tad : ee de or S tea te ¢ Z nse arte ae pn ear plawtes oe ae wT 33 Raat eae’ te aren ele ee se Mine otis tied be Cx! ~~ a yf Ss emt areal 1 bape > 8 Oe ewe pel gel a errant Ft en in re : ory Aad. re rehay nd ie Schcwes +) 4 Sy a ee St Se ren DR. dresented to Che Library stile University of Coronta by The Ontario Research Foundation iv es ee a 7 f i v Mf oe q 8 ae ee ee, Verosinary node BBO ar MPA LY! aM a Oe ener PU ea Mae ahs ay ae a ae ee, Po) 6D ures bv et aye" i fy eae avy ' ar “ets he ’ she Ape Wy " a a Du EIA, IRE: ee AAT KA | ‘ : ‘ Pe a Wiese RA ; Las da to hae : > hi oid y iy! Or eee Pee 2 i Pek avs . t { 4 ode. : x, i ’ a Ae Py ‘, re i o Polini: Peo | / q niwlgtglys EA ALE JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical i Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW Original Official Organ U.S. Vet. Med. Ass’n. Edited and Published for THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION By H. PRESTON HOSKINS, DETROIT, MICH. EXECUTIVE BOARD George Hilton, 1st District; T. E. Munce, 2d District; D. S. White, 3d District; J. A. Kiernan 4th District; C. E. Cotton, 5th District; B. W. Conrad, 6th District; Cassius Way, Member at Large SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL Am C 7 D.S. White J. A. Kiernan EN og ; mse a Se ese: 105% Volume LXIV _NEW SERIES VOLUME 17 October, 1923 to March, 1924 DETROIT, MICH. 1924 65'7336 OG ais i SF lso\ | = ss ra a ao t x ae LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Grovp PicTurRE, MONTREAL MEETING, 4. Cartoon, MONTREAL MEETING, 6. Portrait oF Dr. W. H. Weicu, 8. Booru oF CHAMPAIGN County (ILLINOIS) VETERINARIANS, 92. AN OUTBREAK OF Cow-Pox, INTRODUECD By VACCINATION, INVOLVING A HERD OF CATTLE AND A FAMILY, 93. Fig. 1. Pox lesions on the teats, 93. Fig. 2. Pox lesions on the face of Mrs. M., 95. JImson WEED POISONING, 98. Jimson Weed, 98. A RaApDICAL OPERATION FOR NASAL SARCOMA IN A MULE, 99. Nasal Sarcoma, 101. PHOTOGRAPH, NORTH CAROLINA STATE VETERINARY MeEpICcAL ASSOCIATION, 114. Portrait oF Dr. CHARLES H. STANGE, 141. URINARY CALCULI IN SHEEP, 221. Fig. 1. Bladder and urethra opened to show calculi, 222 Fig. 2. Bladder showing two large blood-clots, 223. NOTES ON THE TREATMENT OF FOXES WITH CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, AND THE USE OF SOFT Eastic GLOBULES FOR PREVENTING INHALATION-COLLAPSE, 318. Fig. 1. The first step in restraint, 322 Fig. 2. The operator takes a seee hold, 322. Fig. 3. The tongs are released, 323 Fig. 4. The operator tilts the head, 324. Fig. 5. The fox snaps its jaws together, 325. Fig. 6. The operator holds the ears, 326. Fig. 7. When two assistants are avaliable, 326. CHRONIC CARRIERS IN Fowt TypuHorp, 329. Fig. 1. A mottled Ancona hen affected with fowl typhoid, 330. DovusBLe INTRADERMIC TUBERCULIN INJECTION, 346. Fig. 1. Fourteen-year-old cow showing a double reaction, 346. An UnusuAu Case oF Rasigs, 349. Bic Ones Tuts Time, 350. Fig. 1. Echinorhynchus gigas, 350. Portrait oF Miss ANN LORRAINE BLATTENBERG, 364. SNAp-sHOT TAKEN AT MONTREAL, 365. ANESTHESIA, GENERAL AND LOCAL, 413. Fig. 1. Operative field blocked by intracutaneous injection, 420. Fig. 2. Operation in progress within the area, 421. Fig. 3. Completing the operation, 422. : ; Part of branch of lower jaw of horse; medial view, 422. . Course and position of needle, 423. . Depth to which needle must penetrate, 424. . Lateral view showing position of needles for blocking nerves, 425. 1 . Approximate course, relation and direction of needle {425. fig. 9. Field of operation and method of injection, 427. INJECTION OF CATTLE witTH B. tuberculosis (AVIAN) AND RESULTS OF SUBSEQUENT TUBERCULIN Tests, 440. Fig. 1. Ten head of steers used in the experiment, eal Fig. 2. Lesions found in hen no. 11, 444. INDOLENT ULcEeR oF GLANS PENIS SUCCESSFULLY TREATED BY ELECTROCOAGULATION, 475. Fig. 1. The subject of the operation, 475. DicrepHAtus BIspINALIs TRICHIRUS, 485. Fig. 1. X-Ray plate of case, 486. SURGERY OF THE CERVIX, 576. Fig. 1. Laceration of lips of cervix uteri, 577. Fig. 2. Circular amputation of cervix uteri, 582. Fig. 3. Special instruments for trachelectomy, 583. Fig. 4. Circular amputation of cervix uteri, 584. Fig. 5. Circular amputation of cervix uteri, 585. Fig. 6. Circular amputation of cervix uteri, 586. Fig. 7. Circular amputation of cervix uteri, 588. FLUKES oF THE GENUS COLLYRICLUM AS PARASITES OF TURKEYS AND CHICKENS, 591. Fig. 1. A six-weeks-old turkey poult, 592. Fig. 2. Necrosed areas, 593. Fig. 3. Cysts of Collyriclum on leg of six-weeks-old turkey poult, 594. = Ps 18) OR COMI Or ill iv INDEX a Swine DysenteEry, 600. Fig. 1. Young hog showing physical symptoms of dysentery, 602. Fig. 2. Mucosa of colon showing diphtheritic plaques and membrane, 603. Fig. 3. Mucous membrane and submucosa of colon, showing exudate, etc., 604. a Fig. 4. Same, showing diphtheritic membrane and necrosis, etc., 605. Fig. 5. Balantidium coli in crypt of mucosa, 606. Fig. 6. Comma-shaped micro-organisms in section of colon, 608. Fig. 7. Micro-organisms in section of colon, 609. A Srupy or RABIES FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ErTrIoLoGy, 678. Fig. 1. Preparation from hippocampus maior of rabbit V-3, 682. . Fig. 2. Preparation from cerebellum of rabbit V-3, 682. Fig. 3. Preparation from hippocampus major of rabbit D-3, 683. Fig. 4. Preparation from the cerebellum of rabbit V-3, 684. Fig. 5. Preparation from the hippocampus major of rabbit D-3, 685. Fig. 6. Preparation from the hippocampus of rabbit F-3, 685 Umpiricat HERNIA IN THE Pie, 705. Fig. 1. Umbilical hernia in the male pig, 708. Fig. 2. U-shaped incision isolating the penis and prepuce, 709. Fig. 3. Prepuce reflected. Peritoneal sac isolated, ete.. 710. Fig. 4. Mattress sutures being placed in peritoneal sac, 711. Fig. 5. Showing continuous suture placed in the fascia, etc , 712. Fig. 6. Showing second line of suture tightened and tied, 713. Fig. 7. Showing continuous suture in the skin, 714. Fig. 8. Showing final dressing of the wound, 715. PHOTOGRAPHS, WISCONSIN SHORT COURSE FOR VETERINARIANS, 773, 775. INDEX OF AUTHORS Aghion, J. E., 99 Atherton, I. K., 278. Baker, D. D., 231. Barnes, M. F., 83. Barton, Prof. H., 299. Beaudette, F. R., 225. Bemis, H. E., 413. Benner, J. W., 457. Boerner, Fred, Jr., 93. Boughton, I. B., 723. Cahill, Edw. A., 171. Carpenter, C. M., 37. Conklin, R. L., 299. Cotton, W. E., 479. Covault, C. H., 413. Crawford, A. B., 228. Danforth, A. L., 334. Dearstyne, R.S., 329, 623. Dimock, W. W.., 288. Eckles, C. H., 716. Edwards, T. H., 697. — Eichhorn, A., 690. Elder, Cecil, 440. Faber, G. G., 350. Fetter, Geo. E., 628. Hiteh, C. P., 716. Fuller, J. W., 619. Gieskemeyer, Harry, 611. Giltner, Ward, 469. Golden, G. E., 346. Graham, Robert, 723. Guard, W. F., 413, 705. Hanson, Karl B., 210, 318. Hardenbergh, John G., 193. arta Gedo 3 te Hastings, C. C., 728. Hess, Roy F., 349. Jorgensen, C. E., 699. Kaupp, B. F., 329, 623. Kelser, R. A., 678. Kernkamp, H. C. H., 591. King, E. D., Jr., 98. Kinsley, A. T;, 184. HKlein, Louis A., 216. Lee, A. M., 440. Lockhart, Ashe, 451. Lyon, B. M., 348, 690. Marsh, Hadleigh, 304. Mydland, G. H., 204. Palmer, C. C., 475. Parker, J. W., 451. Parker, R. H., 732. Polka ot Quitman, E. L., 62. Rayos to Redfield, Knowlton, 485. Reichel, John, 616. Schofield, Frank W., 553. Schroeder, E. C., 479, 544. Scotia be Pe 22k Scott, Joseph P., 67. Seal, J. L., 716. Skidmore, L. V., 629. Smith, H. C., 630. Snyder, Ethel, 288. Spaulding, R. H., 338. Steel, E. R., 26. Turner, John P., 75. Van Volkenberg, H. L., 210, Watson, E. A., 146. Wegner, E. E., 738. Welch, W. H., 9. Whiting, R. A., 600. Wileden, L. A., 737. Williams, W. L., 154. Williams, W. W., 576. 318. INDEX OF SUBJECTS Abstracts: Actinomycosis, The Causal Organisms of Bo- vine, 351. Detection of Worm Eggs in Feces of Animals, and Some Experiments in the Treatment of Parasitic Gastritis in Cattle, The, 103. Disinfection of Sperm in Mammals, Especially in Relation to Dourine in Horses, Experi- ments on the, 104. Dysentery in Lambs, Bacillary, 235. Immunity Towards Disease of the Bovine Placenta Due to Bacillus Abortus (Infec- tious Abortion), Studies in Vaccinal, 635. Lymphadenitis and Pneumonia of Sheep, A Diplococcus Associated with Caseous, 353. Melitensis-Abortus Group of Bacterial Organ- isms, The Nomenclature of the, 633. Nematode Parasites from Zanzibar, A Collec- tion of, 235. Nematodes from the Domestic Rabbit, A New Genus of, 744. Ophthalmia of Cattle, An Infectious, 234. Pneumonia in Sheep, Bacteriologic Study of, Sone Pneumonie Beim Fohlen, Spezifische Infektiose. Ein Neuer Eitererreger Beim Pferde. (Spe- cific Infectious Pneumonia of Foals. A New Pyogen in the Horse), 489. Sarcocystis Tenella, Some Points Relating to the Morphology and Development of, 235. Speciation and Host Relationships of Parasites, 742. Studies on the Production of Antitoxic Sera, 745. Trematode Parasites of British Birds, A Refer- ence List of the, 744. Trematode Parasites of British Mammals, A Reference List of the, 744. Trypanosomes of Africa, and the Means by which They are Spread in Nature, Further Inquiries into the Zoological Status of the Polymorphic Mammalian, 743. Ulcer of the Stomach in Domestic Animals, Etiology of Spontaneous, 103: Time Required for Food to Pass through the Intestinal Tract of Fowls, 745. Army Veterinary Service: Appointment and Promotion Policy for Medical Department Reserves New, 525. Army Medical Center Established at Washing- ton, D> Ce, si7. Surgeon General, Report of the, 784. Association News: American Veterinary Medical Association Election, Executive Board, 411, 575, 677. Lost, 373. Montreal, Ten ex-Presidents at, 128. Montreal, At, 215. Montreal Meeting, Sidelights on the, 255. Notes, Convention, 192. Organization of the A. V. M. A. 1923-24,655,789. Proceedings of the Sixtieth Annual Meeting. Address of Welcome, 105. Amendments, 641, 643, 645. Dalrymple, W. H., 493. Election of Officers, 354. Honorary Members, 651. Legislation, 239. MacEachran, D., 492. Medals, 651. Meeting Place for 1924, Selection of, 361. Members, New, 241, 640. Relief Fund, 236. Reports: Abortion, Committee on, 646. Anatomical Nomenclature, Committee on, Zod. vi American Research Council Committee, 491, Audit Committee, 653. Budget Committee, 653. Executive Board, 236. History, Committee on, 251. Horse Association of America, 649, intelbzenee and Education, Committee on, Legislation, Committee on, 493, Policy, Committee on, 366, 636. Prevention and Control of Transmissible Diseases of Animals, Committee on, 649, Resolutions, Committee on, 652. Revision of Constitution and By-Laws, Com- mittee on, 493, 639, 642. Secretary-Editor, 250. Treasurer, 250. Tuberculees. International Committee on, 643. Resignations, 640. Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, War Memorial Library, 236. Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, Centenary Anniversary, 240. Wray, W. H., 491. Women’s Auxiliary Loan Fund, 364, 491, 659,786 Other Meetings: Alabama Short Course for Graduate Veter- inarians, 778. B. A. I. Veterinarians, Mississippi Valley Divi- sion, National Association of, 662, 777. B. A. I. Veterinarians, Illinois Division, Na- tional Association of, 780. . British Columbia Veterinary Association, 380. Calionee Veterinary Practitioners’ Week, 439, Capitol Veterinary Medical Association, 776. Central Canada Veterinary Association, 664. Coat Michigan Veterinary Medical Society, 2 . Central New York Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, 513. Colorado Veterinary Medical Association, 768. Cornell University, Sixteenth Annual Confer- ence for Veterinarians at, 755. Delaware Veterinary Medical Association, 124, 663... Dixie Veterinary Medical Association, 263. Eastern Iowa Veterinary Association, 381. Georgia State Veterinary Association, 256. Iowa State College Conference for Veterinarians 762. Iowa Veterinary Association, 760. Kansas Veterinary Medical Association and Conference of Kansas Veterinarians, 474, 782. Kentucky Veterinary Medical Association, 780. Mahoning Valley Veterinary Club, 767. Maine Veterinary Medical Association, 751. Manitoba, Veterinary Association of, 783. Maryland Veterinary Medical Association, 119. Massachusetts Veterinary Medical Association, 112: Michigan Agricultural College Veterinary Short Course, 481, 769. Michigan-Ohio Veterinary Association, 384. Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, 764. ? Mississippi State Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, 382. Nebraska State Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, 660. Nevada State Veterinary Association, 512. Rew Jersey, Veterinary Medical Association oi, 792. New York City, Veterinary Medical Associa- tion of, 378, 508. INDEX vii Be, York State Veterinary Medical Society, North Carolina State Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, 113. North Central Iowa Veterinary Association, oO ° Oklahoma State Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, 766. Pennsylvania Veterinary Conference, Univer- sity of, 220, 749. Prophy lactic Club of America, 382. Southeastern Michigan Veterinary Medical Association, 261. Southeastern States Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, 145, 385. Southwestern Michigan Veterinary Medical Association, 515. United § States Live Stock Sanitary Association, 516. pares State Veterinary Medical Association, av fe Washington State College Post-Graduate School for Veterinarians, 760. Western New York Veterinary Medical Asso- tion, 521. Western Pennsylvania Veterinary Club, 481. Wisconsin Short Course for Veterinarians, 772. World’s Dairy Congress, The Recent, 374. MRIeths es se ees se 133, 270, 404, 535, 668, 796 Book Reviews: Age of the Horse, The, 741. Entomology, Medical and Veterinary, 632. pr cnonis and Treatment of Internal Parasites, 102. Rie in Captive Wild Mammals and Birds, 1 Live Stock Sanitation, 488. Maladies du Cheval, Les. Horse), 351. Mitadics du Mouton, Les. (Diseases of Sheep), 488. Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Ber- gey’s. 233. Medecine et Chirurgie Canines (Canine Medi- cine and Surgery), 632. Traite de Therapeutique Chirurgicale des Ani- maux Domestiques (Treatise of the Surgical Therapeutics of Domestic Animals), 351. (Diseases of the Clinical and Case Reports: Big Ones This Time, 350. Coccidiosis of Sheep, Intestinal, 629. Cow, An Uncommon Case Report in a, 737. Dicephalus Bispinalis Trichirus, 485. Petechial Fever, 349. Poisoning, Jimson Weed, 98. Polyarthritis and Rachitis in Calves, 231. Poultry Practice Pay? Does, 630. Purpura Hemorrhagica (Petechial Fever), 628. Rabies, An Unusual Case of, 348. Sarcoma in a Mule, A Radical Operation for Nasal, 99. Sound on the Bull, Passing the, 738. WoMmINMENCEMeENES ©). cfc cicts ois aes 523 Communications: B. A. I. History to be Published, 666. Brazil, A Veterinarian in, 401. Danger Ahead, 528. Mal de Caderas, 125. Milk Curdled, 127. St. Kitts, From a Member ir, 527 Stomach Worms in Sheep, Iodine for, 525. Editorials: Address? Have We Your Correct, 273. Advertisers, Patronize Our, 137. Courtesy, Just A, 676. Danger Ahead, 274. Des Moines, Plans for, 408. Directory in Press, 543. Dividends, It Pays Big, 410. Features in This Issue, 275. It Works Both Ways, 542. Legislative Committee, Help Our, 675. Legislative Program, A, 540. Meeting, A Memorable, 2 Meetings, The Winter, 674. Montreal, Social Features at, 138. Names, More New, 144. President, Our New, 140. Publicity, More Fine, 673. Response, A Splendid, 1. So It Goes, 676. Student Enrollment for 1923-24, 143. Tempest in a Teapot, A, 409, Who Can Tell? 539. Year Has Passed, A, 407. Engasements::: ...4 oF oc). hs ao eee 132 Examinations, State Board Marriages... ....132, 270, 403, 535, 668, 796 Meetings, Coming Veterinary, 7 411, 543, 677. Miscellaneous: Ability Recognized, 128. Bon, Bibliography on Bovine Infectious, Accredited Herd, Advertising an, 220. Action, Drastic, 740. Airedales Hold Their Own, 510. Ancient Vet., Ye, 696. Animal, A Composite, 599. Announcements, 25, 677. Appointments, The President’s, 575. B. A. I. History to be Published, 510. BlacHles and Its Prevention, New Bulletin on, Boynton to California, Dr., 736. Calves, Test the, 487. Carriers, Swamp Fever, 125. Compliment, A Fine, 615. Correction, A, 698. Colors in Dogs, 704. Cow, For Prolapsed Vagina in, 529. Cow, Try This on the, 36. Damman in a New Position, Dr., 255. Dinsmore Uses Radio, Secretary, 590. Exhibit, Another Veterinary, 203. Feeding, Handbook on, 689. Fox Industry Growing, 599. Fully Deserved, 522. Guide, A Handy, 507. Here and There, 622. Hollingworth Puts Utica on the Map, Dr., 785 Horse, Regular War, 510. Horse, A Wonderful Tribute to the, 276. Horses and Farm Power, 727. Horse and.Mules Sold, More, 333. Idea, A Fine, 92. Johne’s Disease, Watch Out for, 468. Legislation Affecting Veterinarians—Year 1923, 391. Lesions, Unusual, 345. Live Stock Values on Decline, Farm, 627. Meat and Milk Inspection to be Featured, 481. Meeting for Ohio, Big, 402. Mule Production Shows Increase, 61. Observations, Scientific, 232. Opportunity, A Golden, 232. Pennsylvania, Veterinary Extension at the University of, 482. Pit-Mor-Ian, The, D522: Practitioners, Prizes for, 456. Publications Available, 170. Purebreds, Pledges to Use, 615. Reindeer Meat, Frozen, 740. Remembering, Worth, 599. vill Sheep Particularly Subject to Parasites, 524. State Live Stock Sanitary Officials, 389. Students, For Prospective Veterinary, 345. Swine Diseases, Bulletin on, 224. Theiler Kept Busy, Sir Arnold, 530. Thermometer Conference, Clinical, 797. Tick Eradication Progresses, 590. Tuberculosis, A Rare Case of, 203. Tuberculosis Eradication, Progress in, 209. Tuberculosis Eradication, Nearly Five Million Cattle Under Supervision in, 341. Tuck Visits Edinburgh, Dr., 786. Veterinarians Transferred, Bureau, 183. Veterinarians, to Represent, 704. Visitors at the Journal Office, 627. Necrology: Bardes, Otto C., 403. Barnes, N. M., 795. Blackwell, John E., 793. Buck, Albert, 667. Collins, Robert E., 268. Commins, Frederick E., 269. Dallimore, George A., 790. Dixon, C. Price, 268. DuBois, George Byron, 790. Dunphy, George W., 531. Dunphy, Percy, 792 Fry, Curtis Lozelle, 534. Furbush, C. Lincoln, 267. Gilbert, Page L., 403. Gilyard, Mrs. A. T., 129. Goodman, Benjamin M., 795. Hart, James, 794. Hart, Sr., Leonard G. W., 269. Haskin, E. Blaine, 794. Hedley, Mrs. Clarke, 268. Henderson, Edwin P., 792. Hirleman, Mrs. A. L., 534. Hunt, Frank, 267. Kinnell, George Noble, 790. Kirchner, William F., 266. Lamb, Morgan, Baxter, 533. Ludington, Ira B., 132. Magley, Lloyd K., 266. Michener, J. Curtis, 131. Mueller, Ferd A., 130. Newhard, Irwin C., 268. Nighbert, James David, 793. Renner, H. M., 795. Saigeon, Edward M., 533. Schaufler, Charles A., 791. Schmidt, I. I., 667. Sevenster, John, 267. Sisley, M. J., 132. Southworth, Irving D., 269. Stephenson, William A., 129. Thomsen, John, 668. Ward, H. E., 269. Watkins, Howard J., 668. Wende, Horatio 8., 534. Wilson, Fred A., 668. Wray, W. H., 130. Papers: Abortion of Cattle, The A. V. M. A. and In- fectious, 469. Abortion Bacilli and the Agglutination Test, Carriers of Bang, 479. Abortion: Some Laboratory Findings and Con- elusions Which Puzzle the Practitioner. Bovine Infectious, 154. Address of the President, The, 9. Anesthesia, General and Local, 413. B. Tuberculosis (Avian) and Results of Subse- quent Tuberculin Tests, Injection of Cattle with, 440. Bacterium Abortum, Controlled Vaccination Experiments on Cattle with, 37. Bacterium Pullorum, Single Tube Method for Determining Carriers of, 225. Blackleg Filtrate and Aggressin Based on the Aggressive Action of these Products, Potency Tests for, 67. INDEX Breeding Efficiency, Bacteria of the Genital Tract of Mares and the Semen of Stallions and their Relation to, 288. Business Principles as Applied to Veterinary Practice, 334. Calculi in Sheep, Urinary, 221. Carbon Tetrachloride, and the Use of Soft Elastic Globules for Preventing Inhalation- Collapse, Notes on the Treatment of Foxes with, 318. Cases in General Practice, Unusual, 732. Cervix, Surgery of the, 576. - Challenge to the Veterinary Profession, A, 299. Chicken Pox and Roup by Vaccination, The Latest Method in the Control of, 619. Clostridium Botulinum Type C. A Pathogenic Anaerobe Associated with a Limberneck-like Disease in Chickens and Ducks, 723 Clover: The Cause of a New Disease in Cattle Simulating Hemorrhagic Septicemia and Blackleg. Damaged Sweet, 553. Colic in the Horse, Diagnostic Symptoms and er Treatment of Various Forms of, 204. Convulsions in Dogs, The Treatment of, 62. Cow-Pox, Introduced by Vaccination, Involy- ing a Herd of Cattle and a Family, An Out- break of, 93. Dog and Other Laboratory Animals, Practical Observations on Certain Diseases of the, 193. Dysentery, Swine, 600. Erysipelas, Porcine, 451. Extension Work in Kentucky, Veterinary, 342. Flu and Its Complications, Swine, 728. Flukes of the Genus Collyriclum as Parasites of Turkeys and Chickens, 591. Fowl Typhoid, Chronic Carriers in, 329. Foxes, Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration of, 210. Glanders, with Special Reference to Glanders in Man, On the Serum Therapy of, 146.” Hernia in the Pig, Umbilical, 705. Hog Cholera, Immunizing Young Pigs Against, 457. Hog Cholera Control! Versus Prevention, 278. Honesty of Purpose, 611. Mastitis, with Special Reference to Etiology and Pathology, Acute Parenchymatous, 699. Molds in Silage and Their Significance in the Froduction of Disease Among Live Stock, 6. Pig Losses Can be Prevented, Excessive, 184. Placenta of Cows, The Treatment of Rétained, io: Pneumonia of Sheep, The Bacteriology of Pro- gressive, 304. Post-Vaccination Trouble, The Significance of, ilyAly Practitioner as the Foundation of Veterinary Service, The, 26. Pyometra in the Bitch, 338. Rabies, The Contro! of, 616. Rabies from the Standpoint of Etiology, A Study of, 678. Rabies Vaccination Ordinance, Los Angeles County (California) Adopts, 697. Rabies Immunization by the One-Injection Method, Prophvlactic, 690. Septicemic Disease, Perfect Physical Recovery of a Fowl may Follow an Attack of a, 623. Sterility in Cattle, 83. Tuberculin Sensitiveness Caused by Tubercle Bacilli, 228. Tuberculin-Reacting Cattle, No-Lesion, 544. Tuberculin Injection, Double Intradermic, 346. Uleer of Glans Penis Successfully Treated by Electrocoagulation, Indolent, 475. Vitamins in Milk, Source of the, 216. Personals, ...133, 270, 404, 535, 658, 6,69 796 Dead JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n.) H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary-Editor, 735 Book Building, Detroit, Mich. W. H. WE cu, President, Lexington, III. M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville Tenn. Executive Board Gro. HILTon, Ist District; T. E. MuncE, 2nd District; D.S. Wuire, 3rd Distr J. A. KIERNAN, 4th District; C. E. Cotton, 5th District; B. W. Conran, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large, CHAIRMAN. Subcommittee on Journal D. S. WHITE J. A. KIERNAN The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JOURNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application. SSS aSsSaoSsSsSs[{_“"—s«—“—=—=—“$—eaMMaonmna@yjzos>"s>saoODnm@maqasagSOT 6K Vol. LXIV, N. S. Vol. 17 October, 1923 No. 1 Ee A SPLENDID RESPONSE The task of mailing approximately 4000 statements of dues was not completed until August 16. The first responses were received before all the statements had been mailed. August 20 was the banner day, when 160 remittances for dues were received. At the time this is being written, a little over a month after the statements were mailed, approximately 1400 members are in possession of their membership cards for the current year. This is a splendid showing and is indicative of the good feeling which appears to prevail throughout the Association at the present time. It augurs well for the year we have just entered. One reason for directing attention to the large number of members who have so promptly met their obligations is to remind even the larger number who have as yet not forwarded their dues. Every member who makes it unnecessary for us to send him a second statement saves the Association money. Multiply this saving by 2000, the probable number whose dues will remain unpaid October first, and it makes quite a sum. One hundred dollars would not be an exorbitant estimate, considering postage, stationery, printing and labor. If you have not paid your dues, please do so before it slips your mind. bo EDITORIAL A MEMORABLE MEETING The Montreal meeting will undoubtedly go down in American veterinary history as one of the most important gatherings of veterinarians on the North American continent. The meeting did not set a record, however, from the standpoint of attendance, the number of those present, estimated at about 800, having been exceeded at Columbus, in 1920, according to statements of several Buckeye members at the meeting. There were many features to contribute to the success of the meeting, and to place the credit in any one place would not only be difficult but unfair. The presence of two distinguished guests, Sir Arnold Theiler, of Pretonia, South Africa, and Professor Charles Porcher, of Lyons, France, gave the meeting-a distinctly international atmosphere. The members of the Local Committee on Arrangements were justly entitled to the unstinted praise which they received on all sides for the completeness of the preparations which they had made for the convenience of their guests. The Mount Royal Hotel made a splendid headquarters for the convention, the arrangement of the rooms for the meetings, both general and sectional, being particularly well adapted. As usual, several of the morning sessions were rather slow in getting under way, but, once started, President Welch kept things moving at a lively pace. One of the outstanding features of the business sessions was the absence of acrimonious debate, even though there were predictions that some rather spirited discussions were to take place. On the other hand, there seemed to be an atmos- phere of peace pervading the convention hall at practically all times. There was a little difference of opinion over the report of the Committee on Revision of the Constitution and By-laws, but this consisted merely of the statement of the opposing views of several members, on points where there is always bound to be some difference of opinion. The report was referred back to the Execu- tive Board; the President was authorized to appoint a special committee to give further study to the proposed amendments, this committee to report to the Executive Board before the 1924 meeting. All amendments which have been proposed will be published in the JouRNAL again, sometime before the 1924- meeting, so as to permit the membership at large to study these amendments further and be able to vote upon them more intelli- EDITORIAL Qo gently when brought up for adoftion at the next meeting. This action appeared to meet with practically unanimous approval. The Committee on Policy made its report to the Executive Board, which body, in turn, reported to the Association. It was decided not to adopt the policy at this time. It was the opinion of those present that the adoption of a policy was such an important procedure that it would be preferable to publish the policy in the JouRNAL, at an early date, so that every member of the Association may have an opportunity to examine it in all its details. The proposed policy will undoubtedly affect every member of the Association, in one way or another, and its publi- cation in the JouRNAL, prior to adoption, will afford every mem- ber a splendid opportunity for studying it beforehand. The report of Treasurer Jacob showed the Association finances to be in good condition, in spite of the unusually heavy drain made on the treasury the past year, incident to moving the offices of the Secretary and Editor and establishing the new headquarters of the Association. The report of the Secretary-Editor showed the present mem- bership to be 3967. Resignations were accepted to the number of 17. In most instances these members were resigning because of no longer being identified with the veterinary profession. Forty- two deaths were reported during the year, an unusually large number. Applications for membership numbered 206, of which 198 were accepted. Many references in the report reflected the wisdom of consolidating the offices of Secretary and Editor. JOURNAL finances were shown to be in a healthy state, in spite of the unusually heavy expenses of the past six months, incurred in moving the JouRNAL equipment from Washington to Detroit. The final report of the Committee on Revision of Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature was received and adopted, and the committee discharged. The Secretary reported that the Com- mittee’s report was now in printed form and that the Executive Board had authorized the sale of copies of this report, at. $2.50 each. The election of officers resulted as follows: President—Dr. C. H. Stange, Ames, Iowa. First Vice-President—Dr. F. T. Daubigny, Montreal, Que. Second Vice-President—Dr. H. E. Kingman, Fort Collins, Colo. Third Vice-President—Dr. Geo. H. Hart, Berkeley, Cal. =) x fa © S Q ea) SJUPMIITUBIIW UO 399}IMIWIOLD [B20] 2q} JO JaINSBal |, ‘[Be1}UOTY Jo ‘QINBVG "VY "H Aq puB: VW WA ‘V 24} Jo 104IpPA-ArByasoag ‘yOljocT jo ‘SULYsOF Uoysarg "HAC ‘suyoour oq} 9B (QLRT) ee[[0D ArvuriojoA [BaIZUOT OY} JO SHULUN]IS Ysoplo “][T ‘OsBoIyH Jo ‘oye “FL “WV “Aq ‘oangpnowsy jo jusW4IVdad ‘4StsoTogyB_ [BULLY Jory “BMeAO Jo ‘UOSyBAA “WV “| AM ‘'V IN “A ‘V 94} JO quopisoig-xo ‘AQID susuBy jo ‘Ao[sury .p VW “AC ‘Mod youq ‘syuowoesuTaiy WO 9a}}IUIMOD) [B90'T 94} JO UBULIIGYD) puB “VY “WW “A ‘V 943 Jo quapiseid oot pig} ‘[BaruOT Jo ‘Ioye_ “O I AC ‘[Boqquoyy jo AOABTY Buyow ‘rorwedoery, uooy uUBULIOPLY ‘°V INA 'V 94} JO JUepIserig “YOT9AM “HM “AC :UOlPBIOOSSY 94} Jo Jsons “BOLIFY INO ‘BIWOjaIg Jo ‘1opfley], ploury 11g !s}uoWTETuBIIy UO 999)1UIUIOD) [Boo] 94} JO LoquUIOUI PUB [BI1}UOT JO UBLUEP[Y ‘xNetousy) "(AC ‘aULOD[aM JO SSaIppB oq} 0} popuodsar OYM “ TI] ‘OdBoIYH Jo ‘YRI[MoPT “WV "T “AC :MOd QUOT ‘YyT 04 4yoy ‘oe dnois ay} ul esoyy, ‘“suroow oy} jo Avp Suruedo oy} uo ‘youerg ul poyutdid sodvdsMou Allep [wod}UOPY B ,,‘oSseig BT,, UL porvodde oanjord dnoad aaoqr ‘ EDITORIAL 5 Fourth Vice-President—Capt. R. A. Kelser, Washington, D. C. Fifth Vice-President—Dr. Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La. Treasurer—Dr. M. Jacob, Knoxville, Tenn. Secy.-Editor—Dr. H. Preston Hoskins (re-appointed). While the tellers were counting the ballots, President Welch asked for the presentation of invitations for the 1924 meeting. Dr. E. R. Steel, of Grundy Center, Iowa, Secretary of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Association, extended a very cordial invitation for the American Veterinary Medical Association to hold its 1924 meeting in Des Moines, Iowa. Dr. H. E. Bemis, of Ames, Iowa, seconded Dr. Steel’s invitation, with the statement that he was conveying to the Association the invitation of President Pearson and the entire veterinary faculty of the Iowa State College, for the Association to meet in Des Moines. Dr. A. T. Everett extended a very warm invitation for the Association to meet in Omaha, in 1924. Dr. Steel then moved that the Association recommend to the Executive Board that the 1924 meeting be held in Des Moines. This motion was seconded by Dr. J. I. Gibson, of South St. Joseph, Missouri, and carried. Dr. B. T. Simms then extended his annual invitation for the Association to meet in Portland, Oregon, in 1925. He expressed the wish that all other cities would refrain from extending invita- tions for the 1925 meeting, so as to leave the field open for Port- land. Mrs. H. P. Hoskins was then given the privilege of the floor, for the purpose of explaining to the members the nature of the Women’s Auxiliary and what they were trying to do. She asked that those members having wives and daughters convey to them the message concerning the Auxiliary and urge them to affiliate so that the work might go on. The Sectional meetings were very well attended, particularly those of the Section on General Practice. The papers were very interesting, and brought out some splendid discussions. Section officers were elected as follows: SECTION ON GENERAL PRACTICE Dr. Harry Caldwell, Chairman, 324 South Hale St., Wheaton, Il. Dr. E. R. Steel, Secretary, Grundy Center, Iowa. SECTION ON EDUCATION AND RESEARCH Dr. H. C. H. Kernkamp, Chairman, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. EDITORIAL ‘ouuoryyy “Iq Aq “WoyOAA JUOpIsorg 0} poyuosoid svM ‘s1opoo ur ‘eursi1o oy) “onbueq ey} SuLnp “surusAe oules OY, “EZ6T ‘6% JsNSny ‘Avpsoupo A ‘ey Ayre, [BoryUOP oy} ul poavodde your ‘aoLmMssopy ary Aq uoo}IED IWOPTIM Je : S$SIUDQY Uy OL ADIMOdY ' Lodwd “1 da Ovov2IN2 # % ALVIVUIW VT ua VOL > Alodas D4L SSS S Swi soy wo an —-yBaaniad man ha SHOIAW/20 Sy Whlikw wOAW\W NO WD ONISYY VAY iLO NOSLYA V3 s 4 DHL Dar VWOIIIMN 30 SS3rudav NY zAVD VIINVAAyL 4 y Qi1y SNOIWAIBITIC wWorwapwor IHL WN) Gass! Sa; $347 BHI INON ; gi oe aen Joy Oawasyagad NOE am sv iw Ayavi71930 30N | W.SS¥ ? Wud con JLBA WYUIV WINDS iyo PANDIWY & ; Y - anes: VIDAL VL NOWN)AST GnONUv wis Ho7amM HAN rh ie ; SMONY DH SSWrild HONEN) aml yal PWWOD WIT) Sur te 39 YH 440 owd9 TWaewWoW IO IWNY LS Vy Vet open Je YayNva WwW wO>d SYWIWIONVUY TW IOT Syvd TWIULNOW 20 AaNVI DW ad woh Oh Vd wd JIVUVOV) ON EDITORIAL 7 Dr. E. M. Pickens, Secretary, University of Maryland, College Park, Md. SECTION ON SANITARY SCIENCE AND POLICE Dr. Orlan Hall, Chairman, 92 Fourth Ave., Ottawa, Ont. Dr. J. H. McNeil, Secretary, Dept. of Agriculture, Trenton, N.J. We will discuss the social features of the program next month, when we expect to have accounts of the various alumni gather- ings, the women’s auxiliary meetings, the banquet, the excur- sion to MacDonald College, the boat-ride and other features. COMING VETERINARY MEETINGS New York City, Veterinary Medical Association of. Academy of Medicine, 17 W. 43rd St., New York, N. Y. Oct. 3, 1923. Dr. C. G. Rohrer, Secretary, 40 W. 61st St., New York, N. Y. Southeastern Michigan Veterinary Medical Association. De- troit, Mich. Oct. 3, 1923. Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary, 735 Book Bldg., Detroit, Mich. Dixie Veterinary Medical Association. Memphis, Tenn. Oct. 10-11, 1923. Dr. C. C. Brown, Secretary, Union Stock Yards, Memphis, Tenn. Eastern Iowa Veterinary Association. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Oct. 10-11, 1928. Dr. F. J. Crow, Secretary, lowa City, Iowa. Massachusetts Veterinary Association. American House, Bos- ton, Mass. Oct. 24, 1923. Dr. C. H. Playdon, Secretary, Reading, Mass. Mississippi State Veterinary Medical Association. . Grenada, Miss. Oct. 24-25, 1923. Dr. Hugh L. Fry, Secretary, Jack- son, Miss. Southeastern States Veterinary Medical Association. Greens- boro, N. C. Nov. 12-13, 1923. Dr. J. I. Handley, Secretary, Box 1533, Atlanta, Ga. U.S. Live Stock Sanitary Association. Hotel La Salle, Chicago, Ill. Dec. 4-5-6, 1923. Dr. O. E. Dyson, Secretary, 923 Exchange Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. tLCH W. H. WI American Veterinary Medical Association President of the 1923. 1922 THE ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT! By W. H. Wetcu, Lexington, Ill. Among the summarized duties devolving upon the president of this association, the delivery of an address during the annual meeting is mandatory. Being illy prepared for such purpose, either by ability or inclination, I crave your indulgence for pre- senting what must necessarily be found lacking in many of the time-honored details, when subjected to the scrutiny of those, who because of more intimate acquaintance with all the various activities of our profession, command a broader vision by reason of such contact. The view-point gained solely from the source of a plain, country practitioner, must naturally tend to dwarf and warp one’s vision, and limit one’s capacity for the full and perfect conception of our honorable profession, which in its entirety is so vast that it touches upon either the physical or financial welfare of all humanity. The address of the president of any organization is usually of an inspirational character, and ordinarily consists of a graphic recital of the achievements of the past, while sounding the clarion to awaken the membership to the duties and opportuni- ties of the hour, and visualizing the perfect future. I would that I possessed the power to present appropriately for your consideration the glorious history of our profession, so young in years, yet so full of accomplishment, that were all our past services to humanity effaced from the records, the world would be set back an inestimable epoch in her progress. Other professions exist, yet aside from our sister profession of medicine, none bears such important relationship to humanity and to human progress as does ours, and I would that I might impress upon the mind of every veterinarian the high call to duty and the wonderful opportunity that the present day affords to us and, like the artist, might outline upon the canvas of the future, that which would insure the fullest measure of professional progress, because our professional progress means human progress, and the world waits on us today for the solution of many problems. I desire, at this time, to state that words are wholly inade- quate to express properly to this association the profound grati- 1Delivered at the sixtieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Montreal, Canada, August 27-31, 1923. 9 10 W. H. WELCH tude I feel for the great honor you conferred upon me, when you elected me as your president. When I think upon the past history of our profession, and the important part it has played in the progress of our nation; when I peruse the list of my prede- cessors in office, and contemplate upon the life of service which each so conscientiously rendered to his profession; when I consider others among our membership, far more worthy and deserving than I, by reason of having rendered valuable service, not only to this association and our profession, but to all humanity, and yet have failed to receive such recognition, I realize something of what a really great honor it is to be allowed the privilege of serving as your executive officer and shrink at my unworthiness. THE PRACTITIONER RECOGNIZED Let me assure you, however, that I have accepted this great honor and with it its responsibilities, in the same spirit that I know prompted its bestowal, which was that of a sincere and deserving tribute paid by this association to the humble prac- titioner, and gentlemen, on their behalf, as well as my own, I thank you with all my heart. The lowly toiler of our profession, who has courted no higher encomium than to be known as the faithful servant of the live stock owner, has nevertheless by reason of such contact, been the dignitary who has at all times proudly carried upon his shoulders the honor and reputation of our profession, and has shaped our destiny until he has builded us in the eyes of the world into the highly meritorious position that we as a profession occupy today. It is therefore a tribute, as richly deserved as it was justly bestowed, and in crowning the lowly toiler of your profession you have enhanced and dignified the majesty of his calling. More- over, you have given a proper exemplification of the proper functioning of all our various branches of veterinary activities, for it is only by a just recognition of the rights of each other that we will be enabled to reach the acme of success and as a profession to render the highest possible service. I want to give testimony to the fine spirit of cooperation that has at all times been extended to me. It has made a real pleasure of what would have otherwise, at times, have been a hardship, had it not been for the willingness on the part of all to sacrifice personal and factional interests to the good of the common cause. I want especially, on my personal account, to thank the various officers, from the highest to the lowest, for each and all have ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 11 labored zealously in behalf of the assogiation. Theodore Roose- velt once said: ‘‘Every man owes something of his time and tal- ents to the upbuilding of the profession to which he belongs,” and it has been in a spirit of this character that you have devoted hours and days to the service of this association and through it to your profession, and in addition to the greatest compen- sation that can come to man, which is that of the consciousness of a service well done, you have merited the sincere thanks of a grateful organization for whom your labors have been spent. For more than half a century the leading veterinarians of our country have annually journeyed to a designated spot, there to compare notes on their progress, and otherwise to advance the interests and welfare of our profession. This meeting marks the sixtieth anniversary of our existence. Proud of our achievements of the past, the large attendance at this opening session of our conference lends inspiration to the present and foretells a profit- able meeting. Besides providing the vacation that you need from your daily labors, this meeting may be likened to a short, post-graduate course, wherein the master minds of our profession are the instructors. It constitutes the very best means at our command for increasing our efficiency and usefulness, which is so necessary to cope with ever-changing conditions, and is the leading agency in spreading the gospel of enlightenment to our profession. PuNncTUALITY ESSENTIAL I am especially delighted to see so many ladies present. I believe that at no previous meeting have greater pains been taken to provide for your entertainment and comfort. Please do not forget, however, that much of your pleasure will depend upon your punctuality and the cooperating spirit with which you accept the entertainment provided. Try and make it as easy as possible for your hostesses, and when notified to be at a given spot at a stated time, be certain that your watch is correct, for the time schedule will be strictly followed and it will be your loss if you fail to be present. Not only is this admonition applicable to the ladies, but I desire to emphasize its importance to the gentlemen. We have a definitely outlined program, and it is absolutely essential that we adhere to it strictly throughout the meeting. The business to be transacted here is of utmost importance, and the various problems to be discussed have a distinct bearing upon the future of this association and actively concern the personnel of our pro- 12 W. H. WELCH fession. Do your officers,the courtesy of being prompt in gather- ing at the different sessions; be brief and to the point in your discussions, and you will assist materially in expediting the busi- ness of the occasion. Those who, in the past, have been regular attendants at our annual conferences, cannot but experience a tinge of sadness as our present assemblage proceeds to enter upon its labors, for truly there is something missing. During the past year death has exacted an unusual toll, and never in our past history has a twelve-month bereft us of so many shining lights. It is not my purpose to elaborate on this subject since our Committee on Necrology will report at a later period during our meeting, other than to state that the passing of such men as Drs. F. A. Bolser, J. W. Klotz, Olaf Schwarzkopf, Edward Merillat and J. G. Rutherford, who were more than national characters, cannot but be seriously felt by this association and our profession has been deprived of a very large portion of our most valuable assets. However, the influence of the lives of such men as these lives on,and becomes to us a sacred heritage that inspires us to nobler deeds and greater achievements. Peace to their ashes. They have not lived in vain. SECRETARY-EDITOR A few years ago, this association instructed the Executive Board to take steps toward combining the offices of Secretary of our association, and that of Editor of our JouRNAL, and to locate in a permanent home. During the last annual meeting the Executive Board reported that they had selected Dr. H. Preston Hoskins to fill this responsible position and their action was duly endorsed by the association. While there were those who opposed the change at that time, I believe that all will now acknowledge that, at least, no mistake was made in the selection of the man for this dual position and the wisdom of the choice is daily becoming more evident. Our association is to be con- gratulated on his acquisition, and may rest secure in the knowl- edge that the affairs and duties connected with this office will be conscientiously and ably cared for. Valuable assistance may be rendered him in his official capacity as Editor, however, by our entire membership, who should for- ward to him for publication, reports of interesting cases and other scientific papers, as well as news items that are of interest to the profession, such as deaths, marriages, births, changes in location, ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 13 etc. I must confess that I, for one, like to read about the things that are happening to my colleagues, and I believe that others enjoy that feature also, and feel that it very properly demands a place in our JouRNAL. The secretary is the most important officer of any association, and the American Veterinary Medical Association is no exception. We might dispense with the services of a majority of all the other officers, and yet our associa- tion could continue to function and much progress would be made. The President, wisely limited to a year in office, can scarcely become accustomed to his duties, ere his successor assumes the leadership. It is therefore a wise association that having once secured an efficient and hard-working secretary retains his services from year to year. VETERINARY EDUCATION One of the primary objects given in the Constitution and By- laws for the organization of our association was ‘‘To elevate the standard of education.” In that day the horse constituted ‘about their only patient, and the appellation of ‘‘horse doctor” had about it the ring of truth. The instruction received in our colleges had reference in particular to the equine subject, and what consideration was given to other domesticated animals was largely for the purpose of comparison. Although advertising to educate veterinarians, our colleges, in the strictest sense, were doing little more than graduating ‘“‘horse doctors.’’ Gradually dairy farming became more and more an important feature of agriculture, while in the cities many veterinarians began to specialize in small animal practice. The establishment of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the field of original research and other avenues of employment furnished vocations for many veterinarians outside the field of practice. Finally, with the discovery of a successful method of vaccina- tion against cholera, the greatest scourge of the hog industry, our spheres of activities had so increased as to make impossible an adequate training for these various services with less than a four-year curriculum. The American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation has been the influential factor in causing the various colleges to keep abreast of the times. Step by step the courses have been lengthened, and the requirements for matriculation have been raised. I am certain that the standard of our veteri- nary schools was never so high as at this particular period. Iam likewise of the opinion that the corps of instructors and the 14 W. H. WELCH equipment at the different veterinary institutions was never of such efficient character, but I wonder if they fully realize the demands that the future will exact of the successful veterinarian and are properly preparing him to meet that emergency? I presume I am safe in saying that fully ninety-five per cent. of all students who matriculate at the different veterinary institutions do so with the full expectation of engaging in private practice following graduation. Doubtless more than eighty per cent of all our graduates are actually engaged in practice. It is a well- established fact that the successful practitioner of today is almost as largely concerned with the problem of keeping animals well, as of ministering to the ailing, and he must be thoroughly familiar with everything that is to be known concerning all live stock on the farm, if he is to be rated above the county agent in knowledge. He may blunder in his treatment of the ailing, with far more safety than to advise wrongly concerning the handling of the well animals. Now, when our business brought us into contact with none but ailing animals, we perhaps could be excused for stressing that part of our education, but the graduate of today, without a superior knowledge of animal husbandry and a famil- iarity that is born only by intimate association with his patients, is certain to be an ignominious failure in any breeding community A Crisis REACHED The veterinary profession has been passing through a great crisis, from which we have not yet entirely emerged, and largely upon the ability of the practitioner to make good at his job, depends the future welfare of the entire veterinary profession. He has been largely handicapped, and has not had fair play, and it is up to our veterinary colleges to see that a similar instance does not occur in the future. He was suddenly trans- ferred from a job where he functioned almost entirely as a mis- sionary, ministering to the ailments of the horse, the only animal which he had been properly educated to care for, and was thrust bodily into the realm of hog practice, a hitherto despised animal, unmentioned in any literature, save market reports, since the day the Holy Writ denounced him as possessed of devils. Regard- less of previous education or experience, he was groping in the dark. He called pathetically for help to the bacteriologist, the pathologist, his old instructors, and strained his eyes in search of useful knowledge in veterinary literature, but all in vain, for these agencies were as helpless as himself. ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 15 Nevertheless, with all these odds against him, the practitioner is making good, and is rapidly convincing even the doubting county agent that in the future as in the past, the control of infectious and contagious disease is safe in no other hands than the veterinarian. We want no more such experience. The vet- erinarian of the future is going to be the most important factor in successful live stock agriculture, and his patients will include everything from the canary bird up. It is going to be a big job that will require both brains and an education that must be lack- ing in no single detail. Thus, I plead for a greater stressing of animal husbandry, and all those fundamentals that must give to the student the most intimate knowledge of his future patients in health, ere he attempts to study them in disease. Not only this, but ere he is granted a diploma, he must be compelled to serve a tutelage under the direction of a capable practitioner, in order that he may develop a confidence within himself that can be born only of experience. An education that is not both practical and com- prehensive in every detail, is obtaining money under false pre- tense, for it will fail to prepare him in an adequate manner for the successful future that would otherwise be his. We are a young profession, but we are proud of our triumphs, and if we are to continue to occupy the important relationship to agri- culture that we now do, we must qualify to meet the demands of the future, which will call for only the very highest type of service. BrRoaDER EpucaTION REQUIRED In the face of all this, we are confronted with the prospect of what purports to be a veterinary college, advertising to open its doors offering a three-year course to prospective students possessing an education the equivalent of one year of high school work. For shame! Events in the recent past have dis- closed the fact that we are still suffering as a profession from the previous, low, matriculation requirements and low mentality that pervaded our ranks in the past. I say this without apology, for the ones to whom I refer are not usually found in gatherings of this character. We can never make progress by going back- ward, and when the handwriting on the wall discloses very clearly the fact that the successful veterinarian of the future must be an authority on practically all the various phases of live stock activities, we must agree that the school that does not 16 W. H. WELCH thoroughly educate and adequately train the graduate to fill this important position, for which the future demands that he be thoroughly prepared, will be turning loose upon the public an unskilled man with more than an even chance of proving a total failure in his chosen calling. There is a relationship between the schools and the practi- tioner that cannot be ignored, because the success and prosperity of the practitioner is always reflected in the attendance at our colleges. Our schools are empty today, because of the financial conditions that have confronted the practitioner, in common with the live stock agriculturist. The dawn of tomorrow prom- ises a clearing of the horizon, and to my mind these was never a more propitious time for a student possessing the proper quali- fications to enter upon the study of veterinary science than now. According to the statistics of 1910, these were 11,552 veteri- narians in the United States, and 2,717 undergraduates in the various colleges. At the beginning of the World War, in 1914, the students numbered 2,487, while in 1919 they numbered but 722, decreasing in 1920 to 613. In 1921 they had further decreased to 535, and dropped still further, in 1922, when there were enrolled but 531. Against this decrease of numbers in the student body, may be weighed the encouraging facts that while in 1910 there were 199,000,000 animals, with an estimated value of $5,274,000,000 in 1920 the animal population had increased to 215,000,000, with a total valuation of %8,566,000,000, which figures do not include pet animals and poultry, both of which are daily increasing the income of the progressive practitioner. A Bricut FUTURE In round numbers there are perhaps not in excess of 8,500 practitioners in the United States to protect the owners of these animals from loss. It is estimated that through death and other sources of depletion, we are perhaps losing around 500 from our ranks annually, while recruits graduating from our schools are averaging 180 only. Even should our enrollments increase, beyond any period of our history, there cannot help but be an absence of veterinarians in many communities that would afford a lucrative practice. We can therefore give positive assurance that the profession has never offered better induce- ments to the prospective student possessing the necessary quali- fications than now. The reclassification of federal veterinarians makes the Bureau ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 17 of Animal Industry far more attractive than formerly, while the army also offers inducements that it did not once possess. There- fore, be of good cheer regarding the permanency of our profession. It is founded on the rock of successful, live stock agriculture, without which this nation must fail. Our real problem consists largely in attracting to our ranks a sufficient number of young men, of proper adaptability and moral worth, in order that the live stock industry may not suffer through lack of veterinary service, as seems most likely to occur within the near future. VETERINARY EXTENSION SERVICE During the past few years much conflict has existed between certain elements within the agricultural extension service and the practicing veterinarian, especially in those communities wherein swine production constitutes one of the leading industries. One method by which this service functions is through a county agent, a person who is a joint employee of the extension service and the existing county farm organization. Thus, as the live stock industry is a most important integral part of agriculture, the veterinarian, as guardian of the health of the animal popula- tion, is brought into close touch with this extension service. Both are earnestly concerned in promoting the production of a better class of live stock. Each, however, has a definite and proper sphere of activity, and any encroachment by the one, upon the prerogative of the other, cannot but work disaster to the very industry which each should be laboring conscientiously to assist. Agricultural extension service has for its basic object the pro- motion and improvement of all phases of agricultural activities. In utilizing public funds and facilities in the furtherance of such service, all branches of the entire industry must be impartially considered and harmonious cooperation between the various branches becomes the paramount duty of all concerned. Its true mission and limitations may be very properly classified as strictly educational and promotive in character. Thus, the county agent tests the soil and advises the use of certain correc- tives, but the process of applying the commodity constitutes no part of his duty, although he is recognized as a specially trained soil expert. Thus, the work of education and promotion in the development of better live stock becomes the proper field of activity for the extension service, while the problem of protecting the animals from disease and rendering aid to the sick, as well as 18 W. H. WELCH sanitary and regulatory measures for preventing the spread of infectious or contagious diseases, rightfully becomes the sphere of operation for the veterinarian and constructive work is but hampered when any portion of this is wrested from his control. ‘ Aside from the live stock owner, the person next most concerned in the success of live stock production is the veterinarian, because he enjoys prosperity only when the live stock interests are pros- perous. Likewise, the veterinarian is absolutely essential to the live stock owner, since his business becomes too much of a finan- cial hazard, when undertaken without competent veterinary service within call. There had always existed hearty cooperation between these two interests until the advent of the county farm advisor. The changing conditions in practice had caused the horse to be superseded by the hog, as the dominating factor in earning a livelihood for the country veterinarian. During the war period, it had been necessary to operate all agricultural activities at their greatest capacity, and especially was the swine industry urged by the government to produce at the maximum. Conservation, by immunization against cholera, the greatest scourge of the industry was imperative, and both farmer and veterinarian were happy and prosperous. The farmer had joined all the various farm organizations, and was contributing to them his financial and moral support. There had persistently been drummed into his ears such thoughts as “Agriculture is the basis of all wealth,’ “The farmer is the only producer who has absolutely nothing to say concerning what he shall receive for his wares,’ “Join our various organizations, and in a short time we shall be able to dictate to the world the price they shall pay us for our products.” FARMERS HooDWINKED It was an Utopian dream, but at the dawning came Armistice Day, and their hopes became shipwrecked when the market for the farmers’ products, at such previously high figures, ceased, while the majority of all other commodities, now fearless concern- ing government interference, since the cessation of hostilities, exercised the power made possible by reason of their various organizations and reaped the benefit of the close cooperation of their industries. The price of everything that the farmer pro- duced dropped far below the cost of production, while everything necessary to his welfare, except veterinary service, went skyward. ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 19 Hard times were upon us, and the farmers having failed to realize immediately the benefits that they had been led to believe would result through membership in the various farm organizations, were refusing to continue as members. Some tangible benefits must be shown him, that he could acquire only through membership. Here was sown the first seed of discord between the live stock owner and the veterinarian. Previous to this time there had existed the most cordial and confidential relationship. Like -a clap of thunder out of a clear sky came the proclamation from the county agent, that the live stock owner was being robbed by his servant, the veterinarian, especially in the matter of swine vaccination. It was news to the hog owner, but being interested in retrenching in every manner possible, he gladly listened, while the county agent explained how he might effect a saving by injecting the serum himself. AGRICULTURAL PRESS SHORTSIGHTED This proposition would unquestionably have fallen flat, as it deserved to do, had it not been for the assistance ren- dered by some scurrilous and shortsighted farm journals, which, overanxious to exhibit a sympathetic attitude toward the sorely distressed farmer, kept their columns seething with articles derogatory to the entire veterinary profession, both as to his charges and as to character of service rendered. Let it be said to the credit of the higher class farm periodicals, as well as for the far-seeing county agents, that they each recognized the veterinarian as one of the fundamental necessities for successful live stock agriculture, and sought to prevent friction between them, by advocating a get-together policy, so that the veterinarian would not be deprived of work which he alone was specially trained to do, and that the live stock owner and the live stock industry might not suffer through the work being attempted by incompetents. Veterinarians have never denied that there have been specific instances of overcharging, nor that a few incompetents were to be found in our profession, but we do declare that our skirts are perhaps as clean as are those of any other profession, not exclud- ing those of journalism or county agents. There have been physicians, surgeons, dentists and lawyers, who have over- charged their patrons, as well as county agents who have surrep- titiously received commissions on serum sold in their counties, 20 W. HY WELCH yet that should not condemn their whole profession. The fact remains that farmer vaccination was promoted by a few unwise county agents, solely as a means to lure farmers into joining or remaining in the various farm organizations. There can be no other explanation. A man supposed to be endowed with the intelligence necessary to lead the farming population into a better system of farming, knows far better than to wrest the con- trol of the most serious infectious disease with which this nation has to contend, from the hands of the only man possessing the technical training necessary to cope with it, and deliver it over into the hands of the incompetent novice, for he must realize that by so doing, he is jeopardizing the whole financial interests of the greatest live stock industry of the nation. The agricultural extension service has never sanctioned the movement, but has rather sought to curtail the activities of the erratic county agents in that direction, and without the assistance of the press in spreading their misleading propaganda, it would have gained but little headway. However, the inevitable result is fast occurring. Farmer vaccination is not and can never bea success, and the spasm is subsiding, but not without somewhat disastrous results to both veterinarian and swine owner alike. The veterinarian who has weathered the storm is again finding his superior service appreciated by the swine breeder who has discovered his own incompetence. The lamentable part of the matter is that there have been driven to other vocations, many capable but discouraged veter- inarians, while the part played in discouraging young men from entering the ranks of our profession can never be truly estimated. Already, there is to be noted a change in the attitude of the farm press toward our profession, but the disaster that has followed as a result of their unfavorable and unjust criticism can never be wholly undone. The combined efforts of all the agricultural press, the various farm organizations, the live stock owners, and the veterinarians, can never prevent a great shortage of veterin- arians during the next decade and it is the live stock interests that must suffer as a result. NEGLECTING THE HORSE The changing conditions that riveted our attention upon the hog almost caused us to forget our old friend, the horse. As one peruses the programs that have been offered at the various meetings of the different veterinary associations during the past ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 21 few years, the genuine horse lover cannot but experience a tinge of sadness when he realizes how shamefully the noble animal, that once afforded his only means of support, has been neglected and must consider us as heartless ingrates toward the benefactor that supplied us with luxuries at a time when we possessed no other friend. Let me bring to you the message that the horse is coming back, and you who have so openly shamed and snubbed him, by refus- ing him a place on your programs, while you openly courted the favor of the tuberculous cow, or in humility worshipped at the shrine of the filthy swine, will ere long be sneaking back to your first love, and offering an humble apology to the one most indispensible animal belonging to mankind. Not only has he been neglected by the veterinarian, but he has received less publicity through the farm press than any other farm animal. Compare the horse advertisements that are paid for, with those of the cattle, sheep, hogs and poultry, in any of the farm peri- odicals, and it usually ranks second only to the cattle, but more columns of reading matter are given over to either of those other industries than are devoted to the horse. Possibly more reading space might be permitted him, were he not such an active com- petitor of truck or tractor. Might I also suggest, that I feel that itis time that a little more attention were given him by our research departments. Periodic ophthalmia and navel-ill, two diseases that exact a heavy toll from the horse industry, are especially worthy of study, as well as others that might be named. It appears to me that science has never given to the horse the devotion that the subject has deserved. We have even permitted laws pertaining to eugenics that were harmful to the production of a better class of horses, yet as a profession have never raised our voice in opposition. We have noted, with pleasure, and assisted many times, in the formation of calf, pig and sheep clubs, among the girls and boys, but how many of you have ever even suggested the forma- tion of a colt club?) Are you a member of the Horse Association of America—the only organization in the world that is spending a single dollar to advertise the economy of horse power? Are you advising your farmer patrons concerning the breeding of their best mares, and assisting them in locating a suitable stallion to patronize? The veterinary profession can at once be a power in assisting the horse in his “‘come-back,”’ and in that 22 W. H. WELCH manner confer a favor that his farmer friend will greatly appreci- ate within the next few years. ‘‘Do your bit.” VETERINARY LEGISLATION This association in the past has never greatly concerned itself with legislation other than that of a national character. We have for years maintained a legislative committee, and they have done valuable work at Washington, but there are measures of great importance that affect the welfare of oyr profession, occurring in the legislative bodies of the various states, with decidedly more frequency than they do in the national body, and this association should place itself in the best position to render them every possible assistance. While it is a well recog- nized fact that all ills cannot be cured by legislation, and it is perhaps true that each state association supports a committee on legislation, yet the influence of the national association in such matters is not to be lightly estimated, as in most cases it will prove the greater of the two. I do not believe that it is generally understood that such assistance from our organization is available, and steps should be taken to lend a better cooperation to the various state associa- tions, in all matters pertaining to legislation. The time is at hand when we must no longer consider ourselves as simply a profession banded together in this association for the purpose of scientific progress, although that thought must be ever kept uppermost in our minds, but if we are to prosper as a profession, one that will attract capable young men to our ranks, we must not allow ourselves to lose sight of the material side, or we shall ultimately fail, both as an association and as a profession. An INTEGRAL PART OF AGRICULTURE In our relationship to the nation, our profession is simply an integral part of the vast live stock industry, and we, as guardians of the health of that industry, must ever be the first to recognize the publie’s interest as overshadowing ours. It is clearly our duty, therefore, to assist the public through their live stock associations, legislatures, etc., to understand the veterinary needs that shall make for the best interests of all concerned. Our profession is justly proud of its achievements in the past, but we realize that we have functioned at our highest point of effi- ciency, only when vested with full authority, and receiving the hearty cooperation of those whose interests we serve. : ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 23 We would still have pleuro-pneumonia, dourine and foot and mouth disease in our midst, had any portion of control been delegated to the laity. The work of tick eradication promises eventually that “Texas fever will cease to exist in our country, and that the South may become a great paradise for the cattle industry. But the work has been fought, step by step, and even at this late day meets with violent opposition from those farmers who are most benefited. Glanders has long been kept in sup- pression and tuberculosis will eventually be driven from our land, but. it will never be accomplished while tuberculin is accessible to the farmer. Anthrax, blackleg and hog cholera can be kept in a state bor- dering on complete suppression, but it will never occur so long as vaccines for those diseases are in the hands of the laity. It is therefore imperative, before we can arrive at our highest point of service to the public, that such vaccines, viruses, sera and biologics as are used as diagnostic agents and in combatting contagious and infectious diseases, be accessible to none other than veterinarians. It will require time, perhaps, to educate the people to the necessity for such action, but time and exper- ience will ultimately convince all concerned that there is no other way, and that the incompetent county agent and farmer are dangerous and expensive factors in the control and suppression of infectious and contagious diseases of all farm animals. There are some very important issues of a sanitary character that demand legislation. During the foot and mouth epizootic, we had a practical demonstration of what could be accomplished in preventing the spread of contagious and infectious disease, by compelling the railroads to disinfect properly each car after use in live stock traffic. It was quite noticeable that the spread of all diseases of an infectious character were greatly diminished, yet in the face of such facts, the disinfection of cars ceased as soon as the foot and mouth epizootic was over. Personally, I believe that a very large percentage of all contagious and infec- | tious diseases affecting farm animals might be traced originally to infected stock yards, cars or sale barns. Since the first establishment of horse markets, through which passed a large volume of the horse power of our country, millions of dollars have been annually lost to that industry, through deaths, and the various sequelae of infectious, respiratory troubles, that could have been reduced to a minimum had a rigid system of weekly 24 W. H. WELCH or even monthly disinfection of these cesspools of infection been required. Of recent years it seems practically impossible to purchase a load of feeding cattle through the various markéts without great danger of carrying to their destination some contagious or infectious disease that may affect either the horses, cattle, hogs, or sheep occupying the home premises. We are permitting infected cars to travel from state to state carrying both hoboes and flies. The hobo does not travel far on foot, therefore is the lesser danger in the spread of disease, but if we had accurate knowledge as to just how far a fly would travel, or the route taken after leaving an infected car, we might trace with greater fre- quency the obscure origin of many epizootics. The normal fee charged the shipper for the disinfection of the car will prove the cheapest item in connection with the traffic, and they are entitled to all the protection that can be given them along this line. Another important problem lies in revising the majority of our present stallion registration laws. Twenty-six of our states possess laws requiring stallions to conform to certain qualifica- tions before being allowed to stand for public service. The majority of these laws are a travesty on all the known facts con- cerning heredity, and shame a veterinary profession that per- mitted their enactment without registering the most vigorous protest. In most instances soundness is made the basis of regis- tration, without reference to either conformation or other extra- neous influence, while structural weaknesses that predispose their get to numerous ailments and blemishes are ignored. I have not time to enter into detail other than to remark the unproved fact of the transmissibility of any disease directly from parent to offspring, barring syphilis, while it is a well-recognized fact that type and conformation, either good or bad, are decidedly heritable. These laws should be based on type, conformation and individuality, rather than unsoundness, and we should have no place for the mediocre stallion. We must ultimately have state and federal subsidies for our best stallions, if we desire to improve our race of horses. Let us cooperate with our various state and national horse organizations and point the way to an improve- ment in these various laws. COMMITTEE ON Po.Licy At the proper time during the meeting a specially appointed Committee on Policy will submit a report to the association ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 25 formulating our attitude toward certain other organizations and conditions that materially concern our profession. I consider this report and the matter of its adoption to be one of the most important questions that will occupy the attention of the con- vention. For years we have drifted aimlessly along, with no well-defined policy, other than a declaration of the objects which led to the organization of this association, and so far as other organizations and conditions are concerned there has been no attempt to adopt any specific line of action. This will serve to clarify matters in this respect and broaden our field of activities, commensurate with our involved interests, and prove of inestim- able value to our membership. As an organization it is necessary that we concentrate a part of our time and efforts on those matters that are of practical importance to our membership and profession, and while our highest ideal visualizes the practice of our profession as true service rendered to the least of God’s creatures, yet ‘‘Man’s first duty is to man,” and we should guard zealously against any. encroachment upon our prerogatives. And so I say, ‘All honor to the American Veterinary Medical Association for its achieve- ments of the past, and Godspeed to an enlarged policy that shall in the future function for the best interests of all.” ANNOUNCEMENT The Southeastern States Veterinary Medical Association will hold its next regular annual meeting in Greensboro, North Carolina, November 12-13, 1923. Many distinguished veterin- arians will address the meeting, among whom will be Dr. C. H. Stange, President of the A. V. M. A.; Dr. Cassius Way, of New York; Dr. J. R. Mohler, Chief, United States Bureau of Animal Industry; Dr. T. E. Munce, State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania; Dr. W. J. Lentz, University of Pennsylvania; and Dr. C. A. Cary, of Auburn, Alabama. A large portion of the program will be given to practitioners on subjects pertaining largely to small animal practice. This will be a meeting that no veteri- narian in the Southeastern states can afford to miss. Secretary Handley extends an invitation to any and all veterinarians who can arrange to attend the convention. Look for a copy of the program in the next issue of the JOURNAL. THE PRACTITIONER AS THE FOUNDATION OF VETERINARY SERVICE! By E. R. STEEL, Grundy Center, Towa. | The object of the veterinary profession should be to give the live stock industry and owners of other animals the highest type of veterinary service obtainable. To do this requires that we accept some definite policy and outline a constructive program in which veterinarians engaged in all phases of veterinary activ- ities can function without interfering with the greatest usefulness of each other. As the foundation for such a service, I believe that the profession can well accept the practicing veterinarian and build upon him for the greatest benefit to all interests concerned. Since the practitioner has been promised help from the American Veterinary Medical Association, it may be well to outline some of the things which we think could be done for our good and I will, therefore, offer some definite recommendations based on general principles. Criticisms which may be made are aimed to be constructive, not destructive, and progressive, not retrogressive; and suggestions that may be made for the improve- ment of existing adverse conditions are meant to be rational, not radical. It is coming to be felt by very conservative men in the pro- fession that some things must be done to encourage the man in every-day practice, if the profession is to endure and remain of the greatest usefulness to the interests which it serves. It is with this purpose, then, that I present this subject before the American Veterinary Medical Association, for I believe that if we are to bring about any reforms, we must work through the profession, not appeal to outsiders who can not comprehend our problems or appreciate our difficulties. Many of our ailments we have brought on ourselves, aimlessly perhaps, in most cases, and working out of them can only be accomplished by directing veterinary activities into proper channels. To do this requires that all veterinarians in all phases of the profession do their part in constructing a forward policy and certainly, to the practitioner, the movement started this last year, as reported by the Policy Committee, is encouraging. In a general way, some of the various activities of the profession 1Presented at the sixtieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Montreal, Canada, August 27-31, 1923. 26 THE FOUNDATION OF VETERINARY SERVICE 27 which are affecting the practitioner may be considered with a view to getting at the real problems for solution. Veterinary ° education, teaching of veterinary science in agricultural colleges, extension activities, federal and state medicine, commercial enterprises and the work of the practitioners themselves are some of the matters towards which this Association should undertake to work out a definite policy. A brief discussion of each of the above topics will be attempted and definite concrete suggestions offered for their handling, keeping in mind the idea of the greatest service which may be rendered the public and basing that service on the practitioner as the foundation. First, this Association has done a great work in raising the standards of veterinary education. To maintain these standards will take the united efforts of the profession and, I believe, the practitioner will insist that they be kept up through require- ments of state board examinations and basing practice acts upon these standards. If the profession is worth while entering, the level of the other professions is the lowest level we can accept and it is none too high at the present time considering the fields we are required to serve. Practitioners can be depended on to see that veterinary education maintains its standing so recently achteved. There is no complaint from practitioners that they have been taught too much; rather, no one realizes his short- comings more than the man who has to answer the demands of general practice. Whether it is sufficiently remunerative, however, to enter the profession at all is one of the questions running through many minds at this time. The practitioner has been made to meet these high requirements; but what protection has he been given after he has met them? He is turned out with his own native ability and acquired learning to cope with all sorts of discriminating circumstances. This Association has done a good work in raising the standards; but it has done practically nothing in aiding the practitioner when once he has passed out of the school into his chosen field. In recent editorials, we have been asked to recommend the profession to the prospective student. Many of us feel that we cannot conscientiously do this, and the present shortage of veterinary students is due directly to this feeling among the men who have been approached upon this subject. This feeling of what is coming next to take away the income from the prac- titioner, must be dispensed with and he must be encouraged if 28 EVR. -STEEE he is to recommend the profession to those whom he could direct into our colleges. There is no need to spend thousands of dollars in publicity, for it will be wasted; there is no need to send enticing appeals to high school graduates, for they will see ‘“‘Doc’’ first before answering. Just back up the men the schools have already turned out and encourage them and our schools will automatically fillup. The faculties of our colleges are beginning to see that they must recommend their graduates to the live stock owners and they must protect them against encroachments if the schools are to maintain the quota of students desired. It is said the law of supply and demand will operate. It is operating. We have veterinarians to spare in many sections now and none in others because the demand for the veterinarian has been lessened or at least not stimulated. The supply will be short; but if the public is taught to get along without veteri- narians, the demand will not increase. As regards veterinary education, then standing behind the man already in the field is the only way to maintain a high type of veterinarian which our schools are now qualified to turn out. The teaching of veterinary science in agricultural colleges is an activity of the profession with which this Association has: not concerned itself, except that several years ago a committee was appointed to investigate the extent of such instruction offered and it reported only as to the amount of work which could be accredited towards a degree in a recognized veterinary college. It did nothing, by way of recommendation, with the work which was of such a character that it could not be accredited. This, in my mind, is the one issue which should have been handled, for it affects the profession as a whole; the other could be decided by the deans of the colleges. There is a great deal of loose teaching of veterinary subjects in our agricultural colleges and I believe that the veterinarians engaged in this work would welcome some rulings in a general way from this Association. If they could say to their superiors that the American Veterinary Medical Association outlines the scope of such approved teaching, it would strengthen many men who would do differently. By some, it has been argued that in their states the live stock interests demanded some sort of in- struction in so-called simplified veterinary science, due to shortage of veterinarians in certain parts of the state. What effort has been made to give those territories a county or district THE FOUNDATION OF VETERINARY SERVICE 29 veterinarian? That would be teaching the value of a veterinarian. Rather, they are teaching these people to get along without graduate veterinarians and incidentally they are seeding down the country with quacks, which will make the territory untenable for a graduate veterinarian. We can’t make progress by resorting to retrogressive measures. I suggest that this Association recommend that the teaching of veterinary science in agricultural colleges be limited to teach- ing subjects accredited towards a degree in a veterinary college and to other courses in veterinary sanitation and control of infectious diseases through the aid of veterinary assistance. The teaching of specific treatments should be discouraged, for treatments can be given properly only by one who is qualified through training and experience to recognize disease and treat it, which is taught in veterinary colleges only. The Committee on Intelligence and Education has investi- gated the teaching of veterinary subjects in our veterinary colleges, but to my knowledge, the teaching of veterinary science in agricultural colleges has never been given serious attention. Why make the veterinary colleges meet a certain standard and their graduates comply with the requirements, and then let others carry on loose teaching and their students meet no requirements? Higher veterinary education is being attacked by these activities and it becomes the duty of this Association to take a stand in this matter, since it has taken upon itself regulatory authority in veterinary education. If this loose teaching in our agricultural colleges affected only the areas not occupied by graduate veterinarians, it would not be so bad; but, unfortunately, it is not kept under control. We are bothered with it in states in which veterinarians abound and indeed about the only states not affected by it are those main- taining veterinary colleges and even in them the matter must be fought constantly. This question must be handled as a national issue for we do not live to ourselves. Areas formerly occupied by graduate veterinarians have been deserted through the demoralizing influence of some of the phases of this instruction in our agricultural colleges. Certainly the live stock owners will not benefit by such conditions and if we are to give them the highest type of veterinary service, such influence should be checked. Closely related to the above question is the veterinary work of extension departments and States Relation Service. This is a 30 ER: STEEL veterinary activity which could be made an asset to the prac- tioner and in some instances it is being made so by the extension veterinarian; in other cases it is being used to undo the profession and teach the veterinarian’s client to get along without his services. It is unbelieveable that a farmer can be taught subjects in a few weeks or days, or in a single lecture, which are not taught in a veterinary college until the senior year. If the live stock owner can be taught such work intelligently, then it is foolish for veter- inarians to be required to spend four or more years in college. If they can not, then it is dishonest to tell them they can and give them licenses making them think they are qualified to do their own veterinary work. Either the veterinarian or the farmer is being fooled. From my personal experience in doing this work and from my acquaintance with others who are now conducting such instruction, I judge that it is the latter. These courses are more or less a joke and the veterinarians doing this work feel that they are trying to do the impossible, for it is no pleasure to talk to men about matters which they can not comprehend. The farmer vaccination schools in Iowa are probably the most. advertised examples of this adventure. Here the farmers are collected for a few days and given lectures covering perhaps nine hours. During this time, they are given repeatedly the questions they will be asked on the examination and they are allowed their notes during the examination. What if veterinarians in our colleges were allowed to get by in such a fashion? Let us be honest with ourselves and with the interests which we serve. The only possible results of such loose instruction is the multi- plication of quacks and farmer vaccinators who experiment on their neighbors’ hogs and make a wage at it, for no one will work for nothing. It is left to the veterinarian to see that this does not develop; but he knows that if he meddles in such matters he may as well move, so he lets the situation work itself out one way or the other. There are no state inspectors to enforce veterinary laws as there are for others. Rather than try to control such activities, the profession should use its influence to correct the evil. I know of no way except through the veterinarians themselves engaged in these activities. If they will, they can convert all this work into a benefit to the profession. Some think that the laws require the work and they may as well do it as some one else. However, if those requesting this work could not influence veterinarians to do things which THE FOUNDATION OF VETERINARY SERVICE dl the veterinarians themselves know are not right and not for the best interest of the profession and the live stock industry, these radical instigators would get nowhere with their political man- ceuvres. The American Veterinary Medical Association should outline a definite policy regarding such instruction which would help the veterinarians engaged in this instruction defend their position when asked to do things they should not. The suggestion I have made regarding teaching veterinary subjects in agricultural colleges, I make here too: That such instruction be limited to teaching principles of sanitation and control of infectious diseases through proper veterinary assistance. This could be made in the form of a recommendation rather than an arbitrary ruling. Next, federal and state medicine are becoming a menace to the man in practice. I would not infer that these important veterinary activities are not essential. Their work is excellent and of far-reaching influence; but, surely, there is enough for all of us to do in our own spheres without interfering with the use- fulness of each other. Federal and state veterinarians cannot take the practitioner’s place in the service to the live stock industry; but they can make his business such that it will become unprofitable for him to stay in practice. The simple suggestion that I would make on behalf of the practitioner and for the best interest of the public welfare, is that federal and state activities be limited to doing such work that the practitioners can not do efficiently. The most notable intrusion violating this principle is the work of federal and state departments in taking over the testing of cattle for tuberculosis. The accredited-herd plan was the first to require that only a veterinarian on full-time pay of the state or federal government be allowed to do the testing. The practitioner was enticed to influence his clients to sign up the agreements with the understanding that this work would be turned over to him. In full confidence in this purpose, he influenced perhaps ninety per cent of all signers of agreements to enter the plan. In other words, he created work for federal and state employees, simply that his client might receive indemnity for his reacting cattle, for there was an arbitrary ruling that indemnity would not be paid on the practitioners’ test. To my knowledge, the live stock owners have never been consulted as to their choice in this matter. After the accredited-herd plan had become popular through 32 EDR: STEEL the influence of the practicing veterinarians, it was extended from the breeders to owners of grade herds as well and to com- munities wishing milk ordinances requiring the tuberculin test. Still the work remained in the hands of the veterinarian employed by the federal or state government. Realizing that this limited testing would not control or eradicate tuberculosis, the work has now been extended to cover counties. Still, it is proposed in some states at least, that this work be kept in the hands of the full-time veterinarians. The man who did most of the missionary work in fostering the accredited-herd plan is thus left out of consideration, except that he is still promised that the testing will be turned over to him ultimately. It is now proposed, however, that a county veterinarian do the area testing. Can we control this county veterinarian movement? In my opinion this step is entirely unnecessary in communities well supplied with veterinarians; yet it is being inaugurated in such states as lowa and New York. As I have shown, the practitioner has been fed up on promises, and if this work does not go into his hands, he will be justified in believing that he has been wronged. If his antagonism is aroused, this work will certainly fail and, I believe, federal and state officials are making a mistake in not taking the practicing accredited veterinarians into this movement. If they are qualified to take over accredited herds, they are qualified to run the initial tests. I would recommend that accredited practicing veterinarians be used all that is possible in area testing, in cooperation with federal and state veterinarians, the latter acting as checks and doing supervisory work. In place of a county veterinarian in areas well supplied with veterinarians, I would suggest that this individual be given two or more counties, if possible, to keep away from localizing the office to the county. This plan would meet the approval of the practitioners and better satisfy the live stock owners, who, for the most part, want their veterinarians to do this work. All they are asking for is indemnity, not the free test, for they realize there is nothing free about it, the bill being paid through taxes. They prefer to call their local veterinarian when they can arrange to do the work, rather than line up a whole community for some particular time without any consider- ation for their convenience. If appropriations are used only for indemnity, more cattle can be tested with the money. If indemnity is paid on the test of THE FOUNDATION OF VETERINARY SERVICE - 33 one class of veterinarians, it should be paid on the others, or no indemnity paid at all, which would stop the work, for it is de- manded by the owners of reacting cattle. By not paying indem- nity on the test of practitioners, the government is encouraging dishonesty by influencing men not to tag and brand reactors. Further, it is discouraging testing. In all other phases of federal and state activities as well, the government should abide by the simple rule of not transgressing into fields which can be handled by the qualified graduate veter- inarian. That would be my suggestion, in a general way, that this Association recommend in behalf of the practitioners and for the best interest of veterinary service to the live stock industry. Veterinarians in commercial institutions can do a great deal of good in directing veterinary activities into the hands of grad- uate veterinarians. It is becoming clear to many such concerns that the logical salesman of their goods, as well as administrator of their product, is the practicing graduate veterinarian. In fact, the whole fabric of the profession in its various fields is dependent on him for its stability. Like in many other branches of the profession, certain arbitrary rules cannot be laid down in the question of sales policy; but the ardent advocate of unpro- fessional business methods should not be tolerated. A definite policy recommending in so far as possible the keeping of veter- inary commercial products in the hands of the graduate veterin- arian should be instigated in the interest of keeping this work in the hands of the man who has qualified to serve the public good. The practitioners themselves, in all the above considerations, come in for their share of criticism. In my opinion, the average ability of practitioners runs as high as that of veterinarians in other fields. There are poor men in all branches. The quali- fications of each are the same. The practitioners in some in- stances have been criticised for not measuring up to the expecta- tions of the profession; yet, the practitioners are just what the profession has made them and in criticising them in general, the whole profession is condemned. Rather, we should start with the graduate veterinarian as the lowest standard we can accept in veterinary service and build up the practitioners rather than substitute them with men of lesser training. This can be done by increasing the efficiency of the practitioner in any line in which he may be weak. Short courses in veterinary subjects for practitioners are being encouraged. They should be more definite, if anything, along some particular line needed, as for 34 Bn Re SEEEE example, a two-weeks course in milk inspection work, or longer, if necessary. Rather than turn veterinary. work over to laymen, because of the incompetency of some practitioners, it would seem more constructive if such men were required to meet certain require- ments, as for example, the accredited-herd examinations. We have been going back 35 or more years in our development by resorting to retrogressive measures in order to meet the criticism of some practitioners. The whole profession is suffering as a result of such methods. Certainly, it becomes the duty of the American Veterinary Medical Association to decide on some basic standard for veterinary service and I suggest that the practitioner be taken as the foundation of that service to the live stock industry. : 5 SUMMARY 1. The faculties of veterinary colleges, through the American Veterinary Medical Association, should use their influence to protect and encourage their graduates in practice and recommend them to the live stock industry. 2. The teaching of veterinary subjects in agricultural col- leges should be limited to the teaching of principles of sanitation and the control of infectious diseases by proper veterinary assistance; and to teaching subjects accredited toward a veteri- nary degree; specific treatments of diseases should not be taught. 3. Extension departments should abide by the same rule. They should teach the farmer the proper appreciation of his veterinarian, rather than attempt to show him how to do his own work. 4. Federal and state activities should be limited to doing such work that the practitioners cannot do efficiently. Federal and state veterinarians could be placed only in areas not occupied by practitioners. 5. GROUF VA ROAD PASTURE ("7 EAST PASTURE BN Ly aN GROUPS |. 20 HEAD \ a . AND i. IS HEAD ‘ \ Fig. 1. Plot plan of buildings, corrals, and pastures in Strawberry Canyon, University of California, Berkeley, occupied by experiment cattle in abortion investigations. Total area approximately 125 acres. Drainage from the far-east pasture can, therefore, run through the east pasture and from the connecting pasture into the area occupied by the buildings and the road pasture. The remainder of the land drains directly into the creek. These facts were kept in mind in placing the animals, so that infection from one group to another would not take place through the medium of drainage. The experiments covering the animals in Group IV, A and B, are not included in this report. STARTING OF THE EXPERIMENT The experiment was actually started on February 7, 1922. At that time fourteen animals, to constitute Group II, were given VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIUM ABORTUM 41 a final examination for pregnancy preparatory to placing them in the far-east pasture (Figure 1) with the two bulls. One animal, 401-A, was found on rectal examination to be in early pregnancy which had not been recognized at time of purchase. One dairy animal, 2060, was definitely known to be pregnant to the dairy bull. One other dairy animal, 2304, definitely known to be pregnant to the dairy bull, was found to be too far advanced in pregnancy to remain in the experiment and was returned to the dairy. This left thirteen animals in this group. Two others were added later to make fifteen, the desired number. These two animals, 2298 and 436-A, respectively, were pregnant when added, the former being a dairy animal and the latter purchased with the animals for Group IV, not recorded in this report. VACCINATION OF Groups I AND IIT On the same date, February 7, 1922, the thirty animals in these two groups were placed together in the road pasture (Figure 1) and injected with live-abortion-germ vaccine. Each animal was given subcutaneously, at one point on the left side of the neck, twenty ce of the material. The area at which this injection was made was previously washed with a three per cent cresol solution as would be done in routine field practice. The animals were placed in the road pasture (Figure 1), so as to have the east pasture empty, as a separation area from Group II, to prevent the bulls in the latter group from attempting to get to them in case any showed evidence of estrum. PREPARATION OF THE VACCINE Four strains of the abortion organism were used in making up this suspension. Two of these, A and 80, were old laboratory bovine strains which grew very rapidly and heavily on culture media. One was a strain recently obtained from live-abortion- germ vaccine, put out by a commercial firm in this country, and the fourth, 101, was a strain recently isolated in this laboratory from an aborted bovine fetus. The cultures were grown on glu- cose-glycerine bouillon and glucose-glycerine agar, the growth on the latter being washed off and used to enforce the bouillon cultures. Subcultures were made and smears stained from each of the flasks which showed them to be pure cultures of the organ- ism. All of the strains were known to be pathogenic for guinea _pigs. The suspensions of the organisms were tested with a silica comparator standard, using Pear’s precipitated fullers’ earth so that it contained four billion organisms per cc. The 42 G. H. HART anp C. M. CARPENTER technique of this preparation is given in the turbidity standard of the “Standard Methods of Water Analysis,” by the American Public Health Association, as used by Butterfield and Neill? in the Hygienic Laboratory in their work on various strains of meningococci. EFFECTS OF THE VACCINATION The day following the injection a cold rain storm started and lasted four days. Practically all of the animals had a more or less marked reaction, probably exaggerated by the bad weather conditions. They stood about humped up in the pasture and ate very little. Alfalfa hay was being fed to them at the time. By February 11, 1922, they were all eating normally and on the following day the weather had cleared and they appeared to have recovered from the effects of the vaccination. However, local swellings were present at the point of injection in all of the animals. In the majority of cases these increased in size over several weeks and involved the prescapular lymph gland on that side in a number of the cattle. On March 10th, the following condition was found on exam- ination of the point of injection of the vaccine in these animals: No. 3219—Normal. No. 407-A—Normal. No. 418-A—Enlarged gland, 314’. No. 410-A—Enlarged gland, 214’. No. 2182—Large abscess. No. 4-A—Large abscess. Opened naturally. Material was taken for cultures. No. 429-A—Large abscess. 