case of tuberculosis) was killed. He saw the
post-mortem of this reactor and states that she was practically
“eaten up” with it. At this time, John O’Neal was employed
at the dairy, also, and he continually warned Mr. Odom that he
was making a mistake, and too, his suspicions began to look as
if something must be wrong with her, as she did not improve on
the same kind and quantity of feed that the dairy cows were
getting. This created a doubt in his mind as to the advisability

These people now believe that bovine tuberculosis is a menace to human health.

of using the milk from his suspicious cow. He returned her
to the owner and in a short time she, too, was killed and proved
to be a generalized case of tuberculosis, which fact has been
established by Dr. Howell, who was then Meat and Milk In-
spector of Valdosta, and made the tests and post-mortem. He
states that she was, in his opinion, capable of spreading the
disease.

Mr.Odom’s son, Jesse, whose photograph is shown, is seven-
teen years of age and weighs 51 pounds. Nine years ago he
weighed 55 lbs. He spent four years in the Scottish Rite Hospital
for Crippled Children, and was discharged when he reached
the age of fifteen years, because this was the age limit, and during

TUBERCULOSIS CONTRACTED BY A FAMILY 765

this time underwent two operations of bone transplanting, and
was kept in one position, with weights keeping his legs extended,
as his muscles were unable to keep his legs from drawing up.
He can walk very well now, but will never be able to do much
work.

Mrs. Odom suffered for seven years with the disease, and
bore her misfortune with Christian fortitude, and said many
times that she had hoped that no one else would have to suffer
as she had. This statement was the chief reason for her re-
latives giving their consent to publicity and they readily con-
sented to help assemble the facts that would tend to warn others
of the danger of the tuberculous cow.

Mrs. Odom’s mother is in possession of a photograph showing
five generations of her family. Her grandfather lived to be nine-
ty-one years of age and her father 66. Mrs. Odom’s mother
looks to be not over 45 and has married grandchildren, and noth-
ing can be found to indicate that there ever has been any tuber-
culosis in the family until this cow was used, but everything
that can be learned tends to show conclusively that the entire
trouble started from the cow.

This investigation has been made by the Board of Health at
Valdosta, in co-operation with the State Veterinarian, and the
U.S. Inspector in Charge of Tuberculosis Eradication for Georgia,
ably assisted by all the civic organizations in Valdosta. The
greater part of the investigation done outside of Valdosta has
been done by representatives of the State Livestock Sanitary
Board and the Bureau of Animal Industry, under the general
supervision of Dr. A. L. Hirleman, U.S. Inspector in Charge of
Tuberculosis Eradication for Georgia, which forces are actively
and aggressively combating tuberculosis in animals.

From the above it does not seem that there remains any
doubt that the tuberculous milk-cow is a serious danger to our
public health.

The Bureau of Animal Industry has a moving picture, ‘Out
of the Shadows’’, that shows the transmission of bovine tuber-
culosis to Mary Benton, and her recovery after three years in
a tuberculosis infirmary. This was exhibited by the Board of
Health of this City last April, and the total cost to the city was
less than $15.00 The local picture show management gave the
theatres, electricity and operators free, and the Bureau loaned
the film.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE TREATMENT OF PURPURA
HEMORRHAGICA

By E.R. STtEEE DL VacM-
Grundy Center, Iowa.

In presenting this paper to the Association it will not be my
purpose to go into the causative factors of purpura, but to give
to you some facts learned in the experimental field and the
school of experience. I hope that I am not at this time giving
anything of sensational character and am not claiming for the
treatment, as outlined, that it is a specific, but as used by myself
in a large number of cases I believe it of sufficient value to pre-
sent to the Association.

In speaking of the experimental field, I wish to state that
this treatment was worked out by Dr. Joseph Wall, now of Har-
lan, Iowa, Dr. F. R. Ewing, of Shrieve, Ohio, and myself, while
we were stationed at A. R. D. No. 317, Camp Pike, Arkansas,
where we were in a position to have a large number of cases of
purpura under our observation.

Potassium dichromate has for years been considered by a
great many practitioners as one of the most useful drugs in the
treatment of purpura and, I think, by a great many it has been
of little use because, first, of the inability, in a great many cases
of purpura, to give the drug per os on account of the swollen
condition of the nostrils, lips and head in general. On the other
hand, the irritant properties of the drug and the general dis-
turbance of the digestive organs caused by it, renders the drug
useless and probably many times harmful. Probably another
reason for the poor results obtained from the use of this drug
is due to the small dosage used, five to eight grains, which may
be beneficial as an alterative to the upper respiratory tract but
is useless in acute febrile diseases such as purpura.

These facts being established, we began to seek a method of
administration of the drug to overcome its disadvantages, and
concluded to try intravenous injections of a solution in sterile
water. We began by giving ten grains daily, in the jugular
vein, with beneficial results and continued this method of ad-
ministration, increasing the dosage until we gave as high as
forty-five grains at a dose, repeated in forty-eight hours in severe
766

PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA 767

cases, with no apparent harmful but unusually gratifying bene-
ficial results.

We continued along this line and I have come to the con-
clusion that twenty to twenty-five grains, administered in eight
ounces of sterile water, at intervals of forty-eight hours, would
be about as near a standard as possible to arrive at in the average
case, this to be varied as to the severity of the case and size
of the animal.

I clip the hair over the jugular about midway of the neck, and
paint the skin with iodine. By putting pressure on the lower
part of the jugular, and stopping the flow of blood, the vein is
caused to expand so it is easy to puncture with an ordinary
sixteen-gauge hypodermic needle, the blood flowing in a steady
stream through the needle when the lumen of the vein is reached.
I then use a large-sized hypodermic syringe to inject the solution
which has been made up previously by dissolving as many five-
grain potassium dichromate tablets as I wish to use for one
dose, in eight ounces of water which has been sterilized by boil-
ing. This material I inject slowly through the needle into the
blood-stream. Before withdrawing the needle I inject a small
amount of sterile water, to rinse out any of the solution in the
needle, because owing to its irritant nature, if it escapes into the
tissues overlying the jugular, it will cause severe swelling and
even sloughing if any considerable amount is allowed to escape.
In one experimental case the lumen of the vein was completely
closed by repeated injections of too concentrated a solution.

Potassium dichromate administered in this manner, in addi-
tion to its alterative properties, is a powerful heart stimulant
and regulator, slowing the rapidity of the heart-beats and
strengthening their force. This action continuesforseveral hours,
in fact longer than from any other drug I have observed, and for
this reason I recommend the doses to be at intervals of forty-
eight hours. Usually in the most severe cases marked diminu-
tion in the swelllng of the head and limbs can be observed with-
in forty-eight hours after administration of the first dose. Sub-
sequent doses may be regulated according to the condition
of the patient.

The question will arise in some minds, as to the methods of
administration admitting air to the blood-stream. I have never
had any trouble on this account, in fact have injected air into
the jugular in experimental cases, and have as yet to see any

768 ERY STEEL

harmful results or any change in the condition of the animal
whatsoever.

It has been my experience that in using the treatment as
outlined, that it is seldom necessary to use the tracheotomy °
tube, if the case is not too far advanced before the treatment
is begun. When it is used, it is not usually necessary to use it
for more than two to three days. As stated in the beginning,
this treatment is not a panacea or a specific, but one that has
been of value in my practice.

Dr. Harold B. Elliott is a member of the Rotary Club of Hilo,
Hawaii, and suggests that for the benefit of the veterinary profes-
sion, the classification of Veterinarian should be filled in every ro-
tary club inthe world. The following is taken from the Souvenir
Holiday Number of the Lava Flow, which is designated as the
Bi-Weekly Eruption of the Rotary Club of Hilo:

‘“‘RoraRIAN WELCOME To ALOHA-LAND
By Charles Eugene Banks

How shall we symbolize you, O Rotarians!
Hopeful as morning, the sun rising clear,
Citymen, countrymen, tradesmen, agrarians,
Bringing in happiness, banishing fear;
Welcome, thrice welcome! Aloha-land greets you,
If round the earth you should travel, we know,
Whoever smiles on you, handshakes you, meets you,
Feasts you and fetes you-wherever you go-
The joys of our paradise once you have tasted
Time spent with others you'll think is Just wasted.”

Dr. G. A. Roberts has accepted a position in the Agricultural
School at Lavras, Minas, Brasil. Dr. and Mrs. Roberts sailed
for Brasil on the steamship Pocone, January 20th. They ex-
pected to visit all of the important ports of Northern Brasil,
including Para, Ceara, Pernambuco and Bahia, on their way
down to Rio de Janeiro. Many of the members of the Associa-
tion who attended the meeting at St. Louis, has the pleasure of
meeting Dr. Roberts there.

THE TREATMENT OF TETANUS
By N.S. Mayo, Chicago, Ill.

Tetanus is much more frequent in animals than in man. Ina
recent number of the Journal of the American Medical Associa-
tion, Drs. Goler and Reitz,of Rochester, New York, report a case
of tetanus in a man without evident portal of entry. This case
and several others reported recovered. The treatment adminis-
tered was tetanus antitoxin and magnesium sulphate subcutane-
ously. In Cuba tetanus in horses without visible wound was
quite frequent and was called by the natives “moon tetanus’’.
Such cases were usually milder in character than those resulting
from wound infection.

In 1916, Meltzer, of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical
Research, reported upon the “Inhibitory Properties of Magne-
sium Sulphate and Their Therapeutic Action in Tetanus” * and
gives the following summary:

“The best general plan for the treatment of tetanus would
seem to be as follows:

“Tn each and every case of tetanus, 1.2 ¢.c. of 15 percent so-
lution of magnesium sulphate should be given by subcutaneous
injection three or four times a day throughout the entire disease.

‘When the disease is complicated by severe tetanic attacks,
1 c.c. of a 25 percent solution for every 10 kg. (20 pounds) body
weight (in adults) should be given by the intraspinal method.

‘“‘When the disease is attended by immediately dangerous te-
tanic complications, from 2 to 3 ¢.c. per minute of a 6 percent
solution of magnesium salts should be given then by an intraven-
ous injection until dangerous symptoms subside or the respira-
tion becomes shallow or too slow. .

‘When the respiration seems to become impaired in conse-
quence of the administration of magnesium salt methods, calcium
chlorid should be injected in the manner described above.

- “Tt is advisable to have at hand an apparatus for intra-pharyn-
geal insufflation ready for use, whenever the respiration becomes
slow or shallow.

“Finally, the simultaneous treatment by antitetanic serum
should not be neglected”’.

While intraspinous injections are not practical in horses, the

*The Journal of the American Medical Association, page 931.

769

770 N. S. MAYO

magnesium sulphate and tetanus antitoxin can be given intra-
venously in severe attacks. Dr. Meltzer advises a 6 per cent so-
lution given at the rate of 2 to 3 ce per minute, or a3 per cent
solution given at the rate of 5 to 6 cc per minute. In giving
magnesium sulphate the respiration should be carefully watched
and the injection discontinued immediately, should the respira-
tion become slow or shallow.

BOVINE ‘‘FINGER PRINTS”

It is interesting to note the recently-recorded fact that the
muzzle of the ox possesses an individuality in its surface-mark-
ing analogous to the whorls and arborifications present on the
surface of human finger-tips, and that individual records are
made of such with the same or even greater ease than in the
case of man.

In an extensive series of tests no approach to identical dis-
tribution of line or pattern has been noted and the markings
at birth persist throughout the life of the animal.

In the case of human beings recent observation has shown
that the orifices of these sudoriferous glands disposed along and
amidst the skin rugae, form of themselves an additional complex,
tending further to increase the highly individualistic and specific
character of the finger print. As the sweat-glands are particu-
larly well developed in the muzzle of the ox, it is probable the
orifices of the same will tend also to further enhance the specific
nature of the “nose print.’”’ Some such ready means of differ-
entiation has long been sought in the case of the horse, and the
modern tattoo mark on the gums is a poor substitute for a
“finger print’? as regards its potentialities for identification.
The value of such means of differentiation in the case of the
ox is, of course, obvious and the stock-books of pedigree cattle
will welcome a ready means of avoiding substitutions or ensuring
identity, while the efforts of the scientist in preventive measures
may conceivably be greatly aided. Individual differences of a
constant nature exist as certainly in the dermal structure of
animals of other species as exist in the case of the man’s finger-
tips or the ox’s muzzle, and, should the need arise, such differ-
ences will doubtless be found capable of demonstration.— V eter7-
nary Notes in Journal of State Medicine (London.)

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

(Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this de-
partment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be
helpful to others in the profession.)

KITTEN TRANSMITS RINGWORM TO HUMANS
By EK. I. Smiru,

Nashville, Tennessee

The writer had occasion to observe a case of ringworm in a
family where a white Persian kitten had just been purchased
from a cattery. The kitten appeared normal and healthy.
However, a close examination disclosed a skin lesion on the nose
and one or two pale red spots on the ears. As a matter of form,
tincture of iodine was painted on the lesions and good results
observed. In about ten days the child showed unmistakable
lesions of Tinea circinata on the breast and arms. The infection
seemed to be rather virulent and was accompanied by an extreme
itching and burning sensation. The appearance of the lesions
was alarming and caused no small amount of anxiety. A physi-
cian was consulted, but he failed to recognize it as Tinea. Ac-
cording to reports he made an empirical deduction by stating
that it was some ordinary skin disease and prescribed an ointment
which did not appear to be indicated.

After the expiration of about fifteen days the writer felt an
itching sensation on the back of his hand. A red circle appeared,
about one-quarter of an inch in diameter and rapidly spread to
about three times its original size. At this juncture tincture of
iodine was used both on the child and the writer, which brought
an early improvement and permanent recovery. The remaining
lesions of the cat were similarly treated and he was givenfrequent,
warm-water baths with plenty of soap. At the present writing
the cat appears to be free from the lesions and the family have
experienced no further trouble with the Tinea.

The writer takes it for granted that the above described
cases are infrequent, and therefore it is easily understood why
the average physician or veterinarian fails to diagnose the trouble
accurately.

771

ASSOCIATION NEWS

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Proceedings of Meeting of Executive Board, LaSalle Hotel,
Chicago, Ill., December 6, 1922.

The Executive Board of the American Veterinary Medical
Association convened at the LaSalle Hotel, Chicago, Ill., at
10:50 o’clock, December 5th, 1922, Dr. Cassius Way, Chairman
of the Board, presiding: The following were present:

Dr. Cassius Way, Chairman (Member at-Large)
Dr. T. E. Munce (District No. 2)

Dr. J. A. Kiernan (District No. 4)

Dr. C. E. Cotton (District No. 5)

Dr. B. W. Conrad (District No. 6)

Dr. W. H. Welch, Pres.

Dr. M. Jacob, Treas.

Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, Sec.

Secretary Hoskins reported that the nominating ballots for
the election of a member of the Executive Board for District No.1
had been prepared and would be mailed on December 11, 1922.
He reported that he had found it possible to mail the ballot in
the form of a multigraph letter at a lesser expense than would be
incurred in having the customary printed, postal-card forms.
He further reported that there were 166 members in the District
in good standing, although some of these had not yet paid their
dues for the current year. He asked for instructions as to the
eligibility of such members to vote in the election, if their dues for
the current year were not paid.

The Secretary reported that he had been instructed by the
former Secretary, Dr. Mayo, that no member could vote at any
election, unless all indebtedness to the Association had been paid.
Action on this matter was deferred until such time as the Sec-
retary could again get in communication with Dr. Mayo. (Dr.
Mayo ealled attention to Section 1, Article 15 of the By-Laws,
which reads as follows: ‘‘No member may vote at a regular
meeting until he has registered and paid his entire indebtedness
to the Association.”’ Dr Mayo stated that it had been customary

772

PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS 773

to so interpret the By-laws in district elections of Executive
Board members.)

The Secretary reported that he had received from Dr. Mayo
all of the properties in connection with the office of Secretary
and that he had started to function as Secretary on the first day
of October.

The Secretary reported having attended the annual meeting
of the Michigan-Ohio Veterinary Medical Association at Adrian,
Michigan, on November 15th, 1922. He reported that he had
been asked to attend this meeting and give a talk on ‘The
Outline of the American Veterinary Medical Association Pro-
gram for the Coming Year.” The Secretary called attention
to the fact that it appeared as though the Association did not
have at that time, what might be termed a definite policy, or
any program mapped out for carrying out such a policy, and that
it would be very desirable if the officers of the Association could
outline some sort of a policy toward which he might work, so
far as the conduct of the office of Secretary was concerned.

Dr. Munce called attention to the fact that he had been on
record for three years as to the desirability of the Association
having a definite, comprehensive, forward-looking plan or policy
along which to function, and that he had come to this meeting
prepared to offer a resolution to the Executive Board. Dr.
Munee was invited to read the resolution.

The resolution follows:

“WueErEAs, The objects of the American Veterinary Medical Association are:

(a.) To promote and protect the interests of the veterinary profession.

(b.) To raise the requirements of veterinary education.

(c.) To procure the enactment of uniform laws and regulations governing the
control of animal disease pertaining to veterinary medicine.

(d.) To carry out the enforcement of these laws and regulations.

(e.) To encourage public opinion, through various means, regarding problems of
animal hygiene.

(f.) To promote good fellowship in the profession.

“WHEREAS, It is recognized that this Association to function properly, to progress
and to render the greatest service possible, must have a definite policy. (This policy
setting forth its purpose, principles and scope of activity, namely; the relation of the
profession to agriculture, public health measures, veterinary education, the practitioner,
government regulatory or military service, agricultural extension, veterinary legisla-
tion, humane measures, allied organizations, veterinary biologics, publicity and
such other. matters that are of interest and vital concern to the profession.)

