IDtctotia Ifotetor^ of the Counties of EDITED BY H. ARTHUR DOUBLEDAY AND WILLIAM PAGE F.S.A. A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE VOLUME I A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE IN FOUR VOLUMES EDITED BY H. ARTHUR DOUBLEDAY AND WILLIAM PAGE F.S.A. I THE VICTORIA HISTORY OF THE COUNTIES; OF ENGLAND WARWICKSHIRE LONDON ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND COMPANY LIMITED ^- I , Thu History is issued to Subscribers only By Archibald Constable is" Company Limited ami printed by Butler £5 Tanner of Promt and London INSCRIBED TO THE MEMORY OF HER LATE MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA WHO GRACIOUSLY GAVE THE TITLE TO AND ACCEPTED THE DEDICATION OF THIS HISTORY THE ADVISORY COUNCIL OF THE VICTORIA HISTORY His GRACE THE DUKE OF SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK, BART., COL. DUNCAN A. JOHNSTON BEDFORD, K.G. LL.D., F.S.A., ETC. Director General of the Ordnance Survey President of the Zoological Society c-t T- »r /-« n ¥•» /-i T TI T-. r. r «IA SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., PROF. E. RAY LANKESTER, M.A., His GRACE THE DUKE OF DEVON- LL.D. F.R.S., ETC. SHIRE, K.Cr. Director of the Natural History Chancellor of the University of Can,- SIR EDWARD MAUNDE THOMPSON, - bridge K.C.B.,D.C.L.,LL.D., F.S.A., His GRACE THE DUKE OF t.rc. Director of the British Museum REGINALD L. POOLE, ESQ., M.A. RUTLAND, K.G. SIR CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, University L«£j'J» I*f'°>""«, His GRACE THE DUKE OF K.C.B., F.R.S., F.S.A. PORTLAND KG President of the Royal Geographical )• "ORACE KoUND, t,SQ., M.A. S°"'* WALTER RYE, ESQ. His GRACE THE DUKE OF g „ Q MAXVVELL-LYTE, w tr , , „ w ARGYLL, K.T. K.C.B., M.A., F.S.A., ETC. W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE ESQ., M.A. T- T> TI T" r> Assistant Secretary of the Society of I HE RT. HON. THE EARL OF Keeper of the Public Records Antiquaries ROSEBERY, K.G., K.T. COL SIR }> FARQUHARSON> K.C.B. THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF SIR Jos. HOOKER, G.C.S.I., M.D., COVENTRY D.C.L. F.R.S. ETC. President of tbe Royal Agricultural Among the original members of Society SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, LL.D., the Council were THE RT. HON. THE VISCOUNT F.R.S., ETC. _ . ~ THE LATE MARQUESS OF SALISBURY DILLON n i /- /~~ T r T~> ._.,,, ... REV. 1. CHARLES Cox, LL.D., „ _ ,, Late President of the Society of Ann- p ,,J. TlIE LATE DR. MANDELL CREIGH- 1"ari" TON, BISHOP OF LONDON THE RT. HON. THE LORD LISTER LIONEL CtMT, ESQ., M.V.O..M.A., T n o p T n • t i~ i , T1 c ^ ^ ** k LAI t, I 'K. Ol Unnb. iJlsMOr Or Late President of the Royal Society f.o.A., ETC. „ r« r» T T ^T' T Dire c tor of the National Portrait Galle ry THE RT. HON. THE LORD THE LATE LORD ACTON ALVERSTONE, G.C.M.G. ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A. , Lord Chief Justice F.R.S., M.D., PH.D. THE LATE SIR WILLIAM FLOWER THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Late President of the Lmnean Society THE LATE PROFESSOR ¥ YoRK M.P. F. HAVERFI ELD, Esq., M.A. , F.S.A. POWELL /-. i r i- /-ir- ( H. ARTHUR DOUBLEDAY General Editors of the Series < ,,. „ „ c . ( WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A. GENERAL ADVERTISEMENT The VICTORIA HISTORY of the Counties of England is a National Historic Survey, which, under the direction of a large staff comprising the foremost students in science, history, and archaeology, is designed to record the history of every county of England in detail. This work was, by gracious permission, dedicated to Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, who gave it her own name. It is the endeavour of all who are associated with the undertaking to make it a worthy and permanent monument to her memory. Rich as every county of England is in materials for local history, there has hitherto been no attempt made to bring all these materials together into a coherent form. Although from the seventeenth century down to quite recent times numerous county histories have been issued, they are very unequal in merit ; the best of them are very rare and costly ; most of them are imperfect and all are now out of date. Moreover they were the work of one or two isolated scholars, who, however able, could not possibly deal adequately with all the varied subjects which go to the making of a county history. vii In the VICTORIA HISTORY each county is not the labour of one or two men, but of several hundred, for the work is treated scientifically, and in order to embody in it all that modern scholarship can contribute, a system of co-operation between experts and local students is applied, whereby the history acquires a completeness and definite authority hitherto lacking in similar undertakings. THE SCOPE OF THE WORK The history of each county will be complete in itself, and its story will be told from the earliest times, commencing witli the natural features and the flora and fauna. Thereafter will follow the antiquities, pre-Roman, Roman and post-Roman ; a new translation and critical study of the Domesday Survey ; articles on political, ecclesiastical, social and economic history ; architecture, arts, industries, biography, folk-lore and sport. The greater part of each history will be devoted to a detailed description and history of each parish, containing an account of the land and its owners from the Conquest to the present day. These manorial histories will be compiled from original documents in the national collections and from private papers. A special feature will be the wealth of illustrations afforded, for not only will all buildings of interest be pictured, but the coats of arms of past and present landowners will be given. HISTORICAL RESEARCH It has always been, and still is, a reproach to us that England, with a collection of public records greatly exceeding in extent and interest those of any other country in Europe, is yet far behind her neighbours in the study of the genesis and growth of her national and local institutions. Few Englishmen are probably aware that the national and local archives contain for a period of 800 years in an almost unbroken chain of evidence, 'not only the political, ecclesiastical, and constitutional history of the kingdom, but every detail of its financial and social progress and the history of the land and its successive owners from generation to generation.' The neglect of our public and local records is no doubt largely due to the fact that their interest and value is known to but a small number of people. But this again is directly attributable to the absence in this country of any endowment for historical research such as is to be found among other cultured nations. The government of this country has always left to private enterprise work which our continental neighbours entrust to a government department. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that although an immense amount of work has been done by individual effort, the entire absence of organization among the workers and the lack of intelligent direction has robbed the results of much of their value. In the VICTORIA HISTORY, for the first time, a serious attempt is made to utilize our national and local muniments to the best advantage by carefully organizing and supervising the researches required. Under the direction of the Records Committee a large staff of experts is engaged at the Public Record Office in calendaring those classes of records which are most fruitful in material for local history, and by a system of interchange of communication among local editors each county gains a mass of information which otherwise would be lost. THE RECORDS COMMITTEE SIR EDWARD MAUNDE THOMPSON, K.C.B. C. T. MARTIN, B.A., F.S.A. SIR HENRY MAXWELL-LYTE, K.C.B. J. HORACE ROUND, M.A. VV. J. HARDY, F.S.A. S. R. SCARGILL-BIRD, F.S.A. F. MADAN, M.A. W. H. STEVENSON, M.A. F. MAITLAND, M.A., F.S.A. G. F. WARNER, M.A., F.S.A. Many archaeological, historical and other societies are assisting in the compilation of this work ; and local supervision and aid are secured by the formation in each county of a County Committee, the president of which is in nearly all cases the Lord Lieutenant. The names of the distinguished men who have joined the Advisory Council arc a guarantee that the work will represent the results of the latest discoveries in every department of research. It will be observed that among them are representatives of science ; for the whole trend of modern thought, as influenced by the theory of evolution, favours the intelli- gent study of the past, and of the social, institutional and political developments of national life. As these histories are the first in which this object has been kept in view, and modern principles applied, it is hoped that they will form a work of reference no less indispensable to the student than welcome to the man of culture. via Family History will, both in the Histories and in the supplemental volumes of chart pedigrees, be dealt with by genealogical experts and in the modern spirit. Every effort will be made to secure accuracy of statement, and to avoid the insertion of those legendary pedigrees which have in the past brought discredit on the whole subject. It has been pointed out by the late Bishop of Oxford, a great master of historical research, that ' the expansion and extension of genealogical study is a very remarkable feature of our own times,' that ' it is an increasing pursuit both in America and England,' and that it can render the historian useful service. Heraldry will also in this Series occupy a prominent position, and the splendours of the coat-armour borne in the Middle Ages will be illustrated in colours on a scale that has never been attempted before. The general plan of Contents, and the names of the Sectional Editors (who will co-operate with local workers in every case) are as follows : — Natural History. Palaeontology. Edited by R. LYDIICKER, F.R.S., etc. /•Contributions by G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S., F. O. PICKARD-CAMBKIDGE, M.A., H. N. DIXON, F.L.S., Flora I G. C. DRUCE, M.A., F.L.S., WALTER GARSTANG, M.A., F.L.S., HERBERT Goss, F.L.S., F.E.S., Fauna | R- '• P°">CK> &*»• T.R. R. STUBBING, M.A., F.R.S., etc., 15. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., V etc., and other Specialists Prehistoric Remains. Edited by W. BOVD DAWKINS, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A. Roman Remains. Edited by F. HAVERFIELD, M.A., F.S.A. Anglo-Saxon Remains. Edited by C. HERCULES READ, F.S.A., and REGINALD A. SMITH, B.A., F.S.A. Ethnography. Edited by G. LAURENCE GOMME, F.S.A. Dialect. Edited by JOSEPH WRIGHT, M.A., Ph.D. Place Names "| Folklore V Contributed by Various Authorities Physical Types J Domesday Book and other kindred Record;. Edited by J. HORACE Rotsn, M.A. Architecture. By Various Authorities. The Sections on the Cathedrals and Monastic Remains Edited by W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A. Ecclesiastical History. Edited by R. L. POOLE, M.A. Political History. Edited by W. H. STEVENSON, M.A., J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., Peer. T. F. TOUT, !\!.A., JAMES TAIT, M.A., and C. H. FIRTH, M.A. History of Schools. Edited by A. F. LEACH, M.A., F.S.A. Maritime History of Coast Counties. Edited by J. K. LAUGHTON, M.A., and M. OrrtNHEiM Topographical Accounts of Parishes and Manors. By Various Authorities History of the Feudal Baronage. Edited by J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., and OSWALD BARRON, F.S.A. Family History and Heraldry. Edited by OSWALD BARRON, F.S.A. Agriculture. Edited by SIR ERNEST CCARKF., M.A., Sec. to the Royal Agricultural Society Forestry. Edited by JOHN NISBET, D.Otc. Industries, Arts and Manufactures "| Social and Economic History .- By Various Authorities Persons Eminent in Art, Literature, Science J Ancient and Modern Sport. Edited by the L)ukt or BEAUFORT and E. D. CUMINS Hunting } Shooting J- By Various Authorities Fishing, etc. J Cricket. Edited by HOME GORDON Football. Edited by C. W. ALCOCJ Bibliographies Indexes Names of the Subscribers ILLUSTRATIONS Among the many thousands of subjects illustrated will be castles, cathedrals and churches, mansions and manor houses, moot halls and market halls, family portraits, etc. Particular attention will be given to the beautiful and quaint examples of architecture which, through decay or from other causes, are in danger of disappearing. The best examples of church brasses, coloured glass, and monumental effigies will be depicted. The Series will also contain 1 60 pictures in photogravure, showing the characteristic scenery of the counties. I ix b CARTOGRAPHY Each History will contain Archaeological, Domesday, and Geological maps ; maps show- ing the Orography, and the Parliamentary and Ecclesiastical divisions ; and the map done by Speed in 1610. The Series will contain about four hundred maps in all. FAMILY HISTORY AND HERALDRY The Histories will contain, in the Topographical Section, manorial pedigrees, and accounts of the noble and gentle families connected with the local history ; and it is proposed to trace, wherever possible, their descendants in the Colonies and the United States of America. The Editors will be glad to receive information which may be of service to them in this branch of the work. The chart family pedigrees and the arms of the families mentioned in the Heralds' Visitations will be issued in a supplemental volume for each county. The Rolls of Arms are being completely collated for this work, and all the feudal coats will be given in colours. The arms of the local families will also be represented in connection with the Topographical Section. In order to secure the greatest possible accuracy in the descriptions of the Architecture, ecclesiastic, military and domestic, a committee has been formed of the following students of architectural history, who will supervise this department of the work : — ARCHITECTURAL COMMITTEE J. BII.SON, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A. R. BLOMHEI.U W. H. KNOWLES, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. HAROLD BRAKSPEAR, A.R.I.B.A. J. T. MICKLETHWAITE, F.S.A. PROF. BALDWIN BROWN, M.A. ROLAND PAUL ARTHUR S. FLOWER, F.S.A. , A.R.I.B.A. J. HORACE ROUND, M.A. GEORGE E. Fox, M.A., F.S.A. PERCY G. STONE, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. J. A. GOTCH, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. THACKERAY TURNER A special feature in connection with the Architecture will be a series of coloured ground plans showing the architectural history of castles, cathedrals and other monastic foundations. Plans of the most important country mansions will also be included. The issue of this work is limited to udariben anfy, iv/jost names will be printed at the end of each History. THE VICTORIA HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF WARWICK VOLUME ONE JAMES STREET HAYMARKET 1904 DA £70 County Committee for Wlarwfcftsbire. THE RT. HON. THE LORD LEIGH, P.C. Lord Lieutenantt Chairman THE MOST HON. THE MARQUESS OF W. TANKERVILLE CHAMBERLAYNE, ESQ., HERTFORD D.L., J.r. THE MOST HON. THE MARQUESS OF JETHRO A. COSSINS, ESQ. NORTHAMPTON WILLIAM PARK DICKINS, ESQ., D.L., J.P. THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF DENBIGH j K WINGFIELD DIGBV, ESQ., M.P. THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF AYLESFORD JOHN s DUGDALE, ESQ., K.C., D.L., J.P. THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF WARWICK £ FIELD, ESQ. THE RT. HON. THE LORD ERNEST SEY- CORRIE GRANT, ESQ., M.P. PHILIP J. CANNING HOWARD, ESQ., J.P. THE RT. REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF GEORGE CAPF.WF.I.L HUGHES, ESQ., J.P. WORCESTER THOMAS KEMP, ESQ., J.P. THE RT. HON. ALFRED LYTTLETON, P.C., M.P. BOLTON KING, ESQ. THE HON. H. ARDEN ADDERLEY, D.L., H. R. FAIRFAX-LUCY, ESQ. T P CHARLES MURRAY, ESQ., M.P. SIR SPENCER P. MARYON-WILSON, BART. FRANCIS A. NF.WDIGATE, £,SQ., M.P., D.L., SIR T. G. BIDDULPH, BART. j p THE RT. REV. THE BISHOP OF COVENTRY j. w. RYLAND, ESQ., F.S.A., J.P. THE RT. REV. DR. PEROWNE (LATE BISHOP R FITZ-JAMES SAWYER, ESQ. OF WORCESTER) „ FREDERICK TOWNSEND, ESQ., F.L.S., D.L., SIR BENJAMIN STONE, M.P. j.p. THE REV. J. HARVEY BLOOM, M.A. C. A. VINCE, ESQ. W. SALT BRASSINGTON, ESQ., F.S.A. BENJAMIN WALKER, ESQ., A.R.I.B.A. W. F. CARTER, ESQ. PROF. B. C. A. WINDLE W. F. S. DUGDALE, ESQ., Hon. Sec. to the County Committee CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE PAGE fisory Council of the Victoria History ....... vii . vii rwickshire County Committee ....... xiii [lustrations ............ " Abbreviations . XX Dedication The Adi General The Wa Contents List of Preface Table Natural History Geology ..... Palaeontology .... Botany ..... Zoology Mollusca (Snails, etc.) Insecta (Insects) Odonata .... Hymenoptera (Bees, etc.) Coleoptera (Beetles) Lepidoptera (Moths). Diptera (Flies) Hcmiptera Heteroptera (Bugs, tic.) . . Arachnids (Spiders) , , Crustacea (Crabs, etc.) Pisces (Fishes) .... Reptilia (Reptiles) and Batrachia (Batrachians) . Aves (Birds) .... Mammalia (Mammals) . . Early Man ..... Romano-British Remains . . . Anglo-Saxon Remains Introduction to the Warwickshire Domesday .... Text of the Warwickshire Domesday . Ancient Earthworks. Index to the Warwickshire Domesday By T. C. CANTRILL ...... i By RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S. .... 29 By J. E. BACNALL, A.L.S. ... -33 By B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S., F.R.M.S. . . 67 Edited by COLBRAN J. WAINWRIGHT, F.E.S. . . 69 By R. C. BRADLEY and COLBRAN J. WAINWRIGHT, F.E.S. . . 73 By A. H. MARTINEAU, F.E.S. .... 73 By H. WILLOUGHBY ELLIS, F.E.S. .... 77 By COLBRAN J. WAINWRIGHT, F.E.S. . . .124 » » » ... 150 By H. WILLOUGHBY ELLIS, F.E.S 165 By F. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A. . . .167 By the Rev. T. R. R. STEBBINC, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S. 171 By R. F. TOMES, F.G.S., Corr. Mem. Z.S. . .184 187 189 208 By GEORGE CLINXH, F.G.S. . By F. HAVERKIELD, M.A., F.S.A. . By REGINALD A. SMITH, B.A., F.S.A. By J. HORACE ROUND, M.A. By W. F. CARTER, B.A. By WILLOUGHBY GARDNER, F.L.S. . xv 223 251 269 299 345 4°7 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Warwick Castle. By WILLIAM HYDE ......... frontispiece Palaeolithic Implement from Saltley . . \ Perforated Hammerstone from Sutton Coldfield !-.... full-page plate, facing 2 1 4 Bronze Dagger from New Bilton . . 1 Celt of White Flint found at Long Compton . . . . . . . . .216 Pottery found in a barrow near Oldbury Camp . . . . . . . .219 „ „ „ „ at Brandon . .219 Bronze Discs from Chesterton-on-Fossway . . . . . . . . . .220 Late Celtic Ornament illustrating the 'returning spiral' .... • 225 Romano-British Pottery (Rugby School Museum) . . . full-page plate, facing 230 Plan of Manduessedum and surroundings . . .233 „ „ Chesterton Camp .... • 235 Fragment of Romano-British Sculpture (Alcester Rectory) . . . full-page plate, facing 236 Cinerary Urn, Cestersover (Churchover) . . • 253 Jewel found near Rugby. .... 254 Cinerary Urn, Brinklow ..... .256 Anglo-Saxon Remains from Warwickshire coloured plate, facing 258 Ancient Earthworks — Beaudesert ... • 356 Beausale ... -357 Brailes .... 35« Brandon -359 Brinklow .... .360 Brownsover .... • • 3°3 Castle Bromwich ... • 365 Chesterton .... • 3°"? Churchover. . . • 368 Claverdon .... -369 Corley . . • 37' Coughton . . ... 372 Edgbaston . . -373 Fillongley ... -375 Hartshill -37<5 Ilmington . . ... . . • 377 Ipsley -378 Kenilworth .380 Kineton ..... • 383 Ladbroke -383 Lapworth • 385 I xvii <•' LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Ancient Earthworks (continued) — PACK Loiley . . .......... 387 Mancetter ......••••••••. 387 Ratley .... 389 Seckington ............... 391 Sheldon 392 Solihull, Bury Mound 393 Solihull, Hob's Moat 395 Tachbrook ............... 396 Tanworth ............... 399 Wappenbury ............ . . 401 Warwick ............... 403 Wolford, Great . . ......... 405 LIST OF MAPS Geological Map ... . . .... between xxiv, I Orographical Map ........... ., 24, 25 Botanical Map . . . . . . . . . . . „ 32, 33 Pre-Historical Map . . . . „ 212, 213 Romano-British Map ........ „ 222, 223 Anglo-Saxon Map „ 250, 251 Domesday Map . . . . . „ 298, 299 Earthworks Map fac;ng ^ xviti PREFACE WARWICKSHIRE enjoys the distinction of being the first county whose antiquities formed the subject of an exhaustive County History. Although Stow with his Survey of London and Norden with his design for a complete series of county histories, and a few others, were Sir William Dugdale's predecessors by half a century, their work is not quite on the same plane with the latter's Antiquities of Warwickshire, which saw the light in 1656. On this publication was brought to bear not only the intimate local knowledge of a native of the county, but the genius and industry which made its author perhaps the greatest antiquary England has produced. Although it is possible after a lapse of two and a half centuries to supplement and correct Dugdale's work, it will be evident from the frequent references to him in these pages how much the modern historian is indebted to his predecessor's researches. The present undertaking differs in many respects from Dugdale's history, and for details as to its scope the reader is referred to the General Advertisement on p. vii. The Editors have to thank the Rev. J. Harvey Bloom for reading the proofs of some of the articles in this volume and for his courtesy and assistance in various directions. They are also under special obligations to Mr. Benjamin Walker, A.R.I.B.A., for compiling the Domesday map, and for many useful suggestions made by him in the course of reading the proofs of the text of the Survey. For the use of some of the illustra- tions in this volume the editors are indebted to Sir John Evans, K.C.B., and the Society of Antiquaries. XIX TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.) Acts of P.C. . . Add ...... Add. Chart. . . Admir ..... Agarde .... Anct. Corrcsp. . Anct. D. (P.R.O.) A 2420 Antiq ..... Arch Arch. Cant. Archd. Rcc. Archit Assize R. Aud. Off. . Aug. Off. . Ayloffe . . Bed. . . Beds . . Berks . Bdle. . B.M. . Bodl. Lib. Boro. Brev. Reg. Brit. Buck. . Bucks Cal. . Camb. Cambr. Cant Cap. . . . Carl Cart. Antiq. R. . C.C.C. Camb. . . Certiorari Bdles. (Rolls Chap.) Chan. Enr. Decree R. Chan. Proc. . . Chant. Cert. Chap. Ho. . . . Charity Inq. . . Chart. R. 20 Hen. III.pt. i. No. 10 Chartul. Abbreviatio Placitorum (Re- cord Commission) Acts of Privy Council Additional Additional Charters Admiralty Agarde's Indices Ancient Correspondence Ancient Deeds (Public Record Office) A 2420 Antiquarian or Antiquaries Appendix Archaeologia or Archsological Archzologia Cantiana Archdeacon's Records Architectural Assize Rolls Audit Office Augmentation Office Ayloffe's Calendars Bedford Bedfordshire Berkshire Bundle British Museum Bodley's Library Borough Brevia Regia Britain, British, Britannia.etc. Buckingham Buckinghamshire Calendar Cambridgeshire or Cambridge Cambria, Cambrian, Cam- brensis, etc. Canterbury Chapter Carlisle Cartx Antiquae Rolls Corpus Christ! College, Cam- bridge Certiorari Bundles (Rolls Chapel) Chancery Enrolled Decree Rolls Chancery Proceedings Chantry Certificates (or Cer- tificates of Colleges and Chantries) Chapter House Charity Inquisitions Charter Roll, 20 Henry III. part i. Number 10 Chartulary Chas Ches Chest Ch. Gds. (Exch. K.R.) Chich Chron Close . . . . Co Colch Coll Com Com. Picas . Conf. R. . . . Co. Plac. . . . Cornw Corp Cott Ct. R Ct. of Wards . . Cumb Cur. Reg. . D. and C. . . . De Bane. R. . . Dec. and Ord. Dep. Keeper's Rep. Derb Devon .... Doc Dods. MSS. . . Dom. Bk. . . . Dors Duchy of Lane. Dur East Eccl Eccl. Com. . . Edw Eliz Engl Engl. Hist. Rev. . Epis. Reg. . Esch. Enr. Accts. . Excerpta e Rot. Fin. (Rec. Com.) Exch. Dep. . . Exch. K.B. . . Exch. K.R. . . Exch. L.T.R. . . Exch. of Pleas, Plea R. Exch. of Receipt . Charles Cheshire Chester Church Goods (Exchequer King's Remembrancer) Chichester Chronicle, Chronica, etc. Close Roll County Colchester Collections Commission Common Pleas Confirmation Rolls County Placita Cornwall Corporation Cotton or Cottonian Court Rolls Court of Wards Cumberland Curia Regis Dean and Chapter De Banco Rolls Decrees and Orders Deputy Keeper's Reports Derbyshire or Derby Devonshire Documents Dodsworth MSS. Domesday Book Dorsetshire Duchy of Lancaster Durham Easter Term Ecclesiastical Ecclesiastical Commission Edward Elizabeth England or English English Historical Review Episcopal Registers Escheators Enrolled Accounts Excerpta e Rotulis Finium (Record Commission) Exchequer Depositions Exchequer King's Bench Exchequer King's Remem- brancer Exchequer Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer Exchequer of Pleas, Plea Roll Exchequer of Receipt TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS Exch. Spec. Com. Exchequer Special Commis- Feet of F. . . . Feod. Accts. (Ct. of Wards) Feod. Surv. (Ct. of Wards) Feud. Aids . . . fol Foreign R. . . Forest Proc. . . Gen Geo Glouc Guild Certif. (Chan.) Ric. II. Hants .... Harl Hen Heref. .... Hertf. .... Herts .... Hil Hist. Hist. MSS. Com. Hosp ..... Hund. R. . . . Hunt. . . * . . Hunts . . . . Inq. a.q.d. . Inq. p.m. . Inst ...... Invent ..... Itin Jas. . Journ. Lamb. Lib. Lane L. and P. Hen. VIII. Lansd Ld. Rev. Rec. . . Leic Le Neve's Ind. Lib Lich Line Lond. . . m. . . . Mem. . . Memo. R. . Mich. . . Midd. . . Mins. Accts. Feet of Fines Feodaries Accounts (Court of Wards) Feodaries Surveys (Court of Wards) Feudal Aids Folio Foreign Rolls Forest Proceedings Genealogical, Genealogica, etc. George Gloucestershire or Gloucester Guild Certificates (Chancery) Richard II. Hampshire Harley or Harleian Henry Herefordshire or Hereford Hertford Hertfordshire Hilary Term History, Historical,Historian, Historia, etc. Historical MSS. Commission Hospital Hundred Rolls Huntingdon Huntingdonshire Inquisitions ad quod dam num Inquisitions post mortem Institute or Institution Inventory or Inventories Ipswich Itinerary James Journal Lambeth Library Lancashire or Lancaster Letters and Papers, Hen. VIII. Lansdowne Land Revenue Records Leicestershire or Leicester Le Neve's Indices Library Lichfield Lincolnshire or Lincoln London Membrane Memorials Memoranda Rolls Michaelmas Term Middlesex Ministers' Accounts Misc. Bks. (Exch. K.R., Exch. T.R. or Aug. Off.) Mon. Monm. . Mun. . . Mus. N. and Q. . Norf. . . Northampt. Northants . Northumb. . Norw. . Nott. N.S. . . Off. . . Orig. R. Oxf. . Palmer's Ind. . Pal. of Chest. . . Pal. ofDur. . . Pal. of Lane. . . Par Parl Parl. R Parl. Surv. . Partic. for Gts. Pat P.C.C Peterb Phil PipeR Plea R Pope Nich. Tax. (Rec. Com.) P.R.O Proc Proc. Soc. Antiq. . Pt Pub. . R Rec. . . . Recov. R. . . Rentals and Surv. Rep Rev Ric Roff. . . . Rot. Cur. Reg. Rut. . Sarum Ser. . Sess. R. Shrews. 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Yorks Warwickshire or Warwick Westminster William Wiltshire Winchester diocese Worcestershire or Worcester Yorkshire zzu A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE GEOLOGY I beginnings of the history of our county are to be found written on the stony tablets of the rocks, in records by the side of which the Saxon chronicle, the Roman epitaph, are nothing but the closing passages of a many-chaptered story. Through a study of the various operations by which to-day the materials of the land are everywhere being worn down, carried away by streams, and redeposited in seas and lakes as beds of gravel, as sandbanks, or as mudflats, it is possible in some measure not only to realize the physical conditions which prevailed in our district in those far-off ages, but also to people again those ancient waters with their shelly denizens, and to form some idea of the animal and vegetable inhabitants of those long since vanished lands. For the beds of sandstone, clay, and limestone which make up the bulk of our Warwickshire rocks are comparable in all respects with accumulations forming at the present day ; they were for the most part laid down in estuaries, seas and lakes ; and many of the inhabitants of the waters, and not a few of the animals, insects, and plants from the adjacent land became entombed in the gathering sediments. In the course of ages these areas of deposition by slow upheaval have been more than once converted into land ; and it is clear that these new lands would consist of layers of hardened sediments (' stratified' rocks), and that the entombed organic remains would be the ' fossils ' of succeeding times. And so long as any particular part of our area stood up as a land-tract above the waters, there the continuity of deposit would be broken ; certain beds would be missing. Subsequent submergence of the whole area would result in the burying of everything under newer sheets of sediment which, while resting unconformably on the worn-down ruins of the old land-mass, would have a closer parallelism to the deposits immediately preceding themselves. In the sequel we shall meet with several instances of these great gaps in the geological suc- cession. Further, by a knowledge of the physical and climatic conditions specially favourable to certain forms of life of to-day, we arrive at some idea of the state of things prevalent in our area during the formation of many of these fossiliferous rocks, and can distinguish marine from lacustrine deposits, and deep-water formations from those laid down along a shore. As we examine in succession the ascending series of sediments it is found too that there has been a steady change in A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE the character of the dominant faunas and floras ; whole groups of animals and plants once abundant in our district now occupy a very subordinate position or are even extinct in Britain, and indeed in many cases have entirely ceased to exist. We arrive then at this important principle — that different strata are characterized by fossils peculiar to each ; and in accordance with this rule the stratified rocks of the earth-crust have been classified into some ten or twelve distinct divisions or systems, each marked by a peculiar assemblage of fossils by means of which far-distant exposures of rocks of the same system can be identified. The great divisions are still further divided into groups and stages, the smallest of which are however of purely local value. The rocks of Warwickshire belong some to the oldest, some to the newest of these systems ; but there are great gaps in the series — the rocks elsewhere present either were not deposited in our area, or, if laid down, were afterwards wholly removed. The table on page 3 shows in descending order the various systems of rocks represented in Warwickshire. An examination of the geological map will show that these rocks are by no means equally important so far as the constitution of the surface of our county is concerned ; in this respect the red rocks of the Trias have the pre-eminence. These occupy the greater part of the surface, while the succeeding Jurassic beds form a smaller fringe on the south and south-east borders. Projecting through an extensive aperture in the red Triassic coverlet are the so-called Permians and the Coal Measures of the Warwickshire coalfield, while from below the latter emerge the Cambrian and still older Archaean rocks of Nuneaton. Irregularly spread over the uneven surface formed by the edges or outcrops of all these ' solid ' rocks are the superficial Pleistocene deposits, while the most recent of all are the still-forming alluvial tracts bordering the present rivers. The surface-relief of the district is nowhere very bold ; the county forms part of an undulating plain bordered along its south-eastern and southern sides by the higher ridges and plateaux near Daventry, Edge Hill, and Chipping Norton. This same elevated tract circles round the Vale of Moreton and at Chipping Campden merges into the northern Cotteswolds ; it is formed by the tattered edge of the great sheet of Jurassic deposits which occupies much of the adjacent country to the south-east. That this edge or escarpment is gradually retreating in that direction is shown by its having left several isolated patches or ' outliers ' some miles in its rear, as for instance at Ebrington Hill, at Brailes, and at Knowle. These Jurassic limestones and sandstones overlook the less elevated grounds of the Lower Lias and Trias, not only because they were super- posed on them originally, but also by reason of their own greater durability, not being so easily washed away by rain and streams. Indeed it may be laid down as an axiom that the harder rocks will be GEOLOGY Period Formation Character of the strata Approximate thickness in feet Recent Alluvium Gravel, sand, loam, clay, and peat, along present streams . up to 2O ? Pleistocene Brickearth, Valley Gravel Glacial Drift . Loam, sand, and gravel of old river-courses up to 2O ? Sand, gravel, stony clay ; boulders of distant rocks . up to i oo ? Jurassic Great Oolite Series . Inferior Oolite Series. f Upper . . . Lias •] Middle. . . V Lower . Oolitic limestones and clays, with sandstones . . . . 80 to 100 Oolitic limestones, with sands and calcareous sandstone . 80 to 1 50 Clay and shale, with limestones and calcareous sandstones . 120 Hard ferruginous limestone, sands and shales .... 280 Clays and shales, with clayey limestones in lower part . up to 960 Rhaetic Marl Keuper Triassic Bunter - Sandstone Upper . Middle. ? Lower White and grey limestones, dark shales, and yellow sandstone Red marl, mottled green ; green and buff (20 to 30 feet) at summit .... Red and brown sandstones and marls Fine red sandstone, without pebbles Pebbly red sandstone, with pebble-beds Yellow sandstone, without pebbles ' Permian ' of Salopian type . Car- boniferous Coal Measures- Newer (barren) measures . Older (produc- tive) measures Red sandstones and marls, with limestone-conglomerate . Sandstones and shales, with brick-clays and Spirorbis limestones Sandstones and shales, with seams of coal, ironstone, and 30 to 40 600 to 700 150 to 200 200 250 to 350 2,000 I,OOO fireclay , Cambrian Upper : Stockingford Shales Lower : Hartshill Quartzite Grey, black, and purple shales 2,000 Grey quartzites and sandstones, with purple and grey shales and a thin limestone. . . 600 Archaean Uriconian and Upper Long- myndian. Caldecote series . Volcanic breccias, tuffs, and ~\ ? several grits ) hundred /•Diorites(Camptonites) ; Intrusive post -Cambrian but Igneous •! pre-Carboniferous Rocks Porphyritic Basalt ; of V. pre-Cambrian age . Of -various ages [•Crystalline igneous rocks A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE found to form elevations, just as the knots in the planking of an old floor always stand up above the general surface. We accordingly find that the hard quartzites and diorites of the Cambrian rocks occupy the ridge extending from Nuneaton to Atherstone ; the durable pebble-beds of the so-called Permian rocks produce a well-marked feature at Corley (625 feet above sea-level) ; while the Bunter pebble-beds and Keuper building-stones generally give rise to picturesque wooded scarps. We shall now proceed to a consideration of the various sheets of rock which have built up the earth-crust of our district, commencing with the lowest and oldest visible layer.1 ARCH^AN On the north-eastern borders of the county, in the neighbourhood of Nuneaton, occurs a narrow strip of volcanic rocks, the Caldecote Series, which have been shown within the last few years to be of Archasan (i.e. pre-Cambrian) age. In the Geological Survey map2 and accompanying memoir 3 the rocks in question were called * greenstone ' and were regarded as probably intrusive, like the diorites in the over- lying Cambrian rocks, and were not assigned to any definite age. The discovery by Professor Lapworth in 1882 of Upper Cambrian fossils in the black shales of Stockingford restricted the age of the Caldecote rocks to the Cambrian and pre-Cambrian periods. These discoveries were embodied by Mr. A. Strahan in a revised issue of the Survey map in 1886, in which the Caldecote Series — tuffs, quartz-porphyry, and diabase — were separately distinguished, but were classed as ' igneous ' without being assigned to any definite period. The recent determination of a Lower Cambrian fauna in the Harts- hill Quartzite itself (see Table, p. 3), together with the lapse of time suggested firstly by the contrast between the general lithological character of the quartzite and that of the underlying Caldecote Series, and secondly by the occurrence of abundant detritus of the latter in the basement beds of the quartzite, make it practically incontestable that the Caldecote rocks are pre-Cambrian in age. The outcrop, less than a quarter of a mile wide, commences near the Midland Railway station at Nuneaton, and can be traced by small occasional exposures in a north-westerly direction for nearly two miles. The beds pass unconformably under the Cambrian rocks on the west, and are faulted against and unconformably covered by the Trias on the north-east. As was first recognized by Professor Lapworth,4 they con- 1 For the chief publications relating to the geology of Warwickshire the reader is referred to a •List of Works on the Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology of Staffordshire, Worcestershire, and Warwickshire, by W. Whitaker, in the Report of the British Association for 1885 ; to the Geological Record, edited by W. Whitaker, for 1874-84; and to Professor Blake's Annals of British Geology for 1890-3. Some later papers will be found in the 'Geological Literature added to the Geological Society s Library, published annually, also in 'A Sketch of the Geology of the Birmingham District,' by Professors Lapworth and Watts and Mr. W. J. Harrison, Pne. Geol. Assoc. xv. (1898), pp. 313-416. Old Sen* 63 S.W. (,8SS). » Howell, The Warwickshire Coalfield (i^, 1 7. ' Geol. Mag. (1882), p. 563 ; (1886), p. 3,9 ; and Proc. Geol. Assoc. xv. (1898); 330. 4 GEOLOGY sist of sheets of volcanic breccia, tuffs, and volcanic grits, with a few intrusive dykes of basic rock. The lowest beds of the series are some coarse breccias met with in a disused road near the Anchor Inn. The more compact tuffs with the aspect of brecciated quartz-felsites are exposed in Mr. Abel's Long Quarry immediately south of Hartshill Grange, and remarkably fine- grained tuffs are to be seen in the sides of an old tunnel 100 yards west of Caldecote Hill House, where, according to Mr. Strahan, the bedding planes dip at 25° to 30° in the same direction as those of the overlying quartzite, that is, about south-west. An intrusive basic rock, a porphyritic basalt according to Professor Watts,1 takes the form of a dyke which intrudes upon and partly over- lies the ashes, and is exposed in an old paving-cube quarry known as the Blue Hole, about a quarter of a mile east of Caldecote Windmill. The rock into which it intrudes has the appearance of a quartz-porphyry, but Professor Watts, who describes it as the ' quartz-felspar rock,' is inclined to regard it as a tuff.* A similar and possibly the same dyke of porphyritic basalt traverses the ' quartz-felspar rock ' at the entrance to Mr. Abel's quarry near Hartshill Grange. Professor Lapworth is of opinion that the Caldecote rocks are theoretically paralleled with the Upper Longmyndian and Uriconian groups of Shropshire.3 From the foregoing details it will be seen that the earliest and lowest Warwickshire deposits were produced by the agency of volcanoes. Exactly where these were situated it is as yet impossible to say, but in the Charnwood district, a few miles to the north-east, there are con- siderable masses of somewhat similar volcanic materials, though it is thought that these are of an earlier date ; here, according to Professor Bonney, we have the site of a volcanic cone or group of cones which threw out dust and fragmentary materials into adjacent shallow lakes or lagoons.4 It seems likely that at this time the area which is now Britain was occupied by an archipelago of small volcanic islands. Such conditions were not perhaps highly favourable to the existence of living beings in the surrounding waters ; nevertheless life was not entirely absent, for a few fossil worm-burrows have been discovered in some of the Charnwood rocks, though none has yet been met with in the Caldecote beds. CAMBRIAN After a while this low-lying tract of volcanic islands subsided beneath the waters and was in part covered by several thousand feet of Cambrian sands and muds. These, the lowest rocks in which fossils occur in any abundance, are found to overlie the Archaean rocks in the 1 Pnc. Geol. AIIOC. xv. (1898), 391. * Watts, op. cit. p. 392. See also Rutley, Geol. Mag. (1886), p. 557 ; and Waller, ibid. p. 322. 8 Lapworth, Pnc. Geol. dsioc. xv. (1898), 327. * A. J. Jukes-Browne, The Building of the British Isles, ed. 2 (1892), pp. 29-32. 5 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE neighbourhood of Nuneaton. They consist of a lower sandy division, the Hartshill Quartzite, and an upper shaly division known as the Stockingford Shales. In 1829 they were classed by Yates ' as of Silurian age, on account of the resemblance of the quartzite to that of the Lickey Hills near Bromsgrove. Subsequently however they were put into the Carboni- ferous system;1 the Stockingford Shales, which seemed to be perfectly conformable with the overlying Coal Measures, were thought to be an unproductive group of that formation, while the Hartshill Quartzite was held to be a metamorphosed representative of the Millstone Grit. No fossils had then been obtained from either of the two divisions, and some of the shales have a decided coal-measure aspect. It is evident however that Jukes3 recognized their Silurian or even pre- Silurian age. But the discovery in 1882 by Professor Lapworth * of a number of fossils in the Stockingford Shales characteristic of the Lingula Flags of the Upper Cambrian (then classed as Lower Silurian by the Geological Survey) finally settled the age of the higher of the two sub-divisions ; and in confirmation of these discoveries the revised issue of the Survey map in 1886 represented the Shales and with them the Quartzite as Lower Silurian. It still remained desirable to determine on independent evidence the age of the Quartzite. This has since been rendered clear by the recent discovery in its higher beds of a fauna highly suggestive of the O/ene//us-zone of the Lower Cambrian of other regions ; and as Professor Lapworth points out, ' it now appears exceedingly probable that the whole of the Cambrian system is represented here in an attenuated form.'6 The Cambrian outcrop of Nuneaton extends from near Bedworth on the south-east to Merevale on the north-west, a distance of about eight miles, the greatest width being about a mile. The beds dip generally in a south-west direction at angles varying from 20° to 45°, having been tilted up by crumpling of the earth-crust at some time subsequent to their deposition. The upper beds pass unconformably under the Coal Measures of the adjacent coalfield, while the lowest beds rest unconformably on the Archaean rocks already described. From base to summit the beds are pierced by dykes and sills of intrusive diorite (camptonite), and the whole outcrop on account of the relative durability of the rocks forms a low ridge of picturesque and wooded country. The rocks are divisible in the following manner, in descending order: — 1 Tram. Geol. Soc. ser. t, ii. 237. * Geol Survey map, 63 S.W. (1855); also Howell, • The Warwickshire Coalfield,' Mem. Geol. Surrey (1859), p. 8. 'The South Staffordshire Coalfield,' Mem. Geol. Survey, ed. 2 (1850), p. 134.. * Geol. Mag. (1882), p. 563. 8 Pnc. Geol. Atioc. xv. (1898), 338. 6 Stockingford Shales - Hartshill Quartzite GEOLOGY Merevale Shales. Oldbury Shales. Purley Shales. Camp Hill Quartzite with Hyolite Limestone. Tuttle Hill Quartzite. Park Hill Quartzite. The Hartshill Quartzite consists of well bedded highly siliceous sandstones, usually of a pale pinkish colour ; the rock is very hard, and according to Mr. Strahan 1 a prepared cubic inch crushes at a pressure of 24,000 Ib. The beds vary in thickness from a few inches to four or five feet. Frequent thin seams of shales occur ; a double band marks the summit of the Park Hill Quartzite, and another separates the middle and upper sub-divisions. ' Worm-burrows ' are the only fossils found in the two lower sub-divisions, but the Camp Hill Quartzite has yielded a small but interesting fauna. The Lower or Park Hill Quartzite is opened up in numerous large quarries, the rock being extensively wrought for roadstone. The lowest layers are best seen at the entrance to Mr. Abel's new quarry near Harts- hill Grange. In this cutting ' the Caldecote tuffs rise in a low anticlinal form, and are visibly overlain to the westwards by the basement bands of the quartzite.' 2 At the entrance to Mr. Boon's quarry the quartzite for some distance upwards from its base ' contains large rounded blocks of Caldecote volcanic rocks, while the matrix is mainly composed of the rounded wash of similar material.' s The Middle or Tuttle Hill Quartzites are being worked in only two quarries, one at Tuttle Hill opposite the Midland Railway station at Nuneaton, and another near Caldecote Windmill. The rocks resemble those of the lower sub-division. The Upper or Camp Hill Quartzite is exposed in the Camp Hill Grange quarry belonging to Messrs. Trye. The base of the sub- division is formed by a shaly band some 50 feet thick, at the top of which occurs a seam, 2 feet thick, of red-coloured hard and tough lime- stone, the Hyolite Limestone, above which the sub-division is completed by 50 feet of hard quartzose and glauconitic sandstone. The fossils of the Hyolite Limestone and its associated shales include several species of Hyo/it&us, Orthotbeca, and Stenotheca, and the brachiopod Kutorgina cingulata. This fauna corresponds in part to that of the Ole- nellus-zone. of other regions ; and Professor Lapworth therefore considers that the Camp Hill Quartzite is probably equivalent to the Comley Sandstone of Shropshire and the Hollybush Sandstone of Malvern. The Stockingford Shales succeed to the uppermost beds of the quartzite. Their outcrop attains its greatest width at Merevale, the highest beds there coming to the surface from beneath the unconform- able Coal Measures. They consist throughout of fine-grained shales and mudstones. 1 Geol. Mag. (1886), p. 544. * Lapworth, Pnc. Geol. Assoc. xv. (1898), 340. 8 Lapworth, op. cit. p. 332. See also Strahan, Geol. Mag. (1886), p. 543. 7 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE The Lower or Purley Shales are exposed in Purley Park Lane and in the cutting on the Midland Railway near Nuneaton. The beds are generally reddish-purple and contain manganese ores which were worked by pits at various points along the outcrop. Fossils have been obtained from the Purley Park Lane sections, and include among others minute forms of the brachiopods Lingu/a, Obolella sagittalis, and Acrothele granu- lata ; the sponge Protospongia fenestrata, and the trilobite Conocoryphe exulans. The Middle or Oldbury Shales are best seen in the Midland Rail- way cutting at Stockingford, and in quarries and cuttings at Chapel End. The beds are characterized by black carbonaceous bands. They have yielded remains of the trilobites Agnostus pisiformis var. soda/is, Olenus nuneatonensis, Sphczrophthalmus a/atus, and Ctenopyge pecten ; together with Beyricbia angelini. The Upper or Merevale Shales are exposed in an old quarry 200 yards west of Merevale Abbey. They consist of greenish-grey shales and have yielded numerous examples of the hydrozoan Dictyonema socials. A small inlier of the Stockingford Shales was detected at Dosthill, south of Tamworth, by Mr. W. J. Harrison ' in 1882. The rocks are pierced by a mass of diorite. Sections in the shales have been recorded* as occurring in the side of the high road a quarter of a mile south of Dosthill, and in a small pit near Stockall Barn. The beds dip south- west at 20° to 40°, and consist of highly-altered grey and olive-coloured sandstones. The following table shows the probable relationships of the Nun- eaton Cambrian beds to those of other districts : — Nuneaton. Wales, etc. Merevale Shales Upper Dolgelly (Dictyonema-beds) ) TT T . Oldbury/ upper Lower Dolgelly ..... . / UPPer L"1^ FIag« Shales I lower) II •ga j| ~ [ g „,. Purley t upper/ Ffestmlog and Maentwrog beds . Lower Lingula Flags Shales! lower ........... Menevian (Paradoxides--zone) Camp Hill Quartzite and Limestone . . 0/enel/us-zone Tuttle Hill Quartzite (Park Hill Quartzite The Cambrian rocks of Nuneaton afford evidence of having been deposited in a shallow sea whose floor was gradually undergoing subsi- dence. The quartzites and sandstones were perhaps to some extent shore deposits laid down at no great distance from a tract of land. This must have consisted in part of the Archzan volcanic ashes, for we have seen that much ground-down volcanic material was incorporated in the lower beds of the Hartshill Quartzite. As the sea bottom sank, the land, wherever this was situated, was gradually submerged, and the coarse ' Lapworth, Gtol. Mag. (,882) p. 563 ; Harrison, Mid. Nat. vol. viii. (.885) and vol. i*. (.886). ' Strahan, Geol. Mag. (1886), p. 551. 8 GEOLOGY sand deposits were succeeded by the finer mud of the Stockingford Shales, although the waters must have become sufficiently clear and calm at one time to have allowed of the formation of the Hyolite Limestone from the remains of various mollusca. The only fossils in the lower two divisions of the Quartzite are a few worm-burrows, sug- gestive of the sands having been deposited along a shore ; the Shales however as we have seen contain abundant evidence that the Cambrian seas were peopled with a considerable fauna. Intrusive Igneous Rocks. — The volcanic activity which is evidenced by the igneous origin of the Caldecote rocks probably continued or was reopened probably in immediately post-Cambrian time ; for both the Hartshill Quartzite and especially the Stockingford Shales are traversed by many sills and dykes of diorite (camptonite), which are evidently solidified masses of molten rock forced up from below into the Cambrian sediments. There is no evidence whatever to show that these ever reached the surface and produced volcanoes, terrestrial or submarine. The sills and dykes generally follow the bedding, but frequently cut through the strata, baking and altering them. Yates perceived their intrusive character in 1824. Allport1 gave a figure of a section showing this at Chilvers Colon railway cutting. Mr. Fox-Strangways 2 mentions that in the quarry south of Merevale church the Stockingford Shales dip at 1 5° to the south-west, while the igneous rock inclines at an angle of 35° in the same direction. The sheets of diorite vary from mere threads less than a foot thick to masses over a hundred feet through. They attain a great develop- ment in Merevale Park and at Chilvers Coton. They have been wrought for paving-cubes. One of the sills is well exposed in the Midland Railway Company's quarry at Nuneaton station ; the jointing of the rock is at right angles to the quartzite beds between which it was intruded and cooled. At the entrance to Messrs. Tyre's quarry a thin sheet of diorite intruded into the lower layers of the quartzite has segre- gated on cooling into basic clots and acid veins. The microscopic structure and composition of these igneous rocks have been described by Allport, Waller, Teall, and Watts ; it was Allport's recognition of the fact that these rocks differed from the Car- boniferous dolerites which gave an early hint that the Stockingford Shales were no part of the Coal Measures. They consist essentially of a triclinic felspar and hornblende, with some magnetite and apatite. Augite and olivine are sometimes present ; "and Professor Watts3 remarks that the rocks would be appropriately called hornblendic, augitic, or olivine-bearing camptonites. That the intrusions are of pre-Coal- measure age might justly be inferred by their entire absence from those rocks ; but this was placed beyond doubt by the careful mapping of the Coal Measure base by Mr. Strahan,4 who found that at Maw- 1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Sue. rxxv. (1879), 637. 2 'Geology of Atherstone, etc.,' Mem. Geol. Survey, (1900), p. n. 3 Proc. Geol. Assoc. TV. (1898), 395. 4 Geol. Mag. (1886), pp. 550, 551. 9 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE bournes, south-west of Atherstone, this rests on the edges of the Stockingford Shales, including two sheets of diorite. As these latter have not affected the Coal Measures they must have been intruded in pre-Coalmeasure times ; and Professor Watts seems disposed by general considerations to think that the intrusions are of immediately post- Cambrian age. CARBONIFEROUS Between the period of the Cambrian rocks of Nuneaton and that of the Coal Measures which overlie them there is a great gap, unfilled in our district by any known formation. We know that during this enormous interval thousands of feet of muds and volcanic ashes — the Ordovician rocks — were deposited over what is now Wales and the west and north of England ; but none of these is known to occur eastwards of the Malvern district, and it therefore seems probable that what is now central England was occupied by an extensive island — formed of the upraised Cambrian sediments — which stood up above the waters of the Ordovician Sea. This land tract however slowly sank and contracted in area, for the Silurian deposits, which immediately followed the Ordovician, extend farther eastwards over the subsiding area ; but the higher parts of the district seem still to have kept their heads above water during this and the succeeding Devonian period, for these vast accumulations of mudstones, limestones and red sandstones are unrepre- sented in our county ; and it is practically certain that parts of the old island were still in existence as such while the Carboniferous or Moun- tain Limestone and Millstone Grit of Derbyshire and Yorkshire, Wales and Ireland were accumulating. This Lower Carboniferous sea lay to the north, east, and south of our area ; we even obtain a glimpse of its coast-line at Grace Dieu in Charnwood Forest, but nearer than that it appears not to have approached. By the time that the higher ridges of Cambrian rocks at the north of the county had sunk to the water level the physical aspect of the midlands had changed. The sea had become shallowed, land-locked areas developed, and ultimately com- munication with the open ocean was cut off. The district became converted into ' an immense delta or fenland, including many large lagoons and wide channels, surrounded by swamps which were never much above the level of the sea.' * These delta deposits are our Coal Measures. Thus the Millstone Grit and Carboniferous Limestone are alike unrepresented, and the only Carboniferous rocks present on the surface in the county are the Coal Measures of the Warwickshire coalfield. The Coal Measures form a narrow belt of country extending for about fifteen miles from Bedworth on the south-east, past Nuneaton and Atherstone, to Tamworth on the north-west, where the outcrop attains its greatest breadth of about four miles. They rest unconformably on the Cambrian, and are succeeded with every appearance of perfect 1 A. J. Jukes-Browne, The Building of the British Isles, ed. 2 (1892), p. 133. 10 GEOLOGY conformity by the so-called Lower Permian rocks. The Coal Measures lie in a syncline or trough, the axis of which extends in a north and south direction, and on all sides the beds dip towards this line. The northern part of the coalfield is bounded by faults or lines of fracture, along which the rocks on either side have been relatively shifted, so that here various newer rocks, the ' Permian ' and Trias, abut against the Coal Measures. Mr. Fox-Strangways thinks it unlikely that the Coal Measures will be found to extend continuously under the Trias into the Leicestershire coalfield. In the other direction however they extend southwards under the ' Permian ' of Baxterley, and come to light again as a small ' inlier ' at Arley. South of Bedworth both the Coal Measures and ' Permian ' are covered unconformably by the Trias, and the seams have been worked through this last as far south as the Craven Colliery, three miles north-east of Coventry. Beyond this the outcrops are said to curve round towards the south-west.1 It becomes an interesting and important question as to whether or not these coals extend continuously under the Trias towards South Staffordshire. There is no reason to doubt that the Coal Measures of the Warwickshire coalfield and those of South Staffordshire were originally deposited in one and the same basin, for in both districts the measures thicken towards the north-north-west, and in the opposite direction the coals approach each other by the thinning out of the intermediate beds, and tend to combine into one or two seams of abnormal thickness. It thus, in Professor Lapworth's 2 words, ' becomes a matter of high probability that the Thick Coal of South Staffordshire extends more or less continuously under the Red rocks of North Warwickshire, possibly from Hawkesbury to Smethwick.' At the same time it must be borne in mind that land apparently lay to the south and south-east during Coal Measure times, and in that direction the coals may be expected to die out ; again, it is always possible that there may be local unconformities and ' wash-outs ' within the Coal Measures themselves, and it is just possible that areas of post-Carboniferous folding and denudation may lurk concealed and unsuspected under the unriven cloak of Trias. According to Professor Lapworth 3 the Warwickshire Coal Meas- ures may be grouped in descending order as follows : — 4. Grey and red sandstones and shales, with one or more bands of Spirorbis limestone. 3. White and yellow sandstones and shales. 2. Red and green brick-clays and marls. i. Grey sandstones and dark shales with five workable coal seams, and beds of fireclay and ironstone. The base of the series was first worked out in detail in 1886 by Mr. Strahan.4 He found the lowest beds to consist locally of buff or 1 Howell, 'The Warwickshire Coalfield,' Mem. Geol. Survey, p. 22. 2 Proc. Geol. Assoc. xv. (1898), 369. 3 Ibid. p. 368. * Geol. Mag. (1886), p. 540 et seqq. ; also Geol. Survey map, sheet 63 S.W. new ed. (1886). II A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE white sandstones, coarse, false-bedded, and ferruginous, and containing numerous quartzose pebbles ; the beds resting unconformably on the Cambrian rocks. At Dosthill this unconformity is most marked, the dip of the Cambrian shales being south-west at 20° to 40°, while the Coal Measures dip eastwards at angles of 50° to 80°. Mr. Fox- Strangways 1 describes the basement sandstone as being well exposed along the lane and in some old quarries on the east side of Monk's Park Wood, south-west of Atherstone ; the sandstone resting nearly horizontally on the Cambrian shales which dip at 38°. The workable coals are confined to the lower part of the series ; in descending order the chief seams are the Four-foot ; the Two-yard, Rider, and Bare, worked as one seam ; the Slate ; the Seven-foot ; and the Bench. The lowest seams sometimes rest almost directly on the Cambrian shales, but are locally separated from them by sandstones which vary rapidly in thickness, apparently filling up hollows on the old surface. In the northern part of the coalfield the Four-foot and the Slate coals are separated by over a hundred feet of measures ; but when followed southwards they approach each other by the thinning out of the intermediate beds, so that at the Hawkesbury Colliery south of Bedworth the upper four coals come together to form a single seam which, with thin partings, amounts to about 34 feet in thickness. The principal seams have all been worked along their outcrops. According to Mr. Fox-Strangways the Seven-foot coal is the one now generally mined. At Amington and Glascote the underclay of this seam is used for fire-bricks. Ironstone from the same horizon was formerly raised at Monk's Park and smelted on the spot by means of charcoal ; and Mr. Howell mentions 2 that ironstone was being worked at Bedworth, Hawkesbury, and Wyken. Irregular beds of sandstone are prevalent immediately above the Four-foot coal, and have been quarried here and there between Merevale and Polesworth. About 150 feet below the top of these Coal Measures occurs a well marked band of limestone, from 2 to 3 feet thick ; from the presence of the small coiled annelid shell Spirorbis pusillus it is known as the Spirorbis Limestone. Its outcrop, marked by numerous old work- ings, has been traced with little interruption from Sybil Hill near Kingsbury to Bedworth. It has been seen also in the stream in Monk's Park Wood, south-west of Atherstone, and it appears in its proper position in the outcrop of Coal Measures at Arley. The rock varies in colour from buff or light grey to a dark slaty blue. Besides this band, long since recognized and mapped, Mr. Fox- Strangways 3 has lately obtained evidence of the existence of a second between Baddesley and Baxterley. The Coal Measures generally yield abundant fossil evidence of plant 1 'Geology of Atherstone, etc.' Mem. Geol. Survey (IQOO), p i c 'Warwickshire Coalfield,' ibid. (1859), p. Io,. * 'Geology of Atherstone, etc.' ibid. (1900), p. jo. 12 GEOLOGY life. The vegetation of the period consisted largely of giant species of cryptogamic plants allied to our modern tree ferns, horsetails, and club mosses. To the first class belong the various Coal Measure ferns, such as Spbenopteris, Neuropteris and Pecopteris ; to the second belongs the genus Catamites, with jointed and finely-fluted stems. To the third class belongs the Lepidodendron, the stems of which are covered with scale-like markings. To this is closely allied the Sigi//aria, with seal- like impressions on the broadly fluted trunk. Stigmaria is a root common in the underclays of coal seams, and is so called on account of its pitted and tuberculate surface. Specimens of all these plant remains may be looked for in the beds of sandstone, shale and fireclay associated with the coals, which themselves are made up of compressed beds of this ancient vegetable growth. Of animal life specimens of bivalve shells, Anthracomya and Carboni- co/a, the latter resembling our freshwater mussels, and also fish remains, may be looked for in the same beds ; while the Spirorbis pusillus is generally abundant in the limestones near the summit of the Coal Measures. It is likely too that the limestones and some of the shale bands may on careful search be found to contain small bivalved entomo- straca such as Carbonia and Estberia. Permian. — The so-called Lower Permian rocks occupy a broad tract of country extending from Baxterley on the north to Kenilworth on the south ; their eastern limit is formed by the ordinary Coal Meas- ures which rise conformably from beneath them ; on the west, south, and south-east the tract is bounded by Triassic rocks. The beds consist of about 2,000 feet of alternations of red, brown, and purple sandstones and red marls, with impersistent bands of breccia and conglomerate. According to Mr. Fox-Strangways,1 sandstones are conspicuous towards the base, and form a marked feature in the northern part of the district, where they have been quarried at numerous local- ities about Baddesley Ensor and Baxterley. The breccias and conglomerates are generally found in the lower part of the series ; one band particularly well-marked occurs at about the middle, and forms a bold escarpment at Corley.z They are made up largely of pebbles of Carboniferous limestone and chert, among which some of Silurian sandstone have been noted at Exhall. So rich are they in limestone pebbles that they have been extensively quarried and burnt for lime between Fillongley and Over Whitacre. The higher beds of the series occur between Coventry, Kenilworth, and Warwick, and the sandstones may be seen in various quarries. The beds hereabouts however appear to be largely composed of marls, for near Warwick a boring passed through 700 feet of rock consisting chiefly of marls and thin beds of sandstone.8 More recently a boring has been put down at Kenilworth for the 1 'Geology of Atherstone,' Mem. Geol. Survey (1900), p. 28. * For breccias near Polesworth see H. T. Brown, Quart. Jount. Geol. Sue. xlv. (1889), i. 8 Howell, 'Warwickshire Coalfield,' ibid. (1859), p. 31. 13 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE town water supply ; it passed through 226 feet 6 inches of these beds, the upper of which were chiefly marls.1 These so-called Lower Permian rocks have yielded very few fossils ; fragments of the cryptogamic plants Lepidodendrqn and Catamites have been recorded from a quarry near Exhall, and silicified trees at Allesley and Meriden. Obscure casts of a shell supposed to be Stropbalosia occurred at the Exhall quarry, and remains of a labyrinthodont reptile, Dasyceps bucklandi (Huxley), were discovered in a quarry at Kenilworth. Some of these are preserved in the Warwick Museum. There is some reason to think that Spirorbis limestone bands may occur in these rocks at Whitacre Hall (near Nether Whitacre), for Mr. Howell * records that such limestone was formerly burnt there. Of late years evidence has been accumulating tending to show that similar rocks in other districts are very closely related to the Coal Measures. In the Wyre Forest coalfield3 district in Shropshire, and also in the North Staffordshire coalfield,4 rocks in all respects similar to these of Warwickshire contain Spirorbis limestones and thin coals. Nor is there in Warwickshire any evidence of a lapse of time or of abrupt changes of any sort at the base of these rocks : the Spirorbis limestone band in the ordinary Coal Measures is everywhere present at about the same distance below these ' Permian ' beds. The occurrence west of Polesworth of what seemed a small isolated tract or outlier of these rocks apparently situated on lower beds of the Coal Measure series gave colour to the supposition that here the ' Permian ' rocks are unconform- able to the beds below ; but this has been lately disproved by Mr. Fox- Strangways, who finds that the supposed ' Permian ' here is a band of red-coloured sandstone in the ordinary Coal Measures themselves. It thus becomes evident that the so-called Permian rocks of Salopian type — named thus from their typical development in Shropshire — are linked on to the Coal Measures both stratigraphically and palasontolo- gically, and should therefore be included in the Carboniferous system. TRIASSIC The rocks we have been hitherto describing form an isolated area surrounded on all sides by a great spread of red sandstones and marls which constitute the Trias. The delta and lagoons and jungle swamps of the Coal Measures had passed away ; the red ' Permian ' beds had succeeded, deposited it would seem in a slowly sinking area of land- locked lakes or almost wholly enclosed lagoons, the waters of which were highly charged with iron salts and unfavourable to animal life. At the close of this ' Permian ' period great movements took place which resulted in the raising up of large areas of land, which were forthwith subjected to erosion. There seems to have ensued a state of things in t Kenilworth>> Proc- Warwick. Vat. and Archil. * 'Warwickshire Coalfield,' Mem. Geol. Survey (1859), pp 28 29 T. C. Cantrill, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sot. li. (,895), 528. « W.' Gibson, ibid. Ivii. (1901), 251. GEOLOGY northern Europe similar to that of central Asia at the present day. The Triassic deposits were then laid down, the Bunter apparently in desert lakes subject to desiccation, into which periodical streams swept sand and pebbles from the neighbouring uplands ; the Keuper in a much more extensive lake or inland sea, into which the ocean at last broke and introduced the marine fauna of the Rha;tic. In Warwickshire the following subdivisions of the Triassic rocks occur : — Rhaetic j,. f Keuper Marls with Upper Keuper Sandstone. I Lower Keuper Sandstone. (Upper Sandstone. Pebble Beds. (Lower Sandstone ?) The Lower Bunter Sandstone which to the west of our district is so well developed in the Severn valley dies out when followed thence to the east, and has generally been thought to be absent east of the South Staffordshire coalfield ; but in 1890 Mr. J. Landon l called attention to the occurrence of beds of yellow sandstone below the Pebble Beds near Barr Beacon, and concluded that the Lower Bunter Sandstone is there present in force. The Pebble Beds are well developed at Sutton Park and west of Birmingham, while a small area occurs to the east of Polesworth. The rocks consist of pebbly red coarse sandstone and impersistent beds of pebbles. These are well rounded by water action, and are chiefly of yellow, brown, and liver-coloured quartzite, white quartz, and grey crinoidal Carboniferous limestone and chert. Where two or more pebbles are in contact they have generally pressed into each other and produced a characteristic crush-mark. The source and mode of origin of these pebbles is still a matter of dispute, but the opinion of those most familiar with them is that they were derived from rocky ridges of high land which stood as islands in or formed the margins of the Triassic lake basins. Of parts of these old ridges we see the worn-down relics in the Wrekin and Caradoc districts of Shropshire, the Malvern-Abberley and Lickey ranges in Worcestershire, and the Nuneaton and Charnwood hills in Warwickshire and Leicestershire. Buckland long ago recognized that the Bunter pebbles are in many instances agreeable in substance with the quartz rock of the Lickey, and was of opinion that an exten- sive outcrop of this latter rock was the source of much of the Bunter material. Exposures of the Bunter pebble beds may be seen in Sutton Park, notably in a gravel pit near Blackroot Pool. They are to be seen also on the east of the Warwickshire coalfield in a railway cutting east of Polesworth. The rock being more resistent to the weather than those above and below, generally forms a well-marked escarpment, as at Barr Beacon ; the soil is generally poor and exceedingly pebbly, and is 1 Proc. Birm. Phil. Soc. vii. 113. 15 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE often left as uncultivated heathland, as for instance in the case of Sutton Park. The Upper Sandstone overlies the Pebble Beds and extends through Birmingham towards Lichfield. It is excellently exposed in some large excavations near the Great Western railway near Hockley station; it consists of soft, fine-grained, bright-red sandstone, without pebbles, and is extensively dug for moulding-sand. East of the Birmingham district this subdivision is unknown. The Lower Keuper Sandstone forms an elevated ridge of ground extending from Birmingham through Erdington to Sutton Coldfield. It reappears around the north of the Warwickshire coalfield at Tamworth and Warton, and extends north-eastwards thence past Newton Regis towards Leicestershire. Farther south it forms an almost continuous fringe to the Carboniferous and ' Permian ' rocks from Nuneaton to Warwick, and thence past Berkswell to Maxtoke. The rocks consist of red, brown and white sandstone with bands of red marl. A dull-red pebbly sandstone is exposed by the canal side at Gravelly Hill, north- east of Birmingham ; and the upper beds occur at Reddicap Hill near Sutton Coldfield. Calcareous breccias are recorded by Mr. Howell l as occurring near Tamworth. White sandstone is found at Maxtoke and Meriden Hall and is traceable towards Kenilworth. Mr. Fox-Strangways * observes that near Merevale some of the beds are soft and unconsolidated and are dug for sand. Sandstones have been quarried at Warton and Seckington, and in the village of Newton Regis they are exposed near the church. Sections at Austrey show the upward passage of the highest sandstones into the lowest beds of the Keuper Marl subdivision. South of Nuneaton the unconformable relation of the Keuper to the Cambrian was well shown in a large quarry at Marston Jabet — red marl and white sandstones with a conglomeratic base resting horizontally on the Stockingford Shales with intruded diorite, dipping east at 1 5°. Near Warwick the beds have been quarried for building stone and have yielded a number of footprints, bones, and teeth of the extinct amphibia Labyrinthodon and Mastodonsaurus ; their footprints are five-toed. Lizard- like reptiles are represented by Hyperodapedon ; dinosaurs by Thecodonto- saurus, the footprints of which are three-toed. A fine collection of these fossils is to be seen in the Warwick Museum.3 The Lower Keuper Sandstones above described pass upwards, with- out any break, into the Keuper Marls, which attain a great thickness and spread over the greater part of central Warwickshire. The beds consist of red marls and shales frequently mottled and banded of a green colour. Thin seams of gypsum are occasionally met with ; one has been worked at Spernall north of Alcester. Salt beds in the marls have long yielded the brine springs of Droitwich (in Worcestershire). One or more well marked bands of grey sandstone, the Upper 1 ' Warwickshire Coalfield,' p. 38. * ' Geol. of Atherstone,' p. 34. 1 See Huxley, Quart. Joum. Geol. See. xxv. (1869), 138f and xxvi. (1870), 32; also Miall, ibid. xxx. (1874), 4'7- 16 GEOLOGY Keuper Sandstone, occur within the Marls, but they are somewhat impersistent. They are well developed in the neighbourhood of Henley- in-Arden, where they form some picturesque escarpments. These beds received much attention from the late Mr. Brodie of Rowington ; there they have yielded some few fossils, including the heterocercal fish Dictyo- pyge (Palaoniscus) superstes.1 The bivalved phyllopod crustacean Estberia minuta, with remains of fishes (e.g. Acrodus], Labyrinthodon^ reptilian footprints, and plants were found at Shrewley by Mr. Brodie;2 and more recently at the latter place some molluscs, probably marine according to Mr. R. B. Newton,3 were found by Messrs. Brodie and E. P. Richards in some green gritty marls associated with the Upper Keuper Sandstone. The highest beds of the Marl are pale green in colour, the iron oxides not being in a state of complete oxidation. They are generally known as the Tea-green Marls and have in some localities been grouped with the Rhastic beds; but in other districts they are more closely associated with the Keuper. The highest beds of these green marls are succeeded by a thin series of fossiliferous black shales, grey marls, and limestones of marine origin which constitute the Rhastic beds; they form a passage group into the Lias, and generally show a two-fold subdivision : — P. . ( White Lias group; grey shales and limestones. \ Avicula contorta shales; black paper-shales with one or more bone beds and thin seams of yellow sandstone. The whole of the beds are richly fossiliferous ; the characteristic species of the lower part are the lamellibranchs Avicula contorta, Pecten •valoniensis, and Pullastra arenicola. The higher beds or White Lias con- tain Cardium rbceticum, with Ostrea liassica and Modiola minima, allied respectively to our modern oyster and mussel. The bone beds are bands, one or more inches thick, abounding in rolled and broken teeth and bones of fish. In Warwickshire the Rhastic beds are probably present between the Keuper Marls and the Lias from one end of the county to the other ; but the amount of information concerning them is small. At Binton, west of Stratford-on-Avon, they have been described by Dr. Wright * and also by Mr. R. F. Tomes;6 according to the latter the uppermost beds consist of greenish-grey clay,6 succeeded by the Guinea Bed, a hard crystalline limestone one foot thick, deriving its name from its property of ringing under the hammer. This limestone is highly fossiliferous and contains a mixture of Liassic and Rhastic forms, the latter probably incorporated with Liassic forms in their present position by the breaking down of a previously deposited Rhastic bed. On this account Mr. H. B. Woodward would regard the Guinea Bed as the lowest bed of the Lias. Rhaetic beds are known to occur at Wootton Park near Alcester, and at 1 Egerton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sx. xiv. (1858), 164. 2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac. xii. (1856), 374. 3 Journ. Conchology, vii. (1894), 408. 4 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xvi. (1860), 374. 6 Ibid, xxxiv. (1878), 179. 6 See section in H. B. Woodward's ' The Jurassic Rocks of Britain,' Mem. Geol. Survey, iii. 151. i 17 3 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Wilmcote they were excellently exposed in quarries as described by Wright ; the White Lias consisting of hard crystalline limestone, below which follow marls and blackish shales with Estheria minuta and the characteristic Avicula contorta and Pecten -valoniensis. A bone bed has been noted at Temple Grafton. Strickland recorded the presence of black shales and yellow sandstone at Bidford, and Brodie1 has given details of the sections exposed on the Stratford and Fenny Compton railway. The railway section of the Rhstics and Lower Lias at Har- bury, south-east of Leamington, has long been famous ; the yellow sandstone with Estheria minuta is present below the White Lias. Still farther along the base of the Lias the Rhastic beds have been exposed on the London and North- Western railway west of Church Lawford near Rugby ; according to Mr. Woodward 2 they consist of 5 or 6 feet of buff limestones overlying 5 to 8 feet of greenish-grey marl ; the Avicula contorta shales appear to be unrepresented. Brodie3 described two interesting outliers or small isolated patches of Lower Lias and Rhastic beds south-west of Henley-in-Arden, and another, still farther away from the main tract, at Knowle. The Rha;tic beds of these outliers have yielded some of the usual characteristic fos- sils. The Knowle outlier which is situated some 10 miles to the north of the main Liassic tract is interesting as showing the former extension of these beds in a northerly direction ; Dr. Lloyd of Leamington seems to have been the first to detect its existence. The Lias limestones were formerly wrought by shafts. The Rhstic shales contain a band of yellow micaceous sandstone with the fossil bivalve Pullastra arenico/a, and were noted by Brodie as exposed in the banks of the canal. From the foregoing details of the Warwickshire Rhaetic beds it would appear that they do not present anything like the full develop- ment as exhibited in the classic sections of Penarth or Aust on the shores of the Bristol Channel ; as Mr. Woodward * points out, ' there is a development of sandy beds, the black shales are very thin in places, and near Church Lawford they are absent; again, the White Lias north of Harbury is somewhat sandy, it shows current-bedding and ripple-marks, and is itself occasionally nodular,' and he concludes that the beds of our district were laid down not far from a local margin of the deposit. By the end of the Keuper Marl period the general subsidence of the whole British area which had been going on from the close of the Bunter epoch had resulted in the submergence of the barriers which had hitherto kept out the sea; this now gained access to our district, and with it the period of the desert and lacustrine Red Rocks came to an end; and henceforward marine deposits alone were laid down over the site of the future Warwickshire. As we have seen, the first of these consists of the Rhatic limestones and shales which serve merely as an introduction to the Lias. ' Quart. Journ. Gtol. Soc. XH. (1874), 746. » Op. cit. p. 162. Quart. -Journ. Geol. Soc. xxi. (1865), 159. < Op. cit. p. 151. 18 GEOLOGY JURASSIC The Lower Lias succeeds the Rhastic without any marked inter- ruption ; locally there may have been some little breaking up of pre- viously formed beds, brought about perhaps by changes of current, but on the whole the Lias came in quietly. The formation occupies much of the southern part of the county. The basement beds consist usually of even-bedded blue limestones and dark shales in thin alternating bands ; certain of the limestones and others which belong to the underlying White Lias contain numerous remains of insects and have long been known through the researches of Brodie as the Insect Beds. Throughout the Warwickshire area the beds are especially rich in species of the lamellibranchs Cardinia and Hippopodium, and the lowest layers abound in the small oyster Osfrea liassica. But it has been found that the ammonites more than any other fossil exhibit a succession of species each of which characterizes a certain part of the formation ; and we thus are enabled to subdivide the Lias into a number of ' zones," of which the lowest is that of Ammonites planorbis. In the district between Evesham and Stratford-on-Avon many sections of the A. planorbis beds have been described, notably by Mr. R. F. Tomes, the Rev. P. B. Brodie and Dr. Wright. At Binton the lowest layer, known as the Guinea Bed (see p. 17), by its peculiar character seems to imply some amount of local interruption in the processes which deposited the lowest limestones and clays of the Lias, which usually follow the Rhastic without any break. At Wilmcote the lowest beds have been extensively quarried and have yielded A. planorbis, A. jo&nsfoni, the crustaceans Glyphea and Eryon and also bones of saurians. The Lower Lias limestones are exposed in the railway cuttings between Stratford-on-Avon and Eatington and were described by Brodie.1 Near the station north of Upper Eatington, beds characterized by abun- dant specimens of Lima are exposed in a cutting some 60 feet deep ; and at Kineton the cuttings show limestones and shales containing among other fossils A . angu/atus, Gryphaa arcuata and several species of Lima ; the beds here evidently belong to the zone of A. angu/atus, which succeeds that of A. planorbis. At Harbury are extensive lime and cement works in the same zone. In the adjacent railway cutting it appears that the zone of A. planorbis^ usually rich in limestone bands, is represented by about 30 feet of blue clays and shales;2 the overlying limestones have yielded remains of the saurians Ichthyosaurus and P/esiosaurus, the fish Acrodus, several species of ammonites, including A. bucklandi^ together with lamellibranch shells and crinoids. Beyond Harbury the limestones of the zones of A. angu/atus and A. bucklandi have been wrought at numerous localities towards Rugby. The highest beds of the Lower Lias were formerly well exposed in the railway cutting south of Fenny Compton station, and have been > Quart. Jout-n. Gtol. SK. xxx. (1874), 746. » Woodward, op. cit. pp. 159, 160. 19 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE described by Beesley.1 They consist of shales with bands and nodules of limestone, and contain the zone ammonites A. armatus, A. jamesoni and A. ibex, as well as numerous belemnites, the dart-like internal hard part of a cuttle-fish. Near Rugby the lowest beds of the Lower Lias were cut through by the Birmingham railway west of Church Lawford, and appear to consist of paper-shales instead of the usual limestones. But an excellent section of some 70 feet of the overlying limestones and clays belong- ing to the zones of A. angulatus and A. bucklandi is afforded by the Victoria quarry about a mile north-west of Rugby ; the beds which are worked for blue lias lime and cement have yielded remains of saurians, with ammonites, lamellibranch shells and crinoids.2 In a pit north of Newbold Grange the beds are folded up into a sharp saddle or anticline. Several brickyards about Rugby and Hill Moreton afford sections of higher divisions with A. semicostatus, A. brevispina, etc. ; and a deep well south-east of Rugby proved 458 feet of Lower Lias beds. The two outlying patches of Rhaetic and Lias beds south-west of Henley-in-Arden and also that at Knowle have yielded various character- istic fossils, and the limestones were formerly worked. Insect limestones are present, and Brodie 3 records that at Knowle the ' firestones ' and ' guinea bed ' were formerly quarried by a shaft and yielded the usual fossils, of which may be mentioned A . planorbis, Ostrea tiassica, and bones of Ichthyosaurus. By the close of the Lower Lias period the sea had become shallower, and we find that much sandy matter was deposited ; this forms in part the Middle Lias. These beds consist of a lower series of bluish-grey micaceous marls and clays and laminated calcareous sands and clays with layers of limestone and calcareous sandstone ; these softer beds are over- lain by a rocky band of tough iron-shot and earthy limestone known as the Marlstone.4 The latter especially is rich in fossils, and Ammonites spinatus and A. margaritatus characterize the rock, the former being restricted to the higher beds. In addition to these ammonites there are several species of belemnites, a number of lamellibranchs, and the star- fish-like Ophioderma egertoni and O. milleri. The Middle Lias enters the south-western edge of the county near Chipping Campden, where the Marlstone has been quarried at various points round Ebrington Hill ; the whole group there attains a thickness of about 150 feet. In the direction of Stow-on-the-Wold however this becomes reduced, and the bold escarpment gradually disappears.6 It reappears however at Little Compton in the extreme south of the county, and thence can be followed north-eastwards towards Edge Hill. Sections in the Middle Lias were opened up during the construction of the tunnel on the Banbury and Cheltenham railway north of Chipping ' Proc. Warwickshire Nat. Club (1877), p. i. « Woodward, op. cit. p. 163. Quart Journ. Gtol. Soc. xxi. (1865), 159 ; also xxx. (1874), 746. Woodward, op. cit. p. 185. * Howell in Hull's « Geol. of Cheltenham,' Mem. Geol. Survey, p. 19. 20 GEOLOGY Norton, and according to Mr. Beesley the Marlstone was 1 1 feet thick, while the underlying shaly and sandy beds were 16 feet in thickness.1 The lower beds yielded numerous fossils including fine specimens of Cypricardia. North-west of Banbury the Marlstone rock bed is very well de- veloped and forms a plateau which rises gradually from an altitude of 500 feet at that town to the famous escarpment of Edge Hill, 710 feet above sea-level. The rock forms a rich brown arable soil specially suitable for wheat growing. At Edge Hill the stone is a tough earthy limestone of brown and greenish hues, used for building, paving and road stone, and it has a thickness of 25 feet. There are large quarries on Burton Dassett Hill, a few miles to the north-east, while outliers of the beds occur at Bodington, Napton, and Upper Shuckburgh. The Liassic sea now became deeper again, and we have the clayey series of the Upper Lias thrown down in the quiet waters. These beds consist chiefly of bluish-grey clay and shale with nodules of clayey lime- stone. The basement beds are pale earthy limestones, frequently nodular, and their junction with the Middle Lias is generally well marked. The organic remains include various fishes, and the ammonites A, annulatus, A. fibulatus, A. serpentinus and A. communis ; belemnites occur, together with numerous bivalve shells, and several insects, notably some allied to the dragonflies. Near Ilmington the thickness of the Upper Lias has been estimated by Mr. S. G. Hamilton at 1 20 feet ; at the tunnel north of Chipping Norton, according to Mr. Beesley, it is about 36 feet, while near Ban- bury it increases to about 60 feet. It occurs in the form of numerous outliers and in valley bottoms northwards of Chipping Norton towards Tysoe, and Upper Lias fossils have been found by Mr. Brodie in crevices of the Marlstone rock bed on Edge Hill,2 while still farther north there is an outlier of Upper Lias, capped by Northampton Sands, on the hills near Burton Dassett. At the close of the Liassic period a shallowing of the sea appears to have set in, caused presumably by movements of uplift ; the climate was warm and the waters of the sea were favourable to the existence of vast numbers of aquatic animals whose remains make up a large part of the succeeding Oolitic rocks. The Inferior Oolite Series is found in outlying patches near Ilming- ton and also in the south of the county along the eastern side of the Vale of Moreton. The series consists of two sub-divisions, the Midford Sands below and the Inferior Oolite above. The Midford or Cotteswold Sands form a passage bed between the Lias and the Oolites ; the materials of which they are made up and the fossils found in them exhibit a gradual change from the conditions which prevailed during the formation of the Upper Lias to those under which the Oolites were deposited. The beds, 30 to 1 50 feet thick, consist of 1 Woodward, op. cit. pp. 221, 222. * Woodward, op. cit. p. 270. 21 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE sandy strata with concretions of calcareous sandstone, and these are capped in the Cotteswold Hills to the south by a brown marly and ferruginous limestone, 4 to 16 feet thick, abounding in remains of cephalopoda — ammonites, belemnites and nautili — and hence known as the Cephalopoda Bed. The rocks are characterized by the ammonites A. jurensis and A. ofa/inus, and by the bivalve Rhynchonella cynocephala, the fauna belonging partly to the Lias and partly to the Oolite, or in Professor Phillips' words, ' before the Liassic life has come to an end the Oolitic life has begun.' Around Ebrington Hill, on the western side of the Vale of Moreton, the Midford Sands are not exposed, being presumably concealed beneath the debris of the overlying beds. They are traceable however south- wards along the edge of the main Oolite tract to the vicinity of Stow- on-the-Wold, but north-east of that locality they are not to be identified. The Inferior Oolite consists of buff and brown oolitic and ferrugi- nous limestone with local beds of clay, marl and sand.1 The character- istic zonal ammonites A. murcbisontz, A. humphriesianus and A. parkinsoni have not been found in Warwickshire. The few fossils recorded include bivalve shells such as Trigonia, Pecten and Terebratula, and the sea-urchin Clypeus ploti. The Inferior Oolite forms two small outliers on Ebrington Hill ; the rocks there consist of yellow and brown sandy and oolitic limestone, often banded with iron compounds, and they have been wrought for freestone. It is evident that while the marine limestones were being laid down the area was invaded by currents bearing much sand in sus- pension ; for Professor Judd records that in one section yellow and ferruginous sands of the type of the Northampton Sands can be seen to pass into oolitic limestone in a distance of 40 yards.2 Crossing to the eastern side of the Vale of Moreton it appears that the county boundary just includes some of the Inferior Oolite and Great Oolite strata in the form of outlying strips and patches, extending from Little Compton to the vicinity of Compton Winyate. The In- ferior Oolite of this district comprises some very variable beds, consisting of calcareous sandstones and oolitic and sandy limestones, where the Cotteswold type passes into the Northamptonshire type. Our know- ledge of this area is largely due to the researches of Messrs. T. Beesley, W. H. Hudleston, E. A. Walford, and J. Windoes. Portions of the Inferior Oolite and of the succeeding Great Oolite were grouped together on the Geological Survey map as Northampton Sand, but it is now known that this formation belongs to the lower part of the Inferior Oolite. North-east of Bright Hill (south of Long Compton) the In- ferior Oolite is represented in part by the Clypeus Grit, the Northamp- ton Sand below resting directly on the Upper Lias. It may be of interest to note that the standing stones north of Little Rollwright, known as the 1 See H. B. Woodward, ' The Jurassic Rocks of Britain,' Mem. Geol. Survey, iv. 148. * H. B. Woodward, op. cit. p. 14.2. 22 GEOLOGY Rollwright or Rollerich Stones, are masses of one of the higher Inferior Oolite limestones distinguished as the Chipping Norton Limestone.1 The county boundary just includes areas of the Northampton Sands south and east of Long Compton, near Whichford and near Epwell ; and there are several small outliers in the same neighbourhood. According to Professor Judd, the beds forming these tracts consist of limestone, sands and ironstones. In the outlier west of Whichford, beds of white freestone are underlain by sands.2 The higher clayey and calcareous beds of the Great Oolite just enter the county in a long faulted strip east of Whichford, and again as an outlier, partly let down by faults, to the east of Compton Winyate. At Traitor's Ford east of Whichford the beds consist of marly limestone and oolite ; while east of Compton Winyate they are very similar.3 The lowest beds usually consist of clay with Osfrea and Gervillia, and may represent the Upper Estuarine Series of the midland counties. PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT The deposits in our district which next succeed to those last described are certain irregular patches of sand, gravel, and stony clay which lie sporadically over the edges and fill up hollows in the surface of the older rocks. They belong to a time so long subsequent to the formation of the Oolitic beds that during the interval the Upper Jurassic rocks and some of the Cretaceous were not only deposited to the thick- ness of several thousand feet over a slowly sinking sea bottom, but were subsequently by gradual upheavals of the earth crust raised above the sea-level and worn down by rain and rivers to a surface configuration much the same as obtains at the present time. Over the irregular land surface so produced were strewn the glacial deposits or Drift, the pro- ducts of glaciers and ice-sheets which at this time spread over much of the northern hemisphere. By the combined influence of astronomical causes and geographical changes the temperature had become reduced ; the moisture falling on the earth's surface accumulated as snow ; the separate tracts of permanent snow invaded the intermediate ground till at the maximum much of the northern hemisphere was buried under a thick pall of ice, which over Britain extended as far south as the valley of the Thames. As has been shown by the researches of local glaciologists — notably Dr. Crosskey, D. Mackintosh, and Mr. W. J. Harrison — the Midlands were the meeting-place of three great glaciers;4 one descended from the Arenig mountains in north Wales and entered our district by way of the Vale of Llangollen and the plain of Shropshire, scattering blocks of Arenig rocks about the country between Birmingham and Bromsgrove. The second or Irish Sea Glacier was made up of confluent ice-flows from the 1 H. B. Woodward, op. cit. pp. 151-2. * H. B. Woodward, op. cit. p. 156. 3 H. B. Woodward, op. cit. pp. 333, 335. 4 For an excellent summary on the Glacial Geology of the Birmingham District see W. J. Harrison, Proc. Geol. Assoc. xv. (1898), 400. 23 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE south of Scotland and the Lake District ; it extended in the direction of Warwickshire as far south as Lichfield, and all along its terminal line — notably in the neighbourhood of Wolverhampton — are found great numbers of granite and other boulders. The third or North Sea Glacier issued from the North Sea, and part of it invaded the Yorkshire coast, passed over the Lincolnshire chalk country, and made its way inland to the high ground of Charnwood Forest. Here it seems to have divided to some extent into lobes ; one travelling southwards by Leicester and Rugby got as far as the valley of the Thames, while another made its way to the south-west into the Avon valley, leaving abundant traces in the form of chalk debris and pieces of flint scattered over the surface or embodied in its gravelly and clayey deposits even as far as the vicinity of Chipping Campden.1 Traces of the debris carried by all these ice- flows have been met with in our district, though our knowledge of these deposits so far as Warwickshire is concerned is at present very incom- plete, for no one observer has investigated the whole of them, and their superficial limits have only very partially been determined.2 We are therefore compelled to treat the subject more or less bibliographically. One of the earliest investigators was Buckland,8 who noticed the abundance of gravel containing well rounded quartzite pebbles scattered over the surface of the Midlands at various localities extending eastwards and southwards of the Lickey district in north Worcestershire, particu- larly at Coleshill and along the Lias plain near Shipston-on-Stour. He traced these gravels down the Avon valley from Stratford to Evesham and thence eastwards by Kineton, with prolongations southwards along the Cherwell and Evenlode valleys. He recognized that these gravels were largely derived — as he thought by the waters of the ' deluge ' — from the Bunter pebble beds of the Trias. At the same time he recorded the occurrence of fragments of igneous and metamorphic rocks with chalk and chalk flints, while south-east of Shipston-on-Stour he noted pieces of red chalk like that of Lincolnshire. These early observations alone are sufficient to show that some form of transportive agency entered the district from two different directions : from the north-east, and from the north or north-west. Strickland 4 made some valuable observations on the drifts of the district ; he pointed out that they are divisible into several types : first is the quartzose drift which occurs on some of the hill tops, contains no mammalian remains, and was apparently derived from the north. The second or flinty type (equivalent probably to the chalky boulder clay) is very prevalent in the east of the county and near Rugby, extending thence along the base of the Oolite hills to the Vale of Shipston ; it covers some of the hills to a considerable depth, contains many chalk 1 See G. E. Gavey, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. ix. (1853), 29; also H. B. Woodward, Gcol, Mag. (1897), p. 485. » For a very foil list of papers on this subject see 'A Bibliography of Midland Glaciology,' by Mr. W. J. Harrison in Prix. Birm. Nat. Hist, and Phil Soc. ix. (i 8, Murr. [all] POLYGALE.K Polygala vulgaris, L. 1—9 — oxyptera, Reich. 7 — depressa, Wend. I, 2, 3, 6-9 CARYOPHYLLE.* Dianthus Armeria, L. 4, 6, 7, 9 — [deltoides], L. i, 4 Saponaria officinalis, L. i, 4, 9 b. hybrida, L. 6 Silene Cucubalus, Wibel. 1-5, 7, 10 b. puberula, Syme. 2, 4, 10 — anglica, L. I, 2, 4 — [nutans], L. i — noctiflora, L. 4, 9 Lychnis vespertina, L. [all] — diurna, Sibth. [all] - Flos-cuculi, L. [all] Githago segetum, Desf. [all] Cerastium quarternellum, Fenzl. 1-3, 6, 8 — semidecandrum, L. 2, 4, 8 — glomeratum, Thuill. [all] — triviale, Link, [all] — arvense, L. 2, 4, 6 Stellaria aquatica, Scop, [all] — nemorum, L. 7, 9 - media, Vill. [all] b. neglecta, Weihe. 1-5, 8, 10 — umbrosa, Opitz, 2, 6—8 — Holostea, L. [all] — palustris, Ehrh. 4, 8, 9 — graminea, L. [all] — uliginosa, Murr. [all] Arenaria trinervia, L. [all] - serpyllifolia, L. [all] var. leptoclados, Guss. [all] — tenuifolia, L. 3, 4 Sagina apetala, L. [all] - ciliata, Fries, i, 2 - procumbens, L. [all] - nodosa, E. Mey. I, 2 Spergula vulgaris, Boenn. [all] — sativa, Boenn. I, 2, 4, 6, 7 Spergularia rubra, Pers. 1-6, 8, 9 PORTULACEJE Montia fontana, L. 1-4, 6-9 var. rivularis, Gmel. I, 2 [Claytonia perfoliata], Don. i ELATINE/E Elatine hexandra, DC. 2 HYPERICINE.K Hypericum Androsaemum, L. 2, 4, 6 — perforatum, L. [all] — quadrangulum, L. [all] var. maculatum, Bab. i, 2, 4 — tetrapterum, Fries, [all] — humifusum, L. 1—6, 8, 9 — pulchrum, L. [all] — hirsutum, L. 2—10 — elodes, Huds. i, 2 BOTANY MALVACEJB Malva sylvestris, L. [all] — rotundifolia, L. [all] — moschata, L. [all] TILIACEJE Tilia parvifolia, Ehrh. 3, 4, 6, 9 — platyphyllos, Scop. 2, 6 [ — vulgaris], Hayne. [all] loam Linum catharticum, L. [all] [ — usitatissimum], L. I, 4-6, 9 Radiola linoides, Gmel. z, 4, 6, 8 GERANIACE/E Geranium sylvaticum, L. r, 9 — pratense, L. 2— 10 b. alba. 4 — perenne, Huds. 2, 4, 6, 7 [— Phaeum], L. i, 2, 4-6, 8 - molle, L. [all] — pusillum, L. 1,2, 4, 6, 8, 9 — columbinum, L. I, 4, 5, 9 — dissectum, L. [all] — Robertianum, L. [all] var. flore-albo, 2, 4 — lucidum, L. 1-6, 9 Erodium cicutarium, L'Herit. i, 2, 4-6 var. ch. verticillacantha, Merat. [all] q. collina, Jacq. 1-3, 6, 8 /. caesia, Sm. 1-6, 8 /. concinna, Baker. 2, 3, 8 «. decipiens, Dum. 1-4, 6, 9 f. glauca, Vill. 1-7 w. subcristata, Baker. 2-10 x. coriifolia, Fr. i, 3-5 y. Watsoni, Baker. 1-3, 7, 8 z. Borreri, Woods. 2-5 "a. Bakeri, Desegl. 3, 4 "b. marginata, Wallr. 2, 4-6, 8, 9 — systyla, Bast. 4, 5, 8 b. gallicoides, Baker. 4 — arvensis, Huds. [all] — bibracteata, Bast. 2-9 Pyrus communis, L. 4-10 b. Achras, Gacrt. 5, 7, 8 - Malus, a. acerba, DC. [all] b. mitis, Wallr. i, 3, 4-8 BOTANY Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh. 2—4, 8, 9 — Aria, Sm. 1-7, 9 — Aucuparia, Gaert. 1-9 Crataegus Oxyacantha, L. 2-10 var. monogyna, Jacq. [all] SAXIFRAGES Saxifraga tridactylites, L. [all] — granulata, L. [all] Chrysosplenium alternifolium, L. 1,2, 4> 6 — oppositifolium, L. 1-4, 6-9 Parnassia palustris, L. i, 2, 4, 6, 7 Ribes Grossularia, L. 1,2, 4, 5, 8, 9 [ — alpinum], L. I — rubrum, L. 2-5, 10 — nigrum, L. 1,3, 6, 7, 9 CRASSULACEJE Cotyledon Umbilicus, L. 2-4 Sedum Telephium, L. 2, 4, 6-8 — album, L. 2-4, 6-8 - acre, L. 2-4, 7-10 - reflexum, b. albescens, Haw. 2-9 [Sempervivum tectorum], L. i, 3, 4, 6, 7 DROSERACE./E Drosera rotundifblia. i, 2 HALORAGEJE Hippuris vulgaris, L. 3-6, to Myriophyllum verticillatum, L. 2, 4, 6, 8 var. pectinatum, DC. 6 — alterniflorum, DC. 1-8, 10 - spicatum, L. i, 2, 4, 7, 9 Callitriche verna, L. 4, 7 — platycarpa, Kuetz. [all] — hamulata, Kuetz. [all] - obtusangula, Leg. 1-8, 10 LYTHRARIE/E Lythrum Salicaria, L. [all] Peplis Portula, L. 1-9 ONAGRARIEJE Epilobium angustifolium, L. 2-7 var. brachycarpum, Leight. i, 2 - hirsutum, L. [all] — parviflorum, Schreb. [all] - montanum, L. [all] — roseum, Schreb. [all] — tetragonum, L. i, 4— 10 — obscurum, Schreb. 1-9 - palustre, L. [all] [CEnothera biennis], L. 2, 4, 6, 9 Circaea lutetiana, L. [all] [* — alpina]. 2 CUCURBITACEJE Bryonia dioica, L. [all] UMBELLIFERJE Hydrocotyle vulgaris, L. 1-8 Sanicula europaea, L. [all] Conium maculatum, L. [all] Bupleurum rotundifolium, L. 4-9 Apium graveolens, L. 4, 5, 7 Apium nodiflorum, Reichb. [all] b. repens, Koch, i, 2, 4, 6, 9 - inundatum, Reichb. 1-4, 6, 7, 9 [Carum Petroselinum], Benth. 4, 6 — segetum, Benth. 4, 5, 7 [— Carui], L. i, 2, 4, 6 Sison Amomum, L. 2-10 Slum erectum, Huds. [all] ^Egopodium Podagraria, L. [all] Pimpinella Saxifraga, L. [all] b. dissecta, Retz. 4, 5, 7 — major, Huds. 1-4, 6, 8, 9 Conopodium denudatum, Koch, [all] Myrrhis odorata, Scop, i, 2, 9 Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L. [all] Chasrophyllum temulum, L. [all] Anthriscus vulgaris, Pers. 2, 4, 6, 9 — sylvestris, Hoffm. [all] [Fceniculum officinale], All. 4, 5 CEnanthe fistulosa, L. 1-8 - Lachenalii, Gmel. 4, 5, 7, 8 - peucedanifolia. Poll, i, 4, 8 - crocata, L. i, 2 - Phellandrium, Lamk. 4, 9 - fluviatilis, Colem. 3-6 ^Ethusa Cynapium, L. [all] Silaus pratensis, Besser. [all] Angelica sylvestris, L. [all] Peucedanum sativum, Benth. 4, 5, 7-10 Heracleum Sphondylium, L. [all] b. angustifolium, Sm. 4, 7-10 Daucus Carota, L. [all] Caucalis daucoides, L. 4, 8, 9 — • Anthriscus, Huds. [all] - arvensis, Huds. [all] - nodosa, Scop. I, 4, 5, 8 ARALIACEJE Hedera Helix. L. [all] Cornus sanguinea, L. [all] CAPRIFOLIACE^E Sambucus Ebulus, L. 2-4, 7, 8 — nigra, L. [all] Viburnum Lantana, L. 4, 5, 7-10 - Opulus, L. 1-9 Adoxa Moschatellina, L. 1,2, 4-9 Lonicera Periclymenum, L. [all] Galium verum, L. [all] - Cruciata, Scop, [all] - palustre, L. [all] b. elongatum, Presl. [all] e. Withering!!, Sm. 1-4, 6-10 - uliginosum, L. 1-8 - saxatile, L. [all] — Mollugo, L. 2, 4, 5, 7-10 — erectum, Huds. 2, 4, J, 8-10 — Aparine, L. [all] - tricorne, With. 4, 5, 7-9 Asperula odorata, L. 1-9 — cynanchica, L. 8 Sherardia arvensis, L. [all] 45 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Carduus crispus, L. [all] b. polyanthemos, Koch. 4-6, 8, 10 c. acanthoides, L. 4-6, 8, 10 Cnicus lanceolatus, Hoffm. [all] — eriophorus, Hoffm. 4-10 — acaulis, Hoffm. 4-8 — arvensis, Hoffm. [all] b. setosus, Bess. 4 — palustris, Hoffm. [all] - pratensis, Willd. 1-6, 8, 9 Onopordon Acanthium, L. 4-9 [Silybum Marianum], Gaertn. 4, 9 Cichorium Intybus, L. 1-5, 7-9 Lapsana communis, L. [all] Picris hieracioides, L. 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 - echioides, L. 4, 5, 7-9 Crepis virens, L. [all] — biennis, L. 4, 5 - taraxacifolia, Thuill. 4 [— setosa], Haller fil. 4 - paludosa, Mcench. i Hieracium Pilosella, L. [all] — murorum, L. 8 — vulgatum, Fr. 1-9 — maculatum, Sm. 3, 4 — umbellatum, L. 1-5, 7 — boreal e, Fries. 1-9 - tridentatum, Fries. 3, 7, 9 Hypochceris glabra, L. i - radicata, L. [all] Leontodon hirtus, L. [all] - hispidus, L. [all] - autumnalis, L. [all] Taraxacum officinalis, Web. [all] b. erythrospermum, Andrz. 1-8, 10 c. palustris, DC. 1-4, 6-10 d. laevigatum DC. i, 4-6, 10 Lactuca muralis, Fresen. 1-6, 8, 9 - virosa, L. 2, 4-6, 10 Sonchus arvensis, L. [all] - oleraceus, L. [all] - asper, Hoffm. [all] Tragopogon pratensis, L. 2, 4, 5, 8-10 b. minor, Fries, [all] CAMPANULACE.S Jasione montana, L. i, 4-6 Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reich, i, 3 Campanula rotundifolia, L. [all] [ — Rapunculus], L. 3-6 - patula, L. 1-4, 6-9 - latifolia, L. [all] - Trachelium, L. i, 4-10 - glomerata, L. 4, 5, 8-1 o Specularia hybrida, DC. 2, 4, 5, 8, 9 ERICACEAE Vaccinium Myrtillus, L. 1-3, 6, 8, 9 — Vitis-Idsa, L. i, 2 - Oxycoccos, L. i, 2 Erica Tetralix, L. 1,2, 4-6, 9 - cinerea, L. 1-3, 6-9 Calluna vulgaris, Salis. 1-9 b. incana, Auct. i, 2 Pyrola minor ? Sw. 2 — media, Sw. z Valerians dioica, L. 1-6, 8-10 — officinale, a. Mikani, Wats. I, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9 b. sambucifolia, Mikan. [all] Valerianella olitoria, Maench. [all] — Auricula, DC. 4, 8 — dentata, Poll. 1-8, 10 DIPSACE.* Dipsacus sylvestris, L. [all] - pilosus, L. [all] Scabiosa succisa, L. [all] — Columbaria, L. 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 — arvensis, L. [all] COMPOSITE Eupatorium cannabinum, L. 1,2, 4-6, 8, 9 Solidago Virgaurea, L. I, 2, 4, 6 Bellis perennis, L. [all] Erigcron acre, L. 4-6, 8 Filago germanica, L. [all] - minima, Fries. 2, 6 Gnaphalium uliginosum, L. [all] b. pilulare, Wahl. 4 - sylvaticum, L. 2-4, 6, 9 Inula Helenium, L. I, 4, 8, 9 - Conyza, DC. I, 4, 6-9 Pulicaria dysenterica, Gcertn. [all] - vulgaris, Goertn. i, 4 Bidens cernua, L. i, 2, 4-10 - tripartita, L. 1,2, 4, 6-8, 10 Achillea Millefolium, L. [all] - Ptarmica, L. 1-6, 8-10 Anthemis arvensis, L. 1,2, 4, 5, 7, 9 - Cotula, L. [all] - nobilis, L. 8 Matricaria Chamomilla, L. [all] - inodora, L. [all] Chrysanthemum segetum, L. 1,2, 4, 6-8 - Leucanthcmum, L. [all] [— Parthenium], Pers. 1-4, 7, 8, 10 Tanacetum vulgare, L. 2-4, 6, 8, 9 Artemisia vulgaris, L. [all] b. coarctata, Forcell. 4, 5, 7 Petasites vulgaris, Desf. 2-4, 6-10 [ — albus], Goertn. 3, 4 Tussilago Farfara, L. [all] Senecio vulgaris, L. [all] - sylvaticus, L. 1-4, 6-9 - Jacobaea, L. [all] - erucifolius, L. 1-9 - aquaticus, Huds. [all] [ — squalidus], L. 4-6 Arctium majus, Schk. 1-5, 7_,o - nemorosum, Lej. jt jt g - intermedium, Lange. 1-8 - minus, Schk. [all] Carlina vulgaris, L. i, 4, 5, 7_g Centaurea nigra, L. [all] forma radiata. 2, 4, 5, 7_IO Scabiosa, L. z-io --CyanusL. 1,2,4,9 [ — solstitiahs], L. 4 7 Serratula tinctoria, L. 1-9 Carduus nutans, L. 1-8, 10 46 BOTANY MONOTROPEJS Hypopithys multiflora. 3, 4 PRIMULACEJE Primula vulgaris, Huds. [all] b. caulescens, Bab. i, 2, 4, 6-8 c. intermedia, Bab. i, 2, 4, 7-9 — veris, L. [all] Lysimachia vulgaris, L. 1,2, 4-7 — nemorum, L. [all] — Nummularia, L. 1-9 Centunculus minimus, L. I, 2, 6, 9 Anagallis arvensis, L. [all] b. caerulea, Schreb. i, 4-9 — tenella, L. 1-3, 6 Hottonia palustris, L. i Samolus Valerandi, L. 4, 5, 7, 8 Oi.EACE.ffi Ligustrum vulgare, L. [all] Fraxinus excelsior, L. [all] ApocYNACE.ffi Vinca minor, L. 1—4, 6, 7 — major, L. 1,2, 4, 6, 7-9 GENTIANE/E Chlora perfoliata, L. I, 3-5, 7-9 Erythraea Centaurium, Pers. [all] - pulchella, Fries. 4, 5 Gentiana Atnarella, L. 4, 6-8 Menyanthes trifoliata, L. 1-3, 6, 8 [Limnanthemum peltatum], Gmel. 2, 4 BORACIN&K Echium vulgare, L. 1,2, 4, 6, 8, 10 Symphytum officinale, L. 1-7, 9 b. patent, Sibth. 6, 7 [Borago officinalis], L. 2-5, 7, 9 Anchusa sempervirens, L. i, 4, 6, 10 — arvensis, Bieb. i— 8 Lithospermum officinale, L. 4-9 — arvense, 2, 4-6, 8, 10 [Pulmonaria officinalis], L. 2-4 Myosotis palustris, With, [all] b. strigulosa, Reich. 2, 5, 7, 8 — repens, D. Don. i, 2 — csespitosa, Schultz. [all] — sylvatica, Hoffm. 1-4, 8, 9 - arvensis, Hoffm. [all] — var. umbrosa, Bab. [all] — collina, Hoffm. 1-4, 6-9 — versicolor, Reichb. I, 2, 4-9 Cynoglossum officinale, L. i, 4-8 — montanum, Lamk. 4, 6 CONVOLVULACK.K Calystegia sepium, L. [all] Convolvulus arvensis, L. [all] Cuscuta europza, L. 2, 5, 6, 7 — Epithymum, Murr. 4 — Epilinum, Weihe. 4 [— Trifolii], Bab. 2, 4, 6 SoLANACEJE Hyoscyamus niger, L. 4, 7~9 Solatium Dulcamara, L. [all] — nigrum, L. 4 Atropa Belladonna, L. i, 2, 3, 8 Pl.ANTACINE.ffi Plantago major, L. [all] — media, L. 2—5, 7-10 — lanceolata, L. [all] b. Timbali, Jord. i, 4, 5 — Coronopus, L. 1-3, 6, 9 Littorella lacustris, L. 1,2 SCROPHULARINEJE Verbascum Thapsus, L. i, 2, 4, 6-9 - nigrum, L. 4-6 [ — virgatum], With. 4 [ — Blattaria], L. 4, 9 Linaria Cymbalaria, Chav. 1-7, 9, 10 - spuria, Mill. 4, 5, 7-9 - Elatine, Mill. 2, 4-9 — repens, Ait. 8 — vulgaris, Mill, [all] — minor. Desf. 2, 4, 5, 7-9 Antirrhinum Orontium, L. 4, 7 [ — majus], L. i, 2, 4, 6 Scrophularia nodosa, L. [all] - aquatica, L. [all] — umbrosa, Dum. 4 Limosella aquatica, L. 2, 3, 6, 8 Digitalis purpurea, L. 1-6, 8, 9 Veronica agrestis, L. [all] — Buxbaumii. Ten. [all] — hedersfolia, L. [all] — arvensis, L. [all] - — serpyllifolia, L. [all] — officinalis, L. [all] — Chamaedrys, L. [all] — montana, L. 1-4, 6, 8 - scutellata, L. 1-4, 6-9 - Beccabunga, L. [all] - Anagallis, L. 1-9 Bartsia Odontites a. verna, Reichb. [all] b. serotina, Reichb. i, 2, 4, 5, 7-10 Euphrasia officinalis, L. [all] var. gracilis. Fries. 2, 4, 7, 9 Pedicularis palustris, L. i, 2, 6, 8 - sylvatica, L. 1-9 Melampyrum pratense, L. 1-9 Rhinanthus Crista-galli, L. [all] Lathryaea squamaria, L. 3 OROBANCHE.K Orobanche major, L. 2, 4, 6, 9 — elatior, Sutt. 2, 3, 6 — minor, Sutt. 4, 6 LENTIBULARINEJE Pinguicula vulgaris, L. I, 2, 3 Utricularia vulgaris, L. i, 2, 4, 6 — minor, L. i VERBENACE.* Verbena officinalis, L. 3-7, 9 47 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE LABIAT/K Mcntha sylvestris, L. 4, 8 var. alopecuroides, Hull. 4 - rotundifolia, L. i - piperita, a. officinaRs, Hull. 1-4, 7-9 b. vulgarii, Sole. 2, 4 — aquatica, a. hirsute, L. [all] - sativa, a. rivalis, Lond. Cat. [all] b. paludoia, Sole. 2, 3, 5, 6 c. tubglabra, Baker. 2, 3, 6 - rubra, Sm. 2, 4-6 - gracilis, Sm. 6 - gentilis, L. 6 - arvensis, L. 1-6, 8, 9 - Pulegium, L. i, 6 Lycopus europxus, L. [all] Origanum vulgare, L. 4, 6 Thymus Serpyllum, L. 1-5, 7-9 - Chamzdrys, Fries. 2, 4-10 Calamintha officinalis, Moench. i, 3, 4, 6-9 var. Brlggiii, Syme. 4, 7, 9 - Clinopodium, Benth. [all] - Acinos, Clairv. i, 2, 4, 5, 7-9 Salvia Verbenaca, L. 3, 4, g - pratensis, L. 4 Nepeta Cataria, L. 2, 4-7, 9 - Glechoma, Benth. [all] var. parviflora, Benth. i, z, 5 Scutellaria galericulata, L. [all] - minor, L. i, z, 6, 8 Prunella vulgaris, L. [all] Marrubium vulgare, L. 4, 5, 9 Stachys sylvatica, L. [all] - palustris, L. [all] - ambigua, Sm. 2, 4, 6, 8-10 - arvensis, L. i, 3, 4, 7, 9 - Betonica, Benth. [all] Galeopsis Ladanum, L. 4, 5, 7-10 - Tetrahit, L. [all] forma speciosa, Mill, i, 2, 4-7, 8, 9 [Leonurus Cardiaca], L. i , 4, 9 Lamium purpureum, L. [all] - hybridum, Vill. 2, 4, 6 - amplexicaule, L. 1,2, 4, 5-7, 10 - album, L. [all] [ — maculatum], L. i, 2, 4, 6 - Galeobdolon, Crantz. [all] Ballota nigra, L. [all] Teucrium Scorodonia, L. [all] Ajuga reptans, L. [all] ILLECEBRACEJE [Herniaria hirsuta], L. 6 Scleranthus annuus, L. 1-4, 6, 7 — biennis, Reut. 4, 6 CHENOPODIACE.S Chenopodium polyspermum, L. 2, 4, 7-0 c. album, L. [all] b. viride, L. [all] c. faganum, Reichb. 1-7 - urbicum, L. i - hybridum, L. 4, 5, 9 - Bonus-Henricus, L. i, 2, 4-7, 9, 10 - rubrum, L. 2, 3, 4, 7 - murale, L. 4 48 Atriplex patula, L. [all] var. erecta, Huds. 4 var. angustifolia, Sm. [all] — hastata, L. 1-4, 10 — triangularis, Willd. I, 2, 4-6 POLYCONACE.S Polygonum Bistorta, L. 1-4, 6-9 - amphibium, L. [all] - lapathifolium, L. 1-9 - maculatum, Dyer & Trim, i , 4 - Persicaria, L. [all] - mite, Schrank. 5 - Hydropiper, L. [all] - minus, Huds. 4 - aviculare, L. [all] a. agrestinum, Jord. [all] b. vulgatum, Syme. [all] t. arenastrum, Boreau. 1-4, 6-8, 10 d. microspermum, Jord. 2-4, 6, 7 e. rurivagum, Jord. 2, 4-7 - Convolvulus, L. [all] [Fagopyrum esculentum], Moench. 