6” x4”. Opened. No. 2305—Gland slightly enlarged. No. 402-A—Had opened naturally. No. 2321—Normal. No. 2318—Enlarged gland. No. 434-A—Had opened naturally. No. 405-A—Normal. No. 403-A—Normal. No. 415-A—Small abscess. No. 408-A—Gland enlarged and hard. No. 406-A—Enlarged gland. No. 424-A—Enlarged gland. No. 414-A—Soft abscess. No. 404-A—Gland enlarged, 2” x 2’. No. 25-A—Large soft abscess, 4” x 6” x 3”. Opened by incision and material taken for cultures. No. 2314—Had opened naturally. No. 426-A—Had opened naturally. No. 433-A—Slight swelling. No. 2297—Enlarged gland. No. 2313—Had opened naturally. No. 2315—Enlarged gland. No. 413—Enlarged gland. No. 419-A—Enlarged gland. No. 421-A—Had opened naturally. VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIUM ABORTUM 43 The animals at the time were not in nearly as good condition as the fourteen controls in Group II. The pus from the abscesses was identical in all cases, being thick yellowish-white in appear- ance. It was obvious that it had been caused by the inoculation. This condition probably would have been avoided to a consider- able extent had the injection been made in several areas, instead of placing the entire twenty-ce dose at one point. Pus was collected from the abscesses on Cows 4-A and 25-A. Cultures made from this material on cooked-blood agar and fetus media developed pure cultures of Bacterium abortum from Cow 4-A and Bacterium abortum with some contamination from Cow 25-A. ' Blood samples were taken from these animals on February 21, 1922, and all gave a positive reaction to the agglutination test. OnE ANIMAL VACCINATED WHEN PREGNANT At the time of the vaccination, one of the dairy heifers, No. 2318, was pregnant, but it was not known, although later, when a diagnosis of pregnancy was made, a history was obtained of her having had opportunity to be bred by the dairy bull. She was vaccinated while pregnant and later aborted before the infectious material was given, finally going into Group III, and will be discussed later. BuLus CHANGED FROM Group II To Groups I aNp III On April 10, 1922, sixty-two days after the vaccination, the bulls were taken from Group II and started to breed the animals in Groups I and II. In Group II animals Nos. 2060 and 401-A were pregnant when the experiment started. During the sixty- two-day period eight of the remaining eleven became pregnant. Nos. 183, 2317 and 430-A did not become pregnant and were later bred to the dairy bull, conceiving without difficulty. It is quite probable that they did not come in estrum during the sixty-two-day period, as feed conditions in the pasture were not very good and the weather was cold and rainy. Except for the one night of April 10, 1922, the bulls were kept corralled in order to hand-breed the animals in Groups I and II, so as to have the breeding dates. The animals in these groups, although they had apparently entirely recovered from the effect of the vaccination, came in heat slowly. The following breedings took place: Bull 412-A—Bred on April 18, 1922, to No. 433-A. Bred on April 19, 1922, to No. 4-A Bred on April 20, 1922, to No. 2314 Bred on April 20, 1922, to No. 403-A 44 G. H. HART anp C. M. CARPENTER Bred on April 22, 1922, to No. 408-A Bred on April 23, 1922, to No. 2297 Bred on April 26, 1922, to No. 421-A Bred on April 27, 1922, to No. 428-A Bred on April 27, 1922, to No. 2182 Bred on May 3, 1922, to No. 410-A Bred on May 11, 1922, to No. 424-A Bull 411-A—Bred on April 21, 1922, to No. 25-A Bred on April 27, 1922, to No. 407-A Bred on April 27, 1922, to No. 406-A Bred on April 29, 1922, to No. 414-A Bred on April 29, 1922, to No. 484-A Bred on May 1, 1922, to No. 418-A Bred on May 19, 1922, to No. 405-A When the breeding was started all of the animals were placed in the east pasture, where there was good green feed, and after they were bred they were removed to the road pasture. History oF HEIFER 2318 VaccINATED WHEN PREGNANT On May 12, 1922, on account of the animals breeding slowly, seventeen only having been bred and time being an important factor, due to the control animals being pregnant, a rectal exam- ination was made of the thirteen unbred animals, the ovaries were massaged and the corpora lutea expressed from Nos. 426-A, 404-A, 405-A, 419-A and 420-A. At this time No. 2318 was found to be about five months pregnant, and in looking up her history it was recorded that she had been in the dairy pasture where the dairy bull was given exercise in December, 1921, prior to going into the experiment. She was, therefore, turned out with the bred heifers, although she had been vacci- nated on February 7, when about two months pregnant. On May 18, in the morning, the unbred heifers in the east pasture got through an open gate into the road pasture with the unbred heifers of the same groups. While the attendant was arranging gates in the corral, where the animals had been brought with the bulls prior to separating them into bred and unbred groups, Bull 412 was observed to breed this heifer and she was found to have a vaginal discharge. The laboratory was notified and upon making a rectal examination the uterus was found to be empty. The hand could be easily passed into the vagina and it contained a muco-purulent material streaked with blood, a handful of which was withdrawn and placed in a sterilized tube. The cervix was open sufficiently to admit two fingers. On massaging the uterus per rectum with the other hand in the vagina, cupped over the cervix, some shreds of tissue with blood clots were expressed from it and placed in a second sterile tube. An effort was made to demonstrate Bacterium VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIUM ABORTUM 45 abortum by microscopic examination, but it was poor material to use for this purpose and the organism could not be demon- strated. Two guinea pigs, Nos. 2221 and 2222, were injected intra-abdominally with a salt solution suspension of the tissue, but both were found to be normal when killed and examined August 2, 1922. This animal had definitely aborted between May 12, when she was found to be five months pregnant, and May 18, when she was seen to accept service from the bull. During this period the unbred heifers were being corralled twice daily with the bulls, but the bred heifers were not being closely watched. No evi- dence of the aborted fetus or membranes could be found on a careful search of the road pasture but this was to be expected as the area is hilly and covered with brush growth in some places. Small predatory animals, including coyotes, infest the area. In examining for pregnancy May 12, a rectal examination only was made. We therefore feel that abortion in this case was due to the vaccination. This animal was continued in the experiment, later becoming a part of Group III. She did not become pregnant to the service on May 18, but after she became a part of Group III, on June 24, 1922. CHANGING OF GROUPS PRIOR TO INFECTION On June 24, 1922, ten animals in Group II were examined per rectum and found to be definitely pregnant. These constituted the controls in this group to receive infection. The other three, Nos. 183, 480-A and 2317, not impregnated during the period from February 7 to April 10, and not exposed in any way to infection, had been removed to the dairy pasture to be bred as _ previously mentioned and later returned with Nos. 2298 and 436-A to constitute the five uninfected controls or association animals of Group II. Twenty bred heifers of the thirty vaccinated animals were separated to constitute Group I. They were examined for preg- nancy but some of them had been too recently bred for this to be of any value. The result of this examination is given in the following list: INO RAS ADAG ee iio oe Bred April 29 Pregnant INOS 25 VAR ae a ein, Bred April 20 Pregnant INOM2S0DR Ate fers ee ees: Bred May 25 ? INOS AI 4= Assis! Tt +. cei cyst Bred April 29 Pregnant INO AOS=AC™ «cs ae Pu. Bred April 22 Pregnant INOm4 S33 2ARe Blaha Fos fee Bred April 18 Pregannt 46 G. H. HART anp C. M. CARPENTER IN On 424 r Are Rp shnass oo Bred May 11 % NOU ZISZR ee Rees ss see ott Bred April 27 Pregnant peINOy 4LOZNSYY, sehen. Ge 2 Bred May 3 Pregnant INOS Ailes ot eee Some Bred April 21 Pregnant INGHAO THAR AINE one. feces Bred April 27 ? INO A0S=Ay Sets Actas Bred April 20 and June 3 uy INORALAS 2 osm isthe crete Bred April 19 Pregnant 1 | Dy GUC Es i ek Aa ee Bred April 27 Pregnant INOP AU BSAy ik is 5 Bayete Bred May 1 Pregnant INOMAL b= AG es oe Bred June 10 ? INO} 4 21S Ae ee ee Bred April 26 and June 3 ? Nos 405-A. aie. Shee Bred May 19 and June 19 ? INO: 426-4 3 2 5.25 tie fess ott Bred June 24 ? INO: 404240 Saree oii oe Bred June 20. ? A rectal examination only was made, as most of them were heifers and to get the hand into the vagina was difficult or im- possible. We also hold the opinion that, under certain unrecog- nized conditions, bimanual examination in a small percentage of cases may be the cause of abortion. (See Article III, Bulletin No. 353, of this Station). Of this group Cows 405-A, 415-A and 428-A were later found not to have been pregnant. No. 428-A, on June 24, was thought to be pregnant, having been bred on April 27, fifty-eight days prior to the examination. It is thought, however, that this diagnosis of pregnancy was an error, rather than that she aborted, as she was being daily observed with other animals in the group and was seen to be in heat on August 5. The ten pregnant control animals to receive infection were taken from the far-east pasture and placed with the twenty animals in Group I in the corral. The ten remaining vaccinated animals constituting Group III were then placed in the far-east pasture, which up to this time had not contained any infected animals. They were left in this pasture for the remainder of the experi- ment, thus being kept free from any infection except that given them by the vaccination on February 7, 1922. At this time only one of them, No. 413-A, was pregnant. Both bulls were placed ° in the pasture with this group. The thirty animals, constituting the entire twenty head of Group I and the ten controls to receive infection in Group II, were kept corralled from June 24 to June 26. This was done with the object of controlling their water supply, expecting they would drink from the watering-trough the infectious material to be given them on the later date. PREPARATION OF THE INFECTIOUS MATERIAL Eight gallons of milk were received from the University Farm, - Davis, from cows in experiments being carried on by Hayes VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIUM ABORTUM 47 and Barger and known to contain Bacterium abortum in their milk. To test this particular milk 800 ce were centrifuged and the sediment inoculated intra-abdominally into the guinea pigs Nos. 2334 and 2335. No. 2334 died on July 13 but was not autopsied. No. 2335 was killed August 24 and on autopsy found to have extensive lesions of abortion. Its blood gave a positive agglutination test. The following material from bovine fetuses, which had been received at the laboratory and found to contain Bacterrwm abortum, was mixed in salt solution to a volume of one gallon: Fetus Stomach Intestinal On Ice Number Lungs Contents Contents Since 32 5X x Ds May 13 33 x May 30 35 x x May 25 37 x x June 1 38 x x June 12 40 x x June 15 A bottle, capacity one gallon, was used to contain 1250 ce of glycerine-glucose-broth culture of Bactertwm abortum strain 4-A. Also, the surface growth of strain 80, on thirteen bottles of gly- cerine-glucose agar, washed off with salt solution. Strain 4-A was isolated from the abscess of Cow 4-A following vaccination and 80 was an old laboratory bovine strain. Another gallon bottle was used to contain 200 ce of broth culture of strain 118, isolated in this laboratory March 10, 1922, from fetus 18. : A third gallon bottle was used to contain surface growth on fetus-media agar, washed off with salt solution, of strains of Bacterium abortum recently isolated from fetuses 10, 20, 35, 37, 38 and 40. A fourth gallon bottle was used to contain strains of Bacterrwm abortum on solid and liquid media isolated from guinea pigs inoculated with tissues of infected fetuses Nos. 3, 10, 11 and 18. There was thus a mixture of eight gallons of infected milk, one gallon of infected fetus tissues in salt solution, and four gallon bottles containing cultures and filled to a gallon volume with water at the time of the infection, 6:30 to 9:30 p. m., June 26, 1922. MeErTuHOD OF INFECTING THE ANIMALS The evening was foggy and the infection was delayed until late in the day in order that the material would not be exposed to strong light during the process. An effort was made to mix the material in the drinking water and have the animals drink 48 G. H. HART anp C. M. CARPENTER it from the trough. On account of discoloration of the water from the milk and a slight odor from the fetus material, the animals would not drink although they had had little water for the previous forty-eight hours. They were then placed in the chute and drenched. The drenching mixture was made by taking 500 ee from each of the five one-gallon bottles and 500 cc of milk, making a total of 3000 ec, of which mixture each cow was drenched with one pint. The remainder of the infectious material was placed in the watering-trough, baled alfalfa hay opened and the flakes soaked in the trough until the solution was all absorbed. It was then spread around the corral for the animals to eat. They had not been previously fed on that day and no difficulty was experienced in getting them to eat the hay. The following morning the animals were turned into the east pasture, the water- ing-trough disinfected and no further exposure to infection was given. Fourteen days later, on July 10, blood was drawn from these animals and all ten of the controls, which up to the time of infection, on June 26, gave a continuous negative reaction, now showed a positive reaction indicating they had been infected with Bacterium abortus by the method used. SUBSEQUENT History oF ANIMALS IN GrRoupP II Six of the ten animals aborted from fifty-eight to eighty-eight days following the infection. No. 2060 calved normally ten days afterwards, which was too soon for infection of the uterus to have taken place. No. 401-A calved twenty-seven days after the infection. The calf was weak but lived. The placenta was retained and on removal and examination abortion organisms were found in great numbers in smears and cultures. They were present also in the colostrum. The existing pregnancies of Nos. 2312 and 26-A were apparently not affected by the infectious material and both animals calved normally on the same day, one hundred and sixty-two days after the infection. The exam- ination of the agglutination reaction of these animals showed quite definitely that they became infected, but overcame it and remained entirely negative to the agglutination test. Two animals in this group, Nos. 2060 and 401-A, were much further advanced in pregnancy at the time of infection than any animals in Group I. The six animals that actually aborted, however, were only about one month further advanced than a number of animals of Group I. The bulls were with these animals from February 7 to April 10 and then turned with Group I, a VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIUM ABORTUM 49 number of which were bred during that month. We do not think, therefore, that this difference in the period of gestation had any marked effect on the results obtained. SUBSEQUENT History or ANIMALS IN Group I All of the seventeen animals in this group that became preg- nant carried their calves to term except No. 407-A which was accidentally killed in the last month of gestation. In this animal the pregnancy was progressing normally and no evidence of abortion infection could be found in her tissues, the examination of which will be discussed later. The following examination was made of the fetus from cow 407-A accidentally killed: Fetus—Black and white, female, normal, eight months gestation. Dam—407-A. Fetus was removed from uterus after death of dam, due to broken neck. Externally—Fetus was normal. Internally—Tissues normal. Heart—Few petechial hemorrhages on myocardium of ventricles. Stomachs—Distended with a viscid, faintly-clouded fluid, which showed no evidence of being stained with meconium. Paes pute Meconium made up of firm, mucous-coated pellets, greenish in color. Cultures were made from— Heart-blood—Negative. Lung—Negative. Liver—Negative. Spleen—Negative. Stomach contents—Negative. Small intestine—Negative. Meconium (rectum)—Negative. Blood serum of the calf was negative. Smears were made from stomach contents—Negative. Guinea pig 2783—Injected with stomach contents. Killed February 12, 1923—Negative. Guinea pig 2774—Injected with extract of the lung, liver and spleen. Killed February 13, 1923—Negative. All of the animals in this group passed the placenta normally except Nos. 433-A and 2305. The former animal calved at 9 a. m. and as the placenta was desired for examination, it was manually removed at 11 a. m. Some of the cotyledons in the apex of the pregnant horn were markedly adherent. This after- birth, however, might have passed normally had more time been given. No. 2305 calved at 11 a. m., with assistance from the attendant, after having been in labor since 7 a. m. This was a small heifer and the calf was large and expelled dead. Post-mortem examina- tion showed the lungs had not been inflated. While it was an anterior presentation, death may have occurred during parturi- tion or may have resulted from inflammation of the placenta 50 G. H. HART anp C. M. CARPENTER which was present. The following day at 11 a. m. part of the placenta was protruding from the vagina and was torn off and placed in a sterile can by the attendant. At 2 p. m. more was protruding from the vagina until it nearly reached the floor. On removing this and making an examination of the inside of the uterus, parts of it were still found adherent to the maternal cotyledons and there was considerable discharge from the uterus. This was, therefore, a definite case of retained placenta. Three days later the heifer was again examined and shreds of the placenta were. still attached to the uterus. The first two guinea pigs inoculated with placental material died in forty-eight hours. Two others were then inoculated with uterine exudate. One of these also died in forty-eight hours but the other lived. This latter was finally killed at the end of six weeks and was negative for Bacterium abortum. Laboratory examination of calf born dead, from dam No. 2305: Color—Black and white. Sex—Male. Calf was expelled dead 11 a. m., February 27, 1923. Calf was apparently mature and well developed. Calf brought to laboratory 2 p. m. Post-mortem: Externally—Calf normal. Internally—Tissues appeared normal. Heart—Base of ventricles heavily spotted with petechial hemorrhages. Lungs—Normal, not inflated. Liver, spleen and kidney—Normal. Stomachs—Filled with a clear mucus which was normal. Intestines—Showed normal meconium. Bacteriology: Heart-blood—Negative. Lung—Negative. Spleen—Negative. Liver—Negative Stomach contents—Negative. Small intestine—Negative. Large intestine—Negative. Meconium (rectum)—Negative. Guinea pig 2883—Extract from lung, liver, spleen. Killed April 15, 1923. Negative. : Guinea pig 2884—Stomach contents. Killed April 15, 1923. Negative. Smears: Lung—Negative. Stomach contents—Negative. The only other calf deserving mention was from No. 418-A. This calf was expelled with the placenta and the umbilical vessels remained intact. Birth occurred about 5 a. m. and the attendant was not present until 6 a. m., when the calf was found as described. It was alive, but very dull. The umbilical vessels were severed and the calf died about one-half hour later. Laboratory examination of calf, which died soon after birth, from dam 418-A: VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIUM ABORTUM 51 Color—Black and white. Sex—Female. Born—February 2, 1923. Post-mortem: Externally—Calf normal. Internally—Tissues appeared normal. Lungs—Perfectly inflated. Stomachs—Filled with a faintly-clouded mucus, which was appar- ently normal. Intestines—Showed normal meconium. Cultures were made from the following: Heart-blood—Negative. Lung—Negative. Spleen—Negative. Liver—Negative. Stomach contents—Negative. Small intestine—Gram-negative, slender rod. Bact. coli. Meconium (rectum)—Negative. Blood serum—Negative. Guinea pig 2897—Extract from lung, liver, spleen. Died February 13, 1923. Bact. coli. in heart-blood. Lungs congested. Guinea pig 2898—Stomach contents. Killed March 19, 1923. Negative. The colostrum for injecting the guinea pigs was obtained in sterile, quart jars immediately after calving. From a few hundred ce to one liter was taken in each case, some being col- lected from each of the four teats. This was brought to the laboratory and centrifuged in 100-ce centrifuge tubes for twenty minutes. Some of the fat from the surface of one tube and the sediment in the bottom of same were mixed together and one cc injected intra-abdominally into each guinea pig. The entire placenta, or as much of it as could be collected in each case, was placed in a sterile, covered, one-gallon can and brought to the laboratory. In case it was soiled with manure or bedding it was washed in tap water. Following this it was spread out on a tray and a careful examination made of the cotyledons for any evidence of necrotic, hemorrhagic or other abnormal areas. Material for guinea-pig injection was always taken from the most suspicious looking areas. Parts of the tufts of several cotyledons were removed with scissors, ground up in a mortar with sterile salt solution and 1 ce of the material injected intra-abdominally into each guinea pig. Stained smears from the cotyledons were also examined micro- scopically in each case. It will be observed that all of these placentae were negative for Bacterium abortum, while samples of the colostrum from four of the animals contained the organism. This would suggest that vaccinated animals are not very liable to expel the organism from the genital tract at parturition following vaccination. 52 G. H. HART anp C. M. CARPENTER These experiments confirm the fact that in persistent carriers, the udder is the seat of such infection. No conclusion can be drawn, however, as to whether the udder infection in these four cases resulted from the vaccination or from the infection by ingestion. AssocIATION ANIMALS OF Group II The five animals constituting the uninfected controls in Group II consisted of Nos. 183, 480-A, 2317, 2298 and 436-A. The first three of these animals had been with Group II in the far-east pasture, while they were being bred from February 7, 1922, to April 10, 1922, but did not become pregnant. The bulls were removed from this group on April 10 and used to breed animals in Groups I and III until June 24, 1922. On May 3, 1922, No. 183 was in heat. She was moved to the dairy, bred to the dairy bull and conceived. At this time Nos. 2317 and 430-A were also taken to the dairy for breeding. On July 25, 1922, No. 183, then definitely known to be pregnant to the service of May 3, and No. 2298, a pregnant dairy animal, were added to Groups I and II. August 10, 1922, No. 2317, then definitely pregnant to the dairy bull, and No. 480-A, recently bred to him, were also added. This group was still one animal short and No. 436-A, which had been purchased in August, with eleven animals of Group IV, and known to be in early pregnancy at the time, was added on September 26, 1922. The abortions in the ten infected controls of Group II actually took place between August 21, 1922 and September 20, 1922. All of the uninfected controls were in direct association with these animals during all of the period except . No. 436+A, which was added five days after the last actual abor- tion occurred. All of these five association animals carried their calves to term. Guinea pigs were inoculated with colostrum and placenta from each animal, and Bacterium abortum was found in the placenta of No. 183 and in the colostrum of Nos. 2298, 2317 and 430-A. In studying the agglutination tests of these animals it is inter- esting to note how the agglutination titre of No. 2298 gradually increased and that of No. 183 remained entirely negative. This latter animal furnishes another example of how the agglutin- ation test may fail to detect a spreader of the organism. No. 430-A gave very slight indication of reaction to the agglutination test and No. 2317, although showing much better evidence of infection in the tests made November 10, 1922 and March 23, 1923, did not at any time develop a definitely positive reaction. VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIUM ABORTUM 53 SUBSEQUENT History oF ANIMALS IN Group III In regard to these animals it should be understood that they were vaccinated on February 7, 1922, with the twenty animals in Group I. They were associated with this group during the sixty-two days following vaccination to April 10, 1922, and also during the breeding period of these groups from April 10, 1922, to June 24, 1922, two days before the infection of Group I and the ten infected controls of Group II]. On June 24, 1922, an effort was made to get twenty bred animals from the thirty head to make up Group I, so that the infection experiments could proceed. Only seventeen head of the twenty so selected were actually pregnant, although all twenty had a definite history of having been bred. Of the ten head remaining, which went into Group III, only one was pregnant at the time, No. 413-A. When the bulls were taken from Group II and started to breed the animals in Groups I and III, on April 10, they were allowed in the pasture with the animals for that one afternoon and night, after which they were kept corralled in order to have breeding dates. This heifer was bred at the time but the fact was not recorded. The animals in this group were transferred to the far-east pasture with both bulls and the latter were left with them from June 24 to September 26, 1922. At that time they were examined, and only four, Nos. 2321, 2318, 2297 and 413-A, were found to be pregnant. Since not all the animals were pregnant, bull 411 was left with them, but No. 412 was removed and added to a fourth group not covered by this report. The animals in Group III were again examined on November 20, 1922, and the above four were the only ones that were preg- nant. They were all in good condition for animals on range at that time of the year. They were again examined on December 29, 1922, with the same result. On February 5, 1922, bull 411-A was in poor condition. He was removed from the group and added to the pregnant animals in Groups I and II, which were corralled around the buildings, so that he could be fed hay. Bull 412, which had been with five heifers in Group IV, was in very good condition and was added to Group III. One week later, bull 412 jumped the fence from the far-east to the east pasture and bred cow 20-A, an infected control in Group II, which had aborted on September 10, 1922. On that 54 G. H. HART anp C. M. CARPENTER date both bulls were corralled in a special corral built for them in the connecting pasture. (Figure 1). The animals in Group III had been in continuous association with one or both bulls from April 10, 1922, to February 12, 1923, a period of approximately ten months, and only four of the ten had become pregnant, as shown by an examination of the group for pregnancy on February 26, 1923. From February 12 to May 1, 1923, when no bull was in the pasture with these animals two were seen to be in heat and were corralled and bred to bull 412 as follows: No. 2315 on April 29, and No. 2313 on May 9. The far-east pasture in which these animals were kept is large, rough and mountainous with considerable brush growth on the hillsides. They were not, therefore, under very close observation during all of this period. It would have been possible for them to have become pregnant and aborted without being observed. We do not feel, however, that this occurred, because of the repeated negative examinations for pregnancy made during the period. It is also improbable that abortions occurred in any of the six animals before a diagnosis of pregnancy was made and did not occur in any of the four animals in which pregnancy was early diagnosed. The results obtained with the animals in Group I further substantiate the improbability of any of these animals having aborted. The peculiar result in Groups I and III is that of the thirty vaccinated animals only twenty-one were successfully impreg- nated. Six of the nine which did not become impregnated were constantly in association with one or two bulls for nearly a year; the other three for the period from April 10 to June 24, 1922. Practically no difficulty was experienced in getting the control animals bred. All of the animals that failed to get with calf had never been pregnant and they were the youngest heifers. The only difference in the treatment of these animals from the others is that they received an injection of living Bacterium abortum organisms. Continued effort will be made to get these animals with calf. However, if the vaccination was the cause of this condition it should be considered a serious result of its application. Thirty per cent of non-breeders in vaccinated animals would materially offset the value shown by the treatment to prevent abortion in the injected animals that did become pregnant. The four animals in this group which became pregnant calved normally, No. 413-A on January 17, Nos. 2297 and 2318 on April 6, and No. 2321 on May 14. Guinea pigs injected with VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIUM ABORTUM 55 colostrum and placenta extract from these animals showed no evidence of abortion infection. Stupy oF Bopy Tissues FOR PRESENCE OF BACTERIUM ABORTUM IN VACCINATED ANIMALS To date complete bacteriological examinations, including guinea-pig inoculation for the presence of Bactertum abortum, have been made of the tissues of five vaccinated animals. Three were from Group I and had been vaccinated and infected, and two from Group III, one of which had been exposed in no other way except by vaccination. The bacteriological examination showed that all of the cultures and guinea pigs inoculated from the tissues of these five animals were negative for Bacterium abortum. The colostrum of No. 421-A was positive for Bacterium abortum at the time of calving, March 6, 1923. This fact was not known at the time of slaughter, March 23, but only after the guinea pigs inoculated with her colostrum at time of calving were killed on April 25, 1923. At time of slaughter a sample of milk or part of the udder was not taken, but the supramammary lymph glands were removed and from them cultures made and one guinea pig inoculated. She must, therefore, be considered as an animal having infection in the udder only. DIscuUssION A study of the data on the forty-five female animals in Groups I, II and III shows evidence favorable, as well as unfavorable, to the field use of live-abortion-germ vaccine. The favorable evidence consists in the fact that the seventeen vaccinated animals in Group I that became pregnant all carried their calves to term except one which was accidentally killed in the last month of gestation and in this case the pregnancy was progressing normally. These animals were subjected to the same infection by ingestion as the ten pregnant animals in Group II, six of which aborted in from fifty-eight to eighty-eight days following the exposure, one calved too soon for infection of the uterus to have taken place and one calved with infection of the uterus present but pregnancy terminated before abortion could have occurred. ; An examination of the placentae of the seventeen pregnant animals in Group I showed no evidence of Bactertwm abortum. The organism was, however, found in the colostrum of four of the animals. 56 G. H. HART ano C. M. CARPENTER A rather complete bacteriological examination, including guinea-pig injection, of the tissues of three of the animals of this group (one of which died and two of which were killed) failed to show the presence of the organism in their bodies. There may be some question as to whether the technique of this search was sufficiently elaborate. No. 421-A a few weeks prior to slaughter had shown the presence of the organism in her colostrum. The tests of her blood, however, and also that of No. 424-A were showing a diminution in the amount of agglutinins present as evidenced by an entirely negative reaction in dilutions above 1-25. No. 407-A, the animal that was accidentally killed, was a very positive reactor to the agglutination test in all four dilu- tions. On the two tests previous to her death, there was no agglutination in the last tube and blood taken after death on December 28, gave a negative reaction in the last two tubes. Methods for recovering Bacteriwm abortum similar to those used in these cases have been successful in isolating it on a number of occasions in our laboratory. The four animals in Group III which were exposed to infection only by vaccination, calved normally and no abortion organisms were found in the placentae or colostrum. One of these animals, No. 2318, was vaccinated while pregnant, February 7, 1922, aborted between May 12 and May 18, 1922, conceived again shortly after June 24, 1922, and calved normally April 6, 1923. At the time of abortion, the fetus and placenta were not avail- able. The uterine discharge, however, failed to show any abortion organisms. Two, Nos. 413-A and 2297, were killed some weeks after calving. A rather complete bacteriological examination, together with guinea-pig injection, of their tissues failed to show any evidence of the presence of Bacterium abortum. This would tend to-show that animals at the time of parturition following the vaccination are not eliminating the organism from the ge- nital tract. When vaccinated and infected, they are not nearly as liable to be spreaders at the time of parturition as is the case with the unvaccinated infected and association animals. The unfavorable evidence in this series of experiments is the fact that of the thirty vaccinated animals, only twenty-one became pregnant. No reason for the failure to get with calf of the other nine, constituting 30 per cent of the animals, can be VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIUM ABORTUM 57 given except the vaccination. Should this be the case generally with vaccinated heifers, it would mean a serious loss. Following the vaccination, local swellings developed in all of the animals, many of them resulting in abscesses, which broke and discharged pus. This material contained Bacteriwm abor- tum in large numbers. While vaccination may be carried out with a much lower incidence of abscess formation than occurred with our experiment cattle, when it does occur it must be assumed that the organisms will be spread for weeks with the discharge from such areas. In this experimental work, the groups were handled under artificial conditions in order that all of the animals might be vaccinated at one time. This would not prevail under practical conditions in the field, and, in the average dairy, to get all the breeding animals vaccinated would require the greater part of a year. Once abortion appears in a herd, the pregnancies of the remainder of the animals are liable to be terminated prematurely by infection. Vaccination cannot be carried out until the uterus is empty. In this respect the vaccine differs from other biological products which can be used on all the exposed animals at once. This condition limits its field of usefulness at best and brings out clearly the need for the application of other measures when practicable. Among such should be mentioned the application of the agglutination or complement-fixation test and removal of reactors where the percentage of infection is small, or a plan of isolation at time of parturition or abortion and disinfec- tion where it is not practicable to remove reactors. The fact that the four of the five association animals that became infected were all exposed during the actual abortions in the control group, while the one which was not added until five days after the last abortion failed to pick up the infection, is significant. All of these four association animals carried their calves to term, which is evidence that, under natural infection, the period of time required for the production of abortion is longer than when massive infection is given artificially. The evidence tends to show that in the production of immunity in this infection, it is not necessary to have permanent multi- plication and activity of the organism in the animal body and that immunity is conferred as a result of the animal having been infected with cultures of the causative agent. This im- munity, however, does not necessarily destroy all of the organisms 58 G. H. HART anp C. M. CARPENTER in the body and the point where infection will most likely remain is the udder. These experimental animals are being carried through a second pregnancy at present and further data on the duration of the immunity will be accumulated. CONCLUSIONS The above experiments clearly demonstrate the value of living cultures of Bacterium abortum in preventing abortion in the vaccinated animals when subjected to identical infection that produced abortion in the controls. Nine of the thirty vaccinated animals have to date failed to conceive. No other explanation can be offered for this sterility except the vaccination. The ability to produce abortion in susceptible animals by a single exposure to infectious material given by ingestion was demonstrated. The abortions in these cases occurred from fifty-eight to eighty-eight days after the infection. Although the animals in Group I did not abort, the immunity was not sufficient in all cases to prevent Bacterium abortum from remaining viable in their bodies as shown by its demonstration in the colostrum of four of the animals. Bacterium abortum has not been recovered from the placentae or colostrum of these animals of Group III which did become pregnant and which were subjected to vaccination only. When suppuration develops as the result of the vaccination, the or- ganism will be found for many weeks in the discharge from such areas. REFERENCES 1 Bang, B. Die Aetiologie des seuchenhaften (infectiosen) Verwerfens. Zeitsch. f. Thier. Med., Vol. 1 (1897), p. 241. 2McFadyean, Sir John and Stockman, Sir S._ Report of the Departmental Committee Appointed by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries to Inquire into Epizootic Abortion. App. to Part III, Abortion in Sheep (1913), p. 22. f 3Idem. Report of the Departmental Committee Appointed by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries to Inquire into Epizootic Abortion. App. to Part I, London, 1909. 4Hadley, F. B. Results from Immunizing Cattle against Abortion. Jour. A. V. M. A., n. s., Vol. 13, No. 1 (October, 1921), p. 26. tHuddleson, I. F. Studies in Infectious Abortion. Jour. A. V. M. A., n.s., Vol. II. No. 5 (February, 1921) p. 524. F 6Schroeder, E. C. Bureau of Animal Industry. Investigations on Bovine Infectious Abor- tion. Jour. A. V. M. A., n.s., Vol. 13, No. 5 (February, 1922), p. 542. 7Butterfield, C. T. and Neill, M. H. Differentiation between Various Strains of Meningo- cocci by Means of the Agglutination and the Absorption of the Agglutinins Tests. Hygienic Laboratory Bulletin No. 124, Part I, November, 1920. (In the publication of this paper the following tables have been omitted: I. Agglutination Tests on Blood of Experiment Cattle from August, 1921, to May, 1923. Il. Parturition History of Ten Controls in Group II, Following Infection by Ingestion, June 26, 1922. III. Breeding and Calving Dates of Experiment Animals with Results of Guinea-Pig Inoculations for the Prescene of Bacterium Abortum in the Placentae and Colostrum. It was also found necessary to omit the protocols of the bacteriological examination of the body tissues of the five vaccinated animals referred to on p. 55. The paper in full, with all tables and protocols of experiments, will be published as a technica bulletin by the University of California, in the near future —Ep1rTor.) . VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIUM ABORTUM 59 Discussion Dr. E. C. Scoroeper: Mr. Chairman, Dr. Hart told us of two animals that were killed and their bodies searched afterwards for abortion bacilli, but he did not tell us what the result of the search was. Dr. Hart: Five of the animals were killed; one died. In these animals which were killed, all of the lymph glands were removed, cultured and injected into guinea pigs. In some the uterus was used and in some of them the udder. They were all negative for Bacterium abortum. Dr. W. L. Witiiams: Mr.,Chairman, I do not get very clearly from Dr. Hart regarding the breeding of these animals. The chart shows that the bulls were turned into the pasture, and yet from something he said it would appear that they were turned with the cattle under direct observation, so that he knew whether copulation occurred or not. It is also stated, by Dr. Hart, that the controls which he selected were taken out of Group I, after they had failed to conceive, but it is not clear that they had copulated. It has been my observation, taking a large group of animals, that one may foretell to a considerable degree the ratio of abortion by the number of copu- lations necessary for pregnancy. So, I would like to have some additional information, if Dr. Hart can give it, upon that point. Regarding the summary presented, Dr. Hart did not give us any particular conclusion, but left the facts with us with reference to the influence of vaccina- tion with living abortion bacilli. As I figure the results—and Dr. Hart will correct me if I have erred—in the vaccinated group, including Groups I and IH, consisting of thirty animals, there were nine failures to conceive, amounting to thirty per cent of sterility, and in the fifteen other animals which were not vaccinated, there were six abortions. In other words, in the vaccinated group there was a ratio of seventy calves per one hundred cows, and in the unvac- cinated group a ratio of sixty calves per one hundred cows, giving an advantage to the vaccinated group of ten per cent. We also keep cows for milk. The forty per one hundred which aborted probably gave twenty-five per cent of the ordinary milk-flow. That is a mere guess which may be right or wrong, which would add about ten per cent of the normal milk-flow to the entire group. That would make seventy per cent of the ideal flow of milk in both groups; that is, it would give essentially the same yield of milk in the two groups. We have, however, the two groups remaining, with some exceptions which have been destroyed, and we have a certain outlook regarding the future usefulness of these animals. From a reproductive standpoint the ten sterile heifers are dead. It might be that a few of those would conceive if kept over for another year; some of them may be pregnant now for that matter, but speaking generally, a heifer which has failed to breed for a year is reproduc- tively dead. If ten sterile heifers are kept for one year, and two or three of them finally produce one living calf each, the cost of keep of the ten far out- weighs the gain. In the other group, however, where we had the forty per cent of abortion, the maximum prospect for conception is one hundred per cent. In the group which was vaccinated, the maximum prospect for breeding is seventy per cent. So that the maximum estimate to be placed upon the value of the animals, as they remain at the time that the experiment is reported, according to my com- putation, is thirty per cent in favor of the non-vaccinated animals; that is, we have a prospect of one hundred per cent pregnancy in the one and a pros- pect of seventy per cent of conception in the vacinated animals. That seems to me to indicate, unless some additional explanation is made, that the use of living cultures is a very great detriment and a danger to the cattle industry. This large volume of sterility is in harmony with all other reports regarding this subject which we can find. That is true in the Bland report, where the sterility and abortion, taken together, amount to about the same sum in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated. (Applause). Dr. E. A. Watson: Mr. Chairman, if in a few words Dr. Hart could say something on the nature of the vaccine itself, it would be of interest. I gather that very massive doses were employed, owing to the local reactions of abcesses 60 ({GAH. HART anp C. M. iCARPENTER: and I am interested to know the dosage, the virulence of the culture, its age, and any method of standardization that was attempted. Dr. W. W. Wituiams: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask a question of Dr. Hart as to what methods he employed in ascertaining whether the bulls used were healthy in other respects than that of infection by Bacillus abortus? Very commonly, in some breeding sections of the country, we find as many as fifty per cent of the bulls in a herd that are diseased and are unable to repro- duce normally, which affects to a great degree the abortion rate. Generally it may be stated that the fertility of the bull is not indicated by. his agglutination test; that is, it has not been shown, as far as yet determined, that this has any great significance on his fertility and upon the health and vitality of the offspring which may come from him. Another point which I think has never been clearly shown is whether there is an actual immunity produced in any case to Bacillus abortus. We hear of immunity being produced to abortion. Abortion is merely an act like sneezing and coughing and various other acts which cannot be very readily immunized against. Again, it is stated that ina number of these cases Bacillus abortus was obtained from the udder or other places in the immunized animal. That does not constitute true immunity; it is simply a relative immunity. I would like to ask the question whether there is a true immunity to bacterial invasion by Bacillus abortus produced and whether there is any evidence to this effect, any records which may have been given? Dr. ErcoHorn: I would like to ask the question of Dr. Hart, out of the nine sterile animals subjected to breeding, how many became pregnant, if any? Furthermore, as to the control group, out of the six aborting animals (I think the group contained eight) one aborted before the infection could be established and one from another cause. Out of these eight animals how many were successfully bred subsequently? CuHatrRMAN Goss: If that is all, we will now listen to Dr. Hart’s replies to these discussions. Dr. Harr: In regard to Dr. Williams’ question regarding the breeding dates of these animals, in certain groups of them we have the definite breeding dates; in others only the period between two dates when the bulls were in constant association with them. All of the animals that have definite breeding dates in the majority of cases conceived with one service. One of the animals which did not get pregnant was bred the last time on June 19, five days previous to the examination on June 24. We did not know, therefore, whether she was pregnant or not, but she had to go into this group because we wanted to pro- ceed with the infection experiments. The other animals were bred between February 7 and April 10 and we did not keep definite breeding dates. Therefore, we do not have the number of times those ten animals were bred to get with calf. The same occurred with four animals in Group III, and we do not know how many animals in that group of six were bred without getting a calf. We are now keeping them under observation and know how many of them have been bred and whether they got with calf. To answer Dr. Eichhorn’s question definitely, two of the animals in Group III are definitely with calf at this time and maybe some more of them, but there was a period of a year which elapsed without them getting with calf, which was of course at least a delayed impregnation period. Also three of the animals in Group II, which aborted, are now with calf. Dr. Watson asked how these organisms were grown to make the vaccine. They were grown on glycerin-glucose broth and on glycerin-glucose agar, the growth on the agar being washed off to reinforce the boullion culture, and we injected the animals with 20 cc of a 4,000,000,000 suspension, the 4,000,000,- 000 suspension being ascertained by using a comparator standard with Pear’s precipitated fullers’ earth, after the method recommended by the Hygienic Laboratory, in the production of antimeningococcic serum. We injected this entire dose at one point. Therefore, we had a very severe reaction at that one point. We disinfected the area with a 3% solution of cresol, as would be done in routine field practice, and then injected the 20-cc dose at one point. We got out of that the fact that as long as there is discharge from an abscess at the point of injection, there will be a discharge of Bacterium abortum from — VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIUM ABORTUM 61 a the area, and they will be there in large quantities. There is no question, however, but what vaccination can be carried out with a much lower incidence of abscess formation than we had in our animals. Dr. Williams asks what we did to be sure the bulls were free from other infections besides Bacterium abortum. These bulls were taken from a certified dairy, near San Francisco, which has been under our observation for . many years, and these animals have been quite free from genital troubles. About five years ago there were a number of cases of retained after-birth, and last year the only difficulty was the presence of scours in the calves. The bulls were about fifteen months old at time of purchase, and we do not think they had been in service prior to the time we obtained them. Our work being largely directed toward the study of the effect of Bacterium abortum and not having any definitely established technique to ascertain the presence of other infections, we felt we had done all we could in getting bulls with this kind of a history and negative blood tests for Bacterium abortum. In complete answer to Dr. Eichhorn’s question, I would like to say that I am not one of those persons who considers himself one hundred per cent perfect in the diagnosis of pregnancy, and the diagnosis of pregnancy of the animals mentioned above in Groups II and III was made on August 11, and I believe those pregnant, which I have indicated; namely, Nos. 416-A, 429-A, 2181 in Group IT, and 2313 and 2315, in Group III. Dr. EicoHorn: The statement of Dr. Hart regarding the present preg- nancy of the animals in Groups II and III entirely upsets the deductions made by Dr. Williams. MULE PRODUCTION SHOWS INCREASE The ability of mules to endure hardships and perform service under adverse conditions has established them firmly in American agriculture, which is shown by the fact that mules for farm work increased from 4,209,769 in 1910 to 5,432,391 in 1920, or nearly 30 per cent, according to Farmers’ Bulletin 1341, Mule Produc- tion, just issued by the United States Department of Agriculture. “There is a wrong and a right way to lead a mule,” says the author of the bulletin. ‘A man who looks at a mule and lugs at his head will never make progress. The mule will not be pulled. He will usually follow quietly, however, if a man will walk away in the direction he desires to go. Neither can you “bully” mules into going through tight places; they are some- what like sheep, and if the leader can be induced to go the rest will follow.” After telling how to handle mules the bulletin discusses the selection, care and feeding of jacks and mares for the production of mules; the weaning, care and education of mule colts; and gives a detailed description of the market classes—draft mules, farm mules, sugar mules, cotton mules and mining mules—with illustrations of choice, good and medium or common animals of each type. It may be obtained upon application to the United States Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. Gas long as the supply lasts. THE TREATMENT OF CONVULSIONS IN DOGS! By E. L. Quitman, Chicago, Ill. It is not my intention to enter upon a scientific discussion of this very broad and troublesome subject, but to treat, in an intensely practical manner, the therapeutic handling of the very common conditions spoken of as convulsions or fits. Colics were the most common and troublesome conditions met with in horses and this causes me to study them and their therapeutics exceedingly closely and to arrive at a ‘‘standardized treatment,’ which is now well known and has given universal satisfaction. For the same reasons mentioned in connection with colics of horses, I have given careful study to the subject of canine con- vulsions and have conducted exhaustive therapeutic experiments, extending over a number of years, and IJ believe that I am now able to give to the veterinary profession a “standardized treat- ment” that will give more pleasing results than any heretofore used. CONVULSIONS CLASSIFIED From a practical standpoint it might be said that convulsions are of two kinds, 7. e., those that arise from more or less removable causes and those that arise from causes which are not readily removed, such as infections and dietetic deficiencies. The word ‘‘convulsions” is used here to cover every type and degree of fits from that type in which there is only a mild chatter- ing or snapping of the jaws, accompanied by perhaps some frothy saliva, to the violent, tetaniform or epileptiform convulsions, or the furious type in which the animal barks furiously, runs wildly, jumps through a window and in other ways gives evidence of a furious delirium, rather than convulsions. In fact, it is a mis- nomer to include the latter condition, in some instances, in the category of convulsions, but in so much as convulsions so fre- quently accompany the delirium I shall, for practical and thera- peutic purposes, include delirium. THERAPEUTICS In the instance of convulsions due to infections, such as those that complicate distemper, typhus, cerebro-spinal meningitis, _1Read before the fortieth annual meeting of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Associa- tion and oe annual University Veterinary Conference, Champaign-Urbana, IIl., July 10-11-12, 1923. 62 TREATMENT OF CONVULSIONS IN DOGS 63 etc., and dietetic deficiency conditions, quick removal of the cause is out of the question. Control being our only hope, such drugs as the bromides, chloral hydrate, gelsemium, Passiflora incarnata, lobelin sulphate, etc., have not only failed us miser- ably, in the control of convulsions due to infections and defi- ciency conditions, but are, on account of their depressant action, detrimental to the possible recovery of the patient. Such convulsions, as well as epileptic convulsions, can best be controlled by luminal or by luminal-sodium, of which I will treat more fully later on in this article. On account of conven- ience I prefer luminal-sodium.. For the other type, in which the cause is more or less quickly removable, are these cases due to worms, overloaded stomach, indigestible material in the stomach or intestines, obstipation, obstruction of the bowels, etc., and those due to fright or excite- ment which may be included in this category, as fright or excite- ment will rarely, if ever, cause convulsions unless accompanied by an overloaded or at least a full stomach, or possibly obstipa- tion. In this latter class the sheet-anchor drugs are apomorphin hydrochlorid, arecolin hydrobromid and luminal-sodium, aug- mented in convulsions due to infections and dietetic deficiencies by barbital (veronal) and horse nettle berries. STANDARDIZED TREATMENT In fact, these five drugs, properly handled, constitute my “standardized treatment”? for convulsions. Surely not a for- midable list of drugs. However, they constitute a most formid- able battery against convulsions. In some cases apomorphin and luminal-sodium constitute the battery of defense, in some it is arecolin and luminal-sodium, while in others, the infections and dietetic deficiency cases, it may be luminal-sodium or the fluid extract of horse nettle berries or possibly barbital, if necessary. In those cases of convulsions which are preceded by a frightened appearance, loud yelping and barking and a tendency to run, there is some material in the stomach, perhaps a piece of cloth, waste or some such material, wedged in the pyloric orifice, which must be removed to cut short the attack and to prevent a con- tinuance of the convulsions to a fatal issue. For the removal of such obstructive and perhaps toxic material apomorphin hydrochlorid is used in doses of one-tenth to one- 64 E. L. QUITMAN fifth of a grain, dissolved in a little water and administered hypo- dermatically. For pups under two months old one-thirtieth to one-twentieth of a grain is usually sufficient. In some rare cases there seems to be paralysis of the stomach, especially if the con- dition has prevailed for ten to twelve hours; then the apomorphin may have to be repeated, at fifteen-minute intervals, for two to four doses. Should this repetition of doses fail, then the stomach should be washed out, for even though the apomorphin may fail to produce emesis (in one case in a thousand) it causes such sedation that gastric lavage can be performed. The veterinarian usually gets these cases promptly, on account of the fear that they inculeate in the minds of the laity that the dog has “gone mad.’’ In many such cases, after the stomach has been emptied, the convulsions cease without additional treatment, though there are sufficient exceptions to justify the veterinarian in always following up the emetic after its action has ceased (one-half to one hour), with the proper doses of luminal-sodium, to check any further convulsions and to quiet the patient, which should be put in a dark, quiet place to rest and sleep. CONVULSIONS CAUSED BY PARASITES In convulsions due to worms, obstipation or toxic material in the intestines, all of which may cause convulsions varying from the mildest to the most violent type, but minus the delirium of the stomach causes, arecolin hydrobromid followed later by a dose of luminal-sodium is the battery of defense chosen. The foregoing types of convulsions rarely require more than one to three doses of luminal, and frequently the convulsions subside upon relieving the stomach or bowels of their offending material, especially when apomorphin is used, as it has anti- spasmodic and sedative actions in addition to its emetic action. In those cases due to not readily removable causes, such as infec- tions and dietetic deficiency conditions, the battery of defense is luminal, to control the violent convulsions, and fluidextract of horse nettle berries, to subdue the convulsions concomitant with spinal meningitis. Either drug, administered two or three times daily, usually controls the convulsions, although they may be given more frequently if necessary. Barbital (veronal) is not often required when luminal is used. It may be used in very severe cases, should the luminal fail to cause sleep, or it may be used in the absence of luminal, although TREATMENT OF CONVULSIONS IN DOGS 65 luminal is the preferred drug in the treatment of convulsions on account of its greater curative properties. Barbital is more hypnotic than luminal, while luminal is more anticonvulsant than barbital. PHARMACOLOGY OF THE Drucs USsEp Apomorphin hydrochlorid is the salt of an artificial alkaloid of opium, very soluble in water. It is obtainable in 1/20- to 1/10-grain tablets. The dose, hypodermatically for dogs, is 1/20 to 1/5 grain. In strychnin convulsions large doses are required and may have to be repeated. Principal physiological actions: In full doses it is emetic, antispasmodie and sedative. In small doses (1/40 grain) it is a liquefying expectorant and sedative to the respiratory mucous membranes. As an emetic it acts in from three to ten minutes. In cats it acts as a very-quick-acting emeto-cathartic. ARECOLIN HyDROBROMID Arecolin is the active principle of areca nut and although it does not seem to have the vermicidal effect of the powdered nut, it is remarkably effective as a quick-acting vermifuge and cathar- tic, acting especially well for the removal of tapeworms. It is very soluble in water. The dose for dogs by the mouth is — to 14 grain for puppies under two months of age; for older dogs l4 to one grain and even 11% grains, according to age and size or weight. It acts in from ten to sixty minutes, usually in less than thirty minutes, if a proper dose has been given. It is remarkably safe for the dog. LUMINAL AND LUMINAL-SODIUM Actions—Luminal is one of the most powerful of the modern synthetic hypnotics. In large doses, up to seven to ten grains, it produces deep sleep in severe mental disorders, except in the presence of marked excitement or pain. It must be employed cautiously, in small doses. It has also proved to be a powerful sedative, especially in epileptic conditions. In properly selected doses it does not depress the heart or respiration, and acts satis- factorily in small doses in various convulsive conditions. It does not irritate the kidneys, when used in the customary range of doses. It exerts a pronounced and antispasmodic action in epileptic and other convulsive conditions. In the form of luminal-sodium it may be given rectally and subcutaneously, as well as orally. For this reason I use the sodium salt in preference to luminal which can be given only orally. 66 E. L. QUITMAN Description—Luminal is a white, odorless and somewhat bitter powder, almost insoluble in cold water, but dissolving readily in organic solvents and dilute alkalies. Luminal-sodium is a white, crystalline, hygroscopic powder, very easily soluble in water. Solutions, however, decompose and should not be kept over one week. Luminal and its sodium salt are obtainable in powder and in tablets, luminal in 14%- and 5- grain tablets and luminal-sodium in 1)%-grain tablets. Dosage—Ordinary range of dosage is from one and one-half grains to ten grains. Of the luminal-sodium I usually give from one and one-half to three grains, to a dog of average size, grad- ing the dose according to the severity of the convulsions. In epilepsy or prolonged convulsions I give one and one-half grain two or three times daily. The salt is somewhat slower in action than luminal itself. In dogs effects are obtained in from thirty to sixty minutes, when given orally, somewhat more quickly when administered subcutaneously. The same doses may be used subcutaneously or rectally, as when given orally. BARBITAL This drug was formerly known as veronal, when it was pat- ented and made in Germany, but since being made in the United States it is known as barbital. It occurs as a white powder and in 5-grain tablets. Dosage—Five to fifteen grains; ten grains, however, seldom has to be exceeded in the dog to produce sleep. Actions—It is somewhat anodyne, antispasmodic and markedly hypnotic, causing deep, restful sleep. In large doses it is a cardiac and respiratory depressant. Horst NettrLe BERRIES Solanum carolinense—Lin. This drug is a spinal sedative and I find it most useful to control and maintain in control the convulsions of spinal meningitis. Dosage—Dog: One-half to one dram of the fluidextract, two to to three times daily, combined with some flavoring agent. In conclusion I wish to mention that insomuch as this paper has to do only with convulsions in dogs, I am precluded from taking up the treatment of the basic cause of convulsions of the not readily removable type, as that would necessitate my con- sidering the treatment of a number of diseases mentioned in the fore part of this article, which would be far too lengthy for the purpose of this paper. POTENCY TESTS FOR BLACKLEG FILTRATE AND AGGRESSIN BASED ON THE AGGRESSIVE ACTION OF THESE PRODUCTS * By Josepu P. Scort, Manhattan, Kan. Potency tests for blackleg products based on the immuniza- tion of laboratory animals have not proven satisfactory. Conse- quently, tests that measure potency in degrees of aggressiveness or, “aggressive units,’ have been devised at the Veterinary Laboratories of the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. The first of these tests, the neutralization test, was worked out in 1918 by Goss and Scott!. The other, the “washed culture” test, was developed during the past winter and is here presented. In performing immunity tests on laboratory animals, two assumptions must be proven. First, that the animals under consideration, in this case guinea pigs, are susceptible to the disease and show some degree of uniformity in this susceptibility ; and second, that a measurable amount of immunity can be pro- duced in these animals. It is well known that guinea pigs are susceptible to blackleg. However, the variability of the susceptibility is great. This variation is perhaps most easily seen in examining the records of potency and safety tests for powder blackleg vaccine. The potency test is performed by giving four guinea pigs doses of 40, 25, 15 and 7.5 mg. of powder vaccine. The safety test is run on nine guinea pigs, three getting 3 mg., three 5 mg., and three 7.5 mg. of powder vaccine. These tests often shown that a vaccine tested by means of the potency test has a minimum killing strength (m.l.d.) of 40 mg. and when tested for safety, a minimum killing strength of 3 or 5 mg., showing a variation in strength of eight to ten times the smallest killing dose. The same results within slightly reduced limits have been found when using pure cultures of Clostridium chauvei, or in using powdered muscle virus. The size of the guinea pig has been found to have little effect on the degree of variation of susceptibility. Guinea Pic Immunity TEst The degree of immunity that it is possible to produce is very low. (See Table I). *Contribution from the Veterinary Division, Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State Agricultural College. 67 JOSEPH: PP. SCOGtr 68 ‘peep ‘C ‘asIB] ‘XE ‘ayBIIpOUr ‘XZ ‘[[BUIS “XT SSUul[[aMsS JO JUNOUIB 9Y} SoywoIpUL KX MO | MO | HO I gr G oce 908 MO |] MO } MO if eF ¥ 008 cog Gel pct Da. I (as g OOF $OE a MO I oF z OOF £08 MO} MO} XZ I ae G OOF ZOE d XI T a v ose 10g SOR SLOm | ser I o € OOF 00g a MO 1 es z ZSOLT 93819 GL1Z 66 a I oF c 008 02 SO | SO | oxed I er ¥ OOF 69% a XT I SEITE £ OOF 89% ad xe T €" c 00F 992 agNe ||. dai! 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XT cI 00 LIS a XZ XI XI 6/F Za! dur G If 91 Sal SCE XI xan 12/8 \su OF OL6I GLI 91S SndtA SUOTZBAIOSG() QULDOBA JopMod ALCULULT OI JapMod ad 002 60S da XE OSG 80S d MO OF 006 20¢ da XZ XT XT TP9T UINIOS 006 90¢ sO One| eek XT STUITA 2B SNUITA sapyoupq-1ue 0&Z COG a XG MO o/F BU Z Jopmod | ¢z/e | pra 2 oan9yno 62/€ 008 FOS UIP pig pug 48T oye A TIN “QULy puly Eyre aso] jyonpolg o3y8q—« SO] qonpoig TqsIO A "ON S}Nsoyy uolqoofuy 48a], uolyeztuNwMUy ] stg Boum) sLonadoug DPATMOVIG JO SNVAJT AM SDIG VANINY) JO NOILVZINQWWI—] Wav, POTENCY TESTS FOR BLACKLEG PRODUCTS 69 In Table I a comparison of three methods of producing im- munity in guinea pigs is made. First, by the use of anti-blackleg serum and virus; second, by the use of powder vaccine or virus; and third, by the use of filtrate and aggressin. The only case where a measurable amount of immunity was produced was one in which powder vaccine was used. The vaccination reaction shows that the guinea pigs that lived after the test injection of virus, had developed marked lesions on vaccination. This degree of reaction would have produced death in more suscep- tible guinea pigs, which shows that these guinea pigs had a natural resistance to blackleg. The fact that it is very difficult to produce an immunity in guinea pigs by the injection of black- leg products, and the undoubted fact (Table IV) that it is possible to give calves a very high degree of active immunity by the use of blackleg filtrate or aggressin, led to the development of a test which, by the use of large doses of virulent mixtures of virus and filtrate, would eliminate, to a considerable degree, the variation in susceptibility of guinea pigs. NEUTRALIZATION TEST The ‘‘neutralization” test is based on two facts; first, that the products of growth of the causative agent of blackleg, Clostridium chauvei, whether produced in the animal body (aggressin) or in culture media (filtrate), are absolutely non-toxic; second, that small amounts of aggressin or filtrate will activate sublethal doses of blackleg virus. Tas_e II—Test SHow1ne THE Non-Toxic NaTuRE oF AGGRESSIN AND FILTRATE? Guinea Pig Product Results Number | Weight Aggressin Ist | 2nd 3rd 4th Dose Date 857 500 5 ee 10-20-19 OHK: O.K. O.K. O.K. 858 400 7 10-20-19 O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. 307 400 15 1-14-20 O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. 308 450 23 1-14-20 2X 11>.€ O.K. O.K. Filtrate 285 300 5 ce 1-13-20 O.K. O.K O.K. O.K 286 400 ia 1-13-20 O.K. O.K O.K. O.K 305 500 15 1-14-20 O.K. O.K O.K. O.K 306 500 25 1-14-20 O.K. O.K O.K. O.K Table II shows that blackleg aggressin and filtrate are non- toxic. Large doses of these products produce no lesions in guinea pigs, other than a swelling due to the large amount of foreign material to be absorbed. The second basic fact for the neutralization test, that sublethal doses of blackleg virus are activated by a certain amount of filtrate or aggressin, is shown by immunizing a guinea pig with 70 JOSEPH P. SCOTT anti-blackleg serum, and if, a few hours later, it be given a small dose of virus, together with blackleg aggressin or filtrate, it will die, showing typical lesions of blackleg. Guinea pigs receiving the same dose of serum, followed by the dose of virus, this time without the addition of aggressin or filtrate, show no reaction. This shows that the active substance in these products is a true aggressin. By means of the neutralization test (Table III) it is possible to determine the aggressive strength, in terms of aggressive units, of the aggressin or filtrate tested. An aggressive unit is that amount of aggressive substance that will neutralize one anti- blackleg unit of anti-blackleg serum. Before the neutralization test can be used it is necessary to determine the m.].d. of the virus and the potency of the immune serum to be used. The m.l.d. of the virus is determined by giving six or more guinea pigs graduated doses of virus, 0.1 to 0.5 ce. The dose selected as the m.].d. is determined from the guinea pig dying within 48 hours, which received the smallest dose. The m.].d. should kill all guinea pigs tested, and all guinea pigs receiving higher doses should also be killed. The potency of the anti-serum is determined on three to six guinea pigs. These are given 0.1 to 0.01 ce of serum depending on its presumed strength, and 15 hours later graduated doses of virus. (1 to4m.l.d.). The guinea pig receiving the largest dose of virus, that does not die, determines the potency of the serum. TasiEe III—TuHer NEUTRALIZATION TEST Guinea Pig Product | Culture virus No. 28A | Results Number Weight Kind c MLD| Date | ist | 2nd | 3rd Filtrate | Filtrate 197 NWP WR or NWNNN tb bt Date—2/1/23 Dose—.15 cc Aggressin 210 Immune serum No. 46 how He Or too crovoren cron gren tnenen on Oolmmwtyts ae = *2/2/23 Table III shows the results of the neutralization test. On the evening of February 1, 1923, twelve test guinea pigs and two check guinea pigs were injected with .15 ce of anti-blackleg serum No. 46. This serum had been previously titrated and POTENCY TESTS FOR BLACKLEG PRODUCTS 71. found to have a protective strength of 100 units per cc. There- fore, .15 cc of serum contained 15 anti-blackleg units. The check guinea pig (No. 684) showed protection against 16 m.l.d. of the virus used. Fifteen hours later, February 2, 1923, varying doses of filtrate and aggressin mixed with two m.|.d. of culture virus were injected and the guinea pigs observed daily for the three following days, at which time the test was read. In analyzing the test we noticed that of the four guinea pigs injected with filtrate 1296, two guinea pigs (664 and 665) receiving 3.0 and 4.0 cc of filtrate showed marked lesions. Guinea pig 665, receiving the smallest dose of filtrate (3.0 ec) determined the strength of the serial. Guinea pig 665 was immunized against 15 m.l.d. of virus. It received 2 m.].d. of virus and 3 ce of filtrate 1296. Therefore, it is evident that the 3 cc of filtrate neutralized the action of 13 anti-blackleg units of serum, allowing marked lesions to develop. So, 3 cc of filtrate 1296 has a strength of 13 aggressive units and one 5-ce dose of filtrate 1296 has an aggressive strength of 21.65 aggressive units. One dose of filtrate 197, in the same way, has a strength of 16.25 units and aggressin 210 a strength of 32.5 units. A comparison of the guinea-pig-immunity test, the neutraliza- tion test and the production of immunity in calves was made with the following results. Table IV shows the immunization of Hereford calves, eight to twelve months of age. TaBLe IV—ImMouniIzATION OF CALVES BY MEANS OF BLACELEG FILTRATE Filtrate Results Calf No. | Dose Date Dose Date 2nd 3rd 1 1 5 ec | 10/23/17 1 10 ce 11/17/17 OK OK 2 5 10 K OK 3 5 10 Lame OK 4 2 5 11/15/17 | Frey 5 1/3/18 OK OK 5 > 5 OK OK 6 5 5 OK OK 1020 1 10 11/12/17 Lame Dead 1021 10 Lame Dead 1022 Lame Dead Table IV shows that filtrates 1 and 2 had a very high degree of immunizing power. Both of these filtrates, when tested on guinea pigs ®y the guinea-pig-immunity test, gave the following results: Eight guinea pigs were used on each serial, two guinea pigs receiving 2 cc; two, 3 ec; two 4 cc; and two 5 cc; and ten days later 1 m.l.d. of virus. Of the eight guinea pigs given fil- trate 1, four died; of the eight guinea pigs given filtrate 2, five 72 JOSEPH Ps SCOTT died, showing that there was no correlation between the calf and the guinea pig immunization powers of filtrate. Filtrate 1 was tested by the neutralization test and a strength of 13.5 aggressive units found.* WASHED CULTURE OR WASHED VIRUS TEST The second aggressive action test is known as the ‘‘washed culture” test. This test depends on the fact that virulent cultures of Clostridium chauvei are rendered avirulent by repeated washing in salt solution. Leclainche and Valleé* showed that heated spore cultures of Cl. chauvet were avirulent and non-antigenic, in that these heated spores did not produce an immunity in cattle. The avirulence of virulent blackleg cultures, washed by centri- fugalizing three times in salt solution and making up to original volume, is shown in Table V. TABLE V—AVIRULENCE OF WASHED VIRUS Guinea Pig Product Results No. Weight} No. Dose | Date Ist 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 441 600 28A 15ee | 12/9/22 1X 2x 2x OK OK 442 600 | Z OK OK OK OK OK 223 325 3 3 12/30/19 OK OK OK OK OK 224 425 3 ai OK OK OK OK OK 255 300 6 1/5/20 OK: Hi OK: OK OK OK 256 300 5 OK OK OK OK OK 257 300 | 2.0 OK OK OK OK OK 330 500 10 OK OK OK OK OK 830 700 2 15 3/16/23 UXsasil 1X OK OK OK If small doses of washed virus and small doses of filtrate be mixed and injected into a guinea pig, typical blackleg is pro- duced. This shows that blackleg aggressin and filtrate contain a TasBLE VI—DETERMINATION OF POTENTIAL M.L.D. Guinea Pig | Virus | Filtrate No. | Wt. | No. Dose | Date No. | Dose Date | | Ist 2nd | ‘8rd 4th 370 | 600 | 28A | .3cc} 12/9/22 ox? ||) Sixe |f ae 371 | 250 3 hese: || (EST 372 | 600 3 1X , | SRS | 373 | 250 2 | | 3x | Serle 816 | 250 | 28B| .3 3/12/23 OK | OK | OK 817 | 500 ‘4 OK | OK | OK 818 | 300 | 6 1g | gay [ame Washed Virus 489 | 350 | 28A | .5 12/20/22 |1195 | .3 cc] 12/20/22 | 2X 3X D 490°} 350 a3) aa: OK 3X D 491 | 350 | | Pao 6 D 754 | 600 | 28B)} .6 3/14/23 | 298 87 3/14/23 | OK OK 3X 3X 755 | 250 8 sel 3X + 756 | 200 1.0 sit 3X | true aggressin. The washed culture test depends on measuring the smallest dose of filtrate that will activate a unit of washed *loc. cit. POTENCY TESTS FOR BLACKLEG PRODUCTS 73 culture corresponding to one m.l.d. of virus. This unit, the potential m.l.d., is calculated by comparing the m.l.d. of the virus, prior to washing, with the smallest dose of washed culture that becomes activated by small doses of filtrate. The determination of the potential m.l.d. of washed virus is shown in Table VI, which shows that the m.].d. of virus 28A was 0.3 cc, the potential m.].d. of washed virus 28A 0.5 ce, the m.l|.d. of virus 28B 0.6 ce — and the corresponding potential m.1.d. of the washed virus 28B 0.8 ce. TaBLe VII—WasHED CULTURE TEST Guinea Pig _| Washed Virus Results No. | Weight} No. Dose Product Dose | Date 2nd 3rd 350 28A .4 cc Filtrate -2ce }|1/18/23 OK OK 350 4 4 3x 3X 350 4 6 3X 3X 300 4 Filtrate S| 3X 3X 300 4 197 4 D 300 4 .6 350 4 Aggressin a2 3x OK 350 4 210 4 D 350 4 .6 300 28B aif Filtrate 2 3/16/23 OK 1X OK 250 neh 197 3 OK OK OK 300 arf 4 1X 3X D 250 ih Filtrate a2 OK OK OK 300 aft 298 .o OK 3X D 300 arf 4 OK 1X D 250 of Aggressin ae, 2x D 300 sb 21 3 eae 3X D 225 a7 4 Xp lhe nD) ! In the tests shown in Table VII the potential m.].d. of washed virus 28A was taken to be 0.4 cc and that of 28B as 0.7 ce. Virus 28A was obtained from brain-liver culture of strain 28, 28B from a second lot of brain-liver culture, strain 28. It is seen that the virulence of these two batches of virus varies greatly. The virulent substance is apparently in the washed-virus part of the virus, not in the soluble products removed. This would indicate that the degree of virulence of the organisms does not affect the amount of aggressive substance produced. At present this problem is being considered from the standpoint of measuring the aggressive action of filtrate from virulent and avirulent strains. The results obtained indicate that filtrates from avirulent strains have as high an aggressive titre as those obtained from virulent strains. A washed-culture test on three serials of filtrate and one serial of aggressin is shown in Table VII, where it is seen that 0.4 ce of filtrate 1296 activated one potential m.l.d. of washed virus 74 JCSEPH PP. SCOTre 28A. From this it is seen that one 5ec-dose of filtrate 1296 and aggressin 210 has a strength of 25 units, as the pigs receiving 0.2 ec showed marked swellings of a grade indicating that death was almost reached. These results are compared with those obtained for the same serials obtained by the neutralization test in Table IV. Serial Washed-Culture Test Neytralization Test 28A 28B Filtrate 1296 1255 PA Id 03) Filtrate 197 25 1225 1635 Aggressin 210 25 25 32.5 Cattle also show this aggressive reaction quite clearly. Several cases of vaccination with spore vaccine, followed in a few weeks by b’ackleg filtrate, have resulted in death from blackleg within three days after the administration of blackleg filtrate.‘ CONCLUSIONS 1. Guinea pigs show a very marked variation in their sus- ceptibility to blackleg inoculations. 2. Guinea pigs are not readily immunized against blackleg inoculations. 3. It is possible to measure quantitatively the amount of aggressive substance found in blackleg aggressin and filtrate by means of the neutralization and washed-culture tests. 4. A filtrate that showed high powers of immunization in cattle was found to have an aggressive strength of 13.5 units. 5. Considerable correlation in the results between the two ageressive-action tests was found. REFERENCES 1Goss, L. W. aud oe Jos. P. 1918. Standardization of Blackleg Vaccine. Jour. A. V. M. A., VIL, 3,p Scott, Jos. = ae Vaccines: Their Production and Use. Kansas Agricultural Experi- ment Station Technical Bulletin 10. 3Leclainche et Vallée. Heported ae Ett, in Kolle und Wasserman, Handbuch der Patho- genen Mikro-organismen, 1912, IV pa aoocet, Jos. P. 1923. Notes on ee Immunization. North Amer. Veter. IV, 4, pp. Masor SURGERY Willis: ‘‘Where have you been?”’ Gillis: ‘In the hospital, getting censored.” Willis: ‘‘Censored?”’ Gillis: ‘Yes, I had several important parts cut out.’’—Judge THE TREATMENT OF RETAINED PLACENTA OF COWS! By Joun P. Turner, Washington, D. C. This subject has been selected on account of its importance to cattle husbandry and also for the reason that all of us know something concerning its proper treatment and yet all of us have much more to learn. Ten years ago, it was easy to talk about this disease and apparently we were well satisfied with our knowledge of the subject and its practical application. But, thanks to the researches of Prof. W. L. Williams, of this country, Prof. Hesse, of Switzerland, and Dr. Albrechtsen, of Denmark, we have had much light on this subject and our hopes are that since the practice of bovine gynecology has made such rapid strides for betterment in recent years, we may yet know much more than we do at present. Personally, I feel that each year gives us more information, and that within a few years we may have a better understanding of this disease and, what is far more important, that the breeder and dairy farmer will sooner or later arise to a sense of realization of the seriousness of this disease, of which retention of the pla- centa is the only visible symptom. Almost daily, we get the usual call to ‘‘clean a cow” and the average farmer and breeder thinks it is just a mere mechanical job, which is either too filthy for him to undertake or he feels a little uncertain as to just how far he should go in self-treatment, or how much traction should be exerted. Frequently a neighbor, with great self-assurance would do the work for him or some herdsman. who thought he knew all about it, would boldly “walk where angels fear to tread.” For many years one of the largest breeders in this state has permitted his herdsman to remove all placentae, the owner boasting of the latter’s skill. Suffice it to say, there is a great deal of sterility in this herd and there always will be, if the present practice continues. This disease is seldom considered at a meeting of veterinarians, that both the moral and practical issue are not argued. The owner, who is usually very much unenlightened as to the gravity of this condition, wants the semi-putrid, offensive placenta removed, thinking that with its removal the disease is cured. 1Presented at the seventh annual meeting of the Maryland Veterinary Medical Association, Frederick, Md., July 19-20, 1923. 75 76 J. P. TURNER The veterinarian is not blameless in this situation. He may not be as enlightned on the subject as he should be. He may be in a rut and ceases to use his cerebrum, depending too much on his strong right arm. He may also have a competitor in prac- tice, who is one of those voluble, self-assuring fellows, who does not bother much with the code of ethics. Now, what is the too frequent procedure. He examines the patient and finds the placenta quite adherent. Meanwhile the idea rolls in his mind that this client is good for only one call with this particular disease and that if he does not go through the mechanical work of removing the placenta, the farmer will be dissatisfied and will send for his competitor, who always removes them. This is not a pipe-dream, but an everyday occurrence. In my opinion, it requires a very conscientious veterinarian to do this work properly. Seldom do I leave a case, where the placenta is manually removed, that I am absolutely contented and self-satisfied with my work, and this feeling is growing on us with each succeeding year. Let us consider the high-points of this disease. A cow calving normally usually passes the placenta within twelve to twenty- four hours. If its retention persists beyond this period, there is infection present in that uterus, which has developed either before or during pregnancy, mostly before, and does not manifest its symptoms until the calf has been expelled, either normally or abnormally, as in abortion. When a normal cow delivers her calf, the umibilical cord parts, the chorion begins to die and it should be sequestrated by the endometrium, pass out of the cervix and be expelled. Placental adhesion always precedes parturition and is not caused by the latter act. The infection causing this disease may be a streptococcus, or a colon type is frequently present as a secondary invader. The maternal crypts becomes inflamed and owing to the intimate relations of the chorionic tufts, the latter are completely involved. They become greatly enlarged and swollen and are incarcerated into the similarly enlarged and swollen placental crypts and we have retention of the placenta as a result. The placentitis always begins at the cervical end of the uterus and proceeds towards the horns. If the cow aborts early, the placenta frequently passes with the fetus, on account of the lack of development of the chorionic tufts and placental erypts, and the adhesion does not occur, as the infection has progressed TREATMENT OF RETAINED PLACENTA 77 too rapidly for the proper incarceration of these undeveloped tissues. The nearer to full term the abortion occurs, the greater the tendency to retention of the placenta, due to the aforestated reasons. However, in some eases of late abortion, the placenta may pass with the fetus owing to the placentitis having advanced very rapidly and completed its course by the bursting open of the incarcerated tissues. If the development of the foetus has progressed faster than the infection in the uterus, we have a live calf and a decidedly adherent placenta, often more serious than had abortion occurred. If the calf is strong and lusty, the usual course is that the placentitis is not severe and involves only a few cotyledons, near the cervical end of the uterus, while those near the ovarian end are probably healthy. This is the usual type of retained placenta which separates easily and leaves very little trace of endometritis, and in which the cow is again fertile. However, should the calf be weak at birth or develop dysentery in a few days, the proba- bility is that the placentitis is severe and will endure for many days. The virulence of the infection has much to do with the character and length of the time of adherence. In mild cases physiological functions may re-establish them- selves and the separation occurs rapidly, before a firm incarcera- tion has occurred. Again, the infection may be so severe as to cause necrosis of all or part of the cotyledons, with sloughing within two or three days after calving and thus ends the reten- tion. Occasionally retained placentae are not visible and may be either attached or unattached to the cotyledons, depending on the course of the placentitis, or we may even have sloughing off of the cotyledons and the whole mass may be more or less incarcerated by a semi-paretic uterus. A constricted cervix may also be at fault, holding back this mass, which, if not sur- gically removed, is sure to undergo putrefaction and establish pyometra. Very frequently we are called to treat cows that are ailing following parturition and are informed that she has passed the placenta. We always examine such a case, both by the rectum and vagina, just as much as a matter of routine as you would remove a shoe, in any case of lameness of the horse, before mak- ing a diagnosis. Very frequently the placenta in part or as a whole may be adherent, the owner being mistaken by what he has seen passed by the cow. 78 J. P. TURNER Retention of the placenta is a symptom of one of the most destructive diseases of cows, especially full-blood animals. I allude to metritis. Not only do we have quite a high mortality rate, as occurs at times, where a perfect storm of fatal metritis attacks a herd, but the economic loss, as well, from loss of physical condition and loss of production, where metritis appears with its predominant symptom—retained placenta. It also causes more incurable sterility than any other disease, on account of the destruction of the endometrium. The oily-tongued charlatan, be he either graduate or non- graduate, who extols this or that cure for retained placenta, is a dangerous menace to animal husbandry. He should be visited by one of these metritis ‘‘storms,” early in his career, on a horse- or cow-breeding farm, and when he finally awakens he will realize that his education along these lines is just beginning, if he still possesses any gray matter along his ears. Opinions of the best veterinary gynecologists differ in many respects concerning the removal of placentae. Many of the best do not manually remove a placenta. One of the leading special- ists in the treatment of sterility does not pay any attention to the removal of placentae, simply keeping them as clean as possible by external. antiseptic application and vaginal irrigation with normal salt solution. His argument is that all surgical interference with the interior of the uterus carries more or less infection with it and that few men have arms of sufficient length to enable them to remove placental adhesions, especially in the horns of the uterus and if he tears the chorionic tufts from the maternal crypts he opens a fresh wound which may become a new centre of bacterial infec- tion. Another eminent specialist treats these cases, depending on whether they are scrub cows or full-bloods. He manually removes the placenta of a scrub cow and pumps a large amount of weak disinfectant solution into the uterus, using normal salt solution as the last solution to be pumped in, and allows the latter to remain in the uterus. But, with high-grades and full-bloods, he has learned that this is a dangerous practice and that the pla- centa must not be removed until it comes away with very little “unbuttoning” and with very little traction exerted. Undoubtedly there is much less resistance in the uterus of a highly bred animal, kept under modern, high-pressure dairy conditions. From a long experience, we know that the hardy, TREATMENT OF RETAINED PLACENTA 79 ‘ serub cow will withstand much mismanagement in such diseases as we are speaking of, and many of them will remain fertile. But do not try crude work with full-bloods. Many of us earn our living through the mismanagement of this disease and, per- sonally, I do not relish their treatment, as such a very large percentage are incurably sterile from destroyed mucous mem- brane. A very prominent breeder of cows in this state will not allow his veterinarian to remove a retained placenta, owing to the large number of sterile cows resulting from his treatment. He states that he occasionally loses a cow from metritis, but those that recover are usually breeders. This is an illustration of the financial loss to the veterinarian, who either has not properly educated this breeder or, on the contrary, he may mismanage his cases. I believe there is a middle ground to stand upon, not going to extremes either way. I have frequently seen cows ruined and destroyed by the too early removal of the placenta and, on the contrary, the same condition has been observed, where chronic, incurable pyometra has developed where no attention whatever has been paid to treatment. Certainly the removal of a placenta is to be desired, if it can ‘be removed without injury to the uterus. This is desirable if we are to treat the endometritis which has caused the adherence. The removal of a placenta is imperative if the cotyledons have all sloughed off and it is lying as a putrefying.mass in a paretic uterus, but very much care and judgment is necessary, even in this latter type of case, if the cervix is contracted. Careful dilation of the cervix and gentle traction on the mass will often give happy results. Put on your rubber operating frock and hood, using a sleeve- less sweater underneath in winter and a large oversweater to cover the body and arms until ready to enter the cow. Provide your own basins (enamel), white soap and towels. Wash the tail, vulva, udder and buttocks, after you have emptied the rectum, and pass the tail to the side, securing it to a ring and cord passed around the girth. After you have washed the cow and thoroughly soaped your arms and hands, pass the gum tubing into the vagina and irrigate with a gallon of normal salt solution. If the placenta is foul, a weak solution of therapogen is used for irrigation. Potassium permanganate was discarded several years ago, owing to the caustic effect on the vaginal mucous membrane of 80 J. P. TURNER any undissolved erystals. It is doubtful if washing the uterus before removal of the placenta is of any value, unless part of the chorion has broken and passed out, otherwise we would simply be washing the bag from which the calf had been removed and our liquid would not come into contact with the uterine mucous membrane. We wash the vagina to remove mechanically threads and semi-necrotice parts of the chorion. Then begin your examination, starting at the cervical end of the uterus. If but a few loosely attached chorionic tufts are attached to the cotyledons, then we loosen them with gentle traction and a squeezing of the cotyledon between the thumb and fore-finger. A few minutes work should suffice to remove any placenta which should be removed. Whenever I hear of a practitioner requiring an hour to remove a placenta, I feel sure there has been mismanagement and there will surely be a bad case of endometritis as a sequela. Most of the easily removed placentae would come away of their own accord. If the placenta is in proper condition to remove, and the uterus is contracting strongly, we wash the uterus with normal salt solution, using a funnel and gum hose and syphon out all of it. If the uterus is paretic, the less liquid placed in it the better. Should the chorion be tightly attached to the maternal crypts, the owner is so advised and instructed as to what we are doing and why. In such a case we discontinue any further attempts at removal and introduce from one to two pints of mineral oil, to which has been added some bismuth-formic-iodide powder, into the horn of the uterus. This tends to allay inflammation, pre- vents putrefaction and generally has both healing and soothing qualities. The dragging end of the placenta is cut off within three or four inches of the vagina, to prevent both calf and udder infec- tion. Should little or no membrane be protruding, we fold four or five yards of gauze into a bag and introduce it into the uterus, allowing the end to protrude into the vagina close up to the vulva. This prevents closure of the cervix. If the cervix is contracted, we try to introduce some oiled gauze through it, with a sound, and renew it from time to time. In your examination of a retained placenta beware of meddling too much with a uterus which is flaccid and fails to contract. The problem before you is not the mere removal of the foetal membrane at a given time, but is whether or not the removal is TREATMENT OF RETAINED PLACENTA 81 going to do more injury to the uterus than the danger caused by its retention. Drugs given internally have no practical value. Epsom salts is given as a purgative and eliminative, and the resultant strain- ing may be of some value, but expulsion in these cases would come naturally, if given more time. As to injecting normal salt solution into the chorionic vessels, I have tried it and find it of little value, as the placental capillaries are always blocked by thrombi and would not permit the passage of the solution, and furthermore, if it could be done, it would only make the capillaries swell and further increase their tight- ening the maternal crypts. To keep the owner interested and busy, have him keep the external parts very clean and, with a funnel and gum tube, direct him how to give a daily vaginal wash of one gallon of normal salt solution. This keeps the membranes clean and fairly odorless, causes some straining and will not permit much of the solution to enter the uterus. The hand and arm of the herdsman is not to enter the vagina or uterus under any conditions. Too much leeway has been allowed and too much credence given assumed knowledge of this subject, the seriousness of which is not surpassed by any other condition we are called upon to treat. Personally, I can see no more reason for allowing a herdsman to enter his arm into a bovine subject than a human subject. We do not make haste in examining patients with retained placenta unless some symptoms of distress are noted, usually allowing the owner to give vaginal washings for two or three days. We frequently make two or three visits to a case before the placenta can be removed. This, of course, is where the ani- mals have marked value or where the owner has confidence in our advice. With scrub cows the washings are maintained for three or four days and a second visit made. The seriousness of the case from the standpoint of sterility is always laid before the owner and we must, from a business standpoint, be somewhat advised by his stand. Expediency may be resorted to, somewhat, in treating scrub cows with no great value, either as producers or breeders, but no such policy should be pursued with full-blood animals. The placenta removed, we are then ready to treat, the endo- metritis which has caused it. This we do by thoroughly dressing the cow, tieing the tail sidewise, drawing the cervix to vulva and 82 JP. TURNER: introducing a 1 to 2% solution of Lugol’s solution into the uterus with a uterine catheter, the amount depending on the state of the uterus which is determined by a prior rectal exam- ination. If this shows a strongly contracting uterus one pint will be sufficient; if not contracting, but not paretic, we introduce two pints, depending all the time on whether the uterus contracts to our washing. If the Lugol’s solution is forced out of the catheter in a fairly strong manner, say an inch, we have intro- duced enough. If no contraction exists, the treatment is stopped and syphoning undertaken, accompanied by gentle rectal massage. If the cervix shows much inflammation, such symp- toms being shown as a marked swelling, somewhat purplish in color, pure Lugol’s solution is used to swab the os and cervix, protecting the floor of the vagina with cotton. ’ This treatment is given every week or ten days and usually two to three treatments suffice. When there is no discharge from the uterus or cervix, as evidenced by failure to mat- the hair of the tail, and the cervix looks contracted and pink, we have the case well underway. Should pyometra develop, as evidenced by a pus-like discharge, aggravated by lying down and evidenced by rectal pressure on the uterus, we always catheterize the uterus with a horse catheter and endeavor to empty it before introducing any solution, as the introduction of more fluid to an already overburdened uterus may cause rupture and death. If the treatment of endometritis is undertaken in these cases, instead of the mere symptom of retained placenta, the owner will usually be repaid by having a fertile cow, and the veterin- arian by not only an increased fee, due to the extra visits, but also by an increased appreciation of his services by the breeders, who will usually pass the good work along. This more or less Utopian plan of treatment in a section which has not yet been properly blazed can be established only by the education of the veterinarian to a better practice of bovine gynecology and by a better education of the farmer to the se- riousness of retained placenta, which can be done by plain talks, devoid of technical language, given to them, especially at farmers’ and grange meetings. If the idea has been brought out clearly that retained placenta is not a disease, but a symptom of a very serious disease, the proper treatment of which is of paramount importance to cattle breeding, then we will feel compensated, like the Boy Scout, that he has done a kindly deed today. STERILITY IN CATTLE! By M. F. Barnes Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry Harrisburg, Pennsylvania A dairy cow, to function properly, besides producing a good quantity of milk, should give birth to a normal calf each twelve to fourteen months. The largest pure-bred herd in Pennsyl- vania, consisting of approximately 250 cows, produced an average of one calf per cow each year, for a period of ten years. This means that most every cow in the herd has produced a calf every year. The inability in some cows, to conceive in time to cope with the general average of the herd, has been made up for by a number of cows which have given birth to twins and a single calf within a year. One cow has a record of five calves in two years—two sets of twins and a single calf. This herd is well stabled, well cared for and well fed, but, it is not fed to pro- duce high milk records. Sterile cows, or diseased cows, are not retained in the herd. Production efficiency is not determined altogether on the basis of the amount of milk a cow is capable of producing within a given length of time. The principal aim of the dairyman is to have a large production of milk. The value of a dairy cow is determined by the amount of milk she can produce. The dairyman realizes that to keep milk production at the maximum, his cows must freshen about once a year. The pure-bred cattle breeder looks forward to getting as many offspring as possible and to having as much value in the offspring as it is possible to get. The value of the individual is not determined altogether by her appearance and type, nor quantity and quality of milk pro- duced. To have high value, the individual’s ancestors or pro- geny must be high producers. Thus, cows are very often heavily fed on narrow rations, large amounts of concentrates and little roughage, with the aim of producing high records. A rather high percentage of this class of cows became affected with conditions which cause sterility. DEFINITION Sterility is the absence of generative function and may affect either male or female animals. The absence of function may 1Presented at the seventh semi-annual meeting of the Maryland Veterinary Medical Associ- ation, Frederick, Md., July 20, 1923. 83 84 M. F. BARNES occur as a result of the lack of development of some part or parts or all of the genital system; it may occur as a cessation of func- tion once established; or it occasionally occurs in young animals with a normally developed genital system which has never functioned in the production of young. CLASSIFICATION Sterility may be classified as: 1. Absolute or permanent sterility. Reproduction impossible. 2. Temporary sterility. Reproduction occurs irregularly. Animals do not reproduce for limited lengths of time. The occurrence of abortion interferes with the production of normal young and from this standpoint is a temporary sterility. IMPORTANCE The question of sterility in cattle is of very grave importance to the agricultural industry. It interferes with the propagation of certain blood-lines of certain outstanding families in the various breeds. It concerns the pure-bred breeder in that it limits the number of valuable offspring and hinders the selection of the best individuals as breeding stock. It concerns the dairyman from the standpoint of the amount of milk produced. Its inter- ference with the amount of milk produced is of grave concern to the pure-bred breeder also, more from the standpoint that it often interferes with high records, than from the standpoint of milk value. CAUSES OF STERILITY The causes of sterility may be divided into: 1. Predisposing, or indirect. 