“WHEREAS, The American Veterinary Medical Association, conceded the largest and
most influential veterinary organization in the world, is without such a policy;
therefore be it

“ResoLveD, That the chairman of the Executive Board be empowered to appoint
a committee to draft a suitable policy for the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion; and be it further -

“RESOLVED, That said committee submit a report at the meeting of the Executive
Board at Montreal.”

Dr Munce moved for the adoption of his resolution. Dr.
Conrad seconded the motion. In the discussion which followed,
President Welch asked to be allowed to read a message which he

774 PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS

had prepared for the Executive Board. Dr. Way asked Dr.
Welch to read his message, which was as follows:

“To The Executive Board of the A. V. M. A.
Greetings:—

In all times past the influence of the American Veterinary Medical Association has
been directed towards the strengthening and betterment of all phases of Veterinary
activities. Chiefly through its instrumentality, the standard of our schools has been
gradually and materially elevated until at present they unquestionably compare very
favorably with those of our sister profession of medicine, and so also, do our graduates
of recent years.

To secure increased rank and social standing for the Army Veterinarian has like-
wise been one of our constant aims, and persistent efforts along that line have finally
been fruitful of results. Furthermore, repeated efforts to secure adequate compensa-
tion for those of our profession who are employed in the Bureau of Animal Industry,
ae leaving much to be desired, have at least been productive of a bettering of their
conditions.

There remains one phase of veterinary activity, representing fully 90% of our
entire profession, the condition of which today demands that some definite policy of
action be adopted by our Association, towards the righting of certain wrongs that
are jeopardizing the interests and very subsistence of this very important branch of
our profession. I have reference to the private practitioner, and cite as some of the
injustices and indignities to which he seems obliged to submit, the following as
examples:—

“The Federal and State Governments have, in many instances, usurped the right
of tuberculin testing of cattle, thereby depriving him of that source of revenue, and
a portion of the work in his locality which he is eminently qualified to perform.

“Tuberculin, hog cholera virus, anthrax and blackleg vaccines, as well as other
viruses, dangerous in the hands of the incompetent, are permitted to be sold and
distributed to the laity, thereby constituting a grave menace to the entire live stock
industry, by virtue of taking the control of contagious and infectious diseases from the
hands of the veterinarian, who is the only person qualified to cope with those problems
intelligently, besides resulting in a considerable lessening of the income of the local
practitioner in the territory where this is practiced.

‘Again, there are certain schools in good standing in our Association that are said to
accept tuition from students to educate them in the art and science of veterinary medi-
cine, and at the same time are said to be guilty of giving instructions to farmers in
the art of administration of certain of these vaccines. A dean of another veterinary
college is also said to distribute hog cholera serum and virus to farmers.

““As matters stand at present, the future of our profession is in a very precarious
condition. Without question, fully 95% of all students matriculating in our veterinary
colleges, do so with the expectation of engaging in practice upon graduating. At the
present time, with the prospect of county agent activities in the matter of hog cholera
vaccination, even the most far-sighted of our profession cannot bespeak a promising
future for the practitioner with any too great a certainty. Asa result, our schools are
practically empty, and will remain in this condition until such time as the field of
the veterinarian is not unjustly encroached upon, and is definitely outlined by legis-
lation. I consider that no question of greater importance has ever confronted our pro-
fession and upon its solution depends our future.

“You ask what can be done. I suggest that what we need first is a well-defined
policy outlined, for which we will be able to secure the enthusiastic cooperation of every
state veterinary association, as well as every individual constituting our profession. It
should be dealt with as a national question, and the question of whether the eradication
and control of contagious and infectious diseases are to be handled by veterinarians
or whether we are to be hampered by the laity should be settled once and for all.
A law governing the distribution of viruses would protect the stockman against his
own ignorance and serve the needs of the veterinary profession. I ask that at this
time you give earnest consideration to these matters, and if possible outline some
definite plan of procedure, for which the entire profession can work as a unit.

Very sincerely,
(Signed) W. H. Wetcu.”’
After considerable further discussion, which was entered into

by all present, the motion to adopt Pres. Welch’s resolution
was carried.

Discussion then turned to the desirability of the Secretary
attending as many of the winter meetings of the various state
associations as possible, with the result that the Secretary was
instructed to attend as many of these meetings as he could, and
the hope was expressed that the President and Executive Board

PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS 775

members would find it possible to attend those meetings which the
Secretary found it impossible to attend.

The Secretary called attention to the plan which he had started
at the Michigan-Ohio meeting, of having each State or local
association appoint a committee as a clearing house for grie-
vances, the same to be transmitted to the Secretary of the Am-
erican Veterinary Medical Association for guidance in shaping
the activity of the Association along lines most needed.

Treasurer Jacob rendered a report of the financial status of the
Association up to December 2, 1922. This report showed that
the total assets of the Association at that time amounted to
$43,111.74. The Secretary then asked for some instructions
relative to the expenditure of the $1000.00 which had been ap-
propriated for publicity purposes. Attention was called to the
fact that the original purpose for which this money had been
appropriated was for general publicity through the agencies of
the general press amd agricultural publications. Dr. Cotton
called attention to the desirability of doing something that
would attract and encourage young men to enter the veterinary
profession.

The Secretary reported that he had made some plans for
taking a veterinary census of North America, involving the
compiling of a complete list of all veterinary graduates in the
United States and Canada. He also called attention to the de-
sirability of publishing a directory, including the Constitution
and By-laws, in the near future, a matter that had been deferred
the past year on account of the expenses. It was decided to
defer this matter in view of the fact that the machinery had
already been set in motion for making numerous changes in the
Constitution and By-laws. The Secretary called attention to
numerous requests received for an interpretation of our Code of
Ethics. He suggested that the time had arrived when a more
liberal interpretation was indicated, owing to the fact that no
small number of veterinarians were now specializing along some
particular line of practice and they desire to advertise their
specialities in a way that would be unobjectionable and within
the law, so far as the Code of Ethics was concerned.

The Secretary asked for further instructions relative to the
lapel emblem, the design for which had been submitted and
adopted at the St. Louis meeting. It was decided to order 1000
gold-filled emblems at the price quoted, these to be sold to the
members at fifty cents each.

776 PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS

The next matter called to the attention of the Board by the
Secretary, was an apparent error committed at the St. Louis
meeting in rejecting the application of Dr. Sam. W. Wiest, of
New Mexico, a graduate of the St. Joseph Veterinary College
of the year 1919. This application had apparently been re-
jected for the reason that the St. Joseph Veterinary College was
not recognized that year. Dr. Mayo had notified Dr. Wiest to
this effect, and Dr. O. E. Troy, Resident Secretary of New
Mexico, had called attention to the apparent error in declining
membership to Dr. Wiest. Examination of the records seemed
to substantiate the claim of Dr. Troy that an error had been
committed, as the St. Joseph College was not discredited until
the New Orleans meeting, December 1919, and Dr. Wiest, the
applicant, had graduated from the institution in question the
previous Spring. Dr. Cotton moved that the Executive Board
recommend Dr. Wiest favorably to the Association at the
Montreal meeting. The motion was seconded by Dr. Kiernan
and carried. The Secretary was instructed to make the necessary
explanations in connection with this case.

The next matter to which the Secretary directed attention
was an apparent inaccuracy in the Proceedings relative to the
disposition of the report of the Committee on Anatomical
Nomenclature. The action of the Secretary, as shown in the
correspondence with Dr. Sisson, Chairman of the Committee,
was sustained.

Attention was directed to the action of the Board at the St.
Louis meeting, in rescinding the previous action of the Board
relative to members of the Association who did not desire to
take the Journal. The Secretary was instructed from that time
on, that all members must pay dues in full and take the Journal.

The Executive Board voted to provide the Secretary with a
revolving fund of $500.00, to take care of salaries of office assis-
tants, cash purchases, and various petty expenses.

The Secretary asked for instructions as to the disposition of
his surety bond for $5000.00 Chairman Way reported that he
was in possession of the surety bond for $25,000. covering the
Treasurer, and that said bond was in his safety deposit vault in
the Irving National Bank, New York City. Dr. Munce moved
that the Chairman of the Executive Board be designated cus-
todian of all surety bonds of the Association. The motion was
seconded by Dr. Kiernan. Motion carried. After considerable
discussion, Dr. Cotton moved that the Secretary file a bond for

PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS 777

an additional $5000, making the total amount $10,000, covering
the three positions of Secretary, Editor and Business Manager
of the Journal. The motion was seconded by Dr. Munce and
carried.

Chairman Way called attention to the fact that no action had
been taken with reference to the dates of the Montreal meeting.
Dr. Kiernan stated that the dates had not been definitely fixed,
but had been left to the Local Committee on Arrangements, and
this committee was to advise the Executive Board later on.
(The Executive Board decided to recommend to the Montreal
veterinarians the following dates: August 27-28-29-30-31.)
Pres. Welch reported that he would get in touch with the Mon-
treal veterinarians relative to the formation of the Local Com-
mittee on Arrangements.

The meeting adjourned at 1:25 o’clock to reconvene as early
as possible in the afternoon for a joint session with the Committee
on Revision of the Constitution and By-laws.

First Jornt SESSION OF EXECUTIVE BOARD AND
REVISION COMMITTEE

The joint meeting of the Executive Board and the Committee
on Revision of Constitution and By-laws was called to order
at 2:40 o’clock, Chairman Way presiding. The following
Executive Board members were present: Drs. Way, Munce,
Kiernan, Cotton and Conrad; President Welch and Secretary
Hoskins. The Committee on Revision was represented by
Drs. J. H. McLeod, Chairman, C. A. Cary, A. T. Kinsley,
W. M. Bell.—Absent, L. A. Merillat. Chairman McLeod re-
ported that his committee had met that morning in pursuance
of the request made by Ex-President Kinsley, at St. Louis. He
reported that Dr. Mohler had found it necessary to resign from
the committee, and that this vacancy had been filled by the
appointment, by President Welch, of Dr. W. M. Bell, Nash-
ville, Tenn.

For the Revision Committee, Dr. Kinsley presented the fol-
lowing recommendations:

1. (a) That nominations for President be made from the floor
at the regular annual meeting one year preceding the time of
assuming office, and that the election be by mail ballot within
sixty days after the nominations.

(b) That the names of the nominees for President be pub-

778 PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS

lished in the official Journal within thirty days after nomin-
ations are made.

2. That there be six Vice-Presidents, one from each District,
nominated and elected in the same way as the President.

3. That the President and six Vice-Presidents be active mem-
bers of the Executive Board.

4. That a committee of five on credentials be created, this
committee to be appointed by the President. Each member
of this committee shall hold office for five years, except the
first committee appointed under this Constitution, one |
of which will serve for one year, one for two years, one for
three years, one for four years and one for five years.

Dr. Kinsley reported for the Revision Committee that it
did not seem feasible to make an entire revision at this time,
but to recommend amendments which would give each member
of the Association a voice in the election of officers; that it had
also appeared advisable to the Committee to recommend in-
creasing the personnel of the Executive Board, by adding seven
members, who would serve for a short time, namely, one year.
By such a plan, one-half of the Executive Board would be elect-
ed each year. The President and six Vice-Presidents would
serve during their period of office as active members of the
Executive Board, making a total of 14 members on the Board.
Dr. Kinsley spoke in favor of the amendment, stating that he
thought it would stimulate a great deal of interest in all those
sections of the country from which there is a very small re-
presentation at any of the annual meetings. Dr. McLeod re-
ported that the Revision Committee had received resolutions
from the States of Missouri, Idaho, Colorado, Iowa and Okla-
homa, asking that changes be made that would make the Associa-
tions more representative of the general body of veterinarians.

Dr. Munce called attention to the desirability of having
some change made relative to the manner of election of Section
officers. The Secretary also called attention to the loose way
in which some of the Section elections had been held in the past,
and pointed out the desirability of each member, upon register-
ing at a meeting, identifying himself with some particular
Section, as is done in the American Medical Association. Any
such arrangement need not interfere with the man attending
the meetings of any one of the three Sections, but it would

PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS 779

identify him as being most interested in some one of the three.

Dr. Cary called attention to the desirability of having the
fiscal year very definitely defined, and Secretary asked for in-
structions in this connection, as to the exact time that a member
would become delinquent on account of the non-payment of
dues. It was agreed that those members who had not paid
their dues for the year ending September 1, 1921, will have for-
feited their membership in the Association thirty days after
notification, a statement of the dues in arrears to be considered
such notification.

The Secretary then presented a plan which would entirely
change the present system of admitting new members. He called
attention to the disadvantages of the present system, especial-
ly the great amount of detail work thrown upon the Executive
Board at the time of the annual meeting, and the tendency
for prospective members to delay applications for membership
until just before the annual meeting. (The plan is crystalized
in the proposed amendment to Section 6 of Article 2 of the By-
laws, on page 784).

Dr Cary then proposed that the Secretary take all of the
suggestions and proposed changes and make a draft of them,
which would be presented at a future session of the two com-
mittees, in order thet the proposed amendments might be again
discussed more intelligently, and unnecessary duplications
and inconsistencies avoided, and this draft to be published in
the Journal, so as to give the members an opportunity of study-
ing proposed changes before the meeting in Montreal.

Chairman Way announced the following Committee on Policy:
Dr. T. E. Munce, Chairman
Dr. John R. Mohler
Drsb? AeUdail
Dr. L. A. Merillat
Dr. C. E. Cotton
Dr. M. Jacob
Dr. W. H. Welch
Dr. H. P. Hoskins, Secretary
The meeting adjourned at 4:15 o’clock, to reconvene the
following morning at 9.

780 PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS

SECOND JOINT SESSION OF EXECUTIVE BOARD AND REVISION
COMMITTEE

It was found impossible for the committee to meet at 9 o’clock
on Wednesday, December 6, 1922, so the joint conference was
not held until 5:30 o’clock. Present, Drs. Way, Munce, Kiernan,
Cotton, Conrad and E. A. Watson (representing District No. 1),
Secretary Hoskins, Drs. Bell, Cary, Kinsley and McLeod. The
Secretary presented his draft of the proposed amendments to
the Constitution and By-laws, as submitted by the Revision
Committee, the day previously, and modified in joint session
with the Executive Board. It was decided to take up these
proposed amendments and discuss them seriatim. In the case
of each proposed amendment, a motion was made, duly seconded
and carried, that these amendments be embodied in the plan
of revision of the Constitution and By-laws, to be submitted
for consideration by the Association at the next annual meeting
after having been published in the Journal. It was agreed by
all present that it would be well to have the Secretary make
a new draft of the proposed amendments and send a copy to
each member of the Executive Board and the Revision Com-
mittee, for his approval, before publication in the Journal.
The joint session adjourned at 8 o’clock.

Following are the amendments which will be offered at the
Montreal meeting. This draft of the proposed changes has been
approved by a majority of the members of the Executive Board
and the Revision Committee. Such approval does not in any
way mean that every member of both of these bodies approves
every one of the proposed amendments. Approoval means
only that the Secretary correctly interpreted and worded the
recommendations of the Revision Committee in his draft of
the proposed amendments to be published in the Journal.

CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE V—OFFICERS

Section 1 now reads as follows:

The officers of the Association shall consist of a President, five Vice-Presi-
dents, a Secretary, a Treasurer and an Executive Board. With the exception
of the Secretary and District members of the Executive Board, they shall be
elected at the regular annual meeting and hold office for one year from the
date of their election, or until their successors are elected and have assumed
office. No person shall be eligible to the offices of President, Vice-President,
Secretary or Treasurer unless he has been a member in good standing for the
five years preceding his election.

PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS 781

Proposed to be amended to read as follows;

The Officers of the Association shall consist of the President,
six Vice-Presidents, one of whom must be a resident of each
Executive Board District, a Secretary and a Treasurer. No
person shall be eligible to the offices of President, Vice-President,
Secretary or Treasurer unless he has been a member in good
standing for five years preceding his election.

VicE-PRESIDENTS
Section 3 now reads as follows:

In case of death or resignation of the President, or in case of his inability
to perform the duties of his office from any cause, the same shall devolve upon
the Vice-President, in seniority, for the remainder of the unexpired term, or
until the disability shall be removed.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:

In case of death or resignation of the President, or in case of
his inability to perform the duties of his office from any cause,
the presiding officer shall be selected by the Executive Board
from the Vice-Presidents.

SECRETARY
Section 4 now reads as follows:

The Secretary shall perform all the clerical duties of the Association, and
be the custodian of all its property except moneys and the properties of the
official Journal office. The Secretary may also act as Editor or Business
Manager, or both, of the official Journal when so recommended by the Execu-
tive Board, and approved by the Association. All moneys received by him
shall be paid monthly to the Treasurer. He shall receive such salary and
allowances as may be recommended by the Executive Board and approved by
the Association.

He shall give bond to the Association in the sum of five thousand dollars
($5,000), acceptable to the Executive Board. He shall present a written report
at the regular annual meeting.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:

The Secretary shall perform all the clerical duties of the
Association, and be custodian of all its property, except money
and surety bonds. The Secretary may also act as Editor or
Business manager of the Journal or both. He shall give bond
to the Association in a sum acceptable to the Executive Board.
He shall present a written report at the regular annual meeting.

TREASURER
Section 5 now reads as follows:

The Treasurer shall account to the Association for all moneys received.
He shall give bond to the Association in the sum of ten thousand dollars
($10,000), acceptable to the Executive Board, At the expiration of his term
of office he shall account for and turn over to his successor in office all moneys,
vouchers and account books belonging to the Association.

The Treasurer shall pay out moneys only on vouchers countersigned by
the President and Secretary, or President and Editor, excepting minor expenses

782 PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS

of the Secretary, and such revolving fund allowances as may be placed at the
disposal of the Editor and Manager of the Journal by the Budget Committee.