1 , 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 Rumex obtusifolius, L. [all] - acutus, L. 2—4, 6-8 - pulcher, L. 4, 5, 7 - maritimus, L. I, 4, 5, 6 - crispus, L. [all] - sanguineus, L. i, 4, 5, 9 b. viridis, Sibth. [all] - conglomerate, Murray, [all] - Hydrolapathum, Huds. 1-6, 8, 9 - Acetosa, L. [all] - Acetosella, L. [all] THYMEL^ACE/E Daphne Laureola, L. 4, 5, 7-9 [ — Mezereum], L. 2, 8 LoRANTHACU Viscum album, L. 1,2, 4, 5, 9 EUPHORBIACE.S Euphorbia Helioscopia, L. [all] - amygdaloides, L. 2-4, 6, 8, 9 - Peplus, L. [all] - exigua, L. [all] [Buxus sempervirens], L. 8 Mercurialis perennis, L. [all] URTICACE.S Ulmus montana, Sm. [all] b. major, Sm. i, 2, 4, 7, 10 t. nitida, Syme. 2, 10 — campestris, Sm. [all] b. glabra, Mill, i, 2, 4, 6, 10 Urtica urens, L. 1,2, 4, 5, 7-9 — dioica, L. [all] b. angustifolia, A. Blytt. 4 Parietaria officinalis, L. 1-6, 8 Humulus Lupulus, L. 1-9 CuFULIFIUI Betula alba, L. [all] - glutinosa, Fries, i, 2, 6, 8, 9 Alnus glutinosa, Gaertn. [all] BOTANY Quercus Robur, a. pedunculata, Ehrh. [all] c. sessiliflora, Salisb. 2—9 Fagus sylvatica, L. [all] Corylus Avellana, L. [all] Carpinus Betulus, L. 1-4, 6, 9 SAUCINEJE Populus alba, L. i , 3-8 — canescens, Sm. 1,2, 4-8 — tremula, L. [all] [— nigra], L. 1-5, 7-9 Salix triandra, L. 2, 4-6, 9, 10 b. Hoffmanniana, Sm. 3-5, 7 c. amygdalina, L. [all] — - pentandra. 1-4, 6, 7, 10 - fragilis, L. [all] var. decipiens, Hoffm. 2-4, 6, 8, 10 var. Russelliana, Sm. i, 4, 6, 8 — alba, L. [all] var. caerulea, Sm. i, 4, 6, 8 var. vitellina, L. 3, 4, 6, 8 — Caprea, L. [all] — cinerea, L. [all] b. aquatica, Sm. 1-6, 9 c. oleifolia, Sm. [all] - aurita, L. [all] — repens, L. 1,2 var. incubacea, Syme. i, 2 var. argentea, Sm. i, 2 — nigricans, Sm. 8 - Damascena, Forbes. 8 - laurina, Sm. 4, 8, 9 — viminalis, L. [all] — Smithiana, Willd. 2-4, 6, 8, 9 — ferruginea, G. Anders. 2, 6 — rugosa, Leefe. 2-6, 8 - acuminata, Sm. 2-4 - purpurea, L. 8 var. Woolgariana, Borr. 8 var. Lambertiana, Sm. 2-5, 8, 9 var. Helix, L. 2-6, 8, 9 CERATOPHYLLE./E Ceratophyllum demersum. 2, 4-6, 8, 10 CONIFERS [Pinus sylvestris], L. [all] Taxus baccata, L. [all] HYDROCHARIDEJE [Elodea canadensis], Michx. [all] ORCHIDE^E Neottia Nidus-avis, L. 1-6, 8, 9 Listera ovata, Br. [all] Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich. 4, 7, 8 Epipactis latifolia, Sw. 1-9 - palustris, Sw. 2, 8, 9 Cephalanthera pallens, Rich. — ensifolia, Rich. 9 Orchis mascula, L. 1-4, 6-10 — latifolia, L. 1,2, 4, 7-9 — incarnata, L. 2, 4, 7 — maculata, L. [all] — Morio, L. 1,2, 4-9 — pyramidalis, L. 4, J, 8, 9 I 10 Ophrys apifera, Huds. I, 4, 5, 8 Habenaria conopsea, Benth. 2, 4, J, 8, 9 - viridis, Br. i, 4, 6, 8, 9 - bifolia, Br. 4 - chlorantha, Bab. 1-4, 5, 8, 9 IRIDEJE Iris Pseud-acorus, L. [all] - fcetidissima, L. 4, 6-9 [Crocus nudiflorus], Sm. 4 AMARYLLIDEJE Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, L. 1,2, 4, 6, 8, 9 — biflorus, Curtis. 3, 6, 8 [ — poeticus], L. 6 Galanthus nivalis, L. i, 6, 9 Leucojum aestivum. 2, 7 DIOSCOREJE Tamus communis, L. [all] LILIACE.S Convallaria majalis, L, 1-6, 8, 9 Allium vineale v. compactum, Thuill. 4-9 - oleraceum, L, 4, ;, 7, 9 - ursinum, L. 1-4, 6-9 Scilla nutans, Sm. [all] Ornithogalum umbellatum, L. 4, 7 Fritillaria Meleagris, L. 3, 4, 8 Tulipa sylvestris, L. i, 2, 4, 6 Gagea lutea, Ker. 1 , 2 Colchicum autumnale, L. 1,2, 4, 6-9 Narthecium ossifragum, Huds. i, 2 Paris quadrifolia, L. 1-6, 8, 9 JUNCEJE Juncus bufonius, L. [all] var. fasciculatus, Koch. I, 2, 8 - squarrosus, L. 1-3, 6, 7 — Gerardi, Loisel. 3-5, 7, 9 - glaucus, Ehrh. [all] - diffusus, Hoppe. 1-4, 6 - effusus, L. [all] - conglomerate, L. [all] - lamprocarpus, Ehrh. [all] - supinus, Moench. 1-3, 6, 7, 9 — obtusiflorus, Ehrh. 4-6, 8, 9 — acutiflorus, Ehrh. [all] Luzula maxima, DC. 1-4, 6, 8, 9 — vernalis, DC. 1-9 - campestris, Willd. [all] — erecta, Desv. [all] TYPHACE.S Sparganium ramosum, Huds. [all] — neglectum, Beeby. 3, 5-8, 10 - simplex, Huds. [all] — minimum, Fries. 2-4, 6 Typha latifolia, L. [all] var. media, Syme. 4, 5 — angustifolia, L. I, 3-6, 8, 10 AROIDEJE Arum maculatum, L. [all] Acorus Calamus, L. 2-6, 10 LEMNACEJE Lemna minor, L. [all] 49 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Lemna trisulca, L. [all] — gibba, L. 1-6, 8, 9 — polyrhiza, L. 1-6 ALISMACEA Alisma Plantago, L. [all] var. lanceolata, With. 1-8 — ranunculoides, L. 3, 7 Sagittaria sagittifolia, L. 1-8 Butomus umbellatus, L. [all] NAIADACE.K Triglochin palustre, L. 1-9 Potamogeton natans, L. [all] — polygonifolius, Pourr. 1-9 - rufescens, Schrad. 2-4-6 — heterophyllus, Schreb. 2 - lucens, L. 2-4, 6, 7, 10 - decipiens, Nolle. 4 - perfoliatus, L. [all] - crispus, L. [all] var. serratus, Huds. 4, 7, 9 - densus, L. 3-5, 7, 8 - zosterifolius, Schum. 2-6, 8, 9 - acutifolius, Link. 4 ? - obtusifolius, Mert. & Koch. 4, 6 - Friesii, Rup. I, 4-6, 8, 10 - pusillus, L. 2-4, 8 - pectinatus, L. [all] var. flabellatus, Bab. 2-9 Zannichellia palustris, L. [all] CYPERACEJE Hcleocharis palustris, Br. [all] - multicaulis, Sm. 2, 4 - acicularis, Sm. 1-6, 8 Scirpus lacustris, L. [all] - Tabernaemontani, Gmel. 5 - maritimus, L. 5 - sylvaticus, L. 1-6, 8-10 - setaceus, L. 1—6, 8 - fluitans, L. I, 2, 6, 7 - czspitosus, L. 1,2 - pauciflorus, Lightft. I, 6 - Caricis, Retz. 4 Eriophorum vaginatum, L. I, 2, 8 - polystachion, L. 1-3, 5, 6, 8, 9 Rhynchospora alba, Vahl. I, 2, 5 Schcenus nigricans, L. 1,2 Cladium Mariscus, Br. I Carex pulicaris, L. 1,2, 4, 5, 7 - dioica, L. i, 2, 6 — disticha, Huds. 1-4, 6, 8, 9 - paniculata, L. I— 6, 8, 9 — teretiuscula, Good. 4 var. Ehrhartiana, Hoppe. I — muricata, L. [all] - divulsa, Good. 2, 4, 5-9 - vulpina, L. [all] - echinata, Murr. i, 2, 4, 6-9 - remota, L. [all] — axillaris, Good, i, 2, 6 - leporina, L. [all] — elongata, L. 2 — canescens, L. i, 2 — acuta, L. 2-6, 8, 9 Carex stricta, Good. 3, 6, 9 — Goodenovii, Gay. [all] var. juncella, Fr. I, 6, 9 — glauca, Murr. [all] — pallescens, L. 1—9 — panicea, L. 1—9 — pendula, Huds. 1-9 — przcox, Jacq. 1-4, 6-8 — pilulifera, L. I, 2, 4, 7-9 — hirta, L. [all] - flava, L. i, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9 var. minor, Towns. 1-4, 6—9 - distans, L. 4, 5, 7 - fulva, Good, i, 6, 7, 9 - binervis, Sm. 1-4, 6-9 - laevigata, Sm. I, 4, 5 - sylvatica, Huds. [all] - vesicaria, L. 1,2, 4-6, 8 — ampullacea, Good. 1-4, 6, 10 — Pseudocyperus, L. [all] — paludosa, Good, [all] - riparia, Curtis. 1-5, 8, 9 GRAMINEJE [Panicum Sanguinale], Scop. 6 - [Crus-galli], L. 6 Setaria viridis, Beav. 4-6 [Phalaris canariensis], L. I, 4-6 — - arundinacea, L. [all] Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. [all] Alopecurus agrestis, L. [all] - fulvus, Sm. i, 2, 4, 6, 8, i o - geniculatus, L. [all] - pratensis, L. [all] Milium effusum, L. 1-9 Phleum pratense, L. [all] var. nodosum, L. 2, 4-7, 9, 10 Agrostis canina, L. 1—4, 6-10 - vulgaris, With, [all] var. nigra, With, [all] - alba, L. [all] var. stolonifera, L. 4, 8 [Polypogon monspeliensis], Desf. 6 Calamagrostis Epigejos, Roth. 1-9 - lanceolata, Roth. 2, 3, 5, 6 Gastridium lendigerum, Gaud. 4, 8, 9 Aira caryophyllea, L. 1-4, 6, 8, 9 - praecox, L. 1-4, 6, 8, 9 Deschampsia caespitosa, Beauv. [all] - flexuosa, Trin. [all] Holcus lanatus, L. [all] - mollis, L. [all] Trisetum flavescens, Beauv. [all] Avena fatua, L. [all] - pratensis, L. 2, 4, 7, 9 [ — strigosa], Schreb. 4 - pubescens, Huds. [all] Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv. [all] var. nodosum, Reichb. 2, 4-10 Triodia decumbens, Beauv. 1—9 Phragmites communis, Trin. 1-9 Cynosurus cristatus, L. [all] Koeleria cristata, Pers. 2, 4, 5, 7-9 Molinia caerulea, Mcench. 1-8 Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv. [all] Melica uniflora, Retz. 1-4, 6, 8, 9 BOTANY Dactylis glomerata, L. [all] Briza media, L. [all] Poa annua, L. [all] — pratensis, L. [all] var. angustifolia, L. 5, 6, 8 var. strigosa, Gaud. 4 — trivialis, L. [all] — nemoralis, L. 1—9 — compressa, L. I— 5, 7-10 var. polynoda, Parn. 4-8, 10 Glyceria aquatica, Sin. 1-9 — fluitans, Br. [all] — plicata, Fr. 2-9 var. pedicillata, Towns. I, 2, 5—10 Festuca elatior, L. [all] — pratensis, Huds. [all] var. loliacea, Curt. 1-5, 7 — gigantea, Vill. [all] — ovina, L. 1—4, 6-8 — duriuscula, L. I, 2, 4, 8, 10 — rubra, L. [all] — fallax, Th. 1-5, 8-10 — Myuros, L. I, 4, 5, 7, 10 — sciuroides, Roth, [all] — rigida, Kth. 4, 5, 7-10 Bromus asper, Murr. [all] — erectus, Huds. 4, 5, 7—10 var. villosus, Bab. 4, 5, 7 — sterilis, L. [all] — mollis, L. [all] — racemosus, L. 1-4, 6-10 var. commutatus, Schrad. 2, 4-10 — secalinus, L. I— 10 var. velutinus, Schrad. 4, 7 Brachypodium sylvaticum, R. & S. [all] — pinnatum, Beauv. 4, 5, 7—9 var. pubescens, Syme. 4 Lolium perenne, L. [all] var. italicum, A. Br. 1—4, 7, 9, 10 — temulentura, L. 6 Agropyrum caninum, Beauv. [all] — repens, Beauv. [all] var. barbatum, Duval-Jouve. 3, 5, 7-9 Nardus stricta, L. 1-3, 6-9 Hordeum murinum, L. [all] — pratense, Huds. [all] FIHCES Pteris aquilina, L. [all] Lomaria Spicant, Desv. i, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 Asplenium Ruta-muraria, L. [all] — Trichomanes, L. 2-4, 6, 9 Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum, L. 2, 4, 6, 8-10 Athyrium Filix-fcemina, Bernh. [all] var. rhoeticum, Roth. 1-3, 6-8, 10 var. molle, Roth. 3, 8 — Ceterach, L. 3-6, 8 Scolopendrium vulgare, Sm. 1-8 Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. 4 Aspidium lobatum, Sw. 1-6, 8, 9 — aculeatum, Sw. 1-4, 6, 8 — angulare, Willd. 1-6 Nephrodium Filix-mas, Rich, [all] var. affinis, Fisch. 1—3, 6-9 var. paleacea, Moore. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10 — spinulosum, Desv. 1—4, 6-9 — dilatatum, Desv. 1-4, 6-10 — Thelypteris, Desv. I, 6 — Oreopteris, Desv. 1-4, 6 Polypodium vulgare, L. 1-4, 6-10 Osmunda regalis, L. i, 2, 4 Ophioglossum vulgatum, L. 1,2, 4-7, 9 Botrychium Lunaria, Sw. i, 2, 4, 9 EQUISETACEJE Equisetum arvense, L. [all] — maximum, Lamk. [all] — sylvaticum, L. 1-3, 6, 8 — palustre, L. 1-9 — limosum, L. 1-6, 8-10 var. fluviatile, L. 1-6 — hyemale, L. i LYCOPODIACEJE Lycopodium clavatum, L. 1,2 • — inundatum, L. 2 - Selago, L. 2 MARSILEACEJE Pilularia globulifera, L. 1,2 CHARACE^E Chara fragilis, Desv. 1-3 var. capillacea, C. & G. i var. Hedwigii, Kuetz. 2, 4, 8 — contraria, Kuetz. 6 — vulgaris, L. i, 3-5, 7 var. longibracteata, Kuetz. 1,2, 4-8, 10 var. papillata, Wall, i, 5 var. crassicaulis, Kuetz. 6 Tolypella glomerata, Leonh. 7 Nitella translucens, Agardh. 8 — flexilis, Agardh. 1-4, 6 — opaca, Agardh. i, 2, 6 THE MOSSES (Musci) The physical features of Warwickshire are not conducive to a varied moss flora. The atmospheric impurities which largely prevail, the great absence of the harder rocks, the high state of cultivation prevailing over its greater portion (the waste land being more limited than in any of the neighbouring counties), the very small extent of marsh, bog and heath- land, together with the total absence of mountain rocks, are all circum- stances tending to a limited moss flora. Still (with the exception of A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Staffordshire) the Warwickshire list of mosses compares favourably with that of any of the surrounding counties. The county is poor in limestone rocks, so that lime-loving species are only found on the mud-capped walls of the lias districts in the Avon valley, or on the mortar of old walls in other portions of the county. The mortar of an old wall near Hatton is the only British locality where the lime-loving Grimmia crinita is to be found. The woodlands are extensive. In the Avon basin their soils are usually marl or clay, and yield many plants of interest, such as Hypnum brevirostre. In the more northern woods the soils are usually peaty in character, yielding a rich abundance of the more common species, such as many of the Sphagnum* and rarely Dicranum montanum, which was first recorded from a Warwickshire wood as a British species. Trees growing in fields and hedges are a noticeable feature in the county, and are often tenanted by some of the rarer Tortuli, as T. papillosa, the beau- tiful Cryphaa heteromalla and the rare Orthotricbum obtusifolium. Heath- lands are of small extent, those of Sutton, Coleshill and Kenilworth being the most extensive. A small expanse of heathland occurs near Great Wolford, yielding many of the commoner ericetal species, and from this locality Dicranum undulatum was first recorded as a British species. The rivers are usually softly flowing and full of beauty, but their alluvial banks are not rich in moss vegetation. The water-washed roots of the trees and shrubs that fringe their banks, however, are often clad with mosses both rare and common. The total list of the moss flora of Warwickshire amounts to 240 species, and this is probably an exhaustive record. Comparing the Warwickshire moss flora with that of the neighbouring counties, we find that Oxfordshire has 193 species, Northamptonshire has 220 species, Leicestershire has 180 species, Staffordshire has 276 species, but in this county there are mountainous rocks and a large area of moor and bog, many rapid streams, and limestone in abundance. Worcestershire has 276 species, but has not been exhaustively examined. In order to show roughly the distribution of the mosses enumerated, the county has been divided into the two districts watered by the rivers (i) the Tame, (2) the Severn, and the numbers made use of in the list following refer to these districts respectively. Sphagnum cymbifolium, Ehrh. i, var. squarrosulum, N. & H. var. congestum, Schp. i — papillosum, Ldb. i var. confertum, Ldb. i - subsecundum, Nees. I, 2 var. contortum, Schp. i, 2 var. obesum, Schp. i, 2 var. viriJe, Boul. I, 2 - teres. Var. subteres, Dixon. - *squarrosum, Pen. i - acutifolium, Ehrh. i var. rubellum, Russ. i var. patulum, Schp. i Sphagnum Girgensohnii, Russ. I — fimbriatum, Wilt, i - intermedium, Hoffm. i - cuspidatum, Ehrh. i Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw. I, 2 Catharinea undulata, W. & M. var. minor, W. & M. i var. Haussknechtii, Dixon. Polytrichum nanum, Neck, i, 2 var. longisetum, Ldb. 2 — aloides, Hedw. i, 2 var. Dichoni, Wallm. I — urnigerum, L. I — piliferum, Schreb. i, 2 I, 2 BOTANY Polytrichum juniperinum, Willd. i , 2 — gracile, Dicks, i, 2 — formosum, Hedw. I, 2 — commune, L. i, 2 var. perigonialey B. & S. I var. minus, Weis. I Archidium alternifolium, Schp. i, 2 Pleuridium axillare, Ldb. i, 2 — subulatum, Rab. i, 2 — alternifolium, Rab. i Ditrichum flexicaule, Hpe. 2 Selegeria pusilla, J5. & S. 2 Ceratodon purpureus, End. i, 2 Dichodontium pellucidum, Schp. i Dicranella heteromalla, 5cA^. i, 2 — cerviculata, 5cA^. i - — • crispa, Schp. 2 — rufescens, Schp. i — varia, Schp. i, 2 — Schreberi, &/>/. i var. elata, Schp. I Dicranoweissia cirrata, Ldb. i, 2 Campylopus flexuosus, Brid. i, 2 - pyriformis, Brid. I, 2 - fragilis, B. fcf 5. 1,2 Dicranum undulatum, £7>r/'. 2 — spurium, Hedw. i — Bonjeani, £)* Afaf. i, 2 — scoparium, Hedw. I, 2 var. orthophyllum, Brid. i, 2 — majus, Turn, i, 2 — fuscescens, 7"i/rH. i, 2 — montanum, Hedw. I, 2 Leucobryum glaucum, &/.>/>. i Fissidens exilis, Hedw. I, 2 — viridulus, Wahl. I var. Zy/«, Wils. 2 — pusillus, Wih. I, 2 - incurvus, Star he. I, 2 - tamarindifolius, Wih. i, 2 - bryoides, Hedw. I, 2 var. inconstant, Schp. 2 — crassipes, Wih. 2 — adiantoides, Hedw. I, 2 — taxifolius, Hedw. I, 2 Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. i, 2 var. rivularis, W. & M. i var. gracilis, W. & M. 1,2 — crinita, Brid. 2 — pulvinata, 5/n. I, 2 /8. «£/i«<7, Hub. 2 — trichophylla, Grev. 2 Rhacomitrium lanuginosum, Brid. 2 — canescens, Brid. I — heterostichum, Brid. 2 Ptychomitrium polyphyllum, Ftirnr. 2 Hedwigia ciliata, Ehrh. i Acaulon muticum, C.M. i Phascum cuspidatum, Schreb. I, 2 var. curvisetum, N. & H. i Pottia truncatula, Ldb. i, 2 — intermedia, Ftirnr. i, 2 — minutula, Fiirnr. I, 2 — lanceolata, C.>1/. i, 2 Tortula pusilla, Mitt. 2 var. incana, Braithw. 2 — rigida, Schrad. 2 — ambigua, Angstr. i, 2 — aloides, De Not. i, 2 - — atrovirens, Ldb. 2 - marginata, Spr. i, 2 - muralis, Hedw. i, 2 ft. rupestris, Wils. i, 2 var. asstiva, Brid. i — subulata, Hedw. i, 2 - mutica, Ldb. i, 2 - laevipila, Schwgt. i, 2 - intermedia, Berk. I, 2 - ruralis, Ehrh. i, 2 - papillosa, Wils. i, 2 Barbula lurida, Ldb. i, 2 — rubella, M///. i, 2 - tophacea, Mitt, i, 2 - I al lax, Hedw. I, 2 var. brevifolia, Schultz. i var. brevicau/iiy Schw. I — recurvifolia, Schp. 2 — spadicea, Mitt. i, 2 - rigidula, Af///. I, 2 - cylindrica, Sc/^/>. i, 2 - vinealis, Brid. i, 2 - sinuosa, Braithw. i, 2 — Hornschuchiana, Schultz. I, 2 — revoluta, J9r;W. I, 2 — convoluta, Hedw. i, 2 — unguiculata, Hedw. I, 2 var. cuspidata, Braithw. i, 2 Leptodontium flexifblium, ///><•. i Weissia multicapsularis, Mitt. i - rostellata, Ldb. 2 — microstoma, C.M. i — viridula, Hedw. I, 2 — mucronata, B. & S. \ — tenuis, C.M. i, 2 Trichostomum tortuosum, Dixon. I Cinclidotus Brebissoni, Husn. 2 — fontinaloides, P.B. 2 Encalypta streptocarpa, Hedw. i, 2 Zygodon viridissimus, R. Br. i, 2 Ulota crispa, Brid. I, 2 var. intermedia, Dixon. I, 2 Orthotrichum rupestre, Schleich. 2 — anomalum. Var. saxatile, Milde. I, 2 — cupulatum, Hoffm. 2 — leiocarpum, B. & S. 2 - Lyelli, H.&T. i, 2 — affine, Schrad. i, 2 var. fastigiatum, Hub. 2 — stramineum, Hornsch. 2 — tenellum, Bruch. I, 2 53 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Orthotrichum diaphanum, Schrad. i, 2 — obtusifolium, Schrad. I, 2 Ephemerum serratum, Hpe. I Physcomitrella patens, B & S. I, 2 Physcomitrium pyriforme, .Br/W. 2 Funaria fascicularis, Schp. I, 2 — hygrometrica, Sibtb. i, 2 var. cafvescens, B. & S. 2 — microstoma, B. & S. 2 Amblyodon dealbatus, P.B. i Aulacomnium palustre, Schwgr. I, 2 — androgynum, Schwgr. i, 2 Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw. I, 2 Philonotis fontana, £r/W. I, 2 - caespitosa, Jfils. I, 2 - calcarea, £•£/. i, 2 Leptobryum pyriforme, ffiis. I, 2 Webera nutans, Hedw. I, 2 — annotina, Schwgr. I, 2 — albicans, Schp. i, 2 Bryum pendulum, Schp. i, 2 — lacustre, Brid. 2 - inclinatum, Bland. I — uliginosum, B. & S. 2 - pallens, Sw. I, 2 - turbinatum, Schwgr. i - bimum, Schreb. i, 2 - pseudo-triquetrum, Schwgr. i, 2 - pallescens, Schleich. I - affine, Ldb. i - intermedium, .Br/W. i, 2 - cacspiticium, Z,. i, 2 - capillare, £. 1,2 var. macrocarpum, Hdbn. i, 2 var. flaccidum, B. & S. I, 2 - obconicum, Hornsch. 2 - erythrocarpum, Schwgr. i, 2 - atropurpureum, If. & yj^. i, 2 - Teesdalei, 5/. I, 2 — tenellum, Milde. \ - myosuroides, Schp. i, 2 - striatum, B. & S. i, 2 — rusciforme, Milde. I, 2 var. atlanticum, Brid. i - murale, Milde. i, 2 var. julaceum, Schp. 2 — confertum, Milde. I, 2 - megapolitanum, Milde. i, 2 Plagiothecium Borrerianum, Spr. i, 2 — denticulatum, B. & S. I, 2 /3. aptychus, L. Cat. I - sylvaticum, B. £3" 5. i, 2 - undulatum, 5. £3" S. i, 2 - latebricola, B. & S. i Amblestegium serpens, B. & S. i, 2 — varium, /,<$>. i - irriguum, B. &f S. I, 2 - fluviatile, B. & S. i — filicinum, D* A^o/. i, 2 var. Valiudawte, Dixon. 2 Hypnum riparium, L. 1,2 var. longifolium, Schp. I, 2 var. splendens, De Not. I, 2 — elodes, Spr. 2 — polygamum, &v&^. i, 2 var. stagnatum, Wils. 2 — stellatum, Schreb. I, 2 - chrysophyllum, 5r/W. i, 2 - aduncum, Hedw. I, 2 /S. JT»«#», Schp. i, 2 var. paternum, Samo. 2 — Sendtneri, Schp. i, 2 var. hamatum, Ldb. 2 — lycopodioides, Schwgr. 2 — fluitans, L. i, 2 54 BOTANY Hypnum *exannulatum, Gumb. i, - — vernicosum, Ldb. I — revolvens, Sw. i, 2 ft. Cossoni, Ren. i, 2 — Intermedium, Ldb. i, 2 — commutatum, Hedw. i, 2 — falcatum, Brid. i, 2 — cupressiforme, L. i, 2 var. resupinatum, Schp. I, 2 var. filiforme, Brid. i, 2 var. ericetorum, B. & S. 1,2 var. tectorum, Brid. i, 2 var. elatumy B. & S. I, 2 — Patientiae, Lrfi. i, 2 Hypnum molluscum, Hedui. I, Limnobium palustre, Z/. i, 2 Calliergon stramineum, Dicks, i — cordifolium, Hedw. i, 2 — giganteum, Schp. i, 2 — cuspidatum, L. I, 2 var. pungent, Schp. 2 — Schreberi, JF/7/rf. i, 2 Hylocomium splendens, 5. £3" S. — brevirostre, B. & S. 2 — loreum, B. & S. 2 — squarrosum, B. & S. i, 2 /3. calvescens, Hobk. 2 — triquetrum, B & S. i, 2 THE LIVERWORTS (Hepatic*} The natural features of Warwickshire are not conducive to a rich or varied growth of the liverworts. These plants are usually found on mountain rocks or wild moorlands, on the banks of rapid streams, or where the constant spray of the waterfall keeps their home damp. In Warwickshire the comparative absence of such conditions would naturally limit the occurrence of any but the more common species. The total number of liverworts recorded for Great Britain is 220, but for War- wickshire only 50 species. The poverty of this record is in a measure due to the fact that this portion of the county flora has been neglected. Among the records the more rare are Cephalozia lunulcefolia, one of the very rare hepatics, the sporadic Riccia crystallina, only once seen and then in great abundance, and Prionolobus Turneri only recorded from three other British stations. Of the neighbouring counties Oxfordshire has only 26 recorded species, Leicestershire 48 species, Staffordshire 69 species, Worcester- shire 40 species, while for Northamptonshire there is no record. Frullania Tamarisci (L.) — dilatata (L.) Radula complanata (L.) Porella platyphylla (L.) Trichocolea tomentella (Ehrh.) Lepidozia reptans (L.) Kantia trichomanis (L.) Cephalozia lunulae folia (Dum.) — bicuspidata (L.) — Lammersiana (Htiben.) — connivens (Dicks.) — curvifolia ? (Dicks.) — divaricata (Sm.) — stellulifera (Tayl.) Prionolobus Turneri (Hook.) Scapania nemorosa (L.) — undulata (L.) — irrigua (Nees) — curta (Mart.) Diplophyllum albicans (L.) Lophocolea bidentata (L.) — cuspidata (Limpr.) — heterophylla (Schrad.) Chiloscyphus polyanthos (L.) b. rivularis, Nees Plagiochila asplenioides (L.) c. minor (Carr & Pears) Jungermannia cordifolia (Hook.) — inflata (Huds.) — turbinata (Raddi.) — sphasrocarpa (Hook.) — capitata (Hook.) — bicrenata (Schmid.) — porphyroleuca (Nees) — ventricosa (Dicks.) — crenulata (Sm.) Nardia scalaris (Schrad.) Fossombronia pusilla (L.) Pellia epiphylla (L.) — calycina (Tayl.) 55 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Ancura multifida (L.) - sinuata (Dicks.) — pinguis (L.) Metzgeria furcata (L.) Marchantia polymorpha (L.) Conocephalus conicus (L.) Rehoulia hemisphaerica (L.) Lunularia cruciata (L.) Riccia glauca (L.) - crystallina (L.) — glaucescens (Carr.) Ricciella fluitans (L.) Anthoceros laevis (L.) — punctatus (L.) THE FRESHWATER The following list — a very incomplete record of the Warwickshire freshwater alga? — represents only the imperfect examination of a limited portion of the northern division of the county. A systematic examin- ation of the county as a whole would materially increase the number of plants recorded. The records of Purton and the elder botanists have not been included in the following list as those were few and not always reliable. Pleurococcus vulgaris (Menegh) Porphyridium cruentum (Nageli) Botrydina vulgaris (Br^b.) Tetraspora bullosa (Ag.) - lubrica (Ag.) Apiocystis Brauniana (Nageli) Protococcus viridis (Cohn) Scenedesmus quadricaudatus (Breb.) - acutus (Meyen) — obtusus (Meyen) Pediastrum Boryanum (Turp.) Hydrodictyon utriculatum (Roth.) Chlamydococcus pluvialis (A. Braun) Volvox globator (L.) Pandorina morum, Ehrenb. Gonium pectorale, Moll. Micrasterias rotata (Ralfs.) - denticulata (Breb.) - truncata (Corda) - crenata (Breb.) i.uastrum verrucosum (Ehrenb.) Zygnema cruciatum (Vauch.) Spirogyra nitida (Dill.) — condensata (Vauch.) - flavescens (Hass.) — longata (Vauch.) var. communis (Dill.) Mesocarpus pleurocarpus (De Bary) - scalaris (Hass.) Botrydium granulatum (L.) Vaucheria terristris (Lyngb.) — sessilis (Vauch.) Vaucheria Dillwynii (Hass.) - geminata (Vauch.) Prasiola crispa (Ktitz) Enteromorpha intestinalis (Link.) Cladophora crispata (Roth.) - glomerata (L.) Bulbochaste setigera (Ag.) Schizogonium murale (Ktitz) Stigeoclonium nanum (Dill.) Drapardnaldia glomerata (Ag.) - — plumosa (Vauch.) Chaetophora elegans (Ag.) - endivasfolia (Ag.) Coleochaete scutata (Bre'b.) Aphanocapsa virescens (Nag.) Nostoc commune (Vauch.) - sphaericum (Vauch.) - caeruleum (Lyngb.) — verrucosum (Vauch.) Oscillaria teriuis (Ag.) - muscorum (Carm.) MS. - limosa (Ag.) - nigra (Vauch.) Lyngbya ochracea (Thur.) Tolypothrix distorta (Mull.) Gloiotrichia natans (Thur.) - pisum (Thur.) Batrachospermum vagum (Harv.) - confusum (Harv.) - atrum (Harv.) Lemanea fluviatilis (Agardh.) BOTANY THE LICHENS (Licbenes] Very little is known as to the distribution of the lichens in War- wickshire. The records of the elder botanists are few, are in some in- stances doubtful, and can rarely be received with confidence, except when they treat of the more readily recognized species. The natural and artificial conditions prevailing in the county are not indeed favourable to a rich lichen flora. Lichens naturally depend on light and pure atmospheric surroundings for their existence or full development ; and being of slow growth they cannot attain maturity under conditions of frequent interference, from the surface alterations that are inseparable from thickly-populated manufacturing districts. In a contaminated atmosphere or in shady crevices these plants will not come to perfection, but will assume the form of a Lepraria, which is an abnormal condition of many of the lichens. The yellow powdery and white patches com- mon on *oaks are examples of this state. Still in those portions of the county remote from large towns many of the more common species occur in abundance. On the trees a rich growth of Ramalina fraxinea, Parmelia caperata and Physcia ciliaris ; on heathy footways tiny forests of Cladonia pyxidata or C. cornucopioides ; on the stone coping of walls and bridges grey masses of Lecanora atra or Lecidea lucida ; in damp woods Cladonia digitata or the more common Peltigera canina ; on old palings Parmelia olivacea and Usnea barbata, and on old walls and slated roofs the golden fronds of Physcia parietina, every sort and condition of habitat being the home of one or other of the lichens. The following list is an incomplete record of the Warwickshire lichens : — Collema crispum (Huds.) — nigrescens (Huds.) Leptogium lacerum (Ach.) - fragrans (Sun.) Sphinctrina turbinata (Pers.) - anglica (Nyl.) Calicium phaeocephalum (Borr.) - trichiale (Ach.) var. ferrugineum (Borr.) - hyperellum (Ach.) - trachelinum (Ach.) - quercinum (Pers.) - curtum (Borr.) — subtile (Pers.) Coniocybe furfuracea (Ach.) Trachylia tympanella (Fr.) Cladonia cervicornis (Schar.) - alcicornis (Flk.) — pyxidata (Fr.) • var. fimbriata (Hoffm.) — furcata (Hoffm.) — squamosa (Hoffm.) — cornucopioides (Fr.) — digitata (Hoffm.) var. macilenta (Hoffm.) Cladina sylvatica (Hoffm.) Cladina rangiferina (Hoffm.) - uncialis (Hoffm.) Stereocaulon paschale (Ach.) Usnea barbata f. florida (L.) / hirta (L.) f. plicata (L.) Alectoria jubata (L.) — lanata (L.) Evernia furfuracea (Mann.) — prunastri (L.) Ramalina farinacea (L.) — fraxinea (L.) — fastigiata (Pers.) Cetraria aculeata (Fr.) Platysma glaucum (L.) Peltigera canina (L.) — rufescens (Hoffm.) Stictina scrobiculata (Scop.) Sticta pulmonaria (Ach.) Parmelia caperata (L.) — olivacea (L.) — physodes (L.) — ambigua (Wulf.) — perlata (L.) — tiliacea (Ach.) var. scortea (Ach.) 57 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh.) — acetabulum (Neck.) — saxatilis (L.) Physcta parietina (L.) var. lychnea (Ach.) var. polycarpa (Ehrh.) — ciliaris (L.) — pulverulenta (Schreb.) var. pityrea (Ach.) — stellaris (L.) var. tenella, Scop. var. caesia (Hoffrn.) Pannaria pezizoides (Web.) — nigra (Huds.) Squarnaria saxicola (Poll.) Placodium murorum (HofFm.) — citrinum (Ach.) Lecanora vitellina (Ach.) — candelaria (Ach.) - glaucocarpa/ pruinosa (Sm.) — varia (Ehrh.) - atra (Huds.) - sulphurea (Hoffm.) - circinata (Pers.) - subfusca (L.) - galactina (Ach.) - calcarea^ Hoffmann! (Ach.) - parella (L.) /. pallescens (L.) — rupestris/. calva (Dicks.) - albella (Pers.) - aurantiaca (Lightf.) - ferruginea (Huds.) - cerina (Ehrh.) - pyracea (Ach.) / ulmicola (DC.) — arenaria (Pers.) - sophodes (Ach.) Pertusaria communis (DC.) — fallax (Pers.) Phylictis agelaea (Ach.) Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Urceolaria scruposa (L.) Lecidea ostreata (Hoffm.) — lucida (Ach.) — flexuosa/ aeruginosa (Borr.) — dubia (Borr.) — quernea (Dicks.) — viridescens (Schrad.) — parasema (Ach.) — canescens (Dicks.) — myriocarpa (DC.) — grossa (Pers.) — tricolor (With.) - Ehrhartiana (Ach.) - alboatra (Hoffm.) /. epipolia (Ach.) — pachycarpa (Duf.) — endoleuca (Nyl.) - rubella (Ehrh.) - cupularis (Ehrh.) Opegrapha atra (Pers.) - varia (Pers.) - vulgata, Ach. - lyncea (Sm.) Arthonia lurida (Ach.) - astroidea (Ach.) - Swartziana (Ach.) - pruinosa (Ach.) Graphis elegans (Sm.) - scripta (Ach.) f. varia (Leight.) var. serpentina (Ach.) - dendritica (Ach.) - sophistica var. pulverulenta (Sm.) Verrucaria epigaee, Pers. — viridula (Schrad.) - gemmata (Ach.) - epidermidis (Ach.) var. analepta (Ach.) - biformis (Borr.) - nitida (Weig.) THE FUNGI The following list of the fungi of Warwickshire is an attempt to place on record all that has been done towards this study by past and present workers so far as the writer's knowledge extends. This list, though an extensive one, cannot claim to be complete. Only portions of the county have been worked, and those portions far from exhaustively. The attempt has been made to determine the species, as understood by Withering and Purton, by comparing their descriptions and quoted figures with the latest views of Fries, and the writer believes this has been done satisfactorily. Advantage has been taken of the extensive series of coloured illus- trations of fungi from the neighbourhood of Kenilworth and Warwick which is now in the British Museum. These were executed by the late 58 BOTANY Mrs. Russell of Kenilworth, and most of her specimens were named or confirmed by eminent authorities. The writer must acknowledge his indebtedness to the late Rev. W. W. Newbould for all his knowledge of these plates. Many MS. notes have been received from the Rev. D. C. O. Adams of the fungi found by him in the neighbourhood of Combe, Ansty and Brinklow, and the list owes much of its completeness to the indefatigable zeal of his coadjutor Mr. W. B. Grove, M.A. The classification and nomenclature is that of Fries in his very valuable Hymenomycetes Europcei. The record of the fungi of Warwick- shire is believed to be larger than that of any of the midland counties, but this is greatly due to the fact that two of the most eminent British mycologists, Withering and Purton, left behind them so excellent a record of the fungus wealth of the county. A LIST OF THE FUNGI Ord. I. AGARICIN1 Genus I. AGARICUS (L.) Sub-genus I. AMANITA (Fr.) Agaricus phalloides (Fr.) van vernus, Bull. — mappa (Fr.) — muscarius (L.) — pantherinus (DC.) — excelsus (Fr.) — rubescens (Pers.) — nitidus (Fr.) — asper (Fr.) — vaginatus (Bull.) — strangulatus (Fr.) Sub-genus II. LEPIOTA (Fr.) Agaricus procerus (Scop.) - rachodes (Vitt.) — excoriatus (SchaefF.) — gracilentus (Kromb.) — acutesquamosus (Weinm.) — clypeolarius (Bull.) — cristatus (Fr.) — cepaestipes (Sow.) — carcharias (Pers.) — granulosus (Batsch.) — amianthinus (Scop.) — polystictus (Berk.) Sub-genus III. ARMILLARIA (Fr.) Agaricus melleus (Vahl.) — ramentaceus (Bull.) Sub-genus IV. TRICHOLOMA (Fr.) Agaricus sejunctus (Sow.) portentosus (Fr.) — fucatus (Fr.) — spermaticus (Fr.) — nictitans (Fr.) — flavo-brunneus (Fr.) Agaricus albo-brunneus (Pers.) - pessundatus (Fr.) - stans (Fr.) — rutilans (SchaefF.) — luridus (SchaefF.) — columbetta (Fr.) — scalpturatus (Fr.) — imbricatus (Fr.) — vaccinus (Pers.) - terreus (SchaefF.) - saponaceus (Fr.) — cuneifolius (Fr.) — murinaceus (Bull.) — virgatus (Fr.) - sulphurous (Bull.) — inamcenus (Fr.) - carneus (Bull.) — gambosus (Fr.) - borealis (Fr.) - albus (SchaefF.) - acerbus (Bull.) - personatus (Fr.) - nudus (Bull.) — cinerascens (Bull.) — grammopodius (Bull.) — melaleucus (Pers.) — brevipes (Bull.) — humilis (Fr.) - paedidus (Fr.) Sub-genus V. CLITOCYBE (Fr.) Agaricus nebularis (Batsch.) - clavipes (Pers.) - inornatus (Sow.) - odorus (Bull.) — cerussatus (Fr.) — phyllophilus (Fr.) — pithyophilus (Fr.) — candicans (Pers.) — dealbatus (Fr.) — gallinaceus (Scop.) 59 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Agaricus fumosus (Pers.) - opacus (With.) - giganteus (Fr.) — maximus (Fr.) — infundibuliformis (Schzeff.) - geotropus (Bull.) — inversus (Scop.) - flaccidus (Sow.) - catinus (Fr.) - tuba (Fr.) - cyathiformis (Fr.) - brumalis (Fr.) - metachrous (Fr.) - ditopus (Fr.) - fragrans (Sow.) - obsoletus (Batsch.) - laccatus (Scop.) Sub-genus VI. COLLYBIA (Fr.) Agaricus radicatus (Relhn.) - platyphyllus (Fr.) - fusipes (Bull.) - maculatus (Alb. et Schwein.) butyraceus (Bull.) - velutipes (Curt.) - vertirugis (Cooke.) - hariolorum (DC.) - confluens (Pers.) - conigenus (Pers.) - cirrhatus (Schum.) - tuberosus (Bull.) - collinus (Scop.) - esculentus (Wulf.) tenacellus (Pers.) - acervatus (Fr.) - dryophilus (Bull.) rancidus (Fr.) - inolens (Fr.) Sub-genus VII. MYCENA (Fr.) Agaricus purus (Pers.) - pseudo-purus (Cooke) - luteo-albus (Bolt.) - flavo-albus (Fr.) - lacteus (Pers.) - rugosus (Fr.) galericulatus (Scop.) - polygrammus (Bull.) - pullatus (Berk, ct Cooke) - pauperculus (Berk.) - leptocephalus (Pers.) - alcalinus (Fr.) - ammoniacus (Fr.) - metatus (Fr.) - stanneus (Fr.) - vitreus (Fr.) - tenuis (Bolt.) - filopes (Bull.) — amictus (Fr.) - vitilis (Fr.) 60 Agaricus acicula (SchaefF.) - sanguinolentus (A. et S.) - galopus (Pers.) — leucogalus (Cooke) - epipterygius (Scop.) — vulgaris (Pers.) — tenerrimus (Berk.) - electicus (Buckn.) — corticola (Schum.) Sub-genus VIII. OMPHALIA (Fr.) Agaricus pyxidatus (Bull.) - sphagnicola (Berk.) — hepaticus (Batsch.) - muralis (Sow.) - umbelliferus (Linn.) - pseudo-androsaceus (Bull.) - stellatus (Fr.) - campanella (Batsch.) - fibula (Bull.) - integrellus (Pers.) Sub-genus IX. PLEUROTUS (Fr.) Agaricus corticatus (Fr.) - dryinus (Pers.) - ulmarius (Bull.) - subpalmatus (Fr.) - craspedius (Fr.) - fimbriatus (Bolt.) - lignatilis (Fr.) - ostreatus (Jacq.) — euosmus (Berk.) - salignus (Fr.) - petaloides (Bull.) - acerosus (Fr.) - applicatus (Batsch.) - chioneus (Pers.) Sub-genus X. VOLVARIA (Fr.) Agaricus volvaceus (Bull.) - speciosus (Fr.) - gloiocephalus (DC.) - parvulus (Weinm.) Sub-genus XL PLUTEUS (Fr.) Agaricus cervinus (SchaefF.) - umbrosus (Pers.) — nanus (Pers.) — chrysophseus (SchaefF.) - phlebophorus (Dittm.) Sub-genus XII. ENTOLOMA (Fr.) Agaricus sinuatus (Fr.) - lividus (Bull.) — prunuloides (Fr.) — repandus (Bull.) — ameides (B. et Br.) — Saundersii (Fr.) — jubatus (Fr.) — griseocyaneus (Fr.) BOTANY Agaricus sericellus (Fr.) — clypeatus (Linn.) — rhodopolius (Fr.) — costatus (Fr.) — sericeus (Bull.) — nidorosus (Fr.) Sub-genus XIII. CUTOPILUS (Fr.) Agaricus prunulus (Scop.) - undatus (Fr.) — cancrinus (Fr.) — carneo-albus (With.) Sub-genus XIV. LEPTONIA (Fr.) Agaricus lampropus (Fr.) - serrulatus (Pers.) — euchrous (Pers.) — chalybasus (Pers.) — incanus (Fr.) — asprellus (Fr.) Sub-genus XV. NOLANEA (Fr.) Agaricus pascuus (Pers.) - mammosus (Fr.) - pisciodorus (Ces.) Sub-genus XVI. CLAUDOPUS (Fr.) Agaricus variabilis (Pers.) Sub-genus XVII. PHOUOTA (Fr.) Agaricus terrigenus (Fr.) - erebius (Fr.) - durus (Bolt.) - prascox (Pers.) - radicosus (Bull.) - pudicus (Bull.) - heteroclitus (Fr.) - squarrosus (Mull.) - spectabilis (Fr.) - adiposus (Fr.) - mutabilis (SchaefF.) - marginatus, Batsch - mycenoides (Fr.) Sub-genus XVIII. INOCYBE (Fr.) Agaricus lanuginosus (Bull.) - scaber (Mull.) - lacerus (Fr.) - flocculosus (Berk.) - Bongardii (Weinm.) - obscurus (Pers.) — hzmactus (B. et C.) — fastigiatus, SchaefF. — rimosus (Bull.) — asterosporus (Quel.) — eutheles (B. et Br.) — descissus (Fr.) — sindonius (Fr.) - geophyllus (Sow.) — trechisporus (Berk.) 6l Sub-genus XIX. HEBELOMA (Fr.) Agaricus fastibilis (Fr.) — testaceus (Batsch.) — versipellis, Fr. — mesophaeus, Fr. — sinapizans (Fr.) — crustuliniformis, Bull — elatus (Batsch.) — longicaudus (Pers.) Sub-genus XX. FLAMMULA (Fr.) Agaricus lentus, Pers. - gummosus, Lasch. — carbonarius (Fur.) - flavidus (SchsfF.) - conissans (Fr.) - inopus (Fr.) - sapineus (Fr.) Sub-genus XXI. NAUCORIA (Fr.) Agaricus cucumis (Pers.) — melinoides (Fr.) - striaspes (Cookc) - sideroides (Bull.) - pediades (Fr.) - semiorbicularis (Bull.) - sobrius (Fr.) - erinaceus (Fr.) - conspersus (Pers.) - escharoides (Fr.) Sub-genus XXII. GALERA (Fr.) Agaricus lateritius (Fr.) - tener (SchaefF.) - oval is (Fr.) - antipus (Lasch.) - sparteus (Fr.) - rubiginosus (Pers.) - hypnorum (Batsch.) - mycenopsis (Fr.) Sub-genus XXIII. TUBARIA (Fr.) Agaricus furfuraceus (Pers.) Sub-genus XXIV. CREPIDOTUS (Fr.) Agaricus mollis (SchaefF.) - haustellaris (Fr.) - rubi (Berk.) - pezizoides (Nees.) Sub-genus XXV. PSALLIOTA (Fr.) Agaricus arvensis (Schaeff.) - campestris (Linn.) - silvaticus (SchaefF.) Sub-genus XXVI. STROPHARIA (Fr.) Agaricus versicolor (With.) — asruginosus (Curt.) — albo-cyaneus (Desm.) — coronillus (Bull.) A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Agaricus melaspermus (Bull.) — squamosus (Fr.) — thraustus (Kalch.) — luteo-nitens (Fr.) — merdarius (Fr.) — stercorarius (Fr.) — scmiglobatus (Batsch.) Sub-genus XXVII. HYPHOLOMA Agaricus sublateritius (Fr.) - epixanthus (Fr.) — fascicularis (Huds.) — lacrymabundus (Fr.) - velutinus (Fr.) — Candolleanus (Fr.) - appendiculatus (Bull.) - egenulus (B. et Br.) - hydrophilus (Bull.) Sub-genus XXVIII. PSILOCYBE, Fr. Agaricus sarcocephalus (Fr.) - ericsus (Pers.) - udus (Pers.) - areolatus (Klotsch.) - atro-rufus (Schsff.) - comptus (Fr.) - semilanceatus (Fr.) - spadiceus (Fr.) - cernuus (Mall.) - fcenisecii (Pers.) - clivensis (Berk.) Sub-genus XXIX. PSATHYRA (Pers.) Agaricus conopileus (Fr.) - mastiger (B. et Br.) - corrugis (Pers.) - spadiceogriseus (SchaefF.) - obtusatus (Fr.) - semivestitus (Berk, et Br.) - fibrillosus (Pers.) - pennatus (Fr.) - gossypinus (Bull.) Sub-genus XXX. PANJEOLUS (Fr.) Agaricus separatus (Linn.) - leucophanes (B. et Br.) - fimiputris (Bull.) - phalznarum (Fr.) - retirugis (Fr.) - campanulatus (Linn.) - papilionaceus (Fr.) — acuminatus (Fr.) Sub-genus XXXI. PSATHYRELLA Agaricus gracilis (Fr.) - pronus (Fr.) - atomatus (Fr.) - disseminatus (Fr.) Genus II. COPRINUS (Fr.) Coprinus comatus (Fr.) — ovatus (Fr.) — sterquilinus (Fr.) — atramentarius (Fr.) — picaceus (Fr.) — similis (B. et Br.) — fimetarius (Fr.) — tomentosus (Fr.) — niveus (Fr.) — micaceus (Fr.) — radians (Fr.) - deliquescens (Fr.) — congregatus (Fr.) — Hendersonii (Berk.) — lagopus (Fr.) — nycthemerus (Fr.) — radiatus (Fr.) — domesticus (Fr.) — ephemerus (Fr.) — plicatilis (Fr.) Genus III. BOLBITIUS (Fr.) Bolbitius Boltonii (Fr.) — fragilis (Fr.) - titubans (Fr.) — apicalis (Smith) — tener (Berk.) Genus IV. CORTINARIUS (Fr.) Cortinarius varius (Fr.) - cyanopus (Fr.) - variicolor (Fr.) — anfractus (Fr.) - multiformis (Fr.) - talus (Fr.) - glaucopus (Fr.) - calochrous (Fr.) - purpurascens (Fr.) - turbinatus (Fr.) - orichalceus (Batsch.) - scaurus (Fr.) - collinitus (Fr.) - mucifluus (Fr.) - elatior (Fr.) - delibutus (Fr.) - stillatitius (Fr.) - violaceus (Fr.) - callisteus (Fr.) - bolaris (Fr.) - pholideus (Fr.) - ochroleucus (Fr.) - tabularis (Fr.) - caninus (Fr.) - anomalus (Fr.) - sanguineus (Fr.) — cinnamomeus (Fr.) - uliginosus (Berk.) — raphanoides (Fr.) 62 BOTANY Agaricus bulbosus (Fr.) — torvus (Fr.) — armillatus (Fr.) — hinnuleus (Fr.) — brunneus (Fr.) — periscelis (Fr.) — iliopodius (Fr.) — hemitrichus (Fr.) — rigidus (Fr.) — paleaceus (Fr.) — armeniacus (Fr.) — castaneus (Fr.) — leucopus (Fr.) — decipiens (Fr.) — acutus (Fr.) Genus V. GOMPHIDIUS (Fr.) Gomphidius glutinosus (Fr.) — viscidus (Fr.) — maculatus (Scop.) — gracilis (B. et Br.) Genus VI. PAXILLUS (Fr.) Paxillus involutus (Fr.) Genus VII. HYGROPHORUS (Fr.) Hygrophorus chrysodon (Fr.) — eburneus (Fr.) — arbustivus (Fr.) — olivaceo-albus (Fr.) - hypothejus (Fr.) — pratensis (Fr.) — virgineus (Fr.) — ventricosus (B. et Br.) — russo-coriaceus (Fr.) - distans (Berk.) — ovinus (Fr.) — Colemannianus (Blox.) — ceraceus (Fr.) — coccineus (Fr.) — miniatus (Fr.) — puniceus (Fr.) — conic us (Fr.) — calyptrseformis (B. et Br.) — chlorophanus (Fr.) - psittacinus (Fr.) — unguinosus (Fr.) Genus VIII. LACTARIUS (Fr.) Lactarius torminosus (Fr.) — cilicioides (Fr.) — turpis (Fr.) — controversus (Fr.) — insulsus (Fr.) — zonarius (Fr.) — utilis (Weinm.) — biennius (Fr.) — hysginus (Fr.) — circellatus (Fr.) Lactarius uvidus (Fr.) — pyrogalus (Fr.) — chrysorheus (Fr.) — plumbeus (Fr.) — pergamenus (Fr.) — piperatus (Fr.) — vellereus (Fr.) — deliciosus (Fr.) — pallidus (Fr.) — quietus (Fr.) — theiogalus (Fr.) — cyathula (Fr.) — rufus (Fr.) — glyciosmus (Fr.) — fuliginosus (Fr.) — volemus (Fr.) — serifluus (Fr.) — mitissimus (Fr.) — subdulcis (Fr.) — camphoratus (Fr.) Genus IX. RUSSULA (Fr.) Russula nigricans (Fr.) — adusta (Fr.) — delica (Fr.) — furcata (Fr.) — sanguinea (Fr.) — rosacea (Fr.) — sardonia (Fr.) — depallens (Fr.) — drimeia (Cooke) — virescens (Fr.) — lepida (Fr.) — rubra (Fr.) — Linnasi (Fr.) — vesca (Fr.) — cyanoxantha (Fr.) - heterophylla (Fr.) — consobrina (Fr.) — foetens (Fr.) - fellea (Fr.) - Queletii (Fr.) — emetica (Fr.) — ochroleuca (Fr.) - citrina (Gill) — fragilis (Fr.) — integra (Fr.) — decolorans (Fr.) - aurata (Fr.) — veternosa (Fr.) — nitida (Fr.) — claroflava (Grove) — alutacea (Fr.) — lutea (Fr.) — chamasleontina (Fr.) Genus X. CANTHARELLUS (Adams) Cantharellus cibarius (Fr.) — aurantiacus (Fr.) A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Cantharellus tubaeforrnis (Fr.) — infiindibuliformis (Fr.) — muscigenus (Fr.) — lobatus (Fr.) Genus XL NYCTALIS (Fr.) Nyctalis asterophora (Fr.) - parasitica (Fr.) Genus XII. MARASMIUS (Fr.) Marasmius urens (Fr.) - peronatus (Fr.) - porreus (Fr.) - oreades (Fr.) - erythropus (Fr.) - archyropus (Fr.) - Vaillantii (Fr.) - foetidus (Fr.) - ramealis (Fr.) - alliaceus (Fr.) - rotula (Fr.) - androsaceus (Fr.) - epiphyllus (Fr.) - saccharinus (Fr.) Genus XIII. LENTINUS (Fr.) Lentinus tigrinus (Fr.) - lepideus (Fr.) - adhaerens (Fr.) - cochleatus (Fr.) - flabelliformis (Fr.) Genus XIV. PANUS (Fr.) Panus conchatus (Fr.) - torulosus (Fr.) - stypticus (Fr.) Genus XV. SCHIZOPHYLLUM (Fr., Schizophyllum commune (Fr.) Genus XVI. LENZITES (Fr.) Lenzites betulina (Fr.) - flaccida (Fr.) - sepiaria (Fr.) Ord. II. POLTPOREI Genus XVII. BOLETUS (Dill.) Boletus luteus (Linn.) - elegans (Schum.) - flavus (With.) - granulatus (Linn.) - bovinus (Linn.) — badius (Fr.) — sanguineus (With.) - piperatus (Bull.) — variegatus (Sw.) - strisepes (Seer.) Boletus chrysenteron (Fr.) — subtomentosus (Linn.) — rubinus (Smith) — parasiticus (Bull.) — variecolor (B. et Br.) — calopus (Fr.) — olivaceus (Schaeff.) — pachypus (Fr.) - edulis (Bull.) - fragrans (Vitt.) — impolitus (Fr.) - aestivalis (Fr.) - Satanas (Lenz.) - luridus (Schaeff.) - laricinus (Berk.) - scaber (Fr.) - felleus (Bull.) - castaneus (Bull.) Genus XVIII. FISTULINA (Bull.) Fistulina hepatica (Fr.) Genus XIX. POLYPORUS Polyporus leptocephalus (Fr.) — rufescens (Fr.) - squamosus (Fr.) - varius (Fr.) - elegans (Fr.) — lucidus (Fr.) - intybaceus (Fr.) - cristatus (Fr.) - giganteus (Fr.) — sulfureus (Fr.) — heteroclitus (Fr.) — salignus (Fr.) - nidulans (Fr.) - 'fumosus (Fr.) - adustus (Fr.) - adiposus (B. et Br.) - hispidus (Fr.) - cuticularis (Fr.) - dryadeus (Fr.) - betulinus (Fr.) - applanatus (Fr.) - fomentarius (Fr.) - igniarius (Fr.) - conchatus (Fr.) - ribis (Fr.) - ulmarius (Fr.) - fraxineus (Fr.) - annosus (Fr.) - radiatus (Fr.) — versicolor (Fr.) - Wynnei (B. et Br.) — ferruginosus (Fr.) — medulla-panis (Fr.) — vitreus (Fr.) — obducens (Pers.) — vulgaris (Fr.) 64 BOTANY Polyporus molluscus (Fr.) — sanguinolentus (Fr.) — vaporarius (Fr.) — Ptychogaster (Lud.) Genus XX. TRAMETES (Fr.) Trametes Bulliardi (Fr.) — suaveolens (Fr.) — gibbosa (Fr.) — serpens (Fr.) Genus XXI. D^EDALEA (Fr.) Daedalea quercina (Pers.) — confragosa (Pers.) — unicolor (Fr.) Genus XXII. MERULIUS (Fr). Merulius corium (Fr.) — lachrymans (Fr.) Genus XXIII. SOLENIA (Hoffm.) Solenia anomala (Pers.) Ord. III. HTDNEI Genus XXIV. HYDNUM (Linn.) Hydnum repandum (Linn.) — scrobiculatum (Fr.) — auriscalpium (Fr.) — coralloides (Scop.) — membranaceum (Bull.) — ferruginosum (Fr.) — udum (Fr.) — niveum (Pers.) — farinaceum (Pers.) Genus XXV. PHLEBIA (Fr.) Phlebia merismoides (Fr.) Genus XXVI. GRANDINIA (Fr.) Grandinia granulosa (Fr.) Ord. IV. THELEPHOREI Genus XXVII. CRATERELLUS (Fr.) Craterellus lutescens (Fr.) — cornucopioides (Fr.) Genus XXVIII. THELEPHORA (Ehrh.) Thelephora anthocephala (Fr.) — terrestris (Ehrh.) — laciniata (Pers.) — mollissima (Pers.) — cristata (Fr.) Genus XXIX. STEREUM (Fr.) Stereum purpureum (Fr.) — hirsutum (Fr.) 65 Stereum spadiceum (Fr.) — sanguinolentum (Fr.) — rubiginosum (Fr.) — tabicinum (Fr.) — rugosum (Fr.) Genus XXX. AURICULARIA, Bull. Auricularia mesenterica (Fr.) Genus XXXI. CORTICIUM (Fr.) Corticium evolvens (Fr.) — giganteum (Fr.) — laeve (Fr.) — sanguineum (Fr.) — caeruleum (Fr.) — quercinum (Fr.) — cinereum (Fr.) — incarnatum (Fr.) — nudum (Fr.) — corrugatum (Fr.) — comedens (Fr.) — puteanum (Fr.) — aridum (Fr.) — terrestre (Mass.) — sambuci (Fr.) Genus XXXII. CYPHELLA (Fr.) Cyphella capula (Fr.) — Curreyi (B. et Br.) — faginea (Lib.) — villosa (Pers.) Ord. V. CLAVARlEl Genus XXXIII. CLAVARIA (Linn.) Clavaria fastigiata (Linn.) — coralloides (Linn.) — cinerea (Bull.) — cristata (Pers.) — rugosa (Bull.) — Kunzei (Fr.) — fusiformis (Sow.) — inaequalis (Fl. Dan.) — vermicularis (Scop.) — fragilis (Holmsk.) — pistillaris (Linn.) Genus XXXIV. CALOCERA (Fr.) Calocera viscosa (Fr.) — cornea (Fr.) Genus XXXV. TYPHULA (Pers.) Typhula gyrans (Fr.) — phacorrhiza (Fr.) Genus XXXVI. PISTILLARIA (Fr.) Pistillaria micans (Fr.) — quisquiliaris (Fr.) — rosella (Fr.) A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Ord. VI. TREMELLINEI Genus XXXIX. HIRNEOLA (Fr.) Genus XXXVII. TREMELLA (Fr.) Herneola Auricula-Judae (Berk.) Tremella foliacea (Pers.) _ mesenterica (Retz.) Qenus XL DACRYMYCES (N.) — albida (Huds.) — moriformis (Eng. Bot.) Dacrymyces deliquescens (Dub.) — tubercularia (Berk.) — stillatus (Nees.) — torta (Berk.) Genus XXXVIII. EXIDIA (Fr.) Genus XLI. DITIOLA (Fr.) Exidia recisa (Fr.) — glandulosa (rr.) 66 ZOOLOGY MOLLUSCS Warwickshire is not a very suitable county for molluscan life since so much of its subsoil consists of sandstone. Nevertheless 93 species out of a possible 139 for the whole British Islands have been found ; while one other form, Physa beterostropba, introduced from the United States, occurs near Birmingham. The freshwater forms as might be expected show the higher per- centage of occurrences. The whole assemblage is typically British, extreme northern and western forms being absent, nor does Pomatias e/egans occur. A few more species may yet be discovered, notably among the Vertigos. The literature on the subject is small and scattered, the three principal papers being : one on the neighbourhood of Birmingham by G. SherrifF Tye,1 that on the Rugby district by E. E. Austen 2 and a list for Sutton Coldfield by A. Wood.3 A. GASTROPODA I. PULMONATA a. STYLOMMATOPHORA 'festacella maugei, FeY.l — kaliotidea, Drap. V Birmingham — scutulum, Sby. Limax maximus, Linn. — flavus, Linn. Birmingham ; Whitchurch — arborum, Bouch. -Chant. Near Knowle Agrlollmax agrestis (Linn.) — ! EMM. 1870, p. 40) Chaerocampa celerio, L. One in Birming- ham = Horsefair in 1868 (F. Enock, EMM. 1868, p. 172) ; and one at Edgbaston (G. T. Bethune- Baker, Entom. 1880, p. 310) — elpenor, L. Not common. Marston Green (one, H. Stone) ; Shirley (J. T. Fountain) ; Sutton Park (one, E. C. Tye) ; Kncwle (H. W. Ellis, Blatch Coll. etc.), Solihull and Hock- ley Heath (Blatch Hand.); Rugby (many records in Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Whitchurch (L. C. Keighley-Peach) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Metopsilus (Chasrocampa) porcellus, L. Not common. Sutton Park is the best known locality for this species, but it is rare there. It is also re- corded from Atherstone (C. Baker, Entom. 1899, p. 213); Wellesbourne (L. C. Keighley-Peach); Wolford (by his father, W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) Macroglossa stellatarum, L. Not uncom- mon sometimes, locally. Sutton (P. W. Abbott) ; Aston (C. J. Wake- field) ; Solihull (A. H. Martineau) ; Hampton-in-Arden (one, 1900, G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (H. W. Ellis, W. Kiss, etc.); Small Heath Park (H. Taylor) ; Rugby = Overs/ode, etc. (several records, Rugby lists) ; War- wick (most years, P. P. Baly) ; Ather- stone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (Austen ; common some years, W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Whitchurch (very com- mon 1900, J. H. Bloom) Hemaris (Macroglossa) fuciformis, L. Ow- ing to the confusion in the synonomy of this and the next species, most of the records must be regarded as un- certain ; both species however occur in the county, I believe, but are al- ways rare. This one has occurred at Rugby, as Mr. N. V. Sidgwick writes to me : ' The only one oc- curring here so far as I know is the broad bordered one of which I have one and have seen several others.' Moreover, there are many records of it in the Rugby lists, chiefly from Brandon Woods. Both species were recorded by the old collectors as being common near Knowle at Chal- cot Wood, etc. (Blatch Hand. ; F. Enock, Sat. Guide) ; they however must be very scarce now, as only single specimens have been seen anywhere near for many years. Mr. J. T. Fountain took one of this species there at Umberslade on June 14, 1896, and one on June 17,1 900. Coombe Wood (com- mon, G. B. Longstaff, EMM. 1866, p. 138; G. H. Kenrick); Wolford (taken years ago by his father, W. C. E. Wheeler) Hemaris scabiosae, Z. (bombyliformis, Esp.) The narrow bordered species I can give fewer records of, and yet I sus- pect it is equally common. Its occurrence near Knowle in the old days is already referred to above, and Mr. J. T. Fountain took one there on June 21, 1891, at Umberslade. In the Rugby lists both names occur ; doubt is however thrown on the records of this species by Mr. N. V. Sidgwick's note quoted above NOTODONTID/E Cerura furcula, Cl. Rare. The larvae occasionally obtained from sallow. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, W. Kiss, Blatch Hand.) ; Sutton (R. C. Brad- ley) ; Rugby (A. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1867, etc.) — bifida, Hb. Not uncommon in the larval stage on poplars and aspens. I have taken it in the suburbs of Birmingham, at Tardley, and in Handsworth (Staffs.) ; I also have records from Hampton - in - Arden, Marston Green, Tardley (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll., etc., W. Kiss) ; Rugby = Brandon, etc. (Rugby lists) Dicranura vinula, L. Common every- where ; its name occurs in every list I have received Stauropus fagi, L. Very rare in the mid- lands. Its only claim to inclusion in the Warwickshire list rests on the recorded capture of one larva at Rugby in the Rugby list, 1888. It is a schoolboy record and open to doubt, but owing to the striking character of the larva, and the fact that it occurs in neighbouring coun- ties, I have treated it as probably correct, and included it 131 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE (Notodonta) trimacula, Esp. (dodottca, Frr.) Rare. Mtrttt* Grttm (one, E. C. Tye) ; Attmtau (C. Baker) ; Kmwk (Blatch Hand.; F. Knock, Sat. Gd*) — rhanofc^ Hb. Rarer eren than the above. Atkntnu (one, C Baker) ; Wt^rd (one, W. C E. Wheeler) Pheosia (Notodonta) tremula, CL (dictara, Esp.) Not common, but probably generally distributed. Kntrailt (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Rugby (A. Sidgwick, Rugby lists, 1867, etc.) ; Walftrd Winds (Austen). I have taken it in the Birmingham suburbs = at Hands- v.vrtb = but over the border. It doubtless occurs however all round Birmingham, on the many poplars in gardens, etc. — dictzoides, E*p. Probably somewhat commoner than the above. Atkerrtim (C. Baker) ; Rufiy = Brandin Winds (Rugby lists) ; Smttsm Part (C. J. Wain wright, etc.) ; Kmruile (G. W. Wynn, \V. G. Blatch) Notcnionta ziczac, L. Not common ; at Knra.-^ it occurs regularly, and it is also recorded from Surton P>*rk (P. W. Abbott) ; Tardltj (H. Tay- lor) ; Rxgiy = (h-tnladt, etc. (Rugby lists) ; If'ilfjrd If'iads (Austen) — drcmecarius, L. Not uncommon. I have taken the larvz at Sxttin and K"U*LJ, at both of which places it probably occurs regularly ; it is also recorded from Afarsta* Grun (G. W. Wynn) ; Cilakill (F. Enock, Sat. Git^u] j Birmingham (one larva, R. C. R. Jordan, E.M.M. ii. 261) — trepida, Esp. Az'centoiu (a pair in IQCI, C. Baker) ; Krxgraiood (oac in 1902, W. H. Flint) Lophopteryx camelina, L. A common species everywhere Pterostoma palpina, L. Not uncommon on aspen. Ktraj (R. C. Bradley, W. Kas, W. G. Blatch, etc.) ; Small Heath (H. Taylor) ; Ritgey (Rugby list, 1874) ; OotnUe (Rugby list, J. M. Furness, 1893) J ff'ufird (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; has also been taken in Birmingham submras, but not in our county Phalera '•r TirtMfj*, L. Very common cv u • • neic Pygzra curtuk, L. Very rare. KxmoU (W. Kiss) — pigra, Hufix. (reclusa, F.) The only ckim of this species to inclusion in Ac county lists rests on a record in the Rugby lists, 1888. It has how- ever probably been overlooked else- where LYMANTRIIDjE Orgyia gonostigma, F. Rare ; its occur- rence needs confirmation. Ctvtntry (Blatch Hand.) ; Rugby (Rugby list, 1888); Ctombt Wood (G. H. Kenrick) — antiqua, L. Common everywhere [Dasychira fascelina, L. Needs confirma- tion as a Warwickshire insect. There is a specimen in the Blatch Coll. labelled as having been obtained in Stftttm Pork ; and some very doubt- ful records in the Rugby lists] — pudibunda, L. Not uncommon. Kmruilt (G. W. Wynn, H. W. Ellis, W. Kiss, etc.) ; StBtmtt (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Brandon, Prixcitbarpe, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atbtrrtau (C. Baker) ; IVdfird (W. C. E. Wheeler) Euproctis (Porthesia) chrysorrhcEa, L. This species has been recorded several times, and possibly records referring to old captures may be correct. F. Enock (in list, 1870) gives it as occurring in the Birmingham district, and W. C. E. Wheeler's record of it for Wilfird may have been correct in his father's days. I doubt its occur- rence now anywhere in the county, and although the name occurs many times in the Rugby lists, it is prob- ably in error Porthesia similis, FuessL (auriflua, F.) Very common, often abounds Sdlpnotia (Leucoma) salicis, L. Not com- mon. Crvfntry (larvz near, in 1897, E. C. Tye) ; Knauilt (Blatch Hand.); Rugby (Rugby lists) ; Edgbastnt (one at rest, 1901, G. H. Kenrick) Lymantria (Psilura) monacha, L. Suttan Park (Blatch Hand.), but certainly not seen for many years ; Rugby = Cmmbt JVvid, Brandon Wands, etc. (many records, Rugby lists) ; Wilfvrd (sometimes feiriy plentiful = several at •sugar,' in 1 888, W. C. E. Whcder) LASIOCAMPIDji: Malacosoma neustria, L. By no means a pest in Warwickshire as it seems to be in many places further south ; it is rather an uncommon insect with as as a rule. Whitdmrdti, Id&ott (J. H. Bloom) ; Wttfrd (W. C. E. Wheder; Austen); JjM*(B.W. Ellis, common at 'tight,' etc.); R*& (Rugby list, .874) 133 INSECTS Trichiura crataegi, L. Rare. Atberstone (C. Baker) ; Rugby (Rugby lists = A. Sidgwick, etc.) ; also recorded from near Wbitchurcb in the strip of Worcestershire separating Whit- church from the rest of Warwickshire (L. C. Keighley-Peach) Pcecilocampa populi, L. Not common. Tardley (E. C. Tye); Button (A. Johnson) ; Krurwle (R. C. Bradley, W. Kiss, etc.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) ; Atberstone (C. Baker) ; Whitchurcb (on Worcestershire side of parish, L. C. Keighley-Peach) Eriogaster lanestris, L. Not common. Altester (R. C. Bradley); Knowle (H. W. Ellis, W. Kiss, etc.) ; Rugby — Church Lawford and Brandon Woods (A. Sidgwick, etc., Rugby lists) ; Atberstone (C. Baker); Wolford (Austen ; larvae sometimes common, W. C. E. Wheeler) ; IdKcote (L. C. Keighley-Peach) Lasiocampa quercus, L. Common especially in Sutton Park, where the larvse are sometimes abundant. Rugby = Princethorpe, etc. (Rugby lists) ; War- wick (common, Baly) ; Knowle (W. Kiss) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Watford (Austen, W. C. E. Wheeler) Macrothylacia (Bombyx) rubi, L. Common in Sutton Park ; also recorded from Rugby (Rugby list, 1894 only); Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Cosmotriche potatoria, L. Common every- where Gastropacha quercifolia, L. Very rare. Bidford (one, G. W. Wynn) ; Hock- ley Heath (larva once, Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby (A. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1867, etc.) ; near Warwick (W. Kiss) ; Wolford (larvae several times, not common, W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Whitchurch (on Worcestershire side, L. C. Keighley-Peach) SATURNIID/E Saturnia pavonia, L. Common in Sutton Park, where the males have been obtained in considerable numbers by sembling ; has not been recorded from anywhere else in the county, though there are several other lo- calities where it might be expected DREPANID.S Drepana falcataria, L. Not rare. I have taken the larvae freely at Knnule and also have records from Marston Green (G. W. Wynn) ; Coventry (G. H. Kenrick) ; Knowle (W. Kiss, Blatch Coll.) ; Coleshill (Blatch Cat.); Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atberstone (C. Baker) ; Frankton (G. B. Longstaff, E.M.M. iii. 138) Drepana lacertinaria, L. With the above, but not quite so common. Marston Green (E. C. Tye, G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, W. Kiss, etc.) ; Sutton Park (P. W. Abbott, G. W. Wynn) ; Umberslade (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Athentone (C. Baiker) — binaria, Hufh. (hamula, Esp.) Rare ; only old records = Knowle (Blatch Hand., and F. Enock, Sat. Guide), and the schoolboy records of the Rugby lists (1877, 1888) Cilix glaucata, Sc. (spinula, Schiff.) Gene- rally distributed NOCTUIDJE ACRONYCTIN^ Acronycta leporina, L. Not uncommon ; larvae frequent on poplars at Sutton and Knnule ; also recorded from Tardley (E. C. Tye) ; Rugby = Bran- dan Woods, etc. (Rugby lists), and Atkerstone (C. Baker). The usual form with us appears to be brady- porina, Tr. — aceris, L. Very rare. W. G. Blatch records one specimen found on palings at Small Heath in 18/0, which specimen is still in his collec- tion ; no other record of the species in this county exists however, ex- cepting one or two in the Rugby lists (1874, 1898) — tnegacephala, F. Common in the suburbs on the Staffordshire side of Birmingham, and probably all round. Also recorded from Knowle (G. W. Wynn, H. W. Ellis, etc., etc.); Rugby (A. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1867, etc.) ; Warwick (P. P. Baly) ; Whitchurch (Worcestershire side, L. C. Keighley-Peach) — alni, L. Occurs throughout the dis- trict, but never more than one speci- men seems to be taken at one time or place, and every one is recorded ; so that it must be considered very rare. Wylde Green (one on haw- thorn, C. J. Wainwright) ; near Rugby (one, W. D. Spencer) ; Knowle (one, G. W. Wynn ; one on oak, W. Kiss) ; Sutton (one on mountain ash, R. C. Bradley) ; Meulej (one on maple, H. W. Ellis); Yardley 133 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE ACRONYCTIN.S (continued) (E. C. Tye, H. Taylor); Small Heath (one, W. G. Blatch) ; Edg- baston (G. H. Kenrick, one at 'light'; Blatch Hand., and Enock, Sat. Guide) ; near Solihull (A. D. Imms, Entom. 1898, p. 293) ; Rugby (A. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1867 ; one, N. W. Hudson, Rugby list, 1889) ; Brandon Woods and Overslade (one each, Rugby lists, 1893) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Sutton (one, F. Enock, E.M.M. i. 143) Acronycta tridens, Schiff. Very doubtfully distinguished from the next species. It is probably not uncommon, but re- cords cannot be trusted. I have not met with the larvae myself. W. G. Blatch (Brit. Assoc. Hand.) speaks however of taking the larvae on elms at Knowle, and probably knew them ; and N. V. Sidgwick writes to me that he has taken and bred it at Rug/>y,znd is certain of the identifi- cation — psi, L. Very common everywhere — menyanthidis, View. Mr. G. H. Kenrick took a single specimen in 1899 at Richmond Hi//, Edgbaston ; he knew the species, having taken it in the north, so it was doubtless correctly identified, but its occurrence must have been quite accidental - rumicis, L. Common everywhere Craniophora (Acronycta) ligustri, F. Rare. Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Rugby = Coombe Wood, etc. (Rugby lists) Agrotis strigula, Thnb. (porphyrea, Hb.) Not common ; occurs most freely in Sutton Park ; also recorded from near Coleshill (G. W. Wynn); Hay Woods (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists, 1888 only ; rather doubtful) — janthina, Esp. Common throughout the district — fimbria, L. Not uncommon. Occurs in nearly every list, but is never abundant — interjecta, Hb. Rare. Knuw/e (one, R. C. Bradley, Aug. 16, 1885) ; Hamf- ton-in-Arden (two at 'sugar,' 1900, G. W. Wynn); Tardley, Knowle (Blatch Hand.); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists, several times) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (Austen ; used to be fairly plentiful, W. C. E. Wheeler); Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) — augur, F. Common throughout the district TRIFIN/E (continued) Agrotis obscura, Brahm. (ravida, Hb.) Very rare. Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Whitckurch (Worcestershire side, L. C. Keighley-Peach) — pronuba, L. Abundant everywhere as usual — comes, Hb. (orbona, F.) Common everywhere — castanea, Esp. Very rare. Rugby = Overslade, Frankton, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker). F. Enock gives it as occurring in the Birmingham district in his 1870 list — agathina, Dup. Was once only taken at Sutton by H. Tunaley — triangulum, Hufn. Marston Green, Tardley, Hampton-in-Arden (common, G. W. Wynn); Sutton (P. W. Abbott, etc.) ; Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) — baja, F. Common everywhere — c-nigrum, L. „ „ — xanthographa, F. Very common everywhere — umbrosa, Hb. Tardley, Hampton-in- Arden (G. W. Wynn); Knowle (R. C. Bradley, W. G. Blatch) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (' seems fond of sunflowers,' W. C. E. Wheeler) — rubi, View. Sutton (P. W. Abbott) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Birmingham (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Ather- stone (C. Baker) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) - dahlii, Hb. Not common. Sutton (P. W. Abbott, G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — brunnea, F. Marston Green, Hampton- in-Arden (common, G. W. Wynn) ; Sutton (P. W. Abbott, R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) — primulas, Esp. (testiva, Hb.) Common everywhere — glareosa, Esp. Sutton (P. W. Abbott, G. W. Wynn, R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (W. G. Blatch) — plecta, L. Sutton (P. W. Abbott, G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (R. C. 134 INSECTS (continue/I) Bradley, H. W.Ellis, etc.); Hampton- in-Arden, Marston Green (G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker). Agrotis putris, L. Not common. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overslade, Waveley Wood near Stoneleigh, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Whitchurch (Worcestershire side, L. C. Keighley-Peach) — exclamationis, L. Very common every- where — nigricans, L. Knowle (W. G. Blatch, R. C. Bradley) ; Hampton-in-Arden (a few in 1900, G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, etc., Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Bir- mingham (very rare, R. C. R. Jordan, E.M.M., October, 1888) — tritici, L. Very rare. Hampton-in- Arden (two in 1 900, G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby (one doubtful record); is given by F. Enock (List, 1869) as com- mon, but that must have been an error - tritici, L., var. aquilina, Hb. Very rare. N. V. Sidgwick records one from Rugby — obelisca, Hb. This species, usually, I believe, associated with the sea coast, occurs in Sutton Park, where a few specimens have been taken by P.W. Abbott and G. W. Wynn — corticea, Hb. Rare with us. Mar- ston Green ; Lapworth ; Hampton-in- Arden (G. W. Wynn); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — • ypsilon, Rott. (suffusa, Hb.) Not common. Sutton (P. W. Abbott) ; Knowle (W. G. Blatch, W. Kiss) ; Hampton-in-Arden (one in 1900, G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Birmingham (very rare, R. C. R. Jordan, E.M.M., October, 1888) — segetum, Schiff. Common everywhere — saucia, Hb. Not common. Sutton (P. W. Abbott); Knowle (W. G. Blatch, W. Kiss); Small Heath (H. Taylor) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — prasina, F. (herbida, Hb.) Not common. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Hay Woods (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Frankton Wood, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker), and I believe it has occurred in Sutton Park Tn.iFiN.ffi (continued) Pachnobia rubricosa, F. Common through- out the county Charaeas graminis, L. Not uncommon. Sutton (C. J. Wainwright, etc.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, W. Kiss, etc.); Rughy = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wol- ford (common in a few spots, W.C. E. Wheeler) Epineuronia popularis, F. Not common, but occurs in every list — cespitis, F. Not common. Knowle (W. G. Blatch, R. C. Bradley) ; Tardley (H. Taylor) ; Wolford W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Pershore Road, Birmingham (J. T. Fountain) Mamestra advena, F. Very rare. Rugby = Overslade, etc. (J. M. Furness, etc., Rugby lists) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler). I know of no other re- cords — tincta, Brahm. Very rare ; the only record I have is Knowle (W. G. Blatch) — nebulosa, Hufn. Common throughout the county — brassicas, L. Very common every- where — persicariae, L. Common, particularly so in gardens — oleracea, L. Common everywhere — genistae, Bkh. Not common. Knowle (W. G. Blatch, R. C. Bradley, etc.); Kingswood (G. H. Kenrick) ; Rugby (Rugby list, 1886 only); Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Sutton (F. Enock, Sat. Guide, but no recent record, C. j.W.) — dissimilis, Knoch. Rare. Small Heath (H. Taylor) ; Rugby = Overslade, Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) — thalassina, Rott. Common everywhere — contigua, Vill. Not common ; gener- ally taken singly in the larval stage. I have a number of records from Sutton, also from Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (W. G. Blatch Coll.); Rugby (Rugby list, 1888 only) — pisi, L. Common everywhere — trifolii, Rott. (chenopodii, F.) Rare. Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1892) ; also is mentioned in Blatch Cat. as occurring at Knowle ; there is how- ever no specimen in the Blatch collection — glauca, Hb. Rare. The only certain 135 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE TRIFIN.* (continued) locality for it is Button Park, where it occurs regularly but locally and not abundantly. It is also recorded from Rugby once (Rugby list, 1874) Mamestra dentina, Esp. Common every- where — reticulata,Vill. (saponariae,Bkh.) Rare. I have records from Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Overslade (Rugby list = J. M. Furness, 1892) — serena, F. Not common ; occurs oc- casionally in Sutton Park, and I also have records from Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Rugby — Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; A-therstone (C. Baker) ; Whitchurch (on Worcester side of parish, L. C. Keighley-Peach) Dianthcecia capsincola (S.V.), Hb. Com- mon. Marston Green (G.W.Wynn); Small Heath (J.T. Fountain); Knowle (Blatch Coll.); Rugby (Rugby lists and N. V. Sidgwick) ; Edgbaston (Dr. Jordan) — cucubali (S.V.), Fuessl. Not uncom- mon. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Birmingham (Blatch Coll.); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists); Ather- stone (C. Baker) Bombycia viminalis, F. Not uncommon. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.); Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, and Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Miana literosa, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Bradley); Hampton-in-Arden (G.W. Wynn); Small Heath(Vf .G. Blatch); Atherstone (C. Baker) — strigilis, Cl. Very common through- out the district. In the immediate neighbourhood of Birmingham the usual form is var. aethiops, Haw. Amongst many specimens I took or saw on 'sugar' in Handsworth (a Staf- fordshire suburb) I only took one specimen with any distinct white markings, and I believe that is the more general experience around Birmingham. I have records of the species from all parts of the county, but do not know what form prevails right away from Birmingham, though at Knowle the black one is still the commoner one. — fasciuncula, Haw. Common ; occurs in every list, and I believe is nearly always found with the preceding but less commonly — bicoloria, Vill. Tfardley, Sutton, Hamp- TRIFIN.S (continued) ton-in-Arden (very common in 1900 in the last locality, G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) Bryophila perla, F. Common throughout the county in suitable spots, but of course local Diloba cceruleocephala, L. Throughout the county ; is recorded in every list Apamea testacea, Hb. Common everywhere Celaena matura, Hufn. (cytherea, F.). Well distributed, not common. Knowle (W. G. Blatch, R. C. Bradley); Hampton-in-Arden (a few, 1900, G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists); Atherstone (C. Baker); Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler); Whitchurch (on Worcestershire side, L. C. Keighley-Peach) Hadena adusta, Esp. Not common and very local. Sutton Park (G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Knowle (W. Kiss) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) — ochroleuca, Esp. One specimen is in the Blatch collection which has been recorded as having occurred near Small Heath, and according to the Blatch MS. Catalogue of the collec- tion was taken by Mr. James Madi- son ; no other specimen has been taken anywhere near Birmingham to my knowledge - furva (S.V.), Hb. Mr. C. Baker in- forms me that he took two speci- mens at Athsrstone, which were as- signed to this species by Mr. R. Newstead of Chester. It certainly seems very rare throughout the mid- lands and needs confirmation — sordida, Bkh. (anceps, Hb.) Not common. Coventry ; Sutton (G. W. Wynn) ; Hampton-in-Arden (one in 1 900, G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, and Blatch Coll.); Small Heath (H. Taylor); Rugby = Over- slade, etc. (Rugby lists) — monoglypha, Hufn. Extremely com- mon everywhere. Var. infuscata, Buch. White. Very rare, only one recorded, Solihull (A. H. Martineau) — lithoxylea, F. Common ; occurs in every list. Mr. G. W. Wynn found it very common at ' sugar ' at Hamp- ton-in-Arden in 1900 — sublustris, Esp. Much less common. Hampton-in-Arden (a few, 1900, (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) 136 INSECTS Tn.iFiN.ffi (continued) Hadena rurea, F. Common everywhere in various forms ; type and var. alope- curus, Esp. hepatica, Hb. Not common. Hampton- in-Arden (one in 1 900, G. W. Wynn); Knowle (Blatch Coll.); Rugby (Rugby lists); Ather stone (C. Baker) — scolopacina, Esp. Not common. Knowle (G. W. Wynn, W. G. Blatch, etc.) ; Hay Woods (G. W. Wynn, etc.) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Ather- stone (C. Baker) — basilinea, F. Common everywhere — gemina, Hb. Common. Button (with var. remissa, P. W. Abbott, etc.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.); Hamp- ton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Small Heath (H. Taylor); Rugby = Over- slade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — unanimis, Tr. Rare. Has occurred in the Birmingham district, but whether on the Warwickshire side or not I do not know. Mr. G. H. Kenrick took it at Selly Oak in Wor- cestershire, and Mr. F. Enock records it in the ten-mile radius (List, 1870). It is also mentioned in the Rugby lists from Brownsover and Overslade, but needs confirmation on the whole — secalis, L. (didyma, Esp. ; oculea, Gn.) Occurs in various forms commonly everywhere Aporophyla lutulenta, Bkh. Very rare. Has been taken at Knowle, where Mr. H. W. Ellis got one in 1898 at ' sugar,' and where it is mentioned as occurring in the Blatch Catalogue Polia flavicincta (S.V.), F. Very rare, and I should like confirmation. Mr. A. Sidgwick recorded it in 1867 in Rugby lists, and his son writes to me that he believes it to be correct, and Mr. W. C. E. Wheeler records it at Wolford. — chi, L. Occurs throughout the county Brachionycha sphinx, Hufn. (cassinea, Hb.) Wolford (occasionally, W. C. E. Wheeler) Miselia oxyacanthae, L. Common every- where with var. capucina, Mill. Dichonia aprilina, L. Occurs throughout the county Dryobota protea (S.V.), Bkh. Common throughout the county Dipterygia scabriuscula, L. Is recorded in Rugby list, 1886, as occurring at Kings Newnham near Rugby, and is sufficiently distinct for no error to be I 137 TRIFIN^E (continued) likely in its identification ; it is how- ever a rare midland insect Euplexia lucipara, L. Common every- where Brotolomia meticulosa, L. Common every- where Mania maura, L. Occurs throughout the county not uncommonly Naenia typica, L. Common everywhere Hydroecia nictitans, Bkh. Common every- where — micacea, Esp. Common. Sutton (P. W. Abbott) ; Knowle (one as late as Nov. 2, W. G. Blatch, etc.) ; Hampton- in-Arden (G.W.Wynn); Small Heath (H. Taylor) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Gortyna ochracea, Hb. (flavago, Esp.) Not uncommon. Sutton (C.J.W., P. W. Abbott, etc.); Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.); Hay Mills, etc. (J. T. Foun- tain); SmallHeath (H.Taylor); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) Nonagria typhae, Thnbg. Local, but prob- ably occurs wherever its food plant grows freely ; recorded from Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Sutton (P. W. Abbott) ; near Whitacre (G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby = Kings Newnham, etc. (Rugby lists) Tapinostola fulva, Hb. Sutton Park (P.W. Abbott, G. W. Wynn, etc.); Knowle (R. C. Bradley, G. W. Wynn) ; Hampton-in-Ardcn (G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby — Cathiron, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) Calamia lutosa, Hb. Mr. R. C. Bradley possesses a specimen which was taken at ' light ' at the signal box at Knowle railway station. Mr. F. Enock in his 1869 list also gives it as occurring in the ten-mile radius from Birmingham, on what authority I know not Leucania impura, Hb. Common every- where — pallens, L. Common everywhere — comma, L. „ „ — conigera, F. Hampton-in-Arden (' sugar,' 1900, G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Solihull (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Wolford (Austen, W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) — lithargyria, Esp. Throughout the county Grammesia trigrammica, Hufn. Through- out the county 18 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE (continued) Caradrina quadripunctata, F. (cubicularis [S.V.], Bkh.) Common generally — morpheus, Hufn. Common every- where — alsines, Brahm. Knowle (W. G. Blatch, R. C. Bradley) ; Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn, common) ; Rugby (Rugby lists); Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — taraxaci, Hb. (blanda, Tr.) Knowle (W. G. Blatch, R. C. Bradley) ; Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby — Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) Petilampa arcuosa, Haw. Common every- where Rusina umbratica, Goeze (tenebrosa, Hb.) Common everywhere Amphipyra tragopoginis, L. Common everywhere - pyramidea, L. Common locally. Coven- try (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Overslade (Rugby lists) ; Warwick (seen only, P. P. Baly) ; Atberstone (C. Baker) ; Idli- cote (J. H. Bloom); Wolford (W.C.E. Wheeler) Tosniocampa gothica, L. Very common, especially in the pupal stage — miniosa, F. Marston Green (one in 1895, H.Taylor); Rugby = Prince- thorpe (Rugby list, 1897 only). Not uncommon in Worcestershire, so will probably prove commoner in War- wickshire when looked for — pulverulenta, Esp. Very common - populeti, Tr. Not common. Marston Green (G. W. Wynn); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; is also recorded by Newman as occurring in the county - stabilis, View. "1 These two species — incerta,Hufn. (in- Vwith gothica and pul- stabilis, Esp.). J verulenta occur in the greatest abundance on sallows in the spring and in the pupal stage at the feet of trees in autumn wherever I have collected — opima, Hb. The only record of this species is one by Mr. E. A. Laxon at Keni/worth (Entom. 1899, p. 166). I do not know it otherwise as occur- ring in the county and should like confirmation — gracilis, F. Not common but well distributed. Marston Green, Hamp- ton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc., etc.); Olton (Blatch Cat.); Yardley (Blatch Hand.); (continued) Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) Tceniocampa munda, Esp. Like gracilis not common but well distributed. Marston Green (E. C. Tye, G. W. Wynn) ; Sutton (P. W. Abbott, C. J. W.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Kenil- worth (E. A. Laxon, Entom. 1899) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Panolis griseovariegata, Goeze (piniperda, Panz.) Very local ; occurs regu- larly in Sutton Park — chiefly in one wood — but is never common there ; and is also recorded from Marston Green (G. W. Wynn); Rugby (Rugby list, 1888 only) Calymnia affinis, L. Well distributed but not common. Hampton-in-Arden (common second week in August, 1 900, at ' sugar,' G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle and Hay Woods (Blatch Coll.); Marston Green (one, H. Taylor) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists); Knowle (W. Kiss); Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Whitchurch (L. C. Keighley-Peach) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — diffinis, L. Much less common than affinis ; only recorded from Atherstone (C. Baker); Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) — trapezina, L. Common everywhere Cosmia paleacea, Esp. (fulvago, Hb.) Is reported by Mr. C. Baker to occur at Atherstone, but I know of no other captures Dyschorista suspecta, Hb. Rare. The only records I have are Coventry and Sutton (G. W. Wynn) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) — fissipuncta, Haw. (upsilon, Bkh.) Also rare, and my records are very unsatisfactory. Sutton Park (Blatch Cat.); Rugby (Rugby lists) ; and it also occurs in F. Enock's 1870 list, but I should like confirmatory re- cords Plastenis subtusa, F. Rare. Hampton-in- Arden (one, G. W. Wynn); Knowle, Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick and in Rugby lists); and has also occurred over the border in the suburbs of Birmingham Cirrhoediaxerampelina, Hb. Rare. Knowle (one, R. C. Bradley at 'light,' Sept. I, 1886, and Blatch Coll.); Stechford in Worcestershire (H. Taylor) ; Sutton 138 INSECTS TRIFINJE (continued) (Groves); Pershore Road, Birming- ham = ? Worcestershire (J. T. Foun- tain); Rugby (Rugby list, once only, 1892); Atherstone (C. Baker); near Coleshill (W. H. Bath, Entom. 1887, p. 210) Anchoscelis lunosa, Haw. Rare. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, W. G. Blatch) ; Button (P. W. Abbott) ; Yardley (H. Taylor); Atherstone (C. Baker); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) Orthosia lota, Cl. Generally distributed but not abundant — macilenta, Hb. Rare. Recorded from Knowle (Blatch Coll.); Saltley (Blatch Cat.); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists); Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Chelmsley Wood (J. T. Fountain) — circellaris, Hufn. (ferruginea, Esp.) Common everywhere — helvola, L. (rufina, Hb.) Not uncom- mon. Button (P. W. Abbott, G. W. Wynn) ; Hampton-in-Arden, Mar- ston Green, Knouile (G. W. Wynn); Knowle (H. W. Ellis); Rugby = Overs/ade, etc. (Rugby lists); Ather- stone (C. Baker) - pistacina, F. Common everywhere in great variety — litura, L. Common everywhere Xanthia citrago, L. Not common. Button (P. W. Abbott); Knowle (R. C. Bradley, G. W. Wynn, etc.); Hay Woods (G. W. Wynn, H. W. Ellis, etc.); Rugby = Overslade (Rugby lists, J. M. Furness); I have also taken it on Staffordshire side of Birming- ham — aurago, F. Rare. The late Mr. W. G. Blatch took it at Knowle, but no other capture anywhere near Bir- mingham is known — lutea, Strom, (flavago, F., silago, Hb.) Common everywhere — fulvago, L. (cerago, F.) Common everywhere. This and lutea seem to occur wherever sallow grows, and the two can nearly always be bred if the catkins be gathered. O. cir- cellaris usually occurs with them but less frequently — gilvago, Esp. Not common. Button (P. W. Abbott); Knowle (W. G. Blatch, H. W. Ellis); Hampton-in- Arden (not uncommon at ' sugar ' 1 900, G. W. Wynn); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker); Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Orrhodia vaccinii, L. Common every- TRIFIN^E (continued) where, frequently very abundant at 'sugar' in the autumn and sallows in the spring Orrhodia ligula, Esp. (spadicea, Haw.) Not so common as vaccinii but generally occurs with it, and Mr. W. G. Blatch obtained it in considerable numbers at ' sugar ' at Knowle. The form we get seems to be always a rich dark brown, and is, I suppose, var. sub- spadicea, Stgr. Scopelosoma satellitia, L. Common every- where Xylina ornitopus, Rott. (rhizolitha, Tr.) Notcommon. Know/e(W.G. Blatch); Solihull (Blatch Cat.); 1 Rugby (Rugby list, 1888 only) Calocampa vetusta, Hb. Not common. Button (H. M. Lee, Blatch Hand., etc.); Knowle (W. G. Blatch); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — exoleta, L. Not uncommon. Marston Green (E. C. Tye); Button (P. W. Abbott, G. W. Wynn, etc.); Knowle (W. G. Blatch, etc.) ; Birmingham (J. T. Fountain); Solihull (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) Xylocampa areola, Esp. (lithorhiza, Tr.) Not common ; it occurs regularly at Knowle and is also recorded from Button (H. Taylor); Coleshill (Blatch Cat.); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Cucullia verbasci, L. Not common. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Rugby (Rugby lists); Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom); Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) • — umbratica, L. •> The records of — chamomillae, Schiff. / these two spe- cies are probably mixed and unde- pendable owing to their close resem- blance, but both species seem to occur throughout the county, um- bratica being probably much the commoner Anarta myrtilli, L. Common in Button Park, and is also recorded from Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; there are not many other places in the county which I should regard as likely for its occurrence Heliaca tenebrata, Scop, (arbuti, F.) Com- mon locally throughout the county Pyrrhia umbra, Hufn. (Chariclea marginata, F.) Very rare ; has been recorded from Coleshill (Blatch Hand.); Knowle (H. Taylor); Rugby = Overslade^. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1892) 139 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE TRIFIN.* (continued) Erastria fasciana, L. (fuscula, Hb.) Very rare. H. R. Brown, in Entom. 1882, p. 91, records it from a wood at Bubbenhall near Coventry, and it is also recorded in Rugby lists as occur- ring in Waveley Wood near Stoneleigh Park, also on Mr. H. R. Brown's authority. The two records prob- ably refer to the same capture, and Mr. N. V. Sidgwick tells me the in- sects are still in the school collection labelled accordingly Rivula sericealis, Scop. The only records I have of this species are in the Rugby lists in 1874 and 1898, the former on Mr. A. Sidgwick's the latter on Mr. N. V. Sidgwick's authority. Mr. N. V. Sidgwick in a letter confirms the capture and says he took one in Rugby Prothymnia viridaria, Cl. (asnea, Hb.) W. G. Blatch in his Handbook gives Knowle, Coleshill and Button, and F. Enock (List, 1869) says common, but I have no recent records except that Mr. W. C. E. Wheeler gives it in his Wolford list, and it occurs several times in the Rugby lists — Brandon Jf^oods, etc. I feel sure it does not occur at Sutton now GoNOPTERINj'E Scolioptcryx libatrix, L. Generally dis- tributed and fairly common QuADRIFIN.ffi Abrostola triplasia, L. Not common. Tardley (E. C. Tye, G. W. Wynn); Knowle (W. Kiss, etc.); Rugby — Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists); Aiher- stone (C. Baker) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — tripartite, Hufn. (urticae, Hb.) Not common. Yardley (E. C. Tye) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Over- slade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Athentone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Plusia chrysitis, L. Throughout the county not uncommon — festucae, L. I have one specimen taken by my brother in Sutton Park, and have a record of its occurrence at Wolford, where Mr. W. C. E. Wheeler says his father took it years ago — pulchrina, Haw. (v-aureum, Gn.) Not uncommon throughout the county — jota, L. Not uncommon throughout the county TRIFIRS (continued) Plusia gamma, L. As abundant as else- where Euclidia mi, Cl. Recorded from most parts of the county, but seems to be local. It does not occur at Sutton, nor has it been recorded from any- where nearer to Birmingham than Knowle — glyphica, L. Usually occurs with the above but there are fewer records for it. Knowle (Blatch Hand.) ; Rugby = Cathiron, etc. (Rugby lists); Wol- ford (W. C. E. Wheeler); Whit- church, (Worcestershire side, L. C. Keighley-Peach) Catocala fraxini, L. Rugby ; one caught by T. M. Wratislaw on August 31, 1880 (see Entom. 1880, p. 310) — nupta, L. Not common. Hampton-in- Arden (one, 1900, G. W. Wynn); Knowle (Blatch Hand.); Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, and Rugby lists) ; Warwick (taken by Mr. Chadwick = P. P. Baly) ; Baddesley Clinton (one, W. Kiss); Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom); Wolford (common some years, in others scarcely one, W. C. E. Wheeler) [ — sponsa, L. Rev. J. H. Bloom tells me that it was taken by Mr. Austen in Wolford Woods ; I however think it improbable, and it certainly needs confirmation as it is not usually taken in the midlands] [ — promissa, Esp. This also comes into the list on a single doubtful record. Mr. W. S. Edmonds records it in Rugby list, 1888, and Mr. N. V. Sidgwick writes me that he assured him he had taken it in Brandon Woods and seemed to know it ; I consider it however as improbable as the last] HYPENIN^E Laspeyria flexula, Schiff. Mr. N. V. Sidg- wick tells me he has taken this in Rugby, and it occurs several times in the Rugby lists Zanclognatha tarsi pennalis, Tr. Not un- common. Coventry (G. H. Kenrick); Rugby = Brandon Woods, Ovenlade, Princethorpe, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.); Atherstone (C. Baker) — grisealis, Hb. (nemoralis, F.) Not un- common. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.); Rugby = Over- slade, etc. (Rugby lists) Pechipogon barbalis, Cl. Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, 140 INSECTS HYPENIN.« (continued) Princethorpe, etc. (Rugby lists); Ather- stone (C. Baker) Hypena proboscidalis, L. Common. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) CYMATOPHORID.E Habrosyne derasa, L. Occurs throughout the county, but not abundantly Thyatira batis, L. More numerous than derasa and equally generally distri- buted Cymatophora or (S.V.), F. Rare. Knowle (W. Kiss); Rugby (Rugby list, once only, 1888) — octogesima, Hb. (ocularis, Gn.) Mr. E. A. Laxon tells me that two speci- mens of this species were taken in Waveley Wood near Coventry in his presence — duplaris, L. Not common. Sutton (G. W. Wynn, J. T. Fountain) ; Hay Wood (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (G. W. Wynn, Blatch Coll.); Rugby (Rugby list, 1888 only); Wolf or d (W. C. E. Wheeler) Polyploca diluta, F. Not uncommon. Coventry, Knowle, Marston Green (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, W. Kiss, etc.) ; Solihull (Blatch Coll.); Rugby (Rugby list, in 1888 only); Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Wh\tcburch(]. H. Bloom) ; Chelmsley Wood (J. T. Fountain) — flavicornis, L. Not common. Sohhull (R. C. Bradley) ; Marston Green (E. C. Tye, G. W. Wynn); Middle- ton Woods (P. W. Abbott) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, G. W. Wynn, etc.); Sutton Park (G. W. Wynn, H. Taylor) — ridens, F. Rare. I have only one record = Wolford (one only, W. C. E. Wheeler) ; but it has also been taken only just over the -border in Hopwas Wood by Mr. W. G. Blatch BREPHID^E Brephos parthenias, L. Rare. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Wolford Woods (common in one part, W. C. E. Wheeler) — nothum, Hb. The Rev. A. H. Wratislaw records it in the Rugby list for 1867 GEOMETRIDjE GEOMETRINJE Pseudoterpna pruinata, Hufn. (cythisaria, GEOMETRIN.S (continued) Schiff. Not uncommon. Sutton (P. W. Abbott, G. W. Wynn, etc.) ; Knowle (Blatch Hand.) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, and Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Geometra papilionaria, L. Not common. Marston Green (E. C. Tye) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, W. Kiss, etc.); Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Rugby = Frankton Wood, Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Bubbinhall near Coventry (H. R. Brown, Entom. 1882, p. 91) Euchloris pustulata, Hufn. (bajularia, Schiff.) Not common and local. Knowle (W. G. Blatch, W. Kiss) ; Solihull (Blatch Hand.) ; Rugby = Wave ley Wood, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Bubbinhall near Coven- try (H. R. Brown, 1882, p. 91) Thalera lactearia, L. Common every- where Hemithea strigata, Mttll. (thymiaria, Gn.) Not common. Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker); Wolford (Austen, W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Whltchurch (J. H. Bloom) AciDALIINJE Acidalia dimidiata, Hufn. (scutulata, Bkh.) Common. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists); Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — virgularia, Hb. (incanaria, Hb.) Soli- hull (A. H. Martineau, one in house) ; Knowle (Blatch Cat.) ; Wol- ford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Rugby = Overslade, Princethorpe, etc. (Rugby lists, quite common, N. V. Sidg- wick) — bisetata, Hufn. Common. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, G. W. Wynn); Stechford (Blatch Coll.) ; Tardley (H. Taylor) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker); Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — dilutaria, Hb. (osseata [F.], Stt.) Rug- by = Brandon village and Ntwbold (N. V. Sidgwick) — inornata, Haw. Not common. Sutton (W. G. Blatch, G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.); Rugby (Rugby list 1888 only) — aversata, L. Common everywhere 141 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE ACIDALIIN.S (continued) Acidalia emarginata, L. Doubtfully recorded from Rugby ; in Rugby list 1867 G. B. Longstaff records it, and in a com- munication to me Mr. N. V. Sidg- wick tells me that Mr. A. Sidgwick thinks he saw it years ago, but is not certain — remutaria, Hb. Common. Sutton (P. W. Abbott, G. W. Wynn, etc.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, G. W. Wynn, etc.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) - immutata, L. Only recorded from Wolford by W. C. E. Wheeler - imitaria, Hb. Not common. . Tardley (H. Taylor) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wbitchurch (J. H. Bloom) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) Ephyra pendularia, Cl. Not common. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, C. J. W., etc.) ; Erd'mgton (Blatch Hand.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) - annulata, Schulze (omicronaria [S.V.] Hb. Not common ; only re- corded in Rugby lists = Brandon Woods, etc. - porata, F. Not common. Erd'mgton, Knowle (Blatch Hand.); Rugby = Brandon Woods (Rugby list 1886 only) — punctaria, L. Not uncommon. Sutton (C. J. W., etc.) ; Knowle (W. Kiss, R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Erd'mgton (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Brandon [foods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker); Coombe Wood (G. B. LongstafF, E.M.M. iii. 138) Timandra amata, L. (amataria, L.) Not common, but generally distributed LARENTIIN^E Ortholitha plumbaria, F. (palumbaria [S.V.] Tr.) Very common in Sutton Park. Also recorded from Rugby = Overslade, Brownsover, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; and probably common in all suitable localities - cervinata, Schiff. Not common. Sutton (P. W. Abbott, R. C. Bradley) ; Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.); Rugby = Ovenlade (Rugby list 1892 only); Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Rugby (once only, N. V. Sidgwick) — limitata, Sc. (mensuraria, Schiff.) Common throughout the county LARENTIINJE (continued) Odezia atrata, L. (chaerophyllata, L.) Very local, sometimes occurring in one field only, but it is given in all my lists, and usually is common in the spots where it is found Anaitis plagiata, L. Not uncommon, and seems to occur throughout the county [ — paludata, Thnb., var. imbutata, Hb. Both W. G. Blatch in Brit. Assoc. Hand, and Enock in his 1869 list mention this as occurring near Bir- mingham. I however do not know of its occurrence nearer than Chart ley Moss, Staffordshire, and do not think it is at all likely to be found in Warwickshire] Chesias spartiata, Fuesl. Very local, but well distributed. Sutton (G. W. Wynn); Knowle (R. C. Bradley, W. Kiss, etc.) ; Rugby = Ovenlade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) Lobophora carpinata, Bkh. (lobulata, Hb.). Rare. It occurs at Knowle, where I have taken it ; and F. Enock gives it in his list 1870, probably from captures at the same place. At Hopwas Wood just over the border it is very common — halterata, Hufn. (hexapterata, Schiff.) Rare. Mr. N. V. Sidgwick writes to me that he took it once at Bran- don Woods, and Rev. J. H. Bloom records it from the Worcestershire side of Whitchurch parish - viretata, Hb. Sutton Park is a well- known headquartersof this usually un- common insect, and in some years it has been taken there in considerable numbers. Of late years however I fear it has been rendered much rarer by over collecting ; at any rate I have not heard of many being taken recently, though that may be because it has not been looked for so much as it used to be Chcimatobia brumata, L. Very common here as elsewhere Triphosa dubitata, L. Common every- where Eucosmia certata, Hb. Rare. Ather- stone (C. Baker) ; Rugby = Ovenlade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Whitchurch, Worcestershire, J. H. Bloom) — undulata, L. Not common. Sutton (C. J. W., etc.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley); Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc., (Rugby lists) ; Solihull= Cut Throat Coppice (Blatch Cat.) 142 INSECTS LARENTIINJE (continued) Scotosia vetulata, Schiff. Not common. Salford Priors (J. T. Fountain) ; Rugby = Cawston, Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Whitchurch (Worces- tershire, J. H. Bloom) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) — rhamnata, Schiff. Not common. Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler); Whitchurch (Worcestershire, J. H. Bloom) Lygris prunata, L. (ribesiaria, B.). Not common. Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby = Overslade, Princethorpe (Rugby lists) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) - testata, L. Not very common, but occurs throughout the county - populata, L. Not uncommon. Button (C. J. W., G. W. Wynn, etc.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Soli- hull (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) — associata, Bkh. (dotata, D. L.). Com- mon in gardens, etc. Tardley (G. W. Wynn) ; Sutton (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Larentia dotata, L. (pyraliata [S.V.] Hb.) Common. Knowle (C. J. W., etc., etc.) ; Solihull (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — fulvata, Forst. Common everywhere - ocellata, L. „ „ - bicolorata, Hufn. (rubiginata [S.V.] Hb.) Not common. Sutton Park (C. J. W.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Olton, Solihull (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) ; Ather- stone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — variata, Schiff. Common locally ; Sut- ton Park (very common, C. J. W., etc.) ; Hampton-in-Arden, Knowle (G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — miata, L. Not uncommon. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — truncata, Hufn. (russata [S.V.] Hb.) ) — immanata, Haw. J Both these species are, I believe, LARENTIIN^E (continued) common throughout the county, and occur in all their known forms ; they are doubtless, however, much mixed up in collections and records Larentia firmata, Hb. Rare. A few larvz have been taken in Sutton Park with those of variata, and it is recorded twice in the Rugby lists [— olivata [S.V.], Bkh. Mr. C. Baker records this species from Atherstone, and Rev. J. H. Bloom says it occurs at Whitchurch, but I think it very likely dark viridaria have been mis- taken for it, and it much needs con- firmation] - viridaria, F. (pectinataria, Knoch.) Common everywhere — fluctuata, L. Very common every- where — multistrigaria, Haw. Common in Sutton Park ; and also recorded from Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Marston Green (G. W. Wynn) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Princethorpe (Rugby list 1898 only, D. Campbell) — didymata, L. Very common every- where — montanata, Schiff. Very common in all the woods — suffumata [S.V.], Hb. Common. Sutton (C. ]. W., etc.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — quadrifasciaria, Cl. Occurs in Enock's list 1869, but I think in error — ferrugata, Cl. \ I think both these — unidentaria, Haw. J species are com- mon, but the records are untrust- worthy owing to the difficulty of distinguishing the two species — designata, Rott. (propugnata [S.V.] F.) Not common. Sutton (R. C. Brad- ley, G. W. Wynn, etc.) ; Middleton (R. C. Bradley); Solihull (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, Frankton, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Wol- ford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — fluviata, Hb. Mr. W. G. Blatch gives Knowle as a locality for this species in his handbook ; and Mr. F. Enock includes it in his 1869 list ; I however know of no recent capture — vittata, Bkh. (lignata, Hb. ) Very rare. Mr. P. W. Abbott has taken it at Sutton, and the name also occurs once in the Rugby lists 1888 1 43 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE LARENTIINJE (continued) Larentia dilutata (S. V.) Bkh. Very common everywhere — cuculata, Hufn. (sinuata [S.V.] Hb.) Mr. W. G. Blatch bred one in 1869 from a larva found at Knowle — rivata, Hb. \ — sociata, Bkh. (subtristata, Haw.) j There are numerous records of both these species, but I am of opinion that most if not all of the specimens are sociata ; Rivata may occur, but I think it is rare if it does ; sociata is very common — unangulata, Haw. Rare. Sutton (H. M. Lee) ; Knowle (W. G. Blatch, R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Rugby = Bar- by, Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) — albicillata, L. Not common and local ; most abundant in Sutton Park, where many have been taken ; also occurs at Marston Green (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (H. W. Ellis and W. Kiss) ; Solihull (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Coomb e Wood, Brandon Woods, Prince- thorpe, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker); Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) — hastata, L. Rare. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Coventry (G. H. Kenrick) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Wolford (Austen, W. C. E. Wheeler) — affinitata, Steph. Common. Solihull (Blatch Cat.) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.); Rugby (Rugby list 1899 only) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wol- ford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — alchemillata, L. Common. Knowle (R. C. Bradley); Solihull (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Overslade (Rugby lists) — albulata, Schiff. Commoner than the above two species ; occurs every- where — testaceata, Don (Asthena sylvata [S.V.] Hb.) Rare. Knowle = Chalcot Wood (R. C. Bradley, W. G. Blatch) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick and Rugby lists) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Coombe Wood (G. B. Longstaff, E.M.M. iii. 138) — obliterata, Hufn. (heparata [S.V.] Haw.) Not common. Occurs at Sutton amongst the alders ; and at Marston Green (G. W. Wynn and E. C. Tye) ; Know It (R. C. Brad- ley, etc.); Solihull (Blatch Cat.); Atherstone (C. Baker) LARENTIIN.S: (continued) Larentia luteata, Schiff. Not common. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) — flavofasciata, Thnbg. (decolorata, Hb.) Not uncommon. Tardley, Marston Green, Sutton (G. W. Wynn, etc.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) ; Edgbas- ton (R. C. R. Jordan, E.M.M. iv. 1 86) — bilineata, L. Common everywhere — sordidata, F. (elutata, Hb.) Com- mon everywhere — autumnalis. StrOm (trifasciata, Bkh. impluviata [S.V.] Hb. ) Not common. Marston Green (G. W. Wynn) ; Sutton (H. M. Lee, G. W. Wynn, etc., etc.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Solihull (Blatch Hand.); Rugby (Rugby list 1888 only) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) [ — ruberata, Frr. Has been recorded many times, but never seems to stand investigation. I do not believe it occurs with us at all, although it is given in both Enock's lists and Blatch Hand.] — silaceata (S.V.), Hb. Not common. Rugby (Rugby lists) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) ; Brandon Woods (N. V. Sidgwick) — corylata, Thnbg. Common through- out the county — badiata (S.V.) Hb. Common every- where — nigrofasciaria, Goze (derivata [S.V.] Bkh.) Much less common than badiata. Marston Green (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — rubidata (S.V.), F. Very rare. In the Blatch collection is a specimen bred by Mr. W. G. Blatch from a larva found at Knowle in 1869 » Mr. C. Baker records it from Ather- stone, and it is given in the Rugby lists, but Mr. N. V. Sidgwick writes to me that he never heard of its capture and doubts it. It occurs in Mr. Enock's list 1869 — comitata, L. Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists and Mr. N. V. Sidg- wick) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) 144 INSECTS LARENTIIN.* (continued) Asthena candidata, Schiff. Common everywhere in woods Tephroclystia oblongata, Thnbg. (centau- reata [S.V.] F.) Not common. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.); Hampton-in-Arden, Yardley (G. W. Wynn) ; Rugby = Overslade, Frankton, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Ather- stone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — linariata (S.V.), F. Not common. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; given in Knock's list 1869 as common, which it is not now anyway — pulchellata, Stph. Not uncommon. Marston Green (G. W. Wynn) ; Button (R. C. Bradley) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (Rugby list 1888 only) ; Edgbaston (R. C. R. Jordan, E.M.M. iv. 186) — indigata, Hb. Fairly common in Sutton Part, and also recorded by Mr. N. V. Sidgwick in Rugby list 1859 — venosata, F. Not common. Sutton (P. W. Abbott, etc.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) ; and is given in Knock's list, 1870 — assimilata, Gn. Common in gardens on currant bushes round Birming- ham ; also recorded from Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Rugby = Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1895) — absinthiata, Cl. F. Enock gives it in his 1869 list as common, and it occurs in several Rugby lists, but I know of no capture myself — Goossensiata, Mab. (minutata, Gn.) I have a specimen which I reared from amongst some Sutton larvs — vulgata, Haw. Common every- where — lariciata, Frr. Common in fir woods. Sutton (C. J. W., etc.) ; Rugby (Rugby list, 1867 only); Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Frankton Wood, Cawston Spring (G. B. Longstaffj E.M.M. iii. 138) — castigata, Hb. Fairly common. Sut- ton (C. J. W., R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) — subnotata, Hb. Enock says common in his 1869 list, but I do not know of any capture, though I expect it would prove not uncommon if looked for — satyrata, Hb. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby list, I M5 LARENTIINVE (continued) 1888) ; Atherstone (C. Baker). Com- mon (F. Enock, List, 1869) Tephroclystia succenturiata, L. Enock (List, 1869) says common, but I do not think it is ; my only record is in the Rugby lists, where it is given by Rev. J. M. Furness — subfulvata, Haw. Not uncommon. Is recorded from Tardley, Hampton-in- Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Sutton (P. W. Abbott) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) — plumbeolata, Haw. Not common. Sutton (G. W. Wynn, R. C. Brad- ley) ; ? Rugby (Rugby list, 1898 only) ; Moseley (R. C. Bradley = ? Warwickshire) — nanata, Hb. Common at Sutton and probably wherever the Calluna grows ; only recorded however from Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) and Knowle (Blatch Coll.) [ — innotata, Hufn. I have no record of the occurrence of the type more trustworthy than the Rugby School lists. The variety fraxinata, Crewe, however almost certainly occurs, though I have no certain Warwick- shire record. It is however common on ash trees in the suburbs of Bir- mingham at Handsworth, Moseley, etc., and I have no doubt also occurs on the Warwickshire side. I believe too that I have seen larvas on ash trees at Wylde Green] — abbreviate, Stph. Seems to occur every- where in woods and to be fairly com- mon — exiguata, Hb. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists several times = N. V. Sidgwick, J. M. Furness, etc.) — sobrinata, Hb. Not common. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) ; Rugby = Overslade (Rugby list, J. M. Furness, 1892). (Food plant does not occur in this district = Rugby, N. V. Sidgwick) Chloroclystis coronata, Hb. Rare. Sutton (J. F. Perry) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — rectangulata, L. Common in gardens and orchards, etc. Phibalapteryx tersata (S.V.), Hb. The only record is one by Rev. J. M. Furness in the Rugby list for 1 893, and it needs confirmation 19 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE BOARMIIN.* Abraxas grossulariata, L. Exceedingly abun- dant in gardens, etc., as usual — sylvata, Sc. Not common and very local. Knowle (Blatch Coll., W. Kiss) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, Newbold Road, Overslade, etc. (Rug- by lists) ; Athentone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (not seen for some time, W. C. E. Wheeler) - marginata, L. Common in woods, etc. - adustata, Schiff. Rare. Sutton (P. W. Abbott); I Rugby (Rugby list, 1888 only) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Bapta temerata (S.V.), Hb. Rare. Rugby = Frankton Woods (Rugby list, 1886); Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Deilinia pusaria, L. Common everywhere. Ab. rotundaria, Haw., has occurred. I bred one from a lot of Sutton larvae, and it is also twice recorded in the Rugby lists — exanthemata, Sc. Common everywhere Numeria pulveraria, L. Not common. Knowle (C. J. W., etc.) ; Hampton- in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Athentone (C. Baker) ; Rugby — Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) Ellopia prosapiaria, L. (fasciaria, SchifF.). Occurs in Sutton Park, but not com- monly, and the only other record is ^from Overslade = Rugby (J. M. Fur- ness, Rugby lists) Metrocampa margaritata, L. Common and generally distributed Ennomos quercinaria, Hufn. (angularia [S.V.], Hb.) Not common. Knowle (W. G. Blatch, W. Kiss) ; Rugby = Overslade, Frankton Wood, etc. (Rugby lists); Whitchurch (L. C. Keigh ley-Peach); Wolford (W.C.E. Wheeler) - alniaria, L. (tiliaria, Bkh.) Fairly com- mon and generally distributed - fuscantaria, Haw. Not common. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists, bred from larvae, N. V. Sidg- wick) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) - erosaria (S.V.), Hb. Rare. Marston Green (R. C. Bradley) ; Leamington, Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; ? Rugby (Rugby list, 1892 only) Selenia bilunaria, Esp. (illunaria, Hb.) Occurs throughout the county not uncommonly ; also var. juliaria, Haw. - lunaria, Schiff. Much less common. Knowle (C. J. W., etc.); Tardley (G. W. Wynn, etc.); Marston Green (R. C. Bradley); near Bir- 146 BOARMIIN.* (continued) mingham (Blatch Hand.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) Selenia tetralunaria, Hufn. (illustraria, Hb.) Not common. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) ; also given in Enock's List, 1870 Hygrochroa syringaria, L. Seems to occur throughout the county, as it is in every list, but it is far from common Gonodontis bidentata, Cl. Common every- where Himera pennaria, L. Not uncommon. rard!ey(G.W. Wynn, etc.); Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.); Sutton Park (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) Crocallis elinguaria, L. Generally distri- buted and fairly common Ourapteryx sambucaria, L. Common every- where Eurymene dolobraria, L. Not common. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, W. G. Blatch) ; Sutton Park (W. G. Blatch = not taken for many years, C. J. W.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists, many times) ; Wol- ford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Opisthograptis luteolata, L. (cratasgata, L.) Very common everywhere Epione apiciaria, SchifF. Seems to occur throughout the county, but it is far from common Semiothisa liturata, Cl. Common in Sut- ton Park ; also recorded from Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Rugby = Bran- don Woods, Frankton, etc. (Rugby lists) ; and probably occurs wherever there are fir woods Hybernia rupicapraria(S.V.), Hb. Common throughout the county — leucophaearia, Schiff. Generally dis- tributed and fairly common — aurantiaria, Esp. Not common. Sutton Park (C. J. W., etc.) ; Tardley (G. W. Wynn); Knowle (R. C.Bradley, etc.); Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — marginaria, Bkh. (progemmaria, Hb.) Very common everywhere. Dark forms are frequent, both the uni- colorous var. fuscata and also speci- mens more or less richly clouded with dark colour, the markings re- maining as usual — defoliaria, Cl. Very common every- where. The oaks in Sutton Park are in some seasons nearly stripped of their foliage, the larvae of this I INSECTS BOARMIIN^E (continued) species being the chief offenders ; at such times it is uncomfortable to pass through the woods in conse- quence of the number of pendent silken threads and larvae which catch one's face, etc. The perfect insects show great variation from a unicolorous brown to pale specimens richly marked with dark bars Anisopteryx asscularia, Schiff. Generally distributed and fairly common Phigalia pedaria, F. (pilosaria [S.V.], Hb.) Common. All are of the usual form ; the black form has not yet been no- ticed. I think however ours are per- haps dullerandless richly marked than some southern ones Biston hispidaria (S.V.), F. Far from com- mon. Occurs regularly in Chakot Wood, Knowle ; also recorded from Hay Wood and Umbenlade (W. Kiss) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Button Park (Blatch Hand. ; F. Knock, Sat. Guide = has not however been seen there for many years, C. J. W.) ; Rugby = Wolscote, Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) — hirtaria, Cl. Very rare. Mr. W. G. Blatch has it from Knowle, and it also occurs in the Rugby lists, though from a communication received from Mr. N. V. Sidgwick I think it is probably in mistake — strataria, Hufn. (prodromaria, SchirF.) Rare ; but I think it occurs through- out the district. It is usually obtained in the pupal stage, and the greater portion never develop, but emerge and become cripples. Even when found at liberty a large proportion are imperfect Amphidasis betularia, L. Common through- out the district ; generally taken in the larval stage from poplars, etc. ; var. Doubledayaria, Mill., is very common, and although I think the larger portion are still the type, yet the variety is very rapidly obtaining a majority Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnbg. Not common, but generally distributed, and comes to ' light ' sometimes in the suburbs of Birmingham Boarmia gemmaria, Brahm. (rhomboidaria [S.V.], Hb.) Common everywhere. Is particularly common in gardens amongst the ivy on houses, etc. [— ribeata, Cl. (abietaria [S.V.], Hb.) Is recorded from Frankton Wood by G. BOARMIIN^E (continued) B. Longstaff in E.M.M. 1866, p. 138, but probably in error, as I do not think it occurs with us at all] Boarmia repandata, L. Common every- where ; but while gemmaria occurs in gardens, this seems to belong to the woods. Var. conversaria, Hb., has not been recorded in the county — roboraria, Schiff. Very rare. It is re- corded several times in the Rugby lists from Brandon Woods, Frankton, etc. Mr. W. C. E. Wheeler says it occurs at Wolford, but is not com- mon ; and Mr. R. C. Bradley has a specimen supposed to have been taken near Coventry — lichenaria, Hufn. Mr. W.C.E. Wheeler gives it in his Wolford list, and it occurs in the Rugby lists, but I think it is very doubtful if it really occurs in the county — crepuscularia (S.V.), Hb.) I am told — bistortata, Goeze. [that all our specimens are bistortata, and that crepuscularia is not a midland in- sect. I confess however that I cannot follow the distinctions or synonomy of this pair of species. Our species is fairly common and generally dis- tributed, and the commoner form seems to be the one with but slight markings and evenly dusted with grey — luridata, Bkh. (extersaria, Hb.) Rare. Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Rugby = Brandon floods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Whitchurch (L. C. Keighley-Peach) — punctularia, Hb. Not common. Coven- try (G. H. Kenrick) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) Ematurga atomaria, L. Very common in Sutton Park, and probably equally so wherever heather grows. Recorded from Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Mars- ton Green (G. W. Wynn) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Athentone (C. Baker) Bupalus piniarius, L. Very common in Sutton Park, and also recorded from Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.); Rugby = Frankton, Brandon Woods, Prince- thorpe, etc. (Rugby lists) Thamnonoma wauaria, L. Common, especially in gardens Phasiane petraria, Hb. Fairly common. Sutton (P. W. Abbott, R. C. Brad- ley, etc.) ; Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Rugby 147 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE BoARMUN/E (continued) = Brandon, Princethorpe, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) Phasiane clathrata, L. Seems to be common in the southern parts of the county, but does not occur at all in the northern. Rugby (common, G. B. Longstaff, E.M.M. iii. 138, and Rugby lists) ; Warwick (1887, P. P. Baly) ; Wai- ford (W. C. E. Wheeler, Austen) ; Whitchurcb (L. C. Keighley-Peach) Perconia strigillaria, Hb. Mr. W. G. Blatch records this from Button Park. It must however be very rare there as I have heard of no other captures NOLIDjE Nola cucullatella, L. Probably generally common, though I have no records from the southern part of the county excepting in the Rugby lists — confusalis, H. S. (cristulalis, Dup.) Coombe Wood, Coventry (G. H. Kenrick) ; Brandon Woods = Rugby (Rugby lists : practically the same as Coombe) ; Walfard (W. C. E. Wheeler) CYMBIDjE Hylophila prasinana, L. Common through- out the county ARCTIIDjE ARCTIIN^E Spilosoma mendica, Cl. Not common. Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle (W. Kiss, etc.) ; Small Heath (Blatch Hand.) ; Rugby = Overs/ade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — lubricipeda, L. Common everywhere — menthastri, Esp. „ „ Phragmatobia fuliginosa, L. Not common. Sutton Park (C. ]. W., etc.) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Athenian (C. Baker) Parasemia plantaginis, L. Fairly common in Sutton Park ; and Mr. W. C. E. Wheeler says it is common in one locality at Wolford Diacrisia sanio, L. (russula, L.). Rare. Occurs occasionally in Sutton Park Arctia caja, L. Common everywhere Hipocrita jacobaeae, L. Rare ; and has not been taken anywhere near to Birmingham for many years. It is said that it used to be found at Saltley (Blatch Hand.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods (Rugby lists = ' very rare, as is (continued) its food plant ; but it has certainly been taken at Brandon by L. Cum- ming,' N. V. Sidgwick) ; Atherstone (C. Baker); Walfard (W. C. E. Wheeler, Austen, etc.) LITHOSIIN^E Nudaria mundana, L. Not common. Rugby (Rugby lists) ; Walfard (W. C. E. Wheeler) Miltochrista miniata, Forst. Brandon Woods (Rugby lists). It is very rare in the midlands, but the records are pro- bably correct, as the name occurs in several lists and it is a distinct species ; moreover Mr. A. Sidgwick is respon- sible for some of the records Cybosia mesomella, L. Rare. Knowle (Blatch Hand.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; also occurs in F. Enock's 1870 List Lithosia lurideola, Zinck. (complanula, B.). Generally distributed, but not very common ZYG1ENID1E ZYG.flENIN.ffi Zygaena trifolii, Esp. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) ; Olton, Coventry (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) ; Atherstone (C. Baker) ; Wolford (W. C. E. Wheeler) — lonicerae, Scheven. Marston Green (G. W. Wynn) ; Knowle = Hay Wood (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) ; Wolford^W. C. E. Wheeler). I doubt if the above two species are always properly distinguished, and merely give the records as I have received them — filipendulae, L. The commonest species of the genus, and is recorded from most parts of the county. It is however local, and not often common even locally Ino statices, L. Common in a few re- stricted localities. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, W. Kiss, etc. ; very abun- dant in 1898, H. W. Ellis) ; Sutton (reported only = J. T. Fountain) ; Olton,Marston Green (Blatch Hand.); Wolford (Austen ; locally common, W. C. E. Wheeler) ; Coombe Woods (G. B. Longstaff, E.M.M. 1866, P- 138) COCHLIDIDjE Heterogenea asella, Schiff. Brandon Woods (one specimen only in 1890, N. V. Sidgwick). Seen and confirmed by Mr. C. G. Barrett 148 INSECTS Trochilium apiformis, Cl. Not common. Athenians (C. Baker) ; ? Warwick (P. P. Baly); Sal ford Priors (J. T. Fountain) — crabroniformis, Lewin (bembeciformis, Hb). Rugby (Rugby lists) ; Mr. N. V. Sidgwick writes to me that he thinks the record was probably right Sesia tipuliformis, Cl. Common on cur- rant bushes in some of the suburbs of Birmingham, and probably in all ; not many records of the species, but probably common everywhere — vespiformis, L. (asiliformis, Rott. ; cyni- piformis, Esp.). Rare ; though pro- bably overlooked. Mr. P. W. Abbott took two at Sutton and Mr. H. W. Ellis took it at Knowle — culiciformis, L. Rare ; though like the last, probably overlooked. Mr. R. C. Bradley took one in his garden at Sutton, and it has been taken at or near Knowle several times (H. W. Ellis, W. G. Blatch, J. T. Fountain) Cossus cossus, L. (ligniperda, F.) Seems to occur throughout the county, but is not often seen, and few specimens exist in collections. Infested trees are however reported from many places Zeuzera pyrina, L. (sesculi, L.) Odd specimens turn up throughout the district, even in Birmingham and its suburbs, generally being taken at ' light ' ; but the only place where it seems to be known at home is at Rugby, where the schoolboys take it every year and sometimes in numbers HEPIALID^E Hepialus humuli, L. Common everywhere — sylvina, L. Generally distributed, but not common — fusconebulosa, De Geer (velleda, Hb.) Not uncommon at Sutton, and also recorded trom Hampton-in-Arden (G. W. Wynn) and Atherstone (C. Baker) — lupulina, L. Common everywhere — hecta, L. Common everywhere, though less so than lupulina PYRALIDJE CRAMBIN.* Crambus tristellus (S.V.), F. Common — perlellus, Sc. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Sutton Park (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (continued) = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Whit- church (J. H. Bloom) Crambus margaritellus, Hb. Sutton (R. C. Bradley). Common (F. Enock, List, 1869) — pinellus, L. (pinetella, Tr.). Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Sutton (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) — falsellus, Schiff. Olton (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (two undoubted specimens in garden, N. V. Sidgwick). Common (F. Enock, List, 1869) ? — hortuellus, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, Blatch Coll.); Rugby = Overs/ade,etc. (Rugby lists). Common (F. Enock, 1869) — culmellus, L. Common. Knowle (R. C. Bradley); Rugby (Rugby lists); Whit- church (J. H. Bloom) — pratellus, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley and Blatch Coll.); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom). Common (F. Enock, List, 1869) — pascuellus, L. Knowle (R.C. Bradley); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) PHYCITIN.S: Ephestia Kuhniella, Z. Birmingham (R. C. Bradley) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) — calidella, Gn. (ficella, Dougl.) Has been bred locally, but from imported fruit - elutella, Hb. Common. Found in Birmingham, etc. (R. C. Bradley) Salebria betulae, Gocze. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) Phycita spissicella, F. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Rugby = Brandon Wood (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby lists) Acrobasis Zelleri, Rag. (tumidella, Zk.) Knowle (W. G. Blatch) — consociella, Hb. Brandon Woods (N. V. Sidgwick) Rhodophaea advenella, Zk. Brandon, New- bold (N. V. Sidgwick) Myelois ceratoniae, Zell. Rugby (taken at 'light' in house August 24, 1895, N. V. Sidgwick) Cryptoblabes bistriga, Haw. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; Sutton Park (Blatch Cat.) PYRALIN.S Aglossa pinguinalis, L. Common Hypsopygia costalis, F. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) Pyralis farinalis, L. Common Herculia glaucinalis, L. Knowle (W. G. Blatch). Rare (F. Enock, List, 1869) 149 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE HYDROCAMPIN.S Nymphula stagnata, Don. Common - nymphaeata, L. „ - stratiotata, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Button Park (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists). Common (F. Enock, List, 1869) Cataclysta lemnata, L. Common Eurrhypara urticata, L. Common every- where SCOPARIIN.S: Scoparia cembras, Haw. Rugby (several, N. V. Sidgwick) — ambigualis, Tr. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Common (F. Enock, List, 1869) — ulmella, Knaggs. Knowle (W. G. Blatch) — dubitalis, Hb. Rugby = Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1893) - truncicolella, Stt. Sutton (W. G. Blatch) - cratasgella, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley, Blatch Coll.) ; Overslade = Rugby (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1895) — frequentella, Stt. (mercurella, Stph.) Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Cat.) ; Over- slade = Rugby ( J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894). Common (F. Enock, List, 1869) PYRAUSTINJE Sylepta ruralis, Sc. (verticals, Schiff.) Common Nomophila noctuella, Schiff. Common. Knowle, etc. (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overslade^ etc. (Rugby lists). Common (F. Enock, List, 1869) Pionea ferrugalis, Hb. Overslade = Rugby (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1893) ; Mr. Bradley also took one at Mau- ley, ? in Warwickshire — prunalis, Schiff. Knowle (common, R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby — Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Common (F. Enock, List, 1869) — forficalis, L. Very common every- where — lutealis, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Common (F. Enock, List, 1869) — olivalis, Schiff. Knowle (common, R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom). Common (F. Enock, List, 1869) Pyrausta fuscalis, Schiff. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) PYRAUSTIN/E (continued) Pyrausta sambucalis, Schiff. Button, Moseley (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) — cespitalis, Schiff. Rugby (N. V. Sidg- wick and in Rugby lists) — purpuralis, L. Rugby = Overslade, Frankton, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Coombe Wood (common, G. B. Longstaff, E.M.M. iii. 138). Rather scarce (F. Enock, List, 1 869) PTEROPHORID^ Platyptilia gonodactyla, Schiff. Knowie (R. C. Bradley, Blatch Coll.) ; Sut- ton (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) Alucita galactodactyla, Hb. Brandon Woods (N. V. Sidgwick) ; Rugby = Frankton, etc. (Rugby lists) — pentadactyla, L. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) ; Rugby = Brandon, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) Pterophorus monodactylus, L. (pterodactyla, Hb.) Sutton (R. C. Bradley) i; Knowle (W. G. Blatch) ; near Birmingham (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla, Haw., var. plagiodactyla, Stt. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — pterodactyla, L.(fuscus, Retz.) Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Hockley Heath (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Over- slade, Frankton, etc. (Rugby lists) ORNEODID^: Orneodes hexadactyla, L. Common. Knowle (Blatch Coll.); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Whit- church (J. H. Bloom). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) TORTRICID^: TORTRICINJE Acalla emargana, F. (caudana, F.). Knowle (abundant, R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1884) — hastiana, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — variegana, Schiff. Common every- where. Sutton, Knowle, etc. (R. C. Bradley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) ; Birmingham (R. C. R. Jordan, E.M.M. October 1888). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) 150 INSECTS ToR.TRiClN.ffi (continued) Acalla sponsana, F. Moseley, Knowle, Button (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1898). Occa- sional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — Schalleriana, F. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley, Blatch Coll.) Schalleriana var. comparana, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) — aspersana, Hb. Rugby (Aug. 6, 1896, N. V. Sidgwick) ; also in Knock's List, 1869 — Holmiana, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, Blatch Coll.) ; Small Heath (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — contaminana, Hb. Common every- where. Dr. Jordan in E.M.M. October, 1888, says: 'As far as I have seen the form with the anterior wings unicolorous brown (var. rhom- bana, Stph.) occurs only at Birming- ham.'' Var. rhombana, Steph. = dimi- diana, Froel. Dichelia grotiana, F. Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) Capua angustiorana, Haw. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Overslade = Rugby (J. M. Furness, Rugby, 1894) — favillaceana, Hb. (ochraceana, Stph.) Sutton (R. C. Bradley) Cacoecia podana, Sc. (pyrastrana, Hb.) Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Small Heath, Solihull (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — xylosteana, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Sutton, Solihull (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — rosana, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overslade, Brandon, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) - sorbiana, Hb. Solihull (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enoclc, List, 1869) — costana, F. Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — musculana, Hb. Sutton (R. C. Brad- ley) ; Rugby (Rugby list, 1867 only) — unifasciana, Dup. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) TORTRICIN.* (continued) Cacoecia lecheana, L. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley); Rugby = Brandon Woods (Rugby lists) Pandemis ribeana, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) ; Selihull (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — cinnamomeana, Tr. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods (Rugby list, 1886 only) — heparana, Schiff. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley, Blatch Coll.); Rugby = Over- slade, etc. (Rugby list). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) Eulia ministrana, L. Middleton Woods, Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Rugby — Brandon Woods (Rugby lists) ; occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) ; Birmingham (var. ferrugana, Hb., once, Jordan, E.M.M. Oct. 1888) Tortrix Forskaleana, L. Common (R. C. Bradley). Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Sutton, Small Heath (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, Bil- ton (Rugby lists) — Bergmanniana, L. Everywhere = Knowle, etc. (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — Conwayana, F. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley, etc.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — Lceflingiana, L. Knowle (with var. plumbana, Hb., R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — viridana, L. Too common everywhere - Forsterana, F. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) - paleana, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; var. icterana, Froel., Rugby = Kings Newnham (Rugby lists) — rusticana, Tr. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) Cnephasia osseana, Scop, (pratana, Hb.) Knowle (R. C. Bradley, Blatch Coll.) — longana, Haw. (ictericana, Haw.) Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — chrysantheana, Dup. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) — Wahlbomiana, L., var. virgaureana, Tr. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Knowle, Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) ; Over- slade (J. M. Furness, Rugby lists) — \ incertana, Tr. (subjectana, Gn.) Knowle A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE TORTRICIN.S (continued) (Blatch Coll., R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) Cnephasia pasivana, Hb. (pascuana). Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — nubilana, Hb. Rugby = Overstate, etc. (Rugby lists and confirmed by N. V. Sidgwick) Cheimatophila tortricella, Hb. (Tortricodes hyemana, Hb.) Common in all woods, etc. Anisotaenia rectifasciana, Haw. (hybridana, Wilk.) Knowle (R. C. Bradley, Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) CONCHYLIN.S: Conchylis nana, Haw. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — maculosana, Haw. Knowle, Middleton (R. C. Bradley) — Hartmanniana, Cl. (Baumanniana, Schiff.). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) - cnicana, Doubl. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Mauley (R. C. Brad- ley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) - ciliella, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) Euxanthis hamana, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, Blatch Coll.); Rugby = Cathiron, etc. (Rugby lists). Occa- sional (F. Enock, List, 1869) - zoegana, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Owrsladty etc. (Rugby lists, N. V. Sidgwick) — straminea, Haw. Rugby (I have a specimen which I believe to be this species, N. V. Sidgwick) — angustana, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) OLETHREUTIN;E (GRAPHALOTINJE) Evetria buoliana, Schiff. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Brandon (N. V. Sidgwick) — pinicolana, Doubl. Sutton Park (Blatch Coll.) Olethreutes salicella, L. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidg- wick). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — capreana, Hb. Frankton Wood (N. V. Sidgwick) — corticana, Hb. Knowle, Moseley (R. C. Bradley) ; Solihull, Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Overslade (]. M. Furness, Rugby lists, 1894) — betulaetana, Haw. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — sauciana, Hb. Sutton Park (Blatch Coll.) — variegana, Hb. Common everywhere OLETHREUTIN.ffi (GRAPHALOTINjE) (continued) Olethreutes pruniana, Hb. Knowle (com- mon, R. C. Bradley); Rugby = Brandon Woods, Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — nigricostana, Haw. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; once also given in Rugby lists, 1898 — striana, Schiff. Rugby, Frankton Wood (N. V. Sidgwick) — branderiana, L. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) — micana, Hb. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — urticana, Hb. Rugby (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — lacunana, Dup. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) ; Solihull, Sutton, ColeMll (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enocfe, List, 1869) Polychrosis euphorbiana, Frr. One at Moseley (R. C. Bradley). This is perhaps outside the county, but just near the border line. It is a most unexpected capture, but the speci- men has been named by Mr. C. G. Barrett Lobesia permixtana, Hb. (reliquana, Hb.) Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby list, once only, 1867 Steganoptycha ramella, L. (Paykulliana, Wilk.) Sutton, Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) Occa- sional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — diniana, Gn. (pinicolana, Z. ; occul- tana, Dougl.) Sutton (R. C. Brad- ley) — corticana, Hb. Common everywhere — cruciana, L. Knowle (Blatch Coll.) — trimaculana, Don. Knowle, Moseley (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) Gypsonoma incarnana, Haw. (dealbana, Froel.) Knowle, Moseley, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1898) — neglectana, Dup. Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) Bactra lanceolana, Hb. Everywhere. Knowle, etc. (R. C. Bradley) ; Sutton (Blatch Coll.) Semasia hypericana, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1898) Notocelia Uddmanniana, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Solihull (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Bilton, Overslade (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) 152 INSECTS OLETHREUTIN/E (GRAPHALOTIN.S) (continued) Notocelia suffusana, Z. (trimaculana, Haw.) Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) — rosaecolana, Dbld. Moseley, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (Rugby list, 1890) — roborana (S.V.), Tr. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Cat.); Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1898) — tetragonana, Stph. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) Epiblema scopoliana, Haw. Rugby = Bran- don Woods, etc. (N. V. Sidgwick) — tedella, Cl. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) — subocellana, Don. Knowle, Sutton, Middleton (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — nisella, Cl. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — Penkleriana, F. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley); Rugby = Bilton (N. V. Sidg- wick), Rugby list, 1898) - opthalmicana, Hb. Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) — solandriana, L. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — sordidana, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — bilunana, Haw. Knowle (Blatch Coll.) — tetraquetrana, Haw. Sutton (R. C. Bradley); Rugby (Rugby list, 1867) — immundana, F. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — similana, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — tripunctana (S.V.), F. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — Pflugiana, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) ; Coleshill Bog (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Princethorpe (Rugby list, 1898). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — luctuosana, Dup. (cirsiana, Z.) Knowle (Blatch Coll.) Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — Brunnichiana (S.V.), Froel. Knowle, Moseley, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Newbold, Brandon, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) Grapholitha Wceberiana, Schiff. Moseley (R. C. Bradley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) ; Brandon Woods (Rugby list, 1886) ; Rugby (Aug. ii, 1900, N. V. Sidgwick) — nigricana, Stph. Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (Rugby list, 1867) — succedana (S.V.), Froel., var. ulicetana, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Bradley); Rugby (Rugby lists) OLETHREUTIN/E (GRAPHALOTIN^) (continued) Grapholitha compositella, F. Moseley (R. C. Bradley) — perlepidana, Haw. Rugby (N. V. Sidg- wick, etc.) — aurana, F. (mediana, Hb.) Knowle, Moseley (R. C. Bradley) ; Tardley (Blatch Coll.) Pamene fimbriana, Haw. Sutton Park (Blatch Coll.) — argyrana, Hb. Moseley, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Knowle, Sutton (Blatch Coll.) Occasional (F. Enock> List, 1869) — splendidulana, Gn. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, Blatch Coll.) — populana, F. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — regiana, Z. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — nitidana, F. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Brandon (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) — rhediella, Cl. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (Rugby list, 1867). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) Tmetocera ocellana, F. Moseley (R. C. Bradley) ; Knowle (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Birmingham (Dr. Jordan, E.M.M. Oct. 1888: 'Form with anterior wings entirely black occurs ') Carpocapsa pomonella, L. Common. Sut- ton, Moseley (R. C. Bradley) Ancylis lundana, F. Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Bilton, etc. (Rugby lists) — myrtillana, Tr. Common = Sutton, etc. (R. C. Bradley) — siculana, Hb. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — mitterbacheriana, Schiff. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, Blatch Coll.) — lanana, F. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, Blatch Coll.) Rhopobota nasvana, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) ; Sutton (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1898) ; Birmingham (Dr. Jordan, E.M.M. Oct. 1888: 'Form with anterior wings deep blackish umber ; not rare') — naevana var. geminana, Stph. Every- where (R. C. Bradley) Dichrorampha sequana, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby lists, 1895, given as segnana) — petiverella, L. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, etc., Rugby lists) — alpinana, Tr. (politana, Gn.) Rugby (July 21, 1898, N. V. Sidgwick) — acuminatana, Z. Princethorpe (Aug. 16, 1895, N. V. Sidgwick) 153 20 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE GLYPHIPTERYGID^: CHOREUTIN.S Choreutis myllerana, F. Button (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (in numbers in 1900, N. V. Sidgwick, etc.) Occa- sional, F. Enock, List, 1869) Simaethis Fabriciana, L. (oxyacanthella, L.) Everywhere (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overs/ade, etc. (Rugby lists) GLYPH IPTERYGI NVE Glyphipteryx fuscoviridella, Haw. Know/e, Moseley (R. C. Bradley); Rugby = Overs/ade, etc. (Rugby lists) — thrasonella, Sc. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) - equitella, Sc. Sutton, Moseley (R. C. Bradley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) - Fischeriella, Z. Knowle (^.C. Bradley); Rugby = Newbold, etc. (Rugby lists) YPONOMEUTIDjE YPONOMEUTIN^ Yponomeuta padellus, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Common (F. Enock, List, 1869) — cognatellus, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, etc. (N. V. Sidgwick, etc.) Swammerdamia combinella, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overs/fide (]. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) - spiniella, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Edgbaston (Dr. Jordan, E.M.M. August, 1887) - griseocapitella, Stt. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) - oxyacanthella, Dup. Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) The above three species are upon the authority of Mr. C. G. Barrett, who tells me that he has little doubt that we have all three species in abundance — pyrella, Vill. Knowle, Moseley (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) Prays curtisellus, Don. Moseley (R. C. Bradley) ; Olton, Solihull, Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Frankton Woods (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1895); Birmingham (R. C. R. Jordan, E.M.M. October, 1888). I have seen a large ash tree in Handsworth (a Staffordshire suburb of Birmingham) with great patches rendered bare by the ravages of the larvae of this in- sect — curtisellus var. rustica, Haw., forms a fair percentage of the whole ARGYRESTHIN/E Argyresthia conjugella, Z. Everywhere (R. C. Bradley) ; Overs/ade (]. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) — spiniella, Z. Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) — albistria, Haw. Rugby (N. V. Sidg- wick, etc.) — ephippella, F. Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick ? Rugby lists). Probably correct — nitidella,F. Small Heath (Blatch Coll.); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists ; very common here, N. V. Sidgwick) — nitidella var. ossea, Haw. Rugby (several times in and near, N. V. Sidgwick) — retinella, Z. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) — cornella, F. (curvella, Steph.) Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — Goedartella, L. Everywhere = Sutton, Knowle, etc. (R. C. Bradley ; Frank- ton Wood (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1897). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — Brockeella, Hb. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Brandon, etc. (Rugby lists) Ocnerostoma piniariella, Z. Sutton Park (Blatch Coll.) PLUTELLID^ Pl.UTELLIN.ffi Plutella porrectella, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894). — maculipennis, Curt, (cruciferarum, Z.). Everywhere (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overs/ade, etc. (Rugby lists) Cerostoma vittella, L. Moseley (R. C. Bradley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) ; Birmingham (a form with anterior wings entirely black occurs rarely, R. C. R. Jordan, E.M.M. October, 1888) — radiatella, Don. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) ; Rugby = Brandon, etc. (Rugby lists) — parenthesella, L. (costella, F.) Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Sutton (Blatch Coll.); Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1895) — scabrella, L. Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) — nemorella, L. Frankton Wood (N. V. Sidgwick) — xylostella, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Solibull (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby = Brandon Woods, Frankton, etc., etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) 154 INSECTS GELECHIID.E GELECHIIN.S Chelaria Httbnerella, Don. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) Bryotropha terrella (S.V.), Hb. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Overbade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) — senectella, Z. Rugby (Aug. 4, 1896, N. V. Sidgwick) - basaltinella, Z. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) Gelechia sororculella, Hb. Knowle (Blatch Coll.) — eriectella, Hb. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — mulinella, Z. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — diffinis, Haw. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — vulgella, Hb. Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) — proximella, Hb. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley); Small Heath (Blatch Coll.) — luculella, Hb. Sutton Park (Blatch Coll.) - dodecella, Z. Sutton (Blatch Coll.) Tachyptilia populella, Cl. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Sheldon, Knowle (Blatch Cat.) Anacampsis vorticella, Sc. (ligulella, Z.) Knowle (R. C. Bradley) Epithectis (Brachmia) mouffetella, Scruff. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley); Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1 894) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) Stenolechia (Pcecilia) albiceps, Z. Moseley (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) — gemmella, L. (nivea, Haw.) Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) Brachmia (Ceratophora) rufescens, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) Sophronia semicostella, Hb. (parenthesella, Haw.) Sutton Park (Blatch Coll.) ; Brandon (N. V. Sidgwick) BLASTOBASIN^E Endrosis lacteella, Schiff. (fenestrella, Scop.) Too common everywhere OECOPHORINJE Pleurota bicostella, Cl. Coleshill Bog (Blatch Coll.) Chimabache phryganella, Hb. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) — fagella (S.V.) F. Very common in woods, etc., varying from almost uniform white to almost uniform dark grey Semioscopis avellanella, Hb. Knowle (Blatch Coll.) Epigraphia Steinkellneriana, Schiff. Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) OECOPHORIN^: (continued) Depressaria costosa, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Coleshill (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1898 — flavella, Hb. (liturella [S.V.] Tr.). Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — umbellana, Steph. Sutton (R.C. Bradley) — assimilella, Tr. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) — arenella, Schiff. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley, etc.) ; Coleshill (Blatch Coll.) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1893). Occasional, F. Enock, List, 1869) — ocellana, F. Knowle (R. C. Bradley), and in Rugby list, 1886 - liturella, Hb. Knowle (Blatch Coll.) — conterminella, Z. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) — applana, F. Everywhere = Knowle, etc. (R. C. Bradley) ; Tardley (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional, F. Enock, List, 1869) - angelicella, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) - heracliana, De Geer. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby, 1893). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) Carcina quercana, F. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Solihull (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock> List, 1869) Alabonia (Harpella) Geoffrella, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, etc.) ; Sutton (Blatch Coll.) Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) CEcophora sulphurella, F. Everywhere (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (Rugby list, 1886). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) Borkhausenia (CEcophora) pseudospretella, Stt. Too common everywhere ELACHISTID^: SCYTHRIDINJE Schreckensteinia festaliella, Hb. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) Epermenia (Chauliodus) chjerophylella, Goeze. Rugby (Sept. 24, 1896, N.V. Sidgwick) Scythris (Butalis) grandipennis, Haw. Sutton (R. C. Bradley, July 12, 1891) Cataplectica (CEcophora) fulviguttella, Z. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Coleshill, Haselor (Blatch Coll.) Batrachedra pneangusta, Haw. Knowle, 155 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE MOMPHINJE (continued) Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) Blastodacna Hellerella, Dup., var. atra, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Bradley); Rugby J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) Mompha (Laverna) propinquella, Stt. Rugby Quly 31, 1898, N. V. Sidg- wick) Chrysoclista linneella, Cl. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) Spuleria aurifrontella, Hb. Knowle, Moseley (R. C. Bradley) Psacaphora Schranckella, Hb. Sutton, Knowle (R. C. Bradley) HELIOZEUN^: Heliozela sericiella, Haw. Sutton, Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby list, 1897) CoLEOPHORIRffl Coleophora laricella, Hb. Sutton, common and destructive (R. C. Bradley) — lutipennella, Z. Rugby (July 30, 1896, N. V. Sidgwick) — gryphipennella, Bouch£. Knowle, Sut- ton (R. C. Bradley) - viminetella, Z. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — fuscedinella, Z. „ „ - nigricella, Stph. Sutton (R. C. Brad- ley ; Rughy (G. B. LongstafF, Rugby list, 1867) - discordella, Z. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) - anatipennella, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, at 'light,' July 23, 1886) - caespititiella, Z. Everywhere. Knowle, etc. (R. C. Bradley) ELACHISTIN^E Elachista albifrontella, Hb. Sutton, Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) - luticomella, Z. Sutton (R. C. Bradley); Newbold = Rugby (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) - atricomella, Stt. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) - monticola, Wck.-Hein. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) - nigrella, Haw. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) - megerlella, Stt. „ „ - rufocinerea, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) - argentella, Cl. (cyanipennella, Hb.) Knowle (R. C. Bradley); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) GRACILARIIDjE GRACILARIINJE Gracilaria alchimiella, Sc. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Sutton Park (Blatch Cat.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) GRACILARIIN/E (continued) Gracilaria stigmatella, F. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — elongella, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) Stramineella, Stt., which Rebel sinks as a form of this species, is recorded from Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — syringella, F. Common everywhere (R. C. Bradley). The black form of this insect seems to be peculiarly a Birmingham insect. It is common at Edgbaston, and has already been re- ferred to in various places by Dr. Jordan and others (see E.M.M. Oct. 1888). Mr. G. T. Bethune- Baker tells me that although this form occurs in several places in Edgbaston, yet in Clarendon Road it is confined to one side of the road only. He lived for many years on one side, and the variety was common with the type there ; since then he has lived for several years on the other side, and finds there the type without the variety, although the variety is still to be seen in its old quarters as of old. This is a very curious case of extreme localization of a form, and doubtless to some ex- tent explains the fact that it does not occur outside the county Ornix guttea, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — anglicella, Stt. Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, etc.) — avellanella, Stt. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — torquillela, Z. „ „ LITHOCOLLETIN.S: Lithocolletis Cramerella, F. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — alniella, Z. (alnifoliella, Dup.). Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — spinolella, Dup. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — pomifoliella, Z. Rugby (N. V. Sidg- wick) and probably generally com- mon, but no one here has studied this genus properly, so that I cannot be sure which of the apple species occur with us — sorbi, Frey. Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, April 22, 1898, named by Mr. C. G. Barrett) — faginella, Z. Knowle, Moseley (R. C. Bradley) — quercifoliella, Z. Sutton, Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Small Heath (Blatch Coll.); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — messaniella, Z. Moseley (R. C. Bradley) — corylifoliella, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) 156 INSECTS LITHOCOLLETIN.* (continued) Lithocolletis trifasciella, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Bradley, Blatch Coll.) and in Rugby list, 1886 Tischeria complanella, Hb. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — marginea, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley) and in Rugby list, 1867 LYONETIID^E LYONETIINJE Lyonetia Clerkella, L. Rugby (J. M. Fur- ness, Rugby list, 1894) PHYLLOCNISTINJE Cemiostoma spartifoliella, Hb. Every- where (R. C. Bradley) ; Sutton (Blatch Cat.) — laburnella, Stt. Everywhere (R. C. Bradley) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) ; Rugby (abounds, N. V. Sidgwick) NEPTICULID^: Nepticula atricapitella, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — ruficapitella, Haw. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — anomalella, Goeze. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) — oxyacanthella, Stt. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) — aurella, F. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — alnetella, Stt. Rugby (N. V. Sidg- wick) — microtheriella Stt. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — floslactella, Haw. Sutton Park (Blatch Coll.) — (Trifurcula) pulverosella, Stt. Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) TAL^EPORIDJE Talaeporia tubulosa, Retz (pseudobomby- cella, Hb.) Sutton (R. C. Bradley) [Solenobia inconspicuella, Stt., has been taken by Mr. W. G. Blatch at Hopwas Wood, just over the border] TlNEINJE Monopis (Blabophanes) rusticella, Hb.) Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) Trichophaga tapetzella, L. Everywhere Tinea fulvimitrella, Sodof. Sutton (R. C. (continued) Bradley) ; Princethorpe (Rugby list, 1898) Tinea arcella, F. Knowle, Digbeth = Birming- ham (R. C. Bradley) — granella, L. Birmingham (R. C. Bradley) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) — cloacella, Haw. Everywhere, Sutton, Birmingham, etc. (R. C. Bradley) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.); Rugby = Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists) — fuscipunctella, Haw. Rugby = Over- slade, etc. (Rugby lists, J. M. Fur- ness, etc.) — pellionella, L. Birmingham (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) — pallescentella, Stt. Birmingham (Dr. Jordan, E.M.M. 1889, p. 213 ; and R. C. Bradley, E.M.M. 1895, P- 97) — lapella, Hb. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) — semifulvella, Haw. Solihull (A. H. Martineau) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) Tineola biselliella, Hummel. Everywhere (R. C. Bradley); Knowle (Blatch Coll.) ; Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) Incurvaria luzella, Hb. Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Knowle (Blatch Coll.) — rubiella, Bjerkander. Sutton, Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — capitella, Cl. Knowle (R. C. Bradley); Overslade (J. M. Furness, Rugby list, 1894) — muscalella, F. Knowle, Sutton, Moseley (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby, Overslade, etc. (Rugby lists). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) Nemophora Swammerdammella, L. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley and Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) — schwarziella, Z. Knowle (R. C. Brad- ley). Occasional (F. Enock, List, 1869) ADELINE Adela viridella, Sc. Very common in Sutton Park, etc., and probably in all woods, etc. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (Rugby lists) — Degeerella, L. Knowle (R. C. Bradley and Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby = Brandon, etc. (Rugby lists) 157 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE ERIOCRANIIDjE Eriocrania Sparmannella, Bosc. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) — subpurpurella, Haw. Knowle, Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; Knowle, Colesbill (Blatch Coll.) — unimaculella, Zett. Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick) — semipurpurella, Steph. Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Coleshill (Blatch Coll.) ; Rugby (N. V. Sidgwick, Rugby lists, 1897) MICROPTERYGID^ Micropteryx aureatella, Sc. (allionella, F.) Sutton (R. C. Bradley) ; near Bir- mingham (Stainton's Manual) ; Rugby (Rugby list, 1867) — seppella, F. Knowle (R. C. Bradley); Rugby (Rugby list, 1867) — calthella, L. Very common in Sutton Park in the bogs ; also recorded from Knowle (R. C. Bradley) ; Rugby (Rugby list, 1867) DIPTERA I was for a long time very undecided about attempting a list of the Diptera of Warwickshire, and am now far from sure that it is wise to have done so. They are very insufficiently worked, so that it is inevi- table that the list must remain very incomplete, and what is far more important, the difficulties of the order are still so great that it is practi- cally impossible to prevent errors creeping in, and a list that is incom- plete and possibly inaccurate is of very doubtful value. I have however ventured upon the task, and hope it may prove of some value and interest to others attempting to understand these insects. There are not many of our counties in which dipterists have lived and worked, so that it seems a pity, as Warwickshire is one of the few, that an account of its insect fauna should include no reference to the order. So far as I know, no one gave any attention to these insects in the midlands until a few years ago when Mr. R. C. Bradley and I took them up, and so far as I know no one else has yet done so excepting in the slightest degree. This list therefore will be based almost entirely upon the results of our own work. Mr. R. C. Bradley lived for some years at Sutton Coldfield, and collected regularly in the Park, etc., so that he had good opportunities of making an extensive list, and has kindly furnished me with much information which he obtained at that time. I have also frequently collected in the Park, and as neither of us has done more than a little casual collecting in any other part of the county, it becomes almost exclusively a Sutton list. I have therefore only named localities when other than Sutton. We have both of us given a considerable amount of attention to the Syrphida? and allied families, and our work in that section may be taken as probably accu- rate. Mr. Bradley has also made a considerable collection of Tipulidae and its allies in the Park, and as Mr. G. H. Verrall has seen them their names also may be taken as fairly reliable. We have also given attention to various other families which will be found represented in the list, but as I have preferred to omit uncertainties, so as to make it I hope more trustworthy though necessarily shorter and more incomplete, I have entirely omitted any reference to many difficult families such as the Cecidomyids, Mycetophilids, Chironomidas, etc., only mentioning those insects which are the most conspicuous and characteristic, and 158 INSECTS least uncertain as to identification. There has been no attempt to make a complete list, but rather to supply the nucleus of one and to give an idea of the more characteristic dipterous insects of the county fauna. The system and nomenclature is according to Verrall's List of British Diptera published in 1901. My thanks are due to Mr. Verrall for assistance and advice in the preparation of the list ; to Mr. R. C. Bradley for much information which I have included ; and to the Rev. J. H. Bloom, who assisted me by collecting a few Diptera at Whitchurch. DIPTERA ORTHORRHAPHA NEMATOCERA DIXID.E Dixa maculosa, Mg. ; nebulosa, Mg. ; aprilina, Mg. PTYCHOPTERIDjE Ptychoptera contaminata, L. ; paludosa, Mg. ; albimana, F. ; scutellaris, Mg. LIMNOBID^E LIMNOBIN.S: Limnobia quadrinotata, Mg. ; nubeculosa Mg. ; flavipes, F. ; analis, Mcq. (nitida, Verr.) ; tripunctata, F. ; tri- vittata, Schum. ; macrostigma, Schum. Dicranomyia modesta, Mg. ; chorea, Mg. ; didyma, Mg. ; dumetorum, Mg. ; morio, F. Rhipidia maculata, Mg. RHAMPHIDIN.S: Rhamphidia longirostris, Mg. Thaumastoptera calceata, Mik. ERIOPTERIN.S: Empeda nubila, Schum. Goniomyia tenella, Mg. Chilotrichia imbuta, Mg. Acyphona maculata, Mg. Molophilus appendiculatus, Staeg. ; propin- quus, Egg. ; bifilatus, Verr. ; ob- scurus, Mg. ; murinus, Mg. Rhypholophus nodulosus, Mcq. ; varius, Mg. ; pentagonalis, Loew. Erioptera flavescens, Mg. ; lutea, Mg. ; taenionota, Mg. ; fuscipennis, Mg. ; trivialis, Mg. Lipsothrix errans, Wlk. LIMNOPHILIN.S Idioptera pulchella, Mg. Ephelia miliaria, Egg. ; varinervis, Zett. ; submarmorata, Verr. ; marmorata, Mg. Po:cilostola punctata, Schk. (continued) Epiphragma picta, F. Limnophila Meigenii, Verr.; lineola, Mg.; aperta, Verr. ; ferruginea, Mg. ; ochracea, Mg. ; punctum, Mg. ; fuscipennis, Mg. ; discicollis, Mg. ; lucorum, Mg. ; nemoralis, Mg. Adelphomyia senilis, Hal. Trichocera annulata, Mg. ; regelationis, L. AMALOPIN^ Ula pilosa, Schum. Dicranota bimaculata, Schum. Amalopis immaculata, Mg. Pedicia rivosa, L. CYLINDROTOMIN^E Cylindrotoma distinctissima, Mg. Phalacrocera replicata, L. TIPULIDJE Dolichopeza sylvicola, Curt. Pachyrrhina crocata, L. ; imperialis, Mg. ; scurra, Mg. ; histrio, F. ; maculosa, Mg. ; cornicina, L. ; guestfalica, Westh. ; quadrifaria, Mg. ; annuli- cornis, Mg. Tipula pagana, Mg. ; obsoleta, Mg. ; sig- nata, Staeg.; rufina, Mg. ; longicornis, Schum. ; pabulina, Mg. ; varipennis, Mg. ; scripta, Mg. ; Diana, Mg. ; plumbea, F. ; pruinosa, W. ; lutei- pennis, Mg. ; flavolineata, Mg. ; lunata, L. ; lateralis, Mg. ; vernalis, Mg. ; vittata, Mg. ; gigantea, Schrk. ; lutescens, F. ; oleracea, L. ; paludosa, Mg. ; ochracea, Mg. Xiphura atrata, L. (C. J. Wainwright) ; nigricornis, Mg. All the above were collected by Mr. Brad- ley at Sutton unless otherwise marked. In Sutton Park are several boggy parts, and in these the ' Daddies ' are very numerous. Pedicia rivosa, L. is probably the most strik- ing species, it is usually common in Blackroot Bog and is handsome and conspicuous 159 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE BRACHYCERA STRATIOMYIDJE This family is not at all well represented ; although we have worked the Button bogs thoroughly, and no more suitable place for them exists in the county so far as I know, the following list contains all the species we have observed and probably nearly all likely to occur CLITELLARIN.ffi Oxycera pygmaea, Fall. Observed by Mr. Bradley only STRATIOMYINJE Stratiomys potamida, Mg. This is the only species of the genus we have seen in the midlands, and only two specimens have been taken, both in Blackroot Bog, by myself SARGIN.S Sargus flavipes, Mg. (R. C. B.) ; cuprarius, L. ? (R. C. B.) ; iridatus, Scop, (infuscatus, Mg.), not common (R. C. B. and C. j. W.) Chloromyia formosa, Scop. Button (R. C. B.); Wh'itchurch (J. H. Bloom) Microchrysa polita, L. ; flavicornis, Mg. The commonest species in the family, and polita, L. at least occurs every- where BERING Beris clavipes, L. (R. C. B. and C. J. W.) ; vallata, Forst. (R. C. B.) ; chalybe- ata, Forst., fairly common ; genicu- lata, Curtis (R. C. B.) TABANID.E cras- Hrematopota pluvialis, L., common sicornis, Whlbg (R. C. B.) Therioplectes tropicus, Mg. I have on two occasions captured melanochroic specimens of this genus which may be var. bisignatus, Jaen., of this species. I have however never seen the type, and have often wondered if they were not similar vars. of solstitialis, Mg. — solstitialis, Mg. Not very common. Tabanus sudeticus, Zlr. (R. C. B.). Very rare Chrysops csecutiens, L., common ; quad- rata, Mg. (R. C. B.; one J , C. J.W.); relicta, Mg. (R. C. B.) LEPTID^E Leptis scolopacea, L., very common ; tringaria, L. ; lineola, F. Chrysopilus aureus, Mg. (R. C. B.) ; aura- tus, F. ; the latter very common in the bogs at Button ASILIOffi DASYPOGONIN^E Leptogaster cylindrica, Deg. Hay Woods near Kings-wood (R. C. B. and C. J. W.) ; and Wkitchurch (J. H. Bloom) ; not seen at Button Dioctria rufipes, Deg., common ; Baum- haueri, Mg., a few at Button (R. C. B. and C. J. W.) ASILIN./E Machimus atricapillus, Fin. The only true Asilid we have seen is however far from common (a few, R. C. B.) BOMBYLHXE Bombylius major, L. Kingswood (A. H. Martineau) ; no other species seen yet THEREVIOfc Thereva nobilitata, F. SCENOPINID.S Scenopinus fenestralis, (R. C. B.) L. Birmingham EMPID^E HYBOTINJE Hybos grossipes, L. (R. C. B.) ; femoratus Mull (R. C. B.) EMPINJE Rhamphomyia nigripes, F. (R. C. B.) ; sulcata, Fall. (R. C. B.) ; plumipes, Fall. (R. C. B.); geniculata, Mg. (R. C. B.) Empis tessellata, F., very abundant ; livida, L. (R. C. B.) ; opaca, F. (R. C. B.) ; stercorea, L. (R. C. B.) ; trigramma, Mg. (R. C. B.) ; punctata, Mg. (JThitchurch, J. H. Bloom) DIPTERA CYCLORRHAPHA PROBOSCIDEA PLATYPEZID^E Callimyia amcena, Mg., rare (R. C. B.) Platypeza atra Mg. ? (R. C. B.) ; infumata, Hal. (R. C. B.) PIPUNCULID^E Chalarus spurius, Fall. (R. C. B.) Verrallia pilosa, Zett. (R. C. B.) ; villosa v. ROser (R. C. B.) Pipunculus littoralis, Beck (R. C. B.) ; rufipes, Mg. (R. C. B.) ; confusus, 1 60 INSECTS Verr., Birmingham (R. C. B.) ; campestris, Latr., common at Sutton (R. C. B., C. J. W.); unicolor, Zett. (R. C. B.) SYRPHID^E SYRPHIN^ Paragus tibialis, Fall. (R. C. B.) Pipizella virens, F. (R. C. B.) ; flavitarsis, Mg. (R. C. B., C. J. W.), very rare ; Heringi Zett., one so named by Mr. Verrall (C. J. W.) Pipiza noctiluca, L., very common ; bima- culata, Mg. (R. C. B.) Cnemodon vitripennis, Mg. (R. C. B. and C. J. W.) Orthoneura brevicornis, Loew, in Black- root Bog every year (C. J. W.) ; nobilis, Fall. (R. C. B.) ; elegans, Mg. (C. J. W., every year). It is noteworthy that these three species all occur in Sutton Park, elegans and brevicornis every year for a short time only in May, and nobilis only in odd ones Liogaster splendida, Mg. (R. C. B.) ; metallina, F., very common in Sutton Bog, and occurs with O. ele- gans, Mg., which closely resembles it Chrysogaster hirtella, Lw., common in the bog ; solstitialis, Fin., very abundant in the bog ; virescens, Lw., rare, with the other species ; splendens, Mg., very few, also in the bog, but I think it is a later insect, as I have only seen it there in August, whereas the other species are most abundant in May and June Chilosialongula,Zett. Sutton (one, C. J. W., in my collection as plumulifera, Loew.) — scutellata, Fall. One of the com- monest species of the genus — pulchripes, Lcew. ; variabilis, Panz., common ; honesta, Rond. (R. C. B.); illustrata, Harris, very rare through- out the midlands, as the only speci- men either of us has seen is one I took in Hay Woods ; grossa, Fall., rare on sallow bloom in spring ; albipila, Meig., rare, with the for- mer ; albitarsis, Meig., common in Sutton Bog ; fraterna, Mg., common in the bogs ; Bergenstammi, Becker (R. C. B.) ; vernalis, Fall. (R. C. B.) Platychirus. This genus is very highly developed in Warwickshire, and occurs freely both in individuals and species ; manicatus, Mg., common everywhere ; discimanus, LCEW., SYRPHINJE (continued) very common in Sutton Park in May and June on late sallow blossoms and on hawthorn ; I have seen it in great numbers ; peltatus, Meig., common everywhere ; scutatus, Mg., very common, especially in gardens, where I have seen it swarming at flowers of ' London Pride,' etc. ; albimanus, F., very common every- where ; scambus, Stoeg, not common, Sutton only ; perpallidus, Verr., dis- covered by Mr. R. C. Bradley in Sutton Park, and still only known from there and by odd individuals from elsewhere ; it is rare, however, and was only taken in one year, 1895 ; clypeatus, Mg., very common everywhere ; angustatus, Zett., com- mon, especially in the Sutton Bogs Pyrophaena granditarsa, Forst. ; rosarum, Fab. Both occur not uncommonly in Blackroot Bog; they seem always associated with boggy land. Melanostoma is like Platychirus, very highly developed with us : am- biguum, Fall., not uncommon on hawthorn, etc., in spring ; melli- num, L. and scalare, F., both very abundant everywhere, especially amongst long grass Melangyna quadrimaculata, Verr., occurs sometimes in great numbers on the sallows in early spring with Syrphus lasiophthalmus, Zett. ; chiefly observed in Sutton Park so far as Warwick- shire is concerned, but I have found it wherever I have collected at sal- low blooms in the midlands Leucozona lucorum, L. One of the orna- ments of Blackroot Bog, where it is not uncommon Ischyrosyrphus glaucius, L. (R. C. B.) laternarius, Mall, Sutton (R. C. B.), Hay Wood (C. J. W.) ; both these species are rare with us Didea alneti, Fall. Sutton (R. C. B.), Hay Woods (C. J. W.) ; fasciata, Macq., Sutton (R. C. B.), Hay Wood(K. H. Martineau) ; intermedia, Loew., Sut- ton (R. C. B.) ; all three species are very rare Catabomba pyrastri, L. (R. C. B.), not com- mon ; selenitica, Meig. Mr. R. C. Bradley found this species in 1894 in Sutton Park in considerable num- bers, flying high up about the pine trees ; so far as I know however it has not been seen since Syrphus. The species of this genus occur 161 21 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE SYRPHIN.S (continued) in great abundance everywhere : albo- striatus, Fall., not common; tricinctus, Fall., not uncommon in Sutton Park ; venustus, Mg. ; lunulatus, Mg. ; nigri- cornis, Verr. (R.C.B.) ; torvus, O. S. (R.C.B.); annulatus, Zett. ; lineola, Zett., rare (R. C. B.) ; vittiger, Zett., rare (C. J. W.) ; grossulariae, Mg. (R. C. B.) ; ribesii, L., very abundant ; vitripennis, Mg., common ; latifasci- atus, Macq., rare (R. C. B.) ; nitidi- collis, Mg. (R. C. B.) ; nitens, Zett. rare ; corollas, Fab., very abundant; luniger, Mg., very common ; bifasci- atus, Fab., common ; balteatus, De Geer,very common ; cinctellus, Zett.; cinctus,Fall.(R.C. B); auricollis, Mg. = var. maculicornis, Zett., the variety is the chief if not the only form occur- ring with us; punctulatus, Verr., com- mon ; guttatus, Fall., very rare (R. C. B.) ; umbellatarum, F., rare (C. J. W.) ; compositarum, Verr., rare (R. C. B.) ; labiatarum, Verr., rare (R. C. B.) ; lasiophthalmus, Zett., very common in spring on sallow bloom, etc. ; arcticus, Zett., not com- mon ; barbifrons,Fall.,rare(R. C.B.) Sphaerophoria scripta, L. (R. C. B.) ; men- thastri, L., var. picta, Meig. is prob- ably our commonest Sphaerophoria ; var. toeniata, Mg., is however com- mon as well ; menthastri, L., type is rare at least ; flavicauda, Zett. (R. C. B.) Baccha obscuripennis, Mg. (R. C. B.) ; elongata, F. Sphegina clunipes, Fall., not uncommon Ascia podagrica, F., very abundant ; flora- lis, Meig., common Brachyopa bicolor, Fall., very rare, Bir- mingham (R. C. B.) Rhingia campestris, L. Common Volucella bombylans, L., common ; pellu- cens, L. ERISTALIN.*: Eristalis sepulchralis, F., common in Black- root Bog ; tenax, L., abundant as usual ; intricarius, L., common ; arbustorum, L., very abundant ; pertinax, Scop., very abundant ; ne- morum, L., apparently rare ; horti- cola, De Geer, common Myiatropa florea, L., not common Helophilus trivittatus, F.,very rare (R. C. B.); hybridus, Loew., not common, Black- root Bog ; pendulus, L., common gene- rally ; versicolor, F., rather common in Blackroot Bog ; transfugus, L., rare, ERISTALIN.S (continued) a few in Blackroot Bog ; lineatus, F., the occurrence of this species in great numbers is one of the most charac- teristic features of Blackroot Bog. On a fine day I have seen it in thousands, several at every flower of Caltha pa- lustris ; frequently two or three males at a time courting each female in the manner described in Verrall's book Merodon equestris, F. Has established it- self here as elsewhere, and is gradu- ally becoming common MILESIN^E Criorrhina berberina, F., very rare ; oxya- canthas, Mg., very rare ; floccosa, Mg., very rare (R. C. B.) Brachypalpus bimaculatus, Macq., very rare, one only (R. C. B.) at Sutton Xylota segnis, L., common ; sylvarum, L., rare at Sutton (R. C. B.), Idlicote (L. C. Keighley-Peach), not un- common at Hay Woods (C. J. W. ); florum, F., not uncommon in Black- root Bog Syritta pipiens, L., very abundant every- where. The males of this species court the females in a very similar manner to those of Helophilus linea- tus, F., hovering near with head and body inclined towards the female and the wings in a state of rapid vibra- tion so as to be almost invisible, the body meanwhile also being vibrated Eumerus ornatus, Mg., Hay Wood near Kingswood (C. J. W.) Chrysochlamys cuprea, Scop., Hay-wood near Kingswood (C. J. W.), Idlicote (L. C. Keighley Peach) ; the species is usually rare wherever I have col- lected in the midlands Arctophila mussitans,F., very rare (R.C.B.) Sericomyia borealis, Fall, and lappona, L. Both rather common in Blackroot Bog CHRYSOTOXIN.* Chrysotoxum cautum, Harris., Whitchurch (J. H. Bloom) ; arcuatum, L., rather common in Blackroot Bog; festivum, L., rare (R.C.B.) ; bicinctum, L.,not uncommon, Sutton and Hay floods (C. J. W.), Idlicote (L.C. Keighley-Peach) CONOPID^ CONOPIN.*: Conops flavipes, L. Not common 163 Sicus ferrugineus, L. (R. C. B.) Myopa buccata, L., not uncommon at hawthorn blossom, etc. ; testacea, L. (R. C. B.) INSECTS TACHINID^E TACHININJE Meigenia floralis, Mg. (R. C. B.) Ceromasia senilis, Mg., probably generally common, Moseley (R. C. B.) Gymnochaeta viridis, Fall., rare, Button Exorista vetula, Mg., rare, Sutton (R. C. B.) Blepharidea vulgaris, Fall., common as usual Phorocera serriventris, Rond.( = concinnata, Mg.),rare(R.C.B.); cilipeda, Rond. (R. C. B.) Chastolyga quadripustulata, F., Sutton (R. C. B.) Tachina erucarum, Rond. (R. C. B.) Tricholyga major, Rond. This species, which has not been previously re- corded from Britain, has been bred from larvae of Saturnia pavonia, L., which were obtained in Sutton Park Brachychaeta (Desvoidia) spinigera, Rond. (fusca, Meade). One specimen from Marston Green (C. J. W.) Aporomyia dubia, Fall., common in Sut- ton Park Melanota volvulus, F., Sutton, Moseley (R. C. B.) Pelatachina tibialis, Fall., Whitcburcb (J. H. Bloom) Thelaira leucozona, Panz. (R. C. B.) Olivieria lateralis, F. Erigone radicum, F. ; truncata, Zett. (ap- pendiculata, Mcq.), Sutton (C. J. W.), Moseley (R. C. B.) ; rudis, Fall. Echinomyia grossa, L., very rare (R. C. B.) ; fera, L., common Servillia ursina, Mg., not common ; on sallows in spring Plagia ruralis, Fall. (R. C. B.) THRYPTOCERIN.S Siphona cristata, F. ; geniculata, Mg. Roeselia antiqua, Fall. (R. C. B.) Craspedothrix vivipara, B. & B. This species, not previously known as British, I recognized amongst some insects taken at Moseley by Mr. R. C. Bradley ; one specimen only TRIXINJE Trixa cestroidea, Rob. (R. C. B.) SARCOPHAGIN.S: Cynomyia mortuorum, L., very rare (R. C. B.) ; alpina, Zett. (R. C. B.) Metopia leucocephala, Rossi. Sphixapata conica, Rond., not uncommon, Moseley, round burrows of Oxybelus uniglumis, L. (R. C. B.) DEXINJE Macronychia agrestis, Fall., one, Sutton (R. C. B.) ANTHOMYID^E M.YDMINX Polietes lardaria, F., common as usual ; albolineata, Fall., Sutton Hyetodesia incana, W. ; lucorum, Fall., Sutton (R. C. B.), Coleshill(C. J.W.) ; marmorata, Zett. ; serva, Mg. ; ob- scurata, Mg. (C. J. W.) ; errans, Mg. (R. C. B.) ; erratica, Fall. (R. C. B.) ; vagans, Fall., this is an addition to the British list and is common in Blackroot Bog ; basalis, Zett. (R. C. B.) ; rufipalpis, Macq. (R. C. B.) ; scutellaris, Fall. ; populi, Mg. ; pal- lida, F. Allaeostylus simplex, W. (R. C. B.) ; sude- ticus, Schnbl. (R. C. B.) ; flaveola, Fin. (R. C. B.) Mydaea vespertina, Fall., common in Black- root Bog ; urbana, Mg. (R. C. B.) ; pagana, F. (R. C. B.) ; impuncta, Fall. Spilogaster maculosa, Mg. ; duplaris, Zett. : communis, Desv. ; quad rum, F. ; tetra- stigma, Mg. ; pertusa, Mg., all Sutton (R. C. B.) ; uliginosa, Fall., Birming- £ in wicker putchins, and are taken in winter from mud by means of the eel spear. It is very rarely that one is obtained with the silver eels in the nets. 1 86 REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS Very little need be said relative to the occurrence or the distri- bution of the reptiles and amphibia of Warwickshire more than what falls under the head of the different species. There is however one which demands special mention, namely the palmated newt. It is common and even abundant all over the oolitic district, including the Cotteswolds and the adjoining parts of Oxfordshire, as well as the near part of Warwickshire ; but the further from those districts the rarer does it become, until it is quite uncommon, indeed rare in the valley of the Avon. REPTILES 1. Common or Viviparous Lizard. Lacerta vivipara, Jacq. Although not abundant the present species occurs at several places in the county, namely on a common near Claverdon ; in close proximity to Warwick, where the writer has seen it playing in and out of the rough stone wall around the Priory ; and in the sand- stone pits near the town. It has also ap- peared near Ragley, and at several localities at the foot of Edgehill, as at Avon Dasset and Burton Dasset. Mr. J. Steele Elliott records its former appearance in Sutton Park, where however it has been exterminated. 2. Sand Lizard. Lacerta agilis, Linn. The only localities in the county where the present species has been observed are the following : namely at two places on the Ridge- way near Alcester, and in the refuse at the mouth of some abandoned openings for gyp- sum at Spernal, also near Alcester. But it is rare at those localities. 3. Slow-worm or Blind-worm. Anguh fra- gi/is, Linn. Occurs in several places in the county but not numerously. It has been seen by the writer at Claverdon, also near Wootton Wawen, where it is not unfrequent. It is more common in that part of the county adjoining Oxfordshire, and occurs at Brailes and near Compton Wynniates. At the above places it has been observed by parties of geo- logists, most frequently beneath large stones. It was at one time found in Sutton Park, but as we learn from Mr. J. Steele Elliott is no longer to be seen there. 4. Common or Ringed Snake. Tropidonotus natrix, Linn. A common and generally distributed species. 5. Common Viper or Adder. Viper a berus, Linn. Though not abundant in the county the adder (the name by which it is known) is found wherever there are sandy or stony places and the soil is not too retentive, but is unknown on the fertile alluvial parts of the county. All the specimens which have been examined have possessed the normal colour, none of the described varieties having been observed. BATRACHIANS 1. Common Frog. Rana temporaria, Linn. Common and generally distributed. 2. Common Toad. Bufo vulgaris, Laur. Less abundant than the frog, but yet of hedgerows or trees. 187 common almost everywhere. The toad is frequently found in mid-winter in holes deep under ground, and brought to light by the removal of heaps of earth, or by the grubbing A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE There is no record up to the present time of the occurrence of the natterjack toad in the county. 3. Great Crested Newt. Molge cristata, Linn. Common in stagnant water in ditches and pools. 4. Common Newt. Molge vulgaris. Linn. A common species which not only fre- quents stagnant water, but is often found in damp underground places, in abandoned quarries, and in heaps of earth or other similar places during the winter. 5. Palmated Newt. Molge palmata, Schneid. The palmated newt is local rather than rare in the county. It is very common on the oolitic hills of Gloucestershire and the near parts of Warwickshire, though comparatively rare in the alluvial or low-lying tracts of the county, the writer having only very occa- sionally seen it in the valley of the Avon. At present there is no record of its occurrence in the north of Warwickshire. 1 88 BIRDS The avifauna of the county does not show any strongly marked characteristics. As might be expected, however, many sea coast or estuarine birds follow the course of the Avon from the Bristol Channel, and appear in Warwickshire as spring or autumn visitors, and heavy gales from the south-west drive coast species into the county. The Avon is also the resort of birds which do not follow its course, as for instance the swallow, which in former times came in countless numbers to roost in the reed and osier beds. And as surely as they came so surely came the hobbies to prey upon them, and might be seen two or three at a time. Occasionally, though but rarely, a merlin would appear with the hobbies. Again, the peregrine falcon has been a not very rare winter visitor to the banks of the Avon, attracted by the various water and other birds found there at that season. Whether the spring and autumn migration of birds across England between the Bristol Channel and the Wash (in the line of which War- wickshire lies) exercises any influence on the avifauna of the county is a question which remains for future determination. Of the summer visitors, consisting largely of warblers, Warwickshire always has an abundance. The appearance in extraordinary numbers of the Arctic tern up the course of the Avon in May, i 842, must be regarded rather in the light of an irruption than a migration, but as the flight followed the stream we may assume that had there been no river there would have been no terns. Sutton Coldfield Park, in the north of the county, merits special mention from its having been the haunt of many rare birds. It possesses woodland, marsh, pools, and small streams, and was formerly frequented by black grouse, red grouse, all the species of harriers, the little bittern, the little egret, as well as the common bittern, the latter being by no means of infrequent occurrence there. I. Missel-Thrush. Turdus viscivorus, Linn. 2. Song-Thrush. Turdus musicusy Linn. Although much less abundant than formerly The numbers of the song-thrush are con- the recent mild winters have done much to- siderably augmented in the autumn. Some- wards restoring its numbers. That the missel- times before harvest the beans are almost thrush suffers very greatly in severe winters smothered by small brown beetles, which are is without doubt. In the early autumn, about consumed in immense numbers by the harvest time, this bird is very partial to fields thrushes. There is no doubt however that of standing beans, from which small parties snails constitute to a great extent the food are often flushed by harvest people, and later of the song-thrush, on by the dogs of the partridge shooters. 189 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE 3. Redwing. Turdus i/iacus, Linn. There is not apparently any diminution in the number of redwings which arrive in the autumn, though when all hedge fruit has been consumed they seem to depart. They never, so far as the present writer has observed, feed on snails or field roots like the song- thrush, blackbird, or fieldfare. 4. Fieldfare. Turdus falaris, Linn. A regular winter visitor to the county of Warwick. The fieldfare is a much more omnivorous feeder than its congeners, often in severe winters it has recourse to fields of turnips and other succulent roots, and does considerable damage. 5. White's Thrush. Turdus vartus, Pallas. A bird of this species, which had been shot at Packington, was brought to Mr. Peter Spicer of Leamington, the son of the veteran taxidermist of Warwick, for preservation. The occurrence was duly recorded in the Field of November 5, 1898. 6. Blackbird. Turdus merula, Linn. From the observations of many years I am confident that the blackbird seeks for its food in winter almost wholly on the ground in woods, coppices, hedgerows, brakes, or shrub- berries, where it feeds chiefly on small gastero- poda and coleoptera. But that fruit in great variety is consumed all through the summer admits of no doubt. 7. Ring-Ousel. Turdus torquatus, Linn. Known in Warwickshire as a passing visitor in spring and autumn, but of very uncertain occurrence. It has however been too often noted to demand a record of its appearances, which have not been confined to any part of the county but spread over the whole of it. 8. Wheatear. Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.) A regular visitor in no great numbers in spring and autumn. There are two distinct varieties, a small one, which arrives early, and a larger one coming two or three weeks later. It is probable that the latter breeds occasionally in the county. In the neigh- bourhood of Birmingham the wheatear is recorded by Mr. Chase as common in spring, but whether the large or small variety has been noticed is not mentioned. 9. Whinchat. Pratincola rubetra (Linn.) A common and indeed abundant summer visitor, breeding freely in the meadows bor- dering the streams as well as in the open fields. 10. Stonechat. Pratincola rubicola (Linn.) A much less abundant bird than the last, and resident. It breeds most commonly in rough stony places, and the nest is generally carefully concealed. From the circumstance of pairs being commonly seen together in winter it seems probable that the Stonechat, like many other birds, pairs for life. 1 1 . Redstart. Ruticilla phcenicurus (Linn.) An early summer visitor to Warwickshire, and generally distributed in the county. The nest is always in a hole in a wall or tree, and far enough in to be out of sight. [Red-spotted Bluethroat. Cyanecula suecica (Linn.) Has occurred near Birmingham and is re- corded in Yarrell's History of British Birds, i. 322.] 12. Redbreast. Erithacus rubecula (Linn.) Though common and resident the robin is not abundant. 13. Nightingale. Daulias luscinia (Linn.) A well known summer migrant to the greater part of the county, but showing a decided preference for the low lying alluvial tracts. In the Birmingham district it is however stated by Mr. Chase to be numerous and to breed. Yet Mr. Steele Elliott speaks of it as rare at Sutton Coldfield, indeed he only gives one instance of its appearance there, namely on August II, 1895. 14. Whitethroat. Sylvia cinerea (Bechstein) Common in every hedge-bottom and brake throughout the summer. 15. Lesser Whitethroat. Sylvia curruca (Linn.) A far less common summer migrant than the last named, and frequenting trees and bushes rather than the rubbish in the bottom of a hedge. The nest is a beautiful struc- ture, thin and fragile looking, but strong, and often placed some distance from the ground. 1 6. Blackcap. Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.) A common summer migrant, arriving early, and generally distributed, though much more frequently seen and heard in the low-lying parts, especially in the valleys of the Avon and other streams. It is quite a mimic, but has a very sweet, wild, but intermittent song of its own, which can never be mistaken for that of any other bird. 190 BIRDS 17. Garden- Warbler. Sylvia hortensis (Bech- stein) Not so often seen as the blackcap, but nevertheless fairly common in the county. Its song is a low, sweet, and continuous warble, having a conversational tone, and the bird while uttering it is very earnest and gesticulating. 1 8. Goldcrest. Regulus cristatus, K. L. Koch. A resident bird in Warwickshire which breeds in many localities, though not abun- dantly. The writer has seen a nest which was suspended from the branch of a yew tree in a garden at the back of a house in High Street, Warwick, the contents of which were visible from an upper window. That garden was however only separated from the wooded grounds of the castle by a back lane and a high wall. In the great Lebanon cedars at the castle the writer has many times seen this little bird. 19. Firecrest. Regulus ignicapillus (Brehm) Although this bird has undoubtedly oc- curred in Warwickshire no localities or dates can be recorded. A few specimens killed at no great distance from Warwick were brought to John Spicer of that town for preservation, one of which, a male, was examined by the present writer when freshly mounted. 20. Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus rufus (Bechstein) A very early summer migrant, but though common not very abundant. It is also an early breeder, the nest being sometimes con- structed before its congeners, the willow- warbler and the wood-warbler, have made their appearance. It is generally placed on or near the ground, but the writer has quite recently seen one in a thick mass of ivy on the top of a wall eight feet from the ground. 21. Willow- Warbler. Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.) This bird so closely resembles the chiffchaff as to be with difficulty distinguished from it. There is however a wide difference in the song and in the coloration of the eggs. It is common over the greater part of the county. 22. Wood- Warbler. Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechstein) A much rarer bird in Warwickshire than its allies, the chiffchaff and willow-warbler, but easily distinguished from them by its somewhat greater size, and by its relatively longer wings. It is a frequenter of trees and coppices, and its peculiar trill, for it hardly merits the name of song, may be sometimes heard from the very top of a tall tree. Its domed nest, always on or near the ground, is at once recognizable by its lining of horse- hair. 23. Reed - Warbler. Acrocephalus streperus (Vieillot) A noisy little summer migrant found by all the streams in the county where there are reeds. It will sometimes frequent osier beds, and the present writer has heard it and seen its nest in the osiers almost immediately under the walls of Warwick Castle. The nest is always suspended between three or four reeds or osiers, and occasionally between the stems of the willow herb, but reeds are always pre- ferred. 24. Marsh-Warbler. Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein) The writer has heard the warble of this sweet songster in the neighbourhood of Strat- ford-on-Avon more than once, and is fully assured of its occurrence in Warwickshire, but cannot speak of its distribution in the county. 25. Sedge- Warbler. Acrocephalus phragmitis (Bechstein) To be seen in almost every hedge in most parts of the county. 26. Grasshopper-Warbler. Locustella neevia (Boddaert) Although by no means a rare bird it is not abundant, and appears to be rather local even within the limits of the county. In the north of Warwickshire it is less abun- dent than elsewhere, and is reported by Mr. Chase to be far from common around Bir- mingham. In the valley of the Avon its peculiar trill may be often heard in fields of wheat and barley. In these places it breeds, the nest being placed on the ground and well concealed beneath the tangled corn. 27. Hedge - Sparrow. Accentor modularis (Linn.) Common, resident, and generally dis- tributed. 28. Alpine Accentor. Accentor collaris (Sco- poli) An alpine accentor which was shot in proximity to the village of Ettington near Stratford-on-Avon a few years since may have been killed in Warwickshire, for Etting- ton is almost on the line of division between the counties of Warwick and Worcester. 191 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE 29. Dipper. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechstein. The occurrence of the dipper in Warwick- shire can only be recorded for a few localities. Nearly thirty years ago one which had been shot in the Leam at Leamington came into the hands of the present writer ; and he has seen two or three others which were shot in the brook which runs into the Avon at Sherborne. More recently, though still but rarely, dippers have been taken in the Alne brook near Alcester. Some of these which still retained some of the nesting feathers had doubtless been bred there. Mr. Chase writ- ing in 1886 speaks of the dipper as very rare around Birmingham, but mentions the occur- rence of one at Handsworth on 12 January, 1882. From Mr. Ground of Birmingham the writer learns that a dipper was taken at Hay Mill in the Birmingham district in the winter of 1894-5. 30. Long-tailed Tit. Acredula caudata (Linn.) Formerly more abundant than at the present time, though still not rare. It is one of the birds which if not protected will certainly become scarce ; its conspicuous nest stands small chance of escaping notice and de- struction. 31. Great Tit. Parus major •, Linn. There does not seem to be any fear of this bird becoming rare, for it is quite able to take care of itself. A cocoanut broken in half is a very great attraction in the winter months to the great, blue and coal-tits, and affords a good opportunity for observing their habits. It will be seen that the great tit is master and has first to be satisfied ; then conies the blue tit, and finally the coal-tit, the latter having to keep a sharp look-out to snatch even a hasty meal when opportunity serves. Both great and blue tits are very quarrelsome little birds, but the coal-tit is the reverse. The marsh-tit never comes to feed on the cocoanut. 32. Coal-Tit. Parus ater, Linn. It is rather remarkable that the nest of this bird has not been observed in the counties of Warwick and Worcester, nor in the ad- joining part of Gloucestershire, though as a species the bird is anything but rare in these counties. It is probable that there are ar- rivals in the autumn which remain through the winter and depart in the spring. 33. Marsh-Tit. Parus palustris, Linn. Although as abundant as the coal-tit it is less frequently noticed, as it rarely comes near dwelling houses but frequents coppices and brakes in small parties. It breeds, so far as the present writer has observed, in holes in trees, which it sometimes excavates for itself. It rarely if ever makes use of a hole in masonry for the nest. 34. Blue Tit. Parus caruleus, Linn. The blue tit, locally known as the torn tit, is a most courageous and impudent little fellow who will enter outhouses and help himself to anything which is to his taste. He will visit the slaughter-house of the vil- lage butcher and feed on any scraps of offal meat which may be there ; and will literally peel the inner surface of the skins of sheep or other animals which have been hung on the beams in the cart or cattle shed to dry. But he also consumes an enormous number of very small insects which he obtains by laborious search in the branches of trees and bushes. The nest is in any suitable hole either in building or tree. 35. Nuthatch. Sitta cauia, Wolf. A great frequenter of parks, orchards and other places where there are aged trees, but very rarely seen in growing woods or cop- pices. In an orchard near the dwelling of the present writer where a number of fowls are daily fed with maize, it is no uncommon thing to see a nuthatch carry off a large grain and consume it at leisure in an apple tree. Occasionally one of these birds will come quite near the windows to feed upon cocoanuts fixed up for the tits. 36. Wren. Troglodytes parvulus, Koch. This is one of the most prying of birds, often appearing in very odd places, almost always however near the ground. In the winter the hedger leaves behind him along the hedgerow faggots of wood (locally termed ' kids '), into which the wren very often creeps, and the writer has seen one fly out of a ' kid ' when it was on the fork to be thrown on the wagon and taken to the woodyard. The nest is constructed in a great variety of situations, some of them very remarkable. 37. Tree-Creeper. Certhia familiarist Linn. This as a species is not by any means numerous ; indeed it might almost be said to be uncommon. The best places to observe its habits are in parks and orchards where there are large or old trees ; but it has a habit of passing round to the other side of a tree trunk to avoid observation. It is only seen singly, except in the breeding season. The nest is rarely seen, but is always in some crack 192 BIRDS or opening, which may be either in a build- ing or old tree. During a very long period of observation the present writer has only discovered three nests. 38. Pied Wagtail. Motadlla lugubris, Tem- minck. As a resident bird the pied wagtail is not abundant, though common, and the nest is less frequently seen than formerly. The flights, chiefly of young birds, which repair to the Avon and other streams are fewer in number and smaller. The osier beds near the castle at Warwick used formerly to be a favourite roosting place with this bird. In the autumn the number is materially increased by arrivals which probably pass on, as they are not often seen in mid-winter, though a few frequent the sheepfolds, and sometimes suffer severely from the wool and earth which tightly clogs their toes. 39. White Wagtail. Motadlla alba, Linn. As a Warwickshire bird the record was for some time confined to a single occur- rence ; that of an adult male which was seen by the writer feeding on the mud in a ditch in close proximity to the bridge over the Avon at Stratford. The beautiful pearly grey of the back will at once distinguish this species from the pied wagtail. Mr. Steele Elliott reports a pair which appeared in the park at Sutton Cold field on 8 May, 1897, and it may be confidently expected to appear in other localities in the county. 40. Grey Wagtail. Motadlla mefanope, Pallas. Except as an autumn visitor this species is rare in the county, and has never been re- corded as breeding in it, and only once has it come under the notice of the present writer in full summer plumage. In the early part of the summer of 1898 Mr. C. C. Jones of Loxley Hall shot one with a full black throat near the village of Loxley, which is now in his collection. In the district around Bir- mingham it has been observed in summer dress, and Mr. Chase has suggested the proba- bility of its sometimes breeding there. The sides of streams are the haunts of the grey wagtail, and it is most frequently seen just when the various water-plants have rotted down and lie in masses in the water. On these it loves to run and flit. [Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail. Motadlla flava, Linn. A bird of this species was shot at Welford- on-Avon in the county of Gloucester only two hundred yards from the Avon where it divides that county from Warwickshire.] 41. Yellow Wagtail. Motadlla rait (Bona- parte) An abundant bird all through the sum- mer, breeding freely in cultivated fields and meadows, and generally distributed in the county. 42. Tree-Pipit. Anthus trivia/is (Linn.) Common and generally distributed in the county all through the summer, and is to be seen chiefly in meadows and pastures. 43. Meadow-Pipit. Anthus pratensis (Linn.) A common resident which breeds in the county and is met with in sheepfolds in the winter, and also in meadows which have re- cently been flooded. In the latter places it seems to find abundance of food left by the receding water. 44. Rock-Pipit. Anthus obscurus (Latham) This bird appears occasionally on the Avon, though but rarely. Some years ago several were shot near Warwick and brought to John Spicer of that town for preservation, some of which are in the writer's collection. As it is known to frequent the broad water of the Severn its appearance on the Avon might be expected more frequently. 45. Golden Oriole. Oriolus ga/bu/a, Linn. A good many years since two golden orioles, probably a pair, were shot on the estate of Sir Robert Peel near Tamworth, and brought to John Spicer of Warwick for preservation. There is also a record in the Zoologist in 1871 of the occurrence of a bird of this species at Barton near Tamworth. About twenty years ago a fine male was shot at Ilming- ton near the boundary of Warwickshire and brought to Mr. G. Quatremayne of Strat- ford, in whose hands it remained for some time and was seen by the present writer. The last named bird was repeatedly seen in and near the village of Ilmington before being shot. 46. Great Grey Shrike. Lanius excubitor, Linn. The present, though a rare bird, has too frequently appeared in the county to render a close enumeration of the instances necessary. Specimens were years ago brought to John Spicer of Warwick for preservation, and others were subsequently received by H. Coombs of Stratford-on-Avon, namely in the winter of 1844-5 ar>d 1846-7. More recently Mr. Hunt of Alcester has received specimens which were shot in the county. One which was taken near Stratford in the winter of 1 844-5 was secured in the following manner. 193 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE A caged goldfinch was hung on a wall in a brickyard, and the shrike was seen to strike at it, but was driven away. Shortly after- wards however the shrike was seen to be endeavouring to drag the goldfinch, which was killed, through the wires of the cage. A trap baited with the dead bird secured the assassin, which came to the writer with two broken legs. Mr. Chase records the occur- rence of this bird at two places around Bir- mingham, namely at Wylde Green on 14 November, 1871, and at Rubery Hill on 31 October, 1881. 47. Red-backed Shrike. Lanius collurio, Linn. A regular summer visitor and generally distributed, breeding freely in the county. Its habit of impaling food on thorns is well known, and mice, voles, shrews, young birds and large insects, such as beetles, humble- bees, and large moths, have been often seen secured in that manner in thorn bushes, always however inside the bush and not ob- servable unless looked for. 48. Waxwing. Ampelis garrulus, Linn. This handsome bird has appeared occasion- ally in the county. One preserved in the Warwick Museum was taken near Coventry. A very fine male, having six of the wax-like appendages on each wing, was shot at Red Hill between Stratford-on-Avon and Alcester on 1 8 January, 1850, and came at once into the hands of the present writer. Mr. Chase records the occurrence of one at Aston Hall near Birmingham about 1845, and another which was killed at Rednal on -?o January, 1882. 49. Pied Flycatcher. Linn. Muscicapa atricapilla, As an occasional summer migrant the pied flycatcher has occurred in the county, and I have seen specimens in the hands of John Spicer of Warwick which had been shot near that town. One of them, an adult male, was shot while perched on the roof of the flour mill close to the walls of Warwick Castle. Near Birmingham it is said by Mr. Chase to be rare. Mr. Steele Elliott, quot- ing Mr. Chase, states that it nested on 5 June, 1882, in the park at Sutton Cold- field, and also that a pair was seen there by Mr. Bitteridge in May, 1889. 50. Spotted Flycatcher. Muscicapa grisola, Linn. A regular summer migrant and generally distributed. The selection of its nesting place is sometimes remarkable. On two occasions 194 a nest has been placed immediately over a door through which people passed continually. 51. Swallow. Hirundo rustica, Linn. With the continuance of such a decrease in its numbers as has taken place of late years, this beautiful bird will at no distant time have to be recorded as a rare British bird. There are now only individuals where there were formerly hundreds, and a swallows' nest has become an unusual thing. The very great decrease in numbers is difficult of ex- planation. That the rarity of some birds has been due to the interference with their nest- ing places there can be no doubt, but that cannot be said of the swallow, for as a general rule its nest is inviolate. And the explana- tion is not made easier when it is remembered that a pair of swallows will ordinarily rear three broods in one summer. 52. House-Martin. Chelidon urb'ua (Linn.) This species like the swallow now appears in decreased numbers, but by no means in so great a degree. 53. Sand-Martin. Cattle riparia (Linn.) Where there is suitable accommodation for nesting, the present species does not seem to have decreased in numbers ; but it must always be somewhat local according to the presence or absence of a nesting-place. 54- Greenfinch. Ligurinus chloris (Linn.) The greenfinch at one time became a somewhat local bird, owing apparently to high cultivation having reduced the hedges suit- able for its nest. Of late years however the number has increased, and there is cer- tainly more nesting accommodation in the higher and untrimmed hedges. 55. Hawfinch. Coccothraustes vulgaris, Pallas. Though much more abundant than for- merly and generally distributed the hawfinch, owing to its shy and wary nature, is but seldom seen. It will however come quite near to dwellings and will even build its nest within sight of the windows. A nest seen by the writer was in the thick fork of an apple tree, and was only discovered by the birds being watched from a window. When completed nothing could be seen of the nest from below except the projecting ends of a few sticks, which gave it the appearance of the frag- mentary remains of a nest of the previous summer. The hawfinch has been accused of a partiality for green peas, which it is said to take from the pods. It feeds freely during the winter months on the seeds of the maple. BIRDS 56. Goldfinch. Carduelis eiegans, Stephens. Though much less abundant in the county than formerly the goldfinch is found breeding in many places. In the end of autumn or early in winter its numbers are increased by the arrival of companies varying in number from five or six to twenty or thirty. At that time the seeds of thistles, teasels and burdocks constitute its chief food, but in midwinter the alder and ash trees are visited and their seeds consumed. It is only how- ever the germ of the seed of the ash which is picked out and eaten. In the north side of the county, that is in the Birmingham dis- trict, Mr. Chase, writing in 1886, reports the goldfinch as scarce. 57. Siskin. Carduelis spinus (Linn.) The appearance of the siskin as a winter visitor to Warwickshire depends almost wholly on the presence or the absence of alder trees, though whole seasons pass without its being seen even when trees of that kind thickly fringe the streams. In some winters the sis- kin has appeared in very considerable num- bers in the immediate vicinity of the town of Warwick and also in the alder trees around the large fishponds at Coughton Court near Alcester and probably at other localities. 58. House-Sparrow. Passer domesticus (Linn.) Abundant everywhere. 59. Tree-Sparrow. Passer montanus (Linn.) Much less abundant than the house-sparrow and very seldom seen in the close vicinity of houses. The nest however is sometimes in the thatch of an old building but generally outside, as for instance under the eaves. Pol- lard withy trees remote from all dwellings are favourite places for the nest of this species. 60. Chaffinch. Fringilla coelebs, Linn. This pretty and lively little bird is a very torment at certain seasons to the growers of cruciferas, more especially radishes, and it seems to have a sort of intuitive knowledge of the places where the seeds have been sown even before the young plants make their appearance. As soon however as they show themselves they are pulled up and a part eaten ; the ground is sometimes literally strewn with the long white underground stems. 61. Brambling. Fringilla montifringilla, Linn. An uncertain winter visitor which some- times appears in considerable numbers in most parts of the county and mixes with flights of finches in weedy stubbles, amongst which they are conspicuous from their white rumps. Occasionally they approach farmsteads and feed on the seeds which have been winnowed from the corn and thrown out. 62. Linnet. Linota cannabina (Linn.) The linnet is one of those birds which is as numerous as ever. A weedy stubble in the autumn where there is plenty of scattered charlock seed is a certain attraction and will bring an abundance of linnets. Any thick bush or hedge is suitable for a nesting-place, though a gorse bush is preferred. 63. Lesser Redpoll. Linota rufescens (Vieillot) As a Warwickshire bird this has always been regarded by the present writer as a win- ter visitor, frequenting the alder trees by the sides of the streams and feeding on their seeds and also on those of the willow herb. Once only has a nest been noted. It was in the leafy branch of a plum tree in a garden at Alcester. However, in the northern part of the county it has probably nested more fre- quently, and Mr. Chase speaks of it as common and resident in the Birmingham dis- trict. 64. Twite. Linota flavirostns (Linn.) A rare winter straggler, occasionally appear- ing in severe weather and making its presence known by its peculiar and monotonous note. 65. Bullfinch. Pyrrhula europtea, Vieillot. The bullfinch though a common resident is not abundant. Of a shy and retiring nature it is not however a wild or wary bird, but may be approached quite nearly when feeding on the buds of fruit trees or on the long seeds of the ash. 66. Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra, Linn. A winter visitor of very uncertain appear- ance, but sometimes arriving as early as August. In 1845 a considerable number made their appearance at Claverdon, and several were shot and brought to J. Spicer of War- wick for preservation. All were red birds. Crossbills have been shot at various times in the park at Warwick Castle, which also have come into the hands of the same bird preserver. On 14 November, 1855, a flight of these birds alighted in a coppice of conifers at Little Alne near Alcester, several of which were shot and brought to the present writer. They were of all colours, from red to a dingy green. In the Birmingham district the crossbill has occurred at Solihull, Wylde Green and Aston Park as recorded by Mr. Chase. 195 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE 67. Corn-Bunting. Emberiza mi/iana. Linn. A common though not by any means an abundant bird. Formerly it used to frequent fields of vetches, in which the nest was often placed ; but of late years, since fewer vetches have been planted, the nest is more frequently found in coarse herbage of any kind, but not often in the bottoms of hedges. 68. Yellow Hammer. Emberiza citrine/la, Linn. An abundant and resident bird. 69. Cirl Bunting. Emberiza cir/us, Linn. A very locally distributed bird even within the limits of the county, but nevertheless a resident one. It appears to be most frequent in some parts of the valley of the Avon, for in- stance near Stratford, while at Leamington, as I learn from Mr. Peter Spicer, it is of rare occurrence, only two having come into his hands during a period of more than twenty years. Although recorded by Mr. Aplin as occurring near Banbury there is no evidence of its presence in the near part of Warwick- shire. Around Birmingham and in the Tarn- worth district it is unknown. 70. Reed-Bunting. Emberiza schaenic/us, Linn. A resident bird, frequenting the sides of streams or pools. 7 1 . Snow - Bunting. Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.) A rare winter straggler. One is recorded from Harborne near Birmingham, and Mr. T. Ground informs me of one that appeared at Haywood near that city in the winter of 1894-5. Near Stratford the snow-bunting has appeared on two or three occasions, always in the winter. 72. Starling. Sturnus vu/garis, Linn. Mr. O. V. Aplin, speaking of the starling as an Oxfordshire bird, says, 'An abundant and increasing resident,' which is precisely what may be said of it as a Warwickshire bird. Towards the end of summer great flocks visit the bean fields and feed on the aphides which sometimes abound there. 73. Rose-coloured Starling. Pastor roseus (Linn.) A male in nearly adult plumage was shot in a cherry orchard at Barton in the parish of Bidford in the summer of 1854 by a man engaged in keeping birds from the ripening cherries. A second, an adult male, which had been shot somewhere near that town, was brought to Mr. Hunt of Alcester for preservation. 196 74. Jay. Garrulus glandarius (Linn.) A common resident, frequenting woods and coppices. 75. Jackdaw. Corvus monedula, Linn. Common and resident wherever there are suitable nesting places. Three broods are sometimes reared by the same pair of birds, as the writer has determined by the observa- tion of a nest in the hole of a tree on his premises. Such was the case in the summer of 1900. 76. Magpie. Pica rustica (Scopoli) Much less abundant throughout the whole of the county than formerly. The nest of the magpie is well worth careful examination. Dead but not decayed thorns are largely, indeed almost exclusively, made use of as material, and they are so well put together that even when in the very top of a tall tree in an exposed place the nest is rarely if ever blown out. Fine flexible roots constitute its lining. • 77. Raven. Corvus corax, Linn. It is many years since the raven last nested in Warwickshire or even made its appearance there. Between thirty and forty years ago the Rev. W. T. Bree of Allesley near Coventry, then a man advanced in years, informed the writer that he remembered the raven breeding in that neighbourhood in the early part of his life, but that no nests had been known for many years. An aged native of Snitterfield often spoke to the writer of the nesting of the raven in his boyhood in some great elms near that place, which he said had years before disappeared from age, hurricanes or the axe. Within the memory of the present writer the raven was an occasional visitor to the county, and it was no uncommon thing to see one or perhaps a pair pass over and betray their presence by their croaking. On one occasion the remains of one were seen nailed to the gable of a building with other so-called vermin at Coughton Court, the residence ot the Throckmorton family. In 1841 a raven frequented a rickyard at Clopton near Strat ford-on-Avon, where it fed on dead rats, which had been trapped in a rickyard and thrown out into an adjacent field. A raven which was shot by the keeper in the park at Warwick Castle some time in the ' fifties ' is now in the writer's collection. 78. Carrion-Crow. Corvus corone, Linn. The numbers of this handsome bird — a miniature raven — have greatly decreased with- in the last twenty or thirty years except in a BIRDS few favoured localities. Mr. Aplin says, 'In the north of the county [Oxfordshire] where the crow has it all his own way it is particu- larly abundant.' As might be expected it is common in the adjacent part of Warwick- shire, At the commencement of the breed- ing season the crow goes through some remarkable vocal exercises, wholly unlike the incessant and monotonous caw, caw, caw of the rook. He commences with a rather shrill repetition of a note something like the syllable ' crocht,' which is followed by some low modulated sounds, and he ends with a deep double note sounding like ' ka!6re ' repeated many times, the last and accented syllable being accompanied by an upward fling of the wings, for the wind up of the performance generally takes place on the wing. The alarm note is one which once heard, especially at nightfall when all is still, is not easily for- gotten. 79. Hooded Crow. Corvus cornix. Linn. An occasional visitor to the county, some- times frequenting the sides of streams and feeding on mussels and other molluscs at low water as well as associating with herds of cattle in pastures. Mr. Chase records the breeding of the hooded crow in Sutton Park in May, 1883, and Mr. Steele Elliott men- tions its nesting there in 1894. 80. Rook. Corvus frugi/egus, Linn. The abundance of the rook depends wholly on its protection at breeding time. 81. Sky-Lark. Alauda arvensis, Linn. A common and resident bird, whose music is heard in almost every field. 82. Wood-Lark. Alauda arborea, Linn. An uncommon and local bird in the county, and even rare in the northern part, as I am informed by Mr. Chase. Its rather peculiar song at once announces its presence. 83. Swift. Cypselus apus (Linn.) This, perhaps the most remarkable of our birds, is a common summer visitor whose numbers have suffered no diminution. It exists almost entirely on the wing except during the period of nesting. The inter- course between the sexes takes place high up in the air, where also it is now supposed to spend the night as well as the day. Its habits have led country people to say that they retire to the upper regions of the atmos- phere to roost. There is no doubt that the swift is a more or less nocturnal bird. The large and rather deeply sunken eyes seem to I97 indicate as much, and the whole face of the bird has a very owl-like appearance. When or where the swift retires to rest is not at present within our knowledge. 84. Nightjar. Caprimulgus europaus, Linn. A summer visitor which cannot be termed rare, though it is nowhere plentiful. It is quite as common in the north as the south side of the county, and breeds where there are suitable surroundings. 85. Wryneck. lynx tore/ui/la, Linn. The wryneck is most certainly less com- mon than formerly. Its peculiar and unmis- takable song, if such it can be called, is not as often heard, and specimens are more rarely brought to the bird stuffers for preservation. It is more a local than a rare bird. 86. Green Woodpecker. Gecinus viridis (Linn.) Wherever the growth of timber suits the habits of this bird no diminution in its numbers appears to have taken place, and its well known laughing voice may be heard. 87. Great Spotted Woodpecker. Dendrocopus major (Linn.) Although much less common than the green woodpecker, this species is not rare in the county, but it is more dependent than even the last species on the presence of large and aged trees. The nest, to judge by the very few instances which have come to the knowledge of the writer, is high up in some half-decayed tree, and not in a con- spicuous place ; the beech appears to be frequently chosen. There is no longer any doubt that the loud jarring rattle which this bird makes in the spring is caused by very rapid strokes of the bill on hard wood or bark. It is reported by Mr. Steele Elliott to be not uncommon in the park at Button Cold- field, where it breeds, choosing by preference the oak and holly trees in which to excavate a nesting place. 88. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. Dendrocopus minor (Linn.) A commoner bird than the last and more generally distributed. At the end of January and all through February, its presence is known by the jarring sound that it makes and which resembles that made by the greater spotted woodpecker, except that the vibrations are smaller and more rapid. Ancient orchards are favourite haunts of this little bird, but the nest is not easy to find, being generally more or less out of sight, and only to be dis- A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE covered by the chips which have fallen to the ground when the hole was being made. 89. Kingfisher. Akedo ispida, Linn. There can be little doubt that the diminu- tion in the numbers of this bird has been caused in a great measure by the extremely wet summers of about twenty years ago. In 1879 the meadows bordering the streams in the county were in a state of flood for several weeks during the breeding season, and the nests of the kingfishers must have been de- stroyed wholesale. With the return of more favourable nesting times the kingfishers, as might be expected, have become more nu- merous, and although still uncommon more of these beautiful birds may now be seen on the Avon and its tributaries. 90. Bee-Eater. Merops apiaster, Linn. In one instance only has the bee-eater been met with in Warwickshire. Two were seen and one of them shot at Red Hill on the road between Stratford-on-Avon and Alcester on 29 May, 1886. The bird which was shot proved to be a female containing enlarged eggs, and had she been spared it is probable that she would have nested somewhere near. 91. Hoopoe. Upupa epops, Linn. Several specimens of this bird which have occurred in the county are preserved in col- lections. One in the Warwick Museum was shot at Brinklow ; another in a private collec- tion was shot at Oak farm, three miles north- west of Stratford-on-Avon ; while a third in the writer's collection was taken at Broom in the parish of Bidford in 1852. A fourth occurred at Henley in Arden, which having been shot was taken to Warwick for preserva- tion,where the present writer saw and examined it. Mr. Chase gives several occurrences of the hoopoe near Birmingham, namely at Witton, Quinton, Oscott, and Baddesley near Tarn- worth. 92. Cuckoo. Cucu/us canorus, Linn. A common summer visitor all over the county. I have long been of opinion that the female cuckoo lays her eggs on the bare ground, from which she takes them in her beak and places them in the nests of other birds ; and I have arrived at that conclusion from having repeatedly met with cuckoos' eggs, and also young cuckoos, in nests into which the cuckoo could not have deposited them by the ordinary process of laying. I believe that on one occasion I disturbed a bird of this species when in the act of laying an egg on the bare ground, or immediately after she had done so. Seeing a cuckoo flitting about in a very odd manner on some bare ground at the foot of a large grass-grown heap of earth in the middle of a pasture field, I watched the actions of the bird for a little time until it had settled down on one side of the heap, and then approached it quite closely from the opposite side of the heap, when it flew off in great hurry and alarm, leaving behind it an egg, which was broken and the contents were escaping from the shell. I believe that I surprised a female cuckoo when laying her egg on the bare ground preparatory to conveying it to the nest of some foster parent. 93. White or Barn-Owl. Strix flammea, Linn. The time is not very distant when this beautiful and useful bird will have to be reported as rare in the county, for it is yearly becoming less common. In the win- ter of 1898-9 a rather remarkable variety of the barn-owl, which had been taken near Stratford-on-Avon, was brought to Mr. Quatremayne for preservation. It was what has been called an eastern owl, small, very pale in colour, and without the usual yellow- ish buff either above or below. 94. Long-eared Owl. Asia otus (Linn.) Resident and not rare, though not com- mon. As in other counties it much affects woods in which there are pines or other ever- green trees, in the foliage of which it con- ceals itself by day. 95. Short-eared Owl. Asia accipltrinus (Pallas) An autumn migrant, appearing in some seasons not uncommonly, though never nu- merously. 96. Tawny Owl. Syrnium aluco (Linn.) Since the barn-owl has become less com- mon the present species is certainly the most abundant owl in Warwickshire. It is a much more watchful bird than that species, and has a way of concealing itself in woods, especially if they contain evergreen trees. 97. Marsh-Harrier. Circus teruginosus (Linn.) Some years ago two of these birds were taken by the keeper in the park at Warwick Castle, and having been preserved by John Spicer of Warwick were afterwards seen by the present writer in the castle. The War- wick Museum contains one taken at Ston- leigh Abbey. All three are in immature plumage. A fourth Warwickshire specimen is mentioned by Mr. Chase as having occurred at Elford near Tamworth. 198 BIRDS 98. Hen-Harrier. Circus cyaneus (Linn.) Formerly not rare but now almost unknown in the county. An adult male shot near Alces- ter in 1850 is now in the writer's collection, and there is one in the Worcester Museum in similar plumage from the same locality. These are probably the ones referred to by Mr. Chase in his list of the birds of the dis- trict around Birmingham, dated 1886. The latest record is of one, a female, shot in the eighties on the estate of Mr. J. R. West, near Stratford-on-Avon, and brought to Mr. G. Quatremayne of that town for preserva- tion. more recently, namely in 1897, a bird of this species was killed at Ragley near Alcester. It has been twice noted at Coleshill as stated by Mr. Chase. I O2. White-tailed Eagle. Halia'etus albicilla (Linn.) An immature and very spotted example of this bird was trapped at a place called Knaven- hill, on the estate of Mr. J. R. West, a few miles south-east of Stratford-on-Avon, on 22 November, 1879, and is now preserved in the mansion at Alscot. A second was seen at the same time which was not taken. 99. Montagu's Harrier. Circus cineraceus 103. Sparrow-Hawk. Accipiter nisus (Linn.) (Montagu) An adult male was shot at Sutton Coldfield in the winter of 1 839-40 and brought to John Spicer of Warwick, where it was seen by the present writer and secured for his collection. It is an unusually dark-coloured example. Sutton Coldfield in former times, when less frequented than at present, was a locality for many rare species of birds. 100. Buzzard. Buteo vu/garis, Leach. The buzzard can only now be admitted into the Warwickshire list as a straggler, al- though even formerly it was not very rare. The Rev. W. T. Bree, advanced in years thirty or forty years ago, spoke of the nesting of the buzzard at Allesley near Coventry ; and an old keeper remembered taking the eggs in a wild wooded place known as Snitterfield Bushes, between Warwick and Stratford-on- Avon. Waverley Wood near Stonleigh was also at one time a haunt of the buzzard, as were the woods near Alcester, on the estates of the Marquis of Hertford and the Throckmorton family. The most recent oc- currences of the buzzard were in 1871, when one was shot at Ilmington, and in 1877 when one was trapped at Bishopton near Stratford- on-Avon. The last on record was trapped in December, 1887, at Ragley, the seat of the Marquis of Hertford. Mr. Chase mentions two localities where the buzzard had been observed, Alcester and Sutton Coldfield. 1 01. Rough-legged Buzzard. Buteo lagopus (Gmelin) There are several instances on record of the appearance of this bird in the county. In the autumn of 1845 one was taken at Edstone near Stratford-on-Avon ; one at Charlcote in the spring of 1881 ; and a third at Oldpark, Warwick, in March, 1882. In the early part of the winter of 1891 one was shot at Ettington near Stratford ; and A resident species, which though still com- mon is by no means abundant. An old nest of a crow or magpie, or even of a wood- pigeon, is almost always chosen as a foundation for its nest, and in every instance which has come within the observation of the writer there has been a complete superstructure added by the hawk. 104. Kite. Milvus ictinus, Savigny. The late veteran Warwickshire ornitholo- gist, the Rev. W. T. Bree of Allesley, many years ago informed the writer that he re- membered the kite nesting in some tall elms near Allesley, but that it had long before that time ceased to do so, and was no longer even seen. In the autumn of 1848 a kite was taken on the estate of Lord Leigh at Ston- leigh Abbey, which is now in the Warwick Museum. In the following year another was shot near the same spot, which coming into the hands of John Spicer of Warwick passed into the collection of the present writer. A later record is that of one killed at Alscot, the residence of Mr. J. R. West, on 1 6 Feb- ruary, 1884. That the kite 'has occurred near Tamworth,' on the authority of Mr. Chase, is the only traceable record of this bird in the north of the county. 