2. Actual, or direct. Cattle abortion disease, caused by Bacterium abortus (Bang), is usually considered an indirect cause of sterility. It is probably indirectly responsible for more than fifty per cent of the cases of sterility in cattle, and possibly is directly responsible for a small percentage. The abortion organism is capable of causing inflam- matory processes accompanied by the formation of pus pockets. A limited number of the cases of sterility in the bull are undoubt- edly caused directly by Bacterium abortus (Bang). In the uterus of the female, Bacterzum abortus (Bang) probably acts only as a predisposing cause of sterility, by paving the way for other organisms to become active after the fetus has been aborted or delivered at normal time. In abortion-infected herds which STERILITY IN CATTLE 85 have come under my observation, there has occurred a higher percentage of sterility than in herds free from infection with Bacterium abortus (Bang). There is a certain percentage of sterility in any large herd, but, if the percentages of abortion and sterility are represented graphically, the sterility graph usually follows the general order of the abortion graph. In one large herd consisting of approximately 200 female animals, Bacteriwm pyogenes was the principal secondary invad- ing organism. A large number of cases of sterility developed following abortions or apparently normal parturitions. Several cases were studied bacteriologically and invariably the Bac- terLum pyogenes was isolated. A few cows developed a generalized condition and died. Others developed generalized abscesses over the body, in the udder, ete., from which Bacterium pyogenes was isolated. Quite a number developed abscesses in the uterine wall, in the submucosa or under the serosa. Perimetritis, adhesions and permanent sterility were not uncommon. A number of the aborted fetuses were examined and, in each case, Bacterium abortus (Bamg) was isolated in pure culture from the contents of the fourth stomach, which eliminates other organisms as a cause of the abortions. Bacterium pyogenes and streptococei probably cause more serious damage than any other secondary infective organism of the female genital tract. In most all long-standing cases of septic metritis or septic infection of other parts of the genital tract of the cow, such cases do not respond to treatment, the Bacterium pyogenes or one of the group of streptococci can be iso- lated. Other organisms which have been found on a bacterio- logical study of septic endometritis are staphylococci which often are the cause of a moderately severe inflammation: also micro- cocci and rarely colon bacilli. A gas-producing organism which causes the formation of a rather large quantity of pus, having the appearance of curdled milk, is occasionally encountered in septic endometritis. The emanated gas has a very strong putre- factive odor. The kind of feed which a cow receives is probably second only to abortion as an indirect cause of sterility. Cows fed on high protein diets for the purpose of causing heavy milk production, and those fed for fat production, in preparation for show circuit, are quite prone to become sterile and frequently become per- manently sterile. Some relation between the ovary and the udder which we do not understand may be partly accountable 86 M. F. BARNES for the condition. The feed may not have so much to do with it. While a large amount of feed goes into the cow there is a heavy drain on those cows which are milked four or five times a day. It is possible that the question of the cause of this class of sterility may be solved by the addition of certain minerals to the diet; the addition of proper vitamins; or by the study of substi- tutes for diets now being used. These are questions for the agri- culturist to solve. The solution may be in the field of endocrin- ology. An existing relationship between the ovary and udder in this class of cases is indicated by a change of the amount of milk produced, if the ovaries, which usually are cystic, are treated until cysts no longer form. It is known to breeders that if these cases are treated, the amount of milk is considerably reduced. The excessive stimu- lation of the udder tissue by the large amount of concentrated feed fed the animal, or the stimulation of the udder tissue by frequent milkings, apparently has a very noticeable effect on the ovary. Repeated treatment of the cystic ovary in these highly fed cows very often has a marked effect on the udder which is indicated by a reduction in the amount of milk. It is known that the first manifestation of sexual maturity has a marked effect on the udder. Virgin heifers occasionally develop cystic ovaries and become true nymphomaniacs and often show a well developed udder. Nymphomaniac cows which have been dry can occasionally be put back into the milking line and pro- duce enough milk to pay for their feed. One case which was dry became a nymphomaniac and after a time showed udder development, was placed in the milking line and is producing approximately thirty pounds of milk per day. There is a possi- bility in the highly-fed, record-producing cow that, instead of the trouble being in the feed, it is in the excessively stimulated udder, stimulated by feed or frequent milking, which has the effect of throwing the endocrine system out of balance. Through this process of unbalancing, there is some effect upon the ovaries which causes them to become cystic. Other causes of sterility are the various forms of uterine inflammation—endometritis, myometritis and perimetritis. In- flammations in the vagina, cervix, fallopian tube or its fimbriated extremity ; inflammation of the ovary or the retention of a corpus luteum, cystic condition of the ovary, fallopian tube or cervix. Any condition causing inflammation of any part of the genital tract may act as a cause of sterility. Inflammation is the reac- STERILITY IN CATTLE 87 tion of living tissue against the action of an irritant. The irritant may be parts of a retained placenta, which is dead tissue, pus-producing organisms, pus, calcified material, mummi- fied fetus, strong irritating substances introduced into the uterus; specific inflammations such as tuberculosis of the fallo- pian tubes, ovaries, uterus, etc. Granular vaginitis is not usually considered to occupy an important position as a cause for sterility. In certain cases it does appear that granular vaginitis is the direct cause in heifers. Occasionally a number of heifers in a herd fail to conceive after repeated services. Heifers with a history of this kind, upon examination, usually are rather severely affected with granular vaginitis, no other abnormal conditions being found, and after repeated vaginal douches with a mild antiseptic, usually conceive. Bacteria present in the uterus or cervical canal, by the forma- tion of toxic products, may have a direct action on the sperm- atozoa, or may indirectly act as a cause of sterility by so altering the secretions that the spermatozoa are killed. Other causes are stenosis of any portion of the genital canal which may be brought about by abnormal conditions in sur- rounding tissues or organs or by swelling of the mucosa in the narrower portions of this canal, as in the cervix, the smaller portions of the cornua or in the fallopian tubes; tumors within the genital canal or in the tissues surrounding it; misplacements and torsions; lacerations of the cervix; peritonitis causing adhes- ions of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes or fimbriated extrem- ity ;close-breeding and in-breeding; endocrine system unbalanced. | Various other abnormal conditions which are less frequently observed may be the cause of sterility, such as, improper develop- ment or lack of development of the genital system or some portion of it. This is a cause of absolute or permanent sterility and is most likely to be observed in young animals which have failed to conceive. ed Still other causes are old age, with atrophy of the ovaries or other portions of the genital tract; general constitutional diseases. Improper treatment in attempts to remedy a temporary sterility may be the cause of a permanent sterility. Puncture of the endo- metrium with a catheter is likely to cause abscess-formation in the uterine wall, peritonitis, adhesions, ete. The abnormal uterus is often lacking in tone, friable, and its walls easily punc- tured. In some cases of sterility, it is difficult or apparently impossible, to locate the cause clinically. 88 M:-F. BARNES Sterility in the bull has been observed as caused by mechanical obstruction, such as tumors in the prepuce. A case of tubercu- losis of the prepuce caused sterility by mechanical obstruction. Sterility has been caused by infection in the testicles and epi- didymis with Bacterium tuberculosis, B. bipolaris, and Bact. abortus (Bang.) Lack of development of the genital organs is a cause. A few cases in the bull have been observed in which the organs were apparently normally developed, but the sperma- tozoa only in head part, and had no tail portions, and therefore, were non-motile. We have a record of one case of this kind. A young bull had well covered forty-five cows and none of them had become pregnant. Microscopic examination of the semen revealed tailless spermatozoa. Other causes in the bull are phymosis, paraphymosis, paralysis of penis, rupture of the cavernous tissues of penis, priapism, fracture of the erected penis, proctitis and endocrine system unbalanced. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of sterility is usually established before the veterinarian is called to determine the cause. The veterinarian who claims to be expert in the diagnosis of conditions causative of sterility, besides having a fair knowledge of the normal genital tract, abnormalities and diseased conditions which may affect it, must be an expert in the diagnosis of the various stages of pregnancy. Cows which the history indicates have never been bred, upon examination, are frequently found to be pregnant. A mistake could be made by attempting to treat these cases without having previously examined them. Other cows, while pregnant, may show signs of estrum at regular or iregular intervals after conception has taken place. The history in these cases would indicate sterility while examination shows the animal to be pregnant. It is necessary to be able to establish a diagnosis of “pregnant” or ‘‘not pregnant” in cows which have been treated for sterility, have been bred, and have gone over several estral periods. Examination shows that a number of this class are not pregnant. Then we should look to the ovaries for the presence of a retained corpus luteum. Other cows which have been bred and conceived go beyond their normal parturition date without showing any signs of parturition. When such a cow has gone ten, eleven, twelve or possibly thirteen months, the attention of a veterinarian is called to the case. In these cases a diagnosis of mummified fetus is usually established. STERILIEY IN; CATTLE 89 _The history and general appearance of the cow immediately establishes the diagnosis of nymphomania and indicates to the diagnostician that he is dealing with cystic ovaries and possibly cervicitis, salpingitis, ete. Granular vaginitis and other diseases of the vagina are readily diagnosed by examination of that portion of the genital tract. Adhesions, tumors, abscesses, diseases of the ovaries, tubes, and, to a certain extent, diseases of the uterus, are diagnosed by rectal examination. Septic conditions of the uterus often require catheterization of that organ by the Albrechtsen method, before the diagnosis is definitely established. In all such cases, labora- tory facilities should be taken advantage of when necessary to complete the diagnosis. PATHOLOGY Post-mortems of sterile animals show lesions corresponding to the list of abnormalities mentioned under causes. The uterus and uterine mucosa are subject to the same forms of inflamma- tion as other similar tissues, and range from a simple ecatarrhal to a suppurative or even the chronic proliferative form; besides specific inflammation, such as tuberculosis The uterine wall consists of three layers. The endometrium, including the glandular layer, is the most exposed and most subject to inflam- mation which is known as endometritis. Inflammation of the muscular layer is designated as myometritis and of the peri- metrium as perimetritis. It is impossible to differentiate these forms clinically. Endometritis may be catarrhal, suppurative, ulcerative, hemorrhagic or all combined. Chronic forms of endometritis are inclined to become catarrhal. In chronic endometritis there may be present: 1. Glandular hypertrophy. Uterine glands increased in size and abnormal in shape. 2. Glandular hyperplasia. Uterine glands increased in number at the expense of interglandular tissue. 3. Interstitial changes. Increase in connective tissue of the endometrium at the expense of the glandular elements. The connective tissue of the endometrium is changed from the normal embryonic type to mature fibres, which widely separate the glands. 4. Cystie endometritis. The outlet of some of the glands is closed and as a result, retention cysts are formed. 5. Polypoid endometritis. Interstitial changes in conjunc- 90 M. F. BARNES tion with glandular hypertrophy gives rise to the formation of mucous polyps. In most all forms of uterine inflammation, the wall of the uterus becomes thickened. In the interstitial form due to the formation of fibrinous tissue which contracts, the wall is thinner than normal. The ovaries show cystic degeneration, interstitial ovaritis with the formation of fibrous tissue, and may show a retained corpus luteum which is sometimes deeply seated and surrounded by fibrous tissue. The abnormalities of the fallopian tubes may be acute or chronic catarrhal inflammations; hydrosalpinx and pyosalpinx. Inflammations of the cervix are similar in nature to those found in the uterus proper. The external os frequently is en- enlarged in the form of a cauliflower-like growth. Septic condi- tions of the cervix, in exceptional cases, cause it to become dilated so that the cervical canal is more or less elliptical in shape. As much as three pints of pus, the formation of which was caused by a streptococcus, has been withdrawn from the cervical canal in one operation. Clinically, this case was diagnosed as pyo- metra. Bacteriological study showed the pus to contain a pure culture of a streptococcus. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT A large percentage of the conditions given as causes of sterility are secondary to some infective organism. In fact, most of the direct causes of sterility are secondary to some other primary cause. Therefore, in the treatment of sterility, it is often the secondary condition we must deal with while in prevention, which is more effective than treatment, we must deal with the primary cause. Those who are engaged in an advisory capacity, should aim to give advice of a nature that will inform breeders of the best methods of keeping the reproductive functions normal. The prevention of abortion disease will undoubtedly be the indirect means of preventing a large percentage of cases of sterility. It is my opinion that those who advocate the use of living-culture, bovine abortion vaccine, advocate additional troubles in the herds in which they are used. My experience up to the present time with the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry, in the use of living-culture bovine abortion vaccine, does not. make me inclined to encourage its use. Experience STERIETTYGIN ‘CATTLE 91 teaches that conditions are not bad enough in any herd to encourage or possibly to justify its use. The encouragement. of a study of methods of feeding cows under test for high records, with the object of correcting the incorrect methods, may become the means of preventing a num- ber of cases of sterility. This is possible of accomplishment in the class of cows in which the sterility is apparently due to improper rations. One who advises the removal from the herd of all cows showing a septic condition in any part of the body is giving advice of a nature which may be the means of preventing a number of cases of sterility later. In the treatment of sterility the tendency is to overtreat. It is better not to treat at all or to treat too little than to treat too much. The genital organs individually or collectively are very delicate. In the female they are more or less a sympathetic group of organs or parts. It seems that if one part becomes severely affected, the other parts also become affected. By repeated irritation in treating too frequently, there is a tendency to set up chronic inflammation. In treating the abnormalities one must use Judgment and treat whatever condition is pre- sented. In septic endometritis the Albrechtsen uterine douche is indicated. It seems that better results are obtained by treating only every three or four weeks than when it is used more frequently. In cystic ovary cases, the cysts are broken occasion- ally by massage of the affected ovaries. Beneficial results are obtained in cows which fail to show signs of estrum for a long time by the administration of ovarian extract. In enlargement of the external cervix, it sometimes becomes necessary to remove excessive parts. Cows having unilateral salpingitis and a cystic ovary are sometimes benefited by the removal of the affected ovary and fallopian tube. Cases of perimetritis with adhesions are more likely to recover if turned on pasture for a period of five or six months and are not treated at all. There is much to be learned in the field of endocrinology. It is my opinion that a number of the problems confronting us at this time with reference to sterility in cows will be more easily solved when the physiological action of extracts of the ductless glands have been thoroughly studied. This field of treatment should not be overdone to its destruction. Facts should be definitely established with reference to the physiological action or benefits which may be derived from their use before products :92 M. F. BARNES of ductless glands, either singly or in combination, are put on the market. Otherwise, they should be used only experimentally. This is a big, undeveloped field. Most valuable advancement will have been made when the discovery has been made of something that will destroy Bacterrwm abortus (Bang) infection in the carrier cow. A FINE IDEA The accompanying photograph shows a view of the booth maintained at the recent Champaign County (Ill.) Fair. Dr. A. H. Davidson, formerly in practice at Hume, Illinois, and now county veterinarian, engaged in tuberculosis eradication work, was in charge of the booth. Dr. Davidson reports that over 250 of the leading breeders and farmers of the county QUNT! VETERINARIANS E Prevention#AIMAL DISEASES y CHAMPAIGN CO ARM BUREAU Booth of Champaign County, (Illinois) Veterinarians visited this booth for the purpose of obtaining information relative to animal diseases. The expense in connection with the booth was borne by the nineteen veterinarians located in Champaign County, and cost them approximately two dollars each. The majority of them feel that the booth was a good thing. Dr. Davidson is entitled to considerable credit for the manner in which he had the booth arranged. Success doesn’t happen. It comes to those who are willing to work for it, study for it, and meet the obstacles that stand in the way of it. AN OUTBREAK OF COW-POX, INTRODUCED BY VACCINATION, INVOLVING A HERD OF CATTLE AND A FAMILY! By Fred Boerner, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. On October 29, 1922, I was called to investigate an outbreak of cow-pox in a herd of cattle. The disease had originally been transmitted to the cattle through virus from human vaccination Fig. 1. Pox Lesions on the Teats. lesions, and later transmitted from the cattle to unvaccinated human beings. The outbreak is of sufficient interest to warrant its being reported. The owner of the farm on which the outbreak occurred did not ‘Contribution from the Bureau of Animal Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agri- culture. New Series No. 13. 93 94 FRED BOERNER, Jr. reside thereon, and the care of the herd was left to an employe who lived in the immediate neighborhood. This household consisted of the employe, his family and a colored helper. No cases developed in the owner’s family, which consisted of two adults and two children, all of whom had previously been vaccinated. The employe’s family numbered five, the father, the mother and three children, all boys. In what follows, these will be respectively designated as Mr. M., Mrs. M., B. M., J. M., and W.M. The following is a brief history of each case, and it has been considered best to discuss them in chronological order. J. M., age 6 years, was vaccinated on September 16th, 1922, successfully. He did not wear any shield and according to his parents was accustomed to scratching the lesion. He had one small lesion on his finger which left a sear. This lesion developed October Ist. He did not complain of any fever during the time this lesion developed but had a slight fever one morning during the time vaccine lesion was developing. Aside from going to school he helped his father milk the cows morning and night and was doing it while his arm was still sore from the vaccination. B. M., age 13 years, was vaccinated September 16, 1922. Like his brother he wore no shield and was noticed picking and scratching the lesion quite often. He developed one lesion on his thigh and one on his wrist about the same time as his brother, October 1st. The lesions were small and healed up readily. He also helped to attend to the cows. - About the last of September one or two of the cows developed pox lesions on the teats. This condition spread through the herd, until at the time of our visit one month later nearly every animal showed lesions on the udder or teats in various stages of develop- ment. The lesions were typical for those described for cow-pox. Cattle had been added to this herd in the spring and in June and July, but they were said to have been free of the disease, at the time of their arrival and remained so until the time of the out- break. Mr. M., age 33 years, never vaccinated. He had one lesion on the face and a few small lesions on the arm and one on each thumb. He said the lesions first developed on his thumbs, one in particular, which he believes became infected through a knife wound. The date of its first appearance was the latter part of September or the first of October. One of Mr. M.’s duties was to take care of a herd of cattle numbering about forty, many of AN OUTBREAK OF COW-POX 95 which he milked morning and night. The disease did not manifest itself very severely in his case, as the lesions were small, and healed readily and were not in my mind as typical as exhibited in some of the other members of the family. W. M., age 19 months, never vaccinated. On October 8th skin trouble developed on his face which the mother thought was eczema and which she treated herself. This condition Fig. 2. Pox Lesions on the Face of Mrs. M. cleared up in a couple of days. A week later, October 15th, pox lesions developed on his arms, five or six on the one arm and two or three on the other. The largest was one-fourth inch in diameter. Mrs. M. described it as appearing similar to her own ease, first like a boil, which broke open, and the center ulcerated. The day of our visit these lesions seemed to be drying up with a hard scab. 96 FRED BOERNER, Jr. Mrs. M., age 33 years, said she has never been vaccinated. It was the custom for one of the children, W. M., to sleep with his mother and she said that he usually had his arms around her neck. On Tuesday and Wednesday, October 17th and 18th, she had chills, fever and swollen glands and thought at the time she had caught cold. These symptoms subsided and six small pimples appeared on her face and on the 20th she claimed these were festered and looked somewhat like little boils which did not break until the following Wednesday and then started to ulcerate. At the time of my visit she had three lesions on the side of her face, one under the chin, one on the side of her chin and one directly in the middle of her chin. The edges were highly inflamed and greatly thickened, the center ulcerated, with crater appearance. The ones on the chin, which were the largest, appeared to be nearly an inch in diameter. The ones on the side of her face were smaller, probably a little less than an inch and were of the same appearance. The cheek was much swollen and reddened. We had a photograph taken of this case. Helper (colored), age 24 years. Was vaccinated when he was 13 years old. Had lesion to develop on one hand, which was accompanied by some swelling of the arm. This subsided without lesions developing. The lesion on the hand was of fairly good size. Although we did not see this case, we were told that the lesion was the size of a dime. The helper also assisted in taking care of the cows. Discussion It is difficult to determine definitely the source of infection in each of these cases, especially those which developed after the herd became infected. It can readily be seen that three of the family, as well as the colored helper, by milking the cows twice daily, contaminated their hands, and thus were in position to spread the virus directly or indirectly. It is suggested, however, that the following is the method by which the infection was spread. The two sons, J. M. and B. M., were vaccinated September 16th, 1922. No shields were used and both were in the habit of rubbing and scratching the vaccine lesions. Their hands were thus contaminated and the infection transferred to the udders of the cows. The lesions on the body, wrist and thigh of one of the boys and on the wrist of the other, might have been caused by transference of the virus from the vaccine lesion or from the cows, through the intermedium of contaminated fingers. AN OUTBREAK OF COW-POX 97 The father was the next to become infected. In this case, the source was in all probability the cows, since the lesions appeared on the hands immediately after the disease appeared in the cattle. The youngest child was accustomed to meet his father as the - latter returned from work. The father usually took hold of the child’s arm, and in this way doubtless infected it. It was the custom for the child to sleep with his arm around his mother’s neck and this probably accounts for the lesions which shortly afterward appeared on her face. This outbreak demonstrated clearly the dangers of transmitting cow-pox to cattle through the medium of vaccination, and that individuals recently vaccinated should not be permitted to handle dairy cows. AN EPOCH MAKING INVENTION The invention of a testing apparatus which accurately meas- ures the pulling powers of horses and mules is the biggest thing that has ever happened in draft horse history. It will revolu- tionize breeding and permit the rapid development of a better class of draft animals. Sires will be chosen because of their worth, ascertained by actual performance. The value of horses and mules in transporting commodities in cities and in general work on farms will be re-emphasized. With this invention it is possible to ascertain how much a team ean pull without injury and to govern loads accordingly. Such an apparatus has been invented by E. V. Collins of the Agri- cultural Engineering Department of Iowa State College of Agri- culture and Mechanic Arts, Ames, Iowa. It is known as the horse and mule dynamometer. In tests with this machine at the Iowa State Fair, August 27, 28, 29, 1923, horses developed all the way from 8.6 horse power to 21.2 horse power and exerted a tractive pull of from 2000 to 2300 pounds. Credit for this invention must go entirely to Mr. Collins, but the initiative came from the Horse Association of America; for it was the persistent pressure of this organization upon agricultural engineers to devise some means of measuring the pulling power of horses and mules that led to the studies which resulted as above noted. Leaflet 97, Horse Association of America. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS (Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this de- partment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful to others in the profession.) JIMSON WEED POISONING By E. D. Kina, Jr., Valdosta, Ga. The plant shown in the accompanying illustration is too well known to require description. The Jimson weed, Datura stram- monium, is common in the United States and all tropical regions. This plant was used in the examination for the graduation of the 1916 class at the Veterinary College at Auburn, Ala., being set up on the desk used ky the examiner and the students told Jimson Weed (Datura strammonium) to “name the plant in the bucket, give the poisonous principle it contains and describe symptoms of its poisoning’? or words essentially to that effect. The reason that this plant is brought to the attention of the profession is that it killed a mule here recently, in the opinion of the writer. 98 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 99 A team was loose in a lot surrounding a small saw-mill, and when the driver was ready to hitch up the team to take a load of lumber to town he found one mule very sick, and called a local veterinarian who could not go, but told him that if the trouble was as the driver suspected (arsenical poisoning, from a dipping vat in an adjoining lot, close to the fence, with a small puddle overflowed in the mill lot) to give as an emergency treatment one teaspoonful of ferrous sulphate (this usually being kept on most premises. ) Later an urgent request was made that the veterinarian come out and see the mule, which was done, with result that the animal was found to be suffering from some narcotic instead of arsenical poisoning, pupils dilated, breathing labored, pulse absent, submaxillary veins greatly dilated, and mule walking backwards. It was seen that nothing could be done and immediate search was made for poisonous plants. Several Jimson weeds were found that had been bitten off and one prac- tically eaten up. Tracks of the mule (or the other one in the lot) were demon- strated passing by the puddle, supposedly of arsenical solution, but they passed straight by, with no interruption in the intervals of the tracks, and this animal could not have drunk out of the puddle unless he turned the front of the hoofs toward the puddle, which was not done. In my paper published in the JourNAL, June, 1920, Vol. LVII, New Series Vol. 10, No. 3, all possible emphasis was placed on this subject, and it is hoped that this may serve to interest, to some extent, those who have time and opportunity to study plant poisoning more. A RADICAL OPERATION FOR NASAL SARCOMA IN A MULE By J. E. Acuion, Sahka, Egypt Principal Veterinary Officer, State Domains The photograph which is here produced illustrates a case of nasal sarcoma, which for reason of its rarity, I propose to deal with in this short paper. A grey mule, nearly five years old, of Syrian origin, property of Mostapha eff. Dawoud of Dessouk District, was sent to me for examination on June 1, 1917. 100 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS Symptoms observed were as follows: Emaciation, difficult breathing, snoring sound and dyspnea, when the animal was made to trot; muco-purulent discharge of a fetid odor from the left nostril and eye; tender swelling of the nasal bones. On closer examination the orbital fossa and turbinated bones were seen to be invaded by a tumor, which, while projecting outwards, blocked the whole of the left nostril and by reason of its enormous size was pressing on the bones of the maxillary sinuses on one side, and on the other pressing against the septum nasi, causing a projection on its other side, thus blocking totally the left nasal chamber and partly the right. Trephining the maxillary bones was attempted, but failed to give satisfaction on account of the size of the tumor which was certainly unlike that of a nasal polypus. The case was provisionally diagnosed as sarcoma of the tur- binated bone. A radical removal of the whole tumor was sug- gested and carried out with the consent of the owner. The animal was prepared for operation on June 3, 1917. It was cast in a lateral position (on a heavy bedding) and in order to prevent blood entering the trachea, the head was lifted upwards by an assistant as much as possible. The seat of operation was shaved, washed and disinfected, and a local anesthetic was given, after which a longitudinal incision, close to the middle line, was made from above down- wards right over the most prominent portion of the swelling and parallel to the nasal bone, nearly 10 ¢c. m. in length. Then two other oblique incisions, one crossing the top of the longitudinal incision, the other crossing its bottom, thus making the shape of a capital I. The skin was carefully dissected and the levator labii muscle separated. The maxillary bones, being diseased, were soft and easily cut with the knife; then they were carefully removed, exposing the nasal chamber and the tumor. The tumor (most probably sarcoma) was firmly adherent to the turbinated bone. I then had no alternative but to remove the tumor, together with the turbinated bone. The cavity of the tumor was curetted and cauterized with a solution of fuming sulphuric acid. The hemo- trrhage was controlled chiefly by sponging the shneiderian mem- brane from time to time during the operation with a solution of adrenalin chloride, the larger vessels being secured by artery forceps. The whole cavity was then irrigated with a solution of chinosol, painted with iodine and packed with gauze. The skin was su- CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 101 tured. Daily irrigation was continued for about three weeks, during which the animal was doing well and the wound was heal- ing satisfactorily. The animal was sent to the owner with instructions to have it sent twice a week for dressing. Now owing to the irritation of the skin, produced during the process of granulation, the animal was unluckily found loose in the stable one night thirty days after the operation, rubbing himself against the manger and producing bleeding of the nostrils and tearing of the skin immediately over the seat of operation, leaving it a bare open gap as seen in the photo. Nasal Sarcoma The operation I believe would have been a success if it had not been for this accident. The animal was treated for six months afterwards and the last time I had the chance to see him the - wound opening was only as large as an opening of a small trephine or the size of a millieme. It is sometimes a good thing to be the lowest spoke in the wheel. Whichever way it turns it’s bound to go up. REVIEW DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF INTERNAL PaRAsITES. Maurice C. Hall, Ph. D., D. V. M., Senior Zoologist, U. 8. Depart- ment of Agriculture. 92 pages and over 100 illustrations. Published by Veterinary Medicine, Chicago, IIl., 1923. » Cloth, $1.50. This is the first of a series of books on parasitology of domestic animals to be offered by the publishers of Veterinary Medicine. According to an announcement of the publishers, the entire series will cover about three thousand pages. The volume is divided into ten chapters. The first two chap- ters deal with the methods of collecting parasites from various organs and with the technic of fecal examinations. The follow- ing five chapters are devoted to a consideration of eggs and larvae of parasites from various domestic animals in the follow- ing order: dogs, cats and foxes; swine; cattle, sheep and goats; horses; poultry. Over a hundred eggs and larvae are described and illustrated with the best figures available in the literature on parasitology. The next chapter deals with spurious parasites in the feces of animals and considers among other things such forms as yeasts, microscopic seeds, spores, and other vegetable forms that superficially resemble the ova of helminths and that are frequently confusing to the inexperienced microscopist. This chapter is amply illustrated. The next two chapters deal with anthelmintics, a field in which the author of the book has come to be recognized as the foremost authority. Following a general consideration of anthelmintic medication there follow directions for the treatment of domestic animals, for internal parasites, in the following order: Treatment for (1) horse parasites, (2) cattle parasites, (3) sheep and goat parasites, (4) swine parasites, (5) dog parasites, (6) cat parasites, (7) fox parasites, (8) poultry parasites. Dr. Hall’s expert knowledge of anthelmintic medication, based on his’ own painstaking work and on the work of others, would make any comment on that phase of the book superfluous. The book is singularly free from typographical errors, is pro- fusely illustrated and is exceedingly well written. Not only veterinarians and animal husbandmen, but also zoologists and physicians will find Dr. Hall’s volume a valuable aid and will await with interest the appearance of the succeeding issues of the proposed series. BAS: 102 ABSTRACTS Tue DETECTION oF Worm Eces in Feces oF ANIMALS AND Some EXFERIMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF ParasITIC GASTRITIS IN CaTTLe. Sheather, A. L. Jour. Comp. Path. and Thera., xxxvi (1923), p. 71. The paper, as the title indicates, is divided into two parts. In the first a rapid method is described for examining feces of animals. Briefly the procedure may be described as follows: The feces are suspended in water, strained through wire gauze (30 meshes to inch), the strained suspension added to an equal volume of sugar solution (sugar 1 lb., water 34 of pint) and cen- trifuged rapidly. Cover slips are lowered on the surface of the centrifuged liquid and gently withdrawn and placed on a slide and examined. The second portion of the paper considers the treatment of parasitic gastritis of calves, six to nine months old, caused by Ostertagia ostertagi. Turpentine used in doses of two ounces and given in milk and linseed oil was not effective. Copper sulphate in doses of twelve grams, either alone or when admin- istered with 1 to 5 grams of sodium arsenate, did not prove fatal to the worms. Tartar emetic given in a dose of sixteen grams was without effect. The writer states that, ‘Carbon tetrachloride was found not only useless for the DELS of the disease, but actually poisonous in a dose of 25 ee.’ EO Saade ETIOLOGY OF SPONTANEOUS ULCER OF THE STOMACH IN DoMES- Tic ANIMALS. Edward C. Rosenow. Jour. Inf. Dis., xxxii, (1923), 384. In his studies on ulcer of the stomach in man the author was able to isolate from the ulcers and from the foci of infection a streptococcus which, when injected into experimental animals, produced ulcer of the stomach. In man the most common foci of infection were the tonsils and the teeth. Carrying on this work in the domestic animals large numbers of calves, cows, sheep and dogs were examined. Streptococci were isolated in pure cultures, or in predominating numbers from a series of ulcers in these animals. The organisms could 103 104 ABSTRACTS also be found in the tissues where the number seemed to vary proportional to the acuteness of the condition. Uleers, hemorrhage, and infiltration of the stomach were pro- duced in 86% of rabbits and dogs injected with the freshly isolated cultures from ulcers in the different species, often times showing no other lesions. Streptococci were demonstrated in and isolated from these experimentally produced ulcers and they, in turn, when injected into animals, produced ulcer. Two of these strains so isolated and preserved in ascites-glucose-agar shake cultures, covered with oil, retained their specific localizing powers for 71% years. The injection of streptococci of similar morphology, but from sources other than ulcer, failed to give similar results. The writer concludes that ulcer of the stomach in animals is, as in man, apparently often due to localized, blood-borne infec- tion by streptococci which have a selective affinity for the mucous membrane, or other parts of the stomach. See EXPERIMENTS ON THE DISINFECTION OF SPERM IN MAMMALS, ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO DoURINE IN Horsss. HE. Iwanow. Parasitology (Cambridge, Eng.), xv (1923), 2, pp. 122-127. Sperm disinfection is of practical value in horse breeding, since dourine is very prevalent in some countries and valuable stallions may have to be retired from a stud owing to infection with this disease. Experiments in disinfection, to determine means of destroying parasites without injuring the sperm, indicated that physical methods were not promising. Radium was harmful to sperm and ultraviolet rays seemed to have inadequate penetra- ting powers. Some chemicals, including alcohol and atoxyl, were found unsatisfactory, but good results were obtained with sal- varsan and neosalvarsan. The author recommends that prior to coitus the vagina of mares be washed with physiological salt solution containing salvarsan or neosalvarsan, 1:10,000, and that the penis of stallions be washed with an aqueous solution of the same strength after coitus. As another measure he reeommends artificial insemination with the addition of the slavarsan or neosalvarsan solution to the sperm. As a prophylactic measure an ointment containing salvarsan, 1:10,000, may be used. M,C... AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Proceedings of Sixtieth Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada. August 27 to 31, 1923. MONDAY MORNING, August 27, 1923 The sixtieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association convened at 10:45 a. m., in the Banquet Room, Mount Royal Hotel, Montreal, Canada, President W. H. Welch presiding. PRESIDENT WetcuH: I will declare the Association in order. In the absence of the Mayor, Alderman Leon Trepanier will deliver the address of welcome, acting for the Mayor of Montreal. (Applause). ALDERMAN TREPANIER: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentle- men: It affords me a great pleasure to extend to you all a most cordial welcome to our city. I must say, Mr. President, that we have had this year quite a few conventions, but this convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association is a most unusual one for the City of Montreal. You have been kind enough to choose our city for the seat of your Diamond Jubilee meeting, and we are really proud of it, and we thank you very much. There is an impression among, well, I would say the prominent public, that a veterinarian is a man who looks only after the maintenance of the life of domestic animals. Our common people think that a veterinarian has only a few notions of anatomy or zoology, and that he does not go very deeply into studies which regard human life. Well, gentlemen, I hope that after your deliberations some of our people who are under that false impression will have another impression, because we know that the distinguished members of this Association will go very deeply into the studies which may lead to improving and maybe prolonging human life. We are very fortunate in having on the City Council, as one of my colleagues, a member of your Association, our good friend, Alderman Genereux, whom I would ask to stand up so that everybody will see him. Dr Genereux arose. . . (Applause). Dr. Genereux belongs to a generation which is a little older than mine. That accounts perhaps for the little disagreements we have, sometimes, about financial matters, because we young- 105 106 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING sters of the City Council are always ready to dissipate public funds, while Dr. Genereux, who belongs to the more thrifty generation, is always there to stop those dangerous youngsters. (Laughter) But there was a moment not very long ago, ladies and gentlemen, when Dr. Genereux and I were of the very same opinion. It was when, as Chairman of the Reception Committee, he came before the Council and thought that the City of Montreal, even if it went to the very limit of its very restricted budget, to welcome the members of the American Veterinary Medical Association, even then the City of Montreal would not do enough, and I was of the very same opinion. That is the only time we agreed. (Laughter and applause) Ladies and gentlemen, I wish to extend a special welcome to some of the distinguished members of this Association, especially to the eminent medical man from South Africa, who left that remote land to be with you here today; to the distinguished French visitor who will be here tomorrow; to the distinguished men from Cuba and Santo Domingo; and of course, to all our friends from the great American Republic. As to the city of Montreal, I do not want to go very deeply into the history of our city, but I believe you are in a city which has a very unique character. Though we are the metropolis of the largest British colony, Montreal is the third largest French city in the world. Out of a population of nearly 800,000, the French-speaking element numbers over 600,000. The Province of Quebec is seven-eighths French-speaking origin, and I wish here to dissipate an impression which many visitors have about the French that we speak here in the Province of Quebec. You know there are a great many of our American friends who have been a few weeks in Paris or Marseilles or Lyons and who are under the impression we do not speak what they call the Parisian French. There is nothing known as the Parisian French. There is but one French language in the world, and it is the one spoken and adopted by the French Academy in France, and the French spoken in the Province of Quebec, and all through Canada, by the two millions and a half British citizens of French origin is the French language, the one which we have inherited from the noblemen of the seventeenth century who came to our shores, developed this country and who gave us heritance, to the sixty thousand French settlers who were left here under the British domination, their language, their customs and their faith. PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 107 Ladies and gentlemen, if you cross the threshhold of our French-Canadian peasants’ homes in the rural districts, you may hear there the same melodious songs and lullabies, which were sung by our great grandmothers of France, in the seventeenth century, on the old land of France. We are, in this Province of Quebec and the City of Montreal, we citizens of French descent, jealous of our rights, of our lan- guage, of our faith, of our customs, but we are also most loyal subjects of Great Britain, and we are proud to say it. Our loyalty has been submitted many a time to very severe tests and I do not want to recall but one incident in American history, for it is only history, I may say here, that when the American revolu- tion started, when the old Chateau de Ramezay, which you will probably see tomorrow or day after tomorrow, was inhabited by American invaders, when proclamations were launched calling upon the French-Canadians to cease their allegiance to Great Britain and join the Americans, well, the French-Canadians remained loyal to Great Britain. Still, as I said a few minutes ago, we are jealous of our rights, of our language, of our faith and the motto of the Province, which is, ‘Je me souviens;” that is, ‘I remember,” which means that ‘I remember my language, I remember my faith, I remember the customs of the old France.”’ Ladies and gentlemen, there is one little point on which I desire to touch, too. It is that famous question of liquor in the Province of Quebec. (Laughter) I know that this Montreal has not been chosen for your convention on account of that famous temperance question, but I want to dissipate a very false impression about that famous liquor question in our Province. The first thing is, we don’t call it the “liquor” question, we call it the ‘temperance’ question, because our new laws have practically imposed temperance in this Province. Of course, our history is founded on individual freedom and liberty and that is why we never had any idea of imposing the “‘Volstead” system, the system dear to Mr. Volstead and Company, right here in our Province of Quebec, (laughter) but our temperance question —we have the liquor under government control and the profits derived out of the sale of liquor in the Province of Quebec go entirely to hospitals, the foundation of homes, the improvement of education, the advancement of science, arts and medicine, and two years ago, at the end of the first fiscal year, the Pro- 108 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING vincial government put at the disposal of such noble things more than four millions of dollars. This week about ten of our young men, young medical men, musicians, artists, will leave Montreal to go to England and to France, to advance their studies, to improve their knowledge, thanks to that famous liquor of the Province of Quebec. A very striking fact, also, ladies and gentlemen, is, since we have had our temperance law, cases of drunkenness have been reduced, from year to year, in the city of Montreal and today, though we have liquor in every government store, everywhere, in every hotel and every house, you can not see a drunken man on the streets. This is the liquor law in the Province of Quebec, and I am sure you won’t abuse our good temperance law. Montreal is a city, as I said, of an unusual character. We are the terminus of the two largest railways in Canada, the C. P. R. and the Canadian National Railways. We are also the national port of the Dominion. We have museums, libraries, educational institutions; we have two universities, English-speaking and French-speaking universities, and we have what we cherish the most, our old historical landmarks. - There is another convention opening this morning, of the American Numismatic Association, at Chateau de Ramezay. There has been published a pamphlet by the local press, in both languages, a very interesting pamphlet, which is being distributed free to the members of the American Numismatic Association, and I would invite the organizers of this convention to get a few hundred of those pamphlets and distribute them free to the visitors whom we have here today. Now, ladies and gentlemen, I don’t want to be very long. I am only replacing His Worship, the Mayor. He is a more pro- lific speaker than I am, and if he had been here, it would have been very much more interesting, but still I want to reiterate a most cordial weleome to you, and if Dr. Genereux finds. the City of Montreal is not doing enough, let him come before us this week and tell us.to spend more money than we are. (Applause) PrEsIDENT WetcH: Dr. L. A. Merillat, of Chicago, will respond. (Applause). Dr. Meriuuat: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: The address of welcome just delivered in behalf of the Mayor of Montreal imposes quite a responsibility on any one who would attempt to find words of reply. In fact, I have considerable PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 109 misgivings about my repartee, to reply to each of the features of his remarkable words of welcome. I want to assure your Honor, however, that Montreal is not new to any of us. This is not a new city. Now, I am not think- ing about what some of you are—I am thinking about the veterinary business and not the liquor business. (Laughter) I am very glad that His Honor has mentioned that particular feature about selecting Montreal as a convention city, and I want to assure him that not a single man here has come for that purpose, but I do not think that that spoiled the attendance any. (Laughter) I am thinking of Montreal from an entirely different stand- point. All veterinarians can not help but have a great deal of reverence for Montreal. Montreal is the cradle of the veterinary profession in the Western Hemisphere. Expressing it in French, “Montreal est le berceau de nos travail.” It is here that the first, orderly, highly-rated veterinary school was established on this continent, and it is here in Canada that education on the Western Hemisphere received its impetus. You may be interested in knowing that veterinary education is purely French in origin. Not so many years ago, in fact, just exactly 160 years ago, Claude Bourgelat, a musketeer of Lyons, under King Louis XV, established the first veterinary school in history. The first attempt to do any public instruction, to carry out a curriculum in veterinary science, to establish a profession, in other words, began on that day and date, and that institution your Honor, is existing today and Professor Porcher, a good friend whom I chanced to meet in Paris during my sojourn there, is a professor of that institution. That is one reason why Montreal is important to veterinary science. More than that, the school established by Bourgelat yielded another distinguished man, not much known in veterinary history, Charles Vial. Few men know Charles Vial. He was a graduate of Lyons, and a demonstrator of anatomy under Bourgelat, but he was a little bit sore about the way his colleagues were treating him in regard to promotions, and he migrated to London and started the Royal College of England. You see, it was a Frenchman, after all, who started the thing going in our language. In 1790, the Veterinary College of London was established, and this in a few years became the Royal College. The history of 110 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING veterinary science from that time on is household information to all of you. These schools, the Royal College of London, of Glas- gow, of Dublin, the Royal (Dick) School, begat the men who carried veterinary science to this continent, with one exception. Oxford yielded Liautard. The four pioneers are Professor Andrew Smith, who estab- lished the Veterinary School of Toronto; Professor Duncan McEachran, who might have been here this morning, but I understand is indisposed; Professor James Law, who established veterinary education in New York, and then our great Liautard, who established the first orderly education in the United States. These are the four pioneers in veterinary education in this country, but it was Montreal, it was Toronto, that led and conse- quently, we feel very proud to have selected this place to cele- brate this Diamond Jubilee, and I am sure that it is these facts that dominated a great deal in making this selection. With these few words, I deliver to you, to your custody, the welfare and comfort of these delicate looking gentlemen during the next two or three days. Thank you very kindly. (Applause) ; President Welch delivered his address. Published in this issue, p. 8. . (Applause). Dr. N. S. Mayo: I move that the President’s Address be referred to the Executive Committee for their consideration. The motion was seconded by Dr. Kiernan and car- ried. Dr. Ercuuorn: In the address of welcome, mention was made of the fact that we have with us on this occasion representa- tives of foreign continents. Among those from South Africa is one who has probably contributed more towards the advance- ment of veterinary science, especially in the control of and research in tropical diseases, than any one else in the world. The veterinary profession is indeed very proud that we have this celebrity with us, and I suggest, Mr. President, that Sir Arnold Theiler, one of the best known men of the veterinary profession in the world, should be asked to deliberate with us at our sessions, as we are sure that every one will benefit from his opinions, and I further suggest that he be escorted to the platform, that every one of you may have the pleasure of meeting him. (Applause). PRESIDENT Wetcu: I will ask Dr. Watson and Dr. Eichhorn to escort Sir Arnold Theiler to the front. PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING Bel The audience arose and applauded as Sir Arnold was escorted to the platform. Dr. THEILER: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It affords me a great pleasure to be here among you Canadians and Americans. I have been looking forward for this trip for many a year. I was prevented from doing so on the last occasion through ill health. I took the first opportunity to come over to these great countries of yours and meet my colleagues in this part of the world. My work, as Professor Eichhorn has pointed out, has mostly been in tropical diseases, of Africa in general. It is quite true that we have made a considerable success, but certainly it was due to a great extent to the great work which was done in America, and also in that disease which the President has mentioned, Texas fever, which has opened the door for further investigation in the tropical diseases, of Africa in general. It is through American science that success was posstble in the tropics. Ladies and Gentlemen, I thank you most heartily for the welcome which you have given to me. I was told that Americans are hospitable; I was told that I would be welcome, but your reception has surpassed anything that I had a right to expect. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, I thank you from the bottom of my heart for the kindness and the good reception you have given me. (Applause) Presipent WetcH: Gentlemen, the matter of the presenta- tion and adoption of the minutes of the previous meeting is now in order. Secretary Hoskins: Mr. President and Members: I have here the numbers of our official JourNAL which contain the minutes of the meeting held in St. Louis last year, and I would present them to the Association as the official record of that meeting. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, I move that the report of the Secretary be accepted. The motion was seconded by Dr. Kiernan and carried. The meeting adjourned at 12:30 p. m., on motion of Dr. Mayo, duly seconded. ADJOURNMENT (To be continued) OTHER MEETINGS MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The regular monthly meeting of the Massachusetts Veterinary Medical Association was held at the New American House, in Boston, on June 27, 1923. The meeting was called to order at 5:45 by President Thayer. The following members were present: Drs. Pierce, White, Paquin, Bricault, Thayer, Playdon, Howard, Gilbert, Boutell and Carroll. The records of the previous meeting were read and approved. The committee appointed to investigate the reasons why we were not included on the list invited to the Springfield Conference of the Massachusetts Public Health Council reported and the report was accepted. The motion that the Secretary be instructed to make application for membership in the Massachusetts Central Health Council, and to inclose a check covering the amount of the fee, was made by Dr. Paquin, seconded by Dr. Pierce, and carried. The membership application of Dr. Thomas Schinkwin was read, and laid on the table for the next monthly meeting. Committee appointed on the resolutions of the death of Dr. Henry Elisha Page consisted of Drs. L. H. Howard, L. A. Paquin and W. T. White. It was then moved by Dr. Pierce that a committee of two be appointed to gain the necessary information concerning rates, and various routes on the railroads to Montreal, for the annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association and to distribute the same to members of that association. The committee was appointed as follows: Drs. C. H. Playdon and H. W. Pierce. A suggestion was made that a meeting of the Entertainment Committee be called on Monday, July 2nd, to arrange for the September meeting, to be held in Springfield, Mass. The Secre- tary would notify the same. Dr. Thayer, President, reported that Dr. J. B. Lentz, of Am- herst, suggested a Massachusetts, if possible, or a New England Clinic, to be held at Amherst for some future meeting. The motion that the Secretary write to Dr. Lentz, thanking him for the offer, and that the matter be taken up again in the near future, was made by Dr. Paquin, seconded by Dr. Gilbert, and carried. The meeting adjourned at 7:45. C. H. Puaypon, Secretary. 112 ASSOCIATION. NEWS 115 NORTH CAROLINA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION What is conceded to be the best meeting of the North Caro- lina State Veterinary Medical Association, since its organization, was that held in the Vancé Hotel, Statesville, N. C., June 27-28, 1923. This, the twenty-second annual meeting, was presided over by the President, Dr. J. S. Dorton, of Shelby. The more than forty veterinarians present were welcomed by the Mayor, Hon. L. B. Bristol, who complimented very highly the work of our organization and the character of its membership and Mr. W. H. Morrison, President of the Merchants’ Associa- tion, who gave a short history of that organization and the good work it has done in getting reduced freight rates, regulating profits, etc. Response to these addresses was made by Dr. H. J. Rollins, of Rockingham. Following the order of the program, Dr. M. M. Dew, of Wilson, read a paper on ‘‘Post-Mortem Technique,” in which he gave a detailed description of this examination of the carcass. “Rearing and Mating Dogs’’ was the subject of a paper pre- pared and read by Dr. 8. A. Alexander, of Monroe. He dis- cussed the types and breeds, and several of the more common diseases and their treatment. ‘Fright disease’? was one ailment mentioned, which brought out quite a little discussion, since practically every veterinarian present has had various exper- iences treating it. Dr. J. C. Flynn, of Kansas City, Mo., one of our foremost authorities on diseases of small animals, attri- butes the disease to some kind of poisoning. He had been able to produce the disease by feeding certain dog biscuits. Mr. C. C. Demaree, of the Asheville Health Department, read a peper on ‘Milk Hygiene,’ making his discussion mainly from the standpoint of the laboratory man. The milking machine is alright when used under favorable conditions, he said. However, of the one hundred seventy dairies around Asheville, only two use them. Some have found them injurious to the udders. “Municipal Meat and Milk Inspection” was the title of a paper read by Dr. A. C. Jones, of High Point. He handled the subject from the standpoint of the inspector in the field. He referred to bacteria as dirt. -The dairyman can see dirt but he cannot see bacteria. Show him something he can see. He urged the use of the small-top milk-pail, pointing out that the smaller the opening the smaller the target for foreign matter. ASSOCIATION NEWS 114 OZGT ‘QZ-1Z OUNL “OD “N ‘o[TASO}BIG 7B OOUBPUI}YE UT SIOPISIA PUG UOTPBIOOSSW [BOIPO| AIVUIIN}O A 9}VIG VUTTOIVD YON JO Stoquroyy) ASSOCIATION NEWS 115 He urged the inspectors to be constructive, rather than destruc- tive; to educate the dairyman by gradual imnovations and to make friends with him. The dairyman should be made to realize the importance of his product and work to the health of the general public. In discussing these papers, Dr. S. A. Nathan, of Chapel Hill, held out for strict enforcement of the health laws, advocating the withdrawal of licenses, when dairymen fail to meet the standards, that the public health was too important a considera- tion for compromises. Dr. L. F. Koonce encouraged the keeping of old dairymen in business by helping them and not putting so many new ones in business. 5 Dr. M. J. Ragland, of Salisbury, advocated educating the customer as well as the dairyman. Dr. W. T. Scarboro, of Raleigh, advised publishing the bacterial score and getting both producer and consumer to cooperate for mutual benefit. Dr. W. A. Hornaday, of Greensboro, advised helping the dairyman build up to the standard. According to Dr. C. A. Cary, Dean of the Veterinary Depart- ment of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala., speaking on “‘Conditions Facing the American Veterinarian,” he said that machinery will never do away with the mule on the farm -or in war. The prospect for the veterinarian was never brighter than it is now, because there is more work to do and fewer veterinarians to do it. The prestige of the profession depends on the character of the rank and file of the practitioners, hence the future of the Association depends upon them. He urged the members to interest themselves in whatever animal industries their clients are interested in. He also urged them to demonstrate to students the necessity of a full college course and to join in a concerted effort to wipe out the veterinary corres- pondence schools. The veterinarians, extension workers and medical men must come together and define their spheres of usefulness, he said. The veterinarian should keep his place in sanitary control work. Let every other man have his place. Keep his friendship and you can get what you want and what rightfully belongs to you. He predicted that it is only a matter of time until every town will have meat inspection. “The principles that govern our relations to our fellow men are the same in every profession,” began Dr. Dorman Thompson, in addressing the Association on ‘‘Ethies in Veterinary Practice.”’ 116 ASSOCIATION NEWS “The distinction between the ethics of the professional and the business man is fast becoming obliterated, I am glad to say. The old idea of every man for himself and the devil take the hindmost is outworn. I do not presume that I shall say anything new to you, but there is value in repetition. Iteration and reiter- ation, line upon line, precept upon precept, example upon exam- ple, is the way we march forward. “Every man should take a pride in his profession. If he is not proud of it, he should quit it. No man who places the economic consideration first can be truly representative of his profession. Making a living is important, but it is only incidental to life. Those who have accomplished the most, who have risen highest, are not the men who made the most money out of their profession. “You cannot live to yourselves; you should take an interest in the life of your community. A man must first be a good citizen to be representative to his profession. Be honest with yourself and with your fellow men. It should be the purpose of every man to put more in than he takes out of a community. The life of the professional man, as of every other man, should be a constant warfare against selfishness. The old Hebrew prophet, Micah, has given us the basis for a code of ethics that will stand for all time: ‘The Lord hath showed, O man, what is good, and that the Lord doth require of thee to do justly, and to love mercy and to walk humbly before Thy God.” “Tf the campaign against bovine tuberculosis in North Caro- lina is maintained at the present rate, it will be eradicated within five or six years,’ was the assertion of Dr. A. J. DeFossett, Chief of Tuberculosis Eradication in North Carolina. ‘There is less tuberculosis here than in the northern and western states, hence the time is coming when live stock men from those sections will come here to buy clean, healthy cattle. North Carolina is to be congratulated for taking the lead in tuberculosis eradication. In Vermont 21% of the cattle are tubercular. Seven out of every one hundred children who die of tuberculosis, contract it through the medium of milk, hence the importance of tubercu- losis eradication.” According to Dr. T. P. White, Assistant Chief of the Division of Hog Cholera Control Work, Washington, D. C., cholera still remains the greatest menace to the swine industry. The annual, national loss approximates $30,000,000.00, with an additional cost of nearly $10,000,000.00 for serum and the service of veteri- narians. The serum treatment to young pigs does not give per- ASSOCIATION NEWS 117 manent immunity. However, pigs simultaneously treated while weighing from fifty to seventy pounds remain permanently immune. Fresh serum is best. : Dr. F. B. Owen, of Raleigh, who is in charge of Hog Cholera Control Work in North Carolina, assured the veterinarians that he and his men are ready at all times to aid local veterinarians in controlling any outbreak of cholera that may be reported to his office. Dr. M. Jacob, of Knoxville, Tenn., advocated the use of oxygen in preference to the air treatment in parturient paresis. He had also used it, with excellent results, in treatment of stricture of teats, this being preferable to surgical treatment. This treatment has also been used in the human female to the extent of saving life. In discussing veterinary purgatives, Dr. R. H. Parker, of Gastonia, said aloes, used alone, is the best purgative for the horse and hog. He said Epsom salts are the best for cattle, except in cases of low-blood-pressure. “Some Legal Facts Pertaining to Veterinary Medicine” was the subject of a paper by Dr. William Moore, North Carolina State Veterinarian, of Raleigh. Many of those present used this opportunity to get information pertaining to their interests. Prof. R. H. Ruffner, Professor of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, at State College, Raleigh, N. C., in discussing the “Live Stock Industry of North Carolina,” said 90% of our 260,000 mules, the most valuable live stock in the State, are raised in other states. These mules have a value of $128.00 per head. We should encourage the raising of more of these animals at home and thus save the nearly five millions of dollars spent each year for them in other states. Horses come second with a value of $108 each. Of these ani- mals we produce about one-fourth, or 41,500. There is an increasing demand for horses which is shown by the fact that during January 80% more horses ‘passed through sixty-seven of our principal live stock markets than during the same period a year ago. Our third class of animals, in value, is swine, which reaches the figure of $16,904,000. Prof. Ruffner urged that veterinarians raise a few pure-bred hogs and exhibit them at fairs and thus help to dispel the idea of the average farmer, that a veterinarian knows nothing about a hog. The cow stands fourth in valuation at the low figure of $39 per head. This should be the most profitable animal on the farm. 118 "ASSOCIATION NEWS Encourage the farmer with all your possible help in breeding and feeding to make it so. Encourage live stock exhibits at county and state fairs and pure-bred live stock sales. It is at these places that many new interests are created. Dr. J. C. Flynn, of Kansas City, Mo., held the attention of each veterinarian present when he responded to the call to discuss “Small Animal Practice.’”’ In response to several requests, he gave a description of his own hospital, its equipment and several methods used in handling various patients. He gave a short: history of this line of veterinary work as it has developed during the past fourteen years, showing that it has made remarkable progress. He referred to small animal practice as the “‘ife saver’ of the profession. He then discussed black tongue, different forms of mange and treatment for same; rabies, dis- temper, chorea, etc. Among the interesting things presented at the clinic, held in Dr. C. L. Cruse’s Hospital, was an ovariectomy operation on a bitch, with small opening in abdominal wall, and castration of a cat without restraint, by Dr. Flynn. Dr. R. H. Parker, of Gastonia, performed a cesarean section operation on a sow. Dr. W. C. Dendinger, of Goldsboro, held an autopsy on a cow that had reacted to the tuberculia test. The evening session of the first day was featured by a banquet that was enjoyed by many ladies and more than fifty veterina- rians. Dr. C .A. Cary acted as toastmaster for this occasion. Immediately following the banquet a business session was held, at which time the Secretary-Treasurer’s report was read and accepted. Dr. M. J. Ragland, of Salisbury, was recommended to Gov- ernor Cameron Morrison for re-appointment as a member of the State Veterinary Examining Board, for a period of five years. Drs. J. G. Sallade and B. E. Moore were elected to active mem- bership in the Association. Blowing Rock was selected as the meeting place for the annual meeting that is to be held the last Wednesday in June, 1924. A motion was passed to the effect that this Association hold a special session with the Southeastern States Veterinary Medical Association meeting, in Greensboro, November, 12-13, 1923. Election of officers resulted as follows: President, Dr. R. P. Huffman, Wilmington, N. C.; First Vice-President, Dr. S. A. Alexander, Monroe, N. C.; Second Vice-President, Dr. J. H. Brown, Rich Square, N. C.; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. J. P. Spoon, Burlington, N. C. J. P. Spoon, Secretary-Treasurer. - ASSOCIATION NEWS 119 MARYLAND VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The seventh annual meeting of the Maryland Veterinary Medical Association was held July 19th and 20th, 1923, at Frederick, Md. The meeting was called to order at 10 a. m., July 19th. Dr. R. V. Smith, President, in the chair. Owing to indisposition, the Mayor of the city, Hon. Lloyd C. Culler, was unable to be present and the address of weleome was made by the Secretary. Following the response, the Association listened to a very able exposition on “Milk Faults,’’ by Professor I. G. Weld, of Washington, D. C., Scientific Investigator for the Chestnut Farms Dairy, of that city. Professor Weld’s review of the various reasons why milk had to be rejected at the time of its arrival at a large city milk distributing plant, and the relative frequency of each such reason for rejection, was most interesting and instructive. Following Professor Weld, Professor G. A. Dick, of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, read a paper on “Vitamins in Cow Feeds.”’ His review of the discovery of these substances, the subsequent work with them and the present-day knowledge of the four vitamins now recognized, was able, thorough and very instructive. Other than in the writings of Dr. McCollum, of Johns Hopkins University, little has yet been written about these most interesting properties and the summary of what is known was, therefore, very timely. Following an adjournment for luncheon, the Association con- vened at the Frederick County Fair Grounds for the clinics. These consisted of a double cryptorchid operation, by Dr. R. V. Smith; the removal of a retained testicle in a hog, by Dr. Frank Ryan, of Middletown, Md.; the examination and removal of a portion of a mummified fetus in a cow, by Dr. John P. Turner, of Washington; the setting-up of ears on several Boston Terriers, under ether, by Dr. William P. Collins, of Washington, D. C.; the examination for the parasite, under the microscope, in a case of mange, and the examination for intestinal parasite eggs, under the scope, both under the direction of Dr. Collins, as well as an ovariotomy in a cat, by the same surgeon. The clinics were over at about six p. m., and all hurried to the Hotel to prepare for what we hope wiil be an annual banquet at 7 p.m. Forty-eight members and guests gathered for refresh- ments. The dinner was admirable, the music enjoyable, save 120 ASSOCIATION NEWS that Dr. Smith was off key, several times, and the speech of the evening short, so the occasion was one to be remembered and repeated. ‘During our morning session, the ladies of the party visited and shopped, as their fancies dictated, under the guidance and direction of our hostesses, Mrs. Smith, Mrs. McClellan and Mrs. Avery. In the afternoon they made an extended sightseeing trip in autos, provided by the Chamber of Commerce. The Friday session convened at the Y. M. C. A., at 10 a. m. Letters of regret were read from Professor J. A. Gamble, of the University of Maryland,;and Dr. W. E. Cotton, Assistant Superintendent of the U. 8. Experiment Station, at Bethesda, both of whom were unable to be present. An able presentation of ‘Treatment of Retained Placenta,’ by Dr. John P. Turner, of Washington, D. C., was the first of our program. In addition to his thorough discussion of the subject, Dr. Turner exhibited the clothing and instruments he had found most useful in the cases needing this attention and gave interesting sidelights on his varied experiences. (Dr. Turner’s paper is published in this number of the JouRNAL.) Following a discussion of this paper, we were entertained by Dr. E. M. Pickens, of the University of Maryland, with a lecture illustrated with lantern slides and a movie film on ‘‘Parasites of Poultry.”” Not much discussion was given the subject because of the fact that Dr. Pickens seems to be our only member with any intimate knowledge of it. His statisties of the magnitude of the poultry industry in Maryland were something of a revela- tion to most of our members. Dr. Charles Stevens, of the firm of Parke, Davis and Co., then presented his paper and discussion, illustrated with lantern slides, on “‘Standardization of Drugs.’’ The sources of most of the standard drugs used were revealed and their manner of preparation discussed. A general discussion of the usefulness of the distemper serums and vaccines here intervened. Dr. M. F. Barnes, of the Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture, then concluded the morning session with an admir- ably prepared and thorough presentation of “‘Sterility.”” It was unanimously requested that this paper be reproduced for the study of all of our membership. (Dr. Barnes’ paper will be pub- lished in an early issue of the JouRNAL.) Following luncheon a clinic was again held at the Fair Grounds. The roaring operation with a burr was performed on an excellent ASSOCIATION NEWS 121 subject by Dr. Collins, of Washington, assisted by Dr. Smith, and a tumor was removed from the foreleg of a mule, under local anesthesia, by Dr. Smith. Dr. Turner then completed the removal of the mummified fetus upon which he had worked the previous day. : The business meeting of the Association was held immediately after the clinic. Minutes of the January meeting were read and approved and the following members and guests responded toa the roll: Campbell, Conroy, Dornheim, Atherton, Welsh, Grapp, Gross, Grubb, Hastings, Hartenstein, Pickens, Koerner, Meisner, Melody, Muller, McClellan, Martin, Mullineaux, Poe, Reed, Ryan, Rome, Sapp, Smith, Turner, Young, Simonds, Poelma, Mitchell, Collins, Langford, of Martinsburg, W. Va., Fuller and Springer, of Pennsylvania, Dick, of Philadelphia, Barnes, of Harrisburg, Stevens, of - Baltimore, Ruebush, of Washington, Edison, Case, Casey, of Virginia, Jones, of Delta, Pa., Braninger, Wright, Hoffman and Cruikshank. Applications of Drs. Mitchell, of Berryville, Virginia, and Wheeler, of Delta, Pa., were approved. Secretary reported amount on hand as about ninety dollars and was directed to pay outstanding accounts for the meeting. Suggestion was made that the mid-winter meeting be arranged for two days, with clinics. No action was had upon the suggestion. Meeting adjourned at 5 p. m. - The ladies of our’ party were entertained during the forenoon of Friday, at the residence of Mrs. Smith. As all members de- parted very promptly after our business meeting, it was quite evident that our better halves had spent the afternoon in packing up and, let us hope, paying hotel bills. HuLpert YOUNG, Sec’y. NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY The thirty-third annual meeting of the New York State Vet- erinary Medical Society was held at Ithaca, July 25, 26, 27, 1923. The meeting was called to order by the President, Dr. W. Reid Blair. Prof. C. L. Durham gave the address of welcome for Cornell University. Prof. Durham is an interesting and popular speaker so far as the veterinarians are concerned. He has spoken before several groups of students and practitioners and his talks are always welcome. Mayor L. P. Smith gave the address on 122 ASSOCIATION NEWS the part of the city of Ithaca. Dr. D. H. Udall gave the response for the Society. A meeting with such a happy choice of speakers for the opening exercises is bound to be a great success and so this meeting was held to be one of the best in the history of the Society. Dr. W. Reid Blair contributed largely to the meeting through his rare ability as presiding officer, and by tact and courtesy in guiding the progress of the program and business. His address will appear in an early number of one of the professional journals and is very much worth reading. During the afternoon session of the first day several very fine papers were read. Dr. R. H. Spaulding took as his topic ‘“Abor- tion, Septic Metritis, Pyometra, Cystic Ovaries and Sterility in Cats.’’ His experience in the work with small animals fitted him well for such a paper. ‘Urinary Calculi in Small Animal Prac- tice’ was the contribution of Dr. Frank H. Miller. Dr. Miller has very recent, rich, operative experience in that line and his paper and discussion were very instructive. Dr. A. Eichhorn presented a paper on ‘‘The Single Vaccination Treatment for Rabies.’”’ The information given by Dr. Eichhorn was valuable and brought forth a good discussion. Dr. Eichhorn contributed discussions to other papers which were read and in that way was a further help to the meeting. A great deal of interest was manifested in the paper by Dr. J. W. Fuller, on “The Diagnosis and Treatment of the Most Important cooley. Diseases in New York State.” Dr. Blair presided at the dinner given at the Hotel Tinie The paper by Dr. R. 8. MacKellar, on ‘‘Veterinary Practice in Greenwich Village Thirty Years Ago,’’ had been scheduled for another time, but due to the absence of one of the evening speakers the paper was read as part of the evening program. An innovation at this meeting was the reading of a paper by Mrs. J. L. Wilder, at the conclusion of the dinner, on ‘The Trials and Tribulations of a Veterinarian’s Wife.” As the wife of a New York State practitioner, she was equal to her subject and the members and guests were agreeably entertained and instructed by the things she had to say. Assistant Commissioner C. P. Norgord, of the Department of Farms and Markets, gave a talk concerning the relationship of the practitioner to the aceredited-herd plan, as being worked in New York. His talk was looked forward to with interest, for he has charge of the administration of the work. He is a very ASSOCIATION NEWS 123 convincing and interesting speaker. Dr. Frank H. Miller was also called upon for a few words. Dr. H. J. Metzger has charge of veterinary extension work in this state and he gave an interesting paper, “(Our Mutual Interest in Veterinary Extension Work.” The next paper of the morning session of the second day was read by Dr. C. M. Carpenter, as jgint author with Dr. Geo. H. Hart, of Berkeley, Calif. The subject was “Bacterium Abortum Invasion of the Tissues of Calves from the Ingestion of Infected Milk.” Dean V. A. Moore had prepared a paper, ‘Diseases Communi- cable to Man Through Milk,” to be read at another period of the meeting. There was a demand to hear this paper on the part of those who could not be in the meeting at any other time and Dr. Blair ruled it in order. Dr. W. L. Williams was next, with “A Study of Reports of Abortion Committees.’’ Dr. Eichhorn, Dr. Traum and Dr. Williams were active in the discussion of this paper. ; The last paper of the morning was read by Dr. J. W. Benner. His subject was ‘“Immunizing Young Pigs Against Hog Cholera.” “Why Should Stock Owners Not Be Paid for Cattle Reacting to the Tuberculin Test Made by an Approved Veterinarian?” was the contribution of Dr. Chas. 8. Chase, to the afternoon program of the second day. This paper and its discussion led to the sub- mission by the Committee on Resolutions, of two or three resolu- tions touching upon the tuberculosis question. One called upon the Commissioner of Farms and Markets of New York State to appoint a veterinarian as head of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Another signified the willingness of the profession to cooperate with the Farm Bureau in a campaign of educa- tion. Another asked the Society to appoint a delegate to attend the meeting of the U. 8. Live Stock Sanitary Association, its next meeting in Chicago. All three were ratified without dissent. Mr. Victor C. Underwood talked on ‘‘The Cooperative Pur- chasing of Horses.’’ The paper read by Dr. W. G. Hollingworth had as its subject ““The Veterinarian’s Duty to the Public.” The final paper of the afternoon was that by Dr. Geo. H. Berns, entitled ‘“‘Veterinarians and the Status of Veterinary Medicine in New York City and Brooklyn Forty or Fifty Years Ago.” Dr. R. W. Gannett, of Brooklyn, was elected President. Dr. Chas. 8. Chase, of Bay Shore, was elected Vice-President. Dr. C. K. Hayden, of Ithaca, was re-elected Secretary-Treasurer and 124 ASSOCIATION NEWS Dr. H. J. Milks, of Ithaca, Librarian. The Society voted to meet in Ithaca again next year, after a cordial invitation by Dean V. A. Moore. Dr. H. B. Leonard and assistants conducted post-mortems on tuberculous cattle during the morning of the third day. Men who stayed for the demonstrations expressed themselves as having derived considerable benefit from the work. s C. E. Haypsn, Sec’y-Treas DELAWARE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Members of the Delaware Veterinary Medical Association and their wives gathered at the Hotel Belhaven, Rehoboth, August 15, 1923, as the guests of Dr. Frederick P. Ruhl, of Milford. Dr. Ruhl extended his invitation to meet at Rehoboth at the time of the University of Delaware Veterinary Conference in Decem- ber. A splendid attendance at the Rehoboth meeting indicated the doctor’s invitation was thoroughly appreciated. Dr. and Mrs. Ruhl weleomed the members as they arrived at the noon hour. The hotel management provided a special dinner table for the Association in the main dining room of the hotel. Dr. H. P. Eves, of Wilmington, was given the seat of honor at the dinner table on the occasion, he being the oldest graduate practitioner of veterinary medicine in the state. Fol- lowing the dinner, which was served in true Southern Delaware style, the ladies were entertained by Mrs. Ruhl, while the mem- bers held a short business meeting. Dr. Louis A. Klein, of the University of Pennsylvania, sched- uled to address the members at this meeting, was detained in Philadelphia and, consequently, was unable to make the trip to Rehoboth. Dr. Ruhl, substituting for Dr. Klein, gave a very interesting talk upon ‘‘The History of Veterinary Medicine in Delaware,” especially as it appertains to lower Delaware. The doctor discussed veterinary medicine in the past, present and future. He seems to hold a very optimistic outlook for the future of the profession. It is perhaps not amiss to state in this con- nection that Dr. Ruhl has been in practice in Delaware for eigh- teen years. He has built up a wide and extensive practice in a county that has been heavily infested with non-graduates. He is the only graduate veterinary practitioner in Sussex County, but in spite of his isolation from graduate associates, he has kept ASSOCIATION NEWS 125 abreast of the times and is held in high esteem by all who know him. Dr. Ruhl was formerly Professor of Veterinary Science at the University of West Virginia. He took an active part at the organization of the West Virginia Veterinary Medical Association and is a charter member of that body. The doctor has always been an active worker in the Delaware Association and is a mem- ber of the American Veterinary Medical Association. The Secretary read the proposed new constitution and by- laws, as recommended by the Executive Committee. The new constitution and by-laws was unanimously adopted. When this Society was reorganized at a conference of the veterinarians held at the University of Delaware, last December, the new Secretary was unable to find a copy of the constitution and by-laws. In fact, all records of the old Association were apparently lost. At the suggestion of the Secretary, a new constitution and by-laws was prepared and submitted to the Executive Committee. The Association is now working upon a well-organized basis, and by holding its annual meeting each year in connection with the annual University Veterinary Conference, a long and vigorous life is fully expected for the Association. Following the business meeting, the party gathered on the spacious veranda of the Hotel Belhaven, overlooking the Atlantic Ocean and the bathing beauties of Rehoboth Beach. Those too old for sight-seeing made many difficult diagnoses and cured many difficult cases. The more adventurous members and their wives not only looked, but actually partook of the splendid bathing facilities afforded by Rehoboth Beach. C. C. Patmemr, Secretary. SWAMP FEVER CARRIERS Bulletin 168, from the North Dakota Agricultural Experi- ment Station, by Drs. A. F. Schalk and L. M. Roderick, gives some very interesting data on the ‘History of a Swamp Fever Virus Carrier.”’ In this publication it is recorded that a known positive case of swamp fever (equine infectious anemia) may go for fourteen years without showing anemia, and then, without apparent cause, rapidly break down and show all of the usual clinical manifestations of typical field cases, including a profound anemia. The need is stressed for some quick, accurate diagnostic test for detecting infected animals and eliminating carriers. The absence of anemia is not to be taken as failure to reproduce the disease in experimentally infected cases. COMMUNICATIONS MAL DE CADERAS To THE EDITOR: May I draw attention to one remark, written in the July issue of the JouRNAL, which comes under a review of Professor G. H. Wooldridge’s ‘‘Encyclopedia of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics.”” The words written in the JOURNAL are as follows: ‘‘An inquiry came for information concerning a disease existing in Panama, known locally as “‘derrengadera” or ‘mur- rina.” We turned to the book for information concerning the Panama disease, but failed to find any mention of it.” As “derrengadera” is a term used locally, for a disease uni- versally called ‘‘mal de caderas,” it is quite possible that Pro- fessor Wooldridge has good reasons to offer for the omission of such a local term. For an author to quote all local terms used for certain diseases, however wide his knowledge may be, like that of Professor Wooldridge, is almost impossible. I shall, for example, mention one disease, which is most preva- lent at certain months of the year in Europe, called braxy, also known, as dwfr-coch, gwaewr-hydref, bradsot, clefyd-yr-wyn, strike, folleth, chwaren-goch, ete. To know all the terms used in different districts for this fatal disease of sheep is almost as impossible as to discover a curative remedy for it, or for “‘mal de caderas,”’ as, up to now, we have to admit to owners of horses and sheep that pills and potents and even inoculations are of very little value as curatives of these two diseases. Tartar emetic, injected intravenously, seems to prolong the life of horses suffering from ‘mal de caderas,” but eventually the animals succumb to the effects of the wriggling parasites; satisfactory results have been claimed by experimental injections of Bayer’s 205, on small, laboratory animals, but we still await for such results in the case of the horse. Upon my arrival in Venezuela, nine years ago, I had to admit to horse owners that I was ignorant of this local term ‘“‘derren- gadera,” as the one used in all the text-books which I had read was ‘‘mal de caderas,” which, of course, means almost the same thing. Nevertheless, neither term is correct. ‘Mal de caderas’”’ signifies disease of the hip or the joint of the thigh. ‘Derrenga- 126 COMMUNICATIONS 127 dera” is derived from the verb, derrengar, which means, to hip or to sprain the hip. Anyone who has seen the water-hog (capybara) known locally as ‘“Chiguire,” limping along the river banks, when suffering from this disease, would admit that they ean be pardoned for thinking that the seat of this irregular gait is situated only in or around the hip joint. Seeing that ‘‘mal de caderas”’ is the original term used in text- books for the one and the same disease, which is locally called “derrengadera,”’ I think it would be advantageous to retain the original and universal term, until someone can suggest a better one. Yours faithfully, Epwarp Moreau, F.R.C.V.S., D.V.H. Government Veterinary Inspector. Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, July 27, 1923. CURDLED MILK To THE EDITOR: The condensery here (Carnation Milk Co.) has had trouble this summer with sweet milk curdling. Before using milk they run samples for many different tests, one being the alcohol test, which is the only one that interests us at the present. They have found that one of the reasons for alcohol curdling sweet milk is the leucocytic content. They have also found that this milk cannot be separated, because it quickly clogs the separator. So, naturally, this milk is unfit for use in the condensery and creamery. The dairyman has come to the veterinarian for help. Clinically the cows appear in the best of health, not even a pathological lesion of the udder, nor even any history of a disturbance. The udders are pliable and seemingly normal. The cows affected cannot be identified, except by this alcohol test, which has been done just as they were milked in the dairy. Many herds in this vicinity had this malady a year ago, but it was not so extensive and lasted only a day or two. This season it has become rather serious, in several herds as many as ninety per cent of the herd being affected. Macroscopically this milk 'seems perfectly normal. Micro- scopically no organisms have as yet been isolated, although the bacterial count runs as high as two million, while under the same conditions a cow standing next to the one giving the curdling 128 COMMUNICATIONS milk has a moderate bacterial count of 200,000 or less. But the affected milk runs exceedingly high in leucocytes. The food question came up, but with nothing gained as far as we could see. These cows were fed green corn and alfalfa, bran, corn chops and oil meal. Green corn was suspected and they stopped feeding it, but with no results. The affected animals were under the same conditions and rations as other herds. Sanitation and hygiene was questioned. Because of the extremely wet season muddy runways prevailed. They cleaned up with no results. The affected milk still gave a higher bacterial count under same conditions than the normal or milk not affected. The problem for us to solve seems to be chiefly: To find out what causes the presence of the high leucocyte count, with no organisms present, no systemic disturbance, and no clinical symptoms. The cows are affected at different and all times of the lactation period. What is the next step to take? CHARLES Roy StTrance, D. V. M. Johnstown, Colo., Sept. 5, 1923. ABILITY RECOGNIZED The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania have appoiated Dr. Fred Boerner, Jr. (U. P. ’12) first assistant to Dr. John A. Kolmer, Professor of Bacteriology and Pathology in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania School of Graduate Medicine. Dr. Boerner has been in charge of the Peansylvania Bureau of Animal Industry Laboratories at Philadelphia for the past five years. In his new position his work will be teaching bac- teriology to men taking graduate work. He will also have charge of the Graduate Medical School’s Laboratory for Clinical Pathology and will ultimately be devoting a part of his time to research work. While Dr. Boerner’s friends regret his loss to the veterinary profession, still they believe he has tremendous possibilities in his new work and that his appointment will tend to bring about a closer relation between the two professions in this country. TEN EX-PRESIDENTS AT MONTREAL There were ten ex-presidents of the A. V. M. A. at the Montreal meeting: Drs. W. L. Williams, 8. Brenton, John R. Mohler, C. J. Marshall, C. E. Cotton, F. Torrance, V. A. Moore, C. A. Cary, D. 8. White and A. T. Kinsley. NECROLOGY WILLIAM A. STEPHEN SON Dr. William A. Stephenson, State Veterinarian of Utah, died in a hospital in Salt Lake City on August 16, 1923. He was taken to the hospital eight days before. He had not been feeling well for some time, with a high temperature every day, but gamely stuck to his work, until finally compelled to give up. Physicians were puzzled as to the nature of his illness, but the death certificate gave Malta fever as the cause of his death. It is thought to have been contracted while Dr. Stephenson was investigating an outbreak of this disease in goats, in the southern part of the State last spring. Dr. Stephenson was born in Holden, Millard County, Utah, Sept. 13, 1889. He attended the public schools at that place, after which he studied one year at Brigham Young University, two years at the Utah Agricultural College, and two years at the Colorado Agricultural College, graduating in 1916. After graduation he practiced his profession in Millard County, where he was very successful and popular. Dr. Stephenson was appointed State Veterinarian of Utah, in April, 1921, and dis- charged the duties of that office in a competent and conscientious Manner until his untimely death. The funeral was held in Holden, Sunday, August 19th, and was largely attended by State officers and friends from all over the valley. Dr. Stephenson was a skilled investigator, an indefatigable worker, a good citizen, a loving husband and father, well liked by fellow workers and all who came in contact with him. Had he been spared he would have gone far. He will be missed. He and sisters, to whom we extend our deepest Sympathy. Dr. Stephenson joined the A. V. M. A. in 1921 and was Res- ident Secretary for Utah, 1922-3. He served one term as Presi- dent of the Utah Veterinary Medical Association. SS MRS. A. T. GILYARD Mrs: 7A.T: Gilyard, wife of Dr. A. T. Gilyard, died September 7, 1923, after an illness of over a year. Our sympathy goes out to Dr. Gilyard and the four sons who are left to mourn the loss of their devoted mother. 129 130 NECROLOGY W . EWR Dr. W. H. Wray, of Beaconsfield, Bucks, England, died August 24, 1923. He was the representative of the U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry, stationed in Great Britain since August 1, 1890, and was to have been placed on the retired list next January He was originally appointed as a veterinariaa in the Bureau to assist in the eradicatioa of contagious pleuro-pneu- monia. Born ia Rathway, N. J., January 7, 1854, Dr. Wray atteaded public schools in New York City, including Friend’s Seminary and business college. He died as a result of a complication of diseases, at his residence, which he patriotically called ‘“Mary- land,’ in Ledborough Lane. He was buried on August 27, in Beaconsfield Cemetery in the presence of many of his friends who came to pay their last respects. Dr. Wray’s jovial manner and his readiness to express his honest opinion soon won for him a place in the confidence of the British officials. He had the happy faculty of remaining a true American during his foreign sojourn, but was always considered by every Britisher, with whom he came in contact, as a true friend and helpful adviser. Having joined the American Veterinary Medical Association in 1878, Dr. Wray enjoyed the distinction of being one of the four oldest members at the time of his death. He was a graduate of the American Veterinary College, class of 1878. He was Resident Secretary of the A. V. M. A. for the British Isles for several years. FERD A. MUELLER Dr. Ferd A. Mueller, a life-long resident of Indianapolis, Ind., died very suddenly, September 13, 1923. Dr. Mueller was a charter member and a graduate of the Indiana Veterinary College, class of 1908, and was an instructor and secretary- treasurer of the institution for thirty years. He was also secre- tary of the Indianapolis College of Pharmacy and a leading druggist of Indianapolis. Besides being president and treasurer of the Ferd A. Mueller Drug Co., he was identified with a large number of other business interests in Indianapolis. Dr. Mueller was a thirty-second degree Mason and a Shriner. NECROLOGY 131 Dr. Mueller was a man of philanthropic ideals and devoted much of his time to charity. He was a charter member of Allen- heim, of Indianapolis, a home for aged men and women, and served as president of the organization from its beginning up to the time of his death. He was also an active director of the General Protestant Orphan Society of Indianapolis for more than thirty years and once served as president. The deceased was a lover of mankind and ever since the death of his wife, in 1905, he devoted a great part of his time to the service of helping others. He was a man who readily forgave an enemy and was ever ready to sacrifice for the comfort of others. He is survived by his three children, Albert G. Mueller, Mrs. Margaretta Fertig and Dr. Ferdinand A. Mueller, Jr. The latter was elected secretary-treasurer of the Indiana Veterinary College, May first last, at the request of his father. Three brothers and two sisters also survive him. Dr. Mueller was among the Hoosiers who attended the recent meeting of the A. V. M. A., in Montreal. He joined the Associa- tion in 1908. J. CURTIS MICHENER Dr. J. Curtis Michener died at his home in Quakertown, Pa., on Sept. 2, 1923, aged 80 years. He was a son of the late Dr. Isaiah Michener, one of the early practitioners of Pennsylvania who practiced his profession in Bucks County (Pa.) for sixty years. The deceased was a brother of the late Dr. C. B. Michener, at one time Assistant Chief of the U.S. Bureau of Animal Industry, and the father of Dr. E. Mayhew Michener, one of the most prominent young veterinarians of this country, who died a few years ago. It was the correspondent’s experience to hear a lecture at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, in 1888, when three generations of the Michener family, all veterin- arians, were present, Drs. Isaiah, J. Curtis and E. Mayhew. The Michener family have been veterinarians in eastern Pennsylvania for nearly a century and have all keen brilliant men, who have devoted their lives to country practice and have all been emineatly successful as cattle practitioners. It was Dr. J. C. Michener who rather startled the Atlantic City meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association 132 PERSONAL in 1901, by leading a cow into the clinical arena and giving a clinical lecture. This was the beginning of such work at our - national meetings. Dr. J. C. Michener was very much interested in agriculture and had spent most of his later years on his farm, near Colmar, Pa. He is survived by a son and daughter. A lil sem Le IRA B. LUDINGTON Dr. I. B. Ludington, of Ludington, Mich., according to press dispatch, died August 30, 1923, as a result of injuries received in an automobile accident on August 4. Dr. Ludington was a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College, class of 1904, and a licensed practitioner of Michigan. He was 37 years of age. M. J. SISLEY Dr. M. J. Sisley, deputy State Veterinarian of Idaho, died by his own hand, July 27, 1923, at Buhl, Idaho. Despondency is believed to have prompted the act. Dr. Sisley was born September 6, 1891, received a high school education, and grad- uated from the Veteriaary Division of Michigan Agricultural College, in 1915. For some time Dr. Sisley was a veterinary inspector ia the Bureau of Animal Industry. He joined the American Veterinary Medical Association in 1921. He. leaves a widow, a bride of less than three months. ENGAGEMENT Dr. E. V. Moore (Corn. ’17) of Cortland, N. Y., and Miss Lulu M. Williams of Owego, N. Y. MARRIAGES Dr. John B. Taylor (U. P.’17) of Brookings, S. Dak., to Miss Louise Mitchell of Philadelphia, August 1, 1923. Dr. Francis D. Egan (Ont. ’23), of Detroit, Mich., to Miss Clementine Owen, of Toronto, Ont., June 2, 1923. Dr. H. C. Rea (K.C. V. C. 718), of Charlotte, N. C., to Miss Flora McNeil Barnes, at Fayette, N. C., June 28, 1923. Dr. Leo 8. Englerth (K. C. V. C. 718) of Royalton, Minn., to Miss Florence May Orth, at Royalton, August 21, 1923. PERSONAL 133 BIRTHS Dr. and Mrs. B. G. Darling, of Hooper, Nebraska, a daughter, August 29, 1923. Dr. and Mrs. C. L. Wells, of Baldwin, Kan., a daughter, Shirley Jeane, June 22, 1923. Dr. and Mrs. L. F. Holmes, of Hillsboro, Wis., a daughter, Patricia Louise, August 9, 1925. Dr. and Mrs. R. Schaap, of Pipestone, Minn., a duaghter, Irene Catherine, August 19, 1925. Dr. and Mrs. Bernard Johnsen, of Spokane, Wash., a son, Dale Bernard, August 22, 1923. Dr. and Mrs. William A. Hagan, of Ithaca, N. Y., a daughter, Janet Ann, August 26, 1923. Dr. and Mrs. L. M. Graham, of Rolfe, Iowa, a daughter, Phyllis Jean, September 3, 1923. PERSONAL Dr. R. J. Coffeen (Chi. ’06), is Mayor of Stillwater, Minn. Dr. Hubert C. Smith (Iowa ’23) has located at Jesup, Iowa. Dr. O. K. Simonsen, formerly of Nashville, Tenn., is now at Ames, Iowa. Dr. R. O. Barnes (Chi. 718), of Claxton, Ga., is Assistant State Veterinarian. “ Dr. Robert L. Galt (U. P. ’23) has engaged in practice at Quarryville, Pa. Dr. I. W. Horton (Chi. 795) has removed from Gary, Ind., to Middletown, W. Va. Dr. A. Hyde (A. V. C.’87) has removed from Philadelphia, Pa., to Brook- lawn, N. J. Dr. J. A. MeKitterick (Ix. S. A. C. ’22) of Greenwood, Mo., is a breeder of Hereford cattle. Dr. H. H. Custis (U. P. ’07) is assisting Dr. George 8. Fuller, of Philadelphia, with his practice. Major J. R. Shand (Chi. 07) has been transferred from Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., to Fort Sill, Okla. Dr. Harry Hedin (McK. 718) has removed from Twin Valley, Minn., to Crookston, same state. Dr. S. A. Watters (K. C. V. C.), formerly of Poteau, Okla., has gone to Broken Arrow, same state. Dr. H. M. Springer (Ind. ’17) is on temporary, work in Wyoming, with the Bureau of Animal Industry. Dr. E. M. DeTray, (Ont. ’07), of Napoleon, Ohio, was nominated for Mayor, at the recent primaries. 134 PERSONAL Dr. L. 8S. Backus (Corn. ’06) and family, of Columbus, Mo., visited Ithaca, N. Y., during the latter part of July. Dr. A. D. Hubbell (Chi. ’06), of San Bernardino, Calif., is Live Stock Inspector for San Bernardino County. Dr. U. G. Fridirici (Ont. ’90) of Tamaqua, Pa., is again able to practice a little, after an illness of seven months. Dr. William J. Martin (U. P. ’18) has been elected Secretary of the Cones- toga Veterinary Club, of Pennsylvania. Dr. W. O. Hughes (Ind. ’16) has severed his army connections and is now located for practice at West Point, Miss. Dr. Dwight H. Bennett (U. P. ’15) is located at Substation 14, of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, at Sonora. Dr. T. M. Bayler (Chi. ’11) is cooperating veterinarian with the McLean County (Ill.) Farm Bureau, at Bloomington. Dr. William J. Lentz (U. P. ’04) of the University of Pennsylvania, enjoyed a well-earned vacation at Beach Haven, N. J. Dr. E. J. Tansey (Ind. ’08), of Monrovia, Ind., is President of the Indiana State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners. Dr. R. J. Schermerhorn (San. Fran. ’14) is now located at 15 N. Chapel St., Elgin, Ill., He was formerly at Redlands, Calif. Dr. 8. O. Fladness (Chi. 712) has been transferred from North Portland, Oregon, to Baton Rouge, La., 603 Roumaine Bldg. Dr. George W. Winslow (Ind. ’20) is now located at Bend, Oregon, P: O. Box 725. He was formerly at Ontario, same state. Dr. J. A. Bogue (K. 8. A. C. ’21) of Lawrence, Kans., in remitting his dues, writes: “I could not get along without the JouRNAL.”’ Dr. E. V. Moore (Corn. 717), of the firm of McAuliffe and Moore, at Cort- land, N. Y., acts in the capacity of County Veterinarian. Dr. Hansford H. Rowe (Chi. 718) has been appointed chief of the meat inspection service recently inaugurated in Richmond, Va. Dr. John E. Gregory (Ont.) has purchased Lake Mineola, in the Pocono Mountains, and is developing it into a fine summer resort. Dr. E. A. Williams (St. Jos. 719) is now associated with Dr. John Schreiber, Director of the Ouachita Parish Health Unit, at Monroe, La. Dr. J. R. Aufente (U.S. C. V. 8S. ’06) has removed from Union City, Tenn., and is now with the C. H. Abattoirs Corporation, Altoona, Pa. Dr. Charles H. Kitselman (U. P. 718) has been commissioned as First Lieutenant in the Veterinary Officers’ Reserve Corps, U. 8. Army. Dr. Harry Shepard (S. W. V. C. 716) is back on the ‘ak at Killeen, Texas, after a lay-off since last May, due to an attack of trifacial neuralgia. Dr. Frank Hare (K. S. A. C. ’20) has resigned his position as Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. PERSONAL 135 Dr. H. E. Johnson (Corn. 714), of East Lansing, Mich., with his fame : visited Ithaca, N. Y., enroute to the A. V. M. A. meeting in Montreal. Dr. C. D. Carpenter (Corn.’20) resigned his connection with the University of California, July first, to engage in poultry practice at Petaluma, Calif. Lt. J. F. Crosby (Corn. ’15) has been assigned to the Medical Field Service School, Carlisle Barracks, Pa. He was formerly at Fort Ringgold, Texas. Dr. Earle L. Kittrell (K. C. V. C. 717) of Augusta, Ark., was prevented from attending the Montreal meeting by an outbreak of anthrax in his territory. Dr. F. J. Bolender (U. 8. C. V. S. ’14) is Field Veterinarian for the State Department of Agriculture of California, with headquarters at Selma, Calif. Dr. Harry M. Martin (U. P. ’16), of the University of Nebraska, motored to Philadelphia, with his family, and spent his vacation in the Quaker City. Dr. B. M. Underhill (U. P. 795), of Media, Pa., recently addressed the Delaware County Institute of Science on the subject of ‘““The Japanese Beetle.”’ Lt. E. M. Curley (U. P. ’11) has been transferred from Fort Des Moines, Iowa, to the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Dr. C. W. Borland, of 1430 Franklin Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, according to a eer paper, was recently arrested for the second time, on a charge of practicing illegally. Dr. Jacob Traum (Corn. ’05) has returned to the University of California, after a year spent in post-graduate study at Cornell University, with Dr. V. A. Moore. . Dr. John Ramsey (Terre Haute ’14) is on meat inspection work at Fort Worth, Texas. He was transferred from tick eradication work, in Texarkana, several months ago. Dr. H. J. Milks (Corn. ’04), of Ithaca, N. Y., accompanied by his family, enjoyed a ten-day camping trip in the Adirondack Mountains during the latter part of August. Dr. George E. Hunt (Corn. ’18) and family, of Champaign, IIl., were recent visitors in Ithaca, N. Y. Mrs. Hunt is a Cornell alumna, class of 1912, and a former resident of Ithaca. Dr. Wm. F. Egan (M. R. C. V.S8.), of San Francisco, recently wrote: “In- closed please find check for $16.50, being dues for my two sons and myself, and also for three lapel emblems.”’ Dr. Miller F. Barnes (U. P. ’11) has been appointed Director of the Labor- atories of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal! Industry, Philadelphia, Pa., succeeding Dr. Fred Boerner, Jr. Dr. A. J. Webb, who has been acting as Assistant State Veterinarian of Utah, has been appointed tothe position of State Veterinarian, following the death of Dr. Wm. A. Stephenson. Dr. George H. Hart (U. P. ’03) of the University of California, is spending some time in the East. He attended the Montreal meeting and plans to take in the International Dairy Congress. 136 PERSONAL Dr. Mason Weadon, of Fort Pierce, Florida, is City Food Inspector and, in addition to his private practice, looks after a ‘good- sized farm. Dr. Weadon puts out a hundred acres of tomatoes every year. Dr. O. F. Hoekzema (Gr. Rap. ’10) of McBain, Mich., met with a serious accident on July 3rd, which prevented him from attending the Montreal meeting. At last reports he was recovering slowly. Dr. I. D. Wilson (Iowa ’14) has left Pennsylvania State College, to accept the position of Professor of Veterinary Science, at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va., succeeding Dr. Wm. G. Chrisman (Ont. 02). Dr. C. E. Sawyer (K. 8. A. C. ’21) Assistant Professor of Pathology, K. 8. A. C., in remitting his dues, writes: “I am anxious not to miss a number of the JOURN AL, because it contains such interesting and beneficial articles.” Dr. Louis J. Helfand (U. P. ’20) encamped with the Fifty-sixth Infantry Brigade, at Mount Gretna, Pa., during July. He holds the rank of First Lieutenant in the Veterinary Corps and is attached to Brigade Headquarters. Dr. John H. Winstanley (U. P. 710) is representing the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry, at the county fairs in the Keystone State, with an exhibit of pathological specimens of contagious and infectious diseases of domesticated animals. Major J. Payne Lowe (N. Y. U. ’91 and Nat. V. C. ’93), of Passaic, N. J., Professor Wm. Herbert Lowe (N. Y. U. ’88), of Paterson, N. J., and Hon. L. Whitney Watkins, Lansing, Mich., Secretary of Agriculture of the State of Michigan, are first cousins. Dr. J. B. Latshaw (Corn. ’16), of Caruthersville, Mo., formerly a member of the teaching staff at Cornell University, paid his Alma Mater visits, both going to and returning from the A. V. M. A. meeting in Montreal. Dr. Latshaw was accompanied by his family. Dr. L. G. Hart, Sr., (Ont. ’92) of Chippewa Falls, Wis., recently met with a serious accident. He received very extensive burns, the result of the gas tank in his car catching fire while it was being filled. It is expected that he will be confined to the hospital for quite some time. Dr. Russell S. Detwiler (U. P. ’15) of Reading, Pa., was in camp at Mount Gretna, Pa., with the Twenty-eighth Division, National Guard of Pennsyl- vania, during the latter part of July. He isa First Lieutenant in the Veteri- nary Corps and is attached to an artillery regiment. Dr. B. Scott Fritz (U. P. *17), of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry took his vacation in Maine and Quebec. He states that he caught a fish at Bar Harbor, several feet long. His colleagues do not doubt that he caught a fish. but think it was one of the elastic variety. Dr. J. R. Fuller (K. 8. A. C. 712) ¢0f Walla Walla, Wash., reports a recent outbreak of anthrax in a dairy herd resulting in the loss of eight pure-bred Jersey cows. The correctness of the diagnosis was confirmed by cultural methods as well as by animal inoculation. This is the first outbreak reported in the State of Washington and is believed to have been introduced through the medium of feedstuffs. Dr. Guy W. Rosenberger (San. Fran. ’06) has resigned his position as Chief of the Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, Division of Animal Industry, of the California Department of Agriculture, ‘and has been reinstated in the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, and assigned to tick eradication work as traveling supervising inspector, on ‘the force of Dr. H. Grafke, of Fort Worth, Texas. Dr. Rosenberger’s official station is San Antonio, Texas. JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U_ S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.) H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary-Editor, 735 Book Building, Detroit, Mich. C. H. Stance, President, Ames, Iowa. M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Gero. Hinton, Ist District; T. E. Munce, 2nd District; D. S. Wuire, 3rd District J. A. KieRNAN, 4th District; C. E. Corron, 5th D’strict; B. W. Conran, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large, CHAIRMAN. Subcommittee on Journal D.S. WHITE ; J. A. KIERNAN The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JouRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. Pr ces will be sent upon application. Vol. LXIV, N. S. Vol. 17 November, 1923 No. 2 PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS We wish to take this occasion to say a word in behalf of our advertisers. They are indeed worthy of your support. When you are in the market for supplies, drugs, biologics, instruments, syringes or books, turn to our advertising pages and place your orders with the firms whose advertisements you find there. We do not make any bones about it, but freely acknowledge that if it were not for the support of our advertisers it would not be possible to give you the JouRNAL as you now get it, 160 pages or more every month, printed on good paper, in readable type, well illustrated, in fact everything that goes to make up a presentable, dignified, scientific publication. We believe that it is the best journal of its kind in the world today, judged by the quality of its contents as well as its make-up. We would like to have our advertisers believe that our JouRNAL is the most valuable adver- tising medium they can use. This rests entirely with you, the veterinarians who buy the things these firms have to sell. When you write to make an inquiry or place an order with one of our advertisers, just mention that you saw their adver- tisement in the Journal. It will help. We are trying to do our part. Will you do yours? 137 138 EDITORIAL SOCIAL FEATURES AT MONTREAL The portion of the Montreal program taken up with the social features of the meeting was unusually great, so much so that there were frequent expressions of opinion to the effect that we are over-crowding our programs with social diversions, at the expense of business and scientific sessions. Another thought, along the same line, and given expression by quite a number, is that our meetings are too long. Practitioners especially can ill afford to leave their practices for five days, plus the time con- sumed in travelling to and from the meeting. This is something that demands serious consideration. The morning of the first day (Monday) was taken up with the customary opening exercises, with practically no business transacted. The minutes of the session were published in the October issue, together with the presidential address. Monday evening was given over to the President’s reception, a very enjoyable affair. President and Mrs. Welch were assisted in the receiving line by Sir Arnold and Lady Theiler, Dr. and Mrs. M. C. Baker, of Montreal, Dr. and Mrs. L. Frood, of London, England, and Secretary and Mrs. Hoskins. After the hand- shaking was over Mrs. Welch and a corps of able assistants kept the wall-flowers from getting rooted in any one spot by keeping everybody on the move. Delightful music enabled many to synchronize their movements until well on towards midnight. Tuesday morning was devoted to sectional meetings and the afternoon to very serious business, including the election of officers. The evening was given over to meetings of the various alumni associations. Those holding such meetings were the alumni of the Ontario Veterinary College, McGill University and Montreal Veterinary College, American Veterinary College, Ohio State University, Cornell University and University of Pennsylvania. An account of these meetings will be published elsewhere. It can truthfully be said that there are no more enjoyable features of our meetings than these college get- togethers. They constitute a fixture of our meetings. This year the alumni meetings convened early and were: of shorter duration than usual, to enable the members to attend the illustrated lecture by Sir Arnold Theiler on veterinary con- ditions in South Africa. This proved to be one of the most _ EDITORIAL 139 interesting presentations ever heard by those whose privilege it was to be present. Wednesday was devoted to sectional meetings, including the clinic. The evening and a fair part of Thursday morning were given over to the banquet, the first we have had since the meeting in Columbus, in 1920. To those of us who have grown accustomed to the stereotyped procedure of similar festivities in the States, it was somewhat difficult to grasp the scheme of the Montreal method. Once started, however, the affair gathered such momentum that along about midnight many began to wonder whether Toastmaster White would be able to bring the thing to a stop without serious casualties. Just about the time that one member got upon his feet to move that the balance of the speeches be read by title and published in the JouRNAL, the Editor, sensing the situation, demonstrated that he possessed wonderful terminal facilities by bringing the speech-making to an abrupt close. To those who may wonder what the banquet was all about, and why it was necessary to consume parts of two days with it, kindly be advised that there were about a dozen persons scheduled to respond to toasts, that each toast had to be announced by the toastmaster, who introduced someone to propose each toast. After the toast had been proposed in proper fashion, one or more individuals were called upon to respond to each toast proposed. Furthermore, it was not sufficient to deliver these toasts in one language, but many were given in two, French and English, and, according to Toastmaster White, both languages were frequently spoken at the same time. The reader is left to place his own interpretation upon this phenomenon. The only other point that we will mention here is that President Welch moved Columbus from Ohio over the line into Indiana during the course of the evening. Thursday morning a general session was held, and at 1:00 o’clock we entrained for MacDonald. College. Here we had a splendid opportunity to stretch our legs perambulating over the spacious campus and rambling through the seemingly endless assortment of buildings and barns, the latter quite conspicuous on account of their vacuity at the time of our visit. Thence we wended our devious way down to the wharf to await the boat that was to take us back to Montreal. Ma Baker, in true motherly fashion, saw to it that none dropped by the wayside, incidentally enjoying several ice cream cones en route. As we 140 EDITORIAL paraded down the main street of Sainte Anne one of the villagers remarked that our party was the largest ever seen in the town. The ride down the St. Lawrence River, back to Montreal, afforded many their first opportunity to take a real rest. The boat was crowded and there was not much room to move around, so the majority remained seated—until we reached the Lachine Rapids. For those who had never made the trip before, the ride through the rapids proved to be a very thrilling experience, and they breathed many a sigh of relief when the rapids were behind them. It is reported that during the afternoon the Blue Owls held a very successful meeting, presided over (of course) by Grand Chancellor Blattenburg. It is further reported that a French section was added to the Order. Thursday evening the aquatic features were continued in the form of a moonlight boat-ride on the river. This was much enjoyed by those who stuck to the ship, but quite a few were so fatigued by the day’s outing that they were only too glad of an opportunity to get back to the hotel and go to bed early. Friday’s program provided for sectional meetings in the morning and the wind-up of the business sessions in the after- noon. By the time that President Welch was ready to turn the affairs of the Association over to his successor, Dr Stange, the audience had dwindled down to a scant score. And thus ended one of the most enjoyable meetings ever held. OUR NEW PRESIDENT Dr. Charles H. Stange comes quite naturally to the presi- dency of the American Veterinary Medical Association. He has been a member of the Association since his graduation in 1907 and has always taken a very active interest in the adminis- tration of its affairs. He was born in Cedar County, Iowa, May 21, 1880, was raised as a farm boy of that period and attended the public school of his community. He entered the Veterinary Division of Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, in 1903 and graduated with first honors in the entire college in 1907. Later he pursued post-graduate work in pathology at the University of Chicago. His first work was with the Bureau of Animal Industry in connection with scabies eradication in New Mexico. He was soon brought back to Ames, however, to start his teaching career in which he has been engaged continuously since that EDITORIAL 141 CHARLES H. STANGE President of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1923—1924 142 ‘ EDITORIAL time. As a teacher he gained an unusual reputation for clear thinking, careful analysis and ready presentation. He was known as a man who knew his subject, a man of strong convic- tions and one who possessed a readiness to stand by them. The high quality of his work and the promise for the future were quickly recognized by the College authorities and in 1909 he was made Dean of the Veterinary Division to succeed Dr. J. H. McNeil who had resigned to accept a position at Ohio State University. Under the leadership of Dean Stange the Division was soon organized into five departments for teaching and research along their respective lines and one department for research solely. Each department has its head and corps of assistants and each teaches only closely related subjects. The second big task following organization was to secure funds for and plan and build a complete new group of buildings for the work of the Division. The group is unique in its arrange- ment and has proved to be most satisfactory. Soon after the completion of this second task, Dean Stange was required by the State Legislature to build a plant for the production and distribution of anti-hog cholera serum and virus and to draw up rules and regulations for the manufacture, sale and distribution of these products throughout the state. The success and efficiency of this organization is well indicated by the effect which the organization had in controlling hog cholera within the State since 1913. Dr. Stange has won international recognition as a scholar, a teacher, an organizer and a research worker. He is a member of Sigma Xi and Phi Kappa Phi, honorary fraternities, is a prominent member of the Shrine, of the Acacia fraternity and the Rotary Club of Ames. He was a member of the Executive - Board of the A. V. M. A. for four years, is a member of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association and chairman of its committee on hog cholera control. He is also chairman of the Association of State and National Research Workers in Animal Diseases. This Association is composed of two men from each State Experiment Station and two from each division of the Bureau of Animal Industry. doing research work in animal diseases. Dr. Stange has been an active member of the A. V. M. A. since 1907, and besides his four years of service on the Executive Board, he has given much of his time and energy in serving on EDITORIAL 143 several of the important standing committees of the Association. He has always been an advocate of higher educational require- -ments, of better research work, of better organization for disease control and for better cooperation with the live stock interests. His strong personality, his keen foresight, and his wide acquaint- ance with veterinarians and with live stock interests, newspaper men and men in control of State and National affairs make him well fitted to pilot the A. V. M. A. through a successful year. STUDENT ENROLLMENT FOR 1923-4 Figures so far available indicete a slight falling off in the number of students enrolled in veterinary colleges this year. Only four institutions show an increase over last year’s figures: Iowa, Texas, Pennsylvania and Washington. Cornell just held her own. The others show fewer students enrolled this year than last. In the twelve colleges furnishing information, there are 591 students enrolled. It is interesting to observe how evenly these are distributed throughout the four classes. There are 149 freshmen, 152 sophomores, 132 juniors and 153 seniors. Five special students are included in the total. This evening-up of of the classes might tend to indicate that our veterinary student population had reached its own level, in answer to the laws of supply and demand. It would appear from our observations, however, that there is a prospective shortage of veterinarians in the not-far-distant future, at the present rate of going. The following table shows the distribution of students by classes in the various institutions. Fresh. Soph. Jun. Sen. Spec. Total 1922-3 Change Alabama P. I. or di, Be Ay : 5 = nS, Colorado Ag. Coll. ve 15 12 12 2 48 64 —16 Cornell Univ. 29 25 10 19 : 83 83 0 Georgia St. Coll. 2 8 3 9 . 22 25 — 3 Indiana Vet. Coll. 0 ila 7 10 : 28 62 —34 Towa State Coll. 32 24 18 16 : 90 80 +10 Kansas St. Ag. Coll. 12 11 13 18 s 54 65 —l1 Michigan Ag. Coll. 5 10 11 9 1 36 39 — 3 Montreal, Univ. de aA Ae as a 5 A 44 pyre Ohio State Univ. 13 12 24 20 i 69 79 —10 Ontario Vet. Coll. 16 14 15 Pall : 72 82 —10 Penn., Univ. of 14 10 10 5 2 41 38 +3 Texas A.& M. Coll. 11 4 5 2 ; 22 13 +9 Washington St. Coll. 8 8 4 6 : 26 19 +7 144 EDITORIAL The following table gives some comparative figures on the past five years, to show how student registration has been falling off. Students 1919-20 (does not include Indiana or Montreal........................ 800 1920-21 (does not include Indiana or Montreal)....................... 708 1921-22 (does not include Indiana or Montreal)....................... 641 1922-23 (does not include Alabama or Montreal)...................... 649 1923-24 (does not include Alabama or Montreal)...................... 591 MORE NEW NAMES In the February JoURNAL appeared an editorial entitled ‘““New Names for Old Friends.”” This dealt with the revised nomencla- ture for bacteria, based upon the final report of the Committee of the Society of American Bacteriologists on Characterization and Classification of Bacterial Types. Recently there has been published a book, ‘‘Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacter- iology,’ in which the new classification is used, with the new names given various organisms. Just when we were getting fairly familiar with some of these new cognomens we find ourselves obliged to start all over again, if we are to adopt the very latest appellations given some of our old friends. For instance, we have been struggling to decide what to call the Bang organism, Bacillus abortus, Bacterium abortus, Bacterium abortum or even Brucella aborta, when we note that this much-discussed organism now operates under the name Alcaligenes abortus and keeps company with Alcaligenes bronchisepticus, of canine distemper .fame, and Alcaligenes melitensis, the Malta fever organism, erstwhile Mzicrococcus melitensis, and for a short time relegated to the newer genus Brucella, now apparently defunct. Our old friend the hog cholera bacillus, so long known as Bacillus suipestifer is now Salmonella suipestifer and in this very important group we now find all of the colon-typhoid inter- mediates, with such important representatives as the paraty- phoids, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi-murium and others. It is pleasing to record this recognition of the pioneer work of Dr. D. E. Salmon, the first chief of our federal Bureau of Animal Industry, in connection with these organisms. Some of the organisms causing disease in the human now go under new names. The diphtheria bacillus is now addressed with great dignity as Corynebacterium diphtheriae, while the cause EDITORIAL 145 of typhoid fever is now Eberthella typhi. The loathsome gono- coccus now passes as Nezsseria gonorrhea, while tetanus is now caused by Clostridium tetani. And thus are our troubles multi- plied. FINE PROGRAM FOR SOUTHEASTERN Secretary Handley has secured a number of very prominent veterinarians to contribute to the program of the Greensboro, N. C., meeting of the Southeastern States Veterinary Medical Association, on November 12-13, 1923. Among these may be mentioned: Dr. C. H. Stange, President of the American Veter- inary Medical Association; Dr. John R. Mohler, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry; Dr. Cassius Way, Chairman of the Executive Board of the A. V. M. A.; Dr. T. E. Munce, State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania; Dr. W. J. Lentz, Director of the Small Animal Clinic, University of Pennsylvania; Dr. C. A. Cary, State Veterinarian of Alabama; Dr. W. K. Lewis, State Veterinarian of South Carolina and Dr. Wm. M. Moore, Sttae Veterinarian of North Carolina. Prominent practitioners on the program include Drs. J. T. Dixon, of Rock Hill, 5. C., F. W. Morgan, of Chattanooga, Tenn., J. G. Phelps, of Montgomery, Ala., F. E. Kitchen, of Greenville, 8S. C., W. D. Staples, of Annis- ton, Ala., and R. H. Parker, of Gastonia, N. C. Dr. M. Jacob, Treasurer of the A. V. M. A., is President of the Southeastern Association this year. COMING VETERINARY MEETINGS San Joaquin Valley Veterinary Medical Association, Visalia, Calif., Hotel Johnson, Nov. 7, 1923. H. B. Wintingham, Secretary, 1212 Belmont Ave., Fresno, Calif. New York City, Veterinary Medical Association of. Academy of Medicine, 17 West 43rd St., New York, N. Y. Nov. 7, 1923. Dr. C. G. Rohrer, Secretary, 40 West 61st St., New Mork, INC Y:. Massachusetts Veterinary Association. American House, Boston, Mass. Nov. 28, 1923. Dr. C. H. Playdon, Secretary, Reading, Mass. U.S. Live Stock Sanitary Association. Hotel La Salle, Chicago, Ill. Dec. 4-5-6, 1923. Dr. O. E. Dyson, Seeretary, 923 Exchange Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. Nebraska State Veterinary Medical Association. Grand Island, Nebr. Dec. 11-12, 1923. Dr. F. R. Woodring, Secretary, Lincoln, Nebr. ON THE SERUM THERAPY OF GLANDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GLANDERS IN MAN! ‘By E. A. Watson, Chief Animal Pathologist, Health of Animals Branch Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. In a study of the antigenic values and immunizing properties of mallein, by complement-fixation test methods, Watson and Heath,! have shown that the horse can without difficulty be hyperimmunized with mallein and that an animal so treated can furnish a serum which, in the complement-fixation test, permits of the titration of any sample of mallein and, thereby, gives indication of the widely varying reactivity and antigenic values of malleins of different origin and preparation. In December, 1922, in discussing with Dr. Gordon Bell, of Winnipeg, a chronic case of glanders in man which was making unfavorable progress in spite of surgical treatment and local applications, I made the suggestion that the administration of the above mentioned anti-mallein serum might be beneficial and that a trial treatment be given. This was readily consented to and was carried out. Meanwhile another case of human glanders developed and the serum was again employed. The results appeared so satisfactory in each case that Dr. Bell, who has had a considerable experience with glanders in man, published a preliminary note on the subject, ““The Serum Treat- ment of Glanders,”’ Jan. 31, 1923.2 Subsequently, and in the same locality, a third case of human glanders was diagnosed and came under serum treatment, and similar satisfactory results ensued. The response to serum treatment, as manifested by the almost immediate arrest of the disease and in the rapid healing of the glanderous lesions in each of these three cases was, according to the physicians, ‘amazing and of dramatic sudden- ness.’ All the facts and information that I have been able to collect in this connection together with a précis of the animal experiments and laboratory work, I am presenting in this paper in the interests of the medical and veterinary professions. Acknowledgments. To Dr. Gordon Bell, of Winnipeg, Pro- vincial Government Bacteriologist and Professor of Bacteriology 1Presented before the sixtieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, Montreal, Canada, August 27-31, 1923. 146 SERUM THERAPY OF GLANDERS 147 and Hygiene, University of Manitoba; to Dr. A. Gibson, of the Galloway-Gibson Clinic, Winnipeg; and to Dr. F. W. Jack- son, Wawanesa, Manitoba, for their case reports and notes and permission to include them in this paper. In the animal experiments, preparation of sera and comple- ment-fixation tests, I have had the active co-operation and assis- tance of Dr.'L. M. Heath, Pathologist, Research Station, Hull, P. Q. THE OUTBREAK OF GLANDERS IN Horses, TO WHICH THE HuMAN INFECTION IS TRACEABLE In May, 1922, a veterinarian reported the occurrence of glanders in the vicinity of Treesbank, Manitoba. Immediate investigation and the application of the mallein test to all sus- pects revealed eighty-five reactors, including eight horses pre- senting clinical evidence of the disease. Thirty-three premises were involved in the outbreak. One of the affected animals was a light driving mare, which had been shipped from a neigh- boring province into Manitoba, towards the end of the year 1919 and was subsequently sold and resold a number of times. This mare was used by all her different owners and their families for driving purposes and in going to dances, entertainments, ete. For a long period, over a year, she had been affected with an intermittent nasal discharge; she is rightly considered as the source of infection in this outbreak and the chief spreader of it. HuMAan GLANDERS Case No. 1. (Drs. Gibson, Jackson and Gordon Bell). J. T. C., age 26, farmer. Discharging sinuses, right leg, since January, 1922. Admitted to the Galloway-Gibson Clinic, August 18th, 1922, when examination showed five or six discharging sinuses over the surface of the right leg. Several of these were at the upper end of the tibia, several in the neighborhood of the ankle. Examination under anesthesia showed it was possible to pass a probe from the upper right down through the substance of the muscles in front of the leg to the lower sinuses. The condition of glanders was not suspected until patient accidentally mentioned that a number of horses on his farm had been shot for glanders (thirteen of his horses had reacted to the mallein test and three of these, including the driving mare aforementioned, presented clinical evidence of glanders). #8. mallez was isolated from the pus taken from the patient’s leg. General surgical treatment 148 E. A. WATSON with iodine and boric fomentations produced slight improvement in condition. Serum treatment was commenced on December 27, 1922, on which date there were seven discharging sinuses in the region of the right ankle on the anterior and external surfaces. There was a large ulcer, three-quarters of an inch square, just above the internal malleolus. There was another sinus on the anterior surface of the leg at the Junction of the upper and middle third. A probe could be passed from this sinus down through the tissues to the ankle. There was a great deal of discharge, some swelling and complete loss of function in the ankle. The condition had been about the same for four months and was so grave that amputation above the knee was seriously considered. On December 27, 1.5 ce of anti-mallein serum was given; on Dee. 28, 3 cc; on Dec. 29, 3 cc; on Dec. 30, 3 cc. By this time one could note a marked improvement in the leg, the discharge being a great deal less. Owing to a general state of collapse on the part of the patient, serum was discontinued until January 2, when 3 cc was given. On January 6 and on every second day until January 28, 3 ce of serum was given, when treatment was stopped. All discharge had ceased and all sinuses had completely healed. The ulcer on the inside of the foot did not completely heal for about five weeks. Thus: A condition of chronic glanders had existed for one year. The lesions were extensive; surgical and general treatment had had apparently no appreciable effect. Under serum treatment the lesions healed and the patient was apparently cured in one month. During the early period of serum treatment the patient suffered periodical rises in temperature, nausea and vomiting, and pain in the forehead (a tender spot could be located above and behind the left eye). At the end of the treatment the patient had regained complete use of his leg and was able to go about his work as usual. About two months later an abscess developed in the frontal sinus of the head. Glanders infection was suspected. Labora- tory examinations showed staphylococci, but were negative for B. mallet. More serum was given and the area healed. On April 21, patient was acutely ill again, temperature 103° F:, pulse 110, headache, and pain in the left elbow. The general symptoms subsided gradually, but elbow remained swollen, painful and immobilized. Towards the end of June patient was sent into the Galloway-Gibson clinic, where elbow was aspirated. B. mallez SERUM THERAPY OF GLANDERS 149 was again found in the specimens examined. The elbow broke down into discharging sinuses on July 15. It is to be regretted, says Dr. Jackson, that there was not a sufficient supply of serum on hand at any one time to give the patient a more thorough and intensive course of treatment. Case No. 2. F. W. Jackson, age 34, the doctor in attendance on case No. 1. He had a scratch on the right forefinger. He came into his patient’s house one day with his gloves very wet and turned them inside out and put them on the radiator. A few days later a sore developed on the injured finger, and in the discharge of pus Dr. Gordon Bell obtained B. mallei in pure condition. Dr. Jackson describes his own case as follows:— Index finger of right hand became infected January 4, 1923. Glanders suspected. Positive report from swab received Jan- uary 10. Serum started January 10, initial dose 2 ec; 4 ce given Jan. 11, 13, 15, and 17; 3 ec given every third day thereafter for four doses, then discontinued. At the start of the treatment the whole dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx of the index finger was involved. This had enlarged from an ulcer one-quarter inch square to one nearly three-quarters by one and one-half inches, with a great deal of discharge, in spite of local treatment. After two doses of the serum all discharge had practically ceased. Three days after the starting of the serum-treatment no culture of the Bacillus mallet could be procured from the ulcer. Inside of two weeks after the start of serum-treatment the ulcer was healed and up to the present date there has been no recurrence, August 7, 1923. Case No. 3. (Dr. F. W. Jackson) A. L., age 13, female. Was taken acutely ill April 27, 1923, with a chill and headache; vomiting followed, temperature 104° F. Seen forty-eight hours after onset of illness. Complained of headache, cough, pain in right ankle joint. Examination revealed slight bronchitis, — immobility of right ankle, pain on movement, no swelling. Swelling developed one day later and fluctuation just below and in front of external malleolus. Opened next day and probed. Sent to Brandon for X-ray on May 3, osteo-myelitis suspected. X-ray showed bones normal. On May 4 general anesthetic was given and foot opened up. Glanders immediately suspected on account of the great destruction of tissue. All the skin on the dor- sal and external surfaces of the foot was practically one large 150 E. A. WATSON slough. All tendons were bare; five large openings were made and tubes inserted. Examination of potato culture by Dr. Pierce reported on as suspicious. Anti-mallein serum was given as follows: 1 ec twice daily for two days then 1% cc twice daily for four days, when our supply of serum became exhausted. Three days after start of treatment temperature became normal and at this time another swab was sent to Dr. Gordon Bell. (Report negative. ) Four days after start of treatment discharge had practically ceased and foot began to heal nicely. June 7, all ulcers have completely healed and movement is nearly normal in toes and rapidly coming to normal in the ankle joint. August 8, movement in joint normal no ulceration no discharge; apparently complete recovery. Note:—Although glanders infection was not proved in this case by isolation of B. mallei (the pus was not sent for bacterio- logical examination until after six injections of serum had been given), no doubt was entertained, clinically, of the nature of the disease which Dr. Jackson regards as acute glanders, probably respiratory in origin. Bacteriological examinations:—Dr. Gordon Bell examined specimens of pus taken from each case and states: ‘‘In cases Nos. 1 and 2 the Bacillus mallei was isolated and grew on po- tato in characteristic fashion and was confirmed by Strauss’ reaction on guinea pigs. In case No.3 I did not examine the pus until some time after serum had been used and failed to find the bacillus, but Dr. Pierce, of Brandon, a very competent man, is sure that the case was one of glanders.”’ Complement fixation test of human sera for glanders:— On July 15, 1923, Dr. Jackson forwarded to me blood samples from cases Nos. 1, 2 and 3. A complement-fixation test was made, two antigens, (A) a suspension of B. mallei and (B)a solution of mallein- being employed. With the suspected sera there were included sera from two of the laboratory workers as negative controls, the serum of a known glandered horse and the serum of a horse immunized to mallein and to killed cultures of B. mallei as positive controls. Human serum, case No. 1, gave strong fixation reactions with both antigens, the serum titre being 0.02 (1.0 ce of 1.50 dilution) with antigen A, 0.1 (1.0 ce of 1.10 dilution) with antigen B. All other human sera were negative. It should be noted that at the time the serum was taken a relapse was occurring in case SERUM THERAPY OF GLANDERS 151 No. 1, while cases Nos. 2 and 3 appeared to have made a complete recovery. As already stated, the serum used for the treatment of the three cases of human glanders was obtained from a horse immunized against mallein. ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS The accompanying table gives the details of immunization and the titer of the animal’s serum, as indicated by complement- fixation reactions, the titer being the minimal amount of serum which completely fixes one unit of guinea-pig complement in the presence of an excess of antigen (mallein). The rabbit-_ antisheep hemolytic system was employed throughout. -It is, of course, well known, in connection with the serum diagnosis of glanders, that a previous mallein test, or a sub- cutaneous injection of mallein into a normal horse, may give rise to antibodies and cause positive serum reactions in comple- ment-fixation and agglutination tests for a certain period of time. According to Broceq-Rousseu, Forgeot and Urbain,? the antibodies disappear and the serum returns to normal in forty-five days after an injection of mallein. Mohler and Eich- horn,* in immunization tests with glanders vaccine, state that “demonstration of the presence of immune bodies in the vacci- nated horses ceased entirely in two or three nomths from the last vaccination ...... that one or two subcutaneous injections of mallein will give a complement fixation which may last from one to two months and that the agglutination value of the serum of such animals is also markedly influenced by subcutaneous malleinization, ....and it seems that a mallein injection has almost the same action on the production of immune bodies in a horse as killed glanders bacilli.”’ These views are more or less confirmed by our own observations and experiments. In the preliminary stages of sensitization and immunization, after seven subcutaneous injections of mallein and during a subsequent interval of sixty days, the immunity reactions gradually ceased. However, after each restoration of immunity, by further injections and intervals, a serum of a higher titer was obtained and the duration period of immunity length- ened out, as indicated in the accompanying table. It may be added that this anti-mallein serum gave a higher titer when titrated with a suspension of killed glanders bacilli as antigen than with a solution of mallein as antigen. The titer on Feb. 7, 1923, was 0.002, or 500 units per cc, with mallein, and 0.001, or 1000 units per ec, with a bacillary suspension of glanders. 152 E. A. WATSON Precis oF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS PRODUCTION AND TITRATION (COMPLEMENT FIXATION) OF ANTI-MALLEIN Horse SERUM Horse No. 1—Grey GELDING Antiserum Immunization Dura- Date tion, | Units || Injec- Remarks days Titer per tion Mallein ce No. (subeutaneous) Mu sel OS S19 Dis yell! feos lata ose ee ae 1 2.5 ce June 23, 1921 116 Soil apes | Ne one 2 5.0 ce Preliminary experiment June 30, 1921 200 Week eee ell ae Se 3 7.5 ce to ascertain the presence July 7, 1921 Dt | epee RT mt ae ez! 10.0 ce of specific antibodies in the July 21, 1921 41 Ort 10 5 12.5 ce | serum in response to sub- Aug. 4, 1921 55 (Gj 10)" ||| 36 15.0 ce | cutaneous injections of Aug. 12, 1921 63 0.1 10 7/ 17.5 ec mallein. Interval of 60 day Oct. 10, 1921 Piel CoA ata ten Peet sel | SeniRee SEL AY near ees Bees in which the immunity reactions disappeared. Oct. 19, 1921 Sioa bie cova ce a | ee 8 20.0 ce Immunity reactions re- Oct. 28, 1921 140 0.04 PASE Berner ety REN Bese stored and raised. " Dec. 6, 1921 HOY Ae tern ene Oe 9 20.0 ee Dec. 12, 1921 185 0.01 TOO Cais eee ees ee Jan. 7, 1922 211 0.01 MOO || Fee ceses leectociere. oles Jan. 14, 1922 218 0.04 PAS ioM | Steck al lag Beene cover Showing the duration Jan. 28, 1922 232 0.05 DOT Ni ee a | ears ee ee and decline of immunity Feb. 25, 1922 260 0.06 Gy jersey | ae ae reactions. Mar. 16, 1922 279 0.08 Boa A|| SS cetrera | eeyeeaes a's ete Period—147 days. April 3, 1922 297 0.1 1OCs eet ae ees ee May 2, 1922 326 0.14 7, Wistatrtcteed |e, tegen tine ons o (intravenous) July 10, 1922 SOD TA eee anes ae 10 10.0 ce July 17, 1922 402 ONO025 8/4400) Sloe Se aene aay. Serum used in human Sept. 18, 1922 465 0.01 TOOM A Rena |S A ee cases of glanders. Jan. 15, 1923 584 0.02 50 11 15.0 ee Jan. 19, 1923 588 0.01 LOO™ Nee AS SE aes Store Jan. 20, 1923 tcl em | oe aeioe neta A | Az 30.0 ce Jan. 26, 1923 595 0.002 SOOT. ce ae, Pate Be ee Serum used in human Jan. 31, 1923 600 0.002 BOOMER |G so orl hee | cases of glanders. Feb. 7, 1923 607 0.002 DOO} Oi Pans hab eee nee | Subsequently to the immunization experiments herein re- corded, this horse has received, during February, March and April, six intravenous injections of a suspension of B. mallez subjected to different degrees of heat, commencing with the first injection at 100° C. and finishing with the last at 50° C. The serum titer during this period fluctuated between 0.005 and 0.0016 (200 to 800 units). During May and June two in- travenous injections of a living and very virulent culture of B. mallet have been given,—(small intraperitioneal inoculations into guinea pigs cause death in seven to ten days). No clinical evidence of glanders has been manifested up to the present date; the complement-fixation titer of the serum maintains itself at about 0.0025 (400 units), while the agglutination value lies be- tween 1:3000 to 1:5000; periodical blood inoculations into guinea pigs have all proved negative. Glanders, fortunately, is not’ a common disease of man. But, SERUM THERAPY OF GLANDERS 153 has been stated by Robbins,° in his analysis of 156 cases col- lected from the literature, “‘it is to be remembered that the pub- lished cases of chronic human glanders are but a small proportion of those which have been correctly diagnosed, and there is reason to fear that the vast majority of such cases of glanders in man have been included under some other heading in mortality statistics.” ‘‘The curability of chronic glanders,’’ Robbins states in his conclusions, “has been greatly over-estimated. Scarcely six per cent of these cases were definitely cured. The duration, including many incomplete cases, averaged fourteen and one- half months. It varied between six weeks and fifteen years’’. In speaking of a cure in human glanders one must be very guarded and take into account the tendency to remissions after periods of quiescence. However, the results obtained in the three cases dealt with in this paper certainly indicate that specific serum treatment has a high and definite value in promot- ing a cure of this gruesome malady. REFERENCES 1Watson, E. A. and Heath, L. M.: Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Asso., LXI (1922), 5, p. 503. 2Bell, Gordon: Jour. Can. Med. Asso., XIII (1923), 3. %Brocq-Rousseu, Forgeot and Urbain: Am. Inst. Past., XX XV (1921). > 4Mohler, J. R., and Eichhorn, A.: U.S. Dept. Agri. Bull. No. 70, April 15, 1914. 1Robbins: Studies from the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1906. DISCUSSION Capt. R. A. Keiser: One of the most striking things in Dr. Watson’s paper is the seemingly small dose of serum that was administered in con- nection with these cases of glanders in man, and I would like to ask Dr. Watson if there was any particular reason for not giving larger doses? Dr. Watson: In the first case mentioned serum-treatment was com- menced when the patient was in a state of collapse with nausea, vomiting and headache; the pulse rate was very slow, and the physicians proceeded very cautiously in the administration of the serum. However, in three or four days they were apparently getting a rapid response, and they did not push the treatment as far as they might have done: Dr. Jackson says, in a letter, that he certainly would start another case with at least five cubic centimeters and probably double or treble that amount. He regretted afterwards, in this first case which occurred, that he did not give a more intensive treatment. The case had been running for one year before treatment was started and has at the present time recurred, although it is healing up again, as he told me in his last letter, and of course more intensive treatment is being given. In the other cases, glanders was diagnosed at the outset, on the appearance of the first lesions, and the administration of the serum immediately afterwards, though in small doses, gave very quick results. Capt. Keiser: I have raised the point because in connection with anthrax in man we have had occasion to furnish serum for human use, and the smallest dose recommended has been 35 cc, and I have knowledge of several cases where they gave as much as 150 cc intravenously. In one or two cases they had serum-rash, but in no case that I know of did they have a typical ana- phylactic shock following the initial injection. CuarrMAN Reep: Are there any further questions, or is there any further discussion? Of course, we know that glanders is not such a common disease in human beings, but it is, as Dr. Watson hinted, I believe, far more common than is publicly realized. BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION: SOME LABORA- TORY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS WHICH PUZZLE THE PRACTITIONER! By W. L. Wiuutams, Ithaca, N. Y. Veterinary science constantly increases in its scope. It is becoming more and more impossible for a veterinarian to attain high proficiency in both laboratory and clinical fields. Yet the solution of each important problem demands the application of both clinical and laboratory knowledge. It falls to the lot of the practitioner to make the final application of veterinary science to the control or prevention of disease. A highly essential part of such knowledge is derived from the laboratory. In turn the need for laboratory investigations is learned through the clinician. Efficient veterinary service is possible only so far as clinicians and laboratory men work together with mutual understanding and sympathy. In no veterinary field is this more essential than in the genital infections interfering with reproduction. In this problem abortion occupies a conspicuous place. Beliefs upon abortion are dependent in part upon tradition and partly upon modern research. In tradition, the causes of abortion were cosmopolitan. There were major groups of causes each comprising an infinite variety of minor elements. They included mechanical injuries (falls, blows), psychic disturbances (fright), weather influences (heat, cold, drougth, rainy weather), foods (damaged and undamaged of every known species), water (cold, stagnant), infectious diseases (foot-and-mouth disease, tuberculosis). When a more concrete conception of contagion developed, there arose the belief in one great dominant infectious disease, which invaded the uterus of the pregnant female, destroyed the fetus or fetuses and caused their expulsion. Tra- ditionally, it was an infection affecting only the pregnant uterus, the intra-uterine young or both. It caused all, or practically all, abortions due to infection and was responsible for nothing but abortion. It occupied an unique, if not mysterious position in pathology. With the development of bacteriology, breeders and veterinary practitioners looked forward eagerly to the identifica- tion of this traditional micro-parasite, trusting that the infection would then be brought under effective control. The honor of the 1Presented at the sixtieth aunuel meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Montreal, Canada, August 27-31, 1923. 154 BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 155 discovery of this prophetic bacterium fell to Professor Bang in 1895. Since the discovery of the B. abortus, by Bang, researches upon abortion have been directed almost exclusively along bacterio- logical or laboratory lines and almost wholly confined to the Bang bacillus. Clinical observations have been virtually abandoned or the records of them have been submerged beneath the avalanche of laboratory publications. The general results of laboratory investigations during the past twenty-eight years have included: (1) a contraction in the volume of abortions believed due to other causes than infection, with a corresponding expansion of contagious abortion; and (2) a growing modification of the belief that abortions due to contagion were necessarily all caused by one infection. The biology of abortion has dominated the field to the exclusion of important clinical and macroscopical post mortem studies. The emphasis has been placed upon what bacterium causes abortion, not upon how infection leads to the expulsion of the fetal cadaver. The failure to take into account the manner in which abortion is brought about by bacteria has left the veteri- nary practitioner and the breeder in a confused state of mind. If either breeder or practitioner were asked in what manner infection causes abortion, he would as a rule be wholly unable to explain. During the past nine or ten years, I have recorded the autopsic findings upon a number of pregnant females apparently ready to abort, and upon a considerable number which. were destroyed immediately after having aborted. In all these there was found a definite and intense endometritis at the cervical end of the uterus. Radiating therefrom toward the ovarian extrem- ity, the inflammation gradually diminished or disappeared. Clinicians with experience in bovine practice know perfectly well that retained fetal membranes, which so often accompanies abortion as well as calving, begins at the cervical end of the uterus and the process of detachment is last completed by maceration or otherwise at the apex of the horn. Based upon the very scant available clinical data the natural conclusion is that cervical endometritis is a constant and essen- tial lesion in abortion. No data tending to refute this conclusion have been recorded. Still it remains a vital question in the intelligent comprehension of abortion. Its final solution must rest chiefly with the laboratory worker because it is he to whom the opportunity comes to slaughter aborters immediately after 156 W. L. WILLIAMS the act and make a careful study of the lesions present. If cervical endometritis is in fact the basic lesion of abortion, and if it be determined that such lesion is produced by infection only, then an important foundation will have been established upon which a clearer conception may be built. The absence of such a foundation is largely responsible for the existing confusion and uncertainty. It is desired to discuss some of the laboratory teachings which puzzle the clinician, in the hope that there may be brought about a clearer understanding. THE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF ABORTION Some form or forms of destructive genital disease causing many abortions have existed in all lands from the beginning of history. Regardless of this fact, there is met again and again categorical statements such as “The disease (contagious abortion) has been present for many years in this country (United States) and has now spread to every state in the Union.’” The reader is justified in assuming the statement to mean that abortion has recently invaded some unnamed states or territories. There is no inti- mation that it has yet invaded Canada. Such statements, though common, are confusing. American cattle are derived from Europe, in every corner of which abortion has been common and serious throughout history. Cattle could not be brought to America without infections causing abortion in their native lands, and cattle could not be taken from one state to another without carrying their genital infections along. Naturally some breeders or groups of breeders may, through misconception or self-interest, claim that certain herds are free from contagious abortion. If the term is restricted to abortions caused by one individual organism and the diagnosis is based upon a given method, the contention might sometimes be true. It has been stated that Channel Island breeders claim their herds free from contagious abortion. But they abort liberally on shipboard and after their arrival in America without known exposure to a new contagion. It is unfortunate and confusing that such statements should be made by highly influential laboratory workers. Unless sup- ported by evidence more conclusive than any yet published the statements grossly mislead breeders and practitioners. It would be unfortunate if the officials of Colorado having legal power to do so should quarantine against New York cattle because of con- ‘tagious abortion. Certainly a Colorado breeder ‘purchasing A BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 157 cattle in New York needs be careful to select animals from the cleanest herds, but he should avoid concentrating his attention so closely upon the dangers of introducing abortion from New York that he neglects the abundant genital infections already present in the cattle of his own state. THE FREQUENCY OF ABORTIONS IN HERDS It is impossible to state with accuracy the absence, in herds, of infection capable of causing abortion. Infected and non-infected herds are often mentioned but a supposedly non-infected herd may suddenly be devastated by a storm of abortion without a trace of evidence of introduction. What is usually meant is that so far as the speaker knows the B. abortus is not present. The hearer perhaps generally understands him to mean that no infections are present competent to cause many abortions or other serious interferences with reproduction. The breeder may categorically deny the recent occurrence of abortion from con- tagion in his herd, accrediting them all to accident, yet vehemently believe a corresponding number of abortions in the herd of a neighbor as proof of a highly dangerous infection. The practitioner commonly knows only of those abortions resulting in dystocia or retained fetal membranes or which other- wise distinctly alarm the owner. In other cases the owner keeps his own counsel, hopes for the best and forgets. Laboratory workers are almost the sole molders of public opinion upon abortion. They prepare essentially all the bulle- tins. These go to almost every breeder and veterinarian in the nation. The laborator accepts the statement of the breeder that he does not have or has not had contagious abortion in his herd and in his reports and bulletins speaks of such non-infected herds as actually having a tangible existence. As a rule, the laboratory worker is the most exacting of all men in his details but in this particular place he accepts, and repeats as a scientific fact, very questionable hearsay evidence. If a breeder wishes to compute the reproductive efficiency of his herd for a year he must first determine correctly the number of females of breeding age on hand at the beginning and end of the year, and also all those which have entered or left the herd during the period with the duration of their stay. He must determine what pregnancies existed at the beginning and end of the year and the duration of each at the time of inventory. When to these are added the 158 W. L. WILLIAMS number of healthy calves produced during the year, he has the required data for computing his results. Such is not the method of most breeders and lak oratory workers. They too largely base their computations upon the number of fetal cadavers known to have been expelled. The -expulsion of embryos one-half to one inch long is occasionally observed and automatically is classed as abortion. Perhaps fifty or more such embryos are expelled unseen for each that is ob- served but they cannot enter into such computation although the loss in reproduction is identical. In any intelligent computation of breeding efficiency, abortions have widely differing values. If a cow expels a fetal cadaver at four weeks, the membranes accompany it, uterine discharge is scant and with intelligent handling she may be in safe breeding condition in another four weeks, or a total loss of eight weeks. If, however, she expels a fetal cadaver at forty weeks, the severe metritis, already present, grows worse, the fetal membranes are retained, her life is in definite peril and her breeding life in even greater jeopardy. She can scarcely be ready to breed again until at least twelve weeks have elapsed, a total loss of breeding time of fifty-two weeks, or six and one-half fold as great loss of time and even greater comparative danger to physical and repro- ductive life. The prevailing method of computing all breeding losses upon the ratio of abortions to births is grossly misleading and unworthy to be classed as scientific. It is worse for one cow to abort at forty weeks than for six cows to abort at four weeks. Laboratory workers have injected into their method of com- puting reproductive efficiency another element which defies all efforts of the clinician to understand. In recording the results of breeding under experimental attempts to cause or to prevent abortion, they submit three groups; sterile, aborted, and calved normally. The line between sterility and abortion is clear enough. If a calf has not been born and it is not known that a fetal cadaver has been expelled, the diagnosis of sterilityis beyond cavil. If it is known that a fetal cadaver was expelled, there can be no question about abortion. Between abortion and physiologic birth, the practitioner constantly encounters an endless variety of pathologie states which pass one into another imperceptibly. The laboratory worker steps abruptly from abortion to “‘calved normally’’ with no provision for the intervening gradations, and not the faintest intimation is given where the dividing line is drawn. BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 159 The practitioner habitually encounters premature birth which is In contact on the one hand with abortion, on the other with full-term birth. Perhaps most will agree that when a calf is born at less than 265 days, it is premature and that if it is over 275 days it is full term, leaving a debatable zone of ten days. Cows which calve prematurely commonly continue to suffer from endometritis which caused the premature expulsion and fre- quently have retained afterbirth. The prematurely born calves frequently die from sepsis, dysentery or pneumonia. Those which survive are generally undersized and when heifers reach breeding age they are largely sterile or abort in first pregnancy. Laboratory workers do not state whether they class these as “aborted” or ‘‘calved normally.” The clinician is summoned to attend many cows with a dura- tion of pregnancy of 275 days or over in which parturition is slow owing to the presence of metritis. The fetus may be dead or extremely ill so its reflexes are depressed or destroyed and it fails to assume that physiological attitude which renders birth practicable. Or the metritis present causes uterine inertia which prevents that organ from performing its part in the expulsion of the fetus, and makes obstetric aid desirable. After the fetus has been expelled or removed, the underlying metritis persists and perhaps the fetal membranes are retained. The fetus may be expelled, dead or mortally ill or may break down with dysentery in an hour or two. I have elsewhere shown? in a herd where abortions were fre- quent and genital infections were virulent, that parturition at or about full term required anywhere from 30 minutes to 35 hours, sometimes with final resort to obstetric aid, and that the expulsion of the afterbirth required from seventy minutes to thirty-six hours, with aid in the tardier cases. Between such extremes were all the variations the numbers would support. The clinician encounters these variations constantly, he believes some of them are physiological, he knows perfectly that many of them are not. Apparently, however, the laboratory worker designates all these as “calved normally.” These and other variations in parturition are observed constantly by the prac- titioner, far more frequently than he sees abortion and in herds where an abortion rate of twelve to fifteen per cent of pregnancies prevails, he sees far more pathologic than physiologic births. If laboratory workers intend to say that all pregnant cows which do not abort, calve physiologically, clinicians cannot accept the . 160 W. L. WILLIAMS statement as true. If it is meant by ‘‘calved normally” that the calf was expelled, or removed by traction, embryotomy or other- wise and that the cow and calf each lived or died according to chance, then the term is meaningless. To state that in a large herd or group of herds a certain percentage of females were sterile, another aborted and that the remainder calved physio- logically is such a flat contradiction to all clinical experience that it cannot be understood. It would enormously reduce confusion to breeders and clin- icians if in their recorded data, laboratory workers would divulge the average duration of time required for the production of a calf in a herd or group of herds, the duration of parturition, and of the expulsion of the fetal membranes along with the health of the cow and calf at say five days post partum. Such data would not reveal the number of fetal cadavers expelled, seen or unseen, but what is infinitely more valuable, it would indicate the sum total of the interferences with ideal reproduction and afford a secure scientific basis for their study. This would fix the biologic cause of neither sterility nor abortion but would establish an understandable point of departure for their deter- mination. When a laborator speaks of a non-infected herd, the clinician holds no key to his meaning. This may be well illustrated by two references to Sir John M’Fadyean. In one case’, thirty-nine heifers in first pregnancy were driven three and one-half miles by a boy and a dog. In litigation which resulted it was testified that at intervals of from 36 to about 180 days after the drive, 11 (28.2%) of the heifers aborted: Eight (20.5%) calved pre- maturely. At least 48.7% of pregnancies terminated pathologi- cally. Basing his conclusions upon blood tests of some of the animals, M’Fadyean testified that in those cases (and presum- ably also the others) contagious abortion was not present. Technically it was a non-infected herd. In a series of highly interesting contributions upon the elim- ination of contagious abortion from herds through the removal of infected individuals by means of blood tests, one large herd* is especially mentioned from which M’Fadyean believed he had eradicated the infection within one year. His records show that numerous abortions occurred in the resulting non-infected herd, the causes of which were undetermined. The comparative fre- quency of abortions in the infected and non-infected state is not revealed, and it is not stated whether the reproductive BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 161 efficiency of the herd was increased or decreased by the eradica- tion of contagious abortion. So it follows that neither practi- tioner nor breeder has any conclusive evidence of the breeding value of a herd designated as non-infected by the prevailing standards. DIAGNOSIS When abortion occurs in a herd the prudent owner is interested in a reliable diagnosis. Tradition has supplied him with a belief in such a wide variety of causes, that he desires to learn the iden- tity of the one responsible in his case. The laboratory workers are substantially agreed that accidental abortions are of no economic interest and except that recently some of them attach importance to abortions believed due to a vibrio, they quite unitedly agree that infections other than the Bang organism are unworthy of consideration. Hence aside from the recent con- verts to the belief that vibrio infection is of scientific and economic interest, there is but one cause of abortion in cattle worthy of attention; that due to B. abortus. This produces immediately an extremely puzzling dilemma for the practitioner. The owner desires a differential diagnosis. The practitioner is confessedly and utterly incompetent to make the diagnosis. The owner knows only that the abortion has occurred. The laboratory worker is the only individual who claims to be able to differentiate, and upon him the practitioner must rely for a decision. Referring again to M’Fadyean’s testimony* he convinced the jury that the abortions in question were not due to contagious abortion. This left the practitioner in charge in a decidedly sorry predicament. He must then decide between accidental abortion or abortion due to an infection of no consequence. It was hazardous for him to diagnose accidental abortion. He could not readily explain to his client why accident should cause the fetal death at periods of 36 to 180 days subsequent to the drive when among born animals fatal accidents generally destroy life immediately or within a few days. In born animals fatal accidents leave visible marks, but none appeared on the fetal cadavers. He might have said that the violence had caused detachment of the placentae and thus mduced fetal death but probably most of the heifers had retained, instead of prematurely separated, fetal membranes. He had no opportunity to destroy the aborting heifers immediately and examine their uteri. Only 162 W. L. WILLIAMS laboratory workers, in public service, working upon experimental or publicly owned cattle, have opportunity to destroy a cow immediately after aborting and to make an autopsy. Had he enjoyed that opportunity and killed some of the aborters at once, he would have found, according to all records upon this phase of abortion, an endometritis which was most intense at the cervix and thence radiated toward the ovarian end of the uterus. Then he would have been puzzled to explain the uniform occurrence of cervical endometritis referable to accident. No laborator or other investigator has yet described the post-mortem lesions of accidental abortion and no one has explained or tried to explain how mechanical violence could cause abortion. If the practitioner had resorted to the other alternative and ascribed the 28.2% of abortions to an infection of no consequence, his path would have been equally puzzling. Few veterinary prac- titioners possess the eloquence to convince the owner that an infection causing 28.2% of abortions and 20.5% of premature births is of no consequence. If the owner is so inquisitive as to inquire concerning the identity of the inconsequential bacillus, the practitioner is wholly at sea. Except for a few recent believers in vibrionic abortions, the laborators virtually all assert that no proof exists that other bacteria possess such powers. Even if the practitioner constructs a diagnosis which soothes his own conscience, his puzzle is not yet solved. He has difficulty in describing how to handle the herd. Those laboratory workers who manufacture abortion remedies have none on sale for acci- dental abortion. The official laboratory worker offers no advice for the control of abortions due to infections of no consequence. If the genuine bovine infectious abortion is diagnosed, there is still confusion ahead. The laboratory workers largely teach at present that the most promising, if not the only, remedy for con- tagious abortion is more of it; that on top of the infection present, more is to be added to produce valuable immunity. Some of them say, and the practitioner needs explain the logic of it to his client, that after a cow once aborts, she is generally immune to the Bang organism, but she may abort the following year from some other infection. It is, therefore, important that the cow be given a large dose of living abortion bacilli, soon after she aborts the first time,in order to protect her against a subsequent abortion due to other bacteria. If the practitioner can surmount his misgivings and recommend more abortion infection to destroy that which is present, the breeder is fairly susceptible the first es BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 163 time, rather skeptical the second and when he advises the living cultures a third time, he is liable to find his client as immune to advice as his cows are to a third abortion. So it is that abortion,as taught generally by laboratory work- ers, is the most perplexing and humiliating problem the prac- titioner has to face. In other veterinary fields the clinician con- scientiously regards himself as scientifically informed and com- petent to aid his client but from the field of infectious abortion he devoutly wishes he might escape. In the diagnosis of contagious abortion the most practical method without sacrificing animals is presumably by the agglu- tination or complement-fixation tests. In the application of these tests to abortions occurring in clinics such as the ambula- tory clinic of the New York State Veterinary College and others, combined with culture searches and guinea pig inoculations from the abort and its membranes, the presence of B. abortus is recog- nizable in about 50% of cases. But in many of these other bac- teria are also present. What relation, if any, they have to the abortions is not known. The blood of most calves at birth will not agglutinate at 1 to 10. Laboratory workers fix various standards for diagnosis, from 1-25 up to 1-100 and even higher. It isa purely quantitative test and each laborator is a law unto himself. There is no proof that an agglutination of 1-10 does not indicate one-tenth as severe infection as 1-100. Admittedly, the 1-10 agglutination generally indicates nothing serious while 1-100 does, but that is a question of prognosis. Carpenter’ has recently shown that when young calves are fed upon abortion-infected milk, the bac- teria are recoverable from the lymph glands about the pharynx. Their blood did not react to the agglutination test. It was not shown that they caused permanent infection. They were healthy calves, apparently able to overcome the amount of infection to which they were exposed. This must often be true because most dairy calves are exposed, so that uniformly permanent and destructive infection would mean the extinction of domestic cattle. Detre and Rohonyi' studied fifty-two animals by agglutination test and by smears from their vaginae. In sixteen of these abor- tion bacilli were not recovered from the vaginae. In five (31%) their blood agglutinated at 1-10 up to 1-200, while in eleven (69%) the agglutination titre was 1-400 up to 1-3000. Abortion bacilli were recovered from the vaginae. of thirty-six animals. In 164 W. L. WILLIAMS twenty-eight (78%) of these, the blood agglutinated at 1-10 up to 1-200 and in eight (22%) the agglutination titre was 1-400 to 1-3000. In other words, those animals from which the bacteria were not recovered from the vaginae showed an average agglu- tination titre of 1620 as compared with 440 in those yielding bacilli from their vaginae. They offer a plausible explanation for the phenomena which has no relation to the present purpose. There has long been known a severe disease in man, termed undulant, Malta or Mediterranean fever. It has been concluded, apparently upon indisputable evidence, that the disease is due to the ingestion of goat’s milk containing the organism designated Micrococcus, or Brucella melitensis. The disease is seen in Texas and other southwestern states where milch goats are common. Mohler and Eichhorn’ assert that the melitensis organism is pathogenic for sheep, goats, cattle and horses. They state “The most important symptom which is observed in goats affected with Malta fever is the frequency of abortions which result in the course of the disease. Some authors estimate that expulsions of immature fetuses occur in 50 to 90% of the pregnant animals, and abortions in affected animals reoccur also during the suc- ceeding and even at the third gestation following the infection.” This reads strikingly like a paragraph from a dissertation upon bovine infectious abortion. Writers upon medicine relate that in undulant fever, men commonly suffer from orchitis, which is suggestive of the orchitis noted in bulls during contagious abor- tion. ; Most laboratory workers declare that by agglutination and complement-fixation tests, smears, cultures and guinea pig inoculations they are able to recognize safely and positively B. abortus infection. Some eminent bacteriologists deny this. Evans’ made exhaustive comparative studies of the organisms of cattle abortion and Malta fever, the results of which have been recorded in detail. She took two groups of 4 pregnant guinea pigs each and inoculated one group with the abortion, the other with the Malta fever organism. Within a few days, three (75%) of each group had aborted. She could not differentiate the two organisms morphologically, culturally or by the agglutination and complement-fixation tests. Meyer and Shaw’® after a very extensive study of the two organisms say ‘‘A comparative study of 21 cultures of so-called ‘Micrococcus’ melitensis obtained from various sections of the world and of 32 cultures of B. abortus (Bang) isolated in this country and England justifies the follow- BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 165 ing conclusions: The causative organism of undulant fever of ‘man and of Malta fever in goats cannot be distinguished mor- phologically or biochemically from the organism responsible for infectious abortion in domestic animals.” They found that in old cultures there was a slightly deeper pigmentation with the Malta fever than the abortion organisms but this was merely quantitative and recognizable only when two cultures of the same age were carefully compared. Meyer, Shaw and Fleischner!? further showed that the inoculation of guinea pigs gave the same results with each organism but a larger dose of melitensis than abortus was required to cause the classic changes in liver, spleen and other tissues. The two organisms also caused undulant fever in monkeys, though it required larger doses of abortus than of melitensis to make the monkeys sick. They state: “Eliminating all conceivable sources of error, the data which will be presented conclusively demonstrate that B. melitensis can provoke in a certain percentage of guinea-pigs an infection indistinguishable from abortion disease.’ Here is a most intricate puzzle for the veterinary practitioner. Each infection causes abortion and both are pathogenic for cattle, goats, sheep and horses. Kennedy, cited by Zeller", records that the blood serum and milk of many of the dairy cows, in the vicinity of London, responded to the agglutination test for Malta fever. This confused Kennedy greatly and caused him to seriously doubt the test, as it was in absolute conflict with clin- ical observations. People using the milk did not contract Malta fever. Health authorities are at present agitating the control of undulant fever in man by discontinuing, or controlling the use of raw milk from goats. Apparently it is impracticable to differentiate between Malta fever and abortion infection and each is pathogenic for goats and cows. In fact some high authorities have ventured to suggest that Malta fever of man is really due to a highly virulent strain of abortion bacillus acquired by its habitat in the goat, just as others think that swine abortion is due to the cattle abortion bacterium of exalted virulence. The goat industry has acquired considerable importance in the United States and some members of our profession are deeply interested in goat diseases. With the present knowledge of Malta-fever and its indistinguishability from cattle abortion, any formidable movement to prevent undulant fever in man 166 W. L. WILLIAMS by the control of Malta fever in goats, will prove highly per- perplexing to veterinary practitioners who may be involved. Malta fever is not alone in supplying a puzzle in the abortion diagnosis problem. Fontaine and Liitje” applied the agglutina- tion and complement-fixation tests for bovine infectious abor- tion to 3419 horses, with seventeen (0.5%) reactions at a titre of 1-800 or over. Twelve (70%) of the reactors had fistulous withers. There were 101 animals with fistulous withers with 11.9% of reactions and 3318 free from fistulous withers with 0.15% reactions. The proportion between reacting horses with and without fistulous withers was 79:1. After recovery from the fistulous withers the horses were negative to the abortion test. Short bacteria were obtained from the abscesses of four horses, which they were unable to differentiate in smears or cultures from the Bang bacillus. A few samples of blood from horses with fistulous withers have been tested recently in this country for abortion infection and thus far.appear to substantiate the find- ings of Fontaine and Liitje. While a large group of laboratory men, who are preeminently responsible for the current beliefs of clinicians and breeders regarding contagious abortion assert that they can definitely diagnose the infection by laboratory methods, a very small group of eminent workers are equally positive that it is impracticable. The first group submits no data in support of its contention, the second offers abundant convincing .evidence. Based upon available evidence it may be safely said that the bacteriologist must identify the bacterium before him upon his knowledge or belief regarding the species of animal from which it was derived. If he knows or thinks it emanated from a cow, it is B. abortus, from a goat, M. melitensis and from a horse, a bacillus found in some cases of fistulous withers. Horses, cattle and goats are frequently in intimate association. M. melitensis, B. abortus and probably the bacillus seen in fistu- lous withers is each infectious for all three species and may there- fore pass from one to the other so that a bacterium derived from one of these animals may have invaded it only recently from one of the other species. When Kennedy" found that the blood and milk of a large percentage of dairy cows about London reacted positively to the test for Malta fever he escaped falling into serious diagnostic error only by the remoteness from any center of undulant fever in man. Had the cows been in Malta or other Mediterranean locality, or had cases of undulating fever been BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 167 developing in London, all the reacting cows would have been condemned. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1An. Rep. U.S. L. S.S. A., 1922, p. 92. 2Williams, W. L., Researches upon contagious abortion of cattle. An. Rep. N. Y. S. Vet. Col., 1914-1915, p. 88. aren, Sir John, Testimony in Chadwick vs. Gorman. Vet. Ree., Mar. 30, 1912, p. 4M’Fadyean, Sir John, Researches regarding epizootic abortion. Jour. Comp. Path. and Ther., 34 (1921), p. 48. 5Carpenter, C. M., Bacterium abortum invasion of the tissues of calves from the ingestion of Doe 2 Copa teeed: Presented at meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, Y, ° ®Detre and Rohonyi. Ueber die Diagnostik des infectidsen abortus des Rindes mit Hilfe der Agglutinations-und Mikro-scopischen Untersuchung. D. T. W., 38 (1922), p. 345. 7™Mohler, J. R. and Eichhorn, A., Malta fever in Texas goats. Twenty-eighth An. Rep. B. A. I., 1911, p. 119. SEvans, Dr. A. C., Further studies upon Bacterium abortus and related bacteria. Jour. Inf. Dis., XXII (1918), p. 580. *Meyer, K. F. and Shaw, E. B., A comparison of the morphologic, cultural and biochemical characteristics of B. abortus and B. melitensis. Jour. Inf. Dis., XXVII (1920), p. 172. 10Meyer, Shaw and Fleischner. ib. XXXI, Aug. (1922), p. 161. Kennedy, cited by Zeller, H., Weitere Untersuchung ueber das Seuchenhafte Verwerfen des Rindes., Arch. W. and Prakt. Tierh., 49 (1922), p. 65. Fontaine und Liitje, Beitrage zur specifitatsfrage der complementbindungsmethode bei der rotzkrankheit, Zeitschr. f. Veterinarkunde, Vol. XIII (1919), p. 2. DISCUSSION PRESIDENT WELCH: Gentlemen, you have heard one of the most important papers of the meeting. It is open for discussion. Dr. D. H. Upauu: I was very much interested in this paper. Dr. Williams brought out some points of far-reaching significance, not only from a profes- sional standpoint, but perhaps from a social standpoint, and without any doubt from a legal standpoint. Almost daily, certainly at least weekly, veterinarians in practice are asked by owners, following an abortion, following sterility, following retained placenta, “Is this contagious abortion?” We have come to assume that he means infection with B. abortus (Bang). How are we to answer correctly? He has received through the press certain impressions as to the significance of infection with B. abortus (Bang) and of the proper method of handling such infections. Often his conception of the proper handling of these cases is at variance with the experience of the clinician. It is important, therefore, for the clinician to have some reliable bacteriological method of diagnosis. There is nothing definite on the extent to which a clinician or a laboratory man may go with respect to the collection of material or the extent of its examination. We have definite knowledge of the amount and kind of material to be obtained for making a diagnosis of tuberculosis. The laboratory man has very definite knowledge of his limitations concerning laboratory examina- tion of that material. When it comes to this disease, diseases of the repro- ductive organs, there are no such limitations. We do not know after the material has been examined whether an animal is infected with the Bang bacillus. One may assume that the agglutination test is highly efficient. It is not infrequent, in routine examinations of herds, to obtain repeated negative reports upon animals that abort. Upon examina- tion of the placentae of such animals the B. abortus organism may be found. One can not always depend upon the blood test, and the same is true of the milk. This experience is not rare. A cow that has given negative agglutina- tion tests on blood examined at three-month intervals may deliver a calf at full time and reveal B. abortus (Bang) in the uterine exudate when an exam- ination of the placenta itself is negative. Should such an animal be reported as infected with B. abortus (Bang)? : ; ae The topic discussed by Dr. Williams is of great importance to the clinician. He must reply to the owner in regard to the nature of infection in the repro- ductive organs. Responsibility for making an important decision rests upon him. Caution and conservatism should be observed in the wording of laws and regulations intended to control genital infections. The veterinarian needs 168 W. L. WILLIAMS to keep the peace with his associates, and he has certain public obligations. It is highly essential that principles finaily adopted as effective in the diagnosis of a disease should be sound and free from controversy. Final decision should be withheld until we have knowledge of all of the different phases of the disease. Articles on abortion often lead one to infer that most of the chronic diseases of the genital organs associated with-sterility are secondary to infection with B. abortus (Bang). It is not infrequent to find herds where most discouraging infections of the genital organs exist and in which there is no evidence whatever of the presence of B. abortus (Bang.) Blood, milk, uterine exudate, placentae and fetuses are negative. Who can say that such a condition is secondary to something that has vanished, or that it is not due to some organism found in the material? It is not infrequent for a clinician to conduct work where abortion is fairly frequent, and from which no evidence of B. abortus (Bang) can be obtained after repeated examinations of the blood and other material. In the light of the bulk of our present literature such experiences are con- fusing to the clinician. And when one recalls that cattle owners are more familiar with the literature upon affections of the genital organs than with that of any other system, that much of it is positive, clear and final in its style, it is not difficult to appreciate the fact that clinicians are not only con- fused, but are sometimes embarrassed. In this connection may it not be appropriate to suggest that less confusion would result if conclusions based upon a large volume of work in a comparatively small field were not extended to cover the entire scope of veterinary medicine, both experimental and natural? Dr. E. A. Bruce: I would like to ask Dr. Williams if B. melitensis is the organism which presumably causes abortion in goats and cattle and undulant fever in man, how it is that on the Pacific coast, as far as I know, at least as far as British Columbia is concerned, I have not had any reports of abortion in goats, or any cases of undulant fever in men, but there is lots of abortion in cattle? Dr. W. W. WiturAms: In clinical work the relation between infection by B. abortus and the actual incident of abortion frequently becomes very obscure. In one herd with which I came in contact, about three years ago, there were twenty-three mature animals which had given birth to one or more calves. Of these there was only one animal which was negative to the agglutination test for B. abortus infection. This animal aborted, whereas the other animals of that group had never been known to abort. In the past three years the herd has essentially doubled in size. The younger animals which were negative three years ago have since become positive. Yet with the high percentage of positive agglutinations, only two or three abortions have occurred in that whole group during the past three years. Another instance is that of a herd of about 125 females, in which more or less work upon the genital organs has been done for several years. During the past two to two and one-half years, twenty-one abortions or premature births have occurred. It had been the general practice in this herd to examine the genital organs before service to see that they were normal and also in most cases to administer a uterine douche before service. With seventeen out of the twenty-one abortions or premature births, there had been, however, no examination or treatment before service. Of the remaining four, three had definite clinical evidence of salpingitis and the other a severely indurated cervix, the cervical canal being partially lined with eschar tissue. Thus, out of the twenty-one abortions or premature deliveries, the cause for abortion in four of these cases could be explained by the presence of definite foci of infec- tion. During the same period, there had been over sixty animals in the herd treated before service and these did not abort. In another herd having about eighty-five mature females, fourteen abortions occurred in one year amongst heifers in their second pregnancies, and with one exception, all of the abortions in the herd were confined to this group. These heifers all having exceptionally healthy deliveries of their first pregnancies, had received no treatment afterwards. Aside from this, it was not possible to point out any difference between their care and handling and that which BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 169 the rest of the herd had. The rest of the herd with the exception of the virgin heifers had uterine treatment before service. All of the mature animals had been affected with infectious dysentery one to two months before the abortions occurred, and this may have had some relation to the abortions. The preg- nancies of the mature animals, aisde from the ones in their second pregnancies were, however, not affected. : Now it is puzzling to understand in these cases how treatment of the genital organs can prevent an animal from aborting if the infection were Bacillus abortus. This organism does not usually occur in the uterus at the time that the organs are treated, and it is not plausible to suppose that the treatment of the genital organs can have any great influence upon foci of this organism elsewhere in the body. Clinical work cannot be safely conducted upon the basis of what is known about B. abortus. One herd may show a vast relation between B. abortus infection and the incident of abortion, and the next may just as emphatically deny the relationship. b Dr. A. Savace: I should like to ask Dr. Williams, if I may, although it is slightly beside the point, just what he understands by the term “infectious abortion.” It seems to me that if one adopts the attitude that abortion is the premature expulsion of a fetal cadaver, then it ceases to be a disease because it becomes the result of several or many different factors. Even the infection factors alone seem bound to include a number of organisms which have been fairly well described, the organism of Bang, that of Dr. Theobald Smith. the organism of M’Fadyean and Stockman and others. If by abortion one is to understand the result of being infected by the Bang bacillus, then it seems that abortion is also to include Malta fever in goats, undulant fever in man, and probably fistulous withers in horses. i Dr. B. T. Simms: Mr. Chairman, I hardly know what classification I would fall under. I fear I am neither fish nor flesh nor fowl, as I do too much field work to be called a laboratory man and too much clinical work to be called a field man. There are conditions in my state which are different from those under which* Dr. Williams works. I come from the Pacific Northwest but I feel I would like to say a few words about conditions which are obtaining there. We do have, I assure you, districts that are free from abortion, both by clinical observations and by laboratory tests. By clinical observations IT have seen farms in the southern part of the United States, too, which were absolutely free from abortions. By both clinical and laboratory tests we have found not herds, but entire districts, in the State of Oregon, that are free from abortion. Cattle owners, veterinarians and people who are in close touch have advised that there were no abortions in certain of our valleys in the mountainous districts. We have gone in and tested, by blood test, not one herd but the entire group of herds in such valleys and have found no evidence of the presence of the Bang organism. On the other hand, where abortions have been present, where there has been clinical evidence of some disease that was causing premature expulsion, we have found evidence of the Bang organism. In at least ninety-five per cent of the tests that we have conducted (and we conduct some few; in the last twelve months we have tested around five thou- sand cows in the State of Oregon, outside of experimental animals), cows which show clinical evidence of having aborted give us positive tests for the Bang bacillus. j We have found some one or two herds where there were abortions with no evidence of the présence of the Bang bacillus. The test certaimly does run parallel to the act of abortion. Of course, I don’t say (and I think no labora- tory man has ever said it) that all positive reacting cows will abort but we do say most emphatically, in the State of Oregon, that aborting cows will react in ninety-five per cent or better of the cases. In our state, too, we have observed some of these animals that are pre- mature births and have followed them to maturity. We have found that if they were handled in a satisfactory manner, they would give us negative blood tests after they had passed the age of five or six months. Even though they 170 W. L. WILLIAMS have come as early as 245 days, they have lived and from that on up. Those heifers, when they reached maturity, have bred for us and have given birth to live calves. They have bred very satisfactorily; they have given us negative tests and continued negative unless they were exposed to the Bang organism infection. Gentlemen, I want to emphasize again that I am not referring to conditions in the Middle West or East. I know nothing of the conditions there, but on the Pacific Coast the Bang organism is definitely associated with the act of abortion,: according to laboratory tests and guinea pig experiments. We do not have extensive outbreaks of abortion. Dr. Upatt: May I ask a question of the last speaker? I infer that you base the diagnosis on the blood test and I would like to ask if more than one blood test is required to establish diagnosis, and, if the aggluti- nation test is made, if the conclusions reached are accepted as evidence of reaction? Dr. Stmms: In our laboratory we make three dilutions in running the agglutination test, 1-50, 1-100 and 1-200. We consider the test positive and that the cow is infected if we get agglutination in two of the dilutions. Occas- ionally we have made higher dilutions, and observed them fifty-two hours after the test is made, where the animal has recently been infected with abortion. Of course, a negative test today does not indicate that the cow will abort twelve months or fifteen months from now, but it has indicated in Oregon that that cow is not an aborter and will not abort in the next few weeks or within a period of four or five months. Dr. W. L. Witttams: In replying to the first speaker, whose name I .do not know, regarding the question of why melitensis and abortion infection are not present in goats in British Columbia, and why there is plenty of abortion in cows, I am quite unable to answer. As used in the paper, I aimed to limit the term ‘“‘infectious abortion” to the definition made by the Committee on Abortion of this Association; to the infection by the Bang organism. It could not be constantly so limited; but “unless there is something in the context to indicate otherwise, the B. Abortus infection is meant. I am sorry that Dr. Simms did not go farther with reference to the abortion- free herds. I know very well that many breeders are so built that they can forget a great many things and one of the things which they do forget is abortion. Abortion is not common in cows which run in mountains, because there is nobody with them to see the fetal cadaver expelled. That makes a very great difference in the incidence of abortion. We can only count those cases as abortion in which we have some reliable information to the effect that a fetal cadaver has been expelled. In one large herd where I worked, the animals were running out in large paddocks of several thousand acres each, where the ground was very rough, with numerous boulders and fallen logs. The cattle were not seen regularly and while there was a sixty per cent breeding efficiency, that is, sixty calves per one hundred cows over a period of ten years, there were only about five per cent of abortions, and we had to call the other interferences sterility because it could not be seen. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE Sir Arnold Theiler wishes it to be known that the publications of the Union of South Africa, on veterinary subjects, are available to any veterinarian or institute making application for same to The Director of Veterinary Education and Research, P. O. Box 593, Union of South Africa, Pretoria. Sir Arnold desires full exchange of publications between the veterinarians of South Africa, the United States and Canada. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF POST VACCINATION TROUBLE! By Epw. A. CauILt, Indianapolis, Ind. During the past few years the pages of veterinary journals and the programs of meetings have been so crowded with dis- cussions pertaining to differential diagnosis of swine diseases that the importance of this subject may be readily judged. It is interesting, however, to note that this enhanced interest in diagnosis came almost simultaneously with an increase in post- vaccination trouble cases. The average practitioner who is favored with a desirable swine practice has been passing through a transitional period. A few years ago he shared the then prevailing belief that cholera was the only serious disease of swine and that the more or less me- chanical injection of anti-hog cholera serum and virus was equiva- lent to a guarantee of future health. He rarely felt it incumbent upon him to warn his clientele that following any form of vac- cination there is a small percentage of undesirable complications, that there is a difference between vaccination and immunity, or that the artificially acquired immunity following any form of vaccination is not absolute. Gradually it became apparent that one could not consistently retain this attitude and explain or even understand the altered field conditions which were be- ing experienced. As a result the more astute observers began to attach greater significance to fine points of differentiation and small details which had previously been considered unim- portant. As the transition progressed there came the realization that petechiae on autopsy denote a septicemia which may or may not be hog cholera, and that button ulcers indicate bacterial activity which may or may not be associated with hog cholera. This modern doctrine prohibits the belief that all sickness sub- sequent to vaccination constitutes a “cholera break’ while the transition becomes complete with those who diagnose cholera only if the syndrome includes typical history, symptoms and lesions. Such diagnosticians are prepared to explain to their clientele that a certain percentage of individuals vaccinated against any disease fail to become immune on account of immu- 1Presented before the sixtieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, Montreal, Canada, August 27-31, 1923. 171 172 EAS CARIEL nological factors as yet unknown. They likewise take into con- sideration the facts that pre-existing latent infections not in- frequently become active when the host is subjected to the influences of a different antigen, or that immediately following vaccination a state of increased susceptibility offers*an excellent opportunity for complications which may not be easily diagnosed. WHEN Experts DISAGREE Not all members of the profession concur in this modified interpretat.on of swine diseases and when at the request of the owner a consultation is held to determine the nature of post- vaccination sickness, a difference of opinion not infrequently occurs. In such cases one consultant diagnoses a “cholera break” and advises immediate re-treatment. Our investigations indicate that such a diagnosis is frequently an exhibition of dogmatism based solely upon the presence of petechiae of various organs and entirely disregards the fact that there are lacking other features necessary to make a cholera syndrome complete. The other consultant may diagnose another disease or condition, because he realizes that the petechiae may be due to septicemias other than cholera and because there are observed certain symptoms and lesions which do not symbolize hog cholera. This difference of opinion naturally baffles the owner and frequent ly results in re-treating herds which we believe do not require such treatment, thereby causing an economic waste and en- dangering confidence in a valuable and necessary immunizing procedure. ; Believing that when hog cholera is erroneously diagnosed and vaccinated animals unnecessarily re-treated, the psychological effects are more harmful than beneficial, there was felt the need of definite information to determine whether or not such cases actually exist. While the literature reveals a few scattered reports of the examination of blood from such cases we were unable to find the publication of any extended investigations pertaining to the subject. Because of these facts the experiments reported herein were undertaken. Samples of blood were procured from as many cases as possible where swine sickened subsequent to vaccination and where the conditions simulated a so-called “cholera break’. Many cases in addition to those included herein were studied but in the majority of those called to our attention a definite clinical diagnosis of some condition other than cholera could be made. In POST VACCINATION TROUBLE 173 every case included in this report the outstanding, post-mortem lesion consisted of ecchymoses or petechiation of various organs. In each instance the trouble was considered a ‘‘cholera break” by one or more veterinarians while one or more dissented from that opinion. These dissimilar opinions can be temporarily correlated by the statement that each individual selected was suffering from what appeared to be an acute septicemic condition and was bled in the height of the attack. Included in the exper- iments is the blood of 210 animals collected from nine different states. The serum and virus with which the animals had been previously vaccinated represents the products of two state and four commercial organizations. MetTHop oF PROCEDURE The animals were bled in as sterile a manner as_ possible into Mason fruit-jars, the blood defibrinated and taken to the laboratory without the addition of any preservative. The blood and any tissues showing pathological changes were: subjected to thorough bacteriological examination. Rabbits, mice or guinea pigs were inoculated with each sample of blood. In every instance two presumably susceptible pigs were inoculated with from five to ten cubic centimeters of the blood under exam- ination. In every case the susceptibility of moculated pigs, which did not sicken, was proved by the subsequent injection of two cubie centimeters of known virulent virus. In some in- stances the animals were inoculated with filtered blood but in the majority of cases whole blood was used. Although not shown in these protocols it was interesting to note that there was practically no variation in the results obtained by filtered or whole blood. Whenever filtered blood was used one pig was injected with filtered and the other with whole blood. In every ease where the individual receiving whole blood developed cholera, the one which received filtered blood sickened equally as promptly and vice versa. The two pigs which were inoculated with a given sample of blood were confined in separate, isolated colony-houses throughout the test period, which ranged from eight to ten days. It might be felt that animals inoculated with this blood should have been retained for a longer period. The objections to such procedure are manifold and are offset by the fact that in every instance individuals which did not sicken were inoculated with virus of known virulence and unless they remained healthy for 174 E. A: CARIEL four days after the virus injection they were considered sick when injected. Prorocot 1—Resutts or InocuLATING SuscEPTIBLE Pics witH BLoop From Sick Swinp VACCINATED 4 TO 30 Days PREVIOUSLY Numberiof blood! samples tested! (er, .Gh.cece si-o. +. ceeenshemiiege ie lere er snacepsaens enero eieietete tae ees easly) Number in which no virus could be demonstrated............--.2---ee ese ee eect ee eees 122 Nomber i which virus was:Gemonstrapede. o- series elaine © eerie eeietetee rete 30 Neg atineutOlCh OLA Rs orem rererstarei chert ellnrat ae chaperone eeote pee tenets ERR eee! neues ous 80.3% Positive: to cholera: «. siocts ooeweoia ofe eee Alas Cobre lao ee aE ieee eee 19.7% ~ Petechiation of various organs was marked in all animals whose blood was used in these “the. susceptibility of all auioele syed Hk sicken was proved by subsequent inocula- Not included in the above were three cases from cholera-susceptible herds—all proved positive. Protocol 1 shows a summary of the results following the inoculation of susceptible pigs in the manner described above with the blood fram 152 animals which sickened at varying times within thirty days after vaccination. It is therefore indicative of what may be expected in so-called “serum breaks’. The detailed charts of the individual tests have purposely been omit- ted, since they are too voluminous for a presentation of this kind. It will be observed that of 152 samples tested it was impossible to demonstrate virus in 122 or 80.3 percent, whereas, 19.7 percent were positive. The autopsy findings of the suspected animals whose blood was used proved most interesting. Seventy-one per cent of the thirty animals whose blood contained virus showed chronic lesions either of the respiratory or intestinal tract, in addition to the petechiae which characterized all cases. The chronicity of the lesions- was such to indicate latent infection and tissue involvement at the time of vaccination and it seems probable that ‘“‘vaccination cholera’ resulted on account of virus being superimposed upon a previously existing, though unobserved, infection. On the other hand, since fifty-one per cent of the negative cases showed a similar condition, it seems reasonable to assume that when the simultaneous treatment is administered to animals infested with parasites or having a latent bacterial infection, that post-vaccination sickness is quite certain to occur. The resulting sickness apparently may be “vaccination cholera’ in symbiosis with intense bacterial ac- tivity, or the blood may be virus-free, yet the animals present the symptoms and lesions of an acute septicemia. Protocol 2 shows a summary of the results following the in- oculation of susceptible pigs with the blood of animals which sickened more than thirty days subsequent to vaccination. These POST VACCINATION TROUBLE 175 animals, as did those in the previous experiments, all showed an acute septicemic condition, while on autopsy petechiae of the various organs was the predominating lesion. These cases may then be likened to so-called ‘‘virus breaks’. The per- centage which proved to be affected with cholera is somewhat higher than in the case of the animals which had been vaccinated less than thirty days. It is felt that a portion of this higher percentage cannot be explained but that some can be attributed to expired immunity, due to the vaccination of young pigs and to the use of insufficient amounts of virus at the time of vaccina- tion. It should be noted, however, that the cases which proved not to be cholera are more than double those in which virus was demonstrated. Protrocot 2—ReEsuuts oF INOCULATING SUSCEPTIBLE PIGS WITH BLOOD FROM Sick SwINE VaAccINATED MorE THAN 30 Days PREVIOUSLY Maatherot bloodssamplesitestedincsis- ais ele a Sis s cee ete e busses << mytlers lo aiasora el se dhate ft Saleen 48 Number in which no virus could be demonstrated. ...............