The Treasurer shall at the regular annual meeting present a written detailed
report with vouchers covering all receipts and expenditures.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:

The Treasurer shall be elected at the regular annual meeting,
by ballot, and shall assume the duties of said office on the first
day of January next succeeding his election, and shall continue
in office for one year. He shall account to the Association for
all moneys received. He shall give bond to the Association in
a sum acceptable to the Executive Board. At the expiration of
his term of office he shall account for and turn over to his suc-
cessor in office all money, vouchers, and account books belonging
to the Association.

The Treasurer shall pay out moneys only on vouchers counter-
signed by the President and Secretary, or president and Editor,
excepting minor expenses of the Secretary, and such revolving
fund allowances as may be placed at the disposal of the Editor
and Manager of the Journal by the Budget Committee.

The Treasurer shall at the expiration of each fiscal year make
a detailed statement, accompanied by vouchers, covering all
receipts and expenditures to the Executive Board and the re-
port shall be published in the official Journal.

EXECUTIVE BOARD

Section 7, A now reads as follows:

The Executive Board shall consist of seven members, one from each Execu-
tive Board district, and one member-at-large, and it shall elect annually its
own chairman.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:

The Executive Board shall consist of fourteen members, as
follows:—The President, six Vice-Presidents, one member
from each Executive Board district, as hereinafter provided,
and one member-at-large. This Board shall annually elect its
own chairman.

Section 7, B now reads as follows:

Each member of the Executive Board shall hold office for five years, except
the district members first elected under this Constitution. Those first elected
from, the First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Districts shall hold office
respectively for one, two, three, four and five years from the date of election.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:

Each member of the Executive Board shall hold office for
five years, except the President and six Vice-Presidents, who
shall hold office for one year.

PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS 783

Section 7, E now reads as follows:

The Executive Board shall pass upon the eligibility of all candidates for
membership and report their recommendations to the Association. Four
members of the Executive Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction
of business.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:

The Executive Board shall pass upon the eligibility of all
applicants for membership except as hereinafter provided and
report their recommendations to the Association. Eight mem-
bers of the Executive Board shall constitute a quorum.

Section 7, H now reads as follows:

Accurate records shall be kept by the Secretary of the Association of all
meetings of the Executive Board.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:
The Secretary of the Association shall keep accurate records
of all meetings of the Executive Board.

Section 7, M now reads as follows:

The Executive Board shall have the Journal accounts audited by a quali-
fied accountant annually or oftener if deemed necessary, and submit annually
to the Association a financial statement including inventory.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:

The Executive Board shall have the accounts of the Secretary,
the Editor and Business Manager of the Journal and the Trea-
surer, audited by a qualified ancountant annually or oftener if
deemed necessary, and submit annually to the Association
a financial statement including inventory.

VACANCIES AND REMOVALS

Section 9, third paragraph, now reads as follows:
Vacancies in the office of the Secretary or Treasurer shall be filled by
appointment for the unexpired term by the President.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:

A vacancy in the office of Treasurer shall be filled by appoint-
ment for the unexpired term, by the President.
Proposed that a paragraph be added to read as follows:

In the event of the absence of a member of the Executive
Board at a regular or special meeting, the President may appoint
a member to fill such vacancy, the temporary appointee, in each
case, to be from the same district as the absentee.

EXECUTIVE Boarp MEETINGS

Section 10, third line, now reads as follows:
Special meetings may be called by the Secretary upon written request of
five members of the Executive Board.

784 PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:

Special meetings may be called by the Secretary upon written
request of ten members of the Executive Board.

BY-LAWS

ARTICLE 2—APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP.
Section 6 now reads as follows:

All candidates for membership reported to the Association by the Executive
Board shall be ballotted upon and a three-fourths vote in the applicant’s
favor will entitle him to active membership.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:

Applications for membership shall be made upon blanks
furnished by the Association, in the handwriting of the appli-
cant, and must be endorsed by two members of the Association
in good standing, one of whom must be a resident of the state,
province or territory in which the applicant resides. Applica-
tions must be accompanied by the membership fee of $5.00 and
dues pro rata for the balance of the fiscal year current, as stated
on the application blank. Applications must be filed with the
Secretary and be examined by him for correctness and complete-
ness as far as available information will allow. After such
approval by the Secretary, the latter will cause to be published
in the official Journal, as soon thereafter as possible, said appli-
cation with name and address of applicant, college and year of
graduation, and names of vouchers. If no objections shall be
filed with the Secretary, as against the applicant being admitted
to membership in the Association, his name shall again be listed
in the next issue of the Journal, and if no objections shall have
been filed within thirty days after the second publication of the
name of the applicant, he shall automatically become a member
and shall be so enrolled by the Secretary, and membership
card issued. If any objections be filed against any applicant,
either on first or second notice, said application will be referred
to the Executive Board for consideration.

ARTICLE 5—DUES

Section 1 now reads as follows:

There shall be an initiation fee of five dollars ($5.00). The annual dues
shall be five dollars ($5.00), payable in advance on the first day of September.
Honorary members shall pay no dues.

Proposed to be amended as follows:
Change word “September” to read “January”.

PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS 785

ARTICLE 8—NOMINATIONS.

Section 1 now reads as follows:

Nominations for office, except as otherwise provided for, shall be made
orally. A nominating speech shall not exceed two minutes and the nomina-
tions shall not be closed until every member present has had an opportunity
to present his candidate.

Proposed that another section (2) be added to read as follows:

Nominations for President and Vice-President shall be made
at the regular annual meeting, one year preceding the time of
their assuming office. The names of the nominees for
President and Vice-Presidents shall be published in the issue of
the Journal following the regular annual meeting.

ARTICLE 9—ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

Section 1 now reads as follows:

A majority of all votes cast shall be necessary to elect. If no nominee
receives a majority of the votes on the first ballot, the nominee who receives
the lowest number of votes shall be dropped and a new ballot shall be taken,
and so on until a nominee receives a majority.

(No change proposed).

Section 2 now reads as follows:

The officers of the Association shall be elected at the afternoon session the

second day of the annual meeting.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:

The Treasurer and member-at-large of the Executive Board
shall be elected at the afternoon session of the second day of the
meeting.

Proposed that another section (3) be added to read as follows:

The President and six Vice-Presidents shall be elected by mail
ballot. Within fifteen days after the publication of the names
of the nominees in the Journal the Secretary shall mail a ballot
to each member of the Association.

ARTICLE 11—INSTALLATION

Section 1 now reads as follows:

The officers of the Association shall assume their duties at the close of the
annual meeting at which they are elected.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:

The President and Vice-Presidents shall assume their duties
at the close of the annual meeting following their election.
Proposed that another section (2) be added to read as follows:

The member-at-large of the Executive Board shall assume
his duties at the close of the annual meeting at which he was
elected.

786 PROCEEDINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS

ARTICLE 15—REGISTRATION

Section 1 now reads as follows:

No member may vote at a regular meeting until he has registered and paid
his entire indebtedness to the Association.

Proposed to be amended to read as follows:
No member may vote at any election until he shall have paid
his entire indebtedness to the Association.
Proposed that another section (2) be added to read as follows:
Each member shall designate to which section he wishes to be
affiliated when registering at the annual meeting.

ARTICLE 17—STANDING COMMITTEES

Delete ‘6 Audit’ from line 5. (This merely dispenses with an
Audit Committee. )

EXECUTIVE BOARD ELECTION IN DISTRICT No. 1

The polls for nominations for Member of the Executive
Board of the A. V. M. A. for District No. 1 (Canada) were closed
on February 12, 1923. The names of thirteen different Cana-
dian veterinarians appeared upon the nominating ballots. The
five members standing at the head of the list, as shown by a
careful count, were Drs. J. C. Hargrave, George Hilton, C. D.
McGilvray, J. B. Still and E. A. Watson. These names were
placed upon the election ballot, which was mailed to every mem-
ber of the Association in District No. 1 who was in good standing
on February, 12, 1923. Nominating ballots were examined and
counted by a committee consisting of Drs. S. Brenton, E. P.
Schaffter and H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary.

A number of the Quaker City Veterinarians take an active
interest in the transactions of the Philadelphia Pathological
Society. The December meeting of the Society was held at the
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, and
the program included addresses on ‘‘Avian Tuberculosis”, by
Dr. Evan L. Stubbs, ‘““Cow Pox’’, by Dr. Fred Boerner, and
“The Life History of the Ascaris’, by Dr. B. M. Underhill.
All of the addresses were illustrated with lantern slides.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Proceedings of Fifty-ninth Annual Meeting, St. Louis,
Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922

(Continued from the February JOURNAL.)
TUESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 22, 1922

The first session of the Section on Sanitary Science and Police
was called to order at nine-thirty o’clock by Dr. R. C. Reed,
Chairman, of College-Park, Md.

CHaiRMAN Reep: The meeting will come to order. I will
call upon the Secretary for his report.

(Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, of Detroit, Mich., presented the
report of the Secretary, as follows:)

SECRETARY’S REPORT, ST. LOUIS, MO., AUGUST 28, 1922
H. Preston Hoskrys, Detroit, Mich.

More difficulties were experienced this year in getting papers for the pro-
gram than in any of the four previous years that I have served as secretary
of the section. The reason for this is not apparent. Quite a considerable
number of our members who have been regular attendants at sessions of this
section, and who have consistently taken part in our programs, advised your
secretary that they did not expect to attend the meeting or declined to con-
tribute to the program for various reasons. Little success has attended our
efforts to get the younger members interested, to the point of presenting
papers.

Before any definite plans for the program were made, early in the year, an
effort was made to arrange a meeting of the section officers, so that the sec-
tion programs might be discussed and the ground gone over, with a view to
avoiding duplication of effort, getting better allocation of papers and subjects,
and securing more attractive section programs. Experience gained from
recent years pointed to the desirability of such a conference to get coordination
of the section programs. This is particularly true of the Sections on Educa-
tion and Research and Sanitary Science and Police, where there has been
some tendency for programs to overlap. However, this is not to be construed
as saying that the Section on General Practice should not be considered in
any such plan. To make a long story short, it was found that the conference
could not be held, as there were no funds available to defray the expenses of
the section officers who would have to travel to attend such a conference.
Therefore, it seems desirable to recommend that the Association make pro-
vision for doing this in the future.

In June, letters were sent to about seventy members of the Association
interested in sanitary control work, asking for contributions or suggestions for
the program. Replies were received from about one-third of those written.
These replies clearly indicated that the subject of tuberculosis eradication,
including tuberculin testing, is uppermost in the minds of a large number of
our veterinarians, and there was a very evident desire upon their part to have
various phases of the subject discussed, even though the ground has been
covered so often at recent meetings of this Association, meetings of State
and Sectional associations, tuberculosis conferences, short courses and other
similar gatherings.

The proposal was made to have a session of this section on one of the two
days when the clinics are being held in East St. Louis. This proposal was
put up to the seventy members sent the letters before mentioned, for an

787

788 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

expression of opinion. Those in favor of the proposal out-numbered those
opposed at least two to one, but upon more closely analyzing the replies, and
weighing the pros and cons, it appeared that stronger arguments were put
forth against the proposal than for it. On the whole, it appeared unwise to
do anything that might detract from the interest in the clinics at East St.
Louis, in view of the fact that the program was largely to be for the practi-
tioners and that the meeting was really being built up around this idea.

Plans were made for the two sessions, as usual, and the papers promised
divided into two groups. Examination of the official program shows that the
second session of this section is scheduled for Friday afternoon, at 1:30 P. M.,
at a time when a general session is also scheduled. It might be well, before
this session is adjourned, to decide whether the members wish to make any
change in the program as printed. It is not quite clear how there could be a
general session of the Association, simultaneously with sessions of the three
sections, as scheduled for Friday afternoon.

Moved by Dr. Cahill that the Secretary’s report be accepted.
Motion seconded and carried.

CHAIRMAN Reep: We will now hear the first address on our
program this morning, ‘Observations on the So-Called Hog
‘Flu’,”’ by Drs. M. Dorset, C. N. McBryde and W. B. Niles,
Biochemic Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington,
DEC:

(The paper was read by Dr. Niles. Paper and discussion
published in Journal, November 1922, pp. 162-171.)

CHAIRMAN REED: We will take up the next paper, “Equine
Infectious Anemia,’ by Captain R. A. Kelser, of the Army
Medical School, Washington, D. C.

(Captain Kelser read his paper which was illustrated with num-
erous splendid lantern slides. Applause. Paper and discussion
published in Journal, December 1922, pp. 319-331.)

CHAIRMAN Reep: If there is no further discussion, we will
take up the next paper on the program, which I think Captain
Kelser has.

CapTaIN Keser: Mr. Chairman, if there is no objection,
owing to the lateness of the hour and one more paper, I move
that this paper be read by title and published; unless there is
some particular reason for reading it, I move that it be read by
title and published in the Journal.

Motion seconded by Dr. Cameron.

CHAIRMAN Reep: It is moved and seconded that the third
paper, ‘“The Control of Equine Infectious Abortion in the U. S.
Army,” by Captains G. H. Koon and R. A. Kelser, Veterinary
Corps, United States Army, be read by title and published in
the proceedings. Are you ready for the question?

Question called, motion put and carried.

(Paper published in Journal, November 1922, pp. 193-196).

—e—

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 789

CHAIRMAN ReeEp: We will pass on to the next paper, ‘The
Value of Animal Experimentation to Veterinary Medicine,” by
Drs. J. G. Hardenbergh and S. D. Brimhall.

Dr. HaRDENBERGH: I am a little bit doubtful about pre-
senting a paper of this character before this session. However,
Dr. Hoskins was good enough to put me on this program and
I hope you will bear with me for the few minutes that it will
take to read this paper.

(Dr Hardenbergh presented paper. Applause. Paper pub-
lished in Journal, this issue, pp. 731-735.)

CHAIRMAN REED: This very interesting paper of Dr. Hard-
enbergh is now open for discussion. I do not know that it needs
much discussion, as it has been very ably handled, but it is of
great importance and is interesting to all of us. Has anyone
anything to ask?

Dr. Hoskins: I have been asked to announce that the Ohio
State University Alumni will have their dinner at six p.m. in
Parlor “F’’; and the University of Pennsylvania Alumni will
meet at six o’clock this evening. They are requested to assemble
in the lobby of this hotel at a quarter to six.

CuatrMAN ReeEp: Now gentlemen, before we close this
session, as the Secretary mentioned in his report, it is up to you
to decide whether we shall have the session which is now
scheduled for Friday afternoon on some other morning or after-
noon of the week, or whether it shall be left on the program as
it is now scheduled. It seems rather an impossibility to schedule
a general session of the whole Association and three sections
at the same time.

Caprain Ketser: I believe if there is another period where
this Friday afternoon session can be placed, it would be the
thing to do, rather than have the two sessions conflict. Possi-
bly Dr. Hoskins is more familiar with the program, also these
clinics, and may be able to suggest a period where this could be
placed.

Dr. Hoskins: I really have no information on which to base
a suggestion as to just what is the best thing to do. It would
hinge, in part, upon what the other sections have decided to do,
because they are in the same boat that we are. Dr. Kinsley has
pushed the program of the general sessions ahead, so that they
are considerably ahead of the schedule at the present time, and
it may be that they can clean up things so that it would not be

790 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING

~ necessary to have a general session on Friday afternoon, although
that would be very unusual.

CHAIRMAN ReEeEp: I think it would be very unfortunate for
a very large proportion of the interested workers in the Associa-
tion to be absent from a general session which would have im-
portant business to bring up.

Dr Hoskins: Mr. Chairman, I believe it would be desirable
to let the thing hang fire for the time being, and the officers of
this section can get in communication with the officers of the
other sections and decide on something and have it announced
at a general session.

CHAIRMAN ReEEp: That would be a solution of the problem
and we will take it up on that plan.

Dr. CAMERON: I move we adjourn.
Motion seconded by Captain Kelser and carried.

ADJOURNMENT
FRIDAY MORNING SEPTEMBER 1, 1922.

The second session convened at 8:45 o’clock, Dr. Reed pre-
siding.

CHAIRMAN REED: The meeting will come to order, please.
The first and only paper that we will have this morning is by
Dr. J. W. Connaway, of Columbia, Missouri. He needs no in-
troduction. He will give us his paper on ‘Facts and Inter-
pretations Relating to Infectious Abortion in Cattle and Swine”’.

(Dr. Connaway read his paper entitled, ‘Facts and Interpre-
tations Relating to Infectious abortion in Cattle and Swine.”
Applause. Paper and discussion published in Journal, this
issue, pp. 719-730.)

CHAIRMAN ReeEp: If there is no further discussion, we will
proceed to the election of officers for the coming year, which
is the last item on our program.

Are there any nominations for chairman of the section?

Dr. Ketser: I nominate the present incumbent, as Chair-
man of the Section on Sanitary Science and Police for the
ensuing year.

Dr. Connaway: I second the nomination.

Dr. KieERNAN: I move the nominations be closed.

The motion was seconded and carried.

Dr. Connaway: I move that the Secretary be instructed

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 791

to cast the unanimous vote of the Association for the present
incumbent.

Dr. Hoskins being absent, Dr. Kiernan cast the ballot of the
Association for Dr. Reed for Chairman.

CHAIRMAN REED: Gentlemen, as I told you in the beginning
I am not a speech-maker and I am not going to inflict one on
you now, but I hope since I have had one year’s experience
in the Chair I will be able to do a little better next year than I
did this. I promise you to put my heart and soul into the work,
and do all possible for the Section, and this Section is a mighty
important one.

The only other officer to be elected at this time is a secretary.
Now, of course, our present secretary is automatically barred.
He has done admirably for several years. We shall be obliged to
give some one else a chance. Now, nominations are in order
for the office of secretary.

Dr. KieERNAN: Inasmuch as we are going to Canada for the
meeting next year, I want to nominate Dr. Hall, of the Canadian
force, as Secretary. He ison Dr. Torrance’s force up there.

Dr. Connaway: I second it.

Dr. Hart: I move the nominations be closed.

The motion was seconded and carried.

Dr. Hart: I move the President cast the unanimous vote
of the Association for Dr. Hall, of Canada.

The motion was seconded and carried,

CHAIRMAN ReeEp: The ballot is hereby cast. Dr. Hall is
declared elected unanimously. So far as I know that concludes
the work for this Section.

A motion to adjourn was seconded and carried.

ADJOURNMENT

Dr. R. C. Dayton, who has been engaged in general practice at
Indiana, Pa., has accepted a position as dairy inspector with the
Supplee-Wills-Jones Co., of Philadelphia, Pa. Dr. Dayton is
stationed at Duncannon, Pa.

Dr. O. B. Morgan has removed from Rocky Ford, Colo., to
Canton, Kan., where he has purchased the practice of Dr. F. H.
Sharp.

OTHER MEETINGS

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK
CITY

The regular monthly meeting of the Veterinary Medical
Association of New York City was called to order by the Pre-
sident, Dr. Robt. S. MacKellar, in the New York Academy of
Medicine, 17 West 43rd St., on Wednesday evening, December
6th. 1922, at 8:30 p.m. The minutes of the November meeting
were read and approved.

A round-table talk on ‘‘Rabies” was led by Dr. Geo. Goubeaud,
who ably discussed and brought out many excellent points in
arriving at a correct diagnosis of this dread disease. He pointed
out the immense services veterinarians may perform in consery-
ing public health by advocating the vaccination of all dogs
against rabies. He said the Department of Health was consider-
ing passing an ordinance making the vaccination against rabies
of all dogs, in New York, a section of the Sanitary Code. Drs.
Slawson, Berns, Chase, Miller, Rohrer, Major Jewell and others
joined in a general discussion.

Dr. Berns proposed the following resolution:

WHEREAS, many of our members report the gratifying results of immunizing
dogs against rabies by vaccination, be it

RESOLVED, that this Association fully endorse this method and firmly
believe that it would be greatly to the interest of public health if the vaccina-
tion of all dogs against rabies was made compulsory, and be it further

RESOLVED, that a copy of this resolution be sent to the New York Depart-
ment of Health for its consideration.

This resolution was duly seconded and carried.

Dr. Raymond J. Garbutt was unanimously elected to become
a member of this association.

The amending of Section 1, Article 8, of our by-laws, making
the annual dues $5.00, payable in advance, as proposed at our
last meeting, the necessary two-weeks notice having been given
the members, was taken up for final action and was passed
unanimously.

Dr. Chase moved that we hold our meeting in the New York
Academy of Medicine, as the best located and most accessible
to the great majority of our members. This was seconded
and carried.

This being the annual meeting, the reports of all committees
and election of officers were in order.

The Chairman, Dr. Reid Blair, of the Program Committee,
being absent, Dr. Berns reported progress. Dr. McKinney,

792

ASSOCIATION NEWS 793

Chairman of the Prosecuting Committee, reported progress.
The accounts of the Secretary-Treasurer, having been audited
by the Auditing Committee, showed a balance in the treasury.

The election of officers for the ensuing year then took place,
and resulted as follows:—Dr. J. Elliott Crawford was unani-
mously elected President. Dr. Bruce Blair was unanimously
elected Vice-President. Dr. C. G. Rohrer was unanimously
elected Secretary-Treasurer.

The following five members were unanimously elected to
serve as Censors:—Dr. Chas. E. Clayton, Chairman; Dr.
Geo. J. Goubeaud, Dr. Wm. J. McKinney, Dr. E. A. Durner,
and Dr. Alex. Slawson.

A vote of thanks was extended to Dr. Goubeaud. Meeting
adjourned..

J. Evntiortr Crawrorp, Secretary

DELAWARE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
AND UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE VETERINARY
CONFERENCE

The Association held its annual meeting in conjunction with
the University of Delaware Veterinary Conference on December
2A 1922.

Dean C. A. McCue, of the Agricultural School, weleomed the
guests to the University. He talked on the growth of the live
stock industry in the state and the relation of the veterinarian
to this important branch of agriculture. Of special interest to
the members present was the news of the rapid progress being
made within the State in the swine, dairy and poultry industries.
Dean McCue stated that Delaware is the only State east of the
corn belt producing an excess of corn, and that it is the extension
policy of the University to advocate the feeding of corn to swine,
rather than exporting this crop. He further stated that the
poultry industry in the State is growing by leaps and bounds and
with this growth there is arising both a need and a demand for
investigational work on poultry-raising problems and especially
those of a disease nature.

Dr. C. C. Palmer, of the Department of Animal Industry, dis-
cussed the work of this Department, especially with reference to
the research being done in animal diseases. The members were
keenly interested in the feeding experiments conducted on swine
and the rations that were found practical for Delaware herds.

794 ASSOCIATION NEWS

Drs. F. P. Ruhl, of Milford, and H. McDaniel, of Dover, led
the round-table discussion on poultry diseases. Dr. Palmer gave
a resume of the poultry diseases studied at the laboratory and
Prof. H. R. Baker demonstrated the method of collecting a blood
sample for conducting an agglutination test for white diarrhea.
Dr. L. Levinson, of Middletown, told of the value to be derived
from intestinal antiseptics in treating poultry diseases.

The question of veterinary fees was dealt with in considerable
detail, the discussion being led by Drs. Ruhl and Eves. The
consensus of opinion seemed to be that the question of fees is
largely a local matter and is best determined by the individual
practitioner and governed by local conditions.

Dr. R. O. Biltz, of Georgetown, recently appointed field man
for the State Board of Agriculture, on Tuberculosis Eradica-
tion, gave a talk on Tuberculosis Control work in the Lower
Counties.

Dr. M. L. Zurkow, B. A. I. Veterinarian in charge of Hog
Cholera Control, scheduled to talk on Hog Cholera, was unable
to attend the Conference. His place was taken by Dr. Ruhl, who
talked of his experiences in vaccinating swine.

The Association voted to hold its annual meeting in conjunc-
tion with the University Conference. New Association officers
elected were President, Dr. Harry McDaniel, Dover; Secretary-
Treasurer, Dr. C. C. Palmer, Newark; Members of the Execu-
tive Committee, Drs. Ruhl of Milford, McDowell of Middletown
and Eves of Wilmington.

Dr. Ruhl invited the Association to hold its summer meeting
at Rehoboth, Delaware’s leading ocean resort, as his guests. The
invitation was accepted.

C. C. Patmerr, Secretary.

VETERINARY PRACTITIONERS’ WEEK, UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

The recent Veterinary Practitioners’ Week, held at the
University Farm at Davis, California, January 2 to 5, 1923,
was a very successful meeting. There was a larger attendance
than at any of the short courses which have been held annually
since the year 1916. One-hundred and forty-five men were
registered. As there are about three hundred active veterinarians
in California, this is considered a very good representation.

Doctor W. E. Muldoon, of Kansas, and Doctors A. Eichhorn

ASSOCIATION NEWS 795

and J. F. DeVine, of New York, were the principal lecturers at
the course.

Doctor Muldoon touched on a variety of topics which his
wide experience enabled him to handle in a very successful
manner. His discussion of the subject of general therapeutics
with the lecture on the external and internal administration of
drugs was timely and enlightening, and was the first time this
subject has been presented at the short courses. His operation
of intestinal anastomosis and gastrotomy in the dog were skill-
fully performed and brought out new facts to a majority of the
veterinarians as to the best method of performing these opera-
tions. His lecture on lameness in the horse and the surgical
clinic on the horse were of great interest to a great majority of
the attending veterinarians. Despite the reduction in horse
practice, all the men not specializing in small animal practice
still have a considerable amount of work on the diseases of
horses.

Doctor ‘DeVine’s lectures on the diagnosis of pregnancy and
treatment of sterility in the cow and mare were especially well
received. Given in his very practical style, the practicing
veterinarian obtained a maximum benefit and the discussions
that took place were entered into by a high percentage of the
practitioners and extended beyond the regular allotted time for
the work. In his final lecture on business methods in practice,
its organization and management, a masterful presentation of
this subject was given and his closing remarks will undoubtedly
long be remembered by the California veterinarians.

Doctor Eichhorn’s opening lecture on rabies, its prevention
and control, touched a problem of great importance in a number
of sections of California at this time and was of great value in
clearing up mooted questions regarding this disease which the
practitioners and officials have been repeatedly facing for the
past year in this state. His observations on the veterinary
profession in Europe during his recent extensive travel through
that country brought down to the minute the latest research
in all of the major infectious diseases of animals. In the lecture
on biological methods for the control of anthrax, a subject of
annual importance to the live stock interests of California,
Doctor Eichhorn discussed in a clear and forceful manner some
recent developments and the newer ideas in regard to the many
questions covering the exact method of treatment and procedure
of handling this disease.

796 ASSOCIATION NEWS

On account of the attention given to small animal practice
the men engaged in this work were well represented and the
symposium given during the first evening, under the direction ~
of Dr. Muldoon, assisted by Drs. O. A. Longley, O. J. Kron,
W. A. Boucher, and D. F. Fox, practicing veterinarians of
California, brought out facts of importance in this field.

One afternoon was devoted to matters coming under the
supervision of the State Bureau of Animal Industry. The
subject of uniformity of methods of tuberculin-testing, by
Dr. J. P. Iverson, Chief of the State Bureau of Animal Industry,
and the policies and methods of enforcing the State dairy law,
by Dr. J. Frey, with a similar talk by Dr. M. Rosenberger, on
enforcing the meat inspection law, followed by a discussion of the
influence of diet on swine diseases, by Dr. Robert Jay, the
Federal cooperating agent, together with a moving picture,
“Exit Ascaris,” from the United States Bureau of Animal
Industry, gave the practicing veterinarians an insight into the
work of the official veterinarians of this state.

The latest work on ‘‘Red Water’? was presented by Drs. E.
Records and L. R. Vawter, of Nevada. This disease continues
to be a baffling problem and is a matter of equal importance to
California and Nevada.

A special lecture on estrous cycle studies and the relationship
of diet to fertilization, covering extensive nutritional work done
by Drs. Evans and Bishop, of the Division of Anatomy, of the
University of California Medical School, was one of the features
of the program. The work of these scientists has attracted
national attention and while it has been largely confined to the
white rat, it has clearly opened the possibility of interest and
application to the breeding difficulties of all domestic animals.

During one evening the members of the Division of Veterinary
Science occupied the time with a symposium on infectious
abortion, followed by a discussion by Drs. DeVine and Eichhorn.

The meeting closed Friday afternoon, with surgical operations
on the horse by Dr. Muldoon, assisted by Drs. McKenna and
Carr, and there was a general feeling that the practitioners had
been well repaid for attending the course and that they were
greatly indebted to the visiting lecturers who contributed so

much to the success of the week.
F. M. Hayes.

ASSOCIATION NEWS 797

MISSISSIPPI STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The seventeenth annual meeting of the Mississippi State
Veterinary Medical Association was held in the City Hall,
Clarksdale, Miss., January 8th and 9th, 1923. The meeting was
called to order by the President, Dr. J. A. Barger, at 9 a.m. The
President then introduced Rey. Macon C. Vick, who delivered
the opening invocation.

In the absence of Hon. L. C. Franklin, Dr. Wm. L. Gates made
the address of weleome. Dr. Tait Butler, of Memphis, Tenn.,
followed with the response and gave the Association some very
wholesome advice on the requirements necessary for the veteri-
narian of the future to be successful. He cited the fact that the
tractor and automobile are here to stay, both in the city and in
the country, and the veterinarian of the future must be a man of
broader understanding and be equal to the members of other
professions socially, intellectually and culturally. Following
Dr. Butler, an excellent paper on ‘“‘Glanders’” was presented by
Dr. M. J. Luster, of Clarksdale, which was well gotten up and
well received by the Association. Those taking part in the dis-
cussion of this paper were Drs. D. F. Luckey and E. H. Berry.

The paper prepared by Dr. N. 8. Mayo, on “The Flavines’’,
was read by the secretary. A short discussion followed this
paper and upon motion by Dr. Gates the Association directed
the Secretary to write Dr. Mayo and thank him for his excel-
lent paper. The subject of ““Black Tongue” in dogs was presented
by Dr. O. M. Norton, of Greenville, and brought out quite a
lively discussion.

The afternoon session was opened by Dr. C. G. Stallworth,
who gave a short address on Veterinary Publicity. Following
this the Association had the pleasure of hearing Dr. L. A. Merillat
discuss ‘The Horse Situation in America.” He urged the pro-
fession to stand by the horse, because this animal, more than any
one thing, made the veterinary profession. Dr. J. T. Alston read
a well prepared paper on ‘‘Cattle Practice’? which was followed
by a short discussion.

In the absence of Dr. C. E. Salsbery, Dr. L. A. Merillat con-
ducted the round-table discussion, which covered the following
subjects: “Swamp Fever’, by Dr. O. M. Norton; “Laminitis’’,
by Dr. F. J. Douglass; ‘Tests for Tuberculosis”, by Dr. D. F.
Luckey. Drs. Drach and Wilson also made some remarks on
the tuberculin tests. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in

798 ASSOCIATION NEWS

the South was discussed by Dr. Tait Butler, and the “Status of
Tick Eradication in Mississippi’, by Drs. J. A. Barger and
H. Chadwick. Dr. I. W. Edwards followed the round-table
discussion with a talk on ‘‘Foot Troubles in Horses and Mules’’,
the cause of which he attributes to ground infection.

The banquet held at the Alcazar Hotel at 8 p.m., was featured
by an illustrated lecture by Dr. D. F. Luckey, of the St. Louis
Live Stock Exchange.

Tuesday morning a general clinic was held at the hospital of
Dr. W. L. Gates. Dr. L. A. Merillat performed several interest-
ing operations on large animals, the most important of which was
the roaring operation on a large mule. Drs. J. A. Beavers, O. M.
Norton, E. 8. Norton, F. J. Douglass, W. L. Gates and others
took part in the clinic. Dr. A. C. Drach, of Omaha, Nebraska,
made three post-mortems on virus pigs, which made a very in-
teresting demonstration of the lesions produced by hog cholera
virus.

The election of officers resulted in Dr. I. W. Edwards, of Vicks-
burg, Miss., being elected President; Dr. John Oliver, Columbus,
Miss., Ist Vice-President; Dr. G. B. Bradshaw, Hattiesburg,
Miss., 2nd Vice-President; and Dr. H. L. Fry, Jackson, Miss.,
Secretary-Treasurer. Grenada was selected for the next meeting,
to be held January 1924.

H. L. Fry, Secretary-Treasurer.

WASHINGTON POST-GRADUATE COURSE FOR
VETERINARIANS

A post-graduate course for veterinarians was offered by the
College of Veterinary Science of the State College of Washington,
at Pullman, January 9 to 12, 1923. The three-day program proved
to be of great interest to the veterinarians of the Northwest, due
largely to the fact that the principal lecturers were Dr. John F.
DeVine, Goshen, N. Y., and Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, Pearl River,
N. Y. In addition to these nationally prominent veterinarians,
the program was well sustained by prominent local veterinarians
of the Northwest, including Dr. H. A. Trippeer, Walla Walla;
Dr. Peter Mackintosh, Yakima; Dr. L. C. Pelton, Deputy Com-
missioner of Dairy and Livestock for the State of Washington;
Dr. A. R. Galbraith, Garfield; Dr. Otto Menig, Pullman; and Mr.
J. L. St. John, Experiment Station Chemist, of Pullman.

Among the topics which were given a prominent place in the

ASSOCIATION NEWS 799

lectures were the ‘Physiology and Anatomy of the Generative
Organs of the Male and Female,” “Abortion Disease in Cattle,”
“Results of Abortion Disease on the Maternal Genital Organs,”
“Abortion and Sterility in the Mare as Compared with that in the
Cow,” ‘‘Digestive Ailments of the Mother and Calf,” ‘“Demon-
strations of the Method of Manipulating the Genital Organs of the
Cow in the Treatment of Sterility.” ‘Forage Poisoning in An-
imals,” ‘‘Recent Developments in Nutrition,”’ “Hepatic Cirrhosis
(Walking Disease) in Horses,’ “Environment as Affecting
Animal Health,’ and ‘The Prevention and Control of Rabies”
also received attention.

The meeting was attended by forty veterinarians from the
States of Washington, Oregon and Idaho and British Columbia.
At the dinner given the last evening of the Course, talks were
heard from representatives of these three States and British
Columbia, all expressing their appreciation of the great good that
this post-graduate course is doing for the veterinarians of the
Northwest. Resolutions were passed, expressing the approval
of the entire group and asking that, if possible, the Course should
be given annually in the future.

E. E. WEGNER,
Dean.

MINNESOTA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The twenty-sixth annual meeting of the Minnesota State Vet-
erinary Medical Association was held at the Radisson Hotel,
Minneapolis, Wednesday and Thursday, January 10th and 11th,
1923. The meeting was very well attended, approximately one
hundred and seventy-five (175) veterinarians being registered.

The meeting was opened with the address of the President, Dr.
W. L. Boyd, who spoke on the “Signs of the Times in Veterinary
Medicine.”’ Dr. Earl A. Hewitt, of University Farm, gave a com-
prehensive report on “Veterinary Education.’’ Dr. J. P. Foster,
of Minneapolis, reported for the Committee on Surgery. Dr.
Foster read a paper in this connection, on the use of atropine and
morphine for anesthetic purposes in small animals, this to be
added to, as needed, by ether. Dr. F. L. Ober, of Duluth, read
the report of the Committee on Medicine. Dr. W. A. Anderson,
of Sleepy Eye, reported for the Stallion Registration Board.

Eight new members were voted in. The program as given
below was carried out. In addition, on Wednesday evening,
Dr. C. B. Shore, of Lake City, who is connected with the Rest

800 ASSOCIATION NEWS

Island Silver Fox Co., gave a very interesting talk on the fox
industry, and showed a film giving the important points in
“The Raising of Silver Fox.’’ Dr Shore pointed out that the fox
industry was assuming great importance; and that fur farming in
general was becoming a profitable industry.

PROGRAM

Business Methods in the Practice of Veterinary Medicine, Dr.
J. N. Gould, Worthington, Minn.

The Differential Diagnosis of Cattle Diseases that Resemble each
other Clinically, Dr. R. R. Dykstra, Manhattan, Kans.

Some of the Pitfalls and Mistakes as they Occur in Practice, Dr.
J. X. Parent, Foley, Minnesota.

Address of Welcome, Mr. Geo. E. Leach, Mayor, Minneapolis,
Minn.

Response for the Association, Dr. L. Hay, Faribault, Minn.

Address—The Relation between Livestock Husbandry and Vet-
erinary Medicine, Senator H. H. Bonniwell, Hutchinson, Minn.

The Present Status of Knowledge Concerning Bovine Infectious
Abortion, Dr. C. P. Fitch, St. Paul, Minn.

The Use of Glandular Extracts in Veterinary Medicine, Dr. J. F.
Shigley, St. Paul, Minn.

Some Practical Points in Horse Practice, Dr. W. H. Welch,
Lexington, IIl.

Diseases Affecting Small Pigs, Dr. A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City,
Mo.

Rickets and Related Bone Diseases (Illustrated), Professor L. S.
Palmer, University Farm, St. Paul.

Milk and Dairy Inspection from the Standpoint of the Practi-
tioner of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Cassius Way, New York
City.

Following Dr. Way’s paper, a discussion took place in regard to

a bill before the Legislature, on the use of hog cholera virus by

the farmer. It was felt by the profession that it was unwise to

allow the distribution of hog cholera virus to the farmer. A

committee was appointed to confer with the Agricultural Com-

mittee of the Senate and House in respect to this matter. Dr.

D. B. Palmer, of Minneapolis, was appointed Chairman of this

committee.

- The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: R. J.

Coffeen, Stillwater, President; R. L. West, Waseca, Ist Vice-

ASSOCIATION NEWS 801

President; B. L. Cook, Farmington, 2nd Vice-President; C. P.
Fitch, University Farm, St. Paul, Secretary-Treasurer. Board
of Trustees: R. J. Coffeen, Stillwater; C. A. Nelson, Brainerd;
Harry Evenson, Sacred Heart; D. I. Remington, Tracy; C. P.
Fitch, University Farm.

C. P. Fircn, Secretary.

THE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
JERSEY

The thirty-ninth annual meeting of the Veterinary Medical
Association of New Jersey was held in the Stacy Trent Hotel,
Trenton, N. J., Thursday, January 11th, President H. H. Bair
presiding.

The roll-call showed a very good attendance, more numerous
than the previous year. The Committee on Securing Enrollment
in the O. R. C. of the U. 8. Army urged more members to Join,
as the State has not filled her quota to date.

A communication from the Blue Cross Society caused con-
siderable controversy. It was decided by a large, majority
vote to take no action on this communication, the consensus of
opinion seeming to be that veterinarians, being trained men of
high standing, were capable of judging the advisability of anes-
thesia in each individual case. To form an anesthesia committee,
or to urge legislation of this nature, would seem an action reflect-
ing upon their ability and finer sense of feeling and sympathy
with dumb animals.

Dr. William J. Lentz, Director of Small Animal Clinic, Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, gave an excellent talk on ‘Canine
Distemper.’”’ Among his remarks were the following excellent
points:

‘‘We are all much in the dark regarding the cause, and there-
fore regarding treatment.

“Tt is impossible to reproduce it by direct inoculation.

“The use of the term “distemper” is too general; we may have
several diseases, or perhaps several forms, such as: (1) snufHes
in puppies, or catarrhal fever; (2) contagious infections, bronchial
eatarrh, or ‘kennel disease,’ affecting all dogs of any age; (3)
paratyphoid or enteric fever; (4) typhus, or ‘Stuttgart’ disease.”
Dr. Lentz outlined a thorough course of treatment for each
variety of the disease, or each disease separately, as he is inclined
to regard them.

Dr. F. A. Laird, State Veterinarian of Illinois, gave an excel-

802 ASSOCIATION NEWS

lent talk on ‘‘Botulism.’’ This proved to be a subject the doctors
in the entire State are much interested in, and caused a great
amount of discussion, due to the prevalent sporadic outbreaks,
both in horses and chickens.

Dr. F. 8S. Jones, of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical
Research, gave an illustrated talk on ‘‘Pneumonia in Cattle.’’
This lecture was of more than local interest. It seems to be a
disease carried by cattle shipped into New Jersey. Native cattle
contract the disease when they come into direct contact with
shipped cattle. Calves may carry it for years. Actual outbreaks
have been recorded after a lapse of two years.

The annual dinner was enjoyed by all.

The following officers were elected for the year 1923: Presi-
dent, Dr. J. W. Haffer, of Paterson; 1st Vice-President, Dr.
Peter Runyon, of Freehold; 2nd Vice-President, Dr. A. W.
Smith, of Orange; Secretary, Dr. P. B. Silvester, of Princeton;
Treasurer, Dr. H. Ticehurst, of Tenafly.

The thirty-ninth semi-annual meeting will be held at Asbury
Park, July 12 and 13th, with headquarters at the Hotel Marl-
borough.

P. B. Sttvester, Secretary.

THE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE FOR VET-
ERINARIANS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY

The following program expresses concisely the character of the
crowded two-day session held at the N. Y. State Veterinary
College, January 11 and 12.

9:00 Veterinary Education in the United States, V. A. Moore.

9:15 Present Status of So-called Cotton-seed Poisoning, 8. A.
Goldberg. Discussed by L. A. Maynard, College of
Agriculture.

10:00 The Rate of Passage of Food through the Digestive Tract,
P. A. Fish.

10:45 Anatomy of Reproductive Organs, G. 8. Hopkins.

11:30 Lead-poisoning in Calves, F. W. Andrews, Mt. Kisco,
ING WS.

12:15 Intestinal Parasites of Small Animals, H. J. Milks.

1:00 Luncheon.

2:00 Influence of the Male in the Spread of Genital Infections
(Illustrated), W. L. Williams.

2:45 The Relation of Colostrum to Immunity of Newborn

_ Calves, J. Traum, University of California.

3:30

2:30

3:00

2:30

3:00
3:00

3:00

8:00
8:30

9:15

9:30

ASSOCIATION NEWS 803

Septicemia Hemorrhagica with Special Reference to
Cattle, E. A. Cahill, Indianapolis, Ind. Septicemia
Hemorrhagica in Swine, J. W. Benner. Discussion by
W. A. Hagan, E. V. Moore, G. E. Jorgenson, A. M.
Mills.

Department of Physiology.

Demonstrations with dark-field microscope:—chylomic-
rons in the blood, galactomicrons in milk, spermato-
microns In semen.

Department of Anatomy.

Anatomical Specimens of Reproductive Organs of Cattle.

Department of Medicine.

Demonstrations. Medical Building.
(1) Physical Examination of Vagina and Cervix of
Cow.
(2) Methods of Intravenous Injection of Drugs.

Farriery.

Demonstrations in Shoeing for Different Forms of
Lameness.

Small Animal Building.

Demonstration of Intestinal Parasites in Dogs with
Diagnosis and Treatment.
Small Animal Clinic.
Surgical Clinic, Large Animal Operating Room.
Demonstrations.
(1) Passing of Stomach Tube in Cattle.
(2) Dressing of Cases.

Veterinary Experiment Station.

Demonstrations in Medical Building.
(1) Methods of Confining Hogs.
(2) Specimens of Hog Cholera Lesions.

Address of Welcome, President Farrand.

Veterinarians in the Days of the Romans, Prof. C. L.
Durham.

American Veterinary Medical Association, H. Preston
Hoskins, Detroit, Mich.

Smoker, Veterinary College.

804

9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30

Mets

12:15

2:00

6:30

ASSOCIATION NEWS

Friday, January, 12, 1923.

Natural and Artificial Immunity of Young Pigs to Hog
Cholera, R. R. Birch.

Luxation of Coxo-femoral Articulation, J. N. Frost and
Earl Sunderville.

Recent Developments in the Control of Animal Diseases,
D. H. Udall.

Veterinary Inspection of Dairies Required by New York
City, J. E. Thompson, New York City Board of Health.

Municipal Dairy and Meat Inspection, E. L. Volgenau,
Buffalo, N. Y. Discussion opened by W G. Holling-
worth, Utica, N. Y.

Alumni Meetings.

Demonstrations.

In James Law Hall, Second Floor, North Wing.

Department of Pathology and Bacteriology.

(1) Demonstrations of Arterio-sclerosis.

(2) Brain Lesions and Inflammation of Joints.

(3) Manufacture of Tuberculin and some Common
Parasites of Animals.

Informal Dinner at Ithaca Hotel.

The Veterinary Practitioner in Animal Disease Control
in New York, D. W. McLaury, Department of Farms
and Markets, Albany, N. Y.

Private Practitioners in Tuberculosis Eradication, Chas. _
Linch, Department of Farms and Markets, Albany,
ING.

The Disposition of Tuberculin Reacting Cows and their
Milk, J. Traum.

New York State Veterinary Medical Association, W.
Reid Blair, New York, N. Y.

Space will not permit of detailed comment on all of the papers
further than to state that each was listened to with evident in-

terest.

It was apparently the purpose of the program to supply

a variety of instructional, practical, economic and live topics
that would benefit the practitioner and keep him in touch with
the latest developements in matters pertaining to his profession.

Dean Moore, in his opening address on Veterinary Eduction
in the United States, stressed some of the problems that con-
front the profession and live stock interests of the country. He

ASSOCIATION NEWS 805

gave statistics showing the decreased attendance at the veterin-
ary schools, the alarming drop in the number of graduates since
the war, referred to some of the probable causes and emphasized
strongly the fact that the need for trained veterinary service was
never greater than at the present time.

The paper of Dr. Milks, on Intestinal Parasites of Small
Animals, was ably discussed by Dr. F. H. Miller, of New York,
who from his long, extensive and varied experience added in-
formation of much value to the points brought out by Dr. Milks.

The papers at the afternoon session by Doctors Williams,
Traum, Cahill and Benner, in addition to their educational worth,
contained much of practical value to the listeners. The dis-
cussion on septicemia hemorrhagica was lively and participated in
by many of the audience. As the disease exists in New York
State, it apparently presents numerous difficulties in diagnosis
and treatment. It was made clear that much more effort is
needed to solve the obscure problems standing in the way of a
complete understanding of the disorder.

At the evening session President Farrand, of the University,
extended a cordial address of weleome. He spoke of the import-
ance of veterinary work to the economic interests of the country;
the high ideals that point toward success and the value of honest
service.

Professor Durham, of the Latin Department, in a most inter-
esting manner, touched upon some of the early superstitions
pertaining to the veterinary art and pointed out that in ancient
times there was a distinct recognition of veterinary service and
that the trials and vicissitudes of the mulo-medicus were not
unlike those of the veterinarian of today. His translations from
the works of Vegetius, of the fourth century, showed that this
writer possessed high ideals and a keen appreciation of ethics,
which present leaders in the profession might do well to emulate.

Dr. Hoskins, the newly appointed Secretary and Editor of
the JourRNAL of the A. V. M. A., discussed in a frank and open
way the present situation of the Association. The effort to
strengthen the practitioners’ influence must come from them-
selves. He urged that all who were eligible should join and
participate in the benefits that would result. He asked for
assistance and co-operation, promising on his part the maximum
of effort to bring about the success so earnestly desired.

In opening his paper Dr. Udall referred to politics as one of
the ‘‘Recent Developments in the Control of Animal Diseases.”

806 ASSOCIATION NEWS

He then presented considerable statistical and therapeutic
information relative to a number of interesting cases encountered
in the ambulatory clinic.

On account of the absence of the author, Mr. Daugherty, of
the New York City Board of Health, presented Mr. Thompson’s
paper on “‘Veterinary Inspection of Dairies Required by New
York City.”

This paper brought out a lively discussion which was partici-
pated in by many of the veterinarians and representatives of the
Board. The resulting effect seemed to indicate that the atmos-
phere had been cleared to some extent and that numerous
difficulties were in a fair way of being solved by a more complete
understanding of the issues involved.

After a light luncheon at the College, in order to conserve
time, the remainder of the afternoon was devoted to the various
demonstrations and exhibits which had been arranged. The
final session of the Conference was held at an informal evening
dinner at the Ithaca Hotel. President Blair, after some pre-
liminary remarks on the State Veterinary Society, gave a highly
interesting address upon the zoological ancestors of the domes-
ticated animals.

Mr. McLaury, of the Department of Farms and Markets,
urged community breeding and the use of better animals and
stated that 8000 out of 25000 reactors had been tested by
practitioners. He expressed a desire to cooperate with the
practitioners. Dr. Linch pointed out that the 20 official veter-
inarians in the State were unable to cope with the situation and
implied that the services of 300 practitioners on the accredited
list might be invoked.

Commissioner Pyrke, of the Department of Farms and
Markets, spoke frankly of the difficulties which confronted him
on assuming office 18 months ago, and of difficulties which
remained. He expressed some degree of optimism as to the
result and hoped that by next year one third of the cattle in the
state would be under supervision. Doctors Moore and Udall
took part in the discussion and championed the cause of the
practitioners.

Dr. Traum, of the University of California, closed the session
with an interesting account of how tuberculin-reacting cows
and their milk were disposed of in California.

PAs cE.

ASSOCIATION NEWS 807

IOWA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

The thirty-fifth annual meeting of the Iowa Veterinary
Association, held at Des Moines, Jan. 16-18, was thought by all
attending to be one of the best meetings ever held. An attendance
of over 400, together with the keen interest taken in the papers
and discussions, made it successful. Visitors remarked that
this meeting was the largest they had attended in any state.
The practitioners took a very active part in the program. The
Veterinary Division of Iowa State College, at Ames, gave a
one-day short course for practitioners, which was a sort of supple-
mentary clinic to the meeting.

In his President’s address, Dr. E. A. Buxton, of Vinton, Ia.,
referred to the present situation of the Iowa veterinarians as
regards the hog cholera serum and virus law, and he pointed out
the importance of the practitioner as an economic factor in the
welfare of the live stock industry of the State, which represents
$337,753,000. Dr. W. H. Welch, President of the American
Veterinary Medical Association, addressed the convention on
“The Horse’ and he also spoke of some of the encouraging
things the A. V. M. A. is planning on doing for the practitioner.
The Fees Committee worked out a system of fees which was
recommended as a guide and submitted to the Association.

Many good papers were presented concerning such subjects
as forage poisoning of cattle, milk and dairy inspection, purpura
hemorrhagica, technic in the use of local anesthetics, veterinary
advertising, violations of the veterinary practice and live stock
sanitary laws, bovine tuberculosis, poultry diseases, care of
poultry, caponizing and swine diseases.

Dr. W. B. Niles, of the B. A. I.,-gave a very interesting talk
on “Some Observations on Swine Diseases.”’ ©. P. hiteh
of the University of Minnesota, presented the aes of “‘the
Presemt Status of Abortion Disease,’’ in his usual forceful and
instructive way. ‘Veterinary Conditions in Europe” was the
title of an interesting talk by Dr. Adolph Eichhorn. A lecture
illustrated by stereopticon and motion pictures, on ‘‘The Pre-
vention of Live Stock Losses in Transit,’’ was given by Dr. W. J.
Embree, of Chicago. A wonderful picture entitled, ‘‘The
Horse in Action,’’ followed a splendid talk by Dr. L. A. Merillat
on the horse situation. ‘‘Hormone Therapy” was presented by
Dr. J. F. Shigley, of St. Paul, who brought out some of the experi-
mental data on gland preparations.

808 ASSOCIATION NEWS

The newly elected officers are as follows: President, Dr. John
Patterson; First Vice-President, Dr. N. E. Gubser; Second
Vice-President, J. C. Glen; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. E. R.
Steel; Executive Board (three years) Dr. J. S. Potter; (two years)
Dro Re J. Laird.

E. R. Sree, Secretary-Treasurer.

IOWA CONFERENCE FOR VETERINARIANS

The eighth annual Conference for Veterinarians was held at
Ames, Iowa, Friday, January 19, 1923.

For the last three years these conferences have been given
over largely to demonstration clinics and this year’s program
was presented in that manner. Dean Stange gave the visitors
a cordial welcome in his opening remarks and presided over the
meeting throughout the day.

The program started with the presentation of three live topics
by Dr. W. F. Guard, viz: otitis media in animals, technique for
the use of local anaesthetics, and an improved technique for the
operation of umbilical hernia in male pigs. The subjects were
all illustrated by carefully prepared specimens which showed
exactly the structures involved and the methods used.

The subject of the cause, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
of otitis media in animals, as worked out by Dr. Guard during
the last year, we believe, is a new contribution to veterinary
literature and is of considerable economic importance. While
it seems to be most common in swine, it has been diagnosed
and treated in calves, dogs and cats. The technique for the use
of local anaesthetics and for the hernia operation is the result
of much careful study and holds the secrets for the success of
the operations. ;

This was followed by a discussion of caponizing and a demon-
stration of the operation by Dr. John Patterson, of Hedrick,
Iowa. Some good specimens of capons and slips were on exhi-
bition and some of the birds were autopsied to show the position
of the structures. The whole demonstration was most interesting
and practical. .

Just before noon, Dr. C. E. Juhl, of Osage, Iowa, demon-
strated the use of the stomach tube in swine to the entire satis-
faction, and one might well say, the amazement of those in
attendance.

In the afternoon all assembled at the Pathology Laboratory,

ASSOCIATION NEWS 809

where Dr. E. A. Benbrook, Head of the Department of Path-
ology, and members of his department demonstrated equipment
and methods used in milk and food inspection work. Much
interest was shown in this important phase of veterinary activity.
Over two hundred cities and towns in Iowa now have some
system of milk inspection.

Following this Professor H. A. Bittenbender, Head of Poultry
Husbandry, lectured upon the various breeds of poultry, exhib-
ited types, and demonstrated judging and culling poultry.
Finally Dr. Chas. Murray and members of his department
presented the subject of diseases of poultry and showed symptoms
and lesions of the more common ones to be dealt with by the
practitioner.

About two hundred practitioners were present and the interest
in the day’s work was greater than ever before. Many expressed
the desire for a longer course or for more frequent courses.
These courses are provided for by a special fund and the Vet-
erinary faculty is anxious to provide what the practitioners of
the state feel to be their greatest need.

H. E. Bemis, Chairman,
Practitioners’ Course Committee.

KANSAS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The nineteenth annual meeting of the Kansas Veterinary
Medical Association was held at Topeka, January 16-17, 1923.
Headquarters were established at the Throop Hotel, and the
program was given at the Chamber of Commerce rooms, with
the exception of a clinic, which was put on in the Live Stock
Pavillion, Kansas Free Fair grounds.

The program for the first day consisted of a number of ad-
dresses, literary numbers and discussions. The annual dinner
was given at 6:30 in the spacious dining-room of the Chamber
of Commerce, where nearly two hundred veterinarians, their
ladies‘and guests partook of a good feed. This was followed by
several able after-dinner speakers, members of the State Legis-
lature and others.

The audience was then nicely entertained with special numbers
by the Boys’ Industrial School, the local Fastern Star ladies and
Mrs. Maude Castren, of Topeka. Dr. J. H. Burt was the able
toastmaster for the occasion. The tables and chairs were then
pushed aside and the balance of the evening spent in dancing.

810 ASSOCIATION NEWS

The forenoon of the second day was devoted to the reports
of committees, election of officers, and reading and discussion of
literary numbers. A splendid clinic was held in the afternoon,
with an abundance and variety of material in charge of Drs.
Young, Noller and Graefe, of Topeka.

At the election of officers the following were chosen for the
ensuing year: Dr. 8S. L. Stewart, Olathe, President; Dr. I. J.
Pierson, Lawrence, Sec’y-Treas.; Dr. Sam Hayes, Hutchinson,
Member Executive Committee.

The Association will meet next January, at Manhattan, in
the new $100,000 clinic building which is now under construc-
tion at the Kansas State Agricultural College and which will be
dedicated about that time.

‘Lhat this was the best meeting held in years was the sentiment
expressed freely by those in attendance. Much credit for this
is due the veterinarians of Topeka and vicinity, who early
organized themselves into a temporary organization and with
untiring efforts spared no means to help the officers in preparing
and carrying out the program.

I. J. Prerson, Secretary-Treasurer

COLORADO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The twentieth annual meeting of the Colorado Veterinary
Medical Association which was held in Denver, January 17th
and 18th, 1923, during the week of the National Western Stock
Show, both in point of attendance and interest exhibited,
seemed to augur well for the future of the profession in the State.

The report of the Legislative Committee was of special
interest because the Legislature was then in session. Dr. Chas.
G. Lamb, Chairman of the Committee, reported that a bill had
been presented, having for its object the continuation of the
cooperation between the State and the Federal Bureau of
Animal Industry, in the eradication of tuberculosis. This bill
provided only one important new feature, which was that
special provision was made for area work. The bill asked for
an appropriation of $75,000. Dr. Lamb also stated that a bill
had been introduced, providing for abolishing the State Board
of Veterinary Examiners. This bill was the outgrowth of a
fight between an unlicensed practitioner and the State Board,
which has been carried on for several years. It does not seem

ASSOCIATION NEWS 811

probable at this time that it can receive any serious considera-
tion at the hands of the Legislature.

The election of officers resulted as follows: C. C. Stewart,
President; W. G. Blake, First Vice-President; F. F. Mendenhall,
Second Vice-President; I. E. Newsom, Secretary-Treasurer;
Executive Committee: W. B. McGuire, A. G. Wadleigh, Geo.
H. Carr.

Dr. Geo. W. Stiles, Jr., Pathologist for the B. A. I., at Denver,
read a paper in which he discussed the ‘‘Awns of Grasses as a
Source of Loss in Livestock.’ He described particularly the
three-awned grass, and some damages which it had caused in
sheep, cattle and mules. He stated that not only did these
awns get into the mouth, interfering with mastication, in the
eyes, interfering with sight, and in the skin, but he also found
the awns in the lungs, which set up a fatal pneumonia.

Dr. Floyd Cross, Assistant Pathologist at the Colorado
Experiment Station, discussed some of the losses in feeding
lambs, which had engaged the attention of the Station. He
described a typical outbreak of hemorrhagic septicemia in which
the bipolar organism was isolated from 32 out of 34 sheep
examined. He went on from this to state that hemorrhagic
septicemia usually appeared within the first two weeks after
the lambs were placed in the lots, and that any outbreak of
disease coming at a later period was most probably due to some
other condition.

Dr. Cross stated that in the district around Fort Collins,
where about a million sheep are fed each winter, the chief loss
this past year had been from overeating of corn, these losses
usually appearing well along in the feeding period, and when
the animals are getting from a pound to a pound and a half of
corn. On reduction of the grain ration, these losses were easily
controlled, but it might prove difficult to fatten the lambs in
the time desired, and still keep free from death loss. He also
outlined two other diseases which had caused considerable
trouble, but for which no adequate cause had been discovered.
These were a profuse scouring, sometimes seen when lambs
were first brought in and a pneumonia from which the bipolar
organism could not be isolated.

“Interpretation of the Intradermal Test’? was discussed by
Dr. E. N. Stout, who has been doing the accredited herd work
for the B. A. I., within the State. Dr. Stout described the
needle which he uses, and also the method of administration of

812 ASSOCIATION NEWS

the tuberculin. He said that any circumscribed hard nodule
above ‘‘pea-size’”’ was quite certain to indicate a positive reaction.
There were, however, certain diffuse swellings of dough-like
consistency that proved somewhat troublesome. It sometimes
occurred, that while no considerable swelling could be deter-
mined by palpation, yet on examination of the two folds, the
injected side would be found to be somewhat thicker than the
other. Generally speaking, he thought these should be con-
sidered negative reactions. He found that such reactions were
more common when it was necessary to make more than one
puncture with the needle.

A resume of the last meeting of the U. S. Livestock Sanitary
Association was given by Dr. Geo. H. Glover. Case reports
were detailed by Drs. W. G. Blake, and Geo. W. Dickey.

Dr. Geo. H. Carr, of Brighton, gave a talk on the subject of
“How Pure-Bred Pigs Pay.’ He stated that he had many
clients who were unable, on their own initiative, to buy pure-
bred pigs, but who really wanted to get into the pure-bred busi-
ness. In such cases it is his custom to furnish them with a sow
pig and the services of one of his own boars, for which he would
retain title to the pig furnished and one of each litter produced.
In this way he found that he not only increased his income,
through the sale of pigs, but that he greatly assisted the com-
munity in raising a better class of hogs, and also increased his
own practice, because clients were much more apt to call a
veterinarian for a pure-bred animal than they would for a
grade. It might be added that Dr. Carr has been particularly
successful in aligning himself with the various breed associa-
tions in his county, thereby increasing the pure-bred livestock
of the district, and incidentally his own services to the com-
munity.

Prof. C. I. Bray, Associate Professor of Animal Husbandry
at the Colorado Agricultural College, discussed ‘“The Importance
of Mineral Matter in Preventing Disease.’ This paper was an
excellent presentation of the whole subject of deficiency of
minerals, in lessening the productivity and the resistance to
disease, of the domesticated animals. He not only considered
mineral deficiency in its relation to rickets, osteomalacia and
osteoporosis, but also in its relation to pig paralysis, abortion,
sterility and many other maladies. This paper was an excellent
presentation of our knowledge on this new phase of animal
nutrition.

ASSOCIATION NEWS 813

Director Elmore Peterson, of the Extension Service of the
University of Colorado, gave an excellent address on ‘‘The
Business Side of a Profession.”” This was a very timely topic,
inasmuch as veterinarians have found it especially necessary to
pay more attention to the business side of their activities,
because of the lessened ability of the farmer to pay for veterinary
services. Prof. Peterson did not attempt to go into the details
of the profession of a veterinarian, but rather outlined the
broad principles of a professional business. He defined business
as an exchange of commodities for a mutual profit, stressing
especially the word mutual. He said that unless there were
mutual profits, no business could continue.

Prof. Peterson also stated that the newer idea of salesmanship
was not to sell goods but was to assist the buyer in purchasing.
He stated that there was a wide difference between these two
attitudes. He maintained that a veterinarian must be a sales-
man, no less than a clerk in a dry-goods store, but that his
activities were necessarily conducted in a different manner.
He stressed advertising as being quite essential to any profession,
although he realized that professional advertising was done
along quite different lines from that of the usual mercantile
business.

Among the things which the speaker said a professional man
should legitimately do in order to advertise, were to pay special
attention to his own personal appearance, to his vehicle and to
his office or hospital. He also pointed out that a professional
man should align himself with all the agencies in his community,
which tended to community betterment, and in this way could
engage very effectively in legitimate advertising. Altogether
his address put professional business upon a high and dignified
plane and made a considerable impression upon those present.

“Corpus Luteum” was discussed by Dr. H. E. Kingman,
Surgeon in the Veterinary School at the Colorado Agricultural
College. Deviating from the usual plan, he neither read a
paper nor made a talk, but gave each one present a chance to
ask a question, the only limitation being that it should have
some relation to the corpus luteum. The announcement that
this was to be done was made some time previous to the discus-
sion of the subject, so that each one present was prepared with
his question. These questions he took up one by one and
answered concisely and to the point. Altogether it seemed
probable that more real information was gotten to the veterin-

814 ASSOCIATION NEWS

arians present in this way than could have been done by the
usual method, although it is realized that this method has its
limitations.

Dr. I. E. Newsom, Pathologist at the Colorado Experiment
Station, summarized the recent work on Contagious Abortion,
particularly in its relation to the control of the disease on the
range. He discussed the experiments which the Station has
under way, with a view to controlling abortion in range animals.
The two chief factors which were emphasized were the isolation
of heifers, particularly during the winter time, when on feed, and
the use of a live organism vaccine, preferably on those animals
that had not aborted.

I. E. Newsom, Secretary-Treasurer.

OKLAHOMA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The regular semi-annual meeting of the Oklahoma Veterinary
Medical Association was held in Oklahoma City, January 18
and 19. Dr. L. B. Barker was elected secretary to fill out the
unexpired term of Dr. T. O. Booth.

Dr. Guberlet, of the A. & M. College, at Stillwater, presented
a very interesting and instructive paper on Poultry Diseases.
The subjects of coccidiosis, aspergillosis, the various forms of
food poisoning and roup, in chickens, were thoroughly discussed.
A general discussion of swine diseases, led by President Mead,
was enjoyed by all members present.

Dr. R. C. Moore, of St. Joseph, Missouri, addressed the
meeting on equine practice. Dr. Moore emphasized the fact
that the draft horse is again becoming an important factor in
transportation and deplored the tendency on the part of the
veterinarian to neglect this important part of practice more and
more. Dr. Moore gave a very interesting description of the
radical operation for fistula and poll-evil.

Federal Tuberculosis Eradication was presented by Dr. L. J.
Allen, Inspector in Charge, for the Bureau of Animal Industry.
Dr. Allen read the amended rules and regulations of both the
B. A. I. and the U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Association. Dr.
E. V. Robnett, State Veterinarian, gave a detailed review of the
State’s activities in tuberculosis eradication in the past year
and outlined plans for conducting the work for the coming
year.

Professor Smith, of the A. & M. College, presented an excel-

ASSOCIATION NEWS 815

lent paper on practical poultry breeding and management.
Resolutions were passed indorsing the pending legislation to
appropriate funds for a veterinary college, to be established in
connection with the A. & M. College, at Stillwater. A luncheon
at the Huckins Hotel and the presentation of the Bureau’s
educational film, ‘‘Out of the Shadows,’’ at one of the local
theatres, were enjoyed by all members present.

C. H. Fauxs, Acting Secretary.

WISCONSIN SHORT COURSE FOR VETERINARIANS

The first Short Course for Veterinarians of Wisconsin was
held at the State University, on January 24, 25 and 26. It was
given cooperatively by the Wisconsin Veterinary Medical
Association and the Department of Veterinary Science of the
College of Agriculture. If the interest shown by those who
attended is an index, it certainly was a decided success.

Laboratory and demonstrational work was largely substituted
for the usual type of program consisting of formal papers and
lectures. This innovation made it possible for those in attendance
to perform certain experiments themselves, and to learn first-
hand about some of the newly discovered facts relative to the
causes and control of animal diseases. For example, each man
took lung tissue from an animal, experimentally infected with
ascaris larvae, and placed it between two glass plates; then he
examined it with the aid of a microscope and found the living,
writhing, lung stage of this destructive animal parasite.

Those who helped to conduct this Short Course were Doctors
C. H. Covault, Veterinary Division, Iowa State College, Ames,
Iowa, who told the Wisconsin veterinarians how the men in
Iowa were meeting the present situation; H. B. Raffensperger,
Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, who presented
the subject of ‘“Ascariasis in Swine;’”’ J. G. Hardenbergh, The
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., who demonstrated a new
method of anesthetizing small animals; W. J. Embree, Live
Stock Inspection Department of the Western Weighing and
Inspection Bureau, Chicago, Illinois, who gave an illustrated
lecture on ‘The Prevention of Live Stock Loss in Transit;”’
and J. A. Kiernan, Tuberculosis Eradication Division, Bureau
of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C., who addressed the
meeting on “Testing for Re-accreditation and Interstate
Shipment.”

ASSOCIATION NEWS

816

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ASSOCIATION NEWS 817

In cooperation with Drs. Hadley and Beach, the following
members of the Agricultural College faculty also assisted, by
presenting interesting and instructive subjects: A. S. Alexander,
“Tive Stock Breeding in Scotland”’ (Illustrated); B. L. Warwick,
“The Fur Farming Possibilities in Wisconsin; R. 8. Hulce,
“Scoring and Judging Dairy Cattle;”’ F. B. Morrison, ‘Feeding
Minerals to Live Stock; W. H. Wright, ‘‘Laboratory Diagnosis’’
(Practicum); L. J. Cole, ‘The Recognition and Cause of the
Free-martin;”’ and E. 8. Savage, “‘Rations for Dairy Cattle.’’
Many of the best known veterinarians of the state led the dis-
cussions.

Dr. Herbert Lothe, of Waukesha, presented a well-prepared
paper entitled, “Interesting Cases Met in Practice.’’ which
brought out some splendid discussions on bovine practice.
Dr. Alexander also held a conference with the veterinarians
present to discuss the question of ‘‘Soundness of Stallions.”’

Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary-Editor of the American
Veterinary Medical Association, was present on the afternoon
of the 24th, and addressed the Short Course on ‘‘What the
A. V. M. A. Can Do for the Practitioner.’”’ He outlined the
program of work that had been laid out for him by the officers
and executive board, asked for support of the Journal, and
incidentally suggested that the Wisconsin veterinarians should
not stop with just one invitation for the Association to meet in
Madison. He brought out the point that it had rarely happened
that any city had landed a convention without asking for it
more than once, Montreal being the only exception, for some
mysterious reason.

The newly elected officers of the Wisconsin Veterinary Medical
Association are G. H. Harland, Pewaukee, President; C. A.
Deadman, Madison, Vice-President; O. H. Eliason, Madison,
Secretary; W. L. Richards, Morrisonville, Treasurer.

O. H. Exrason, Secretary.

OHIO STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The fortieth annual meeting of the Ohio State Veterinary
Medical Association was held at Columbus, Ohio, January 31st,
February Ist and 2nd, 1923. All of the sessions of the meeting
were largely attended, and in many respects the meeting was
the best ever held. Harmony and optimism prevailed through-
out.

818 ASSOCIATION NEWS

The Wednesday afternoon session was devoted largely to
routine business, and many excellent committee reports were
presented. Worthy of special mention, were the reports of the
Committee on Progress and Education, presented by Dr. S. T.
Pyper, of Dayton, and the Committee on Diseases, presented
by Dr. Earl W. Porter, of Reynoldsburg.

The entire day Thursday was devoted to the presentation and
discussion of papers as follows:

“Obstruction of Small Intestines of the Horse,” P. T. Engard,
Marysville. Discussion by W. A. Axby and J. H. Blattenburg.

‘“‘Mastitis,’” E. C. Eddy, Cleveland. Discussion by A. J.
Kline and R. H. Aull.

“‘Gastro-Enteritis in Small Animals,” J. W. Jackman, Colum-
bus. Discussion by L. W. Goss and Norton Dock.

“Digestive Disorders in the Hog. Dietetics,’ C. R. Niday,
Gallipolis. Discussion by F. A. Zimmer and Leo Anderson.

“The Control and Treatment of Poultry Diseases that are
Prevalent in Ohio,’ Alvin Broerman, Reynoldsburg. Discus-
sion by O. V. Brumley and R. E. Rebrassier.

‘“‘Panters,’’ C. B. Frederick, Canton. Discussion by F. E.
Anderson and W. F. Wise.

‘“‘Remarks on the Stomach of the Ox (Illustrated),’’ Septimus
Sisson, Columbus. Discussion by C. H. Case and R. A. Green-
wood.

“Skin Diseases of the Dog,’ W. C. Woodruff, Cleveland.
Discussion by Reuben Nilty and Howard Miller.

“Chloroform as an Anaesthetic for Swine,’ E. A. Downs,
Mt. Sterling. Discussion by D. J. Frame and W. E. Jones.

“Avian Diphtheria (Roup),’ H. P. Ropp, Ashland. Dis-
cussion open.

A banquet was held Thursday evening at the Hotel Deshler.
The following speakers were called upon:

“Quo Vadis,” Davis 8. White, Columbus.

“Greetings from the A. V. M. A.” W. H. Welch, President,
Lexington, Ill.

“The Breeding of Animals,’ Carl W. Gay, Director Depart-
ment of Animal Husbandry, O. 8. U.

“Publicity,” J. A. Maddox, General Agent Missouri Life
Insurance Company, Columbus.

““Cooperation,’’ Chas. V. Truax, Director of Agriculture.

“Daddy” Welch, President of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, made quite a hit with our membership,

ASSOCIATION NEWS 819

and in addition to giving an excellent address, he boosted the
Montreal meeting strongly and effectively.

On Friday, an all-day clinic was held at the Veterinary De-
partment, Ohio State University. The clinic was in charge of
Dr. O. V. Brumley, and was divided into five sections as follows:

Section on Horse, in charge of Dr. W. A. Axby, Harrison.

Section on Cattle, in charge of Dr. C. H. Case, Akron.

Section on Small Animals, in charge of Dr. W. R. Hobbs,
Columbus.

Section on Hog, in charge of Dr. C. W. Fogle, Leipsic.

Section on Poultry, in charge of Dr. L. W. Goss, Columbus.

The clinic proved very attractive to the membership and was
very successful in every respect.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Drs.
Chas. W. Fogle, President, Leipsic; Bruce H. Edgington, Vice-
President, Columbus; David C. Hyde, Treasurer, Columbus;
Harry T. Moss, Secretary, Dayton.

We shall very probably not hold any more annual meetings
at the same time as ‘‘Farmers Week” in Columbus, on account
of the congestion.

F. A. Lampert, Secretary.

MICHIGAN STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The usual brand of Michigan winter weather did not prevent
the Wolverine veterinarians from attending the 41st annual
meeting of the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association,
at Lansing, Michigan, February 6th and 7th. 1923. All of the
sessions were held at the Michigan Agricultural College, at
East Lansing. The morning session of the first day was devoted
to the usual routine business. In his presidential address, Dr.
J. E. Wurm, of Pigeon, called attention to some of the more
important problems which the veterinary profession was being
called upon to solve. Dr. Wurm not only showed a keen sense
of diagnosis, but demonstrated his ability along the line of
practical treatment, by outlining a number of corrective measures
for the consideration of the Association.

The afternoon session was opened with an illustrated paper
on the subject of “Vitamins and Deficiency Diseases,” given
by Dr. A. D. Emmett, of Detroit. The ladies attended this

820 ASSOCIATION NEWS

lecture and showed their deep interest in the subject of nutri-
tion, by the attention given the essayist.

Dr. J. F. Shigley, of St. Paul, Minn., addressed the Ae
tion on the subject of ‘‘Hormone Thorpe” He stressed the
fact that some of the glandular disorders of the human being
are probably duplicated in animals, and that some of them might
be amenable to treatment with extracts of certain glands in
proper combination.

Dr. E. J. McLachlan, of the Department of Public Health,
Jackson, Mich., presented a paper on ‘“‘Municipal Milk Inspec-
tion.” He called attention to the increased interest being
taken by many municipalities in this work, and urged veter-
inarians to take a prominent part in urging the passage of milk
inspection ordinances, wherever same do not exist.

Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary-Editor of the American
Veterinary Medical Association, was on the program to talk on
“Our National Association.”’ He briefly reviewed what had
been accomplished during the past few months in getting the
new office organized and the various lines of work under way.
He called attention to the fact that the officers of the Associa-
tion, as well as the members of the Executive Board, were
keenly aware of the dangers of the present situation as regards
the present and future welfare of the veterinarian in private
practice. At the same time, he called attention to the fact that
the membership of the Association was made up of veterinarians
engaged in a score or more lines of work; that the Association
did not exist for any one particular group, and this fact must
be kept in mind at all times.

Dr. Hoskins urged the support of the national Association by
all state and local associations, as well as by all veterinarians
individually. He asked for better support of the Journal, par-
ticularly from men in active practice, calling attention to the
fact that one of the criticisms most frequently heard regarding
the Journal, was that it did not publish sufficient matter of
interest to the practitioner. Dr. Hoskins stated that this had
not been the fault of former editors, but the fault lay with the
practitioners themselves, as these men were the ones to furnish
ease and clinical reports, and with very few exceptions, they
had failed to do so.

The annual Dinner Dance was held in the evening at the
Masonic Temple, and after partaking of a splendid banquet, the

ASSOCIATION NEWS 821

veterinarians and ladies spent the rest of the evening dancing
and playing cards.

On Wednesday, the morning session was opened with an
address by Dr. F. E. Stiles, of Battle Creek, on the subject of
“The Treatment of Stomach Worms in Sheep.”’ Dr. Stiles has
given a great deal of attention to sheep diseases, and he had
developed the technique for the administration of copper sul-
phate solution, to a point where he can treat 100 lambs per hour
with little difficulty. Dr Stiles mentioned one particular lot
of lambs that he had treated. These lambs had done so well
that the owner showed them at the recent live stock show, in
Detroit, where they took first prize, and were sold for 25¢ per
pound. This fact had been given a great deal of publicity in
the neighborhood, and as a result, Dr. Stiles reported a very
marked increase in the demands made upon him for similar
services.

Hon. H. W. Norton, Director of the State Bureau of Animal
Industry, Lansing, outlined the proposed tuberculosis program
for the State. Briefly, this involves reducing present indem-
nities by adopting the Federal plan, which provides an indem-
nity equal to one-third of the difference between the salvage
and appraised value, but not to exceed $50.00 for a registered
animal or $25.00 for a grade animal; an emergency appropria-
tion of $200,000 for indemnities for the balance of the present
fiscal year; the inauguration of a five-year campaign, starting
July 1, 1923, to test all cattle in the State, as well as conducting
all re-tests required in the Federal Accredited Area Plan; pro-
viding $400,000 annually for indemnities, and $120,000 annually
for operating expenses of the Bureau of Animal Industry;
enacting legislation to authorize county boards of supervisors
to appropriate funds for the purpose of co-operating with the
State and Federal governments in eradicating bovine tuber-
culosis, at the same time making compulsory the testing of all
herds in such counties.

Dr. H. J. Stafseth presented the subject of ‘Differential
Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases.’’ This was followed by a ques-
tion box conducted by Dr. H. M. Gohn. Some twenty appli-
cations for membership were favorably acted upon. An amend-
ment to the Constitution was adopted, whereby the annual
meeting of the Association will be held the latter part of June,
instead of in February, as heretofore.

Dr. S. Brenton, of Detroit, was appointed to represent the

822 ASSOCIATION NEWS

veterinarians on the Committee on Bovine Tuberculosis Eradi-
cation.

The four living charter members of the Association, Drs. S.
Brenton, H. H. Clement, J. A. Dell and J. C. Whitney, were
made life members of the Association.

Dr. Judson Black fittingly eulogized Dr. David Cumming,
whose death recently occurred.

A motion prevailed for the present officers of the Association
to hold over until the June meeting, in view of the amendment
passed, changing the date of the annual meeting.

R. A. RuNNELLS, Secretary-Treasurer

SOUTH CAROLINA ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARIANS

The annual business session of the South Carolina Association
of Veterinarians was held at the Jefferson Hotel, in Columbia, on
January 22, 1923. The meeting was called to order at
4 p.m., and a large crowd assembled to discuss many subjects of
interest to the veterinarians of the South. A banquet was held
at 8 p.m. and this was followed by an election of officers for the
coming year, which are as follows:—Dr. W. K. Magill, of Chester,
President; Dr. T. J. Kinard, of Ninety-six, Vice-President; Dr.
M. R. Blackstock, of Spartanburg, Secretary-Treasurer.

The next meeting will be held in Chester, July 1923.

M. R. Buackstock, Secretary-Treasurer

THE VALUE OF A GOOD NAME

For some months the New Orleans Item canvassed the State
with a view of finding out just ‘‘who’s who” in Louisiana, both
living and dead. In the vote taken two Baton Rouge citizens
were honored, Col. T. D. Boyd and Dr. W. H. Dalrymple.
Governor Parker, who was generally selected as the most
renowned living son of Louisiana, in his selection of the five
greatest living men of the state, named Dr. Dalrymple as one
of the five.

If the vote was taken only among Baton Rougeans, who have
known Dr. Dalrymple all of his life, we have no hesitation in
stating that Governor Parker’s selection would be unanimously
endorsed.

We do not know of any man who has worked more zealously
for the good of others, than has Dr. Dalrymple. His life has not
been one of getting but of giving.

—Baton Rouge Sunday News.

COMMUNICATIONS

A PERSIAN TABBY (?)

To THE EpiIToR:—

While reading a case report in the November, 1922, number of
the London Veterinary Journal by an English veterinarian, the
following expression was noted :‘‘—pretty Silver Persian tabby’’.

It is difficult to understand how a Silver Persian cat can be de-
signated a tabby. It appears that it would be just as safe to use
the expression ‘‘a beautiful thoroughbred collie’. It is presumed
that the author intended the word “‘tabby”’ to designate the sex,
but it has no relationship whatever to sex, referring rather to a
combination of colors in the coat of fur.

Respectfully,
E. I. Smiru.
Nashville, Tenn., January 17, 1923.

DR. GOODMAN IMPROVED

To THE SECRETARY :—

With further reference to your inquiry under date of January
23, 1923 regarding the present condition of Dr. B. M. Goodman
and his circumstances, please be advised that I visited Dr.
Goodman at the residence of his parents, 3441 Hallwood Place,
Cincinnati, Ohio, found him much improved in health and
showing a gain of about fifteen pounds in weight since I last
saw him. He ascribes this favorable change to a new treatment
for diabetes consisting of injections of insulin. He seems to be
very much encouraged with the improvement in his condition
and believes that he will be able to do remunerative work in
about a month.

In regard to his finances Dr. Goodman said that his relatives
were very good to him but that he himself was without funds to
pay for treatments which cost about $12.00 per week. He is
very grateful for what our association has already done for him.
I am sure that any further financial assistance that may be
given Dr. Goodman will be in conformity with the purpose
for which the relief fund has been created and will be gratefully
appreciated by the recipient.

Yours very truly,
FRANK JELEN.

Cincinnati, Ohio, February 9, 1923.
823

NECROLOGY
“Man that is born of woman is of few days and full of
trouble. He cometh forth like a flower, and is cut down, he
fleeth also as a shadow, and continueth not.’

EDWARD HORSTMAN

Dr. Edward Horstman, a veterinary inspector in the Bureau of
Animal Industry, died from carcinoma of the liver, on the after-
noon of December 3, 1922, at the All Saints Hospital, Fort Worth,
Texas. On December 5th he was buried in Mt. Olivet Cemetery,
at Fort Worth, with Masonic honors.

He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, June 7, 1868, and graduated
from the Cincinnati Veterinary College in 1908. He immediately
entered the service of the Bureau of Animal Industry, which he
served faithfully without any interruption until the time of his
death. Dr. Horstman was stationed several years at Natchez,
Mississippi, supervising tick eradication work in that section;
during the interim he met Miss Esther Foster and they were
married February 13, 1913 at the First Presbyterian Church in
Memphis, Tenn. Later on he was stationed at other important
points in Mississippi and subsequently in Louisiana, Georgia and
Texas.

Dr. Horstman was a member of the American Veterinary
Medical Association and the Masonic Fraternity. He was a
student and well-posted on matters pertaining to veterinary
medicine. He was a good speaker, a splendid writer and kept
himself well-informed on current issues of the day. All through
his service with the Government he was sincere and ambitious
to perform his duties fearlessly and in a manner which displayed
a conscientious spirit. He was an indefatigable worker and gave
close attention to details. He was always trustworthy, never -
shirking a duty, and when his intrepid soul took its flight to God
the Bureau lost a loyal and tireless employe. He was a man of
pleasing personality, cordial and kindly to those who came in
contact with him. His many friends who had oceasion to visit
his home were always received with a warm welcome and
entertained with a degree of hospitality which will be long and
pleasurably remembered.

Dr. Horstman had a thorough knowledge of southern condi-
tions and understood all the phases of field work. He liked the

824

NECROLOGY 825

South and frequently expressed a desire to remain always in
Dixie. And now, amid the familiar scenes of his activities, our
lamented friend sleeps—silent, still, and unmolested, in the land
of perpetual sunshine, with the stars of Heaven as his nightly
vigils, there to await the dawn of the resurrection morn. He has
been summoned from his labors in this vale of tears, to commence
a new service where peace reigns supreme on the other side of the
Great Divide. May his dreamless dust rest peacefully beneath
the green, to await the final call to join the Caravan Eternal.

Hi. 1. 8.

CHARLES H. HOWARD

Dr. Charles H. Howard was born on Amherst Island, near
Kingston, Ontario, Canada, June 9, 1868. His early life was
spent on a farm, but later desiring to study veterinary medicine,
he attended and graduated from the McKillip Veterinary College
in the year 1899. After securing his diploma, Dr. Howard
practiced for a while at Gladwin, Michigan, later going to
Coldwater, at which place, on Sept. 21, 1904, he was united in
marriage to Miss Emma Stevens, who died May 17, 1921. To
this union was born a daughter, Ethel Elizabeth, now 16 years of
age.

In the fall of 1906, the family moved to Houghton, Mich.,
where Dr. Howard resided at the time of his death, June 9, 1922.
Dr. Howard died on his birthday, being 54 years of age the day
of his death. Both Dr. and Mrs. Howard, being of a kindly
nature and generous disposition, prospered not only in worldly
goods, but in a host of true and lasting friendships, made in both
Coldwater and in the Copper Country. The members of the
family were affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal church, of
which Mrs. Howard had been a member since girlhood.

The immediate cause of Dr. Howard’s death was cerebral
hemorrhage. Dr. Howard joined the American Veterinary
Medical Association in 1900, the year following his graduation
from the McKillip Veterinary College, having been in good
standing during the entire period.

“Thus do we pass from the earth and its longings, |
Only remembered by what we have done.”

826 NECROLOGY

JOHN OLIVER

The subject of this tribute, Dr. John Oliver, was born in
Noxube County, Mississippi, February 27th, 1860. He died
at his home in Columbus, Miss., on the night of July Ist, 1922.

He graduated from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1896.
He practiced for more than 26 years. He was one of seven to
organize the Mississippi State Veterinary Medical Association
in 1906. He was one of the first five to serve on the State Board
of Veterinary Examiners in Mississippi. He was for more than
sixteen years a useful and honored member of the Mississippi
State Veterinary Medical Association. He belonged to that
character in the generation, the last of whom are now passing
from public action.

He was a model husband and father. His devotion to his wife
and children was really beautiful and his life from day to day
lived out before his family was along the highest plane and was
most beautiful in its fruitage to all who had the happiness to
share his confidence. He was a quiet man, modest to the last
degree, unpretentious and most winning in his manner. His
striking figure will seem to be hovering about the meetings of the
Mississippi State Veterinary Medical Association for a long time.
It is the friendship of such a character as dear old Doctor John
Oliver that makes life worth living. His noble qualities have
been a stimulant to us. We loved him in life and we respect his
memory now that he is dead.

Therefore, be it resolved that we tender our profound sympathy
to the relations and friends of the deceased and assure them that
we mourn with them in their sorrow for the loss of one who so
richly merited their confidence and affection and, be it resolved,
further, that these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of this
Association as a mark of esteem in which this body held the de-
ceased and as a token of reverence for his memory. Be it also re-
solved, that a copy of this resolution, suitably engrossed, be fur-
nished by the secretary to the relations of Dr. John Oliver and
a copy be sent to the Journal of Veterinary Medicine and the
American Veterinary Medical Association for publication.

E. S. Norton
Committee > W. P. FERGUSON
C. D. CRAWFORD

NECROLOGY . 827

DAVID CUMMING

Dr. David Cumming, of Port Huron, Michigan, a charter
member of the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association,
and one of the oldest practitioners in the State, died January
81st, 1923. Pneumonia was the cause of his death, Dr. Cumming
having been sick only two days.

Dr. Cumming was born June 26, 1842. He graduated from
the Ontario Veterinary College in 1870. After practicing for a

David CUMMING

few years in Canada, he removed to the United States and located
in Port Huron, in 1879. At the time of his death Dr. Cumming
was one of the few remaining charter members of the Michigan
State Veterinary Medical Association, and several years ago
was placed on the honorary membership roll.

On April 24, 1920, the veterinarians of Michigan gathered in
Detroit to do honor to Dr. Cumming, by marking in a fitting
way the 50th anniversary of his graduation from the Ontario
Veterinary College. The occasion was a unique and memorable
event. One year later, the same group of veterinarians gathered
to honor in a similar way, Dr. Joseph Hawkins, who graduated

828 NECROLOGY

from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1871. Dr. Cumming was
present on this occasion, and it proved to be the last veterinary
gathering graced by his presence. Dr. Cumming leaves his
widow, one son and one daughter to mourn his loss. His mem-
ory was fittingly eulogized at the recent meeting of the Michigan
State Veterinary Medical Association, which took place one
week following his death.

LOWERY LAMONT LEWIS

Dr. Lowery Lamont Lewis, one of our great friends and co-
worker, was removed from our ranks by death, on Sept. 26th,
1922, at his home at Stillwater.

Dr. Lewis had been connected with the Agricultural and Mech-
anical College for the past 26 years. All classes of the College,
offices and business houses in Stillwater were closed during the
funeral asa tribute of respect to the instructor and educational
leader.

Dr. Lewis was born at Newport, Tenn., Sept. 3rd, 1869, being
53 years of age at the time of his death. At the age of ten years
the family moved to Texas, where he received his education at
the Texas A. and M. College, also taking post-graduate work
there, being graduated with the degree of B. 8. A., in 1893. In
1894 he received the degree of M. 8. Later, he took post-graduate
work at the Iowa State College, receiving the degree of D. V. M.

He came to the Oklahoma A. and M. College in 1896 as Pro-
fessor of Veterinary Medicine. His duties and influence grew in
scope during the years that followed, and at the time of his
death he was Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Professor of
Zoology, Experiment Station Bacteriologist and Veterinarian,
Dean of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Dean of the School
of Science and Literature and Dean of the faculty, and had the
longest career as a member of the faculty of any person in the
history of the College.

Dr. Lewis was married at Topeka, Kansas, Sept. 30th, 1903,
to Miss Georgia Holt. They had two children, who with his
sister and widow are the immediate surviving relatives.

The daily papers, the Texas Aggie, of the Texas A. and M.
College, and the veterinary journals, all published a lengthy
eulogy for this great man, with a fine personality, resolute in
decision, natural leader, practical scientist, protector of animal

NECROLOGY 829

industry in Oklahoma, a loyal and good citizen of his adopted
State, friend of alland a great worker in our State Association.

By his coming the A. and M. College received a marked im-
petus in scientific research and wide service, the fruition of which
he lived to enjoy. Gentle in manner and unassuming, yet he
impressed all who had the privilege of his acquaintance that he
was a man, big in mind, in heart and in soul. He leaves a record
of achievement which is an enduring monument to his memory,
and a remembrance of his example will ever be an inspiration
to the members of this association.

“His influence cannot die. It will grow and spread forever.”

Committee on Necrology, C. H. ANTHONY
Oklahoma State Veterinary T. W. BREWER
Medical Association C. R. WALTER

JORGE MARTINEZ S.

Dr. Jorge Martinez S., a Colombian physician, died on
September 11th, 1922, at Bogota, Colombia, South America, as
a result of an accidental infection with the bacillus of diphtheria.

Dr. Martinez S. received his training at the Medical School in
Bogota, later in Paris and London, and finally at the Harvard
Medical School of Tropical Medicine. After completing these
studies he visited several laboratories in the United States,
particularly those of the New York City Department of Health
and the Bureau of Animal Industry, at Washington, D. C.

He was about 38 years of age when he died, and was perhaps
the leading investigator of tropical diseases in Colombia. He
was deeply interested in the live stock industry of his country,
so much so that he referred questions relating to diseases of
animals to well-trained veterinarians. His recognition of the
value of scientific veterinary medicine led him to be one of the
most important factors in causing the Colombian legislators to
establish the Escuela Nacional de Veterinaria de la Universidad
de Colombia, in 1921.

Those who knew or came in contact with Dr. Martinez will
always remember him as a serious student of his work, and a
man with a kind heart and a pleasing personality.

Cave.

830 NECROLOGY

ANDREW M. McCOLLUM

It is with a heart clouded with sadness, which I am sure is
participated in by the pioneer veterinarians of California, the
California State Veterinary Medical Association and the pro-
fession in general, that I have to chronicle the demise of an
enthusiastic and ardent member of the profession, Dr. Andrew
M. McCollum, of Sacramento, on the 15th day of December, 1922.

Dr. McCollum had been in poor health for a long time and

Dr. A. M. McCoLtum

fought bravely to stay with those he loved, but he suddenly took
a change for the worse and just as bravely yielded to the in-
evitable.

Born in Toronto, Canada, in the year 1851, where he was care-
fully reared and educated, he in 1873 entered the Ontario Veter-
inary College, from which institution he graduated May 19th,
1875. After practicing in that city for some five years he came
to California and established a practice in Sacramento, which
he maintained until some six years ago, when on account of ill
health he was compelled to retire. During twenty-six years of

NECROLOGY 831

this.time he was veterinarian to the famous Rancho del Paso
where he was called upon to treat some of the most world-
renowned Thoroughbreds, among them being Salvator, Tenny,
Ormonde and the queen of the turf, Farenza.

He was a charter member and first secretary of the California
State Veterinary Medical Association and later its president.
Was elected to life membership some years ago in token of the
esteem of his fellow members for his untiring devotion toward
veterinary legislative activity.

In the death of Dr. McCollum the community has lost a
valuable citizen, the profession a sterling member and the family
a loving husband and father. He leaves a wife and two children
and a host of friends to mourn his loss.

1D ed De i

JAMES B. ASHCRAFT, JR.

In the February number of the Journal was published a re-
solution on the death of Dr. James B. Ashcraft, Jr. Since the
publication of this notice, a few meager details concerning the
death of Dr. Ashcraft have been received in this country. A
letter from Dean David 8. White contains the following informa-
tion: ‘“‘Last November, his brother, Derwin W., a student in
this college, received a cablegram stating that Dr. Asheraft
had died. Later his body arrived in Columbus marked “‘Suicide’’.
A letter from one of Dr. Asheraft’s colleagues, an American,
stated that his body was found in the bathroom of the house
in which he lived. He had been stabbed to death. Later a
report was received from the representatives of our Government
concerning his death. As there were a good many discrepancies
in this repert and as none of us know any reason why a man of
his education, optimistic temperament and good mentality,
should take his own life, a re-investigation of the whole affair
has been undertaken.”

Dr. Ashcraft graduated from the Ohio State University in
1920, and was soon thereafter appointed Professor of Veterinary
Medicine in the University of the Philippines, and was stationed
at the Los Banos Agricultural Station, about eight miles out of
Manila. It is reported that Dr. Ashcraft delivered his regular
lecture at 9 o’clock on the morning of his death and was found
dead at about 11:30 a.m. He had apparently been in good
spirits and the theory that he had taken his own life while

832 NECROLOGY

mourning the recent death of his father is discounted by members
of the family. His father, James B. Ashcraft, a Columbus
contractor, died on October 16th. Dr. Ashcraft came of a fine
New England family, and Dean White states that he was one
of the best students he ever had, and that in character he was
‘‘as clean as a hound’s tooth”. He was a graduate of the Connect-
icut Agricultural College prior to taking up veterinary medicine.
The War Department has been requested, on behalf of the family,
to make a thorough investigation of the facts concerning the
death of Dr. Ashcraft.

LEE H. P. MAYNARD

Dr. Lee H. P. Maynard, of Philadelphia, Pa., was accidentally
shot and killed by a fellow hunter and companion, Dr. Charles
A. Hoak, of Harrisburg, Pa., on October 9, 1922. Both were
members of a hunting party from Pennsylvania, the accident
occuring near Squaw Pan Lake, Maine. Dr. Hoak, who had
seen one deer, mistook Dr. Maynard for another and fired. The
bullet struck Dr. Maynard in the neck and caused instant death.

Dr. Maynard graduated from the Veterinary Department of
Ohio State University, in 1904. He was a very good student
and took an active part in athletics, having been a member of
his Varsity football squad. After graduation he located in
Philadelphia, where he established the Dairy Laboratory.
This laboratory, besides doing a great deal of work for physi-
sians, veterinarians and dentists, rendered laboratory service
to a number of the larger dairies in and around Philadelphia.
Dr. Maynard joined the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion in 1908. He leaves a wife and one child.

GEORGE L. RICHARDS

Lt. George L. Richards died about nine months ago, in Denver,
Colo., of tuberculosis and tumor of the brain. At the time of
his death, Lt. Richards was in the Army service and had spent a
part of the year at the Colorado Agricultural College, Division
of Veterinary Medicine, taking post-graduate work. Lt. Rich-
ards was an alumnus of the institution, having received his
veterinary degree in 1913. He joined the American Veterinary
Medical Association in 1917, and was also a member of the

NECROLOGY 833

Colorado State Veterinary Medical Association. Following
graduation, Lt. Richards located at Ordway, Colo., and when the
United States entered the war, he joined the Veterinary Reserve
Corps, and was attached to the 78th Field Artillery, first at
Camp Doniphan, Okla., later going to France with the American
Expeditionary Forces. After his return to this country, Lt.
Richards was located at Fort Des Moines, Ia., and later Fort
Collins, Colo.

Lt. Richards was born May 27, 1892, at Omaha, Neb., and
was a graduate of the Littleton (Colorado) High School. He
was a member of Alpha Psi Fraternity.

GEORGE HOME CARTER

Dr. George H. Carter, for more than 30 years’a practitioner
of Saginaw, Michigan, died December 25th, 1921, after an
illness of 10 days, due to heart failure and pneumonia. Dr.
Carter was born in Guelph, Ontario, April 24, 1856, and received
his early schooling there. He graduated from the Ontario
Veterinary College in 1888, and located in Saginaw two years
later. He was married August 24, 1898 to Miss Jennie B.
Hubbard, who survives him, together with a sister, Mrs. Wm.
Harrison, Guelph, Ont.

Dr. Carter served under several mayors as Market and Food
Inspector of Saginaw. He joined the American Veterinary
Medical Association in 1911. He was a member of the Michigan
State Veterinary Medical Association, a member of the Presby-
terian church, of Saginaw Lodge No. 77 F. & A. M. and Saginaw
Chapter No. 31 R. A. M.

(The notice of the death of Dr. Carter is published at this late date, as his death was brought
to the attention of the Secretary, by the widow, only recently. The statement which appeared
in a contemporary Journal recently, that Dr. Carter died several months ago, is incorrect.—
Editor.)

DR. DAVIS RESIGNS

Dr. Benj. F. Davis has resigned the office of State Veterinarian
of Wyoming, to accept the position of Secretary-Manager of
the Frontier Days Show. Started 27 years ago on a “fly-by-
night”’ scale it has grown to be the biggest spectacle of its kind
in the world. It has become such a large institution that it now
requires the full and undivided attention of one man all of the
time. We congratulate the Show upon getting such a capable
Secretary-Manager as Dr. Davis.

MISCELLANEOUS

A General Veterinary Hospital for the U. S. Army Reserve
Corps is being organized at the University of Pennsylvania
School of Veterinary Medicine.

Staff of the National Veterinary School of Mexico
Photograph seat to Dr. N. S. Mayo by Dr. Carlos E. Pavia

Michigan veterinarians have been enjoying a real old fashioned
winter. A letter just received from Dr. J. E. Wurm, of Pigeon,
states that for the first time in three years he has been compelled
to drive horses in getting to his patients. Dr. Wurm says that
it is somewhat of a treat, but very slow navigation.

A recent newspaper report, which was given rather wide pub-
licity, contained the statement that ministers were the only ones
who did not make any money during 1922. Even veterinarians
were not excepted.

DISCERNMENT

The Italian Senate’s unanimous vote of confidence in Mussolini
is somehow reminiscent of an old story:

)

“Why do you think your dog loves you?” asked the nice old
lady.
“Because he knows I’d knock the stuffin’ out of him if he
didn’t,’ the boy replied.
Philadelphia Inquirer
834

PERSONAL

Dr. A. A. Husman has been transferred from Birmingham, Ala.,
to Jacksonville, Fla.

Dr. E. C. W. Schubel, formerly of Danville, IIl., is now located
at Jackson, Michigan.

Dr. Arthur E. Slocum has removed from Denver, Colo., and is
now located at Sioux Falls, S. D.

Lieut. Chas. M. Cowherd has been transferred from New
Orleans to Fort Sam Houston, Tex.

Dr. W. L. Williamson has removed from Fort Russell, Wyo.,
and is now located at Rocky Ford, Colo.

Dr. Frank T. Kocher, formerly of Sunbury, Pa., has removed
to Espy, Pa., where he is engaged in practice.

Dr. Edward A. Rile, of Ambler, Pa., has just returned from a
hunting trip in Virginia, where he shot four bears.

Dr. Wm. B. Price, of Carstairs, Alberta, has been elected
Secretary of the Veterinary Association of Alberta.

Dr. E. P. McBane is now located at Frankfort, Ind., having
disposed of his practice in Valdosta, Ga., several months ago.

Dr. B. J. Finkelstein, formerly of Cherry Valley, N. Y., has
removed to Brooklyn, where he is now located at 422 Sheffield
Avenue.

Dr. Victor Ballou has been appointed an agent of the Penn-
sylvania State Bureau of Animal Industry, and is stationed at
Sunbury, Pa.

835

836 PERSONAL

Dr. Paul V. Clarkson has aecepted a position with the Penn-
sylvania Bureau of Animal Industry, and is now located at
Lancaster, Pa.

Dr. Chas. F. Wolf has accepted a position with Parke, Davis
& Co., and is now attached to the Animal Industry Department
at the home offices in Detroit.

Dr. Robt. J. Robertson has removed from Ithaca, N. Y.,
going to Richmond, Calif., where he has resumed private practice.
He gives his address as 537-5th St.

The friends of Dr. Howard B. Felton, of Philadelphia, Pa.,
who suffered a stroke of paralysis shortly after Christmas, will
be pleased to learn that Dr. Felton is improving.

Dr. C. A. Schaufler, Inspector-in-Charge of the Philadelphia
U.S. Bureau of Animal Industry Office, the oldest officer in the
length of service, is eligible to retirement on June 23, 1923.

Dr. Frank L. Kampschmidt, of Los Angeles, Calif., has ten-
dered his resignation as a member of the A.V.M.A. Dr. Kamp-
schmidt is now practicing as a Chiropractor and Naturopath.

Dr. A. L. Tiffany, of Monroe, Mich., was injured in an auto-
mobile accident, which occurred on February 6th. Another
machine ran into Dr. Tiffany and caused the latter’s car to go
into a ditch.

Dr. B. M. Underhill addressed the Cumberland Valey Vet-
erinary Club, at Shippensburg, Pa., on the subject of ‘The
Life History, Diagnosis and Treatment of Internal Parasites,”
on January 4, 1923.

Dr. Fred Boerner addressed the Delaware-Lehigh Valley
Veterinary Club, on the subject of poultry diseases, at the
December meeting of the club. Dr. Boerner illustrated his re-
marks with lantern slides.

PERSONAL 837

Dr. R. C. Riegel, of Harrisburg, Ill., is now in Clovis, New
Mexico. He has been there since October last, in the hope of
regaining his health, which has been seriously impaired ever
since he was in the Army.

Dr. Robert H. Wilson, of Rochester, Mich., was the first
out-of-town member to call at the Association office. He dropped
in for a brief chat with the Secretary, on February 10th, while in
Detroit on a business mission.

Dr. T. E. Munce, member of the Executive Board for District
No. 2, and State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania, recently filled the
role of Acting-Secretary of Agriculture of Pennsylvania, in the
absence of Secretary Willitts.

Dr. Ralph W. E. Daniels, on account of illness, has been ob-
liged to resign his ~position as Resident Veterinarian in the
Speyer Hospital for Animals in New York City, and has re-
turned to his home in Philadelphia.

Dr. Evan L. Stubbs, of Oxford, Pa., is conducting some very
interesting research work on the “Intradermal Test for Avian
Tuberculosis” in the Laboratories of the Pennsylvania Bureau
of Animal Industry at Philadelphia, Pa.

Dr. C. J. Marshall addressed the Northwestern Pennsylvania
Veterinary Club, at Sharon, Pa., on January 8, 1923. His topic
was ‘‘The Work of the Ambulatory Clinic for the Past Year at
the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine’’.

H. W. Jakeman, formerly Associate Director of the Biological
Laboratories of Pitman Moore Co., Zionsville, Indiana, has
been transferred to sales work and has been placed in charge of
the New England territory at the Boston office of the Company,
44 Bromfield St., Boston, Mass.

838 NOTICE

NOTICE

Nominating ballots for the election of Executive
Board members for Districts Nos. 2 and 3 were mailed
from the Secretary’s office, on February 27, 1923, which
was ‘‘six months prior to the annual meeting,’ as
specified in the constitution and by-laws.

The terms of the present incumbents of these two
offices will expire at the close of the coming annual
meeting in Montreal, at which time the two members-
elect will assume their duties.

Ballots have been mailed to all members in good
standing in Districts Nos. 2 and 3, calling for nomina-
tions. These should be returned promptly to the office
of the Secretary, 735 Book Building, Detroit, Mich.

Later, election ballots will be mailed to all members
in good standing, in these two Districts. Electing
ballots will contain the names of the five members, in
each District, who received the highest number of
nominating votes.

District No. 2 consists of Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware.

District No. 3 consists of Michigan, Wisconsin,
Illinois, Indiana and Ohio.

Polls close April 27, 1923.

PE rIPRPADY Nnion rr
O.R 2 Me EETEY a vit) DISCARD

SF American Veterinary

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