105. Honey-Buzzard. Perms apivorus(L'mn.) In the Warwick Museum are six specimens of the honey-buzzard, all taken in the county. According to the statements of the keeper on the estate of Lord Leigh at Stonleigh one pair of these was shot in Bericot Wood. A second pair was shot while engaged in building a nest in Waverley Wood on the same estate, on 12 June, 1841. The two pairs above mentioned have been most care- fully examined by the writer, but owing to the absence of accurate labels neither the pairs nor the sexes can be determined. There is a notice of them by Mr. J. P. Wilmot 199 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE in the second volume of the Zoologist. The fifth specimen was killed at Moreton Morrel near Warwick and the sixth was shot at Radford near Leamington. In the spring of 1860 a honey-buzzard was taken by the gamekeeper in the park at Warwick Castle, and on 26 Sep- tember, 1876, one was shot near Kenilworth. The latest occurrence of this bird seems to have been in the summer of 1894, when one was caught in a jay-trap at Ragley. Mr. J. Steele Elliott records the capture of one at Little Aston on 16 June, 1891. 1 06. Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus, Tunstall. A somewhat rare and irregular winter visitor to the county, feeding on partridges, lapwings, moorhens and ring-doves. It is not however so rare as to require detailed mention of appearances, which are recorded from most parts of the county. 107. Hobby. Falco subbuteo, Linn. Formerly not uncommon as a summer migrant in the valley of the Avon, but much less frequent of late years, the falling off in number apparently corresponding with the great diminution in the supply of swallows. A pair of hobbies built a nest in the old nest of a crow or magpie in Snitterfield Bushes, a large cover in the village of Snitterfield, in the summer of 1850; and in September, 1846, a young bird was taken in the park at Ragley, the seat of the Marquis of Hertford. 1 08. Merlin. Falco lesalon, Tunstall. A strictly migratory species, appearing only in the autumn, winter, or early spring. Once only has the writer met with it in summer, but the specimen though adult was in such a wretched condition that it could have been merely an accidental visitor. Larks are to some extent the food of the merlin, and the following story shows the persistency with which it follows its prey. A man thrash- ing in a barn had opened the upper half of the barn doors on each side of the building for the admission of fresh air, when just as the flail was at the top of its swing he felt it touch something over his head, and a lark, nearly smashed by a blow, fell on to the floor. In attempting to escape from a merlin it flew in at the open door and was struck by the flail, while the hawk passed through the barn unhurt. 109. Kestrel. Falco tinnuncu/us, Linn. Though still a common resident the kestrel is less abundant than formerly. It is not so often seen hanging in the air or passing leisurely over- head and perching, a conspicuous object, on the very top of some tree. Its habit of flight is very unlike that of the sparrow-hawk, which dashes past quite low down and rising up alights in the middle of the tree, never on the top of it. The food of the kestrel con- sists almost wholly of small mammals, as may be seen by the contents of the castings under a roosting-place after they have been disinte- grated by the rains of winter. no. Osprey. Pandion ba/iaftus (Linn.) Five occurrences of the osprey in Warwick- shire have come to the knowledge of the writer. One preserved in the museum at Warwick was taken in the park at the castle ; another in the same collection was shot at Umber- slade. A third was shot over the Avon at St. Nicholas's meadow, Warwick, and is in the writer's collection. The fourth was also shot on the Avon at a place known as Binton Bridges, between the counties of Warwick and Gloucester, in January, 1865, which came into the hands of the writer and proved to be a female. Mr. Peter Spicer of Leam- ington received an osprey which had been shot at Packington on 26 August, 1887, and a bird of this species was seen by Mr. Steele Elliott at Sutton Coldfield on 30 September, 1890. 111. Cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.). A storm-driven visitor to most parts of the county, but of infrequent occurrence and generally, perhaps always, in immature plum- age. 112. Shag or Green Cormorant. Phala- crocorax gracu/us (Linn.) Like the last species an uncertain storm- driven wanderer, and when found generally in a state of exhaustion. 113. Gannet or Solan Goose. Sula banana (Linn.) Another wanderer brought inland by stress of weather. An adult gannet was shot some years ago near Warwick and is now in the museum there. Another was found ex- hausted in the middle of a large arable field at Milcote near Stratford-on-Avon. Mr. Chase records the occurrence of one which was taken in a field of potatoes near Tarn- worth. 114. Common Heron. Ardea cinerea, Linn. There are at present but few heronries in Warwickshire. The one at Warwick Castle has either ceased to be or is greatly reduced in size. A small one yet remains at Ragley, the seat of the Marquis of Hertford. The mischief done by the heron where fish arc 2OO BIRDS preserved is the main cause of the destruction of the heronries. 115. Little Egret. Ardea garzetta, Linn. This is recognized as a Warwickshire bird on the authority of Mr. W. C. Cristie, who in the ninth volume of the Magazine of Natural History (1836), records the occurrence of one which was shot at Sutton Coldfield. Three specimens are indeed mentioned in that communication as having been shot there. To that statement I may now add that all three were taken at different, but not widely separated times to John Spicer of Warwick for preservation, where they were seen by Dr. Lloyd of Warwick, who was then interested in the formation of the museum there, and wished to secure them for the collection. He how- ever failed to do so, and subsequent inquiries made by him in conjunction with the present writer as to their whereabouts were without result. 1 1 6. Little Bittern. Ardetta minuta (Linn.) An immature bird of this species was shot between Warwick and Stratford some years since and brought to the latter town for pre- servation, where it was seen by the writer. There is also a notice in the ninth volume of the Magazine of Natural History (1836) of one which was shot at Sutton Coldfield. 117. Bittern. Botaurus stellarh (Linn.) A rare visitor to the Avon and other rivers, but formerly much more common, especially in severe winters. A considerable number have been noted from time to time at Sutton Coldfield and recorded by Mr. Chase and Mr. Steele Elliott. 1 1 8. Grey Lag-Goose. Anser cinereus, Meyer. Formerly an occasional visitor, but now unknown to the county. 119. White-fronted Goose. Anser albifrons (Scopoli) A straggler only to the county. 1 2O. Bean-Goose. Anser segetum (Gmelin) Formerly when flights of wild geese periodi- cally passed over from east to west, or the reverse, single birds not infrequently dropped out of the flights and alighted, generally in the middle of some large field, and after a rest renewed their journey. Individuals of this species were most frequently known to have done so. 121. Pink-footed Goose. Anser brach\rhyn- cbus, Baillon. Like the last named this species was much more common formerly than at the present time. It must be now regarded as of very rare occurrence in the county. 122. Barnacle - Goose. Bernicla leucopsis (Bechstein) Of very uncertain appearance, indeed a mere straggler. 123. Brent Goose. Bernicla brenta (Pallas) Like the last of very uncertain occurrence, but has been noted at several localities in the county. The Canada Goose has been shot several times in Warwickshire, once on the large pool at Chesterton on the estate of Lord Willoughby de Broke. The Egyptian Goose has also been obtained, but neither has any substantial claim to a place amongst British birds. 124. Whooper Swan. Cygnus musicus, Bech- stein. Occasionally small flights of this bird have appeared on the Avon in severe winters, though very rarely. In the winter of 1894-5 six or seven frequented that river near Bid- ford for more than a week. 125. Common Sheld-Duck. Tadorna cornuta (S. G. Gmelin) Appears only as a straggler, and most of the examples examined have proved to be immature. Mr. Chase however says 'a magnificent male was shot at Hawksbury near Coventry in 1 88 1.' [Ruddy Sheld-Duck. Tadorna casarca (Linn.) Mr. Chase mentions two occurrences of this bird in the Birmingham district, namely at Neckells and at Yardley Wood, but sug- gests that they were escaped birds.] 126. Mallard or Wild Duck. Anas boscas, Linn. Resident and breeding where protected. [Gadwall. Anas strepera, Linn. Very rare, and doubtfully a Warwickshire bird. One was met with at Lichfield in December, 1881.] 127. Shoveler. Spatula clypeata (Linn.) An uncertain winter visitor, but single birds sometimes appear on the Avon and the other streams. One was shot at Sutton Coldfield in 1867. 128. Pintail. Dafila acuta (Linn.) An occasional winter visitor. 201 26 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE 129. Teal. Nettion crecca (Linn.) Of not infrequent appearance as an autumn and winter visitor, sometimes appearing in considerable flights, but remaining only for a short time. It is reported to have bred in Sutton Coldfield Park, where it is abundant in the winter. 130. Garganey. Querqitedula circia (Linn.) A rare spring migrant. Three or four occurrences only are known to the writer. 131. Wigeon. Mareca penelope (Linn.) Immature birds, appearing either singly or in small flights, are not infrequent on our streams in winter. In the early spring adult individuals occur, but only on passage, and have never been known to breed. 132. Pochard. Fuligula ferina (Linn.) Like the wigeon this is a winter visitor only, and in small numbers. It has appeared on the Avon and Tame, as well as on private waters. !33- Tufted Duck. Fuligula cristata (Leach) Immature examples are not infrequent in winter on our streams, but adult individuals are very rare. 134. Scaup-Duck. Fuligula marila (Linn.) Less frequently seen on inland waters than the pochard or tufted duck ; only a straggler, and generally in immature plumage. 135. Goldeneye. Clangula glaudon (Linn.) Immature or female birds of this species are not very rare in winter, and have been shot on the Avon and Tame, and on other waters, but adult males are of extremely rare occurrence. 136. Common Scoter. CEdemia nigra (Linn.) Of very rare occurrence on our inland waters. In three instances only during a long period has the writer met with it in Warwickshire, twice on the Avon, and once on the sheet of water in the park at Ragley. It has however occurred at Sutton Coldfield. 137. Surf-Scoter. CEdemia per spidllata (Linn.) A specimen of this rare bird which was shot on the Avon a few miles down stream from Stratford was brought to H. Coombs of that town some years since for preservation, where it was seen and secured by the present writer. It is an adult male in full black plumage with the characteristic white mark- ings on the neck. 138. Goosander. Mtrgui merganser, Linn. Although not of frequent occurrence it is certainly not very rare in the county in the winter. It is however a very uncertain visitor. 139. Red-breasted Merganser. Mergus serra- tor, Linn. Very rare in Warwickshire, one example only having come to the knowledge of the writer during a long period, which was an immature male shot in the Avon. Mr. Chase reports it to be of equal rarity in the district around Birmingham, and Mr. Steele Elliott quotes one instance of its occurrence at Sutton Coldfield. 140. Smew. Mergus albellus, Linn. Has occurred once in the county, namely as Elford near Tamworth. 141. Ring-Dove or Wood-Pigeon. Columba palumbusy Linn. Locally, Quice. A common resident. It feeds very freely in summer on the leaves of young field peas, turnips, or clover, often to the serious injury of the crop. Later on, namely at harvest, the pods of the peas are attacked and their con- tents consumed. In the autumn the quice visits oak trees to feed on the acorns, always taking by preference those trees which bear the smallest acorns. A good deal of green stuff, such as turnip tops and field cabbage, is eaten in the winter, as also are the berries of the ivy. 142. Stock-Dove. Columba aenas, Linn. A much less abundant bird than the quice, but sometimes associating with it in winter. The nest is generally in holes in trees, and occasionally on the crown of a pollard withy. 143. Turtle-Dove. Turtur communis, Selby. Sixty years ago this was a rare bird in Warwickshire, but it is now common as a summer migrant, the increase having been gradual and not by a sudden immigration. It seems to affect the low-lying fertile lands rather than the higher and more sterile ones. It is reported to appear in considerable num- bers in the north of the county and to breed there. 1 44. Pallas's Sand-Grouse. Syrrhaptes para- doxus (Pallas) In July, 1888, a flock consisting of nine individuals of this bird alighted in a clover field near Kineton, and were seen to be feed- ing, as was supposed, on the leaves of the clover. One was shot and taken into Stratford- on-Avon for preservation, where it was seen and examined by the writer, into whose col- 202 BIRDS lection it afterwards passed. It proved to be a female. About the same time one was shot, as was stated, at Edge Hill, which may have been one of the same flock and was brought to Mr. G. Quatremayne of Stratford for preservation. With the latter specimen, which was a male, several others were shot, which were plucked and eaten. In the Zoologist (1873, p. 3801) there is a record of the appearance of the sand-grouse at Swin- fin near Tamworth. 145. Black Grouse. Tetrao tetrix, Linn. Was formerly not very rare at Sutton Cold- field. A pair were shot there in October, 1871. It is now probably extinct. 146. Red Grouse. Lagopus scoticus (Latham) Occurred formerly at Sutton Coldfield, but is no longer found there. 147. Pheasant. Phasianus co/cbicus, Linn. Occurs where preserved. 148. Partridge. Perdix cinerea, Latham. Its presence depends chiefly on its pro- tection. 149. Red-legged Partridge. Caccabis rufa (Linn.) Is rather local in its distribution, and does not appear to supersede the common part- ridge even under protection. 150. Quail. Coturnix communis, Bonnaterre. A summer visitor, but though not rare the quail cannot be considered as otherwise than uncommon. It has occurred in most parts of the county, though only sparingly. 151. Corn-Crake or Land-Rail. Crex praten- sis, Bechstein. A summer visitor whose presence is known by its loud raking note. That note, once so common in the meadows bordering the Avon and its tributaries, is now much less frequently heard. Formerly the corn-crakes were nu- merous enough in the meadows for their voices to be heard apparently in rivalry, and their nests were often mown out in the hay season. They were never so abundant in the cultivated fields, but now they are not often heard in either meadow or cornfield, and the nest is rarely seen. 152. Spotted Crake. Porzana maruetta (Leach) Though not absolutely rare in the county this species is by no means common. It is most frequent in the spring and autumn, but has occurred both in summer and mid- winter. In the summer of 1848 one was caught by a cat in an osier bed under the walls of Warwick Castle, and came at once into the hands of the present writer. In January, 1860, one was shot on the Avon where it divides the counties of Warwick and Gloucester, a few miles down stream from Stratford. It is stated to have nested in Sutton Park in 1880. 153. Water-Rail. Rallus aquattcus, Linn. A migratory bird in the county and com- mon throughout the winter, but unknown in the summer. 154. Moor-Hen. Gallinula ch/oropus (Linn.) A common resident which breeds freely in the county. If closely observed it will be seen retiring to roost with great punctual- ity towards nightfall into some bush or low tree, generally one overhanging the water of a river or pool, climbing up the branches which hang down into the water. The habit of ascending into trees even to a con- siderable height out of the way of danger is not uncommon with the moor-hen. When out shooting some years ago the present writer saw a moor-hen which was flushed by the dog fly directly up into the very top of a large oak, and there disappear from sight. Shortly afterwards a second was put up which was seen to drop directly into the old nest of a crow. A well directed shot at the bottom of the nest brought both the birds out in great haste, but apparently unhurt. The moor-hen will become very tame if not alarmed, and has been known to approach quite near to a dwelling and feed morning and evening with the poultry. 155. Coot. Fullca atra, Linn. Common on ornamental or protected waters. 156. Little Bustard. Otis tetrax, Linn. ' Once at Thickbroom near Tamworth.' — Chase. 157. Stone-Curlew. (Edicnemus scolopax (S. G. Gmelin) Two specimens of this bird which were killed in the valley of the Avon are in the possession of the writer. One was taken at Wilmcote near Stratford on 19 October, 1847, and tne other shot on i January, 1853, on the border between the counties of War- wick and Gloucester near Weston-on-Avon. [Dotterel. Eudromias morinellus (Linn.) Has occurred at Perry Barr near Birming- ham in 1882, and on Cannock Chace in 1875.] 203 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE 158. Ringed Plover. /Egialitis biaticula (Linn.) An uncertain straggler appearing sometimes in the winter. Mr. T. Ground of Birming- ham has a note of one at Haywood near that city. It has also occurred not uncommonly at Sutton Coldfield. 159. Golden Plover. Charadrius p/uvialis, Linn. A winter visitor to the county, and not uncommon, usually associating with lapwings. 1 60. Lapwing. Vanellus vu/garis, Bechstein. A common resident and breeding in many localities. [Turnstone. Strepsilas interpret (Linn.) ' Very rare.'— Chase.] 161. Oyster-Catcher. Htematopus ostra/egus, Linn. A rare straggler which has appeared in many parts of the county. Mr. T. Ground has a note of one which was found in Broad Street, Birmingham, on 30 January, 1877. 162. Grey Phalarope. Phalaropus fu/icarins (Linn.) An uncertain visitor in winter, but in some seasons not very rare. It appeared in several localities in 1844, 1853, J^57 all(l 1886. 163. Red-necked Phalarope. Phalaropus hyper- boreus (Linn.) ' Has occurred once at Tamworth.' — Chase. 164. Woodcock. Scolopax rusticu/a, Linn. Common throughout winter in many places, and has bred in the woods near Alcester. 165. Great Snipe. Gallinago major (Gmelin) According to Mr. Chase the great snipe has once occurred near Tamworth. It is also mentioned by Mr. Steele Elliott as having appeared at Sutton Coldfield in January, 1892, and November, 1894. 1 66. Common Snipe. Gallinago caelest'n (Fren- zel) In the early part of the last century the snipe was abundant in many localities in the county. Snitterfield is said to have taken its name from the plentifulness of this bird in that neighbourhood. It is reported to have bred, though only sparingly, in the north of the county. 167. Jack Snipe. Gallinago gallinula (Linn.) A common though not very abundant winter visitor. 1 68. Dunlin. Tringa alpina, Linn. A very rare straggler inland. A few in- dividuals have been met with in the valley of the Avon, and one is recorded as occurring at Small Heath near Birmingham. One which was shot on the Arrow near Alcester has the feathers of the back margined by rich chest- nut, and the under parts partially spotted with black, as in the breeding season, but I have not the date of its appearance. 169. Ruff. Machetes pugnax (Linn.) According to Mr. Chase this bird has once appeared at Sutton Coldfield. 170. Bartram's Sandpiper. Bartramia longi- cauda (Bechstein) The first known example of this as a British bird was shot by the late Lord Wil- loughby de Broke on his estate at Compton Verney, Warwickshire, on 31 October, 1851. It was no doubt a passage bird which had alighted in the middle of a stubble field and permitted a near approach, as the writer was informed by Lord Willoughby himself. Com- pared with preserved skins from the United States, the Warwickshire specimen is paler in colour and the dark markings less distinct. 171. Common Sandpiper. Totanus hypoleucus (Linn.) A regular spring migrant appearing on our streams for a short time only, and not known to breed. In the autumn there is another appearance, consisting chiefly of young birds. 172. Wood - Sandpiper. Totanus glareola (Gmelin) Very rare. Mr. Chase records its appear- ance at the sewage farm near Birmingham. 173. Green Sandpiper. Totanus ochropus (Linn.) Has occurred in many localities in the county, but must be reported as rare. It seems to frequent pools or any other retired place, rather than navigable streams or canals. 174. Redshank. Totanus calidrh (Linn.) The redshank is reported by Mr. Chase to have appeared at the sewage farm near Bir- mingham. 175. Greenshank. Totanus canescens (Gmelin) A specimen in the writer's collection was shot out of a flock passing over the estate of Mr. J. R. West at Alscot near Stratford-on-Avon on 26 August, 1847. Mr. Chase mentions Castle Bromwich as a locality where it has occurred. 204 BIRDS 176. Common Curlew. Numenius arquata (Linn.) An occasional winter visitor only, appar- ently halting for a time on its way across the country. Its well known whistle may not infrequently be heard in the night. 177. Black Tern. Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.) An uncertain though not very rare visitor to the streams of the county. On several occasions adult birds have been met with in the spring on the Avon at Warwick, Strat- ford, and Bidford, and on the Arrow at Alcester. In the autumn immature birds sometimes appear. It is reported to be not infrequent in the north part of the county in the spring and autumn. 178. White-winged Black Tern. Hydro- chelidon leucoptera (Schinz) One of these birds was shot while flying over the Avon near Welford on 8 May, 1884. The stream at that place divides the counties of Warwick and Gloucester. The specimen was in adult plumage, but the sex could not be determined. 179. Gull-billed Tern. Sterna ang/ica, Mon- tagu. A bird of this species was shot flying over the reservoir at Wormleighton on 24 April, 1876, and brought to Mr. Peter Spicer for preservation. From Mr. T. Ground I learn that a gull-billed tern occurred at Coleshill in 1899. 1 80. Sandwich Tern. Sterna cantiaca, Gmelin. A sandwich tern was shot at Hampton in Arden in April, 1876, and brought to Mr. Peter Spicer of Leamington. Mr. Chase records this as an occasional autumn visitor, and says that it has occurred at Castle Brom- wich. 1 8 1. Common Tern. Sterna Jluviati/is, Naumann. This is by no means a common bird in the county, but has often been confounded with the arctic tern, which is less rare on the spring migration. A pair of common terns in adult plumage were shot together over the Avon near Luddington on 18 August, 1841. Since that date a few others have appeared. Mr. Chase however speaks of it as being often observed around the city of Birming- ham during spring and autumn migration. 182. Arctic Tern. Sterna macrura, Naumann. More common than the last species in the spring and autumn migration. The great flights which appeared on the Severn and Avon in May, 1842, extended up the latter river to its source. Most of the specimens brought to the bird stuffers in the autumn have been immature birds. 183. Little Tern. Sterna minuta, Linn. A rare straggler on our streams, but it has been shot on the Avon as high up as War- wick. 184. Sabine's Gull. Xema sabinii (J. Sabine) Mr. Chase says, ' Once occurred near Coles- hill in October, 1883.' 185. Little Gull. Larus minutus, Pallas. A specimen of this small gull was shot while flying over the Avon near Bidford and brought to Stratford for preservation, where the writer saw and examined it. The plum- age was that of an immature bird. 1 86. Brown-headed Gull. Larus ridibundus, Linn. The distance of this county from the sea, and the absence of a river estuary, must materially influence the appearance of many marine birds such as the gulls, and accord- ingly the records of their appearance are very meagre, and like all the others the present species is only known as a straggler, though immature examples are not of rare appearance in the autumn. 187. Common Gull. Larus canus, Linn. An occasional wanderer only, but some- times staying in the open fields and feeding on earthworms. 1 88. Herring-Gull. Larus argentatus, Gmelin. Like the last only an uncertain visitor, though adult as well as immature birds have been observed. 189. Lesser Black-backed Gull. Larus fuscus, Linn. An uncommon straggler, which has how- ever been observed at many places in the county, including the north, as noticed by Mr. Chase. 190. Great Black-backed Gull. Larus marinus, Linn. Of rare occurrence. It seldom makes a halt in in its flight across this county. An example is reported to have been taken at Shustoke. [Pomatorhine Skua. Stercorarius pomator- hinus (Temminck) Reported by Mr. Chase as very rare in the Birmingham district.] 205 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE 191. Arctic Skua. Stercorarius crepidatus (Gmelin) A bird of this species was taken near Bir- mingham in October, 1897, as I learn from Mr. T. Ground. [Long-tailed or Buffon's Skua. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linn.) An immature bird of this species was shot on the Lichfield racecourse in October, 1874, and recorded by Mr. Chase.] 192. Razorbill. A lea torda, Linn. Specimens of this bird have at various times been brought to Warwick and Stratford for preservation, where they have been seen by the present writer. 193. Guillemot. Uria trolle (Linn.) When it appears it is a waif and stray driven inland by heavy gales. The writer has seen one which was shot from the roof of a thatched cottage in the south-eastern side of the county. 194. Little Auk. Mergulm alle (Linn.) This also has several times been found in the county as a storm-driven bird, either in an exhausted state or dead. All examined by the writer have been in winter plumage excepting one, which was taken up dead at Great Alne near Alcester in the spring a good many years ago, which was in full summer dress. 195. Puffin. Fratercula arct'ica (Linn.) Found only after strong gales from the Bristol Channel, and generally in the autumn. All the examples examined have been young birds. 196. Great Northern Diver. Colymbus g/acia/isy Linn. A rare visitor to the streams of the county, two only having come to the knowledge of the writer during a period of half a century. One of them was shot in the Avon at Alves- ton near Stratford and is now in the Warwick Museum. Mr. Chase records the occurrence of one at Tipton on 8 January, 1877. 197. Red-throated Diver. Colymbus septen- triona/is, Linn. Though uncommon this is not a very rare bird in the valley of the Avon, but nearly all the examples seen have been immature and appeared in the autumn or winter. One only in adult plumage is on record. It was taken up in a state of great exhaustion in Loxley Lane near Stratford-on-Avon in November, 1858. 198. Great Crested Grebe. Podicipes cristatus (Linn.) An uncommon almost rare bird in the county, occurring occasionally in the winter on the Avon. A pair which had commenced building a nest at Napton in May, 1881, were both ruthlessly shot. It has several times been known to breed at Sutton Coldfield. 1 99. Red-necked Grebe. Podicipes griseigtna (Boddaert) There are several records of the appearance of this species on the Avon, in all instances in the winter. 200. Slavonian Grebe. Podicipes auritus (Linn.) An autumn and winter visitor to the county, but has on one occasion appeared in summer. A pair in full breeding plumage were shot to- gether on some ornamental water at Wootton Hall near Henley in Arden, and brought to John Spicer of Warwick some years since, when they were examined by the writer. Doubtless if spared they would have bred there. It has also been met with in several other localities in the county. 201. Eared Grebe. Podicipes nigricollis (Brehm) Of rare occurrence in the county, though it has been shot on the Avon in a few instances in winter. One in full summer plumage was however shot on the ornamental water at Wootton Hall near Henley in Arden a few years since, which having been taken to John Spicer of Warwick for preservation came under the observation of the present writer. 202. Little Grebe or Dabchick. Podicipes fluviatilis (Tunstall) Common though not abundant in winter on all streams and ponds, and but little known in summer ; there is no record of its having bred in the county. A very immature specimen was however shot on the Arrow near Alcester some years ago. 203. Storm-Petrel. Procellaria pelagica, Linn. A waif and stray of rare occurrence, but yet when seen has always been on the wing and not in an exhausted state. One was shot while flying about at Wormleighton on 15 August, 1885, and taken to Mr. Peter Spicer of Leamington for preservation. Another was also shot near Alcester in the winter of 1882-3 an(i sent to Mr. Hunt of that town to be preserved. According to Mr. Chase it has occurred several times in the Birmingham district. 2O6 BIRDS 204. Leach's Fork-tailed Petrel. Oceanodroma 205. Manx Shearwater. Pufftnus anglarum leucorrhoa (Vieillot) (Temminck) This, like the storm-petrel, only occurs as Occasionally a shearwater of this species is a storm-driven straggler, but certainly much found on the ground and unable to rise after more frequently inland than that species. In a strong gale from the Bristol Channel. One every instance which has come to the know- was taken up alive and unhurt in a field of ledge of the writer the bird has been taken wheat, then in shuck, near Stratford-on-Avon up dead or too much exhausted to make any in the fourth week in August, 1888. It was attempt at escape. About a dozen specimens brought to the writer on the following day, examined by the writer have been found in and proved to be a male in fine plumage, the valley of the Avon, some of which were Another was taken up in Chandos Road, in Warwickshire. A bird of this species was Birmingham, on 5 September, 1880, as is picked up dead on 4 September, 1883, in a recorded by Mr. Chase, yard in Guild ford Street, Birmingham. 207 MAMMALS As in the case of the birds, the physical features of a county deter- mine to a great extent the number and distribution of its mammals. For the continued presence of the larger mammals there must be quiet retreats in plenty such as a forest or moorland offers ; there must be also the attractions of the pasture-land and the lake. These features in Warwickshire, with its broad cultivated lands, are not sufficiently well marked, and the badger, of the larger mammals, finds it difficult to exist, if it has not already disappeared from our borders. The otter, however, though by no means common, still clings to the Avon, and it is a pleasure to report that it has even become rather more frequent between Evesham and Stratford since the navigation between these places has ceased. Brought into our county from the warehouses of Gloucester and Bristol on board the grain laden vessels which came up the Avon, the old English black rat was reintroduced about forty or fifty years ago, but has again become rare, perhaps extinct. In the distribution of the smaller mammals the Avon also has considerable influence. The meadows about its banks are the haunts of such species as the water shrew and the field and bank voles, and the water vole abounds in the river itself. Of the Cervidcz, or deer, little need be said, as the natural characteristics of the county in no way affect their existence, for they continue under protection only in the parks where they have been introduced and beyond their mere mention need claim no more of our attention than the cattle in the pastures. A great many years spent amongst the vertebrates of the valley of the Avon more or less in connection with the Warwickshire Naturalists' Field Club, and a long connection also with the museum in the county town, has made the writer acquainted with a great number of the species, and enabled him to contribute in no inconsiderable degree to the second edition of Bell's British Quadrupeds. With the species in the north end of the county he is much less intimately acquainted, but the deficiency of information is fortunately made up by other observers who have made public the results of their observations. The following may be specially mentioned as supplying valuable information : — A Handbook of Birmingham., prepared for the members of the British Association in 1886. The parts relating to the mammals and reptiles around Birmingham was written by Mr. E. de Hamel, what relates to the birds was supplied by Mr. R. W. Chase, while the account of the fishes was the work of Mr. G. Sherriff Tye. The whole was under the editorship of Mr. W. R. Hughes, F.L.S., and took in an area of twenty 208 MAMMALS miles around Birmingham and consequently a considerable area in Warwickshire. Subsequently to the appearance of the above Mr. J. Steele Elliott printed a Vertebrate Fauna of Sutton Coldfield Park, which is of great interest, the locality, it may be observed, being quite a classical one with the zoologists of the midland counties. For the use of a copy of that work the writer is indebted to the kindness of Mr. J. Steele Elliott himself. CHEIROPTERA 1. Lesser Horse-shoe Bat. Rhinolophus hip- poiiderus, Bechstein. This is a local rather than a rare species. The writer has seen it in considerable num- bers in its diurnal retreats in the roof of the mansion at Ragley, and in smaller numbers near Stratford and Warwick, always in build- ings, either singly or in numbers. In no instance has the greater horse-shoe bat been noted as occurring in Warwick- shire, though it is reported in the Fauna and Flora of Gloucester as occurring in that county. 2. Long-eared Bat. Plecotus auritus, Linn. A common though not very numerous bat which frequents a great many localities in the county, and, whether when feeding after nightfall or in its diurnal retreat, appears to be solitary, though several are occasionally found near together. It takes its food, as the writer can affirm from personal observation, both on the wing and when at rest. It hovers in front of foliage and takes the in- sects which are resting on the leaves. 3. Barbastelle. Barbastella barbastellus, Schre- ber. Bell — Barbastellus daubentonn. A solitary and by no means common species, which frequents several, perhaps many, localities in the county. The writer has obtained it at Alcester and also at Wei- ford and Weston on the Avon, which al- though in Gloucestershire are only removed from Warwickshire by two or three hundred paces. It has also been found in or near the town of Warwick. The place of retirement for the day is very varied, indeed almost any hole or crack, either in a building or tree, is suitable. 4. Great or White's Bat. Pipistrellus noctula, Schreber. Bell — Scotophilus noctula. White — Vespertilio altivolans. A common species in the valley Avon and indeed throughout the of the county, feeding largely on the cockchafer in the early part of the summer and other large species of Coleoptera at a later period. The crushing of their hard elytra in the process of mastication may be very distinctly heard on those evenings when the flight is not too high up. During the day this bat retires to holes in trees. 5. Pipistrelle. Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Schreber. Bell — Scotophilus pipistrellus. A common but solitary species frequenting buildings and flitting to and fro in any shel- tered spot, either among the stems of trees or buildings, but never, so far as the writer has observed, amongst foliage. Any hole will serve its turn as a place of rest for the day, whether in a tree or building. 6. Natterer's Bat. Myotis nattereri, Kuhl. Bell — fespertilio nattereri. A thoroughly gregarious species, at least so far as its diurnal retreat is concerned. Very local in its distribution, the only places in the county where it has been observed by the writer being at Arrow, near Alcester, where some years since there was quite a large colony in the roof of the church, and at Temple Grafton. At the latter place it was shot while on the wing in the evening, and a considerable number were noticed. 7. Daubenton's Bat. Myotts daubentoni, Leisler. Bell — Vespertilh daubentonil. Common and frequenting water, especially that which is stagnant, close to the surface of which it flits ; but as it comes abroad rather late it is not easily observed. The writer has seen it on the Avon in many places in the county, as at Warwick, where it was numerous beneath and near the arches of the bridge as well as in close proximity to the castle ; also over the stagnant water near the railway station, formerly in the grounds of the priory. At Stratford it occurs in considerable num- bers, reposing during the day in the tower of the church, and at Bidford and Binton. It 209 27 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE was equally common at one time over the large fishponds at Coughton Court near Alces- ter. Mr. J. Steele Elliott records its occur- rence at Sutton Coldfield. 8. Whiskered Bat. Myotis mystacinus, Leisler. Bell — Vespertillo mystacinus. Common and frequenting the foliage of tall trees, which it penetrates through and through in pursuit of insects, which appear to be taken while resting on the leaves. Its flight in the intricacies of foliage is remark- ably quivering, and unlike that of any other British bat. So far as the writer has observed it returns to rest and to hybernate in buildings rather than trees, indeed he has never met with it in the latter situation. INSECTIVORA 9. Hedgehog. Erinaceus europVARW1CKSHIRK 40' biirgt Gwjjr»pljit«l Imta; THE VICTORIA HISTORY 0 3 REMAINS. 3O' REFERENCE Settlements and Camps • Interments _ Drift Implements Miscellaneous Flnds,A'roWMc Imptemmts, Coitu, X Bronze Implements Seal, "HE COUNTI ES OF ENGLAND EARLY MAN prehistoric antiquities found in Warwickshire can hardly be said to equal in number or importance those which have been discovered in many of the other English counties. But this perhaps may be attributed partly to the fact that they have not been so carefully and persistently searched for here as elsewhere. It is to be regretted moreover that of those antiquities which have been found few with anything like a clear or intelligible pedigree are now accessible. Dugdale notices a few discoveries of neolithic and bronze age objects,1 and several collectors in more recent times have brought to- gether a number of antiquities which, if accompanied by precise records of the locality and circumstances of each discovery, would be of great value in determining the story of early man in the county. Unfortu- nately these precise details are wanting. The collections of the late Mr. M. H. Bloxam, F.S.A., are well-known as having contained objects illustrative of prehistoric times in Warwickshire. These collections are now in the Art Museum of Rugby School, but they must be pro- nounced somewhat disappointing for the purposes of this article. It is to be regretted also that some of the prehistoric antiquities in the museum at Warwick, particularly those of the bronze age, are unlabelled, and it is doubtful whether the place of their discovery will ever be ascertained. The period covered by this section extends from the earliest trace of man or man's handiwork until the appearance of the Romans in Britain, and may conveniently be divided into (i.) palaeolithic age, (ii.) neolithic age, (iii.) bronze age, and (iv.) prehistoric iron age. THE PALEOLITHIC AGE The palaeolithic age. unlike the succeeding prehistoric ages, is sepa- rated from our own times by something more than a very long interval of time. There have been considerable physical changes in the country itself, for Great Britain and Ireland were then parts of the continent of Europe. As far as Warwickshire itself is concerned, there is not a great deal of material bearing upon this remote age. As has been stated, some of the collections which might have furnished illustrations of this period are not in a condition to supply positive evidence. But the numerous finds in adjoining counties suggest that Warwickshire, if more fully 1 The Antiquities of Warwickshire (1656). 213 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE investigated, should give abundant proofs of the presence of palaeolithic man. The implements of the palaeolithic age, like those of the neolithic, appear to have been shaped by means of chipping the nodule of flint, into shape. In the case of the neolithic implements however greater degree of finish and more thorough precision of form have been attained by a grinding process which has removed much and sometimes all of the marks of the conchoidal fractures which resulted from chipping. Both neolithic and palaeolithic implements however were produced without the aid of metal tools, for such tools belong to a period when metals and the methods of working them were equally unknown. The imple- ments may be briefly described as follows : — (1) Method of Manufacture. — Palaeolithic implements have been boldly shaped by a comparatively few blows, which have produced ovoid or pointed forms, whilst neolithic implements bear evidence of many blows and not infrequently grinding. (2) Superficial or Structural Change. — Flint implements which have been much exposed to drift action or the influences of the weather bear evidence of it in the loss of that horny appearance usually found in a newly broken chalk flint. This alteration is found to extend some- times only a little way below the surface and sometimes entirely through the flint. In addition to this many of the drift-worn flints have acquired a superficial colouring which varies from a pale straw colour to a rich ochreous brown or even dark brown. These are some of the marks of palaeolithic implements. Neolithic implements rarely show any deep structural alteration or deep colouring, but are usually flint-coloured, milky white or pure white upon the surface. (3) Positions in which the Implements are found. — Palaeolithic imple- ments are sometimes found several feet deep in river-drift gravel. Neo- lithic implements are never so found. They occur either in alluvial deposits or on or near the surface of the ground. The points of difference here described may at first sight appear to be trivial, but as aids to the reconstruction of that remote period of the past of which we have no written story, their importance is by no means inconsiderable. One of the most promising fields to which one might turn in the hope of finding palaeolithic implements is the drift deposit in the valley of the river Avon, and as long ago as the year 1867 the Rev. P. B. Brodie ' wrote : ' The later deposits of this kind are to be found along the valley of the Avon, and consist of the usual finer sands and gravels with mammalian remains ; but I have not yet heard of any flint imple- ments having been detected with them, though I do not think they have been so diligently searched after in the neighbourhood of Warwick, Stratford and elsewhere in the county as they have been in other places ; and they may turn up at any time.' It is interesting to find that this 1 ' Remarks on the Drift in a part ot Warwickshire, and on the Evidence of Glacial Action which it Affords,' Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xxiii. 208. 214 PERFORATED HAMMERSTONE FROM SUTTON COLDFIELD. BRONZE DAGGIR FROM NEW HILTON. PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENT FROM SALTLEY NEAR BIRMINGHAM. To face page 214. EARLY MAN prophecy has already been fulfilled. Mr. S. S. Stanley of Leamington, in a communication to the present writer, records the discovery of a palaeolithic flake in river gravel at Walton. Other flint implements were also found in the same gravel, and presumably they were also of the palaeolithic age, but unfortunately they are now lost. Sir John Evans, in his monumental work on stone implements,1 is able to record another palaeolithic discovery in the old gravels of the river Rea at Saltley near Birmingham. • It has been made of a brown quartzite pebble and has been skilfully chipped to a point at one end whilst the sides have been chipped to an edge. It was found in a bed of sandy gravel composed mainly of small quartzite pebbles and a light- brown sandy matrix. The bed also contains a few broken flints. The discovery is in every way one of considerable importance. Saltley is situated in the northern end of Warwickshire and con- siderably beyond an imaginary line drawn from the Severn to the Wash, which is generally considered to mark the northern limit of the area in which palaeolithic implements are commonly found. Among the implements found in the caves of Creswell Crags, Derbyshire, were several roughly made of quartzite. This is exactly what might be expected in a district where flint is rare, and the discovery suggests the question whether there may not be many more remains of the palaeolithic age in the Midlands and the north or England than had hitherto been suspected. Sir John Evans, who has discussed this ques- tion somewhat fully in his book,2 inclines to the idea that further remains in other materials than flint may reward searches among the ancient gravel-like alluvial deposits of our northern rivers. There is a diffi- culty in determining the age and characteristics of implements formed of such substances as quartzites and many of the older rocks, arising from the uncertain character of the marks of human workmanship upon them and the slight degree of alteration due to weathering to which they are susceptible. However, this imperfect evidence might be checked or strengthened by a close attention to the succession and rela- tive ages of the beds in which they occur. THE NEOLITHIC AGE It has been already pointed out that the neolithic age is sharply separated from the palaeolithic age by a long interval of time. During the neolithic age however the surface of the land had assumed its present appearance. The river cfcMi period as it had formerly existed was at an end, and the trees, plants and animals of the neolithic age may be said to have been roughly the same as those we now have, except that some species have been exterminated and others introduced by the forces of civilization. There have also been some changes on the sea- coast, by which the shore has been modified, since the first appearance > The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain, pp. 578-9, ed. a. * Op. cit, pp. 580-1. 215 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE of neolithic man, but these appear trivial when compared with those of the palaeolithic age. From what has already been said about the scarcity of flint in Warwickshire, and the rarity of its use for the making of pakeolithic implements, the reader will be prepared to find that the neolithic imple- ments discovered in the same district have in several cases been made of various materials besides flint. A hard local stone has been employed for the manufacture of neolithic implements found at some of the following places in Warwickshire : — Barton-on-tbe-Heatb. — A celt formed of flint and thoroughly ground all over so as to obliterate nearly all marks of chipping was found here some years ago. It is 5^ in. long, 2^ in. broad and i£ in. thick, the somewhat clumsy proportions being due apparently to the poor character of the material employed. It is preserved in the museum at Rugby School. Hartsbill Common. — A perforated axe1 made of blue stone and weathered superficially to an olive-green colour. It was found in 1770 in or near a tumulus, but the record is not very clear. In form it presents the peculiarity of expanding at both the blunt and the sharp ends. Lillington near Warwick, — A small ground celt of green stone, slightly over 3 inches long, now in Warwick Museum. Found in 1900 by Mr. S. S. Stanley. Long Compton. — A ground flint celt, completely smoothed all over, was found some years ago at Long Compton, and passed into the possession of Mr. M. H. Bloxam, F.S. A.2 It is described by Mr. Beesley 3 as ' a sacrificial celt,' but is evidently an implement of the usual type. Sutton Coldfield. — A perforated hammerstone of green stone, 3 inches in length.4 CELT OF WHITE FLINT, Walsgrave - upon - Sowe near Coventry. — A per- hOUND AT LoNC COMPTON, r j r £ • 11 J 11 WARWICKSHIRE. foratcd axe of green stone superficially damaged by weathering, now in the collection of Sir John Evans. A hammerstone, 3 inches long, made from a quartzite pebble, was found at Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry.6 THE BRONZE AGE The prehistoric period witnessed no more important event than the discovery of metal. It is difficult, if not impossible, to understand all that was involved in the introduction of bronze and the art of working it. 1 Bartlett's History and Antiquities of Mancetter, Warwickshire, p. 17, pi. 2, fig. 3; Evans' Ancient Stone Implement!, p. 187, ed. 2. * Fragmenta SepubbraKa, by M. H. Bloxam, p. i z. 3 The History ofBanbury, i. 7. 4 Op. cit. p. 224; Proc. Soc. Antiq. vii. 268, ser. 2. ' Evans' Ancient Stone Implements, p. 198, ed. 2. • Ibid. p. 240, ed. 2. 216 u EARLY MAN Hitherto the only materials available for the manufacture of the toughest and hardest tools had been flint and stone. The art of working these substances had been carried to its utmost development ; but excel- lent as some of the neolithic work undoubtedly was, the implements were liable to be injured by use, and the fear of damaging an elaborately wrought celt, for example, must have been a source of constant care to the neolithic warrior or hunter. The need of some less brittle and more pliable material for the manufacture of weapons and tools must have been keenly felt before the discovery of metals was made. How that knowledge was first acquired is not known, and perhaps, seeing how great an interval of time separates the earliest age of metal from our own, it will never be discovered. It has been suggested how- ever that the discovery may have been made accidentally in those early days when neolithic man cooked his food on fires made in shallow pits dug into the ground. Such fires must have engendered sufficient heat to melt certain metals, and may easily have given man the first idea of smelting metals. It is hardly likely that the discovery was made in this country. The evidence, so far as it has yet been examined, goes to show that the art of extracting copper and tin from their ores, and the skill of blending them in such proportions as would give the requisite hardness, were both acquired in some other part of Europe or Asia, or even Africa. This is pretty clear from the fact that some of the earliest metal objects found in the British Islands are evidently the work of people skilled in the art of blending metals.1 The earliest forms of bronze implements found in Britain are flat axes or celts and small bronze hand daggers. Of the latter kind the New Bilton dagger, which will presently be described, is a good example. Early celts as well as daggers are composed of bronze of excellent quality. At first metal would doubtless be very rare and valuable, but as soon as native metallic ores were worked it is probable that there would be a desire to reproduce in metal the heavy flint or stone celts which had hitherto been the highest achievement of the tool or weapon maker's efforts. For this purpose an actual stone celt was probably made to serve as a model. The remains of the bronze age comprise celts of bronze which have evidently been cast in this way from stone originals, and they have been thought to represent the earliest form in which metal celts were made. The objection to such a theory is that they would require a large amount of metal at a time when it was scarce, and it seems more probable that they may be referred to a period when bronze was plentiful and easily procured. Bronze implements are sometimes found singly upon or near the surface of the ground, but more often in the form of hoards below the surface. Warwickshire does not furnish an example of this kind of deposit, but there is no reason why a hoard of bronze objects should not 1 Munro, Prehistoric Scotland, pp. 177-8. I 217 28 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE be found during such excavations of the soil as may be made from time to time. The following bronze age antiquities which have been found in Warwickshire are not very numerous, but they present several features of interest. The first recorded discovery of this character to be mentioned was that of a ' brass sword and battle-axe,' which, as Dugdale ' relates, were found within his memory near Nadbury Camp in Ratley parish. As Dugdale's account was written before the year 1656,* this is a rather interesting record of an early discovery of bronze age objects. In the ' brass sword ' and ' battle-axe ' it is not difficult to recognize a bronze sword and bronze celt or possibly a palstave. Sir John Evans, in his book dealing with the subject,3 records three or four other discoveries of this age in Warwickshire. One, a winged celt, 7^ inches long, was found at Wolvey,4 and was preserved in the collection of Mr. M. H. Bloxam, F.S.A. In form it was similar to the specimen depicted in fig. 54 of Sir John Evans" book. A palstave, of which no definite particulars were obtainable, was also discovered at Wolvey.6 Mr. Bloxam records6 the discovery of a 'British spearhead of bronze, of a late type,' about the year 1825, near the site of a tumulus called Pilgrim's Lowe, a little to the north-east of Rugby. A small bronze hammer was found at Rugby,7 and was preserved in the collection of the late Mr. Bloxam. Perhaps the most important bronze age discovery in the county was that of a bronze dagger, 9! inches in length, at New Bilton8 near Rugby. The accompanying illustration 9 shows the details admirably. The two rivets at the base of the dagger are still in position, and ' the corroded surface of part of the blade shows traces of hair, probably from the lining of a sheath of hide having been in contact with it.' ' Among the archaeological collections in the museum at Warwick are several bronze age objects which presumably have been found in Warwickshire, but nothing seems to be known about the precise locali- ties of the discoveries or any other circumstances connected therewith. Under these circumstances it will be impossible to mark the discoveries on the map of prehistoric remains. The objects consist of the following : — (i) A flat celt, 6 inches long, with expanding cutting edge, and ornamented with panels outlined with dashes and zig-zags. The Antiquities of Warwickshire, illustrated, 1656 ed. p. 420; 1730 ed. p. 541. The date of the first edition of his book is 1656. The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain and Ireland. Op. cit. p. 75. ' Op. cit. p. 86 ; Proc. Soc. Antiq. iii. 129, ser. 2. The Antiquities of Warwickshire (1875), p. 10. Evans' Ancient Bronze Implements, p. 179 ; Proc. Six. Antij. iii. 129, ser. 2. Evans' Ancient Bronze Implements, p. 245 ; Proc. Soc. Antiq. iv. 49-50, ser. 2. Reproduced by kind permission from an engraving published by the Society of Antiquaries of London. 10 Pro. Sof. Antiq. iv. 49, ser. 2. 218 POTTERY FOUND IN A SEPULCHRAL BARROW NEAR OLDBURV CAMP, WARWICKSHIRE. EARLY MAN (2) A flat celt, 4^ inches long, with expanding edge and sharpened at each end. (3) A fine palstave, 5! inches long, with one loop and well de- veloped stop-ridge. (4) A palstave, 4^ inches long, broken at the smaller end. (5) A palstave, 4 inches long, similarly broken. (6) A palstave, \\ inches long, similarly broken. (7) A small socketed celt, 2 inches long, with one loop. (8) A celt-shaped piece of flat bronze, 4! inches long, probably a modern forgery. The series of three palstaves (4, 5 and 6), all broken obliquely at the top end, is of great interest on account of the evidence it affords of the uses to which bronze celts and palstaves were put. Cer- tain writers upon the question have assumed, perhaps too hastily, that they were all for military purposes. Dugdale, as we have seen, calls them battle-axes ; but a careful ex- amination of many specimens has led the writer to the opinion that many were car- penters' tools, used for hewing timber and for cleaving and splitting wood much in the same way as the rural maker of sheep-gates works. Of the numerous examples of bronze celts and palstaves now pre- served in the Rugby School Museum none apparently were procured from Warwickshire. A considerable advance in various branches of civilization is indi- cated by the remains of the bronze age. The use of metal enabled the husbandman to reap his corn by means of metal sickles, several of which have been found in England. Oxen were used for ploughing, and several plants such as beans and oats, not hitherto known, were cultivated. The lathe was used for turning stone objects, and pottery of an im- proved kind and ornamented by a series of impressed lines arranged in zig-zag fashion was made. The graves or sepulchral barrows of the bronze age were circular in plan, and used for the interment of the cremated remains of only one person. The earlier long barrows of the neolithic age were sometimes furnished with a central chamber or cist of stone, and generally more than one interment was made in each barrow. 219 POTTERY FOUND IN A SEPULCHRAL BARROW AT BRANDON, WARWICKSHIRE. A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE The contents of two bronze age barrows from the collection of the late Mr. M. H. Bloxam are preserved in the School Museum at Rugby. One at Oldbury, near Atherstone, was opened in 1835, when a sepulchral urn of usual type with ornament produced by parallel incised lines, and two smaller vessels, possibly a food vessel and drinking cup, were found. The other was discovered during the work of constructing the Birming- ham and London railway at a point about a quarter of a mile to the west of Brandon station. Here also three vessels of pottery were found. THE PREHISTORIC IRON AGE The last age of the prehistoric period begins with the introduction of the use of iron and ends with the appearance of the Romans on our shores. It has been called the prehistoric iron age, but the term is not strictly accurate, because although iron had come to be used for many purposes for which hardness and sharpness were desirable qualities, bronze was still used for personal ornaments, horse trappings, etc. Moreover, a new fashion of decorative art arose, based probably upon natural floral or foliage forms, and consisting of various combinations of spiral and trumpet-like shapes. This style of decoration, which was often executed in enamel on bronze and assumed a very remarkable development in this country and elsewhere, is what has been called Late Celtic art. The prehistoric antiquities found in Warwickshire include some good examples of this art. They consist of five circular and slightly convex BRONZE Discs FROM CHKSTERTON-ON-FOSSWAY. discs of bronze ornamented with spiral and enamelled work. They were found at Chesterton-on-Fossway and are now in the museum at Warwick. There are two types of ornament employed, but both, as will be seen 22C EARLY MAN from the excellent drawings1 of the objects, are of characteristic Late Celtic form. The purpose for which these discs were used was long a matter of speculation among archaeologists, but Dr. Ingvald Undset, in a paper published by the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries* in 1890, conclusively proved that they were parts of the mountings of metal bowls. They were attached to the bowl by means of a ring fur- nished with a zob'morphic termination which served as a hook for suspension. Some of these ring settings were discovered with the discs and are now preserved in Warwick Museum. Mr. J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A., who in 1898 contributed to the Society of Antiquaries of London3 a valuable paper on the metal bowls of this character found in different parts of England, ascribes them to the end of the Late Celtic period and the beginning of the Saxon period.4 COINS OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS Sir John Evans, in his well-known work on this subject, records only one ancient British coin as having been found in Warwickshire. This was of gold bearing on the obverse an object like a fern leaf or spike of flowers, and on the reverse a horse, a circular wheel-like object, etc., and the inscription VO-CORIO-AD (?). The coin, which was found at Stone- leigh, was formerly in the possession of Mr. Llewellyn Jewitt, F.S.A. Another gold coin, of a more common type, is however stated to have been found at Southam. The particulars given are not very precise, but it appears that one side of the coin was plain, and the other bore ' the imitation of Philip's stater.' 6 MEGALITHIC REMAINS The interesting megalithic group known as the Rollright Stones, situated mainly in Oxfordshire, but partly in Warwickshire, consists of (i.) a circle of about seventy blocks of stone, 100 feet in diameter ; (ii.) a single upright stone of irregular form, known as the King-stone, and standing to the north-east of the circle ; and (iii.) a group of stones called the Whispering Knights, in a more eastern direction and at a greater distance. The Rollright Stones are mentioned by Camden and Plot, and have been more minutely described by Mr. Arthur J. Evans,6 who considers the whole group to be the work of more than one period, but later than the 1 Here reproduced by the kind permission of the Society of Antiquaries of London. 1 Memoires de la Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord (1890), pp. 33-44. 1 Arch. Ivi. 39-56. « As it is probable that the Warwick discs may belong to the latter period rather than the former, the subject will be more fully dealt with in the article on ' Anglo-Saxon Remains ' in this volume, and to that the reader may be referred for a more particular account of them. If the actual time of manufac- ture be within the Anglo-Saxon period, however, the origin of the ornamental forms with which they are enriched must unquestionably be referred to an earlier period and probably to a time anterior to the Roman occupation. B Information given by the Rev. J. H. Bloom. « Talk-Lore, vi. 6-17. 221 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE neolithic age, and possibly belonging to that of bronze or prehistoric iron. These remains lie on a bleak exposed hill, more than 700 feet above sea-level, and are apparently connected with an ancient roadway which at this point forms the boundary line between Oxford- shire and Warwickshire, the circle lying within the borders of the former county. The whole group belongs, in fact, more particularly to Oxfordshire, and will be described in the volume which deals with the prehistoric remains of that county. TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF PREHISTORIC ANTIQUITIES IN WARWICKSHIRE The following is a brief list of the various places in Warwickshire from which prehistoric remains have been obtained or where they still exist. Compared with some other counties it appears unusually meagre, but it must be remembered that the superficial area of Warwickshire is less than that of several other of the counties which are remarkable for their prehistoric remains. ATHERSTON, OLDBURY CAMP. — Bronze age interment. Urns in Rugby School Museum. BARTON-ON-THE-HEATH. — Ground neolithic celt of flint, 5^ inches long ; now in Rugby School Museum. BRANDON. — Bronze age interment. Urns in Rugby School Museum. BRINKLOW. — Prehistoric camp. BROWNSOVER. — Prehistoric camp. CHESTERTON-ON-FOSSWAY. — Late Celtic discs of enamelled bronze. KENILWORTH COMMON. — Chips of flint found in gravel near an ancient earthwork [Proc. Soc. Antiq. vii. 267, ser. 2]. Rude celt of millstone grit [ibid. vii. 267-8 ; Arch. Journ. xxxiii. 371]- LILLINGTON. — Neolithic interment and settlement. Human skull, drinking cup and spindle- whorl discovered by Mr. S. S. Stanley. LONG COMPTON. — Ground neolithic celt of white flint [Bloxam's Fragmenta Sepulchralia, p. 12; Beesley's History of Banbury, i. 7]. Megalithic remains, known as the Roll- right Stones. NEW BILTON. — Bronze dagger, gf inches long and 2j inches wide [Evans, Bronze Implements, p. 245 ; Proc. Soc. Antiq. iv. 50, ser. 2]. OLDBURY. — Chipped and ground neolithic celt found at Oldbury Camp [Dugdale, Antiquitiei of Warwkkshirt (1730), p. 1081]. RATLEY. — Nadbury Camp, a prehistoric earthwork : bronze sword and celt found there [Dugdale, Antiquities of Warwickshire (1730), p. 541]. RUGBY. — Pilgrim's Lowe, a sepulchral barrow (probably prehistoric) near Rugby. Bronze spearhead. Small bronze hammer [Evans, Bronze Implements, p. 179 ; Proc. Soc. Antiq. iii. 129, ser. 2]. SALTLEY. — Palaeolithic implement [Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, pp. 578—9, ed. 2], STONELEIGH. — British coin [Evans, Coins of the Ancient Britons, Supplement, p. 488]. SUTTON COLDFIELD. — Perforated hammerstor.e [Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, p. 224, ed. 2 ; Proc. Soc. Antiq. vii. 268, ser. 2]. WALSGRAVE-UPON-SOWE. — Neolithic perforated axe [Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, p. 198, ed. 2]. WALTON. — See WELLESBOURNE-HASTINGS. WELLESBOURNE-HASTINGS WITH WALTON. — Palaeolithic flake. Several neolithic flint chips and flakes [Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, vii. 268, ser. 2], WOLVEY. — Bronze celt in the Bloxam collection resembling in form that figured in Sir John Evans' Bronze Implements, fig. 54. Bronze palstave [Proc. Soc. Antiq. iii. 129, ser. 2]. 222 HISTORY OF •WARWICKSHIRE ROMAN Dw Ediubi irgii Gsogi-npHiral Jnjtitula THE VICTORIA HISTORY C1 •J EMAINS. _. . not generally Miscellaneous Finds «««««««< occupation . — The exact localities of many smaller finds are not known precisely, and the positions of the symbols on the map are therefore only approximately correct. Ill' THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND ROMANO-BRITISH WARWICKSHIRE I. Sketch of Roman Britain. 2. Sketch of Roman Warwickshire. 3. Places of settled occupation : Cave's Inn, High Cross, Mancetter, Chesterton, Alcester. 4. Other settled sites. 5. Roads. 6. Index. i. SKETCH OF ROMAN BRITAIN WITH the Romano-British period we begin to pass from the prehistoric into the historic. But we do not reach at once the domain of full history. We obtain guidance from the allusions or narratives of ancient writers, but we still depend very largely on archaeological evidence, and we cannot construct any narrative history of our subject. This is partly due to the fact that our knowledge is insufficient, but it arises still more from the nature of the subject. Roman Britain was not an independent unit : it was only a part of a vast and complex empire. Roman Warwickshire was still less an independent unit. It was a part of Roman Britain and a part not recognized as such by the Romans. In fact, the phrase Roman War- wickshire, though convenient from its brevity, is strictly speaking a contradiction in terms. When the Romans ruled our island, neither Warwickshire nor any other of our counties was yet in existence, nor was Britain divided into any districts geographically coinciding with them. Neither the boundaries of the Celtic tribes nor those of the Roman administrative areas, so far as we know them, agree with our existing county boundaries, and students of the Roman remains found in any one county have to deal with a division of land which for their purposes is accidental and arbitrary. Warwickshire to the archaeologist concerned with the Roman period is a meaningless area devoid of unity. He can describe it but he cannot write anything like a real history of it. It has seemed desirable, therefore, in the following paragraphs to diverge a little from the plan followed by most county historians in dealing with Roman antiquities. Hitherto it has been customary to give a narrative of the chief events recorded by ancient writers as 1 For the following article I have searched the literature for myself and have visited the chief sites and museums. I have to thank Mr. W. H. Stevenson and Mr. G. B. Grundy for various help, and also Mr. Willoughby Gardner, the Rev. J. H. Bloom, Mr. S. Stanley, and others named below. I may add that I have found the task of getting accurate information about details a far more laborious one than the length of this article or the importance of the subject might suggest. In the result, however, I have been able to include a good deal of unpublished material. 223 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE having occurred in Britain, and to point out which of these events took place, or may be imagined to have taken place, within the county. The result is always to give an impression that somehow the county had in Roman times some sort of local individuality and local history. We shall here adopt a different plan, suggested by the recent developments of topographical research. Utilizing the archaeological evidence, which is now far better known and appreciated than it was a hundred years ago, we shall try first to sketch briefly the general character of the Roman province in Britain, its military, social and economic features. We shall then point out in some detail how far the Roman antiquities of our county illustrate this general sketch ; that is how far the district now called Warwickshire was an average bit of Roman Britain. The Roman occupation was undertaken by the Emperor Claudius and commenced in A.D. 43. At first its progress was rapid. Within three or four years the Romans overran all the south and midlands as far as Exeter, Shrewsbury and Lincoln : part was annexed, part left to ' protected ' native princes. Then came a pause : some thirty years were spent in reducing the hill tribes of Wales and Yorkshire, and during this period the ' protected ' principalities were gradually absorbed. About A.D. 80 the advance into Scotland was attempted: in 124 Hadrian built his Wall from Newcastle to Carlisle, and thereafter the Roman frontier was sometimes to the north, never to the south of this line. The ' province ' thus gained fell practically, though not officially, into two marked divisions, which coincide roughly with the lowlands occupied in the first years of the occupation and the hills which were conquered later. The former were the regions of settled civil life, and among these we have to include the district now called Warwickshire. The troops appear to have been very soon withdrawn from them, and with a few definite exceptions there was probably not a fort or fortress or permanent military post throughout this part of our island after the end of the first century. On the other hand the Welsh and northern hills formed a military frontier-district, with forts and fortresses and roads, but with no towns or ordinary civilian life. It was the Roman practice, at least in the European provinces of the Empire, to mass the troops almost exclusively along the frontiers, and Britain was no exception. The army which garrisoned this military district was perhaps forty thousand men. It ranked as one of the chief among provincial armies, and constituted the most important element in Roman Britain. With the military district however we are not now concerned. For our present purpose it suffices to note its existence, in order to explain why traces of military occupation are absent in Warwickshire. But we may pause to examine the chief features of the non-military districts within which our county is included. These features are not sensational. Britain was a small province, remote from Rome and by no means wealthy. It did not reach the higher developments of city life, of culture or of commerce, which we meet in more favoured lands — Gaul or Spain or Africa. Nevertheless it had a character of its own, 224 ROMANO-BRITISH WARWICKSHIRE In the first place, Britain like all the provinces of the western Empire became Romanized. Perhaps its Romanization was com- paratively late in date and imperfect in extent. But in the end the Britons generally adopted the Roman speech and civilization, and in our island, as in all western Europe, the difference between Roman and provincial practically vanished. When the Roman rule in Britain ended (about A.D. 410), the so-called departure of the Romans did not mean what the end of English rule in India or French rule in Algeria would mean to-day. It was not an emigration of alien officials, soldiers and traders ; it was more administrative than racial. The gap between Briton and Roman, visible enough in the first century, had become obliterated by the fourth century. Probably the country folk in the remoter parts of Britain continued to speak some Celtic during the Roman period. But the townspeople and the educated seem to have used Latin, and on the side of material civilization the Roman element reigns supreme. Before the Claudian invasion there existed in our island a Late Celtic art of considerable merit, best known for its metal work and earthenware, and dis- tinguished by its fantastic use of plant and animal forms, its employment of the ' returning spiral ' (fig. i), and its enamelling. This art and the culture which went with it vanished before the Roman. In a few places, as in the New Forest, its products survived as local manufactures ; in general it met the fate of every picturesque but semi-civilized art FIG. i. LATE CELTIC when confronted by an organized and coherent cul- ORNAMENT ILLUSTRATING • . ,. • T» THE RETURNING SPIRAL. ture. Almost every important feature in Romano- British life was Roman. The commonest good pottery, the so-called Samian or Terra Sigillata, was copied directly from an Italian original and shows no trace of native influences ; it was indeed principally imported from abroad. The mosaic pavements and painted stuccoes which adorned the houses, the hypocausts which warmed them, and the bathrooms which increased their luxury, were equally borrowed from Italy. Nor were these features confined to the mansions of the wealthy. Samian bowls and coarsely coloured plaster and makeshift hypocausts occur even in outlying hamlets.1 But though the Romanization was thus tolerably complete, it must be further qualified as a Romanization on a low scale. The more elaborate and wealthy features of the Italian civilization, whether material or intellectual or administrative, were rare or unknown in Britain. The finest objects of continental manufacture in glass and pottery and gold-work came rarely to the island, and the objects of local fabric rarely attained a high degree of merit. The choicer marbles and the finer statuary are still rarer, and the Romano-British mosaics are 1 Compare R. Colt Hoare, Ancient Wilts, Roman jEra, p. 127 : 'On some of the highest of our [Wiltshire] downs I have found stuccoed and painted walls as well as hypocausts introduced into the rude «^ t dements of the Britons.' The discoveries of the late General Pitt-Rivers fully confirm this. I 225 29 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE usually commonplace. Of organized municipal or commercial or admin- istrative life we have but scanty traces. The civilization of Roman Britain was Roman, but it contained few elements of splendour. We may distinguish in this civilization two local forms deserving special notice — the town and the villa. The towns of Roman Britain were not few, but, as we might expect, they were for the most part small. Scarcely any seems to have attained very great size, according to the standard of the empire. The highest form of town life known to the Roman was certainly rare in Britain : the colonlce and municipia, the privileged municipalities with the Roman franchise and constitutions on the Italian model, were represented, so far as we know, only by five examples, the colonies of Colchester, Lincoln, and Gloucester and York, and the municlpium of Verulamium, and none of these could vie with the greater municipalities of other provinces. Of other towns, probably inferior in rank, there was more abundance, especially in the south and east of Britain. These varied greatly in size. The larger ones, like Sil- chester or Canterbury or Chichester, had walls to defend themselves, and a forum built on the Roman plan and providing accommodation for magis- trates, traders and idlers ; these towns doubtless possessed some form of municipal life and may be described as country towns. Others were smaller in various degrees, and in some cases, which will concern us in Warwickshire, it is hard, on defective evidence, to decide whether we ought to use the word ' town ' at all. Outside these towns the country seems to have been principally divided up into estates usually called ' villas,' and in this respect, as in many other points, Britain resembled northern Gaul. The 'villa' was the property of a large landowner who lived in the ' great house ' if there was one, cultivated the land immediately round it (the demesne) by his slaves and let the rest to half-serf coloni. The estates formed for the most part sheep runs and corn land, and supplied the cloth and wheat which are occasionally mentioned by ancient writers as products of the province during the later Imperial period. The landowners may have been to some extent immigrant Italians, but it can hardly be doubted that, as in Gaul, they were mostly the Romanized nobles and upper classes of the natives. The common assertion that they were Roman officers or officials may be set aside as rarely if ever correct. The peasantry who worked on these estates or were otherwise occupied in the country lived in rude hamlets, sometimes in pit-dwellings, some- times in huts, with few circumstances of comfort or pleasure. Their civilization however, as we have said, was Roman in all such matters as the better objects in common use or the warming and decoration of the houses. One feature, not a prominent one, remains to be noticed — trade and industry. We should perhaps place first the large farming industry, which produced wheat and wool. Both were exported in the fourth century, and the export of wheat to the towns of the lower Rhine is mentioned by an ancient writer as considerable. Unfortunately the 226 ROMANO-BRITISH WARWICKSHIRE details of this industry are almost unknown : perhaps we shall be able to estimate it better when the Romano-British ' villas ' have been better explored. Rather more traces have survived of the lead mining and iron mining, which at least during the first two centuries of our era was carried on with some vigour in half a dozen districts — lead on Mendip, in Shropshire, Flintshire and Derbyshire ; iron in the Weald and the Forest of Dean. Other minerals were less important. The gold men- tioned by Tacitus proved very scanty, and the far-famed Cornish tin seems (according to present evidence) to have been worked comparatively little and late in the Roman occupation. The chief commercial town was from the earliest times Londinium (London), a place of some size and wealth, and perhaps the residence of the special authorities who controlled taxes and customs dues. Finally let us sketch the roads. In doing so we must dismiss from our minds the Four Great Roads which are mentioned in some early English documents. Three of these four roads were Roman in origin, but the fourth is not, and the idea of any such Four Great Roads is alien to the Roman road system. We may divide this Roman system into four groups all commencing from one centre, London. One road ran south-east to Canterbury and the Kentish ports. A second ran west and south-west from London to Silchester, and thence by ramifications to Winchester, Dorchester and Exeter, Bath, Gloucester and South Wales. A third, Watling Street, ran north-west across the Midlands to Wroxeter, and thence to the military districts of the north-west ; it also gave access to Leicester and the north. A fourth ran to Colchester and the eastern counties, and also to Lincoln and York and the military districts of the north-east. To these must be added two roads which had no connection with London. The most important of these is the Fosse, which cut obliquely across the island from north-east to south- west, joining Lincoln, Leicester, Bath and Exeter. The other is the Rycknield or Icknield Street which ran from Yorkshire past Derby and Birmingham to join the Fosse in Gloucestershire. These roads must be understood as being only the main roads, divested for the sake of clearness of branches and intricacies ; and understood as such they may be taken to represent a reasonable supply of internal communications for the province. After the Roman occupation had ceased, they were largely utilized by the English, but they do not resemble the roads of medieval England in their grouping and economic significance. We may rather compare them to our railways which radiate similarly from London. In the following paragraphs we shall be concerned with the third, fifth and sixth of these roads, Watling Street, Fosse and Rycknield Street. 2. SKETCH OF ROMAN WARWICKSHIRE Such in the main was that large part of Roman Britain in which ordinary non-military civilized life prevailed. To that part Warwick- shire belongs, and when we pass on to survey in detail the Roman 227 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE remains discovered in the county, we might expect to meet the features which we have sketched in the preceding paragraphs. To some extent our expectation will not be disappointed. There certainly existed in the district which is now Warwickshire a Romano-British civilization of the normal type. But it was not at all normal in amount. Towns and villages were few and very small, and most of them hardly deserve such names at all. Villas were even less abundant. Industries were wholly absent. Roads, though prominent and important, merely crossed the district and do not affect its character. In general, the Roman remains of the county are scanty and disappointing. Some allowance must no doubt be made for the absence of exploration and excavation. The spade has seldom been used for archaeological purposes in Warwick- shire, and even the results of sporadic discoveries have been less systematically recorded than in most of our counties. Some distinc- tion must be drawn, too, between different portions of the county. The south and east, the more open and fertile districts, were better settled, apparently, than the west and north, which include the woodlands of Arden. But on the whole we must admit that the county has to be classed as one of the thinner spaces (if we may use the phrase) in Roman Britain. Probably we may find the reason for this in the general character of the English midlands during the Roman period. The Romano-British civilization of the midlands differed markedly from that of the surrounding districts. In the latter we meet with striking embodiments of Romano-British life, such as the country towns of Verulamium in Hertfordshire, Chesterford in western Essex, Castor on the edge of Huntingdonshire and Northamptonshire, Wroxeter in Shropshire, Gloucester, Cirencester, Silchester, each in its degree a place of note. The midland area contained no such elements. Except Leicester, its towns were far too small to be matched with any of those just named ; indeed, they are hardly towns at all, and the whole Romano-British life of the region was simple, plain and devoid of character and salient features. The reason for this may perhaps be found in physical facts. The midlands, though often described by geographers as the central plain of our island, do not in reality form a plain in the ordinary sense of that word. They form a complex dis- trict which is especially notable for the low scale and small size of its various physical features. Little of it is flat, but it has no high hills or distinct ranges. Woods abound, but there are no continuous tracts of forest. Rivers rise within it, but they reach no size till they have passed its borders ; their valleys are small and shallow, and even their watersheds are faint and ill-defined. It is a pleasant land, alike to those that dwell in it and those that wander through it ; but, in the main, it is not fertile, or suited to corn or sheep, and thus it contains very little to aid the growth of towns or of a large agricultural population. Its mineral wealth attracts a dense throng of inhabitants to one part of it to-day, but that wealth was unknown in the Roman period. Then too the woods, both those of Arden and others, were doubtless thicker 228 ROMANO-BRITISH WARWICKSHIRE than now, and the little valleys less carefully drained. It is not hard to understand why the midlands should have possessed a less richly developed civilization than many other parts of the Roman province of Britain. This characteristic of Roman Warwickshire has been generally but not always very accurately recognized. For the recognition has been commonly accompanied by errors which tend to obscure the truth and which deserve correction. Two quotations from previous writers on Warwickshire will illustrate these errors and serve our purpose. The first quotation is from one of the most famous of our county histories, John Nichols' Leicestershire : — Arden was an extensive wild, solely appropriated to the pasturage of the Cor- navian and Huiccian cattle, attended by their keepers, the Ceangi of the different tribes. If we except a few hovels for the herdsmen, there were at that time no other habitations save at some of those stations on the roads going through the Arden (iv. 1028). The Cornavian and Huiccian cattle and the herdsmen Ceangi are all pure inventions, due originally to the fertile brain of William Baxter and expanded by later writers.1 We have no evidence that the Cornavii lived in Warwickshire ; the Huiccii were not a British tribe at all, and the Ceangi were not herdsmen but a tribe occupying what is now Flint- shire. The one thing that is true in the passage is the general view that the district was thinly populated, and even this is distorted out of its true setting by the added errors. A second quotation from a modern description of the county will exemplify a different conception of the subject, which is free from the definite errors of that just quoted, but is not itself correct : — The Roman occupation of this part of the Midlands appears to have been only partial and chiefly limited to the camps along their roads, as the native tribes were enabled by the natural characteristics of the thickly wooded district, which afforded a secure ambush, to offer considerable resistance to the invaders. This may have been true of the first ten or twenty years after the original conquest, while the land was still unquiet and resistance still rife. But a brief reflection will show that it cannot be true as a description applicable to three and a half centuries. Such a situation would quickly have been felt intolerable in the heart of a generally civilized country. Moreover the actual remains found in Warwickshire, which we shall now proceed to survey, give us no hint of roads per- manently fortified by blockhouses and forests permanently occupied by unconquered natives. They indicate, on the contrary, a normal and peaceful life, which probably differed from the ordinary civilization of Britain only in the scantiness of population and the lack of prominent and distinctive features. Our next section, dealing with possible towns and villages, will immediately illustrate this. 1 Baxter, Gloisarium Aniiquitatum Britannicarum (London, 1709), p. 73. 229 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE 3. PLACES OF SETTLED OCCUPATION (Cave's Inn, High Cross, Mancetter, Chesterton, Alcester) No Roman remains have yet been discovered in Warwickshire which can be reasonably interpreted as the remains of a large or even moderate-sized Romano-British town. On five sites however we meet traces of permanent occupation which have been generally taken to indi- cate the existence at least of hamlets, if not of very small towns, and the evidence appears on the whole adequate to support this view. These five sites are Cave's Inn, High Cross, Mancetter, Chesterton and Alcester. All are on Roman roads, Cave's Inn and Mancetter on Watling Street, High Cross at the crossing of Watling Street and the Fosse, Chesterton on the Fosse and Alcester on the road called Icknield or Rycknield Street; and most of them probably owe their origin to the roads. Of the first three we happen to know the Roman names, but it need only be pointed out that the knowledge of a name does not in itself help us far towards ascertaining the character of a place, and the survival of a name does not prove that a place was large or small or of any par- ticular description. (a) CAVE'S INN, TRIPONTIUM Cave's Inn, once called New Inn, originally a wayside tavern but now a farm, is situated on the extreme east of Churchover parish and of Warwick county. It stands on the west side of Watling Street, which here divides Warwickshire from Leicestershire, on a site that slopes southwards to a stream, close to the point where the Great Central Railway crosses the Street. The fields above, that is, north of the house, have yielded various traces of Roman occupation. So long ago as 1657, Elias Ashmole, journeying along Watling Street, wrote to Dugdale that he had seen here much Roman brick and tile and had heard of Roman coins ; the information came, however, a year too late to be inserted in Dugdale's history of the county. In the last century Mr. M. H. Bloxam called fresh attention to the place and recorded various objects found from time to time, most of them in the course of intermittent digging for gravel. These objects include bricks and tiles, window glass (?), a rubbish pit rudely steyned with boulders ; further, abundance of potsherds, including Samian and a pelvis said to be inscribed NDRICAN; a bronze fibula, rings and stylus, and three coins — a denarius of Nerva, a ' first brass ' of Pius, and a ' second brass ' of Faustina the elder.1 Much 1 See Ashmole's letter in Nichols' Leicestershire, i. p. cli. and BibRotheca Toj>ogr. Britann. vii. 287. Mr. Bloxam's accounts of the site are in the Birmingham Analyst, iv. (1836) 191 ; Fragmenta seful- chraRa (privately printed, circa 1840-50), pp. 26, 35 ; Proc. oftheSoc. of Antiquaries, ser. 2, v. 303 and viii. 318 ; Transactions of the Birmingham and Midland Institute (Archaeological section), 1875, p. 35. In the two first, he mentions also some interments which he omits in his later accounts. I suspect that these belong to a post-Roman cemetery near Cave's Inn, which he at first considered Roman and afterwards discovered to be of later date. Mr. C. Roach Smith, in his Collectanea jfntijua, i. 35-8, figures some Roman pottery etc. from Cave's Inn shown him by Mr. Bloxam. Some fragments are in Rugby School Museum (fig. 2). In examining the site, I noticed traces resembling a rampart and ditch, much worn ; but these are very uncertain. 230 Fie. 2. ROMANO-BRITISH POTTERY (Rugby School Museum). The larger urn is of a reddish ware, resembling, though finer than, flowerpot ware, and was found Cave's Inn (p. 230). The smaller is ' Samian,' and was found at Long Lawford (p, 247). To fact page 230. ROMANO-BRITISH WARWICKSHIRE else seems to have been found but not recorded — for instance, by boys at Rugby school — and there is more to find. When I visited the site recently, I found frequent fragments of pottery and brick in the gravel pit and in the fields on both sides of the road, but particularly on the Warwickshire side. None of these objects are remarkable. The only one that I have thought deserving of reproduction is an urn of common red ware, almost of flower-pot texture, but somewhat curiously orna- mented, which is now in the Rugby School museum (fig. 2). Still, the bricks and tiles and rubbish pit, taken together with the abundance of pottery, seem to indicate a permanent inhabitation of the spot in Roman times. As elsewhere in Warwickshire, we must wait for excavations before attempting to define the character of the occupation. We might expect to find that the place was a posting station or a wayside hamlet or perhaps a village. Obscure in character, the spot seems nevertheless to have a name. The Antonine Itinerary (477, 2) mentions a ' station ' on Watling Street called Tripontium, 12 Roman miles from Venonae and 8 from Banna- venta. Many sites have been suggested for this ' station.' Camden put it at Towcester, which he rechristened Torcester for the purpose, in his usual arbitrary fashion ; but this is out of the question. Gale and Morton more reasonably put it at Dowbridge on Watling Street, a mile south of Cave's Inn ; Stukeley and Reynolds, at Lilbourne, still further south ; Ward at Rugby ; and Salmon, eccentric as ever, at Edgehill. None of these guesses are satisfactory. Except Towcester, they have yielded no Roman remains ; except Dowbridge, they conflict violently with the distances of the Itinerary. They are in reality guesses of despair, due to an unfortunate confusion respecting Bannaventa. There can be little doubt, in the present state of our knowledge, that Mr. Bloxam was wise in identifying Tripontium with Cave's Inn. It is a suitable distance from Venonae, which is High Cross (p. 232), and from Bannaventa, which is near Norton,1 and it is the only site which thus agrees with the Itinerary and which has also yielded definite evidence of some permanent occupation. Its name differs from most Romano-British place-names in that it is Latin and not native. It denotes the ' Three Bridges,' or the ' Bridge with three arches,' and is formed like such names as Septimontium, Trifanum, or Trimontium, which last was the name of the Roman fort near Melrose, close to the triple Eildon hills in Scotland. There was a Tripontium in Italy, an obscure hamlet near Forum Appi on the Appian Way, now Torre Treponti ; there was also, at least in the middle ages, a Tripontium in southern France near Aries.8 The appropriateness of the name to the ' station ' at Cave's Inn is not clear. Possibly the Roman bridge over the neighbouring stream had some peculiarity which has now long since vanished. 1 fictoria Hilt, tf Northamptonshire, \. 186. - Corpus Inscriptionum Latin, x. p. 642 ; Ducange. English writers on ancient geography have ignored both places. 231 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE (&) HIGH CROSS High Cross is a small hamlet, in which the parishes of Claybrooke, Wibtoft, Copston and Wigston converge, on the edge of Warwickshire and Leicestershire. It stands on comparatively elevated ground, with a wide prospect towards the north-east. Here Fosse and Watling Street cross, and this fact has given the spot an unsubstantial reputation as being (in Stukeley's phrase) the centre of England. No traces of Roman occupation are at present visible, but the writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries testify to considerable remains. Camden states that foundations of hewn stone lay under the furrows on both sides of the road and coins were frequently found. Burton in 1622 mentions 'many ancient Roman coynes, great square stones and brickes and other rubble of ancient building,' and describes the coins as ranging from Caligula (A.D. 40) to Constantine the Great. Dugdale speaks of ' large stones, Roman brick, with ovens and wells, coins of silver and brass,' and adds that the earth of the site was darker and richer than elsewhere. Elias Ashmole in 1657 saw a foundation measuring 12 by 18 feet, which he took to be a temple. But later writers add very little except a few coins — a denarius of Mark Antony, another of Domitian, and copper of the late third and the fourth century down to Gratian — and it does not seem possible now to decide the precise position or the size or the character of the Roman settlement.1 We can only say that our evidence indicates permanent inhabitation of some sort — perhaps a posting station, or perhaps a village. The situation of the place, at the crossing of Fosse and Watling Street, might suggest, at first sight, the probability of a large settlement. This argument has not much weight however by itself, and other cases might be quoted of Roman roads crossing with even less of a settlement at the Four Cross Roads than we seem able to trace at High Cross. In Hampshire, for instance, the road which runs south-west from Silchester intersects near Andover that which runs north-west from Winchester ; and though the neighbourhood was well populated in Roman days, no definite traces of Roman inhabitation have been noted at the actual crossing. Whatever its character, its name at least is known. The Antonine Itinerary * places Venonae at the point where Fosse and Watling Street cross, and it also assigns to Venonae distances from other places known 1 Camden, ii. 297 (in Cough's ed. of 1806) ; Wm. Burton's Leicestershire, p. 72 ; Dugdale, i. 71 ; Elias Ashmole in Nichols' Leicestershire, i. p. cli. and Bibl. Topogr. Britann. vii. 287. For later writers see Stukeley, I tin. Curiosum, p. no, ed. z ; Horsley, Britannia Romano, pp. 385, 420 ; Nichols* Leicester- shire, iv. 125. Mr. Goodacre of Ullesthorpe has a denarius of Domitian and a late (? fifth century) coin from High Cross. Gough (Add. to Camden, ii. 303) and some later writers, mistaking Stukeley, have transferred to High Cross some burial urns which were really found at Monks Kirby (p. 238). I have omitted Camden's assertion that the site was once called Cleycester, because (as Dugdale observes) Camden is the sole authority for it : it occurs apparently in no documents or charter, and is probably Camden's own invention. * Itin. Ant. 470, 4 ; 477, 3 ; 479, 4. The name occurs only in the oblique case Venonis : I have followed common usage in assuming a nominative Venonae — though, for all we can tell, it may have been Venoni or Venona. The orthography Venonis seems preferable to Vennonis : Bennones, Benonis are certainly corrupt forms. Some writers have evolved a tribe of Vennones, for which in Britain there is no kind of authority. 232 ROMANO-BRITISH WARWICKSHIRE to us — Manduessedum and Bannaventa — which agree satisfactorily with the actual mileage. It is therefore natural that there should have been general agreement among archaeologists since Camden to identify Venonae and High Cross.1 (c) MANCETTER Eleven miles north-west of High Cross along Watling Street, and east of the town of Atherstone, is the parish of Mancetter, and in it a Roman site. Its name and the mileage of the Itinerary justify us in identifying it with the Manduessedum of that document.2 The now visible remains consist of a rectangular earthwork, lying half on each side of Watling Street, and therefore half in Leicestershire and half in War- wickshire (fig. 3). The northern or Leicestershire part is or was called FIG. 3. MANDUESSEDUM AND SURROUNDINGS. (From the 6-inch Ordnance Survey, Scale I : 10560) Oufort Bank, the other Castle Bank. The total dimensions of the two are about 450 by 600 feet, and the total interior area is about 6 acres. It has been generally assumed that this earthwork is of Roman origin, and the assumption seems reasonable, though definite proof is wanting. It is not clear however whether it represents the whole or a part only of the Roman site. Stukeley, who visited it in 1725, heard of 'great stones and mortarwork exceeding strong, much Roman brick, iron, and 1 Venonae, being on the edge of several parishes, has been variously described as being in Clay- brook, or in Wigston, etc. Occasionally this variety of description has been mistaken for variety of identification, and hence it has been sometimes wrongly asserted that the site is uncertain or disputed. * Itin. Ant. 470, 3. It is a Celtic name (D'Arbois de Jubainville, Nomi gaulois chez Char, pp. 127, 131) : the last t is to be pronounced short. I 233 30 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE great numbers of coins, brass and silver and some gold ' — all found, apparently, inside the earthwork. Burton, a century earlier, thought that the settlement extended far outside, and alleges foundations near Mancetter church, half a mile to the west. He also cites coins from various places — bronze of Nero and the elder Faustina, found at Oufort Bank ; a silver Vespasian, found near Mancetter church ; a Carausius, found northwards in Witherley ; a ' first brass ' of Hadrian, found towards Atherstone. Recent writers only refer vaguely to coins, and do not increase our knowledge.1 We have, then, evidence of permanent occupation, its extent and character uncertain. We may reasonably suspect a village or posting station. We might more rashly guess that the earthwork was a fort built in the early years of conquest, dismantled later and converted into a village. For certainties we must wait for excavation. It may be convenient to add that a Roman pottery kiln has been found at Hartshill, two miles to the south, and alleged traces of Roman road-paving at Atherstone — both to be described in the index. It is possible also that a Roman road may have run direct to Leicester through Fenny Drayton. The consideration of Mancetter has often been complicated by the introduction of another neighbouring site. This is the oval ' camp ' at Oldbury, near Hartshill. It has been called the ' summer camp ' of Manduessedum or even Manduessedum itself. It is, however, not of Roman origin and has yielded no Roman remains, while, so far as we know, Manduessedum was not a military place such as would require a 'summer camp.' ( possibly have been associated with the A-;-'.'.'. ".'I.'-'--;?- brooch and spearhead in a burial of -'.••*"">--.".*_""*"•••• "T_---7"."V *• the Anglo-Saxon period. Though common enough in the eastern coun- ties, this class of brooch is not other- wise represented in Warwickshire, and may be regarded in connection with the few instances of cremation in this county as indicating the presence of a certain number of settlers or tempo- rary occupants of the Leam valley who were more closely related to the Anglians of the north and east than to the inhabitants of mid-England. On the same highway six miles to the north, traces of the Anglian site of cremation have also been found at Brinklow,4 and the urn here figured is from the glebe land there. Ten miles to the south at Bascote, and about three miles from the Fosse Way, Saxon spearheads, a javelin or two and a knife have been found in quarrying for limestone, but no further particulars have been recorded.6 Westward beyond the Roman road, the site of the supposed Saxon cemetery at OfFchurch flanks the direct road to Long Itchington, south of the church ; and graves have been found as at Longbridge in 1 Archtfohgia, vol. 50, p. 388. 1 Two brooches, said to be of saucer shape (Wright, Celt, Roman and Saxon, p. 484), were found at Driffield, E. R. Yorks, but according to one account (Collectanea Antique, ii. 166) were originally filled with enamel and belong to another category. 8 Roach Smith's Collectanea Antiqua, i. pi. xix. p. 37. * Bloxam, Monumenta Sefulchralia, p. 59. 6 Journal of British Archrnensis (Camden Soc.) p. 85<». 4 jfXat Kineton. • It is noteworthy that in the transcripts of the original returns from the Cambridgeshire Hun- dreds, which are so rich in detail, no information whatever is given on the royal manors, for which it seems to be implied there was a separate return. 270 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY 1 farmed ' together. The evidence of Domesday that in this county, as in the adjoining one of Worcestershire, royal manors were ' farmed ' as a group is of very great importance as bearing on that system of the ' firma comitatus ' which plays so large a part in early administration and finance.1 But the special and indeed unique value of the Warwickshire evidence is that it carries back the system to days before the Conquest and thereby flatly contradicts the Dialogus de Scaccario.* In view of the extreme importance of these Warwickshire entries one cannot too closely scan their exact wording. The royal revenue from a county, apart from taxes, was derived normally from three sources, (i) the king's lands ; (2) his rights in the county town ; (3) his profits from jurisdiction (known as the pleas of the shire). There is no question that under the Conqueror this last item was among the sources of the farm * ; but I am of opinion that it was so also under Edward the Con- fessor. For if the passage (in the footnote) be carefully read it will be found to enumerate distinctly three sources of revenue : (i) the vice- comitatus; (2) the burgus ; (3) the regalia maneria. Now in the adjoining county of Worcestershire (fo. 172)* we find similarly enumerated three sources : (i) the comitatus ; (2) the civitas ; (3) the dominica maneria regis 5 ; and here, luckily, Domesday explains that comitatus stands for the profits of the pleas in the courts of the county and the hundreds.' This then I believe to be also the meaning of vicecomitatus among the sources of revenue in Warwickshire under Edward the Confessor. But the Worcestershire evidence helps us further in our study of the Warwickshire payments. In both counties we find precisely the same sums, £10 f°r a hawk, jTi for a sumpter horse, and £5 to the queen, and the Worcestershire evidence shows that they were paid in respect of the profits of jurisdiction.7 In Warwickshire, however, there is a further payment of £23 'pro consuetudine canum,' for a parallel to which we must turn to the adjoining county of Oxfordshire, which paid precisely the same sum ' pro canibus,' in addition to the other payments, while Northamptonshire, also adjoining, paid £4.2 ' ad canes.' In Bedfordshire again £13 icxr. in all was paid by three royal manors ' de consuetudine canum,' but this, as in the case of some Gloucestershire manors, is distinct from the payment of such a due in respect of the whole county. Recapitulating the evidence, we find that in 1086 the farm of the royal manors and the pleas of the county brought in jointly (i) 145 pounds of weighed silver, (2) the above £23 f°r the hounds, (3) the i See Tie Ctmmtme tfLmdon and ttier Studies, pp. 71-3. » ' Tempore regis E. ricecomitatus de Warwic cum burgo et cum regalibns maneriis reddebat IXY libras, etc.' Compare Diabgts Je Scaccaria, ed. 1902, p. 36. * ' The latter &rm included " pleas of the county," and thus is strictly parallel with the farm* on the Pipe Rolls' (tad-) « See r.C.H. ITtrt. L * ' Reddit ricecomes rriii lib. et r. sol ad pensum de cmtate, et de dominicis manerro regis reddit cniii lib. et iiii sol ad pensum. De comitatu rero reddit xrii lib. ad pensum, et adhnc reddit z lib. denariomm de xx in ora aut accipitrem norresc, et adhnc c solidos regime ad nnmernm, et xx" >oL de xr° in ora pro snmmario.' * ' Hz xrii librae ad pensum et xri lib. ad nnmerum snnt de placitis comitatus et Hundreds.' * See preceding note. A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE additional £16 already described.1 Beyond this, however, there was a payment in those measures of honey which play so important a part in the Crown dues of Domesday. And the nature of this payment is by no means easy to ascertain. What Domesday actually says is that under the Confessor the total payment was £65 and thirty-six sestiers of honey, or £24 Ss. 'for all the things that belonged to the honey,'2 while at the time of the Survey the render was twenty-four sestiers of honey ' cum majori mensura,' and from the borough six sestiers — the sestier, that is, for fifteen pence — of which the count of Meulan receives six sestiers and 5j.3 Here at least we are on sure ground ; for at fifteen pence to the sestier the count's share was equivalent to ten out of the thirty, that is, to the comital third.4 But this reckoning, it will be observed, is wholly incom- patible with the sum of £24 8s. as the equivalent of thirty-six sestiers.* The words, however, ' all the things that belonged to the honey ' seem to point to the obscure ' consuetudines mellis,' which occur at Ipswich and elsewhere in the three eastern counties. So far as the number of sestiers go it is interesting to find that at Warwick the unit seems to have been six. For while twelve sestiers were due from Gloucester, Oxford, Norwich and Ipswich rendered six apiece. Colchester, however, and Thetford paid no more than four each.6 In addition to these sources of revenue derived from his predecessor, King William had reserved for himself most of the forfeited estates of the local earl. This was Eadwine, son and successor of Earl jElfgar of Mercia, and grandson of the famous Earl Leofric, to whom the church at Coventry owed many of its lands. Warwickshire was but one of the counties com- prised in Eadwine's earldom, but his official rights and revenue for each county were distinct. On these it was William's practice to seize when the earldom was vacant by its owner's forfeiture. The third penny of the pleas of the shire and that of the issues of the county town were the normal perquisites of the earl ; that is to say, they were the share he received of the local revenues if he received any. Here again the Warwick- shire evidence is of institutional importance. For in the latest edition of the Dialogus de Scaccario 7 the learned editors observe that — It would appear, therefore, that the third penny of the pleas is the final remnant of the judicial functions of the earl, and is originally due to the Prankish empire. Whether this imperial institution reached the England of Henry II. through William the Conqueror, or whether it came with earlier importations from the same source, admits as yet of no exact determination. 1 'Modo inter firmam regalium maneriorum et placita comitatus reddit per annum cxlv lib. ad pondus," etc. ' xxxvi sextaria mellis aut xxiv lib. et viii sol. pro omnibus quae ad mel pertinebant.' ' ' Praeter haec reddit xxiv sextar' mcll' cum majori mensura et de burgo vi sextar' mell', sextar' scilicet pro xv denar'. De his habet comes de mellent vi sext' et v. solid'.' « This was not, however, the ' earl's third penny,' which came from the pleas of a shire or the issues of a borough. • The other money equivalent of the sestier, viz. in Wilts, is even lower than in Warwickshire, a shilling instead of fifteen pence. • At Colchester, as at Warwick, the money commutation seems strangely high. i Oxford University Press (1902), p. 205. 272 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY Our record however states definitely that in King Edward's time ' the third penny of the pleas of the shire ' was held with Earl Eadwine's manor of 'Cotes'1 (near Warwick). And this Warwickshire evidence is con- firmed by that for Dorset, where the earldom had been held by Harold, to whose manor of ' Piretone ' (Puddletown) there was similarly annexed the third penny of the pleas of the shire.1 These two entries are sufficient to establish the fact that the institution of the earl's ' third penny ' of the shire was older than the Norman Conquest. The rights of Earl Eadwine in the borough of Warwick, which had similarly passed to William, will be dealt with under Warwick itself, but one may here note that of his manors the Conqueror kept in his hands Brailes, Coton and Sutton (Coldfield) , while scattering ' Ulverlei,' Budbrooke, Erdington, Aston, Myton and Bedworth among half a dozen tenants-in- chief. Considerable as had been the earl's estates those of his house had been larger still ; manors at Ipsley and Aston Cantlow had been held by his father ./Elfgar, while his grandfather Leofric had denuded himself of sundry rich lordships in favour of his great foundation at Coventry. Domesday again records as the land of the Countess Godiva (Leofric's widow) manors at Alspath, Atherstone, Coventry itself and other places. The curious statement found under Oxfordshire that ' from the land of Earl Eadwine in Oxfordshire and Warwickshire the king has >CIO5>'3 appears to be irreconcilable with the detailed valuations of his manors in those two counties. To the revenue derived from the lands entered under Terra Re These moieties are now known as Upper and Nether Milcote ; in the thirteenth century they were known as Milcote-on-Avon and Milcote-on-Stour (Calendar of Charter Rolls, i. 284, 292). They are both on the Gloucestershire border and indeed in Gloucestershire parishes. • This suggestion is confirmed by the fact that Brome, at least, descended with Milcote and Dor- sington for some time after Domesday. 10 Cbronicm dt Evesham, pp. 95, 97. 