-+--e- cece cece eee eeee 33 Number iniwhich) virus was demonstrated). «<%....c0s ie clas 6 4 tie 7 <6 vcietersie lel» sieee ee el ene 15 INDEANNS HD, TG li peas Sars aoe aon Senn ee cited Ceo 6 Oe SD Reno aes Se E oretnins st 68.8% aside shOnCHOlersyien son ters. tic cia ste cron le Soak te earch ols wleteisiciale sats lens oereieaue ites ee lee The susceptibility of all animals which did not sicken was proved by subsequent inoculations with hog cholera virus of known virulence. Petechiation on autopsy was marked in all animals whose blood was used in these experiments. Not included in the above were seven positive cases where the animals were vaccinated when weighing less than forty pounds. It is-interesting to note that there was examined, but not included in the figures in Protocol 2, blood from seven herds where admission was made that the pigs were vaccinated as babies. One hundred per cent of these were positive, indicating the practical uncertainty of lengthy immunity following the vaccination of baby pigs. Protocol 3 includes the same animals as those shown in Pro- tocol 1 and indicates the day after vaccination on which sickness first became apparent. We were considerably surprised to find that the blood of some of these animals was virus-free in from four to seven days after vaccination. On account of the exper- iments of other investigators it was expected, regardless of the cause of sickness, that a positive reaction would be obtained in all cases where blood was drawn in four to seven days after vaccination. We have not had an opportunity to follow this lead, but feel that much information might be gained by keeping such animals under observation to determine later whether neutralization or destruction of the virus at such an early date might not result in their failure to develop substantial subsequent immunity. If such proved to be the case, there would be apparent 176 BE. A. ‘CAHILL another potent explanation for ‘“‘virus breaks”, the cause of which so frequently remains in obscurity. The appreciable increase of positive reactions in the blood of animals which sickened from twenty-one to thirty days after vaccination will be noted. It is believed that this is incidental and that the results in this or any of the other groups might be reversed if a like number of samples were tested again. Stated differently, we believe that our records indicate that cholera virus is absent in many post-vaccination trouble cases regardless of the time that those cases occur, but there is nothing to indicate that such negative cases are likely to be encountered in greater proportion at any particular time after the animals have been vaccinated. The outstanding feature of the experiments quoted is the large percentage of cases where the filterable virus was absent in the blood of animals sick with acute, febrile conditions which some diagnosed as “cholera breaks’? and which were characterized by petechiation. We feel certain that this will not be construed as indicating that true breaks do not occur. Our experiments indicate conclusively that this unfortunate condition does occur but that in many post-vaccination trouble cases the factor to be reckoned with is not the filterable virus, even though the virus used may have been the devitalizing factor which activated some other condition. The point has been raised that swine may be affected with Protrocot 3—(SaME ANIMALS AS THOSE IN PRotocoL 1) SHows Days AFTER VACCINATION on WHICH SICKNESS Was EvIDENT, WITH NUMBER OF CAsES NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE TO CHOLERA Day After Vaccination Number Negative to Positive to Percentage of on Which Sample Was of Samples Cholera Cholera Negative Cases Collected for Inoculation 4th | 3 3 0 100.0 5th 5 aes 2 60.0 6th 7 3 4 42.8 7th 13 10 | 3 76.1 Sth to 12th 46 38 | 8 82.6 13th to 16th 27 25 2 92.5 17th to 20th 28 26 2 92.8. 21st to 30th 23 14 9 : 60.8 cholera while their blood is free from the virus of that disease. We question the ability of anyone to prove such an assertion by any published data. Carriers of the disease cholera have never been demonstrated, although chronically affected animals following partial recovery from acute hog cholera have been POST VACCINATION TROUBLE 177 suspected of acting in that capacity. Be that as it. may, it is inconceivable that in 122 out of 152 cases the blood of cholera- sick swine would be virus-free. This opinion is strengthened by the fact that only acutely sick animals were used and that their blood was drawn on the day that symptoms were first observed or on the succeeding day. Producers of virus are aware that the most virulent virus is obtained by bleeding cholera-sick swine as soon as possible after the appearance of symptoms, provided the symptoms are aecompanied by a rise in temperature. According to present knowledge the blood from all of these cases should be exceedingly virulent if we were dealing with hog cholera. Protocot 4—BaAcTERIOLOGICAL FINDINGS Strep- Staph- Bact. Bae Past. Ps. Pyo- Sterile tococcus | ylococcus Coli phosum B.| Suiseptica | cyaneus Blood 11 14 20 24 25 5 41 Lungs 6 2 14 29 52 = 37 Liver 2 = 7 14 8 = 109 Spleen 3 = 4 30 18 —_ 85 Kidney 1 1 6 11 6 — 115 Glands 2 = = 16 19 = 103 The question naturally arises as to the cause of the post- vaccination trouble cases where cholera virus was not present. Apparently it will require a tremendous amount of experimental work to determine this point. Naturally enough our efforts first turned to bacteriological studies of the affected animals in an effort to determine the possible presence of pathogenic bacteria or their products. Protocol 4 shows the bacteriological findings in 140 cases in which virus could not be demonstrated. The cases from which Past. suiseptica and Bact. paratyphosum B. were isolated presented a clinical syndrome which was in keeping with the bacteriological findings. However, in several cases where the clinical picture was equally as suggestive of hemor- hagic septicemia, bacteriological studies failed to reveal’ any significant bacteria. The large proportion of cases in which it was impossible to demonstrate the presence of any bacteria which might be of etiological significance is impressive. Not- withstanding these results it is felt that before bacterial act- ivity as a cause of post-vaccination trouble cases is relegated to obscurity, that considerably more investigational work is required. It is felt that the condition may not be unlike that 178 E.CA> CARTEL observed in such septicemias of the human as tyhpoid, where the condition is definitely known to be due to bacterial activity, yet where great difficulty is encountered in isolating the causative organism from the blood stream. At the present time it would appear that some factors other than cholera or bacteriemias play an important part in post-vaccination trouble cases. While pursuing these investigations it naturally seemed ad- visable to determine the degree of culpability which should be attached to the serum and virus which was used in vaccinating the animals. It was felt that if the trouble subsequent to vac- cination was due to impotence on the part of the products used, this fact could be detected by determining similar cases in other herds in which the same serial lots had been used. With this object in view the records following the use of one hundred million cubic centimeters of serum and six million cubic centi- meters of virus were carefully studied. Of the one thousand lots of serum and three hundred lots of virus studied it was found that no trouble of any kind followed the use of over ninety- three per cent. Of the seven per cent remaining not more than two instances of trouble of any kind were recorded against any given lot and in the vast majority such experiences were limited to one herd. Upon investigation the majority, but not all. of | these cases proved not to be cholera as is shown in Protocols 1 and 2. It was found that the average lot of serum and virus was used in eighty-four herds and it seems reasonable to assume that if the trouble in one herd was due to any impotence of the products that similar sickness would certainly have resulted in some of the remaining eighty-three herds. SERUM AND VIRUS RARELY AT FAULT Although this survey indicated remarkable efficiency on the part of the products used it was decided to investigate still further. In several instances permission was obtained to test the supposed-immunity of animals in other herds which had been vaccinated with the same serum or virus used in herds where trouble had occurred and a “‘break”’ had been diagnosed. Where- ever possible herds which had beeen vaccinated by the same vet- erinarian were selected. In several instances the two herds had been vaccinated on the same day, while in a few instances the owner of the two herds was the same but the animals located on different farms. In these cases the animals to be tested were injected with ten cubic centimeters of known virulent virus and POST VACCINATION TROUBLE 179 held under observation for two weeks. The immunity of eigh- teen herds has been tested in this manner and in no instance were susceptible animals discovered. The immunity of other herds was tested by subjecting to hyperimmunization the animals to be tested. Again no susceptible animals were discovered in thirty-six herds so tested. The obvious conclusion to be drawn from this survey is that in the particular cases investigated the cholera breaks which occurred were not the result of inability on the part of the products to accomplish their purpose, but that the desired results failed of accomplishment because some undetermined factor unbalanced the normal relationship between host and antigen. SUMMARY Animal inoculation tests were conducted upon the blood of one hundred and fifty-two animals which had been vaccinated against hog cholera from four to thirty days previously and which were sick with what was supposed to be a “serum break’. The blood of forty-eight similarly affected animals which had been vaccinated for more than forty days was tested in like manner. These animals simulated a “virus break’’. Confirmation of the belief that true serum and virus breaks do follow vaccination is offered in this report. However, since 80.3 per cent of the suspected “serum breaks”’ and 68.8 per cent ~ of the suspected ‘‘virus breaks”? proved to be some condition other than cholera it seems reasonable to conclude that a large _percentage of post-vaccination trouble cases are not chloera. Petechiation of various organs was the outstanding, post- mortem lesion of all affected animals, thus proving the oft repeated claim that this pathological change does not justify a diagnosis of cholera. Bacteriological studies of the affected individuals failed to divulge as much information as was hoped for. In some cases the clinical syndrome of hemorrhagic septi- cemia and paratyphoid fever was substantiated by the bacte- riological findings, but on the contrary the bacteriological findings of the majority of the cases studied was negative and justifies the conclusion that some post-vaccination trouble cases are due to factors other than hog cholera or bacteriemias. Our examination of blood from animals which sickened sub- sequent to vaccination revealed the fact that 19.7 per cent and 31.2 percent respectively were affected with cholera. The same serial lots of serum and virus used in vaccinating the affected 180 E. A CARIEL animals were used in eighty-two or eighty-three other herds with- out any undesirable results. It seems only reasonable, therefore, to conclude that the true “cholera breaks’ which did occur were due not to the products used but to principles of immunology not yet appreciated or to technical details of administration which are recognized potent causes of post-vaccination trouble. There is apparent an urgent need for studies to ascertain the immunological factors which determine the immunity of some individuals and the susceptibility of others following vaccination. In this respect our problem is not unlike that of the physician, who is unable to immunize approximately ten per cent of the children vaccinated against diphtheria by the toxin-antitoxin mixture, or a similar percentage against small pox, although the ninety per cent vaccinated with the same products do become immune. Pending the determination of these factors there should emanate the knowledge that a certain percentage of swine properly vaccinated with potent products fail to become immune to cholera. DISCUSSION Dr. J. W. BENNER: Mr. Chairman, I have been very much interested in the paper as presented by Dr. Cahill. Some very interesting work has been described, and in a very complete way. We have not had much of this post- vaccination trouble in our swine practice around Ithaca, New York, but I have been in sections of the country where there has been a great deal of it. I remember in the earlier days of the hog cholera serum work in Kansas, when practitioners were reporting a great deal of this kind of trouble, and of course the question that naturally presented itself was how to overcome it. This question, as such questions usually are, was directed to the Veterinary College, at Manhattan, Kansas, and the advice that seemed to do the most good was to increase the dose of serum. I know by the experience of field men in hog cholera work, and also of practitioners, that in those earlier days of the work, as soon as they began to give the larger doses of serum post- vaccination troubles were not so frequent. This is just one of the conditions that seem to cause post-vaccination troubles. There are, no doubt, a good many other factors that may enter into it. On this same point, the increase of the doses of serum, as worked out in the cases I have just- mentioned, brings to my mind a certain phenomenon that we noticed in connection with our work on hemorrhagic septicemia in swine. In vaccinating pigs against hemorrhagic septicemia, we found that an artificial resistance could be created by thé vaccination, so that when a lethal dose of a suspension of living organisms as antigen was administered intravenously the pig would die, but the organism (Bact. suisepticum) could not be demonstrated in the blood; whereas, if the same dose was injected into a pig that had not been vaccinated the organism could easily be demon- strated in the blood after death. We have seen this occur in a very clear-cut, decisive way, and I think it may be an explanation for some of the cases of hemorrhagic septicemia, where typical clinical manifestations and typical lesions are observed, but where the organism cannot be found. In the experi- ment that Dr. Cahill has described, it seems to me that there may be a grade of immunity present in the vaccinated animals, produced by the serum that has been given, in which the serum has partially neutralized the virus, or perhaps partially destroyed it, so that it cannot be demonstrated in the POST VACCINATION TROUBLE 181 plod even though the individual may be sick at the time such blood is rawn. As was seen on the charts given, the higher percentage of animals in which the hog cholera virus could not be demonstrated in the blood was where sickness occurred in thirty days time. The grade of immunity from the serum given would naturally be higher at thirty days than later; that is, the passive immunity possessed by serum alone would become weaker as time went on, and I am wondering if a phenomenon similar to the one which I have described is not occurring here—if the grade of immunity in the animal is not one that is changing the virus, so it cannot be demonstrated by subsequent injection into a susceptible pig, but at the same time is causing sickness in the pig from which the blood is drawn for such examination. These samples were in all cases taken from sick pigs, and not from dead pigs, as I understand it. This is just a point that has suggested itself to me as I have been thinking over the work which Dr. Cahill has presented. It is my belief that there is a great deal in the grade of immunity produced by serum. In administering the simultaneous treatment, we depend on the serum to protect the health and life of the animal from the virus. Therefore it is of the utmost importance that we should pay close attention to the dose and the quality of serum used in this method of hog cholera vaccination. Dr. R. P. MarsteLLer: I would like to ask Dr. Cahill if he has any data on the approximate percentage of animals in the herds that show symptoms of infection. Dr. Cantu: That is one of the points, unfortunately, on which we are unable to get as much information as is needed. I have talked with field men in practically every State in the Union regarding such cases, and find that in the majority of such instances the herd is retreated with serum and virus before there is any opportunity to determine the percentage of animals which would really sicken. A : It is our opinion that in these negative cases the proportion of animals which would sicken would be small, and that retreatment received credit for stopping a “‘break’’, when in reality few, if any, additional animals would have sickened had they not been retreated. In other words, it appears that this is an individual rather than a herd proposition. If this be the case, retreating not only makes impossible the procuring of valuable data but unnecessarily injures the standing of the simultaneous treatment. The work Doctors Benner and Birch have done on this subject is such as to warrant a very careful consideration of any opinion which they may express. We do believe that there is a great deal in what Dr. Benner says, but the thing that we are unable to understand is why a small percentage of these individuals would lose their immunity while immunity is retained by others. Apparently, field investigators overlook the fact that a certain percentage of individuals properly vaccinated with products which are fully potent fail to become immune to cholera. Why they exist, and how we are going to overcome the trouble is, of course, a problem. Dr. E. R. Steet: The subject of ‘‘breaks” is very interesting to me. I agree with Dr. Cahill in many of his remarks, but there are a few things to which I might take exception. In handling serum, I buy it by the test. In that way I have an opportunity to watch it under different conditions in different herds. Then I keep a record of each herd treated. In buying virus, I try to get that in quantities of two or three thousand cubic centimeters, so that I have a record on possibly a thousand head. I have thought of checking up the virus, for that would be the real way to do, although we have to place our confidence more or less in the producer. This summer I have had an opportunity to watch these “breaks”. I started in with a serial and I got along with the serum fine, until later in the summer. We got into that period where the pigs were beginning to show sécondary infections of all kinds, pneumonia and one thing or another, and then I began to have “breaks” with this same serial, just a few isolated cases along, maybe three or four pigs out of a hundred. In my own mind I know that these secondary conditions do influence the production of immunity. On the other hand, I am not of the opinion that all lots of serum and virus 182 EA. CAHILE are absolutely all right, and that we can’t question them on account of govern- ment inspection. I know something about serum and virus production, through engaging in it. I know there is a good deal of temptation when we have perhaps a thousand dollars worth of serum on test, to get that test by, if possible. It is also said that our test is not really a serum test; it is a pig test. It is a matter of hunting around until we find pigs that are suitable to stand the test. It is not a true test; the test must come, necessarily, in the field. Personally I would not want to be worried with vaccinating hogs under field conditions as we do now, buying two thousand cubic centimeters of one serial and fifteen hundred of another; there is too much responsibility con- nected with it. Just for the satisfaction I have in keeping these records myself, I would rather buy it in larger quantities. Now, in regard to production: I have heard serum producers state that they are making serum to suit themselves, and evidently they are. I think that all serum is more or less potent, and all virus more or less virulent. But there are different degrees of potency and virulence. I think the check on that really comes in the field, that a serum company can’t produce serum, on a commercial basis alone, very long without getting into trouble. Now, the handling of serum and virus in the field is another thing. I have been in veterinarians’ offices where they leave the serum sitting around where it is warm. They take it out in the field, and bring it back, and then say they have one bottle that is no good. Some pigs die, and they blame it on that one bottle. If they understood the making of the mixture, they would know that that is simply impossible. It is their care of that particular bottle more than anything else. I keep serum and virus the year round in an ice- box. I keep a thermometer in it, watch it; it stays around forty or fifty degrees. In the field I carry them in an ice-box. I have checked it with a thermometer and carry it at around fifty degrees, and I think that is very important—with virus especially. There has not been enough experimental work done on this, but virus heated to atmospheric temperature in the summer time, and taken on trips half a dozen times before it is used, will be more or less weakened in its virulence, some of it becoming absolutely inert. When I was in production work at the University of California, we had a man who came from Honolulu and bought some serum. He had to produce his own virus. He told me he couldn’t keep virus alive two weeks, under the conditions which he had for producing it. The sanitary conditions entered into it. The virus that is contaminated and not produced in the cleanest manner, I think will weaken in a very short time. There are a good many factors like that which will have to be taken into consideration. Pigs have enteritis, worms, isolated cases of pneumonia, and we have to take these things into consideartion, or we will have trouble. As Dr. Benner said, we can overcome these by increasing the dose of serum, not in the sick pig alone, but in all the pigs in a herd, even to the well pigs, because they may have some of the lesions that we don’t recognize from physical appear- ances. I am inclined to agree with Dr. Benner, as regards the possible effect of . serum on the hogs which you tested out. I have sent in some blood samples from hogs that I thought had distinct “breaks”, and we were not able to _ reproduce the disease from those blood samples, and it might be that the virus would be affected from the serum that was given simultaneously, although the pig would sicken, I think, not due so much to the virus itself as to secondary conditions influenced by lowered vitality, the result of the reaction to the virus. Now, one of the complications that we are having in the immunization of pigs in the field in Iowa is hog “‘flu’”’.. I confess I don’t know anything about it. Still I have been bothered with it just the last two or three weeks. I had a very distinct outbreak of a disease in which the symptoms and history all pointed to typical hog cholera. The pigs would stand around with noses down and the cur! out of their tails and refuse feed and die, show no symptoms of cough or thumps or diarrhea or any evidence of any other secondary condition. In another neighborhood they had this complicated condition of pigs sickening with thumps and cough. They all thumped and you would. have said that it was typical hog ‘“‘flu.’”” What were we going to do? I have POST VACCINATION TROUBLE 183 been immunizing hogs against cholera under those conditions, even if they did show symptoms of “‘flu,’”’ by increasing the dose of serum one-half. My opinion is that if we have a good, potent serum we can overcome the effect of the virus by increasing the dose of the serum. Now, I have kept a record on some four thousand hogs treated, all of which appeared to have “‘flu,’’ without a loss of more than two per cent. A good many believe that can’t be done. I used five cubic centimeters of virus on them. I like to use plenty of virus (these were heavy hogs), to make sure they get it. I have done that for three years. This last year we didn’t have any cholera mixed with the ‘‘flu’; some got by without vaccinating. This year we are getting the “flu” and cholera all mixed up. The only thing I can advise is to go ahead and vaccinate, if there is any danger of cholera at all. (Applause.) CHAIRMAN KineMAN: Does anyone else wish to discuss this paper? Dr. BENNER: There is a little experience that I have had once or twice that I would like to ask others about; that is, in giving intra-axillary injections in pigs. Once in a great while I have one that dies rather quickly, in three or four to twelve hours. I have suspected that the cause for this was rough handling. But I have also thought that it might be injury to some nerve in the axillary space. One was in a shoat of about fifty or sixty pounds. The owner had consider- able trouble in catching him; I gave him the intra-axillary injection. When we turned him loose he was breathing hard, and was not able to get around very well. Before I left the place he was dead. Another case that I had just last month was one where I vaccinated some shoats and there were two dead the next morning. I have vaccinated any amber of hogs with the same serum and virus, and did not have any trouble at all. I just wanted to ask whether anyone has had the same experience. BUREAU VETERINARIANS TRANSFERRED Dr. W. LeRoy Williamson (O. 8. U. 15) of the meat inspection service at Chicago, has been transferred to the same line of work at Ottumwa, Iowa, Dr. Oliver T. Burton succeeding Dr, Williamson at Chicago, from a previous assignment at Ottumwa, Dr. M. J. Kemen was transferred from hog cholera control work, in Mississippi, to meat inspection at Chicago, Lllinois, effective July 23. Dr. Kemen has since severed his connection with the Bureau. : Dr. Lynn H. Mead (Corn. ’14) has been transferred from meat inspection, at Madison, Wisconsin, to the same service at Chicago, Illinois. Dr. Daniel F. McCarthy’ (K. C. V. C. ’18) has been transferred from a field position, in Arkansas, to meat inspection service at Chicago. Dr. Lenly T. Hopkins (Chi. ’18) has been transferred from the meat inspection service, at Chicago, to the Meat Inspection Division at Washington. Dr. John M. Young was transferred on August 16, from New York City to Brooklyn, N. Y., in the meat inspection service. Dr. Albert M. Meade has been transferred from tuberculosis eradication work, in Georgia, to a similar assignment in Nebraska. EXCESSIVE PIG LOSSES CAN BE PREVENTED! By A. T. Kinsey, Kansas City, Mo. The live stock industry is the principal agricultural asset of the nations of North America. The success of live stock produc- tion by the American farmer must, at least in part, be attributed to the efficient control of diseases of animals. The annual toll of animal scourges has been diminished, but little has been accom- plished in reducing infant mortality of farm animals. The loss of young animals in general, and pigs in particular, is enormous and it is evident that the future success of our animal industry is dependent upon lessening those losses. Swine are produced on the majority of farms in America and represent one-tenth of the value of the agricultural products of the United States. Swine are the most economical farm animals for converting raw materials into meat food-products. The basic law of supply and demand ultimately regulates the pro- duction of necessary commodities and the constantly increasing population will result in an increased demand for pork products. Increased demands will necessitate a more intensive swine pro- duction and a tendency to overcrowding, conditions that favor an increased mortality, not only of infant pigs, but also of shoats and mature hogs. The principal losses‘of swine, numerically speaking, occur from the time of farrowing until the pigs are one month of age. The average breeder matures about fifty per cent of the pigs farrowed. According to reports, there was over ten per cent more brood sows on farms in the United States’in the spring of 1922 than 1921, but there was only an eight per cent increase in swine during that same period. The average number of pigs farrowed is nine plus. Sows should produce two litters each year. The average number of pigs saved per litter of the 1923 spring farrow was 5.02 according to a limited pig survey conducted by rural mail carriers for the United States Department of Agriculture. If extensive statistics were obtained, it is very probable that the average pig production per sow each year would be found to be less than nine. Assuming that eight pigs is the average production per sow each year, then 7,500,000 sows are necessary to produce 60,000,000 1Presented at the sixtieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Montreal, Canada, August 27-31, 1923. 184 PIG LOSSES CAN BE PREVENTED 185 swine. If production efficiency were increased to eighty per cent the average production per sow each year would be fourteen pigs and it would require only 4,285,700 sows to produce 60,000,000 swine. That is, by increasing the production efficiency from fifty per cent to eighty per cent, the same number of pigs could be produced by sixty per cent of the sows that are now required. It would, therefore, be more economical to increase the produc- tion efficiency than to increase the number of brood sows. The mortality of infant pigs*is primarily due to improper swine management. This loss can be diminished by correcting the breeding methods, regulation of the feed, proper housing and providing sanitary quarters. It is true that the various factors conducive to infant-pig mortality are under the direct super- vision of the swine producer. It is equally true that excessive losses of live stock, from disease or conditions that are prevent- able, are indicative of an incomplete veterinary service. The problems of swine management are numerous and only the most important factors will be considered. SUGGESTIONS ON BREEDING AND FEEDING PROBLEMS The boar is fifty per cent of the breeding herd. It is economical to use pure-bred boars for the breeding of market hogs. Boars should be kept separate, in a small pasture, during the summer months. The winter care should include proper housing with ample bedding and a maintenance ration. A common mistake of breeders is that of keeping the herd boar too fat. The boar should be given a maintenance ration during the non-breeding season. From two weeks to a month prior to the breeding season a ration of ground oats, barley, or mill-run feed, and skim milk or milk, should be provided. When possible, green foods should be supplemented, and in the big-type hogs it is advisable to supply extra quantities of minerals. Gilts for breeding purposes should be selected from families that are good milkers and prolific. They should have ten or twelve well developed teats. Breeding gilts should be provided with a growing ration. They should not be fattened. For two months after breeding, the sow can be fed a ration containing a limited quantity of fat-forming elements, but they should be given a narrow ration during the last two months of gestation and the ration diminished from thirty to fifty per cent one week prior to farrowing. The sow should be provided with water but no food for one to two days after farrowing. The ration 186 AloT KINSLEY should be limited until the pigs are about ten days of age after which it should be gradually increased, reaching the maximum when the pigs are about three weeks of age. The proper age for mating swine is a question of considerable importance. From general observation it would appear that mature animals of about the same age generally produce the best results. It is said that there may be some difficulties, particularly in farrowing, when young sows are mated with aged boars. Aged sows may be bred to young boars, although some breeders contend that a mature boar produces stronger pigs and a larger litter. Another important question confronting the breeder is the length of time that sows or boars can be profitably kept for breeding purposes. According to the results of most breeders, it would appear that sows are profitable breeders for about five years, during which time they should produce two litters annually or ten litters in all. The length of time that a boar can be maintained as a profitable breeder will depend upon the proper selection of sows to avoid the disad- vantages of intensive inbreeding. Boars that have been properly cared for and used are usually serviceable for at least five years. Gilts should not be bred until they are practically mature. The large-type swine do not become mature until they are at least one year of age and these swine should not be bred until they are ten or eleven months of age. Smaller type swine mature at an earlier age and can be successfully bred when they are about six or seven months of age. The age at which a boar can be put into service varies according to breed. In large-type swine the boars should not do general service until they are one year of age and even at that age the service should be restricted. Boars of the smaller-type breeds can be put to limited service when they are six months of age. PASTURE BREEDING UNDESIRABLE One of the contributing factors in the production of small litters and excessive loss of recently farrowed pigs has been pasture breeding. It is not infrequent for a boar running with sows to make ten or fifteen services in a single day. A single service is sufficient for the breeding of healthy animals and if animals are not healthy they should not be used for breeding purposes. Infection of the uterus of the sow is relatively common and is an important factor in the loss of pigs. The results of uterine PIG LOSSES CAN BE PREVENTED 187 infection depend upon the virulence of the infection and the resistance of the sow. Infections with microbes of high virulence in a sow of low resistance may result in abortion but when some are infected with microbes of low virulence they will probably not abort, but will produce pigs of low vitality and possibly one or more runts. Pigs farrowed by sows with uterine infection are probably infected at the time of farrowing. A small pen should be provided for the boar into which the sow can be driven for breeding purposes, unless a crate is avail- able. When the boar has made one good service, the sow should be removed. It is true that individual-service breeding requires some time, but it will increase the pig production. HovusIneG Proper shelter should be provided, for nature did not provide swine with a coat of hair or wool to protect them against extreme weather conditions. During March and April, 1923, several hundred thousand pigs died as a result of exposure, in the central states. Permanent hog-houses are not in favor with many of ‘the leading swine producers because of the impossibility of effi- cient disinfection and the difficulty of rotation of lots. Tem- porary sheds and farrowing houses that can be moved from place to place are preferable. Damp, musty pens and houses, and improperly ventilated hog-houses favor the maintenance of various germs and are conducive to the life of animal parasites, thus further endangering the life of the recently farrowed pig. The following is a brief summary of some of the conditions and diseases of pigs induced by improper management. Pyremic ARTHRITIS Pyemic arthritis is a disease condition affecting recently farrowed pigs. This disease is characterized by inflammation of the umbilical tissue and suppurative arthritis. It is widespread and usually occurs as an enzootic. “Pyemic arthritis is due to infection which may occur in utero or after farrowing. The disease is, in the majority of cases, manifest within ten days after farrowing. The symptoms consist of lameness, swollen, sensitive joints, diminished appetite and usually diarrhea. The young affected pigs usually have a diminished vitality and die within one or two days after the onset. The diagnosis can be verified by the post-mortem findings which consist of omphalitis, . suppurative arthritis and there may be metastatic abscesses. 188 As Ti cKINSEEY. The treatment of pigs affected with pyemic arthritis is not satisfactory asarule. This disease can be prevented by breeding healthy animals only, and by providing sanitary quarters. Pic Scour Scour in pigs is relatively common. Several million pigs die each year as a result of scour. Many swine breeders have lost ten to twenty-five per cent of their pig crop, for several successive years, from pig scour. This is essentially a disease of early life. Many theories have been advanced as to the cause of pig scour, and when all theories and evidence are carefully considered it appears that this condition in suckling pigs may be of dietary origin or infectious. The principal cause of scour in pigs, that are not infected in utero, is improper diet of the sow. No doubt, infection with various-microbian agents, especially the repre- sentatives of the colon-typhoid group, is an important secondary cause of scour in pigs. The principal symptom of pig scour consists of diarrhea. The discharges in the beginning are of a pasty consistency and of a gray or slate color. Later in the disease the discharges become watery and have a disagreeable odor. The tail and hind parts of the affected pig become soiled. The appetite is variable. Usually there are colicky pains and an appearance of dejection. Medicinal treatment is of little avail because affected pigs have a low vitality. The disease can be prevented by breeding healthy sows and by proper feeding. Pregnant sows should be placed in individual farrowing lots or pens at least one week prior to farrowing and they should be given partial diet of ground oats, barley or mill feed. All feed should be withheld for at least twenty-four hours after farrowing and then a restricted diet provided, until ten days after farrowing, when the feed can be increased until a maximum production of milk is produced. By regulating the feed as above outlined, the mammary secretion is restricted and the pigs will not be gorged with excessive quan- tities of milk. Buti-Nose Bull-nose (infectious rhinitis) is probably a specific infectious disease of pigs, characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal channel and related sinuses and by involvement and deformity of the facial bones. Bull-nose is rather prevalent and although not very fatal is responsible for the failure of development in affected individuals. Pigs that are, PIG LOSSES CAN BE PREVENTED 189 kept in filthy pens and improperly ventilated hog houses are predisposed to bull-nose. It is possible that the B. pyocyaneus is the specific cause of this condition. The symptoms manifested in bull-nose consist of sneezing and a watery discharge from the eyes and nose, which later becomes purulent. Affected swine have a tendency to root, and although they may eat heartily they do not gain in weight. In the latter stages there will be bulging of the facial bones. This lesion is usually associated with a peculiar blowing noise. Bull-nose can be readily and effectively prevented by providing sanitary quarters and by the proper selection of breeding animals. SorE Movutu Sore mouth (stomatitis) is a very common condition in pigs and is responsible for the loss of a great many small pigs each year. This condition primarily occurs in swine in filthy pens or in those that are improperly housed and are not given the proper rations. It especially occurs in pigs of large litters, probably because of under-nourishment. Various microbian agents have been identified as possible causative factors of stomatitis. The B. necrophorus produces a distinct type of the disease ordinarily designated as necrotic stomatitis. The symptoms of stomatitis consist of depression, listlessness, the affected pigs have a tendency to remain quiet, and there may or may not be diarrhea. If the affected pigs are examined, lesions of various dimensions will be found in the mucous membrane of the mouth. Stomatitis in, pigs can be prevented by proper management of the breeding herd. This condition can be controlled by curetting the lesions of the mouth and applying some reliable antiseptic. When the disease has once made its appearance upon a farm, each pig should be carefully examined each day to determine whether or not any lesions exist and all affected pigs should be treated, as above described, daily. GOITRE There have been some losses of pigs due to goitre. These losses have occurred particularly in the northern section of the United States and Canada. The cause of goitre appears to be a deficiency of iodine or iodine salts in the food. The affected pigs show an enlargement in the throat regiou at the time of farrow- ing. In many instances, the affected pigs have no hair and are dead at the time of farrowing. This condition can be prevented 190 A.: T. ACINSERY: by administering iodine or iodine salts to sows during the period of gestation. RICKETS Rickets is essentially a disease of malnutrition. It is probably a condition resulting from the lack of vitamins, calcium salts or the absence of sunshine. It occurs in the development of the pigs and is manifested by digestive derangement, associated with disturbance of locomotion. Rickets frequently affects all the | pigs in a litter and it may affect all the pigs on the same farm. Rickets is a preventable disease. The disease is rarely observed in herds that are properly housed and fed. This condition is usually quite effectively corrected by proper feeding and the administration of lime salts in conjunction with cod-liver oil. ASCARIDOSIS Pulmonary ascaridosis is another very important disease of little pigs. The loss incidental to the larval form of the ascarid occurs in pigs from ten to thirty days of age. Infestation of pigs over thirty days of age with the ascarid larvae rarely results fatally, although it will diminish the vitality of the infested pigs and they will not develop properly. Suffice it to say at this time that pulmonary ascaridosis is a disease that is easily controlled. The essential feature in controlling this condition consists of rotation of pasture and hog lots, thorough cleaning of brood sows and hog-houses, and the proper administration of efficient vermifuges to expel the adult ascarid. On farms in which the above is carried out the losses due to pulmonary ascarids have been reduced to a minimum. SUMMARY There will be a constantly increasing demand for pork products. An increased swine production can be accomplished most econom- ically by diminishing infant mortality in pigs. The prevention of infant mortality of farm animals is one of theimportant problems, the solution of which depends upon the inauguration of twentieth- century farm hygiene and sanitation. DISCUSSION Dr. I. K. Arnerton: Mr. Chairman, Dr. Kinsley has sounded a note of warning to which attention should be paid. Last spring in Maryland I was asked to make an estimate on the swine losses. We made a survey of 120 farms, covering the 23 counties in the State, and I turned in an estimate of a loss of baby pigs amounting to 390,000. It sounded so large that the Chief of the Hog Cholera Division did not want to turn it in. He wanted to know how many hogs we had on farms January 1, 1923. Statistics showed 300,000. Yet the losses of young pigs, at a low estimate, would have been above 350,000. PIG LOSSES CAN BE PREVENTED 191 Dr. C. W. Foate: Dr. Kinsley made several references to oats, barley and mill feeds. I would like to call the attention of the gentlemen who are here, to the fact that alfalfa hay, either whole, chopped or ground, spread over many years, is a much more economical feed for swine than oats, barley or mill feed. You men who are familiar with the yield of barley per acre know that it is an expensive crop to raise. This particular year wheat is worth about 80 or 90 cents a bushel, which makes ground whole wheat worth about $1.50 per hundred, and mill feeds are worth around $2.00 per hundred, retail, where the wheat is produced. Oats is always rather an expensive feed for hogs. Ground alfalfa hay to a very great extent takes the place of it, and the feeding value of a good quality of alfalfa is higher per one hundred pounds than a poor Bey, of oats, although the oats always sells at a higher price per ton than alfalfa. Dr. E. A. Cantnu: Mr. Chairman, Dr. Kinsley very modestly called his talk elementary or ‘high school” stuff. I just hope it will be widely published and made accessible to all the men who are engaged in swine practice. It seems to me if we would better appreciate some of these fundamental problems dealing with housing and feeding, we would have a great deal less discussion and acrimonious feeling as to whether animals are suffering with hemorrhagic septicemia or something else. It is becoming more and more apparent, in the West particularly, that a great deal of the trouble in younger pigs and a great deal of the trouble in older pigs is due to the very factors that Dr. Kinsley has pointed out. Dr. J. I. Gisson: Mr. Chairman, I enjoyed Dr. Kinsley’s paper very much. I feel a peculiar interest in his reference to the ascaris infection, as I am carry- ing in my work the Government film ‘Exit Ascaris” and showing it at all my farmers’ meetings. Personally, I believe this roundworm is causing as great losses in the swine industry as any other disease or infection, and the farmers are beginning to believe it. You know it takes some time to convince a farmer of anything. I think the prevention of the roundworm in hogs will put more money into the pocket of the swine grower than any other one method of prevention. It is a known fact that in McLean County, Illinois, with twenty-two herds in this experiment and in some of the herds over 1,000 pigs, there was not one runt in the twenty-two herds. If you can convince the farmers, the swine growers, that they can change all their runt pigs into first-class pigs, they will follow you—and I firmly believe this can be done. There is one farmer near Maryville, Missouri, who has 100 shoats that he has cared for in this way, and every swine grower and every man from the St. Joseph market engaged in the commission business, who has seen Mr. Roy Lipman’s shoats; says he never saw a herd of shoats equal to them. The farmer following this ascaris prevention can place his shoats on the market at six months of age as good in weight as he has been putting them there at nine or ten months, and the six-months pig, that weighs two and a quarter, will bring a higher price than the nine- or ten-months pig that weighs two and a quarter, because it is a better pig; it is what the packer is looking for today. : I feel that one of the greatest things that the practicing veterinarian can do for his clientele is to coach them in so raising their pigs that they will be free from the ascaris worm. You all know that the colony-house has come into favor; for a number of years it has been looked upon as the proper thing. What virtue is there in the colony-house? The main virtue is that the colony-house has been placed on cleaner ground. Boys’ and girls’ pig clubs have been given great credit for producing pigs so much better than those that their dads produced. Why? Because the club sow and her litter were placed on cleaner ground. In my preaching on this subject I advocate to the farmer a clean life for the pig, and I tell him that a young pig is a baby pig; he must get it in his mind that a pig and a hog are entirely different. The pig must be protected while young. - 192 A. ot. KINSEEY The clean life will do away with practically all the troubles that are experienced in the growing of pigs today—the ‘‘bull-nose,”’ the sore faces and sore mouths, the necrotic, sloughing skin areas, the necrotic enteritis and the “mixed infection” will all be overcome, if you will give the pig a clean life and make a field animal of it instead of giving it a low-down, mud-hole habitation. I don’t think there is anything better that the profession can do today, for the live stock industry, than coach our clients in the protection of their pigs by giving them the clean life. Have them walking on the green;wherever they go, have something green under their feet—and of all the green things I believe alfalfa is the best. (Applause). CONVENTION NOTES Dr. and Mrs. L. H. Wright drove to the meeting from Colum- bus, Wis. Des Moines will repeat in 1924, after an interval of twenty- nine years between meetings. Dr. A. D. Goldhaft, with his family, drove from Vineland N. J., to Montreal, a distance of 583 miles. The oldest vice-president in attendance was Dr. L. H. Howard, who served the Association in this capacity in 1882. Dr. W. F. Crewe, State Veterinarian of North Dakota, although a member of the A. V. M. A. for thirty years, attended his first rheeting this year by going to Montreal. Among those who motored to Montreal were Dr. and Mrs. C. J. Marshall, of Philadelphia, and Dr. and Mrs. J. H. McNeil, of Trenton, N. J. They report a very successful and enjoyable trip. Among those who stopped off in Detroit, long enough to pay a visit to the Association offices, were Dr. J. H. McLeod, of Charles City, Iowa; Dr. A. T. Kinsley and Dr. A. Trickett, both of Kansas City, Mo. Dr. W. F. Hodam, of Le Mars, Iowa, had things all his own way in the matter of long-distance honors for driving to Montreal. It took him just a week to cover the 1707 miles in his trusty Ford. He was accompanied by Dr. P. L. Ellis, of Merrill, Lowa. Among the notable visitors who attended the convention was Mr. James E. Bartlett, of Indianapolis, president of Pitman- Moore Company. It was the first time that Mr. Bartlett had attended an A. V. M. A. convention since the big meeting in Detroit, in 1916. PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS ON CERTAIN DISEASES OF THE DOG AND OTHER LABORATORY ANIMALS! JoHN G. HARDENBERGH, V. M. D. Division of Experimental Surgery and Pathology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota. During the last two and one-half years I have observed several thousands of laboratory animals, including dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, white mice and other species, under constant con- ditions of housing, feeding and general care. Particular atten- tion has been paid to the dog. Although the majority of these animals never gave evidence of natural pathologic processes, there has been a certain incidence of disease which has permitted the collection of interesting data. More guinea pigs and rabbits than dogs have been handled, but the diseases they present have been less important from scientific and economic view- points, and, judging from the small numbers of such animals brought to the free dispensaries and hospitals of our veterinary schools, they form a negligible factor in the practice of veterinary medicine. However, there are a few principles of general care and a few diseases of the smaller animals that it may be worth while to consider briefly, because the raising of pet stock for sale as pets, or for laboratory use, is becoming increasingly prevalent, and the veterinarian may be called on occasionally for advice concerning them. Some of the conditions under which our observations of disease have been made may differ in a few non-essential respects from those met with in general practice, but so far as the diseases themselves are concerned, they are, of course, identical. In private practice, each new case is a new problem requiring indi- vidual solution. Although every veterinarian has certain methods of treatment for certain conditions, yet, if he is to do justice to his client and to himself, he must make a separate study of each case and meet its own particular requirements. On the other hand, when several hundreds of animals are constantly in one’s care, the problems of prevention, control and treatment of disease eall for measures that are comparatively simple, efficient and routine in application, except in special instances. The observa- 1Presented before the sixtieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, Montreal, Canada, August 27-31, 1923. 194 J. G. HARDENBERGH tions made as a result of these routine procedures, as we have practiced them, form the basis of this discussion and are of practical interest. Results of experimental work will be men- tioned only so far as they have a direct bearing on the diseases discussed. The chief consideration in preparing and holding animals for laboratory observation is, obviously, to maintain them in the best possible physical condition. In the case of dogs, this means giving them time and opportunity to contract distemper if they are not already immune, aiding recovery so far as possible, and then bringing them to good. condition before they are turned over for laboratory use. We prefer to hold guinea pigs and rabbits, as well as dogs, for several weeks until they have become thor- oughly acclimated; in the meantime any that are weak or have contracted disease during shipment will have recovered or died, and the laboratory is assured of a good supply of healthy animals accustomed to our methods of feeding and confinement. Such a system necessitates the keeping of a surplus of animals of all kinds, but it is the best and most economical system in the long run; it is much better to take losses in laboratory animals before they have been used rather than to have an experiment or a series of experiments come to naught because of the untimely death of animals at what is often a critical stage in the work, all because of improper preparation of the subjects. In addition, clean quarters, proper diet and exercise are important factors. DIsEASES OF Docs Distemper.—Distemper, as we see it, is about equally prevalent at all times of the year. I know of nothing new as to the primary cause; neither has a ‘‘cure’’ been found. It seems to have no great respect for age, because it occurs in dogs of practically all ages. I wish to emphasize that non-immune dogs contract the disease, regardless of age, either shortly after being exposed, or following etherization and surgical interference. It seems plausible that the reason distemper is not more often observed in old, non-immune dogs is because there is seldom a sufficient decrease of natural resistance or reduced vitality after such animals have reached maturity, associated with exposure to a virulent infection. Most of our dogs are city raised, and about 50 per cent are already immune. It is believed that Bacterium bronchisepticum is not the real primary cause of distemper, and there is considerable data to DISEASES OF LABORATORY ANIMALS 195 “support this view. We have failed to produce distemper at all consistently in young susceptible animals by repeated doses of this organism given intranasally, intratracheally, intravenously or subcutaneously, and in various combinations of these methods. Yet we have seen these same animals develop typical cases several weeks or months later, when exposed to natural infection. In trying to cause canine distemper by use of Bacterium bronchi- septicum, we have used not only cultures freshly isolated in our laboratory, but also several strains furnished by the laboratory where this organism was first isolated and described. The organism is found in almost every case of distemper that is cultured, and frequently is isolated in pure culture from the trachea and large bronchi. However, its etiologic as well as immunologic significance have not been apparent. The respiratory or catarrhal form of the disease is most common; it is usually accompanied by involvement of the eyes, and often by intestinal disturbance. This form almost invariably terminates in bronchopneumonia. In younger animals the pustular mani- festations on the abdomen and inner thighs is often observed, but this form is seldom uncomplicated by more serious lesions. It would seem superfluous to discuss the symptoms of distem- per, because every practitioner is familiar with them. Our method of treatment is as follows: As soon as an animal is found to be diseased, he is removed from the open pens where he has been running with a few other dogs, and placed in a cage where there is ample opportunity to eat, if he will, without interference. The diet consists of kibbled dog biscuit, bread, with whole or skimmed milk, meat occasionally, and plenty of water. The only drugs consistently used are combinations of eucalyptus, camphor, guaiacol, and others which are eliminated to some extent through the lungs. Such medication does not, I believe, reduce the mortality, but it does seem to hasten resolu- tion and facilitate recovery in those animals that are “predes- tined” to survive. We have always tried to approach the various phases of distemper with an open mind, and consequently have tried almost everything that has been reliably sponsored as exerting a favorable action in the disease. As a result our medical régime has been reduced to that just outlined. We have given every form of biologic treatment extensive and repeated trials without reducing mortality. These trials have been made with commercial products gratuitously supplied by the manufacturers, or purchased in the open market, or with 196 J. G. HARDENBERGH > products which we have prepared ourselves. Both the com- mercial and domestic preparations have included bacterins and anti-sera prepared with Bacterium bronchisepticum alone, and also products that were polyvalent. There have been times when, if we had been contented to limit the trial of these biologic preparations to a few animals, we would have been left with the impression that we were getting good results; however, when the trials were extended to cover hundreds of animals, in one instance five hundred being used, we were forced to conclude that no appreciable good had been done. Our records show a mortality from distemper of 28 per cent. This is probably a fairly low rate considering the type of disease most prevalent in our animals and the rather simple method of treatment, compared with that usually employed in private practice. One factor which may help to account for the low rate is the type of dog we receive. Many of them are true mongrels, and such animals are not to be surpassed in natural resistance, “‘toughness,”’ andallround, never-say-die spirit. In my experience in treating pure-bred dogs, the mortality has averaged close to 75 per cent. Such animals die when least expected, and with the least evidence of resistance. These highly bred animals, with hypersensitive nervous mechanisms, are also prone to: develop lesions of the nervous system, which detract greatly from the chances for recovery. Because of the type of dog which predominates in our kennels, sequelae are not very common. We occasionally see chorea, more accurately “tic” or clonic spasms, as a sequela of distemper, and have found it impossible to cure. Whether or not this con- dition is a true chorea is beside the question. Certainly nine- tenths of the cases designated chorea are sequelae of distemper. The frequency of chorea in police dogs is evident from our own observations, from the experience of other men who have had considerable canine practice, and from demonstrations we have seen at small animal clinics. In some instances there is a history of distemper, and in others the owners felt quite certain that the disease had never been present. The keepers of the kennels from which the animals were first obtained also denied the previous occurrence of distemper in these cases, but this is to be expected. Nevertheless, from the fact that animals without a history of distemper failed to contract the disease later, when exposed to it, we have concluded that there had been a previous attack, either so light as to be unrecognized, or simply denied. Y DISEASES OF LABORATORY ANIMALS 197 a aa ee Of the other sequelae, eye lesions are most common. Some very obstinate cases of conjunctivitis and keratitis appear with, or follow, distemper. Deafness is occasionally noted and chronie nasal discharges are common. External parasites.—Fleas, lice, and sarcoptic mange are the usual forms of external parasitism with which we have to deal. An occasional case of demodectic mange is seen. Owing to our routine of handling newly received animals, and the sanitary construction of our kennels, we have little difficulty with fleas and lice. New dogs are dipped when received in a 1 per cent solution of a cresol-phenol compound, and this usually suffices to eliminate the blood sucking parasites. There- after, a flea- or louse-infested animal in the kennels is rarely found. Sarcoptic mange is also well controlled by the routine practise of dipping new animals. On the day after being given the dip for fleas and lice, all new dogs receive the first of three treatments with lime and sulphur solution. Two more treat- ments are given at intervals of a week, and this serves to keep our cases of sarcoptic mange at a low level. Treatments are given by the tank method, the animals being placed in a metal crate which holds two to four dogs, depending on their size; this crate is lowered several times into a tank of the lime and sulphur solution, the animals being completely immersed for a second, and then raised. There are a few obstinate cases always present to act as sources of infection, and also a few new cases continually being shipped in. Any cases appearing in the kennels are treated by the method described; if any small areas of infestation remain after a course of dipping and are slow in healing, such spots are painted with a mixture of sulphur and oil. Out of several hundred dogs constantly under observation, there are seldom more than ten or fifteen under treatment for scabies at one time. The lime and sulphur solution which we use is a concentrated preparation manufactured by a chemical company, and tests between 32° and 33° Baume. For use, it is diluted with six parts of water, and we have found it very convenient and eco- nomical. Mange caused by the Demodex folliculorum is uncommon. For reasons which everyone who has had much experience with this disease will understand, we find it most efficient to use an animal thus affected in an acute experiment, rather than to subject it to a tedious course of treatment, which at best is uncertain in results. Formalin is recommended by some, but the discomfort 198 J. G. HARDENBERGH to the patient is intense. We have recently started a test of the treatment recommended and demonstrated by Marsteller, at the meeting of this society last year, but are not yet prepared to give our opinion of the method. Internal parasites—It is our observation that ordinary degrees of infestation with the common round worms and tapeworms in mature dogs are generally of little importance. ‘We recognize the seriousness of intestinal parasites in young growing animals. In the majority of our dogs that come to necropsy, varying degrees of ascariasis and taeniasis are evident, but it often happens that heavily infested animals are in excellent condition; many even fail to show local intestinal irritation. For this reason no routine attempt is made to rid the dogs of intestinal parasites. In our experience, however, oil of chenopodium has proved most effective for round worms. From the standpoint of actual damage to the host, it appears that hookworm infestation is the most serious; certainly there is more evidence of injury to dogs from hookworm than from any other intestinal parasite. Carbon tetrachloride is, of course, the drug par excellence for treatment. For tapeworms, we can endorse the use of arecoline hydro- bromide, as recommended by Lentz, except that we would suggest slightly larger doses. We have used this drug in a few cases of privately owned dogs with more satisfaction to the owner and ourselves than any other drug. The promptness with which the taenia are expelled is striking. Diseases of the eye.-—The most common disorders of the eye are catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis, and parenchymatous and ulcerative keratitis. They all seem to be closely related, as any of the milder forms of conjunctivitis are capable of develop- ing into the more severe forms of keratitis. The etiology of these diseases is not entirely clear, but they may follow distemper, local irritation and injuries, and in some instances are certainly due to specific infection. Certain observers have demonstrated ophthalmia as a result of faulty diet, an apparent lack of the fat- soluble vitamin. We have isolated from cases of ulcerative keratitis a long- chained streptococcus in pure culture. Control cultures from the conjunctival sac of healthy eyes are always negative, if due care is taken to avoid contamination of the swab used in culturing. Treatment for all forms of conjunctivitis and keratitis is routine. The conjunctival sac is washed out with a 1 to 1000 solution of DISEASES OF LABORATORY ANIMALS 199 bichloride, followed by the application of yellow oxide of mercury ointment. A 1 to 1000 solution of bichloride in olive oil is to be recommended also. We believe that there need be no hesitation in using bichloride in what appears to bea strong solution for eye work; at least no untoward results from its use have been observed, and results appear more speedily than with the milder antiseptics. Ulcerative and gangrenous stomatitis ——The incidence of these conditions is very irregular. Most of our cases have been seen in the winter months and occur in poorly nourished animals, those having extensive caries of the teeth, and so forth. Only one case has been observed in the last six months. Textbooks mention the presence of Actinomyces necrophorus, Bacterium septicum, and Bacterrum coli in the affected tissues. It is conceivable that almost any organism might be found in such lesions of the mouth without etiologic significance. We have been interested to observe the presence of Bacillus fusi- formis, and spirillae as found in cases of Vincent’s angina in man, an ulcerative condition of the tonsils, and also in cases of pulmonary gangrene. These two microbial forms are always associated, and it is thought that the spirillae result from longi- tudinal division of the Bacillus fusiformis. Some authors regard Bacillus fusiformis as the cause of Vincent’s angina, and there is no reason why it should not have a similar réle in ulcerative and gangrenous stomatitis of animals. In support of this view, Kline has recently reported the production of gangrene experimentally... He used material from cases of dental caries, of Vincent’s angina, and of pulmonary gangrene, all containing spirillae and Bacillus fusiformis, and was able, in the presence of dead tissue, to cause gangrene in guinea pigs. He also produced pulmonary gangrene in a rabbit with similar material. If animals with ulcerative and gangrenous stomatitis have diseased teeth, the latter are extracted, and the diseased tissues completely extirpated; this is followed by daily irrigation with Dakin’s solution. Deficiency diseases.—Osteomalacia will be the only disease of this type discussed. We reported a similar condition, designated “kennel lameness,’’ some time ago, and have come to regard it as a type of osteomalacia peculiar to the particular conditions under which animals are held. It presents marked softening of the ribs, pelvis and some vertebrae, with resultant deformities of these structures and a typical stiffness in gait. It occurs in only 200 J. G. HARDENBERGH afew animals and is a result of faulty metabolism, rather than any general lack of food factors. If the latter condition prevailed, much more of the disease would be seen.: It can be prevented by increasing the mineral intake of the animal, feeding liberal quantities of meat, by the administration of cod liver oil and calcium phosphate, and by increasing the exercise taken by the animal. Renal calculi.mRenal calculi in the dog are generally regarded as rare; Hutyra and Marek place the incidence at 0.3 per cent. In our series of 433-consecutive animals, examined postmortem between December, 1921 and October 1, 1922, we found fifty with varying degrees of stone formation in one or both kidneys, an incidence of 11 per cent. It is possible that further examina- tions will lower this percentage, and examinations are to be con- ducted to determine this point. Rabies.—It is a matter of interest that, in a period of more than two years during which nearly four thousand dogs were received, only one case of rabies occurred. The diagnosis was checked by laboratory methods. Infectious sarcoma or infectious venereal granulomas.—This condition which used to be seen mostly in highly bred dogs of certain breeds has become quite general, and is now seen in many types of dogs. An animal was recently examined in which the primary lesion was in the vagina and the condition had metastasized to the liver and spleen. Anatomical anomalies—Various anatomical anomalies are seen, both antemortem and postmortem. The more interesting include a case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and two cases of pseudo-hermaphroditism. DISEASES OF RABBITS Rabbits are subject to a greater variety of diseases than other small laboratory animals, with the exception of cats. Snuffles and coccidiosis cause many deaths. Ear mange, diarrhea and other intestinal disturbances are less fatal but quite common in occurrence. Snuffles —Snuffles takes its name from the snuffling breathing of rabbits having the disease; it is very infectious, is favored by exposure, and damp, insanitary surroundings and is attended by a high mortality. There is sneezing, a watery discharge from the nose, which later becomes purulent, followed by weakness and general prostration. Little can be done in treating the con- DISEASES OF LABORATORY ANIMALS 220i dition, but efforts should be made to control the spread of the infection. This is best accomplished by disposing of all sick animals and burying them deeply or incinerating; pens and runs must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected and made sanitary. Coccidiosis.—Coccidiosis in rabbits is caused by Coccidium cuniculi, an animal parasite. It is fatal to young rabbits; old rabbits have abscesses in the liver, sometimes without apparent harm. The parasites are expelled with the droppings of diseased animals, which facilitates the spread of the disease. It is claimed that the parasites must live outside the host for five days in order to be infective for others; this cycle of development makes it possible to control the spread of infection by thorough cleaning and disinfection of pens and runs every five days. Besides hygienic measures, treatment is of little value. Ear mange.—This condition is exceedingly common in rabbits. It is caused by the psoroptic mite and is easily recognized by the formation of brownish crusts within the ear. The infestation usually appears first deep within the ear, and gradually extends over the entire inner surface; thick, foul-smelling crusts and discharges finally fill the entire cavity in severe cases, and there may be involvement of the meninges which results in death. Rabbits with ear mange first show irritation of the organ by violent scratching of the ears and shaking of the head; the affected ear or ears begin to droop, and finally become entirely dependent on account of the weight of the material contained within them; if only one side is affected, the head is turned to one side. This condition can be treated very satisfactorily, and the treat- ment is worth while, especially in valuable breeding animals. The ears should be thoroughly cleaned of all discharge, the crusts being softened with soap and water and entirely removed without injuring the ear. The material removed should be care- fully disposed of, as it is usually teeming with the parasites. After thorough cleansing, the ears should be thoroughly covered inside and out with sulphur ointment; concentrated lime and sulphur may be poured into the ear and the excess drained out, or the ears may be dusted thoroughly with powdered sulphur. Several treatments at intervals of a few days or a week may be necessary in advanced cases; lighter cases will respond to two or three treatments. Thoroughness is essential. There is little likelihood of mistaking the condition, but diagnosis can be con- 202 J. G. HARDENBERGH firmed by examination of some of the discharge under the microscope. Mange affecting the skin over the body is not seen to any extent in animals kept in clean quarters. The treatment is with sulphur ointments, lime and sulphur solution and so forth. Diarrhea.—Diarrhea of rabbits may be caused by sudden changes in food, particularly changes in green food, by over- feeding of green stuff, and food that is not in good condition. The diarrhea is best treated by withdrawing all green food temporarily and placing the animal on a diet of grains, clean bright hay (alfalfa, clover or timothy) and pure drinking water. Judicious feeding of rabbits will prevent most of the intestinal disturbances to which rabbits are subject. - DISEASES OF GUINEA PIGS The most fatal and common disease of guinea pigs is pneu- monia, which is prevalent especially in the late winter and early spring months. It results from exposure to draughts and cold, confinement in damp cages, marked fluctuations in temperature, and probably a specific infection. Treatment is impractical, but a degree of prevention is possible. Guinea pigs absolutely will not survive in draughty quarters, nor will they tolerate marked fluctuations in temperature over short periods of time; extreme cold is also fatal. Lice are very common on guinea pigs, but clean quarters keep this condition suppressed. DISEASES OF WHITE Rats AND WHITE MIcE As in guinea pigs, pneumonia is responsible for the greatest losses among these animals. The same principles of prevention apply, as treatment is obviously impractical. White rats are sometimes affected with ear mange which can be treated the same as in rabbits. The chief factors in handling all the smaller laboratory animals are, first of all, clean, dry quarters that are not subject to marked variations in temperature; second, a suitable diet, and for guinea pigs and rabbits especially, this must include some kind of green food the year round, such as sowed corn, alfalfa and clover in the summer, and carrots, beets, cabbage and so forth, in the winter. Even a very small allowance of such food in the winter will do much to make the animals thrive, and reduce losses from deaths without apparent cause. An adequate supply of roughage DISEASES OF LABORATORY ANIMALS 203 in the form of clean hay should be available to rabbits and guinea pigs at all times. Clean drinking water is essential to rabbits, but guinea pigs do not require it if they are supplied constantly with green food or roots. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1Brimhall, S. D., and Hardenbergh, J. G.: A study of so-called kennel lameness—Prelim- inary report. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assn., 1922, lxi, 145-154. 2Hutyra, F., and Marek, J.: Special pathology and therapeutics of the diseases of domestic animals. Chicago, A. Eger, 1916, p. 1100. 3Kline, B. S.: Experimental gangrene. Jour. Infect. Dis., 1923, xxxii, 481-483. A RARE CASE OF TUBERCULOSIS There was recently forwarded to the Bureau of Animal Industry Laboratories, in Washington, a specimen of muscle tissue from a bull which had been shipped in for slaughter in a lot of 34 other bulls. A number of this lot were found to be badly infected with tuberculosis. The specimen was apparently a tumorous growth attached to the musculature and was, upon examination, found to contain organisms of an acid-fast type, having the size and form of bovine tubercle bacilli. The report of the Pathological Division stated, “This appearance of tuber- culosis lesion is known as the proliferative form of tuberculosis, and seldom occurs except in very advanced cases.” In this case, however, the lesions were not of the progressive type except that the muscle lesions reported were quite numerous, well marked, and were found on both hind quarters in the crural and gluteal muscles. ANOTHER VETERINARY EXHIBIT Dr. C. M. Christy, of Brookville, Pa., arranged a booth at the recent Forest County (Pa.) Fair, showing lesions of tuberculosis, photographs of reactions, etc., and in addition, had original placards giving data of local interest, and pamphlets furnished by the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry, describing the disease and its economic importance. This booth attracted about as much attention as any booth at the Fair and stimulated interest in the eradication of this disease. It has been found in that county that 62% of the tuberculosis among cattle can be traced to one herd. This exhibit shows what an enterprising local veterinarian can do to interest the general public in animal diseases. DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS AND DIFFERENTIAL TREAT- MENT OF VARIOUS FORMS OF COLIC IN THE HORSE! By G. H. Mypuanp, Horton, Kan. The term colic. is one which is very widely used by both laity and veterinarian in referring to innumerable and widely differing diseases of the horse, characterized by pain originating from the abdominal region. The term used in its most restricted sense should include only such affections as are manifested by pain originating from the digestive tract. Various writers have therefore classified colics as true and false. True colics are those as are mentioned above, in which pain originates from the digestive tract (stomach and intestines). False colics are those in which pain originates from a diseased state of any of the other abdominal organs, such as disorders of the uninary, reproductive and hepatic organs. It will not be the purpose of this brief paper to try to take into consideration all of the various affections which might be included under the above two classifications but will limit it to a discussion of the symptoms and treatment of some of the more or less acute affections classed as true colics, most often encountered by the average practitioner. Neither will it be the purpose to offer anything new, but rather to review the symptoms and suggest such treatment as will be of practicable every-day use to the practitioner. From the standpoint of practice, true colics may be classified as follows: 1. Acute dilatation of the stomach. 2. Simple impaction of the intestines. 3. Colic due to displacement of the bowel. 4. Flatulent colic. 5. Spasmodic colic. 6. Embolie colic. AcuTE DILATATION OF THE STOMACH This is a quite common affection of horses and is usually due to irrational or over-feeding. Later, fermentation of the ingesta takes place, causing a severe dilatation of the organ. History 1Read before the annual meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, Omaha, Nebr., July 23, 1923. 204 COLIC. IN THE HORSE 3 205 will disclose that the horse has usually had an overfeed of grain, or that the attack occurred shortly after feeding, following a hard day’s work. However, sometimes attacks occur as long as seven or eight hours after feeding. Characteristic symptoms are fullness of the abdomen and dyspneic breathing. The dilatation of the stomach interferes with the free action of the diaphragm. The pains are usually rather mild at the onset, becoming more severe the longer the attack lasts. However the pains rarely become very severe. The animal in the standing position will stand with lowered head, often leaning against the stall or wall. When lying down will either lie on its side or assume a sitting-dog position, to relieve the pressure from the diaphragm. LEructations of the esophagus take place in quite a number of cases and this is of great diagnostic value, when present. Vomiting is another symptom often noticed in this condition, but one must not always associate this act with rupture of the stomach, because vomiting can often occur without a ruptured stomach. The most valuable treatment for this condition is the use of ‘the stomach tube. This treatment should be tried for all cases of dilatation of the stomach and in the majority of cases the con- tents of the stomach ean be liquified sufficiently with water so that they may be siphoned out of the tube. In a few cases one will encounter considerable difficulty in doing this, for it appears as though the walls have lost their contractile powers, causing no pressure on the ingesta. In this connection, I wish to say that I have completely discarded the use of the double tube in my own practice. The single tube is the only one which I have found to be practical. It is often important that not all of the contents of the stomach be emptied out through the tube, at least too suddenly, as it will sometimes cause shock. It is advisable to leave about one or two gallons of water in the stomach, to which has been added some antiferment, such as eucamphine. In cases in which the stomach tube is not used, Dr. Quitman advises the administration of one-half ounce of salicylic acid in capsule. This treatment gives very good results in some cases. SIMPLE IMPACTION OF THE INTESTINES This form of colic constitutes the most common form encoun- tered in the horse. Two forms may be recognized: (1) impaction of the small bowels and (2) impaction of the large bowels. 206 G. H. MYDLAND 1. Impaction of the Small Bowel.—This is characterized by suppressed peristalsis, constipation and depressed attitude of the patient. In the early stages the temperature, pulse and visible mucous membranes usually remain practically normal, but if the case is neglected they will gradually become abnormal. The pains are more of the mild type, with intermittent spells of greater uneasiness. The patient seeks recumbency for considerable periods, often shows icterus, and diarrhea is frequently observed, which is of a considerably foul nature. The appetite is usually better in this form of colic than in other forms. This condition is treated by the administration of an aloes bolus or hypodermic injections of arecoline hydrobromide or ese- rine salicylate, followed by small and often repeated doses of nux vomica per 0s. 2. Impaction of the Large Bowel—This consists of an accumulation of feces in the cecum, colon or rectum. The most common of these is the involvement of the large colan. It has been my experience that it is rather difficult to differentiate, whether the trouble is due to the involvement of the cecum or colon, unless it can be accomplished by rectal exploration. Impaction of the cecum usually is of a chronic nature, with periodic and protracted pains. Impaction of the colon is char- acterized by more or less of an acute condition. In this form of colic, rectal examination is of great value in establishing a diagnosis. The accumulated mass, unless too far forward, can be felt through the walls of the rectum as a more or less doughy mass. There is also usually more or less displace- ment of the bowel, due to the weight of the accumulation. Often the small intestines are found to be filled with gas, especially if the condition has existed for some time. In general the characteristic symptoms are manifested by mild, periodic, colicky pains, couching walk, hesitancy in lying down, bracing of the hind parts against some convenient wall, and suppressed peristalsis. This form of colic occurs nearly always during the fall and winter months when‘the horses are fed on dry, coarse feed, such as corn-stalks and straw. The most valuable treatment of this condition consists of high rectal injections of large quantities of water. The farther one can insert the tube into the rectum the better. Several bucketsful of warm water should be pumped in. A considerable portion of the water will be forced out by straining, but some will flow forward and soften the accumulated mass. Some of the COLIC IN THE HORSE 207 rectal locks on the market are of great value in forcing the water forward. As to purgatives, oils are to be preferred to the aloes bolus. Either raw linseed oil or one of the various neutral mineral oils on the market is suitable. From one pint to a quart should be given every twelve hours until relief is obtained. I often add to the oil some antiferment to prevent the formation of gas. Small and often-repeated doses of nux vomica are also prescribed for their stimulative effect on the bowel. Couic Dur To DISPLACEMENT OF THE BOWEL This form of colic includes such conditions as volvulus, torsion, intussusception and diphragmatic, inguinal or scrotal hernia. Considered collectively, they are characterized by very violent, colicky symptoms, of a very acute nature. With the exception of intussusception, whose symptoms are not always of such an acute nature, the pains are intermittent, sharp and rapidly increase in duration and intensity in a few hours, causing the animal to go through the most violent demonstrations, with entire disregard to self-inflicted injury. The animal will get up and down repeatedly, often falling with violent force to the ground. When standing, it walks about with head lowered and gait unsteady. The pulse soon becomes weak, mucous membranes are injected and there is trembling of the muscles at various . parts of the body. Rectal examination is often of material aid in diagnosis, especially if the displacement is of the colon. Where there is displacement of the small intestines, one can often suspect it by the intense bloating sometimes found in the latter. Treatment is very unsatisfactory except in case of strangu- lated hernia, in which case surgical intervention is the usual method. Occasionally the displacement might be corrected by rectal manipulation, but I have found that it is an exceedingly difficult thing to accomplish, as one has not enough leverage to handle the weight involved. Rolling the patient is also advo- cated but I have never attempted it in my practice. If diagnosis can be established early in the attack, stimulation of peristalsis by the use of eserine or arecoline, together with liberal use of oil, may be of benefit. FLATULENT CoLic This is ordinarily known as acute indigestion, intestinal tym- _ pany or wind colic. It is due to the fermentation of undigested 208 G. H. MYDLAND food causing a rapid accumulation of gas in the digestive tract. Either the stomach or intestines may be involved. If the stomach alone is affected the condition is closely allied to acute dilatation of the stomach from overfeeding. The most outstanding symptom is a rapid distension of the abdomen by the gas. At first only the right side may be dis- tended, but later as more gas accumulates, both sides will be about equally affected. If the distension is extreme the animal — lies down with great care and rolls but little. Most of the usual symptoms of colic are in evidence. The animal being in great pain, breathing is greatly increased, being short and broken, now and then with a short-drawn sigh. The pulse is fast and weak. The visible mucous membranes are highly injected. Temperature may be slightly elevated. Patchy prespiration covers the body. Peristalsis is replaced by tinkling sounds. If relief is not soon attained the patient succumbs in a few hours. Enterocentesis should be the first line of treatment resorted to in this ailment, especially if the flatulence is severe. However, this will only be of benefit in intestinal flatulence. In gastric flatulence, the stomach tube should be resorted to at once. After the gas has escaped through the canula, some antiseptic, well diluted with water, should be injected directly into the bowel through the canula, to counteract the formation of more gas. Antiseptics useful for this purpose are carbolic acid, liquor eresolis compositus and eucamphine. In order to free the bowel of the fermenting material, purgatives should at once be given. The quick-acting ones, such as eserine, are to be preferred. Salol or naphthalin, in two-dram doses, should be given per os. SpasmMopic Co.Lic This form of colic is characterized by sharp and intermittent pains alternating with periods of apparent easiness. It is usually caused by large drinks of cold water when the animal is warm; indigestable food; cold rains; drafts; etc. It is more often met with in highbred, nervous horses. An animal suffering from this form of colic evinces the most intense pain; throwing itself recklessly down; rolls; gets up; paws; strikes, sweats and makes frequent attempts to pass urine. During periods of ease the animal may go to eating for a short time, only to have the attack recur with equal or more severity than before. Peristalsis is generally greatly increased. Diarrhea often becomes ane COLIC IN THE-HORSE 209 associated symptom and though spasmodic colic will not, as a rule, cause great concern, it may lead to volvulus, intussuscep- tion, ruptures, ete. Antispasmodics are indicated for the treatment of this form of colic. Morphine sulphate hypodermically in four-grain doses, or chloral hydrate in one-ounce doses, well diluted with water and given per os may be used. EmpBouic Co.uic This form is rather difficult to differentiate from other forms of colic. The attack comes on with no regard for digestive periods. In other respects the symptoms are very similar to those of spasmodic colic except that diarrhea does not occur, as is sometimes the case with the latter. The most practical diagnostic aid is the history of previous similar attacks, occurring at variable hours from no apparent cause. As to treatment, exercise is justified in order to raise the blood pressure with hope that by so doing the thrombus may be disin- tegrated or collateral circulation hastened. Anodyne medicines, such as morphine or chloral, are also indicated to lessen the pain. PROGRESS IN TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION The annual report of the Tuberculosis Eradication Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1923, contains much information regarding the progress of the work. The following, taken from this report, will be of undoubted interest to veterinarians engaged in the movement. There were tested during the year approximately 3,500,000 head of cattle, from which were removed about 114,000 reactors, which was slightly over 3 per cent of the total cattle tested. These reactors were obtained on 31,500 infected premises. The accredited herds at the end of the year totalled 28,500, - containing about 615,000 head of cattle. This is an increase of approximately 76 per cent in herds and 69 per cent in cattle. The once-tested free herds at the end of the fiscal year were over 312,000 containing over 2,700,000 head of cattle, an increase of 93 per cent in herds and 76 per cent in cattle. The total cattle reported under supervision at the end of the year was about 4,500,000. TEMPERATURE, PULSE, AND RESPIRATION OF FOXES By Karu B. Hanson and H. L. Van VOLKENBERG Bureau of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agrieulture. A study of the body temperature, frequency of pulse, and rate of respiration of apparently healthy foxes was undertaken by the writers over the period from December, 1919, to May, 1923 inclusive, on foxes at the U. 8. Experimental Fur Farm, Keese- ville, N. Y., and on various private ranches, to determine if possible the normal in these matters. Observations also were made of sick foxes to ascertain whether the data regarding temperature, pulse, and respiration would be of value in diagno- sing disease. While making the necessary observations, foxes over two months old were restrained by fastening a pair of self-locking tongs around the neck, each animal being laid on its side and an assistant clasping the handle of the tongs and the front legs of the fox in one hand and the hind legs in the other. Pups under two months old were held either in the hands or arms of an assistant. The temperature readings were taken with a clinical ther- mometer, inserted into the rectum and allowed to remain there three to five minutes, after the mercury had been shaken below 95° F. The pulse frequency was obtained by palpation of the femoral artery. The respiration frequency was determined by counting the rise and fall of the sides or ribs. In pups less than six weeks old the pulse rate was not taken by palpation of the femoral artery, but the rate of heart beats was determined by auscultation of the thorax. A -physician’s stop watch was used in counting the pulse beats and respiration. TEMPERATURE, PULSE, AND RESFIRATION OF Foxes oF DIF- FERENT AGES In the following table is given a summary of the temperatures and frequency of pulse and respiration of apparently, healthy foxes (Vulpes fulva) of different ages: 210 TEMPERATURE AND PULSE OF FOXES 211 Age No. of Temperature Pulse Respiration (in Obser- \ Days) | vations|| Average Range Average Range Average Range 3 97.2 96 .4— 97.8 269* 240-288* 58 47— 69 8-16 40 OTiat 96.4— 98.6 200* 144-300* 41 24— 67 22-25 6 99.8 DORORLOO RS, Ne coc e. clack, | oraies tide one legedoralll =. Aas Dead at 17th hour 22 a os ay Dead at 17th hour 23 es Veep Shas Dead at 18th hour 24 oie me ae aa Dead at 17th hour 25 Yee June 9 1% ce Dead at 24th hour 26 ese Seer Pato Dead at 17th hour 27 Spats es oes Dead at 24th hour 28 pe | eS SFr es Dead at 21st hour 29 meets ars Shs Dead at 17th hour 30 Zee Pathan Pes Dead at 21st hour 31 ys ce June 10 14% ee Dead at 24th hour 32 BB ee s e. es Marked depression; recovered 33 ate § = whetoa: Dead at 24th hour 34 Fs cc June 10 2 cc Dead at 20th hour 35 CS y - ene Dead at 20th hour 36 aeoke z rc Dead at 24th hour 37 14 ce June 10 14% ee Dead at 24th hour 38 Se sats } : s aes Marked depression; recovered 39 tires 4 ; oe Dead at 24th hour 40 14 ce } June 10 2 cc Dead at 20th hour 41 re 5 = Shs Dead at 20th hour 42 S228 : % ay Dead at 24th hour 43 14 ee June 24 1144 ce Dead at 21st hour 44 oka & = See Dead at 21st hour 45 et rs = es Dead at 21st hour 46 eS } = $ tee Dead at 21st hour 47 14 ee June 27 lee Dead at 22nd hour 48 Skee 2 = eas No reaction 49 egos 3 2 en Dead at 22nd hour 50 a ae = e ey Dead at 22nd hour 51 14 ce July 11 1lce | Dead at 16th hour 52 pss & « Sy | Marked depression; recovered 53 Ae £ e 1 Dead at 16th hour 54 ie . = Ses Dead at 16th hour 55 14 ce July 25 l ce Dead at 32nd hour 56 gE ae z s See Marked reaction; recovered 57 = s 2 iis Slight reaction; recovered 58 ees S : oe, Slight reaction; recovered 59 14 ce July 26 lee Dead at 16th hour 60 ea : = recent Dead at 16th hour 61 sh Pes } S 2 ea Dead at 21st hour 62 + ae 5 s rik Marked reaction; recovered 63 VY sce Aug. 8 1 ce Dead at 28th hour 64 parse kee i's Dead at 6th hour 65 ese eS aoe Dead at 22nd hour 66 ees Piste ey Dead at 22nd hour 67 1% ce Sept. 7 1 ce Dead at 22nd hour 68 A oe a = as Marked reaction; recovered 69 hye = = ee Dead at 22nd hour 70 aes ; 2 ae Dead at 22nd hour 71 {ce Nov. 21 lee No reaction 72 Pee : : ee: No reaction 73 ee = = Sais No reaction 74 ee z Z kegs Slight reaction; recovered 75 Se ee bar's Slight reaction; recovered 230 A. B. CRAWFORD cubie centimeter was the equivalent of 0.125 gram of Koch’s Old Tuberculin. The intra-abdominal injection of killed tubercle bacilli in guinea pigs usually results in a thickening of the omentum and the formation of from two to a dozen whitish tubercles, ranging in size up to three millimeters in diameter. These tubercles are found mostly in the omentum but may also develop on the capsules of the liver and spleen and on the peritoneum. From the foregoing experiment it is evident that sensitiveness to tuberculin is caused in guinea pigs by the injection of killed tubercle bacilli. During the period of greatest sensitiveness, with one exception, at least three out of every four guinea pigs died within 24 hours from the injection of smaller doses of tuberculin than are toler- ated without inconvenience by normal guinea pigs. Sensitization was first observed about two weeks after the injection of the dead tubercle bacllli. It increased gradually. At the end of four weeks, an injection of two cubic centimeters of tuberculin per 500 grams weight of guinea pig generally was fatal. At the end of the seventh week, an injection of one cubic centimeter of tuberculin per 500 grams weight usually was fatal. The degree of sensitization is relatively stationary from the seventh to the eighteenth week. The exact time at which it begins to decline was not determined. No injections were made between the eighteenth and twenty-eighth weeks. At the twenty-eighth week, a marked decline was apparent. NOTE—In connection with the foregoing experiment it is interesting to record that with tests made at the Experiment Station some time ago it was found that guinea pigs may also be sensitized for tuberculin by subcutaneous injections of dead tubercle bacilli, even when the doses of such tubercle bacilli are too small to cause more than a slight induration at the seat of injection. Cattle injected with small doses of dead tubercle bacilli, occasionally, but not invariably, react with tuberculin afterwards. For example, among a group of nine cattle which had received small doses of dead tubercle bacilli suspended in tuberculin, two reacted with the intra- dermic test about two months later, one with the subcutaneous test and none with the ophthalmic. The animal which reacted with the subcutaneous test was one of the two which reacted with the intradermic, and this animal killed and examined post mortem six weeks after the tuberculin tests were made, failed to show lesions indicative of tuberculosis or any other disease. The periodic tests of commercial tuberculin made at the Station, taking the results of this work into account, now include careful studies of samples with regard to the degree of their contamination with dead tubercle bacilli. For- merly dead tubercle bacilli were quite common and abundant in some samples and practically absent from others, justifying the conclusion that it is not economically difficult to have all samples of tuberculin practically free from dead tubercle bacilli. Since then a great improvement in this respect has been effected in the tuberculin prepared and sold in the United States under Government license. E. C. ScHROEDER. Superintendent of Experiment Station. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS (Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this de- partment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful to others in the profession.) POLYARTHRITIS AND RACHITIS IN CALVES By D. D. Baker, Ames, Iowa. Senior Veterinary Student, Iowa State College History:—Grade Holstein bull, one year of age, entered the hospital on February 6, 1923, with the following history: There are eleven in the herd, all about the same age; one has died and three others are in the same condition as this animal; aged cattle in good health. The first symptoms were noticed about six months ago, when knee and pastern joints seemed swollen and stiff; diarrhea developed, followed by constipation and loss of appetite. Symptoms:—This animal showed slight increase of respirations and pulse, loss of appetite, marked emaciation, depression, constipation; small frame and large coarse head, indicating a stunted growth; general stiffness, avoiding movement; usually recumbent; buck-kneed standing-position, enlarged joints, and extremities of bones enlarged. Tests: —Animal was placed on a ration consisting of middlings, oats and alfalfa hay. The subcutaneous and intradermal tests for tuberculosis were given with no reaction. Sodium salicylate 1 ounce was given 6. 7. d. over a period of four days before post mortem. Blood count showed 20,000 leucocytes and 4,000,000 red cells, indicating a slight leucocytosis and quantitative anemia. Autopsy:—The animal had been entered for diagnosis by a nearby practitioner who wanted the calf posted. This was done on February 20. No improvement was noticeable which could be credited to the two weeks of treatment. The post mortem findings were as follows: Hair mixed in rumen contents, petechiae on mucous membrane of intestine, with a catarrhal gastro- enteritis present, spleen pale, mesenteric lymph glands hyperemic, joint cavities of the stifles contained bloody synovia, extremities of long bones enlarged and cartilaginous, shafts relatively soft 231 232 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS and chalky, articular cartilages slightly eroded, petechiae and ecchymotic hemorrhages in marrow of femur and tibia. Microscopic examination of the bone revealed no organisms responsible for the hemorrhages. Diagnosis:—The condition, no doubt, was a nutritional dis- turbance and a diagnosis of rachitis and polyarthritis was made. As gastro-enteritis is common in either of these conditions it would be necessary to have more definite history to say whether it was a primary or secondary condition. The lesions present in the intestine were not severe enough to indicate a primary condition. It is thought that this condition has been mistaken by some for rheumatism in calves. It might be said that a similar case in the hospital, a Holstein calf from another herd, in which several were affected, is showing slow improvement on a treat- ment of syrup of hypophosphites 1 ounce, w.z.d., a ration of corn, oats, bran and alfalfa hay, with plenty of exercise. SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS In the San Francisco Chronicle, Burt Davis, scientific farmer, of San Leandro, has found that scopolamin, the noted truth- drug, does not always work with animals but on the contrary makes colossal liars out of them. A week ago he began to experiment. The inoculation of an honest sheep dog made it back into the shaft of a wagon and wait for the harness. A hen, given the needle, climbed from a nest of eggs and crowed. Two hogs that had been hogs all their lives mewed like cats when given a shot. According to Davis, the only one on the farm who responded to the drug was Mrs. Davis, who, after an inoculation, told her husband exactly what she thought of married life. Davis called _off the test. A GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY I was much interested in your recent editorial on “‘Pediculosis —Chiropractically Speaking,” particularly B. J.’s remarks on scavengers attracted my attention, and in this connection I would like to inquire whether there are any Chiropractic Veter- inary Surgeons, as my dog is greatly annoyed by a kind of scaven- ger called ‘“‘fleas,”’ and if adjustment would help him, I want him adjusted. Crs: From Tonics and Sedatives, Journal A. M. A. REVIEW Bercey’s Manvuat oF DETERMINATIVE BacTERioLoGy. (Ar- ranged by a committee of the Society of American Bacter- iologists, of which Dr. David H. Bergey is chairman.) 442 pages. Published by Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1923. Since Professor F. D. Chester, over twenty years ago, published his ‘‘Determinative Bacteriology,” there has not been available to workers in the field of bacteriology any up-to-date manual to which to refer in the study and identification of micro- organisms of the class schizomycetes. Appreciating the need for a work of this kind and following up the work done by the committee on characterization and classi- fication of the Society of American Bacteriologists, this key for the identification of species has been compiled. As stated in the preface, the Committee does not feel that the classification here offered is to be accepted as final, but more in the nature of a report of progress that may lead to a more staisfactory classifi- cation at some future time. In examining the book the one feature most conspicuous by its absence is a cross-index of the old and new names. Only after quite a search were we able to locate old friends, listed in this new manual under their latest names only. Even after locating some of these organisms we find that in many cases few or no synonyms are given. That it was not the intention of the compilers to omit synonyms entirely is evidenced in the case of the colon organism, which we found hiding as Escherichia coli. Many of the genera adopted in the new classification are new, and in view of the custom of abbreviating the name of the genus, in writing names, it would appear advisable for a definite form of abbreviations to be adopted. Perhaps this has been done elsewhere, but there appears to be no reference to it in this work. We note that McGowan is credited with the discovery of Alcaligenes bronchisepticus (formerly Bacillus bronchisepticus) as the cause of canine distemper. This credit should go to Ferry whose preliminary report in the American Veterinary Review (1910) was prior to any publication by McGowan on the subject. Under habitat, no mention is made that this organism has been found associated with numerous distemper-like affections of other animals by various investigators. 