274 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY wig, in King Edward's time, ' a Wigodo regis barone digno pretio earn comparavit.' It is this Wigot whom Domesday names as the holder T.R.E. An entry in the Survey relating to Lapworth may lead us to an in- teresting discovery. All that we learn from Domesday is that at eight places in Warwickshire, of which Lapworth was one, Hugh de Grent- mesnil had been preceded by one or more men bearing the name of Baldwin. But on turning to Heming's Cartulary (p. 267) we read that the half-hide of which Domesday speaks had belonged to the church of Worcester, but had been given, at a nominal quit-rent, by Bishop Briht- heah to a certain ' Hearlewinus,' who had been his companion when he took Cnut's daughter, Gunnild, to 'Saxony' for her marriage (1036). Now Baldwin and Herlwin are strange names, names that in pre-Con- questual England arrest attention. Can we connect them ? It is not, surely, a mere coincidence when in Gloucestershire Domesday shows us a * Baldwin son of Herlwin ' as the former holder of a substantial manor in Bradley Hundred (fo. 163), or when in Bucks it mentions ' Turstin a man of Baldwin son of Herlwin ' (fo. 144-b.1) Clearly * Baldwin son of Herlwin ' was a man of note before the Conquest, and when we find that Hugh de Grentmesnil had succeeded to lands of 'Baldwin' in a whole group of counties, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, we can hardly any longer doubt that this was Baldwin the son of Herlwin, and that he had succeeded his father at Lapworth and in other places. But the most richly endowed religious house in the county was the local minster of Coventry. Of other English abbeys the posses- sions were insignificant, Abingdon, Burton, Malmesbury, and Winch- combe holding an estate apiece in chief. Under Turchil of Warwick a small estate was held by St. Mary's church, Warwick. The endow- ment of foreign monasteries had as yet only begun, but the abbey of St. Evroul already held of Hugh de Grentmesnil a manor at Pillerton (Priors), as did that of Preaux at Arlescote under the Count of Meulan, while Geoffrey de la Guerche bestowed on the monks of St. Nicholas of Angers lands at (Monks) Kirby. To this last endowment there attaches exceptional interest, because we have the text of the actual charter by which Geoffrey bestowed it. Granted at (Monks) Kirby itself i July 1077, it specially mentions Kirby church, which, as it was decayed, he had, we learn, rebuilt in honour of St. Mary and St. Denis, and dedicated that same day in presence of Peter the bishop, himself, as we have seen, a Warwickshire tenant-in-chief.8 As the charter is granted with the consent of ./Elfgifu (Aheva) his wife, it is clear that we have in Geoffrey a follower of William who really did marry what is called ' a Saxon heiress,' and that ' This is one of the entries omitted from Ellis' Indexes. * For knowledge of this charter in the register of Burton Lazars' Hospital, which is printed in Nichols" Leicestershire, vol. ii. appendix, p. 125, I am entirely indebted to Mr. A. S. Ellis' paper on Geoffrey in his 'Landholders of Yorkshire, 1086' (TorkMre Arch. Journ.) To that paper also we owe the solution of Geoffrey's origin from the genealogical work of Pere du Paz. 275 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE she must have brought him his Warwickshire lands, for they had all belonged to the same man. Geoffrey himself hailed from the border of Anjou and Britanny, being lord of Pouence on its Angevin and La Guerche on its Breton side. He appears to have died childless. English abbeys in other counties which had obtained lands in War- wickshire had done so in various ways. Burton owed its land at Austrey to Earl Leofric, and Malmesbury its Newbold estate to the gift of Wulf- wine its owner on his becoming a monk of that house. But the case of Abingdon is the most interesting, for it illustrates the variety of versions that are given of these incidents. The abbey's chronicle narrates that, in the Conqueror's reign, a local magnate, Turchil of Arden, bestowed on it lands at Hill and Chesterton ;l this gift the Conqueror confirmed by his charter.4 But it elsewhere states that the abbot obtained these lands from 'the King.'3 Neither of these versions accords with the evidence of Domesday, which shows us the abbey holding Hill in capite, the abbot having ' bought ' it of Turchil's fee, while under Turchil's own fief we find two estates, of a hide each, at Chesterton entered as held of him by the abbey, one of them being held in pledge (vadimonium). Intermediate in position between church and lay landowners were the Bishops of Bayeux and Coutances, who held land in their personal, not their official capacity. In Warwickshire, however, their holdings were not of much importance. Early among the lay magnates we meet with two who had already ceased to hold the lands entered as theirs in Domesday. One was ' earl Aubrey ' and the other ' countess Godiva.' The former has been shown4 to have been probably identical with Aubrey de Couci (' Coci '), and had certainly derived his title from having been appointed earl of the North- umbrians some years before. His lands, at the time of the Survey, in Warwickshire as elsewhere, had been resumed by the Crown, and in this county they are found in the charge of Geoffrey ' de Wirce,' a great baron in Leicestershire, Warwickshire and other counties. As for ' countess Godiva,' Earl Leofric's widow, her estates had doubtless passed to King William at her death. They lay in the north of the county and are entered as farmed by ' Nicholas,' who appears to have been also farming the manors of her son Earl jElfgar in Staffordshire. Most, if not all, of her land, however, must have been subsequently granted to the Earls of Chester, in whose hands it is found.6 But all the local fiefs are dwarfed by those of the Count of Meu- lan and of Turchil ' de Warwic,' which follow one another in Domes- day and occupy between them no less than nine columns of the ' Turkillus quidam de Anglis, valde inter suos nobilis, in partibus Ardene mansitans, abbatis famt- liaritate et fratrum dum nonnunquam uteretur, de patrimonio suo terras duobus in locis ecclesiae Abbendoniae concessit' (ii. 8). ' Ibid. 'contulit a rege Cestertunam, Hull et Newenham ' (ii. 284). Another variant of this version is found in the Testa de Nevill (p. 87) : ' W. Rex Bastardus feoffavit abbatem de Abindon de iiij virgatis terrx in Hulle, que valet per annum iiij rnarcas per servicium faciendi wardam castr' de Wyndeshore.' By Mr. A. S. Ellis in his paper on « The Landholders of Yorkshire in Domesday.' « Dugdale, misled by the pseudo-Ingulf, made them inherit it from her by descent. 276 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY record. Within a very few years these two fiefs were combined in the hands of the first Earl of Warwick, and the great dominion thus created, with Warwick Castle as its head, completely overshadows the feudal history of the county. Something therefore should here be said of the origin of these fiefs. At the time of the Conquest Roger de Beaumont, a trusted friend and minister of the Conqueror, had two sons, Robert and Henry, of whom Robert inherited, through his mother, the Comte of Meulan, while Henry, very shortly indeed after the Domesday Survey, was created Earl of Warwick. As early as 1068, when Warwick Castle was 'founded,' Henry was entrusted with its keeping,1 but he is not found in Domesday as a holder of land. It was his elder brother, the Count of Meulan, one of the heroes of the battle of Hastings, who held so large a fief in the county in 1086. He, however, it would seem, had not been its first holder. The cartulary of Preaux distinctly states that the five hides at Arlescote were given to that house by Roger de Beaumont himself, not by his sons2 ; and we must therefore conclude that the Count of Meulan (from whom the abbey held this endowment in 1086) had inherited the fief (or, in any case, part of it) from his father. Its subsequent devolution appears to be somewhat obscure, for, instead of descending to Robert's heirs, it clearly passed to his brother Henry, who became Earl of Warwick. This, indeed, is implied by the same cartu- lary of Preaux, which states that the tithes of some Warwickshire manors were added by Roger's sons, Robert, Count of Meulan, and Henry, Earl of Warwick.3 It is probable that the fief was transferred to Henry when he was made an earl, and that his elder brother was compensated by the large grants of other lands which we know he subsequently obtained. It was also to provide Henry with lands suitable to his dignity that he received the fief which had been held by Turchil 'of Warwick.' This we learn incidentally from the chronicle of Abingdon Abbey, which states that in consequence of this transference Henry claimed Hill and Chesterton, which Turchil had given to the abbey, and had to be induced by a sum of money to confirm the gift.* On what ground Turchil (or his son and heir, Siward) was deprived of his extensive fief we cannot tell ; but the fact that, in Mr. Freeman's words, ' he stands out more conspicuously in Domesday than any other Englishman ' would be of itself enough to excite the cupidity of Normans. That his house however was not doomed to such ruin and destruction as was the fate of others is shown by the fact that his descendants held some ten knights' fees under the Earls of Warwick.5 Their long continu- ance in the county, under Turchil's name of Arden, is of great interest 1 ' Rex itaque castrum apud Guarevicum condidit et Henrico Rogerii de Bellomonte filio ad servandum tradidit ' (Ord. Vit.) * Calendar of Documents preserved in France, p. 1 08. 3 Ibid. 4 'In comitatus supplementum Henrici Warewicensis comitis, regis Willelmi junioris, in sui imperil principio, dono, patrimonium terrarum Turkilli de Ardene adjectum est ' (ii. 21). « Eighty years after Domesday Henry de 'Ardene' was holding 5 fees, and Hugh de 'Ardene' 5j of William, Earl of Warwick (ReJ Book of the Exchequer, p. 325} 277 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE to genealogists, and affords an exceptional instance of the early adoption of a surname. That their forefather was also known as Turchil ' de Warwic ' was due, in my opinion, to his association with the shrievalty, as in the cases of those houses which took their surnames from Salis- bury and from Gloucester. For Turchil's father ^Elfwine had un- doubtedly been sheriff,1 though Turchil was not, when we meet with him, which is doubtless why the surname of Warwick was not adopted by his heirs. One has to insist that there is nothing either in the chronicles or in Domesday to connect him with Warwick Castle or with the earldom of the shire. If he succeeded his father as its sheriff he was soon supplanted by Robert d'Oily, who was his under-tenant in certain manors, two of which he held of him * in pledge.' The predecessors of Turchil in his many estates had been several different persons, among whom a Hereward appears as the holder of a small estate at Ladbroke. Mr. Freeman, we gather, was unable to make up his mind whether this was the famous Hereward or not a ; for my part I can find no reason to suppose that it was.3 In the case of only four of Turchil's manors is it definitely stated that his father had been his predecessor ; a goodly number were held of him by his own fellow- countrymen who had held them 'freely ' themselves before the Conquest. One of his under-tenants, Gudmund, is of interest as having been his own brother, and an incidental allusion to ' Chetelbert ' under his manor of Radford is explained by Mr. Eyton's proof that he also was a brother of Turchil.4 Dugdale, rightly I think, suspected that Turchil's was not the only fief subordinated, after Domesday, to that of the Earl of Warwick.8 The fief, for instance, of William Fitz Corbucion must have been represented by the ten knights' fees that his heir, Peter de Studley, held of the Earl of Warwick in ii66.8 I am not sure, however, that Dugdale was also right in thinking that Salford Priors, which appears in Domesday as held in almoin by Leveve (or Luith), the nun was similarly given to the i See Ellis' Introduction to Domesday, ii. 496-7, and Freeman's Norman Conquest (1871), iv. 780. 1 'Thurkill kept his lands, which were largely increased by royal grants out of the confiscated estates of less lucky Englishmen . . . among whom we discern . . . the greater name of Hereward ' (Norm. Conj.iv. 189). 'Legend also has forgotten the fact which the document [Domesday] has preserved, namely, that the hero of the fenland did not belong wholly to Lincolnshire, but that he was also a land- holder in the distant shire of Warwick ' (ibid. pp. 455-6). Elsewhere, however, he admitted of the War- wickshire entries that 'the Hereward of these entries may have been some other person' (ibid. p. 805), though he urged that 'the mention of Warwick' (which he had not mentioned) in the legend draws ' incidental confirmation from Domesday ' (ibid. p. 809). ' Turchil's predecessor, however, may have been identical with the Hereward who held under the Count of Meulan in 1086 three manors in the north of the county which he himself had held freely before the Conquest. 4 The proof is an old translation in the College of Arms of a charter of 1072, which was printed with annotations by Mr. Eyton in Staffordshire Collections, ii. 178, and which he rightly styled 'a priceless document which in turn fortifies history and helps chronology.' It is a grant by Robert de Stafford, and among the witnesses are ' Agelwinus Viscount,' 'Turkil, the sonne of Agelwinus,' ' Ketelbearne his brother.' From this it would appear that the right name of Turchil's father was ^Ethelwine (' Agel- winus'), and that he was still sheriff (vicecomei) of Warwickshire in 1072. • I have touched upon this practice in my Geoffrey de M andevllle (pp. 103-4). The charters obtained by Geoffrey in Stephen's reign contain several instances of such subordination. • Rid Book of the Exchequer, p. 325. 278 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY earl. There are interesting allusions to her tenure among the Kenil- worth Priory charters, from which we learn that she consented to its being granted to the priory after she had proved her right to it in the court of Henry I.1 But a charter of that king speaks of his having him- self established, as against the Earl of Warwick, that the manor was held of him in ' almoin,' Domesday's own expression.* Of the other Warwickshire tenants-in-chief, Earl Roger (of Shrews- bury) had for his under-tenant in three five-hide manors Rainald (de Bailleul) whose holding, here as elsewhere, is afterwards found in the hands of the Fitz-Alans ; and Earl Hugh (of Chester), who had for his prede- cessor King Edward's Norman chamberlain Hugh, bestowed some land at Pillerton on the monks from St. Evroul whom Hugh de Grentmesnil had endowed there. Of this last Hugh, the seat of whose power was in Leicestershire, the fief passed with his other possessions to the Earls of Leicester, while that of Henry de Ferrers descended to his heirs the Earls of Derby. The next two tenants-in-chief, Roger de Ivry and Robert d'Oily,3 are of interest for their alleged sworn brotherhood ; they cer- tainly appear at times in conjunction, as, for instance, at Stow, Bucks, which manor they held jointly of the Bishop of Lincoln. The question implied by Domesday as to Roger's tenure of Cubbington in this county should be compared with the entry on his Gloucestershire manor of Hasledon, which had similarly, we read (fo. 268), been held of the Bishop of Bayeux. Robert d'Ouilly was constable of Oxford and a great man in that county, but, although in Warwickshire he held in chief one manor only, he was, I think, its sheriff and the ' Robert ' who is alluded to as farming the king's manor of ' Cotes,' as a sheriff would. For the king's charter confirming the gift of Turchil of Arden to Abingdon Abbey is addressed to him in a way that implies he was sheriff of the county.4 Robert de Stafford had in Staffordshire itself a fief so large that it dwarfed even his great estate in Warwickshire. Three tenants with Breton names, Brien,6 Hervey, and Urfer, held of him in both counties, and to these we may add in Warwickshire Ludichel and Iwein. Robert Despenser, brother of Urse d'Abetot, is chiefly remarkable, in this county, for having at some period obtained possession of Tamworth.8 Robert de Veci's possession of land in Warwickshire, as in Leicestershire and Northamptonshire, is accounted for by his having been given the fief of a Lincolnshire thegn, ./Ethelric the son of Meriet, who appears to 1 ' concessione et assensu Luithe monialis que idem manerium per judicium curie Regis Henrici recuperavit' (Harl. MS. 3650, fo. i8d). a ' quod fuit Livithe monialis, quod ego deracionavi adversum Rogeri comitem de Warewic fuisse de elemosina mea quodque ipse Gaufridus (de Clintona) de eodem comite tenuit' (ibid. fo. 143). * They derived their names from Ivry-la-Bataille (Eure) and Ouilly (Calvados). 4 Abingdon Chronicle, ii. 8. « He was the tenant of Ditchford. General Wrottesley says he was the ancestor of the family of de Standon, the most important of the tenants of the Barony of Stafford, holding seven knight's fees of Robert de Stafford in Staffordshire, Lincolnshire and Warwickshire (Hittoty of the Family of Wnttesley, p. 7). In 1 1 66 Ditchford appears to have been held of his heir by Roger de ' Dicford ' (Red Book of the Exchequer, p. 265) as two-thirds of a knight's fee. • Geoffrey de Mandevllle, p. 314. 279 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE have been his predecessor in all his manors. His, therefore, is a good example of a Norman stepping, as it were, into an Englishman's shoes. It is also doubtless the explanation of Ralf de Mortemer holding the solitary Warwickshire manor of Stretton Baskerville that his predecessor there, ' Edric,' was the famous ' Eadric the Wild," whose lands in Here- fordshire and Shropshire had passed into his hands. William Fitz Ansculf (de Picquigny) was a Worcestershire baron, whose seat was at Dudley Castle ; but William Fitz Corbucion, whose seat was at Studley, held hardly any manors outside Warwickshire. With Geoffrey de Mandeville, an Essex baron, and Geoffrey de la Guer- che, who was great in Leicestershire and Lincolnshire, we return to the principle of Normans being placed in the shoes of single Englishmen. For the latter obtained the whole of the lands of a local thegn, Leofwine possibly of Newnham,1 while the former succeeded here as elsewhere to the scattered estates of his predecessor Ansgar the ' staller.' Stephen the steersman, though his name suggests that he was out of place in the heart of England,3 appears also in the great Survey as the holder of two houses in Southampton, already an important port. Osbern Fitz Richard had inherited from his father, one of Edward the Confessor's favourites, Richard's castle in Herefordshire, and his Warwickshire lands descended with the fief of which it was the head. He is followed by another Herefordshire lord, Harold the son of Earl Ralf, from whom his castle of Ewyas Harold derives its name. The three barons who follow were connected with other counties. Hascoit Musard was a Breton who had lands in Gloucestershire and Derbyshire, and whose castle of ' La Musardere' in the former county gave its name to Miserden. Nicholas the crossbowman (balistarius), though he only held two manors in this county, had secured a goodly number far away in Devonshire.4 Distant also was the head of Nigel de Albini's barony, which was at Cainhoe in Bedfordshire, although he had a small estate in Leicestershire as in Warwickshire ; in the latter county he was probably the ' Nigel ' who held a portion of Austrey as tenant to Henry de Ferrers, while holding the larger portion as a tenant- in-chief, an arrangement which, Domesday shows us, was then by no means uncommon.8 1 See Freeman's Norman Conquest (1871), iv. 738. * The identity of this Leofwine is doubtful, the name being a common one. The fact that (the Warwickshire portion of) Mollington had been held T.R.E. by the mother of Leofwine ' deNiweham,' and that ' Niweham ' [Newnham] is in this county might seem decisive. But, on the other hand, Leof- wine ' de Neweham,' who took his name from Nuneham Courtney, Oxon, was a Bucks tenant-in-chief in 1086. ' But see p. 290 below. « The case of Nicholas illustrates the inter-relation of counties even when far apart. We learn from the cartulary of St. Peter's, Gloucester (ed. Rolls Series i. 74), that in 1095 Odo Fttz Gamelin, a Devonshire baron in Domesday, gave Plumtree in that county to that abbey. Between that date and 1 100 Nicholas ' de la Pole' exchanged it with them for his Warwickshire manor of Aylestone (' Alno- destone'). As this manor was held in 1086 by Nicholas ' balistarius,' we can scarcely hesitate to pro- nounce the two men identical. • For instance, even the Count of Meulan, who held two-fifths of Myton as a tenant-in-chief, condescended to hold another two-fifths as 'of Turchil's fee,' that is, as under-tenant to that English- man. 280 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY * Cristina,' who appears as the holder of two manors in Warwick- shire and one in Oxfordshire, was sister to Eadgar ^Etheling, king for a moment of the English, and to Margaret Queen of Scots. Of her valuable and extensive estate at Long Itchington it is expressly recorded that ' the king ' (presumably William) gave it her,1 though why he should have so handsomely provided for this daughter of the native royal house we do not know. Her name is followed by those of two of her humbler country-women who are entered as holding their land of the Conqueror's ' alms.' A few Englishmen also are named as holding of the king, but these will best be considered in connection with the fate of English thegns in Warwickshire. Richard the forester, whose name is entered as if he were a serjeant rather than a baron,3 was the forester of Cannock Chase and held a fief in Staffordshire and Warwickshire larger than those of some of the barons ; in Staffordshire, indeed, his lands are entered amongst those of the other tenants-in-chief. It should be observed that in the Warwick- shire Domesday he is thrice styled Richard the huntsman (venator) ; for the offices of forester and huntsman were closely connected. In the neigh- bouring county of Northamptonshire the baronial family of Engaine combined a hunting tenure with a forestership in fee, and the Waleran 'venator' of Domesday in Hants and Wiltshire was also a forester in fee. We learn a good deal from the 'Testa de Nevill, under Warwickshire, about Richard and his descendants 3 down to Hugh de Loges who held his office under Henry III., and are also given some detailed information on his manors. It is expressly stated that he founded the church of Chesterton and that his son and successor gave it to Kenilworth Priory. At Kenilworth itself Richard had a holding entered separately from the rest of his fief on account of its being a member of the king's manor of Stoneleigh.4 Its entry is immediately preceded by that of another ' member ' held by ' Albert the clerk.' This is that Albert of Lotha- ringia who enjoyed the favour of William as of Edward, and whom Domesday shows us variously styled, with interests in Herefordshire, Rutland, Beds, Middlesex, Surrey, Kent, and at Windsor itself.8 Having now dealt with the bulk of those who held their lands in Warwickshire of the king himself, we will glance at two of their under- tenants who deserve special notice. Saswalo, who held of Henry de Ferrers the great manor of Lower Eatington, was undoubtedly the 1 We read in 'The laws of Edward the Confessor' (assigned to the reign of Henry I.) that Cris- tina's land was given her by Edward and was afterwards held by Ralf de Limesi (' Cui Cristine rex Eadwardus dedit terram quam habuit postea Radulfus de Limesi ' (Die Gesetze der Angelsachstn. By F. Liebermann [1903], Erster band, p. 661;). The statement as to Edward seems to be mistaken, for two of her manors had belonged to Earls ^(Elfgar and Eadwine, but her Warwickshire lands, as Dugdale observed, certainly came into Limesi's hands. 1 In the schedule of names he heads a group as ' Richard and other thegns and Serjeants of the King,' and he occupies in the text a corresponding position. 3 ' Willelmus Bastardus quando perquisivit Angliam dedit cuidam scrvienti suo Ricardo Cheven (sic) tres partes de Cestreton cum aliis feodis pertinentibus ad Castreton (sic) ad custodiendam forestam suam de Kanocper x marcas solvendas domino Regi pro ballia forestae,' etc. (pp. 86, 87, 51, 62, 93). • See p. 294 below. « See The Commune of London and other Studies, pp. 36-8. I 28l 36 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE ancestor in the male line of that family of Shirley by whom it has been held ever since.1 It is doubtful whether in all England there exists another case of an under-tenant's manor so demonstrably descending in a male line unbroken. That this descent can be established is partly due to the fact that the holder of Eatington was an under-tenant on a very considerable scale. He held of Ferrers in Derbyshire, in Northampton- shire, and in Lincolnshire as well as here, and his holdings were repre- sented in 1 1 66 by nine knight's fees.1 As there has been some miscon- ception with regard to the origin of ' Saswalo,' one may here explain that there were certainly two (and possibly four) bearers of the name in Domesday. The one who held in Oxfordshire and Berkshire under Geoffrey de Mandeville was represented by Sewale s de Oseville in 1 1 66 and probably bore that surname. Our Warwickshire ' Saswalo ' was then represented by ' Sewaldus.' 4 It is clear, therefore, that Saswalo was only a Latinization of a name represented now by ' Sewell.' That its bearers were foreigners, not Englishmen, is shown by their having as predecessors several different men and by the absence of the name in England before the Conquest. The other Warwickshire under-tenant who appears to have been the ancestor of a still existing family is ' Rannulf,' who held at Kinwar- ton under the abbot of Evesham. The researches of General Wrottesley have left little doubt that ' Rannulf was the brother of Walter then abbot, and that he was ancestor in the male line of the house of Wrot- tesley.6 This he has established by Evesham evidences, and his researches have incidentally illustrated other points in the survey of the shire, as is seen in this introduction. At length we may approach the question of the native landowners and their fate. Great obscurity still surrounds the process by which the English holders were dispossessed by the strangers. The magnates, no doubt, were dispossessed either at the opening of William's reign or, on various pretexts, in the course of it. As a typical example we may take the case of an English noble who has not yet been properly identified in Domesday. Three at least of the Warwickshire manors that had passed to Henry de Ferrers had been held by Siward Barn, who may also have held the rest, for all we know to the contrary. In Gloucestershire Henry's only estate, the valuable manor of Lechlade,* had been held by the same man. Far away in Lincolnshire, in its north-west corner, Henry's only manor in the county, where his tenant was the Warwickshire 'Saswalo,' had been held by the same man, oddly disguised as 'Seubar' (fo. 353), and he was claiming other land as having been his at Amcotts.7 Now 1 This was demonstrated by Mr. Evelyn Shirley in his own history of his family. 1 Red Book of the Exchequer, p. 336. » Or 'Sewalus' (Red Book of the Exchequer, p. 345). Cf. Geoffi-ey de Mandeville, p. 231. « Or ' Sawaldus ' (Red Book of the Exchequer, p. 336). « See A History of the Family of Wrottesley of Wrottesley. By Major-General Wrottesley (re- printed from the Genealogist, 1903). « 'Siward bar tenuit' (169). 7 Henricus de ferrariis clamat super ipsum Goisfridum iij bov' terrac, hoc e»t terram Siwardbar in Amecotes' (376b). 282 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY in Lincolnshire (fo. 337!)) and in Nottinghamshire (fo. a8ob) Domesday mentions him among those local magnates who enjoyed sac and soc, and we can hardly doubt, therefore, that he was also the ' Siward ' who was the predecessor of Henry de Ferrers in his only two Nottinghamshire manors, Leake and Sutton Bonington in the south-west of that county. He was probably also, therefore, the ' Siward ' who had preceded Henry at some two places in Derbyshire, and the ' Seward ' or ' Siward ' whom Henry had succeeded in three valuable Berkshire manors. To finish with Siward while discussing him, we observe that his lands about the mouth of the Trent did not pass to Henry de Ferrers, although Henry, we have seen, claimed Amcotts. Another Warwickshire tenant-in-chief, Geoffrey de la Guerche, who was great in the Isle of Axholme, secured Haxey on the Lincolnshire and Adlingfleet on the Yorkshire side of the county border at this point. 'Seiard bar' had some outlying lands, in addition to all these, just to the west of Cromer ; but neither Henry nor Geoffrey obtained a share of them. Now Siward Barn, by that name, appears once on the page of history ; he was one of those who came by ship, in 1071, to join the rebels in the Isle of Ely,1 but were forced to surrender to the Conqueror. Mr. Freeman, without giving his reasons, calls him a ' Northumbrian thegn' and makes him identical with the Siward who made his submission to William after the latter's coronation. Among the magnates who submitted on that occasion was a Turchil, who may not impossibly have been Turchil ' of Warwick ' himself.2 But the fate of the smaller holders under William is our difficulty. Mr. Freeman seems to have held that in Warwickshire they fared ill. It is painful, on looking through the Warwickshire Survey, to compare the vast estates of Thurkill with the two or three other thegns of the shire who retained some small fragments of their property. It is plain that here, as elsewhere, the men of the shire at large were patriotic and paid the penalty in the confiscation of their lands.3 Mr. Freeman, of course, was speaking only of Englishmen who still held their land direct of the Crown ; the names of these, five in number, follow that of Richard the forester in the place where Domesday enters the English thegns, but, with the exception of a certain Leofwine, who was possibly brother to ./Elfwine the sheriff, they had but small holdings, When, however, we turn to the English under-tenants, we are struck at once not only by their number, but by the frequent cases of men who held under Norman barons the same estate that they had held themselves in the days before the Conquest. This is a feature of the Warwickshire survey which makes it contrast, it will be found, with those of the surrounding counties. On some fiefs, such as those for in- 1 See the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and also Florence of Worcester : ' Morkarus vero, et ^Egelwinus Dunholmensis episcopus et SitvarJui cognomento Barn et Herewardus vir strenuissimus, cum multis aliis, Heli insulam navigio petierunt.' Simeon of Durham makes the bishop and Siward come from Scot- land. 1 Although his father was then living, Turchil is entered under Warwickshire as having held some, lands himself under King Edward, so that he must have been of sufficient age to attend. 3 Norman Conquest, iv. 189. 283 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE stance of Osbern Fitz Richard and Hugh de Grentmesnil, the under- tenants are, as usual, Norman ; but on others the prevalence of English names is worthy of careful study. As we might expect, the fief of Tur- chil is the most remarkable in this respect. ' Bruning ' at Wigginshall, four brothers at Wolfhamcote, four franklins at Birdingbury, Wulfric at Walcote, Wulfcytel at Napton, 'Leuiet' and Godwineat Willoughby, and ' Hadulf ' at Binley, all continued to hold under him their own old estates. Brihtric was still living, as before, on his land at Baddesley Ensor. Of Turchil's other English tenants, some of whom held two and even three manors, we cannot speak so positively, for they may or may not have been related to the Englishmen entered as their predecessors ; in any case they seem to have been eighteen in number. One might have suggested that, on Turchil's fief, the prevalence of English tenants was due, either to smaller men ' commending ' themselves to their fellow-countryman in order, under his protection, to escape confiscation, or to his selecting English tenants for the lands he had obtained. But the occurrence of the same phenomenon on the fiefs of Norman lords is fatal to this explanation. On that of the Count of Meulan, which immediately precedes his own, we find a Hereward holding under him three of his old manors, Waltheof holding two, and Merewine holding one, while five of his under-tenants also have English names, one of them holding in three places. One of them, Salo, installed at Bulking- ton, was clearly, as Mr. Carter points out, the Salo who had lost his land at Bramcote adjoining. Robert de Stafford, again, had seven under- tenants bearing English names, of whom two at least held their old lands under him, while William Fitz Corbucion, William Fitz Ansculf, and Geoffrey ' de Wirce ' are responsible for ten, each of them having at least one seated at his old home. The case of Geoffrey's fief is of special interest, because after stating that his manor of Hopsford had formerly been held freely by his English tenant Wulfric, the record goes on to tell us that all his lands had belonged to Leofwine (of Newnham ?). Wulfric, therefore, had but exchanged an English lord for a foreign one ; he must formerly have held under Leofwine, as he did now under Geoffrey. Whatever may have been the cause of the prevalence of English tenants, it leads us to believe that in feudal times a goodly number of the Warwickshire gentry were probably of native origin. It is singular, and in this connection appropriate, that while not a single Warwickshire parish (except, perhaps, Brownsover) commemorates in its name a Domesday baron or under-tenant of alien birth, Wootton Wawen derives its appellation from Waga, a Warwickshire thegn who held that manor and six others in days before the Conquest.1 The variety of classes and even of nationalities named in the Warwickshire survey is exceptionally large. On Robert de Stafford's fief we have seen there were Breton tenants, and nine Flemings (JlanJrenses) » He was possibly the « Wagen minister ' who attests a Worcestershire charter of Edward the Con- fessor in Heming's Worcester Cartulary (ed. Hearne), p. 398. 284 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY are mentioned on a manor of Osbern Fitz Richard. ' Francigenas,' who occasionally occur, as at Haselor, are men of French birth, but I claim the ' francones homines,' who had weathered the Conquest at Birdingbury, as English franklins. The actual term ' francolanus ' (franklin) does not, it would seem, occur in Domesday,1 nor indeed are ' francones homines ' met with elsewhere in the record except in a reference to the * placita franconum hominum' in the adjoining county of Worcestershire (fo. 175) ; but there can be little doubt that the ' franci homines ' of Domesday has the same meaning. Another term employed in the Warwickshire survey is * taini,' applied, as at Pillerton and Lower Eatington, to members of the agricultural community. Knights (milites) are similarly found grouped with the peasant classes in a way that makes their real status very doubtful. The priest again is regularly found (except in the case of some special tenancies which will be dealt with separately) occupying the same position ; but the fact that it is also occupied by men who were clearly above peasants modifies any conclusion that might be drawn from the fact, and leads us to doubt whether the plough-teams assigned to these groups of classes can have been held by them as members of a village community. Some types of these groups will illustrate their mixed character — LOWER EATINGTON PILLERTON ASTON CANTLOW 32 villeins 13 villeins 9 Flemings i priest 23 bordars 16 villeins 25 bordars i 'francigena' i priest 1 knight 3 ' taini' i o bordars 2 ' taini ' 61 40 36 COMPTON STRETTON BARFORD 45 villeins 8 villeins 2 knights 1 priest 3 bordars i priest 13 bordars i priest 4 villeins 2 knights i knight 1 1 bordars 61 13 18 We may compare this grouping with the frequent statement in Domesday that a manor had been held by several sokemen, who prove, when details are elsewhere available, to have varied not only in their tenure, but in the extent of their holdings. When we turn to the peasantry proper, we find not only the normal villeins, bordars and serfs, but six of ' the small but interesting class of buri, burs, or colibert? ' (of whom the status is undetermined) at Nuneaton. We have also a ' brruarius ' at Chesterton, and bondwomen (ancilltz) at several places. The bovarius and ancilla are of frequent occurrence in the adjoin- ing county of Worcestershire, and I have shown that the former was the servant who had charge of the oxen in the lord's plough-team, two of them 1 Monastic cartularies show it us in use in the twelfth century. 3 Maitland_'s Domesday Book and Beyond, p. 36. 285 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE going to each team.1 They were consequently closely connected with the demesne portion of the manor, as were also the ancillce. In Warwickshire the place of the bovarius is taken by the serf, who is normally spoken of as on the demesne. The proportion, however, of the serfs to the lord's plough-teams is by no means regular, although the opening entry for the county shows us six ploughs and twelve serfs 'indominio.' An analysis of all the entries, which I have made for this purpose, reveals the following cases in which the proportion of ploughs to serfs is correct : 6 to 1 2, one ; 5 to i o, one ; 4 to 8, one ; 3 to 6, three ; 2 to 4, twelve ; i \ to 3, three ; i to 2, thirty-three. This gives us a total of fifty-four cases as against 107 in which the number of serfs is either above or below that which is required. Students will recognize that, even so, the number of cases in which the required proportion occurs is significantly large ; and there are several in which it is closely approached.2 The bondwomen are closely connected with the serfs, and indeed in one entry (at Haselor) we find them grouped together.3 They are men- tioned in seventeen entries, relating to eighteen places scattered about the county, and were about three dozen in number. At Thurlaston and at Marston Jabbet on the fief of the Count of Meulan, there were respectively one plough and two bondwomen, and one bondwoman and two ploughs on the demesne, and there were no serfs. Agriculture dominated so completely all other industries, that save for a ' burgess' here and there who is entered as appendant to a manor, and for the ' two smiths ' at Wilnecote, we have no other occupations outside Warwick. It must be remembered, however, that Domesday gives us only a partial picture of the national life ; it ignores Tamworth and Alcester at least, and it tells us nothing of the urban life that must have existed at Coventry. Of priests we find mention in some fifty-five entries, and in a very few instances two are spoken of. As I have said above, they are nor- mally grouped with the peasants, but at ' Uptone ' two priests with their two ploughs are entered separately. Apart from these parish priests, Ansgot the priest had a hide at Bentley as a tenant of Geoffrey ' de Wirce,' Robert de Stafford's tenant Ludichel is styled a priest in a charter, and an unnamed priest held a virgate of land, under Turchil of Warwick, at Ladbroke. The Warwickshire survey does not throw much light on questions of tenure, though under Harbury we have the strange statement that the two Englishmen who had held the 4* hides ' had power to sell, but could not depart (discedere) with the land.' This appears to imply that they could not « commend ' themselves with the land to another lord, although they could sell it without obtaining the lord's leave, subject to 1 See the Introduction to the Domesday Survey in V.C.H. Wort. \. 1 In this analysis I have only counted those serfi who are quite clearly connected with the lord's demesne. ' 'v inter servos et ancillas ' (244). I have explained in the Worcestershire Domesday, where the phrase is common, how it should be read. « See p. 278, note 4. 286 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY its commendation remaining unchanged. Subinfeudation by an under- tenant occurs on two manors held of the Bishop of Bayeux by one of his great vassals, Wadard ; and rent-paying tenants are mentioned at Myton, where eight of them brought in 32 pence a year. Perhaps the most interesting question connected with tenure in the county was that con- cerning the Bishop of Worcester's manor of Alveston. A moiety of this great manor had been held by Brihtnoth and ' Alwi,' but the county court could not say from whom they had held it. As to the other moiety, the position was very complicated ; the six sons of ' Bricstuin ' deposed that they knew not whether their father had held it of the Bishop of Worcester or of Earl Leofric, though he did service to (serviebaf) the latter. They added that Archbishop Ealdred (of York, who had held the see of Worcester) possessed extensive rights over this land, namely sac and soc and * tol ' and ' teim ' and churchscot (cerset1) and (the profits of) ' all other (sic) forfeitures except those four which the king has throughout his realm.'2 As to themselves, 'they had held the land of Earl Leofric and could betake themselves with the land whither they would,' 3 that is, as the phrase is understood, could commend themselves and the land to another lord. Bishop Wulfstan, on his side, boldly asserted ' that he had proved his right to this land in a plea held before Queen Matilda in the presence of 4 counties and had King William's writs for it and the witness of the county of Warwick.' 4 It is very interesting to compare this passage in Domesday with the bishop's charter, purporting to be granted three years later, by which he devotes Alveston to the support of his monks at Worcester. For in it he relates that he acquired the manor, ' which had long been wrong- fully possessed by certain powerful men,' from the Conqueror at great trouble and expense,6 owing to the growing needs of his monastery. Another plea is referred to towards the end of the Survey, where we read that Leofwine, an English thegn, asserted that he held the 1 This due played an important part in the adjoining county of Worcestershire, where it was received (as 'circset') by the abbot of Pershore from 300 hides in the form of loads of grain due at Martinmas. The Bishop of Worcester was entitled to the same (as ' circset ' or ' cirsette ') from the 300 hides of Oswaldslaw, over which district he possessed most exceptional rights (see Introduction to the Domesday Survey in V.C.H. Wore. i. 238). In Warwickshire he also drew 8 Red Book of the Exchequer, p. 604, and Testa de Nevlll. In the latter the monks of Combe, not of Coventry, are shown as holding at Binley of the Richard's Castle fief, which is wholly at variance with all the history of the place as given by Dugdale. Nor, indeed, is it easy to understand what interest Osbern and his heirs retained there. * See p. 274 above. « Compare p. 275 above. 6 See p. 276 above. • See p. 296 below. * Brother of Turchil the over-lord (see p. 278). 288 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY * in pledge,' and he was also probably the ' Robert ' who held of William Fitz Corbucion one of his manors in pledge. And we find him else- where in Domesday thus acquiring land. Possibly he had wrung money out of the burgesses of Oxford ; possibly he had farmed to his advantage the royal manors of Warwickshire.1 Before discussing the sources of rural wealth we may see what we can learn from Domesday's account of Warwick. The great Survey is always disappointing when it is dealing with the towns ; even of those which it does not ignore its account is meagre and obscure. The two points which it seems to have concerned itself with recording are (i) the king's rights and dues, (2) the payment of the king's ' geld,' that ' geld ' which may almost be described as the raison d'etre of Domesday. We should first note the position occupied by Warwick in the Survey, implying that it stood in some way apart. Professor Maitland has attached significance to the position thus assigned to county towns " by Domesday ; it places them, he says, 'outside the general system of land tenure.' And the cause of this he finds in what he terms ' the tenurial heterogeneity of the burgesses.' At Warwick, says the record, ' the king has 113 houses in his demesne, and the king's barons have 112, from all of which the king receives his 'geld.' It then draws up a roll of the houses held by the ' barons," and incidentally we may observe that it accounts for 121, not for ii2.3 We recognize every 'baron' on the list as holding land of the king in chief somewhere in the county, though we have to reckon as ' barons ' for the purpose not only the lady Christina, but even ' Luith ' the nun. The record then tells us that all these houses belong to the lands which the said barons hold outside the borough and are valued with them. This is another distinctive feature of county towns in Domesday, and it has given rise to much theorizing,4 which has failed, however, to gain acceptance. The difficulty in dealing with these houses is that, on analysing the Survey, we can only discover in all twenty-three houses entered under rural manors as appurtenant to them in Warwick. The Bishop of Worcester's manors reveal seven houses instead of nine ; those of Ralf de Limesi seven instead of nine ; those of Robert de Stafford four instead of six. Of the other 'barons' Hugh de Grentmesnil has two instead of four, and Turchil one instead of four ; William Fitz Corbucion alone has two as in the borough list. The only explanation one can offer is that the missing houses are included in the values of other manors without their existence being mentioned. The vagaries of Domesday are endless/ Alveston and Bishop's Hampton, south-west of Warwick, are credited with three and with four houses respectively ; Budbrooke, 1 The other local case of holding land in pledge is at Chesterton, to which I have referred on p. 276. 3 Domesday Book and Beyond, pp. 176-7. ' This may be due to a scribal miscript, such as sometimes occurs in Domesday, 'cxii.' being written in error for ' cxxi." 4 Domesday Book and Beyond, pp. 179-90. 6 Apart from these houses Hugh de Grentmesnil had ' two burgesses in Warwick ' appurtenant to his manor of Mars ton. I 289 37 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE close to the borough, with seven ; Tysoe, far to the south, with three ; and Atherstone-on-Stour, Billesley, Coughton, and Bearley, in the west of the county, with one apiece. Pillerton in the south and Wolverton near Warwick had also a house apiece. Four of these houses were valued at eightpence a year each and some at fourpence, but Ralf de Limesi's averaged a shilling each. Fourpence is markedly common in Domesday as a unit of rent for houses in towns. From the ' barons ' the record turns to those humbler folk, the ' bur- gesses,' nineteen of whom, it tells us, had houses ' with sac and soc and all customary dues and so held them in King Edward's time.' This, in Pro- fessor Maitland's opinion, is a ' difficult ' passage, and he suggests that 'we are likely to see here a relic of the ancient " house-peace," ' and of the due payable to its owner for breaking it.1 Only four houses are entered as having been pulled down to make room for the castle (propter situm castelli), but the fact that any had to be destroyed supports the view that William founded,1 rather than repaired, the stronghold. The service by land and sea to which the burgesses of Warwick were liable was represented, as in other cases, by a fixed commutation. When the king went forth to war by land, ten burgesses joined him on be- half of the whole body, and the man who was summoned and failed to go had to pay five pounds, clearly thzfyrd-wite. When the king sailed against his foes by sea, the burgesses could send him four ' bat-sueins ' or four pounds in money. The liability of a town so far inland as Warwick to provide mariners has been deemed a difficulty 3 ; but we have to remember that at that period rivers were larger and vessels smaller. In the adjoining county of Worcestershire we meet with Turchil, 'King Edward's steersman' (stirman, fo. 174-b), and Eadric, 'who was in King Edward's time steersman (stermannus) of the Bishop (of Worcester)^ ship and leader of his men in the King's service.'4 We read of William employing ships and ' buthsecarlas ' in his siege of the Isle of Ely, and the Domesday entry on Malmesbury is worth comparing with the Warwick one, for we read there (fo. 64b) of the town sending the king twenty shillings ' ad pascendos suos buzecarl' ' or of one man going thence in person. The Warwick ' batsueins,' in short, would serve as mariners in the fleet, and the doings of the dreaded Danes had proved that their long galleys could penetrate far up the English rivers. With the king's dues from the borough I have already dealt,5 but Earl Eadwine's dues annexed to his manor of ' Cotes' present a point of difficulty. For ' the borough ' is spoken of as if the earl received all its dues." This he cannot have done, as the opposite column shows. I 1 Domesday Book and Beyond, pp. 98—9. » See p. 277, note i, above. > Mr. Benjamin Walker in his ' Notes ' on the Domesday Survey of Warwickshire (pp. 4-5) observes that • boatswain, by which we understand a steersman or some sort of petty officer on board a ship, would be very far from a correct translation of " batsuein " in the present case. . . . they furnished his navy with four " Boat-servants," without implying that they possessed any knowledge of navigation, which, indeed, could not be expected in inhabitants of such an inland town as Warwick.' • Heming's Cartulary, p. 82. • See p. 271. • ' Hec terra cum burgo de Warwic,' etc., etc. 290 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY conclude, therefore, that by 'the borough' Domesday means that ' third penny ' of the borough dues which was normally the earl's portion. Another item helped to swell the 'income he received from ' Cotes ; ' a hundred bordars paid him fifty shillings a year in respect of their gardens ' outside Warwick.' Gardening on this extensive scale is probably unique in Domesday.1 The realm described by Domesday is a realm in which the plough is king. To the ordinary reader there is something irksome in the dry, endless figures relating to the plough-land and the plough, and even the expert has to confess that he does not fully apprehend their significance or their intention. But whether or not the Conqueror and his ministers proposed to revise the system of land taxation, it is clear that they attached great importance to obtaining a record of the arable land and of the ploughs at work on it. In Warwickshire the feature that seems to call for special notice is the occurrence at certain places of a number of plough-teams in excess of that for which the land was reckoned to afford employment. At Bishop's Hampton, with land for twenty-two ploughs, there were two, we find, on the demesne and twenty-four outside it. Sowe, with its five plough-lands, had six plough-teams, and at Radway, with its six, there were six and a half. Charlecote had land for five ploughs, but on the demesne were two, and five outside it. That such excess was not due to mere scribal error, but was recognized by the com- missioners is shown by the case of Wolfhamcote, where there were two plough-lands, ' and yet,' they add, ' there are there three ploughs.' The same formula is used at Ladbroke, at Newton and at Holme, at each of which there was one for half a ploughland, at Walcote also, which for its one plough-land had two and a half ploughs, and at Lillington, where the discrepancy was so great that for only half a plough-land there were two ploughs. The value of a manor varied mainly with the amount of stock on it and especially of plough-oxen. When all the plough-oxen were gone, the manor was described as ' waste," for the land could not be worked. Of this ' waste ' land there was not much in Warwickshire. A ' hide ' at ' Rincele ' is so described ; a hide and a half at Kington, a hide at one of the Marstons, and a virgate and a half at Weston appear to complete the list, save for i£ hides at Harbury which are specially entered as laid * waste by the king's army.' Among the sources of rural wealth in addition to the ploughed land were the woodland, which was very extensive, the pasture for the stock, the watermills, and the meadows in the river-valleys. Although in War- wickshire the woodland is reckoned by rough estimates of its area, and not, as in certain other counties, by the number of swine it could feed,1 its chief value as affording mast is implied by such entries as those at 1 But it mentions twenty-three men with gardens at Holywell, a suburb of Oxford. " At Stoneleigh, however, the information is added that it could feed 2,000 swine, and at Cough- ton there was reckoned to be pasture for 50 swine. At Kington by Claverdon it it reckoned in yet another way, as worth ten shillings a year. 291 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Sutton Coldfield, Fillongley, ' Rincele,' Claverdon, Sowley, Bedworth, Packington, 'Ulverlei' and Arley, where the phrase ' cum oneratur ' refers to the mast it bore. At Erdington alone, near the Staffordshire border, is the woodland claimed as * in defense regis,' that is, as set apart for the king and his hunting ; but at Southam, at the other end of the county, the woodland was ' in the king's hands.' A grove (grava) is spoken of at Lighthorne and a spinetum at Weston, the latter being, probably, rather a thorn-wood than what we now call a ' spinny.' There is an unusual entry under Sowe, which records that the woodland of the king and of the abbot (of Coventry) and of Richard the forester together, was three ' leagues ' long and i ' league ' wide. The ' league ' of Domesday, it is true, was only a mile and a half, but one cannot insist too strongly on the utter vagueness of such statements and the folly of treating them as exact. The same remark applies to the ' hay ' (baia) at ' Donnelie,' ' half a league long and the same in width,' a fenced enclosure for capturing wild animals in what was then and long afterwards ' a wild Forest ground.' Of profits from pasture and from meadow we hear less than usual ; but at ' Cotes ' by Warwick they were valued at the large sum of £4, perhaps owing to the nearness of the borough, for it was only in excep- tional cases that either served for more than the lord and his peasants. The mill is one of the very few features of the Domesday Survey that can often be recognized to-day standing where it stood then. Indeed, as Mr. Walker has observed of ' Offeworde ' : — In Dugdale's time the only indication of this place was a mill known as Offord's mill ; this name has now disappeared, although the mill is still shown on the ordnance survey maps.1 Many mills at the time of the Survey paid their rent partly in kind, especially in eels from the mill pond. Twenty-five eels went to the 'stich,' of which measure a fixed number was usually due. Eels were due in this county from the mills of Stratford-on-Avon, Alveston, Atherstone-on- Stour, Wixford, Salford, Wootton Wawen, Spernall, Aston, and Barford, while that of Wasperton produced no less than twenty shillings, 1,000 eels, and four (horse) loads of salt, and that of Binton was responsible for four (horse)loads of grain, and three ' stiches ' of eels. Salt, at that time a valuable commodity, was produced either from saltpans on the coast or from inland brine-springs, as at Droitwich and Nantwich. The six Warwickshire entries in which it is mentioned deserve careful study, for, in my opinion, they all refer to salt obtained from Droitwich, which is less than ten miles from the Warwickshire border. This is expressly so stated in the case of Binton, where the revenue of its lord, William Fitz Corbucion, included three loads (summas) of salt from (Droit)wich,a and in that of Urse de Abetot's manor at Hill- 1 Some Notes en Domeiday Book, p. 37. » The load seems to have been a ' mitta ' of salt, for we read that the tenants of the church of Worcester at Broadwas (Wore.) had to find horses, on Sundays, to carry salt from (Droit)Wich to Worcester, and that each horse was to carry ' unam mittam ' (Registrant Ptioratnt B.M. Wigom'unsis, P- 34")- 292 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY borough, to which was appurtenant ' a saltpan in (Droit)wich, rendering three shillings.' Urse was the great man at Droitwich, and appears to have assigned salt from it to some of his manors. Therefore when we read of Studley, the seat of William Fitz Corbucion, that it included a saltpan rendering nineteen (horse) loads of salt,1 we have to remember that William also had interests at Droitwich in the salt, and that, conse- quently, this saltpan was probably there, not at Studley. This is likely to have been the case also with the saltpan entered under Haselor, a manor of Nicholas, and with the salt rendered by Wasperton mill. The other mention of salt is at Brailes, the render from which manor in- cluded twenty (horse) loads. The problem of the Domesday Hundreds of Warwickshire is closely connected with questions of local identification. Where, as here, there are several places bearing the same name — Compton, for instance — one is often dependent on the Hundredal headings for distinguishing one from the other. But in Warwickshire these headings are at times omitted by the scribe ; the Hundreds themselves, moreover, were subse- quently re-arranged ; and, lastly, the sequence, of Hundreds in the text appears to me irregular. To take the last of these points first, it must always be remem- bered that we see in Domesday only a compilation, made from original returns in the form of Hundred Rolls. The compiler is supposed to have gone through these rolls for each fief in turn, picking out those manors which belonged to its tenant-in-chief, so as to bring them to- gether. For Warwickshire he first picked out the manors retained ' in demesne,' and then went through the rolls again to collect those in which the ' baron ' had enfeoffed his under-tenants. This is well seen on the fiefs of the Count of Meulan, of Turchil of Warwick, and of Hugh de Grentmesnil, where a space is left in the manuscript between the two classes. Oddly enough, on the fief of William Fitz Corbucion he reversed his normal order and placed the demesne manors last. If this process had been carried out, as in some counties, with regularity, the Hundreds would follow in a strict sequence which would help us to identify a manor where the heading was omitted. But a careful analysis of the fiefs shows that the sequence cannot be relied on. Eight fiefs, it is true, show us the Hundred of ' Fernecumbe ' following immediately on that of ' Tremelau,' while ' Meretone ' pre- cedes ' Stanlei ' in six cases ; but ' Bomelau ' appears twice before and once after ' Meretone '; 'Stanlei' once after and once before ' Hones- berie,' and ' Patelau ' once before and once after ' Berricestone.' ' For a study of the Domesday Hundreds of the county we are in- debted to Mr. Benjamin Walker,3 who has shown that they were ten in number. It is one of our difficulties in Warwickshire that these have 1 See note 2 previous page. J On the subinfeuded portion of Robert de Stafford's fief the Hundreds appear in this order : Patelau, Stanlei, Bedricestone, Fernecumbe, Berricestone, Patelau. ' See 'The Hundreds of Warwickshire at the time of the Domesday Survey,' with map, in the Antiquary, xxxix. 146-51, 179-84. 293 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE all disappeared, their place being taken by four only, which bear differ- ent names. Mr. Walker shows that Hemlingford Hundred practically represents the Domesday Hundred of ' Coleshelle ' ; that Knightlow is composed of the Domesday Hundreds of 'Bomelau,' ' Meretone,' and ' Stanlei' ; that ' Tremelau,' ' Honesberie,' * Fexhole,' and ' Berricestone ' form what is now Kineton ; and that ' Barlichway,' a name as old as 1176, represents the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe,' with the addition of that Pathlow Liberty, the ' Patelau ' of Domesday, which continued long afterwards to cut it in two. ' Berricestone,' according to Mr. Walker's map,1 was similarly cut in two, while ' Fexhole ' con- sisted of two portions widely detached. This is not the place in which to discuss the development of the later Hundreds, the term ' Sipe socha ' as connected with them, or the subsequent appearance as ' leets ' of the three Domesday Hundreds,1 which went to form Knightlow. Such points as these, together with the names of the places from which the Hundreds were called and where their assemblies met, will be discussed under each Hundred. The very boundaries of the Domesday Hundreds are by no means absolutely clear, and although they are occasionally referred to in the notes to the text, they are not of much importance. The identification of Domesday manors is often a work of extreme difficulty, but is one which cannot be shirked. Mr. Carter, fortunately, in his notes to the text has been able to diminish the number of those which have hitherto remained unidentified.8 I do not propose, therefore, to deal with the matter myself beyond touching on the cases of' Surland' and ' Optone.' With regard to the former, our difficulty is that this substantial manor is not mentioned, so far as we know, after Domesday, although it ought to occur, as in the record, among the possessions of Coventry Priory. Mr. Carter's suggestion that it represents the abbey's portion of Coventry itself (which is not entered in Domesday) would obviously meet this difficulty ; but Domesday distinctly places ' Surland ' between Grandborough and Birdingbury in ' Meretone' Hundred, which is inconsistent with that solution. At present, therefore, I cannot sug- gest where ' Surland ' was. As to ' Optone,' I agree with Mr. Carter in rejecting Dugdale's guess (for it can have been nothing else) that it was part of Kenilworth.4 The only actual evidence we have is : (i) that of Domesday, which tells us that ' Optone ' and Kenilworth were both members of Stoneleigh ; (2) that of the Stoneleigh cartulary, which asserts that in the time of Edward the Confessor the members of Stoneleigh were Kenilworth, Baginton, Ryton, and Stretton.6 Dugdale was ac- 1 See Antiquary, xzxix. p. 147. ' t' Meretone ' and ' Stanlei,' as Dugdale shows, appeared for a time as « Hundreds ' and then as Leets, while 'Brmklow,' which appears to represent the Domesday Hundred of ' Bomelau,' did the same. 1 Compare Mr. Benjamin Walker's Some Notes on Domesday Book, p. 10. « Ibid. p. 37. Dngdale's words are : 'this being that part of Kenilworth which now the inhabitants igh Town, and situate upon the ascent upon the north part of the Church.' ' Edwardus rex habuit in dominico suo hereditario manerium de Stonle cum membris, videlicet Kenilworth, Bakyngtone, Ruytone, et Stratone,' etc. 294 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY quainted with this statement, and pointed out, as confirmation or it, that Baginton was included as a chapelry of Stoneleigh in a grant temp. Henry II. ; but he did not draw from it what would seem to be the natural inference, namely, that, just as Kenilworth to the west was a member of Stoneleigh, so ' Optone ' must be sought somewhere in the three adjoining vills of Baeinton, Rvton, and Stretton-on-Dunsmore to the east. Under O J Baginton and Ryton he rejects the statement of the same Stoneleigh cartulary that they were given to the Ardens by Henry I., on the just ground that Turchil held them as early as 1086. But if ' Optone' lay within them, it might conceivably have been so granted, and its identity thus lost in the manors they already held there. This, however, can only be conjecture in the absence of further evidence. If we could only be sure of the forms of Domesday names, the work of identification would present less difficulty. But those we find in War- wickshire are enough to show that we cannot. Barston is represented by ' Bercestone ' and by * Bertanestone.' * Berdingeberie ' occurs also, by transposition, as 'Derbingerie.' Burmington is 'Burdintone ' in Domes- day. Harbury is ' Edburberie,' but also ' Erburgeberie.' ' Filunger ' and ' Felingelei ' both represent Fillongley. * Ilmedone ' and ' Edelmi- tone ' are variant forms of Ilmington. Both ' Tacesbroc ' and ' Tas- chebroc ' stand for Tachbrook, as do ' Wara ' and ' Gaura ' for Over. Willoughby masquerades as ' Wilebec,' ' Wilebene,' and ' Wilebere,' and Wormleighton as ' Wimelestone,' ' Wimenestone,' and ' Wimere- stone.' ' Worwarde ' and ' Volwarde ' are both considered to represent Great Wolford. In the midlands we have to be always on our watch for that strange transposition of manors, which is one of the puzzles of Domes- day. Just as two manors in the Staffordshire Hundred of Cuttlestone have wandered into the Northamptonshire portion of the great Survey,1 so we find surveyed under Warwickshire quite a group of manors on the border of Staffordshire and Shropshire. On the Staffordshire side of it are Essington, Bushbury, and Chillington in Brewood, all in the Hundred of Cuttlestone ; on the Shropshire side are Quatt, Romsley, Rudge, and Shipley near Bridgenorth. Under Warwickshire also we find surveyed the important manor of Spilsbury in the west of Oxfordshire, while of Mollington, a manor of ten hides where three counties meet, five hides arc surveyed under Warwickshire, four under Oxfordshire and one under Northamptonshire ! A parallel case is that of the Overs, which lay on the border of Warwickshire and Northamptonshire, William Fitz Ansculf s estate of one hide at ' Wavre ' being found under Northants. In Northamptonshire also, we find the survey of Turchil's manor of Sawbridge, of the Count of Meulan's estates at Berkswell * and Whitacre, and apparently of Whichford, which is not mentioned under Warwickshire in Domesday.3 1 See y.C.H. Northanti, i., and p. 344 below. ! i.e. 4 hides in addition to the I hide under Warwickshire. 3 My ground for identifying Gilbert de Gant's manor of ' Wicford,' placed under Northampton- shire by Domesday, with Whichford in the south of Warwickshire is solely that its church was given to 295 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE The duplicate entries which are sometimes found in the great Survey are of value for the light they throw on the methods of its compilation. In Warwickshire the only certain example is afforded by Clifton, which the scribes, as they sometimes did in such cases, dealt with in two places. Turchil's father, jElfwine the sheriff, had bestowed the manor on the church of Coventry, which had been despoiled of it by Earl Aubrey, whose land, at the time of the Survey, was in the king's hands. The scribes, when recording the Coventry manors, added at the foot of the column an entry dealing with the case ; but they reckoned the manor among those that Earl Aubrey had held, although a marginal note alluded to the church's claim. We observe, on comparing the two entries, that the case for the church is distinctly stronger in the first of the two, the validity of ^Elfwine's grant and the wrongfulness of the earl's action being clearly expressed : — CHURCH OF COVENTRY EARL AUBREY fo. r)8b f°- J39b ' Huic ascclesias dedit Alwinus vicecomes ' Hanc terram dedit Alwin aecclesiae de Cliptone conccssu regis E, et filiorum iuorum Coventreu pro anima sua T.R.E. Comes pro anima sua et testimonia comitatm. Comes Albericus abstulit.' Albericus hanc injuste invasit et aecclesias abstulit.' In the first of these entries we seem to be hearing the monks' own story, while the second appears to be a marginal note based upon the first. Another case in which an estate is almost certainly entered twice over is that, as Mr. Carter points out, of the 2\ hides held by Leofwine at Flecknoe. These are first entered as held of the Bishop of Worcester by Leofwine, and then, at the end of the Survey, appear as held by Leof- wine (as he said, but failed to prove) of the bishop. Here, the tenure being disputed, a duplicate entry, it would appear, was made. Isdem episcopus tenet in Flechenho ii Lewin' tenet de rege ii hidas et dim. virga- hidas et dim. virgatam terrae, et Lewin de eo. tam terrae in Flechenho. Terra est ii car. Terra est ii car. Ibi sunt ii villani et i bor- Ibi est una cum ii villanis et i bordario et vi darius cum i car. Ibi vi acre prati. T.R.E. et acris prati. Valuit x solidos. Modo xx. post valebat x solidos. Modo xx" solidos solidos (fo. 2440). (fo. 238b). I have spoken of this dispute on p. 288 above. It is thought that the two entries under ' Bertanestone ' (Barston) may be duplicates, for the two surveys would be identical were it not that the first gives 9 hides and 1 1 ploughlands, and the second 10 hides and i o ploughlands. But the one shows us ' R. de Olgi ' holding the manor of Turchil, while the other makes Robert the Despenser hold it in demesne. The alternative, of course, is that we are dealing with two moieties of what was one estate, as is certainly the case at Shuttington. Bridlington Priory, which was founded by his son and closely connected with his house. It seems difficult to account for the gift in any other way, but the manorial evidence does not seem to support the identification. 296 THE DOMESDAY SURVEY We have there a ' five-hide ' manor divided before the Conquest into two equal moieties of 2| hides each, with an equal share of the wood- land and of the mill in each ; but one moiety had three ploughlands, and the other five, though their ' values ' were the same. One of these moieties, it is clear, had again been subdivided, although it was reunited under the Norman rule. For the feudal system arrested sharply that process of disintegration which had exposed to crushing defeat at the hands of knights and nobles a host of small landowners, of almost anarchic yeomen. 29? NOTE The reader should bear in mind throughout that the date of the Domesday Survey is 1086 ; that the time of King Edward (here expressed by T.R.E.), to which it refers, normally means the date of his death (5 January 1066), and that the intermediate date, which is spoken of as ' afterwards,' is that at which the estate passed into the hands of the new holder. The Domesday ' hide ' was a unit of assessment divided into four quarters called ' virgates,' each of which was reckoned to contain 30 ' acres' ; but these were merely fiscal, not areal measures. 'Demesne' was that portion of a manor which the holder (whether a tenant-in-chief or only an under-tenant) worked as a home farm with the help of labour due from the peasants who held the rest from him. But when the term ' demesne ' is applied to a fief, it denotes those of its manors which remained in the baron's hands and were not held of him by under-tenants. Of the peasantry, the three main classes were, in descending order, villeins, bordars and serfs. The classes above them are dealt with in the Introduction. The essen- tial element of the plough ('caruca') was its team of oxen, always reckoned in Domesday as eight in number. The ' league ' of the record appears to have been a mile and a half long (see Introduction, p. 292). It must always be remembered that when Domes- day speaks of a place as held by a certain tenant, it does not follow that the whole of it is thereby meant. For the vills often comprised other manors which form the subject of separate entries. The notes of the text which are initialled J.H.R. have been added by Mr. Round, the Domesday editor. Those to which B.W. is appended are contributed by Mr. Benjamin Walker, who kindly read the proofs. 298 NOTE TO DOMESDAY MAP COMPILED BY BENJAMIN WALKER, A.R.I.B.A. On the accompanying map the manors held by the king are shown by red capitals ; those held by the chief ecclesiastical tenant, the abbey of Coventry, by red small type ; and those held by the chief lay tenant, the Count of Meulan, by black capitals. The asterisk against some of the abbey's manors indicates that the Count of Meulan also had an interest there. For the sake of uniformity and convenience of reference the modern boundaries of the county are given. These probably differ but little from those in Domesday times except in the extreme south, where the parish of Little Compton, formerly belonging to Gloucestershire, has been transferred to Warwick- shire. Neither the rivers nor the three great ancient ways, — the Watling Street, the Fosse Way, and the Icknield Street, — are mentioned in the Survey, but they are so necessary to the under- standing of the map that they have been added. The general positions of the ten hundreds into which the county was divided in Domesday times are shown upon the map ; but as the rubrication of the Survey is not sufficiently accurate to enable them to be reconstructed with certainty, no attempt has been made to indicate their boundaries. In those cases where Domesday Book records a name in two or more different forms only one of the variants can be given on the map. The natural characteristics of the district are well shown by the varying density of the names upon the map. This density is greatest in the fertile valleys of the Arrow and the Avon, and least in the forest district of the Arden in the west and north- west of the county. In fixing the position of manors the church has been the guide. The manors of Rincele and Werlavescote are not marked on the map, as their positions could not be identified. o z o O a o a o WARWICSCIRE IN THE BOROUGH OF WARWIC(K) the king has in his demesne 1 13 houses and the king's barons have 1 12,1 from all of which the king has his geld. The Bishop of Worcester (Wirecestre) has 9 messuages (masuras). The Bishop of Chester 7. The Abbot of Coventry 36, and 4 2 (of these) are (laid) waste to make room for the castle (profiler situm castellt). The Bishop of Coutances has i house. The Count of Meulan (Mel/end] (has) 1 2 messuages. Earl Aubrey had 4, which belong to the land which he held. Hugh de Grentemaisnil (has) 4, and the monks of Pilardintone [Pillerton] have i from him. Henry de Fereres has 2. Harold 2. Robert de Stadford [Stafford] 6. Roger de Ivri (iuri) 2. Richard the huntsman (uenator) I. Ralf de Limesi 9. The Abbot of Malmesbury i. William Bonuaslet i. William son of Corbucion 2. Geoffrey de Magneville i. Geoffrey de Wirce I. Gilbert de Gant 2. Gilbert Buili 3 i . Nicholas the crossbowman (balistarius) i . Stephen Stirman i . Turchil 4. Harold 2. Osbern son of Richard I. Cristina i. Luith the nun (monialis) 2. These messuages (tnasurce) are appurtenant to the lands which the same (ipst) barons hold outside the borough and are there taken into account (appre ciantur) . Besides these above-mentioned messuages there are in the same (ipso) borough 1 9 burgesses, who have 19 messuages with sac and soc and all customary rights (consuetudimbus) and thus had (them) T.R.E. In the time of King Edward the shrievalty (vicecomitatus) of Warwic(k) with the borough and with the royal manors paid 65 pounds and 36 sestars (sextaria) of honey ; or 24 pounds and 8 shillings in place of all (dues) pertaining to honey. Now, what with (inter) the farm of the royal manors and the pleas of the county, it pays yearly 145 pounds by weight, and 23 pounds for the customary payment for dogs (consuetudine canum), and 20 shillings for a sumpter-horse (summario), and 10 pounds for a hawk, and 100 shillings to the queen for a benevolence (gersumma). It also pays 24 sestars of honey by (cum) the greater measure and from the borough 6 sestars of honey, a sestar to wit for 1 5 pence. 1 Note the total, 225 — i.e. two and a quarter hundreds — but also see next note. 3 As the total number of houses here recorded is 116, not 112, this entry no doubt means that the 4 were part of the 36, so that the abbot is reckoned as having only 32. But see Introduction, p. 298. 1 This certainly appears the correct reading, not ' Budi,' as the official edition reads. (The only tenant in-chief whom this can represent is Gilbert son of Turold. — J.H.R.) 299 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE From these the Count of Meulan (Me/lend] has 6 sestars and 5 shil- lings. The custom of Warwic(k) was that when the king goes by land on an expedition 10 burgesses of Warwic(k) should go on behalf of (pro) all the others. (He) who did not go when summoned used to pay 100 shillings fine (emendabaf) to the king. If however the king were going against his enemies by sea (the burgesses) used to send him either 4 boatswains (batsueins) or 4 pounds of pennies.1 HERE ARE ENTERED THOSE HOLDING LANDS IN WARWICSCIRE i KING WILLIAM ii The Bishop of Chester in The Bishop of Worcester mi The Bishop of Bayeux v The Bishop of Coutances vi The abbey of Coventry vn The abbey of Abingdon vnj The abbey of Burton ix The abbey of Malmesbury x The abbey of Winchcombe xi The abbey of Evesham xn Earl Roger xnj Earl Hugh xmi Earl Aubrey xv Countess Godeva xvi The Count of Meulan xvij Turchil of Warwick xvni Hugh de Grentemaisnil xix Henry de Ferieres xx Roger de Ivri (Juri) xxi Robert de Oilgi XLIJ Cristina. XLIII Leveva thegns and Serjeants (servientes) of (de Grentemaisnil). XXII XXIII XXIIII XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII XXIX XXX XXXI XXXII XXXIIJ XXXIV XXXV XXXVI XXXVIJ XXXVIIJ XXXVIII XXXIX XL! Robert de Stafford Robert Dispensator Robert de Veci Ralf de Mortemer Ralf de Limesi William son of Ansculf William son of Corbucion William Buenvasleth Geoffrey de Mannevile Geoffrey de Wirce Gilbert de Gand Gilbert son of Turold Gerin Urse de Abetot Stephen Osbern son of Richard Harold son of Earl Ralf Hascoit Musard Nicolas the crossbowman Nigel de Albengi and Eddid XLIIIJ Richard and other the king. XLV Adeliza wife of Hugh See the Introduction (pp. 289, 290) for the whole of this opening section. 1 Sic. The scribe having numbered two entries xxxviii did not think it worth while, or perhaps was not permitted, to correct the second entry and the one which followed it, so solved the difficulty by leaping straight from xxxix to xli. 300 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS I. THE LAND OF THE KING IN FEXHOLE HUNDRET ' The king holds BRAILES [Brailes]. Earl Ed- win held it. There are 46 hides. There is land for 60 ploughs. In the demesne are 6 (ploughs), and 12 serfs, and 3 bondwomen (anclllis). And (there are) 100 villeins and 30 bordars with 46 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 10 shillings, and 100 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 3 leagues long and 2 leagues wide. T.R.E. it used to pay 1 7 pounds and 10 shillings. Now it is worth 55 pounds and 20 loads (summas) of salt. The king holds QUINTONE [Kineton] * and WALEBORNE [Wellesbourne].3 King Edward held (them). There are 3 hides. There is land for * . In the demesne are 6 ploughs, and 3 serfs and 2 bondwomen. And (there are) 93' villeins and 18 bordars with 32 ploughs. There (are) 130 acres of meadow. Wood(land) half a league and 2 furlongs long and 4 furlongs broad. This is (shared) between the manor and the bere- wick. The king holds BEDEFORD [Bidford]. King Edward held it. There are 5 hides. There is land for * . In the demesne are 5 ploughs, and 8 serfs and 5 bondwomen. And (there are) 28 villeins and 13 bordars with 1 6 ploughs. There are 4 mills worth (tie) 43 shillings and 4 pence, and 150 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 4 leagues long and I league broad. The king holds STANLEI [Stoneleigh]. King Edward held it. There are 6 hides. There is land for 4 . In the demesne are 5 ploughs, and I serf and I bondwoman. And 68 villeins and 4 bordars with 2 priests 1 These three words are written above the column, but in the Warwickshire Domesday the rubricated Hundred can only be assumed to relate to the paragraph by or over which it stands. The only places certainly known to have been in Fex- hole Hundred are Brailes and three places close to it, namely Honington, Oxhill and Tysoe. a Doubtless Kineton, which was afterward the head of an important Hundred and is near to Wellesbourne. Dugdale did not see this, and be- ing misled by the similarity of name says that Wellesbourne was joined to Quinton in Glouces- tershire (see p. 439), and yet he was puzzled at the absence of Kineton (p. 431). 1 Doubtless both Wellesbourne Hastang (now Hastings) and Wellesbourne Mountford, which are in Kineton Hundred. 4 Here is a space left blank in the original. 5 Literally, ' a hundred villeins less seven.' have 30 ploughs. There (are) 2 mills worth (de) 35 shillings and 4 pence, and 20 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 4 leagues long and 2 leagues broad. Feed for (past' ad) 2,000 swine. The king holds COLESHELLE [Coleshill]. King Edward held it. There are 3 hides. There is land for a . There 30 villeins with a priest and 13 bordars have 16 ploughs. There (is) a mill worth (de) 40 pence, and in Tameworde [Tamworth] 10 burgesses be- long to this manor. Wood(land) 3 leagues long and 2j leagues broad. The king holds COTES [Colon (End)].7 Earl Edwin held it. There is i hide. There is land for 20 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 4 serfs. And (there are) 10 villeins and 6 bordars with 3 ploughs. There (are) 2 mills worth (de) 100 shillings, and 80 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 3 furlongs long and the same in breadth. Meadows and pas- tures worth 4 pounds. Outside the borough [Warwick] 100 bordars with their garden- plots (hortulls) pay 50 shillings rent. This land, with the borough of Warwic(k) and the third penny of the pleas of the shire, used to pay T.R.E. 17 pounds.8 When Robert9 re- ceived it to farm it was worth 30 pounds. Now (it is worth) the same, including all things which belong to it. The king holds SUTONE [Button Cold- field].10 Earl Edwin held it. There are 8 hides and I virgate of land. There is land for 22 ploughs. One plough is in the de- mesne, and 2 serfs. And (there are) 20 villeins and 4 bordars with 7 ploughs. There (are) 10 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 2 leagues long and I broad ; when it bears (onerat') it is worth 30 shillings. The whole manor was and is worth 4 pounds. In OPTONE " [ ] Albert the clerk " holds 3 hides of the king in frankalmoin (demos'). There are 2 priests with 2 ploughs, and 10 villeins and bordars13 with 4 ploughs. « Here is a space left blank in the original. i An unimportant suburb of Warwick, s See Introduction, pp. 290, 291. 8 Probably Robert d'Oilli (J.H.R.). 10 Well known as a royal borough. 11 I cannot identify this place. Dugdale thinks it was the part of Kenilworth, north of the church, then called the 'High Town.' There are two Uptons in the county, neither having any trace of a connection with Stoneleigh. 12 See Introduction, p. 281. " ' X inter villanos et bordarios.' 301 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Wood(land) half a league long and 3 furlongs broad. In CHINEWRDE [Kenilworth] l Richard the forester a holds 3 virgates of land of the king. There are 10 villeins and 7 bordars with 3 ploughs. Wood(land) half a league long and 4 furlongs broad. These two members belong to (jac* ad) STANLEI [Stoneleigh], a manor of the king. to. 238b II. THE LAND OF THE BISHOP OF CHESTER IN HONESBERIE HuNDRET The Bishop of Chester holds of the King 3 hides in FERNEBERGE [Farnborough]. Stori held them T.R.E., and was a free man. There is land for 14 ploughs. One is in the demesne, and 2 serfs. And (there are) 1 8 villeins and I bordar with 9 ploughs. There are 60 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 100 shillings; when (the bishop) received it 60 shillings ; now IOO shillings. IN COLESHELLE [CoLESHILL] HuNDRET The same bishop holds in CALDECOTE [Caldecote juxta Weddington] ' 2 hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. One is in the demesne, and 2 serfs. And 7 villeins with a priest have 5 ploughs. There (is) a mill worth (de) 2 shillings, and 12 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 3 leagues long and the same in breadth. T.R.E. it was worth 40 shillings, and afterwards and now, 60 shillings. Tonna held this land, but could not betake himself4 (ire) where he would with his land. IN TREMELAU HUNDRET The same bishop holds 7 hides in TASCHE- BROC [Bishop's Tachbrook].8 There is land for 1 2 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ploughs and 9 serfs. And 1 1 villeins with a priest and 7 bordars have 9 ploughs. There (are) 2 mills worth (de) 12 shillings and 8 pence, and 12 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 3 pounds, now 7 pounds, and the same when (the bishop) received it. This land belongs to (est de) the church of S. Chad.6 1 This identification seems clear. Kenilworth subsequently appears in the leet of Stoneleigh. * See Introduction, p. 281. * In Hemlingford Hundred, which represents the Domesday Hundred of Coleshill. 4 i.e. choose a lord. • The modern Bishop's Tachbrook includes the hamlet of Tachbrook Mallory, which is distinguished from it in Domesday Book. • «S. Cedde,' i.e. Lichfield. III. THE LAND OF THE BISHOP OF WORCESTER 7 IN PATELAU [PATHLOW] HUNDRET The bishop of Worcester holds HANTONE [Hampton Lucy].8 There are 12 hides. There is land for 22 ploughs. Two are in the demesne, and 4 serfs. And there are 22 villeins and 9 bordars with a priest who have 24 ploughs. There (is) a mill worth (de) 6 shillings and 8 pence, and 15 furlongs of meadow in length and i furlong in breadth. In Warwic(k) 3 houses worth 16 pence (are appurtenant to this place). Wood(land) i league long and another broad. T.R.E. it was worth 4 pounds, and afterwards the same ; now it is worth 20 pounds. The same bishop holds and held STRAD- FORDE [Stratford on Avon].* There are 14^ hides. There is land for 31 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs ; and 21 villeins with a priest and 7 bordars have 28 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 10 shillings and a thousand eels, and meadow 5 furlongs long and 2 furlongs broad. T.R.E. and afterwards it was worth IOO shillings ; now 25 pounds. The same bishop holds ALVESTONE [Alves- ton].9 There are 15 hides. There is land for 24 ploughs. In the demesne are two ; and (there are) 28 villeins and 15 bordars and i bondwoman ; these have 22 ploughs. There are 3 mills worth (de) 40 shillings and 1 2 sticks (stick?) of eels and a thousand (eels). In Warwic(k) 4 houses worth 16 pence (belong to this manor). Meadow 6 furlongs long and I furlong broad. T.R.E. and afterwards it was worth 8 pounds ; now 15 pounds. Bricstuin T.R.E. held in ALVESTON [Alves- ton] 7^ hides. Of this land Archbishop Eldred had soc and sac and tol and teim and churchscot (cerset) and all other forfeitures ex- cept (pneter) those four which the king has throughout hisi whole kingdom. This his10 sons Lewin, Edmar, and four others testify, but they do not know from whom he held ' « Wirecestre.' s Dugdale says this, which was known as Bishop's Hampton, was called, of later time, ' Hampton-on- Avon.' 8 Stratford, and Alveston, and Loxley are now all in Barlichway Hundred, which includes the Domes- day Hundred of ' Patelau,' but it is uncertain whether they were in the latter Hundred. [The Registrant Prioratus . . . Wtgirnlentis (ed. Camden Soc.) distinctly states (p. Sob) of Alves- ton : ' Haec villa est de libcrtate hundred! Domini Episcopi de Pathelowa.'— J.H.R.] 10 i.e. Bricstuin's. 302 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS this land, whether from the church, or from Earl Leofric (Leuric) whom he served. They say however that they themselves held it from Earl Leofric and were able to betake them- selves (se vertere) whither they would, with the land. The remaining 7^ hides Britnod and Alwi held T.R.E. But the county knows not from whom they may have held. Bishop Wulfstan (IVlstan1) however says that he made good his claim to (depladtasu] this land before Queen Mathilda (regina Mathildi) in presence of four sheriffdoms (vicecomitatuum), and thereof (inde) he has the writs of King William and the testimony of the county of Warwic(k).* The same bishop holds in LOCHESHAM [? Loxley] i hide.3 There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is one ; and there are 4 villeins with i plough. T.R.E. and afterwards it was worth 20 shillings ; now 25 shillings. The same bishop holds SPELESBERIE [Spils- bury] 3 and Urse of him. There are 10 hides. There is land for 1 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 4 ploughs and 5 serfs ; and (there are) 25 villeins and 12 bordars with 12 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 50 pence, and 32 acres of meadow, and (of) pastures (pascua) 36 acres. (There is) wood(land) i league and I furlong long, and 7 furlongs broad. It was and is worth 10 pounds. IN MERETON f MARTON] HUNDRET 4 The same bishop holds in FLECHENHO [Flecknoe] s 2 hides and half a virgate of land, and Lewin (holds it) of him. There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 2 villeins and 1 The whole of this passage from Bricstuin on- ward is written at the foot of a column and at the end of the list of the lands of the Bishop of Worces- ter. Reference-signs connect it with the entry re- lating to Alveston. (Sec, for it, the Introduction.) 3 The fact that SPELESBERIE, referred to in the next entry, is in Oxfordshire inclined me to think that this may be Bloxham in that county. But I find no trace of any interest held by the bishop or church of Worcester in Bloxham, where- as in Loxley temp. Edw. I. the monks of Worcester had a rent. Moreover if we accept Dugdale's suggestion that Lochesham is part of Loxley we find that the total hidage of the place would be the frequently occurring five hides. 3 In Oxfordshire, though here entered under Warwickshire. 4 This heading is inserted in the margin. 6 Called 'Flekcnho' by Dugdale. It is a hamlet in the parish of Wolfhamcoteand Hundred of Knightlow. After the date of Domesday it appears, as we should expect, in Marton leet. I bordar with i plough. There are 6 acres of meadow. T.R.E. and afterwards it was worth 10 shillings ; now 2O shillings. HI!. THE LAND OF THE BISHOP OF BAYEUX The Bishop of Bayeux holds of the king ARUE [Arrow],' and Stephen (holds it) of him. Lewin held it and was a free man. There are "]\ hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are two ; and (there are) 8 villeins and 10 bordars with 4 ploughs. There is a mill worth (tie) 6 shillings and 8 pence, and 30 acres of meadow. (There is) wood(land) i league . . . and 2 furlongs broad. T.R.E. it was worth 60 shillings, and afterwards 40 shillings ; now 4 pounds. IN TREMELAU HUNDRET The same bishop holds in EDRICESTONE [Atherstone upon Stour] 4 hides, and Corbin (holds it) of him. Sberne held it and was a free man. There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and 4 villeins, with a priest and 4 bordars and 4 serfs, have 3 ploughs. There is a mill worth (rli) 10 shillings and 10 sticks of eels. There are 3 acres of meadow. T.R.E. as now, it was worth 4 pounds ; when (the bishop) received it, 4 pounds. IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET The same bishop holds in BEOSHELLE [Beausale] 7 half a hide ; Wadard (holds it) of him, and Gerold under him. Eduin the sheriff held it, and was a free man. There is land for I plough. (There are) 7 villeins and 4 bordars with 3 ploughs. There are 4 acres of meadow and 2 furlongs of wood(land). It was worth 5 shillings ; now 2O shillings. The same bishop holds in ULWARE [? Little Wolford]8 1 1 hides, a d Wadard (holds it) of him, and Gerold under him. Alvric held it and was a free man. There is land for i plough. (There are) 3 villeins with half a plough, and there are 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 2O shillings. 6 Appearing afterward in Barlichway Hundred, but not in Pathlow Liberty, it was doubless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe.' 7 Formerly part of Hatton. 8 Probably this estate and the estate in ULWARDE recorded subsequently as held by Ralf under the Count of Meulan, were parts of one place, as each contained an odd half-hide, and each had been held by Alvric T.R.E. Little Wolford is now in Kineton Hundred. 303 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE The same bishop holds in BEDEFORD [Bid- ford] * 2 J virgates of land, and Robert d'Olgi 2 of him. Ernulf and Ernegrin held it and were free men. There is land for 3 There is i free man and I serf and I bordar with i plough ; and 14 acres of meadow. Wood(Iand) 2 furlongs long and i broad. It was worth 12 pence ; now 10 shillings. The same bishop holds in BROME [Broom] * 4j hides, and Stephen (holds it) of him. Five free men held it T.R.E. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and there are 4 villeins and 10 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are 14 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 40 shillings, and afterwards 30 shillings ; now 60 shillings. V. THE LAND OF THE BISHOP OF COUTANCES The Bishop of Coutances holds half a hide in FILUNGELEI [Fillongley],6 and Lewin (holds it) of him. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is I, with 2 serfs ; and 5 villeins with 2 bordars have I plough. There are 2 acres of meadow. (There is) wood (land) 2 furlongs long, and I furlong broad. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 30 shillings. Alwin held it freely. VI. THE LAND OF THE CHURCH OF COVENTRY IN COLESHELLE [CoLESHILI,] HuNDRET The abbey of Coventry (Coventreu) holds in FILUNGER [Fillongley]8 half a hide. There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 8 villeins and 6 bordars with 2 ploughs. There is a quarter of a league of woodland ; when it bears (oneratur) it is worth 10 shillings. T.R.E. it was worth 7 10 shillings ; now 30 shillings. 1 Bidford is in Barlichway Hundred. 1 'Olgi' is interlined. 3 Here is a space left blank in the original. 4 Broom is a hamlet in Bidford, formerly divided into King's Broom and Burnett's Broom. This entry appears to relate to King's Broom. • Fillongley is in Hemlingford Hundred. • This would appear to have been the part which Gerard de Alspath held temp. Henry III. from the numb of Coventry by the name of Old Fillongley. Fillongley appears in Domesday Book as consisting of four half-hide estates, and it is difficult to piece them together. 7 Here is a space left blank, which should prob- ably have contained the T.R.E. value, and the word ' post.' IN MERETONE [MARTON] HUNDRET The same (ipsa) church (holds) (G)8RANE- BERGE [Grandborough]. There are 8 hides and i virgate. There is land for 1 7 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and (there are) 27 villeins and II bordars and 4 serfs with 14 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 1 6 pence, and 32 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it wa. worth 6 pounds, and afterwards 100 shillings ; now 8 pounds. The same (ipsa) church holds SURLAND * [ ]. There are 6 hides. There is land for 12 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 4 serfs ; and (there are) 26 villeins and 9 bordars with 8 ploughs. There are 40 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 7 pounds, and afterwards 4 pounds ; now 6 pounds. The same (Ipsa) church holds DERBINGERIE [Birdingbury].10 There are 2 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 3 serfs ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 6 bordars with i plough. There are 6 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 40 shillings, and afterwards 20 shillings ; now 35 shillings. IN STANLEIE [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET The same (ipsa) church holds BILVEIE [Bin- ley].11 There are 3 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne is I plough, and 4 serfs ; and (there are) 10 villeins and 6 bor- dars with 5 ploughs. There are 8 acres of meadow. (There is) wood(land) half a league long, and i furlong broad. T.R.E., and now, worth 60 shillings. This land Aldgid wife of Grifin held. The abbey bought it from O(sbern) son of Richard. 8 The MS. is injured here. 8 This should apparently be some place which would afterward be in the leet of Marton. I cannot however in the subsequent history of the abbey find mention of any of its estates with a name bearing the slightest resemblance to Surland. I hazard the suggestion that, as it was obviously a place of importance, it was that part of Coventry known afterward as ' Coventry ex parte Prioris." If it was, I make the further suggestion that the reading should be ' Scirland," i .e. Shire-land, part of Earl Leofric's lands. 10 The uncouth form of the name is doubtless a scribe's error. Birdingbury was one of the town- ships given by Earl Leofric to the abbey. It was afterwards in the leet of Marton, and therefore doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Meretone.' 11 This name in a subsequent entry (p. 323), and in other documents of later date, appears as Bilnei. The Domesday scribe doubtless mistook ' n ' for ' u,' which he wrote as ' v.' 304 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS The same (ipsa) church holds in CONDONE [Coundon] * 3 virgates of land. There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 4 villeins and 6 bordars with 2 ploughs and i serf (servo). (There is) wood(land) 3 furlongs and 30 perches long and 3 furlongs broad. It was and is worth 20 shillings. The same (ipsa) church holds in COBINTONE [Cubbington] 2 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is half a plough, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 5 villeins and i bordar with i plough. There are 8 acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 30 shillings. The same (ipsa) church holds in SUCHAM [Southam] a 4 hides. There is land for 12 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ploughs and 7 serfs ; and (there are) 20 villeins and 8 bordars with 8 ploughs. There are 2 mills worth (de) 4 shillings, and i o acres of meadow. Wood(land) i league long and half a league broad ; this wood(land) is in the king's hand. T.R.E., as now, it was worth 100 shillings ; when received, 60 shillings. * To this church (of Coventry) Alwin the sheriff gave CLIPTONE [Clifton on Dunsmore] by permission (concessu) of King Edward and of his own sons, for (the benefit of) his soul, and with the county to testify (testimonio comi- tatus). Earl Aubrey wrongfully intruded on this (bane injuste invasit) and took it from the church. fo. 239 The same (ipsa) church holds in SOWA [Sowe]4 3J hides. There island for 5 ploughs. In the demesne there is i, and 4 serfs ; and (there are) 10 villeins with 5 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 2 shillings. (There is) wood- (land) half a league long and 4 furlongs broad. T.R.E. it was worth 40 shillings ; now 60 shillings. The same (ipsa) church holds in ULCHETONE 1 Coundon and Cubbington, subsequently appear- ing in the leet of Stoneleigh, were doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of Stanlei." 3 Most probably Southam, the ' c ' being a mis- script for ' t.' Appearing afterward in Marlon Leet, it was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Meretone.' 3 This is not one of the rubricated paragraphs describing an estate of the abbey, but is a note at the foot of a column. See the entry relating to 'Cliptone' under the head of Earl Aubrey's estates, where the statement is repeated in a side-note. 4 Sowe appears in a subsequent entry, as in the Hundred of ' Stanlei.' [? Ufton] 4 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 7 serfs ; and (there are) 12 villeins and 2 bordars with 6 ploughs. There is I acre of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 4 pounds, and afterwards 40 shillings ; now 100 shillings. The same (ipsa) church holds ICETONE [Bishop's Itchington]. There are 5 hides. There is land for 16 ploughs. In the de- mesne are 2, and 6 serfs ; and (there are) 30 villeins and 7 bordars with 13 ploughs. There are 50 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 10 pounds, and afterwards 3 pounds; now 12 pounds. The same (ipsa) church holds in EDBUR- BERIE [Harbury]5 i hide and I virgate of land. There is land for i plough. It has been (laid) waste by (vasta per) the king's army. There are 2 acres of meadow. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 2 shillings. IN HONESBERIE HuNDRET The same (ipsa) church holds HERDEWICHE [Prior's Hardwick].8 There are 15 hides. There is land for 1 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 4 serfs; and (there are) 43 villeins and 2 bordars with 13 ploughs. There are 40 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 9 pounds, and afterwards 4 pounds ; now 10 pounds. IN FEXHOLE HUNDRET The same (ipsa) church holds HUNITONE [Honington], There are 5 hides. There is land for 16 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs ; and (there are) 36 villeins and 1 3 bordars and 4 serfs with 10 ploughs. There are 4 mills worth (de) 54 shillings and 4 pence, and 40 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 10 pounds, and afterwards 7 pounds ; now 10 pounds. IN TREMELAU HUNDRET The same (ipsa) church holds CEDELESHUNTE [Chadshunt]. There are 5 hides. There is land for 16 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 6 serfs; and (there are) 18 villeins and 12 bordars with 8 ploughs. There are 12 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 6 pounds, and afterwards 3 pounds ; now 7 pounds. 5 This appears in Dugdale and on all the early county maps as ' Herberbury.' 8 Prior's Hardwick, now only 1,600 acres in extent, doubtless included Prior's Marston, which is contiguous and was formerly parochially depen- dent on it, and contains 3,600 acres. Even so the assessment is severe. 305 39 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE The same (ipsa) church holds in CESTRE- TONE [Chesterton l] I J hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 3 serfs ; and (there are) 5 villeins and 9 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are 10 acres of mea- dow. T.R.E. it was worth 40 shillings, and afterwards 2O shillings ; now 50 shillings. The same (ipsa) church holds WASMERTONE [Wasperton 3]. There are 5 hides. There is land for 1 1 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 18 villeins and i bordar with 7 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 20 shillings and 4 loads of salt and loooeels. There are 30 acres of meadow. Wood(land) half a league long and 2 furlongs broad. T.R.E. it was worth 4 pounds, and afterwards 50 shillings ; now 70 shillings. IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET The same (ipsa) church holds NEWEHAM [PNewnham in Aston Cantlow3]. There are 5 hides. There island for 14 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 4 serfs ; and (there are) I 5 villeins and 5 bordars with 8 ploughs. It was and is worth 6 pounds. IN HONESBERIE HUNDRET The same (ipsa) church holds in RADWEI [Radway] 3 hides ; and Ermenfrith (holds them) of the abbot. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 4 serfs; and 13 villeins and 6 bordars have 5j ploughs. There are 1 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 50 shillings. VII. THE LAND OF THE CHURCH OF ABINGDON1 IN MERETONE [MARTON] HUNDRET The abbey of Abingdon 4 (Abendone) holds in HILLE [Hill B] 2 hides which the abb(ot) bought (emit) of the fee of Turchill ; and Warin holds (it) of the abbot. There is land 1 Chesterton is shown by a subsequent entry to have been in ' Tremelau ' Hundred. 3 Wasperton is afterward found in Kineton Hundred, and may well have been in the Domes- day Hundred of ' Tremelau.' 3 Apparently this identification must be correct, for ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred was swallowed up by Barlichway Hundred, and this is the only Newn- ham in Barlichway Hundred. Its subsequent his- tory is that of an obscure hamlet in Aston Cant- low, whereas it appears here as an important place, equal in assessment and value to Aston. * Abingdon in Berkshire. * Near Leamington Hastings. For particulars of this grant see Historta Monasterii de Abingdon (Rolls Series), ii. 8, 284, and Introduction, p. 176, above. for 3 ploughs. In the demesne there are now 2 ploughs ; and 5 villeins with 7 bordars have I plough. There are 12 acres of meadow. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 40 shillings. VIII. THE LAND OF THE CHURCH OF BURTON IN COLESHELLE [CoLESHILL] HUNDRET The abbey of BURTON 6 (Bertone) holds in ALDULVESTREU [Austrey] 2j hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and (there are) 6 villeins and 4 bordars with 2 ploughs. T.R.E. it was worth 40 shillings, and afterwards 10 shillings ; now 30 shillings. Earl Leofric (Leuric) gave this land to the same church. IX. THE LAND OF THE CHURCH OF MALMESBURY The abbey of Malmesbury (Malmnbtrit) holds in NIWEBOLD [Newbold (Comyn7)] 3 hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. There are now in the demesne 2 ploughs and 4 serfs ; and 8 villeins with 3 bordars have 3 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 8 shillings, and 16 acres of meadow. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Ulwin a monk held it, and himself gave it to the church when he became a monk. X. THE LAND OF THE CHURCH OF WINCHCOMBE8 The abbey of Winchcombe (IVincehumbe} holds 6 hides in ALNE [Great Alne9]. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is I plough, and 3 serfs ; and 1 1 villeins with 4 bordars have 5 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 5 shillings. (There is) wood(land) half a league long and 4 furlongs broad. It was worth 3 pounds ; now 4 pounds. XI. THE LAND OF THE CHURCH OF EVESHAM IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET The abbey of Evesham holds in WITE- LAVESFORD [Wixford] 5 hides. There is 8 Burton-on-Trent. 7 The seat of the Willes family close to Leam- ington. The identification is clear from the sub- sequent history of the place. Being afterward in Stoneleigh leet, it was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Stanlei .' 8 Winchcombe in Gloucestershire. * Doubtless in ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred, being afterward in Barlichway Hundred, but not in Pathlow liberty. 306 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 3 serfs, and 2 bondwomen ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 6 bordars with 2 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 10 shillings and 2O sticks of eels. There are 24 acres of meadow. (There is) wood(land) i furlong long and half (a furlong) broad. T.R.E. it was worth 40 shillings, and afterwards 30 ; now 50 shil- lings. This land Wigot held T.R.E. The same (ipsa) church holds in SANDBURNE [Sambourn1] 3 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 2 villeins and 4 bordars with 3 ploughs. (There is) wood(land) i league long and half a league broad. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 30 shillings. The same (ip;a) church holds in SALFORD [Abbot's Salford*] 2 hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 9 villeins and 5 bordars with 7 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 10 shillings and 20 sticks of eels ; and meadow 6J furlongs long and ij furlongs broad. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 60 shillings. The same (ipsa) church holds in CHENEVER- TONE [Kinwarton] 3 hides, and Rannulf (holds them) of the abbot. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 3 serfs ; and (there are) 3 villeins and 2 bordars with I plough. There is a mill worth (de) 3 shil- lings; meadow I furlong long and 12 perches broad. It was worth 40 shillings, and after- wards 5 shillings ; now 2O shillings. The same (tpsa) church holds in WILELEI [Weethley] 3 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. They are there (I hi sunt).3 XII. THE LAND OF EARL ROGER • IN STANJLEI [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET Earl Roger holds of the king LAMINTONE [Leamington Prior's]. There are 2 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 3 serfs ; and 5 villeins with a priest and 3 bordars have 4 ploughs. There 1 Formerly part of Coughton. Doubtless in ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred, as was Coughton \Coc- tutie], both of them being subsequently in Bar- lichway Hundred, but not in Pathlow liberty. J This and the two following places afterwards appear in Barlichway Hundred, and, not being in Pathlow liberty, were doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe.' 3 I take this to be an incomplete entry, the particulars not being filled in. 4 Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury. are 2 mills worth (de) 24 shillings, and 26 acres of meadow. It was worth 50 shillings, and afterwards 25 shillings ; now 4 pounds. Olwin 6 held it freely T.R.E. The same earl holds in FRANCHETONE [Frankton6] 4 hides less I virgate. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs ; and (there are) 8 villeins and 6 bor- dars with 3^ ploughs. There are 15 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 60 shillings. Ulwin" held it freely in the time of King Edward. Of the fee of Earl Roger Rainald 7 holds 5 hides in STRATONE [Stretton on Dunsmore6]. There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 8 serfs ; and (there are) 2O villeins and 6 bordars with 14 ploughs. There are 5 acres of meadow. (There is) wood(land) 3 furlongs long and i broad. It was worth 3 pounds, and afterwards IOO shillings ; now 6 pounds. The same R(ainald) 7 holds ot the earl in ULVRICETONE [Wolston8] 5 hides. There is land for 1 2 ploughs. In the demesne are 4, and 6 serfs ; and 1 8 villeins with a priest and 19 bordars have 12 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 6 shillings and 4 pence ; and 5 acres of meadow. It was worth 60 shillings, and afterwards 20 shillings ; now IOO shil- lings. Ailmund held these 2 manors. The same (Rainald) 7 holds of the earl 5 hides in LEILEFORDE [Church Lawford6]. There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne is I, with 2 serfs ; and (there are) 9 villeins and 17 bordars and 2 Frenchmen (Frandg') with 6 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 10 shillings and 6 pence, and 1 1 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings, and afterwards 10 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Chetelbert held it. William holds of the earl in BELTONE [Bilton] 5 hides less I virgate. There is land for 1 1 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; ' These were probably the same. 8 Apparently none of these five places (Frankton, Stretton on Dunsmore, Wolston, Church Lawford and Bilton) was in the Domesday Hundred of ' Stanlei,' for all of them, except Stretton, appear sub- sequently in the leet of Marlon and were therefore probably in ' Meretone ' Hundred at the time of Domesday. They are all now in Knightlow Hun- dred, which has swallowed up ' Meretone ' and • Stanlei ' Hundreds. With regard however to Wolston, see note i on p. 308. 7 This was Rainald de Bailleul. 307 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE and 23 villeins with a priest and 9 bordars is land for 3 ploughs. There are 2 villeins ; have 8 £ ploughs. There are 8 acres of and there is i furlong of oaks in length and -J- -J -r— - L — J'u T- : -u 5 shillings. Alsi held meadow. It was worth 4 pounds, and after- wards 10 shillings ; now 3 pounds. Ulwin held it. IN STANLEI [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET Rainald holds of the earl in ULUESTONE* [ ] i virgate of land. There is land for half a plough. There is i villein. It is worth 5 shillings. Elmund held it. Outi holds of the earl 3 hides in QUATONE [Quat (in Shropshire)].2 There is land for 12 ploughs. In the demesne are 4, and 5 serfs ; and (there are) 19 villeins and 14 bor- dars with 10 ploughs. There is i acre of meadow. (There is) wood(land) 2 leagues long and I broad ; and a mill worth (de) 2 shil- lings. It was worth 6 pounds; now 100 shillings. The same Outi held it freely. Walter holds of the earl i hide in RAMES- LEGE [Romslcy (in Shropshire)].2 There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 7 villeins and 7 bordars with 3 ploughs. (There is) wood(land) I league long and half a league broad. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 40 shillings. Achi held it freely. Ralph holds of the earl 5 hides in RIGGE [Rudge (in Shropshire)].2 There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne is I, with i serf; and (there are) 3 villeins and 4 bordars with 2 ploughs. It was worth 60 shillings ; now 40 shillings. Edric held it freely of Earl Leofric (Lcurico). The same Ralph holds of the earl in SCIP- LEI [Shipley (in Shropshire)] a I hide. There 1 I do not like to follow Dugdale in identifying this place with Wolston (Ulvricetone) mentioned three entries further back, because (i) Wolston must, as mentioned in the previous note, almost certainly have been in'Meretone' Hundred ; (2) Uluestonc and Ulvricetone having both been held by Ailmund or Elmund T.R.E. and by Rainald as Domesday tenant under Earl Roger, would, had they been in one place, have been lumped to- gether as one estate, and would not have required two separate entries. I think it is some obscure little estate in the Leet or Hundred of ' Stanlei,' long ago merged in some more important place. 3 Eyton (Domesday Studies: An Analysis and Digest of the Staffordshire Survey, p. z) considers that at the time of Domesday these four Shrop- shire manors of Earl Roger were probably, as were three others certainly, in Staffordshire. Fifty years later they were undoubtedly in Shropshire, breadth. It is worth it freely T.R.E. XIII. THE LAND OF EARL HUGH3 IN TREMELAU HUNDRET Earl Hugh holds I hide and 3 virgates of land in PILARDETUNE [Pillerton Priors],4 and Waleran of him. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is i with i serf; and (there are) 2 villeins and 2 bordars with i plough. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 30 shillings. Hugh the chamberlain (camerarius) B held it freely. fo. J39b XIIII. THE LAND OF EARL AUBREY8 IN CoLESHELLE [CoLESHILL] HUNDRET Earl Aubrey (jflbericus) held of the king ETONE [Nuneaton]. Harding held it T.R.E. There is land for 26 ploughs. In the demesne are 3, and 3 serfs ; and (there are) 44 villeins and 6 coliberts and 10 bordars with 1 6 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 32 pence, and 20 acres of meadow. (There is) wood(land) 2 leagues long and i^ leagues broad. T.R.E. it was worth 8 pounds, and afterwards 3 pounds ; now 100 shillings. IN MERETONE [MARTON] HUNDRET The same (ipse) earl held CLIPTONE [Clif- ton upon Dunsmore]. Alwin the sheriff held it T.R.E. and he with his land was free. There are 5 hides. There is land for 1 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ploughs ; and 12 villeins with a priest and 20 bordars have 7 ploughs. There are 2 mills worth (de) 1 1 shillings, and 8 acres of meadow. T.R.E. and afterwards, it was worth 40 shillings ; now 4 pounds. This land Alwin gave to the church of Coventry for (the repose of) his soul (pro ant- ma sua) T.R.E. Earl Aubrey took it away.7 where they now remain, being all in the neigh- bourhood of Bridgenorth. Romsley and Shipley, as ' Hremesleage ' and ' Sciplea,' occur together in the will of Wulfric Spott, among the estates bequeathed to Burton Abbey. a Of Chester. « Otherwise Over Pillerton or Little Pillerton. * He was chamberlain to Edward the Confessor. • See Introduction, p. 276. 7 This paragraph is written in the margin by the side of the description of ' Cliptone,' to which it relates (see Introduction, p. 296). 308 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS IN BOMELAU HUNDRET The same earl held SMITHAM [Smite].1 Harding held it T.R.E. and was a free man. There are 6 hides. There is land for 25 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ploughs ; and (there are) 22 villeins and 23 bordars with 12 ploughs. There are 2 free men. (There is) wood (land) half a league long and as much in breadth ; and there are 50 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 6 pounds. The same earl held in BRANCOTE [Bram- cote] 2 i£ hides. There is land for 3 ploughs. Salo held it, and was a free man. There is 1 villein. It was worth 5 shillings. The same earl held in WAURE [? Church Over] * 2$ hides. There is land for 3 1 Upper and Lower Smite were two villages almost forgotten in Dugdale's time, and forming part of the parish now known as Combe Fields. On Morden's map of Warwickshire (cir. 1695) a Snite Super and a Snite Infer are shown. On the Ordnance Survey maps (cir. 1831) a ' Smeeton Lane or Smiteton Lane ' is shown between Brink- low and Stretton under Fosse ; on the more re- cent maps this is not shown, but a Smite Brook is noted.— B.W. 8 I have little doubt of this identification, for Salo was the Domesday tenant of the neighbouring Bulkington under the Count of Meulan. This Bramcote probably belonged to ' Bomelau Hun- dred.' 3 There are three 'Overs' in Warwickshire, Churchover, Brownsover and Cesters Over ; the last being now only a farm in Monks Kirby. These are represented in Domesday by the following : (i) Waure (in), i\ hides, held by Geoffrey de Wirce for the king as "above ; (2) Waura (in), half a hide held by Turchil ; (3) Wara (in), 7 hides held by Robert de Stafford in demesne ; (4) Gaura (in), 2 hides held by Geoffrey de Wirce and under him by Bruno ; (5) Wara (in), 5 hides held by Geof- frey de Wirce and under him by Robert (?de Statfbrd). Of these, 4 is obviously Brownsover, named from the under-tenant Bruno. Neglecting Dugdale's identifications, which seem little more than guesses, and taking no notice of Turchil's estate, I suggest that I, 2 and 3, making up a 10- hide place, were Churchover excluding Cesters Over, and that 5, being a j-hide place, was Cesters Over, which may have been considered as a separate place or as a part of Churchover. Judg- ing by the present acreage of Churchover (1,640 acres) and Brownsover (912 acres), the assessments of 15 and 5 hides seem severe. (3) is rubricated as in ' Bomelau ' Hundred : it therefore in my opinion follows that this ' Waure ' of Earl Aubrey is in that Hundred. [In addition to the above five entries we have (6) Wanre, (in), I hide, held of William Fitz An- sculf by William Fitz Mauger, which is entered under Northants (see p. 344). — J.H.R.] ploughs. Alric held it, and he with his land was free. There are i villein and 2 bordars. It was worth 5 shillings ; now 4 pence more. IN HONESBERIE H0NDRET The same earl held in RODEWEI [Radway] 2 hides. There is land for 3 ploughs. Hard- ing held it, and he with it was free. There are 4 villeins and i bordar with i plough. There are 8 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 2O shillings. These lands of Earl Aubrey are in the king's hand. Geoffrey de Wirce has charge of them (eas custod[it]). XV. THE LAND OF COUNTESS GODEVA IN COLESHELLE [CoLESHILL] HuNDRET Countess Godeva held T.R.E. AILESPEDE [Alspath].* There are 4 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. There are 8 villeins and I bordar with 2| ploughs. The wood (land) is (habei) \\ leagues long and i league broad. T.R.E. it was worth 40 shillings, and after- wards and now 30 shillings. The same (ifsa) countess held in ADER- ESTONE [Atherstone juxta Merevale] 3 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. There arc 1 1 villeins and 2 bordars and i serf with 4 ploughs. There are 6 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 2 leagues long and 2 leagues broad. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 60 shillings. The same countess held in ARDRESHILLE and HANSLEI [Hartshill and Ansley] 2 hides. There is land for 7 ploughs. There are 13 villeins with 5 ploughs. There are 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 4 pounds ; now IOO shillings. The same countess held CHINESBERIE [Kingsbury], There are 6 hides. There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ploughs and i serf; and (there are) 33 villeins and 3 bordars with 2 priests, having 16 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 9 shillings and 4 pence, and 1 2 acres of meadow. Wood- (land) i league long and as much in breadth. T.R.E. it was worth 6 pounds, afterwards 7 pounds ; now 1 3 pounds of weighed money. IN BOMELAU HUNDRET The same countess held ANESTIE and FOCHESHELLE [Ansty and Foleshill]. There 4 Now Meriden. (There is an Alspath Hall in the parish of Meriden. — B.W.) 309 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE are 9 hides. There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne are 3, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 30 villeins and 6 bordars with 1 1 ploughs. T.R.E. and afterwards it was worth 10 pounds; now 12 pounds. The same countess held COVENTREU [Coven- try]. There are 5 hides. There is land for 20 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 7 serfs ; and (there are) 50 villeins and 12 bordars with 20 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 3 shillings. Wood(land) 2 leagues long and as much in breadth. T.R.E. and afterwards it was worth 12 pounds. Now 1 1 pounds of weighed money. These lands of Countess Godeva, Nicholas farms (tenet ad firmani) from the king. XVI. THE LAND OF THE COUNT OF MEULAN IN STANLEI [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET The Count of Meulan (de Mellend] holds of the king MUITONE [Myton].1 There are 2 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. Earl Algar held it. In the demesne is I (plough) and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 6 villeins and 1 1 bordars with 3 ploughs. There are 2 mills worth (de) 70 shillings, and 12 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 3 pounds, and after- wards 40 shillings ; now 6 pounds. The same count holds in MALVERTONE [Milverton] " 2 hides less I virgate. Lew in held it and was a free man. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs; and (there are) I villein and 5 bordars with I plough. There is a mill worth (de) 50 shillings and 30 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings; now IOO shillings. The same count holds WIDECOTE [Wood- cote].3 There is I hide. There is land for 1 Myton is a suburb of Warwick, and, like Warwick, is now in Kineton Hundred, whereas any place in ' Stanlei ' Hundred would normally be found afterward in Stoneleigh Leet and the Hundred of Knightlow. The explanation seems to be that Myton is absolutely on the boundary of the two hundreds. There are two subsequent entries re- lating to Myton ; one speaking of z hides, the other of I hide. These, with the 2 hides of this entry, make it a 5-hide place. * Milverton is found afterward in the Leet of Stoneleigh, and was no doubt in the Domesday Hundred of « Stanlei.' » Woodcote, now a small estate in Leek Wool- ton, is subsequently to Domesday found to be divided into Upper and Lower Woodcote. There teems no ground for deciding whether the two 2 ploughs. Cantuin and Turbern held it and were free. There are 4 villeins and 5 bordars with I plough. T.R.E. it was worth 10 shillings ; now 30 shillings. The same count holds in RINCELE [Rin- sell] * I hide. It is waste. There is wood- (land) half a league long and 2 furlongs broad. When it bears (oneratur) it is worth 10 shillings. The same count holds in DERCETO [Avon Dassett] 8 i o hides. Three thegns held it and were free. There is land for 12 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and i o serfs ; and 12 villeins with a priest and 5 bordars have 7 ploughs. There are 50 acres of mea- dow. T.R.E. it was worth 10 pounds, and afterwards 40 shillings ; now 8 pounds. The same count holds in WARMINTONE [Warmington] a 13 hides. Azor held it and was a free man. There is land for 14 ploughs. In the demesne are 4, and 12 serfs; and (there are) 36 villeins and 8 bordars with 14 ploughs. There are 69 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 10 pounds; now the same. The same count holds in ERBURBERIE [Harbury] 7 4$ hides. Lewin and Alric held it and could sell it, but could not with- draw themselves (discedere) with their land. There is land for 10 ploughs. In the de- mesne is i plough with I serf ; and (there divisions are connected with the two entries in Domesday Book. Woodcote, appearing afterwards in the Leet of Stoneleigh, was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Stanlei.' 4 This was doubtless the wood of Rinsell men- tioned by Dugdale (p. 309) in conjunction with ' Wegcnoke ' (Wedgnock), the latter place being found afterwards in Knightlow Hundred and lying near to Leek Wootton; and Woodcote was prob- ably like them in ' Stanlei ' Hundred ; and so, presumably, was ' Rincele.' 6 This identification is proved by Testa de Nevill, p. 98, which shows that the Earl of Warwick's fee was in ' Avendercet.' — J.H.R. 6 In Kineton Hundred. 7 This appears afterward in Stoneleigh Leet and was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of 'Stanlei.' Including the previous mention of it as ' Edbur- berie ' it occurs five times in Domesday Book, the hidations being : I hide I virgate, 4 hides 2 virgates, 4 hides, 2 hides, 3 virgates; total, 12^ hides. It still appears in modern directories as 'alias Herberbury." (On Speed's map of Warwickshire dated 1610, and on the maps of Saxton, Morden and Blome, this place appears as Harberbury. — B.W.) 310 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS are) 9 villeins and 6 bordars with 4 ploughs. T.R.E. it was worth 100 shillings, after- wards 60 shillings; now 100 shillings. IN TREMESLAU HUNDRET The same count holds MORTONE [Moreton- Morrell].1 Derman held it, and a free man held it (et liber homo tenuit).* There are 5 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 4 ploughs and 18 serfs ; and 2O villeins with a priest and I bordar have 7 ploughs. There are 40 acres of meadow. T.R.E. and afterwards it was worth 6 pounds ; now 1 1 pounds. The same count holds WALTONE [Wal- ton].3 Saxi held it and was a free man. There are 5 hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 3, and 6 serfs ; and (there are) 9 villeins and I bordar with 4 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 6 shillings. T.R.E. and afterwards it was worth 3 pounds ; now 7 pounds. The same count holds WALTONE [Wal- ton].3 Gida and Saied held it and were free. There are 10 hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ploughs and 9 serfs ; and (there are) 32 villeins and 3 bordars with 10 ploughs. There are 2 mills worth (de) 12 shillings, and 8 acres of mea- dow. Wood(land) 4 furlongs long and 2 broad. T.R.E. it was worth 100 shillings and after- wards 4 pounds ; now 10 pounds. The same count holds CONTONE [Comp- ton Verney].4 Ulward and Cantuin held it 1 There are eight entries relating to various Mortons in the Domesday of Warwickshire, and to identify them is difficult. This however is clear, for Moreton Morrell is the only Moreton in Kineton Hundred, and 'Tremelau' Hundred was subsequently absorbed by Kineton Hundred. * The text seems to be corrupt here. * Walton in the Subsidy Roll of Edw. III. was in Kineton Hundred, agreeing with Dugdale. It was, after the time of Domesday, divided into Walton D'Eivile and Walton Mauduit, and the former stands first in the Subsidy Roll. Not improbably the same order was maintained in Domesday Book. The assessment of 1 5 hides seems very severe, if the acreage was then, as now, only 2,100 acres. 4 Disregarding Little Compton, a small village near Long Compton, which, in 1842, was taken from Gloucestershire into Warwickshire, there are in the latter county the following Comp- tons : Long Compton, Fenny Compton, Compton Verney, Compton Scorpion, Compton Wyniates. All these five occur in the Subsidy Roll of I Edward III., the first being there called Cump- ton Magna, the second Fennicumpton, the third and were free. There are 7 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 3, and 7 serfs ; and (there are) 14 villeins with a priest and 3 bordars with 5 ploughs. Cumpton Murdak, the fourth Cumptone Scorfen, and the fifth Cumptone Wynzate. All of them have been continuously in Kineton Hundred. Turning now to Domesday Book, we find that the various Comptons are there recorded in the following eight entries : — (1) Contone, 7 hides ; held by the Count of Meulan. (2) Contone (in), 4 hides 3 virgates ; held by the Count of Meulan. /(3) Contone (in), 2 hides ; held by Turchil. j (4) (in eadem villa), 3 hides, I virgate ; held ^by Turchil. (5) Contone (in), 3 hides ; held by Turchil (his under-tenant Alwin). (6) Contone parva (in), 5 hides ; held by Robert de Statford. (7) Contone (in), i hide ; held by Robert de Statford (his under-tenant Alwin). (8) Cuntone, 30 hides ; held by Geoffrey de Manneville. Of these eight, No. I is almost certainly (part of) Compton Murdak (now Compton Verney), be- cause that place is close to Morton Morrell and the two Waltons which immediately precede it in Domesday Book, all four of them being probably in 'Tremelau' Hundred. This identi- fication agrees with Dugdale, and is strength- ened by the fact that Compton Murdak (now Compton Verney) is an ancient parish, and the Domesday entry mentions a priest as one of the under-tenants. No. 6 is, it may be affirmed with assurance, Compton Scorfen, which is close to Ditchford, Willington, and Wolford, and is now only a hamlet of Ilmington. It is found, after Domesday, included in the Barony of Stafford. No. 8 I take to be Long Compton, called in the Subsidy Roll of I Edward III. ' Great Compton.' This is clear, not merely because of its evident size and importance, but because the history of its tenure under the Mandevilles is well known, and is given in detail by Dugdale. There remain, then, Nos. i, 3, 4, 5 and 7. With these, Dugdale does not help us, and his identifications may be disregarded, for he identifies both 3 and 4 twice over, once with Fenny Compton, and once with Compton Wyn- iates, and gives no convincing reasons when deal- ing with the other three. If, however, we bear in mind Mr. Round's principle of the J-hide basis of assessment, we shall, I think, be able to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion. No. 2, then, is probably (part of) Fenny Compton ; and for the following reasons : It follows next to Arlescote and close after Worm- leighton and Warmington, all of which are in the same corner of Kineton Hundred, with Fenny Compton, Wormleighton being contiguous and also held under the Count of Meulan by Gilbert. Fenny Compton is also an ancient parish, and the A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE There are 10 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 100 shillings, afterwards the same ; now 6 pounds. The same count holds CERLECOTE [Char- Domesday entry mentions a priest. Wormleighton certainly was in ' Honesberie ' Hundred, and so, no doubt, were Warmington, Arlescote and Fenny Compton. Nos. 3 and 4 are, also, if we judge by juxta- position, to be identified with Fenny Compton, for they occur in Domesday Book between Ratley, which is rubricated as in ' Honesberie ' Hundred, and Wormleighton, which, as we have already seen, is in that Hundred. (The occurrence of ' Moitone,' which intervenes, may, I think, be dis- regarded.) Having travelled independently in our argument thus far, we now turn our attention to the hidage, and finding that the 4 hides 3 virgates of No. 2, the 2 hides of No. 3 and the 3 hides I virgate of No. 4 make up exactly 10 hides, we may conclude that our identifications are justified. Coming now to No. 5, we find it following two places, Fulready and Eatington rubricated as in ' Tremelau ' Hundred, and coming before 'Cestre- tone' (Chesterton), which we know to have been in the same Hundred. I therefore identify this with Compton Murdak (now Compton Verney), which, in treating of No. I, we found good reason to con- clude was in 'Tremelau' Hundred. Again, putting our identification to the hidage test, we find that the 7 hides of I and the 3 hides of this No. 5 make up a lo-hide place. There remains only No. 7 with its I hide. This, by the process of exhaustion, I might affirm to be Compton Wyniates (called in Dugdale's map ' Compton-in-the-HoIe '), always the smallest and least important of the Comptons, except, perhaps, Compton Scorfen. The difficulty, however, is that Compton Wyniates does not afterward appear in the Barony of Stafford, but is found to be held by the service of half a knight's fee under Turchil's descendants, the Ardcns, who held it under the Earls of Warwick (Testa, p. 98). We should therefore have expected to find it identical with one of the first five, and more especially with one of Nos. 3, 4 and 5. The explanation I suggest is, that Alwin, who held No. 7 under Robert de Stafford, was identi- cal with Alwin who held No. 5 under Turchil. It is always inconvenient to serve two masters, and it is not unlikely that one of the Staffords passed this estate over to be held under Turchil or the Earls of Warwick. This would be all the more probable if Alwin were, as his name may indicate, a blood-relation of Turchil, the latter being son of Alwin the sheriff. Before bringing this long note to a close, I may say that the modern acreage and rateable value of the respective Comptons, and their assessments under Edward III., do, on the whole, support my identifications. But, on the other hand, Mr. Round does not think this explanation of how Compton Wyniates came to be held of the Earls of Warwick satisfactory. lecote].1 Saxi held it and was a free man. There are 3 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 7 serfs ; and (there are) 14 villeins and 2 bordars with 5 ploughs. There are 2 mills worth (de) 21 shillings, and 12 acres of meadow. T.R.E. and afterwards it was worth 50 shillings ; now 4 pounds. IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET The same count holds SCIREBURNE [Sher- borne]. Edric and Leueget held it and were free. There are 2$ hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 1 1 ploughs and 4 serfs ; and 9 villeins with a priest and 2 bordars have 2 ploughs. There are 16 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 60 shillings, and afterwards 40 shillings ; now 50 shillings. The same count holds FULEBROC [Ful- brook].2 Alfled held it and was free (liber a). There are 2j hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are \\ ploughs, and 4 serfs ; and (there are) 10 villeins and 3 bordars with 5 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 12 shillings, and 8 acres of mea- dow. T.R.E. it was worth 60 shillings, and afterwards 40 shillings ; now 60 shillings. fo. 240 The same count holds SNITEFELD [Snitter- field].3 Sexi held it and was a free man. There are 4 hides. There is land for 14 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and i O serfs ; and 1 1 villeins with a priest and 4 bordars have 6 ploughs. There are 1 2 acres of mea- dow. T.R.E. and afterwards it was worth 4 pounds ; now IOO shillings. The same count holds CLAVENDONE [Claverdon].3 Boui held it, and was a free man. There are 3 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne is I ; and 12 villeins with a priest and 14 bordars have 5 ploughs. There are 3 serfs, and 16 acres of meadow. And i league of wood(land) when it bears (cum oneraf\ is worth 10 shillings. It (Claverdon) was worth 40 shillings ; now 4 pounds. 1 Charlecote is in the modern Hundred of Kineton, and being in the same corner of it as the four preceding places, may well have been, as they probably all were, in ' Tremelau ' Hundred. 2 Fulbrook is a small place within a mile of Sherborne and was doubtless in the same Hundred. 3 Snitterfield, Claverdon, Preston and Kington, being afterward in Barlichway Hundred, but not in the Liberty of Pathlow, were doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe.' THE HOLDERS OF LANDS The same count holds DONNELIE [? * Don- nele ' in Hatton].1 Alwold held it and was a free man. There is i hide. There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 6 villeins and 2 bordars with 2 ploughs. There is a hay (baia) which is (habem) half a league long and as much broad. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 30 shillings. The same count holds PRESTETONE [Pres- ton Bagot]. Turbern held it and was a free man. There are 5 hides. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is i plough and 2 serfs ; and 7 bordars with I Frenchman (francig(tt') have i plough. There is a mill worth (de) 16 shillings. Wood(land) i league long and half a league broad ; when it bears (cum oneraf} it is worth 10 shillings. It (Preston) was worth 30 shillings ; now 50 shillings. The same count holds CINTONE [Kington juxta Claverdon].2 Britnod held it and was a free man. There are \\ hides. There is land for I plough. It is waste (vasta). It is worth 5 shillings. The wood(land) is worth yearly 10 shillings; it was worth as much T.R.E. IN BEDRICESTONE [BARCHESTON] HUNDRET The same count holds ILMEDONE [Ilming- ton]. Three thegns held it and were free. There are 7 hides less half a virgate. There 1 This was probably the wood in Hatton parish adjoining ' Wegenok ' (Wedgnock) Park and taken into the park by Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, under the name of Wegenok-Donele Wood (Dugdale, p. 182). Dugdale evidently for- got these particulars given by himself, and on p. 591 suggests that Donnelie was ' Bel-desert ' (Beaudesert) just above Henley in Arden. Although it is going somewhat further afield, it has occurred to me as a possibility that ' Donnele ' is Honiley, which was adjacent to 'Wegenok ' Park. Hatton and Haseley were doubtless in ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred, for the reason given in the case of Snitterfield and Claver- don. (I suspect that ' Donnelie ' was Honiley, though the latter is a little to the northward. — J.H.R.) ' Dugdale (p. 431) calls this 'an obscure vil- lage,' but according to his account of the place, it is a farm or grange between Pinley and Claverdon. Mr. Walker observes that Kington is shown on Gary's map of Warwickshire, 1806. Kington Grange is shown on the i-inch ordnance map of 1898. (Ancient Deed B 1802 is a grant of a messuage ' in Kynton abutting on the highway from Walton towards Warwick, of the fee of Claverdon,' a de- scription which answers to the position of Kington Grange.— J.H.R.) is land for 12 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 9 serfs ; and 24 villeins and 3 bordars with a priest have 8 ploughs. There are 40 acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth 7 pounds, and afterwards 100 shil- lings ; now 10 pounds. The same count holds WITECERCE [Whit- church] for 2 manors. Alwin held it and could betake himself (ire) whither he would.8 There are 7 hides. There is land for 12 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 7 serfs ; and 1 6 villeins and I free man and 2 bordars with a priest have 8 ploughs. There are 2 mills worth (de) 20 shillings, and 30 acres of meadow. It was worth 6 pounds ; now 8 pounds 10 shillings. IN COLESHELLE [CoLESHILL] HuNDRET The same count holds in CETITONE [Shut- tington] 2£ hides, and Lewin from him. Celred and Godric held them and were free men. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 7 villeins and 4 bordars with 2 ploughs. There is a moiety of a mill (dlmidlum molin'i) pay- ing a rent of 5 shillings, and 8 acres of mea- dow. Wood(land) half a league long and 3 furlongs broad. It is worth 20 shillings. The same count holds in the same vill 2j hides, and Godric from him. The same (Godric) held it T.R.E. and was free. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 3 villeins and 3 bordars with I plough. There is a moiety of a mill (dimidium molini) paying a rent of 5 shillings, and 8 acres of meadow. Wood- (land) half a league long and 3 furlongs broad. It is worth 20 shillings. The same count holds in WJLMUNDECOTE [Wilnecote near Tamworth] 3 hides, and Ingenulf and Arnulf of him. Leuenot held it and was a free man. There is land for 6 ploughs. There are 1 1 villeins and 5 bordars with 2 smiths having 3^ ploughs. Wood(land) I league long and a half (league) broad is worth 5 shillings, and the smithy (ferraria) 5 shillings. It (the estate) is worth 30 shillings. The same count holds in SECINTONE [Seck- ington] 2j hides, and Ingenulf and Arnulf of him. Godric held it and was a free man. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the de- mesne are 2 ploughs ; and (there are) 6 vil- leins and 5 bordars with 3 ploughs. It is worth 40 shillings. 3 i.e. could choose his lord. 313 40 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE The same count holds in WATITUNE [Wed- dington] 3 hides, and Hereward of him. The same (Hereward) held it T.R.E. and was free. There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne are i J, and 4 serfs ; and (there are) 1 2 villeins and 5 bordars with 4 ploughs. There are 20 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 2 furlongs long and i furlong broad. It is worth 30 shillings. The same count holds in BERCHEWELLE * [Berkswell] I hide, and Walter of him. Leuenot held it, and was free. There is i villein with half a plough. It is worth 5 shillings. The same count holds in WERLAUESCOTE [Arlescote ?] a 3 virgates of land. Saxi held it freely T.R.E. There is land for I plough, and the same is there, with 2 villeins and 3 acres of meadow. It is worth 2 shillings. The same count holds in FRANCHETONE [Frankton] 3 i hide and I virgate of land, and Ralf of him. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 4 villeins and i bordar with i plough. There are 10 acres of meadow. It was^nd is worth 20 shillings. Chentuin held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in BORTONE [Bour- ton on Dunsmore] * 5 hides, and Ingenulf of him. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 3, and 7 serfs ; and (there are) 13 villeins and 1 1 bordars with 3^ ploughs ; and I knight (miles) has there i^ ploughs. There are 50 acres of meadow. It was worth 60 shillings ; now 70 shillings. Lewin held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in NEPTONE [Nap- ton] 5 3 hides and 3 virgates of land, and Robert of him. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 4 serfs ; and 1 1 villeins with a priest and 8 bordars have 4^ ploughs. There are 10 acres of meadow and as many (acres) of pasture. It was worth 4 pounds ; now 3 pounds. Leuenot and Bundi held it freely T.R.E. ' See also p. 344 below. * Arlescote appears *-. 'Orlavescote' on p. 317 below, but the above entry may also refer to it. — J.H.R. > Frankton in Knightlow Hundred. Frankton being in the Leet of Marton was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Meretone.' « Doubtless in ' Meretone ' Hundred for exactly the same reason as Frankton. • Napton, Upper Shuckburgh and Thurlaston The same count holds in SOCHEBERGE [Upper Shuckburgh] B 4 hides, and Herleuin of him. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 8 villeins and 6 bordars with 3^ ploughs. There are 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings, and afterwards 30 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Lewin held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in TORLAUESTONE [Thurlaston] G 2£ hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 2 bond- women (ancille) ; and (there are) 4 villeins and i bordar with 2 ploughs. There are 50 acres of meadow, and 2 furlongs of pasture. It was worth 40 shillings, and afterwards 30 ; now 35 shillings. Wlgar held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in HODENELLE [Hodnell] " 4 hides, and Gilbert of him. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the de- mesne is i ; and I knight with 6 villeins and 3 bordars has 3 ploughs. There are 20 acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings, and afterwards 40 ; now 60. Ordric held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in MORTONE [? Mar- ton] 7 I J hides, and Mereuin of him. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and i serf; and (there are) 5 villeins and 6 bordars with 3 ploughs. There are 12 acres of meadow. It was worth 30 shillings, and afterwards 35 shillings ; now 30 shillings. Mereuin and Scrotin and Wallef held it freely. are all found afterward in the Leet of Marton, and were therefore doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Meretone.' 6 Hodnell appears four times in Domesday Book, its total hidage, as will hereafter be seen, amounting to no less than 10 hides, an extraordinarily severe assessment if it was then, as now, only some 5 20 acres in extent, and severe enough even if it included most of Radbourn. It was undoubtedly in ' Meretone ' Hundred, being so rubricated in a subsequent entry. ' I think this identification is correct, though the mis-spelling of the name is curious, seeing that the Hundred of ' Meretone ' to which Marton gave the name is always correctly spelled. Dugdale suggests that the third of these three entries, being that held by Wallef, was Marton, but it is evident that, having regard to the tenures of Wallef, Mereuin and Scroti, the three entries relate to one place. Hillmorton was also in the Leet of Marton, but is doubtless the 'Mortone' referred to in a subsequent entry jointly with ' Wilebec ' [Willoughby], which is actually or almost an adjoining parish. 314 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS The same count holds in the same vill [? Marlon] * i hide and i virgate of land, and Wallef of him. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is i, with i serf; and (there are) I o villeins and 7 bordars with 4 ploughs. There are 12 acres of meadow. It was worth 50 shillings, and afterwards and now 45 shillings. Scroti held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in MORTONE [? Mar- ton ] l half a hide, and Wallef of him. There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 3 villeins with i bordar and I serf who have I plough, and there are 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 15 shillings; now I o shillings. The same Wallef held it freely T.R.E. IN BOMELAU HUNDRET The same count holds in WESTONE [Wes- ton in Arden] * 2 hides, and Fulk of him. There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne is I ; and (there are) 6 villeins and 7 bordars with 3 ploughs. There are 8 acres of mea- dow. It was and is worth 40 shillings. The same count holds in WIBETOT [Wib- toft] and in WELEI [Willey] half a hide, and Fulk of him. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and (there are) 3 villeins and 4 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are 40 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 30 shillings. The same count holds in the same vill i\ hides, and Robert of him. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and 5 villeins and 3 bordars with 2 French- men (francig') have 3 ploughs. There are 30 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 50 shillings. These three estates (terras)3 Sexi held freely T.R.E. The same count holds in BOCHINTONE [Bulkington] 4 hides and i virgate of land, and Salo of him. There is land for 8 ploughs. 1 See p. 314, note 7, above. 2 This is certain, because ' Bomelau ' Hundred consisted of a group of places in the north of Knightlow Hundred where this Weston is found. Weston, Bulkington, Wibtoft and Willey subse- quently appear in Brinklow Leet. Weston is now only a hamlet in Bulkington, but in mediaeval days Bulkington and Wibtoft were in Weston Manor. That being so it is interesting to note that the hides recorded in this and the next two entries amount to five. 3 i.e. those described in the three entries im- mediately preceding this note (J.H.R.) In the demesne is i, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 5 villeins with i plough. There are 100 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 20 shillings. Aliet and Alsi held it freely. fo. 240b The same count holds in ESTLEIA [Astley] i hide and Godric of him. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is i plough ; and (there are) 5 villeins and 3 bordars with I plough. (There) is wood(land) i league long and half a league broad ; when it bears (onera?) it is worth 10 shillings. It (the estate) was and is worth 20 shillings. Alsi held it freely T.R.E. The same count (holds) in SMERECOTE [Smercote] 4 and in SOULEGE [Souley (End)] 5 l hide, and Godric of him. There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 2 villeins. (There) is wood(land) i league long, and half a league broad; when it bears (oneraf] it is worth 10 shil- lings. It (the estate) was worth 15 shillings ; now 5 shillings. Sexi held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in BEDEWORD [Bed- worth] 4 hides, and Ulfchetel of him. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 5 villeins and 3 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are 1 6 acres of meadow. (There is) wood(land) I league long and half a league broad ; it is worth 10 shillings when it bears (onerat'). It (the estate) was and is worth 40 shillings. Earl Edwin held it. The same count holds in SCELFTONE [Shil- ton] 2 hides, and Wallef of him. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is i plough; and (there are) 6 villeins and 2 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are 4 acres of mea- dow. (There is) wood (land) 2 furlongs long and i furlong broad. It was and is worth 40 shillings. The same Wallef held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in MERSTONE [Mar- ston Jabbett]6 I hide, and Hereward of him. 4 A place ' depopulated ' in Dugdale's time, and ' lying for the most part, if not all, in Bedworth.' Now apparently quite lost sight of. (A Smercote Ma. and a Smercote P. are shown in 1695 on Morden's map of Warwickshire. — B.W.) 6 Sole End in Astley, now represented only by Sole End farm. 6 All these nine places following after Weston (namely, Wibtoft, Willey, Bulkington, Astley, Smercote, Souley, Bedworth, Shilton and Marston Jabbett) were in the same corner of Knightlow Hun- 315 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and I bondwoman (ancilla) ; and (there are) 1 2 villeins and 8 bordars with 4 ploughs. There are 6 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 3 pounds. The same Hereward held it freely T.R.E. IN MERETONE [MARTON] HUNDRET The same count holds in LODBROC [Lad- broke] 2 hides. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is i. William holds it from him.1 There are 4 villeins and i bordar with 2 ploughs, and 10 acres of meadow. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 50 shillings. The same count holds in BERNHANGRE [Barnacle] z 3 virgates of land, and Here- ward of him. There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 2 villeins and 2 bordars with i plough. (There is) wood(land) 4 furlongs long and 3 broad. It was and is worth 2O shillings. The same Hereward held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds, and Gilbert of him, 2 hides and i virgate of land which belong to the earl's manor of STANLEI.3 There is I plough in the demesne. It is worth 20 shil- lings. The same count holds in ILLINTONE [Lil- lington] * 4 hides, and Warin and Roger of him. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 4 serfs ; and (there are) 2 villeins and 3 bordars with i plough. There is a mill wortli (tie) 6 shillings and 8 pence. There are 9 acres of meadow ; wood(land) I league long and half (a league) broad. It was worth 2O shillings; now 40 shillings. Edric held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in WIDECOTE [VVoodcote] 6 i hide, and Gilbert of him. dred, and were doubtless, like Weston, in ' Bomelau' Hundred. In the Subsidy Roll of I Edward III. they all appear in the Leet of Brinklow, Smercote and Souley not being named, but being doubtless included in Bedworth and Astley. 1 This clause is obviously misplaced. 3 Here we apparently go back to ' Bomelau 'Hun- dred. Barnacle is in Bulkington parish. 3 I cannot identify this place. Stoneleigh ap- pears in Domesday as wholly the king's. 1 This Domesday form of the name seems to be a mere clerical error, and might almost be read as ' Lilintone.' Lillington, being afterward in Stone- leigh Leet, was doubtless in the Domesday Hun- dred of ' Stanlei.' 5 Woodcote, Weston and Cubbington all appear at a later date in Stonleigh Leet, and were doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Stanlei.' There is land for i plough. There I knight (miles) with 2 villeins and 9 bordars has l£ ploughs. The wood(land) is (habet) i league long and half (a league) broad. It was worth 10 shillings; now 20 shillings. Leuric held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in WESTONE [Wes- ton under Wetherley] B 3 hides less one- third of a virgate (tercia parte unius virgata minus), and Robert of him. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 2 bondwomen. There are i knight and 3 vil- leins and 7 bordars with 2 ploughs ; and (there are) 12 acres of meadow. (There is) a spinney (spinetum) 2 furlongs long and I broad. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Ulf held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in CUBITONE [Cub- bington] B 3 hides, and Boscher of him. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is i plough with 3 bordars. There are 8 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 30 shillings. Lewin and Chetelbern held it freely T.R.E. IN HONESBERIE HuNDRET The same count holds in WIMERESTONE [Wormleighton] i£ hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. Gilbert holds of him. In the demesne are 2 ploughs, and 6 serfs, and (there are) 1 5 villeins and 2 bordars with 7 ploughs and with a priest.6 There are 9 acres of meadow. It was worth 30 shillings, and afterwards 20 shillings; now 4 pounds and 10 shillings. Leuric held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in WARMINTONE [Warmington] * 2j hides, and a certain knight of him. Azor held it freely T.R.E. It is worth 20 shillings. What (qua:') this knight has there was included in the reckon- ing of the estate of the men (cum hominum pecunia qui sunt in manerio comitis numerata sunt) who are in the count's manor.8 6 This is an anomalous formula. Probably the priest was omitted by the scribe who ought to have grouped him with the villeins, etc. — J.H.R. 7 See p. 310, note 6. 8 On reference to the previous entry relating to Warmington (p. 310), it will be seen that the count held it as a demesne manor, and that while there was land for only 14 ploughs, no less than 1 8 are there recorded as in use. In this present entry nothing is said as to how many ploughs there was land for. I apprehend that there was land for at least 4, making up room for the 1 8 in use. No villeins, bordars or serfs are here recorded, because they were (? by mistake) given in the former entry. 316 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS The same count holds in ORLAVESCOTE [Arlescote] l 5 hides, and (the abbey of) St. Peter of Pr£aux (holds) of him. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are ij ploughs and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 3 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are 12 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 3 pounds. Boui held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in CONTONE [Fenny Compton] 3 4 hides and 3 virgates of land, and Gilbert of him. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ploughs and 7 serfs ; and (there are) 8 villeins with a priest and 6 bordars with 4 ploughs. There are 40 acres of meadow. It was worth 60 shil- lings; now 4 pounds. Aluric held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in TACESBROC [Tach- brook] 3 8 hides less I virgate, and Roger of him. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is half a plough ; and (there are) 5 villeins and 7 bordars with 3 ploughs. There are 1 2 acres of meadow. It was worth 60 shillings ; now 40. Baldeuin held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in NIWEBOLD [New- bold Comyn] * 2 hides, and Gilbert of him. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and (there are) 6 villeins and 4 bordars with 4 ploughs. There are 12 acres of meadow. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Alsi, Ailred and Tube held it freely T.R.E. 1 See p. 314, note 2. 2 See pp. 311, 312. 3 Although in the Subsidy Roll of I Edward III. Tachbrook Episcopi and Tachbrook Mallory were both in Kineton Hundred, yet as early as Dugdale's time the former was in Kineton Hun- dred and the latter in Knightlow Hundred. I think this is Tachbrook Mallory, and that being between Whitnash and Harbury, it was, like them, in 'Stanlei' Hundred. But even if it were Tachbrook Episcopi (now Bishop's Tachbrook), that place would not be in ' Honesberie ' Hun- dred, which was in quite another part of Kineton Hundred. 4 I have little doubt of this, not merely because Newbold Comyn was afterward in Stoneleigh Leet and therefore doubtless in 'Stanlei' Hundred, but because the z hides of this entry, together with the 3 hides held by Malmesbury Abbey as stated in the former entry, make it a 5 -hide place. It is also instructive to notice that in both entries the relation of number of hides to number of ploughs is the same, namely 2 to 4 and 3 to 6, while the Domesday and T.R.E. values are identical, namely 50 shillings and 30 shillings in each case. New- bold Pacey, which might seem a possible alternative, is accounted for elsewhere as a 5 -hide place. IN PATELAU [PATHLOW] HUNDRET The same count holds in LUDITONE [Lud- dington] 12 hides, and 4 knights of him. There is land for 9 ploughs. In the demesne are 5 ploughs ; and (there are) 2O villeins and 9 bordars with 5 ploughs. There are 42 acres of meadow. It was worth 8 pounds ; now 6 pounds. Four thegns held it freely T.R.E. as 2 manors. The same count holds in LOCHESLEI [Lox- ley] s 4 hides less I virgate, and Hugh of him. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 3 serfs ; and 1 1 villeins with a priest and 1 1 bordars have 6 ploughs. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 4 pounds and 10 shillings. Estan held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in PRESTETONE [Preston Bagot] ' 5 hides, and Hugh of him. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is half a plough and 2 serfs ; and (there are) I villein and 3 bordars with I plough. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 40. Britnod held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in OVESLEI [Overs- ley] ° 3 hides, and Fulk of him. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and (there are) 5 villeins and 5 bordars with 2 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 4 shillings and 6 acres of meadow ; wood(land) 3 fur- longs long and I broad. It was and is worth 40 shillings. Britmar held it freely T.R.E. IN BERRICEST(ONE) [BARCHESTON] HUNDRET The same count holds in ILMEDONE [II- mington] 7 I hide and half a virgate, and Odard of him. (Odard) has there in demesne 2 ploughs and 6 serfs ; and (there are) 6 villeins with half a plough. It is worth 40 shillings. This estate (terra) is in the count's manor of Ilmedone. In WITECERCE [Whitchurch],7 the count's if 5 This is written as follows: 'iiii hid et Hugo de eo ^ una v min',' the reference signs showing that it must be read in accordance with the above translation. The deducted virgate appears in a later entry. * Preston and Oversley appearing afterward in Barlichway Hundred but not in Pathlow Liberty were doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of Ferne- cumbe.' 7 Ilmington and Whitchurch are two contigu- ous places, mentioned together some way back among the count's demesne manors. No doubt Whitchurch, like Ilmington, was in Barcheston Hundred. Each, it may be mentioned, contained 8 hides. 317 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE manor, Walter holds of him i hide and has there i plough ; and (it) is worth i o shillings. Alwin held it freely T.R.E. The same count holds in ULWARDA [Wolford]1 4$ hides, and Ralf of him. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs; and (there are) 3 villeins and 5 bordars with i plough. It was worth 30 shillings; now 40 shillings. Alvric held it freely T.R.E. XVII. THE LAND OF TURCHIL OF WARWICK IN COLESHELLE [CoLESHILL] HuNDRET Turchil holds of the king CREDEWORDE [Curdworth]. There are 4 hides. There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 3 serfs ; and (there are) 12 villeins and 7 bordars with 5 ploughs. There are 16 acres of meadow ; wood(land) half a league long, and as much broad. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Ulwin held it freely T.R.E. 1 This is apparently Wolford in Kineton Hun- dred. The following entries in Domesday Book appear to relate to Wolford : — (1) Ulteare, ij hides held by the Bishop of Bayeux. (2) Ulwarda, \\ hides held (as above) by the Count of Meulan. (3) Uolu'arde, J hides held by Robert de Stad- ford. (4) Worwarde, 2 hides held by the same. (5) Woneardt (in eadem villa), 2 hides held by the same. Of these, i and 2 were probably the same place, having been held by an Alvric T.R.E. Judging by the particulars of i alone, I should have supposed it to be some place near Beausale in Barlichway Hundred, for it was held under the bishop by the same tenants as Beausale, namely Wadard, and (under him) Gerold. But 2, follow- ing after Ilmington and Whitchurch, seems to be the third of three places in Barcheston Hundred, in which, judging by its locality, I suppose Wol- ford to have been. We may without hesitation pronounce 3 to have been Wolford, which is afterward found in the Barony of Stafford, and, judging by the mention of a priest, it was no doubt Great Wolford. No doubt also 4 and 5 were also Wolford, not merely because they were held by Robert de Stadford, but because also they came next after ' Bertone,' which is rubricated as being in Barcheston Hundred. The hidage does not help us in coming to a decision, but it may be noted that the hides of i, 2, 4 and 5 make up 10. Dugdale (pp. 451-2) identifies 3, 4 and 5 as Great Wolford, and 2 as Little Wolford, but omits to notice I. The same Turchil holds BICHEHELLE [Bic- kenhill].2 There are 2 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is half a plough ; and (there are) 7 villeins and 4 bor- dars with 3 ploughs. There are 3 acres of meadow ; wood(land) 4 furlongs long, and as much broad. It was and is worth 30 shillings. Alward held it freely T.R.E. The same T(urchil) holds the other BICHE- HELLE [Bickenhill].11 There are 2 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. There are 8 villeins with 2 ploughs. (There is) wood(land) 1 2 furlongs long and 6 broad. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 10 shillings. Alvric held it freely T.R.E. The same T(urchil) holds in MENEWORDE [Minworth] i hide. There is land for I plough. There is i villein with half a plough, and 5 acres of meadow. Wood (land) half a league long and 3 quarentines broad. It was and is worth 5 shillings. Godric held it freely T.R.E. IN MERETONE [MARTON] HUNDRET The same T(urchil) holds ULFELMESCOTE [Wolfhamcote]. There are 4^ hides. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 4 serfs ; and 7 villeins with a priest and 10 bordars have 4 ploughs. There are 5 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 40 shillings. Aschil held it freely T.R.E. IN STANLEI [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET The same T(urchil) holds in RIETONE [Ry- ton on Dunsmore] 3J hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. There are 23 villeins with a priest and 8 bordars who have (babentes) 8 ploughs ; and there is a mill worth (de) 1 2 shillings, and 12 acres of meadow ; wood- (land) half a league long and 2 furlongs broad. It was worth 100 shillings ; now 60 shillings. Alwin his (i.e. Turchil's) father held it freely T.R.E. fo. 241 From Turchil Gudmund his brother 3 holds PATITONE [Packington].4 There are 4 hides. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the de- 2 Probably the first of the two is Church Bicken- hill and the other is Middle Bickenhill, but how the various hamlets were .divided between the two I cannot say. 3 'fr' ei" (= frater ejus) is interlineated above 1 Gudmund.' • This brings us back to Coleshill Hundred again. The space for ' Coleshelle Hundret ' has been left in the MS. and not filled in. 318 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS mesnc is I ; and (there are) 7 villeins and 8 bordars with 3 ploughs. There are 2 mills worth (de) 2 shillings, and IO acres of meadow ; wood(land) i league long and I broad, worth 2O shillings when it bears {pneraf}. The whole was and is worth 30 shillings. Alward held it (and) was free. From T(urchil) Almar holds LANGEDONE [Longdon in Solihull].1 There are 2^ hides. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is half (a plough) ; and 6 villeins and 3 bordars have I £ ploughs. There are 6 acres of meadow ; wood(land) i league long, and a half broad. It was and is worth 20 shillings. Arnul held it T.R.E. From T(urchil) Alnod holds MACHITONE [Maxstoke].3 There are 5 hides less I vir- gate. There is land for 5 ploughs. There are IO villeins and 4 bordars with 3 ploughs, and 2 acres of meadow. (There is) wood- (land) I league long and half (a league) broad. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 40 shillings. Ailmund held it freely T.R.E. From T(urchil) Roger holds MERSTONE [? Marston Green in Bickenhill] ? There are 3 hides. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is I ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 2 bordars with 3 ploughs. There are 2 acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 30. Eduin the sheriff held it freely. From (Turchil) the same Roger holds in ELMEDONE [Elmdon] half a hide. There is land for half a plough, yet there is there in the demesne i plough, and 5 acres of meadow. (There is) wood(land) I furlong long, and another broad. It was and is worth 5 shil- lings. Tochi held it freely. 1 Longdon does not appear in the Subsidy Roll of I Edward III., but was a well recognized manor in the time of Dugdale. It is now only a farm. At the time of Domesday it may have included Widney. a This was probably the original name of the place, and is still I believe preserved in the form of Mackidown, which is the name given to some part of the parish. [The Domesday form clearly reappears in the name of Helias son of Helias de ' Makinton,' grantee of some land in the neighbouring parish of Elmdon (Ancient Deed, C. 2025). The deed is assigned to the reign of Hen. III. — J.H.R.] 3 Of the six references in the Warwickshire Domesday to places named ' Merstone ' or ' Merse- tone,' one has been dealt with already (see p. 3 1 5) ; one situate in 'Tremelau' Hundred is certainly Marston Butler (now Butler's Marston) ; and two, one held by Robert de Olgi and one by Robert Dispensator, are rubricated as in Coleshill Hundred. This ' Mers- From T(urchil), Bruning holds in WINCHI- CELLE [? Wigginshill] * 3 virgates of land. There is land for i plough, and the same is there in the demesne, and 8 acres of meadow. (There is) wood(land) 2 furlongs long, and as much broad. It was and is worth 5 shillings. The same (Bruning) held it freely. FromT(urchil), R. de Olgi holds in DERCE- LAI [? Dosthill] 6 2 hides in pledge (in uadim'). There is land for 3 ploughs. There are 7 villeins with 2 ploughs, and 2 serfs, and a mill worth (de) 32 pence, and 10 acres of meadow ; wood(land) 2 furlongs long and as much broad. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 40 shillings. Untain 8 held it. From T(urchil), Eduin holds in WITECORE [Whitacre] 7 2 hides less I virgate. There tone,' coming between Maxstoke and Elmdon, is probably like them in Coleshill Hundred. I have no doubt that, coming as it does next to Elmdon, it is that Marston which Dugdale divides into Wavers Marston (now Marston Hall) and Marston Culi (now Marston Green). The only other Marston in Coleshill (now Hemlingford) Hundred is Lea Marston, and, as will appear, I take that to be represented in Domesday by the two ' Merstones ' which, as mentioned above, were held by Robert de Olgi and Robert Dispensator. None of the Hemlingford Hundred Marstons was important enough to appear by name in the Subsidy Roll of I Edward III. Lea Marston appears as ' La Lee juxta Kingsbury.' * This is Dugdale's identification and is, I sup- pose, correct. Turchil's descendants the Ardens afterwards had an interest in it. It is now a farm in Sutton Coldfield on the border of Curdworth. B This is also Dugdale's identification, and also, I think, correct. He says that the name is spelled in later documents Derteulla (? for Derceulla) and Derchetull. Also the de la Laundes had an interest in it, and they were descendants of Chetel- bern who was doubtless a relation of Turchil. Further, however, the Marmions subsequently had an interest here as they had in Barston (Bertane- stone) which also Domesday records as held by R. de Olgi in pledge. Dosthill is a village in Kings- bury parish. 6 Untain seems a curious name. I suggest that it is a mis-reading of ' un' (= unus) tainus.' ('Unton,' however, is met with below. — J.H.R.) 7 Whitacre appears twice in the Warwickshire Domesday as ' Witecore,' once as ' Witacre,' and once in the Northamptonshire Domesday as 'Wit- acre.' There are recorded in the two ' Witecores ' a hidage of 2^ hides, and in the two 'Witacres' I hide. I therefore think that this ' Witecore ' re- presents part of Nether Whitacre which is larger than Over Whitacre. Dugdale assigns all three entries to Nether Whitacre, but I think that 2^ (= half 5) hides and I hide are the probable allocation of the total. 319 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE is land for i plough ; the same is in the demesne with 2 villeins and 5 bordars ; and there are 2 acres of meadow ; wood(land) I league long, and half (a league) broad. It was and is worth 10 shillings. Two Ulvrics held it freely T.R.E. From T(urchil), R. de Olgi holds BERTANE- STONE [Barston] l in pledge. There are 9 hides. There is land for 1 1 ploughs. In the demesne is i plough ; and 6 free men with 9 villeins and 4 bordars have 10 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 4 shillings ; wood- (land) half a league long and 3 furlongs broad. It was and is worth 100 shillings. Ailmar held it, and by the king's licence sold it to Alwin the sheriff, the father of Turchil. From T(urchil) William holds BEDESLEI [? Baddesley Ensor].2 There are 2 hides. There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 3 villeins and 5 bordars and 2 serfs with i plough. (There is) wood(land) ij leagues long and half a league broad. It was and is worth 10 shil- lings. Of this estate this William seized upon (prteoccupavii) a fifth part to the wrong of King William (super W. regem) ; and a cer- tain Brictric who used to hold it T.R.E. dwells there. The other part of the estate (aliam terram) Archil and Cerret, Turchil's men, held. From (Turchil) four brothers hold in WLFES- MESCOT [? Wolfhamcote] 3 I hide and half a 1 What I judge to be a duplicate of this entry occurs later (p. 331), and the hidage is there given as 10 hides. In the Subsidy Roll of i Edward III. the name appears in the intermediate form of ' Ber- stanston.' 2 I have no doubt that this identification is correct, though Dugdale gives no reasons in support of it, and judging by proximity to ' Bertanestone' it would more naturally be Baddesley Clinton. But that place was, I think, too unimportant for such a hidage. For example, in i Edward III. the in- habitants of Baddesley Clinton paid only $s. 6J. subsidy, while those of ' Baddesley Endeshouer ' paid 23/. 6tt. Dugdale does not trace any subse- quent Arden interest in either place, but I feel sure that the devolution of Baddesley Ensor (Edensor) was the same as that of Baginton, which, as Dugdale shows, came to Geoffrey Savage in frank marriage with Letice daughter of Henry de Arden, and descended to the Edensors in right of the marriage of Thomas de Edensor with Lucy daughter and eventually coheiress of Geoffrey Savage grandson of Geoffrey and Letice. It is curi- ous, and possibly significant, that Baddesley (Ensor) and Baginton were both held T.R.E. by Archil. ' With this entry we leave Coleshill Hundred, and find ourselves in the Hundred of Marton. virgate of land.4 There is land for 2 ploughs, and yet there are there 3 ploughs, and (there are) 3 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 20 shillings. The very same men (idem ipsi) held it, and were free. From T(urchil) Hermenfrid holds in LOD- BROCH [Ladbroke] i hide and i virgate of land. There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 3 men having 2 ploughs ; and 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 1 5 shillings ; now 20 shillings. Eduin held it. From T(urchil) Ermenfrid holds in CALDE- COTE [Caldecote in Grandborough] 8 half a hide. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 8 acres of meadow. It was worth 4 shillings ; now 8 shillings. From T(urchil) Richard holds in CALDECOTE [Caldecote in Grandborough] B half a hide. There is land for i plough. It is there with 2 men, and 8 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 4 shillings. From T(urchil) Almar holds in LODBROC and REDBORNE [Ladbroke and Radbourn] i£ hides.8 There island for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 3, and 6 serfs ; and (there are) 9 villeins and 2 bordars with 3 ploughs; and there are 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 40 shillings. From T(urchil) Almar holds in CALVESTONE [Cawston 7] i J hides. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is I with I serf; and 4 villeins and 2 bordars have I plough. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 16 shillings. 4 This seems a singular hidage, but on com- parison with the previous entry of Wolfhamcote we find that this entry includes exactly one quarter of the hidage there recorded. It looks as if the place had been assessed at 5 hides, and then one- eighth of a hide had been tacked on to each com- plete hide, the total being 5 hides and five-eighths of a hide. It is possible that this place may be Woolscott in Grandborough, but I know of no evidence connecting Turchil's descendants with it as is the case with Wolfhamcote. Both places were in the Leet of Marton, and therefore doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Meretone.' 6 Dugdale gives the name as ' Caldecote,' as does the Ordnance Survey, but it appears in modern directories as ' Calcutt.' 6 If we divide this equally between the two places, making Ladbroke's share three-quarters of a hide, it will be found that the total hidage of Ladbroke (which appears seven times in Domesday Book) is 8 hides. Of these, exactly 5 hides were held by William, who was tenant under the Count of Meulan, Turchil, and Hugh de Grentmesnil. 7 In Dunchurch. 320 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS From T(urchil) William holds in LODBROC [Ladbroke] 2 hides and i virgate of land. There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 4 villeins and 3 bordars and 2 serfs and l i knight (miles) with 2 ploughsamong all. There are 2 acres of meadow. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 40 shillings. From T(urchil) i priest holds I virgate of land in the same (ipsa) vill. There is I plough with i villein ; and there are 2 acres of meadow. It was worth 5 shillings ; now 10 shillings. FromT(urchil) Eddulf holds in ROCHEBERIE [Rugby] 2^ hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is I plough and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 1 1 villeins and 5 bordars with 5 ploughs. There is a mill worth (di) 1 3 shillings and 4 pence, and 1 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 50 shillings ; now 40 shillings. From (Turchil) Ulf holds in CALVESTONE [Cawston] i hide.2 There is land for i plough. It is in the demesne ; and (there are) 4 villeins and I bordar and i serf. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 12 shillings. These 9 estates (terras) before mentioned 3 Eduin held and was able to betake himself (ire) whither he wished. From T(urchil) Goslin holds in BERDINGE- BERIE [Birdingbury] i hide and half a virgate of land. There is land for 3 ploughs. There are 3 franklins (francones homines) with 4 villeins and 3 bordars who have (habentes) 3 ploughs. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 40 shillings. The same franklins (homines francones) held it T.R.E. IN MERETONE [MARTON] HUNDRET * From T(urchil) Robert holds in EPTONE [Napton] s 3 virgates of land. There is 1 The scribe wrote ' c,' inadvertently beginning the word ' cum.' He then wrote through it thus jf , the sign for ' et,' realizing no doubt that it would be improper to record a knight as if he were ap- purtenant to villeins, bordars and serfs. a This, with the i £ hides previously recorded, makes Calvestone a 2^-hide place ( = half 5 hides). 3 i.e. Caldecote, Caldecote, Lodbroc, Redborne, Calvestone, Lodbroc, Lodbroc, Rocheberie and Calvestone. These 9 estates were not grouped to- gether without reason. They contain exactly 10 hides (i + £+ i| + i£ + 2j + J + z£ + i). 1 This rubrication is unnecessary here, for it comes in the middle of a list of places in Marton Hundred. B I have little doubt of this identification. I should have supposed that this form of the name land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne is i ; and 4 villeins and 5 bordars have 2 ploughs. There are 8 acres of meadow. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 30 shillings. Eduin held it. From T(urchil) Oslach holds in FLECHENOC [Flecknoe '] 2^ hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are i ^, and 3 serfs ; and (there are) 10 villeins and 3 bordars with 3^ ploughs. It was and is worth 30 shillings. Eduin held it. From T(urchil) Harding holds in HODEN- HELLE [Hodnell] 4 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and (there are) 1 1 villeins and 2 bordars with 2 ploughs, and (there are) 20 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 40 shillings. Ulnod held it freely T.R.E. From T(urchil) Goduin holds in the same vill I hide. There is land for I plough. It is in the demesne, with i serf; and (there are) 4 bordars with half a plough, and (there are) 4 acres of meadow. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 2O shillings. Ordric held it freely T.R.E. From T(urchil) Ailric holds in FLECHENHO [Flecknoe 8] i hide and half a virgate of land. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is i ; and (there are) i villein and 4 bordars with i plough. There are 4 acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 30 shillings. Alwin the father of T(urchil) held it. From T(urchil) Gilbert holds in LODBROC [Ladbroke] 3 virgates of land. There is land for half a plough. In the demesne however is i plough and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 2 acres of meadow. It was worth 5 shil- lings ; now 10 shillings. Hereward held it. From T(urchil) Ulvric holds in WILEBERE [Willoughby] ij virgates of land. There is land for i plough. The same is in the de- mesne ; and (there are) 2 villeins with i bor- dar ; and (there is) i acre of meadow. It was was simply a clerical error resulting from the collo- cation of the final ' n ' of ' in ' and the initial ' N ' of ' Neptone,' but the same form occurs a few entries lower down. Robert has already been recorded as holding 3 hides 3 virgates in ' Neptone' under the Count of Meulan. His further 3 vir- gates recorded here, and Ulchetel's half-hide mentioned a few entries hence bring up the total hidage to the constantly recurring 5 hides. • In Wolfhamcote. 321 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE and is worth 10 shillings. The same Ulvric held it freely. From T(urchil) Ulsi holds 3^ virgates of land.1 There is land for I J ploughs. In the demesne is half (a plough), and (there are) 2 villeins and 3 bordars with i plough ; and (there are) 4 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 10 shillings. From (Turchil) Gilbert holds in BENTONE [Bilton] 3 i virgate of land. There is land for half a plough. It was worth 5 shillings ; now 2 shillings. From T(urchil) Ordric holds in WALECOTE and WILEBENE and CALDECOTE [Walcote and Willoughby and Caldecote in Grand- borough] 2 hides. There is land for I plough. In the demesne however is I plough and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 6 bordars with i J ploughs. There are 6 acres of mea- dow. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 30 shillings. The same Ordric held it freely. From (Turchil) Ulchetel holds in EPTONE [Napton] 3 half a hide. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is half a plough ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 2 bordars with i£ ploughs ; and (there are) 6 acres of mea- dow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 30 shillings. The same Ulchetel held it freely. From (Turchil) Alwin holds in SOCHEBERGE [Upper Shuckburgh] * half a virgate of land. There is land for half a plough. It is there in the demesne with 2 bordars ; and (there are) 2 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 5 shillings. Ulwin held it freely. 1 The place where this estate was is not given. 1 I have no doubt that this identification is correct, for these are still places in ' Meretone ' Hundred, and there is no other name that could be mistaken for it among places subsequently ap- pearing in Marlon Leet. Moreover, as pointed out in the note on the previous entry of Earl Roger's estate, we have here the missing virgate which makes Bilton a j-hide place. Dugdale sug- gests that one scribe wrote ' Beu ' because that was equivalent to 'Bel,' and that another scribe mistook the ' u ' for ' n.' This however seems far-fetched. It appears to me that at one stage or another the names of places were often written down from word of mouth by men who could not easily distinguish the sounds of the liquid conso- nants. 3 See p. 321, note 5. 4 As mentioned in a former note (p. 314, note 5) this is Upper Shuckburgh, being in 'Meretone' Hundred, whereas Lower Shuckburgh was in ' Honesberie ' and afterwards in Kineton Hundred. From T(urchil) Leuiet and Goduin hold in WILEBEI [Willoughby] half a hide. There is land for i plough. The same is in the de- mesne, and (there are) 2 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 10 shillings. The very same men (Idem ipsi) held it. From T(urchil) Godric holds in NIWETONE [Newton6] 2 hides.8 There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and (there are) 4 villeins and 2 bordars ; and 2 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 20 shillings. Wlstan held it freely T.R.E. From T(urchil) Aide holds in NIWETONE [Newton 6] half a hide. There is land for half a plough ; yet i (plough) is there with 2 bordars. It was and is worth 10 shillings. Godeva held it freely. From T(urchil) Ralf holds in NIWETONE [Newton 7] half a hide. There is land for i plough. There are 2 villeins and half an acre of meadow. It was and is worth 2 shillings. From T(urchil) Ulvric holds in HOLME 8 [? Biggin] i hide. There is land for half a plough ; yet there is there I plough with 2 villeins and I borclar and I serf; and (there are) 3 acres of meadow. It was worth 5 shillings; now 10 shillings. The same Ulvric held it freely. fo. 24lb From T(urchil) Ralf holds in HOLME 8 [? Biggin] i hide. There is land for i plough. There is i bordar with half a plough, and (there are) 3 acres of meadow. It was worth 5 shillings ; now 3 shillings. Ulstan held it freely T.R.E. 6 In the parish of Newton and Biggin. 6 Here begi ns a 1 ist of places ( down to ' Lilleford ') afterwards found in Brinklow Leet, but in the Domesday Hundred of ' Meretone,' I think, ' Bomelau ' being more north and Marston being undoubtedly in Marton Leet. Newton is now considered to be in Clifton, but in the Subsidy Roll of I Edward III. was in Brinklow Leet, Clifton being in Marton Leet, as it had been in ' Meretone Hundred ' at the time of Domesday Book. 7 See note 5 above. 8 Dugdale, finding this place following after Newton, identifies it as Biggin, which now appears combined with Newton. I think he is right, as the 3 hides recorded for Newton and the 2 hides of Holme would make up a 5 -hide place. [The Testa de tievill (pp. 83, 98) shows that ' Holm ' was held by the Ardens of the Earls of Warwick.— J.H.R.] 322 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS From T(urchil) the same Rait holds in WAURA [? Churchover] l half a hide. There is land for half a plough. There is i villein and half an acre of meadow. It was and is worth 3 shillings. From T(urchil) Leveva holds in LILLEFORD [Long Lawford and Little Lawford] 2 2 hides. There is land for ii ploughs. There are 6 villeins with I plough, and I serf (seruo), and a mill worth (de) 4 shillings, and ij acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 10 shillings and 8 pence. Alwin held it freely T.R.E. From T(urchil) R. de Olgi holds in MER- STONE [?Marston juxta Wolston]3 i hide. There is land for I plough ; it is waste (vasta) There are 3 acres of meadow. It was worth 10 shillings; now 1 6 pence. Earl Algar held it. From T(urchil) Ermenfrid holds in ASCE- SHOT [Ashow] 4 2 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. There are 9 villeins and 13 bor- dars with 4 ploughs, and 2 mills worth (de) 2O shillings, and 16 acres of meadow. (There is) wood(land) half a league long and 3 furlongs broad. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 40 shillings. Turchil held it freely. From T(urchil) William holds in ERBURGE- BERIE [Harbury] 4 hides. There is land for 9 ploughs. There are 1 2 villeins with a priest and 5 bordars who have (habentes) 4 ploughs. There are 6 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 60 shillings. Ordric held it freely. From T(urchil) Alwin holds in BADECHI- TONE [Baginton] 4 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and (there are) 7 villeins and 8 bordars with 2 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 10 shillings and 8 pence, and 27 acres of meadow. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Archil held it freely T.R.E. 1 See note 3 on p. 309. 3 See note 6 on p. 322. We are not now, I think, in 'Meretone' Hundred, so this cannot be Church Lawford. 3 I do not feel certain of this identification, though I think it is more probable than any other. Robert de Olgi was tenant in chief of a ' Merstone ' in Coleshill Hundred, but it would be rather strange for one place in Coleshill Hundred to be inserted among these places, all of which are after- ward found in Knightlow Hundred. 4 This is the first of eight successive places which all appear afterward in Stoneleigh Leet and were doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Stanlei.' From T(urchil) Hadulf holds in BILNEI [Binley] 5 2 hides. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is i ; and (there are) 5 villeins and 7 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are 2 serfs, and a mill worth (de) 40 pence, and 8 acres of meadow; wood(land) 4 furlongs long and 2 furlongs broad. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 35 shillings. The same man held it who now holds it. From T(urchil) Robert holds in WESTONE [Weston under Wetherley]8 i$ virgates of land. There is land for half a plough. It is waste (vasta). There are 4 acres of meadow. It was worth 6 shillings ; now it brings in (reddit) nothing. Ulwi held it freely. From T(urchil) Wlsi holds in BRANDUNE [Brandon] half a hide. There is land for 4 ploughs. There are 10 villeins with i serf. They have 3 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de)2& pence, and 16 acres of meadow; wood(land) 4 furlongs long and 2 furlongs broad. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 25 shillings. Turchil held it freely. From T(urchil) R. de Olgi holds in LILLIN- TONE [Lillington] half a hide. There is land for half a plough, yet I (plough) is there with 6 bordars and I bondwoman who have another plough. There are 4 acres of mea- dow. It was worth 10 shillings; now 20 shillings. Bruning held it freely. From T(urchil) Ermenfrid holds in REDE- FORD [Radford Semele] * 5 hides. There is land for 13 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 8 serfs ; and (there are) 19 villeins and 8 bordars with 9 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 6 shillings and 8 pence, and i 2 acres of meadow. It was worth 100 shil- lings and afterwards 40 shillings ; now 6 pounds. Eduin held it freely T.R.E. Ermenfrid bought it from Chetelbert by (the king's) leave (licentia) and holds it of the king in fee, as the king's writ testifies. 8 See the note (on p. 304) to the previous entrj relating to this place. The 3 hides there recorded, with the 2 hides given here, make it a 5 hide place. 6 I have no doubt of this, for as we have seen this is a list of places in ' Stanlei ' Hundred. This Robert is doubtless the Robert who held another part of this Weston under the Count of Meulan. As to the total hidage see note 7, p. 333, relat- ing to William Fitz Corbucion's holding here. 7 I think this is correct, as it was a more impor- tant place than Radford juxta Coventry, which also, as Dugdale points out, was doubtless in the hands of the church of Coventry. 323 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE IN HONESBERIE HuNDRET From T(urchil) Almar holds in ROTELEI [Ratley] 5 hides. There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 6 serfs ; and (there are) 1 8 villeins and 7 bordars with 7 ploughs. There are 24 acres of meadow. It was worth 3 pounds, and afterwards 4 pounds; now 100 shillings. Ordric held it freely T.R.E. From T(urchil) Almar holds in CONTONE [Fenny Compton] l 2 hides. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne are i£ ploughs and 4 serfs ; and (there are) 6 vil- leins and 2 bordars with i J ploughs. There are 1 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 40 shillings. From T(urchil) Roger holds in the same vill 3 hides and I virgate of land. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 with I serf ; and (there are) 8 villeins and 4 bordars with 4 ploughs. There are 34 (acres)2 of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Ordric and Alwin and Ulsi held it freely T.R.E. Of the fee of T(urchil) the Count of Meulan (mellend) holds MOITONE [Myton].3 There are 2 hides. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 7 villeins and 7 bordars with 3 ploughs. There are 2 mills worth (de) 70 shil- lings, and 8 men paying 32 pence. It was worth 100 shillings, and afterwards 40 shil- lings ; now 6 pounds. Earl Edwin held it.* R. Halebold bought this estate. From T(urchil) Warin holds in WIMENE- STONE [Wormleighton] 6 3 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 4; and 1 5 villeins and 4 bordars and 2 Frenchmen 6 (franc'), between them all (inter omnes), have 7 ploughs. There are 36 acres of meadow. Of this estate 2 knights hold I hide and i virgate, and have 2 ploughs with 3 bordars. The whole was worth T.R.E. 4 pounds, and afterwards the same amount ; now i o pounds. Ordric and Ulwin and Ulvric held it freely. IN STANLEI [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET From T(urchil) Tonne holds in BERICOTE ' 2 hides. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 3 bordars with 2 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 4 shillings, and 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shil- lings ; now 40 shillings. Alwin the father of T(urchU) held it. From T(urchil) the church of S. Mary of Warwic(k) holds i hide in MOITONE [My ton].8 There is land for i plough. There are 3 bordars with i plough and I bondwoman. There are 4 acres of meadow. It was worth 5 shillings ; now 10 shillings. Earl Edwin held it. From T(urchil) Algar holds i£ hides.9 There is land for 3 ploughs. In the de- mesne are 2 ploughs and 6 serfs ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 4 bordars with I plough. There are 12 acres of meadow. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 40 shillings. Alvric held it freely. 1 See note on p. 311. This, like ' Rotelei,' is in ' Honesberie ' Hundred. 2 This word is omitted in the text. 3 See note on p. 31 o. It was in ' Stanlei ' Hun- dred. This entry is suspiciously like the previous one, in which the Count of Meulan appears as holding Muitone — 2 hides (as here), with I plough and 2 serfs in demesne (as here), and 3 ploughs out of demesne (as here), and 2 mills worth 70 shillings (as here), and a value of 6 pounds (as here), but in several respects differing from the particulars here recorded. However, it is against the one entry being a repetition of the other that the total hidage recorded in the three entries amounts to 5 hides. fThe differences appear to be too great for duplicate entries. Compare Introduction, p. 296. -J.H.R.) 4 It will be remembered that the former entry relating to Myton states that the z-hide estate in it had been held T.R.E. by Earl Algar. This and the »ubsequent entry speak of its tenure by Algar's son Earl Edwin. IN TREMELAU HUNDRET From T(urchil) Ermenfrid holds i hide in FULREI [Fulready] and another in ETENDONE [Eatington], There is land for i plough. It is in the demesne, with i bordar. It was worth 10 shillings; now 25 shillings. Almar held it freely T.R.E. From T(urchil) Alwin holds in CONTONE [Compton Murdak] 10 3 hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 4 serfs ; and (there are) 9 villeins and 10 bor- 6 This brings us back (for one entry only) to ' Honesberie ' Hundred. 6 This rendering is probable, but not certain. 7 Now only represented by Bericote Wood in Ashow. 8 See the last note but two. 9 The place is not mentioned. 0 Now Compton Verney. See note on p. 311. 324 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS dars with 5 ploughs. There are 30 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 4 pounds. From T(urchil) the abbot of Abendone [Abingdon l] holds i hide in CESTRETON [Little Chesterton].3 There is land for 7 ploughs and (there are) 2 serfs ; and (there are) 10 villeins and 8 bordars with 6 ploughs. There are 1 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 60 shillings ; now 100 shillings. Alwol held it. From T(urchil) the same abbot1 holds in CESTRETON [Little Chesterton] a i hide in pledge (vadimonium}. There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 5 English knights (mili- tes angli) who have (habentes) 4^ ploughs. There are 8 acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Alnod, Brictuin and Turi held it freely T.R.E. IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET From T(urchil) William3 holds in COCTUNE [Coughton] 4 hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. There are 2 free men and 7 bor- dars and 4 serfs with 3 ploughs. There is a mill worth (^32 pence, and inWarwic(k) i house paying a rent of 8 pence. There are 10 acres of meadow ; wood(land) 6 furlongs long and 4 furlongs broad. Feed (JW) for 50 swine. It was worth 40 shillings, and afterwards 2O shillings ; now 50 shillings. Untoni' held it freely. From T(urchil) R. de Olgi holds in ETONE [? Nuneaton] * 3 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 5 serfs ; and (there are) 9 villeins and 8 bordars with 8 ploughs. There are 5 acres of meadow ; wood(land) i league in length and breadth. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 4 pounds. Alwin held it freely T.R.E. 1 See Introduction, p. 276. 2 In a subsequent entry Chesterton is rubricated as in 'Tremelau ' Hundred. It seems clear from Dugdale that these two entries relate to Little Chesterton now called Kingston. 3 This was probably William Fitz Corbucion, as his heir gave the church here to Studley Priory. — J.H.R. 4 I suppose this identification is correct ; but there seems to be no further trace of R. de Olgi's interest. It may seem curious that for this one entry we go back to Coleshill Hundred, but on the other hand this is the end of the list of Tur- chil's estates, and an omitted entry may have been here inserted. I suppose it to have been only a coincidence that in the Oxfordshire Domesday R. de Olgi appears as holding an estate in ' Etone ' (Water Eaton). fo. 242 XVIII. THE LAND OF HUGH DE GRENTEMAISNIL Hugh de Grentemaisnil holds of the king, in charge (in custodia) i hide and the sixth part of a hide in MORTONE [Hillmorton] and in WILEBEC [Willoughby].8 There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 5 villeins with i bordar who have (habentes) 2 ploughs. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 30 shillings. Grinchet and Suain held it. IN TREMELAU HUNDRET The same Hugh holds in MERSETONE [Butler's Marston]6 10 hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. In the demesne are 3, and 6 serfs and 2 bondwomen ; and 30 vil- leins and 2 bordars with a priest have 7 ploughs. There are 2 mills worth (de) 1 1 shil- lings ; and 2 Frenchmen (francig') are there, and 2 burgesses in Warwic(k) pay a rent of 1 6 pence. It was worth 10 pounds ; now 15 pounds. Baldwin held it freely. The same H(ugh) holds in PILARDETONE [Pillerton Hersey] 7 10 hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. In the demesne are 3, and 8 serfs and 4 bondwomen ; and (there are) 23 villeins with a priest and I knight and 5 bordars who have (babentes) 9 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de} 5 shillings. Wood(land) I league long and i broad. And in Warwic(k) I messuage paying a rent of 4 pence. And 2O acres of meadow. It was worth 10 pounds; now 17 pounds. Baldeuin held it freely. The same H(ugh) holds in MIDELTONE [Middleton] 8 4 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are I £ ploughs and 3 serfs ; and 12 villeins with a priest and 5 bor- dars have 1\ ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 20 shillings, and 6 acres of meadow. It 6 These two places being found subsequently in Marlon Leet were doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Meretone.' 6 Butler's Marston, formerly Marston Butler, is close to Pillerton, and no other ' Mersetone ' could be in 'Tremelau' Hundred, which was a collection of places in the north-west part of Kineton Hun- dred. Considering its large hidage, it must have included more than the modern place. 7 Otherwise Nether Pillerton. This identifi- cation is no doubt correct, for the separate history of Pillerton Priors can clearly be traced. See note on p. 308. No doubt also this Pillerton, like the other, was in ' Tremelau ' Hundred. 8 I suppose this must be Middleton near Sutton Coldfield, which however is in Hemlingford Hun- dred, and was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of Coleshill. 325 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE was worth 4 pounds ; now 6 pounds. Pallin held it freely T.R.E. IN FEXHOLE HUNDRKT The same H(ugh) holds OCTESELVE [Ox- hill]. There are 10 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 3, and 1 1 serfs ; and (there are) 20 villeins and 1 1 bor- dars with 7 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 1 6 pence, and 20 acres of meadow. It was worth IG pounds; now n pounds. Toli held it freely T.R.E. The same H(ugh)holds in SERUELEI [Shrew- ley]1 3 hides. There is land for 12 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 3 serfs ; and (there are) 8 villeins and 6 bordars with 2j ploughs. There are 10 acres of meadow. Wood- (land) I league long and half (a league) broad. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 30 shillings. Toli held it freely. The same H(ugh) holds in LAPEFORDE [Lap- worth]2 half a hide. There is land for I plough. There are 3 villeins. Wood(land) 2 leagues long and I league broad. It was worth 10 shillings; now 20 shillings. Bald- euin held it freely.3 From the same Hugh, Hubert holds 2j hides in TORLAVESTONE [Thurlaston].4 There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and (there are) 9 villeins and 4 bordars with 3 ploughs. There are 40 acres of meadow, and I furlong of pasture. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 60 shillings. Bald- euin held it. 1 Shrewley being afterward in Barlichway Hun- dred but not in Pathlow Liberty was probably in the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe.' But as this seems to be a list of places in ' Fexhole ' Hundred, and as Shrewley is not far from the Kineton Hun- dred 'nook' mentioned in the next note, it is just possible that it also was in ' Fexhole ' Hundred. (Mr. Walker considers that it was.) 2 Lapworth, Packwood and Tanworth, forming what should be the northern point of Barlichway Hundred, are all in Kineton Hundred. Dugdale states that Tanworth was a member of Brailes. Brailes, as we have seen (p. 301), was in ' Fexhole ' Hundred. Probably therefore all this ' nook ' was in ' Fexhole ' Hundred, which Hundred was after- wards absorbed by that of Kineton. 1 This concludes the list of Hugh's demesne manors, and there is the usual slight gap between this entry and the next, which begins the list of his subinfeuded manors. 4 These ^\ hides, together with the 2^ hides previously recorded, make Thurlaston a 5 -hide place. As already stated, it was in ' Meretone ' Hundred. From H(ugh), William holds 3 virgates of land in LODBROC [Ladbroke].' There is land for i plough. There a priest and i villein with 2 bordars have half a plough, and (there is) a mill worth (de) 3 shillings, and 3 acres of meadow. It was worth 5 shillings ; now 10 shillings. From H(ugh), Robert holds I hide in ETEDONE [Eatington].8 There is land for i plough. There I villein with i bordar has half a plough. It was and is worth 10 shillings. Baldeuin held it. From H(ugh), the abbey of S. Evroul (Ebrulfus) holds 6 hides and i virgate of land in PILARDETUNE [Pillerton Priors].8 There is land for 10 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ; and 1 3 villeins and 23 bordars with i Frenchman (frandgen') and 3 thegns have 8 ploughs. There are 1 2 acres of meadow. It was worth 6 pounds ; now 10 pounds. Four thegns held it freely T.R.E. From H(ugh), Roger holds (Q)UATERCOTE [Whatcote],7 5 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are 4 ; and 7 vil- leins with a priest and 19 bordars have 3 ploughs. It was worth 100 shillings ; now 7 pounds. Toli held it freely. From H(ugh), the same Roger holds 3 hides in ROCHINTONE [Rowington].8 There is land for 8 ploughs. There 27 villeins with a priest and 24 bordars have 9 ploughs. (There is) wood(land) i£ leagues long and 8 furlongs broad. It was and is worth 100 shillings. Baldeuin held it freely T.R.E. From H(ugh), Osbern holds 5 hides in BIL- LESLEI [Billesley].8 There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 8 serfs ; and (there are) 8 villeins with a priest and 9 bordars who have (habentei) 4 « In 'Meretone' Hundred, as mentioned before. • In ' Tremelau ' Hundred, as rubricated in the previous entry on p. 324. 7 Whatcote, like its neighbour Pillerton, is after- ward found in Kineton Hundred, and may well have been in the Domesday Hundred of ' Treme- lau.' (Mr. Walker, however, holds that it was in ' Fexhole ' Hundred.) 8 Rowington and Billesley, being afterwards found in Barlichway Hundred but not in Pathlow Liberty, were probably in the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe.' (The parish of Rowington lies between the parishes of Shrewley and Lapworth. I am there- fore strongly inclined to think that it, as they, was in « Fexhole ' Hundred.— B.W.) 326 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS ploughs. In Warwic(k) (there is) I house worth (de) 8 pence. It was and is worth 100 shillings. Baldeuin held it. From H(ugh), Hugh son of Constantius holds I virgate of land in LOCHESLEI [Lox- ley].1 There is land for half a plough. There is I villein. It was and is worth 5 shillings. Manegot held it freely. IN COLESHELLE [COLESHILL] HUNDRET From H(ugh), Walter holds half a hide in WITACRE [Whitacre].2 There is land for half a plough. There is i villein ploughing with 2 oxen.3 It was and is worth 2 shillings. Baldeuin held it. XIX. THE LAND OF HENRY DE FERIER[ES] IN COLESHELLE [COLESHILL] HUNDRET Henry de Fereires holds 5^ hides in GREN- DONE [Grendon], and Turstin from him. There is land for 16 ploughs. There are 24 villeins and 1 6 bordars with 8 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 5 shillings, and 36 acres of meadow ; wood(land) i J leagues long, and i league broad. It was and is worth 40 shillings. Siward Barn * held it. IN BOMELAU HUNDRET From H(enry), Ralf holds 4 hides in BOR- TONE [Burton Hastings].5 There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and 13 villeins with a priest and 7 bordars have 6 ploughs. There are 2 mills worth (tie) 7 shil- lings and 8 pence. It was worth 4 pounds ; now 40 shillings. Siward4 held it. IN STANLEI [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET From H(enry), Wazelin holds 2 hides in ERBURBERIE [Harbury].6 There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 2 serfs; and (there are) 4 villeins with i plough. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 4 pounds. Siward * held it. 1 Loxley, as mentioned in a previous note, was probably in ' Patelau ' Hundred. 8 Probably, as mentioned in a previous note, Over Whitacre. 3 i.e. a quarter of a plough-team. * See Introduction, p. 282. 5 Burton Hastings 'is in the northern corner of Knightlow Hundred, where other places belonging to ' Bomelau ' Hundred are found. It appears in subsequent history as held under the family of Ferrers. 8 See the former note (p. 310, note 7). IN TREMELAU HUNDRET From H(enry), Saswalo7 holds 17 hides in ETENDONE [Eatington]. There is land for 12 ploughs. In the demesne are 4 ploughs and 10 serfs ; and 32 villeins with a priest and 25 bordars and I knight (mi/ite) and 2 thegns (taints) have i6j ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 1 8 shillings, and 30 acres of meadow. It was worth 6 pounds, and afterwards 4 pounds ; now 20 pounds. From H(enry), Wazelin holds half a hide in CESTEDONE [Chesterton].8 There is land for ij ploughs. There is i plough with i ox- man (bovarius) and i acre of meadow. It was and is worth 10 shillings. From H(enry), Nigel9 holds 2$ hides in ALDULVESTREU [Austrey].10 There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is I ; and 7 villeins and 3 bordars have 2 ploughs. It was and is worth 20 shillings. XX. THE LAND OF ROGER DE IVERI IN STANLEI [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET Roger de Ivri holds of the king, as it is said (ut dicitur)^ 5 hides12 in CUBINTONE [Cubbington]. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 3 serfs ; and (there are) 2 villeins and 2 bordars with I plough. There are 1 5 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 40 shillings. Turbern held it freely T.R.E. This is of the fee of the Bishop of Bayeux.13 XXI. THE LAND OF ROBERT DE OILGI14 IN COLESHELLE [COLESHILL] HUNDRET Robert de Oilgi holds 2 hides in MERSTONE 7 See Introduction, p. 282. 8 Chesterton doubtless ; for that place is a sub- sequent entry rubricated as in ' Tremelau ' Hun- dred. For this reason therefore ' Cestedone ' fol- lows ' Etendone.' 9 See Introduction, p. 280. 10 This was doubtless in ' Coleshelle ' Hundred, being afterward in the Hundred of Hemlingford. 11 These two words are an interlineation. 12 These 5 hides, together with the 2 and 3 hides already recorded, make Cubbington a lo-hide place. 13 See Introduction, p. 279. In the Bucks Domesday (p. 144) Robert (de) Olgi and Roger (de) Ivri hold ' Stou ' of the Bishop of Bayeux. 14 This entry stands at the foot of a page, and is separated by a considerable gap from the previous one. Probably this was done for the sake of be- ginning the important fief of Robert de Statford at the top of a new page. 327 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE [? Lea-Marston] ' and Robert the huntsman (venator) * from him. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs; and 4 villeins have 2 ploughs. There are 6 acres of meadow ; wood(land) 4 furlongs long, and I broad. It was worth 10 shillings; now 2O shillings. Alvric held it freely T.R.E. Robert bought this estate from him by leave (Kcentia) of King William. fo. 242b XXII. THE LAND OF ROBERT DE STATFORD8 IN BOMELAU HUNDRET Robert de Stadford holds of the king 7 hides in WARA [? Churchover].4 There is land for I 2 ploughs. In the demesne are 4 ; and 14 villeins and 5 bordars have 5 ploughs. There are a mill (fie) worth 2 shillings, and 4 acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 100 shillings. Waga held it freely T.R.E. The same Robert holds 7 hides in UOL- WARDE [Wolford].6 There is land for 10 ploughs. In the demesne are 8 and 4 serfs ; and 8 villeins and 8 bordars, with a priest, have 6 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 20 pence. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 100 shillings. Waga held it freely. The same R(obert) holds 5 hides in BURDIN- TONE [Burmington].7 There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and (there are) 1 2 villeins and 8 bordars with 6 ploughs. There is a mill worth (fir) 10 shillings, and 12 acres of meadow. It was worth 60 shillings ; now 100 shillings. Godwin held it freely.8 1 See notes on pp. 319, 323. 8 This word is an interlineation. 3 The numerous manors held by Robert de Stafford in Warwickshire require to be compared for identification with (l) the detailed return of his knights' fees in I 1 66, which is found in The Red Book of the Exchequer, pp. 264-8 ; (2) the list of his Warwickshire fees at a later date in The Red Book, pp. 612-3 ; (3) the valuable list of his Warwickshire fees and their tenants in Testa de Nevill, p. 96.— J.H.R. 4 See note on p. 309. (This ' Wara ' is ' Wav Rog[eri] ' in the Testa.— J.H.R.) 6 Probably Great Wolford ; see note on p. 318. It was probably in Barcheston Hundred. (Both Great and Little Wolford appear in the Testa as held of Stafford.— J.H.R.) 8 No number stated. 7 Burmington appears in later records as part of the Barony of Stafford. It lies between Wolford and Barcheston, and was doubtless in Barcheston Hundred. 1 This last sentence is written in the margin. IN FEXHOLE HUNDRET The same R(obert) holds TIHESHOCHE [Tysoe]. There are 23 hides. There is land for 32 ploughs. In the demesne are II, and 9 serfs ; and 53 villeins with a priest and 28 bordars have 23 ploughs. There are 16 acres of meadow ; and in Warwic(k) 3 houses paying 1 8 pence rent. It was worth 20 pounds ; now 30 pounds. Waga held it freely. The same R(obert) holds 5 hides in ETELIN- COTE [Idlicote].9 There is land for 9 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 7 serfs; and (there are) 26 villeins and 3 bordars with 8 ploughs. It was worth 4 pounds ; now 8 pounds. Auegrin and Ordec held it freely. IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRED The same R(obert) holds i hide in HOLE- HALE [Ullenhall].10 There is land for 15 ploughs. There are 17 villeins and u bordars with 6 ploughs. Wood(land) half a league long and i furlong broad. It was and is worth 3 pounds. Waga held it. The same R(obert) holds in OFFEWORDE [Offbrd in Wootton Wawen]11 5 hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. There are 3^ ploughs with 3 serfs and 10 bordars. There is a mill worth (de) 4 shillings. Wood(land) I league long and half a league broad. It was worth 3 pounds ; now 4 pounds. Waga held it freely T.R.E. The same R(obert) holds in EDRICESTONE [Edstone in Wootton Wawen] 12 5 hides. 8 This appears in later records as in the Barony of Stafford, and being close to Tysoe was probably in ' Fexhole ' Hundred. 10 There can be little doubt of this identification, but Ullenhall was afterward accounted in Pathlow Liberty. 11 Offord appearing subsequently in Barlichway Hundred, not in Pathlow Liberty, was probably in the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe.' Its locality was only marked by a mill in Dugdale's time, and the name has now disappeared. 13 This seems clear. It appears as ' Edristone ' in the Subsidy Roll of i Edward III. ' Edricestone ' held by the Bishop of Bayeux was undoubtedly Atherstone-on-Stour, which was in Kineton Hun- dred. In his account of Edstone Dugdale mis- takenly speaks of the tenure of the de Ruperiis family, who really had to do with Atherstone, as he himself had shown in his account of that parish. The two places are similarly confused in The Red Book of the Exchequer, p. 1 1 64. Edstone, of which the name is now only preserved in Edstone Hall, a country seat, is found in Barlichway Hun- 328 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 6 bordars with i plough, and in War- wic(k) i house paying a rent of 5 pence. Wood(land) half a league long, and half a furlong broad. It is worth 3 pounds. Ailric and Ulwin held it freely. IN PATELAU [PATHLOW] HUNDRET The same R(obert) holds 7 hides in WOTONE [Wootton Wawen].1 There is land for 9 ploughs. There are 23 villeins with a priest and 22 bordars who have (habentes) 6 ploughs. There are 2 mills worth (de) 1 1 shillings and 8 sticks of eels. Wood(land) 2 leagues long and i broad. It is worth 4 pounds. Waga* held it freely. [Robert the huntsman holds of him in BRANCOTE i hide. There is land for 2 ploughs which is (est) there with i villein. (It is) worth 10 shillings.3] IN STANLEI [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET From the same Robert, Alvric holds 5 hides in BUBENHALLE [Bubbenhall]. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are i£ ploughs with I serf; and (there are) 6 villeins and 2 bordars with 2^ ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 4 shillings. Wood(land) 2 furlongs long, and the same in breadth. It is worth 50 shillings. The same (Alvric) held it freely. [!N BEDRICESTONE [BARCHESTON] HUNDRET] From R(obert), Grim holds half a hide in BERTONE [Barton on the Heath]. There is dred but not in Pathlow Liberty, and therefore was probably in the Domesday Hundred of ' Ferne- cumbe.' 1 It may be only a coincidence, but the hidage of these 6 estates of Waga, which Robert de Staf- ford kept in his own hands amounts exactly to 55. a See Introduction, p. 284. 3 This entry is inserted in the margin at this point, and is apparently intended to come between Robert's demesne manors (which end with Wootton Wawen) and those held of him by his tenants. Mr. Carter holds that it should be referred to the fief of Robert ' Dispensator,' and that it relates to Bramcote in Polesworth. But 'Bramcote' is en- tered as J fee among Stafford's Warwickshire manors in The Red Book of the Exchequer, p. 613, which is decisive. There is nothing, however, to show which Bramcote is meant, and no Bramcote is mentioned in the Testa tie Nevill, which is therefore no help. As Robert the huntsman was a tenant only at Robert d'Oilli's ' Merstone ' and this Bramcote, we should expect those manors to adjoin. One of the Bramcotes does adjoin Marston Jabbett, but this Marston, »o far as we know, was all held by the Earls of Warwick and their Domesday predecessor. — J.H.R. land for I plough. It is there, in the demesne, and 5 serfs ; and (there are) 2 villeins and 3 bordars. It was and is worth 2O shillings. This estate (terra) is in Bedricestone Hundret/ From R(obert), Ordwi holds 2 hides in WOR- WARDE [Wolford].8 There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 4 bordars with i plough. It is worth 50 shillings. Alwi held it freely. From R(obert), Alwin holds 2 hides in the same vill.5 There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is i, with i serf ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 3 bordars with i plough. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 30 shillings. Alwin held it freely. From R(obert), Iwein holds i£ hides in ULLAVINTONE [Wellington]. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs, with I villein and I bordar. It was and is worth 20 shillings. Dodo and Leuric held it freely. From R(obert), Brion holds 2 hides in Dic- FORDE [Ditchford Frary].6 There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 9 serfs ; and (there) are 8 villeins and 3 bor- dars with 3 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 68 pence. It was worth 40 shillings; now 4 pounds. Leuric held it freely T.R.E. From R(obert), Warin holds 5 hides in LITTLE CONTONE [Compton Scorfen].7 There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 8 serfs ; and (there are) 8 villeins and 2 bordars with 6 ploughs. There are 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 60 shillings ; now IOO shillings. Brictric held it freely. From R(obert), Alwin holds i hide in CON- TONE [? Compton Wyniates].7 There is land 1 The words ' In Bedricestone H'd ' are rubri- cated as a hundredal heading. — J.H.R. 6 See note on p. 318. 8 So called from Frary de Dicheford, who held it under Brion's heirs the Standons. — J.H.R. ' I take these five places (Wolford, Willington, Ditchford, Compton Scorfen and Compton Wyn- iates) following after Barton to have been, like Barton, in Barcheston Hundred. They are all near together, in the neighbourhood of Barcheston. It must be remembered, however, that Mr. Round considers the identification of Compton Wyniates to be against all the record evidence. (The only indication of Compton Scorfen on the ordnance maps is a district called Compton Scorpion Farms. — B.W.) 329 42 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE for I plough. There are 2 bordars. It was and is worth 10 shillings. Two brothers held it freely. IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET From R(obert), Hugh holds 2 hides in MOR- TONE [Morton Bagot].1 There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 5 villeins and 5 bordars with 2 ploughs. There is meadow 3 furlongs long and 6 perches broad. Wood(land) half a league long and i furlong broad. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Grim- ulf held it freely. IN BERRICESTONE [BARCHESTON] HUNDRET From R(obert), Ailric holds i hide in EDELMITONE [? Tidmington].2 There is land for i plough. It is there in the demesne, with 2 serfs and I villein. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 15 shillings. Ailric held it freely. IN PATELAU [PATHLOW] HUNDRET From R(obert), Hugh holds I hide and I virgate of land in CLIFORDE [Ruin Clifford].3 There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs; and (there are) 3 villeins and 3 bordars with I plough. It was and is worth 30 shillings. Saward held it freely T.R.E. CLOTONE [Clopton].4 There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is i, with i serf; and (there are) 7 villeins and 3 bordars with 2 ploughs. It was and is worth 60 shillings. Odo and Aileva held it freely T.R.E. From R(obert), Hervey holds I hide in MOR- TONE [? Norton-Lindsey].8 There is land for 2 ploughs. Two however are in the de- mesne, and 4 serfs ; and (there are) 5 villeins and 2 bordars with 2 ploughs. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 40 shillings. Waga held it freely T.R.E. From R(obert), Urfer holds I hide and i virgate and the third part of i virgate in UL- WARDITONE [Wolverton].' There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is I, with i serf and 2 villeins and (there is) i furlong of meadow. It was worth 10 shillings; now 20 shillings. Simund the Dane7 held it freely T.R.E. From R(obert), Dreu (Drogo) holds 3 hides in WITELEIA [Whitley juxta Henley].8 There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 3 villeins and 6 bordars with 2 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 2 shillings, and 10 acres of mea- dow ; wood(land) half a league long and 2 furlongs broad. It was worth 20 shillings; now 40 shillings. Three brothers held it. From R(obert), William holds 5 hides in From R(obert), Ludichel holds i£ hides in 1 I have little doubt of this identification, for there is no other Morton in Barlichway Hundred, in which Hundred 'Fernecumbe' Hundred became included. Dugdale does not take notice of this entry, but considers that the ' Mortone ' four entries further on was Morton Bagot. 2 Dugdale regards this as Ilmington (which is ' Ilmedon' or ' Ilmedone' in Domesday), but I have little doubt that my identification is correct. For the connecting form 'Tidelmitone ' seep. 83 of the edition of Habington's MSS., published by the Worcestershire Historical Society. No connection of the Staffords with Ilmington is to be traced. Tidmington was part of a Worcestershire island in Warwickshire and is still included in Worcester- shire. (In Domesday Tidmington appears as 'Tidelmin- tun,' a 'member' of Tredington in Worcester- shire, and is assessed with it at 23 hides, but only the stream divided it from Warwickshire and it is barely two miles from Barcheston. It is possible therefore that this entry refers to a portion of the parish which was surveyed under Warwickshire. — J.H.R.) ' This was, it would appear from Dugdale's map, a small hamlet in Warwickshire separated from the Gloucestershire Clifford by the river Stour. * Clopton, like (Ruin) Clifford, subsequently appears in Pathlow Liberty. 6 I suggest this identification for several reasons, though Dugdale, as mentioned four notes back, identifies this place as Morton Bagot. But that Norton should be omitted from Domesday Book seems unlikely, and we should expect to find it (as here) next to Wolverton, which is contiguous, and in the same Barony. The fact that Waga was tenant T.R.E. both here and at Wootton Wawen may be connected with the former parochial de- pendence of Norton on Wootton Wawen. Both Morton and Norton appear in the Subsidy Rolls as in Barlichway Hundred but not in Pathlow Liberty. We should expect therefore to find them in the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe.' (It is certain from the Red Book and the Testa de Nevill that Langley and ' Norton ' were held un- der Stafford by Curli, but there seems to be some confusion between Norton Limesi [now Lindsey] and Norton Curli, owing to Curli holding in both.— J.H.R.) 0 See p. 331, note 2. 7 In Heming's Cartulary (ed. Hearne), p. 265, he is spoken of as a knight of Earl Leofric, by whose influence he extorted land from the church of Worcester.— J.H.R. 330 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS LONGELEI [Langley *]. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, with i serf ; and (there are) 3 villeins and 4 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are 1 2 acres of meadow ; wood(land) I league long and half a league broad. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 40 shillings. Ernui held it freely. From R(obert), Ailric holds i hide in BURLEI [Bearley]." There is land for I plough. There is I villein and i serf, and I acre of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now i o shillings. The same (Ailric) held it. Leuing holds in OFFEWORDE [Offord 2 in Wootton Wawen] a I carucate of inland 3 and there has I plough. It was and is worth 10 shillings. XXIII. THE LAND OF ROBERT DISPENSER 4 IN COLESHELLE [CoLESHILL] HUNDRET Robert Dispenser (Dispensator) holds of the king 9 hides in MERSTON [? in Lea Mars- ton].5 There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 24 villeins with 6 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) i o shillings, and 6 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 4 pounds. Ailmar held it freely T.R.E. In like wise (he held) this estate following. The same Robert holds half a hide in FILINGELEI [Fillongley].8 There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 4 villeins with a priest and I bordar who have (habentes) 2 ploughs. There is I acre of meadow ; 1 See next note. 2 As none of these six places following Clopton appears afterward in Pathlow Liberty, though all were in Barlichway Hundred, I suppose that they were in the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe.' 3 This entry appears at the end of Robert de Stafford's barony, but does not state that Leuing held of him. A Leuing was a king's thegn in Staffordshire. This entry, and the subsequent entry relating to Lighthorne contain the only two references to ' inland ' in the Domesday of War- wickshire. * ' Dispensatoris.' 8 I have little doubt that this ' Merston ' and the ' Merstone ' held by Robert de Oilgi were the same place and were Lea-Marston. The arguments in favour of this are almost too intricate to be stated in a footnote. The Marmions were afterwards lords of Lea-Marston, and it is usual to find them in possession of Robert Dispenser's lands. • This is obvious. Moreover here also the Mar- mions in later times had an estate. wood(land) 2 leagues long and i league broad. It was worth 10 shillings; now 2O shillings. The same R(obert) holds i hide in LETH [? Lea-Marston].7 There is land for I plough. There is I knight with I plough ; and (there are) 4 villeins and I bordar and 2 serfs with i plough. There are 2 acres of meadow. It was worth 10 shillings, and is worth 15 shillings. Alwin held it freely. The same R(obert) holds 10 hides in BER- TANESTONE [Barston].8 There is land for 10 ploughs. There are 6 free men and 9 villeins and 4 bordars with 10 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 4 shillings. Wood- (land) half a league long and 3 furlongs broad. It was and is worth 100 shillings. Ailmar held it freely, and with the leave (licentia) of King William, sold it to Alwin the sheriff. XXIV. THE LAND OF ROBERT DE VECI IN BOMELAU HUNDRET Robert de Veci holds of the king 5 hides and a half in ULVEIA [Wolvey]. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 4 serfs ; and 15 villeins with a priest and 2 bordars have 7 ploughs. There are 50 acres of meadow. Pasture half a league in length and breadth. It was worth (? 3)' pounds ; now 50 shillings. Alric son of Meriet held it freely T.R.E. The same Robert holds 3 virgates of land in WITECORE [(? Nether) Whitacre].10 There is land for I plough, and it is there, with I villein and 2 acres of meadow. It was worth IO shillings ; now 2 shillings. Ailric held it freely.11 7 It had occurred to me that this might be Blithe and that the initial B had somehow dropped out. But Blithe was not even important enough to appear in the Subsidy Roll of i Edward III., and moreover Dugdale shows that it was held from the Mowbrays, whereas Lea, like Marston, was held under the Marmions, the successors of Robert Dispenser. 8 This, as already stated (see p. 320), is apparently a duplicate of the entry relating to ' Bertanestone ' under Turchil's fee. But this is not certain, and Mr. Round doubts it. 9 Here is a smudge of ink in the original. There are certainly two strokes and may be three. 10 See the note relating to the entry of Wite- core in Turchil's fee, p. 319. 11 This entry at the foot of the column, in a smaller handwriting and lower than the foot of the other column, appears to be an afterthought. 