233 234 ABSTRACTS One of the most astonishing bits of information in the book is found in the key to the species of the genus Pasteurella. Here is what bacteriologists have been trying to find for many years, a means of differentiating the members of this most interesting group. We note that the growth in milk and on potato serves to distinguish the bovine, porcine and lepine from the avian and rodent organisms. While this is good news, we hesitate to recommend it as a safe basis for differentiation. The book represents a vast amount of work, but as is so often the case with first editions, it is replete with inaccuracies, which will undoubtedly be corrected in future editions. The value of the book will be materially enhanced thereby. ABSTRACTS An INFECTIOUS OPHTHALMIA OF CaTTLE. F.8. Jones and Ralph B. Little. Jour. Exp. Med. XXXVIII (1923), 2, p.139- The authors made a bacteriological study of twenty-four cases of infectious ophthalmia which occurred in a dairy herd. A diplobacillus was isolated from every case. The morphology and cultural characteristics of this organism are so similar to the Morax and Axenfeld diplobacillus, which is the cause of human pink-eye, that the two may prove to be identical. Zine sulphate is apparently a specific in the treatment of infections with the human and bovine diplobacillus. A 1-40 solution of zine sulphate was employed. The disease was reproduced ex- perimentally with the diplobacillus. The authors have tersely summarized their observations as follows: “Twenty-four cases of an acute ophthalmia of cattle have been observed. The infection is characterized by photophobia, severe congestion of the vessels of the eyeball, conjunctivitis, congestion and edema of the membrana nictitans, edema of the eyelids, accompanied by a thick, yellowish-white, mucous or mucopurulent, exudate. In certain cases corneal ulcers and extensive corneal opacities developed. From all cases a charac- teristic diplobacillis was obtained. The organism was usually observed in the exudate in large numbers. The morphology, the hemolytic properties and the proteolytic activities readily assist in its identification. Instillation of a few drops of bouillon suspension of pure cultures beneath the eyelids on normal cattle gave rise to characteristic inflammations. The organism is not pathogenic for laboratory animals. E28. “a? Aer a ee itt sa eee ABSTRACTS 235 A COLLECTION OF NEMATODE PARASITES FROM ZANZIBAR. C. L. Boulenger. Parasitology (Cambridge, Eng.), xv (1923) 2, pp. 113-121, text figs. 1-5. The worms reported are from both domesticated and wild animals. Those reported from domesticated animals include Belascaris cati from the cat, Belascaris marginata from the dog, Oxyuris equi from the donkey, Ascaridia lineata from the chicken, Strongylus vulgaris and S. edentatus from the donkey, Oesopha- gostomum columbianum from sheep and goats, O. dentatum from the pig, Haemonchus contortus from sheep, Physaloptera prae- putialis from the eat, Setaria equina from the donkey, Setaria labiatopapillosa from the ox, and Trichuris ovis from the sheep. Ascaridia hamia Lane, 1914, is regarded as a synonym of A. lineata. Physaloptera praeputialis is redescribed and figured. The specimen of Setaria labiatopapillosa is labelled by the col- lector as from the “heart of ox.” Me Ci: BaciLLARY DysENTERY IN Lamps. A NoTE ON SOME RECENT ‘RESEARCH INTO THE ETIOLOGY AND SOURCE OF INFECTION. Gaiger, S. H. and Dalling, T. Jour. Comp. Path. and Thera. xxxvi (1923), p. 120: The article is a continuation of the studies published in 1921. At that time they believed that lamb dysentery was due to an organism of the B. coli type. More complete studies have led them to conclude that two organisms, are responsible, B. coli and an anaerobe of the B. welchii type. They state that infec- tion takes place by ingestion during or after birth. The soil becomes contaminated and harbors the organism from year to year. Fe S.d: Some Points RELATING TO THE MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOP- MENT OF SARcocysTIS TENELLA. J. P. McGowan. Para- sitology (Cambridge, Eng.), xv (1923), 2, pp. 139-150, text figs. 1-2. A disease affecting sheep in Scotland and known as scrapie, characterized by itching and paresis, is regarded as due to a heavy infection with Sarcocystis tenella, probably of increased virulence. The parasite is said to be transmitted from sheep to sheep by intrauterine infection and by means of the milk. MH AMERICAN VETERINARY. MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Proceedings of Sixtieth Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada. August 27 to 31, 1923. (Continued from p. 111, October Journal) MONDAY AFTERNOON, August 27, 1923 The meeting convened at 3:00 p. m., President Welch presid- ing. PresiIpENT WetcuH: The first thing on the program is a report from the Executive Board ; Secretary Hoskins read the report. Dr. Mayo: In considering the Executive Board report, I believe it would save time if we act upon the different sections of the report as they are presented. Secretary Hoskins: The first recommendation that requires action by the Association is one relative to donating JoURNALS to the War Memorial Library of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London, to enable them to complete their files. The Executive Board recommends that the Association donate copies of the JouRNAL as far as our reserve files will permit. Dr. Mayo: I move that the Association approve the recom- mendation of the Executive Board. E The motion was seconded and carried. SecreTaRY Hoskins: The next item is in regards to our Relief Fund. I might say that $200 has been paid, during the past year, from our Relief Fund, to Dr. B. M. Goodman, and a recent communication indicates that Dr. Goodman is in need of further assistance. It was voted, on motion of Dr. Munce, seconded by Dr. Hilton, that this matter be referred to Dr. Way, who is a member of the Budget Committee, and to work it out with the Budget Committee. It was not felt, by the members of the Executive Board, that we are proceeding along safe lines in continuing to give relief from this fund, for fear that the wrong interpretation may be placed upon the purpose of the fund or upon the functions of the Association. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, in this connection, is this recom- mendation or action open for discussion? SecrETARY Hoskins: There is no recommendation, but I believe it is in perfect order for the matter to be discussed. 236 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 237 Dr. Mayo: In previous years, by action of the Association and Executive Board, the President and Secretary were made the Committee to distribute what. relief was deemed necessary and I still believe that that matter should be handled through the President and Secretary, with the Treasurer or any others, who may be interested, but the point I wanted to make is that the President and Secretary are already authorized to consider these applications. SecrRETARY Hoskins: I might say that we have made no change in that policy and Dr. Welch and I have continued to function as the custodians of this fund. We have drawn the vouchers on this fund and they have been honored by Treasurer Jacob, but the point is this: This fund is rapidly being depleted, and at the present time, there is absolutely nothing being done to replenish the fund or even to keep it up to a certain amount. The second point is that it is the belief of a number of the officers of our Association that no impression should get out that our Association is in any way a beneficial organization, and that is the reason it was deemed advisable to proceed with caution, with regard to any further withdrawals from this fund. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, I would just like to say another word. This fund, as most of you know, was started during the war, and it was started with the object of giving immediate and only temporary assistance to veterinarians or their families who were in temporary need. It was not started, so far as I recall, with the object of providing a permanent relief fund that should continue for any particular length of time or any indefinite length of time, but only to just tide over an immediate emergency. I also believe that before the Association should adopt a plan of continuing relief for years, to any individual, it should be brought before the Association, and the Association decide what action should be taken. PrestipeNnt WetcH: Do you want to act on that at the present time? What is your pleasure? Dr. Mayo: In order to get an expression of opinion, I move that the Relief Fund of the American Veterinary Medical Association shall be for the sole object of affording temporary relief for members, or their families, who may be in need. The motion was seconded. PRESIDENT WetcH: Gentlemen, you have heard the motion. Is there any discussion on the subject? I will ask Dr. Hoskins to explain this Goodman matter. 238 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING SecRETARY Hoskins: Dr. B. M. Goodman is a veterinarian in the employ of the Bureau of Animal Industry. He is on the force at Cincinnati, Ohio. A little over a year ago he was taken seriously ill with diabetes. His savings were very rapidly exhausted and he was in dire need of financial assistance. A communication was addressed to the Association, asking for some financial assistance. After considerable correspondence and thorough investigation of the worthiness of the case, the President and the Secretary agreed that Dr. Goodman should be given one hundred dollars from our Relief Fund, which was done. A very nice letter of appreciation was received. We kept track of the case and a very short time after that, Dr. Goodman was placed on insulin treatment. He responded very nicely and was thought to be on the road to recovery. He had a setback and a second request from the same source, through the same channels, was made upon our Association, or our Relief Fund, for further assistance, which was granted. This third request was received just a very short time ago, and is practically the same sort of a request as the first and second. Dr. Goodman is not doing very well; some complica- tions have set in, and he is in very sad circumstances There are twenty-seven hundred and some odd dollars in the fund, and we have withdrawn $200 during the past year and transmitted it to Dr. Goodman. The third request, which is now on file, has not been acted upon, and that is the one now under discussion. Dr. Munce: As a member of the Executive Board, I would like to make known the following facts which confronted the Executive Board. This fund was created primarily to take care of an emergency situation during the war. Since the war, as you all know, con- ditions have changed. Now, this is the situation: since the war has closed, there have been two cases provided for, from this fund, by the Executive Board, and as Dr. Hoskins says, the third application was presented yesterday. The Executive Board, after careful consideration, felt that they should proceed cautiously in this matter of giving relief to members of the Association, or the families of deceased mem- bers, because we were establishing a precedent which might lead us into deep water and would be dangerous. Therefore, we felt the matter should come before the Associa- tion for the purpose of having a definite policy established by Mia, ek, Ss SS ee ee PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 239 the Association, along the line of giving relief to needy members or their families. This is the purpose of presenting it at this time. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, I am not discussing the merits of this case which Dr. Hoskins presented; I am discussing only the question of policy that the Association should follow. I believe that unless the Association adopts some plan or method of establishing a permanent relief, insurance or whatever you may call it, the principal of this fund should remain unimpaired in the Association treasury. I think the relief given in any year ought not to exceed the income from this fund; that is, under the present circumstances. Mr. President, I would like to make an amendment to the motion, that the sum expended in any one year shall not exceed the income received from this fund. Seconded by Dr. H. W. Wilson. Prestpent Wetcu: As many as are in favor of the amend- ment say “aye’’; opposed, ‘‘no.”” The amendemnt is carried. : Secretary Hoskins then read, in the Executive Board report, the paragraph relating to Dr. Wm. C. Woodward’s several letters, requesting that the American Veterinary Medical Association work with the American Medical Association on certain legislation. Secretary Hoskins: Just a word about the nature of these communications, from Dr. Woodward, who is Executive Secre- tary of the Bureau of Legal Medicine and Legislation of the American Medical Association. One of them is that under the present rulings of the proper authorities, physicians, veterinarians and other professional men are not allowed to make deductions in their income tax reports for any expenses entailed in attend- ance at meetings, a convention of this kind, for instance, or in pursuing post-graduate courses, and it is the thought that these expenditures are legitimate expenditures, made in a business way, and should be deductible. The second communication favored a reduction in the present narcotic license fee, from three dollars to one. The third communication was soliciting the support of this Association for the protection of medical research, with particular regard to humane measures and vivisection questions. The com- munication from Dr. J. P. Turner, which is closely all ed, being of a legislative nature, is that at the present time it appears to be absolutely ridiculous for veterinarians to be limited to two gallons of alcohol a year, when the same amount is allowed to 240 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING dentists, and the only use that a dentist ever has for alcohol is in annealing gold, and it is believed that veterinarians could legiti- mately use a considerably larger amount than the present allotment. There is no recommendation. Secretary Hoskins reported that a communication had been received, inviting the American Veterinary Medical Association to send a representative to the Centenary Anniversary of the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, Edinburgh. The Executive Board recommended to the Association that Dr. W. H. Wray be appointed our official delegate to represent the Association at the celebration November 27th and 28th, 1923. The Secretary reported that Dr. Wray had been a member of the Association for forty-five years, and was at present located in England, and that it was believed that he was the logical person to act in the capacity of our representative at the centenary celebration. Dr. Grorce H. Berns: If I am not mistaken, I think I saw in a paper not long ago that Dr. Wray had passed away. Dr. Joun R. Mounter: Mr. President, I want to ask if any provision has been made for the payment of Dr. Wray’s expenses by this Association? SecreTARY Hoskins: Dr. Berns reports that the Brooklyn papers recently contained a notice of the death of Dr. Wray. Can anyone vouch for the correctness of this report? Dr. Cuas. H. Hiacins: The death notice was in the New York papers last Wednesday or Thursday. Dr. N.S. Mayo: I am in favor of having a representative at that meeting if we can do so without too much expense, and if we have a member in England who is available to represent this Association at the meeting, I should be very glad to make a motion that this Association pay the expenses of such member to attend this meeting as a representative of this Association. The motion was seconded by Dr. Kinsley. Dr. Mayo: I wish it to be understood that we will not pay the expenses of a member from this country, but of a member who may be in England at the time. Dr. Mower: Does the motion carry the name of Dr. Wray? Dr. Tuck, of New Orleans, has been ordered to go to London. Dr. Wray is almost seventy years of age. He goes on the retire- ment list in January 1924. The Bureau has provided to have Dr. Tuck in London in time to get some instructions, so I would prefer not to have any name mentioned. In case Dr. Tuck is PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 241 there, he can attend the meeting as a representative of this Association. President Welch then put the motion, which was carried. The next order of business was the admission of new members. The Secretary read the list of applicants who had been approved by the Executive Board. (The complete list of new members admitted at this meeting will be published in another part of the proceedings. ) PRESIDENT WELCH: Gentlemen, these applications have been approved by the Executive Board. What is your pleasure? A motion to elect them to membership will be in order. Dr. Mayo: I move that the names read be elected to member- ship, and the Secretary instructed to cast the ballot of the Association for those whose names were read. The motion was seconded and earried. Secretary Hoskins cast the ballot, as instructed, and the applicants were declared elected . to membership. SecrETARY Hoskins: There are several applications that will have to be taken care of by special action. We have four applicants who are graduates of the United States College of Veterinary Surgeons, in Washington, D. C. This college was not recognized at the time that these four applicants graduated. The applicants have been out of college five years, but we are informed that the college is still continuing to graduate veterin- arians not in conformity with the requirements of this Associa- tion. The Executive Board, therefore, recommends that these four applicants be not accepted. Dr. Mayo: I move that the action of the Executive Board be approved. The motion was seconded and carried. SecrEeTARY Hoskins: We have one applicant who is a grad- uate of the Arkansas Veterinary College. The Executive Board recommends that this applicant be not accepted. Dr. T. H. Fercuson: I move that the action of the Executive Board be approved. The motion was seconded and carried. Secretary Hoskins: We have the application of Dr. George R. White, of Nashville, Tennessee, held over from last year. This application was presented last year, and some question was raised concerning the applicant, who was requested to appear before the Executive Board and make his application in person. Dr. White failed to appear last year, and has not appeared this 242 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING year, hence the action recommended; namely, that this applica- tion be not accepted. Dr. J. T. Hernsuerm: I move that the action of the Executive Board be approved. The motion was seconded and carried. Secretary Hoskins: We have two applicants, Dr. T. F. Lane, of Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Dr. J. F. McGhee, of Cham- berlain, South Dakota, both graduates of the Western Veterinary College. The Executive Board recommends that these two appli- cants be accepted under a suspension of the by-laws. The reason for this action is that the Western Veterinary College was not approved by this Association. It is no longer in existence, and these two applicants come to us extremely well recommended. I personally am acquainted with Dr. Lane and can recommend him without reservation. I have letters on file relative to the other applicant, Dr. McGhee, and as far as it is possible to learn, he is a veterinarian in good professional standing in his state. The Association has already adopted the precedent of admitting graduates of this institution, on a number of occasions in the past. Dr. Lane is a member of the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association, and I believe I am correct in saying that Dr. McGhee is a member of his State Association. Dr. Kinstey: Mr. President, a question of information. Each of the members, as I recall it, who were elected from the Western Veterinary College, was elected on personal recommendation. What is the difference between these men and the one from the Arkansas Veterinary College? SrecreETARY Hoskins: The only difference, so far as I know, is that the precedent has already been established in the case of the Western Veterinary College. Dr. Kinstey: I would like to know if there are any personal recommendations for the gentleman from Arkansas. Who turned in his application? SecRETARY Hoskins: I did. I attended the annual meeting of the Arkansas Veterinary Association, in Little Rock, on June 9th. While there, I became acquainted with Dr. Noffsinger, who subsequently filed his application at my earnest solicitation. At the time that I approached him on the subject I believed that it would be possible for him to be admitted to membership under Section 3 of Article 2 of the by-laws, which provides that veterinarians who are graduates of institutions that were not recognized by this Association at the time of their graduation, PROCEEDINGS OF A, V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 243 after a lapse of five years, may be admitted to membership in this Association provided that the ‘institution in question has ceased to graduate veterinarians in violation of our requirements, and I believed at the time that I solicited this man to put in his application, that he could be taken in under that clause in the by-laws. I personally investigated the standing of this man. He is one of those exceptional individuals who would undoubtedly have been a good man no matter where he went to college. He was just unfortunate enough to have connected himself with the institu- tion in question. He enjoys a very lucrative practice in his community; is a very highly respected citizen; is a member of his State Association; and his professional standing, as far as I could ascertain, is of the best. Dr. H. W. Wilson, our Resident Secretary for Arkansas, is in the room and if he cares to say anything concerning this application I dare say you will extend him that privilege. Dr. H. W. Witson: In times past it has been customary, on a few occasions, where men were not graduates of schools recog- nized by this Association, to accept their applications and admit them to membership. I remember a case of that kind last year, and also the year before. This particular man is just as Dr. Hoskins says, one who, I believe, would be a credit to the Associa- tion, and it is pretty hard to tell where to draw the line. Per- sonally I would recommend him. Dr. FerGuson: It seems to me that we have here the cases of three different men who have proven to be good men in the pro- fession, regardless of the fact that they selected poor schools to attend. They have all been out in practice five years or more, and they come well recommended. I believe we would be wise in giving their cases favorable consideration. Dr. Kinstey: I move that we approve the recommendation of the Executive Board relative to the two applicants from the Western Veterinary College. SECRETARY Hoskins: The motion is to adopt the recom- mendation of the Executive Board and admit to membership in this Association, under suspension of the by-laws, Dr. T. F. Lane, of Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Dr. J. F. McGhee, of Cham- berlain, South Dakota, graduates of the Western. Veterinary College. PRESIDENT WELCH: Gentlemen, this will require suspension of the by-laws. 244 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING Dr. C. S. Coase: I do not see how you can admit those from one school and not from the other. If you admit these two men you will have to admit the one from Arkansas as well. Dr. Krnstey: It was my idea to ask for a reconsideration of the other motion. We will have to dispose of the one that is before us first. President Welch put the motion to elect the two applicants from the Western Veterinary College, which was carried. Dr. Kinstey: Mr. President, I move that we reconsider the question of the applicant from Arkansas. The motion to reconsider was seconded and carried. Dr. Kinstey: Mr. President, I move that the rules be sus- pended and the Secretary instructed to cast the ballot of the Association in favor of the applicant from Arkansas, electing him to membership in this Association. The motion was seconded and carried. Secretary Hoskins: We have several applications from veterinarians located in foreign countries. Among them are four applications from graduates of the veterinary college located in Cairo, Egypt. The Executive Board recommends that these applications be referred to the Committee on Intelligence and Education, for a recommendation. There is also an applicant from Cuba, Major Luis A. Beltran. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, I move that the action of the Executive Board be approved and the Secretary instructed to cast the ballot of the Association for Major Beltran. The motion was seconded and carried. SecRETARY Hoskins: We have an application from Mexico, that of Dr. Carlos Pavia E. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, I know Dr. Pavia personally, and he is a very fine gentleman. I believe that in considering the name of a foreign veterinarian we should give it careful consider- ation from the standpoint of policy. I believe that this Associa- tion is destined to be, if it is not already, one of the greatest veterinary associations in the world. One of the things that I feel proud of in my career as a veterinarian is that I believe I was instrumental in getting the Association to adopt an official JOURNAL. Now, our JouRNAL goes to veterinarians in other countries, and I believe that it is carrying the message of this Association to other countries, and I believe it should be the policy of this Association to extend its work, to make it international in char- PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 245 acter just as far as possible, and I also believe that this Associa- tion should endeavor to secure membership in other countries just as much as we can. I believe that it will redound to the prosperity, the usefulness and the efficiency of this Association. We have already accepted members from Mexico. I do not know but that we have more than one from the National Veter- inary School, of Mexico. I believe that we should establish the policy of recognizing, as eligible to membership in this Associa- tion, graduates of state or national veterinary schools, particu- larly national veterinary schools of other countries, and I, therefore, am much in favor of the motion to elect Dr. Pavia to membership. Dr. Bennett: I will sanction what Dr. Mayo has said. I have had the pleasure of meeting Dr. Pavia, in Mexico, and know him to be an honorable gentleman. Dr. Kinstey: I move that the action of the Executive Board be approved. The motion was seconded. Presipent Wetcu: You have heard the motion, that the report of the Executive Board be approved, and that Dr. Pavia be elected to membership. The motion was carried. Secretary Hoskins: That disposes of the irregular cases. Dr. Mayo: How about those applications from Egypt? Secretary Hoskins: There are five altogether. One of the five is a graduate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons and was not questioned. The other four are graduates of the Cairo Veterinary College, and they have been referred to the Committee on Intelligence and Education for further enlighten- ment, as it was the belief of the members of the Executive Board that the Committee on Intelligence and Education had received instructions to make some investigation and study of foreign colleges whose graduates we might accept at any time that they sought admission to this Association. Dr. Mayo: I would like to ask another question. Who sent in these names from Egypt? Secretary Hoskins: The names were sent in by the Resident Secretary of Egypt. The Resident Secretary of Egypt is a member of this Association and was accepted as a member of this Association as a citizen of Egypt. Dr. Mayo: Do you know of what school he is a graduate? ~ 246 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING Secretary Hoskins: He is a graduate of the Ontario Vet- erinary College. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, I think the Secretary is wrong with reference to the Committee on Intelligence and Education. The Secretary of the Association was instructed, a couple of years ago, to collect data in regard to these foreign veterinary schools, and I wrote to all that I could learn of, but there were a good many I didn’t know about, and I confess my ignornace. The National Veterinary School, of Cairo, Egypt, was one, but I believe these men are entitled to membership in this Associa- tion. They have been proposed and recommended by a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College, who is a resident of Egypt, and I believe a native of that country, and I move that the Secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of this Association in favor of those applicants from Egypt. Dr. Cary: The Constitution and By-laws makes no provision for Europeans, except as honorary members of this Association; or for Asiatics. I rise to a point of order, to object to the recep- tion of these members, on the grounds that it is not constitutional. SeEcRETARY Hosxkrns: I perhaps am again to blame, to some extent, at least, for these applications from Egypt being pre- sented. When it devolved upon the President to appoint his resident secretaries last fall, at his request, I submitted to him the names of members located in certain states, and with it I included a list of foreign countries, where we had members. We had a member in China, and to the best of my knowledge he was accepted at the time that he was a citizen of China. We have members in quite a number of countries in South America. We accepted a member, at the meeting last year, from the Dominican Republic; we have members in Cuba; we have accept- ed members who were located in England at the time of their admission to this Association, and to me, it looked like splitting hairs to say that it was all right to admit a Chinaman and turn down an Egyptian; so I included the name of Dr. Aghion, as a possible resident Secretary for Egypt, along with the possible resident secretaries in other countries, where we had members in good standing. I never expected that Dr. Aghion, who is the Egyptian Resi- . dent Secretary, would turn in any applications but lo and behold, one day I got a letter from Cairo that was plastered, front and back, with stamps, much to my delight, and on opening it, I PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 247 found a remittance for fifty dollars, covering these five applica- tions for membership. They were acknowledged in the usual way, and the applicants were told that their applications would be presented to this Association at this meeting; and I might say, as I told the Executive Board yesterday afternoon, I have been using this little incident as an argument in soliciting new members for our Association. I have told the men, in a number of states, that it was hard for me to understand how five men, away off in Egypt, could see sufficient value in paying their money to join our Associ- ation, when the chances are they would never get anything out of it except the JouRNAL, and yet we had between two and three thousand eligible veterinarians in this country who couldn’t see the good of joining our Association. Dr. KinstEy I would like to ask Dr. Cary to read us from the Constitution. As I see it, ““Members of this Association shall be of two kinds, active and honorary. Active members must be graduates of veterinary colleges approved by the Association and recommended by the Executive Board and elected to mem- bership in accordance with the by-laws.”’ Dr. Cary: Mr. Chairman, it is easily explained. Our very title says, “American Veterinary Medical Association.’’ Does American mean Egypt, England, China, India? If I am wrong, you had better put that in the Constitution and By-laws. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, after all, it is just a question of name. We have members in Japan. We have quite a good many members in the Philippines, in England, in France, in Egypt, in Africa, and I confess that this is the first time that I have ever heard the question raised that no one could belong to this Association unless he happened to be located upon the Americas. Dr. Cary: As long as there has been a violation of the Con- stitution and By-laws, there is no reason why we should continue. Dr. Mayo: We haven’t violated the Constitution and By- laws. It provides that we can elect: members in certain ways and doesn’t say from what country they shall come. Dr. Murpuey: I want to relate one instance. The American Association of Anatomists publishes a journal. The Secretary sent this publication to all parts of the globe. He solicited private contributions to do this. The result was a great increase in the prestige of the American Association of Anatomists in the eyes of the anatomists of the world. 248 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING I know that while Dr. Mohler was Editor of this Association, he followed a very similar policy, in sending the official JouRNAL of this Association to all corners of the globe, and I am sure that that added prestige. I am sure that taking in these members, even stepping over technicalities in the constitution, would add prestige to the Association. It is an honor to us to accept those applicants from foreign countries. PRESIDENT WELCH: I will say, gentlemen, I think there is no ground for questioning any individual in any part of the world, who desires to become a member of the Association. Dr. B. T. Stums: I feel that we are making a mistake when we admit any man to our Association unless we know something of the qualifications, regardless of whether he lives in Timbuctoo or in Montreal. We know nothing of this veterinary college from which these men are graduates. If we exclude our American citizens, because they have graduated from schools that have not been inspected and have not passed the requirements of our Association, it seems to me we should not admit foreigners until they have come up to our requirements and qualifications. For that reason I am very much opposed to admitting any man to our Association who has graduated from some school concerning which we have no information. Our former Secre- tary admits he had not even heard of this school until it came before us just now. I think that is true of practically every man inthis room. For all I know, that may be a correspondence school, and I dare say that will hold with ninety-nine per cent of them. If we have requirements for American applicants, let’s hold those same requirements up for foreigners, and until we know something of the school from which they come, I am very much opposed to admitting these men to membership in our Associa- tion. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, I think that there is a very decided difference between those in this country who are in actual prac- tice, and those in foreign countries who have graduated from recognized—I say recognized and I mean by that, official schools in those countries. In the first place it is a very difficult matter to compare our system of education and our curricula in the. schools of this country with those of other countries. The environments are very different. Unfortunately, a good many of us from just south of the line have an opinion that there is nothing in the world like what we have in the States; no PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 249 veterinary schools in the world can compare with ours, we have the biggest, and so on. Maybe that is a natural inference, but after all, I want to tell you, there are some good veterinary schools in the world besides what are in the United States, and there are some good men graduating from them, too. This Association has recognized schools, foreign schools, that according to our standards it would be pretty hard to compare. There are a number here that know Dr. Aghion and know that he is a first class man. I would have no hesitation whatever in accepting his judgment in recommending these men for mem- bership. Unfortunately, the argument which the Doctor presented about recognition in the United States has been due to our own ignorance, and out own lack of organization in the States because we have veterinary schools all the way from a blacksmith shop up to a university, and we had to make some distinction. Other countries, I believe, are very far ahead of us in the question of veterinary education, and when they have established official veterinary schools in a country, it means that the school meets the requirements of that country, and I believe we should not be so provincial as to measure everything by what we happen to have in the United States. (Applause). PRESIDENT WeLcH: You have heard the motion that these veterinarians be elected to membership. The motion was carried. Secretary Hoskins: I hereby cast the ballot of the Associa- tion for all of these veterinarians whose applications have been given special consideration, in conformity with your several instructions. PrestpeNt Wetcu: Gentlemen, I have just received the following telegram: “President Congres Veterinaires, Mount Royal Hotel, Montreal, Que. Mon premier soin debarquant New York est vous prier presenter cordial salut representant France a tous nos confreres. Professor Porcher Delton.” 250 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING (Translation) “Veterinary Convention, Mount Royal Hotel, Montreal: My first thought upon disembarking in New York is to present cordial greetings from France to all our confreres. Professor Porcher.” (Applause. ) We will now hear the report of the Secretary-Editor. Secretary Hoskins presented his prepared report. (Applause. ) PRESIDENT Wetcu: Gentlemen, you have heard the report of the Secretary-Editor. What is your pleasure? . It was voted, on motion of Dr. Mayo, duly seconded, that the report be accepted and referred to the Executive Board. (The report of the Secretary-Editor will be published in the December JOURNAL). PRESIDENT WELCH: The report of the Treasurer? TREASURER JAacos: Mr. President, and Gentlemen: As has been the custom in the past the report covering our finances has been prepared in pamphlet form. I have distributed this among you, and it gives in detail all the information pertaining to the office. . If there are any of you here who have not a copy of it, and desire to have one, let your wants be known and you will be supplied with it. I might state in this connection that I consider our financial status at the present time as being very healthy, from a com- parative standpoint, I should say. At the end of the fiscal year we had practically as much money as we had at the end of the previous fiscal year, and this in spite of the fact that there has been a change in the Editor and the Secretary, and the changing of the office, in that connection has always been a very expensive proposition, but as I say, in spite of that, we have got practically as much money as we had last year. PRESIDENT WELCH: What shall be done with this report? Dr. Mayo: I move it be accepted and referred to the Execu- tive Board. The motion was seconded and carried. TRS SECRETARY Hoskins: Mr. Chairman, I have here two rather short reports that are listed to be presented later in the meeting, and it is always a good thing to save time, if that can be done. PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 251 I am wondering if you would care to have presented at this time a very brief report of the Committee on History and the report of the Committee on Anatomical Nomenclature. Dr. Krnstey: I move that the Secretary read these reports at this time. . The motion was seconded and earried. : Secretary Hoskins read the report of the Committee on History. : Reyes It was voted, on motion of Dr. Kinsley, seconded by Dr. Mayo, that the report of the Committee on History be received, and the Committee continued. ; Secretary Hoskins then read the senor of the Com- mittee on Anatomical Nomenclature. It was voted, on motion of Dr. mee seconded by Dr. Kinsley, that this splendid report be received. Dr. Meriuiat: It seems to me that there is a reflection on the past officers of this Association in this report. I hope it isn’t written into the records of this body. I can’t recall where any officer of this Association ever was accused of being dilatory in his duties, and I don’t think it is proper for us to let this go on record. PRESIDENT WetcH: It is moved and seconded that this report be received. Dr. Merituat: I would amend that motion to refer this back to the Executive Board. The amendment was seconded. Dr. Mayo: While the Chairman of the Committee did not mention my name, he might just as well have done so, and I wouldn’t have taken any offense at it whatever. This matter of the report of the Committee has been presented to the Associ- ation by myself. I repeatedly did so, but the Committee was not really ready to report. They say this is their final report. It has been hanging fire for a number of years. This report consists of a very long list,—pages,— of purely anatomical names, and some of us felt that it would be better rather than to publish in the JourNaL page after page of these anatomical names, to wait until the final report was completed (and they have done a great deal of splendid work in this con- nection; I am not criticizing the Committee in any way because I think they have done a splendid work), with the idea of having this published as a separate publication, as a report of this Com- 252 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING mittee, published by this Association for distribution to those who are interested in this subject. I believe it will be a matter of economy for the Association and also very desirable from the point of view of the Editor of the JouRNAL, because I feel that a great many members (par- ticularly the practitioners) wouldn’t be interested in having the JOURNAL taken up, month after month, or a considerable por- tion of it, with this long list of scientific names. I think that this report should be published and in sufficient number so that any one who was interested in any way could procure a copy of this report which is now completed. Dr. Merinuat: In further explanation of my amendment, I want to explain my position in this matter. During my tenure of office, during 1916-1917 (Dr. Day, by the way, finished out the last half of my period), this same question came up, andeach demand to have this printed included a confession that it was not complete, and the recommendations that I made to the Association were to postpone the publication of this until it was complete. The cost of putting into type an incomplete report was not proper. There never was, during my tenure of office, any objection to publication. The postponement was purely a confession on the part of the Committee that the report was not complete and could not serve a useful purpose, and I don’t believe, therefore, - that the Committee should charge the officers of this Association with having been opposed to their work. I don’t believe it is a fact, and consequently, I would hate to see that written into the records of this Association. SECRETARY Hoskins: I might be able to clear the atmosphere a little bit on this point. I think really the only objection that Dr. Sisson had, or the only grievance, was that at various times in the past there had been oxorbitant estimates made on the probable cost of publishing this report, and he took it upon himself to solicit bids from printing houses to see just exactly what it would cost, and the report has been printed at an expense of just a little less than two hundred dollars. It is expected that that entire amount will come back into our treasury through the sale of copies of this report at two dollars and fifty cents apiece, and I would like to take this opportunity of extending an invita- tion to about two hundred members to buy a copy of that report. There are only two hundred copies, and when they are gone, there won’t be any more. PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 253 Dr. H.S. Murpuey: After, I think, about the third committee was organized, I was made a member of it, and I know something of the history after that. I also know the original history of the © grievance that Dr. Sisson has. To give you the history briefly: The recommendation that we have a committee was passed at the Toronto meeting, and Professor Sisson, Dr. Stewart and Dr. Newsom were the original committee. At the next meeting, in Indianapolis, there was considerable controversy. I defended the position of the committee on the idea of a uniform nomenclature with a Latin basis, and it was accepted. That was written in their report. Their next report consisted of a large number of terms pre- sented to the New York meeting; the report was accepted and published in book form, and I believe that was the last year that the Association published it in book form, in 1913. At that meeting the question of funds to publish all of these terms together was brought up, and personally we made the motion that the funds be allowed, and that was done at that time. = When the preliminary report was presented, the officers of this Association (I don’t know who they were) refused to publish this report, or allow Dr. Sisson any money. He never got over it. I belong to the committee, but I am in the same boat as the committee, due to this antagonistic spirit that was manifest. Even though we have kept on going, I have taken no part in the work of the committee. I am in the same. boat as was the kid who was asked, ‘‘Does your father belong to church?” “Yep, but he ain’t workin’ at it just now.’’ (Laughter). This is a very satisfactory set of terms. It means the making of progress, but if those persons who know the status, will think, they will know that a few years ago a committee was appointed from the American Association of Anatomists, cooperating with the ‘committee from the British Association of Anatomists, with the expectation of overhauling the B. N. A. set of terms, getting a uniform set in, namely, human, comparative and veterinary anatomy, and the conditions were such in Europe that it was decided that the best thing to do was to wait a long time. To be perfectly blunt, it was to wait until both the German peoples and the French peoples were in condition to cooperate, and one of the serious stumbling blocks was the fact that in the previous attempts of this kind to get a uniform nomenclature, the French people had not given any cooperation. It was hoped when the thing was finally done it would be on a Latin basis that 254 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING would serve as a basis of anatomy for all parts of the world. I hope this will be a step in that direction. As a member of that committee, knowing all that, I forgot it when it was time to forget, and I tried to continue to forget it, and I am sorry that part of it is included because bickerings won’t get us anywhere. We need to work together. Dr. Mayo: I want to say so far as I was personallyconcerned, there was no opposition whatever. The matter was presented to an Executive Board of the Association, as fairly as I could present it, and the action taken in the past was entirely by the Executive Board of this Association. I was not a member but if I was to blame in any may, it is my trouble. Dr. Murpuey: I didn’t make myself clear on one thing. There were sufficient funds provided by a motion that was passed on the floor and made a matter of record, at the New York meeting, and those persons who want to verify that can go back to the records of the 1913 meeting, and they will find that money was definitely appropriated by the Association and some of the officers refused to give that money in accordance with the action of the Association. As a matter of fact, the thing Professor Sisson didn’t like was the fact that the Association granted this, and the officers refused to grant it. I would like to see this go to the Executive Board and the bristles taken off before it is published. Dr. Meritiat: At a meeting of the Executive Board at Kansas City, in 1916, there was presented to the Board some correspondence with Professor Sisson covering this point, and the Board decided at that meeting that in view of the fact that the report was not complete they would not appropriate any money for its publication. That is a part of the record of the meeting of the Executive Board in the meeting at the Kansas City Veterinary College, and should be on the records of the Association. The Board never took any opposite action; never belittled the committee, but the letters that were read inferred constantly that the Association was belittling the committee, something which was never thought of. It was simply incomplete work that they were waiting to publish at the proper time. PRESIDENT WetcH: The original motion was that the report ’ be received, and the amendment was that it be referred to the Executive Board. : eh da) 5 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 255 The question is on the amendment that this be referred to the Executive Board. The amendment was carried. 7: PresIDENT WeELcH: The original motion, as amended, is that this be received and referred to the Executive Board. The motion, as amended, was carried. : PresIDENT WetcH: Is there anything under the head of new business that you wish to present at this time? If not, we will adjourn. ADJOURNMENT (To be continued) SIDELIGHTS ON THE MONTREAL MEETING 2 BEL CESS © CES eS ge et eS 364 Medien wer Sietcuees ho tie ee 233 Pemiciaia oie so ean es ee ee 139 2 DUEL ERTS TE 0 ee aa ae as i en 736 Beaimartremuidend ance “iets. iS ie 800 Rime mbCrs AniiGted. i120 bee eG Se. ia i fp ee 198 Peete ee PECSeMLe Hl. Gam rnais ey Ateeen Sete sO os ot ee 36 Sereueesees TEpTesenicd.. i408 a8 ee Ses ee 8 Welcrmary -colleres-represented =: 3204.60 c= ee 11 DR. DAMMAN IN A NEW POSITION Dr. A. J. Damman, past-president of the British Columbia Veterinary Association has been appointed Travelling Milk Inspector by the Fraser Valley Milk Producers Association, a cooperative milk producing and retail distributing association of British Columbia dairymen, supplying milk to the cities of Vancouver and New Westminster, B. C. Dr. Damman’s duties consist of adjusting disputes, as to cream and milk tests, between the farm producer and his man- agement, as well as other troubles; also endeavoring to instruct the dairyman how to produce a cleaner quality of milk, so as to eliminate eventually the necessity for, and the cost of, pasteur- ization, which will bring more profit to the dairyman without increasing the cost to the consumer. STATE BOARD EXAMINATION Arkansas State Board of Veterinary Examiners. Little Rock, Ark. Noy. 30, 1923. Dr. Joe H. Bux, Secretary, Little Rock, Ark. OTHER MEETINGS GEORGIA STATE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The seventeenth annual meeting of the Georgia State Veter- inary Association, held in Savannah, September 19-20, 1923, was perhaps one of the most enjoyable occasions in the history of the Association. This was not a mere ‘‘cut-and-dried” technical and professional meeting, but one which was both prefessional and social. An invitation was sent to all veteri- narians in Georgia to meet at Savannah, in company with their wives or sweethearts, and there enjoy the hospitality of that historic and interesting sea-port city. In response to this invi- tation, quite a number of the members brought their ladies with them. The meeting was held at the Savannah Hotel, and was opened by addresses of welcome on behalf of both the City of Savannah and the Savannah Board of Trade. Honorable W. G. Sutlive, editor of the Savannah Press, and State Representative from Chatham County, complimented the veterinary profession upon the work that it is doing toward the preservation of human life through the prevention and control of diseases in live stock, which are communicable to man. Mr. Sutlive opened the gates of the City of Savannah to the Association, and extended us a most cordial weleome. Honorable Mr. Moses, representing the Savannah Board of Trade, welcomed us in his humorous way, and offered the services of the Board of Trade to all in attendance at the meeting. These addresses of welcome threw a double burden upon the member chosen to make the response, but in a short but well delivered talk, Dr. E. D. King, Jr., City Milk and Meat Inspector of Valdosta, voiced the sentiments of the Association. In the President’s address, Dr. A. G. G. Richardson, Dean of the Division of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, featured a review of changes which have taken place in the past two decades. Quoting statistics, he pointed out that, although the loss in equine practice has been marked, the opening up of new avenues of professional revenue have more than offset the loss in equine practice. He urged the veterinarian to take an active part in the program of agricultural diversifica- 256 ASSOCIATION NEWS 257 tion, which, when well balanced, must include a progressive and profitable animal industry. The paper on “Veterinary Officers’ Reserve Corp, Army of the United States,” by Dr. Henry A. Jasme, of Savannah, was well received, and heartily endorsed by Dr. E. D. King, Jr., who led the discussion. Drs. Jasme and King brought out the point that the enlistment in the Reserve Corp would not only benefit the veterinarian from the military training standpoint, but, in the event of hostilities, a Reserve Officer would be rapidly advanced to the higher ranks of his division, instead of having to enlist as a private, as was the case in many instances during the late war. Dr. W. A. Scott, of Columbus, presented the subject of “Differential Diagnosis between Parturient. Eclampsia, in the Bitch, and Strychnine Poisoning.” Dr. Scott showed that all cases which present symptoms of spasm should be carefully studied as to history, and recent parturition should be taken into consideration. This paper brought out considerable discussion by the practitioners present, who gave reports of like cases seen in their practices, and the results of various lines of treat- ment. Dr. W. E. White, of Tifton, read a paper on “The Effect of State and Federal Disease Control Work on the Practitioner.” In his paper, Dr. White showed that were it not for the initiative taken by the State and Federal Governments, in the putting on of campaigns for the control of diseases and the enforcement of certain control measures, by the governments, that the control and eradication of contagious diseases would be in its infancy today. In other words, if the general public had to wait until control measures were promulgated by the practitioner, there would be but little contagious disease control work being done. On the other hand, he pointed out that very little could have been done, if those in authority had not the cooperation of the general practitioner. After all, the veterinary profession is working with one point in view, i. e., the preservation of animal life and consequent saving of human life; so there should be no line of demarcation between the actual practitioner and those engaged in other lines within the army of the veterinary pro- fession. This paper was creditably discussed by ebr ea: Severin, of Athens. Dr. A. L. Hirleman, U. 8. Inspector in Charge of Tuberculosis Eradication Work in Georgia, next gave a chart talk on “Experi- 258 ASSOCIATION NEWS ences in the Eradication of Tuberculosis in a Badly Infected Herd.’ The experiences covering the testing of this particular herd covered a period of about six years. It was shown that herds of cattle may acquire a tolerance to one-method of testing and that once a herd acquires this tolerance, it is sometimes impossible to rid it entirely of tuberculosis by one method testing. Dr. Hirleman showed that, by the triple combination test, fifty- one animals out of a herd of seventy-one head were tuberculous. It was shown by this triple combination test, that all cattle do not react to all three tests, but that some will react to all three, some to two tests of the combination, and some to one test only. Nine head in this particular herd reacted to the ophthalmic test only, and, upon post-mortem, well marked tubercular lesions were found. This paper brought out some interesting discussions and comments. In the paper, “Some Experiences in the Use of Hog Cholera Serum and Virus,” Dr. Harry Trumbo, Veterinary Inspector in Hog Cholera Control Work in Georgia, gave some interesting experiences in this work, and carried the use of serum in the immunization against cholera, almost from its inception to the present time. He brought out the point that good results in the use of serum and virus not only depend upon potent serum and virulent virus, but upon the care exercised by the operator in performing the work and the proper handling of the herds following vaccination. Dr. Trumbo also stressed the point of making a proper diagnosis of the disease before serum and virus are brought into use. This paper was discussed at length by Dr. W. B. Hirleman, Waynesboro; Dr. John W. Salter, Dawson; Dr. H. F. Hook, Statesboro, and other members of the Associa- tion, who brought out varying degrees of success following the use of serum and virus, and advanced various theories as to the cause of unusual results in the use of the simultaneous method of immunization. The next paper, ‘When is a ‘Used Cow’ a Safe Buy?” by Dr. John W. Casey, Assistant State Veterinarian, McRae, Georgia, precipitated a lengthy discussion upon the question of the veterinarian qualifying himself as a good judge of cattle. This discussion was led by Dr. Bahnsen, who stressed the importance of the veterinarian being able to pass upon the merits of a cow, and thus make himself of value to the cattle buyer, and the general live stock interests of his community. He pointed out that the veterinarian should be in a position to ASSOCIATION NEWS 259 judge an animal, not only from a health point -of view, but also from the standpoint of its intrinsic value in a dairy or breeding herd. This paper was also discussed by Dr. W. M. Burson, of Athens, Dr. Salter, of Dawson and Dr. R. M. Walsh, of Atlanta. This concluded the program of the first day, and the members of the Association signed off until the following day. The second day was one which will long be remembered by those present. About 8:30 a. m., the Association members and their ladies boarded the steamer ‘‘Clivedon” for a cruise down the historical Savannah River and through the winding streams and straits between the many islands at the mouth of this river. As we rode down the river, we passed old Fort Jackson, from which point the Savannah harbor and city were protected against possible attacks by the British during the War of 1812. This fort, built of brick, appeared to have withstood the ravages of the elements wonderfully well during the past century. There was noticed a moat surrounding this old fort, to protect it against land attacks, and a tunnel leading from the river into this moat, through which small craft could be pushed during low tide. Farther down the river the “Waving Girl” signaled the boat from the porch of her house, as has been her custom in the case of every boat passing into or out of Savannah for the past many years. At this point, Dr. W. P. Cox’s field glasses became quite popular, but due to the trees along the shore, not many could see the smile on the face of the “Waving Girl.” The river began to widen here, and we were soon steaming out past Tybee, that noted Georgia bathing resort—where Dr. Cox again became popular, and past the famous Tybee Light, and thence out onto the bounding high seas. The sea was quite calm and bounded but very little—only enough to thrill the passengers of the boat, as the slow, steady rolling of the craft took place. From this point, a large sea-going steamer was seen plowing its way to some more southern port. After a short trip on the blue sea, the boat was turned into the channel toward Buck Island. In this channel we passed the white, red-topped light-houses on Daufuskie Island, passed humerous craft containing fishermen of crabs, shrimp and other sea foods, and finally were steered into one of the crookedest channels on the coast—Ram’s Horn Creek. (The man who named this creek evidently raised Merino sheep.) Whole armies of fiddler crabs were seen along the banks of this channel. It was remarkable how these crabs knew just how far up the 260 ASSOCIATION NEWS bank to go, to get beyond the wash of the waves, as the boat went by them. Numerous islands are to be seen here, and on some of them small farms have been developed. About this time the salt air had whetted the appetites of the passengers of the boat, and a raid was made on the bar, where beer—or what had once been beer, and shrimp were served. From then on, the bar-tender and his assistant were quite the most popular persons on board. The basket of shrimp soon looked like it had been well attended. At noon the craft was tied up at the Picnic Grounds on Daufuskie Island, and all went ashore for more than an hour. Here we watched fishermen bring in boat loads of fish, crabs and shrimp. A mess of crabs was bought and cooked on the boat. To many this was their first experience with eating crab meat. It was on this island that a close watch had to be kept on Dr. W. C. (Bill) Stroud to keep him from wandering away, and getting lost, In his search for a “still.” Dr. W. E. (Bill) White had his wife with him, so was well under control. After returning to the boat, lunch, with beer, was served, cafeteria style, after which a short business meeting was held. At this meeting, Dr. J. M. Sutton, Sylvester, was chosen presi- dent for the coming year, with Dr. J. E. Severin, Athens, vice- president. Dr. Peter F. Bahnsen, Americus, was re-elected secretary-treasurer. Columbus and Atlanta contested for the next meeting place, and Columbus won by a large majority. After the meeting, the boat was untied and headed for Savan- nah. The meeting this year was voted the ‘‘best ever,’ and Drs. W. A. Scott and B. N. Lauderdale, of Columbus, were instructed to get everything well primed for the meeting next year. This was the first Association meeting at which ladies were in attendance, and it is hoped that, in the future, we may see them present each year, and in greater numbers. PrTerR F. BAHNSEN, Secretary. The Philadelphia Division of the ‘United States Bureau of Animal Industry Veterinarians held their regular meeting at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, on October 9, 1923. Dr. Thomas Castor addressed the meeting on the subject of the Relation of the Lymphatic System to Meat Inspection. ASSOCIATION NEWS 261 SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The regular quarterly meeting of the Southeastern Michigan Veterinary Medical Association was held in Detroit, Michigan, Wednesday, October 3, 1923. There were forty-two members and visitors in attendance, President H. T. Carpenter presiding. The program was opened with an address by Colonel O. G. Brown, Medical Instructor for the Michigan National Guard. He related the progress that had been made in the organization of a veterinary unit, and asked the veterinarians present to lend their assistance in completing the organization. Drs. Warren P.S. Hall and R. F. Blatchford, of Detroit, are the veterinarians attached to the unit. Dr. Ward Giltner, of East Lansing, and Secretary-Editor Hoskins reported on various phases of the recent meeting of the A. V. M. A., in Montreal. The literary program of the evening was offered by the Detroit branch of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and consisted of four very interesting papers bearing upon the subject of meat inspection. The first paper was presented by Dr. E. P. Schafiter, Inspector-in-Charge. His subject was “Tuberculosis of Bovines with Observations on the Avian Type in Swine,” Dr. Schaffter reported that quite a few cases of tuberculosis encountered in the packing plants, in Detroit, were of the avian type, and that he believed it was possible to pick out lesions caused by the avian type of the tubercle bacillus with a little experience. Dr. Joseph E. Zeltzer, presented “Post-Mortem Examination of Reacting Cattle.’ This paper related in a very systematic manner the various steps in a complete post-mortem examination of the carcass of a reactor. “Parasites Infesting Meat-Producing Animals, Considered from a Sanitary Viewpoint” was the subject of a paper presented by Dr. H. L. Cotton, who brought out a number of very interesting points in connection with parasites which are sometimes found in food-producing animals. He paid particular attention to Cysticercus cellulosae and Taenia solium. Dr. J. W. Vance presented a paper entitled ‘“Stock-Yards Inspection and Regulations Governing Interstate Movement of Live Stock.” This paper indicated that the author had a very comprehensive idea of the whys and wherefores of the present regulations. 262 ASSOCIATION NEWS Following the reading of the papers, there was an open dis- cussion on the subject of ‘“Municipal Meat and Milk Inspection,”’ opened by Dr. H. H. Sparhawk, Chief Veterinarian of the Detroit Board of Health. Dr. Sparhawk announced that ordinances for the inspection of meat and milk were being considered by a large number of cities and towns throughout the State, and that it was the duty of every veterinarian to be posted on this subject, and to keep themselves in readiness to offer information on the subject when called upon. State Veterinarian B. J. Killham endorsed the sentiments expressed by Dr. Sparhawk and offered additional evidence to indicate that the question was one to which every veterinarian should give his attention, even though it might necessitate some personal sacrifice for the time being. The suggestion was made that it might be a good plan to arrange for a conference in the near future and invite to it the proper officials in all of the cities and towns throughout the State which were considering some form of municipal food inspection. No definite action was taken. H. Preston Hosxrins, Secretary-Treasurer. DIXIE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The first annual meeting of the Dixie Veterinary Medical Association was held at Memphis, Tenn., in the Hotel Chisca, October 10th and 11th, 1923, Dr. Walter Martin, of Jonesboro, Ark., presiding. About seventy-five veterinarians were in attendance from Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, and several other states. Following the invocation by Rev. C. C. Webdell, the Associa- tion was welcomed to Memphis by Mayor J. Rowlett Paine. Dr. E. I. Smith, of Nashville, Tenn., ably responded to the Mayor’s address of welcome. The literary program was opened with a paper by Dr. L. A. Merillat, of Chicago, Ill., entitled ‘‘The Therapeuties of 1923.” In this paper the author reviewed the important progress that had been made in the field of therapeutics recently, and pointed out the more important of these for practical application by veterinarians. He paid special attention to the progress which has recently been made in the handling of diseases of breeding cattle and the treatment of animals infested with internal parasites. Dr. Merillat also referred to recent progress in the = ASSOCIATION NEWS 263 field of surgery, citing a number of the newer operations, as well as improved methods of employing anesthetics. Dr. W. B. Lincoln, State Veterinarian of Tennessee, made a brief address on the subject of control work in his State. It was quite apparent from what Dr. Lincoln said, that the practicing veterinarians of the State of Tennessee have nothing to fear in the way of encroachment upon their fields of practice by veter- inarians in State employ. After luncheon the members gathered in a circle around Dr. B. F. Kaupp, of Raleigh, N. C., who gave a splendid talk and demonstration on a fowl, including a complete autopsy, with a discussion of the various steps in the process of digestion, coupled with remarks on the diseases affecting the different organs of the alimentary tract. This proved to be one of the most instructive numbers on the program, and all of the veter- inarlans present exhibited a very deep interest in the subject, indicative of the growing importance of poultry practice every- wheres. Dr. J. V. Lacroix read a very fine paper on the subject of “Ani- mal Hospital Management.”’ Dr. Lacroix has had a great deal of experience in connection with his small animal hospital in Evanston, Ill., and gave the veterinarians present a large number of very valuable pointers in connection with diseases of small animals and how best to handle them. Dr. Lacroix mentioned a number of things, which, when done in the right spirit, should not be construed as violations of our code of ethics, as some might think, but as perfectly legitimate business-builders. “Swamp Fever” was the subject of a paper presented by Dr. Wm. L. Gates, of Clarkesdale, Miss. The writer is located in a district where there is a great deal of this infection, and it is a very serious problem for the veterinarians, as well as the owners of horses and mules in that territory. Dr. Gates reported apparent cures, following the administration of large doses of arsenicals, but in the discussion which followed, it was pointed out that cases of apparent recoveries may not be such in the true sense, but may be carriers of the virus, and highly dangerous as such. It was pointed out that it is just as important to know the correct dosage of the drug administered as it is to find a satisfactory medicinal agent. An insufficient dose of a highly efficient drug, in a disease such as swamp fever appears to be, may be productive of the carrier state in the animal treated and subsequent uselessness of the particular drug employed. 264 ASSOCIATION NEWS The evening program consisted of a number of very interesting moving picture films, exhibited by Dr. D. &. Luckey, Livestock Commissioner, National Stock Yards, East St. Louis, Ill., and two very lively boxing bouts by local talent. The program Thursday morning was opened with a paper by Dr. J. P. O’Connor, of Nashville, Tenn., entitled ‘Field Exper- iences in Hog Cholera Control.”’ This was followed by a splendid discussion, in which Drs. H. C. Curry and C. M. McFarland, of Kansas City, Mo., and Dr. A. C. Drach, of Omaha, Neb., took part. Dr. A. T. Kinsley, of Kansas City, Mo., then followed with a paper entitled “Something of Interest on Swine Diseases.” In this paper Dr. Kinsley brought out the fact that the South was apparently not alive to the possibilities in the field of swine production, and he offered some very worthwhile suggestions as to how veterinarians might make themselves very useful in encouraging the raising of more swine in our southern states. Dr. Kinsley stated that the feeders throughout the corn belt would take all of the pigs that the South could produce, and that there was even now a practically continuous, ready market for them. Dr. C. A. Cary, State Veterinarian of Alabama, addressed the meeting on the subject of “Sane State Regulations and Rules.” Dr. Cary deplored the fact that greater progress has not been made in the eradication of hog cholera, in spite of the great amount of effort, time and money that has been expended in this direction. A very animated discussion followed. Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary-Editor of the American Veterinary Medical Association, addressed the meeting on matters of interest in connection with the national association. He briefly reported on the transactions of the recent meeting in Montreal and plans for the coming year. He made a plea for the better support of the JouRNAL, especially by practitioners, and stated that it was the height of his ambition to see every eligible veterinarian in the country enrolled as a member of the Association. Having been approached by several of the local veterinarians concerning the possibility of getting the 1925 meeting for Memphis, he cautioned them against getting in the field for this meeting without a full realization of the responsi- bilities connected with entertaining such a large body. Dr. Hoskins briefly outlined the general plan of the program of annual meetings. Following luncheon, the members were given a treat in the ASSOCIATION NEWS 265 form of two papers, by Dr. J. C. Flynn, of Kansas City, Mo. These dealt with the importance of small animal practice to the present-day veterinarian, and two diseases which have been giving the veterinarians in southern states considerable trouble of late, namely, so-called fright disease and black tongue. Dr. Flynn gave some very valuable pointers on handling a small animal practice, and related his experiences with the two diseases mentioned. One of the most interesting points brought out in his talk was the apparent relationship between a certain brand of commercial dog biscuits and so-called fright disease. He reported on having been successful in reproducing this disease in nine days by feeding dogs a certain brand of dog biscuit. The writer leaned to the belief that the disease is dietary in nature. for the reason that a change in diet invariably leads to recovery. A very enthusiastic discussion followed. “Prophylactic Vaccine Against Rabies,” was the subject of an address by Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, of Pearl River, N. Y., who briefly reviewed the history of vaccination against rabies, leading up to the recent development of the single-dose vaccine, now being used with such great success in the control of the disease among dogs, and incidentally saving the lives of a great many other animals as well as human beings. Dr. Eichhorn ably answered a large number of questions asked of him, relative to the vaccine and its use under various conditions. The literary program closed with the reading of a splendid paper by Dr. E. I. Smith, of Nashville, Tenn., entitled ‘‘The Creation of New Veterinary Medical Associations, Their Duties and Obligations.”’ In this paper Dr. Smith predicted a wonderful future for the Dixie Veterinary Medical Association. He enumerated a number of things which veterinarians should con- stantly have in mind, with a view to increasing their efficiency, concluding with the advcie to read the veterinary medical journals, study thoroughly each individual case, and always attend every meeting of the Dixie Veterinary Medical Associa- tion. Thursday evening a sumptuous banquet was served, followed by an elaborate entertainment consisting of music, both vocal and instrumental, readings, and dancing. Ata short business session, a constitution and by-laws was adopted and the following officers elected for the ensuing year: President, Dr. F. J. Douglas, New Orleans, La.; First Vice-President, Dr. Chas. H. Wright, Jackson, Tenn.; Second Vice-President, Dr. W. G. Warren, Gallatin, Tenn.; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. C. C. Brown, Memphis, Tenn. NECROLOGY WILLIAM F. KIRCHNER Mr. William F. Kirchner, of New York City, father of Mrs. Robert W. Ellis, died October 8, 1923. Many of our older mem- bers, who attended the meeting in New Haven, in 1906, and a number of those immediately subsequent, will remember Mr. Kirchner, who derived much pleasure in attending our annual gatherings in company with Dr. and Mrs. Ellis. Mr. Kirchner attended the Grand Army National Encamp- ment, at Indianapolis, in 1921, and while there was the victim of an apoplectic strike, necessitating a three-months stay in the hospital. He improved right along, until the last week in August, when he was stricken with a light attack of la grippe, which left his heart quite weak. He never rallied completely and died suddenly at 7:40 p. m., October 8. He was in his 82nd year. He was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion (Officers of the Civil War), the Army of the Potomac and the G. A. R. since 1868. He took a very active part in the affairs of the G. A. R., having been chairman of the Memorial Com- mittee when he was first stricken. In 1918 he was Department State Commander of New York. He served for thirty-eight years as a member of the police force in New York City, having retired with rank of Captain in 1901. LLOYD K. MAGLEY Dr. Lloyd K. Magley, of Decatur, Indiana, died September 4, 1923, following an attack of acute dilatation of the heart. He was born in Decatur, October 15, 1892. He married Miss Luella M. Conrad, March 1, 1916. Dr. Magley was a graduate of the Indiana Veterinary College, class of 1915. He entered the Veterinary Reserve Corps and saw overseas service, reaching the rank of Captain. He joined the A. V. M. A. in 1918. He was also a member of the Indiana State Veterinary Medical Association and the Northeastern Indiana Veterinary Medical Association. 266 ~~ oe a) a ve ae or NECROLOGY 267 JOHN SEVENSTER Dr. John Sevenster, of Hamburg, Iowa, died April 24, 1922. He was born in Dokum, Province of Frieslaad, Holland, October 24, 1868. He married Miss Jennie Hern, of Buffalo, N. Yo November 23, 1912, who:survives him. - Dr. Sevenster received his early veterinary training at the Veterinary College in Utrecht, Holland, graduating in 1892. Two years later he came to America and practiced in New York State for a whlle. Later he attended the McKillip Veterinary College and graduated in 1905. Entering the meat inspection service of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the same year, he was assigned to South St. Joseph, Mo., and later to Chicago and Omaha. He was for a time on tick eradication under Dr. J. A. Kiernan. He resigned in 1911 to enter private practice at Hamburg, Iowa. He was an Assist- ant State Veterinarian at the time of his death. FRANK HUNT Dr. Frank Hunt died at his residence, 409 Cherry Street, Jamestown, N. Y., on September 29, 1923, after an illness of several months. He was sixty years of age. Graduating from the Ontario Veterinary College, in 1887, Dr. Hunt returned to his home town after graduation and practiced there for over thirty-five years. He served his city as a member of the Board of Health and for many years was City Inspector. Dr. Hunt joined the A. V. M. A. in 1907. He was an Elk and also a Knight of the Maccabees. He was held in high esteem in his community and will be greatly missed by all those who had the privilege of knowing him. HE Rs C. LINCOLN FURBUSH Dr. C. Lincoln Furbush, of Philadelphia, Pa., died July 1, 1923. He performed meritorious military service in Cuba and the Canal Zone, and gave material assistance in the Surgeon General’s Office during the World War in organizing the Veteri- nary Corps. Dr. Furbush was Director of Health and Charities of Philadelphia at the time of his death. CJM: 268 NECROLOGY IRWIN C. NEWHARD Dr. Irwin C. Newhard, of Ashland, Pa., died suddenly, at his home, September 24, 1923. He was a graduate of the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, class of 1893, and enjoyed a very extensive practice in Schuykill County (Pa.) for many years. Much of his work was with mules used in the coal mines. Dr. Newhard joined the American Veterinary Medical Associ- ation at the Philadelphia meeting in 1908. He took an active part in the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association and the Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical Association. ROBERT E. COLLINS Dr. Robert E. Collins, of Memphis, Tenn., died very suddenly August 5, 1923. Heart failure was the cause of death. He stopped at a garage, in Memphis, and while the attendant went inside to get something for Dr. Collins, the latter collapsed alongside his car. It was not known until after his death that he had been suffering from heart trouble. Dr. Collins was a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College, class of 1893. He enjoyed a very lucrative practice at the Union Stock Yards, in Memphis. He joined the A. V. M. A. in 1907. MRS. CLARKE HEDLEY Mrs. Clarke Hedley, wife of Dr. Clarke Hedley, of Conway, South Carolina, veterinary inspector of the B. A. I. Tick Eradi- eation Division, died suddenly October 2, 1923, at the home of her sister, in Harrisburg, Pa., while on a vacation trip, having motored there from the South. Mrs. Hedley leaves her husband, a daughter, Mrs. Moyelia Sessions, and a sister to mourn her loss. C. PRICE DIXON Dr. C. Price Dixon, of Charlottesville, Va., died February 24, 1923. Pneumonia was the cause of death. Dr. Dixon was ill but a few days. He was a graduate of the Ohio Veterinary College, class of 1893. He joined the A. V. M. A., in 1907. NECROLOGY 269 LEONARD G. W. HART, SR. Dr. L. G. W. Hart, Sr., whose serious accident was chronicled in the October issue of the JourNnaL, died September 12th. He was a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College, class of 1892, and practiced for many years at Chippewa Falls, Wis. He joined the A. V. M. A. in 1917. He was a member of the Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association and always took a very prominent part in the affairs of that body. FREDERICK E. COMMINS Dr. Frederick E. Commins, of San Francisco, Calif., died June 21, 1923, after an extended illness. He was a graduate of the San Francisco Veterinary College, class of 1910. Dr. Commins was a veterinary inspector for the Board of Health of San Francisco. He joined the A. V. M. A. at the Oakland meeting, in 1915. He was in his 37th year at the time of his death. IRVING D. SOUTHWORTH Dr. Irving D. Southworth, of Gillette, Wyoming, passed away July 27, 1923, at Batavia, N. Y., his old home, after an illness of almost a year. Dr. Southworth was a graduate of Ohio State University, class of 1911. Shortly after graduation he located in Avon, N. Y., and then removed to Blackfoot, Idaho. For a time he was Assistant State Veterinarian of Idaho. He was a member of the Alpha Psi Fraternity. H. E. WARD Dr. H. E. Ward, of Sanford, Maine, died suddenly during the latter part of September. Our sympathy goes out to Dr. Baltazar Karganilla, District Veterinarian, Balanga, Bataan, Philippine Islands, who has suffered a double misfortune in the successive death of two of his children recently. 270 | PERSONAL MARRIAGES Dr. H. T. Larson and Miss Tecla Hedman, of Ashland, Wis., Aug. 29, 1923. Dr. F. M. Monroe, of Dana, Ind., and Miss Myrtle Miller, June 21, 1923. BIRTHS Dr. and Mrs. E. T. Brockman, of Letcher, 8. D., a daughter, Sept. 5, 1923. Dr. and Mrs. H. C. Stephenson, of Ithaca, N. Y., a daughter, Oct. 7, 1923. Dr. and Mrs. J. A. Latham, of Baldwin, Kan., a son, Albert, Aug. 28, 1923. Dr. and Mrs. E. A. Miller, of Indianapolis, Ind., a daughter, Patricia Jane, Aug. 9, 1923. Dr. and Mrs. John L. Bullock, of Oxford, N. C., a son, George Pleasant, July 26, 1923. Dr. and Mrs. L. W. Stevens, of Wilsonville, Nebr., a son, Lee Frederick, Aug. 19, 1923. Dr. and Mrs. F. W. Seekamp, of Greenfield, Ill., a son, Heder William, Jr., Aug. 30, 1923. Dr. and Mrs. Z. L. Williams, of Cleveland, Wis., a daughter, Elizabeth Lois, Aug. 14, 1925. PERSONAL Dr. Hubert C. Smith (Iowa ’23) is located at Jesup, Iowa. Dr. Curtis A. Fridirici (U. P. ’21) has located at Fogelsville, Pa. Lt. S. C. Dildine (Ohio 717) is stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Dr. J. Chas. Wheat (Corn. 713) has removed from Moravia, N. Y. to Syracuse. Dr. S. G. Bittick (Chi. 716) of Fort Worth, Texas, is City Milk and Dairy Inspector. Dr. Willis B. Lincoln (Iowa ’93) has been appointed State Veterinarian of Tennessee. Dr. A. P. Sturrock (Corn. 717) of Waterford, Pa., was a recent visitor in Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. Myron L. Plumer (U. P. ’16), formerly at Branchville, N. J., is now at Newton, N. J. Dr. G. C. Monroe has removed from Walnut Cove, North Carolina, to Mount Airy, same state. : Dr. F. A. Humphreys (Ont. 719) is now at Yorkton, Sask., having been transferred from Regina. Dr. A. F. Schalk (Ohio ’08) is on a short leave of absence from the North Dakota Agricultural College. PERSONAL 271 Dr. Joseph W. Vansant, Fox Chase, Pa., is enjoying his vacation hunting big game in the Maine woods. : Dr. Raymond J. Lynch has associated himself in practice with Dr. B. H. Tallman, at Williamsport, Pa. Dr. Clyde C. Hunt, formerly of Washington, N. C., gives his new address as 51 Fifth Street, Lorain, Ohio. Dr. J. H. Yarborough (Iowa ’23) has removed from Lowryville, S. C., and located at Denmark, same state. Dr. A. H. McClelland (Corn. ’12), formerly of Buffalo, is now engaged in general practice at Walton, N. Y. Dr. V.S. Larson (Chi. 710), of Berlin, Wisc. has sueceeded Dr. O. H. Eliason as State Veterinarian of Wisconsin. Dr. Chas. W. Humphrey (Geo. Wash. 711), is now stationed at Lancaster, Pa. His address is 732 N. Lime Street. Dr. Joseph Patt, of Mobile, Alabama, has returned to his practice after an absence of four months spent in Colorado. Dr. R. R. Birch (Corn.’12) and family have returned to Ithaca, N. Y., after an extended automobile trip through the West. Dr. Harry M. Martin (U. P. ’16), of the University of Nebraska, has been elected a member of Sigma Xi honorary fraternity. Dr. F. W. Graves (Ind. ’12), formerly of Hillsboro, Ind., has purchased the practice of Dr. J. A. Schwartz, at Wolcott, Ind. Dr. R. O. Feeley (N. Y.-Amer. ’06), of Clemson College, S. C., has returned to his work after having been absent on a sick leave. _ Dr. Harry J. Little, of Willaimsport, Pa., received the nomination for Sheriff on the Democratic ticket, at the last election. Dr. Roscoe C. Davis (Corn. 15), of Clinton, N. Y., has accepted a position with the State forces engaged in accredited-herd work. Dr. T. M. Bayler (Chi. 711), of the McLean County Farm Bureau, is now at Normal, Illinois, having removed from Bloomington. Dr. H. D. Laird (Corn. ’11), formerly at Woodville, N. Y., is now at Owego, where he is acting in the capacity of County Veterinarian. Dr. J. R. Varley (Corn. ’20), who spent a year in Hawaii, has just returned and accepted a position with the Dairyman’s League of New York. Dr. C. H. Beckman (Iowa ’20) of Humboldt, Iowa, recently joined the benedicts and is reported to have gone to Missouri for his honeymoon. Dr. Geo: J. Gruenewald (McK. ’14) has been transferred from Charleston, W. Va., to Trenton, N. J., with headquarters at 403 Wilkinson Building. Mrs. Theodosia Baker, wife of our eminent ovine specialist, Dr. E. T. Baker, of Moscow, Idaho, has been appointed a member of the Idaho State Board of Nurses’ Examiners. 272 PERSONAL Dr. J. B. Reidy (Corn. ’02),B. A. I. Inspector in charge, Tuberculosis Eradication, Augusta, Maine, has been appointed Captain in the Veterinary Officers’ Reserve Corps. Dr. A. M. Mills (Corn. ’20) has resigned his position at Cornell University to take up work with the Borden Farm Products Company. He entered upon his new duties October first. Dr. M. H. Mabey (Corn.’17) has given up his practice at Cuba, N. Y., to take the place vacated by Dr. A. M. Mills, in the Department of Surgery, at Cornell, under Dr. J. N. Frost. Dr. H. J. Milks (Corn. ’04), E. Sunderville (Corn. 708) and C. E. Hayden (Corn.’14) represented the N. Y. State Veterinary College at the State Fair, the second week in September. Dr. E. T. Booth (U. P. ’09) Demonstrator of Anatomy at the School of - Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, has been ill for several weeks but is now convalescent. Dr. J. F. Shigley (Corn. ’15), for a number of years located in St. Paul, Minn., has accepted the position of Assistant Professor of Veterinary Science at the Pennsylvania State College. Dr. J. Allen Hardy, for several years connected with the Board of Health of Detroit, Mich., has accepted a position in Charleston, W. Va., in connection with meat and milk inspection in that city. of a committee appointed by the Board of Commerce to draw up a milk inspection ordinance for the city of Rochester. Dr. Clifton D. Lowe (Ohio 710) has resigned as State Veterinarian of Tennessee, to accept a position as Extension Animal Husbandman in the Bureau of Animal Industry, at Washington, D. C. Dr. V. A. Moore was a guest at the dinner given by Editor Barnum, of the Syracuse Post-Standard, during State Fair week, for the leading representa- tives of the agricultural and live stock interests of New York State. Francisco Menendez Guillot, formerly official veterinary inspector for the northern district of Porto Rico, is now connected with the Veterinary Exten- sion Division of the Department of Agriculture, with offices at San Juan. Dr. Septimus Sisson (Ont. 91) attended the forty-first annual meeting of the National Veterinary Medical Association of Great Britain and Ireland, at York, England, during August, and was honored by election to honorary membership in the Association. Dr. J. G. Catlett (U. S. C. V. 8S. ’16), formerly Inspector-in-charge at the Southeastern Packing Company, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, has tendered his resignation and has entered private practice at Miami, Florida. Dr. Catlett Dr. Miller F. Barnes (U. P. ’11) who has been associated with the Pennsyl- vania Bureau of Animal Industry in the capacity of specialist in the investiga- tion of abortion and other diseases of the genital organs of cattle, has been appointed in charge of the Division of Laboratories of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry located at Philadelhphia, to succeed Dr. Fred poets Jr. Dr. Barnes will continue with work in the investigation of cattle iseases. Dr. William Sheppard (M. R. C. V. 8. ’70) recently sold the old Sheppard mansion and estate at Neck Road and East Thirteenth Street, Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, N. Y. The mansion is over one hundred years old and is said to be in such good condition that it will be moved to other ground instead of being torn dowr. Dr. and Mrs. Sheppard will make their home in Florida. They have gained a great deal of pleasure from raising some very fine Pekingese spaniels. Dr. Sheppard will be seventy-five years old on the 16th of next March. JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY A.AWAERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.) H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary-Editor, 735 Book Building, Detroit, Mich. C. H. Sranee, President, Ames, Iowa. M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Gezo. Hinton, 1st District; T. E. Munce, 2nd District; D. 8S. Ware, 3rd District J. A. Kiernan, 4th District; C. E. Corron, 5th D’strict: B. W. CoNRAD, 6th District; Cassros Way, Member at Large, CHAIRMAN. Subcommittee on Journal D. S. WuitTEe J. A. KreRNAN The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JourNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. Pr ces will be sent upon application. Vol. LXIV, N. S. Vol. 17 December, 1923 No. 3 HAVE WE YOUR CORRECT ADDRESS? Will you kindly look at the address on the envelope in which this issue of the Journal was received. Is the address correct? During the past few months we have given our mailing list a very careful checking, as a result of which we have found it necessary to have almost a thousand new stencils made. This has been quite a task and has cost considerable money. The Executiv> Board has authorized the publication of a new membership directory. There has been none published for three years, so a new edition is badly needed. Unless we are advised to the contrary, members will be listed with their addresses just as the same appear on the envelope in which this issue of the Journal was mailed. Members who are delinquent will not be listed, of course. May we have your cooperation in making the directory accurate. Advise us immediately of any inaccuracy, either in your name or address. A nominal charge will be made for copies of the new directory. The heavy expense will not permit free distribution to the entire membership, as heretofore. The price per copy will be announced next month. 273 274 EDITORIAL DANGER AHEAD In discussing the present shortage of students in our veterinary colleges, there seems to be one phase of the situation that is generally overlooked. Figures published in the November issue of the JouRNAL show that we can not expect to have more than 150 veterinarians graduated each year, for the next four years, from the colleges in the United States and Canada. The number is likely to be some less than 150 per year. This number will fall far short of replacing those who are lost to the profession through death, retirement and entry into other fields. In answer to those who maintain that there has been overpro- duction in the past, we will grant that this may have been the case for a few years. From 1910 to 1918, both years inclusive, there was an average annual crop of 743 veterinarians graduated from our colleges. In the five years since 1918, this number has dropped to approximately 240, less than one-third of the 1910- 1918 period. This is out of all proportion to the demand for veterinary services, and if present conditions do not change there is bound to be a shortage of qualified veterinarians in the not-far-distant future. The danger of the situation lies in the fact that our various veterinary practice acts are very likely to be tampered with. Large territories without the services of registered veterinarians will feel the need of some sort of veterinary service and the ten- dency will be to seek relief through remedial legislation, designed to relax present statutes and give the right to practice to unquali- fied individuals—quacks—to call spades spades. In this con- nection the fact should not be overlooked that we now have educated quacks, who are likely to cause more trouble for quali- fied veterinarians than the ignorant quacks of by-gone days ever did. To substantiate the belief that the danger is real and actually exists, examination of the legislative summary published in this issue of the JouRNAL shows that in at least eight states, during the present year, there were attempts made to modify unfavor- ably the present existing statutes regulating the practice of veter- inary medicine and surgery. Fortunately, in seven out of the eight states, these attempts were unsuccessful. In one state, although the law was not changed, the Legislature granted the right to practice to eight non-graduates. Keep this phase of the question in mind and do not underesti- mate its importance and possibilities. EDITORIAL 275 FEATURES IN THIS ISSUE This issue might rightfully be designated a feature issue, in view of the fact that we are publishing considerable material that is new to the pages of the Journau. Of these, we might mention the summary of legislative activities in the various states during the present year, directly or indirectly affecting the veterinary profession. This information has been gathered from various sources and is believed to,be accurate as far as it goes, though probably not complete. However, it is hoped to make this legislative summary an annual feature of the JouRNAL, and with the start made this year, the 1923 summary can be referred to as a guide for those in the various states who will be asked to report the 1924 crop of legislation. Closely allied to legislative matters, we present this month a complete list of the various state live stock sanitary officials. There have been a number of requests for such a list and the one being published is believed to be correct up to November 15, 1923. In another part of the JouRNAL we list the names of members of the Association who are “‘lost,’’ so far as the Secretary’s office is concerned. Mail sent to these members at the addresses given has been returned. It is hoped that our members will be able to help us find these lost members. If you can give the correct address of only one of the members on the list, this will be appreciated. Do not overlook the proposed policy of the A. V. M. A., pub- lished for the first time in this issue. It is hoped that every member will study this diligently. A bibliography on contagious abortion, compiled by Dr. Ward Giltner, is being published in this issue of the JouRNAL, the same having been omitted from the report of the proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual meeting a the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association. A report of the meeting of the Women’s Auxiliary to the A. V. M. A., held at Montreal in August, is included in this issue, and it is to be hoped that every member will see that this report is read by the female members of his family. We are able to give a very comprehensive report of the recent World’s Dairy Congress this month. You will find it under Association News. There was considerable of a veterinary atmosphere in connection with this gathering, which has been reported by Dr. George H. Hart, of the University of California, 276 COMING VETERINARY MEETINGS who attended all of the sessions of the Congress, in Washing- ton, Philadelphia and Syracuse. We take this opportunity to thank all those members who have so willingly assisted in getting together the material for these reports. Without their prompt and whole-hearted cooperation these features would not have been possible. A WONDERFUL TRIBUTE TO THE HORSE Did you see the November number of the National Geographic Magazine? If not, you have missed something. By all means secure a copy at once. The entire November issue was devoted to a single article dealing with horses, asses and mules. According to Secretary Dinsmore, of the Horse Association of America, this special edition has been in preparation for more than two years and the cost of this number is estimated to have been in excess of $200,000. It is the most notable and accurate single contri- bution to the literature on horses and mules ever published. The color plates, twenty in number, representing every breed, are from paintings made especially for the National Geographic Society. When it is considered that the circulation of the National Geographic Magazine is over 700,000 copies, it can be estimated how great will be the interest in the horse, created by this authoritative exposition of the subject. If you are not already a member of the National Geographic Society, make application for membership immediately, enclosing $3.00, and stating that you wish your subscription to the magazine to begin with the November issue. The headquarters of the PEN inne Geographic Society are in W ashington, IB COMING VETERINARY MEETINGS Illinois Veterinary Medical Association. Lexington Hotel, Chicago, Ill. Dec. 4-5, 1923. Dr. L. A. Merillat, Secretary, 1827 So. Wabash Ave., Chicago, IIL. New York City, Veterinary Medical Association of. Academy of Medicine, 17 W. 43rd St., New York City. Dec. 5, 1923. Dr. C. G. Rohrer, Secretary, 40 W. 61st St., New York, N. Y. Horse Association of America. Blackstone Hotel, Chicago, III. Dec. 5, 1923. Wayne Dinsmore, Secretary, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, III. U.S. Live Stock Sanitary Association. Hotel La Salle, Chicago, Ill. Dec. 5-6-7, 1923. Dr. O. E. Dyson, Secretary, 923 Exchange Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. COMING VETERINARY MEETINGS 217 Nebraska State Veterinary Medical Association. Grand Island, Nebr. Dec. 11-12, 1923. Dr. F. R. Woodring, Secretary, Lincoln, Nebr. Michigan Veterinary Medical Society, Central. Otsego Hotel, Jackson, Mich. Dec. 12, 1923. Dr. W. N. Armstrong, Secretary, Concord, Mich. New York Veterinary Medical Association, Western. Erie County S. P. C. A. Headquarters, 121 West Tupper Street, Buffalo, N. Y. Dee..14, 1923. Dr. F. F. Fehr, Secretary, 243 South Elmwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Delaware Veterinary Medical Association and University Veter- inary Conference. Wolf Hall, University of Delaware, Newark. Dec. 19, 1923. Dr. C. C. Palmer, Secretary, Newark, Del. Massachusetts Veterinary Association. American House, Bos- ton, Mass. December 26, 1923. Dr. C. H. Playdon, Secre- tary, Reading, Mass. Pennsylvania Annual Conference for Veterinarians, University of. Philadelphia, Pa. Jan. 8-9, 1924. Dr. Louis A. Klein, Dean, 39th St. and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. New Jersey, Veterinary Medical Association of. Newark, N. J. Jan: 10, 1924. Dr. P. B. Silvester, Secretary, Princeton, N Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association. Deshler Hotel, Columbus, Ohio. Jan. 9-10-11, 1924. Dr. Harry T. Secretary, 640 S. Main St., Dayton, Ohio. Cornell Veterinary Conference, Ithaca, N. Y. January 10-11, 1924. Dr. V. A. Moore, Dean, N. Y. State Veterinary College, ithaca N.Y. Virginia State Veterinary Medical Association. Richmond, Va. Jan. 10-11, 1924. Dr. Geo. C. Faville, Secretary, Hampton, Va. Iowa Veterinary Association. Hotel Savery, Des Moines, Iowa. Jan. 15-16, 1924. Dr. E. R. Steel, Secretary, Grundy Center, Iowa. Iowa Practitioners’ Short Course. Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. Jan. 17-18, 1924. Dr. C. H. Stange, Dean, Ames, Iowa. Oklahoma State Veterinary Medical Association. Huckins Hotel, Oklahoma City, Okla. Jan. 16-17, 1924. Dr. L. B. Barber, Secretary, Live Stock Exchange Bldg., Oklahoma City, Okla. Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association and Veterinary Short Course. College of Agriculture, Madison, Wis. Jan. 29-30-31 and Feb. 1, 1924. Dr. O. H. Eliason, Secretary, Madison, Wis. > HOG CHOLERA CONTROL VERSUS PREVENTION! By I. K. ATHERTON College Park, Md. The history of hog cholera covers far more than a span of human life. Investigations regarding it have consumed years in the laboratory and field. This disease has proved so baffling that scientists have been obliged to grope their way in con- tending with it. Much of the knowledge regarding it has been “stumbled onto,” so to speak. Much has been written on the subject, and one idea after another has been suggested, only to be discarded in a large percentage of the instances. For these reasons I find myself, to a great extent, much dependent on others for my information. I have culled from books, pamphlets, newspaper articles and personal experience in the preparation of this paper, which recalls Kipling’s verses setting forth the practice of writers generally. “When ’Omer smote ’is bloomin’ lyre, He'd ’eard men sing by land and sea; Aw what he thought he might require, "E went and took—the same as me! “The market girls an’ fishermen, The shepherds an’ the sailors too, They ’eard old songs turn up again, But kep’ it quiet—same as you! “They knew ’e stole; ’e knew they knowed. They didn’t tell, nor make a fuss, But winked at ’Omer down the road, Aw ’e winked back—the same as us.”’ I sincerely trust that you will wink down the road at me as I pass on. Hog CHOLERA CONTROL I have often wondered what the promoters of the idea had in view. Control has been the indefinite aim of hog cholera workers for years, yet I doubt whether a single person who used the term has a clear conception of just what would be accomplished by a fulfilment of their efforts. It is certain that 1Presented at the sixtieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Montreal, Canada, August 27-31, 1923. 278 HOG CHOLERA CONTROL VERSUS PREVENTION 279 “Hog Cholera Control,” as we now understand the term, has not been universally successful; in fact, satisfactory results have probably never been attained. Neither do I believe attempts at control will ever prove the solution of the hog cholera problem, for, under a broad conception of the subject, any movement that does not have eradication in view cannot be expected to prove eminently successful or generally satisfactory. Control work as almost universally conducted has had two phases, the prevention of the spread of the infection from the original or primary outbreak and the protection of hogs by immunization. It is admitted that much financial benefit to hog growers is accomplished if the spread of the infection from one farm to another can be stopped, but this does not eliminate the original sources of infection. It has been our experience, in Maryland, that with a limited number of outbreaks, the spread of the disease from original outbreaks can easily be prevented. During the year 1922, in 330 of the 354 primary outbreaks, there was no spread of the disease from original outbreaks. In no instance did a secondary outbreak occur when a new center of infection was promptly reported, so that it could be given attention. In fact, this is true of the entire history of the hog cholera work in the State. Some might consider these results very satisfactory, but they were not. Notwithstanding the fact that these 330 outbreaks were reported in time to prevent the spread of the infection to other farms, the disease had already made such progress in the infected herds before it could be checked that approximately 47 per cent of the swine on these premises were lost. Surely control at its best is not a satisfactory solution of the hog cholera problem. Further, in the remaining 24 primary outbreaks, as will always be the case in a certain percentage of the instances, there were delays of weeks and months before the authorities learned of their existence. As a consequence, the infection was spread from these centers resulting in 235 secondary outbreaks with corresponding losses. There was nothing gained in combating the disease other than the valuable information that was obtained from study- ing the outbreaks and saving some hogs. The same fight that was made last year must be made agam this year, and continued until sanitarians and stock raisers can see their way clear to inaugurate and rigidly carry out sanitary measures which will 280 I. K. ATHERTON not only stop the spread of the disease to adjacent herds, but prevent the establishment of new centers of infection. Possibly some might be of the opinion that, compared with the Corn Belt, hog-raising is not carried on extensively in Maryland; that the conditions there are more favorable for preventing the spread of the disease from original centers of infection; therefore the results obtained in one state, Mary- land, are not indicative of the conditions in the principal hog- growing states or the possibilities throughout the country in preventing the spread of the disease from original outbreaks. There might be others, too, of the opinion that the results which I have stated as being unsatisfactory in Maryland are due to the fact that the double treatment is used in that state only to a limited extent. While considering conditions in Maryland, it should be noted that Maryland stands eighth among the states in the number of the hogs per square mile, and she stands twenty-fifth in the percentage of losses. It is true that the double treatment is probably used less in Maryland than in any other state. The latest Government and state reports available show that hog cholera is still the most destructive disease of swine. The report of the Committee on Hog Cholera Control, which was made at the last meeting of the U. 8. Live Stock Sanitary Asso- ciation, held in Chicago, early in December, 1922, is most inter- esting, and we believe is good evidence that we are not obtaining the results believed by many through our present methods and efforts at controlling hog cholera. This report compared one five-year period (from 1907 to 1911 inclusive), when practically nothing was done to control hog cholera, with another period (from 1917 to 1921 inclusive), when approximately $7,500,000.00 was expended annually for serum, virus, veterinary fees and control work. The comparison of the losses for these two periods shows a difference of only .2 of 1 per cent less during the latter period. It might be well to explain that the first of these two periods just preceded and the other just succeeded the last “wave” of hog cholera which this country experienced. Our apparent inconsistency in dealing with hog cholera, com- pared with foot-and-mouth disease, is to my mind very inter- esting. Not only that, but it would appear that it should be given serious consideration, for undoubtedly it is responsible for the fact that we in our fight against hog cholera are making no headway. HOG CHOLERA CONTROL VERSUS PREVENTION 281 We know nothing more about the causative agent of foot-and- mouth disease than we do about that of hog cholera. Both _ diseases are caused by filterable viruses. In fact, I believe we have more definite knowledge concerning hog cholera than we have of foot and-mouth disease, yet while we promptly eradicate foot-and-mouth disease on the appearance of an outbreak and pat ourselves on the back for the accomplishment, we con- tinually permit our swine industry, as a matter of course, to suffer annual losses of from thirty to seventy-five million dollars from hog cholera. =. In outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease we take every pre- caution to eradicate centers of infection. We even go so far, and I believe rightfully, as to slaughter all susceptible animals on the farm where the disease exists, and then thoroughly clean and disinfect the premises. We employ such radical measures for the reason that we realize that we must eliminate centers of infection in order to eradicate an outbreak effectually and permanently. After eradication has been accomplished, we close every known avenue by which we think the infection possibly might again be introduced. In our dealings with hog cholera we take no such precautions. Farmers and stock raisers are constantly practicing methods of swine management which are positively known to be responsible, not only for starting but maintaining centers of infection. I regret that instances are legion where sanitarians and officials charged with the control of the disease have not only permitted but urged these practices. I refer to garbage feeding; movement of sick or exposed hogs; and the abuse of the double treatment. GARBAGE FEEDING By this term I mean the feeding of any unsterilized product which might contain infected pork, including table refuse and kitchen swill from the private home. In Maryland we hold this factor apparently responsible for 82 per cent of the new outbreaks. It is regrettable that we do not have more data regarding the number of outbreaks in other states started from feeding garbage. Some contend that the matter of garbage feeding is of more importance in the Eastern States than any other part of the country, which may be true. However, the state veterinarian of a western state informed me that the feeding of garbage is the greatest source of trouble in his state. It is a matter of record that garbage is the principal source of 282 I. K. ATHERTON oe infection in Canada. I believe that when more attention is given to this subject the information obtained regarding this agent as a source of hog cholera infection will prove astonishing and enlightening. It may be true that there are more garbage-feeding plants in the East than in the Corn Belt States, but from my observance in different sections of the country it seems evident that the farmers in the Central States depend more on packing-house products for table use than do the farmers of Maryland, and other Eastern States. If this be true, it is very probable that a far larger number of the outbreaks of hog cholera on the farms of the Central States might be traced to this source of infection than is now attributed to it. Generally when the house-wife is trimming cuts of fresh and cured meat for cooking, bones, rinds or scraps are thrown into the swill-pail or garbage- can, and later they are fed to the hogs. We have been surprised through our investigations to learn the number of outbreaks of hog cholera on farms in Maryland that seem to be traceable to no other cause than infected pork that reached the hogs by way of the swill-pail. One instance is recalled where the hogs were in a pen two feet above the ground. The pen was so enclosed that chickens could not enter. This was done because some of the hogs were chicken eaters. There were no sick hogs in the locality. There had been no hogs brought to the premises for the preceding six months. However, there was a clear history of pork being frequently purchased, and bones, rinds and scraps being fed to the hogs in the swill. It is astonishing how frequently the feeding of garbage to hogs is recommended, and often without one word of warning relative to the dangers that might result from it. Only recently an article was noted in one of our foremost stock papers, in which a swine husbandman dilated on the advantages of garbage- feeding. The gains mentioned were fabulous, and the informa- tion given would lead one to believe that it was a get-rich-quick scheme without a “fly in the ointment.” The experiment on which this article was based was conducted for only twenty- four days. Claims are often made that unsterilized garbage may safely be fed to hogs if they have been immunized by the double treatment. For the sake of argument we will admit that this may be true. However, in our experience we have seen many HOG CHOLERA CONTROL VERSUS PREVENTION 283 “breaks” with heavy losses in garbage-fed hogs to which the double treatment had been administered under the most favor- able condition possible in such places. No matter if hogs can be immunized so that they may be safely fed garbage, the fact remains that garbage, especially city, hotel or restaurant garbage, contains infected pork prac- tically at all times. The bringing of this product on the place certainly results in infected premises. In our dealings with foot-and-mouth disease, one of the arguments that was pre- sented in favor of slaughtering sick and exposed animals was that in the maintenance of a long quarantine it was practically impossible to prevent the spread of infection. If that be the. case, then garbage-feeding plants must remain a source of danger year in and year out. At any rate, to maintain a center of hog cholera infection is inconsistent with sanitation, and is one of the inconsistencies which we practice in the guise of hog cholera control. MOVEMENT OF SIcK AND Exposep Hogs Usually this is regarded only in the light of the introduction of new stock for improving the breed or replenishing the herd. However, it has a much broader significance. It is the general practice, when hog cholera makes its appearance in a herd, to cull out the animals that are fit and apparently free from the disease and ship them to market for slaughter. Probably this practice is followed without any thought of wrong-doing on the part of the owners.- It has been demonstrated that there are three days, on the average, in the incipient stage of hog cholera, when the affected animals show no evidence of the disease, yet during this time the excretions from the body, or pieces of pork from the carcass are infectious. It is due to the practice of shipping such hogs to market that infected pork is so widely distributed, carrying with it the active virus of hog cholera. I might be considered a little previous at this time in advocat- ing this procedure, yet I believe that the time will come when an outbreak of hog cholera oceurs on a farm the owner will be obliged to keep all the infected herd on his premises until it has recovered; or if he is permitted to ship, then it will be done under rigid police regulations, and all carcasses of such animals will be considered as infectious, and will be permitted 284 I. K. ATHERTON to go out from the packing-house only after the meat has been sterilized. The introduction of new stock into well herds is generally recognized as being a common cause of outbreaks of hog cholera. In Maryland this practice is believed to be responsible for ap- proximately 15 per cent of our new outbreaks, and it is probably much larger in some other states. One of the greatest sources of danger, especially in the Corn Belt States, is the importation of stocker hogs, which are shipped from public stock yards immediately after the double treat- ment has been administered. It has been reported that in one year there were 435 carloads of such hogs shipped into a certain state, and “breaks” occurred in 431 of them. An Official in charge of hog cholera work in one of the Central States makes this statement: ‘“‘Many feeders are afraid to handle stock-yard feeders, for it appears that they not only bring cholera with them, but other diseases also, which makes raising pigs on the farm a hazardous occupation.” It is possible that many farmers have not been disheartened by the ‘“‘breaks”’ which they experienced, as their losses in the aggregate may have been small. However, the infection, no matter how it may have been introduced into free territory, is capable of dissemination, and we surely are inconsistent when we allow hog cholera infection to spread by such methods, when under no circumstances would we permit an animal suffering with, or exposed to foot-and-mouth disease to be introduced into another herd. ABUSE OF THE DoUBLE TREATMENT So far as the double treatment is concerned, I have not the slightest desire to condemn it when it is used under proper precautions. Its worth is recognized, and under existing cir- cumstances its use is undoubtedly absolutely necessary; but I do not know of any other biologic of proven value which has been so abused as the combination of anti-hog cholera serum and hog cholera virus. In fact, there is no doubt that by the improper use of virus and serum, or rather their abuse, that hog cholera has not only been introduced into, but centers of infection have been maintained in, localities where it probably would not otherwise have obtained a foothold. I believe also that in many localities more harm than good has been done through the administration of virus. Even under the best of HOG CHOLERA CONTROL VERSUS PREVENTION 285 conditions we sometimes get discouraging and unexplainable “breaks.” In Maryland the simultaneous treatment is wisely controlled, and, so far as starting new centers of infection is concerned, it appears to be a small factor. Only about 3 per cent of our new “breaks” could be traced to that source. However, there is comparatively little of the virus used in the state. The greatest harm that it is doing, in my opinion, is, where, by the use of the simultaneous treatment, many people consider garbage- feeding can be made safe, and thus maintain centers of infec- tion with more or less frequent “breaks.” Last winter I heard a veterinarian representing one of the large serum-producing companies make the statement that there were more “‘breaks‘‘ following the use of the double treatment in the last two years than ever before. Recently, in a periodical devoted to swine-raising, a well known author makes this statement: “About the usual complaints have been received during the last six weeks relative to difficulties follow- ing hog cholera vaccination.” ..'2ee. = Stee 19 cases Skin and gland lesions............. *,...16 cases Jomtand gland lesions? )-4~ 0. ee ae 13 cases Skin, joint and gland lesions............ 22 cases Some of these cases presented, in addition, a soft dark or black spleen, not much enlarged, a few petechiae in kidneys, hemo- rrhagic body lymph-glands, petechiated lungs and p'eura, more rarely a slight pneumonia. In a few cases slight enteritis was observed. Icterus, from slight discoloration to the most intense, was observed in severe cases. Some eight or ten of those tabu- lated were condemned for septicemia or icterus. It will be noted that of the one hundred ten cases tabulated, 20% showed lesions of the skin, joints and glands; 1444% had both skin and gland lesions; 17% had skin and joint lesions; and 12% had joint and gland lesions. 3 5s, a He ee ee ee 1 One member of the Faculty meets a group each month. The lectures are arranged in such a way that the work does not inter- fere with the regular duties of the teaching staff. If this plan works out satisfactorily this year, it is hoped to extend it the coming year, so that every veterinarian in Pennsyl- vania can avail himself of the opportunity to obtain advanced work in veterinary medicine. In the meantime the Veterinary Extension Bulletin is being published regularly and is mailed to each veterinarian in the State. BULLETIN ON FARM SANITATION “Farm Sanitation” is the title of Extension Circular No. 138, issued by the Extension Service of the South Dakota State College, at Brookings. This is really a bulletin of forty pages, and was prepared by Dr. G. S. Weaver, Extension Specialist in Animal Diseases. The publication contains a great deal of valuable information in very convenient form, including excerpts from the regulations of the South Dakota State Live Stock Sanitary Board, relative to the disposition of carcasses of dead animals, requirements for the shipment of live stock, quaran- tines, ete. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS (Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this de- partment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful to others in the profession.) DICEPHALUS BISPINALIS TRICHIRUS By KNOWLTON REDFIELD, Brookings, S. D. Animal Health Laboratory, South Dakota State College. The above monstrosity was brought to the Animal Health Laboratory of South Dakota State College, May 5, 1923, by the owner, who gave the following history of the case. The animal was out of a Duroc-Jersey sow and by a boar of the same breed. It was the fourth in a litter of seven pigs, appearing as a posterior presentation, dorso-sacral position. The heads apparently became lodged under the brim of the pelvis, as only the rear pedal extremities could be seen and delivery was finally affected by the owner, only after considerable traction had been applied. The animal was delivered dead, the pigs both preceding and following it all being normal and alive. The sow’s history was negative, though the boar was the sire of another litter on the same farm, one of which was also a monster, having, as the owner expressed it,—‘‘no face, but a trunk like that of an ele- phant’”’. Unfortunately we did not get a chance to examine the latter monster as the owner had ‘“‘thrown it to the dog’ that morning. History oF MONSTROSITIES Space prevents of any but a very brief consideration of such monstrosities. Suffice it to say, aside from the superstitious ideas concerning this formation, which are unworthy of note, that Regis started the hypothesis that the germs of these mon- strosities must. have been originally produced with those of normal beings and that they were developed in the ordinary course of generation. This or a similar hypothesis was accepted by Win- slow, Duvernoy, Haller, and others up to the time of Meckel. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, however, successfully combatted it and demonstrated that these anomalies in organization are not primary, but accidental; that had they been placed in ordinary circumstances, would have developed normally, but had only become anomalous because their development was disturbed. 485 486 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS The opinion at present prevailing with respect to these mal- formations is to the effect that the embryo or fetus has been subjected to séme kind of alteration in utero and that this has been produced during the interval between conception and birth. DeLee, Mall and Ballontine refer to the effect of external agencies on the formation of monstrosities. Among such in- fluences they cite injury to the abdomen or uterus, diseases of the uterus, chorion (Mall), and ammion. Abnormal implantation of the ovum as in the tube (Mall), arrest of development and changes in the ovum during the blastula or morula stages, the result of thermic, chemical or physical action. It has been proved that lithium, sodium, potassium and magnesium have a special selective action on various cells of the morula, producing char- Fig. 1. X-Ray Plate of Case acteristic monsters. Some of the poisons affect the nervous system and others the heart. It is well known that shocks and deprivation may produce vascular and nutritional disturbances, general and local in the endometrium, which may seriously affect the growth of the ovum. Among the internal causes may be mentioned: heredity, defective spermatozoa, ete. ~ ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF MONSTROSITY The animal has a double head and neck. Heads are normal with the exception of the left branchial cleft of the left head, which failed to close, forming a typical cleft palate. The necks are normal and join just anterior to the thorax. There are three anterior limbs, fully developed, one of which is situated more or CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 487 less on the dorsal surface of the thorax. This limb appears to have started as two individual appendages but which fused very early in fetal life. As can be seen from the accompanying X-ray plate, the left half is shghtly turned medially upon its fellow. The ribs, of which there are fifteen pairs in each half, a total of thirty pairs, can be seen to interlace to some extent. The cervieal, thoracic and lumbar, as well as the first two sacral vertabrae are separate and distinct in each half of the individual. There is but one third and one fourth sacral vertebra. Posterior to this the coccygeal vertabrae are again double, the latter forming two distinct and individual tails. The posterior limbs are normal as to both number and ana- tomical formation. There is but one rectum and one female genital opening. As stated previously there are two mammary systems and one umbilicus. PHYSIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF MONSTROSITY As ean be seen*from the X-ray plate, there is a shadow of but one heart. Due to constriction of the tissues, I was unable to inject barium per os into this animal. This was, therefore, injected per rectum with a syringe and female (human) catheter to deter- mine by subsequent X-ray whether there was more than one stomach or intestinal tract, and if this were so to determine at just what place anterior to the rectum they join. This was done successfully and as can be seen from “barium” X-ray plate there is but one stomach and one intestinal tract. It is to be regretted that more monstrosities are not reported as there is much that can be learned from them from an anatom- ical, physiological and embryological standpoint. TEST THE CALVES Numerous cases have been reported indicating that tubercu- losis frequently exists in very young calves. This being the case it is very important not to overlook the testing of calves in tuberculosis control or eradication work. The intradermic test is the test of choice for young calves. Regulation 7 of the Bureau of Animal Industry requires that all calves intended for interstate shipment, regardless of age, must be tested and accompanied by an interstate health certificate and tuberculin test chart. REVIEWS Livestock Sanitation. W. H. Dalrymple, M. R. C V. S., Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Louisiana State Uni- versity. 145 pagés, with 23 full-page, half-tone illustrations. The Gladney Press, Baton Rouge, 1923. Price $2.00. In this little book the author has gathered together a number of short popular articles, which, with a few exceptions, have appeared as weekly contributions to the University Press Bulletin. In no sense technical, the material has been prepared for the benefit of stockowners, and to these people, with whom he has been associated for over thirty years in Louisiana, Dr. Dal- rymple has dedicated this unpretentious volume. The book is divided into nine sections, dealing respectively with (I) Food, (II) Water, (III) Air and Ventilation, (IV) Soil, (V) Disposal of Animal Excreta, (VI) Disinfection, (VII) Mi- crobic and Parasitic Diseases, (VIII) Mistreatment of Live- stock, and (IX) Miscellaneous. Whenever a veterinarian attempts to write a book, intended primarily for the lay reader, he enters upon a difficult task. However, the author’s long experience in this particular field has made the task easy, and we do not hesitate to pronounce the book “‘safe.’”’ We hope that it will have a wide distribution. Les Matapies pu Mouton (Diseases of Sheep). By Prof. G. Moussu, l’Ecole Véterinaire d’Alfort. 332 pages, with 114 figures and 8 colored plates. Vigot Fréres, Paris, 1923. Price 20 francs. The fact that sheep-raising is suffering a marked decline in France was undoubtedly a very important reason for the pre- paration of this book. In the foreword the author gives statis- tics, showing that the ovine population in France has fallen off to less than ten million head, from over twice this number in 1898 and from over thrice the present number in 1875. Diseases of lambs are discussed in the first part of the book, some fifty pages being devoted to these ailments, divided into three groups: the first comprising diseases of microbic origin; the second, those of digestive origin or of undetermined cause; the third, those of parasitic origin. The balance of the book is devoted to the diseases of adult sheep. These are taken up and discussed in a systematic order’ Seventeen pages are devoted to various methods of castration. The author appears to have covered the subject of sheep dis- 488 Ee a ee ra ABSTRACT 489 eases very thoroughly, and the book undoubtedly merits a very cordial reception upon the part of practitioners wherever sheep are raised. ABSTRACT SPEZIFISCHE INFEKTIOSE PNEUMONIE Brim FoHLEN. EIN NEUER EITERERREGER BEM Prerpe. (Specific Infectious Pneumonia of Foals. A New Pyogen in the Horse). Hilding Magnusson. Arch. f. Wiss. u. Pract. Tier. 50 (1923), 22-38. The author describes a new disease of colts occurring in Sweden. Literature is quoted to show that the disease may have been observed previously in Hungary (Schmiedehofer) and in Denmark (Adsersen.) Twelve field and several experimental cases are described. Several illustrations are presented. Exper- imental inoculations were made with organisms isolated from the various cases in order to determine the cause of the disease. From these experiments it appears that a diphtheroid forming a yellowish-red pigment is the causative factor. The name, Corynebacterium equi, is proposed for this organism. This bac- terium is pathogenic for foals and swine only. Its morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics are described. The nature of the disease is characterized by subacute or chronic broncho-pneumonia, with circumscribed abscess forma- tions in the parenchyma of the lungs. In one case the organism was not found in the lungs but it was shown to have caused pleurisy, peritonitis and orchitis. In one case the organism was found in. the joints, where it was associated with strepto- cocci. The symptoms are: Increased and difficult respiration with abdominal breathing, occasional rattling sounds, in some cases coughing, discharge from the eyes, brownish purulent discharge from the nostrils, rapid emaciation, rough coat, temperature quite normal until later stages of disease and pulse not much affected. In the living subject the diagnosis is based on difficult abdominal breathing, discharge from eyes and nose, absence of fever and occasional demonstration of the causative organism in the discharge from the nose. No positive agglutina- tions were obtained. On post-mortem examination the disease is easily diagnosed by finding the thin-walled, cold abscesses in the lungs and also enlarged bronchial lymph-glands infiltrated with pus. The treatment has been symptomatic in all cases and without success. 15 fae ease AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Proceedings of Sixtieth Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada. August 27 to 31, 1923. (Continued from p. 363, December Journal) PRESIDENT WELCH: At this time, I am going to extend the privilege of the floor to a member of the Ladies’ Auxiliary, who wishes to bring a very important matter before us. Mrs. Hoskins. The men arose and applauded. E Mrs. Hoskins: Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Ameri- can Veterinary Medical Association: I am not coming on a suffrage question at all, but there are many of the ladies who have found that the wives and mothers and daughters and sisters of the veterinarians have not fully understood what the Auxiliary is and what is its purpose, and we have asked the privi- lege of about five minutes of your time and attention to let you know just exactly what we are trying to do. The organization is one which devotes its funds to the benefit of senior students in veterinary colleges in the United States and Canada, who wish a little assistance. Our first loan was made last year. The rules and regulations which govern these loans are rather simple: A sum not to exceed $350 can be loaned to any senior student each year. This student is to repay this loan, half of it two years from the date of issue; half of it three years from the date of issue, with four per cent interest. The student must be reeommended by the dean of his college. He must furnish two guarantors that this sum will be repaid; his application must be signed by the Presi- dent of the Auxiliary, the Secretary of the Auxiliary, the Chair- man of your Executive Board, and the Chairman of your Com- mittee on Intelligence and Education. We are guarding our funds, you see. The funds are secured only through the dues paid by the members of the Auxiliary. Any lady, mother, sister or wife of a member of the American Veterinary Medical Association, is eligible to membership. The initiation fee is fifty cents. The annual dues are one dollar. The dues, as I say, are the only source of income. Last year we loaned $450, $350 to one student, and $100 to another. I am going to tell you about that $100. It may give you a little better idea of what we are trying to do. In January we 490 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 491 had a letter from this young man, stating he had one more semester’s work to finish his course. His father had met with sudden financial reverses, and he couldn’t finish his course unless he had assistance. His dean said, ‘‘Apply to the ladies.” He sent his application to us. We rushed it through and the day before registration $100 was in his hands, and he is now finishing his course. We had a most grateful note saying that our quick response to his request had given him the opportunity to go on and finish with his class. Will you gentlemen take the message home to the ladies of your families? Those of you who have wives and daughters with you probably have them in our Auxiliary meeting this afternoon, although there must be a number who did not get there. Will those of you whose wives are not members, carry the message to them? We will try to have in the JourNAL, in an early number, a written statement of the purpose, the dues and so forth, of our Auxiliary, so that you may have it in writing to present to your wives, but will you take the idea home to them? We might, I suppose, write to each one, but we don’t know how many of you have wives. We have no means of knowing that. (Laughter). So we are making the appeal general and we hope you will take the message home to your wives and help us. We have an application in now, and unless we have a number of dues paid, a number of new members, we cannot make the loan. Will you help us? Thank you. (Applause). The men arose and applauded. PRESIDENT WetcH: ‘The report of the Committee on the American Research Council. Is Dr. Goss present? Dr. Goss read the report. PRESIDENT WELCH: What shall ke done with this report? It was voted, on motion of Dr. Murphey, duly seconded, that the report be adopted. (To be published.) Secretary Hoskins then read a letter received from Dr. W. H. Wray, written from Beaconsfield, England, dated August 16. _PreEsIDENT WELCH: Gentlemen, it is always the unexpected that happens. Scarcely was the ink dry upon his message ere he was summoned on his long journey. Dr. Gibson then sang a song in memory of Dr. Wray. Dr. Baker then read the report of the Committee on Necrology. 492 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING It was voted, on motion of Dr. Baker, duly seconded, that the report be adopted. (To be published.) Dr. C. D. McGitvray: Mr. President and Fellow Members of the American Veterinary Medical Association: . It seems appropriate, on an occasion of this kind, that some fitting refer- ence be made to John Runyon Rutherford. We in Canada feel that through his death we have lost one of our greatest leaders, and I have been asked to prepare an obituary that might be published, dealing with his career, and making such references as we as a body might see fit to pass as a slight remembrance of that once member of this Association. Dr. McGilvray read his prepared obituary. Song’ by Miss Featherstone. PRESIDENT WetcH: Gentlemen, the tellers have reported on the election of the vice-presidents. I will read the result. The five following members, Dr. Daubigny, Dr. Kingman, Dr. Hart, Captain Kelser, and Dr. Moore, having received a majority of the votes cast, I will declare elected to serve as Vice-Presidents during the following year. Dr. Baker has some announcements. Dr. Baker: I just desire one moment of your time to express to you the regret that Dr. MacEachran feels that he has not been able to be present with you at this gathering, and also the regret that he wasn’t able to carry out the promises he made when he asked, in St. Louis, that as many as could spend a day at his country place. The Doctor is in a very serious state of health, and, in consequence, is not in a condition to receive any one at his residence, or come here. I assure you that Dr. MacEachran takes a very keen interest in the affairs of the American Veteri- nary Medical Association, and if it had been at all possible, he would have been here. PRESIDENT WetcH: I will now call for the report of the Com- mittee on the International Veterinary Congress. Dr. Merituat: Mr. President, Gentlemen: It was at my suggestion some years ago that this Committee was appointed. It seemed at that time, in 1919, that the international situation might warrant the invitation of the veterinarians of the world to reconvene a great international veterinary congress. ; Since that time this Committee has been in communication with those who have to do with the reconstruction of this broken wheel in Europe. Thus far, no progress has been made, and, in view of the poor prospects of anticipating a reunion of the world PROCEEDINGS OF A, V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 493 veterinarians in the United States during the next few years, I would move that this Committee be discontinued. PresipeNt Wetcu: You have heard the motion, gentlemen. Is there a second? The motion was seconded by Dr. Hernsheim, and carried. Presipent WEtcH: The report of the Committee on Legis- lation. Dr. Ferneyhough read his report. Dr. FERNEYHOUGH: 1 do wish to say to you gentlemen that, as a member of your Legislative Committee and the present Chairman, it is all-important, when we go to Washington, to be thoroughly supported by the people back home. Now, I want to call your attention to one thing: It is one thing to offer a bill to a legislative body; it is another thing to get the bill passed in the form you offer it. Sometimes you don’t recognize your own child, and you have to be very careful after offering a bill, to see that it is not so amended as to defeat the object for which it is drawn. That is one thing we have to be careful about. (Applause.) It was voted, on motion of Dr. A. H. Baker, duly seconded, that the report of the Legislative Committee be received. (To be published.) Dr. A. H. Baker: Following the report made by Dr. M. C. Baker, on the illness of Dr. MacEachran, I would like to move that the Secretary be instructed to write Dr. MacEachran a letter, expressing the sympathy of this Association in his illness and a sincere wish for his recovery. The motion was seconded by Dr. Hernsheim and unanimously carried. Dr. Eicuuorn: I move that a telegram and letter be sent to Dr. Dalrymple, in Louisiana, who also is ill. The motion was seconded by Dr. Baker, and unanimously carried. PresipENT WeELcH: Gentlemen, yesterday we passed over a report from the Committee on Revision of the Constitution and By-laws. Dr. McLeod, Chairman, will present the report. Dr. McLeod read the report of the Committee. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF CONSTITUTION AND By-Laws Your committee, to whom was referred the revised constitution and by- _ laws, as submitted by a former special committee, and adopted at the St. Louis meeting in 1922, respectfully reports that on call of Chairman John R. 494 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V.. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING Mohler, the first committee meeting was held August 31, 1922, at the Live Stock Exchange Building, East St. Louis. In addition to the transaction of other routine business, it was moved and seconded that copies of the revised constitution and by-laws be forwarded to the President, Vice-Presidents, and to each member of the Executive Board. Motion carried, and committee adjourned. J. R. Mower, Chairman C. A. Cary Committee {4 L. A. MERILLAT | A. T. KInsLEy | J. H. McLtEop During the interim following the St. Louis meeting, Dr. Mohler resigned; President Welch appointed Dr. McLeod as Chairman and Dr. Wm. Bell, of Nashville, Tenn., to fill the vacancy on the committee. The second meeting of this Special Committee was held in the La Salle Hotel, Chicago, on the 5th day of December, 1922, all members present except Dr. Merillat. Meeting called to order by the Chairman, and Dr. A. T. Kinsley was chosen Secretary. At 2:30 p. m. the first joint session with the Executive Board was called to order, Chairman Way presiding, the second joint session being held Decem- ber 6, at 5:30 p. m. The results of the above joint sessions of the Executive Committee and the Revision Committee were published in the March issue of our official JouRNAL. We recommend that the proposed revision be discussed, and, if satisfactory, adopted. (Signed) J. H. McLeop C. A. Cary L. A. MERILLAT A. T. KINSLEY Wo. M. Bei PRESIDENT WetcH: What shall be done with this report? A motion to adopt the same will be in order. Dr. Cary: I move the report ke adopted. The motion was seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT WeLcH: Moved and seconded that this report be adopted. Any remarks? The motion was carried. PRESIDENT WeELcH: What is your further pleasure, gentlemen? Dr. Gipson: I rise to a point of privilege, first to express my pleasure at the prospect that you are coming to Des Moines next year; then to mention two or three things that we have overlooked in connection with that meeting, which we hope will be the best meeting this Association has ever had. First, splen- did hotel accommodations, and get this: Hotel prices are regulated by law in the State of Iowa, and cannot be jimmied up at the time of a convention. We will not ke abused in any hotel in Iowa where you attend a convention. When the gavel falls at final adjournment of this Association’s meeting in Des Moines next year, the gates of the great Iowa State Fair will Swing open, and your badge or button will admit you there, and you will have the privilege and pleasure of seeing the PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 495 greatest exhibit of breeding live stock that is held anywhere on earth. That is another inducement to come. Another thing: Back of our meeting will be the organized Bureau of Conventions of Des Moines, represented by Mr. George E. Hamilton, who is spending the week here to study this Association to know what they do and what they would like to do, and what they want to do, and they have everything arranged in Des Moines so you can do just these things. Then we want the ladies. I am pleased to see the high per- centage of ladies here at this meeting. We want a higher per- centage of the ladies in Des Moines. We have in Des Moines a Women’s Building that is one of the best in America. That will be at the services of the ladies, as well as all other con- veniences. I wanted to say something for Des Moines, but was pleased that it wasn’t necessary. However, I say to you: Come, gentlemen, and everything will be ready. (Applause.) PRESIDENT WELCH: Shall we proceed to the consideration of the revision of the Constitution and By-laws? Dr. McLeop: I would like to move that the President-Elect appoint a new committee to take this matter up and go on with it, and report at the next meeting in Des Moines. The motion was seconded by Dr. Bell. Dr. Meriiuat: I am not so sure I understand what we have done. Have we revised the Constitution or not? PRESIDENT WetcH: We have not. Dr. Merruat: Then I second the motion. Dr. Kinstry: I rise to a point of order. Will the adopting of this revision report carry with it the revision that appeared in the March issue of the JouRNAL? Was that not adopted? If it was, why have we not revised the Constitution? Dr. Meriuyat: I move that report be re-read. The motion was seconded by Dr. Cary, and car- ried | The report was re-read i Dr. Kinsey: I rise to a question of information. Was this not adopted? PRESIDENT WeEtcH: It was adopted. Dr. Kinstey: Does not that adopt this revision of the Constitution that was published in the JourNAL? PRESIDENT WeEtcH: I think not. 496 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING Dr. McLeop: I think not. SrcRETARY Hoskins: You have adopted a resolution or a recommendation to discuss the proposed revision, and if you think it satisfactory to adopt it. Dr. Meriuuat: Right now. Dr. Kinstey: If it was adopted, it was not discussed. The motion was made and not discussed: therefore this is adopted. PRESIDENT WELCH: We have adopted the report. Dr. Kinstey: If you have adopted the report, you have accepted it, and that carries with it this revision. Dr. MerituatT: If the members who are interested in this reorganization would trouble to read the October issue of the JOURNAL of the Association, they will find there is a paragraph therein which expresses explicitly that this shall be a notice to this Association that a certain revision of the Constitution, presented at St. Louis, will be voted on at this meeting, which is this moment, and it has been done, so the revision of the Constitution as laid down by the Executive Board in Chicago is in operation today, and it should prevail right now. PRESIDENT WELCH: You have asked that we discuss the revision of the Constitution as pullished in the March issue of the JouRNAL, and, if satisfactory, adopt the same. My ruling would be that you have adopted the report, and placed the matter in proper shape for a discussion of the revision of the Constitution. Dr. Hiaains: Does that report say, adopt the Constitution? Dr. Cary: Mr. President, when I made a motion to adopt that, that brought this before this Association to discuss. It should have been opened for discussion. There was no dis- cussion asked for. Does that say the adoption doesn’t carry with it the adoption of that report in full as printed, and every- thing? Secretary Hoskins: I wish to speak simply as a plain, ordinary member of the Association. I voted in the affirmative when the question was put for the adoption of this report. In so doing, I did not believe that I was voting to adopt any revisions of the Constitution. But I did believe that I was voting to accept this report, and that immediately following the adoption of this report the matter would be opened for discussion. Dr. Merityat: Mr. Chairman, I move a reconsideration of this problem. PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 497 The motion was seconded by Dr. Udall, and car- ried Dini A: H. Baker: I move the report be received, and then we can proceed to further business afterwards. The motion was seconded and carried Dr. Cary: I move that the amendments, changes, revisions, be read and discussed for adoption. What I call for is the report that was in the March issue. SECRETARY Hoskins: I believe it would be well to read the present clause in the constitution and the corresponding pro- posed revision. Does that meet with your approval? Do you want me to read the proposed revision, without knowing what you are revising? Secretary Hoskins read Section 1, Article V, as it is at present, and also the revision : Dr. Cary: I suggest he read all of age before we take it up seriatim, so we will understand the connection. Dr. Hoskins read the present sections, and also the revisions ; Dr. Upatt: Mr. President, while it is true that this report concerning the revision of the Constitution and By-laws has been printed, and all of us have had ample opportunity for study and comparison, I think it is true that very few members of the Association, and very few members who are here, have a very clear knowledge of what all this implies. I am certain I do not, and I have listened carefully to what has been said. We have an administrative organization that seems to be operating smoothly. I have not heard of any serious injustice that. has resulted from our present administration. I believe that we should proceed slowly along the question of changing or revising the Constitution and By-laws. Our present adminis- trative board is the result of years of experience The machine has not been in use very long, and whether this proposed revision as read proposes to give us a new machine or change the wheels, or what not, I don’t know, and I don’t believe anybody else does. I move, therefore, that this be reported to the Executive Board in order that they may give it their attention (they are the administrative office of this Association), and that it be subject to their disposal. If they see fit to report back to us, explaining what it means at the proper time, all right. That is the proposi- tion, the motion that it be refereed to the Executive Board. 498 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING Dr. Cary: Mr. Chairman, this revision has been acted upon by the Executive Board in meeting with this Committee. It is required by the motion or resolution, whatever you call it, that established this Committee on Revision. They were present in Chicago when this was acted upon. Now, you want to refer'it back to them. What has been the experience in the revision of the Constitution and By-laws of this Association? I have been up against it. This is the third one I have had to do with, and if there ever was any Association that dilly-dallied along, it was the last one. There were six or eight different constitutions written out and some of them printed, that came before the Committee of which I was Chair- man and which revised the Constitution and made the present one. Every year the story came up, just as Dr. Udall said a little while ago, nobody knew anything akout it. _ Now, I am not here to demand that this be passed; I am not here as a stickler for this or anything else, but there came up a demand for more recognition of the rank and file in this organization and especially on the Executive Board. They didn’t call for just a double number of the Executive Committee; they called for a House of Delegates, with two members, at least, from each state that is represented in the American Veterinary Medical Association. When this Committee took this matter up, they found that was impossible, because some states have two veterinary medical associations and some states have none. Now, in order to compromise this matter, in order to give these members of the Association, who are practitioners out in the field, who never attend our meetings, a say in this, we brought up the same thing as was brought up in the revision in Detroit, to give them a voice in the vote for the officers. It is in there. We kept it out at Detroit, because we didn’t know what we could do. There is a call for this from the rank and file. Last year we had four hundred members dropped; this year we got one hundred and seventy-five, some of them from Egypt. You heard about that yesterday. I don’t care about that. The rank and file want more voice in the organization of this Asso- ciation. I am one who wants to help, and I am going to do it. I want to say to you, you can vote this down today; you can do a lot of things you want to, but in the end you will do this or something more, or you will let loose of the rank and file of this organization. This has nothing dangerous. I know PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 499 as much about the constitution and by-laws of this organiza- tion as any man, because J helped make it, and I will stand on this, that it won’t hurt the Association and will get more men on the Executive Board, give the Association more voice than six or seven men who are elected, and won’t dictate. You say these complaints are unjust. I don’t care whether they are just or unjust. They are here, and the rank and file are complaining about it. I never was a man in any organiza- tion who was afraid of the rank or file in that organization, or the people. Whenever an officer gets that way, it is dangerous. I have been an officer in my state for over thirty years. Now, gentlemen, this has in it, as the Secretary knows, lots of things that will help him. It has some things in it that may scare you in a sense, in a way. Why, to increase the Executive Board seven more members, just doubling it, from the rank and file, from the vice-presidents, and give these vice-presidents something to do except carry the honorary membership of the Association—it gives them something to do, puts them on the Executive Board. The president has no power. His power has been shorn. I know; I have been through that. This is a sort of compromise of the extreme demand made by some of these men in the West and Central States, that a big organization like the American Veterinary Medical Association have a House of Delegates. If we adopted that system, we would have over a hundred on the Executive Board. We are not big enough for that. We haven’t money enough, but we do have money enough for doubling this. Now, I don’t care; I have no axe to grind. I don’t want anything at the hands of this Association, but for the good of the Association. This stands for it. It is a step in the right direction. It will stand correction in a few years. Do you know wherein Great Britain stands much over the United States in many things? It has no constitution. Great Britain has what? An organization that whenever they want to live up to the times they have nothing staring them in the face like a fixed constitution. Our constitution stands up against us every once in a while, and we are prevented from doing what we want to do. I am not criticizing. God knows, I owe all I have to the United States, but here we have to grow a little. We have an expansion in this. This is a thing along the right lines, and 500 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING somewhat along the lines that were asked for, but not so ex- treme. There are some things that may not work out. We can correct them, just as we did in Detroit. What did they do the year following Detroit? They were changing the constitution and by-laws without submitting a written paper. I had to kick on it. Lots of it was good, and proved good for the organization. Now, we stand and ask for something that will make the ma- chinery work better for the Secretary, for all concerned, and a lot of us say we don’t want it because we don’t understand it. How is the legislature taken care of at Washington? Is it done on the floor? Who does it? Committees. Most of the bills acted on in the House of Representatives and Senate are acted upon by committees. We want to get a little more liberal. We want to trust our committees some more. We want to act more along the lines of getting progressive, acting along the lines of the good of the rank and file, of the majority. Some one said, ‘‘You are giving them the right to vote; they won’t vote.” That is true. I have seen men both North and South in the great United States that have lived for years and never voted in the great free republic of the United States. You can’t make aman vote. You can’t get a hundred per cent vote anywhere, unless you go out and drag them in. There is no criticism on them in that respect. Now, gentlemen, you can vote this down, you can hash it up and down as I have seen it done time and again. I want to promise you you will make no more progress than you are making now in the adoption of this thing as it stands. If you want to go farther two or three years later, go farther. Here is improvement. It gives representation, and it gives the rank and file a right to vote for the President. The election of President is a year in advance, and gets him ready for the office. I know about nine out of ten presidents elected here suddenly on this floor don’t know what they are up against until they are ready to give the gavel over to some one else. What does the American Medical Association do? They do that. Is this what you may call dangerous, radical legislation? It is not; it is for the good of this Association, and I hope we have the good wise judgment to adopt it as a step in the right direction. ; Dr. Meriutat: I second Dr. Udall’s motion. Dr. Kinstey: I move this matter be laid on the table. PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 501 PRESIDENT WetcH: Moved and seconded that this report be referred back to the Executive Board. Any remarks? Dr. Cary: Mr. Chairman, I rise to a point of order. A motion to lay on the table takes precedence. Dr. Kinstey: I move this matter be laid on the table. Dr. Cary: I second the motion. PRESIDENT WeEtcH: Gentlemen, a motion to lay this matter on the table has been made and seconded. Those in favor signify by saying ‘“‘aye;’’ opposed, ‘‘no.’”’ The motioa is lost. Dr. Meritiat: Now, gentlemen, you have heard Dr. Cary tell you about a remarkable system of running an association. It is the history of national associations in the United States that those who vote by postal card, by proxy, are destroyed and do not permanently exist, because it is the least democratic organization that ever was created, and is not representative as the letter of the provisions states. The Committee on Revi- sion was appointed with the object of studying the possibility of making the American Veterinary Medical Association a delegate association. That was the spirit of the influence that created this committee, to make the American Veterinary Medical Association a federation of state associations. It made a report at St. Louis with this as one of its recom- mendations, that the governing body of the American Veterinary Medical Association shall be constituted of delegates from the various state associations. Now, gentlemen, I do not know, neither does Dr. Cary know, whether this is wise or unwise, but what I want the American Veterinary Medical Association to do is to give the members the privilege of studying whether or not this is feasible. I am firmly convinced that if the American Veterinary Medical Association elects its president by mail ballot, it will be less representative than it is today, for the reason that, as Dr. Cary has confessed, few people vote, and so many vote who are not acquainted with the issues, and do not, therefore, vote intelligently and do not express the wishes of the Association. That is why I believe that this problem, which is a great problem, should be sent back to the Executive Board for dis- cussion. I do not believe it would be wise for the American Veterinary Medical Association to make a revolutionary change in its constitution, but I do believe that it is one of our duties to study, during the next few years, the possibility and the advisa- bility of this becoming a federation of all of the associations of 502 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING the United States. It is not necessary to do it now, not necessary to do it next year or the next, but let this be an open question before the American Veterinary Medical Association for some time to come, so when we do take the step, we will know it is wise. Let those who have had to do with the state associations analyze it and read it, and be ready to take it over. So this radical revision which extends this abomination of a system of mail voting ever all the officers, I do not think should prevail. In fact, since I have been a member of this Committee I have believed that all of the ills of this association, all of the trouble, if there is any (I believe he has magnified it), coming out of the rank and file, as we say, comes from the fact that we already elect six members of the Executive Board by postal card ballot; that if these same men who complain were able to come to a meeting and feel that they had a voice in the election of some of the executive officers of that body, they would be more inclined to come to a meeting. There would be an inducement to come to a meeting if they had some voice in its work. Now, you are going to close the membership. Those who come to the meeting year after year, will have no voice in the affairs of the Association, except to nominate a President, and go home after a while, and then sign a postal eard ballot. Gentlemen, I believe the whole trouble is that the people who come to the meetings, come here and listen to papers; they feel they haven’t any power. If you would change this proposition so that the five vice-presidents who are elected on the floor are actually members of the Board, the members would feel they have some little execution in the administrative affairs of the Association. This thought prevailed in my mind ever since I have been a member of this Committee, but I am sorry to say I have been turned down at every turn on that belief. It is my idea, instead of electing five figurehead vice-presidents, who have nothing to do except have their names on the programs, have those men come here and serve as members of the Executive Board. Then the whole membership would feel it is worth while to go to an Association meeting because they have something to say. If you deprive your members from having anything to say in the Association meetings, your attendance will get smaller. You may remember when we went miles and miles for no other purpose than to elect a secretary.or president. Now, are you PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 503 going to take away the power we have at the meetings to elect these officers, and leave it to a postal card vote. Here is something else to think of. A man might have an inclination to send around a postal card to his friends and get twenty or thirty votes. A man who is president of a veterinary society, a good salesman, may go around and say, “Vote for me,” and he can get the necessary ten or fifteen votes to put him in. Those out in the field, who are taking no particular interest in the affairs, don’t vote at all. If they do vote, they don’t know whom or what they are voting for. So I hope Dr. Udall’s motion to refer this back to the Executive Board, so that we all can study this problem seriously with the hope of making some sane revision in the future, prevails. Dr. Kinstey: I just want to express my views of why I don’t want this to go back to the Executive Board, and why I want it to lay on the table. Gentlemen, this Association has given me all I can ask for. I have nothing in mind except that if it is referred back to the Executive Board it dies. My idea in laying it on the table is that the Chairman of the Committee can bring in another report a year hence. If you refer it to the Executive Board, that is the end. I am not appealing to you to adopt this, but I am appealing to you to kill this motion, and let us present another proposition for consideration here at the next annual meeting. Do not refer it to the Executive Board. Secretary Hoskins: I would like some information. I would like to know whether it would not be possible to do one thing with some of these recommendations and possibly some- thing else with the rest of them. Dr. Krystey: You cannot. Dr. Cary: Yes, it would. This Association has power to adopt any one of those sections recommended and reject any. SrecreTARY Hoskins: The reason I asked that question is because several of those proposed amendments are my particular pets, and I am interested in seeing them put on the books in the quickest manner possible. Dr. Cary: There isn’t any question but what we can take up this proposition seriatim and adopt any section or part of it, and amend it. Dr. Upani: I do not want to occupy the time of this meeting, and I don’t want to pass any judgment on these proposed revi- 504 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING sions, but I would submit as evidence of the wisdom of returning it to our Executive Board, the confliction of opinion that has already arisen as to how we can handle it. We have duly selected an administrative body and an Executive Board, and purely as a business proposition, I submit that it is good policy and wisdom to find out what they think of it before we act on it. This came from the floor. The idea that we can’t get it back from the Executive Board is nonsense. If we can’t get anything back from them, we had better abolish the Board. As long as we have a machine and administrative officers for doing sueh things, I would like to know what they think of it. The fact that they sat with the Committee and the Committee brought in a report doesn’t mean we have any report from them. Dr. Cary: The Executive Board acted in passing this. Dr. Upauu: I am not questioning the merits or demerits of this revision. Perhaps they have approved it, but let them say so. Dr. McLrop: Some short time ago, most of the members present are aware, in St. Louis, a special committee was ap- pointed to revise the constitution, so that the practitioner in the West could get the recognition he deserved, and this Asso- ciation could be made a more democratic association. That committee took up this work. The committee was composed of Dr. Merillat, Dr. Cotton and myself. We submitted a constitution at the St. Louis meeting. That constitution, after being submitted, was not read at the meeting, but it was intended that it be published in the JOURNAL so as to save time. That old constitution sub- mitted by the old committee at St. Louis is there on the table, and I believe that constitution, that this Association spent money and time on, should be read before this Association. That old committee report is a good constitution, and it is built along the lines to create a more democratic organization. I believe, before we adjourn, this whole report of the com- mittee should be read, as the report called for at this meeting, so it can be considered at the following meeting in Des Moines. Dr. Cary: This constitution and by-laws was considered by both committees to a certain extent, and it was decided they couldn’t report that, and it has no standing before this Asso- ciation. It must come before this Association; it must be intro- duced as a new constitution and new amendments before the PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING 505 Association, and he over a year before it can be brought in before this committee. The only thing that is considered before this body is the report of the combined committees, and that is all that can be considered under the constitution and by-laws. Dr. Meritiat: Our original committee report contained one provision. It wasn’t one which specifically recommended that the governing body of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation shall be constituted of delegates to the Association. That was adopted unanimously. The second one was that a special committee be appointed to meet with the Executive Board with a view to studying the details, the verbiage, etc., that might be faulty, and we hereby said, “Submit this as a year’s notice for revision of the constitution.” That was the sense of our committee report. Now, words have juggled this, gentlemen; to be perfectly frank with you, I interpret this in this way: That when this special committee met with the Executive Board, they ignored the principles, not only the word but the principles, of the work of this committee constituted of Dr. McLeod, Dr. Cotton and myself, and introduced instead what you have heard the Secre- tary read, which has nothing whatever to do with the delegate system of representation. Now, it never was our thought, when we made this recom- mendation, that this should be done immediately. We wanted more of the members of the American Veterinary Medical Association to study the delegate system with a view to taking it up in the future. Dr. Cary says it is the wisdom of that committee that it couldn’t be done. How in the devil do they know? They didn’t try it. Other associations have succeeded under that system. I don’t know whether it would be feasible, but I am willing to leave it to the judgment of the Association members. If it is bad, throw it away; if it is good, adopt it. We say some states have two associations and some have none. If they have none, they don’t deserve any representation; if they have two, it is up to the American Veterinary Medical Association to recognize the one that should be recognized. The present constitution provides for a group of states to get together and provide for an adoption very gradually. It would take six years to adopt it. The existing officers of the Association would remain in office and only be replaced very 506 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ANNUAL MEETING gradually, and while I don’t say it is wise, gentlemen, I hold that the American Veterinary Medical Association has a right to study the delegate system of administration, with a view of either rejecting it or adopting it at some time in the future. Whether it is wise or unwise is to be decided upon. Consequently, if we put this back to the Executive Board, together with the discussion that has taken place here about it, I am sure they would be willing to bring it back to us again and discuss it. Laying it on the table and taking it off is splitting hairs. You say the Board is going to kill it. That condemnation of the Executive Board doesn’t hold. I believe the Executive Board is constituted of fair-minded men who have the welfare of the Association at heart. We can depend upon them. They have been elected by postal card vote, and they are free from harm. Dr. Cary: I am not kicking on that committee. Dr. Meritiat: They are a good committee. Let them study it and bring a report back at such time as may seem fit. Dr. Cary: Will the Secretary read the resolution that established this committee? : Secretary Hoskins read the resolution Secretary Hoskins: In this committee report the notice is given for the adoption one year hence, and this committee’s findings, in conjunction with the Executive Board, will be published so that every member will have an opportunity of studying this prior to the next annual meeting, when it is up for adoption. Dr. Cary: I want the paragraphs read that started the motion that put this committee before this Association, at the top of Page 101. The Secretary read as directed Dr. Kinstey: Mr. President, I maintain that has been carried out to the letter, and because of the fact that Dr. Merillat was unfortunate in having a state meeting on, when this com- mittee met in Chicago, I don’t believe that is sufficient cause for his condemnation of what was done. We did the best we could under the circumstances in this conference. That is what is proposed, and it is a sort of equalization. I have been trying to reach the end that Dr. Merillat wants, by having this whole proposition resubmitted. He doesn’t seem to be able to grasp that situation. PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M..A. ANNUAL MEETING 507 Now, by referring it to the Executive: Board, and having it come back with the same recommendations or some modifica- tions is not the one we wanted at St. Louis. Dr. STANGE: It is now going on seven o’clock, and it is apparent that this is going to be a big problem, and, inasmuch as there have been a number of meetings called for six-thirty and seven o’clock, I make a motion that we adjourn. The motion was seconded and carried : Dr. Krinstey: A question of information. I should like to have a time set for this particular subject so we will know when it is coming up. PRESIDENT WELCH: We will announce the time when it will be considered. The meeting adjourned at six-thirty ADJOURNMENT (To be continued) A HANDY GUIDE Dr. Edward B. Carter, Director of the Biological Laboratories of Swan-Myers Company, Indianapolis, Ind., has prepared a very convenient little folder, giving a schematic arrangement of the first two orders of Schizomycetes according to the new classification given in Bergey’s manual. Dr. Carter has indicated after the name of each Family, Tribe and Genus, the page where these will be found in Bergey. The folder also contains a list of fifty pathogenic organisms, in which are given both the old as well as the new names. Copies of this chart can undoubtedly be obtained by communicating with Dr. Carter, who used it as the basis of a talk given before the Indianapolis Branch of the Society of American Bacteriol- ogists on the night of November 16, 1923. Recognizing the dog as the original and most reliable burglar alarm, a great insurance company has reduced the rates for residence burglary, theft and larceny insurance where a dog is kept. OTHER MEETINGS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK CITY The regular monthly meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City was called to order by the Presi- dent, Dr. J. Elliott Crawford, in the Academy of Medicine, 17 W. 48rd St., on Wednesday evening, October 3, 1923, at 8:30 o’clock The minutes of the June meeting were read and approved. Dr. Geo. Watson Little read a paper on ‘Indications for Cecectomy in the Dog.” Dr. Little must have spent a great deal of time and thought to prepare this paper so carefully. It was unusually interesting and valuable to the small animal practitioner. He has worked out an unusual and simple tech- nique for performing this operation. He exhibited several specimens, and photographs of the dogs operated upon, both before and after the operation, showing a surprisingly good effect upon the physical condition of the animals. Dr. E. B. Ackerman read a paper on ‘‘The Police Dog.” This paper was quite original, and brought out discussions by a number of members present. Dr. Geo. H. Berns read a paper on ‘‘The Veterinarian and the Status of the Veterinarian in New York and Brooklyn Fifty Years Ago.’ This indeed was an interesting paper, and showed plainly the progress the veterinarian has made, both socially and professionally. “He also gave the history of the various veterinary colleges in the city and their struggles for existence during these years. This paper will be published, and surely will be enjoyed by all who read it. On motion a vote of thanks was extended to the speakers for their contributions to the program. The Secretary-Treasurer reported having sent check to the Building Fund of the New York Academy of Medicine for $100. No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned. NoveMBER MEETING The regular monthly meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City was called to order by the Pre- 508 ASSOCIATION NEWS 509 sident, Dr. J. Elliott Crawford, in the Academy of Medicine, 17 W. 48rd St., at 8:30 p. m., on Wednesday Nov. 7, 1928. Dr. Alex. Slawson spoke on a treatment for dumb rabies, He cited three cases in dogs that showed symptoms of dumb rabies, and after having received morphin and ether daily for three or four days, these dogs began to eat and apparently recovered. The first case was a chow that showed a dropping of the jaw and other symptoms, but recovered. The second case, a bull having similar symptoms, recovered after receiving his treatment, but was chloroformed later, and on autopsy by the Health Department no Negri bodies were found in the brain and the regular animal inoculation failed. This case, Dr. Slawson believes, produced a self-immunity that destroyed the Negri bodies, if ever present in the brain. The third case recovered also. Dr. Slawson believed that his treatment relieved the animal from pain and anxiety, thereby living long enough to produce a natural immunity. This report brought out a number of expressions of opinions on the subject. Dr. Bruce Blair reported having seen several cases showing some symptoms of dumb rabies, but all started eating about the fourth day after having received high enemas. He did not believe these cases dumb rabies. Dr. O. R. Schueler was of the opinion that all cases of dumb rabies died. Dr. W. Reid Blair spoke of these cases, and felt sure that when Negri bodies were found in the brain and animal inocula- tion was positive, we were dealing with a case of rabies, and when these tests were negative he thought we were dealing with some other disease and not rabies. Dr. Crawford, after having seen many cases of rabies, believed all cases died in from two to three days. Dr. C. G. Rohrer reported having seen several hundred cases of rabies, but could not recall one case that did not die. He also believed one should not be too hasty in making a diagnosis or of mentioning rabies to the owner, thereby saving the owner a great deal of mental anguish. But, when satisfied that it is a case of rabies, notify the Department of Health and let the responsibility of returning the dog to the owner, to be allowed to run at large, rest on the Health Department. Dr. R. W. Gannett believed that if at this time we have produced an anti-rabic treatment for the prevention of this disease, we might at some time produce a treatment for the disease, or the animal might itself produce a self-immunity 510 ASSOCIATION NEWS and recover. Drs. Ackerman, McKim, MacKellar and others joined in the discussion. Dr. Robert 8. MacKellar reported an odd accident. A horse in being backed out of his stall upset a steel fork, one of the prongs piercing a new rubber pad, entering the leg at the fetlock and coming out several inches above, only to re-enter the leg a few inches farther up. It required several hours of strenuous labor to cast the animal, and, while freeing the upper portion of the prong, it could not be removed, but finally, with the aid of a good blacksmith’s hammer, it was driven down and out. The horse made a very good recovery. Dr. C. 8. Chase and Dr. MacKellar gave a very good report of the A. V. M. A. meeting at Montreal. They reported it one of the best meetings, both educationally and socially, held in some time. Dr. Gannett reported the proceedings of the New York State meeting as most instructive and interesting. Dr. W. Reid Blair read an account of the comparative blood-count in horses, in which it was reported that the running horse developed as high as a 52 per cent red cell count, due to the terrific muscular strain. Dr. Benj. D. Pierce, of Springfield, Mass., was present and reported several interesting cases. He also said that the running horse, doing from 6 furlongs to 1% mile a race, would develop a 52 per cent blood-count. He would like to have a count made on a trotting horse, required to do from 5 to 10 miles daily. Lt.-Col. Fraser, from Fort Joy, Governors Island, N. Y., was present and gave a short talk. The discussion of a proposed amendment to the veterinary practice act brought out a number of opinions from the number present. It was regularly moved and seconded that the Secretary write Dr. Augustus Downing, Assistant Commissioner of Edu- cation, at Albany, that it is the expression of this Associailion that any amendment he might propose that would tend to elevate the veterinary profession would be endorsed by the Association. The resignations of Drs. Victor Carabba and William Sheppard as members of the Association were accepted with regrets. Dr. Durner reported the illness of Dr. John J. Foy a member of the Association. The Secretary was instructed to write a letter of sympathy to Dr. Foy. Dr. W. Reid Blair reported having had his attention called by Dr. F. H. Miller, a short time ago, to a very unusual case : ASSOCIATION NEWS 511 in a dog. The doctors were of the opinion that possibly they were dealing with a new disease. Dr. C. G. Rohrer reported having seen a number of cases, showing mixed typical and atypical rabies symptoms, that recovered. He mentioned that Dr. W. Byron Coakley, of New York, who has done a great deal of research during the past eighteen years, in diseases of the dog and cat, had found a new disease in the dog, cat, monkey, guinea pig, rabbit and other animals in 1906. One type of this disease in the dog resembles closely the furious type of rabies. Another type resembles dumb rabies. There were types resembling, respectively, the pulmonary, nervous and intestinal types of distemper and hepatogenous jaundice. The retinas, the various muscle groups, all of the nerve centers, as well as the mentality, were affected in other eases. All of the cases showed mixed typical and atypical rabies symptoms, one case showing all of the typical symptoms usually found in a case of dumb rabies, and two cases, exhibit- ing three typical symptoms of furious rabies, recovered without treatment. Typical and atypical Negri bodies were found at autopsy in most of the cases. The morbidity and mortality were as great among the older animals as among the young. Because of the lack of proper terminology, he and others had been calling the ailment ‘‘Coakley’s Disease.”’ On motion a vote of thanks was extended the speakers of the evening. No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned. C. G.RowreEr, Secretary. NORTH CENTRAL IOWA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The fall meeting of the North Central Iowa Veterinary Association was held at Fort Dodge, Iowa, November 8, 1923. The meeting was called to order by President C. W. Anderson, of Jewell, who, in a short address, stressed the need for attend- ance at the Association meetings and the need for proper organi- zation of the profession. Papers were given by Dr. J. H. McLeod, of Charles City, on “Recent Legislation Affecting the Profession,” and by Dr. E. R. Steel, of Grundy Center, on ‘Some Matters of Interest to the Profession.’”’ These two papers were discussed by Drs. Treman, of Sac City, and Moye, of Manson, and by the membership generally. 512 “ASSOCIATION NEWS We were particularly fortunate in having with us Sir Arnold Theiler, Director of Veterinary Education and Research for the Union of South Africa. Sir Arnold gave a most interesting address, reviewing the history of his country and the work that he has undertaken. Among other interesting statements was one that encouragement for veterinary work in the Union of South Africa has been received from the United States. He mentioned particularly the work done on Texas fever, and that this work has served as an impetus for work done in South Africa with diseases which are transmitted by ticks and other insects. Dr. C. H Stange, Dean of the Veterinary Department at Iowa State College and President of the American Veterinary Medical Association, addressed the meeting on “‘Future Activi- ties of the Profession.” Dr. G. E Golden, B. A. I., Sioux City, Iowa, gave a paper on “The Eradication of Tuberculosis.” The meeting was then adjourned, and in the evening a dinner and dance was given by the Fort Dodge Serum Company. H. J. SHore, Secretary. NEVADA STATE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The 1923 annual meeting of the Nevada State Veterinary Association was held at Reno, November 9, 1923, having been postponed from January of the same year The forenoon was devoted to a demonstration of clinical cases of bovine lymphangitis at a local dairy, by Dr. N. E. Nielsen. Approximately twenty cows affected with the disease in various stages were presented for the members’ consideration. After a recess for luncheon, the members gathered in the Agricultural Building of the University of Nevada for a com- bined literary and business session. The subject of bovine lymphangitis with special reference to its importance as a complicating factor in tuberculin testing was presented by Dr. N. E. Nielsen. Dr. Jacob Traum, of the University of California, gave a most interesting and compre- hensive talk covering his work on bovine lymphangitis since the condition was originally reported by him in 1916. Dr. Traum dwelt more especially on the pathological and bacterio- logical aspects of the disease. The discussion on these two talks ASSOCIATION NEWS 513 was led by Dr. L C. Butterfield, supplemented with remarks by Dr. R. A. Given and Dr. Stanley Worley. At a short business session Dr. R. A. Given and Dr. Stanley Worley were elected to membership in the Association. Dr. W. H. Hilts, of Elko, was elected President of the Asso- ciation, Dr N. E. Nielsen, of Reno, Vice-President, and Dr. Edward Records, of Reno, Secretary-Treasurer. The Association dinner was held at the Hotel Golden, twenty members of the Association and guests participating. After dinner, the Association reconvened in the Agricultural Building, where brief but valuable and interesting reports were presented as follows: ‘“Tetanus in Sheep,” Dr. Robert Dill; “Results of Bovine Abortion Vaccination,” Dr. W. B. Earl; ‘Equine Abor- tion,’ Dr. G. E. Bamberger; ‘“‘Braxy in Sheep,” Dr. L. R. Vawter; ‘‘Red Water Disease in Cattle,’ Dr. F. H. Baker; “Tularemia,” Dr. W. H. Hilts. The presenting of these reports together with the discussion upon them provided what everyone considered a well-spent evening. Epwarp Recorps, Secretary. CENTRAL NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The fourteenth semi-annual meeting of the Central New York Veterinary Medical Association was held at Syracuse, New York, November 20, 1923. The meeting opened with a clinic at the infirmary of Dr. J. A. Pendergast, and included the following cases: Case 1—Gray Gelding—Quittor. Surgeons—Drs. Long and Danforth. Case 2—Brown Gelding—Ulcerated tooth—Trephined and punched out. Surgeons—Drs. Danforth and Pendergast. Case 3—Bay Gelding—Poll evil. Surgeons—Drs. Stack and Long. Case 4—Fox terrier—Enlarged mammary gland—Removed by the knife. Surgeon—Dr. F. E. McClelland. While not having as many cases as at some of our former clinics, it was most interesting and instructive. During the course of the clinic a lunch was served, as is our usual custom. 514 ASSOCIATION NEWS At two o’clock we adjourned to the St. Cloud Hotel, where the regular business session was called to order at 2:45 p.m., with President Danforth in the chair. Roll-call showed the following members present: Drs. D. A. Boardman, J. K. Bosshart, F. N. Burke, W. L. Clark, A. L.- Danforth, E. E. Dooling, W. G. Hollingworth, J. B. Knapp, W. M. Long, H. D. Laird, Frank Morrow, J. A. Pendergast, W. M. Pendergast, J. C. Stevens, J. H. Stack, W. M. Sullivan, W. B. Switzer, A. J. Tuxill, Joseph Turner, H. J. Milks and Prof. V. A. Moore. Dr. Joseph Turner was regularly elected as an associate member. A vote was taken upon the proposition of changing the by- laws to give the Association power to change the place of the annual meeting to a place other than Syracuse, upon a majority vote of the members present at the preceding semi-annual meeting, which was duly carried. Subsequently a motion to rescind this action was unanimously carried, and a committee was appointed to draw up a new resolution in regard thereto. Drs. Tuxill, Pendergast and Clark were duly appointed as such committee, and they presented the following resolution: RESOLVED: That our by-laws be so amended that this society have the power to change the place of any of its meetings to some other place than Syracuse by a majority vote of the members present at any preceding meeting. After discussion, a motion was made, seconded and carried to lay the matter on the table indefinitely. The meeting then opened under the head of “Papers.” The first speaker was Dr. D. H. Udall, of the New York State Veterinary College, who gave a very instructive talk on skin diseases. A good discussion followed, and Dr. Udall supple- mented his address by answering questions upon the subject. Next followed Dean V. A. Moore, who took for his subject: “Veterinary Education and the Future of the Profession.” He presented vital facts which confront the regular practitioner of today. Following Dean Moore’s address the following resolution was adopted unanimously: RESOLVED: That the Central New York Veterinary Medical Association wishes to go on record as being opposed to the appointment of County Veterinarians, and to the making of any other appointments by the State or Federal ‘authorities which in any way infringe upon the practice of local veterinarians who are graduates of recognized veterinary colleges and who have complied with all State laws relating to the general practice of veterinary medicine and surgery, and who are duly registered and entitled to practice the same. The Secretary was instructed to send a copy of the foregoing resolution to both veterinary journals. ASSOCIATION NEWS 515 Dr. F. E. McClelland, of Buffalo, was the final speaker and gave a very interesting and instructive talk on “Small Animal Practice.”” He is exceptionally well posted on that branch of practice, and made many suggestions that will be of practical use to all who were privileged to hear him. This concluded one of the best meetings yet held by this Association. W. B. SwirzeEr, Secretary. SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Sixty veterinarians gathered together in Kalamazoo, Mich., November 21, 1923, and organized the Southwestern Michigan Veterinary Medical Association. The meeting was called to order by Dr. B. J. Killham, State Veterinarian, who spoke upon the advisability of having an organization of the veterinarians in that part of the State. A motion prevailed to form an Association, and the following officers were elected: President, Dr. F. E. Stiles, Battle Creek; Vice-President, Dr. J. A. Schaefer, Bangor; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. George McCollister, Kalamazoo. The literary program was opened by Dr. McCollister, who discussed the hog cholera situation in Southwestern Michigan. Recess was then taken for lunch, and the program resumed at lp.m. Dr. H. J. Stafseth, Poultry Pathologist, of the Michigan Agricultural College, spoke on some of the more important dis- eases of poultry encountered in Michigan. Dr. E. T. Hallman addressed the meeting in his usual interesting fashion on his particular hobby, “Sterility.” “Pitfalls in the Vaccination of Garbage-fed Hogs” was pre- sented by Dr. J. M. Miller, of Benton Harbor. The care, manage- ment and nursing of sick dogs was covered in an interesting paper read by Dr. E. K. Sales, of the Michigan Agricultural College. ‘Dr. S. R. Johnson, Pathologist of the Department of Agriculture, briefly discussed “Fright Disease in Dogs.” Everybody present felt that they had been well repaid for the time spent in going to and attending this meeting, with the result that it was decided to hold another meeting in March. GeEorGE McCo.uisTER, Secretary-Treasurer. 516 ASSOCIATION NEWS UNITED STATES LIVE STOCK SANITARY ASSOCIATION The twenty-seventh annual meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association convened at the La Salle Hotel, Chicago, December 5, 1923. A very attractive program, arranged by President Butler and Secretary Dyson, resulted in an un- usually large attendance at all of the sessions. Wednesday afternoon was devoted to the subject of hog cholera, and the following papers were presented: ‘Source of Infection in Primary Outbreaks of Hog Chloera,”’ by Dr. I. K. Atherton, College Park, Md.; ‘Supplemental Studies of Post- Vaccination Troubles,’ by Dr. E. A. Cahill, Zionsville, Ind.; “State Sanitary Regulations for Hog Cholera Control,” by Dr. H. A. Wilson, State Veterinarian, Columbia, Mo., followed by the report of the Committee on Hog Cholera Control, by Dr. C. H. Stange, Chairman. Then followed two very interesting papers dealing with the subject of nutrition: ‘‘Nutritional Diseases of Cattle and Swine,” by Dr. H. C. H. Kernkamp, of the University of Min- nesota, and “Nutritional Diseases of Poultry,’ by Dr. J. R. Beach, of the University of California. Dr. A. F. Schalk pre- sented the report of the Committee on Nutritional Diseases. The entire session Thursday morning was devoted to tick eradication, three papers being presented on this subject: “Application of the Zone Plan in Systematic Tick Eradication,” by Dr. William Moore, State Veterinarian, Raleigh, N. C.; “Ts It Advisable to Undertake Tick Eradication Without Available Funds?” by Dr. J. H. Bux, State Veterinarian, Little Rock, Ark.; and ‘‘A Review of the Year’s Work in Tick Eradica- tion,” by Dr. R. A. Ramsey, Washington, D. C. Thursday afternoon the session was devoted entirely to bovine infectious abortion, and the following papers were presented: “Breeding Efficiency of Pure Bred Dairy and Beef Cattle,” by Dr. W. L. Boyd, of the University of Minnesota; ‘“The Experi- mental Production of Bang Abortion Disease,’’ illustrated with lantern slides, by Drs. R. R. Birch and H. L. Gilman, of the New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y.; and “Regu- latory Measures in the Control of Abortion in Cattle,” by Dr. J. W. Connaway, of the University of Missouri. These papers were followed by the report of the Committee oa Abortion, by DrieG@s-P> Fitch. : / ASSOCIATION NEWS 517 The session Friday morning was the largest attended session of the meeting. The following phases of tuberculosis were pre- sented: ‘‘Preseat Status of Cooperative Tuberculosis Eradica- tion Work,” illustrated by a number of very graphic charts, by Dr. J. A. Kiernan, of the U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C.; ‘“‘The Inter-Relation of Human and Bovine Tuberculosis,” by Dr. M. P. Ravenel, of the University of Missouri; “Suggestions for Private Practitioners Conducting Tuberculin Tests Under the Accredited-Herd Plan,” by Dr. C. H. Case, Akron, Ohio; “Agencies Through which Bovine Tuberculosis is Disseminated,” by Dr. E. C. Schroeder, U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry. ‘‘The Relation of Indemnity to the Control of Tuberculosis’ was discussed by the following: Dr. A. E. Zimmer, Columbus, Ohio; Dr. C. E. Cotton, St. Paul, Minn.; Dr. W. B. Lincoln, Nashville, Tenn.; Dr. W. F. Crewe, Bismarck, N. D.; Dr. T. E. Munce, Harrisburg, Pa.; and Dr. P. Malcolm, Des Moines, Ia. At the Friday afternoon session Mr. Everett C. Brown, President of the National Live Stock Exchange, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill., who was unable to be present at the morn- ing session, presented the subject of salvage for reactors from the standpoint of the packer and owner. The speaker explained very clearly the reason why reactors were bringing cattle owners such disappointing salvage returns. In short, the market was glutted, the result of so many reactors being sent to Chicago for slaughter. The question is receiving serious study with a view to equalizing the marketing of reactors and preventing the present conditions which forced this class of cattle down to $2.90 recently. The report of the Tuberculosis Committee was received with a great deal of interest. This Committee had been in session during practically the entire time of the meeting, listening to grievances and receiving suggestions for modifications of the uniform accredited herd plan. Practitioners from many states waited upon the Committee, asking for elimination of the pre- sent discrimination between private and official veterinarians, especially in the matter of federal indemnity. The following portion of the Committee’s report will be of interest in this connection: “All available information points to the fact that the work on the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis can be further advanced by permitting accredited veterinarians to retest accredited herds as provided in section 6, paragraph A, of the uniform accredited plan. 518 ASSOCIATION NEWS A general compliance with this provision is therefore recommended. “Tt is urged that this Association recommend to the U. 8. Secretary of Agriculture that when 15 per cent of the total Federal indemnity allotted to be paid for tuberculous cattle, tuberculin tested by accredited veterinarians, is not sufficient to meet the demands in a given state, that an additional amount of the state allotment shall be used, provided sufficient funds are available. “Tf this recommendation is accepted by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, section 6, paragraph F, of the uniform accredited plan shall then be changed to read as follows: “Upon written instructions from the proper state official, accredited veterinarians may conduct tuberculin tests at the owner’s expense on herds in the process of accreditation in states which approve of this method of testing, until all animals in the herd have passed one negative test; provided, however, that in such herds Federal indemnity shall be pay- able only in accordance with the regulations of the U. 8S. Department of Agriculture, which further provide that when 15 per cent of the total Federal indemnity allotted to each state is not sufficient to meet the demands in a given state, for cattle which may react to tests conducted under this plan by accredited veterinarians, then an additional amount of the State allotment shall be used, provided sufficient funds remain available.”’ In effect, if this recommendation is approved by the Secretary of Agriculture, and in turn accepted by the individual states, the present limit of 15% of the federal indemnity (amounting to $300.000) allotted for the payment of indemnity for tuber- culous cattle disclosed by tests made by accredited veterina- rlans, will be removed. One of the resolutions adopted by the Association is an indi- cation of the present trend of opinion regarding farmer vac- cination, legislation and veterinary education. It is as follows: WHEREAS, the promiscuous distribution and use of biological products containing living organisms or viruses is dangerous and a menace to the live stock industry of the country, and WHEREAS, much money is being appropriated and expended in an effort to prevent, control and eradicate transmissible diseases of live stock, particularly some of the diseases in which these living viruses are being used, and WHEREAS, a number of our states are expending considerable money for the training of men in the diagnosis, prevention and control of trans- missible animal diseases, and _ WHEREAS, the present low enrollment of students in these colleges is believed to be the result, in part, of legislation adverse to the practi- cing veterinarian, and WHEREAS, the present rate of graduating trained veterinarians, unless increased, will not insure the live stock industry of this country the necessary veterinary protection, be it RESOLVED, that this Association go on record as opposed to the use of biologics by laymen, and to the enactment of any legislation that will legalize the use of such biological products by any persons not trained in the diseases of animals. The election of officers resulted as follows: President, Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough, Richmond, Va.; First Vice-President, Dr. J. H. MeNeil, Trenton, N. J.; Second Vice-President, Dr. ASSOCIATION NEWS 519 J. H. Bux, Little Rock, Ark.; Third Vice-President, Dr. Benj. D. Pierce, Springfield, Mass.; Fourth Vice-President, Dr. P. E. Quinn, Harrisburg, Pa.; Fifth Vice-President, Mr. A. J. Glover, Fort Atkinson, Wis.; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. O. E. Dyson, Kansas City, Mo. CENTRAL MICHIGAN VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY After an interval of over one year, during which no meetings were held, the Central Michigan Veterinary Medical Society met in Jackson, Michigan, Wednesday, December 12, 1923, and participated in a splendidly arranged program. Dr. E. T. Hallman, of East Lansing, opened the program by addressing the meeting on the subject of “Sterility in Cattle.” Dr. Hallman did not attempt to cover the entire subject, but discussed only a few of the more important phases of the sub- ject. A very interesting discussion on the handling of cervicitis followed. “Poultry Diseases’? was the subject selected by Dr. H. J. Stafseth, Poaltry Pathologist, of the Michigan Agricultural College. Dr. Stafseth related numerous instances where veteri- narians had materially increased their income by payiag more attention to poultry diseases. - Owing to the fact that a number of smaller cities and towns in Michigan have been seriously considering the advisability of municipal meat and milk inspection, different phases of this subject were presented by Dr. R. A. Runnells, of the Michigan Agricultural College, and Dr. H. H. Sparhawk, Chief Veteri- narian, Detroit Department ®f Health. Their remarks brought out a splendid discussion. — Dr. E. K. Sales, of Michigan Agricultural College, presented a paper entitled, “The Care. Management and Nursing of Sick Dogs.”” Dr. Sales paid particular attention to hygiene and dietetics in connection with the successful handling of canine diseases. Dr. L. A. Wileden, of Mason, and Dr. A. B. Curtice, of Hills- dale, presented the subject of bovine tuberculosis. Dr. Wileden very frankly presented exact figures showing the effect of the recent tuberculosis eradication activities, both State and Federal, upon his income from tuberculin testing. In spite of the present adverse conditions, Dr. Wileden appeared to be rather hopeful 520 ASSOCIATION NEWS for the future. Dr. Curtice, who is located in a county designated as modified accredited area, brought out an interesting point in connection with tuberculosis work in such a county. He pointed out that it would be possible, under present conditions and regu- lations, for certain animals to reach the age of three and one-half years without being tested or tagged for identification, and such animals be allowed to leave the county without any restrictions or any provisions for keeping track of such animals. Dr. Ward Giltner, Dean of the Veterinary Division of the Michigan Agricultural College, spoke on veterinary education. He briefly reviewed the history of the Veterinary College at Kast Lansing, and recalled that it had been established upon the urgent solicitation of the practicing veterinarians of the State. Dr. Giltner sounded a note of warning to the effect that there was every indication of there being a shortage of trained veterinarians at some time in the future, unless there was some increase in the enrollment of students in our veterinary colleges. He did not know just when this shortage would come, but felt that the present situation amounted to a survival of the fittest, in which a number of men, who had come to a realization that they were not properly equipped to cope with present conditions, were leaving the profession to enter other fields. Dr. Giltner’s talk was followed by a very vigorous discussion led by Dr. C. C. Mix, of Battle Creek, who very strongly main- tained that the present low enrollment in our colleges was the direct result of the profession not offering the financial induce- ments enjoyed by those who were following certain other pro- fessions or commercial pursuits. The meeting then adjourned to the dining room of the Otsego Hotel, where a splendid banquet *was served, followed by two after-dinner talks. The first was by Dr. B. J. Killham, State Veterinarian, who chose for his topic, ‘Practical Farm Sanita- tion.” Dr. Killham briefly reviewed the fundamentals of sani- tation, and gave many excellent suggestions for applying sensible sanitation in farm conditions. He related what had been accom- plished in the control of round-worm infestation in hogs, by the so-called McClean County system of farm sanitation. Dr. Killham also called attention to the fact that thousands of dollars were expended every year for disinfectants, which were not used intelligently and, therefore, with very little good results, only to give the user a false sense of security. The other speaker was Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary of ASSOCIATION NEWS 521 the American Veterinary Medical Association, who brought greetings from the national association. He directed attention to the fact that the proposed policy for the A. V. M. A. had been published in the December issue of the Journau, and asked every member to read it and study it diligently. Dr. Hoskins discussed the paragraphs entitled “Regulatory Service” and “Veterinary Biologics,’ because these two sections in the proposed policy appeared to have attracted the most attention. The intent of each of these two sections was clearly explained by him. Dr. Hoskins also briefly reported upon several features of the recent meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Asso- ciation, quoting portions of the report of the Tuberculosis Committee, recommending the elimination of all discrimination between different classes of veterinarians. He also read the resolution adopted, deploring the ehactment of any legislation that would legalize the use of biological products by any others than competent veterinarians. W. N. Armstrona, Secretary-Treasurer. WESTERN NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Western New York Veterinary Medical Association held its tenth annual meeting on Friday, December 14th, 1923, at Buffalo, N. Y. The meeting opened at 2:00 p. m. with clinics, where cases for observation, diagnosis and operation were considered. This was followed by a business meeting, with thirty-five members present. Routine business was transacted and _ resolutions passed on the death of Dr. Horatio S. Wende, late of Tona- wanda, N. Y., and a charter member of the Association. The Committee on Rates and Charges submitted a report, and the matter was discussed. The Secretary was requested to send each member a copy of said report, for his consideration, to be returned with comments to the Secretary, who in turn would bring them to the Committee for a final decision. At the close of the business session, dinner was served at the Palais Royal. A literary program followed, at 8 p. m. Dr. W. J. Lentz, Director of Small Animal Clinics at the University of Penn- sylvania, gave an address on canine distemper or influenza, 522 ASSOCIATION NEWS taking up the various stages and phases of the disease in a concise and able manner. Dr. F. E. McClelland, of Buffalo, N. Y., read a paper on “Some Unusual Cases We Meet in Small Animal Practice,’’ which was highly interesting and instructive. The ladies were very adequately entertained during the afternoon by Mrs. E. L. Volgenau, the hostess for the occasion. They joined the gentlemen at dinner, after which a party at one of the local theatres was enjoyed The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Dr. Chas. D. Blaser, of Buffalo, N. Y.; Vice-President, Dr. F. F. Koenig. of Jamestown, N. Y.; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. F. F. Fehr, of Buffalo, N. Y. Two directors, Dr. E. C. Cleve- land, of Cattaraugus, and Dr. F. E. McClelland, of Buffalo, were elected for a term of three years, succeeding Drs. N. P. Hinckley, of Buffalo, and J. L. Wilder, of Akron, whose terms expired. The Association will hold its next semi-annual meeting the second week in July, 1924, at Akron, N. Y., guests of Dr. J. L. Wilder. F. F. Frenr, Secretary-Treasurer. THE PIT-MOR-IAN Number one of Volume one of the The Pit-Mor-ian has made its appearance. The publication contains ‘‘friendiy chats on matters pharmaceutical and biological’? and will be “issued occasionally”? by Pitman-Moore Company, for circulation among their ‘‘friends of the veterinary profession.” The initial number contains a variety of short talks on some of the P-M leaders. Every veterinarian should be on the mailing list to receive this publication. FULLY DESERVED The Sunday Magazine Supplement of The New Orleans Item, for December 9, 1923, contained a colored, two-page spread entitled “Dr. Dalrymple Loses Thousands to Save State Mil- lions.”” Accompanying the article are three interesting photo- graphs, showing Dr. Dalrymple as a boy, as a young man, and as he is today. The author pays a splendid tribute to our ‘International authority on veterinary science,’ and relates some of the many personal sacrifices Dr. Dalrymple has made in behalf of the South in general and Louisiana in particular. The best part is that the author did not overdo it. It’s all true. —<— COMMENCEMENTS ST. JOSEPH VETERINARY COLLEGE On November 7, the St. Joseph Veterinary College held com- mencement exercises and graduated the following: O. R. Baird, L. V. Cowton, C. H. Hartman, M. T. Lewis, James E. Kelly, E. H. Meyer, John T. Schwab, J. B. Sigrist, L. W. West, E. Dewey Wilder, A. E. Wilcox, and E. E. Yingling. Last year these young men were juniors ia this institution and by special arrangements with the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, permission was obtained to continue college through the summer season and graduate them this fall. This arrangement was carried out and a splendid course of instruction given them. In fact, I do not think any class has ever been graduated from this college that had a stronger, better regulated course than this one and the young men going out at this time are certainly well equipped to enter the veterinary profession. They are a high class of young men and I predict for them success In every way. Last April the college graduated the following: H. L. Bennett, L. C. Feichtinger, J. E. Burch, Jay Cottingham, E. R. Davis, BE. R. Fisher, R. C. Grubb, W. E. Hoot, J. M. Holliday, F. G. Kelly, J. C.. King, P. C. Lahs, W.. R. Lawrence, C. T. Loy, Rease Mitchem, T. R. Morse, W. I. Nelson, A. N. Overbaugh, C. E. Schlotthauer, K. Sears, T. J. Sharpe, R. H. Slagle, N. D. Stanley, R. B. Station, F. E. Williams, J. H. Foley, A. C. Garrett, and J. L. Boyle. Owing to the fact that no catalog was issued this year, their names have never been published. This, also, was an excellent class of young men, and they deserve the respect of the veterin- arians of the country. At a recent meeting of the Board of Directors of this college, it was voted not to hold a session this year, and committees were appointed to dispose of the real and personal property of the institution. In closing up the institution in this way, it pre- serves the good name that it has borne among the veterinarians and we trust that the men graduated from it in the last few years will soon be accorded the courtesies due them from all veterinary organizations in the country. 523 524 COMMENCEMENTS The Class of 1923 was matriculated under an agreement entered into between the Bureau of Animal Industry, the War Depart- ment and the American Veterinary Medical Association, but at the New Orleans meeting, late that fall, the A. V. M. A. demanded four years of high school as an entrance requirement. The following year the St. Joseph Veterinary College met the requirements of the Bureau of Animal Industry, but were never honored with recognition by the A. V. M. A. It was the ambition of the writer to continue the college, however, until these men had an opportunity to graduate. Most of them graduated in April 1923. Two or three who had missed out from one cause or another and others who met the high school requirements and matriculated the next year, con- stituted the class that graduated on the 7th of November, 1923. We hone to live to see the day that the A. V. M. A. will open its doors to these young men. They are worthy in every respect and were all matriculated, taught and graduated under the agreement that existed at the time of their matriculation. R. C. Moors, Secretary. SHEEP PARTICULARLY SUBJECT TO PARASITES Sheep probably suffer more from parasites than do any other kind of live stock, says the United States Department of Agri- culture, in a publication just issued, entitled ‘“‘Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Sheep,” by Dr. Maurice C. Hall, of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Most of our losses in sheep, mutton, and wool are from animal parasites, as sheep suffer compara- tively little from bacterial diseases, it is said. Lambs and young animals are most susceptible to parasites and suffer most from them. Pasture rotation, use of forage crops, feeding from racks or bare floors, draining or filling swamps, and restraint of wander- ing dogs are measures the Department recommends as being of value in parasite control. It points out emphatically that permanent pastures perpetuate parasites. Parasite eggs pass in the manure, usually. The disposal of the manure determines the fate of these eggs, whether they find the way back into the animals and hatch out or not. Copies of the bulletin may be had without cost, as long as the supply lasts, by writing to the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Ask for Farmers’ Bulletin 1330. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE NEW APPOINTMENT AND PROMOTION POLICY FOR MEDICAL DEPARTMENT RESERVES The War Department has issued a new regulation governing appointment and promotion in the medical section of the Offi- cers’ Reserve Corps. It has undoubtedly been the desire of the Department to give to the veterinary profession of America a more satisfactory basis for appointment and promotion in the new reserve, and one which is free from the objectionable fea- tures of former requirements of these two important features of the reserve organization. Under these new regulations, promotion in the reserve is given on the impartial and incontrovetible basis of length of commission in the reserve. There are no ifs nor ands nor meticu- lous reference to past records. A man who serves five years in one grade and who is of normal development in his profession, is eligible for promotion to the next higher grade, provided he is physically qualified for commission. Professional examination is waived for promotion from the lowest grade to the highest grade with one notable exception—the reserve officer who passes from the grade of major to lieutenant-colonel must be tested to determine his fitness for the administrative responsi- bilities of a higher grade. This is manifestly done to save the Government, as well as the individual, from the injustice of incurring a responsibility for which the individual is not quali- fied or gifted. Even for this one examination, however, a distinct advance has been made, since the Surgeon-General has evidently differentiated between the character of service and responsibility which the citizen reservist will be called upon to perform. Thus this communication is divided into four broad types: 1 for administrators, 1 for sanitarians, 1 for supply men, 1 for professional group. This last group includes consultants and chiefs of services and specialists in medicine and allied sciences. It is manifestly the desire of the Surgeon-General of the Army to adapt the examination to the candidate’s special field of endeavor, and by limiting the examination to one grade, to avoid the unnecessary examination of busy professional men. 525 526 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE The changes outlined have many advantages to the profession over prior rules, but none more acceptable than a clear, simple and fair rule of promotion. which will apply equally and justly to all comers. The appointment features of the new regulations are far superior to the former ones. Two groups are recognized. The first includes original appointees who are given appointment by virtue of their established professional standing. The second includes former service men and men who, while not in the military service in the World War, were engaged in essential public service analogous to military service and necessary to the function of the Government in the conduct of the war. There are many perplexing problems in adjusting the reappoint- ment rank of the several classes in this latter group, but it is clear that the Department has labored seriously to arrive at a just standard. The organization of the reserve is a national responsibility which must be shared equally by the citizen and professional soldier. The Veterinary Corps of the Army in time of great national emergency will include so great a majority of the active and distinguished members of the veterinary profession of America that the responsibilities of this department will become that of the veterinary profession of America. The Medical Department of the Army now calls for the cooperation of the body of the civil profession, and manifests a laudable spirit in offering appointment and promotion in the reserve under the most favorable possible terms consistent with the organization of a dependable agency. The defence plans for this country in a major emergency call for 3,000 veterinary officers, while the present enrollment in the Reserve Corps is 730. The Army Medical Department now seeks to enroll and classify personnel to fill places in prospective medico-military units, so that in a future emergency past errors may be avoided. The Medical Department has placed the reserve on a most favorable footing for the profession. It rests with the profession to come forward and by joining hands to establish a medical reserve system which will afford a protection for the present and guidance for the coming generation. Veterinarians who are interested in this subject, and who desire further information, should communicate with the Adjutant-General’s Office, War Department, Washington, D. C., and refer to A.G.O.6212 O.R.C. (10-12-23) Res. COMMUNICATIONS FROM A MEMBER IN ST. KITTS To THE Epiror: I have the pleasure of yours of the 11th ult., and am exceed- ingly sorry that I was unable to reply ere this. I beg to acknow- ledge membership card for year beginning September 1. Many thanks for same. I am very sorry that I was unable to attend the Montreal meeting, but in consequence of the isolated posi- tion of these small places it is difficult to get any one to act. I would be only too glad if I could get the Government to pay a man while I am on leave, if I could get some one to act for me, as I have not seen the dear old U. 8. or Canada for nearly twelve years. Some time, eh! Well, I have been in this Government’s service for seven years and no vacation yet. Pretty tough on a fellow, but I have a wife and two boys, six and four years respectively, to look after and I can’t give up a sure thing. I enjoy myself riding the Government’s thoroughbred English stallion that I managed to get them to import for improving the breed of light horses. His name is Sorghum by Buckwheat out of Kill Hill, tracing back to Bend Or on sire’s side and Kilmarlin on dam’s side. Kilmarlin, sire of Ogden, sire of The Finn, sire of Zuo, is one of the best three-year-olds in the U. S. this year. So you see he is not too bad. . He won three races as a two-year-old; carrying top weight 127 pounds at seven furlongs in one race. As a three-year-old he won one race, the Kestwen Plate at Lincoln, one mile and three furlongs. He was unplaced in the Chippenham Plate at Newmarket. He is very quiet. He is not a tall horse, 15.2 hands, but a very sturdy looking animal with powerful hind quarters. He is now six years old. His first crop of foals, about one dozen, were born this year. They all come like him in color markings —hbay, with a blaze face. Riding him, when I get time, is the only amusement I get around here, except the universal cinema. Enclosed $2.00 for lapel emblem and one for my car. At last I have got a car. They are very good in their way, but an old horse does not give so much trouble. I have two ponies—one I have owned seven years, and he has never been sick a day yet. He has picked up nails which incapacitated him once for 527 528 COMMUNICATIONS fourteen days. He is always ready, slow and sure, no buttons to push, no horn to honk, ete. The other is a mare. She is very fast in harness and is now in foal for Sorghum. Again thanking you and with kind regards, I remain, Yours sincerely, ERNEsT F. JARDINE, Gov’t Veterinary Surgeon. Basseterre, St. Kitts, B. W. I. September 14, 1925. IODINE FOR STOMACH WORMS IN SHEEP To THE EpiTor: Preliminary experiments have shown that a weak solution of iodine is a safe and effective treatment in the killing of the stomach worms in sheep. Further experiments will be carried on. G. H. Lamson, JR. A. F. ScHULTz. Storrs Agricultural Exp. Station, Storrs, Conn., December 15, 1923. DANGER AHEAD To THE EpiTor: Under this heading the editorial in the December number calls attention to a possible lack of qualified veterinarians. The collection of facts regarding the probable supply of veterinarians is important and valuable information, but the conclusion drawn, that the attempts to modify existing laws to allow non-graduates to practice is due to a lack of qualified veterinarians, does not correspond with our information. Data furnished by about one hundred traveling salesmen covering most of the United States, indicates that established practitioners as a rule are not overworked; that localities where no qualified veterinary service is available are very few, and in these cases the opportunities for a veterinarian are so limited it is doubtful if one could make a satisfactory living. Many requests are received from graduate veterinarians for information as to possikle locations. If the editor knows of a locality that needs and can support a qualified veterinarian, the writer can furnish the names of graduates who are looking for locations. COMMUNICATIONS 529 eee While efforts to modify existing laws to permit unqualified men to practice are sometimes made under the cloak of need for veterinary service, every case that we know of can be traced to some selfish motive, generally a politician wants to make a place for a “quack” friend. N.S. Mayo. Chicago, Ill., Dec. 8, 1923. (The editorial in the December Journat made no claim that there is any shortage of veterinarians at the present time. As a matter of fact, there seem to be enough. However, it is practically unanimously agreed, by those who have given the matter serious, unselfish consideration, that the present reaction can go too far in the direction in which it now appears to be headed. There can be only one result—a shortage of properly trained veterinarians. This may not come for five years. It may not come for ten. But it will come. It should not be forgotten that it now takes from four to six years to secure a veterinary education. A veterinarian can drop out of the profession in as many seconds. Records show that few come back. A shortage of veterinarians can not be turned into a surplus, or even made up, in a week, a month, or a year. Many things might happen to our live stock industry while we are replenishing the supply of veterinarians. As for legislation, we are only too well aware of the fact that practically, without exception, attempts to tamper with our veterinary practice acts are prompted by “‘some selfish motive,” as claimed by Dr. Mayo, but we have heard of very few instances where the plea was not made, in behalf of some quack who figured on being granted a license to practice, that “he is located in a territory where there are no veterinarians ; he is needed by the live stock owners in his community, and we would like to see him registered, ete.” The plea—a shortage of veterinarians—is the one most frequently made, because it is the one that usually proves most effective. It is our duty to do everything to conserve the supply of qualified veterinarians and not allow conditions to become such that our laws will be relaxed because of an actually existing shortage of veterinarians. So far as the future is concerned, while on the subject, we might quote from an editorial in the December issue of The Veterinary Alumni Quarterly, as follows: ‘Undoubtedly a shortage of veterinarians is imminent. It looks as if this were a good time for young men of the proper type to consider entering the profession.’”-—Eprror.) FOR PROLAPSED VAGINA IN COW At the International Live Stock Exposition in Chicago, a pure bred cow was noted that had a small bullring placed through both lips of the vulva, to prevent a prolapse of the vagina. The owner stated that it gave very satisfactory results, and that sometimes two bullrings were used. This seems to be a very practical and simple method of deal- ing with this problem. We have never noted the use of this instrument for this purpose before. N.S. M. MISCELLANEOUS SIR ARNOLD THEILER KEPT BUSY Sir Arnold Theiler has been kept rather busy delivering addresses in various parts of the country since the Montreal meeting. Some of the engagements which he has filled include the following: An address on ‘The Animal Diseases of South Africa,” before the staff of the Biological Laboratory, Health of Animals Branch, Ottawa, Canada; “Diseases in Animals Caused by Toxic Plants,’ before the Ontario Veterinary Association, in Toronto; “Parasitic Diseases of South Africa,” before the Helminthological Society, Washington, D. C.; ‘‘The Tropical Diseases of Africa,” before the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, in Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; ‘“‘Phosphorus Defi- ciency in Cattle,” delivered before an assembly of veterinarians in Philadelphia, Pa.; ““The Protozoan Diseases of Dairy Cattle,” before the World’s Dairy Congress, in Syracuse, N. Y.; “The Tropical Diseases of Africa,’ before the faculty and students of the New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y. Three lectures were delivered at Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Mass., as follows: ‘‘Phosphorus Deficiency in Animals,”’ ‘‘The Tropical Diseases of Africa,’ and ‘‘Diseases in Animals Caused by Toxic Plants.’ ‘Phosphorus Deficiency in Animals,” was delivered at Rutgers Agricultural College, New Brunswick, N. J.; “‘Toxic Plants and Deficient Pasture as Causes of Animal Diseases in South Africa,” at the Rockefeller Institute, New York City; ‘““Animal Diseases of Warm Coun- tries; Their Etiology and Prevention,’’ Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Md.; ‘‘The Animal Plagues of South Africa,” before the veterinary faculty and students of Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; ‘Phosphorus Deficiency in Animals,”’ under the auspices of the Illinois Chapter of Sigma Xi, University of Illinois; ‘Phosphorus Deficiency in Animals,” before seminar of Professor L. B. Mendell, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Sir Arnold addressed the North Central Iowa Veterinary Association, at Fort Dodge, on November 8, and was also scheduled for an address at the Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, and one at the A. & M. College, College Station, Texas. He expected to sail from this country on November 22nd, via San Francisco. 530 — | NECROLOGY GEORGE W. DUNPHY Dr. George W. Dunphy passed away at his home in East Lansing, Sunday evening, December 16, 1923, after a lingering illness dating back over two years, during which time he had been bedfast almost continuously. He was in his 74th year, having been born September 2, 1850, at Niagara Falls, N. Y. He was a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College in 1880, the honor student of his class. He started practicing at Jackson, Mich., in partnership with Dr. 8. Brenton. He later located at Quincy, Mich., where he established a very lucrative practice. In 1897 he was appointed State Veterinarian by Governor Pingree, and served until 1901. For several years he practiced at Coldwater, Mich. In 1904 he entered the service of Parke, Davis and Company, at Detroit, as Chief Veterinarian. When the Company decided to move their biological stables to larger quarters and away from the city, Dr. Dunphy was transferred to Rochester, and helped to develop the beautiful tract of 800 acres now known as Parkedale Farm. He remained in this con- nection until October 15, 1913, when he resigned to become State Veterinarian of Michigan again, under a reorganized State Live Stock Sanitary Commission. It was during this term of office that foot and mouth disease appeared in Michigan for the second time, and Dr. Dunphy was very much in the lime-light in his efforts to eradicate the disease. In 1921, ill health compelled him to resign as State Veterinarian. Dr. Dunphy was at all times a prominent figure at veterinary gatherings in Michigan. He was a member of the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners, and on two occasions served as President of the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, the latter term in 1915-1916, in which year the Ameri- ean Veterinary Medical Association met in Detroit as the guests of the profession in the Wolverine State. In 1922, he was made a life member of the State Association. He was an honorary member of practically all of the local veterinary associations in the State. Always deeply interested in control work, Dr. Dunphy took an active part in the United States Live Stock Sanitary Asso- ciation, and served on practically all of the important committees 531 532 NECROLOGY of this organization. In 1919 he was elected to the presidency of the Association. In the American Veterinary Medical Association, Dr. Dunphy was a very active member at all times. He joined in 1893, and served as Resident Secretary for Michigan from 1900 to 1904 and from 1906 to 1907. He was twice a member of the Resolu- tions Committee, 1900-01 and 1908-09. He served on the committee on Intelligence and Education, 1901-02, and as chairman of this committee in 1918-19. In 1904 he was elected a vice-president, and the following year served on the Executive Committee. He was chairman of the Association of Veterinary College Faculties and Examining Boards, 1907-08, and served as a member of the first Committee on Veterinary College Inves- tigation (1912). Dr. Dunphy typified the class of veterinarian that is so rapidly passing. He belonged distinctly to the ‘‘old school” of rugged, resourceful practitioners who had to fight their battles under the tremendous handicap of limited college train- ing and without the improved armamentarium of the more modern veterinary graduate. Through his associations, Dr. Dunphy always kept abreast of the times, and was ever ready to discuss the newer developments of veterinary science at the many meetings which he liked so well to attend. Dr. Dunphy loved horses, and was considered one of the most skillful horseman in Michigan in his younger days. He was highly successful as a practitioner. Few men who have held the position of state veterinarian have ever kept in closer touch with the profession than did Dr. Dunphy. He frequently made long trips over the State, investigating outbreaks of different diseases, under all sorts of conditions and in all kinds of weather. He was devoted to his work, whatever it happened to be. He was kind to a fault, ever ready and more than willing to help a friend. He was an indomitable fighter, whenever he set out to accomplish anything, as those who have ever opposed him will testify. As an intimate acquaintance once said: ‘He is a good man to have on your side, but a mighty bad man to have against you.” During the more than two years that he was bedfast, his mind remained as clear as a bell, and nothing delighted him more than to have his old friends drop in for a chat and to reminisce a bit. He had a very retentive memory. Few men NECROLOGY 533 a ee have been more familiar with the veterinary history of the country, for the past forty years, than Dr. Dunphy. He is survived by four children, one daughter and three sons, one of whom is Captain Charles B. Dunphy (K. C. V. C. 16), now stationed at Fort Benning, Ga., and one brother, Dr. Thomas Dunphy, of Croswell, Mich. Funeral services were held at East Lansing, December 19, and the interment was made at Quincy, his old home, the following day. Over forty veterinarians attended the Services. ee EDWARD M. SAIGEON Die. Mi. Saigeon, of Flint, Mich., died November 27, 1923, a victim of apoplexy. He was born in Coldwin Township, Erie County, New York, June 10, 1874. He entered the Ontario Veterinary College in 1895, and was graduated in 1899. After having served for over two years as a veterinary surgeon in the Quartermaster Department of the U. S. Army in the Philippines, Dr. Saigeon returned to this country and located in Plainfield, Mich., in 1901, removing to Flint in 1904, where he practiced continuously until his death. Dr. Saigeon was an Odd Fellow and a Modern Woodman. He was much admired and highly respected by his townsmen as a charitable and patriotic citizen, and he enjoyed the reputa- tion of being a highly ethical practitioner at all times. Dr. Saigeon married Miss Flora E. Smith in 1904. She survives him, with three daughters. Se MORGAN BAXTER LAMB Dr. Morgan B. Lamb died suddenly, October 4, 1923, at his home in Columbus, Ohio, at the age of 55 years. Dr. Lamb was graduated from Ohio State University ia 1901. The same year he went to Washington State College, where he was an instruc- tor in the College of Veterinary Science for one year. He then returned to Ohio to accept a position under Dr. Paul Fischer, then State Veterinarian. He was later made Agsistant State Veterinarian. During the World War, Dr. Lamb served as second leutentant, and later as captain, in the Veterinary Corps. Dr. Lamb joined iiesA. VM. Ain 1902.- He was an honorary member of the Alpha Psi Fraternity. He is survived by his widow, a sister and a brother. ee 534 NECROLOGY CURTIS LOZELLE FRY Dr. Curtis L. Fry, of Denton, Texas, died at Kansas City, Mo., August 6, 1923. He was a graduate of Ohio State Univer- sity, class of 1917. Immediately after graduation he entered the Veterinary Reserve Corps and was stationed at San Fran- cisco. At the time of his death he held a commission as first lieutenant in the Veterinary Officers’ Reserve Corps. He was a member of the Alpha Psi Frateraity. HORATIO S. WENDE Dr. H. 8. Wende, late of Tonawanda, N. Y., died July 28, 1923, at the Buffalo General Hospital, following an operation for gallstones. He had been ill but a short time. Born in Millgrove, N. Y.,. February 4, 1864, Dr. Wende received his early education in the public schools and his veter- inary training at the Ontario Veterinary College, graduating with the class of 1886. Dr. Wende was a charter member of the Western New York Veterinary Medical Association, a member of the New York Veterinary Medical Society and the American Veterinary Medical Association, which he joined in 1913. He held the office of State Veterinarian for Western New York, having been appointed twice under Commissioner Houston. He served as judge at the State Fair Horse Show for several years. Dr. Wende was one of the best known veterinarians in the Empire State. MRS. A. L. HIRLEMAN Mrs. Therese Wentzel Hirleman, wife of Dr. A. L. Hirleman, B. A. I. Inspector in Charge of Hog Cholera Control Work and Tuberculosis Eradication in Georgia, died at Atlanta, Ga., November 24, 1923, after a lingering illness of almost six months. She was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1873, and the body was taken back to her birth place for interment. She is survived by her husband, one son, her mother and two brothers. The sympathy of Dr. Hirleman’s many friends, both in and outside the profession, goes out to him in his bereavement. Our sympathy is extended to Dr. F. Carter Overton, whose father, Floyd C. Overton, was killed at Adams, N. Y,., on December 5, 1923.. MARRIAGES Dr. Henry Harrison Haigh (U. P. ’11) to Miss Martha Shinn Smith, at Trenton, N. J., October 18, 1923. Dr. Ralph A. Hendershott (O. 8. U. °17) to Miss Elizabeth Irene Connor, both of Columbus, Ohio, September 25, 1923. Dr. Robert Lowell McClarren (O. S. U. ’22), of Delta, Ohio, to Miss Laura Tussing, of Reynoldsburg, Ohio, August 22, 1923. Dr. and Mrs. John W. Adams, of Swarthmore, Pa., announce the marriage of their daughter, Alice Naomi Adams, to John Burriss West, at Trinity Church, Swarthmore, Pa., October 22, 1923. BIRTHS To Dr. and Mr. J. T. Doran, of Chappell, Nebr., a daughter. To Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Wilkins, of Centralia, Ill., a son, October 20, 1923. To Dr. and Mrs. A. B. White, of Grove City, Ohio, a daughter, September 23, 1923. To Dr. and Mis. E. Bruce, of Orchard, Nebr., a son, Ernest Junior, October 23, 1923. To Dr. and Mrs. George W. Grim, of Ardmore, Pa., a son, William Webster, November 12, 1923. To Dr. avd Mrs. Ward Giltner, of East Lansing, Mich., a son, David, November 19, 1923. To Dr. and Mrs. H. M. Hans, of Ponca, Nebr., a daughter, Severn Beata, December 11, 1923. To Dr. and Mrs. J. L. Ruble, of Quitman, Ga., a daughter, Betty Yvonne, December 17, 1923. To Dr. and Mrs. V. W. Yates, of Dyersburg, Tenn., a son, Charles William, September 24, 1923. To Dr. and Mrs. Malcolm J. Harkins, of Conshohocken, Pa., 2 son, Francis Joseph, October 22, 1925. To Dr. and Mis. J. F. Shigley, of State College, Pa., a daughter, Dorothy Jane, November 24. 1923. To Dr. and Mrs. H. H. Yocum, of Freelandville, Ind., a daughter, Betty Jean, September 14, 1922. To Dr. and Mrs. M. D. Strong, of Stromsburg, Nebr., a son, Kenneth Dent, September 20, 1923. PERSONAL Capt. Chas. B. Dunphy (K. C. V. C. ’16) is stationed at Fort Benning, Ga. Dr. F. G. Roth (Ind. 717) of Crown Point, Indiana, is County Veterinarian. Dr. Nicholas Rectenwald, of Pittsburgh, Pa., has recovered from his serious illness. 535 536 PERSONAL Dr. G. A. Handley (Chi. ’04) is again back in Ohio. He has located at Jackson. Dr. J. W. Huston (K. C. V. C. 718) is stationed at Des Moines, Iowa, 111 Federa! Bldg. Dr. J. R. Porteus (Corn. ’18) has been transferred from Trenton, N. J., to -Middletown, Del. Dr. A. L. Faunce (Chi. 05) has been transferred from Kansas City, Kans., to Franklin, Nebr. Dr. Harry J. Little (U. P.) of Williamsport, Pa., has been elected sheriff of Lycoming County. Dr. Emil Krenek (K. C. V. C. 716), formerly at Augusta, Ga., is now at Morristown, Tenn. Dr. R. H. Schrecengost (Meck. 714) has removed from Swea City, Iowa, to Armstrong, same state. Dr. Robert W. Pechin (U. P.) was elected Recorder of Deeds of Chester County (Pa.) at the recent election. Dr. Robert L. Galt (U. P. 23) of Wuarryville, Pa., is secretary of the Cones- toga Veterinary Club, of Pennsylvania. Dr. A. E. George (Mich. A. C. ’20) of Perry, Mich., has the rank of first lieutenant in the Michigan National Guard. Dr C. E. Iueas (Chi. ’09) of Olney, Il., is a breeder of Hereford cattle and one of the proprietors of Mash Creek Farm. Dr. E. H. Riley (Geo. Wash. 711) is Associate Adviser of the Marhsall- Putnam Farm Bureau, located at Henry, III. Dr. E. A. Rile (U.P. ’06), of Bluebell, Pa., is constructing and equipping a canine hospital for his small animal patients. Dr. J. E. Weinman (K. C. V. C. 713) has Jeft St. Joseph, Mo., and located in Hutchinson, Kansas, at 137 E. 11th Street. Dr. Jaime Bague (U. P.) is Sub-Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor of Porto Rico with headquarters at San Juan. Dr. P. J. Huffman (K. C. V. C.’09), formerly in the meat inspection service at Urbana, Ohio, is located in Wheeling, W. Va. : Dr. Thomas W. Boman (A. P. I. ’18) has been transferred from Moultrie, Ga., to Washington, N. C., in the B. A. I. service. Lt. J. F. Crosby (Corn. 715) has been transferred from Carlisle Barracks, Pa., to the Army Medical Center, Washington, D. C. Dr. Frank E. Alien (Chi.’11) has been transferred from Olympia, Wash.. to Sacramento, Calif., in tuberculosis eradication work. Dr. J. R. Houchins (U.S. C. V. 8S. 717) has changed his address from Red Springs, N. C., to 320 Agriculture Bldg, Raleigh, N. C. Dr. Wm. J. Brown (Chi. ’15) has been transferred from Mason City, Iowa, to Chicago, in the B. A. I. meat inspection service. Dr. and Mrs. Joseph Hawkins (Ont. ’71), of Detroit, Mich, celebrated their fiftieth wedding anniversary on December 23, 1923. PERSONAL 537 Lt. Col. R. Vans Agnew (Ont. ’95) has been transferred from San Fran- cisco to the Philippine Dept., with headquarters at Manila. Dr. Robert N. Ashley (K. C. V. C. ’08) has been transferred from Albu- querque, N. Mex., to South St. Paul, in the B. A. I. service. Dr. O. A. Taylor (Mich. A. C. ’15) of East Lansing, Mich., has been pro- moted to the rank of major in the Michigan National Guard. Dr. Howard H. Custis (U. P.’07), who has been assisting Dr. Geo.S. Fuller, in Philadelphia, for several months, has located in Oxford, Pa. Dr. R. Z. Mays (O. 8S. U. ’20) has been transferred from Clemson College, to Columbia, 8. C. His address is 901 Liberty National Bank Bldg. Dr. T. S. Mason, of Tunica, Miss., recently met with a serious loss, occas- ioned by a fire which destroyed his home and all his household goods. Dr. J. W. G. Hansen (Gr. Rap. ’06), of Greenville, Mich., takes a very active interest in the Centra! Michigan Shorthorn Breeders’ Association. Dr. George E. Jacobi (O. 8. U. ’20), who has been Instructor in Veterinary Pathology at Iowa State College, moved to College Park, Md., January 1. Dr. J. F. Park (A. P. I. ’12) has been transferred from West Plains, Mo., to Topeka, Kansas, as B. A. I. Inspector-in-Charge, on Virus-Serum Control. Dr. Leonard W. Goss (O. S. U. ’05), of the Veterinary Faculty of Ohio State University, has received a commission as Majoi !n the Officers’ Reserve Corps. Dr. Horst Schreck (Ind. 716) has formed a partnership with Dr. F. C. Schmidt. of Portland, Oregon, under the name of the Portland Dog and Cat Hospital. Major Louis A. Beltran y Morena (U. P.’ 08), of Havana, Cuba, was in Philadelphia during November. While in the Quaker City he paid a visit to his alma mater. Dr. John H. Winstanley (U. P. 710) attended the Farm Products Show, at Greencastle, Pa., in November, with an exhibit by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry. Dr. B. W. Conrad (K. C. V. C. ’07) was a visitor in Chicago, in December, attending the meetings of the A. V. M. A. Executivo Board and the U. 5. Live Stock Sanitary Association. Dr. R. P. Gingerich (Chi. ’13), of Bloomington, Tll., has retired from active practice for a while. He expects to reside in California for a year and inci- dentally get back to his usual good health. Dr. Thomas E. LeClaire (Laval ’90), of Calgary, Alta., left shortly after Christmas for his winter home in Los Angeles, Cal. The Doctor expects to return to Calgary about the 15th of May. Dr. Harry B. Cox (Amer. V. C. ’95), of Philadelphia, Pa., was largely responsible for the success of a work horse parade held recently in the Quaker City. Twelve hundred horses were entered. Dr. S. K. Andreassen (McK. ’16), who has been practicing in Barnesville, Minn., for a number of years, has purchased the hospital and practice of the late Dr. L. G. Hart, Sr, at Chippewa Falls, Wis. 538 PERSONAL Dr. J. E. McCoy (K. 8. A. C. ’09) has relinquished his practice in Twin Falls, Idaho, and accepted a position as Instructor in Veterinary Medicine on the faculty of the Washington State College, at Pullman. Dr. F. Sager (Corn. ’17) has been transferred from Camp Devens to Fort Leavenworth. He recently enjoyed an extended vacation in Southern New York, while on leave, including a visit to Cornell University. Dr. John H. Winstanley (U. P. 710) of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry, supervised the exhibition of pathological specimens shown at the Farm and Garden Products Show, at Greencastle, in November. Dr. H. N. Strader (Iowa ’20), who has been stationed at New Hampton, Towa, removed to DeWitt, Iowa, on January 1, to take charge of tuberculosis eradication work in Clinton County under the county-area plan. Dr. Johr J. Mimnaugh (U. P. ’23), of Long Island City, N. .Y, and Fred- erick A. Grenfell (Geo. Wash. 714), of Washington, D. C., are taking special work at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Harry F. Kern ‘Colo. ’11), who has been in the Philippine service for several years, has been transferred to the U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry, and is now in tick eradication work, with headquarters at Hertford, N. C. Dr. T. E. Munce (U. P. ’04) State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania, discussed the subject of “The Eradication of Tuberculosis in Animals,’’ at the Farmers’ Institute, in connection with the Farm and Garden Products Show, at Green- castle, Pa. Dr. F. Torrance (Mont. ’82), formerly Veterinary Director-General of Canada, is now a member of the teaching staff of the Ontario Veterinary College, being connected with the Department of Physiology, Bacteriology and Hygiene. Dr. B. M. Underhill (U. P. ’95), on Dec. 10, 1923, gave a lecture before the Delaware County (Pa.) Institute of Science, on ‘““The Theories of Immunity.” Dr. Underhill also represented the Institute at the Centenary Celebration of the Birth of Joseph Leidy, held in Philadelphia, recently. Dr. E. T. Baker (O. 8. U. 09) of Moscow, Idaho, continues to edit The Two Forty-Niner, the official organ of B. P. O. E. No. 249. In a recent number the prophecy was made (confidentially) that the price of wheat will either advance, remain stationary or take a slump. Very much Bakeresque. Dr. William Sheppard (R. C. V. S.-London ’70), for many years located at Sheepshead Bay, New York, has moved to Florida. He is located at De Land. Mrs. Sheppard will continue to raise Pekingese. Her Minoru Kennels boast such outstanding individuals as Pun Chun of Minoru, Star of Minoru and Pao Wong. Dr. D. H. Udall (Corn. ’01) attended the recent meeting of the U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Association, as a delegate from the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, and in the interests of the practitioners of the Empire State relative to tuberculin testing. Needless to say he gave a good account of himself. Speaking briefly, he got what he went after. Dr. L. L. Glynn (N. Y.-Amer. ’08) was recently appointed a member of the Colorado Veterinary Medica! Examining Board by Governor Sweet. Dr. Glynn served as House Surgeon in the New York American Veterinary College Hospital for two years and then entered the United States Bureau of Animal - Industry, resigning in 1918 to take up general practice in the San Luis Valley in Colorado. He is now located at Monte Vista, Colo., in general practice. JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.) H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary-Editor, 735 Book Building, Detroit, Mich. C. H. Stance, President, Ames, Iowa. M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Gero. Hinton, Ist District; T. E. Munce, 2nd District; D.S. Waite, 3rd District; J. A. KiERNAN, 4th District; C. E. Corron, 5th District; B. W. Conran, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large, CHAIRMAN. Subcommittee on Journal D. 8S. WHITE J. A. KIERNAN The American Veterinary Medical A sociation is not responsible for views or statements published in the JourNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application. Vole LXV, N: S: Vol; 17 February, 1924 No. 5 WHO CAN TELL? A letter recently received from one of our members, who had fallen somewhat behind with his dues, contains the following food for thought: ‘Business good but no collections. Farmers have no cash. Money grabbed by bankers for machinery and tractors, sold when times were good.”’ We were reminded of a paragraph we had read in one of Secretary Dinsmore’s newsy letters to members of the Horse Association of America, as follows: “A banker, who has recently loaned from four to five million dollars per month on farm lands, writes me that he has instructed all correspondent banks to do everything possible to discourage the purchase of tractors or trucks by.farmers.”’ Who will ever be able to tell how much of the present diffi- culties, principally financial, in which our farmers find them- selves, is not attributable, either directly or indirectly, to assum- ing obligations for tractors, trucks, automobiles and other ex- pensive machinery that they were cajoled into buying by slippery- tongued salesmen, who were more deeply interested in commis- sions than agricultural prosperity? One of the most sensible suggestions that has been made, aimed to aid the farmers in general, and those who grow wheat 539 540 EDITORIAL exclusively, in particular, has been made by President Coulter, of the North Dakota Agricultural College. He advocates a federal loan of $50,000,000 to farmers, for the purpose of assist- ing them to purchase live stock, and thereby to diversify their farming operations. A LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM Our Committee on Legislation has its work cut out for it this year. There are no less than five matters which need national legislative attention, and in which all veterinarians should be interested. Senator Copeland, of New York, has introduced a bill (S-1671) providing for the compulsory testing of clinical thermometers. Our Association was invited to send a representative to a con- ference held under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards, in Washington, D. C., on January 30th, for the purpose of discuss- ing the merits and demerits of the proposed bill. In this con- nection, it should be kept in mind that several millions of clinical thermometers are made and sold in this country each year, and, except in a negligible number of instances, the purchaser has no means of assuring himself of the reliability of the instrument purchased. As we see it, the greatest good to come of a law passed by Congress will be the deterring effect upon legislation of this kind by individual states, and the setting up of just as many different standards. It is hoped that a bill will be introduced in the present Congress along the lines of a bill introduced last year, reducing the tax paid by veterinarians and physicians under the Harrison Nar- cotic Act. This act originally fixed a tax of $1.00 per year, but the Revenue Act of 1918—a war measure—increased the rate to $3.00. The amount collected under this act during the year 1922 was over $600,000 in excess of the amount expended during the same year. The tax collected is paid into the general revenues of the United States, and does not go directly towards the enforce- ment of the act. The present tax is looked upon as essentially an occupation tax on veterinarians and physicians, and, as such, represents a discrimination against the veterinary and medical professions, since Federal occupation taxes are not imposed on other professions. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue has ruled that a physician, who is away from home in attendance at a meeting EDITORIAL ~° 541 of a medical society, or while pursuing post-graduate study, is not away from home in the pursuit of his profession, and that the expenses incident to such travel and study are not ordinary and necessary expenses of the practice of medicine. Such ex- penses are regarded by the Commissioner as merely personal expenses, such as are covered by the provisions of the Income Tax Law, which allow to all tax-payers, without regard to their callings, or to the necessity for travel imposed by such callings, certain exemptions to cover personal expenses. Obviously, this ruling ignores the fact that such expenses arise in the case of a veterinarian or physician as expenses of his professional work, and the present interpretation is not in harmony with the pro- visions of the law generally, as they relate to medical practice. We see another strong argument to show that the present ruling is unjust, in that a business man may deduct analogous traveling expenses (incurred in attending meetings of trade organizations, sales promotion conventions, etc.) as incident to the conduct of his business, in the computation of Federal income taxes. This apparent injustice has already been called to the attention of the Treasury Department Committee, study- ing such matters, but in the event of unfavorable action by the committee, the American Medical Association is planning to bring the matter to the attention of Congress. Our members should join hands with our sister profession in this worthy undertaking. The attention of the Association has been directed to the apparent injustice of the present ruling in the matter of the allowance of alcohol for veterinarians. At present, veterinarians are allowed no more alcohol than is allowed to dentists, even though the only use to which a dentist puts alcohol is in con- nection with the annealing of gold. Veterinarians are now limited to two gallons of aleohol per year, and it is believed that this amount is entirely too small for the needs of this drug in con- nection with its therapeutic use in large animals. Another matter which has been drawn to the attention of our Legislative Committe is the desirability of having apomorphin dropped from the list of drugs covered by the Harrison Narcotic Act. It has been pointed out that apomorphin is in no sense a habit-forming drug, and even though it is an opium derivative, it should not be classified with opium and morphin as a habit- forming drug. There is one possible objection in seeking legis- lative relief in this direction, however, and that is for the reason 542 EDITORIAL that it might pave the way for other amendments that would weaken the present act. Members interested in these problems and having any sug- gestions to offer should communicate with the Chairman of our Committee on Legislation, Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough. The com- mittee is hampered neither by lack of funds or experience, and is in an excellent position to give a good account of itself this year. IT WORKS BOTH WAYS During the month of November the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture issued no less than three press releases directing attention to the increase in hog cholera. The first of these bore the caption, ““One Hog in Twenty-five Dies of Cholera,’ and the opening statement was to the effect that ‘“‘approximately four per cent of the hogs on farms in the United States died of hog cholera last year.’’ The second of these articles carried the caption, ‘‘Hog Cholera on the Increase.’”’ The third called attention to the increase in hog cholera and ‘‘flu.” The purpose of these articles was undoubtedly good and they were unquestionably designed to call the attention of farmers to the fact that hog cholera is a preventable disease. Unfortu- nately, however, some or all of these press releases were used by the large city dailies and about the only part of the releases used by these dailies was the fact that hog cholera was on the increase and that one out of every twenty-five hogs dies of cholera. The effect produced on the average reader, by these newspaper articles, was to make him think that hog cholera is still the same menace that it was before the advent of anti-hog cholera serum. To bear this out, we will repeat the casual remark of a layman who had read a newspaper version of one of these releases from Washington. His remark was: “You veterinarians still do not seem to be able to do much with hog cholera.”’ This is to be regretted all the more, at this particular time, when other agencies are striving to direct attention to what the veterinary profession has accomplished in the control of hog cholera. This view of the situation, of course, was not the one intended by our Department of Agriculture, but it made a better piece of news to emphasize the heavy death rate for 1923. COMING VETERINARY MEETINGS 543 DIRECTORY IN PRESS The new Membership Directory is now in press, the first one to be published for three years. It should fill a much-felt need, not only by resident secretaries, officers and committeemen, but by our entire membership. We have a suggestion to make. When you receive your copy, see if your nearest fellow-prac- titioner is listed as a member. If not, find out why. Get him to join. COMING VETERINARY MEETINGS Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association and Veterinary Short Course. College of Agriculture, Madison, Wis. Jan. 29-30-31 and Feb. 1, 1924. Dr. O. H. Eliason, Secretary, Madison, Wis. Alabama Veterinary Practitioner’s Short Course, Auburn, Ala. Feb. 4-9, 1924. Dr. C. A. Cary, Dean, Auburn Ala. New York City, Veterinary Medical Association of. Academy of Medicine, 17 W. 48rd St., New York City. Feb. 6, 1924. Dr. C. G. Rohrer, Secretary, 40 W. 61st St., New York, N. Y. San Joaquin Valley Veterinary Medical Association. Hotel Selma, Calif. Feb. 6, 1924, 7:00 p.m. Dr. H. B. Wintring- ham, Secretary, 616 Broadway, Fresno, Calif. Kentucky Veterinary Medical Association. Hotel Latham. Hopkinsville, Ky. Feb. 6-7, 1924. Dr. J. A. Winkler, Sec- retary, Newport, Ky. Kansas Veterinary Medical Association and the Third Annual Conference of Kansas Veterinarians. K. 8. A. C., Manhattan, Kans. Feb. 6-7-8, 1924. Dr. I. J. Pierson, Secretary, Lawrence, Kans. Manitoba, The Veterinary Association of. Manitoba Agricul- tural College, Winnipeg, Man. Feb. 7, 1924. Dr. J. B. Still, Secretary, 711 Boyd Bldg., Winnipeg, Man. Alabama Veterinary Medical Association. Feb. 8, 1924, Auburn, Ala. Dr. C. A. Cary, Secretary, Auburn, Ala. ; Missouri Valley Veterinary Association. Kansas City, Mo. Feb. 19-20-21, 1924. Dr. E. R. Steel, Secretary, Grundy Center, Iowa. Massachusetts Veterinary Association. American House, Bos- ton, Mass. Feb. 27, 1924. Dr. C. H. Playdon, Secretary, Reading, Mass. NO-LESION TUBERCULIN-REACTING CATTLE! By E. C. ScHROEDER, Bethesda, Md. Superintendent, Experiment Station of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry Among the disturbing factors with which the bovine tuber- culosis eradication campaign has been forced to contend is the occurrence of so-called, no-lesion reactors, or cattle that react with tuberculin tests and in the bodies of which the post-mortem examination fails to reveal macroscopic lesions of tuberculosis. This is a matter, as most men engaged in tuberculosis eradica- tion work have learned through practical experience, that urgently requires investigation, not alone because it is desirable that its significance should be defined, but also to prevent its misuse by the enemies of eradication as an argument against the reliability of tuberculin as an agent for detecting tuberculosis, and, consequently, as it is generally admitted that the eradication of tuberculosis among the lower animals without the use of tuberculin is hopeless, as an argument against the whole, now active and promising bovine tuberculosis eradication program. The commonly insidious and slowly progressive nature of tuberculosis, and the lack of information derivable from a tuberculin test, regarding the extent and age of the lesions in the body of a tuberculous subject, could well have served as the basis for the prediction, when it was undertaken to test hundreds of thousand and millions of cattle with tuberculin, that a fairly large proportion of instances would be encountered among tuberculin-positive animals, true subjects of tuberculosis, which had become infected too recently for macroscopically discoverable lesions to be present at the time of the test, slaughter and post- mortem examination. From some points of view it is really less surprising that no-lesion, tuberculin-reacting cattle are found than it is that they are not more numerous than experience has shown them to be, and that a large proportion of so-called, no-lesion, reacting cattle are true cases of tuberculosis, though occult to our unaided senses, is irrefutably proved by studies made in the Division of Pathology of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry during the last five years. 1Presented at the sixtieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Montreal, Canada, August 27-31, 1923. 544 NO-LESION TUBERCULIN-REACTING CATTLE 545 Last June I asked the Division of Pathology to give me a record of the no-lesion, tuberculin-reacting cattle from which it had obtained and studied material, and the more interesting and instructive portion of the data supplied me may be tabulated briefly as follows: Year Cases Studied Proved Per cent Tuberculous 1919 176 85 48.29 1920 799 197 24.65 1921 1296 9258 19.90 1922 1422 290 22.37 1923 373 76 20.37 Total cases studied, 4066; proved tuberculous, 906, or 22.28%. The earlier cases studied were all subjected to both micro- scopic examination and animal inoculation tests. Some of the later cases were not subjected to animal inoculation tests, but this, in view of the fact that the percentage proved to be infected with tuberculosis was greatest in the first year, should be looked upon as a reason for concluding that the percentages of later years are too low rather than as a factor that muilitates against their use as evidence to prove that macroscopically occult tuber- culosis is very common among so-called, no-lesion, tuberculin- reacting cattle. The decline in the percentage of cases proved to be tuberculous after the first year probably is due to the shorter time that was or could be devoted to the study of each case after the first year, and not to an actual decline of the percentage frequency with which the cases studied after the first year were affected with tuberculosis. But, if we disregard this probability and use the percentage of cases proved to be tuberculous among the whole 4066 studied during the five years as an index or guide, we may reasonably formulate a statement like the following: If we keep in mind how difficult it is to select the proper material to search for evidence of tuberculosis from the large body of a no-lesion, tuberculin-reacting, bovine animal, and that at most only a few grains of material from each such animal can be thoroughly studied, the concrete evidence we now have to prove that more than twenty-two out of every hundred no- lesion, tuberculin-reacting animals are true cases of tuberculosis, justifies the conclusion that a great majority of no-lesion, tuber- culin-reacting cattle are true cases of tuberculosis. 546 E. CC SCHROEDER It is an instance in which the known facts about tuberculosis and tuberculin sensitiveness should have prompted the con- clusion before concrete evidence was obtained, and in which the concrete evidence supports the conclusion which is theoretically correct, or an instance in which the circumstantial and the direct evidence are in complete agreement. They who have had practical experience in the study of macro- scopically occult cases of tuberculosis among cattle will not fail to recognize the conservative character of these statements. For example, my own experience includes an animal, in the early days of the use of tuberculin to diagnose tuberculosis among cattle, which reacted perfectly but was not proved to be tubercu- lous until after several competent investigators had spent each more than an hour on the microscopic examination of the most likely, or the most promising, material that could be obtained from it at an experiment station and not a slaughter-house autopsy. I also remember a number of instances in which tuber- culin reactions among cattle were not explained until long and tedious post-mortem examinations, of a searching kind which certainly are not possible at slaughter-houses, revealed tuberculous lesions in unusual and unexpected locations, or in regions of the body in which tuberculous lesions are rarely found even in advanced and practically generalized cases of tuberculosis. The insidious and often concealed nature of tuberculosis is well recognized by investigators, as the following quotations from the book on, ‘Tuberculosis in Man and the Lower Animals,” — published last year by Dr Albert Calmette, Associate Director of the Pasteur Institute, at Paris, show. Calmette says: “Infection first occurs unobtrusively and remains latent in the lymph or blood system for a longer or shorter time and discloses its existence only by conferring upon the infected organism the capacity to react to tuberculin.” He also says: _“Tuberculin has frequently been accused of having given a false indica- tion because no tuberculous lesions could be found,” and that, “Tt was proven however long ago that in these circumstances the organs had not been searched with sufficient care,” and that, “Whenever a tuberculin reaction is positive, there exists somewhere a follicular lesion or at least a gland containing tubercle bacilli whose presence can be disclosed by experimental inoculation of the guinea pig.” The quotations from Calmette’s book are important for three reasons: first, because the book undoubtedly is the most import- ant, general summary of our knowledge on tuberculosis in man NO-LESION TUBERCULIN-REACTING CATTLE 547 and the lower animals published in recent years; second, because its author has devoted many years of study to tuberculosis in man and the lower animals and is widely recognized as an author- ity of the highest rank on the subject; and third, because one of his associates and co-workers is an accomplished veterinarian. The last reason should be particularly interesting to the lay- man, as it requires no great acumen to comprehend that we cannot hope to gain a thorough knowledge of a disease which is widespread and common among men and the lower animals, and the long attempted control of which has begun to yield encouraging results only in recent years, unless veterinary and human medical knowledge and ability cooperate to discover and explain its mysteries. Before proceeding it may be well to say that spontaneously healed or arrested tuberculosis among cattle has not been proved to be as common as among man, and that we have no valid reasons for assuming that cattle which react with tuberculin and show no other symptoms of tuberculosis are safe associates for tuberculosis-free animals in a sufficiently large proportion of cases to require special consideration from the point of view of possibly healed or arrested tuberculosis. It is better frankly to recognize that such evidence as we have proves that approxi- mately forty per cent of all apparently healthy cattle that react with tuberculin are actual disseminators of tubercle bacilli. Now, though it seems clear that most co-called, no-lesion, tuberculin-reacting cattle are macroscopically occult and incipient subjects of tuberculosis, there is no doubt that this does not fully settle the question of all no-lesion, reacting cattle, and at the Experiment Station it has long been known that tuberculin sensi- tiveness can be caused in several ways that may have practical significance in this connection. Tubercle bacilli of the human type do not cause progressive tuberculosis in cattle; in fact, it has not been proved that they cause visible lesions of any kind in cattle unless they become lodged in tissues from which they are eliminated very slowly or not at all. The lodgment of the bacilli in such tissues is rare under natural conditions of exposure but is commonly effected through artificial inoculations. When cattle are drenched with human tubercle bacilli suspended in water, or with ground tuberculous lesions from human tuberculous subjects suspended in water, subsequent post-mortem examinations do not reveal 548 : E.G. SCHROEDER: tuberculous lesions, but such cattle in some cases, not. in all, react with tuberculin. A peculiarity about their tuberculin sensitiveness is that it wholly disappears after the effects of a single, subcutaneous injection of tuberculin have passed off. That is to say, they react once and not again with a later test, and this peculiarity they have in common with cattle that have been sensitized for tuberculin through subcutaneous injections of pure cultures of tubercle bacilli of the human type, or through injections of tuberculous tissues from experiment animals that have been infected with tubercle bacilli of the human type, which is note- worthy, as the subcutaneous injection exposures almost invariably cause tuberculous lesions at the seats of injection, lesions which, though they soon become stationary and are afterwards slowly absorbed, contain virulent tubercle bacilli practically as long as they retain their tuberculous character. Killed tubercle bacilli injected subcutaneously into cattle also cause a temporary tuberculin sensitiveness. In guinea pigs the sensitiveness caused by dead tubercle bacilli develops about as quickly as that caused by living tubercle bacilli; gradually increases until its maximum is reached; remains stationary for a number of weeks, and then seems slowly to decline. Among the ways in which cattle can be sensitized with either living human tubercle bacilli or with dead tubercle bacilli, two require consideration, and one is of possible great practical importance, as causes of no-lesion reactions among cattle. One is sensitization with dead tubercle bacilli, the importance of which now is negligible, as dead tubercle bacilli, which were quite common in tuberculin several years ago, virtually have been eliminated from it, or occur in it in such small numbers that they cannot account for sensitiveness to tuberculin among no-lesion cattle that are repeatedly tuberculin tested. There is no reason to excuse the presence of dead tubercle bacilli in tuberculin, and I am glad to say that tests of commercial tuberculin manufactured and sold in the United States under Government license during the last year revealed no tubercle bacilli, either dead or alive. The more important of the two ways is the sensitization of cattle through the ingestion of tubercle bacilli of the human type. I feel confident that cattle which react with tuberculin and afterwards fail to show lesions of tuberculosis, and in which the NO-LESION TUBERCULIN-REACTING CATTLE 549 reaction cannot be accounted for on the basis of incipient and macroscopically concealed lesions, because they have in no way been exposed to bovine infection, on investigation will often be found to be cattle that have been exposed more or less severely to ambulant, careless, human subjects of tuberculosis. As I stated in referring to the subject in an address on tubercu- losis made several months ago, I know of one instance in which the feed of a number of no-lesion reaction cattle was prepared by an individual who shortly afterwards died of pulmonary tuberculosis. No great imagination is required to picture a suffering, unedu- cated, tuberculous individual, to whom the preparation of the feed for cattle is intrusted, coughing over and actually spitting into the mixture. Tubercle bacilli in the sputum of advanced ease of pulmonary tuberculosis often are very abundant. It seems eminently desirable that all veterinarians engaged in bovine tuberculosis eradication work should gather data on the frequency with which no-lesion, tuberculin-reacting cattle, which cannot be looked upon as undeveloped cases of bovine tuberculosis because they have not been exposed to bovine ba- cilli in any discoverable manner, have been exposed to human tuberculous individuals. While the human type of the tubercle bacillus does not cause tuberculosis in cattle, and human adults are strongly resistant against the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus, no difference has been recorded in the sensitization for tuberculin either type of the bacillus causes in animals into which they are introduced, and no differences have been recorded in the kinds of tuberculin the two types of bacilli produce. Notwithstanding the commonly strong resistance of cattle against tubercle bacilli of the human type, it is not improbable that their persistent exposure to tubercle bacilli of the human type, freshly expelled by tuberculous persons, may lead to the development of tuberculous lesions in their bodies, which, after moderate and slow growth, become stationary and retrogressive. This probability is quite in harmony with some of the observa- tions made at the Experiment Station fifteen to eighteen years ago during studies on so-called bovo-vaccination against tuber- culosis among cattle. Bovo-vaccination required the intravenous injection of tubercle bacilli of the human type into cattle, and it was found that the frequency with which lesions resulted from such, ostensibly protective injections increased at an alarming 550 E. C. SCHROEDER rate when repeated injections into the same animals were made, justifying the conclusion that persistent, intense exposure to tubercle bacilli of the human type may engender tuberculous lesions in the bodies of cattle. Such lesions commonly were in unusual locations, and probably were of no importance with regard to the spread of tuberculosis among cattle, and somewhat similar lesions if caused by the exposure of cattle to human tuberculosis subjects would contribute nothing to the spread of tuberculosis among cattle. But, when meager lesions of tuberculosis are found in cattle, especially if they have an unusual character or an unusual location, and there is no way to explain their occurrence by discoverable exposure of the cattle to bovine, tuberculous infection, they would make interesting material to study with regard to the type of the tubercle bacillus they contain. DISCUSSION Dr. V. A. Moore: I am sorry that I heard only a part of the paper. I would like to ask for information. Do I understand you got the same reaction with tuberculin from any source, whether avian, bovine or human type? My experience with that in the past has been quite different—that you wouldn’t get the reaction with the avian tuberculin, or we couldn’t get a reaction in avian infections with the others. I wonder if that finding was in error. Dr. ScHroepEr: Dr. Moore, I did not speak of avian tuberculosis. I made the statement that no difference had been detected in the kind of sensitization produced by either the human or the bovine type of tubercle bacilli and that no differences had been discovered in the kinds of tuberculin, which either human or bovine tubercle bacilli produce. Avian tubercle bacilli and tuberculin are a different matter. Animals affected with avian tubercu- losis, when tested with either human or bovine tuberculin, show a tendency to react, but nothing sufficiently marked to be practically serviceable, and the same has long been known to be true when animals affected with human or bovine tuberculosis are tested with avian tuberculin. Dr. J. A. KteRNAN: Reports were received during the year, covering the slaughter of 107,250 head of cattle. As close supervision as was possible was again given this work in order to reduce to a minimum the number of no-lesion cases appearing. These reports indicate that a fractional part of one per cent more no-lesion cases were found than during the previous year. In order to ascertain the source of these cases, investigations were instituted which dis- closed the fact that 72.2 per cent of the cases in which no visible lesions were disclosed originated in infected herds. Of this 72.2 per cent, approximately 22 per cent were found in herds containing cases of generalized tuberculosis. These figures seem to indicate that the situation is not quite so serious as would appear upon the surface, as the actual figures show that only 2,756 such animals, out of 107,250 reactors slaughtered, came from herds in which infection was not demonstrated by actual post-mortem examination. This is only 2.5 per cent in which it would appear that there were any doubts as to the diseased condition of the cattle. Based upon the total cattle tested (3,460,849) the possible error is only 0.08 per cent. In addition to the above, reports received indicate that 11.9 per cent of the total reactors were condemned as unfit for food purposes; that 1.4 per cent were sterilized; that 17.3 per cent were classified as undoubted spreaders of the disease; that 0.5 per cent were shown to have udder lesions; that 3.1 per cent were shown to have skin lesions, and that 0.7 per cent were found to have disclosed obscure lesions, other than the udder or skin lesions mentioned. These other obscure lesions, NO-LESION TUBERCULIN-REACTING CATTLE 551 it may be mentioned, were found in every conceivable part of the animal body, about sixty such unusual locations having been reported. Of unusual interest in connection with reports of no-lesion cases is a study of tables which indicate that the lowest per cent of these cases reported over a period of three years was during the month of July of each year, and further, that this percentage gradually rose each month during each of the three years to the month of February, which showed the highest percentage of no-lesion eases. During the remaining four months of each fiscal year, a gradual reduc- tion in percentage took place. This study, which may appear as.only coinci- dental, is worthy of further attention, which it will receive during the present year. Dr. V. A. Moore: I would like to inquire whether I understood correctly, that in 0.8 per cent there were microscopic lesions where macroscopically there were no lesions? Dr. Kiernan: There were certain herds apparently free from tuberculosis in which a limited number of reactors werefound. These animals, on slaughter, showed no lesions of disease. The percentage of such cases, based on the total cattle tested, was .08 percent. Dr. H. W. Turner: In herds that have been tested a number of times, and have apparently been freed from tuberculosis, we often find in subsequent tests a number of animals giving a typical reaction, which on post mortem show no lesions. How do you account for this condition? Dr. ScoroepEer: Dr. Turner, I know nothing about such herds from prac- tical experience. We must assume that the reacting animals in such herds have been exposed to tubercle bacilli, and I know that cattle that have been exposed to tubercle bacilli of the human type, though they fail to show lesions, may react with tuberculin. If cattle that react with tuberculin in supposedly cleaned herds are found to show meager tuberculous lesions, particularly if the herds are owned by institutions that number ambulant tuberculous subjects among their inmates, it would be very interesting to study the types of the tubercle bacilli that can be isolated from the lesions. I believe that by such studies we might secure concrete evidence that would throw light on ie pious matter, for which the explanation so far has remained largely theoretical. Dr. H. W. Turner: These were state institution herds, where the animals are always more or less exposed to the possibility of human infection. Dr. J. A. Auten: I would just like to ask Dr. Schroeder what possibility there is of animals becoming sensitized after the repeated injection of tuber- culin, or whether that would have any influence at all in the cases to which he has referred? Dr. ScHroEDER: The repeated injection of tuberculin would sensitize an animal only if the tuberculin contained dead tubercle bacilli in considerable numbers. I have tried to sensitize not only cattle but also small experiment animals by injecting them with single small doses, with single large doses and with repeated small and large doses of tuberculin, and I have never seen an instance in which an animal became sensitized as the result of such injections. Dr. E. A. Watson: From the laboratory point of view, in saying that a case is negative to animal inoculations, how many glands or sets of glands, Dr. Schroeder, do you consider it necessary to inoculate before you can say whether that, from an inoculation point of view, is negative; that it might be due to tubercle bacilli? Dr. ScoroEpER: I am unable to answer Dr. Watson’s question. As I pointed out in my paper, the data I presented were secured by the Divisién of Pathology of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry. I understand the glands selected were those that showed small hemorrhagic areas, or possibly small patches of edema. How many glands or how much material was studied from each animal, I do not know. We are never certain that a tuberculin-positive animal is free from tuber- culous lesions; therefore, as the reaction may be due to a focus of tuberculosis which is not found, we cannot know with certainty whether the reaction in an 552 E. C. SCHROEDER animal in which no lesions are found is due to an undiscovered lesion or to the presence of tubercle bacilli that have caused no lesions. Dr. F. W. Scuorretp: I am not surprised at Dr. Turner’s difficulty. It is to be expected in a herd that has been rendered free from tuberculosis. This herd is now tested annually to detect the presence of tuberculoisis. Therefore, any lesions which occur are bound to be less than one year of age. Therefore, reactors, when slaughtered, are not likely to show very extensive lesions. When we consider how farmers will still bring dairy products to their farm and feed it to the pigs, you have in some cases bovine tuberculosis existing in the pigs on the farm, for instance, and also I have seen cattle, from which tuberculosis has been nicely eradicated, mixing with the cattle on the next farm. But the point I want to get at is that there are sources of infection surround- ing that herd, and if you are going to get it, you are going to get it within one year after inoculation, which will possibly not be with very advanced lesions. CHAIRMAN REED: Is there any further discussion? Mr. J. H. Wuirrtesey: I should like to ask whether avian tuberculosis in bovine animals is not exceedingly rare, but when it does occur it would not account for no-lesion reactions. On the contrary, as the tuberculin used to test cattle is the product of human and bovine tubercle bacilli, it is probable that some cattle which show tuberculosis lesions, though they do not react, may be the subjects of avian tuberculosis. Dr. R. L. Conxiin: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask Dr. Schroeder how long he believes an animal may be infected with tuberculosis of the bone, under a government test, before a reaction may occur? I had occasion to test a cow which had come from an accredited herd in the State of Vermont and was purchased here in Canada and kept isolated until a year after the animal had been shipped here, and on the second test, testing it six months after arrival and a year after arrival, the animal reacted, and when slaughtered was found to have badly diseased lung and liver. I wrote to the Department, in Washington, and ascertained that this herd had been accredited for some time and no reactors had been found previous to the time this animal was shipped. I would like to know if he can give me any information as to the probable duration of this infection in this animal? Dr. ScuroepErR: It is difficult to determine from an examination of the lesions how long an animal has been affected with tuberculosis, because tuber- culosis in some instances is a rapidly and in others a slowly progressive disease. I believe that bone tuberculosis in cattle would rarely occur unless tuber- culosis was present in other parts of the body, and when it does occur I do not believe that the time after its development, before the animal becomes sensitive to tuberculin, would be either longer or shorter than from tubercu- lous disease elsewhere. Concerning the reaction or the failure to react of a single animal, such as Dr. Conklin has described, the possibilities of infection are so numerous that it is not unreasonable to conclude that the animal became infected after, rather than before, its removal from an accredited herd. Dr. ScHorietp: Are you sure, sir, that the lesion in the bone was a tuber- cular lesion? Dr. Conxiin: It was tested upon experiment animals. One thousand buffaloes will be taken from the Wainwright, Alberta, herd, and released in the region in which wood buffaloes are found. This is necessary because of the increasing size of the Wainwright herd. DAMAGED SWEET CLOVER: THE CAUSE OF A NEW DISEASE IN CATTLE SIMULATING HEMO- RRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA AND BLACKLEG! By FRANK W. ScHoFIE.p, D. V. Sc., Guelph, Ontario Pathologist, Ontario Veterinary College INTRODUCTION Among many agricultural communities in North America an erstwhile noxious weed—sweet clover,—has within a decade become recognized as a farm crop of remarkable value. The very general success of the crop has resulted in a tremendous increase in the acreage sown to sweet clover. In districts where the cultivation of corn for ensilage was threatened by the corn- borer, sweet clover has been introduced as a substitute. On light, gravelly soil, where other crops frequently perished, sweet clover was found to prosper. It is both chemically and physically beneficial to the soil, and in comparison with corn is more economical and convenient to handle in the production of ensilage. Under such circumstances the rumor that sweet-clover ensilage and hay was responsible forthe death of cattle in widely separated districts of the Province of Ontario was a matter of much concern to the farmers and resulted in aa immediate investigation. HistoricaLt Nore During the winter months of 1921-22 many occurrences of a somewhat mysterious disease of cattle were reported to the College by local veterinarians. The early age of the animals attacked, combined with the peculiar location of the subcutaneous swellings, frequently resulted in an erroneous diagnosis of black- leg. When post-mortem examinations were made the discovery of numerous, large and small hemorrhages sometimes led to the verdict of hemorrhagic septicemia. Animals which were appar- ently quite healthy were reported as dying within a few hours after the operation of dehorning. A careful inquiry elicited the fact that in every case sweet clover had been included in the diet of the deceased animals. Because of its excellence as a general description of the disease, mention must be made of an unpublished report which was 1Presented at the sixtieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Montreal, Canada, August 27-31, 1923. : 2There are several different species of sweet clover. Melilotus alba or white sweet clover is the species most frequently grown as.a farm crop. 553 554 FRANK W. SCHOFIELD kindly prepared for the writer by James Brown, B. V. Se.. Markham, Ontario. SyMPTOMS At least two types of the disease are recognizable, viz., (1) the acute or hemorrhagic; (2) the subacute or anemic. Symptoms of the acute type. The disease is often so sudden in its onset that the first indication of an outbreak is revealed by the carcass of a victim. On the other hand well marked and characteristic symptoms may be present. These are: Rapid pulse, blanching of the visible mucous membranes, and the presence of subcutaneous swellings. The animal is usually dull, standing quietly in the stall, and will often continue to take a little food until a short time before death. The temperature is not elevated but may be subnormal. When made to walk a stiffness in the movements is discernable. Constipation is com- mon and impaction of the rumen has been reported. Slght bloating before death commonly occurs, while after death the whole carcass rapidly becomes distended with gas. In fatal cases the animal becomes weaker, the pulse markedly accelerated, the visible mucous membranes very white, while the swellings may increase in size and number. The animals, in most cases, die quietly and in such a natural position that the fact of death may not be realized until some time after this has occurred. Occasionally posterior paralysis or cerebral symptoms are seen. In cases which go on to recovery the color gradually returns to the mucous membranes, the pulse becomes fuller and stronger, and the animal looks brighter and eats more heartily. The swellings pass away slowly. Death in this type of the disease is almost always the direct result of hemorrhage. In many cases the hemorrhage is exclusively internal, no exterior evidence being apparent. In such cases the diagnosis is facilitated by estimating the hemoglobin content and the clotting-time of the blood. The nature of the swellings. The value of these lesions in making a differential diagnosis is of sufficient importance to warrant special consideration. A typical swelling contains no gas, is not hot, only slightly painful, and has no tendency either to suppurate or slough. These facts taken in conjunction with the rapidity of their formation indicate the non-inflamma- tory nature of the lesions. The swellings may either pit on pressure or fluctuate depending upon the rapidity with which they have formed. Most of the swellings contain either coagu- DAMAGED SWEET CLOVER 555 lated or uncoagulated blood. Some are, however, purely edema- tous. They vary greatly in size, the smallest being scarcely per- ceptible while the largest may measure several feet in circum- ference with an elevation of many inches. They may appear on any part of the body but occur with greatest frequency along the back on either side of the vertebral column. They may be sub- cutaneous or intramuscular. The subacute or anemic type. There is a possibility of mis- leading the reader by the use of the word ‘subacute.’ In this type the death-rate may be high but the disease is never so explosive as in the acute form. All cases cannot be classified under under these two heads yet the majority conform quite definitely to one or the other of these types. It is impossible to give any constant symptoms for this form of the disease, as up to the present time the diagnosis has always been made at the same time as the post mortem. It is more than probable that in many cases no symptoms of disease could be detected even though a careful examination were made before death. Included here are the cases of death following dehorning, parturition, and simple operations. In all of these cases the blood has been altered in at least one very important way, that of a delay in the clotting-time. Animals suffering from the subacute form of the disease die within a few hours after dehorning. Such animals bleed to death, due to the failure of the blood to coagulate. Out of a total number of twenty-two animals distributed among five different groups, and all being fed upon damaged sweet- clover hay, twenty-one died following the operation of dehorning. Some interesting cases of the anemic type were discovered by a farmer who, following the traditions of the elders, cut a slice of skin and cartilage from the ears of all his yearling cattle and then retired for the night. This was to have had the mysterious effect of a blood tonic. The application of ligatures on the fol- lowing morning saved his cattle from immediate death, but due to a continuation of the feed they all succumbed to the hemo- rrhagic type within a few weeks. This form of the disease has been reproduced in rabbits, where the clotting-time of the blood was greatly delayed, the hemo- globin reduced, and the red blood cells badly damaged. ~Ss Z = Zs S S23) s s Se S 5 2g 5 ss OA SS ee | see) Re oe PS ale pe Se ee wilt a 82 ae eee | es esl Be | Relea tae | yee) so Pee ane D3 o = A) os aS o.> ee. = . = > Ze mf as | a8 SY ze] ae] V8) RS] a | He] Sa] Ss [as ze t t ‘ie Oe t ZI t tt t t t ae t t 7 t sn a t it ze t jes eal t t a tT tt Taleet i 7 So ae t 7 idialezet Bia 7 ied welciaey ate it ne tt t t i a aaa a Kea t it t pee eel tt t t 31 it tt t t t See iy, t t =e t + + + it oe t it i ¢ 35 Total) 5 10 4 3 9 7 8 11 2 2 3 3 MOLDS IN SILAGE 719 sheep were ewes, each two years old. The horse was approxi- mately 18 years old and in fair condition. With both the horse and the sheep we had difficulty at first in getting the animals to eat the moldy material. Grain was sprinkled over the silage and all other feed removed, before the animals would eat it. Small quantities were fed in the beginning and gradually in- creased until 10 pounds of moldy silage was consumed daily by the horse and 2.5 pounds daily by each sheep. No injurious effects of any kind could be detected. In May, 1922, we were asked to make an investigation on a farm near Mora, Minnesota, where the owner had lost five cattle, and the local veterinarian had attributed the trouble to the silage. No sick animals were on hand at the time, removing the possibility of post-mortem examination. The silage sus- pected of causing the trouble contained no more mold than typical, average silage. It appeared normal in every way. Half a ton was shipped to the Experiment Station and used in a feeding experiment. Two mature cows received from 10 to 60 pounds daily for 13 days, and two others small quantities for a few days only. One cow consumed a total of 427 pounds. No ill effects were noted with any of the four animals used. FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH PURE CULTURE It was realized that the moldy silage, as fed, supplied an immense number of spores and the products resulting from the action of the mold on the forage. However, except in that por- tion of the silage in which mold was developed intentionally, the amount of actively growing mold mycelia was probably small. It was thought desirable to test further the effect of active cultures of the several species isolated upon the experiment animals. Cultures were prepared as listed in table IV. These cultures were grown at room temperature on Czapek’s solution (liquid). Five cultures, 200 ce each, were prepared of each culture. In from five to seven days a heavy growth had developed on the surface. The cultures weré then given on April 21, April 25, May 10, May 17, and June 20, by means of syringe, to the three experiment cattle which had been already fed on moldy silage for 128 days. A careful examination of the animals was made daily during and following the feeding period. Nothing was noted in any way abnormal in respect to the animals’ condition. The normal amount of feed and water was con- 720 C. H. ECKUES; -€.;P: EFTCH-anp. J. SEAL sumed, and no evidence was observed of any effect upon the heart or the circulation. The two younger animals were killed and carefully autopsied July 25, 1921, about a month after the last dose of mold, and no evidence of disease could be found. The older animal was killed and autopsied March 2, 1923. No evidence of the molds could be noted. In the spring of 1922 similar tests were made with the horse and the two sheep, which had received moldy silage for three and a half months. At this time cultures of all species listed in table IV were used. On April 29, 1500 ce of mixed cultures were given the horse and 250 ce to each of the sheep. The horse was drenched by the use of a bottle and some of the liquid lost. The sheep were given the culture by means of a syringe, after the surface growth had been broken up by grind- ing with sterile water in a mortar. May 5, 1500 ce of mixed cultures were again given the horse, this time with a stomach- tube, so none of the liquid was lost. The sheep were each given 250 ee of the same mixture by means of a syringe. May 22, 2,000 ce of mixed cultures were given the horse, and 250 ce to each of the sheep. Careful daily observations during the intervals between doses and following, failed to show any ill effect from the mold cultures. The horse is still in use and in the best of health. One of the sheep is still living and in good condition; the other, four weeks after the last drenching, developed acute parturient paralysis and died after four days. Careful autopsy and bacteriological study failed to show any evidence of molds as a cause of death. This form of paralysis is not uncommon among sheep in Minnesota. THE FLorRA OF SILAGE Table II gives the result of the study made of the flora of the moldy silage used in the feeding tests. It will be noted that most of the molds present were common species known to be harmless. Those of the Aspergillus group are the only species isolated which have been reported to be the cause of sickness in animals, and, as previously indicated, the evidence is by no means conclusive regarding danger from these species. While the experimental feeding tests were in progress, a study was made of the flora of silage in 19 lots of silage which were not used in the feeding trials and which were obtained from different parts of Minnesota. The results of this study are given in table III. With the exception of nos. 2 and 17, these samples . i MOLDS IN SILAGE 721 Taste I1I—Mo tps Isotarep From SAMPLES OF Moxpy SILAGE FROM NINETEEN SILOS é Q ~ E ayiMeS 8 2D Shs bee = g 2 = S = = el ree 3s ete ee ayy od tora [Peas | oss iPS By elas es 22) |S. A, oe Ad ES a eel fs Sal Sat ia Ss as | 3 S 25 < &§ S Sa ee ee | ees | re, |) een ees Se bees iS = M a Qs x3 borat x= SS es y Qa sa 5 AS 1 tta . : tb if T 2 iF Sit ii ; T , 3 T TT 1 t Wao E i Ht + | | 5 t ; if TT ; ik 6 : TT if T : 1 7 iT é TT 7 T 8 T TT tt 9 if aL 4 T TT T T ; 10 = tT T : T 11 t T iM Es fh 12 TT ‘ T TT 13 i T T 7 14 if tT TT T i5 TT : it 16 T T . iF T Te tee 17 é tT i) 18 T T T TT 19 t t t Total] 7 11 5 9 9 6 11 2 3 5 2 ajj =predominating species in the samples. b 7 =present in samples. represented silos where mold had developed to a point that the owners were concerned as to the possible danger of using it as feed. Some of the samples were secured from county agents in response to a request for such samples; the others were from the owners direct. Sample 17 was from silage fed on a farm where the death of five cattle had been attributed to the silage. How- ever, mold was not in evidence in this sample. Sample 2 repre- sents silage suspected of having caused the death of sixteen cattle. This silage also appeared perfectly normal, and con- tained no visible mold. Table IV gives a summary of the species isolated, and the number of samples in which they were found. This table shows common molds made up the greater part of the flora, and that the oe isolated were the same as those from the silage used TasiLe [V—Funar IsotaTep FROM Mo.py SILAGE No. of samples from which isolated Serial Silage fed experi- Survey of moldy Number Fungus mentally silage flora. 16 samples 19 silos 1 BENICIIVULI GICUCIL area Seo nt se oe. 5 is 2 Penicillium expansion........ 10 11 3 Aspergillus glaucus...... 4 6 4 Aspergillus fumigatus. . 3 5 5 Aspergillus flavus... .. 9 9 6 Aspergillus niger... 7 9 7 Rhizopus nigricans. 8 6 8 Fusarium sp....... 5 LL 11 9 Saccharomyces sp........ Whe 2 2 10 MMGNascus: PUuLDIT Cust ee ee ee ee 2 3 11 YT EP ORS SOR Seca eRe IE Oh are yee 3 5 12 Phycomycete (unidentified)...........2. 3 2 722 G. HOECKLES, (CP. BITCH AND 2). LS EAL in the feeding tests. This result leads us to conclude that the moldy silage fed was typical of that usually encountered. Most of the samples were so heavily infected with one or two species that frequently it was difficult to isolate other than the pre- dominant forms. Undoubtedly there were molds in some indi- vidual samples which were not isolated. Discussion OF RESULTS As indicated, there is some evidence from the investigations of others that certain of the molds found may be dangerous at times, but the results of our feeding tests do not indicate danger from this source. Furthermore, practical experience teaches that mold in silage is not generally harmful. Many silo owners can recall incidents when live stock have gained access to silage discarded on account of mold and have eaten it freely without any detrimental results. Mold in fact is found more or less in every silo. Even the best preserved silage will show some mold in spots near doors or the walls. The presence of small amounts of mold ordinarily attracts little attention, unless something unusual occurs, for example, sickness among the animals. We have noted that the reports of injury from feeding moldy silage usually come from those with little ex- perience in its use. The tendency appears to be to ascribe any difficulty with live stock, the cause of which is not known, to the silage which is to them an unfamiliar feed. We do not maintain that silage may not be a source of danger to live stock, since the evidence is conclusive that in rare instances it may be the cause of serious sickness, especially to horses. Silage found to have such properties is not necessarily moldy, but may appear to be entirely normal. The investigations of Graham indicate that these cases are botulism rather than the results of mold growth. The presence of mold is no evidence of the presence of C. botulinum or its products. We recommend, as a practical procedure, the discarding of badly molded silage, but the feeder need not hesitate to utilize silage which contains some mold, especially when fed to cattle. REFERENCES Beaumont, L. C.: (1909). Mo. Valley Vet. Bul. 4, pp. 30-32. Bodin and Gautier: (1906). Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 20 (3), pp. 209-224. Church, M. B., and Buckley, J. S.: (1923). North Am. Vet., 4 (1), pp. 7-12. Dalrymple, W. H.: (1893). Louisiana Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 22. Graham, Brueckner, and Pontius: (1917), Kentucky Agr. Exp. Sta. Bulletins 207 and 208. Graham, Robert: (1920), College of Agr.. University of Illinois, Extension Cir. 38. Mayo, N.S.: (1891), Kansas Agr. Exp. Station Bul. 24. Pammel, L. H.: Manual of Poisonous Plants, p. 257. Pearson, L.: (1900-1) Jour. Comp. Med. and Vet. Arch., XXI, p. 109; XXII, p. 446. Rusk and Grindley: (1918), Ill. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 210. Stange, C. H.: (1911), Amer. Vet. Rev. 28 (4), pp. 473-488. CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE C ASSOCIATED WITH A LIMBERNECK-LIKE DISEASE IN CHICKENS AND DUCKS! By Ropert GRAHAM and I. B. BouGHTON University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Since Dickens (1918) noted the causative relation of one type of “‘limberneck”’ in chickens to the ingestion of canned vegetables containing botulinus toxin, certain chickens showing similar clinical symptoms received at the Laboratory of Animal Path- ology and Hygiene have been examined for the presence of the botulinus organism or other related toxin-producing anaerobes. Two outbreaks of avian botulism type A have been encountered in Illinois, independent of the disease in the human family. In one outbreak (1921) garbage was fed, while in the other the poisonous feed could not be established. The type B botulinus organism was isolated (1923) from one of three chickens in a flock showing limberneck-like symptoms, although the primary relation of the type B botulinus poisoning to spontaneous out- breaks of avian botulism, or so-called limberneck, has not been shown in losses coming to our attention. In fact, illness in healthy chickens could not be induced by feeding this as well as other type B strains. In five outbreaks of a disease affecting poultry which were characterized by lameness, leg, wing and neck weakness, diarrhea and drowsiness, the presence of a toxin-producing, anaerobic, rod-shaped, microorganism indistinguishable from Clostridium botulinum type C, isolated by Bengtson, of the Hygienic Labora- tory, Washington, D. C., from the green fly larvae, was demon- strated in the intestinal contents or internal organs of one or more of the sick birds. The specific poison in one instance was demonstrated in the gastric intestinal contents. Pure cultures of this anaerobe were isolated from affected chickens in three of the outbreaks, though the suspected feed, other than fly larvae, found in the crop contents of one affected chicken, was not definitely incriminated. LocaTION OF OUTBREAKS SUGGEST WIDESPREAD DISTRIBUTION OF TYPE C Naturally affected chickens (2770, 2771, 2772) were received from Drs. Brown and Hinkle, of Decatur, Macon County, 1Abstract of Bulletin No. 246, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, October, 1923. 723 (Z 724 ROBERT GRAHAM anp I. B. BOUGHTON Illinois, July, 1921. Eight of the half-grown chickens in this flock died. Specimens (3419 and 3420) were received July 1, 1922, from Mr. John Thomen, Greenup, Cumberland County, Illinois. It was estimated several months later that sixty chickens of this flock died of the disease. The third group of affected chickens (8421, 3422, 3423) was received from Mr. A. E. David- son, Mt. Sterling, Brown County, Illinois, on July 12, 1922. Twelve mature hens, fourteen half-grown pullets and one duck died in this flock. The fourth outbreak (3466, 3467, 3468) occurred on the farm of Mr. J. L. Durbin, Taylorville, Christian County, Illinois. Fifteen half-grown chickens in this flock died. The fifth outbreak (487) occurred at the University Poultry Farm, Champaign County, Illinois, and while not described in the bulletin, the clinical manifestations and the bacteriologic findings coincide with the aforementioned outbreaks. CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF C. BoTULINUM, TyPE C C. botulinum type C encountered in affected chickens is an anaerobic, gram-positive, non-motile, terminal-spore-forming, rod-shaped organism closely related to, if not identical with, the pathogenic anaerobe isolated by Bengtson from the larvae of the Lucilia caesar or greenbottle fly. Subcultures may fail to develop in glucose-agar and even in meat-mash media which is favorable for its development. Some subcultures showing characteristic growth in meat-mash media, and deep agar tubes, may not prove fatal to guinea pigs. The most consistent growth has been obtained in meat media, including lean beef, lean pork, beef liver, and pork liver. In addition to the cultural characters which distinguish type C strains from either A or B strains of the botulinus organism, the poison or toxin elaborated by it is not neutralized by botulinus antitoxins A or B. The symptoms induced in guinea pigs by the toxins of the A, B, and C organisms are similar however. The thermal death-point of type C spores is relatively lower than strains of type A. Fifteen minutes at 80° C. has rendered spore suspensions inert. The soluble toxin elaborated is destroyed in five minutes at 80° C. SyMPTOMS OF TypE C POISONING IN POULTRY The mortality in naturally affected flocks has been variable. In two flocks it was negligible, while in another affected flock sixty chickens died. The symptoms in spontaneous and experi- mentally induced disease are marked by dullness, lameness, weakness and drowsiness. The eyes are closed, and weakness A LIMBERNECK-LIKE DISEASE 725 of the neck and wing muscles becomes apparent as the disease progresses. In advanced cases the head and neck rest on the ground. Diarrhea is often present. About the yard and pen varying quantities of feathers have been noted in seriously affected flocks, while in handling affected chickens the feathers may be easily removed. Milder forms of the disease are accompanied by inability to walk. Aside from leg weakness, some affected birds in one flock appeared healthy. Sick chickens in flocks, as well as speci- mens received for examination from two other flocks, failed to show the typical, limberneck syndrome. Spontaneous recovery was reported in affected chickens and observed in certain speci- mens held under observation at the laboratory. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHICKENS Healthy chickens under experimental conditions are some- what resistant to the ingestion of type C toxin, though typical cases of the disease have been induced by feeding the cultures, as well as the culture filtrate elaborated by type C strains obtained from spontaneous cases of the disease. Chickens chronically affected with chickenpox have proved more sus- ceptible than healthy chickens. Relatively large amounts (20 ec) of the culture fed at one time may induce a fatal form of the disease in healthy chickens, though larger amounts are often necessary. Three cubic centimeters of the culture fed daily for a period of ten consecutive days produced a fatal type of the disease in chickens. Similar amounts of the filtrate did not produce symptoms. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF OTHER FARM ANIMALS The ingestion by horses of 50 grams of the culture per thousand pounds live weight was sufficient to induce a transitory illness, while 100 grams per thousand pounds live weight terminated fatally. The culture when fed to cattle in amounts varying from 50 to 400 grams per thousand pounds live weight induced transi- tory symptoms of depression, stiffness, loss in weight, with incoordination of movement. Affected cattle fell to their knees when forced to move. The illness was followed by complete recovery in 3 to 5 weeks. Sheep and goats proved susceptible to the subcutaneous injection of 2 to 5 ce of the culture. Swine, including sows and shotes, proved resistant to the ingestion of massive amounts. Nursing pigs remained healthy while the dam ipgested liberal amounts of the culture. In sheep, death 726 ROBERT GRAHAM anp I. B.. BOUGHTON was induced by injecting subcutaneously 1 to 3 cc of the culture. The illness induced in experiment horses and cattle, by feed- ing the culture, suggests that these animals are susceptible to type C poison. LESIONS In chickens that suffered from the spontaneous disease, as well as In chickens artificially infected, a catarrhal enteritis with occa- sional hemorrhages in the mucosa of the small intestine was found. The amount of toxin ingested is doubtless an important factor in the gross lesions as well as the mortality in the flock. Intestinal parasites were encountered in some naturally affected chickens. The increased susceptibility of chickens suffering from a chronic disease has suggested the possible part played by parasitism or other secondary agencies. Sort CONTAMINATION Bacteriologic examination of soil samples obtained from several chicken yards on the premises where chickens became naturally affected gave positive evidence in two instances only. Sample of soil from a barnyard where horses died also gave positive results. Isolation of strains from soil has not been accomplished, but the presence of the toxin in the soil cultures was demon- strated by feeding impure, soil-culture filtrates to type-C-pro- tected and to unprotected animals. The relation of type C in soil to the occurrence of the disease in poultry is probably secondary, since type C has been detected in soil on premises where chickens remained healthy. ANTITOXIN An antitoxin of low potency has been prepared from experi- ment animals (goats and calves) by injecting non-lethal amounts of the culture filtrate. The specificity of the antitoxin in healthy, experiment animals has been shown in the results of experimental tests, but its value in the prevention and treatment of type C poisoning of naturally affected chickens remains undetermined. Antitoxin prepared against the strain isolated from the larvae of Lucilia caesar at the Hygienic Laboratory provided a specific protection against the toxins of the strains encountered in four of the outbreaks in chickens described in Bulletin No. 246. A and‘B antitoxins, however, gave no protection. The three type C strains isolated from poultry were used in preparing an antitoxin. Each protected against the homologous and hetero- logous strains and the fly larvae strain of Bengtson, as well as A LIMBERNECK-LIKE DISEASE 727 against toxic larvae submitted by Dr. E. W. Saunders, of St. Louis, Missouri. PARABOTULINUS OF SEDDON RESEMBLES TYPE C Through the kindness of Dr. J. W. Buxton, Research Council, London, England, a culture of parabotulinus of Seddon was obtained for comparative study. Cultural and pathogenic characters observed to date suggest that the parabotulinus strain is closely related to American type C strain. The type C antitoxin prepared from three different type C strains protects guinea pigs against lethal amounts of the parabotulinus culture of Seddon. A and B botulinus antitoxins fail to protect against the parabotulinus toxin. HORSES AND FARM POWER The United States Department of Agriculture has recently investigated the relative advantages of horse power and motor power for farm operations and reports numerous reasons for the continued use of good draft horses. Horse power is characterized by its versatility and adaptability to perform various farm oper- ations. The horse is not limited either by the topography of the ground or a specialized ability to perform only a few farm tasks economically. The horse is self-replacing, earns its keep, and increases in value up to the marketable age. Mares enough may be bred yearly to replace the mature stock which is marketed. The voung horses raised under this plan continually increase in value and at the same time they are paying their way by doing the farm work. Keeping horses also helps to conserve the fertility of the soil and provides an element of interest which helps to keep the youngsters on the farm. Then too, there is less direct cash outlay for horse power, as horses consume home-grown feed chiefly. Motor power, however, has advantages under certain condi- tions and in many cases the two forms of power—horses and tractors—are both used. SWINE FLU AND ITS COMPLICATIONS! By C. C. Hastines Williamsville, Ill. Swine flu is an acute, contagious pneumonia of swine. It was recognized as a separate and distinct disease by veterinary practitioners in Illinois in the fall of 1916. At that time it was called contagious pneumonia and looked upon as a condition of little importance. However, as we study it more, we find that swine flu itself is not only a serious menace to the hog-raising industry, but its complications are fast depleting our pure-bred herds and making inroads in the grade herds. OccURRENCE Swine flu occurs most extensively in the large, hog-raising states of the Central West, more especially in the pure-bred herds that exhibit at the various state and county fairs. It is observed in swine that are from three months to one year old, but may occur in small pigs or even mature animals, its course being lighter in aged hogs. Evidently, climatic conditions play only a small part in the occurrence of swine flu, it being as prevalent during the summer months as during the winter. It is met with more frequently during the fall, due, no doubt, to the shipment of breeding animals to and from the different exhibitions. Also, to the practice of many breeders to purchase breeding stock, more especially boars, from show herds that have been immediately previously or at the time on the show circuit. This practice should be discouraged. Swine flue is to be looked upon as a highly contagious disease and treated as such. It isan almost daily occurrence in the fall of the year for veterinary practitioners to be requested to ad- minister to herds bearing the history of previous exposure through the show circuit. Of course, many sporadic cases appear that have no history of exposure. The same can be said of all swine diseases, including cholera. ETIOLOGY To my knowledge the etiological factor of swine flu has not been determined, but from all appearances it evidently is a 1Read before the McLean County Veterinary Association, at Bloomington, IIl., November 20, 1923. 728 SWINE FLU AND ITS COMPLICATIONS 729 specific infection. Such theories as drafts, overfeeding, exposure, shipment, etc., can be considered only as predisposing causes. SYMPTOMS The period of incubation is five to seven days. A slight dull- ness and tucked-up appearance is noticed. The animals cough, often a loud, coarse, dry cough that can be heard for some distance, being more pronounced when they first get up. A characteristic wavy thump is present. Food is refused. Tem- peratures of 105° to 106° and higher at times. The course of the disease is about five days. When it subsides, the animal apparently is no worse off from its experience except the loss of flesh. About 98 per cent of affected pigs recover; the other 2 per cent die from pneumonia. Swine flu should not be confused with the benign, thumpy condition caused by shipment, overfeeding, exposure, etc., often seen following the first cool nights in September and October. This condition can be differentiated from swine flu by its benign character and short duration, usually two to three days. CONTROL Quarantine and isolation. Separate sick from healthy hogs. All animals purchased, as well as those coming off the show circuit, should be held in quarantine fourteen days before being placed with the herd. It has been found that fourteen days after recovery they will not spread the disease. There have been cases where an animal turned into the herd ten days after recovery spread swine flu to the rest of the herd. COMPLICATIONS The complications of swine flu are many and varied. They include abortion, pig scours and chronic pneumonia. Abortion: It has been estimated that on the average 25 per cent of gilts that apparently recover from flu abort at some time during their first pregnancy following.