331 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE fo. H) XXV. THE LAND OF RALF DE MORTEMER IN BOMELAU HUNDRET Ralf de Mortemer holds STRATONE [Stret- ton Baskerville], and Roger of him. There are 3 hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and (there are) 8 vil- leins and 4 bordars with 4 ploughs. There are 5 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shil- lings ; now 30 shillings. Edric held it freely. XXVI. THE LAND OF RALF DE LIMESI Ralf de Limesi holds of the king in BUDE- BROC [Budbrooke]1 5 hides. There is land for 1 2 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 7 serfs ; and (there are) 22 villeins and 13 bordars with 6 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 2 shillings and 30 acres of meadow. Wood(land) I league long and 3 furlongs broad. In Warwic(k) 7 houses yield (reddunt) 7 shillings per annum. It was and is worth 8 pounds. Earl Eduin held it. XXVII. THE LAND OF WILLIAM SON OF ANSCULF William son of Ansculf holds of the king ESTONE [Aston juxta Birmingham],8 and Godmund of him. There are 8 hides. There is land for 2O ploughs. In the de- mesne is land for 6 ploughs, but the ploughs are not there. There 30 villeins with a priest and I serf and 12 bordars have 1 8 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 3 shillings. Wood(land) 3 leagues long and half a league broad. It was worth 4 pounds; now IOO shillings. Earl Eduin held it. From W(illiam), Stannechetel holds I hide in WITONE [Witton in Aston]. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) I villein and 2 bordars with 2 ploughs. It was worth 10 shillings; now 20. The same S(tannechetel) held it freely. From W(illiam), Peter holds 3 hides in HARDINTONE [Erdington]. There is land for 6 1 The words ' In Budebroc ' are written as if it were the name of a hundred. Budbrooke, appear- ing afterward in Barlichway Hundred but not in Pathlow Liberty, was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe.' 3 Aston and all William's other Warwickshire estates here recorded appear afterward in Hemling- ford Hundred, and were therefore doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Coleshelle.' ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 9 villeins and 3 bordars with 4 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 3 shillings, and 5 acres of meadow. Wood(land) i league long and a half broad, but it is set apart for the king (in defense regis est). It was worth 20 shillings ; now 30. Earl Eduin held it. From W(illiam), Dreu (Drogo) holds 2 hides in CELBOLDESTONE [Edgbaston].3 There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 1 £ ploughs ; and (there are) 3 villeins and 7 bordars with 5 ploughs. Wood(land) 3 fur- longs broad and half a league long. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 30. Aschi and Alwi held it freely. From W(illiam), Ricoard holds 4 hides in BERMINGEHAM [Birmingham]. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is i , and (there are) 5 villeins and 4 bordars with 2 ploughs. Wood(land) half a league long and 2 furlongs broad. It was and is worth 2O shillings. Ulwin held it freely T.R.E. IN CUDULUESTAN [CuTTLESTONE] HUNDRET * From W(illiam), Roger holds 2 hides in ESENINGETONE [Essington in Bushbury, Staf- fordshire]. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 15 villeins and 2 bordars with 3 ploughs. Wood(land) i league long and the same broad. In Biscopesberie [Bushbury] is i virgate of land appurtenant to this estate, but it is waste. It was and is worth 20 shillings. XXVIII. THE LAND OF WILLIAM SON OF CORBUCION William son of Corbucion holds of the king ERMENDONE [PAmington] and Robert of him in pledge (vadimon\ium\). There are 4 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 and 6 serfs ; and (there are) 6 villeins and 3 bordars with 2J ploughs. There are 10 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 4 furlongs long and 2 furlongs broad. It was and is worth 50 shillings. Turchil batoc B held it freely. 3 The early post- Domesday form of the name is Egbaldeston. Unless there was some such name as ' Ecgilbald,' from which ' Egbald ' was a cor- ruption, I suppose the ' Cel ' which here begins the name is a clerical error. 4 This is the Staffordshire Hundred of Cuddle- ston, now called Cuttlestone, and this entry is re- peated verbatim et literatim in the Domesday of Staffordshire. • ' batoc ' is interlined. 332 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS From W(illiam), Ailmar holds 2 hides in CINTONE [? Kington1 in Bickenhill and Solihull].2 There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 5 villeins who have them. Wood- (land) half a league long and 4 furlongs broad. It was and is worth 10 shillings. Turchil held it freely T.R.E. From W(illiam), Juhell holds 1\ hides in SECHINTONE [Seckington]. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is i ; and (there are) 6 villeins and 4 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are \\ acres of meadow. It was and is worth 30 shillings. Ernui held it. From W(illiam), Ordric holds 2 hides in WITSCAGA [Wishaw].3 There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 3 villeins with a priest and 4 bordars. Wood(land) 3 furlongs long and i broad. It was worth 30 shillings; now 10 shillings. The same Ordric held it freely. IN MERETON [MARTON] HUNDRET From W(illiam), Roger holds i hide in HODENELLE [Hodnell]. (There is land for) 4 i plough. It is there with 2 villeins and 2 bordars. There are 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 10 shillings; now 2O shillings. Alwi held it freely. From W(illiam), Osmund holds 2 hides in HUNINGEHAM [Hunningham].6 There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 2 bordars with i plough. There are 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 30 shillings. Ernewi held it freely T.R.E. From W(illiam), Chetel holds \\ hides 1 Alias Kingsford. J Coming between Amington and Seckington, which are two adjoining parishes in Hemlingford Hundred, I thought that ' Cintone ' would be a neighbouring place in the same hundred, and as Kington, which with Lyndon formed a mem- ber of Bickenhill, is in the same hundred and in Turchil's territory, and is found at an early date in the hands of the Mountforts of Beaudesert, who somehow acquired a considerable portion of the Corbucion estates, I have little doubt that the identification here made is correct. Dugdale (p. 553) seems to identify this 'Cintone' with Kineton, but evidently distrusts (p. 431) his own sugges- tion. (There is however nothing to connect William or his heirs with the above place. — J.H.R.) 3 Doubtless in ' Coleshelle ' Hundred, being after- ward in Hemlingford Hundred. * The leaf is injured here. in the same vill [HUNINGEHAM] 8 and half a virgate of land.8 There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is I, with i serf; and (there are) 3 villeins and 5 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are 6 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 30 shillings. Saulf held it freely. IN STANLEI [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET From W(illiam), Johais holds 2j virgates of land in WESTONE [Weston under Wetherley].7 There is land for ij ploughs. In the de- mesne is I with I villein and I bordar. There are I O acres of meadow. It was and is worth 10 shillings. Sawold held it freely. From W(illiam), Roger holds I virgate of land in CONDELME [Coundon].8 There is land for i plough. There are 2 bordars. Wood(Iand) half a league long and 4 fur- longs broad. It was worth 5 shillings ; now 4 shillings. IN BERRICESTONE [BARCHESTON] HUNDRET From W(illiam), Johais holds 2^ hides in BERRICESTONE [Barcheston]. There is land for 3^ ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and (there are) 5 villeins and 7 bordars with ij ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 100 pence, and 1 2 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Wiching held it freely T.R.E. From W(illiam), Geoffrey holds I hide in MAPELBERGE [Mappleborough in Studley].9 There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is i with i serf; and (there are) 2 villeins with i plough. There are 10 acres of meadow. Wood(land) I furlong long and I broad. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 1 5 shillings. Leuiet held it freely. 6 Honingham (now Hunningham), which ap- pears afterward in Marton Leet, was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Meretone.' 8 i.e. if hides in all. 7 The identification seems clear, for this Weston afterward appears in Stoneleigh Leet. The \\ vir- gates held here by Robert under Turchil, together with these 2\ virgates, make up a i-hide estate, in addition to which Robert also held here an estate of 3 hides less one-third of a virgate under the Count of Meulan. 8 Coundon afterward in Stoneleigh Leet was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Stanlei.' The one virgate of this estate together with the three virgates held here by the Church of Coventry make it a i-hide place. • Mappleborough was, no doubt, like Studley, in ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred. 333 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE From W(illiam), Turchil holds I J hides in ECLESHELLE [Exhall].1 There is land for I plough. There are 2 bordars and 10 acres of meadow. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 5 shillings. Suain held it freely T.R.E. From W(illiam), Leuric and Eileua hold 3 hides and i virgate of land in GRASTON [(? Arden's) Grafton].' There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is one, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) i villein and 3 bordars with i plough. There are 4 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 30 shillings. The same persons (Idem ipsf) held it freely. From W(illiam), William holds 2 hides in BENINTON [Binton].3 There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is one, with i serf and 5 bordars. There are 3 acres of meadow. On the part of the mill (there are received) 4 loads (summas) of flour and 8 ' sticks ' of eels ; and from Wich [Droitwich] 3 loads (summas) of salt. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 30 shillings. Edric held it freely T.R.E. IN TREMELAU HUNDRET William himself (Ifse Willelmuf) holds I hide in HEREFORD [Barford] 4 of the king. There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 2 serfs and 9 acres of meadow. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 5 shillings. Saulf held it T.R.E. IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET The same W(illiam) holds 4 hides in STOD- LEI [Studley].0 There is land for 1 1 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 3 serfs ; and 19 1 Near Alcester. This identification is clear owing to the connection of the Corbisons with the place. It is afterward found in Barlichway Hundred but not in Pathlow Liberty, and was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of 'Ferne- cumbe.' J This was probably the portion of Grafton known as 'Arden's,' being the smaller of the two. It is between Exhall and Binton, and for the same reasons as Exhall was doubtless in ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred. The connection of the Corbisons with it in after times is well ascertained (Dugdale, p. 540- 3 This identification is no doubt correct. Bin- ton, in the same way as Exhall and Grafton, was doubtless in ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred. For Domes- day purposes we may, I think, ignore the place in Salford now called Bevington, but in the first two Subsidy Rolls ' Benynton.' 4 Barford appears afterward in Kineton Hun- dred, in which ' Tremelau ' Hundred was merged. 8 Studley, as we should expect, appears after- wards in Barlichway Hundred, but not in Pathlow Liberty. villeins with a priest and 12 bordars have 9 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 5 shillings, and 24 acres of meadow. A salt pan renders 19 loads (summas) of salt.6 Wood(land) i league long and half a league broad. It was and is worth 100 shillings. Suain held it freely. The same W(illiam) holds 2^ hides and two thirds of I virgate in ULWARDITONE [Wolverton].7 There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 4 serfs; and (there are) 10 villeins and 7 bordars with 5 ploughs. There are 2O acres of meadow. Wood(land) i furlong long and half (a furlong) broad. In Warwic(k) i house paying 8 pence. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 60 shillings. Ernuin held it freely T.R.E.8 The same W(illiam) holds 4 hides in BURLEI [Bearley].9 There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 9 villeins and 6 bordars with 5 ploughs. There are 4 acres of meadow. In Warwic(k) I house paying 8 pence. It was worth 60 shillings ; now 40 shillings. Erneuin and his mother held it freely. IN COLVESTAN HUNDRET lo The same W(illiam) holds CILLENTONE 6 See Introduction, p. 293. 7 Comparing this with the entry of ' Ulwardi- tone' among Robert de Stafford's estates (see p. 3 30) we find that it was a 4-hide vill, of which Urfer, Robert's tenant, held one third, namely i hide and I virgate and one third of a virgate, while William son of Corbucion holds two thirds, namely 2 hides and 2 virgates and two thirds of a virgate. As stated before, Wolverton was evidently in ' Ferne- cumbe' Hundred, so that the rubrication of Studley applies to this entry of Wolverton which follows next. 8 On the outside margin opposite this entry is written v.v' ; and similarly, opposite the paragraph relating to Stodlei is written 1 1 & d'. The former might be short for quinque virgatit and the latter for duo et dimidium. I cannot see that these signs bear any reference to any entries on the page, and I understand it has been suggested that the scribe was merely trying his pen. 8 As before stated, this was doubtless in 'Ferne- cumbe ' Hundred. The 4 hides here given, to- gether with the I hide entered under the fee of Stafford, make ' Burlei ' a 5-hide place. 10 This is the Staffordshire Hundred now called ' Cuttlestone.' It will be remembered that William fitz Anscult's Staffordshire manor of Essington, which is recorded in this county, is also in Cuttlestone Hundred. In the case of Essing- ton however there is a duplicate entry in the Staffordshire Domesday, whereas Chillington is re- corded in Warwickshire only. 334 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS [Chillington].1 There are 3 hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne is I plough, and 9 serfs ; and (there are) 1 3 vil- leins and 6 bordars with 5 ploughs. There are 2 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 2 leagues long, and half a league broad. It was worth 4 pounds ; now 30 shillings. The Bishop of Chester claims this estate. XXIX. THE LAND OF WILLIAM BUENVASLETH IN TREMELAU HUNDRET William Buenvasleth holds of the king LISTECORNE [Lighthorne]. There are 5 hides beside 'inland.'2 There is land for 18 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ploughs and 7 serfs ; and 1 9 villeins and 9 bordars with a priest have 6 ploughs. There are 30 acres of meadow, and I grove (grava) 1 furlongs long and 20 perches broad. It was worth 100 shillings ; now 7 pounds. Earl Ralf 3 held it fo. 343b IN STANLEI [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET The same William holds 3 virgates of land in ERBURBERIE [Harbury].4 There is land for 2 ploughs. There are 2 villeins. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 5 shillings. Ulwin held it freely T.R.E. IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET From W(illiam), Roger holds 4^ hides in OPTONE [Upton juxta Haselor].5 There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 1 1, and 4 serfs; and (there are) I o villeins and 5 bordars with 4 ploughs. There are 30 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 10 furlongs and 1 8 perches long, and 5 furlongs broad. It is worth 70 shillings. It was worth 6 10 shillings. Three men of Earl Leofric (Leurici) held it freely. From W(illiam), Hugh holds 2 hides in SPERNORE [Spernall].7 There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is I ; and (there) 1 In Brewood, Staffordshire. 1 ' Inland ' paid no geld to the king. This was evidently a case of 'beneficial hidation.' 3 Probably Ralf Earl of Hereford.— J.H.R. 4 This is the last of the five entries relating to Harbury, and brings thehidage up to exactly izj. 5 This identification is clear, for this is the only Upton found afterwards in Barlichway Hundred, which Hundred absorbed ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred. Upton is not far from Studley and Spernall. • The text is doubtful here. ' Near Studley. are 4 villeins and 7 bordars with 3 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 4 shillings and 7 sticks of eels, and 8 acres of meadow. Wood- (land) 3 furlongs long and I broad. It is worth 40 shillings.8 From W(illiam), William holds I hide in STODLEI [Studley].9 There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is i plough ; and (there) are 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 3 furlongs long and 2 furlongs broad. It is worth i o shillings. Godric held it freely. XXX. THE LAND OF GEOFFREY DE MANNEVILE Geoffrey de Mannevile holds of the king CUNTONE [Long Compton].10 There are 30 hides. There is land for 20 ploughs. In the demesne are 7, and 25 serfs ; and 45 villeins with a priest and 13 bordars and 2 knights have 10 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) IO shillings, and meadow 3 furlongs long and as much broad. Wood(land) 2 furlongs in length and breadth. It was worth 1 5 pounds ; now 30 pounds. Asgar the Staller (stalre) held it. IN HONESBERIE HUNDRET From the same Geoffrey, William holds half a hide and the fourth part of a hide in WIMELESTONE [Wormleighton]. There is land for ij ploughs. In the demesne is I plough with 2 bordars. It was worth 2O shil- lings ; now 1 5 shillings. XXXI. THE LAND OF GEOFFREY DE WIRCE IN BOMELAU HUNDRET Geoffrey de Wirce11 holds of the king CHIR- CHEBERIE [Monks Kirby]. There are 15 hides. There is land for 2O ploughs. In the demesne are 7, and 6 serfs, and 2 bond- women ; and (there are) 41 villeins and 2 bor- dars with 2 priests, who have (habentes) 2 1 ploughs. There are 40 acres of meadow. 8 Doubtless like Studley, it was in ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred. 9 This hide, together with the 4 hides held by William fitz Corbucion in demesne, make Studley a 5 -hide place. 10 As shown in my former note concerning the Comptons, this was evidently Long Compton, for Dugdale clearly traces the tenure of the Mande- villes. Judging by its position, I suppose that it was in Barcheston Hundred. 11 See Introduction, p. 275. 335 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE In this manor the monks of S. Nicholas [of Angers] have 2 ploughs, and 22 villeins (vil- lanos) and 6 bordars with 5 ploughs. The whole was worth 100 shillings, and afterwards 40 shillings ; now 10 pounds. Lewin held it freely. The same G(eoffrey) holds NEWEBOLD [New- bold-on-Avon].1 There are 8 hides. There is land for 16 ploughs. In the demesne are 3, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 25 villeins and 8 bordars with n ploughs. It was and is worth 100 shillings. Lewin held it freely. The same G(eoffrey) holds FENINIWEBOLD [Newbold Revel].2 There are 8 hides. There is land for 16 ploughs. In the de- mesne are 4 ploughs and 8 serfs ; and (there are) 26 villeins and 3 bordars with 10 ploughs. There are i o acres of meadow. It was and is worth 7 pounds. Lewin held it freely. IN MERETON [MARTON] HUNDRET The same G(eoffrey) holds 5 hides in LELLE- FORD [Long Lawford].3 There is land for 14 ploughs. In the demesne is I ; and 14 villeins and 7 bordars have 7 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 14 shillings. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 50 shillings. The same G(eoffrey) holds WAPEBERIE [Wappenbury].4 There are 5 hides. There 1 This is Dugdale's identification, and I think it is correct, though his logic is not convincing. Otherwise we must suppose that Newbold-on-Avon, the most important of the Newbolds, was omitted from Domesday Book. See next note. 2 This also is Dugdale's identification, and prob- ably correct. Indeed, if, as he states (p. 56), this manor was conveyed in 6 Richard II. by the name of 'Feni-Newbold,' there can be no question but that he is right. Otherwise, this entry looks suspiciously like a repetition of the account of Newebold preceding it, with the less important particulars slightly varied. In the Subsidy Roll of i Edward III. Newbold Revel appears under the head of ' Newbolde and Strettone,' with John Revel first on the list of those who paid. 3 I have little doubt of this identification, pro- viding that Dugdale (p. 21) is correct in stating that it was in this Lawford that Geoffrey de Wirce granted the tithes to the monastery of S. Nicholas of Angers. In I Edward III., Long Lawford, was in Brinklow Leet, and Church Lawford in Marton Leet: but as Long Lawford was originally in the parish of Church Lawford, it was doubtless also originally in Marton Leet and in the Domesday Hundred of ' Meretone.' 4 This identification is obvious. Moreover it is afterward found in Marton Leet, and was there- is land for 15 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 6 serfs ; and (there are) 1 9 vil- leins and 6 bordars with 10 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 6 shillings and 8 pence. Wood(land) half a league long and 2 fur- longs broad. It was and is worth no shil- lings. The same G(eoffrey) holds HANTONEB [Hampton in Arden].8 There are 10 hides. There is land for 22 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 2 serfs, and 2 bond-women ; and 50 villeins with a priest and 16 bordars have 13 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 40 pence and i o acres of meadow. Wood(land) 3 leagues long and 3 broad. It was and is worth 100 shillings. From the same G(eoffrey), Sot (Sotus) holds SCOTESCOTE [Shustoke].7 There are 4 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne is I plough and 3 serfs ; and (there are) I O vil- leins with 3 ploughs. There are 16 acres of meadow. Wood(land) i league long and half a league broad. It was and is worth 40 shil- lings. From G(eoffrey), Ansgot the priest holds I hide in BENECHELIE [Bentley] 8 in almoin. There is land for 2 ploughs, and they are there with 4 villeins. Wood(land) half a league long and 3 furlongs broad. It was and is worth 64 pence. From G(eofFrey), Bruno holds 2 hides in GAURA [Brownsover].9 There is land for 2 ploughs, and they are there, with 4 villeins and 3 bordars and 2 serfs (servis). There are 2 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 20 shillings. fore doubtless, like the preceding place, in the Domesday Hundred of ' Meretone.' 6 Between this and the preceding entry there is a space left in the MS. for ' Coleshelle ' Hundred to be inserted. 6 This is also an obvious identification, and Dugdale (p. 696) makes clear the subsequent over- lordship of the Mowbrays, who succeeded to Geoffrey de Wirce. Hampton in Arden, after- wards in Hemlingford Hundred, was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Coleshelle.' 7 Shustoke. Exactly the same remarks apply to this identification. 8 Bentley was of course, like Shustoke, in ' Coles- helle' Hundred. The 'c ' was, as often, a mistake for ' t.' 8 This place no doubt took its name from the Domesday tenant Bruno. See note on p. 309 and also the next note. 336 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS From G(eoffrey), Robert holds 5 hides in WARA [? Cesters Over].1 There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, with i serf ; and (there are) 9 villeins and 2 bordars with 5 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de} 2 shillings, and loj acres of meadow. It was and is worth 40 shillings. From G(eoffrey), Ansegis holds I hide in NIWEHAM [Newnham Paddox].2 There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 3 serfs ; and (there are) 16 villeins and 5 bor- dars with 6 ploughs. There are 20 acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 60 shillings. From G(eoffrey), Ulvric holds 3 hides in APLEFORD [Hopsford].3 There is land for 3 ploughs, and they are there, with 6 villeins and 2 serfs. There are 5 acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 30 shillings. The same Ulvric held it freely. All the above-mentioned lands Lewin held, and could betake himself (ire) whither he would.4 XXXII. THE LAND OF GILBERT DE GAND Gilbert de Gand holds of the king i hide and ij virgates in ULLAVINTONE [Willing- ton] 5 and Fulbric of him. There is land for i plough. There is i villein, and 2 bordars and 4 serfs with i plough. There is a mill worth (de) 5 shillings, and 1 5 acres of meadow. 1 This identification is probable, but by no means certain. See note on p. 309. One of the Overs is rubricated as in ' Bomelau ' Hundred, so probably they were all in that Hundred, though they are farther south than the places known to be in that Hundred. 1 This identification, which is Dugdale's, is no doubt right so far as it goes, for this Newnham can be traced as in the fee of the Mowbrays the suc- cessors of Geoffrey de Wirce. But judging of its importance by the particulars given I consider that it must have also included Newnham Regis. I suppose that, appearing afterward in Brinklow Leet, it was in the Domesday Hundred of ' Bomelau.' See the Introduction, p. 280, for the identity of 'Lewin,' its previous holder. 3 This identification is also Dugdale's, and is no doubt correct. The ' 1 ' may be a clerical error for ' s.' The name generally appeared in early records as ' Happesford,' and the place was in the Mowbray fee. Like Newnham, it was, I suppose, in ' Bomelau' Hundred. 4 i.e. choose his lord. 5 I suppose this is correct. Cf. note on p. 329. But the total hidage seems severe. Willington was doubtless in Barcheston Hundred. It was and is worth 20 shillings, held it freely. Alward XXXIII. THE LAND OF GILBERT SON OF TUROLD IN BERRICESTONE [BARCHESTON] HUNDRET Gilbert son of Turold holds of the king 6 hides in STRATONE [Stretton on the Fosse],9 and Walter (holds) of him. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are i \ ploughs, and 4 serfs ; and 8 villeins and 3 bordars with a priest and i knight have 5 ploughs. There are 23 acres of meadow, and of pas- ture 40 perches long, and as much broad. It was worth 70 shillings ; now no shillings. Chenward and Brictric held it freely. XXXIV. THE LAND OF GERIN7 Gerin holds of the king 5 hides in BENI- TONE [? Binton].8 There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, with i serf; and (there are) 5 villeins and 5 bordars with i plough. There is a mill worth (de) 4 shillings, and 1 5 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 60 shillings. Grim held it freely T.R.E. XXXV. THE LAND OF URSE DE ABETOT IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET Urse (de) Abetot holds of the king i \ hides in HILDEBORDE [Hillborough].9 There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 3 bordars with half a plough. There are 9 acres of meadow, and a salt pan in Wich [Droitwich] pays 3 shillings. It was worth 16 shillings ; now 2O shillings. Ernui held it freely T.R.E. The same Urse holds 2 hides in BENITONE [Binton].'0 There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is i ; and (there are) 3 villeins and I bordar with I plough. There is a mill worth (de) 2 shillings. It was worth 16 shil- lings ; now 40 shillings. Ernui held it freely. 8 Plainly, being close to Barcheston, and being the only Stretton so situate that it would be in a hundred of which Barcheston was head. 7 This may have been an Englishman, for a ' Gerin ' occurs among the English thegns of Hampshire in 1 086. — J.H.R. 8 Doubtless Binton, which adjoins Hillborough, and like the latter must have been in ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred. 9 Evidently Hillborough in Temple Grafton. 10 Obviously Binton, which in a subsequent entry is bracketed with Hillborough, the two being rubricated as in ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred. 337 43 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE XXXVI. THE LAND OF STEPHEN1 Stephen holds of the king i hide in DORSI- TONE* [Little Dorsington]. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and (there is) I free man with 8 bordars with i plough. There are 4 acres of meadow. It was worth 2O shillings ; now 30. Ordui held it freely. IN PATELAU [PATHLOW] HUNDRET The same Stephen holds 3 hides in MELE- COTE [Milcote].3 There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ; and (there are) 6 vil- leins and 6 bordars with 3 ploughs. There are 1 5 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Bishop * Ulstan s and JElfstan held it freely. XXXVII. THE LAND OF OSBERN SON OF RICHARD Osbern son of Richard holds of the king ESTONE [Aston Cantlow].6 There are 5 hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. There are 9 Flemings (flandrensei) and 1 6 villeins with a priest and 10 bordars who have (habentes) 12 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 8 shillings, and 5 ' sticks ' of eels, and 40 acres of meadow. Wood (land) i league in length and breadth. It was worth loo shil- lings ; now 6 pounds. Earl Algar held it. IN PATELAU [PATHLOW] HUNDRET From the same O(sbern), Urse holds 3 hides in WILMECOTE [Wilmcote near Stratford]. 1 Stephen the steersman (see Introduction). 2 Dorsington parva, though in the Gloucester- shire parish of Welford, is in Warwickshire, and was doubtless in 'Fernecumbe' Hundred. See next note. 3 Milcote is in Warwickshire, though it is part of the Gloucestershire parish of Weston on Avon. In the Chronicle of Evesham Abbey ' Dorsintune, Mulecote, et alia Mulecote ' are mentioned as places in Gloucestershire acquired by Abbot Agelwi (1059-77) for the abbey. Pathlow Hundred consisted largely of church lands. I suggest that Bishop Wulstan may have brought Milcote into it. In I Edward III. both Milcote and Dorsington were outside Pathlow Liberty. « The " ep's " (episcopus) is an interlineation. s i.e. Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester. • Although there is no subsequent trace of Os- bern's connection with Aston Cantlow, the identi- fication is doubtless correct. The only other War- wickshire Aston has already been accounted for. Aston Cantlow, like other places appearing sub- sequently in Barlichway Hundred but not in Pathlow Liberty, was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe.' There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 2 villeins and 2 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are 24 acres of meadow. It was worth 30 shil- lings ; now 60 shillings. Lewin Doda held it freely T.R.E. IN MERETON [MARTON] HUNDRET From O(sbern), William holds 5 hides in DONECERCE [Dunchurch]. There is land for 9 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 3 serfs ; and 1 2 villeins with a priest and 1 1 bordars have 5 ploughs. There are 30 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 100 shil- lings. Ulmar held it. IN TREMELAU HUNDRET From O(sbern), Hugh holds 4 hides in BEREFORDE [Barford]. There is land for 12 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 2 serfs ; and 2 knights with a priest and 4 vil- leins and 1 1 bordars have 3 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 2 shillings and 13 'sticks' of eels, and 60 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 40 shillings. IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET From O(sbern) the same Hugh holds 3 hides and a half in HILDEBEREURDE [Hillborough] and in BENINTONE [Binton]. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne is I, and 4 serfs ; and (there are) 7 villeins and 2 bordari with 2 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 1 2 pence, and 20 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 40 shillings. Lodric held it freely T.R.E. From O(sbern) the same Hugh holds 3 hides in EPESLEI [Ipsley].8 There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 2 serfs ; and (there are) 7 villeins with a priest and 13 bordars with 4 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 1 6 pence. Wood(land) I league long and half a league broad. It was worth 30 shillings ; now 40 shillings. Earl Algar held it. From O(sbern), Gilbert holds 5 hides in GRASTONE [Temple Grafton].* There is 7 This with the hide and a half of Hillborough already recorded as held by Urse de Abetot make up a 5-hide estate, as if a piece of Binton had been annexed to round off Hillborough. 8 Ipsley, being subsequently in Barlichway Hundred but not in Pathlow Liberty, was doubt- less in the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe.' • Grafton, for the same reason as Ipsley, was doubtless in ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred. This was, no doubt, Temple Grafton, for the history of Arden's 338 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 4 serfs ; and (there are) 6 villeins with a priest and 6 bordars with 5 ploughs. There are 24 acres of meadow. It was worth 3 pounds ; now 4 pounds. Mervin and Scrotin and Toti and Tosti held it freely T.R.E. IN BERICEST(ON) [BARCHESTON] HUNDRET From O(sbern), Walter holds 2 hides in STRATONE [Stretton on Fosse].1 He has there half a plough in the demesne, and 2 villeins (uUFas) with I plough. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 30 shillings. Brictric held it freely. From O(sbern), William holds MOLLITONE [Mollington].a There are 5 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne is I ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 5 bordars with i plough. There are 20 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 60 shillings. The mother of Lewin of Niweham [Newn- ham Paddox3 ?] held it freely T.R.E. XXXVIII. THE LAND OF HAROLD SON OF THE EARL IN COLESHELLE [CoLESHILL] HuNDRET Harold son of Earl * Ralf holds of the king CELVERDESTOCHE [Chilvers Coton].5 There are 8 hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. In the demesne is half a plough and 9 serfs ; and (there are) 1 5 villeins and 7 bordars with 7 ploughs. Meadow 3 furlongs long and I broad. Wood(land) ij leagues long and i league broad. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 50 shillings. His father held it. Grafton under the Corbucions seems clear, and moreover the priest here mentioned implies the church, which was in Temple Grafton. i See the note on the former entry concerning this place. The recorded hidage is 8. » This is clear, for Dugdale (p. 414) shows that part of the Warwickshire portion of Molling- ton was held of the Honour of Richard's Castle. Hemmed in by Farnborough and Warmington, Mollington must, like them, have been in ' Hones- berie' Hundred. See also Introduction, p. 295, and V.C.H. Northants, p. 33gb. ' See Introduction, p. 280. * ' comitis ' is an interlineation. « Certainly : the tenure of that place under the barons of Sudeley, the descendants of Harold, is quite clear. In the Subsidy Roll of l Edward III. and other mediaeval records the name appears as ' Chilverscote,' for which I am inclined to think the Domesday name is a mistake. The modern name is probably a compound derived partly from Coton which is a hamlet in this parish. IN ONESBERIE HUNDRET The same Harold holds 15 hides in DERCE- TONE [Dassett].6 There is land for 23 ploughs. In the demesne is I plough and 4 serfs ; and 46 villeins with a priest and 9 bor- dars have 26 ploughs. There 3 knights have 12 villeins with 3 ploughs. There are 27 acres of meadow. It was worth 1 6 pounds ; now 20 pounds. Harold held it T.R.E. XXXIX. THE LAND OF HASCULF IN MERETONE [MARTON] HUNDRET Hasculf Musard holds of the king in LUN- NITONE [Leamington-Hastings] 7 1 2^ hides and half a virgate of land. There is land for 27 ploughs. In the demesne are 7 ploughs and 15 serfs; and 33 villeins with a priest and 24 bordars have 18 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 2 shillings, and 20 acres of meadow. It was worth 10 pounds; now 12 pounds. Azor held it freely T.R.E. IN STANLEI [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET From Hasculf, Humfrey holds 2 hides in WITENAS [Whitnash]. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 and 5 serfs ; and (there are) 1 1 villeins and 8 bordars with 6 ploughs. There are 10 acres of meadow. It was worth 60 shillings ; now 100 shillings. Alvred held it freely T.R.E. IN TREMELAU HUNDRET From Hasculf the same Humfrey holds 5 hides in NIWEBOLD [Newbold Pacey].8 There is land for 9 ploughs. In the demesne are 4 ploughs and 5 serfs ; and (there are) 1 1 villeins and 1 1 bordars with 8£ ploughs. There are 10 acres of meadow. It was worth 60 shillings; now IOO shillings. Alvred held it freely T.R.E. IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET From Hasculf the same Humfrey holds 6 Certainly Burton Dassett, in which Harold's descendants the Sudeleys held an interest for cen- turies. The I 5 hides here recorded, together with the 10 hides held by the Count of Meulan, make it a z 5 -hide place. I strongly suspect that the three knights gave its name to Knightcote, a ham- let of Dasset, which certainly existed as early as i Edward III. 7 Its tenure by the Hastangs under the barony of Musard is clear, and it was in Marton Leet. 8 This identification is clear. It is in Kineton Hundred, in which ' Tremelau ' Hundred became included. Its tenure by Humfrey's descendants, the Hastangs, under the barony of Musard, is clearly shown by Dugdale (p. 391). 339 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE HASELEIA [Haseley]. There are 3 hides and half a virgate of land. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is I ; and 3 vil- leins with a priest and 7 bordars have 2 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 4 shillings, and 6 acres of meadow. Wood(land) I league long and 2 furlongs. It was worth 2O shil- lings ; now 30 shillings. Azur held it freely. XL. THE LAND OF NICOLAS THE CROSSBOWMAN (Balistarii) IN TREMELAU HUNDRET Nicolas the Crossbowman (Balistarius) holds of the king 3 hides and I virgate of land in ALNODESTONE [Aylestone in Atherstone on Stour].1 There is land for 5 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 4 serfs and 3 bondwomen ; and (there are) 9 villeins and 3 bordars with 3 ploughs. It was and is worth 60 shillings. Leuric held it freely. IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET The same Nicolas holds 5 hides and I virgate of land in HASELOUE [Haselor].2 There is land for 9 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 ploughs, and 5 serfs and bondwomen (inter servos et ancillas); and 1 6 villeins with i bordar have 7 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 6 shillings and 8 pence ; and a saltpan (sa/ina 3) pays 4 shillings and 2 loads (summas) of salt. There 2 Frenchmen ( frandg") and i burgess render seven pence halfpenny. It was worth 4 pounds ; now 6 pounds. Ul- viet and Alvric held it freely. XLI. THE LAND OF NIGEL DE ALBINGI Nigel de Albingi holds of the king AL- DULVESTREU [Austrey].4 There are 5^ hides 1 This is Dugdale's identification (p. 486) and is doubtless correct, 'Tremelau' Hundred being afterward merged in Kineton Hundred in which Aylestone is situate. In the Subsidy Roll of I Edward III. the name appears as ' Ailuastone.' 2 Haselor is in Barlichway Hundred, in which ' Fernecumbe ' Hundred is merged. Nicolas de la Pole (whom Dugdale considers identical with this Nicolas) appears later as concerned both in Haselor and Aylestone. ' See Introduction, p. 293. 4 This is clear ; and doubtless it was this Nigel who also held an estate of z-J- hides here under Henry de Ferrieres. Including the zi hides held by Burton Abbey, the total hidage was i o hides and 3 virgates. It looks as if the latter assessment had been super-imposed upon the former. Austrey was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Coles- helle.' and i virgate of land. There is land for 10 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 12 vil- leins with a priest and 8 bordars have 5 ploughs. There is meadow (pratt) i furlong long and another broad.8 It was worth 6 pounds ; now 3 pounds. Eight thegns held it freely T.R.E. The same Nigel holds 1\ hides in ALTONE [? Hatton].8 There is land for 4 ploughs. There are 3 villeins with i bordar who have (habentei) 2j ploughs. It was and is worth 2O shillings. Ulwin and Leuric held it freely. XLII. THE LAND OF CRISTINA7 IN COLESHELLE [CoLESHILL] HuNDRET Cristina holds of the king 8 hides in ULVERLEI [Solihull].8 There is land for 20 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 3 serfs ; and 22 villeins with a priest and 4 bordars have 7 ploughs. There are 12 acres of meadow. Wood(land) 4 leagues long and half B Austrey meadows are of sufficient importance to be marked on the map between Austrey and Shuttington. — J.H.R. 8 I think this is possible. Otherwise Hatton, an ancient parish which included Shrewley and Beausale, was omitted from Domesday Book. Hugh fitz Richard was the successor of Nigel de Albingi in Austrey, and it was, I feel sure, as such successor that he held Hatton, even though the overlordship was in the Earls of Warwick. Dug- dale ignores this entry, but does not make his fre- quent suggestion that Hatton was ' involved ' in any other place. Hatton, being afterward in Barlichway Hundred, not in Pathlow Liberty, was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Ferne- cumbe.' But the history of these two manors is at present obscure, and Mr. Round says he cannot accept this conclusion because Nigel de Albini's barony, of which Cainhoe, Beds, was the head, remained for generations in the hands of his heirs ; and because, although Dugdale no doubt considered that he was succeeded at Austrey by Hugh fitz Richard, the Burton Abbey document on which he relied ends by speaking of Albini of Cainhoe as the overlord. 7 See Introduction, p. 281. 8 I have no doubt that Dugdale is right in this identification. The name of Hullerley survived in the parish in his day, and the Ordnance maps now show a district called ' The Ulleries,' and also an Ulverley Green, the latter preserving the Domes- day name. Moreover, the Limesis who succeeded Cristina in both Warwickshire and Oxfordshire, undoubtedly held Solihull. It is not surprising that a priest is mentioned, for the dedication of the church, being to S. Alphege, was doubtless pre-conquestual. 340 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS a league broad, is worth 12 shillings when it bears (oneratur). It (Ulverlei) was worth IO pounds ; now 4 pounds. Earl Eduin held it. With this is valued also the following estate (terra). The same (Ipsa) Cristina holds I hide in ARLEI [Arley].1 There are 4 villeins who have (habentes) 2 ploughs. Wood(land) I league long and a half2 and in breadth I league, when it bears (oneratur), is worth 60 shillings. IN MERETON [MARTON] HUNDRET The same Cristina holds ICENTONE [Long Itchington].3 There are 24 hides. There is land for 2 1 ploughs. In the demesne are 5 ploughs and 10 serfs ; and 83 villeins with 2 priests and 4 bordars have 17 ploughs. There are 2 mills worth (de) 6 shillings and 8 pence, and 16 acres of meadow ; pasture 2 furlongs long and i furlong broad. It was worth 1 2 pounds ; now 2O pounds. When the king gave it to Cristina it was paying 36 pounds. XLIII. OF THE KING'S ALMS (Elemosinte Regis) Leveve the nun (mania/is) holds of the king SALFORD [Salford Priors] * in almoin (in demos'). There are 3 hides. There is land for IO ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 7 serfs ; and (there are) 8 villeins and 8 bordars with a priest, who have (habentes) 8 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 5 shillings, and 12 acres of meadow. Wood (land) 2 furlongs long and half a furlong broad. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 6 pounds. Godeva, the wife of Earl Leofric (Leurici) held it. 1 This is obvious, and Arley also came to the Limesis. Being afterward in Marlon Leet, it was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of Meretone.' [There can be no doubt that Arley was in the Leet of Marton, for it is so described in the Subsidy Roll of i Edw. III., and also in the Roll quoted by Dugdale, Antlq. Warwlcks. p. 4 (1656 ed.) Other- wise one would certainly say, from its position, that it was in the Leet of Brinklow and, in Domesday times, in the Hundred of ' Bomelau.' — B.W.] J Translated word for word, in the same order as the Latin. 3 Plainly, because Long Itchington was in Marton Leet and was held by the Limesis. * This is quite clear. Its history as distinct from Abbot's Salford is given by Dugdale. Like Abbot's Salford it was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Fernecumbe." The two Salfords to- gether contained 5 hides. IN FERNECUMBE HUNDRET Edith (Eddid) holds of the king 5 hides in BICHEMERSE [Bickmarsh]. There is land for 9 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs and 4 serfs ; and (there are) 13 villeins and 3 bordars with 6 ploughs. It was worth 4 pounds ; now i oo shillings. The same (Edith) held it T.R.E. to. 344b XLIV. THE LAND OF RICHARD THE FORESTER IN BOMELAU HUNDRET Richard the Forester holds of the king HERDEBERGE [Harborough ( ? Great and Little)].5 There are 4^ hides. There is land for as many ploughs. There are 4 villeins and 4 bordars with I plough. There are 2O acres of meadow. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 2O shillings. Four thegns held it freely. The same Richard holds half a hide in BRANCOTE [Bramcote in Bulkington].6 There is land for I plough. There is I villein with half a plough. It is worth 2 shillings. Sexi held it freely. IN MERETON [MARTON] HUNDRET R(ichard) holds of the king 2 hides in GRENEBERGE [Grandborough].7 There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 2, and 3 serfs ; and (there are) 6 villeins and 2 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are 20 acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 50 shillings. Bundi held it freely.8 6 This is doubtless so ; for ' Bomelau ' Hundred, which contained Monks Kirby, may well have in- cluded the adjoining Harborough. ' Bomelau ' Hundred seems to have been superseded by Brink- low Leet, in which Harborough subsequently appears. 6 This seems correct. Being afterward in Brinklow Leet, it was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Bomelau. ' This half-hide together with the hide and a half held by Earl Aubrey would make this Bramcote a 2-hide place. More- over, Sexi, its T.R.E. tenant, had also been tenant of Weston, Smercote and Souley, all adjoining to Bramcote-in-Bulkington. 7 The 8 hides i virgate of the Church of Coventry's estate, together with the 2 hides here recorded, make it appear that this was a lo-hide place, to which an additional virgate of assessment had been tacked on. 8 This last clause is inserted at the end of the next entry, but is plainly connected by a reference sign with this entry relating to Grandborough. 341 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE The same R(ichard) holds half a hide in SOCHEBERGE [Nether Shuckburgh].1 There is land for i plough and it is there with 5 villeins. It was worth 10 shillings; now 2O shillings. Edric held it freely. The same R(ichard) holds i hide in MOR- TONE [Hillmorton].* There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is half a plough ; and (there are) 3 villeins and 3 bordars with i plough. There are 10 acres of meadow. It was and is worth 20 shillings. Wiching held it freely. IN HONESBERIE HuNDRET From the same Richard, fritf) holds i hide at farm way].3 There is land for demesne are 2, with I serf villein and 3 bordars with are 3 acres of meadow, shillings; now 25. Earl held it T.R.E.* Ermenfrith (ErmJ- in RADWEIA [Rad- 3 ploughs. In the ; and (there are) i i plough. There It was worth 20 Ralf (Coma R.) IN STANLEI [STONELEIGH] HUNDRET Richard the Huntsman 6 (R. Senator) holds of the king i hide in SOWA [Sowe]. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is i ; and (there are) 2 villeins and 2 bordars with 1 Assuming that Dugdale's account of this place and his reference to the Testa de Nevill are correct, this must be Nether Shuckburgh which however was always afterwards in Kineton Hundred ; where- as, seeing the apparently careful rubrication of Richard Forester's estates, this would seem to be in Marton Hundred. (The Testa de Nevill does not specify in which of the Shuckburghs Richard's holding lay. But Dugdale's account seems to be right.— J.H.R.] 1 I think so ; but the subsequent history affords no clue ; and see the former notes on the Mor- tons held by the Count of Meulan and Hugh de Grentmesnil, as to the difficulty of distinguishing between Marton and Morton. All the five entries make up in hidage a little more than 5 hides, so that if they relate to one place, that would, I sup- pose, be Hillmorton, which is about three times as large as Marton. ' It is on the strength of this rubrication that Radway has been assigned to < Honesbcrie ' Hundred in the notes on the former entries relating to it. The hide here recorded brings the hidage up to the unusual number of 6 hides. « Dugdale (p. 420) shows that Earl RalPs descendants, the de Sudeleys, and Richard Forester's descendants, the de Loges family, both had interests in this place. • Dugdale is no doubt right in stating that this is merely Richard the Forester under a different name. He was also known as Chenuin, and Chenen or Cheven. See Eyton's Domesday Studies, Staffordshire, pp. 53, 55-6. half a plough. There are 3 acres of meadow. The wood(Iand) there, between himself and the king and the abbot," is (habet) 3 leagues long and i league broad. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 60 shillings. Colebran held it freely T.R.E. IN TREMEJLAU HUNDRET Richard the Huntsman (R. Venator) holds 3 hides in CESTRETONE [Chesterton]. There is land for 6 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 ploughs ; and (there are) 6 villeins and 4 bor- dars with 3 ploughs. There are 30 acres of meadow. It was worth 40 shillings ; now 100 shillings. Four thegns held it freely.7 IN BERRICESTUNE [BARCHESTON] HUNDRET Alvric holds of the king i hide and half a virgate of land in BERRICESTUNE 8 [Barches- ton]. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 4 villeins have 2 ploughs. There are 10 acres of meadow. It was worth 20 shillings ; now 40 shillings. Wichig' held it freely. IN COLESHELLE [CoLESHIU.] HuNDRET Alsi holds of the king half a hide 9 in FELINGELEI 8 [Fillongley]. There is land for i plough, and it is in the demesne with i serf; and 7 villeins with r bordar have i plough. Wood(land) worth 10 shillings when it bears (oner at'}. It (the estate) is worth 30 shillings. The same man (Idem ipse) held it himself. IN MERETON [MARTON] HUNDRET Lewin holds of the king i$ hides in FLECHENHO [Flecknoe]. There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 3 serfs ; and 3 villeins with i bordar have I plough. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 30 shillings. This (hie) Lewin bought (it) from Alwin his brother. 6 i.e. of Coventry. See the entry under the estates of the Church of Coventry. ' Between this entry and the next following, there is something of a gap, showing that the list of Richard the Forester's estates ends here. The holdings which follow are those of English thegns. 8 'Berricestune' and 'Felingelei' are both inter- lineated. I take this as a sign that to this particu- lar clerk who made these returns it seemed of more importance to know on what hundred the assess- ment lay, than on what township. 9 Fillongley appears under four estates, each of half a hide. 342 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS The same Lewin holds 2 hides and half a virgate of land in FLECHENHO [Flecknoe]. l There is land for 2 ploughs. There is I with 2 villeins and i bordar and 6 acres of meadow. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 2O shillings. This estate Lewin said that he holds of Bishop Ulstan ; but the bishop failed him in (his) plea, whereby the same Lewin is at (in) the king's mercy.* Ordric holds of the king I hide in ETEDONE [Eatington].3 This is waste. Goduin holds of the king I hide in COR- NELIE [Corley].4 There is land for 2 ploughs. In the demesne is i, and 3 serfs ; and (there are) 4 villeins and 2 bordars with 2 ploughs. There are 6 acres of meadow. (There is) Wood(land) having in length the fourth part of a league, and in breadth the fourth part of half a league. It was worth 10 shillings ; now 30 shillings. The same Goduin held it freely T.R.E. XLV. THE LAND OF THE WIFE OF HUGH DE GRENTEMAISNIL Adeliz wife of Hugh holds of the king 4 hides in MILDENTONE [Middleton].5 There i The particulars here given as to this estate arc (except that the value ' post ' is not given) exactly the same as those stated in the entry under the Bishop of Worcester's estates, where Lewin is said to hold under the Bishop. I therefore take it that these two are duplicate entries referring to the same estate. That being so it appears that Lewin held (or claimed to hold) one half of the place (viz. z hides and half a virgate + l| hides = 3J hides and half a virgate), and Turchil held one half (viz. I hide and half a virgate + 2^ hides, = 3$ hides and half a virgate). Lewin would seem to have been Turchil's uncle. « See Introduction, p. 296. 3 Eatington in a former entry was rubricated as in .' Tremelau ' Hundred. It is mentioned four times in Domesday Book ; the first entry assigning I hide to ' Fulrei ' and ' Etendone ' jointly. ' Fulrei ' [Fulready] however is merely a hamlet in Eating- ton. In the other three entries the hidages are I, 17 and I, making up altogether a 2O-hide place. • Corley, appearing subsequently in Hemling- ford Hundred, was doubtless in the Domesday Hundred of ' Coleshelle.' 6 In the same way as Corley, Middleton would is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are i£ ploughs, and 3 serfs ; and (there are) 1 2 villeins and 5 bordars with 3^ ploughs. It was worth 4 pounds ; now 6 pounds. Turgot held it freely T.R.E. 8 Robert holds of the king half a hide in BERCESTONE [? Barston] 7 and there has i plough, and a mill worth (de) 20 pence. It is worth 20 shillings. Turchil held it freely. Anseis8 holds of the king 4 hides in HERDE- BERGE [Harborough].9 (There is) land for 4 ploughs. There is now in the demesne I plough ; and 8 villeins with a priest and 7 bordars have 2 ploughs. There is a mill worth (tie) 1 6 pence. It was worth 10 shil- lings ; now 20 shillings. Bruning held it freely T.R.E. (MEMORANDUM. — The following entries relating to Berchewelle [Berkswell], Witacre [Whitacre], Salwebrige [Sawbridge] and Wicford [possibly Whichford] occur in the Domesday of Northamp- tonshire. be in ' Coleshelle ' Hundred. This looks suspiciously like a duplicate entry of her husband's estate in Middleton, but there are differences, and we may suppose that the former tenants Pallin and Turgot enjoyed an equal division, which Hugh and his wife had continued, the husband retaining the manorial mill, and his interest in the priest's estate whatever that may have implied. It may be mentioned that Adeliz held a 'Mildentone' in Bedfordshire, but I see no reason to suspect confusion. 6 This and the next entry stand at the head of the second column and therefore come after the entry of Adeliz's estate, but they are obviously in- tended to be included among the estates of ' Richard and other thegns and sergeants of the king.' Possibly they had been overlooked. 7 I think so, and that Robert is either Robert Dispensator or Robert de Olgi, who were both con- cerned in Barston. Turchil is the former holder, and we have found his father Alwin the T.R.E. tenant of 'Bertanestone' which is undoubtedly Barston. The ' c ' may be, as often, a mistake for ' t.' Barston, which is in Hemlingford Hundred, would be in the Domesday Hundred of ' Coleshelle.' 8 This must have been the ' Ansegis ' who held under Geoffrey de ' Wirce ' in the adjoining parish of Newnham Paddox. — J.H.R. 9 Harborough, as already stated, is rubricated in ' Bomelau ' Hundred. 343 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE [NORTHANTS] (From V.C.H. Norrtaaa, vol. i.) THE LAND OF THE CHURCH OF THORNEY p. 319*, fo. 332b IN GRAVESEND HUNDRET In SALWEBRIGE [Sawbridge] Turchil holds of the abbot 5 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. There are 12 villeins and 5 bor- dars, with 4 ploughs, and (there are) 8 acres of meadow. It was worth 50 shillings; now (it is worth) 60 shillings. THE LAND OF THE COUNT OF MELLEND p. 32gb, fo. 334 IN GRAVESEND HUNDRET The same Count of Meulan (Mellend) holds BERCHEWELLE [Berkswell1] in demesne.2 There are 4 hides. Of these he has 3 hides in demesne.* There is land for 8 ploughs. In demesne there is I (plough), and 4 serfs ; and 7 villeins, with 3 bordars, have I plough. There (are) 5 acres of meadow. Wood(land) I league in length and I league in breadth. It is worth 40 shillings. The same count holds in WITACRE [Whit- acre] half a hide (which is) waste, and it is worth 12 pence. Levenot held these lands freely T.R.E. 1 See also p. 3 1 4 above. 2 See the Domesday Note. THE LAND OF WILLIAM SON OF ANSCULF p. 3403, fo. 236 IN OPTONEGRAVE WAPENT[AKE] William, son of Malger, holds of William i hide in WAVRE [Over3]. There is land for 2 ploughs. In demesne there is i (plough), with i villein. There (are) 4 acres of mea- dow. Wood(land) I furlong in length and half a furlong in breadth. It was and is worth 10 shillings. Ulwin* held it freely T.R.E. as did (the) others. THE LAND OF GILBERT DE GAND p. 34&b, fo. 22?b IN WILEBROC HUNDRET Rotbert holds of Gilbert WICFORD [Which- ford B] . There (are) 1 5 hides. There is land for 19 ploughs. In demesne there are 4 (ploughs), and 10 serfs; and 33 villeins and 21 bordars have 15 ploughs. There (are) 2 mills rendering (de) 15 shillings, and 3 fur- longs of meadow in length, and as much in breadth. Wood(land) i furlong in length, and as much in breadth. It was worth 10 pounds ; now (it is worth) 2O pounds. Wlf held (it) freely T.R.E. 3 See note 3 on p. 309. 4 Probably his predecessor at Birmingham. — J.H.R. 6 See p. 295 above. 344 REFERENCE. O Class A,B',&.B2 D •• C 0 " D&E a » for description of classes see p 348. •*_ SCALE OF MILES ." '•J />fe^/7t,< ft'Wffi? V^' .' - EARTHWORKS. [Tojace page 345. ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS H ERE and there, up and down the length and breadth of our land, even the most casual observer must have noticed certain great grassy mounds and high heaped banks of earth, often accompanied by long and deep trenches, all of which strike the eye as being necessarily of artificial origin. Many of these banks and ditches still enclose some specific area ; others again, and these the majority, seem to have no definite use or object, and though in contiguity often appear quite unconnected with one another. In either case they are for the most part the remains of earthworks which were constructed by former inhabitants of the district for defensive purposes. Sometimes these entrenchments are of very imposing dimensions, with great earthern ramparts and ditches encircling the flat top of a hill or a lowland area of considerable extent ; they are then often known as ' burys,' ' camps ' and ' castles,' and their construction is ascribed to Dane, Roman, or other people of bygone days, or else some curious legend is connected with them, giving an earlier and even mythical origin. Defensive earthworks of one kind or another have been made and used by well-nigh every race of mankind ; they date from the present day, back through successive ages, to those far off prehistoric times when war was waged between man and man with primitive weapons of flint and stone. The most recent military forts, built to resist twentieth century artillery are scientifically designed earthworks, consisting of steep grass- covered ramparts protected outwardly by deep ditches. Such works now form the defences of the most strongly fortified cities in Europe. Dur- ing the middle ages great structures of masonry, instead of earth, were erected in most civilized countries for similar purposes, as the strong walls of many old towns and the imposing castles scattered over the land abundantly testify. But prior to this again, and back to very early times, the chief method of defensive fortification was by earthworks sup- plemented by palisading. Each of the different races and peoples which has successively invaded our island has settled down for protection within the shelter of some kind of earth-built fort : Normans, Danes, Saxons, Romans, Celts, back to the tribes of the Bronze and Stone ages, have all constructed earthworks, of which traces are still to be seen in different parts of the country ; and it is curious to note that although there have i 345 44 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE been many variations in the form and design of these works during this long period of time, some of the great prehistoric hill fortresses of the Stone and Bronze Ages quite startlingly resemble in outward appearance the above mentioned military defences of the present day. Speaking in general terms a defensive earthwork was originally formed by the excavation of a ditch or fosse round a given area, the earth being piled up inside to form a raised bank, rampart or vallum. This bank was often increased and strengthened by turf sods or rough stones, and along its top a strong fence was erected, usually made of horizontal logs of timber or of upright wooden stakes interlaced with wattle work. Sometimes stones were used for the fence instead of wood, if they happened to be more abundant than trees in the vicinity. Of course all vestiges of the perishable timber work have long ago dis- appeared from our ancient earthworks, and stones, in the majority of cases, have been removed for the making of field walls in later days. Such an entrenched enclosure was usually placed on some point of vantage, varying according to the particular ideas of its makers ; it was often at the top of a high hill, or else upon a slight elevation protected from attack by water and swampy marsh ; sometimes it was but in a hollow for the sake of shelter, different races and peoples having a predilection for very different situations. In the majority of instances the dwellings of the makers of the stronghold were collected within its interior, but occasionally, as in the case of the larger prehistoric ' camps ' on the ex- posed tops of steep hills, their circular huts were clustered in some sheltered hollow hard by. These early hill strongholds had much in common with the lately extinct pa of the Maories in New Zealand, while the forts on lower ground were not unlike the fenced villages still to be seen among savage tribes in various parts of the world. Warwickshire has numerous remains of ancient defensive earth- works. Some are well preserved and of sufficiently imposing dimensions to attract the notice of every passer by ; very many however are mere worn and damaged remnants of former considerable entrenchments, relics of the past which require the eye of an archaeologist to discover them, or at any rate to distinguish them with certainty from mere natural features of the ground. Time has a very destructive effect upon these remains. Rain and frost are continually at work disintegrating the material of artificial mounds and ramparts, gradually making them lower and smaller.1 Ditches again are continually becoming wider and shallower through the same agencies ; not only do they tend to get filled up with the soil washed down from the banks above, but dead vegetation accu- mulates in their hollows and raises the levels within for many feet,* as has been shown by excavation. Instead of ramparts and ditches round a camp we sometimes now find a series of terraces, as for ex- ample at Brownsover and at Gredenton Hill, which would aid rather than hinder its assailants ; this of course was no part of the original 1 See under Seckington, p. 390. * See Chesterton p. 366. 346 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORK^ design, but is the result of the natural changes above described. But the greatest destroyer of these interesting memorials of the past is undoubt- edly man — the agriculturist and the builder. A good farmer discovers that the light rich soil in a mound or bank would make excellent material with which to top-dress a clay field, and he forthwith digs into it and carts it away. Again, a great bank and ditch may stretch across his corn- lands and greatly impede the use of the plough or steam cultivator, and he promptly sets to work to level the one into the other, with very sad results for the archaeologist. Even in the absence of such measures on the part of the occupier of the land, wherever the ground within the area of an earthwork has been continously cultivated for hundreds of years, as is often the case, the natural action of the plough tends to flatten the ramparts and to wear away the sides of the ditches and make them wider and shallower. So that in this way camps are not only gradually being destroyed but their defences are meanwhile mate- rially altered from their original form. In such a highly cultivated county as Warwickshire the ancient earthworks have unfortunately suffered greatly at the hands of the farmer ; this may be particularly noted in the descriptions which follow of the remains at Beaudesert, Beausale, Brownsover, Corley, Chesterton, Edgbaston, Mancetter, Lap- worth, Solihull, Ratley, and elsewhere ; indeed, not only have several of the works described by Hutton as extant a hundred years ago in the neighbourhood of Birmingham apparently disappeared, but many of those mentioned by Burgess as recently as 1875, have since become very ill defined or have even entirely vanished. In Birmingham and other towns building operations have of course obliterated many early works. Though frequently therefore much changed in appearance and often but mere remnants of what they once were, the ancient defensive earth- works of the county are fairly numerous and are also very varied both in form and in choice of site ; they have probably been constructed by many distinct peoples and at widely different dates. Unfortunately however no systematic excavation has ever been undertaken in connection with them, and without this it is quite impossible to determine the age of par- ticular remains with accuracy. The adjoining county of Northampton has been more happy in this respect, its celebrated camp known as Huns- bury having been thoroughly explored by aid of the spade with very notable results. Defensive earthworks have for convenience of description been divided into certain easily recognizable types, based mainly upon their form and situation.1 Before any description of local examples is given, it may be well therefore, for the clearer understanding of the subject, to sketch briefly the characteristics of these varieties.3 After this we shall 1 Scheme for recording Ancient Defensive Earthworks^ pub. by Congress of Arch. Societies in Union with the Society of Antiquaries in London, 1903. 2 Epitomized in ' Early Defensive Earthworks,' by I. Chalkley Gould, in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ., 1901, to which article the writer is much indebted. 347 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE be better able to see how far the less perfect remains extant in Warwick- shire may agree with finer examples found elsewhere, and then it is hoped that more definite ideas as to their origin and use may be possible. It must always be borne in mind that knowledge of the subject at the present day is quite insufficient for the compilation of a strictly chrono- logical table of earthworks ; and the difficulty of doing this is increased by the fact that the earlier forms were reproduced again and again through long periods of time, and that the works themselves were fre- quently occupied by successive invaders of different races, who made alterations in their defences to accord with their own particular ideas upon the subject of fortification. In the Stone and Bronze Ages in Britain, men dwelt for the most part upon the higher ground, the lowlands being probably little else than impenetrable forest or dismal marsh and unhealthy swamp. The latter formed excellent hunting grounds, but they were quite unsuitable for per- manent habitation. On the hills therefore, which were always com- paratively dry and open, we look for remains of the earliest defensive earthworks. Passing over those vague banks and shelters found in many moun- tainous parts of the country, which still await careful exploration and may possibly prove to be the earliest extant earthworks, we commence with — (A] Certain strongholds found upon the summits of high rocky hills in various parts of the country, the defences of which are chiefly the natural ones of crags and precipices, any weak side being fortified by ramparts and ditches. The entrance to such a fortress is usually by a difficult path winding up the rocky face of the hill. Being one of the simplest, this is probably one of the earliest types of large strongholds de- fended by earthworks. Of this description are the well known ' camps ' at Carl's Wark and Comb Moss in Derbyshire and Cleeve Camp in Gloucestershire, but we have no similar fortress within the confines of Warwickshire. The camp on the top of Corley Rocks has some features in common with this variety, but in other ways it corresponds with a much later form. (B l) Another kind of stronghold is that in which earthworks sur- round the summit of a hill. The defences consist of one, two, and sometimes even three, ramparts and ditches ; these ramparts, as previously mentioned, were originally strengthened by having a palisade of wood or sometimes a rough wall of loose stones upon the top. Characteristics of this particular variety of camp are, firstly, that the earthworks follow the natural contours of the hill ; and secondly, that the entrance is gener- ally rendered difficult and intricate, by winding in and out among com- plicated artificial banks and ditches. Some of these hill fortresses are very large and even now most im- posing ; they were often engineered by their makers with marvellous skill, so that from their airy ramparts the defenders could sweep the slopes below with their sling-stones, javelins and arrows, and easily keep 348 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS an enemy at bay. Near these great strongholds the dwellings of the people, consisting of circular huts half buried in the ground, are fre- quently found grouped together in some secluded hollow. As among savage races at the present day, the population in Britain in these early times was split up into numerous small tribal communities, which were perpetually at strife with one another ; whenever danger approached, the whole tribe, with all their flocks and herds, would leave their dwellings in the vales and take refuge in their stronghold on the hill above. The frequent absence of water within the area of these ' camps of refuge ' has been remarked upon ; but there is little doubt that, as was formerly the custom among the aborigines of New Zealand, the women of the tribe carried up a supply in earthen vessels, in anticipation of the tem- porary occupation of the fortress. Many of the camps of this description have been proved to belong to the Bronze age, and some apparently date still further back ; but as successive peoples have so often made use of a previously existing design in the construction of their fortresses, careful excavation in any particular earthwork is the only method of arriving at its age with even approxi- mate accuracy. Well-known examples showing the features usually associated with this class of hill fortress are the earthworks on Mam Tor in Derbyshire and at Maiden Castle in Dorset. Camps of this type on a large and imposing scale are found upon many of the highlands surrounding the Avon valley, though beyond the actual confines of Warwickshire ; such are the deep entrenched strongholds upon the Malvern Hills, the great camp with ramparts nearly three miles in circumference at Burrow Hill, Daventry, the enormous earthworks on Meon Hill on the Gloucester- shire border, and the lesser camp on Burrow Hill near Leicester. As far as one can judge by appearance in the absence of excavation, War- wickshire can show somewhat similar remains, but upon a smaller scale and much worn, on the Edge Hill at Ratley. All traces of the circular hut village, which was once doubtless associated with such a fortress, have long ago disappeared in this highly cultivated county. In Worcester- shire, on the contrary, where the surface of the ground on Malvern Chace has never been disturbed by the plough, large numbers of such ancient dwellings may still be seen, hidden away among the brushwood, below the great camp on Midsummer Hill. (B n) As a subdivision to this class we have earthworks somewhat resembling the last, but smaller in size and differing in various details. These camps are not found upon the high tops of hills, but usually upon some ridge or slight eminence on lower ground ; they are frequently near a river, and often in the triangular space above the junction of two streams ; here the swamps and morasses which in former days were wont to stretch far and wide on either side of every watercourse, formed an admirable natural defence. The ramparts of these camps do not follow the natural contours of the ground so much as those previously described, but are more artificial in form ; they are often oval or round, or some- 349 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE times they have more or less rectangular corners and straight sides. Their entrances are not made intricate and tortuous, but are straight cuttings in the encircling defences. Sometimes the ramparts and ditches are double, but often they are only single. The huts of the people were usually placed inside the area of this type of fort, which was thus a permanent dwelling place, in contradistinction to the camps of refuge last described. Although these two extreme types are thus distinct in character, it must always be remembered that one form merges gradually into the other, and that many extant remains have features in common with both and are intermediate between them ; this is particularly noticeable in the county of Warwick. A far-famed example of this class of camp, which is to be seen quite close to Warwickshire at Hunsbury near Northampton, has had the good fortune to be thoroughly excavated and explored. Form alone, we must always remember, is no criterion of age ; but, nevertheless, the oval camps at Beausale and at Claverdon in this county in many ways resemble that at Hunsbury — would that the spade could be brought to bear within their area. As local examples of camps of the present class with angular corners, the entrenchments at Ipsley, at Lapworth and at Tachbrook may be cited, with perhaps those at Corley ; but this only as far as we may dare to judge simply by appearances. Our knowledge of the details of these earthworks of the ancient Britons is, of course, based almost entirely upon the evidence of archas- ology ; nevertheless with the dawn of history in the land on the advent of the Romans, we catch an occasional glimpse of such camps in con- temporary writings. Caesar describes the towns of the Britons as ' splendidly fortified by nature and art,' and Strabo speaks of them as defended by palisades of ' hewn down trees ' fencing round a ' circular space,' within which they erected huts for themselves and stalls for their cattle. Although we know that forts of this kind were constructed as far back as prehistoric times, we must bear in mind that they were also copied and used in much later days. In Celtic Ireland, for instance, the remains of thousands of these ' raths,' as they are there called, may be seen all over the lowlands, and Spenser, writing in the time of Eliza- beth, describes how the people then still lived in small tribal communi- ties within their shelter in times of war, while in peaceful days they wandered forth with their flocks and herds to the upland pastures. (C) We now come to quite a different variety of earthwork. Instead of the often large sized and irregularly shaped camps of prehis- toric days, which were generally either placed upon a hill or defended by water and marshy ground, we find small square or oblong earth- forts situated on an open plain or sometimes even in a hollow. These entrenchments were evidently constructed for purposes of offence rather than for defence ; they have a clear space all round, so that a body of drilled soldiers could rapidly issue forth to battle ; they were often placed near to a stream for the sake of a water supply. The ramparts of 350 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS these works are of lesser height than those of previously described camps and their ditches are not so deep. No tortuous or difficult en- trances are now seen, but always straight cut gateways, usually in the centre of each side of the square. Many of these earthworks are relics of the Roman military occupation of Britain. A typical example of such a Roman fort is the almost square camp (measuring 336 by 366 feet), with its four gateways, at Melandra near Glossop in Derbyshire. Another is the oblong entrenchment at Ratby in Leicestershire. In Warwickshire the earthwork at Mancetter is a good example of the oblong form of Roman camp, and the remains at Chesterton may possibly be Roman also. There is little doubt that the legions often temporarily occupied the strongholds of the conquered Britons; in this case they probably altered and added to the defences to make them more in unison with their own ideas. Hence we sometimes find a small square Roman fort placed in the corner of a large prehistoric camp ; oftener still we find new gate- ways, after the model of those in their own camps, cut through the ancient ramparts, and the latter remodelled with straight sides and rect- angular corners. Perhaps this may explain features in connection with the prehistoric camps at Oldbury, at Corley and elsewhere in Warwick- shire. (D) The earth forts of the Teutonic settlers in this country differed both from the above described camps of the tribal Britons and from the military forts of the Romans. They were smaller than the first named, being the headquarters of a family only, the fortified dwelling of a power- ful lord and his household. Remains belonging to this period consist of a conical mount, varying from 10 to as much as 60 feet in height, and surrounded by a ditch or moat, which was once filled with water; the top of the mount is flat, or sometimes saucer shaped, and it occasionally shows traces of a raised rim of earth all round. (£) Abutting upon the ditch upon one side of this mount a crescent- shaped enclosure or courtyard is often seen surrounded by rampart and moat ; it generally covers an area two or three times as large as that of the mount. Beyond this again there is sometimes a second and still larger enclosure, similarly defended by entrenchments ; and in a few instances there is yet a third and much more extensive court, partly sur- rounding the smaller ones. These considerable additions to the mount fort were made to afford protection to retainers and shelter for flocks and herds. For a long time the nature of these two classes of moated mounts was not understood by archaeologists ; they were thought to be large sepulchral tumuli, and as such they are often marked in the maps of the ordnance survey ; the earthworks around the courtyards, when present, were moreover, thought to be the remains of prehistoric fortresses. Moated mounts, similar to those so numerous in England, are also found in Flanders and in Normandy ; and the celebrated Bayeux A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE tapestry, supposed to have been worked in the eleventh century, gives a curious contemporary representation of the fort at Dinan in the latter country, which greatly helps us to understand the mode of construction and former appearance of such works. In the centre of this interesting needlework picture is seen the conical mound of earth surrounded by its moat, outside of which is a gate guarded by turrets, apparently of wood ; from this gate a ladder-like bridge crosses the moat to a tower, which also appears to be of timber, and is half-way up the side of the mount; above this again is a strong enclosure or keep, the stockades of which encircle the top of the earthwork. Round the inside of this timber palisade runs a fighting platform of earth for the defenders to stand upon, and within the stockaded keep is a timber-built house. Soldiers are seen attacking the fort from without, while others defend it from behind the palisades. This remarkable picture shows that the first defences of these moated mounts were of timber, and not of masonry, which the newly heaped up earth would not be solid enough to bear ; it also explains the object of the rim of earth which is often found, as at Castle Bromwich, round the top of the mount, and which is evidently a portion of the fighting platform within the stockade or keep. The outer court or bailey, so frequently found in England, is not shown in the picture of the Dinan fort. As in the case of the earlier camps, the original timber defences of these moated mount and court castles have long ago disappeared. It is not necessary to go outside of Warwickshire for a good example of this particular type of earth fort. For few finer specimens are to be seen anywhere than that at Brinklow, which is also singularly well preserved, with its large moated mount and outer as well as inner courts. Seckington and Castle Bromwich are also excellent examples of these mount and court forts once defended by stockades of timber, neither of them showing any traces of masonry ; smaller and less perfect specimens are to be found at Fillongley and at Kineton. While the original forts of this class were undoubtedly protected by timber defences only, many years after they were first constructed, and when the earth had had time to settle down and get solid, some of these moated mounts and their accompanying ramparts were built upon, and became incorporated in mediasval castles of masonry ; the latter are usually based upon the same ground plan of tall keep and outer court or bailey. Locally this has been done at Tamworth, at Warwick, at Kenilworth and in many other instances. Although the typical courtyards found attached to these moated mounts are more or less curved and rounded in shape, as at Brinklow and at Seckington, examples are occasionally found of rectangular form ; such are the courts at Tamworth, at Warwick and at Castle Bromwich ; they have been supposed to represent the remains of some earlier for- tress which has been utilized by the makers of the later stronghold. Finally, who were the people who first constructed these moated mount and court forts ? Few archaeological questions have been the 352 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS cause of greater controversy ; champions have been eager to ascribe them exclusively to the Saxon, to the Dane and to the Norman. The balance of probability would seem to be that this type of stronghold originated in its simpler form in Saxon times, as is the traditional record of the two ' Ethelflasda's mounts ' at Tamworth and at Warwick ; while there is no doubt that many existing remains (especially those with courtyards) date from Norman days, either, in the words of Mr. Gould, ' from the time of the Conquest, or as late as the days of anarchy when Stephen was reigning but not ruling.' During his reign so many fortified strongholds were constructed by the landed proprietors, that his successor, Henry II., thought it advisable to destroy no less than 1,150 of them; and after that no castle could be built without a royal licence to ' cren- ellate ' or fortify. It is also quite possible, of course, that in certain instances the makers of these forts may have utilized for their mount or keep an earlier sepulchral tumulus which they found ready to hand; this has been suspected at Brinklow, but excavation can alone decide such a point. (F) We have now to notice yet another form of earthwork, viz. the moated enclosure without a mount. In this case the earth dug out from the moat was either spread over the surface of the enclosed area, raising it above the level of the surrounding land, or else, but more rarely, used to form a rampart round the inside. These ' homestead moats,' as they are called, usually enclose areas ranging from a half to two acres, but are sometimes more extensive. They differ greatly in form ; one variety is very similar to the moated mount, but with only a flat raised platform inside instead of a conical hill, as may be seen at the site of the old manor house near the church at Maxstoke ; another has the above-named slight rampart round the edge of the platform, as, for example, at ' Castle Hills ' Fillongley, at 'The Mount' Cheswick Green near Solihull, at Ladbroke, at ' Kent's Moat ' Sheldon, and at ' Hob's Moat' Solihull. While some, perhaps the earlier ones, are circular, the great majority of these moated areas are either square, oblong, or of various irregular shapes ; some are single, as those named above ; some are double, either one within the other, as Peddimore near Sutton Coldfield, Ward End near Birmingham, Hob's Moat (formerly) and Salford Priors, or lying side by side as Court Farm at Fulbroke near Sherborne. Occa- sionally we find a group of moated enclosures placed near to one another, as at Horston Grange near Nuneaton, while in a few instances, as at Great Wolford and perhaps at Wappenbury, a whole village is sur- rounded by a fosse. All these varied forms merge gradually and almost imperceptibly into one another, but they no doubt represent different designs in vogue at considerably distant intervals of time. Some may have originated in Saxon days as a protection against the marauding armies of the Danes, and possibly others were made for defensive purposes as late as the reigns of Stephen, John and Henry III., when intestine wars harrowed the 1 353 45 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE country ; the subject is well worth the investigation which it still awaits. There are at least 1 50 of these ' homestead moats ' in Warwickshire. Sometimes the ancient dwelling-place which once stood within the pro- tected area, and which was probably of wood, has entirely disappeared, as at Kent's Moat, Cheswick Green, Hob's Moat, Ladbroke and elsewhere. But, for the most part, an ancient manor house or fortified mediaeval mansion still stands upon the water encircled island. This is often, of course, not nearly so old as the moat, which may have seen several successive edifices erected in course of ages upon the site. Notable local examples of these often picturesque moated houses are Baddesley Clinton, Astley Castle near Nuneaton, Maxstoke Castle and Compton Wyniates. (G l) In connection with many mediaeval castles, artificial banks of earth are found surrounding areas now dry but which were originally covered by sheets of water which they served to dam. These broad water defences, which differ from the ordinary moat, were fed by some neighbouring stream, and were often very extensive, as well as most elaborately engineered with channels and sluices. Conspicuous examples of this are to be seen in the dams of the great artificial lake, with its extensions, which once existed at Kenilworth Castle, and also at Brandon Castle. (G u) While the various earthworks previously described served to defend an enclosed area, ' dykes and ramparts ' and earthen ' walls ' are sometimes found running in a more or less continuous line across country for many miles. Well known examples of these are the ' Wall ' of Antoninus, reaching across Scotland from the Forth to the Clyde, the triple ramparts in front of Hadrian's Wall in Northumberland, and the great Offa's and Watt's Dykes upon the Welsh border. They were probably constructed partly for defence and partly to serve as boundaries. In Warwickshire the ramparts at Loxley, though short, are apparently of this type. Lastly, on account of their outward similarity to defensive earth- works, some mention must here be made of the great earth-heaped sepulchral tumuli of prehistoric days. We have many of these burial mounds in Warwickshire, and they are not always easy to distinguish from worn examples of moated mount forts ; in fact many of the latter have frequently been misnamed 'tumuli,' even when encircling moat and adjoining court showed a different origin ; when the moat has dis- appeared, the spade alone can decide between the two ; even then it is always possible that the makers of a certain fort may have incorporated in it an ancient sepulchral mound, which they found ready to hand upon the spot. Notable examples of tumuli in Warwickshire are, or were (for some are now destroyed), at Butler's Marston, Combe, Churchover (Pilgrim's Low) near Hartshill, King's Newnham, Ruyton (Knightlow), Rugby, Wibtoft (Cloudsley Bush), Wolston and elsewhere. 354 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS In the following pages the most important earthworks extant in Warwickshire are described under the names of the parishes where they are found, and these, for facility of reference, are placed in alphabetical sequence. The arrangement under parishes has been adopted, to avoid the confusion which has previously been brought about by various writers calling the same remains by different names. In order to find the account of any earthwork in a particular district, the map must first be consulted for the name of the parish where it is situated, and reference should then be made to the latter in the text. The list does not pretend to be in any sense a complete one ; for the compilation of this much more time would be necessary than is at the writer's disposal. Nevertheless it is hoped that it may serve to give an idea of the field which is open to future explorers, who may, in con- sequence, be attracted to work out the subject in detail. And, further, in view of the rapid destruction of these valuable monuments of the past which is continually in progress, it is also hoped that this article may direct local attention to the existence of these interesting remains, and may thus lead to more care being taken of them in the future. The writer begs to thank many who have given him much valuable information and assistance, including Rev. J. Harvey Bloom, Mr. Jethro A. Cossins, Mr. Alfred Hayes, Mr. Howard S. Pearson, Rev. W. H. Payne-Smith, and especially Mr. I. Chalkley Gould.1 BARMOOR. See Claverdon. BEAUDESERT (by Henley-in-Arden). — On a steep hill called 'The Mount,' just east of the parish church of St. Nicholas, are remnants of the earthworks of an ancient castle ; they consist of a moated mount with traces of courtyards defended by ramparts and ditch (see class E, described p. 351). ' The Mount ' forms a promontory, jutting towards the little river Alne, from a ridge of high ground running north and south ; it rises to an altitude of about 300 feet above sea level. The site is by nature a very strong and commanding one ; from it the Edge Hills and the Malverns may both be plainly seen. The church and the few houses which comprise the village are at the foot of the hill by the side of the stream ; from the church the road winds round the south side of the hill to the entrance of the courtyard on the top of the first elevation. 1 The plans are drawn to scale on the basis of the 25 inch Ordnance Survey of 1883 ; details are frequently filled in from other sources, sometimes from earlier plans and notes showing features which have since become indistinct and obliterated. The following abbreviations are used to indicate publi- cations referred to in the text, viz. : — Burgess' Wane. . . = Burgess' Historic Warwickshire (1875). Clark's Mil. Arckit. . = Clark's Medieval Military Architecture (1884). Dugdale's Warw. . = Dugdale's Antiquities of Warwickshire (Coventry ed. 1765). Dugdale's Warw. . = Dugdale's Antiquities of Warwickshire, with MS. additions by William (Hamper's copy) Hamper, in the British Museum Library. Dugdale's Warw. . = Dugdale's Antiquities of Warwickshire, with MS. additions by Matthew (Bloxam's copy) Holbeche Bloxam, F.S.A., in Rugby School Library. Hutton's B'bam. . = Hutton's History of Birmingham (3rd ed. 1806). O.S = Ordnance Survey. Timmins's Warm. . = Samuel Timmins's History of Warwickshire (1889). Turner's Skaki. Land = Ribton-Turner's Shakespeare's Land (1893). 355 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE The extant remains of the castle consist primarily of a flat topped oval artificial mound surrounded by a ditch, covering altogether an area of about 2 acres ; a raised bank of earth crossing the ditch to the south- west connects this moated ' keep ' with its accompanying courtyard. At 250 feet distance beyond this entrance another ditch runs across the flat top of the hill from north-west to south-east ; this appears to have formed a division between two courtyards, an outer and an inner one. The defences which formerly encircled these courts are now barely traceable, for the earthern ramparts have in the course of ages gradually been demolished and the ditches become filled ; indeed, so far back as ^>/nm\^ ' *<*!•«... «*!»»*'* Path, :// BEAUDESERT SCALE or FEET 100 ZOO 250 years ago Dugdale wrote : ' The Trenches themselves, notwith- standing their great Depth and Widenesse, are so filled up, as that the Plough hath Sundry Times made Furrows in every part of them to the Great Advantage of the industrious Husbandman whose Pains through the Ranknesse of the Soil hath been richly rewarded with many a plentifull Crop.' There are now no signs of stonework to be seen, though Dug- dale's words that ' there is not only any one Stone visibly left upon another' would seem to imply that in his day there were some remnants of masonry extant upon the mount.1 The limits of the present article do not admit i Dugdale's Wane., pp. 559-65 ; Burgess in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. (1873), p. 41 ; Turner'sS^/. Land, p. 191 j Timmins's Wane. p. 235 ; Hannett's forest of Arden (1863) p. 158. 356 ! ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS of the histories of these moated mount castles being entered into ; they will be dealt with in later topographical sections. BEAUSALE (4 miles north-west of Warwick). — The somewhat worn remains of an oval entrenchment are to be seen upon an eminence called Camphill in this hamlet, about i£ miles south of Honiley parish church ; a farmhouse stands just within it at the end nearest the high road. The camp is situated upon a little hill which projects eastwards from the ridge of high ground running from Honiley to Haseley ; it overlooks the valley along which the Inchford brook takes its course towards Kenilworth a couple of miles away ; it has an extensive BEAUSALE A.D 1837 after Bloxam SCALE OF FEET IOO 2OO 3OO prospect. In form the earthwork is roughly egg-shaped, with its broadest end towards the west ; it has a raised interior plateau of about 5^ acres, which is surrounded by a rampart, now much worn ; beyond this is a wide ditch, evidently far less deep than it once was, and outside the latter, remains of a second rampart are discernible here and there, more especially upon the north and east ; some parts of the ditch contain water. These defences have become much less imposing during the last three-quarters of a century, owing both to the effects of natural denudation and to the operations of the agriculturist ; a plan 357 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE made in the year 1837 shows the outer vallum encircling about two- thirds of the camp, and another, made probably a few years later, marks this outer rampart as intact along the whole of the northern and eastern sides.1 Burgess records that a subterranean chamber was discovered within the area of the entrenchment some years prior to a visit which he paid there in 1872 ; he suggests that this might have been for the storage of grain, as was the practice in the raths in Ireland.2 As far as can be judged from outward appearances only, these remains would seem to correspond with the class of earthwork described above under letter B ", and in various particulars they resemble the cele- brated camp excavated at Hunsbury near Northampton.3 BOURNBROOK. — See Edgbaston. BRAILES ( 12 miles south-east of Stratford-on-Avon). — At a height of nearly 500 feet above the sea level, within the village of Upper Brailes and three-quarters of a mile north-west of the magnificent church of St. George belonging to .^\\\\\\\l\\\\lWWHHlli Lower Brailes, is a detached artificial »r mount surrounded by entrenchments and called the ' Castle Hill.' These earthworks lie upon the southern slope of a considerable ele- vation which forms an eastern outlier of the great Brailes Hill rising upon M|(||(I[()(1 the other side of the high road; .v\\\v though not upon the actual top of the ridge, the site is a commanding one and overlooks the valley containing the lower village and the country be- yond. The present remains, which BRAILES. are evidently much worn and altered, SCALE OFPEET consist mainly of a central mount, ? '?° 12f 2?° which has a flat top some 80 to 90 feet in diameter; this mount is sur- rounded by earthworks in the form of an irregular oval ; beyond these again are further banks encircling the area upon three sides, but absent towards the east. The entire works cover nearly 3 acres. Mr. Burgess describing the site says : ' The Castle Hill is separated from the adjacent highlands by a valley which appears to have been a natural gap enlarged by the hand of man ; the adjacent hill is also fortified by terraces rising one above another and more apparent on the south side.' 4 In the present eroded and altered state of the earthworks it is diffi- 1 See drawings in Dugdale's Warw. (Bloxam's copy). • Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1872), p. 86, and in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Jour*. » The only antiquities which are known to have been found here are two large iron cannon-balls which were unearthed near the farmhouse ; possibly they fell during one of the numerous fights around Kemlworth castle m the middle ages, or when the troops marched to Meriden in the troubles of 1745. « Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1872), p. 82. 358 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS cult to say what they once were. Local antiquaries have suggested that they belonged to some mediaeval fortress about which history would seem to be silent, or again that they originated in a far earlier age. It may be noted that the lord of the manor here in the time of Edward I. had a park of 30 acres, which would point to some residence of importance, most probably fortified, to which it belonged ; the local tradition which calls the mount the ' Castle Hill ' supports this idea.1 BRANDON (half-way between Coventry and Rugby). — There are BRANDON. SCALE OF FEET O 100 200 500 some very extensive earthworks between the railway station and the Avon in this parish, marking the site of the important mediaeval castle which formerly stood here. The remains are on low ground, often liable to be flooded, by the side of the river. The defences appear to have consisted largely of broad moats and sheets of water very similar to those at Kenilworth ; 1 Dugdale's Warm. p. 396 ; Bloxam in B'ham and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1875), P- 31 5 Turner's Sbakt. Land, p. 355. 359 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE they were dammed by a number of artificial banks and fed by sluices from the Avon. These works are very extensive, covering perhaps 6 or 7 acres. The central moated mount, upon which the castle itself stood, is an almost square plateau and contains nearly an acre ; it has irregular additions and another smaller raised square on the east side ; only frag- /•» ^ r> * £/ XWM'*''"'''% ^viuuu^ V, ^,,rt«i«»ii,,. v ^ ^ ^V^viuuu^ ^ Xb (f** ^r% ^ /'r .11 ..v .A\\\ 4////x7 ^ *^* /y? /// ill HJ i.O- ^ SECTION * aeoff BRINKLOW SCALE or FEET IOO 2OO 300 N-fl. The entrenchments of the large cu-ea, to the south, are outside of the limits cfthvs plan ments of walls of masonry now survive, and Dugdale wrote of it as merely ' Moats and Heaps of Rubbish ' in 1656.' BRINKLOW (5 miles north-west of Rugby). — Above and to the east of the churchyard in this village are some very imposing and re- 1 Dugdale's Warm. p. 32 ; Turner's Shaks. Land, p. 280 ; Timmins's Wane. p. 237. 360 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS markable earthworks of the moated mount and court type. While many of the ancient earth forts of Warwickshire are now so worn away as to be easily passed over by the ordinary visitor, these remains, owing to their striking dimensions and excellent state of preservation, at once attract the eye of the most casual observer ; indeed Brinklow is as fine an example of this particular description of earth fort as can be seen anywhere within the kingdom. The works occupy a strong position upon a short elevated ridge running from east to west, at the highest point, near its western ex- tremity. The great artificial mount is a most conspicuous landmark for many miles ; five elm trees grow upon its summit, which com- mands magnificent views all round. The entrenchments are placed right in the line of the ancient Fosse Way, which crosses the Avon at Bretford a couple of miles to the south, and then ascends the slope to- wards them. The road disappears temporarily however before it reaches the fortifications, and whether it originally continued its usually straight course and passed through the site of the works, which some have thought were erected to block it, or whether it passed round the hill to the west, is difficult to determine. The low ground to the north-east was formerly a great lake, which, according to Dugdale, once extended down the valley from the Fosse road ' even unto the skirts of Newbold Revel.' These very formidable looking remains consist in the first place of the typical mount or keep standing upon the highest point. To the west of this lies an inner court, defended by a rampart and ditch ; and beyond this again is a second and larger court similarly entrenched. The entire works cover an area of between 6 and 7 acres. The great mount itself is circular and conical in shape, and rises 40 feet above the level of the adjoining ground and 60 feet from the bottom of its exca- vated fosse ; its diameter is 260 feet at base, and its top is flat and measures 50 feet across. The ditch which surrounds it is well preserved, and is 20 feet deep and 40 feet broad. The two adjacent courtyards with their defences are on slightly lower ground ; they are enclosed by a great ditch, which branches off laterally from that which surrounds the mount. On the inner side of the ditch there is a rampart, from 30 to 50 feet broad at its base and from 10 to 20 feet high above the in- terior of the court, its broadest and highest parts being at the corners. The two courtyards are separated from one another by a second rampart with ditch, which runs across between them and at 125 to 150 feet distance from the fosse which encircles the mount. These dividing earthworks are smaller than those which enclose the united courts. The inner court is a long irregular oblong in shape, and the outer one forms a triangle. About 250 yards to the south of the main fort there are remnants of yet a further rampart and ditch, the latter filled with water for some 200 yards of its length ; these defences very probably enclosed a third and much larger court. Salmon, one hundred and seventy-five years ago, describes the remains as a large camp of 25 acres in extent, i 361 46 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE which must have included this southern area1 ; some writers however have considered that these entrenchments represent a portion of a much earlier ' bury ' or fortress. There are now three entrances into the courts, but it is doubtful whether any of them are ancient ; there is also a passage leading from the inner to the outer inclosure. Possibly the original entrance to the fort was near its northern corner, where a small mound is to be seen upon the rampart. There is no spring visible within the area of the works, but some of the ditches or moats contain water. The strength of this earthwork impresses every one even now, after its mount and ramparts must have suffered from many centuries of de- nudation and its ditches must have become partly filled up ; but in its original state when the great mount or keep, encircled by its deeper moat, stood much higher, and was defended in all probability by tall wooden palisades, and when the ramparts of the outer courts were topped by similar erections, it must have been a very imposing strong- hold. As in the case of the moated mount fort at Dinan pictured on the Bayeux Tapestry,2 the whole of the palisading here was doubtless of wood, for there is no sign of any masonry upon either the mount or the ramparts. Many writers have made mention of the curious ancient ' covered way ' near the village called Tutbury Lane ; whether it had any connec- tion with the possibly early earthworks to the south of the main fort, is unknown. It runs up the hill from the old ford at Bretford to the left of, and more or less parallel to, the Fosse Way. It is little more than a deep ditch, only wide enough for the passage of a large wheelbarrow. Such important remains as these at Brinklow have naturally long attracted the attention of local antiquaries, and many have been the suggestions made as to their origin. They have been ascribed frequently both to the ancient Britons and to the Romans, but there is no doubt that they are really of very much later date than either of these peoples, and that they are in fact an excellent example of the Teutonic mount and court fortress. This stronghold is very similar to the mount forts at Tamworth and at Warwick, which are ascribed locally to King Alfred's daughter Ethelfleda ; the present earthworks are almost certainly however later than Saxon days. The apparent silence of history about the erection of so large and imposing a stronghold is curious. After an occupation of possibly a couple of hundred years, the great stockaded fort was presum- ably abandoned, for no subsequent castle of masonry was ever erected upon its mount and ramparts. Local tradition in Dugdale's time pre- served the memory of a ' keep ' having once existed upon the mount, and the idea is recorded as prevalent in the village as late as 1845." 1 Salmon, New Survey (1731), p. 493. * Above, p. 351. » Dugdale's Warw. (1765) pp. t, 14.8 ; Camden's Brit. (Gough ed.), ii. 331, 347 ; Arch. Inst. Journ., Clark, xxxv. 112-17; Burgess in B'ham and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1872),?. 85, and in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Jour*. (1873), p. 40. 362 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS BROWNSOVER (near Rugby). — Some worn remains of what was early in the last century an important ancient camp, may be traced around the church and village here. Many of its entrenchments were destroyed when an alteration was made in the course of the old turnpike road between Rugby and Lutterworth ; this formerly ran more to the north, close to Brownsover Hall, and almost outside of the area of the earth- works. The site chosen by the makers of this fortress is a commanding one ; it is at the south end of a low ridge, and overlooks the valleys of BROWNSOVER A,D. 1827, after Bloxgrrt SCALE OFFECT 100 zoo 3OQ the rivers Avon and Swift, which join one another just below ; a small ravine separates it from the higher ground to the north. In former days the low-lands on either side of the two streams, which are now often flooded, were probably an impassable morass ; this would form a good natural defence upon the west and south. Fortunately we have a record of the camp as it appeared early in the last century, before the diversion of the road. For the late Mr. M. H. Bloxam, F.S.A., made a sketch of it in the year 1827, which, together with his description of the remains, is preserved in Hamper's 363 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE copy of Dugdale with MS. additions in the British Museum. From this the entrenchments seem to have partly enclosed two areas, con- tiguous to one another, but not then visibly connected ; one lay to the north of the churchyard, and the other to the west ; possibly ramparts which once joined the two together were destroyed by the erection of the buildings and the making of the road on the west side of the church. Mr. Bloxam describes the defences which he mapped out, and which are reproduced on the plan on page 363, as follows : ' The north side of Chapel yard is bounded by a fosse, about twenty feet in breadth, which runs eastward into the adjoining field, and there curves off towards the north ; after running in that direction for some distance, it again turns to the west, and all traces of it are lost when it reaches the road.' He adds that ' the vallum and fosse on the east side are, though easily trace- able, very slight, the vallum being on a level with the interior area.' From the western side of the chapel yard he says that ' the ground gradually slopes to the road,' and that this slope appears to be continued all along the side of the latter, though traces of probable former earth- works are obliterated by buildings. Turning to the enclosed area on the west side of the road, Mr. Bloxam goes on to say that on the north ' the remains appear to con- sist of a triple row of valla rising like terraces one above another,' and that there is no fosse now discernible. Continuing round to the west ' appear indications of a double vallum,' and on the south of ' a single vallum, which is carried as far as the road, when it is again lost.' All the above described remains on the north side were destroyed when the new road was cut through them ; the worn defences on the west, south and east sides only are now discernible. Mr. Bloxam always considered the camp to belong to a prehistoric age, which, as far as can be judged from its general plan, would seem to be correct. The dis- covery of some ancient interments with bodies in a crouching position, and also of a Roman cinerary urn, are recorded from the adjacent chapel graveyard.1 CASTLE BROMWICH (5 miles north-east of Birmingham). — In a large field called the ' Castle Hills,' on the north side of the road opposite to the village church, some imposing earthworks of the moated mount and court type at once attract the eye. They are situated at a height of 350 feet above sea level, upon the brow of a hill overlooking the river Tame, which runs just below them at the foot of a steep slope. Their raison d'etre, in the first instance, was evidently to guard and dominate the important ford across the river close by, where the very ancient highway now called the Old Chester Road is carried north- wards by a bridge. The great mount is a prominent object, visible from many miles away ; the outlook from it is most extensive, especially over the low level country to the north. > Bloxam, MS. in Dugdale's Warw. (Hamper's copy), p. 10 ; Bloxam's Rugby School and Neighbour- hood, pp. 1 94-5 ; Bloxam in B'ham. Phil. Inst. Trans, vol. iv. No. xvi. etc. ; Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Arch. Tram. (1872), p. 84, and in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. (1873), p. 40. 364 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS The remains consist of a great conical artificial mount, very similar to that at Brinklow, only smaller ; it is slightly oval in shape, and measures about 70 by 100 feet in diameter at its base ; it is 25 feet high, and has a flat top about 25 feet across. Round the edge of the summit is a distinct raised rim of earth, evidently the remains of the 'fighting platform' erected within the wooden palisades which once de- fended the 'keep,' as pictured in the Dinan fort on the Bayeux Tapestry.1 Encircling the mount is a moat, which is now how- ever almost filled up on the south side ; it was no doubt formerly supplied with water from the spring still to be seen within it. Beyond the moat on the north the ground falls away very sharply to the river below. Adjoining this moated mount on the south-east lies a courtyard, which is defended by strong entrench- ments. This, in- stead of being of , , the usual curved horseshoe shape, as at Brinklow and at Seckington, is rectangular, in which respect it resembles the courtyards at Warwick and at Tamworth. Its earthworks are still well preserved upon the north and part of the east sides, and consist of a deep moat with a rampart inside, upon which several ancient thorns and yew trees grow ; both rampart and moat have VXA\V'%% "ll\ l\v* ti<"'/ CASTLE BROMWICH SCALE OF FEET |OO 2OO 306 1 See above, p. 352. 365 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE disappeared upon the south side of the enclosure, but on the west there is a long and deep ditch running in a straight line in a south-westerly direction from near the mount. Further west there are remains of other moats and terraces, and traces of fortifications are to be seen almost as far as the water-mill beside the road below ; there are also arti- ficial terraces in the field to the east of the rectangular court. Alto- gether, the works accompanying the mount appear to have been very extensive ; but they have become so worn, and also been apparently so much altered by man in former years, that their original plan is not now easily discernible. Dugdale, two hundred and fifty years ago, speaks of ' vestigia ' of the castle only being visible in his day. There are no traces of ancient masonry either upon the mount or the ramparts ; their palisades were evidently therefore of wood, which has long since dis- appeared. A few old bricks upon the top of the mount are the relics of a monument erected there by one of the Bridgemans in the last century. This mount has often been described as a sepulchral tumulus, and the earthworks adjoining it as Roman ; of course either might have been made use of by later designers of the existing mount and court fort, but excavation would be necessary to substantiate the assertion. As at Brinklow and at Seckington, no mediaeval structure of masonry was ever erected on the site of the stockaded fortress of the Norman Lords ' del Chastel de Bromwyz.' l CHESTERTON (4 miles south-east of Leamington). — One and a third miles north-west of the church in this parish, and on the line of the ancient Fosse Way, which cuts through it, is a worn entrenchment known locally as the Roman Camp. These earthworks are in a little valley formed by the course of the Chesterton brook, on the right bank of which they are situated ; the spot is sheltered by low encircling hills. In shape the camp is roughly oblong, with an interior area of about 8 acres ; it lies almost north-west by south-east ; the corners at the east and south are slightly rounded rectangles, while those at the north and west are acute and obtuse angles respectively, owing to the north-east rampart being longer than that to the tsouth-west. This irregularity in construction is presumably caused by the formation of the ground ; the makers of the camp appear to have chosen the slight elevation in the course of the Fosse Way across the valley as an advantageous position for their purpose, but the brook running close by has obliged them to cut away a portion of the oblong upon the west side. The entrenchments now consist only of wide and imposing looking ditches ; and even these are more or less obliterated in parts, notably at the west corner and along the south-east side ; in some places the ditches measure as much as 140 feet across the top, and are only from 9 to 1 2 feet deep, but there is no doubt that their appearance has been materially altered by the levelling action of the plough, which has steadily widened them at the top and at the same time filled them ' Dugdale's Warm, p. 620 ; Chattock's Antiquities (1884), pp. 205, 287-9 5 Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trent. (1872), p. 88, and in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. (1873), pp. 39-42. 366 CHESTERTON A-D. f8E2, after Pretty SCALE Or FEET O 100 £00 300 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE up at the bottom. A very careful survey made in 1822 by Mr. Edward Pretty, then drawing-master at Rugby School, and here reproduced,1 shows the ditches at that time to have been upon an average less than 100 feet across, and they would doubtless be correspondingly deeper ; even then there were no signs of the inner rampart remaining ; this in all likelihood has been thrown down at some time or other into the ditch, for the easier cultivation of the field. The ancient Fosse Way, in its course across the midlands, passes through the western half of this camp ; it enters near the corner, and quits the interior through the north-east side. Within and just outside the area of the camp, it is in its present shape merely a trackway 7^ feet wide, whereas, a little further north and south, it again becomes a 10 foot road, raised 3 feet above the level of the surrounding ground, and with wide ditches on either side, 6 feet in depth from the surface of the highway. The position of Chesterton camp, placed as it is upon the Fosse Way, much resembles that of Mancetter, hereafter described, upon the Watling Street ; with the exception, that in the first case the oblong lies across, and in the second, parallel with, the road. Dugdale records that ' within the Compasse ' of the camp ' divers old Coynes ' were ' digg'd up ' ; and since his time many pieces of Roman money, as well as fragments of Roman pottery, have been found in the fields near.' Whether this earthwork is actually Roman or not, only excavation upon the site can finally determine ; the arguments, for and against, at present, are fully set forth in the article on ' Romano- British Warwickshire.' CHESWICK GREEN. — See Tanworth. CHURCHOVER (4 miles north of Rugby). — An interesting and well pre- served little moated mount castle of class D is to be seen in this parish, about half a mile south of Coton House. Proceed- ing from Brownsover along the Lutterworth road, it lies in the middle of the second field to the east of the highway, just after passing the third milestone from Rugby. The remains consist of a low circular artificial hill, measur- ing about i 50 feet in diameter at its base, with a flat top about 70 feet across ; it is surrounded by a ditch, in which water still lies at the south-east side. The Ordnance Survey map calls this mount a tumulus ; there is an undoubted sepul- chral mound here, once opened by Mr.Bloxam, which lies in the spinney beside the high-road a few hundred yards to the north-west ; but it is much smaller than the mount above described, and has no encircling ditch.3 1 Preserved in Dugdale's Wane. (Hamper's copy), p. 340. Dugdale's Wana. p. 340 ; Turner's Sbaki. Land, pp. 301-3. a O.S. Map 25 in., 1883. 368 CHURCHOVER SCALE OF FEET too 200 Zoo ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS CLAPPER'S HILL. — See Coughton. CLAVERDON (5 miles west of Warwick). — Here are well preserved remains of a small oval camp, hidden away in the brambles of Barmoor Wood, on the western confines of the parish, 600 yards north-west of Kington Grange. It is situated upon the southern edge of a slight elevation, with extensive views all round. The little river Alne runs not far away from its north and west sides, and would no doubt afford good natural protection in former days, when its waters would spread out into marsh and swamp along its course. CLAVERDON A. D. 1875, after Burg-ess SCALE OF FEET o 190 2qO 390 Mr. Burgess was the first to discover and describe these earthworks. From his account, the entrenchment appears to be almost oval in form, enclosing a raised plateau of about 3! acres in extent ; this is defended by a very perfect vallum and fosse, with portions of a second vallum be- yond ; ' the inner vallum is about 20 feet broad at its base, and there appears to have been a smaller one, or perhaps the ledge for a stockade, nearer the ditch ' ; ' the outer vallum is considerably modified by the fence which surrounds it.' Mr. Burgess describes the fosse as 20 feet i 369 47 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE wide and some 12 feet deep, with a causeway 30 feet broad across it, which connects the enclosure with a flat elevated area, covering about 24 acres, lying beyond it ; this area has, he goes on to say, sloping sides showing signs of cut terraces, which are probably the weather-worn remains of former ramparts. He mentions that he was informed by a native that there were some cut stones remaining in a corner of the interior area, thirty years previous to his visit, which appeared to have formed part of an underground chamber. This camp is somewhat similar in appearance to the one at Beausale, 4! miles away.1 On Yarningale Common, an elevated promontory about a mile north-east of Barmoor Wood, Mr. Burgess discovered a low double mound surrounded by a fosse, situated on the north-west shoulder of the hill ; the base of the larger mound he described as about 70 feet in diameter, and the ' inner central one not more than 9 feet.' The fosse he measured as 1 1 feet wide.2 CORLEY (6 miles south-west of Nuneaton.) — There are remains of a considerable fortress in this parish, on the hill called, in consequence, the Burrow Hill. They are situated upon a sloping plateau on the top of the hill, facing north-east, and at an altitude of some 500 feet above the level of the sea, and from which there is a magnificent prospect on every side. The shape of the camp is an irregular square, containing an area of about 10 acres; it is defended partly by natural rocky precipices, and partly by artificial earthworks. The latter are now much weather-worn, and also altered by cultivation ; they consist mainly of a rampart, vary- ing from 10 to barely 3 feet in height, and about 30 feet wide at its base; no accompanying fosse is now visible, except on the side near the valley ; there is also a long ditch on the south-west separate from the main works. In the interior is a pit, fed by a spring, which would afford a good water supply. There appears to have been but one ancient entrance, that on the north-west side by the rocks ; the opening at the north-east angle has evidently been cut in later days to form a road from the field within the area to the farmhouse below. Mr. Ribton-Turner, who was the first to report upon these remains in detail, describes further traces of ancient works, as follows : * Two escarpments with terraces and trenches,' the former ' from 40 to 60 feet in height, on the curved front of the steep declivity overlooking the valley, and extending some ten chains or more on each side of the main works ' ; he also says that ' there are indications of other smaller fortifi- cations in the fields on this side of the hill, running nearly parallel with the rock, but time and the plough have left few traces of the original features.' s » Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1872), p. 86, in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. (1873), p. 41, and m Arch. Journ. xxxiii. (1876), pp. 369-70 ; Timmins's Warw. pp. 6c-6 ; Turner's Shaks. Land, p. 195. » Burgess in Arch. Journ. vol. xxxiii. (1876), p. 370, and in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Tram. (1872), p. 86. ' Turner's Shaks. Land, p. 252. 370 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS As far as one dare judge from outward appearance alone, these earth- works would seem to be of prehistoric origin ; Mr. Turner expressed the opinion that they were afterwards utilized and adapted by the Romans. It would be very interesting if some excavation could be undertaken upon the site, as up to the present there are no records of any ' finds ' to throw light upon the subject. CORLEV Burrow Hill Camp SCALE Of FfeCT 100 200 300 COUGHTON (2 miles north of Alcester.) — Some worn remains of earthworks, which have long been known as the ' Danes' Banks, ' lie about a mile west of the church in this parish, on a rounded knoll called Clappers' Hill. They occupy a dominating position upon a plateau on the summit of this hill, at an altitude of 300 feet above sea level, A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE from which there is a fine view on nearly every side. The Icknield Street passes northwards from the Roman station at Alcester about a mile away on the east, and the ancient Ridgeway at about the same distance on the west ; to the south runs the valley of the Alne, with the town of Alcester beside the river. The remains are now slight and disconnected. But in 1875 they were much more striking, and Mr. Burgess made the plan of them here Danes' Banks. ^minrimmmiMffig^ If »-i3 — a«!w;rr,;T^r,tfr,;n^Wff.''*-CE:: «•="== r 5r~ 1 1^ ^T- *fiS^ \i ---B ""Hittiitftttti i mi i Mm* nmn» nm» i»i'tiii"C ^ •fc SECTION. o B ENLARGED SECTION AT C COUCHTON A. D. 1875, after Burg ess SCALE OF FEET 190 20O 390 reproduced for a paper which he contributed to the Archaeological Journal '; he then described these singular earthworks as consisting of a ' long rect- angular mound like a gigantic barrow, encompassed by a double rampart and terminating in the north in two rectangular enclosures.' The ditches between the ramparts were 12 to 15 feet deep.1 In 1784 a writer in The » Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (187*), p. 87, in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. (i»73), P- 39. and m Jrch. Journ. vol. xxxiii. (1876), p. 373. 372 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS Gentleman's Magazine described the ' old camp ' upon ' Danes' Bank ' as defended by ' deep trenches.'1 Local tradition says that Danish soldiers once occupied these earth- works, whence they attacked and destroyed Coughton, and the now long forgotten hamlet of Wyke, close by. 1 1 IT lUIUlllllUlllllllllllMUlii \ \ \ \ v> \ \ \\ inini '•', \\ '-z. > v 5 t\ EDGE ASTON SCALE OF FEET lOO ZOO 5O~O An interesting moated area, which is also connected by local tradition with the camp, is to be seen in a field, to the south of the road Gent.'s Mag. (1784), pt. i, p. 404. 373 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE called Wick Lane, half way between Coughton Lodge Farm and the railway station. It is nearly a square, containing about an acre, and with a deep ditch the greater part of the way round and the remains of a vallum outside the ditch ; the moat completely enclosed the area until recent years, when a road leading from the highway to the farm was made across it.1 EDGBASTON (near Birmingham.) — There are remains of a large rectangular entrenchment, in Metchley Park, at the south-west corner of this parish, and near Selly Oak ; it lies 400 yards west of Metchley Lane ; the Birmingham and Worcester Canal and the Birmingham and West Suburban Railway cross its south-east corner. The earthworks now extant are oblong in form, lying north-west by south-east ; they are situated just north of the Bourne brook, on fairly level ground, at an altitude of about 500 feet above the sea. They are much worn and mutilated. Even a century ago, Hutton, in giving an account of them, wrote that though no part was actually obliterated, the fortification was nearly levelled by cultivation. He described the works as then covering about 30 acres, being nearly in the form of a square, each side of which was 400 yards long ; in the centre was a quadrangular platform of about 6 acres, surrounded by three ditches ' at irregular distances from one another ' ; each of these ditches measured ' about 8 yards over.'2 Hutton records that 'pieces of armour were frequently ploughed up ' here in his day, ' particularly those of the sword and the battle axe.' A recent cutting was made through the earthworks for the pipes of the Welsh Birmingham Water Supply, but Mr. Pearson informs me that, although careful watch was kept for antiquities, nothing of any interest was found. It may perhaps be mentioned that the camp would not be far away from the now lost track of the ancient Icknield Street through Birmingham. FENNY COMPTON (14 miles south-east of Warwick). — One of the spurs of the Burton Dassett Hills called Gredenton Hill, half a mile south-west of this village, has its steep sides scarped into a series of artificial terraces. These terraces have every appearance of being the remains of ancient entrenchments which once encircled the summit of the hill, and which have been reduced by the weather and the action of the plough to their present condition. It has sometimes been argued that they are merely ' linchets ' resulting from repeated ploughing of the hillside ; but a similar levelling of ramparts into ditches, producing the effect of terraces, is not infrequent in connection with ancient camps ; it may be seen, for example, at Brownsover in this county. The top of Gredenton Hill, which has an altitude of about 650 feet above sea level, is a strong and commanding position, such as would early be seized for fortification by settlers in the district ; two little streams, now much » Burgess in Arcfi. Journ. vol. xxxiii. (1876), p. 373. 1 Hutton'» B'tam. pp. 461-3. 374 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS reduced in volume, which run at the bottom of valleys cut on either side of it, probably once added to the natural defences of the site.1 FILLONGLEY (7 miles north-west of Coventry.) — In this elevated village are two earthworks, one bearing the name of the ' Castle Hills ' and the other called ' Castle Yard.' The first named, ' Castle Hills,' is a small and well preserved en- trenchment on a farm known as the ' Bury Fields.' It is situated about three-quarters of a mile north-east of the church, on low-lying ground by the side of a small stream. FILLONGLEY, Castle Hills. SCALE orFEEf too zoo 300 FILLONGLEY Castle Yard SCALE OF FEET 100' zoo soe The little fortress is nearly oval in form and covers an area of about an acre. Its defences consist of a strong rampart running round a raised internal plateau with a deep ditch beyond. The ditch or moat was probably once filled with water from the stream which still runs through it on the south-west side. There are remnants of further artificial banks in the field to the south, but they are now worn and indistinct in plan. The site was called ' Old Fillongley ' in Henry the Third's time.3 1 Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1872), p. 83 ; Bloxam in ditto (1875), p. 31 ; Burgess in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. (1873), p. 38 ; Turner's Shaks. Land, p. 293. ' Dugdale's Warw. p. 725, quoting Testa de Nevill; Bloxam in B'ham. Phil. Inst. Tram. vol. iv. no. xvi. p. 186 ; Burgess' Warw. p. 5 ; Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1872), pp. 85, 88. 375 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE The later earthworks, on the site known as the ' Castle Yard,' are a quarter of a mile south of the church. They are placed in a strong position, upon a triangle of land formed by the junction of two brooks ; they are now much worn. At the apex of this triangle rises a low mount or keep ; south of this is a courtyard, which occupies an area of rather over an acre, lying between the brooks. A moat surrounds the mount and the court, through the eastern side of which one of the little streams runs, while water also stands within it on the west. There are remnants of a rampart running round inside the moat upon the south side of the court. Further banks and ditches are to be seen beyond the stream to the north- east, but their plan is not now easily dis- cernible. On the summit of the mount there are remains of masonry, but there are no visible traces of stonework upon the bank round the court. This little mount and court castle was occupied by the great Hastings family early in the reign of Henry I., and it afterwards became their chief re- sidence in Warwick- shire.1 GR EDE NTON HILL. — See Fenny Compton. HARBOROUGH BANKS. — See Lapworth. HARTSHILL (3 miles north-west of Nuneaton) — The ancient camp known as Oldbury crowns a rocky elevation, 550 feet above sea level, which rises to the west of this village ; in its centre stands the Georgian mansion called Oldbury Hall. The stronghold has a most commanding position, overlooking the vale of Leicestershire and domin- 1 Dugdale's Wane. p. 725 ; Clark's Mil. Archlt. vol. i. p. 8 1, vol. ii. pp. 47~8 ; Burgess' Wane. p. 5 ; Timmins's Wane. pp. 84-5. 376 HARTSHILL. Oldbury Camp SCALE OFFEET IOO 200 3OO ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS ating the ancient Watling Street, which passes below it a couple of miles to the north. These remains have long attracted the attention of antiquaries, William Camden having written of the ' quadrangular fort ' as early as the days of Queen Elizabeth.1 The camp is oblong in form, lying north-west by south-east, and encloses an area of about 7 acres ; its two longest sides are parallel to one another, and its extant corners are slightly rounded rectangles. The ramparts are well preserved on three sides, but on the fourth, that to the south-east, they are much worn. They consist of a single bank, about 20 feet broad at the base and now only about 6 feet high ; outside of this is a ditch, well marked upon the north-west side and fairly so along the south-west, where it contains water, but only just traceable elsewhere. Two hundred and fifty years ago, when Dugdale knew them, the de- fences were evidently much more imposing, as he writes of ' Rampires whose Height and Largenesse do still shew the Strength ' of the fort. Bartlett also, as late as 1777, speaks of 'high ramparts still in full per- fection.' There are now three openings through the ramparts into the interior area, one at the north corner, one in the middle of the north- west side and a third near the west corner ; but it is difficult to deter- mine whether any of these represent ancient entrances. Dugdale records certain interesting discoveries made in his day, apparently within the area of the camp. He says that ' on the North Part of this Fort have been found by plowing divers Flint Stones, about four Inches and a half in Length, curiously wrought by Grinding, or some such Way, into the Form here exprest.' He then gives a drawing of what is apparently a Neolithic celt, and which he says was deposited in the museum of Elias Ashmole at Oxford. This camp has often been described as Roman, and Salmon, in his Survey of Roman Antiquities, even placed the Man- duessedum of Antonine's Itinerary here. But there is nothing to substantiate these statements ; on the contrary Manduessedum was upon the Watling Street at Mancetter just below, and general ap- pearances, as well as the above recorded finds, certainly point to a prehistoric origin for these \| %2iJ* If earthworks.2 WKiasssa' HOB'S MOAT. — See Solihull. ILMINGTON (7 miles south of Stratford-on- Avon). — High up the hill above this village, and about three-quarters of a mile south-west of the »,. ****»**•» «OVT parish church is a small double moated enclosure IVIXJN \y i (JIM locally called ' The Camp.' It is in a large open SCALE or FEET field known as Nebsworth, which crowns the top ? ..-'?- .. z°° ,3?° 1 Camden's Brit. (Gibson ed. 1695), p. 510. 1 Dugdale's Wane. p. 765 ; Michel's Leicestershire, vol. iv. p. 1029 ; Bloxam in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Tram. (1875), PP- 32> 33 ! Burgess in ditto (1872), p. 88, and in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. (1873), p. 43 ; Langford's Staffs, and Warvi. vol. ii. pp. 128, 392. I 377 48 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE of the eastern extension of the steep Ilmington Hills, and it lies close to the ordnance survey cairn which marks an altitude of 761 feet. The works are square with slightly rounded corners ; they cover less than three-quarters of an acre. The fosse which encloses the area is very perfect, and within its interior is a second ditch. These small remains have fre- quently been de- scribed as Roman, and a few Roman coins and pot- sherds which have been turned up on the hill have sup- ported the theory.1 This is however unlikely ; the place would seem rather to be the site of an early moated home- stead. IPSLEY (7 miles north of Al- cester). — On the left bank of the little river Ar- row, and half a mile south of the village church, are important remains of an entrenched camp. Like that at Chesterton, this camp is placed in a sheltered valley instead of on a hill. It is approxi- mately a square in shape, but with its south-east angle cut away into a sloping curve ; two of its corners, those to the north-east and north-west, are rectangular ; it covers an area of about 4 acres. The defences consist of a rampart, which ex- tends for the greater part of the way round it, and there are slight p. 5 ; Timh.i Burgess in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. (1873), p. 38 ; Timmins's Warw. p. 68. 378 IPSLEY SCALE OF reer 4OO ZOO 3O& ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS remains of a ditch, the latter altered and worn. A little brook, which falls into the river Arrow just below, runs close to the camp upon its eastern side, while the river itself almost washes the base of the western ramparts ; in former days therefore the stronghold would be well pro- tected on three of its sides by water and by marsh and swamp. The ancient Icknield Street passes only a few yards away from the entrench- ment on the north-east. Various writers have described these earthworks as Roman,1 without producing adequate evidence in support of the statement ; as far as mere appearances go, the remains resemble the angular variety of camp de- scribed under Class B11' KENILWORTH. — There are here interesting remains of earthworks of diverse ages and descriptions. The stately castle is based upon an earlier mount and court fort, some of the earth foundations of which are still traceable. Earthworks of contemporary origin once aided in the defence of the great mediaeval stronghold of masonry ; these are of two kinds : firstly, the scientifically designed embankments which were constructed for the purpose of damming up the waters of the two streams and the ancient pool in order to form the great lakes and broad moats which once encircled the castle ; secondly, an elaborate system of ram- parts and ditches, which formed strong outworks for the protection of the dam of the upper lake, and also of the approaches to the entrance gate situated upon it. The spot where Kenilworth Castle stands was well chosen for de- fensive purposes ; it is a knoll of rock and gravel which forms a head- land just below the junction of two streams, viz. the Inchford brook on the south and one of its nameless tributaries on the west ; on the east side there is also a little valley running down to the first named brook, which probably contained water and swamp in earlier days ; the low lying ground at the junction of the two streams was originally an exten- sive pool, mention of which is made in the foundation charter to Kenil- worth Abbey which was drawn up early in the twelfth century. Upon this naturally strong site therefore some lord of the place in early days would seem to have constructed a mount and court fort of earth and timber. The extant traces of this have been carefully exam- ined by the late Mr. G. T. Clark, and are well described by him.2 He considered that the original moated mound, which is not now distinctly to be identified, occupied either a spot close to John of Gaunt's Hall or, and more probably, the site of the present Norman keep now called Caesar's Tower ; both of these buildings are seen to be connected with ancient earthworks, and the keep still encloses within its area an arti- ficial mount, some 10 to 15 feet high, against which its walls are built. The inner ward of the castle apparently occupies the site of the principal courtyard of the early fort ; it is about i£ acres in extent ; its north- 1 Bloxam in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1875), PP- 31. 38 > Burgess in ditto (1872) p. 87. 2 Clark's Mil. Archil, vol. ii. pp. 130-52. 379 A«totf*vr^ Mortimers £ Tower Site of the Great Lake KENILWORTH SCALE OF FEET O IOO ZOO 3OO %| % ^i^f&^Z^rays XTIry^ "iS«J!SSfe^5o^ 380 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS east corner is a right angle and its east and north sides are straight lines ; to the west and south its boundaries are irregular in outline, having two triangular platforms of artificially raised earth (which appear to be the remains of very early works) projecting beyond the present stone walls. The ground falls rapidly all round this court on its north, west and south sides, but on the east the slope is more gradual, and a deep ditch separates it from the outer ward. The latter enclosure and the gardens now lying to the north-west of it were thought by Mr. Clark to repre- sent the secondary courtyard of the original earth fort ; they cover an area of about j\ acres. The stream, as we have seen, formed a natural defence to the early stronghold upon the west, and the pool protected the south ; a moat extended along the east side, and possibly also round to the north, where the present deep ditch was cut through the rock in mediaeval times. Passing from these early works, which have been so much altered by the erection of the later walls of masonry as to be only just trace- able, the important mediaeval earthworks outside the walls of the castle invite attention. Running in a south-easterly direction for a length of about 150 yards is an artificial bank thrown right across the valley from Mortimer's Tower to the Gallery or Flood Tower ; it is about 1 8 yards broad and in parts about 20 feet high ; this was constructed for the purpose of damming up the waters of the streams and pool, and raising their level so as to improve and enlarge the water defences around the castle on the south and west and north. The lake thus formed on the south was half a mile long and about 100 yards across and from 10 to 12 feet deep ; it covered an area of 1 1 1 acres.1 At the south-east end of the great earthen dam was a ditch, 56 feet wide and 20 feet deep, which served as an overflow for the waters of the lake ; portions of the stonework of a sluice still remain ; the tower above, now called the Gallery, was at one time known as the Floodgate Tower. Besides controlling the level of the lake, this sluice was also used to cause its waters to flow into the encircling moats of the castle, for, in the words of the above named survey, they are ' to be let round about the castle at pleasure.' Beyond the dam, a second and shallower lake was like- wise formed to protect the south-east side of the fortress ; this was made by the construction of another long bank of earth, which was apparently only sufficiently high to retain the water to a depth of 4 or 5 feet. So important in the scheme of defences was the function of this great dam and its sluice considered, that it was deemed necessary to construct further extensive earthworks beyond them, in order to ensure their safety in time of attack. Accordingly we find that a tongue of land lying between the south side of the lake and a small water course which runs in a north-easterly direction into Inchford brook, has been 1 Vide a survey made in the time of James I. ; quoted by Dugdale in his Wane. p. 1 74, from a copy in Cotton Library. 381 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE scarped into a crescent, presenting a convex front to the south-east some 300 yards in length ; this crescent is defended by an artificial bank some 20 feet high and 20 feet broad which has been raised upon it. On the top of this earthwork four circular mounds, the largest of which is 40 feet in diameter at its base, were also erected at intervals ; these mounds at a later date were called ' cavaliers,' and upon them mangonels were probably placed for defensive purposes. In front of this bank again is a wide fosse, 40 feet deep and 100 feet broad, which was formerly filled with water ; it has, to a large extent, been filled up for nearly half of its length by the earth thrown into it when the comparatively recent road running alongside of it to the north-east was made. All these formidable earthworks, now overgrown with trees and shrubs, are known as the ' Brays,' anciently ' Brayz.' Near their centre, opposite to the spot where the highway approaches them from the south-east, and separated from the road by the above-named deep ditch, are to be seen the remains of two circular stone bastions. These guarded the main entrance to the castle, which was originally by a road passing be- tween them and then leading over several drawbridges and along the top of the dam to Mortimer's Tower. Beyond the Brays again, re- mains of still further earthworks, consisting of a slight bank and a ditch, are distinctly traceable.1 Saxon origin has been claimed for the mount and court fort here ; but it is more probable that this was the ' castle ' which, according to the register of Kenilworth Priory, was erected by the Norman lord soon after 1120. History throws light upon the date of several of the later earthworks, but these details must be dealt with in a subsequent volume. KENT'S MOAT. — See Sheldon. KINETON (8 miles east-south-east of Stratford-on-Avon). — The remains of some earthworks of the mount and court type are to be seen near the railway station of this once important little town ; they are known locally as King John's Castle. The ' Castle ' is situated at the bottom of the slope of Pittern Hill, on the right bank of a stream which skirts the south side of the town. The extant works consist chiefly of a round conical artificial mount, about 125 feet in diameter at its base, and with a truncated top measur- ing about 40 feet across. This mount formerly had what Gibson, writing in 1694, described as a 'broad deep ditch' round it,2 only traces of which are now however to be made out. To the north and north-west of the mount or 'keep' are some fragments of ramparts and ditches, evidently remnants of the defences of a courtyard. Various coins, some of them Roman, have been found upon the site of the castle, and some ancient pottery was also dug up when the railway station was made.3 i Dugdale's Warw. pp. 161-2 and 165-75 ; Clark's Mil. Archit. vol. i. p. 80 and vol. ii. pp. 130- 52 ; Turner's Shaks. Land, pp. 107-25 ; Burgess' Warw. pp. 145-53. 1 Camden's Brit. (Gibson ed. 1695), p. 510. » See article on ' Romano-British Warwickshire,' ante. 382 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS The mount has often been supposed to be merely a sepul- chral tumulus ; but though the remains are now much muti- lated, these earth- works without doubt represent one of the moated mount and court forts of which we have such per- fect examples in the county at Brinklow and at Seckington.1 As in these fortresses, the original stock- ades here were never replaced by subse- quent walls of ma- sonry ; this shows that the stronghold fell early into disuse. K i N G T o N GRANGE. — See Cla- verdon. LADBROKE (7 miles south-east of Leamington). — There is a small entrenchment on the confines of this parish, 2 miles east of the church of All Saints, and half way between Upper Rad- bourn Farm and the old Welsh road leading from Southam to Priors Hardwick. 0,. >% It is situated on level ground, 360 feet ,^?> ^'^^'"'''''''v'''''''^ above the sea ; this slopes downwards at a short distance away on several sides, but is slightly lower than Lady Hill, on the other side of the hollow made by the tiny brook to the north-west. The remains now consist of little more than a ditch enclosing an irregular oblong area about twice as long as broad, and of rather more than an acre in extent. For- merly, however, according to a plan made by the late Mr. W. G. Fretton, F.S.A. in 1849," there was a perfect rampart all round the KINETOKf King John's Castle SCALE OF FEET IOO ZOO 300 %$$» LADBROKE SCALE OFFEET 100 aoo ' Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1872), p. 83 ; Turner's Sbaki. Land, p. 347. 1 MS. in writer's possession. 383 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE inside of this ditch, except where there was a gap just north-east of the west corner ; there is a small pool of water in the angle of the ditch at this point. These works, besides having been described as prehistoric and as Roman, are sometimes said locally to have been thrown up by the troops at Southam during the Civil War in the seventeenth century ; but there is no known historical record of this, nor is there any proof of the suggested much earlier origin. Their appearance at present rather points to their being one of the ancient moated enclosures of which we have so many examples in the county. LAPWORTH (8 miles north-west of Warwick). — Within the manor of Broom in the hamlet of Kingswood, and i £ miles east of the parish church of Lapworth, are to be seen the scant remains of a once important camp, known locally as Harborough Banks. This camp was situated upon the slopes of a slight hollow, with higher ground on three of its sides, the west, north, and east ; a little brook runs near its eastern side. Unfortunately these earthworks have suffered what amounts very nearly to destruction at the hands of man. Their demolition was begun as early as 1730, for we read of their banks being dug into for gravel about that time.1 But the main work of destruction took place as late as 1862, soon after an Inclosure Act was obtained by local landowners. The existing remains therefore are but fragmentary. They consist chiefly of a rampart and fosse running in a north-westerly direction for a distance of about 300 yards, beginning at an elbow in the lane leading from the Lapworth and Warwick road to Broom Hall ; the fosse here is dry, but it is probably traceable a little farther north in two short lengths which are now filled with water. In a plan of the works, made about i86o,2 the existing rampart is represented as continuing for another 200 yards towards the north from where it ends at present ; the plan also shows the same rampart as turning off at a right angle at its southern extremity and running thence north- north-east for a distance of about 300 yards ; here it apparently must have turned again almost at a right angle, for after an interval another length of rampart ran west-north-west for about 200 yards in a straight line parallel to the Warwick and Lapworth road. If this rampart formerly continued about 150 yards further in the same direction, and then turned round to join the defences still traceable on the west side of the enclosure, the interior area of the camp must have been at least as much as 25 acres. Its shape would thus have been an irregular oblong, but with the south-western and north-western sides joining in a curve instead of in an angle.3 1 Dugdale's Warw. (ed. Thomas, 1730), p. 730. 1 Hannett, Forest of Arden (1863), p. 12. Apparently the only relics of antiquity known to have been found here are the following, viz. ' Something like the spout of an ewer,' unearthed when the banks were dug away for gravel prior to 1730, 'which when melted down proved to be metal very like what we call Prince's metal ' (Dug- dale's Warw. [ed. Thomas, 1730], p. 730), and a cannon-ball and portions of a pistol dug up about 1850. 384 Harblorougn /Banks LAPWORTH Harborough Banks abt. I860, after Hannett. •SCALE OF FEET 100 200 300 385 49 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Local antiquaries, including Bloxam, Burgess and Hannett, have called these works Roman, but they gave no evidence to support the assertion, and it is quite an improbable one.1 The low ground chosen for the camp by its makers differentiates it from the earlier camps of refuge on the hill-tops ; in this respect it is similar to the smaller-sized entrenchments at Tachbrook and at Ipsley ; the camp also somewhat resembles these two strongholds in design, both in having some of its sides straight lines and at least some of its corners angular. One is induced to think that it may be of similar origin. Rather over 2 miles to the south-west of Harborough Banks there are some further fragmentary remains of earthworks in this parish ; they are on the top of an elevation bearing the name of Camp Hill, which lies on the left-hand side of the road leading from Lapworth to Henley in Arden, just after passing Liveridge Hill. The existing mound, from the summit of which there is a most commanding view, has been called a 'Roman outpost' by various writers2; but there does not appear to be any foundation for the statement, and its origin and connection remain obscure. LIVERIDGE HILL. — See Lapworth. LOXLEY (3! miles west-south-west of Stratford-on-Avon). — There is a remarkable line of double and sometimes triple entrenchments running through this parish, traceable for a total length of over 3 miles. The earthworks extend along the northern face of the hill overlooking the valley of the Avon, in a direction roughly north-east and south-west ; they commence near Walton, pass through the wood round the summit of Redhill and by Loxley, until they reach Goldicote just over the county boundary in Worcestershire. The entrenchments are very formidable in places, consisting of three ramparts one above the other, with two intervening ditches; in other parts they are not so imposing, being worn away through natural agencies or levelled down by the agriculturist. The plan and section here shown are reproduced from drawings, represent- ing the best preserved portions of the earthworks, made by Mr. Burgess in 1875. These remains have been attributed to a prehistoric age, and certain bronze celts similar to some found at Tadmarton Camp in Oxfordshire were unearthed on the hill above Loxley ; but in the absence of exca- vation it is wiser not to hazard a conjecture as to the date of their origin. They would certainly appear to have been constructed for defensive pur- poses, as they are too formidable for a mere boundary line.3 MANCETTER (4 miles north-west of Nuneaton). — On the line of the Watling Street, at a distance of 700 yards east-north-east of the ' Hannett, Forest of Arden (1863), pp. 10, 12 and 144 ; Bloxam in B'ham. Mid. Inst. Arch. Tram. (1875), p. 32 ; Burgess in ditto (1872), p. 87. 2 Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1872), p. 86 ; Hannett's Forest of Arden, pp. 10, 13, 150 ; Turner, Sbaks. Land, p. 191. » Bloxam in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1875), p. 31 ; Burgess in ditto (1872), p. 83, in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. (1873), pp. 38, 44, and in Arch. Journ. vol. xxxiii. (1876), pp. 374-76 ; Timmins's Warn. p. 66. 386 Red Hill A - LOXLEY A.D. 1875, after Burgess SCALE OF FEET IOO 2OO 3OO JAIIIIIH iiiiiiiiiiiiimiimiiiiiiiiiitiM/////. "'""liliiiiiMiiiiiii Minn 111 Miiiiiiilir///^ t£- //. lllllHIIIIUIIIIIIHIIIIIlllllllllMllllllllllllllMIIIIIIV^ MANCETTER A.D. 1872 SCACE or FEET 100 300 300 387 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE village church of St. Peter in this parish, are the remains of a rectangular earthwork of the variety described under class C. It lies upon almost level ground, about 300 yards away from the river Anker ; the ancient Watling Street, which here forms the boundary between the counties of Warwick and Leicester, runs right through it and then descends a slight slope to the north-west and crosses the river. The Bull Inn and several houses now stand within the entrenchment upon either side of the street. The internal area of this camp is about 6 acres ; in shape it is an oblong, about 200 yards in length and 150 yards in breadth ; its four corners are nearly rectangular ; there appear to be two entrances only, at the points where the Roman road passes into it and leaves it. The defences are now much weather-worn, and they are apparently also considerably changed in aspect by building and ploughing. In 1872 Mr. Burgess described them as consisting of ramparts 6 feet in height and 20 feet broad at base1 ; but when Dr. Stukeley visited the site about 1724, he wrote of ditches as well as banks, both of which he described as in good preservation. The remains have long been known locally by two different names, those on the Warwickshire side of Watling Street being called ' Castle Banks,' and those in Leicestershire ' Oufort (for Old Fort) Banks.'3 Dr. Stukeley says that he was informed by the inhabitants that * bricks and exceeding strong mortar, with coins of brass, silver and some gold, had been dug up here,' and Dugdale, and also Burton, a century earlier, both speak of Roman coins having been ploughed up.3 It is now generally conceded that this Roman fortified station was the Manduessedum of Antonine's Itinerary in Britain. For further details of the Roman remains found in the vicinity of the earthwork see ' Romano-British Warwickshire.' METCHLEY. — See Edgbaston. NADBURY. — See Ratlev. j OAKLEY WOOD. — See Tachbrooke. OLDBURY. — See Hartshill. RADBOURN. — See Ladbroke. RATLEY (12 miles east-south-east of Stratford-on-Avon). — The remains of the extensive earthworks called Nadbury Camp, anciently known as Northbury,4 are still to be seen on the hill above this village ; they are about two-thirds of a mile north-north-east of the church, and upon the boundary of the parish. The camp is one of the largest in the county, and is situated on a jutting promontory of the imposing Edge Hills at an altitude of 700 feet ; it has a most commanding position at the top of a steep escarp- ment, and overlooks the entire Warwickshire vale to the north, as far as the distant highlands of the ancient Forest of Arden on the further side of the Avon ; the ground falls away steeply also to the south and 1 Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Trans. (1872), p. 88. 1 See Survey made 1812 ; B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Tram. (1900), p. 2. ' Dugdale's Warm. p. 761 ; Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum (1776) ; Burton's MS. of about 1620, quoted in Nichols' Leicestershire, vol. iv. p. 1027. « See Dugdale MSS. quoted Dugdale Warm. (Hamper's copy), p. 389. 388 RAT LEY Nadbury Camp D. IBaa, after Pretty SCALE Or FEET 100 ZOO . 3OO 389 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE west, where a little stream runs at the bottom of a valley. In shape the stronghold much resembles a pear, with its pointed end towards the west ; the two corners at the eastern end approach the rectangular. The entrenchments enclose an area of about 1 7 acres. The defensive earthworks of the camp have now, unfortunately, become very much worn by denudation and have also been sadly muti- lated by man. The fortress was sufficiently striking in appearance in Queen Elizabeth's time to be remarked upon by Camden1 ; Dugdale, who took notice of but few remains of this kind, described the place 250 years ago as a 'great fortification' ; and even early in the last century, the entrenchments were still formidable looking, consisting of double ram- parts, rising one above the other, with an intervening ditch ; this is shown by a careful plan made in 1822" by Mr. Edward Pretty, drawing- master at Rugby School, which is here reproduced in its main details. The only ancient entrance to the camp was at the western extremity ; it was approached by a ' hollow way ' which curved round from a north- westerly direction ; this was crossed in later days by the present highway from Ratley and Radway, which enters the area of the camp at the west, and runs along in the hollow of its northern fosse, until it quits it again at its north-east corner. Dugdale records that ' near unto ' this camp ' in our Memory was found a Sword of Brasse, and a Battaill Axe,' and his MS. notes add to this 'with the bones of two men.'3 He evidently here describes a bronze sword and palstave, relics which point to the considerable antiquity of the earthworks. The camp apparently forms a link in the long chain of prehistoric fortresses, which extends from south to north along the tops of the Cotswolds and the highlands of the Oxfordshire border, and reaches as far as the great entrenchments at Borough Hill near Daventry in Northamptonshire.* SECKINGTON (4 miles north-east of Tamworth) — Close to this village, and 150 yards north-west of the parish church, are some very perfect little earthworks of the moated mount and court type ; they are much like those at Brinklow, only smaller and with single, instead of double, courtyard adjacent to the mount. The works occupy an excellent position on the highest part of the slight elevation upon which the village is located. The area covered by the mount and its courtyard is about 2| acres. The mount itself is a conical hill, truncated at the top ; it is about 30 feet high and 140 to 150 feet in diameter at its base; its flat top measures about 50 feet across. Encircling this mount is a ditch, now about 30 feet wide and from 10 to 12 feet deep. To the south and south-east lies the court- yard, crescent-like in shape, and further protecting the mount for about 1 Camden's Brit. (Gibson ed. 1695), p. 499. > Preserved in Dugdale's Warm. (Hamper's copy), p. 389. • Ibid. p. 389. • Bloxam in B'ham. Phil. Inst. Trans., vol. iv. no. 16, ; Dugdale's Warm. p. 389; Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Tram. (1872), p. 82, and in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. (1873), p. 38 ; Turners Stab. Land, p. 337. 390 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS half of its circumference ; it likewise is defended by a ditch, with a rampart on the inner side ; both rampart and ditch increase in size in a curious way in their course round from south-west by south-east to north, until the bank abutting upon the fosse belonging to the mount is fully two-thirds of the height of the latter.1 All these earthworks have suffered considerably in course of ages by denudation. Dugdale records that the mount in his day was as much as 42 feet high, and measured only 23 feet across its flat summit ; also that the ditch was then only 20 feet wide at the top, with a depth of 1 2 feet. The present measure- ments, given above, show that the mount and banks have be- come considerably re- duced in height, and the tops of ditches have also become wider in the last 250 years. Dugdale no- ticed that this natural erosion was continu- ally in progress, for he remarked that the di- mensions he gave were evidently ' much lesse than what they were at first, by Reason that the Earth is so shrunk down.' a An entrance into the courtyard at its south-east corner is possibly the original one ; at any rate it existed in Dugdale's time. As at Brinklow, there are also remains of a further and much larger enclosure at Seckington, the defences of which may have encircled, but did not join on to the inner works of moated mount and court ; for to the north- north-east and east traces of a long rampart and ditch are to be seen, the latter still containing water in parts. No signs of any masonry are ap- parent upon either the mount or the ramparts of this little fortress. These interesting earthworks have attracted the attention of many antiquaries even from the days of Queen Elizabeth, when Camden makes mention of them.3 Some have ascribed their origin to the ancient 1 See section. » Dugdale's Warm. p. 799. 3 Camden's Brit. (Gibson's ed. 1695), p. 507. 391 SECTION SECKINGTON. 3CAUEOPFCCT IQO BOO 300 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Britons and some to the Romans, Camden even making them an im- aginary military station which he called Secandunum, an unfortunate statement which has been frequently repeated by local writers down to the present day ; others again have considered the mound to be a sepul- chral tumulus, and apportioned it as a burial place for the slain in the great battle which was fought here 755 A.D. But all these surmises are incorrect, and though history is apparently silent as to its actual maker, there is no doubt that these very perfect earthworks are the remains of the moated mount and court castle of some Saxon or Norman lord of Seckington. Dugdale records that the villagers in his day still called the work ' the Castle.' It is further evident that this castle, like the strong- holds at Brinklow, at Kineton and at Castle Bromwich, must somewhat early in its existence have fallen into disuse, as no walls of stone were ever subsequently erected upon the earthworks to take the place of the original palisades of wood.1 SELLY OAK. — See Edgbaston. SHELDON (near Birmingham). — In the north-west corner of this parish and about half a mile to the east of the adjoining village ofYardley is an irregular oblong entrenchment known as Kent's Moat. In contradistinction to the usual moat in a hollow, this earthwork is situated upon slightly elevated ground. Its defences enclose an area of about an acre and a half ; they consist of an inner rampart and an outer ditch, neither of which are now as formidable as they probably once were, owing to the effects of several hundred years' denudation. There are no signs of buildings within the area, and Hutton, at the end of the eighteenth century, wrote that local tradition had then quite lost the recollection of any ; the edifice which must once have existed there was probably only of wood.2 SOLIHULL (south of Birmingham). — There are remains of what was once a camp of large size, situated at Solihull Lodge at the extreme west of this parish, and on the left bank of the little river Cole. A century ago it seems to have been called ' Danes' Camp,' but it is now known as the ' Berry Mound.' The earthworks are upon a low-lying ... Kent's Moat \~4lV\\t\\i\ Section SHELDON SCALE or FEET too 200 300 1 Dugdale's Wane. p. 799 ; Clark in Arch. Inst. Journ. xxxix. p. 372, B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Tram. (1900), p. 89 ; Burgess in ditto (1872), p. 85, and in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. (1873) pp. 39, 43 ; Timmins's Warn. pp. 4, 61. « Mutton's B'ham. p. 418; Burgess in B'ham and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trani. (1872), p. 88. 392 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS hill ; this is surrounded by running streams on three of its sides — close below on the west and north, and at a short distance away on the east. Mound ! = / /%^«iK, c/ / SOLIHULL A.D. 1 834, after Hamper SCALE OF FEET IPO 190 300 The camp was originally more or less of an oval, with two pointed ends, one to the south and the other to the north-east ; its inner defences were about 850 yards in circumference and enclosed an area of nearly 1 1 acres, i 393 50 SECTIONS IN 1834, HAMPER A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Unfortunately these important remains have suffered much in modern times at the hands of man. At the end of the eighteenth century the ramparts were described by Hutton as in tolerable preserva- tion ;l as late as 1831 they were still traceable all round,2 and in 1834, when Hamper made a plan of them,3 they were perfect for three-fourths of the distance, and traceable further. But between 1865 and 1871, several hundred yards of the banks were thrown into the ditches below by the occupier of the land ; and by 1882 only about 300 yards of the ramparts at the southern end of the camp remained intact, together with a few remnants around the northern side.4 In 1872 the defences at the south end were described by Burgess as consist- ing of a rampart, 20 feet high in parts (measured from the bottom of the fosse), and about 40 to 50 feet in breadth at its base ; outside this was a ditch, beyond which was a second rampart, about half the size of the first ; below this again traces of a third vallum were visible upon the western side.6 The sections here figured, and which were made by Hamper as far back as 1834, show the inner defences in greater detail. There is an entrance which is apparently ancient at the south end ; a cutting now to be seen through the eastern bank did not exist in 1834. Water still lies in the moat below the inner rampart on the south-west side. After Nadbury, which it somewhat resembles both in its shape and in the form of its defences, this camp is one of the largest of its class in the county. It must once have been a very formidable stronghold ; besides having apparently triple ramparts, it had also doubtless the protection of the swamps and the morasses which would spread out along the still boggy » Hutton's B'ham. p. 460. » O.S. Map, I in. (1831). ' Preserved in Dugdale's Wanu. (Bloxam's copy). 4 O.S. Map, 6 in. (1882). Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1872), p. 87, and in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. , PP- 39. 4Z- 394 SOLIHULL SCALE or TEET SO 6O 9O ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS courses of the little streams which surround it upon three of its sides ; the advantages offered by these natural defences would seem to explain the selection of the existing site for the stronghold in preference to higher ground available close at hand. Though the area within the ramparts has been frequently ploughed, there is no record of any antiquities having been unearthed here to throw light upon the age of the entrenchments ; from their general appear- ance, however, they would seem to be of early origin, and intermediate between the two types previously described under letters Bl and Bu. Perhaps the former name of ' Danes' Camp ' may point to a temporary occupation of the more ancient stronghold by these people. HOB'S MOAT. — At the northern end of this extensive parish are to be seen some ancient en- trenchments of quite a different age and type, and nowknown as above. In Dugdale's time the place was called Hogg's Moat,1 and Hutton re- cords that it was once called Odingsell's Moat, a name preserved in the adjoining farmhouse called Odensil, and also recalling certain owners of the estate in the thir- teenth century. These entrench- ments are oblong SOLIHULL SCALE OF FEET 100 200 300 in shape and enclose an interior area of about 2 acres ; they consist of a double rampart with an intervening fosse which, together, cover about 2 acres more. A century ago there were remains of a second fosse beyond the outer rampart, and Hutton relates that the total area covered by the earthworks and their enclosure was 5 acres ; he described the inner moat as very formidable, about 20 feet deep and 90 feet across from the crown of one bank to that of the other.2 There are now no signs of any building within this moated area ; nor were there any 250 years ago, when Dugdale visited the spot and » Dugdale's Warvi. p. 662. a Hutton's B'kam. pp. 414-16. .-...,< 395 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE found a number of ancient oaks growing in the interior. He says ^ that there was a tradition in the neighbourhood in his day that a ' castle ' was ' long since situated ' within the moats ; this would probably give the name to the Castle Lane which still approaches the entrenchments from Ulverlie Green.1 Most probably the structure surrounded by these strong double ramparts and ditches was only of wood. 'A \ \ \ V \ v \ ' Oakley Wood ENLARGED SECTION ,» ~ '' TACHBROOK about A.D. 1875, after Burgess SCALE OF FEET O ICO 2OO 5OO TACHBROOK (3 miles south-west of Warwick). — An entrench- ment in good preservation and of considerable size lies in Oakley Wood, on the right-hand side of the Warwick and Banbury Road, about i£ miles south-south-east of the parish church of Bishop's Tachbrook. It is upon fairly level ground between Ashorne Hill to the south and some rounded elevations in Tachbrook to the north. » Dugdale's Wano. p. 662 ; Hannett, Forest of Arden, pp. 278-80. 396 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS The camp is roughly triangular in form, though actually its sides are five in number ; it encloses an area of about 9 acres. The defences, which are still formidable on the north side, consist primarily of a rampart, protected externally by a ditch ; beyond this again there are remnants in some places of a second rampart and ditch. There are further banks and trenches to be seen within the wood, which probably form outworks to the main fort. The height of the rampart at the northern apex of the camp is 12 feet with a breadth at its base of 27 feet ; the ditch defending it measures 32 feet across. Local antiquaries have invariably described these remains as Roman, without apparently any kind of proof for the assertion.1 No antiquities of any kind are known to have been dug up here, to afford a clue either to the occupiers or the makers of the earthworks. As far as mere out- ward appearances go, the stronghold more or less resembles some of the works of class Bu ; but the site requires exploration with the spade before any definite opinion as to age or origin can safely be expressed. TAMWORTH. — The massive tower called the castle stands upon the earthwork keep of an ancient mount and court fort of class E. This fort again lies in the corner of what was once a rectangular entrenched area of considerable extent. The site of the mount and court stronghold is upon the right bank of the river Tame, just below the point where it is joined by its tribu- tary the Anker. It is within the county of Warwick, while half of the town of Tamworth, including a portion of the large rectangular entrenched area, is in Staffordshire. Entering the small modern park which now surrounds the mediaeval castle, we see the solid tower placed upon the top of a round hill. This hill is an earthen mount of artificial origin ; it measures about 250 feet in diameter at its base, and is about 50 feet in height ; it is conical in shape, with a truncated summit measuring nearly 100 feet across. On the east side of this mount is to be seen a portion of its ancient moat ; we are also reminded of the former existence of a similar excavation on the west side by the name of a street, the ' Hollow Way,' which occupies its former site. Ninety years ago the fosse around the mount was still almost perfect. A writer in T'be Gentleman's Magazine for 1813 describes the keep as then encircled by a deep ditch for two-thirds of its circum- ference on the landward side ; this fosse, he remarks, was ' probably always, as now, dry, being above the level of the river,' which defended it upon its remaining side.' Adjoining this moated mount on its south-east side, and about 1 5 feet above the water of the Tame, is a roughly triangular platform of earth, which is apparently more or less artificial ; its south bank, facing the river, is straight ; that on the east is at present concave, but was 1 Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1872), p. 83, and in Arch. Journ. vol. xxxiii. (1876), p. 375 ; Bloxam in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Irani. (1875), p. 32 ; Turner's Sbaks. Land, p. 309. 3 Gents. Mag. (1813) pt. i. pp. 592-3. 397 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE perhaps formerly also straight. The platform was probably once defended by an encircling rampart and ditch, and would form the usual courtyard to the moated mount keep. Outside the limits of this moated mount and court fort there are further considerable remains of earthworks to be seen in Tamworth upon the east side of the castle and town ; these entrenchments have long borne the name of the King's Ditch, and are sometimes known as Offa's Dyke, in reference, as has been supposed, to the great Mercian sovereign who once had his palace here. Mr. Clark described these defences in 1884 as consisting of a raised bank and a ditch (the latter more or less rilled up), beyond which was a slope representing a glacis ; he traced them from the banks of the Anker below Bole bridge for about 300 yards to the north, where they turned at a right angle ; within this corner was a sort of earth tump, which people living ' remembered,' he says, ' to be somewhat larger.' Mr. Clark wrote of the works as being traceable from this angle in a straight line in an eastern direction nearly as far as the cross-road from Seckington, after which buildings obscured their course.1 Two hundred and fifty years ago, in Dugdale's time, the King's Ditch was still intact round the three sides of the town which were not already defended by the river Tame. He described a vast Ditch which, stretching forth in a straight line from the River Anker somewhat below Bowl Brig, then making a right Angle, keepeth on its course paralell to the River for the Space of neer four Hundred Paces ; and so returning by another right Angle, runs into Tame below Lady Bridg ; whereby the ground within the Precincts thereof is of a Quadrangular forme. Which Ditch [he goes on to say] though much filled up in most Places, appears to have been at least xlv. Foot broad, as by Measure I have observed.2 The earthworks at Tamworth would therefore seem to have con- sisted primarily of a moated mount fort with an adjacent courtyard, which courtyard, like those at Castle Bromwich and at Warwick, was apparently angular in outline, instead of crescentic, as more usual. This mount and court fort lay at the south-west corner of a large quadrangle which was defended by a rampart and fosse ; the latter enclosure may either have been constructed as an addition to the first- named, or it may have been a work of much earlier origin, as indeed its position, lying as it does in two counties, would seem to indicate. The origin of these various earthworks at Tamworth has been much discussed.3 Many authorities have dated the rampart and fosse of the large outer area as far back as the time of the Romans, basing their argument upon the quadrangular form of the enclosure ; but no Roman antiquities have been brought to light to support this theory. Others have considered that they were the defences of the palace and town of the early Saxon kings who were located here ; this is possible, though, with the exception of the name 'Offa's Dyke,' we have no actual evidence of it. Early tradition in Tamworth, as in the similar case of » Clark's Mil. Jrchit., vol. i. p. 20, vol. ii. pp. 481-8. » Dugdale's Wane. pp. 802-8. 3 Timmins's Wanv., pp. 71, 83, 234-5. 398 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS Warwick, has persistently identified this moated mount with the fortress recorded in the Anglo Saxon Chronicle to have been built upon the spot by Ethelfleda, the Lady of the Mercians, in the year 913.' Such tradi- tion was noted in the Chronicle called by the name of Matthew of West- minster as early as the fourteenth century. On the other hand, the %/jJiyillUttMUMIIIIIIItee, Section, after Burgess TANWORTH SCALE OF FEET IOO ZOO 300 whole of the present mount and court fort may have been the later work of one of the Norman custodians of the ' castle' of Tamworth. Careful excavation is required to settle the question. TANWORTH (8 miles south of Birmingham). — At Cheswick Green, 1 Jngl.-Sax. Chron. (Rolls Ser.), i. 186, 187. 399 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE rather more than half way between the village of Tanworth and that of Solihull, is an ancient earthwork surrounded by a moat and called ' The Mount.' It is in a strong defensive position, on the top of a pro- jecting triangle of high ground in a corner made by the valley of the Blythe ; which stream, after running from north to south on its western side, turns off sharply to the east and protects it on the south. The remains consist of an oblong area encircled by a deep moat, on the inner side of which there is a strong earthen rampart ; the moat is square at its eastern and rounded at its western end. The works with their enclosure cover about a couple of acres. The moat is from 1 8 to 20 feet wide across the surface of the water that now lies within it ; the vallum is in places as much as 60 feet broad and 20 feet high. An unusual feature in connection with this stronghold is that parts of the interior area, instead of being higher, appear to be lower than the level of the water of the encircling moat. There are two entrances to the enclosure made by embankments across the moat and corresponding breaches in the rampart ; one is at the south-east and the other at the south-west. Mr. Burgess thought that there were traces of an outer enclosure or court abutting on the moat on its eastern side.1 Nothing is known of the history of this ancient moated stronghold. Dugdale wrote that ' by the Forme of it and the Depth of its Trenches' it seemed to him to be a Roman work2; but this is quite unlikely. In some ways it resembles the earthwork of uncertain age known as the ' Castle Hills ' at Fillongley. WAPPENBURV (4 miles north-east of Leamington.) — This little village is situated close to the right bank of the river Leam, and about a mile to the west of the ancient Fosse Way. It was formerly well-nigh enclosed by extensive entrenchments surrounding an area roughly oblong in shape and about 20 acres in extent. The earthworks are now much denuded and also altered in form, and they have in places become almost indistinguishable. Their course is, or was, as follows : from the ford and stepping-stones across the river at the south-east of the village, along the right bank of the Leam in a straight line slightly south of west for a distance of 350 yards; at this point they take a north- westerly direction for nearly 200 yards, to a rounded corner, and then turn north and run in an almost direct but somewhat broken line for 300 yards as far as another corner which is almost a right angle ; from this they run directly east for over 250 yards, nearly up to the road by Wappenbury Hall, where all traces of them disappear. On the east side of the village no remains whatever are shown upon the 6-inch ordnance survey ; but in a plan made probably sixty or seventy years ago, and now preserved in Mr. Bloxam's copy of * Dugdale' in Rugby School library, a bank runs from north to south, at a distance of about a hundred yards east of the church, back to the stepping-stones, where it joins the southern rampart in a rounded corner. > Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1872), p. 87. * Dugdale's Warw. p. 549. 400 WAPPENBURY aboiJt A.D. 1830, after Bloxam SCALE OF 190 ago 4OI SOO A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Sections of the ramparts from the above-named plan are here given, from which it will be seen that the interior area of the camp is raised above the neighbouring ground level some 6 to 8 feet upon the north and west sides, and as much as 40 feet on the south along the banks of the river ; the remnants of a vallum are shown upon the top of the works on the north and west sides, but no ditches ; the latter have probably been filled up at some time or other by WAPPENBURY, local cultivators of the soil, about A.Q. 1830 after Bloxam It will thus be seen that the church and the few houses which stand near it are in the interior of a roughly parallel- sided oblong entrenchment ; the churchyard lies rather south of the central point of this, and from it three ancient roads, now in two instances little more than field lanes, take their courses approximately in the direc- tion of west, north and east ; according to the old Bloxam plan there appears to have been a fourth road leading south to the river, passing by some buildings to the south-west of the church. These earthworks were considered by Bloxam, Burgess and others, to be Roman,1 on account of the oblong form of the area enclosed, and of the position of the church and roads radiating therefrom ; but unless we accept a vague report of Roman tiles having been found to the south of the churchyard, no discoveries of antiquities appear to have been made here to give support to the theory, and the works may possibly be of very much later date. WARWICK. — The magnificent mediaeval castle here is built upon ancient earthworks of the moated mount and court type. These origi- nal fortifications have probably been more or less modified by the erection of the later defences of masonry, but the great mount itself remains unaltered, and is a very prominent object, and the ditches pro- tecting its courtyard are still distinctly traceable. The site of this ancient fortress is upon a rocky elevation over- hanging the north-west bank of the river Avon. The high grassy mount which formed the ' keep ' rises at the south-west of the earthworks, and about 120 feet away from the river ; it is conical in shape and, as usual, truncated at the top ; it measures about 200 feet in diameter at its base, and about 60 feet at its summit ; remnants of the surrounding fosse are still to be seen, more distinctly upon the western side. The walls of the present castle now enclose a portion of the mount, and the » Burgess in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Trans. (1872), p. 87, and in Arch. Journ. vol. xxxiii. (1876), p. 374. ; Bloxam in B'ham. and Mid. Inst. Arch. Tram. (1875), p. 31. 402 ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS northern tower stands upon it ; formerly a great tower, which is said to have resembled Clifford's keep at York, crowned the summit, but it has long been removed. To the north-east of this mount is the large inner courtyard, covering an area of over 2 acres ; instead of being SCALE OF FEET o 100 BOO 300 of the usual crescentic or curved shape, it is oblong in form, with rect- angular corners ; in this respect it corresponds with Castle Bromwich and Tamworth ; the walls and towers of the present castle now stand upon its former earthern ramparts, while the ditches beyond them have probably been deepened and enlarged to form the existing moat. To 403 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE the north of this courtyard again, and between it and the embattled entrance gateway opening from the town, is a second and larger moat, probably enclosing an area of 5 acres ; this outer bailey became 'the vineyard ' of mediaeval times, lying without the castle walls. Portions of the defensive ramparts still remain, though they have been modified in course of ages by subsequent works. Beyond the limits of this moated mount and court fortress, still further banks of earth are to be seen towards the north-west ; they seem to have had no connection with the original works, but were in all probability raised by the assailants of the castle during the Civil War in the seven teenth century. Various writers have called the whole of the earthworks here either ancient British or Roman, but without sufficient reason in either case.1 The rectangular form of the inner courtyard has suggested the idea that it might originally have been a Roman camp, utilized by the makers of the mount and court fortress, but excavation could alone throw light upon the matter. The name by which the great conical mound has long been known locally is ' Ethelflasda's Dungeon ' or ' Castle ' ; accord- ing to tradition it is the actual fort which the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records was erected by the famous ' Lady of the Mercians ' at Warwick ' late in the harvest ' of the year 914. But whether this is so is difficult, in the present state of knowledge of the subject, to determine ; and some authorities would date the construction of the existing mount and court fortress at least some years after the Norman Conquest. GREAT WOLFORD (4 miles south of Shipston-on-Stour). — This elevated village, well placed on a triangle of land above the junction of two little streams, was, like Wappenbury, formerly defended by entrenchments running all round it ; they probably enclosed an area of about 30 acres. Even within the memory of people still living ramparts well nigh encircled the village. But they have now been practically levelled, except upon one side, that to the east and south- east. Here too they have been considerably mutilated in places. The extant defences show formidable double ramparts with intervening fosse, all placed upon the top of a steep decline which slopes down to the valley of the Nethercote Brook ; they are perhaps best preserved at the south-east corner, where water still lies in a ditch which is 15 feet in width. The outer vallum at this point is 25 feet high above the water, and the inner bank only 20 feet high, the enclosed village being on a level with the top of it ; an inner vallum in all probability once existed here, which has apparently at some time or other been demolished for agricultural purposes.2 A road running from south-east to north through the village was formerly known as the Ridgeway, and in old deeds a meadow near it on » Dugdale's Wane. pp. 260, 308 ; Clark, Mil. Archlt. vol. i. pp. 20, 80 ; Burgess in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. (1873), pp. 42, 44 ; Turner's Shak. Land. pp. 23-5 ; Timmins's Warw. pp. 5, 73, 80, 231. • O.S. Map 25 in. (1900) ; Rev. J. Harvey Bloom In Ktt. 404 GREAT WOLFORD SCALE OF FEET 0 IOO ZOO 3OO Section. 405 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE the north is called the Port meadow. An old trackway runs through a gap in the ramparts directly east from the Ridgeway. There are, unfortunately, no records of antiquities having been unearthed here when the banks were demolished, to throw light upon their age or origin. 406 INDEX TO DOMESDAY OF WARWICKSHIRE Abetot, Urse de, 279, 292, 293, yxA, 337* Abingdon [Abendone], Abbey of, 275, 276, 279, 300*3, 306*3, note 276. Abingdon [Abendone], Abbot of, 276, 288, 306**, 325*2 Achi, 308*3 Adeliz, Adeliza, wife of Hugh de Grentmesnil, 300, 343*2 JEligar [Algar], Earl of Mercia, 272, 273, 276, 288, 310*2, 3233, 338*1, 338*, notes 281, 324*? .fElfgifu [Alveva], wife of Geoffrey de la Guerche [de Wirce], 275 .fElfric [Alvric], 288, 328* .(Elf stan, 274, 338*2 .Elfwine [Alwin], Sheriff of War- wickshire, 278, 283, 288, 296, 305*, 308*, 3i8i, 320*3, 321*, 324*, 331*, note 278 ./Ethelric [Alric] son of Meriet, 279, 331* jEthelwig, Abbot of Evesham. See Evesham Aileva, 330* Ailmar, 288, 320*1, 331*1, 3316 Ailmund, 307/1, 319*2 Ailred, 3174 Ailric, 32li, 329*7, 330*2, 331*3, 331* Albengi [Albingi], Nigel de, 280, 300*, 327*, 340*3, 340/1, note 3404 Albert of Lotharingia, the clerk, 281, Tfllb Albini. See Albengi Aide, 322/1 Aldgid, Ealdgyth, wife of Grifin of North Wales, 288, 304* Alfled a free man, 31 24 Algar, Earl. See .*Elfgar Algar, 324* Aliet, 315* Almar, 319,2, 320$, 3244, 324* Alnod, 319*7, 3250 Alric, 310* Alric a free man, 309* Alric. See also ^Ethelric Alsi, 308/1, 3154 PERSONAL NAMES Alsi a thegn of the king, 342* Alspath, Gerard de, note 304*3 Aluric. See Alvric Alvred, 339/1 Alvric, 317*3, 318*2, 3186, 324*, 329*3, 340*3 Alvric a free man, 303^ Alvric a thegn of the king, 342* Alvric. See also yElfric Alward, 318/1, 337/1 Alward a free man, 319*3 Alwi, 287, 303*3, 329/1, 332*, 333" Alwin, 304*3, 313/1, 318*3, 322*3, 323*3, 324*3, 324*, 329*, 331/1, notes 311/1, 312*3 Alwin brother of Lewin, 3426 Alwin father of Turchil of War- wick. See ^Elfwine Alwold a free man, 313*2 Angers, St. Nicholas of, note 336*3 Angers, monks of, 275, 336*2 Ansegis, Anseis, 337*3, 343*, and note Ansgar [Asgar] the staller, 280, 335* Ansgot the priest, 286, 336/1 Archil a man of Turchil, 323*1 Arden, Turchil of. See Turchil of Warwick Ardene, Henry de, note 277 Ardene, Hugh de, note 277 Arnul, 319*2 Arnulf, 3134 Aschi, 332* Aschil, 318* Asgar. See Ansgar Aubrey [Albericus], Earl, 273, 276, 296, 299, 300*3, 305*3, 308*, 309*2, 3094 Auegrin, 328* Azor, 3164, 3394 Azor a free man, 310* Azur, 340*2 Bailleul, Rainald de, 279, 3074, 308*3 Baldwin [Baldeuin] son of Herl- win, 275, 317*3, 3253, 326*2, 326*, 327*3 407 Barn, Siward, Seward [Seiard, Seubar], 282, 283, 327*3, notes 282, 283 Bayeux, Odo, Bishop of, 274, 276, 279, 287, 288, 300*3, 303/1, 304*3, 327*, notes 318*3, 3274, 3284 Beauchamp, Thomas de. See Warwick, Earl of Beaumont, Roger de, minister of William the Conqueror, 277 , Henry, son of. See War- wick, Earl of — — , Robert, son of. See Meu- lan, Count of Bonvaslet, William. See Bucn • vasleth Boscher, 31 6b Boui, 312^, 317*1 Bricstuin, 287, 302/1. See also Edmar, Lewin Brictuin, 325*3 Brictric, Brihtric, 284, 320*3, 329*, 337*, 339*3 Bridlington Priory, note 296 Brihtheah, Bishop of Worcester. See Worcester Brion, Brien, 279, 329* Britmar, 317* Britnod, Brihtnoth, 287, 303*2, 3 ijb Britnod a free man, 313*3 Bruning of Wigginshall, 284, 319*, 323* Bruning, 343* Bruno, 336/1, note 309*3 Buenvasleth, William, 299, 3006, 335". 335* Buili, Gilbert de. See Gilbert son of Turold Bundi, 314*2, 341* Burton [Bertone], Abbey of, 275, 276, 300*3, 306*, note 308/1 Cantuin, 310*, 311*1 Celred a free man, Cerret a man of Turchil, 320*3 Chentuin, 314*2 Chenward, 3374 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Chester, Peter, Bishop of, 273, 275. 299> 3°°"' 302 335" Chester, Hugh, Earl of, 279, 300*, 308* Chester, Earldom of, 276 Chetel, 333* Chetelbern, 316*, note 319* Chetelbert brother of Turchil cf Warwick, 278, 288, 307*, 323^, note 278 Christina [Cristina], sister to Edgar ^Ethling, 281, 289, 299, 300, 340/1, 341*2, note 281 Cnut. See Gunnild Colebran, 342* Combe, the monks of, note 288 Constantius. See Hugh Corbin, 303* Couci [' Coci '], Aubrey de. See Aubrey, Earl Coutances, Bishop of, 276, 299, 3004, 3044 Coventry [Covcntrcu], Abbey of, 272, 273, 275, 294, 296, 300*2, 3040, 304*, 305*2, 306*2, 3086, note 333* Coventry [Coventreu], Abbot of, 288, 292, 299, 3426 Coventry [Covcntrcu], monks of, note 304*2 Derby, Earldom of, 279 Derman, 311*2 Despenser [Dispensator], Robert brother of Urse d'Abetot, 279, 296, 300*, 331*2, 33 1 b, notes 319*7, 329*7, 331*, 343* Dicford', Roger de, 279 and note Doda, Lewin, 338* Dodo, 329* Dreu [Drogo], 330*, 332* Eadgar ^Etheling. See Christina Eadric, steersman of the Bishop of Worcester's boat, 290 Eadric ' the Wild ' [Edric], 280, 332" Eadwine brother of Earl Leofric, 274 Eadwine [Edwin, Eduin], Earl, son of Earl yElfgar, 270, 272, 273» 29°. 301", 301*, 315*, 3244, 324*, 332*1, 332*, 341*2, notes 281, 324*1 Ealdgyth. See Aldgid Ealdred [Eldred], Archbishop of York, 287, 3023 Eddulf, 321*1 Edith [Eddid], 300*, 341* Edmar son of Bricstuin, 302* Edric, 308*1, 312*, 316*2, 334*2, 342*2. See also Eadric. Eduin, 319*, 320*, 321*2, 321*, 323^. See also Eadwine, Earl Eduin the Sheriff, a free man, 303*, 319*, Edward the Confessor, 270, 301*2, 301*, 305*2, note 283 Edwin, Earl. See Eadwine, Earl Eileva, 334*2 Eldred. See Ealdred Elmund, 308*2 Ermenfrid, 288, 320*, 323*2, 323*, 324*. See also Ermenfrith, Hermenfrid Ermenfrith [Erm'frid'], 342*1 Ernegrin a free man, 304*2 Erneuin and his mother, 334* Ernewi, 333*1 Ernui, 331*2, 333*2, 337*. See also Ernuin Ernuin, 334* Ernulf a free man, 304*2 Estan, 317* Evesham, Abbey of, 274, 300*2, 306*, 307*2 Evesham, jEthelwig, Abbot of, 273, 274, 288, note 338*2 Evesham, Walter, Abbot of, 282, 307*2 Ferrers [Fereres, Fereires, Feri- er(es)], Henry de, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 299, 300*2, 327*2, 327*, notes 282, 340* Fulbric, 337*2 Fulk, 315*2, 317* Gamelin, Odo Fitz, note 280 Gand, Gant, Gilbert de, 299, 300*, 337*2, 344*, note 295 Geoffrey, 333* Gerin, 300*, 337*, and note Gerold, 303*, note 318*2 Gida, 311*2 Gilbert, 314*, 316*2, 316*, 317*2, 321*, 322*2, 338*, note 3116 Gilbert (Buili) son of Turold, 299, 300*, 337*, note 299 Gloucester, St. Peter's Abbey, note 280 Godeva,Godiva, Countess, widow of Earl Leofric, 273, 276, 300*2, 309*, 310*2, 341*2 Godeva, 322* Godmund, 332a Godric 315*, 318*, 322*, 335* Godric a free man, 313* Goduin a thegn, 3433 Godwin, 328*1 Godwine [Goduin], 284, 321*, 322* Goslin, 321*2 Grentmesnil [Grentemaisnil], Hugh de, 273, 275, 279, 284, 289, 293, 299, 300*2, 325*, 326*2, 326*, 327*2, note 289 Grim, 329*2, 337* Grimulf, 330*2 Grinchet, 325* Gudmund brother of Turchil of Warwick, 278, 318*, and notes 408 Guerche, Geoffrey de la. See Wirce Gunnild, Cnut's daughter, 275 Hadulf, 284, 323$ Halebold, R., 288, 324*1 Harding, 321* Harding a free man, 308*, 309*2, 309* Harold son of Earl Ralf, 280, 299, 300*, 339*2, 339*, and notes Hasculf Musard. See Musard Henry I, 270, 279, 295, notes 270, 279 Hereward, 278, 284, 314*2, 315*, 316*2, 321*, notes 278, 283 Herlwin,Hearlewinus[Hearleuin], 275. 3if* Hermenfrid, 320*. See also Er- menfrid Hervey, 279, 330* Hubert, 326*2 Hugh, 317*, 330*2, 335*2, 338* Hugh, King Edward's chamber- lain, 279, 308* Hugh son of Constantius, 327*2 Hugh Fitz Richard, note 340* Hugh, Earl of Chester. See Chester, Earl of Humfrey, 339* Ingenulf, 313*, 314*2 Ivri, Ivry [Iveri, Juri], Roger de, 279, 299, 300*2, 327*, and note Iwein, 279, 329* Johais, 333* Juhell, 333*2 Juri, Roger de. See Ivri Kenilworth [Chinewrde] Priory, 279, 281 Leicester, Earldom of, 279 Leofric [Leuric], Earl, 272, 273, 276, 287, 303*2, 306*, 308*2, note 304* Leofric [Leuric], widow of. See Godeva, Countess Leofric [Leuric], three men of, 335* Leofwine. See Lewin Leueget a free man, 312^ Leuenot, 314*2 Leuenot a free man, 313*, 314*2 Leuiet, 284, 322*, 333* Leuing, 331 and note Leuric, 316*, 329*, 334*2, 340*2, 340* Levenot, 344*2. See also Leuenot Leveve, or Luith the nun (moni- alis), 278, 289, 299, 300, 323*2, 341*1, note 279 Lewin, 303*2, 304*1, 310*, 313*, 314*2, 314*, 316* Lewin a free man, 303*, 310*2 INDEX TO DOMESDAY Lewin, Leofwine of Newnham (?), 280, 284, 336*, 337*2, notes 280, 337" Lewin, Leofwine of Newnham(?), mother of, 33911 Lewin, Leofwine, brother of Alwin the Sheriff, a thegn, 287, 296, 342*, 343,2, and note Lewin son of Bricstuin, 302* Lewin Doda. See Doda Lichfield, Church of St. Chad at, note 302*2 Limesi, Ralf de, 289, 290, 299, 300*, 332,2, notes 281, 340* Lincoln, Bishop of, 279 Lodric, 338* Loges, Hugh de, 281, note 3420 Ludichel, 279, 286, 3306 Malmesbury [Malmesberie], Ab- bey of, 275, 276, 300*, 306*, note 3174 Malmesbury [Malmesberie], Ab- bot of, 299 Mandeville [Magneville, Manne- vile], Geoffrey de, 280, 299, 300*, 335*, note 278, 311* Manegot, 3274 Margaret, Queen of Scots. See Christina Matilda [Mathilde], Queen, 287, 3030, note 287 Merewine [Mereuin], 284, 314* Meulan [de Mellend], Robert the Count of, 272, 275, 276, 277, 284, 286, 288, 293, 295, 299, 300, 300*2, 310*2, 310*, 311,2, 312*, 312*, 3133, 313*, 314*, 314*, 315*, 315*, 316*2, 316*, 3 1 7*7, 317/5, 318*2, 324*, 344*2, notes 278, 280, 303*, 309*2, 311*, 321* Mervin, 339*2 Montgomery, Roger de. See Shrewsbury, Earl of Mortemer, Ralf de, 280, 300*, 332" Musard, Hascoit [Hasculf], a Breton, 280, 300*, 339* Nicholas [Nicolas] the crossbow- man (Balistarius), 280, 293, 299, 300*, 340/2, note 280 Nicholas [Nicojas], 276, 31013 Nigel de Albe'ngi. See Albengi de Odard, Odo, 330* Odo, Bishop of Bayeux. See Bayeux Odo Fitz Gamelin, note 280 Oilgi [Olgi, Oily, Oilli, Ouilly], Robert de, Sheriff of Warwick- shire, 278, 279, 288, 289, 296, 300*2, 301*, 304/2, 319*, 320*, I 323/2, 323*, 325*, 327*, notes 319/2, 323*, 327^, 343* Olwin, 307*. See also Ulwin Ordec, 328* Ordric, 314*, 321*, 322-1, 323/2, 324,2, 324*, 333/2 Ordric a thegn of the king, 343/2 Ordui, 338/2 Ordwi, 329* Osbern son of Richard, 280, 284, 285, 288, 299, 300*, 304*, 338,2, 338*, 339" Osbern, 326* Oseville, Sewale de, 282. See also Saswalo Osmund, 333/2 Oslach, 321* Ouilly. See Oilgi Outi, 308/2 Oxford, burgesses of, 289 Pallin, 326/2, note 343* Pershore, Abbot of, note 287 Peter, 332,2 Peter, Bishop of Chester. See Chester Preaux, St. Peter, Abbey of, 275, 317/2 Rainald. See Bailleul de Ralf, 314*, 318/2, 322*, 323/2, 3270, note 303* Ralf, Earl (of Hereford), 335/2, 339". 342". «»<« 335", 342" Ralph, 308/2 Rannulf brother of Walter, Abbot of Evesham, 282, 307,2 Richard, 320* Richard the forester or huntsman (venator), 281, 283, 292, 299, 300*, 302,2, 341*, 342,2, 342*, notes 281, 342*2 Ricoard, 332* Robert, 314*2, 315/2, 316*, 321/1, 323*, 326*, 332*, 337*1, 344*, notes 321*, 323*, 333* Robert a thegn of King William, 343* and note Robert the huntsman, 328*1, 329*?, and note Robert son of Roger de Beau- mont. See Meulan, Count of Robert, Dispensator. See Des- penser Roger, 316*2, 317*1, 319*2, 324*2, 326*, 332*2, 332*, 333*;, 333*, 335" Roger de Montgomery. See Shrewsbury, Earl of Rotbert. See Robert Saied a free man, 311*2 St. Evroul [Ebrulfus], Abbey of, 275, 326* St. Evroul [Ebrulfus], monks of, 279, 299 409 St. Mary's Church at Warwick. See Warwick Salo a free man, 284, 309*2, 315*2 Saswalo, Sewaldus, 281, 282, 327* Saulf, 333*, 334* Saward, 330*2 Sawold, 333* Saxi, 314*2 Saxi a free man, 311*2, 312* Sberne a free man, 303* Scroti, 315*2 Scrotin, 314*, 339*2 Seubar, 282. See also Barn Sewaldus. See Saswalo Sewale de Oseville. See Ose- ville de Sexi, 315/2, 315*, 341* Sexi a free man, 312* Simund the Dane, a knight of Earl Leofric, 330* Siward Barn. See Barn Siward son of Turchil, 277 Shrewsbury, Roger de Mont- gomery, Earl of, 279, 300*2, 307*2, 307*, 308*2, notes 307*2, 322*2 Sot [Sotus], 336* Spott, Wulfric, note 308* Stafford [Stadford, Statford], Robert de, 279, 284, 286, 289, 299, 300*, 328*2, 328*, 329*2, 329*, 330,2, 330*, 331*;, notes 278, 293, 309*;, 311*, 312*2, 318*2, 328*2 Stannechetel, 332*2 Standon de, notes 279, 329* Stephen, 303*, 304*2 Stephen the steersman (Stirman), 270, 280, 299, 300*, 338*2 Stori, a free man, 302/2 Studley, Peter de, 278 Studley Priory, note 325*2 Suain, 325*, 334/2, 334* Sudeley de, barony of, notes 339*2, 339*, 342*2. See also Ralf, Earl Thorney (Northants), Abbey of, 344" Thorney (Northants), Abbot of, 344*2 Tochi, 319*2 Toli, 326*2, 326* Tonna, 302*1 Tonne, 324* Tosti, 339*2 Toti, 339*1 Turbern, 327* Turbern a free man, 310*, 313*2 Turchil, 283 Turchil (Thurkill) of Warwick and Arden, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 283, 284, 286, 288, 289, 293, 295, 299, 300*2, 306*2, 318*2, 318*, 319*2, 319*, 320*2, 320*, 321*2, 321*, 322*. 322*, 323*2, 52 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE 323*, 324*, 3243, 325*, 333*3, 334^ 343*. 344*> ***** 274. 277, 278, 283, 309*1, 311*, 3120, 343" Turchil ' batoc,' 3326 Turchil, King Edward's steers- man, 290 Turgot, 343*, and note Turi, 32511 Turstin, 327* Ufa, Sheriff of Warwickshire, 274 — , son of, 274 Ulchetel, 3224 Ulf, 316*, 321*3 Ulfchetel, 315* Ulmar, 338* Ulnod, 321* Ulsi, 322*3, 324,1 Ulstan, 322*. See also Worcester, Bishop of Ulviet, 340*3 Ulvric, 321*, 322*3, 322*, 324*, 337" Ulvrics, two, 320*2 Ulward a free man, 311*3 Ulwi, 3236 Ulwin, 307*, 3080, 318*2, 322*3, 324*, 3293, 332*, 335,1, 340^, 344*, See also Olwin Ulwin (Wulfwine), a monk, 276, 306* Untain, 319* and note Untoni', 325^ Urfer, 279, 3306 Urse, 303*2, 338*3. See also Abetot de Veci, Robert de, 279, 3006, 33 ib Wadard, 287, 303*, note 3184 Waga a thegn, 284, 328*1, 328$, 329*2, 330*, note 284 Waleran, 308* Waleran, ' venator ' of Hants and Wilts, 281 Wallef (Waltheof), 284, 314*, 3'S". 315* Walter, 308*7, 314*1, 318*1, 327*?, 337*. 339" Walter, Abbot of Evesham. See Evesham Waltheof. See Wallef Warin, 306*?, 316*, 324*, 329* Warwick, burgesses of, 290, 300, 325* Warwick, Church of St. Maiy at, 275, 324* Warwick, Henry, Earl of, 277 Warwick, Roger, Earl of, 279 Warwick, Thomas, Earl of, note 313*1 Warwick, William, Earl of, 278, note 277 Warwick, Earldom of, notes 312*3, 340* Wazelin, 327*3, 327* Wichig a thegn of the king, 342* Wiching, 333^, 342*? Wigot, 275, 307*2 William, 307*, 316*3, 320*3, 323*3, 3266, 330*3, 334*3, 335$, 338*, 339" William son of Ansculf (de Pic- quigny), 280, 284, 295, 300*, 332*2, 332*, 344*, note 309*3 William the Conqueror, 272, 273, 276, 281, 283, 287, 288, 290, 291, 296, 300*3, 301*3, 301*, 302*3, 303*3, 303^, 307*3, 308*, 309*, 310*3, 318*3, 320*3, 323*, 325*, 327*, 328*3, 331*3, 331*, 332*3, 332*, 334*3, 335*1, 335*, 337", 337*. 33^, 339". 339*. 340*3, 340*, 341*1, 341*, 342*3, 342*, 343* William son of Corbucion, 278, 280, 284, 289, 292, 293, 299, 300*, 325*3, 332*, 333*3, 333*, 334*3, 334*, note 323* William son of Malger, 344*, note 309*3 Winchcombe [Wincelcumbe], Abbey of, 275, 300*3, 306* Wirce, Geoffrey de [Geoffrey de la Guerche], 273, 275, 276, 280, 283, 284, 286, 299, 300*, 3°9*. 335*. 336", 336*, 337". note 309*3 Wirce, Geoffrey de, wife of. See jElfgifu Wlf, 344* Wlfstan. See Worcester, Bishop of Wlgar, 314* Wlsi, 323* Wlstan, 322* Worcester [Wirecestre], Abbey of, 270, 274, 275, 303*3, and note Worcester, Brihtheah, Bishop of, 275 Wulfstan [Ulstan], Bishop of, 273, 274, 287, 288, 289, 296, 299, 300*3, 302*, 303*3, 343*3, notes 338*3, 343*3, Worcester, monks of, 274, 287, notes 270, 303*3 Worcester, Prior of, 270 Wulfcytel, 284 Wulfric, 284 Wulfwine. See Ulwin Abbot's Salford. See Salford ' Aderestone. ' See Atherstone juxta Mere vale Adlingfleet (Yorks), 283 Alcester, 286 ' Aldulvestreu.' See Austrey Alne, Great [Alne], 3066 ' Alnodestone.' See Aylestone Alspath [Ailespede], 273, 309*, and note ' Altone.' See Hatton (?) Alveston [Alveston, Alvestone], 270, 287, 289, 292, 302*, and note Amcotts (Lines.), 282, 283 Amington ? [Ermendone], 332* Ansley [Hanslei], 309* Ansty (Anestie], 309* ' Apleford.' See Hopsford Arden's Grafton. See Grafton ' Ardreshille.' See Hartshill PLACE NAMES Arlescote ? [Orlavescote, Wer- lavescote], 270, 275, 277, 314*3, 317*3, notes 312*3, 314*3 Arrow in Bidford [Arue], 274, 303*, and note Ashow [Asceshot], 323*3. See also Bericote Astley [Estleia], 315*, and note. See also Souley End Aston juxta Birmingham [Estone] 273, 292, 332*3, and note. See also Witton Aston Cantlow [Estone], 273, 285, 338*3, and note. See also Newnham Atherstone juxta Merevale [Ad- erestone], 273, 309* Atherstone on Stour [Edrice- stone], 290, 292, 303*, note 328*. See also Aylastone Austrey [Aldulvestreu], 276, 410 280, 306*, 327*, 340*3, note 34°* Avon Dassett. See Dassett Axholme, Isle of (Lines.), 283 Aylestone in Atherstone-on- Stour [Alnodestone], 340*3, notes 280, 340*3 Baddesley Clinton, note 320*1 Baddesley Ensor ? [Bedeslei], 284, 320*3, and note Baginton [Badechitone], 294, 295, 323*3, note 320*3 Barby (Northants), 269 Barcheston [Berricestone, Berri- cestune], 333*, 342* Barcheston [Bedricestone, Beri- ceston, Berricestone, Berrices- tune] Hundred, now part of Kineton, 293, 294, 313*3, 317*, 329*3, 329*. 330*3, 333*, 337*, INDEX TO DOMESDAY 339,2, 342*, notes 318,2, 335*, 337" Barford [Bereford, Bereforde], 270, 285, 292, 334,2, 338* 'Barlichway' Hundred, 294, notes 302 b, 3043, 306,2, 3073, 312*, 317*, 318,2, 326*, 328$, 330,2, 331,2, 332,2, 338,2, 338*. See also Fernecumbe, Pathlow Barnacle in Bulkinglon [Bern- hangre], 3164, and note Barston f [Bercestone, Bertane- stone], 288, 295, 296, 320,2, 331*. 343*. notes 319*, 343* Barton on the Heath [Bertone], 329* Bearley [Burlei], 290, 33 1 a, 334* and note Beausale [Beoshelle], 303*, notes 318,2, 340* ' Bedeslei.' See Baddesley Ensor ' Bedricestone.' See Barcheston Bedworth [Bedeword], 273, 292, 315*, and note ' Beninton.' See Binton Benlley [Benechelie], 286, 3366 Bereford.' See Barford Bericote in Ashow [Bericote], 324* Berkswell [Berchewelle] (North- ants), 295, 314*, 343*, 344* ' Bernhangre.' See Barnacle ' Berricestone.' See Barcheston ' Bertanestone.' See Barston Bickenhill, Church ? [Bichehelle], 318*, and note. See also King- ton, Marston Green Bickenhill, Middle ? [Bichehelle], 318*, and note. See also King- ton, Marston Green. Bickmarsh [Bichemerse], 274, 341* Bidford [Bedeford], 270, 304*2. See also Arrow, Broom Biggin ? [Holme], 291, 322*, and note. See also Newton. Billesley [Billeslei], 290, 326* Bilton [Beltone, Bentone], 307*, 322,2, and note Binley [Bilnei, Bilveie], 284, 288, 304*, 323*, and notes Binton [Beninton, Benintone, Benitone], 292, 334*, 337*, 338* Birdingbury[Berdingeberie, Der- bingerie], 284, 285, 294, 295, 304*, 321^, note 304* Birmingham [Bermingeham], 332*. See also Aston ' Biscopesberie.' See Bushbury Bishop's Hampton. See Hamp- ton, Bishop's Bishop's Itchington. See Itching- ton, Bishop's Bishop's Tachbrook. See Tach- brook Bloxham (Oxf.), note 303,2 ' Bochintone.' See Bulkington Bomelau Hundred, now part of Knightlow, 293, 294, 309*, 309*, 315*, 327*, 328,2, 331*, 332*, 335*. 341*. notes Il6a> 337" ' Bortone.' See Burton Hast- ings Bourton on Dunsmore [Bortone], 270, 314,1 Bradley Hundred (Glouc.), 275 Brailes [Brailes]. 273, 293, 301* Bramcote in Bulkington [Bran- cote], 284, 3094, 341*, and note ' Brancote,' 329,1. See also Bram- cote Brandon [Brandune], 323* Brewood (Staffs). See Chilling- ton Bridgenorth (Shrops.), 295, note 308* Brinklow Leet or Liberty, note 294. See also Bomelau Broadwas (Wore.), Church at, note 292 Broom in Bidford [Brome], for- merly King's Broom and Bar- nell's Broom, 274, 288, 304*2, and note Brownsover [Gaura], 284, 295, 336*, note 309,2 Bubbenhall [Bubenhalle], 270, 329,7 Budbrooke [Budebroc], 273, 289, 332« Bulkington [Bochintone], 284, 315,2, note 315*. See also Barnacle, Bramcote ' Burlei.' See Bearley Burmington [Burdintone], 295, 328,2 BurnelPs Broom. See Broom Burton Dassett. See Dassett Burton Hastings [Bortone], 327,3 Bushbury [Biscopesberie] (Staffs.) 295, 332*. See also Essington Butler's Marston. See Marston Butler Cainhoe (Beds), 280, note 340* Caldecote in Grandborough [Cal- decote], 320*, 3224, note 320* Caldecote juxta Weddington [Caldecote], 302,1 Cannock Chase, 281 Cawston in Dunchurch [Calve- stone], 320*, 321,7 ' Celboldestone.' See Edgbaston ' Celitone.' See Shuttington ' Celverdestoche.' See Chilvers Colon Cester's Over ? See Over Chadshunt [Cedeleshunte], 270, 305* Charlecote [Cerlecote], 291, 312* 411 ' Chenevertone.' See Kinwarton Chesterton [Cestedone, Cestre- tone], 285, 306,2, 327*, 342*, notes 281, 312,7 Chesterton [Cestedone, Cestre- tone], Church of, 281 Chesterton, Little, now Kingston [Cestreton], 276, 277, 288, 325* , notes 289, 325* Chillington in Brewood (Staffs) [Cillentone], 295, 335* Chilvers Colon [Celverdestoche], 339" ' Chinesberie.' See Kingsbury ' Chinewrde.' See Kenilworlh ' Chircheberie.' See Kirby, Monk's Church Bickenhill. See Bicken- hill Church Lawford. See Lawford Churchover ? [Wara, Waura, Waure], 295, 309*, 323,2, 3283, note 309,2. See also Cester's Over ' Cintone.' See Kington Claverdon [Claverdone], 292, 312*. See also Kington Clifford (Glouc.), note 330,2 Clifford, Ruin [Cliforde], 330,2, and note Clifton on Dunsmore [Cliptone], 296, 305,2, 308*, note 322* Clopton [Clotone], 330* ' Cobintone.' See Cubbington ' Coctune.' See Coughton Colchester (Essex), 272 Coleshill [Coleshelle], 270, 301* Coleshill [Coleshelle] Hundred, now in Hemlingford, 294, 302,2, 3043, 306*, 308*, 309*, 313*, 318,2, 327,2, 327*, 331,2, 339,2, 340*, 342*, notes 3023, 3186, 319,2, 319*, 325,2, 327*, 3333, 336*, 340*, 343* ' Colvestan.' See Cuttlestone Combe Fields, note 309,2 Compton, Fenny [Contone], 270, 312,7, 317,2, 324,2, note 311* Compton, Long [Cuntone], 285, 3356, note 31 la. Compton Scorfen [Little Con- tone], 329*, notes 311*, 31 ^a, 329* 329* Compion Scorpion [Con- tone], note 3 1 la Compton Verney, formerly Compton Murdak [Conlone], 270, 31 la, 324*, notes 31 la, Compton Wyniales [Conlone], 329*, notes 31 la, 312,7 Corley [Cornelie], 343,2, and note Colon End near Warwick [Cotes], 273, 279, 290, 291, 292, 301* Coughton [Coctune], 290, 3250, notes 291, 307,2 A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Coundon [Condelme, Condone], 3054, 333*, and note Coventry [Coventreu], 286, 294, 31012 Cromer (Norf.), 283 Cubbington [Cobintone, Cubin- tone], 279, 305*1, 316*, 327*, note 3050 Curd worth [Credeworde], 3184 Cuttlestone [Colvestan, Cudulv- estan] Hundred (Staffs), 295, 332*, 334* Dassett, Avon [Derceto], 270, 3io4 andwote Dassett (Burton) [Dercetone], 270, 339*, and note ' Derbingerie.' See Birdingbury 'Dercelai.' See Dosthill in Kings- bury Ditchford Frary [Dicford], 3296, note 279 Donnele f in Hatton [Donnelie], 292, 313*2, and note Dorsington, Little [Dorsitone], 274, 338*3, and note Dosthill ? in Kingsbury [Derce- lai], 3196, and note Drayton, 274 Droitwich (Wore.) [Wich], 292, 293, 334*. 337*. note 292 Dudley Castle (Wore.), 280 Dunchurch [Donecerce], 270, 3384. See also Cawston Dunsmore. See Bourton, Clifton, Ryton, Stretton Eatington, Upper and Lower [Etendone], 270, 281, 282, 285, 3246, 326*, 327*, 343*, note 312*1 ' Ecleshelle.' See Exhall ' Edburberie.' See Harbury ' Edelmitone.' See Ilmington and Tidmington Edgbaston [Celboldestone], 3324, and note ' Edricestone.' See Atherstone on Stour and Edstone Edstone in Wootton Wawen [Edricestone], 328*, and note Elmdon [Elmedone], 319*1 Ely, Isle of (Camb.), 290 ' Epeslei.' See Ipsley ' Eptone.' See Napton ' Erburberie.' See Harbury Erdington [Hardintone], 273, 292, 332*2 ' Ermendone.' See Amington Essington in Bushbury [Esenin- getone] (Staffs), 295, 332* ' Estleia.' See Astley ' Estone.' See Aston ' Etelincote.' See Idlicote ' Etone.' See Nuneaton Evesham (Wore.), 274 Ewyas Harold Castle (Heref.), 280 Exhall [Ecleshelle], 334*1, and note Farnborough [Ferneberge], 302*1, note 339*1 ' Feniniwebold.' See Newbold Revel Fenny Compton. See Compton Fernecumbe Hundred, 293, 294, 303*, 306*1, 306*, 312*, 325*1, 330*7, 328*, 334*1, 335*2, 337*, 338*, 339*. 34°a> 341*. *<"« 303*, 306*, 307*1, 317*, 333*, 334*2, 340*, 341*1. See also ' Barlichway ' Fexhole Hundred, now part of Kineton, 294, 301*1, 305*, 326*1, 328* Fillongley [Felingelei, Filinge- lei, Filunger], 292, 295, 304*?, 331*2, 342*, note 304*2 Flecknoe in Wolfhamcote [Fle- chenho, Flechenoc], 288, 296, 303*1, 321*, 342*, 343*2, note 303*1 Foleshill [Focheshelle], 309* Frankton [Franchetone], 307*, 314*2, note 307* Fulbrook [Fulebroc], 312*, and note Fulready [Fulrei], 324*, notes 312*2, 343*1. See also Eating- ton ' Gaura.' See Brownsover Gloucester, 272 Grafton, Arden's i [Graston], 334*2, and note Grafton, Temple [Grastone], 338*, and note. See also Hill- borough Grandborough [(G)ranberge, Greneberge], 294, 304*, 341*, and note. See also Caldecote ' Grastone.' See Temple Graf- ton Gravesend Hundred (North- ants), 344*2 Great Alne. See Alne Great Harborough. See Har- borough Great Wolford. See Wolford Grendon [Grendone], 327*2 Hampton in Arden [Hantone], 336*, and note Hampton, Bishop's [Hantone], 289, 291, 302*, and note Hampton Lucy. See Hampton, Bishop's 'Hanslei.' See Ansley ' Hantone.' See Bishop's Hamp- ton Harborough, Great and Little ? [Herdeberge], 341*, 343*, note 341* 412 Harbury [Edburberie, Erbur- berie, Erburgeberie], 286, 291, 295. 305*. 310", 323*2, 327*2, 335*2, note $ija Hardwick, Prior's, [Herde- wicke], 270, 305*, and note ' Hardintone.' See Erdington Hartshill [Ardreshille], 309* Haseley [Haseleia], 340*2 Haselor [Haseloue], 285, 286, 293, 340*2, and note. See also Upton Hasledon (Glouc.), 279 Hatton ? [Altone], 340*, notes 303*, 340*. See also Beausale, Donnele Haxey (Lines), 283 Hemlingford Hundred, 294, notes 304*2, 325*, 332*2, 343*2. See also Coleshill ' Herdeberge.' See Harborough Hill [Hille], 276, 277, 288, 306*2, and note Hillborough [Hildebereurde, Hil- deborde], 292, 337*, 338*, note 337* Hillmorton [Mortone], 3254,342*2, notes 314*, 342*2 Hodnell [Hodenelle, HodenheUe], 314*, 3214, 333*2, note 314* ' Holehale.' See Ullenhall ' Holme.' See Biggin, Newton Holywell (Oxf.), note 291 Honesberie, Onesberie, Hun- dred, now part of Kineton, 270, 293, 294, 302*2, 305*, 306*2, 309*, 316*, 324*2, 3354, 3394, 342*2, notes 312*2, 3244, 339*2 Honiley, note 3 1 3*2 Honington [Hunitone], 3054, note 301*2 Hopsford [Apleford], 284, 337*2, and note Hunningham [Huningeham], 333*, 333*, and note ' Icentone.' See Itchington, Long ' Icetone.' See Itchington, Bishop's Idlicote [Etelincote], 328*, and note ' Illintone.' See Lillington Ilmington [Edelmitone, lime- done], 295, 313*2, 3174, note 3ii4 Ipsley [Epeslei], 273, 3384 Ipswich, 272 Itchington, Bishop's [Icetone], 270, 3054 Itchington, Long [Icentone], 281, 341*2 Jabbett. See Marston Kenilworth [Chinewrde], 270, INDEX TO DOMESDAY 281, 294, 295, 302*7, notes 3016, 3020 Kilsby, 269 Kineton or Kington [Quintone], 270, 291, 30 1 a Kineton Hundred, 294, notes 303*, 3o6a, 310*1, 310*, 312*, 317*, 318*, 3220, 326*, 339*, 3424 Kineton Hundred. See also Barcheston, Fexhole, Hones- berie and Tremelau Kington juxta Claverdon [Cin- tone], 3133, note 291 Kington or Kingsford in Bicken- hill and Solihull [Cintone], 333" King's Broom. See Broom Kingsbury [Chinesberie], 309*. See also Dosthill Kingston. See Chesterton, Little Kinwarton [Chenevertone], 282, 307" Kirby, Monk's [Chircheberie], 269, 275, 335*, 3364, note 309* Kirby, Monk's [Chircheberie], Church of St. Mary and St. Denis, 275 Knightcote in Dassett, note 339* Knightlow Hundred, 294, notes 3034, 307*, 3106, 314*, 3155, 315*. 3'7" Knightlow Hundred. See also Bomelau, Meretone and Stone- leigh Ladbroke [Lodbroc, Lodbroch], 278, 286, 291, 316*, 320*, 321*1, 321*, 326* ' Lamintone.' See Leamington ' Langedone.' See Longdon Langley [Longelei], 33 1 a Lapworth [Lapeforde], 275, 326*7, note 287 Lawford, Church [Leileforde], 270, 307*, note 33612 Lawford, Little. See Lawford, Long Lawford, Long [Lelleford, Lille- ford], 270, 3230, 336* Leake (Notts), 283 Lea-Marston. See Marston Leamington-Hastings [Lunni- tone], 339* Leamington Prior's [Lamin- tone], 3074 Lechlade (Glouc.), 282 Leicester, 269 ' Leth.' See Marston, Lea- Lichfield (Staffs), 273 Lighthorne [Listecorne], 270, 292, 335* Lillington [Illintone, Lillin- tone], 291, 316*7, 323* Little Chesterton. See Chester- ton Little Compton. See Compton Little Dorsington. See Dorsing- ton Little Harborough. See Har- borough Little Lawford. See Lawford Little Pillerton. See Pillerton Priors Little Wolford. See Wolford ' Lodbroc.' See Ladbroke Long Compton. See Compton Longdon in Solihull [Lange- done], 3194 ' Longelei.' See Langley Long Itchington. See Itchington Long Lawford. See Lawford Lower Eatington. See Eating- ton Lower Woodcote. See Wood- cote Loxley [Lochesham, Locheslei], 274, 303*, 317*, 327*, notes 302*, 3033 Luddington [Luditone], 274, 317*. ' Lunnitone.' See Leamington Lyndon, note 333*7 ' Machitone ' See Maxstoke Malmesbury [Malmesberie], 290 Mappleborough in Studley [Mepelberge], 333* Marston Butler (now Butler's Marston) [Mersetone], 270, 325*, notes 289, 319*7 Marston Green in Bickenhill [Merstone], 3194 Marston Hall, note 319* Marston Jabbett [Merstone], 286, 315* and note Marston, Lea- [Merston, Mer- stone, Leth], 328*2, 331*7, 331*, notes 319*, 331* Marston juxta Wolston I [Mer- stone], 291, 3232 Marton ? [Mortone], 314*, 3154, notes 314^, 342*7 Marton Leet, note 294. See also Meretone Hundred Maxstoke [Machitone], 319*7, and note Mereton [Marton] Hundred, now part of Knightlow, 293, 294, 303*, 304*, 306*7, 308*, 316*7, 318*, 321*1, 333*, 336*. 338", 339*. 34Ia> 341*. 342*. notes 305,1, 307*, 314*, 3204, 320*, 325*, 333*, 3414 Meriden. See Alspath Middle Bickenhill. See Bicken- hill Middleton [Mideltone, Milden- tone], 325*, 343*7 Milcote [Melecote], 274, 33811, note 274 Mildentone (Beds), note 343* 413 Milverton [Malvertone], 310* Minworth [Meneworde], 318* Miserden (Glouc.), 280 ' Moitone.' See Myton Mollington [Mollitone], 270, 295, 3394, note 280 Monk's Kirby. See Kirby Morcton Morrell [Mortone], 270, ' Morton.' See Hillmorton Morton Bagot [Mortone], 3304 ' Mortone.' See Norton-Lind- sey ' Muitone.' See Myton ' Musardere La ' Castle (Glouc.), 280 Myton [Muitone, Moitone], 273, 286, 288, 310*7, 324*, 324*, note 280 Nantwich (Ches), 292 Napton [Eptone, Neptone], 284, 314*, 321*7, 322* Nether Shuckburgh. See Shuck- burgh Nether Whitacre. See Whitacre Newbold-on-Avon [Newebold], 336* Newbold Comyn [Niwebold], 270, 276, 306*, 317*7 Newbold Pacey [Niwebold], 339*, note 317* Newbold Revel [Feniniwebold], 336* Newnham in Aston Cantlow [Neweham], 306* Newnham Paddox [Niweham], 337" Newnham Regis, note 337*1 Newton [Niwetone], 291, 322* Norton-Lindsey ? [Mortone], 330*, and note Norwich, 272 Nuneaton ? [Etone], 308*, 3254 ' Octeselve.' See Oxhill Offord in Wootton Wawen [Offe- worde], 270, 292, 328*, 331*7 ' Onesberie ' Hundred. See Honesberie ' Optone,' 286, 294, 295, 301*, and note. See also Upton juxta Haselor Optonegrave Wapentake (North- ants), 344* ' Orlavescote.' See Arlescote Oswaldslaw (Wore.), note 287 Over [Wavre] (Northants), 295, 344*, note 309*1 Over, Cester's [Wara], 295, 337*7, note 309*1 Over Pillerton. See Pillerton Priors Overs, The. See Brownsover, Cester's Over, Churchover Oversley [Overslei], 317* A HISTORY OF WARWICKSHIRE Over Whitacre. See Whitacre Oxford, 272 Oihill, [Octeselve], 3260, note JOU Packington [Pa ti tone], 292, 318* Packwood note 326*2 Pathlow Liberty, 294. See also Barlichway and Fernecumbe Pathlow [Patelau] Hundred, 293, 294, 302*, 317*, 3294, 330*2, 3384. See also Barlich- way and Fernecumbe Pillerton Hersey or Nether Filler- ton [Pilardetone], 325*, and note Pillerton Priors [Pilardetune, Pil- ardintone], 275, 279, 285, 290, 299, 308*, 326*, note 308* Plumtree (Glouc.), note 280 Preston Bagot [Prestetone], 313*1, 3176, note 31 zb Prior's Hardwick. See Hardwick Prior's Marston, note 305* Prior's Salford. See Salford Puddletown [Piretone] (Dorset), 273 ' Quatercote.' See Whatcote Quatt [Quatone] (Shrops), 295, 30813, and note Quinton (Glouc.), note 301*2 ' Quintone.' See Kineton or Kington Radbourn [Redborne], 320*, note 314* Radford juxta Coventry, note 3*3* Radford Semele [Redeford], 270, 278, 288, 3236, and note Radway [Radweia, Radwei, Rode- wei], 291, 3065, 3093, 342(1 Ratley [Rotelei], 270, 324*3 Richard's Castle, 280, 288, notes 288, 339* Rinsell [Rincele], 291, 292, 310*, and note Romsley [Rameslege] (Shrops), 295, 308*2, and note Rowington [Rochintone], 326* Rudge [Rigge] (Shrops), 295, 308*3, and note Rugby [Rocheberie], 269, 3210 Ruin Clifford. See Clifford Ryton on Dunsmore [Rietone], 294> 29S> 3i8* Salford, Abbot's [Salford], 292, 307" Salford Priors [Salford], 278, 34" Sambourn [Sandburne], 3074 Sawbridge [Salwebrige], (North- ants), 295, 343*, 344,, ' Scotescote.' See Shustoke Seckington [Sechintone, Secin- tone], 313*, 333d Sherborne [Scireburne], 3 1 ib Shilton [Scelftone], 315*, and note Shipley, near Bridgenorth [Scip- lei], (Shrops), 295, 3084 and note Shrewley [Seruelei], 3260, note 34°* Shuckburgh, Nether [Soche- berge], 342*1, and note Shuckburgh, Upper [Soche- berge], 314*, 322*3, and note Shustoke [Scotescote], 336* Shuttington [Cetitone], 296, 313* Smercote [Smerecote], 315*, and note Smite [Smitham], 309*3, and note Snitterfield [Snitefeld], 312* Solihull [Ulverlei], 273, 292, 340*, 341*3. See also King- ton, Longdon Souley (End) [Soulege), 292, 315*, and note Southam [Sucham], 292, 305*?, and note Southampton, 280 Sowe [Sowa], 291, 292, 305*3, 342*1 Spernall [Spernore], 292, 335*2 Spilsbury [Spelesberie] (Oxf.), 29S. 3°3" ' Stanlei,' 316*3. See also Stone- leigh Stoneleigh [Stanlei], 270, 281, 294, 295, 301*2, 302*2, note 291 Stoneleigh [Stanlei, Stanleie] Hundred, now part of Knight- low, 293, 294, 304*, 307*2, 308*2, 310*2 3186, 324*, 327*3, 327*, 329*2, 333*, 335*2, 339*, 342*2, notes 305*2, 306*, 316*2, 317*2, 323*2, 324*2 Stoneleigh Leet, notes 294, 302*. See also Stoneleigh Hundred Stow [Stou] (Bucks), 279, note 327* Stratford-on-Avon [Stratforde], 274, 292, 302*, and note Stretton Baskerville [Stratone], 280, 332a Stretton on Dunsmore [Stratone], 270, 294, 295, 307* Stretton-on- the- Fosse [Stratone], 285, 337*. 339"> note 3376 Studley [Stodlei], 280, 293, 334*2, 335*, and note. See also Map- pleborough ' Sucham.' See Southam ' Surland,' 294, 304*, and note Sutton Bonington (Notts), 283 Sutton Coldfield [Sutone], 273, 292, 301* Tachbrook, Bishop's [Tacesbroc, Taschebroc], 273, 295, 302*2, 317*2, and notes 414 Tachbrook Mallory, notes 302*2, 317*2 Tamworth [Tameworde], 279, 286, 301* Tanworth, note 326*2 Temple Grafton. See Grafton Thetford (Norf.), 272 Thurlaston [Torlavestone], 286, 314*, 326*3, and note Tidmington? [Edelmitone], 330*2, and note Tremelau, Tremeslau Hundred, now part of Kineton, 269, 293, 294, 302*2, 303*, 305*, 308*, 311*2, 324*, 325*, 327*, 334,2, 335". 338*, 339*. 34°"> 342* Tysoe [Tiheshoche], 290, 328*, note 301*2 Ufton ? [Ulchetone], 305* ' Ulfelmescote.' See Wolfham- cote ' Ullavintone.' See Willington Ullenhall [Holehale], 328* ' Ulleries, The,' note 340* ' Uluestone,' 308*2, and note ' Ulvei.' See Wolvey ' Ulverlei.' See Solihull Ulverley Green, note 340* ' Ulvricestone.' See Wolston. ' Ulwarda.' See Wolford ' Ulwarditone.' See Wolverton Uolwarde. See Wolford Upper Eatington. See Eatington Upper Shuckburgh. See Shuck- burgh Upper Woodcote. See Wood- cote Upton juxta Haselor [Optone]. 335*2, and note Walcote [Walecote], 284, 291, 322*2 Walton, now Walton D'Eivile and Walton Mauduit [Wai- tone], 270, 311*2, and note Wappenbury [Wapeberie], 270, 336* 'Wara.' See Caster's Over, Churchover Warmington [Warmintone] 310*, 316*, notes 312*2, 339<2 Warwick [Warwic(k)j, borough of, 269, 272, 289, 290, 291, 299, 300, 301*, 3026, 325*2, 3256 327*2, 3286, 329*2, 332*2, 334* Warwick [Warwic(k)], Castle, 277, 278 Warwick [Warwic(k)], shrievalty of, 299, 303*2 Wasperton [Wasmertone], 270, 292, 293, 306* ' Waura,' ' Waure.' See Church- over Weddington [Watitune], 3I4*». See also Caldecote INDEX TO DOMESDAY Wedgnock, note 310* Weethley [Wilelei], 3074 ' Welei.' See Willey Wellesbourne (Hastings) [Wale- borne], 270, 301*2, and note Wellesbourne Mountford. See Wellesbourne (Hastings) ' Werlauescote.' See Arlescote Weston in Arden [Westone], 315" Weston under Wetherley [Wes- tone], 291, 292, 316*, 323*, 333* Wetherley. See Weston Whatcote [(Q)uatercote], 326*, and note Whichford [Wicford] (North- ants), 295, 343*, 344*, note 295 Whitacre [Witacre] (Northants), 295. 343*, 344" Whitacre (Nether) ? [Wite- core], 319*, 331*, note 319* Whitacre (Over) f [Witacre], 327*, note 319* Whitchurch [Witecerce], 313*, 317* Whitley juxta Henley [Wite- leia , 3306 Whitnash [Witenas], 339*, note 317" Wibtoft [Wibetot], 269, 3154, note 315* ' Wich.' See Droitwich ' Widecote.' See Woodcote Widney, note 3194 Wigginshall f [Winchicelle], 284, 319* Wilebroc Hundred (Northants), 344* 'Wilelei.' See Weethley Willey [Welei], 315*2, note 315* Willington [Ullavintone], 329*, 337" Willoughby [Wilebec, Wilebei, Wilebene, Wilebere], 284, 295, 321*, 322*2, 322*, 325*, note 314* Wilmcote,near Stratford, [Wilme- cote], 338* Wilnecote, near Tamworth, [Wil- mundecote], 286, 313* ' Wimelestone.' See Worm- leighton ' Winchicelle.' See Wigginshall ' Wirecestre.' See Worcester Wishaw [Witscaga], 333*2 Witton in Aston [Witone], 332*1 Wixford [Witelavesford], 274, 292, 306* Wolfhamcote ? [Ulfelmescote, Wlfesmescot], 284, 291, 318*, 320*2, note 303*1. See also Flecknoe Wolford, Great ? [Uolwarde, Worwarde], 295, 328*2, 329*, notes 318*2, 328*1 Wolford Little ? [Ulwarda, Ul- ware], 303*, 318*2, and notes Wolston [Ulvricestone], 307*, note 308*2 Wolverton [Ulwarditone], 290, 330*, 334*, and note Wolvey [Ulveia], 331* Woodcote [Widecote], 310*2, 316*2 Woolscott in Grandborough, note 320* Wootton Wawen [Wotone], 284, 292, 329*2. See also Ed- stone, Offord Worcester [Wirecestre], note 292 Wormleighton [Wimelestone, Wimenestone, Wimerestone], 295, 316*, 324*, 335*, notes 311*, 312*2 Yelvertoft (Northants), 269 415 DA 670 W3V6 v.l The Victoria history of the county of Warwick PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY