The Virginia Journal of Science VOL. Ill OCTOBER, 1942 No. 6 | Scien Proceedings for tke Year 1941—1942 JMmutes of tke Twentietk Annual ISleeting R^oanoke, Virginia M.ay 7tk-9tk, 1942 The Virginia Journal of Science Official journal of the VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE George W. Jeffers, President^ State Teachers College, Farmville, Va. E. C* L. Miller, Secretary-Trea^rer, Medical College of Virginia, Rich¬ mond, Va. Sidney S. Nikjus, Assistant SecTeta/ry-Treaswrer, Medical College of Vir¬ ginia, Richmond, Va. COUNCIL 1941-42 Charles E. Myers . . . 1942 Earle B. Norris . . 1942 Preston Edwards . . 1943 Ruskin S. Freer . . 1943 Marcellus H. Stow . . 1944 WoRTLEY F. Rudd . . 1944 H. H. ZiMMERLEY . .........1945 George W. Jeffers . . 1946 H. B. Haag..... . . . 1946 Marcellus H. Stow... . . 1946 EDITORIAL BOARD Editor 4v^Chief — Ruskin S. Freer, Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, Va. Manjaging Editor — ^Lt.-Col. Robert P. Carroll, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va. S. A. Mitchell — Astronomy C. L. Albright — Physics Robert P. Biology J. Stanton PiERC&--Chemistry John Alex. Borer-— Education Robert A. Fisher — Engineering Chapin Jones — Forestry Edward C. H. Lammers — Geology CaiHj C. Speidel — Medicine R. S. Henneman — Psychology Entered as second-class matter February 20, 1940, at the post office at Lexington, Virginia, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Subscription — $1.00 per volume to members of the Virginia Academy of Sdence; $2.00 per vol¬ ume to others. Published at Lexington, Virginia. The Virginia Journal of Science VOL. Ill _ OCTOBER, 1942 _ No. 6 Virginia Academy of Science Proceedings for tlie Year 1941—1942 Almutes of tke Twentietk Annual M eeting Roanoke, Virginia jMay 7tli-9tli, 1942 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OFFICERS George W. Jeffers, President State Teachers College Farmville E. C. L. Miller, Secretary -Treasurer Medical College of Virginia Sidney S. Negus, Assistant Secretary Medical College of Virginia OTHER MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL Regular Charles E, Myers 1942 Preston Edwards 1943 Marcellus H. Stow 1944 H. H. ZiMMERLEY 1945 H. B. Haag 1946 Ex-Officio Earle B. Norris 1942 Ruskin S. Freer 1943 Wortley F. Rudd 1944 George W. Jeffers 1945 Marcellus H, Stow 1946 CONTENTS General Program . ,...148 Minutes Academy Conference . 149-194 Report President . . 149-153 Secretary . 153-156 Treasurer . 156-157 Flora Committee . 157-158 Museum Committee . 159 Conservation Committee . 159-160 Fauna Committee . 161 Committee on the Virginia Journal of Science . 163 Committee on Collegiate Members . 163 Research Committee . . 163-164 Committee on Academy Meetings . 164-165 Long Range Planning Committee . 165-169 Committee on Science Clubs and Junior Academy . 169-175 Sponsoring Committee for the Junior Academy . 175-176 Finance Committee . 176-180 Committee on the James River Project . 180-193 War activities of the Academy . 193 Saturday Noon Business Meeting . 194-199 Names of the New Officers of Sections . 195 Report Committee on Academy Meetings . 195-196 Finance Committee . 196 Research Committee . 196-197 Committee on Resolutions . 197-198 Committee on Place of Meeting . . 198 Nominating Committee . 199 Tabulation of Registration Cards . 199 Sections Astronomy, Mathematics and Physics . 200-203 Bacteriology . ; . ...204-208 Biology . 209-219 Botany . 214-217 Zoology . 217-219 Chemistry . 220-228 Symposium Organic Analytical Reagents . 224-225 Medicinal Chemistry . 226-228 Education . 229-231 Engineering . 232-241 Forestry . 242-244 Geology . . 245-253 Medical Sciences . 254-256 Psychology . 257-262 List of Members . 263-276 GENERAL PROGRAM. OF THE THIRTIETH ANNUAL MEETING Roanoke, Virginia 1942 HOTEL ROANOKE— HEADQUARTERS 7:30 P. M. Thursday, May 7 Academy Conference, Ball Room, Hotel Roanoke. Friday, May 8 8:30 A. M. Registration, Palm Court, Hotel Roanoke. 9:30 A. M. Section Meetings, Hotel Roanoke. 12:30 P. M. Lunch. 2:00 P. M. Section Meetings, Hotel Roanoke. 7:15 P. M. Banquet, Ball Room, Hotel Roanoke. Address of Welcome by Mr. H. Felix Sanders. Response by President George W. Jeffers. Presentation of the Annual Research Prize of the Academy and the Jefferson Prize by Dr. Frank C. Vilbrandt. Address — Dr. W. H. Sebrell, Jr., Chiefs Divi¬ sion of Chemotherapy, National Institute of Health. 9:00 A. M. Saturday, May 9 Section Meetings, Hotel Roanoke. 12:00 Noon General Business Meeting, Rooms A-D, Hotel Roanoke. MINUTES OF THE ACADEMY CONFERENCE The Academy Conference was called to order in the Ball Room of the Hotel Roanoke at 8:30 P. M. May 7, 1942, with the following present: D. M. Allan, Mrs. R. H. Andrews, Roy P. Ash, R. C, Berry, L. C. Bird, Isabel Boggs, Paul R. Burch, D. R. Carpenter, Alice Carroll, R. P. Carroll, Austin Clark, H. J. Da¬ vis, H, B. Derr, R. S. Edmundson, Preston Edwards, L. S. Evans, Alfred Fisher, J. C. Forbes, R. S. Freer, Pat Gaskins, J. McD. Grayson, A. T. Gwathmey, H. B. Haag, C. 0. Handley, E. S. C. Handy, Mrs. E. S. C. Handy, E. S. Harlow, W. D. Hoyt, G. W. Jeffers, W. C. Jones, W. H. Keeble, L. D. Keyser, E. C. H. Lam- mers, Ivey F. Lewis, W. D. Mankin, A. B. Massey, R. F. Mc- Crackan, Wm. M. McGill, M. J. McNeal, E. C. L. Miller, C. E. Myers, S. S. Negus, C. L. Newcombe, E. B. Norris, F. S. Orcutt, P. M. Patterson, H. Riese, W. Riese, R. G. Robb, J. H. Rushton, L. A. Sandholzer, T. McN. Simpson, Jr., F. F. Smith, L. H. Smith, R. L. Taylor, W. L. Threlkeld, 1. A. Updike, E. K. Vaughan, F. C. Vilbrandt, 0. E. White, I. D. Wilson, Mrs. R. A. Young. Report of the President During the past several years the Academy has been espe¬ cially active: It has launched a Journal of Science, a Junior Academy of Science, and a Committee on Long Range Planning out of which has grown what has come to be known as the James River Project. Because of these several undertakings, I prom¬ ised you a year ago that I would not embark on any new proj¬ ects for the year 1941-42. I felt that the year could be well spent in consolidating those gains and, in the second place, I saw, as indeed all of you saw, the lowering clouds of approach¬ ing war. I felt that in times like these the Academy could do no better than to make itself strong, prepared for any eventuality. No major committee changes have been made during the year, although it must be conceded that some committees could bear some revamping. Only one new committee was created. In accordance with a resolution passed at the general meeting a year ago, I have appointed a committee to study the matter of making ‘'this Academy Conference an official meeting of the Academy empowered to pass finally upon matters that may come up,'' as well as “the whole organization and timing of our meet¬ ing schedules." I find that as long ago as 1937, Dr. Jordan in his presidental report mentioned that the council had discussed the question of the desirability of discontinuing the reading of formal papers. Certainly it is true that reading of scientific papers often leaves much to be desired. The original committee appointed to look into the matter failed to function due largely to the fact that the chairman was 150 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE called to do war chemistry in Washington. In reorganizing the committee a month or so ago, I secured the consent of Dr. Ed¬ wards of Sweet Briar and a member of the council to act as chairman. Working with him on this committee are: Miss Grace Blank of William and Mary, Dean E. B. Broadwater of Roanoke College, Dr. J. Shelton Horsley of Richmond, and Dr. Garnett Ryland of the University of Richmond. Strictly speaking, this is the second meeting that the Acad¬ emy has held this year and not the first. On October 17, 1941 we met in joint session with the Virginia Manufacturers’ Asso¬ ciation in Roanoke. By invitation the Academy presented a symposium on the subject: “The Value of Scientific Research to Virginia Industry.” Taking part in this symposium were: Dr. Harrison E. Howe, Editor, Industrial and Engineering Chem¬ istry; Dr. W. S. Calcott, Director, Jackson Laboratory of the E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company; Dr. Arthur Bevan, Ge¬ ologist for the Virginia Geological Survey; and Mr. D. J. Ce- derstrom. Groundwater Geologist of the United States Geologi¬ cal Survey. Mr. H. K. McConnell of the Tobacco By-Products Corporation was to have been one of the participants but was unable to attend. As far as I know this is the first instance of a state academy of science holding a meeting with an industrial group. I can assure you that it was worth while. The program went off re¬ markably well due to the caliber of the speakers. The whole academy is indebted to our assistant secretary-treasurer. Dr. Negus, who so thoroughly prepared for the meeting. A science organization does not exist for itself alone and our academy has demonstrated its awareness of this larger prospective. Indicative of this cooperative spirit between the Virginia Academy and industrialists is the fact that our president-elect. Dr. Stow, was invited to address the Virginia Section of the American Waterworks Association at its annual meeting in Roa¬ noke, October 30-31, 1942. His subject was, naturally, the James River Project. In this connection I think it should be recorded that for a number of years the Virginia Section of the American Chemical Society has held one of its May meetings in conjunction with our annual meeting and our program is given adequate space in its Bulletin. This year, too, we are happy to have the Virginia Blue Ridge Section of the American Chemical Society meeting with us. We have no doubt but that the cordial relations that have for so long existed between the Academy and these organi¬ zations will long continue. Perhaps it may not be amiss to sug¬ gest that we make an effort to have other science organizations within the state affiliate with the State Academy. We have such an affiliation with the Virginia Wildlife Federation. Your president followed the usual custom in meeting with the Research Committee at the home of its chairman. I was PROCEEDINGS 151 very much impressed with the seriousness and the sense with which the members of this committee attacked their problems and especially was I struck with the underlying philosophy gov¬ erning the distribution of grants for research. One very sig¬ nificant suggestion issued from this meeting, namely, that a sur¬ vey be made of the research now being done in our state insti¬ tutions and by industry both within and outside the state, the idea being to discover what the research institutions of the state can do with their present or readily procured facilities by way of having Virginia Institutions do this research for industry instead of sending it outside the state. In March, the Chairman of the Research Committee, Dr. Geldard, received his commission in the armed forces. This left a very important vacancy on this committee. I have asked Dr, Vilbrandt, senior member of the committee, to act as chairman for the remainder of the year. I felt that my successor should have a free hand in filling this vacancy. At our last meeting it was agreed to hold this meeting in Norfolk. To your officers it soon became apparent that to meet in Norfolk would be to strain the hospitality of that city to the breaking point. By New Year even the most optimistic of Nor¬ folk supporters were reluctantly forced to admit that it would be an impossible undertaking. To select another place of meet¬ ing as well as to consider other matters, a meeting of the coun¬ cil was called for January 16, 1942. The council decided to ac¬ cept the ready invitation of Roanoke, with Hotel Roanoke as headquarters. I consider this a wise choice. The local commit¬ tee on arrangements, with Mr. LeRoy Smith and Mr. J. D. Schumacher as co-chairmen, has worked untiringly and I feel certain that your every need will be attended to. One of the pressing matters considered at the January coun¬ cil meeting was the proposed new section on bacteriology. Be¬ cause such a section would trespass upon the province of at least two of our present sections, it was decided to have a committee, consisting of the officers of the two sections most concerned, to investigate and report at this meeting. However, these officers felt that the formation of a new section was too serious for them to decide and have deferred the matter until the time of this meeting. In the meantime, the Virginia Branch of the Society of American Bacteriologists has arranged a program for this meeting of the Academy. In this connection I commend to you the highly creditable program arranged by our ‘‘baby’' section of Forestry. The Committee on the James River Project suffered a dis¬ tinct setback when its chairman. Dr. Stow, was called to serve as Assistant Administrator of the Mining Division of the War Productions Board. Even a man of Dr. Stow’s capacity for ab¬ sorbing odd jobs without a change of pace was forced to recog¬ nize that he was overworked. In recent weeks he has been al- 152 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE most lost sight of. Nonetheless the Committee on the James River Project was successful in getting the State Legislature to appropriate the sum of five thousand dollars for the publication of the Monograph on the James River. Much of the credit for obtaining this appropriation goes to the sub-committee on finances for the project, consisting of Major W. Catesby Jones, Chairman, Mr. William Clift, Mr. Jay Johns, Dr. E. W. Magru- der, and Dr. W. T. Sanger. This committee likewise got to¬ gether some money which can, and will, be used for incidental expenses in connection with the study, without having to draw upon the Academy Treasury. The Academy is indebted to the Legislature on another score. A joint resolution was introduced in the Senate to create a Leg¬ islative Commission to study the advisability of establishing a State Museum of Science. The resolution was successful and the commission has already been set up. For your information, the membership of this commission consists of Senator Robert K. Brock, of Farmville, Delegate H. S. Johnson of Goochland, President W. T. Sanger, and myself, the last two being the Gov¬ ernor’s appointees. The Virginia Academy of Science is par¬ ticularly grateful to Senator Brock for sponsoring both resolu¬ tions. The young Junior Academy of Science has been active, de¬ spite the loss early in the year of the Secretary of the Junior Academy Committee, Miss J. Frances Allen, whose place was filled by Miss Lena Artz. For the first time in its history the Academy has been con¬ fronted with a world at war. The very existence of our nation is jeopardized, and the question uppermost in the minds of your officers in recent months has been: “How may the Virginia Academy of Science best serve the country?” We did not want the Academy to become involved in any sort of “busy work” for mere appearance sake. We have proceeded on the principle that while the present all-out effort for war is paramount, it is at the same time necessary to carry forward those activities in which we are already engaged, because concern for the future of sci¬ ence in Virginia is one way to make the nation strong. After all, this is a war of science. In all history the mili¬ tary forces have never been so dependent upon science and tech¬ nology. Not only is science a prime factor in fighting; it is de¬ cisive in the survival of the civilization in which we live and without which science itself cannot carry on. Therefore, sci¬ ence can serve by continuing to press forward vigorously with its normal affairs, but at an accelerated pace. A number of our members have been called from their regu¬ lar duties to devote their entire time to work directly concerned with the war effort. Our larger research institutions are par¬ ticipating in some of the three hundred projects that are being carried on in the laboratories of the country. This is in marked PROCEEDINGS 153 contrast to the situation that prevailed in 1917 when many lab¬ oratories in colleges and universities were practically abandoned. The patriotism of American scientists is being demonstrated daily. . , . There still remains a large number of our members who im¬ patiently wish to do more than merely “Carry on/’ and it might not be amiss for this conference to devote some thought to the role of the Academy in the present war. To one group of our members, namely, the physical scientists, I should like to call attention to the first number of the newly-created A. A. A. S. Bulletin. There we find it stated that 150,000 aviation cadets will be required in 1942, and 300,000 in 1943. Now this last number, 300,000, is about equal to the number of young men that normally enter the colleges and universities in any one year. “This pre-training for aviation courses provides something, in¬ deed much, those in the physical sciences can do, and the need is urgent.” A committee of the American Association for the Advancement of Science has prepared an outline of a course de¬ signed for such men, and the course has been approved by the Army Air Corps. I am of the opinion that every college and university in the state, and indeed some of the high schools, can take part in filling this need. Our present physics courses could be easily streamlined to meet these requirements, and could be covered in one semester, or in one summer. As Austin H. Clark so w^ell said in his address as retiring president of the Washington Academy of Science in February: “We who are engaged in science are no longer justified in ap¬ praising the world and our fellowmen in the light of their bear¬ ing upon our specialty, as in times of peace we are inclined to do. We must broaden our outlook and integrate our activities and our thoughts with that will-to-victory that animates us all.” There now remains for me to attempt to do something that my nineteen predecessors in office* have attempted to do, and that is, to pay adequate tribute to the services of our esteemed secretary-treasurer. Dr. E. C. L. Miller. But words to accu¬ rately describe his value to this Academy do not come. Dr. Mil¬ ler has so unfeignedly served us for the past twenty years that his name has become synonymous with the Virginia Academy of Science. He has been our only secretary for twenty years of the Academy’s existence. He it is that makes the work of a president well-nigh a pleasure instead of a bore. It is the sin¬ cere hope of us all that he may continue to serve many other presidents as he has served the first twenty. Report of the Secretary In this war year, the question keeps recurring “What is the Virginia Academy of Science doing in this war effort?” Most of our members are functioning in one way or another, but what can the Academy as such do? No satisfactory answer has been 154 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE found to this question as yet. The Treasurer’s Report shows that the Academy has on hand about $1700, which has gradu¬ ally accumulated and is not a part of the Research Fund. Sev¬ eral persons have suggested that part of this money might be put at the disposal of the Government by the purchase of bonds. Accordingly, a letter was sent to each member of the Council and to the members of the Finance Committee, which said: ^‘Please indicate whether you approve : (1) the placing of some of our funds at the disposal of the Government ? (2) if so, how much should be thus invested? (3) if a bond should be purchased whether the Series F or G bond should be selected? (4) whether an academy of science might not use its money in some way more consonant with its whole policy and • purposes and just as useful in the end?” Among the replies, six favored investing some of the money t$750-$1000) in bonds, two were emphatically opposed saying that our funds should be held for use in the advancement of sci¬ ence, and four were uncertain. No bonds have been purchased as yet, and it might be well to decide the matter at this Acad¬ emy Conference. I fear that it was not entirely clear in some of the voter’s minds that this $1700 is not a part of the Research Fund, but a small balance we have accumulated during the past twenty years. A letter was then sent to each member of the Research Com¬ mittee calling their attention to the matter and asking if they have any scientific project in mind that would be more valuable than buying a bond. One thing we can and should do. We, as scientists, can reg¬ ister in the National Roster of Scientific and Specialized Per¬ sonnel. I suppose most of us have already done so, but there are special blanks at the registration desk for any that have not registered as yet. If you have not registered, be sure and at¬ tend to it at this meeting. All these years, we have been going along with very little change in the sections. Last year the foresters asked that they might be allowed to organize a section. They were told that they might try. They arranged a program, but the presentation of the program was somewhat disrupted by circumstances be¬ yond their control. This year they are presenting a program. The Virginia Section of the Society of American Bacteriolo¬ gists has applied for affiliation with the Academy to function as a section and as an alternate to this, it has been suggested that there be formed a new section on Microbiology to include not only bacteriology, but also mycology, phytopathology, para¬ sitology and related fields. It is hoped that the sections on Bi- PROCEEDINGS 155 ology and on Medical Sciences will give this matter serious con¬ sideration at this meeting. We started the year with 912 members, lost 165 and gained 135, so that now we have 882-— a loss of 30. Apparently, one factor in this loss is the sharp drop in the number of collegiate members, from 81 to 41, or a drop of 40. This would fully ac¬ count for the loss of 30 in total members. However, we may expect some loss of regular members due to war conditions, and it behooves each one of us to watch his local field and get every suitable person to join. During the year, the Academy has been invited to appoint delegates to represent it at the celebration of three organiza¬ tions. Professor A. B. Massey has been appointed for the cele¬ bration of the 75th anniversary of the Torrey Botanical Club of Columbia University, Dr. Marcellus H. Stow for the centen¬ nial celebration of Roanoke College, and Dr. E. C. L. Miller for the centennial celebration of Hollins College. During the year. President Jeffers made the following com¬ mittee appointments: Committee Appointments New Committee Committee on Academy Meetings: Grace J. Blank, E. B. Broadwater, Preston Edwards, Chairman, Guy Horsley, and Garnett Ryland. This committee is to consider critically all the problems con¬ cerned with the meetings of the Academy, and especially the in¬ ternal organization of the meetings. Rotating Committees Nominating Committee: Wortley F. Rudd, so that the com¬ mittee now stands in order of rotation : Earle B. Norris, Chair¬ man, Ruskin S. Freer and Wortley F. Rudd. Research Committee: Rolland J. Main, so that the commit¬ tee now stands in order of rotation: Frank A. Geldard, Frank C. Vilbrandt, Gillie A. Larew, Ivey F. Lewis, and Rolland J. Main. Place of Meeting: George A. Williams, so that the commit¬ tee now stands in order of rotation: Chairman, Preston Ed¬ wards, Jos. K. Roberts and G. A. Williams. Committees That Carry Over Unchanged Committee on Collegiate Members: Paul R. Burch, A. H. Cooper, Helen Schultz, G. M. Shear, M. E. Taylor, and W. E. Trout, Jr., Chairman. Conservation Committee: R. P. Carroll, Chairman, A. W. Drinkard, L. B. Henderson, W. D. Hoyt, W. M. McGill, J. E. Shillinger, A, M. Showalter, and T. W. Turner. Fauna Committee: L. D. Anderson, J. W. Bailey, Paul R. 156 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Burch, R. P. Carroll, Geo. W. Chappelear, Jr., H. R. Christie, G. Talbot French, Geo. W. Jeffers, E. Ruffin Jones, Jr., Chair¬ man, W. A. Kepner, J. J. Murray, B. D. Reynolds, R. T. Taylor, W. L. Threlkeld, H. G. Walker and I. D. Wilson. Finance Committee: D. W. Davis, Garnett Ryland and T. McN. Simpson, Jr., Chairman. Flora Committee: Lena Artz, R. P. Carroll, R. S. Freer, T. F. Lewis, J. B. Lewis, G. C. Mason, A. B. Massey, Chairman, and R. F. Smart. Museum Committee: Arthur Bevan, J. S. Bryan, Douglas S. Freeman, G. W. Jeffers, Chairman, G. C. Mason, Stuart Mc¬ Guire, J. M. Miller, Jr., W. T. Sanger and Ida Sitler. Publicity Committee: William Clift, Douglas S. Freeman, L. G. Hoxton, W. M. McGill, Sidney S. Negus, W. F. Rudd, Chair¬ man, Ellen Shenk, I. A. Updike, C. E. Wheeler, III, and I. D. Wilson. Sponsoring Committee of the Junior Academy of Science: L. F. Addington, L. C. Bird, Francis S. Chase, Geo. W. Jeffers, Vice-Chairman, J. A. Rorer, Chairman and 1. A. Updike. Committee on Time of Meeting: Robert F. Smart, Chairman, Raymond L. Taylor, and William Clift. Committee on Virginia Journal of Science: R. P. Carroll, Managing Editor, R. S. Freer, Editor-in-chief, Ivey F. Lewis, Chairman. Two of these committees have had small changes in their membership so that they now stand as : Committee on Junior Academy and Science Clubs: Miss Lena Artz, Secretary, J. T. Christopher, Hubert J. Davis, Chairman, C. G. Gibbs, Miss E. Gillespie, Wm. T. Hall, H. S. Holmes, Miss Martha Lipscomb, W. 1. Nickels, Jr,, and W. W. Nofsinger, Vice- Chairman. Long Range Planning Committee: Arthur Bevan, L. C. Bird, Chairman, Raymond B. Bottom, Julian A. Burruss, Francis S. Chase, Justus H, Cline, Virginius Dabney, Meta Glass, W. R. Harlan, J. Shelton Horsley, W, Catesby Jones, Ivey F. Lewis, H. K. McConnell, Robert F. Nelson, Wortley F. Rudd, Garnett Ryland, R. M. Sanford, and I. A. Updike. E. C. L. Miller, Secretary. Report of the Treasurer Balance on hand, April 15, 1941 . $1,616.31 Receipts Fi'om Dues: 576 Regular Members . $1,152.00 41 Collegiate Members . 41.00 11 Sustaining Members . 110.00 Total from Dues . $1,303.00 From Interest . 19.55 From Junior Academy . 54.73 PROCEEDINGS 157 Total Miscellaneous . 74.28 Total Receipts . . 1,377.28 Total to account for . $2,993.59 Disbursements Personal service: Secretary . $ 150.0'0 Clerical hire . 65.00 Auditor . 10.00 Printing . 113.85 Supplies . 2.91 Postage . 110.74 Express . 5.02 Corporation tax . 5.00 Meeting expense . 27.45 Virginia Manufacturer’s Association . 32.65 Section expense . 7.79 Junior Academy expense . 70.99 A. A. A. S. meeting expense . 75.00 Virginia Journal of Science . 500.00 Gift . 15.78 James River Project . 30.06 Badges . 31.88 Total Disbursements . 1,254.12 Balance on hand April 15, 1942 . $1,739.47 In Morris Plan Bank . . $ 884.19 In First and Merchants National Bank 855.28 Total . $1,739.47 Balance April 15, 1942 . $1,739.47 Balance April 15, 1941 . 1,616.31 Gain . $ 123.16 E. C. L, Miller, Treasurer. Report of the Flora Committee The activities of the committee continues sloivly ivith the usual handicaps of academic burdens and slim finances for field work. Several cooperators are making very helpful contribu¬ tions. Dr. M. L. Fernald, assisted in the field by Mr. Bayard Long has continued the study of the vegetation of southeastern Vir¬ ginia, which he started several years ago. To date he has pub¬ lished eight papers totaling 867 pages and 159 plates. These are full of taxonomic data of much interest and value. They contain much data which will be of value in the study of the vegetation of the lower James River basin. Each paper is ex¬ cellently illustrated by photographs of a technical nature. The Chairman has been honored from time to time with invitations from Dr. Fernald to join him in the field. 158 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Mr. H. A. Allard has completed his field work in the study of the Vegetation of the Bull Run Mountains. A large collection of plants has been made. With the assistance of Mr. E. C. Leon¬ ard of the National Herbarium these have been carefully studied and a manuscript has been prepared. This is ready for publi¬ cation and is in the hands of the Chairman who hopes to find some means of assisting in its publication. Some of the bota¬ nists in Washington who have reviewed the manuscript consider it to be the most complete local flora which has been prepared in Virginia. The manuscript is more than a mere list of species found. Mr. Allard discusses the characteristics of the Vegeta¬ tion of the area. Dr. F. E. Egler, N. Y. State College of Forestry has been making a study of the plant life of the Seashore State Park in the Cape Henry region. He has issued a mimeographed bulle¬ tin which discusses the characteristics of the vegetation of the area and presents a catalog of the species of plants found. It is a valuable contribution to our State flora and it also will give assistance to the study of the vegetation of the lower James River Basin, Dr. E. T. Wherry has prepared an instructive paper for the Committee on the ecology of the ferns of the James River basin. The Washington-Baltimore Conference, Dr. E, H. Walker, Chairman, has continued the work on the flora of their desig¬ nated area. The counties of Virginia northeast of the Rappa¬ hannock River and northwestward to the Bull Run Mountains are included in the area. A check list of the entire area has been prepared by Dr. F. J. Herman with the assistance of other botanists. This has been issued to the members of the confer¬ ence in mimeographed form. Messrs. F. R. Fosberg and E. H. Walker have made exten¬ sive collections in the Shenandoah National Park. A catalog of their collections was published in Castanea 6:89-136. 1941. Mr. J. H. Roller of Bristol, Virginia, is actively engaged in a study of the plant life of White Top Mountain. He has assem¬ bled a very creditable collection of the species of the area. His work will make a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the flora of southwest Virginia. Mr. J. B. Lewis has been actively working on the flora of Brunswick county with special reference to the Seward Forest. Miss Lena Artz has been active in her study of the plant life of the Massanutten. She has made some interesting discoveries in the area. Dr. 1. F. Lewis and associates have been actively engaged with the vegetation of Albemarle county and in the Mountain Lake region of Giles county. A good collection of southwest Vir¬ ginia species is being developed in the Mountain Lake Biologi¬ cal Station. PROCEEDINGS 159 The Chairman has been active in the field in many parts of the State studying the characteristics of the vegetation and the distribution of species. The species of native grapes and their distribution in Virginia have been given special attention. His published work has dealt largely with economic features of the vegetation. For example: Plant Poisoning (a general discussion in Merck's Report) Poisonous Plants (a mimeographed bulletin for farmers and livestock men), Dr. R. D. Hatch, D. V. M., Junior author Farm Weeds: Their Importance and Control Medicinal Plants (a mimeographed bulletin for crude drug collectors and others). A Preliminary Check List of the plants of the State has been prepared. This includes nearly 3000 species and is incomplete. This has been prepared as a basis for developing an annotated catalog of the plants of the State. The Committee has planned the development of botanical stud¬ ies in the James River project. A. B. Massey, Chairman. Report of the Museum Committee See page 152 of President’s Report. For resolution see page 197. Report of Conservation Committee I. At outset I recommend the conservation of time and space on program of Council meetings by the elimination of this Committee and its Personnel. II. If the above is not feasible then the Committee should con¬ sist of men who have the time, that is, not on any other committees, and such men should be men who will com¬ mand the political respect of the powers that be, in Vir¬ ginia. III. Our report is meagre as usual and along different lines this year. We have attempted to be more specific and to avoid this hypothetical generalities most of which are intangible, and, therefore, not feasible. IV. We have done these things : a. We have attempted to do what we could to help further the James River Project (for instance, to call on leg¬ islators to get our appropriation, etc.). b. We have co-operated with the Wild-Life Manager, of the Jefferson National Park in laying out plans, in¬ cluding the specific details, for a Nature Trail, with the aim of educating the general public, but mostly school children, in the names of plants and animals and 160 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE their co-actions and the necessity for general conserva¬ tion. This is situated in the North Creek Area back of Arcadia in Botetourt County near the Cave Mountain Park not far from Natural Bridge. c. We have co-operated with the above man in preparing a beautiful set of Kodachrome transparencies of bow¬ ers and food plants of the Jefferson which might well be used by the many schools in their classes. d. We have attempted to get contacts between the National forest, the State and the other agencies to know each other better and to co-operate. e. We have attempted to get the State Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries to lay out a program based along conservation and educational lines. For exam¬ ple, to have the game wardens have definite training and standards so that their duties are educational rather than punitive. Game wardens should be so trained that they can address the pupils in the local schools. (Digress — -golden eagle called redtailed hawk— -told to feed him corn, etc.) (1 of 9 over 70 years old.) f. We have attempted to do our part in fighting forest fires by helping to organize two leading colleges as a third line of defense in the fire fighting. Since the C. C. C. boys are no longer available some one must help. This co-operation is through the George Wash¬ ington and the Jefferson National Forests, and the State set-up in Fire District Four through Mr. G. Henry Hodge, of Salem, This latter group is making a de¬ pository of tools in these schools that they may effi¬ ciently work. Also educational work is being arranged that these groups may fight fire intelligently. g. We have helped to certain county set-ups so that the boys of the senior classes will be trained to fight fire and when they go out of school to spread the gospel of Conservation. Also helped to contact the Emergency Corps of the Boy Scouts. Respectfully submitted, A. W. Drinkard, W. C. Hall, L. B. Henderson, W. D. Hoyt, W. M. McGill, J. E. Shillinger, A. M. Showalter, T. W. Turner Robert P. Carroll, Chairman. PROCEEDINGS 161 Report of Fauna Committee There was no one present to report for this committee. A letter received during the meeting from E. Ruffin Jones, Jr., said : “I am very sorry not to have notified you that I would not be present at the Academy meeting in Roanoke. However, I expected to come until Thursday morning and it was then too late to get in touch with you or any member of the committee on fauna. I have no report for the committee on fauna. I would like to suggest a reorganization of the committee to the new president. I believe that the committee could function much more effectively if there were only three to five members of the committee proper and the large number of remaining specialists were classified as consultants to the committee. I should be glad to write you in more detail of this at a later date, and since the committee has been rather inactive under my guidance, I should be very glad to have some one who might inject new life into the committee as chairman.'’ Report of the Committee on The Virginia Journal of Science Dr. Ivey F. Lewis as chairman of the committee made an oral report from the following report of Col. Carroll : REPORT OF VOLUME 2, NUMBERS 1-8, 1941, OF THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Financial Report Cost : Total cost of printing- and publishing Volume 2, Numbers .1“?, 1941 . . $1,013.18 Prmting of the Journal (Jarman’s, Inc., Printers) $ 974.38 Printing (Acme Printing Co.) for envelopes . 2.50 (Lexington Gazette), for Car. Bio. Sup. Ad. 9.00 Postage . 10.00 Incidental Expenses . 5.00 Postal Permit . 12.3’0 ^ Total . $1,013.18 Income : Subscriptions . $ 338.00 Academy Appropriation . 500.00 Advertising . 75.'00 Other Income (Gifts, Sale of Volume 1, No. 6, etc.) 76.08 Close of yofaL; . * Deficit . $ 24.10 Summary Deficit end of Volume 1, 1940 . . . $242.30 Deficit end of Volume 2, 1941 . 24.10 Total deficit to date . $266,40 162 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE' Amount owed to Jarman’s.. . $350.55 Available for payment . , . . . 84.15 Less deficit made by Volume 1 . . . $242.3fi Deficit Volume 2 . . $ 24.10 Points to he considered: The receipts for advertising ($75), represents the amount collected to date and this advertising must be carried until the May 1942 issue in order to realize the benefits therefrom. Some of the amount paid for subscriptions obviously extends over into Volume 3, 1942, depending upon whether the subscription started with the date on which it was received or with the first number of the Volume.. Circulation of Volume 2 (excluding Program and Proceedings) . 30,0 Paid Subscriptions . 297 Free . 3 Total . 300 Analysis of Paid Subscriptions: Members of the V. A. S. . 256 Institutions and Non-members . 41 Total . 297 Submitted by the Managing-E'ditor, Lt. Cou. Robekt P. Carroll. Financial Report Total cost of printing and publishing Volume 1, 19'40 . $1,220'.05 Total cost of printing and publishing Volume 2, 1941 . 1,013.18' Total cost to date of printing and publishing Volume 3, 1942 . 379.50 Deficit at end of Volume 1, 1940 . $ 242.3'0' Deficit at end of Volume 2, 1941 . 0.00 (On Report to the Committee on the Journal of 3/8/42 by the Managing-Editor, the sum of $24.10 was reported as a deficit. Collection of old accounts and sale of back num¬ bers took care of this deficit.) From Paragraph 1: Total cost to date of Volume 3, 1942 . $ 379.50 Amount paid to date on Volume 3, 1942 . 88.10 Total amount outstanding due on Volume 3, 1942 . $ 291.40 Total deficit to date (from Volume 1, 1940) . 242.30 Total amount owed to date for all three Volumes . $ 533.70 Amount due Jarman’s, Inc., Printers, Charlottesville . 533.70 Submitted by the Managing-Editor, Lt. Col. Robert P. Carroll. PROCEEDINGS 163 Report of the Committee on Collegiate Members The Committee on Collegiate Members regrets to report that the number of Collegiate Memberships on April 24 was only 41, as compared with 81 last year. Although, as Dr. Miller points out, ‘This drop of 40 in the collegiate membership corresponds rather closely with the drop of 30 in total membership,’’ it is nevertheless entirely too large a drop. Dr. Miller says further, “There may be several causes for this drop, but I am inclined to give considerable weight to the action taken at the Danville meeting in 1939, which practically relieves students of the obli¬ gation of paying dues. You will probably recall that it reads . . any student, on being introduced by a member of the Acad¬ emy, may be allowed to present papers at the meetings of the Academy without payment of dues.” It is apparent that a number of problems have risen as a re¬ sult of the emergency that are of considerable importance to this committee. The Committee welcomes all the suggestions that you will offer. Respectfully submitted. Committee on Collegiate Members, Paul R, Burch, Albert H. Cooper, Helen M. Schultz, G. M. Shear, Mildred E. Taylor, Wm. E. Trout, Jr., Chairman. Because of the drop in the number of collegiate members. Dr. Trout asked permission of the President to take a straw vote of those present to determine how much sentiment there might be favoring reconsideration of the ruling adopted at the Danville meeting. In the call for a show of hands no count was made, but there seemed to be more that favored reopening the question than that opposed it. Report of the Research Committee Since the Richmond meeting last May, there have been two call meetings of the Committee. On November 1, the Commit¬ tee met at the home of Chairman F. C. Geldard and Mrs. Gel- dard in Charlottesville, Virginia, for dinner and the study of re¬ search grant applications. Present at this meeting were F. C. Geldard, 1942 ; F. C. Vil- brandt, 1943; Gillie Larew, 1944; I. F. Lewis, 1945; and R. J. Main, 1946; G. W. Jeffers, President of the Academy; E. C. L. Miller, Secretary; and S. G. Negus, Assistant Secretary. Eleven applications totaling $1,082.50 were submitted, but after individual case studies with some deductions, additions and 164 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE rejections, a total of eight grants for $625.00 were made. Com¬ plete details of grants requested, deliberations and records ap¬ pertaining to the decisions made will be found in the minutes of the meeting in Secretary Miller’s files. At the request of the Long Range Planning Committee of the Virginia Academy of Science, Chairman Geldard presented the proposal that the Research Program in the Long Range Planning Committee might temporarily be assumed by the Re¬ search Committee. At the November first meeting. Dr. Geldard suggested that the Research Committee might well make a sur¬ vey of such resources in Virginia, including both equipment and trained personnel. Consequently, Dean E. B. Norris, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, was appointed to make such a study of re¬ search needs and research facilities in Virginia with special ref¬ erence to cooperation between science and industry in the State. A report on progress was made by Dean Norris at the meeting of the Long Range Planning Committee, Hotel Roanoke, on May 7th, with suggestions made for assisting Dean Norris in the project. Due to withdrawal of one of the recipients, one of the grants was returned, this to apply to the fund available next year. At this point Austin Clark and L. S. Evans were presented to the audience by the President. Report of the Committee on Academy Meetings Dr. Preston Edwards read the report of the committee and it was referred to the Saturday Noon Business Meeting for ac¬ tion. (See pages 195, 196.) Your committee after considering such suggestions as have been brought forward, for improving the interest and usefulness of the annual Academy meeting, wishes to present the following recommendations : 1. That the Thursday evening Academy Conference be given power to dispose of Academy business. 2. That the Saturday noon Business Meeting be discontin¬ ued. (Announcements, e. g., of Place of Next Meeting, Officers of Sections, etc., could be made at the Friday evening public meeting.) 3. That special effort be made to make the Friday evening meeting more inviting to the nublic, by arranging symposia on subjects of general interest, by repetition of a few important papers from sectional programs, by securing a high type of pop¬ ular lecturer, or other methods. 4. That a Committee on Program be appointed each year, to arrange for the public meeting or meetings, and endeavor to make the whole program, including sectional as well as public meetings, as interesting and useful to the public as possible. PROCEEDINGS 165 (One member thought the regular officers of the Academy should attend to this.) 5. That we suggest to the various Sections of the Academy that they give consideration to the same objects (in 3 and 4 above) in planning their sectional meetings. Report of the Long Range Planning Committee The organization meeting of the Long Range Planning Com¬ mittee was held in Richmond on October 25, 1940. You will re¬ call that Dean Rudd, who was then President of the Academy, had propounded the following questions to the members and cer¬ tain other interested people: 1. What, in your judgment, should be the primary objectives of a State Academy of Science? 2. Please outline rather carefully, and in order of their importance, three or more distinct contributions that the Academy may and should make to Virginia in the next five years. You will recall that the answers to these questions were classified under fourteen heads, as follows : Research Publicity of Academy’s work Teaching and educational program Problems concerning the State Science Clubs and Junior Academy Guidance program Academy meetings Providing material aids Water pollution problem Problems of national defense Science museums Problems concerning industry Retaining Virginia trained scientists Miscellaneous With these suggestions as a basis, committees having to do with the following specific problems were appointed: 1. Junior Academy^ of Science Club Work — Mr. H. J. Davis, Chair¬ man. (You will recall that Mr. Davis made a report at our meet¬ ing last year.) 2. Research — Last year Dr. G. A. Geldard was Chairman of the Research Committee from the Academy. Dr. Geldard is also a member, as you know, of our Long Range Planning Committee, and with reference to Research, his position, which I assume re¬ flects the position of the other members of the Research Commit¬ tee, was reflected in a letter which he sent to the members of the Committee on February 11: “At a meeting last week in Richmond of the Executive Committee of the Long Range Planning Committee the question of the possible appointment of a sub-committee to consider broadly what might be done to forward research in Virginia was broadened. In the discus¬ sion of this matter your chairman took the position that it was a proper function of the existing Research Committee to consider this problem. You may recall that it has been on the agenda for the last 166 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE two meetings to raise such general questions, but time limitations have prevented anything like a thoroughgoing discussion. “The same practical considerations operate now, of course. The Committee is scattered and meetings are not readily arranged. How¬ ever, I should like to get the reactions of the several members of the Committee as to the possibility or desirability of holding a meeting in the near future, one that would be devoted exclusively to the general problem of ways and means of encouraging more and better research in the State. “The alternative to accepting this challenge on the part of the Long Range Planning Committee is that the latter will inevitably set up its own sub-committee, and it is apparent to the chairman that it must do so in the event that the regularly constituted Research Com¬ mittee cannot undertake the task. “I should be glad if you would seriously consider the practicality of this question and let me have an early response to it.” Of the 152 letters received by Dean Rudd in response to his questionnaire, 109, or 71 7/10%, mentioned Research as a pri¬ mary objective of the Academy. These 109 replies may be class¬ ified as follows : To promote research (35), through cooperation between schools. State agencies, and research workers (6). To stimulate research (3), among young people (2), in smaller colleges (2), through increased financial help (3), from the State (2), by providing recognition for research (1), providing direction (1), increasing the number of schol¬ arships (1), raising the standards of research (1), and providing bet¬ ter fellowships (1). As Dr. E. Emmet Reid recently said, “The South has been backward in research.’' He pointed out that a survey showed that only 4% of the pages in the Journal of the American Chem¬ ical Society come from the South, and of this one-half from the University of Virginia, one-fourth from two institutions in North Carolina, and the rest from other states. Dr. Reid ob¬ served that the Southern Agricultural Experiment Stations have probably done better, but that it was his opinion that the other sciences were in about the same condition as chemistry. In assembling some data recently, I came upon the following rather astonishing facts : According to a survey made by the National Research Coun¬ cil in 1939, there were 140 industrial research laboratories in the State of Massachusetts. This did not include college, uni¬ versity, and foundation laboratories. At that time, there were 18 such laboratories in Virginia. I use the State of Massachu¬ setts as a comparison because there has been established in New England a New Products Committee, headed by Dr. Carl T. Compton, the idea being to develop plants and payrolls from dis¬ coveries in New England’s f amyous research laboratories. The News Edition of Industrial and. Engineering Chemistry for May, 1941, published a list of scholarships and grants sponsored by industry. The list contained 210 sponsoring agents supporting more than 721 scholarships, fellowships, and grants. Five Southern industries with headquarters South of the Potomac PROCEEDINGS 167 were included as donors, and nine educational institutions in the same area were recipients. I am inclined to think that we have a challenge there. The war has resulted in the United States not being able to import a number of items which were formerly brought in from abroad. In addition, the demand for other materials has been greatly accelerated. World War I resulted, as many of you know, in this country becoming independent of certain parts of the rest of the world, so far as a great many supplies were con¬ cerned. The United States will undoubtedly achieve independ¬ ence in many commodities during World War II. The following quotation is taken from a house organ of an essential oil producer: “The possibility of developing^ domestic American essential oil in¬ dustry, based on oils obtained from plants grown in this country, has for many years held the interest of perfumers and agricultural ex¬ perimenters. The course of developments of the war has brought this question once again to the forefront and made it one of immediate concern to the aromatic chemical industry.” I was told recently by Mr. Morrell, managing editor of Man¬ ufacturers Record that more than $1,000,000,000.00 worth of oil had been imported to this country prior to the war. I have seen references to the possibility of certain drug plants being grown in the South. Dr. Haag says : “There is no reason whatsoever, except an inherent inertia, why many of these plants cannot be grown below the Potomac.” I mention these two or three specific cases or possibilities only by way of illustration. There are, of course, numerous other possibilities. Does the Virginia Academy of Science want to do an^hing beyond what we are doing now about this important subject of research? Can we afford it, or in the words of Mr. Morrell, man¬ aging editor of the Manufacturers Record, ''Can we afford not to do it?'' At this point, I should like to give you five quotations from a paper delivered by Dr, George H. Boyd, head of the depart¬ ment of zoology at the University of Georgia, and President of the Southern Association of Science and Industry: “My first suggestion, therefore, is that a real opportunity exists for any organization which will undertake to go quietly but actively about the job of promoting constructive scientific research in the prob¬ lems of the South.” “If research is to progress it must have the sympathy and support which can come only when the public understands something of its aims, its problems and its possibilities. I am still further convinced that if applied research and industrialization are to make their right¬ ful contribution to the progress of the South they must be built upon a strong educational system. The universities which train men for research constitute the foundation upon which applied research must rest.” • 168 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE “In order that the South may reap the greatest benefits from its natural resources it is necessary, not only that the industries be lo¬ cated in the South but also that the research problems relating to those resources be provided in the South. Furthermore, it stands to reason that the resources of the South can best be developed by those who know the South and who know those resources through close contact with them.” “If the scientist hopes to be a factor in building a greater South he must never cease to recognize his obligation to the public which supports his efforts- — the public which must understand him.” “The task of implanting the aim, the spirit and the method of sci¬ ence in the minds and the activities of the public is one of the impor¬ tant tasks which science and industry must face. It is one of educa¬ tion and one which cannot be accomplished in a day.” This brings us to the third sub-committee which was ap¬ pointed in response to the suggestions with reference to Acad¬ emy work. This committee was called Education and Publicity. Dr. I. A. Updike served as the first Chairman of this committee, but had to resign because of the pressure of other duties. The importance of the work of this committee is emphasized by the last quotation from Dr. Boyd. I feel that the newspapers in Virginia are giving us, for the most part, excellent support. Dr. Negus, as you know, has a column in the Commonwealth, known as Science Notes. This publication has a circulation of around 6000 or 7000. As to whether or not the work of this committee should be pushed for¬ ward at this time, I do not know. The fourth sub-committee was established as a result of 8 suggestions, or 5.2% of the replies. This is the committee on Science Museums, and- our present President, Dr. George Jef¬ fers, has been Chairman of this committee. They have done a very constructive piece of work. A joint resolution introduced by Senator Brock at the la.st session of the Virginia Assembly was adopted, creating a com¬ mission to study the advisability of establishing a State Museum of Science. Senator Brock is a member of this committee, to¬ gether with Representative Davis, Dr. Jeffers, and Dr. Sanger. Because of the importance of finances in the operation of any organization, it was thought wise to appoint a committee which would study the financial policies of the Academy and make such suggestions as might seem proper with reference to the future financial operations of the Academy. Dr. H. B. Haag is Chairman of this committee, and a constructive report has been prepared. What has commonly come to be known as the James River Project had its beginning with a letter written by Mr. Justus H. Cline to Dr. Ivey Lewis. As a matter of record, I am insert¬ ing this letter in this paper : “A monograph on James River would perhaps appeal to the imagi¬ nation of Virginians as much as anything the Academy could do. “The James is strictly a Virginia River — drains imnortant parts of all the physiographic provinces of the State and embraces practi- PROCEEDINGS 169 cally every stream type. The majority of the important cities and institutions of learning in Virginia are located on it, or its tributaries. ,, It varies from almost absolute purity to_^ a very bad degree of pollu¬ tion in its lower stretches. No stream in the country has more his¬ torical romance. ‘^What civilization has done to this wonderful river, which should be the pride of Virginia and the nation, would certainly be a fine thing for the Academy to find out and tell about, and_ I think the task of securing funds for the undertaking would be relatively simple, and the work would engage a number of the various sections of the Acad¬ emy. “I am curious to know what your reaction to the idea is. “With best wishes.” Dr. Marcellus H. Stow is the Chairman of this very impor¬ tant committee. The committee has done excellent work, and they are in a position to speak for themselves. Report of the S'ub-Coimiiittee on Science Clubs > . and Junior Academy . • ; A committee composed of Dean Rudd, Dr. E, C. L. Miller,- Mr. L. C. Bird, Dr. Geo. W. Jeffers, Miss- J. Francis Allen, and Mr. Hubert J. Davis met in Dean Rudd's office with Miss Mar¬ garet Patterson, representative of the American Institute of Science and Engineering 'Clubs of the City of New York, on May 2, 1941, to discuss some plan of cooperation between the American Institute and the Virginia Junior Academy. A plan was agreed upon in which the American Institute would withdraw support of, and control over all science clubs in Virginia and these clubs would be administered by the offi¬ cers of the Virginia Academy and Virginia Junior Academy of Science. The American Institute agreed to finance science club work in Virginia during the year 1941-42 up to $100.00. At this meeting it was agreed that Dr. E. C. L. Miller should serve as the treasurer of the Virginia Junior Academy of Sci¬ ence. Also, that the Virginia Junior Academy of Science should purchase its own stationery. The first annual meeting of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science was held in the George Wythe High School Building,' Richmond, May 3, 1941. A program was conducted during the morning, and the afternoon session devoted to business. At this meeting, a constitution was presented and adopted, a copy of which is attached. Student officers were elected, and prizes awarded for exhibits, and for a radio contest. No financial help was ever received from the American In¬ stitute. In October, 1941, the managing trustee informed us that the American . Institute had withdrawn all support of sci¬ ence clubs outside of the city of New York. Also, we were in¬ formed that this had been done in favor of Science Service, un¬ der the direction of Watson Davis. Science Service was led to believe that our affiliation would be carried over with their new 170 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE organization, Science Clubs of America. However, it was the opinion of many individual members of the Virginia Academy of Science that we should not undertake cooperation with the new organization. The matter of our cooperation with Science Clubs of America was left unsettled until the Virginia Academy Council met on January 16th. At this meeting it was decided that we should not cooperate with them, but that the Virginia Academy of Sci¬ ence should provide support, financial and otherwise, to continue the work of the Junior Academy for the remainder of the year. At this meeting Miss Lena Artz was confirmed as secretary of the Junior Academy of Science to replace Miss J. Frances Allen who had moved to New York State. The loss of the secretary, and the failure of our affiliation with the American Institute to materialize, and the consequent delay almost wrecked our organization, and handicapped our "work for the whole year. At the council meeting on January 16th, it was suggested that the services of the members of the Virginia Academy of Science be enlisted as speakers for science dubs in their localities. This resulted in Dr. Thomas D. Rowe, Medical College of Virginia, appearing before the Thomas Jef¬ ferson Science Club in Richmond, on April 13th. Since our work was begun in earnest in January the mem¬ ber science clubs have contacted several times and given a voice in determining the policies of the Junior Academy of Science. The following monographs have been prepared and distrib¬ uted to the Clubs: 1. “Science Activities Based on Chemical Warfare.’' 2. “Science Clubs and National Defense.” 3. “Bib¬ liography of Plays and Entertainment for Science Clubs.” 4. “Chemical Warfare.” 5. “Standards for Science Exhibits.” An article has been prepared and is soon to appear in the Vir¬ ginia Journal of Education on “High School Science and Na¬ tional Defense.” Under the joint leadership of Mr. Alfred Fisher, Jefferson Senior High School, Roanoke, and Mr. Seldon H. Watkins, An¬ drew Lewis High School, Salem, a program has been prepared for the second annual meeting which is to be held in Roanoke on Friday and Saturday of this week. The Junior Academy of Science is sponsoring the Fisheries Exhibit,, the Gottschalk But¬ terfly Exhibit and the Junior Academy Competitive Exhibit. There are now twenty-one science clubs affiliated with the Virginia Junior Academy of Science with a student membership of approximately 500. The income during the year from May 3. 1941 to April 16th, 1942, has been $80.13 and the expenditures $70.99. This report does not include the expenses of the current meeting. The Science Club Committee recommends that the science club work of the Junior Academy of Science be actively sup¬ ported for another year. That the chief objective for the year PROCEEDINGS 171 be to help science clubs make a definite contribution to the na¬ tional war effort. That efforts be made to accomplish this ob¬ jective through active leadership of both the Junior Academy and Senior Academy officers. That the leaders of both organi¬ zations be on the alert to find pupils with outstanding ability and offer them encouragement and help. That when occasions arise where pupils need help, they be aided in securing scholarship in Virginia Schools, and other help which will enable them to con¬ tinue their training in scientific vocations. This committee recommends that the Sponsoring Committee and the Science Club Committee both be discontinued. That a new organization known as the Junior Academy Council be cre¬ ated to take their place. That this council be composed of seven members, three of which are members of the Senior Academy and four of which are sponsors of high school science clubs. That this council be appointed by the president of the Virginia Academy of Science upon recommendation of those interested in the work of the Junior Academy of Science, and that the president of the Virginia Academy of Science designate the president of this council. That the members serve three years, with at least two new members added each year. That they be so appointed as to permit new members next year. That the elected student officers of the Junior Academy of Science have an equal voice with the council members in conducting matters per¬ taining to the Junior Academy. Respectfully submitted. Miss Lena Artz, Miss Martha Lipscomb, Miss Elizabeth Gillespie, Mr. W. I. Nickels, Jr., Mr, J. T. Christopher, Mr, C. G. Gibbs, Mr. William T. Hall,. Mr. H. S. Holmes, Mr. W. W. Noffsinger, Mr. Hubert J. Davis, Chairman. THE VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE REPORT OF SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION Roanoke, Virginia — May 8 and 9, 1942 The theme of the second annual convention of the Virginia Junior Acad¬ emy of Science was “SCIENCE IN NATIONAL DEFENSE/^ This meet¬ ing consisted of science exhibits, two radio programs, two moving pic¬ tures, an address on “Chemical Warfare,” and a business meeting. RADIO INTERVIEW : The convention was opened by a radio inter¬ view at 11:30 A. M. Friday, over radio station WSLS, under the direction of Miss J. Prances Allen, Pulaski High School, The interrogators on this program were Peggy Wilkinson, Jefferson Senior High School, Olga Zink, Andrew Lewis High School, Salem; John Lynos, Pulaski High School, and Don Coordes, Pulaski High School. Those replying were Dr. George W. 172 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Jeffers, President of Virginia Academy of Science, Farmville; Dr. Ivey L. Lewis, Dean University of Virginia; Dr. John Alex Rorer, Extension Di¬ vision, University of Virginia; Dr. Curtis L. Newcombe, William and Mary College, Director of Virginia Fisheries Laboratory; and Mr. Loyd C. Bird, President of Phipps and Bird, Richmond. MOVING PICTURE: Two moving pictures were shown to a group of seventy-five delegates and sponsors in Jefferson High School Auditorium at 8:15. Mr. Seldon H. Watkins, Andrew Lewis High School, Salem, had charge. The color film ''Power Behind the Nation’’ was provided by the N. & W. Railway. "Fighting a Fire Bomb” was shown, with Mr. Robert Cochran, Office of Civilian Defense, as narrator and lecturer. RECEPTION: Delegates, sponsors and visitors gathered in the Jef¬ ferson library for an informal reception and refreshments after the mo¬ tion picture. Miss Marion Carr of the Jefferson Science Club, and her re¬ ception committee were in charge. REGISTRATION : During Saturday morning delegates from seven¬ teen high school clubs registered. This included twelve sponsors and twenty-five visitors from the community and from the Virginia Academy of Science. More than two hundred delegates attended the meetings. The largest number registered from the host club. Pulaski High School had the second largest number, thirty-six pupils and three teachers. GENERAL MEETING: William Garth, president of the Jefferson Science Club welcomed the visitors. A. J. Davis, president of the Virginia Junior Academy gave the response. Dr. Curtis L. Newcombe, Director of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, gave a description of the Marine Ex¬ hibit. He also outlined a tentative educational program which he wants to promote through the science clubs and high schools. This will include a display of the marine exhibit in the high school, many museum speci¬ mens of marine life, and pamphlets on conservation of oysters, etc., for both the teacher and the pupils. SECTIONAL MEETINGS: These meetings were held in the labora¬ tories and classrooms of the Jefferson High School. Dr. H. J. Johnson, of Roanoke College presided over the Chemistry section. Students from Jef¬ ferson, Pulaski, and Andrew Lewis High Schools presided over the other sections. Many worthwhile problems were discussed. GENERAL MEETING: Miss J. Frances Allen presided at the general meeting. Dr. Geo. W. Jeffers, President of the Virginia Academy of Sci¬ ence gave a brief review of the business matters which had been discussed in regard to the promotion of the Junior Academy work. He informed the delegates that a special committee had been appointed to study the prob¬ lem of affiliation with SCIENCE CLUBS OF AMERICA. That the Acad¬ emy thought it wise to create a substantial budget for the support of the work of the Junior Academy of Science for another year. That the Senior Academy thought it wise to have the next meeting of the Junior Academy in the same building with the Senior Academy to create more intercourse between the two groups. That the next annual meeting would probably be held at Harrisonburg at Madison College. Dr. Roy P. Ash, Professor of Biology, William and Mary College, in¬ troduced the main speaker. Major Herbert C. Roberts, of United States Chemical Warfare Division. Major Roberts delivered an interesting and forceful illustrated lecture on Chemical Warfare and the Civilian. This lecture was followed by a question and answer period. RADIO QUIZ: The annual radio quiz was held in the studio of WSLS at 12:30, under the direction of Miss Anita Cruiso, Andrew Lewis High School, with Roland Woodward, president of the Bi-Phy-Chem Science Club as announcer. Six science clubs were represented in the quiz. First prize of ten silver dollars was awarded to a representative of Roy C. An¬ drews Science Club, Pulaski. Second prize was awarded Tree Study Club of Arlington. Judges for the radio quiz were Dr. Paul R. Burch,. Radford State Teachers College, Miss Mary Oglesby, Staunton, and Mrs. Sue B. Christian, Appomattox. The prizes were given by Phipps & Bird of Rich¬ mond and Caldwell Sites of Roanoke. PROCEEDINGS 173 BUSINESS MEETING: Mr. A. J. Davis presided. Minutes of the last meeting were read and adopted. Resolutions were read, and other committees reported. Minutes -of this meeting will be sent you later. New officers were elected. Mr. William Garth, Jefferson Senior High School was chosen unanimously as president for next year. Mr. Hope Christian of Appomattox High School was elected vice-president, and Mr. Byron Stokes of Warren County High School, Front Royal, was elected secretary. EXHIBITS: “Nine years ago Carl Gottschalk started a collection of butterflies while but a freshman in high school. Although he has neither bought nor sold specimens his present collection comprises more than 4,000 different butterflies, and includes several hundred different species, many of which are rare and valuable. This collection includes rare, species from Japan, Germany, Italy, Holland, Latvia, Turkey, Greece, Brazil, Peru, Can¬ ada, Switzerland and other countries.” News Bulletin Science Clubs of Ameinca. This absorbing collection of butterflies was exhibited at Hotel Roanoke under the sponsorship of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. Other exhibits sponsored were the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory Marine Exhibit, and the Jefferson Senior High School Exhibit of model airplanes. The following exhibits were displayed in competition for prizes: Re¬ mote Control Apparatus; Fun with Trees; Spatter Prints of Leaves; Peg Puzzle; Butterflies; Model of a Shaft Coal Mine; A Homemade Barometer; Cloud Formation; Chlorophyll Extraction; Velocity of Sound Apparatus; Mineral Display; Photomicrography Exhibit; Model of Norris Dam. The Judges for the exhibits were Dr. Marcellus H. Stow, President of the Virginia Academy of Science, Dr. Curtis L. Newcombe, Director of Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, and Dr. Orland E. White, Blandy Experi¬ mental Farm, University of Virginia. First prize was a pen and pencil set and was awarded to Andrew Lewis High School for “Photomicrography.” Second prize, a Brownie Camera was awarded to Jefferson Senior High School for “Minerals.” Third prize was awarded Arlington High School for “Fun with Trees,” and was a dissecting set. Honorary membership in the Virginia Academy of Science was awarded to Pulaski High School for “A Model of Boulder Dam. The prizes for these exhibits were given by business organizations in Roanoke. PICTURES: Thirty pictures were made covering the exhibit, banquet radio programs, and officers and delegates of the meeting. These pictures are available in sizes up to 8" x 10" for those who wish to purchase copies. COUNCIL: The Virginia Academy of Science decided to enlarge the council of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science to ten members. Three of these are to be mem.bers of the Senior Academy, four high school sci¬ ence club sponsors, and the other three the elected officers of the Junior Academy of Science. This council will displace the Junior Academy Spon¬ soring Committee and the Science Club Committee, and become the execu¬ tive body of the Junior Academy of Science. CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AS Adopted May, 1942 ARTICLE 1. NAME This organization shall be known as the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. ARTICLE 11. PURPOSE The object of the Junior Academy of Science shall be to stimulate in¬ terest in science, to work with the sponsors of the clubs and the Virginia Academy of Science in making high school science more worth while, and to work with other clubs in providing project materials and new ideas. 174 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ARTICLE III. MEMBERSHIP The membership shall consist of active chapters affiliated, which have met the requirements fixed by the membership committee. Each chapter shall have an adult sponsor who meets the approval of the school administration. Each chapter shall have a written Constitution which has met the ap¬ proval of the membership committee. All of the business meetings shall be conducted according to parlia¬ mentary procedure. Each school may have one chapter membership in the Junior Academy which may consist of as many clubs as the school desires. It is recommended that each chapter adopt the name of a patron scien¬ tist and be familiar with the life work of the scientist. ARTICLE IV. FEES Each chapter shall pay an annual fee of $3.00 for any chapter in mem¬ bership up to twenty and $.20 additional for every member above twenty. This annual fee includes $2.00 annual dues to the American Institute of Science and Engineering Clubs and $1.00 annual dues to the Virginia Jun¬ ior Academy. Ten cents of the additional fee will go to the American In¬ stitute of Science and Engineering Clubs and $.10 to the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. Chapters which for any reason cease to be members must surrender their charters at the request of the governing council. ARTICLE V. OFFICERS The student officers of the Junior Academy shall consist of president, vice-president, secretary, and any other officers needed, as decided by the delegates at their first annual meeting. Each officer shall be elected by a majority vote of the delegates which are present at the meeting. Each officer shall serve one year and shall not be eligible to succeed himself. Every club shall have furnished a president to the Junior Academy be¬ fore any club can furnish a second president. Other officers will follow the same procedure. No club shall furnish more than one officer in any one year. The candidates for the office must conform to the eligibility require¬ ments set up by the nominating committee. Any candidate which has met the requirements of this committee may be presented for election. ARTICLE VI. GOVERNING COUNCIL The governing council shall consist of the president, vice-president and the secretary of the Junior Academy of Science who shall be elected by the delegates of the chapters, and the president of the Junior Academy Com¬ mittee along with two other members of this committee, which shall be ap¬ pointed by the president of the committee. The sponsor of the host club for the next Academy meeting shall serve on the governing council. The president of the Junior Academy Commit¬ tee shall be designated by the president of the Virginia Academy of Sci¬ ence. All of the policies of the Junior Academy governing council shall be subject to the approval of the Virginia Academy sponsoring committee. ARTICLE VII. MEETINGS The regular meeting of the Junior Academy of Science shall be held at the same time and place of the Virginia Academy of Science. This, ac¬ cording to the latter’s Constitution, shall be the second Thursday, Friday, and Saturday in May. Any additional meeting may be held at the discre¬ tion of the governing council. Such meetings as the local chapters may PROCEEDINGS 175 hold must be fixed by the membership committee. The Junior Academy Committee recommends that the chapters sponsor science exhibits at the county fairs and at the district and State educational meetings. ARTICLE VIIL EXPENSES AND BILLS Bills incurred by the Junior Academy shall be payed by check from the treasurer and countersigned by the chairman of the Junior Academy Com¬ mittee. The Junior Academy shall arrange for an auditor to check the books before the treasurer gives his annual report. ARTICLE IX. AMENDMENTS Any proposed amendment must be submitted in writing to the govern¬ ing council for its approval four weeks before the annual meeting. Amend¬ ments approved by the council become a part of the Constitution when ap¬ proved by two-thirds majority of the voting delegates, ARTICLE X. COMMITTEES The president of the Junior Academy and the chairman of the Junior Academy Committee shall appoint at such times as are necessary the fol¬ lowing committees. Membership^ nominating, sectional meeting, exhibit, and any others deemed necessary. ARTICLE XI. HONORARY MEMBERSHIP Candidates for honorary membership in the A. A. A, S, and the Vir¬ ginia Academy of Science may be submitted from the member chapters to the governing council for consideration. Evidence of the candidate’s abil¬ ity and his possibilities as a future scientist must be submitted with the candidacy. Three boys and three girls will be selected from this list, one boy and one girl who shall each be given one of the A. A. A. S. member¬ ships and the others each be given the honorary Virginia Academy mem¬ bership if such be established. ARTICLE XII. DELEGATES Each club shall be entitled to one delegate. This delegate and one sponsor from each club shall be entitled to one vote each. Report of Sponsoring Committee for Junior Academy of Science The sponsoring Committee for the Junior Academy of Sci¬ ence again has very little to report in the way of activities for the past year. We have held ourselves ready to serve the Junior Academy, and have kept in touch with that organization con¬ stantly through correspondence and conferences of the Chair¬ man with Mr, Hubert J. Davis. Mr. Davis has very kindly con¬ sulted us in connection with his program for the year and his program and exhibits at the Annual Conference. We have heartily endorsed all his activities and wish again to commend him and the Junior Academy of Science Committee for their fine work in getting the Junior Academy functioning. Last year our Committee was in touch with Dr. Shelton, of the American Institute of Science and Engineering Clubs, with a view to getting their assistance in the promotion of science clubs in Virginia. At the time of our last Annual Conference 176 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE there was hope that assistance would be forthcoming. How¬ ever, since that time the funds of the American Institute have been drastically reduced and assistance can no longer be expected from that source at any time in the near future, if at all. It seems to this Committee, therefore, that for the present at least we must continue to operate the Junior Academy of Science on a self-sustaining basis with such assistance as the Virginia Academy of Science can give. When times are more normal perhaps we can hope for assistance from Virginia industries, but at present we do not feel that any drive for such support would be likely to receive favorable consideration. At present, there are 21 science clubs affiliated with the Jun¬ ior Academy of Science. With transfers of science teachers from one school to another and their call to the armed services of the country, it is possible that the number of clubs will be re¬ duced next year and income thus lowered. However, we do not believe this would result in any great expense to the Virginia Academy of Science since the total budget this year, exclusive of the annual conference expenses, has been less than $100.00 and has been met in full from income. The Sponsoring Committee strongly recommends, therefore, that the Virginia Academy of Science continue as in the past its moral and financial support of the Junior Academy of Science. Respectfully submitted, Sponsoring Committee for the Junior Academy, L. F. Addington, L. C, Bird, Francis S. Chase, I. A. Updike, George W. Jeffers, Vice-Chairman, , J. A, Rorer, Chairman. Report of the Finance Committee On March 28, 1941, President Wortley F. Rudd appointed the following committee to assist the Long Range Planning Committee of the Virginia Academy of Science in planning for the financial needs of the Academy: Mr. H. R. Hanmer, Doctor J. Shelton Horsley, Doctor E. W. Magruder, Honorable L. Pres¬ ton Collins, and H. B. Haag. So that the functions of this sub-committee might be more clearly understood and its tasks kept in proper perspective, we are quoting from that part of Dean Rudd’s letter of appointment, bearing directly on its duties: ‘‘The Virginia Academy of Science, in attempting to properly en¬ visage its future maximum usefulness to our Commonwealth, has had its president appoint a Long Range Planning Committee — a title sig¬ nificant of its purpose. “One of the more important phases associated with the activities of this committee is that concerned with the planning of the future financial policy of the Association after the evaluation of present ac- PROCEEDINGS 177 tivities and future aspirations. To assist the Academy in this, a com¬ mittee composed of men familiar with the problems of finance and sci¬ ence is being appointed. ‘T should like to stress the point that this will be a policy-deter¬ mining committee and not one charged with the actual raising of funds.” These findings which are now being submitted for consid¬ eration and possible use by the Long Range Planning Commit¬ tee deal almost entirely with the financial policy of the organi¬ zation in view of present activities. Until the future aspirations of the Academy take on a more concrete form it is difficulty if not impossible^ to suggest adequate financial arrangements, espe¬ cially in view of the uncertainties of the present. Actually, each new venture should be considered as a separate monetary prob¬ lem. In order to obtain information helpful in our assignment, questionnaires inquiring into the financial background of other State Academies of Science were sent out to about 25 Acade¬ mies. Replies were received from 18. The Journal As judged from the questionnaires it appears that 10 of the 18 Academies issue their own journals; all support their jour¬ nals partly from dues; with several, assistance is derived from the sale of advertising space and reprints; one receives state aid, and one receives aid from the State University. As one reads the comments concerning the financing of their journals, most Academies seem to have some difficulty. One secretary re¬ ported that occasionally he has asked friends for $100 donations for journal purposes. In three instances authors are asked to pay $1.50 a page. In several cases Academies publishing no journal do publish annual proceedings, which are assisted finan¬ cially either by state grants or grants from state supported col¬ leges. The constitution of the Virginia Academy of Science states that one of the purposes of the organization is “To provide means for prompt publication of papers or abstracts.'’ This can be in¬ terpreted that one of the major aims of our organization is to support our Journal. If this is so, then the sum of $500 which the Academy has been allotting annually to its Science Journal appears proper and modest when compared with situations else¬ where. Actually because the Journal now bears the expense of publishing the Programs and Proceedings, this is more of a bookkeeping transfer than an actual increased expenditure. Should the Journal be continued, then as time goes on this as¬ sistance might be lessened, as the Journal seeks and obtains other support. The State might be asked to at least partially defray the expenses of this publication. 178 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Membership Fees Of 15 Academies answering' the question pertaining to mem¬ bership fees, 13 have fees for regular members ranging from one to two dollars; one has a fee of $2.50, and one $5. One has a student fee of 50c, six have a one dollar fee for associate and junior members, four have a fee of $10 for sustaining members, three have a fee of from $30 to $50 for life members, and two list as patrons those who donate from $100 up. In the Virginia Academy of Science regular membership dues are $2, collegiate membership $1, sustaining membership $10, life membership $50, and patrons $1000 up or its equivalent. It would appear unwise to increase any of the membership fees at present. They seem to be in keeping with the average trend, and unless unusual circumstances arise there seems to be little justification for any increase. Two of the Academies have a membership of from 100 to 200; seven have a membership of 200 to 400; four from 400 to 600; five, 600 to 900. The Virginia Academy has about 900 members. This is a very good showing as compared with other state Academies. ! Surpluses Two Academies reported a deficit; seven reported that the disbursal of their surplus has been no problem with them. Of those having a surplus, the figures, per capita membership, va¬ ried from fifteen cents to $8, or an average of $2.30. The Vir¬ ginia Academy has a surplus of approximately $1600, corre¬ sponding to about $1.70 per capita. Fifteen of the Academies use their surpluses to defray the costs of their Journal or Proceedings; three indicated that sur¬ pluses are disbursed for research grants; four Academies are building up an endowment presumably from which to use inter¬ est for research purposes. One Academy gives appreciable as¬ sistance to the Junior Academy of Science, giving from $1500 to $2500 a year for this purpose. Registration Fee None of the Academies charge a registration fee at the An¬ nual Meetings, and this would seem the best policy for the Vir¬ ginia Academy to follow. Junior Academy of Science Five of the state Academies have no Junior Academy; three others have Junior Academies but they have become self-sup¬ porting. With the exception of the Academy noted above which gives from $1500 to $2500 yearly to their Junior branch, the av¬ erage support was $40 a year. The Virginia Academy last year allotted about $25 to the Junior Academy of Science; it seems PROCEEDINGS 179 wise to continue assistance if necessary, particularly during these beginning years. Annual Meeting The Annual Meetings of the Academies seem to be run at practically no cost to the Academies themselves ; some supply badges; some pay expenses of the guest speaker, the cost run¬ ning from $17.50 to $50. The cost of the Annual Meeting of the Virginia Academy of Science varies from $25 to $50 a year, ex¬ clusive of programs. Endowment Over a period of ten years the research committee has granted approximately 50% as much money as was requested. It is to be hoped that the endowment of approximately $12,000 which yields most of the $500 annually available can be in¬ creased by adding to it from accumulated surpluses and by gifts from interested individuals. This is one of the most important activities of the Academy. The sum of about $150 is yearly re¬ funded to the Academy for research purposes by the A. A. A. S. from membership fees of Academy members belonging to the A. A. A. S. Summary All in all it seems that the present financial situation in the Academy is relatively in excellent shape in view of current ex¬ penditures. Actually some increases in expenditures which might facilitate management of Academy affairs seem justi¬ fied. One of these, for instance, which might be contemplated is the furnishing of some secretarial assistance to the President whenever needed. The Academy’s surplus of some $1600 should, it would ap¬ pear, be kept as a reserve, inasmuch as it does not represent much more than one year’s running expenses for the Academy. These funds might be invested partially in easily negotiable federal bonds. What should be a desirable surplus for an or¬ ganization such as ours is difficult to answer. It may be that once the surplus reaches the figure of $2000, yearly excesses should be given over for disbursal to the research committee and for use for promoting special activities of the Academy, It would seem perfectly proper however, both from the standpoint of making the Academy more generally useful and as a move to improve the Academy’s finances, if it considered additional types of membership as follows: 180 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Endowed Perpetual Membership : Libraries . $25.00 a year Institutions . 50.00 a year Manufacturers . 100.00 a year Respectfully, Mr. H. R. Hanmer, Dr. J. Shelton Horsley, Dr. E. W. Magruder, Hon. L. Preston Collins, Dr. H. B. Haag, Chairman. Report of the Committee on the James River Project At the meeting of the Southern Association for the Advance¬ ment of Science held in Mobile, Alabama, in March, 1941, the writer was honored with an invitation from the Long Range Planning Committee, of the Virginia Academy of Science, rep¬ resented by Messrs. L. C. Bird, Wortley Rudd, and Catesby Jones, to become chairman of the James River Project Commit¬ tee. The full Committee, appointed by the Long Range Plan¬ ning Committee, consisted of Col. Robert P. Carroll of V. M. L, Mr. Justus H. Cline of Stuarts Draft, Dean I. F. Lewis of the University of Virginia, Mr. F. F. Smith of the Virginia Alco¬ holic Beverage Control Laboratories, Dr. Marcellus H. Stow of Washington and Lee University, and Dr. I. D. Wilson of V. P. I. After giving the matter considerable thought and after con¬ sultation with such outstanding authorities on Conservation as Justus Cline and Dr. Henry Ward, the chairman wrote a report outlining the objectives of the James River Project. This re¬ port was mimeographed and copies were distributed widely throughout the State and to people interested in that type of study in various other States; it was printed in the October, 1941, issue of the Virginia Journal of Science, a reprint of which is herewith attached. As a means of obtaining concrete expression of the objectives of the work on the Project it was decided to publish a monograph on the James River; the title for this is to be The James River — Past, Present, Future. This idea has been received with en¬ thusiasm by scientists interested in the general subject of con¬ servation. Dr. Sidney Negus wrote an outline of the Project for Science and one for The Commomvealth, these have received excentionally favorable comment from numerous sources. The field to be covered by the Monograph was divided into subjects representing the various branches of the Academy, plus several others that were not thus represented. Invitations were sent out to authorities in these fields asking them if they would contribute a chapter to the Monograph. In most cases the in¬ vitations were enthusiastically received and were accepted. An PROCEEDINGS 181 outline of the topics was sent to each author and a brief state¬ ment concerning the length desired and suggested method of treatment accompanied it. Attached herewith is a copy of the outline for the Monograph and a list of the authors for the chap¬ ters. The next step was to investigate methods for obtaining funds for the publication of the Monograph. It was agreed that the subject was one of considerable consequence to the State of Vir¬ ginia and therefore, the cost of publication should be borne by the State. The chairman made an appointment with Senator Carter Glass, Jr., for suggestions as to the best method of ap¬ proach. He advised that Senator Aubrey Weaver could rec¬ ommend the proper, procedure. A committee consisting of Dean Rudd, Dr. Miller, Mr. Bird, Mr. Foley Smith, Mr. Cline, Mr. Catesby Jones, and myself met with Senator Weaver in the Cap¬ itol at Richmond and outlined our plans for the Monograph and asked if he would advise us on the procedure for presenting a request for $5,000 to the coming session of the Legislature. Mr. Weaver was enthusiastic in his acceptance of the idea and agreed to handle all phases of the matter in the Senate. A few weeks later another committee consisting of Mr. Cline, Col. Carroll, Dr. J. J. Murray, and myself waited upon Mr. Frank Moore of the State House of Delegates. He, likewise, was enthusiastic in his reception of our plans and agreed to attend to the neces¬ sary details in the House. Before the Legislature adjourned the sum of $5,000 was ap¬ propriated for the publication of the Monograph 9n The James River — Past, Present, Future. Authors of the various chapters were requested to submit the manuscript to the Chairman of the Committee by April 1, 1942. But when original plans had been laid. Pearl Harbor was a little-known harbor in the Pacific Ocean. When it flared into fame, the lives of all of us were changed and I am afraid the publication of the Monograph will be delayed. The Chairman of your James River Project Committee was called to Washing¬ ton in the middle of January for duty in the War Production Board and has been working about sixty hours a week in an of¬ fice — which doesn’t leave much time for the work he would rather be doing on the James River Project. Many of our au¬ thors are members of university faculties in which the calm of academic routine has been seriously disrupted, courses have been changed, curricula altered, and plans for summer sessions have had to be developed. This is not conducive to the kind of thought necessary for writing on the James River Project. Some of our authors are business executives or state officals and their routine has been suddenly altered. Although I had re¬ ceived only one manuscript by the middle of April, no one has asked to be entirely released from his agreement — presumably most of the authors have merely been delayed due to the cir- 182 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE cumstances of the times. It is sincerely hoped that the coming summer will present greater opportunity for the completion of the manuscripts, and I am certain that the terrible state of Na¬ tional and World affairs will ultimately serve to emphasize the great need for such a study as the James River Project involves. The idea has been looked upon with great interest and approved by Universities outside of Virginia, by State Geologists, by the President and officers of National Scientific Associations (at¬ tached is a copy of a letter from Dr. Richard M. Field), and by Federal officials in numerous offices. When Dean Rudd thought out the Long Range Planning idea and the Committee inaugu¬ rated the James River Project, a significant step was made to¬ ward the establishment of a new approach to the study of Sci¬ ences and toward the improvement of the World as a Human Habitat. May I express my great appreciation of the wise coun¬ cil and limitless enthusiasm of Judd Cline; he has been unique in his interest in the James River Project; without him we would have been unable to do what little has been done on this Long Range Project. Respectfully submitted, Marcellus H. Stow, Chairman James River Project Committee. January 5, 1942. Dear Professor Stow: Thank you for your recent letter and your report of the Special Committee of the Virginia Academy of Science on the James River Project. This is a particularly interesting and important project in geoscience and “Human Habitat'’; and should serve as an excellent example of the sincere, intelligent, and practical attempt of the peo¬ ple of Virginia to focus their historical, scientific, and geographic re¬ search within, and for the benefit of, their state. The region selected is well adapted to the fundamental purpose of the project, and will afford an excellent opportunity for stimulating the best cooperative interests and efforts of all your people and institutions who are truly interested in human progress. The Virginia Academy of Science is rendering not only a local, but also a national and international example in originating this proj¬ ect, the development and conduct of which, I am sure, will be watched and studied with great profit by other state and federal governments, as well as by private, sociological, and scientific institutions. I am particularly interested in your endeavors in relation to the fundamental problems in geology and geophysics, and have just been informed that the Geological Society of America has appointed a 'Committee to advise its Council as to how the “Society” may best serve our country. I enclose a copy of a letter recently addressed to the Secretary of the Geological Society of America. This letter de¬ scribes the personnel and preliminary plans of the Committee on Na¬ tional Welfare and Related Functions of the American Geophysical Union. I can assure you that our Committee will be informed of your project and that it will hope to learn further of your progress, as a particularly significant example of coordinated and unselfish coopera¬ tive research in geoscience and human affairs. Sincerely and cordially yours, (Signed) Richard M. Field. Dr. Field is Professor of Geology at Princeton University, Past-presi¬ dent of the American Geophysical Union, and Chairman of the Committee on National Welfare and Related Functions of the American Geophysical Union. PROCEEDINGS 183 Report of Sub-Committee on the James River Project Reprinted from The Virginia Journal of Science, VoL 2, No. 6, October, 1941 During the summer of 1940, President Rudd distributed a questionnaire to many members of the Virginia Academy of Science and to others throughout the State. The two questions concerned primary objectives of the Virginia Academy of Science and specific contributions the Academy should make during the next five years. There were one hundred and fifty-two letters of response containing four hundred and fifty-seven suggestions. These were classified under the fourteen topics of Research, Pub¬ licity of Academy's Work, Teaching and Educational Program, Problems Concerning the State, Science Clubs and Junior Acad¬ emy, Guidance Program, Academy Meetings, Providing Material Aids, Water Pollution Problem, Problems of National Defense, Science Museums, Problems Concerning Industry, Retaining Vir¬ ginia-Trained Scientists, and Miscellaneous. Even casual study of these topics will reveal a wide variety of interests, all of im¬ portance and of scientific value. Since some of the topics and problems were suggested by as many as seventeen individuals and since the questionnaire was widely distributed and the num¬ ber of replies received was adequate, it can be reasoned that these suggestions are representative of the general interests of the members of the Academy. How can such a wide diversification of valuable ideas be unified into a single objective that not only will hold the interest of the entire membership of the Academy, but will appeal also to the imaginations of the people of Virginia? It was obvious from the nature of the topics suggested that only a project of wide range could elicit the active interest of a body such as the Virginia Academy of Science. It seemed to the Long Range Plan¬ ning Committee that by setting up some natural and resourceful feature of the State, with which everyone is already familiar, and which has played a profound part in scientific, economic, ro¬ mantic, and social life of the State, the worthy aims of the Acad¬ emy could be accomplished. The Long Range Committee has appointed a Special Committee to initiate and develop such a project. It was considered by the Long Range Committee that the James River Basin would not only meet all these requirements, but would supply a field of research for all sections of the Acad¬ emy, with the common ideal of laying a sound scientific founda¬ tion for the ultimate improvement of one of the most historic and beautiful areas in the United States as a human habitat. It is believed by many that such a project, if properly executed, would attract nation-wide interest. Careful inspection of a map of Virginia will show that the headwaters of Back Creek are in the extreme northwest corner of Highland County near the edge of the Appalachian Plateau, 184 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE that Johns Creek has its source near Mountain Lake in Giles County, and that Dunlap Creek heads in Alleghany County. These counties are at the westernmost boundary of the State. As these small streams join and form larger ones and hundreds of others add water, the mighty James that flows past Richmond and into Chesapeake Bay at Norfolk is formed. From the west¬ ernmost boundary to Chesapeake Bay, the James transects all of the physiographic provinces of the State— the Alleghany Ridges, the Great Valley, the Blue Ridge, the Piedmont, and the Coastal Plain. Of the one hundred counties in Virginia, forty- two of them are either wholly or in part within the James River drainage basin. All branches of science are represented within this area. There are problems of Biology, Chemistry, Conserva¬ tion, Education, Engineering, Forestry, Geology, Physics, Public Health, Sociology — -the list is infinite. The great majority of the universities, colleges, and research institutions are located in the forty -two counties of the James River Basin. In this great river we have our unifying idea around which can be correlated scientific, sociological and historical research. The project is enormous; the results are of inestimable value. The methods of approach are essentially two-fold — first a survey and compilation of information on what is known about existing conditions within the area of investigation — What is the present land-use ? What is the present status of conservation of mineral resources, of wild life, of forests? What is the present status of education, of public health, agriculture, industry? The second phase of the project would be toward scientific improvement of existing conditions. For the success of the work, it must be em¬ phasized that the object is NOT A REFORM MOVEMENT! The Academy would NOT attempt to put trout in all the moun¬ tain streams of the State, but by scientific study would attempt to determine conditions under which trout would thrive in the streams. The Academy would NOT undertake a direct campaign denouncing stream pollution, rather, it would undertake a scien¬ tific study to determine exactly what constitutes pollution and a study of means whereby pollution can be avoided, to the mutual advantage of all. It is proposed that the work on the James River Project be kept on the highest plane of careful scientific research; it should not become involved with the vagaries of politics nor in crusades against ‘Vested interests.” It should study the James River Basin as a human habitat and should in¬ dicate, wherever possible practical means for improving this human habitat. Most of the members of the Academy who have been con¬ sulted about the Project have expressed whole-hearted enthusi¬ asm for it. A few have been skeptical about the possibility or probability of practical accomplishment; none has been opposed to the principles of its main objectives. Details of administration will have to be worked out over a PROCEEDINGS 185 period of some months, but tentatively it has been planned to have an executive committee to serve as a general co-ordinating group, in association with which will be the various established committees of the Academy and a committee from each of the sections of the Academy. It probably will be desirable for each section to determine and state the fields of investigation and problems with which it will be most concerned. These can be co-ordinated through the section committees. As a means of obtaining concrete expression of the results of the work on the Project it will be necessary to publish a mono¬ graph on the James River. Until such a compilation can be made, individual papers should be published in the VIRGINIA Journal of Science or in other journals as specific contribu¬ tions to the general project. With co-operation among the leaders of science and scien¬ tific thought in Virginia, a new approach to scientific values and practical application of scientific knowledge can be attained that will be of national significance, R. P. Carroll, J. H. Cline, I. F. Lewis, J. F. Smith, M, H. Stow, Chairman, . i ! I, D. Wilson. AUTHORS OF CHAPTERS FOR MONOGRAPH ON THE JAMES RIVER — PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE Editorial Preface Dr, Marcellus H. Stow, Professor of Geology, Washington and Lee University. Chairman of the James River Project Committee. The James River Region as a Thoroughfare before Coming of White Man Sir Austin H. Clark, Smithsonian Institution. Development of Transp)ortation in the James River Area Mr. L. S. Evans, Assistant to Vice-President, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. Mr. John J. Forrer, Maintenance Engineer, Virginia Department of Highways. Recreation in the James River Region Mr. Robert F. Nelson, Public Relations Counsel, Virginia State Cham¬ ber of Commerce. Agriculture Dr. a. W. Drinkard, Jr., Director, Agriculture Experiment Station, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Astronomy , Mathematics, Physics Dean T. McN. Simpson, Randolph-Macon College. Botany Dean Ivey F. Lewis, University of Virginia. Entomology Dr. G. T. French, State Entomologist, Virginia Department of Agri¬ culture and Immigration. 186 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF .SCIENCE Fish and Marine Invertebrates Dr. Donald Davis, Professor of Biology, College of William and Mary. Dr. C. L. Newcombe, Professor of Biology, College of William and Mary. Mr. Theodore Fearnow, Wild Life Technician, U. S. Forest Service. Reptiles and Amphibians Dr. Paul Burch, Professor of Biology, Radford State Teachers Col¬ lege. Col. Robert P. Carroll, Associate Professor of Biology, Virginia Military Institute. Birds Dr. James J. Murray, Lexington, Virginia. Mammals Mr. Talbott E. Clarke, Executive Director, Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries. Inorganic Chemistry Dr. William G. Guy, Professor of Chemistry, College of William and , Mary. Dr. James W. Cole, School of Chemistry, University of Virginia. Organic Chemistry Dr. Ira A. Updike, Professor of Chemistry, Randolph-Macon College. Education and Psychology Dr. Dabney S. Lancaster, State Superintendent of Public Instruc¬ tion. Dr. C. E. Myers, Supervisor of Research, State Board of Education, Engineering Col. Carter Hanes, Associate Professor of Engineering, Virginia Military Institute. Forestry Professor Chapin Jones, Professor of Forestry, University of Vir¬ ginia. Geology Dr. Joseph K. Roberts, Professor of Geology, University of Virginia. Dr. Marcellus H. Stow, Professor of Geology, Washington and Lee University. Dr. E. C. H. Lammers, Assistant Professor of Geology, Washington and Lee University. Medical Sciences Not yet assigned. Industry in the James River Area Mr. L. S. Evans, Assistant to Vice-President, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. Conservation of Natural Resources Dr. Henry B. Ward, Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Illinois. THE JAMES RIVER— PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE PREFACE Purpose of the James River study. Purpose of the James Rive Monograph. JAMES RIVER REGION AS THOROUGHFARE BEFORE COMING OF WHITE MAN Animal routes and trails. Indian routes and trails. PROCEEDINGS 187 DEVELOPMENT OF JAMES RIVER AS MEDIUM OF TRANSPORTATION Boats River Canal Highways Railways Air terminals RECREATION IN THE JAMES RIVER AREA AGRICULTURE History of development of agriculture in James River area. Land use development. * Present status of land use. Suggestions for improvement of land use. Education concerning land use. Chemurgy. Soil Erosion. History of study of soil erosion. Methods to prevent soil erosion. Problems involved. Education concerning soil erosion. Agriculture and its relation to James River as a Human Habitat. Past, Present, Future. Problems for future study by sections of the Academy and other agencies. Relative value of the area as a field for scientific investigations. Selected Bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research on agriculture in Virginia. ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS, AND PHYSICS History of the development of these sciences in James River area. Effect of the development of these sciences on the James River as a Hu¬ man Habitat. How can James River area be improved as a Human Habitat through application of these sciences. Problems under investigation by this section of the Virginia Academy and other agencies. Problems for future study by various sections of the Academy and other agencies. Tides, Meteorology. Relative value of the area as a field for scientific investigations. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research in these sciences in Virginia. BIOLOGY Botany History of the development of the study of botany in the James River area. Location and description of unusual features. Botany and its relation to the James River as a Human Habitat. Natural relations. Effects of man’s activities. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through botany. Problems under investigation by Botany Section of Virginia Academy of Science and other agencies. Stream pollution. Problems for future study by Botany Section of the Academy and other agencies. 188 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Stream pollution. Dismal Swamp. Relative value of the area as a field for scientific investigations. Selected bibliography. As guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research in Botany in Virginia. Zoology Entomology. History of the development of entomology in the James River area. Entomology and its relation to the James River as a Human Habitat. Natural relations. Effect of man’s activities. Pest control. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through en¬ tomology. Problems under investigation by entomologists of Virginia. Problems for future study by entomologists of Virginia. Benefits to be derived by such studies. Control of crop-destroying pests. Control of disease-carrying pests. Relative value of the area as a field for scientific investigations. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research in entomology in Virginia. Fish and Shell-fish (Marine and fresh-water). History of the development of the study of fish and shell-fish. Relation to James River as a Human Habitat. Natural relations. Effect of man’s activities. Fishing. Sport. Commercial. Stream pollution. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through study of fish, etc. Stream pollution. Stocking. Problems under investigation by Zoology Section of Virginia Academy of Science and other agencies. Stream pollution. Problems for future study by Zoology Section of the Academy and other agencies. Stream pollution. Dismal Swamp. Relative value of the James River area as a field for scientific inves¬ tigations. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research in this field in Virginia. Reptiles and Amphibians. History of the development of the study of reptiles and amphibians in James River area. Relation to James River as a Human Habitat. Natural. Effect of man’s activities. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through study of reptiles and amphibians. Problems under investigation by Zoology Section of Virginia Academy of Science and other agencies. Dismal Swamp. PROCEEDINGS 189 Problems for future study by Zoology Section of Academy and other agencies. Dismal Swamp. Relative value of James River area as a field for scientific investiga¬ tions. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research on reptiles and amphibians in Virginia. Birds. History of the development of the study of ornithology in the James River area. Relation to James River as a Human Habitat. Natural relations. Effect of man’s activities. Hunting. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through study of birds. Problems under investigation by Zoology Section of Virginia Acad¬ emy of Science and other agencies. Problems for future study by Zoology Section of Academy and other agencies. Dismal Swamp. Relative value of James River area as field for scientific investiga¬ tions. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research on birds in Virginia. Mammals. History of the development of the study of mammals in the James River area. Relation to James River as Human Habitat. Natural Relations. Effect of man’s activities. Hunting. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through study of mammals. Problems under investigation by Zoology Section of the Virginia Acad¬ emy of Science and other agencies. Problems for future study by the Zoology Section of the Academy and other agencies. Dismal Swamp. Relative value of James River area as field for scientific investiga¬ tions. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research on mammals in Virginia. CHEMISTRY Inorganic History of the development of inorganic chemistry in James River area. Relation to James River area as a Human Habitat. Effect of man’s activities. Stream pollution. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through de¬ velopment of inorganic chemistry. Problems under investigation by Chemistry Section of the Virginia Academy of Science and other agencies. ^Problems for future study by Chemistry Section of the Academy and other agencies. 190 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Relative value of James River area as field for scientific investiga¬ tions. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research in inorganic chemistry in Virginia. Organic History of the development of organic chemistry in James River area. Relation to James River as a Human Habitat. Effect of man’s activities. Stream pollution. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through de¬ velopment of organic chemistry. Problems under investigation by Chemistry Section of the Academy and other agencies. Problems for future study by the Chemistry Section of the Academy and other agencies. Relative value of the James River area as a field for scientific investi¬ gations. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research on organic chemistry in Vir¬ ginia. EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY History of the development of education and psychology in James River area. Relation to James River area as a Human Habitat. Present status of science education in the schools: Primary, second¬ ary, junior colleges, colleges, and universities. Pre-medical education. How can James River area be improved as a Human Habitat through development of education. Problems under investigation by Sections of Education and Psychology of Virginia Academy and other agencies. Problems for future study by Education and Psychology Sections of the Academy and other agencies. Relative ’value of the James River area as a field for scientific investi¬ gations. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research in education and psychology in Virginia. ENGINEERING History of the development of engineering in the James River area. Importance of engineering to James River area as a Human Habitat. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through devel¬ opment of engineering. Problems under investigation by Engineering Section of Virginia Acad¬ emy of Science and other agencies. Problems for future study by Engineering Section of the Academy and other agencies. Water supply. Electric power. Highways. Railroads. Aeronautics. Sanitation. Relative value of James River area as field for scientific investigations. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research in engineering in Virginia. PROCEEDINGS 191 FORESTRY History of the development of forestry in the James River area. Relation of forestry to James River area as a Human Habitat. Natural relations. Effect of man’s activities. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through devel¬ opment of Forestry. Problems under investigation by Forestry Section of the Virginia Acad¬ emy of Science and other agencies. Problems for future study by Forestry Section of the Academy and other agencies. Relative value of James River area as field for scientific investigations. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research in forestry in Virginia. GEOLOGY History of the development of geology in the James River area. Relation of Geology to James River area as a Human Habitat. Natural relations. Effects of man’s activities. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through devel¬ opment of Geology. Problems under investigation by the Geology Section of the Virginia Academy of Science and other agencies. Problems for future study by Geology Section of the Academy and other agencies. Relative value of James River area as field for scientific investigations. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research in Geology in Virginia. INDUSTRY IN JAMES RIVER AREA History of industrial development of James River area. Scientific research in industry. Past, present, future. Relation of industry to James River area as a Human Habitat. Effect of man’s activities. Types of industries. Why industries are where they are. Stream pollution. Natural resources used in industry. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through devel¬ opment of industry. Problems relating to natural resources that are under investigation by industrial organizations. Raw materials. Stream pollution. Problems for future study by industrial organizations. Sources of raw materials. Stream pollution. Sanitation. Disposal of wastes. Relative value of James River area as field for scientific investigations. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of scientific research in industries in Vir- ginia. 192 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MEDICAL SCIENCES History of the development of medical sciences in James River area, Relation of medical sciences to James River area as a Human Habitat. Public health — sanitation, stream pollution. Health and health education. Mental defectives. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through devel¬ opment of medical sciences. Problems under investigation by Section of Medical Sciences of the Vir¬ ginia Academy of Science and other agencies. Problems for future study by Medical Sciences Section of the Academy and other agencies. Public health. Sanitation, Stream pollution. Health and health education. Mental defectives. Relative value of James River area as field for scientific investigations. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research in medical sciences in Vir- ‘ ginia. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES History of the development of conservation in the James River area. Relation of conservation to James River area as a Human Habitat. How can James River be improved as a Human Habitat through develop¬ ment of conservation. Conservation education. Wild life refuges. Problems under investigation by Virginia Academy of Science and other agencies directly related to conservation. Problems for future study by Virginia Academy of Science and other agencies. Conservation education. Dismal Swamp. Wild life refuges. Stream pollution. Hunting and fishing. Stocking forests and streams. Predatory animals. Relative value of James River area as field for scientific investigations. Selected bibliography. As a guide for obtaining further information. Journals publishing results of research in conservation in Virginia. SENATE BILL No. 200 Monday, February 16, 1942 A BILL To appropriate the sum of $5,000 to the Virginia Academy of Science to provide for the publication of a volume relat¬ ing to the James River area of the State. Patron — Mr. Brock Referred to Committee on Finance Whereas, the Virginia Academy of Science is engaged 2 in a comprehensive study of that part of the State of Vir- PROCEEDINGS 193 3 ginia which is drained by the James River and its tribu- 4 taries, such study covering not only a scientific survey of 5 the area but its early history, its development as a place 6 of human habitation, its resources, historic interest and its 7 conservation and development, and has prepared for pub- 8 lication sufficient material for a volume of approximately 9 eight hundred pages but is without funds for publishing 10 and distributing such volume; and 11 Whereas, it is deemed proper that at least part of the 12 cost of such publication should be borne by the State of 13 Virginia; now therefore; 14 Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia, That 15 there is hereby appropriated to the Virginia Academy of 16 Science, a Virginia corporation not organized for profit and 17 without capital stock, out of the general fund in the State 18 treasury, the sum of five thousand dollars, to be used by 19 the said corporation in publishing and distributing a vol- 20 ume containing the results of its investigation and study 21 of the James River area. The amount hereby appropriated 22 shall be paid by the Treasurer of Virginia on warrants of 23 the Comptroller issued on a voucher or vouchers signed by 24 the President of the Virginia Academy of Science, or by 25 such other person or persons as may be designated by such. 26 corporation for the purpose. , At this point President Jeffers was obliged to leave for a radio appointment. He appointed Dr. Stow to act for him and he announced the appointment of a Committee on Resolutions consisting of R. G. Robb, A. T. Gwathmey and P. M. Patterson. (See page 197-198.) War Activities of the Academy At this point Dr. Leslie A. Sandholzer made the following statement : The Virginia Academy of Science is in a position to accomplish a num¬ ber of things in the war effort but it can not wait to be asked to do so for two reasons. First, the scientists are more keenly cognizant of the prob¬ lems in their respective scientific fields than are the persons concerned with the administration of government. Second, because of their methods of operation and their lack of scientific training, political administrators frequently fail to see or hesitate to acknowledge the necessity for scientific programs in the war effort. This is( particularly true in ilocal areas where specailized problems may arise. It is the duty of the Academy, therefore, to make the community aware of its scientific needs in the war effort and to promote a program of scientific endeavor in line with this. Failure to do so can only lead to a lessened efficiency of the national war program. At the same time, great care must be exercised in putting such a pro¬ gram in operation. It is very easy to permit wishful thinking to enter the justification for a war research plan. It is essential to restrict the scien¬ tific effort to war needs. In a good many instances this can be accom¬ plished by merely diverting the normal peace-time pursuits into the war 194 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE channels but it can not be done by merely altering the title of a research project, nor can it be done by employing war materials for academic pur¬ suits.^ The nutritional value of T. N. T. to alligators is not a war research in spite of the use of high explosive. Since the war will obviously tend to fashion the post-war program, it would be well to consider any scientific endeavor from this angle as well. Now is the time to carefully plan the role that science is to play when peace returns. This requires a consideration equally as conscientious as that given to the immediate war problems. It would seem to be in the best interests of society as well as of science for us to plan a war and post-war program of scientific endeavor. There¬ fore, I suggest that as a step in this direction that the Virginia Academy of Science make a definite effort to organize and promote such a program immediately. His suggestion was referred to the Saturday Noon Business Meeting for action. Mr. H. B. Derr spoke concerning his work with school chil¬ dren in Fairfax County, and Dr. Leonard I. Katzin spoke on nu¬ trition. No more business appearing, the meeting adjourned at 11 :00 P. M. Minutes of the Saturday Noon Business Meeting The Saturday Noon Meeting was called to order at 1:15 P. M., Saturday, May 9, by President Jeffers. Affiliation of the Virginia Section of the Society of American Bacteriologists Dr. Paul M. Patterson reported the action taken by the Biol¬ ogy Section concerning the affiliation of the Virginia Section of the Society of American Bacteriologists with the Academy. Recommendations of the Section of Biology Relative to the Virginia Section of the Society of American Bacteriologists The Biology Section at its business meeting Friday noon. May 8th, 1942.. passed two motions relative to the affiliation of the Virginia Section of the Society of American Bacterioilogists. These motions are in the nature of recommendations to the Virginia Academy of Sciences for action. 1. It was moved and unanimously passed that the Section of Biology recommend heartily, approval of the affiliation of the Virginia Section of the Society of American Bacteriologists with the Virginia Academy of Sci¬ ences. 2. The Section of Biology by virtually a unanimous vote, disapproved of the organization of a section of Microbiology, where the tentative Sec¬ tion on Bacteriology would be enlarged to include such fields, in addition to bacteriology, as mycology, phytopathology, protozoology, parasitology and related fields. (Signed) Paul M. Patterson, Chairman, Section of Biology for Moved, seconded and carried that this report be adopted. It was stated that the Medical Section had taken no action in this matter. PROCEEDINGS 195 The President then called for the names of the recently elected officers of the sections. Officers of Sections 1942=1943 Astronomy, Mathematics and Physics W. H. Keeble, Chairman. Isabel Harris, Secretary. T. McN. Simpson, Jr., Representative on Editorial Board Virginia Journal of Science. Bacteriology L. A, Sandholzer, Chairman. Ralph Houlihan, Secretary. F. S. Orcutt, Representative on Editoribjl Board, Virginia Journal of Science. Biology Curtis L. Newcombe, Chairman. Ladley Husted, Vice-Chairman. Paul R. Burch, Secretary. Robert F. Smart, Representative on Editorial Board, Virginia Journal of Science. Chemistry L. J. Desha, Chairman. H. I, Johnson, Secretary. J. S. Pierce, Representative on Editorial Board, Virginia Journal of Science. Education H. M. Alexander, Chairman. H. W. Sanders, Secretary, Engineering J. B. Jones, Chairman. F. C. Vilbrandt, Secretary. J. H. Rushton, Representative on Editorial Board, Virginia Journal of Science. Forestry J. H. Johnson, Chairman. George Dean, Secretary. Chapin Jones, Representative on Editorial Board, Virginia Journal of Science. Geology R. J. Holden, Chairman. iS. S. Obenshain, Vice-Chairman. R. O. Bloomer, Secretary, E. C. H. Hammers, Representative on Editorial Board, Virginia Journal of Science. Medical Sciences H. E. Jordan. Chairman. H. B. Haag, Secretary. C. C. Speidel, Representative on Editorial Board, Virginia Journal of Science. Psychology Evelsm Raskin, Chairman. Cecil B. Finley, Secretary. R. H. Henneman, Representative on Editorial Board, Virginia Journal of Science. The report of the Committee on Academy Meetings, which had been referred to this meeting by the Academy Conference, was then taken up and the recommendations were considered and acted on separately as follows : 196 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 1. That the Thursday evening Academy Conference be given power to dispose of Academy business. Moved, seconded and carried that this be adopted. 2. That the Saturday Noon Business Meeting be discontinued. After considerable discussion, it was moved, seconded and carried that this be referred back to the Committee for fur¬ ther consideration. 3. That special effort be made to make the Friday evening meeting more inviting to the public. Moved, seconded and carried that this be adopted. 4. That a Committee on Program be appointed each year to ar¬ range for the public meeting or meetings, and endeavor to make the whole program as interesting and useful to the public as possible. On statement by the Secretary that there is already an official Committee on Program, it was moved, seconded and carried that the incoming President be requested to endeavor to make this committee function helpfully. The committee consists- of the President, the Secretary, and two chairmen of local committees on arrangements, the one for the preced¬ ing year and the one for the current year. 5. That we suggest to the various sections of the Academy that they give consideration to the same objects in planning their sectional meetings. No action was taken. At this point Mr. Schumacher suggested that, at future meet¬ ings, more attention be given to the coordination of the Junior and Senior programs and exhibits. Report of the Finance Committee Dr. Simpson stated that he had nothing to add to the two re¬ ports already made, namely, the regular report of the Treasurer, and the special finance report of Dr. Haag. Report of the Research Committee During the year. Dr. Geldard was called into active service as Major in the United States Army, and Dr, F. C. Vilbrandt, as senior member, was appointed as temporary chairman to complete the term of office of Major Geldard, which term ex¬ pires this date. On May 8, the committee met at luncheon meeting. Hotel Koanoke, for consideration of papers for prize awards. At this meeting, those present were F. C. Vilbrandt, 1942; I. F. Lewis, 1945; G. W. Jeffers, President; M. C. Stowe, Presi¬ dent-elect; E. C. L. Miller, Secretary; and S. S. Negus, Assist¬ ant Secretary. Secretary Miller made a report on the papers submitted for prize competition which were judged by a com- PROCEEDINGS 197 mittee at Tufts College under the chairmanship of Dr. Paul Warren, formerly Professor of Botany at William and Mary. Secretary Miller reported that one paper, quite meritorious, was submitted through a misunderstanding of the ten-year rule, that no recipient of a prize can submit a paper for competition until after the lapse of ten years. Therefore, but one paper was considered eligible for prize award. The committee decided that but one prize should be awarded, in this instance to be the Jefferson Award of $50, spon¬ sored by Phipps and Bird, Incorporated, Richmond, the prize paper to be submitted for competition with North Carolina and South Carolina prize papers for the major Jefferson Award. The Virginia Academy of Science Award was not made this year. The Jefferson Award was presented at the banquet on May 8, to Dr. R. N. Jefferson, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Sta¬ tion, Blacksburg, Virginia, for paper, “The Influence of Carbon Tetrachloride on the Toxic Efficiency of Certain Volatile Com¬ pounds,” which paper was also presented before the Botany Di¬ vision on Saturday, May 9. Comment from the judges of the prize paper should be quoted: “best of lot — good English — good style — interesting, though technical-work well planned — proof in the proper places — ready for publication without revision.” Frank C. Vilbrandt. Report of the Committee on Resolutions WHEREAS, the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Virginia Academy of Science in the City of Roanoke has been a most successful and a most pleasant one; now therefore, BE IT RESOLVED, that the Academy express its sincere appreciation to all those in the city of Roanoke whose courtesy, generosity, and hard work have made possible this memorable meeting, especially to Messrs. J. D. Schumacher and Leroy Smith, Co-chairmen of the Local Committee on Arrangements, the Management of the Hotel Roanoke, the Roanoke Col¬ lege, the Hollins College, the Norfolk and Western Railway, the American Viscose Corporation, the Associated Press, the Roanoke Times, and the Roanoke World News. BE IT RESOLVED, (FURTHER), that the Academy express its ap¬ preciation to Messrs. Alfred Fisher and Maury Strauss, of the Jefferson Senior High School and Mr. Selden H. Watkins, and Miss Anita Cruise of Andrew Lewis High School for their part in the successful meeting of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. WHEREAS, the General Assembly of Virginia in February, 1942, ap¬ propriated the sum of five thousand dollars to provide for the publication of a volume relating to the James River area of the State; now therefore, BE IT RESOLVED, that the Academy express its gratitude to the General Assembly, and especially to Senator Aubrey Weaver, and Dele¬ gate Frank Moore, for their encouragement and generosity in furthering this most worthwhile project. WHEREAS, Senator Robert K. Brock as patron of Senate Joint Reso¬ lution No. 19 of the General Assembly of Virginia in February, 1942, se¬ cured the adoption of a resolution authorizing the appointment of a com- 198 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE mission to study the advisability of establishing: a Museum of Science iu the State of Virginia; now therefore, BE IT RESOLVED, that the Academy express its appreciation to Sen¬ ator Brock for his helpful co-operation and effective services in securing the adoption of this resolution. Respectfully submitted, Paul M. Patterson, Allan T. Gwathmey, Robert G. Robb, Chairman, Committee on Resolutions. Resolution adopted by the Forestry Section of the Virginia Academy of Science, at the Annual Meeting, Roanoke, Virginia, May 8, 1942 : WHEREAS, the Forestry Section of the Virginia Academy of Science has considered many aspects of the critical forest fire situation in Virginia, BE IT RESOLVED, that we heartily commend the Honorable Colgate W. Darden, Jr., Governor of Virginia, for the constructive interest he has shown in this problem, as indicated by his proclamation addressed to the people of the State and in other ways, and BE IT RESOLVED, that we pledge our assistance to the Governor and our support of his leadership in efforts to prepare the State to more ade¬ quately deal with such emergencies in the future through improved laws granting the Governor necessary discretionary powers, strengthening the State’s forest fire protective organization, and in other ways that the Gov¬ ernor’s judgment may suggest. Signed : J. H. Johnson, Chairman, Forest Section, Virginia Academy of Science. At this point Dr. Sandholzer was called on for a statemeni (see page 193), after which it was moved, seconded and car¬ ried that the incoming president appoint a committee to study the present and post-war problems. Dr. Sandholzer further suggested that “In view of the large number of scientists now stationed in Vir¬ ginia as part of our armed forces, I suggest that the facilities of the Academy be offered to these men and that we extend them the hospi¬ tality of our meetings by giving them an opportunity to participate in our program by presenting papers and taking part in the discus¬ sions. An effort should be made to obtain the names of all such peo¬ ple and local scientific organizations should do everything possible to contact them. Some of the outstanding scientists of the country are included in this group of visitors and our contacts with them should be mutually beneficial. Report of the Committee on Place of Meeting Dr. George A. Williams reported for the committee that they recommended Madison College for our 1943 meeting. This re¬ port was adopted. Preston Edwards,. Joseph K. Roberts, George A. Williams. PROCEEDINGS 199 Report of the Nominating Committee The committee presented the following slate which was adopted : President-Elect— W . Catesby Jones. Secretary-Treasurer—Ei, C. L. Miller. Assistant Secretary Sidney S. Negus. Members of the Council: John H. Yoe-=^to take the place of Marcellus H. Stow on elected list— term expires 1944. Arthur Bevan— for regular vacancy— expires 1947. W, F. Rudd, E. B. Norris, Ruskin S. Freer. Dr. Stow was escorted to the chair by ex-presidents Simpson and Rudd, after which he made a short speech of acceptance. Tabulation of the registration cards after the meeting gave the following: '■ Non- Section % Non- Section Members Members Total Members Astronomy, Math, Physics 32 27 59 45.7 Bacteriology . . . 7 23 30 76.6 Biology (Botany, Zoology) 66 68 134 50.8 Chemistry . . . 48 55 103 53.4 Education . . . . . 9 6 16 40.0 Engineering . . . 9 37 46 80.4 Forestry . . 4 4 8 50.0 Geology . . . 13 10 23 43.5 Medicine . 19 9 28 32. Psychology . . . 16 30 46 65.2 Non-specified . 9 21 30 70.0 Gross Total . 232 290 622 55.4 Deduct for duplication... . 16 23 39 57.0 Net registered . . . 216 267 483 56.3 % of registration... . 65 200 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MINUTES OF THE SECTION OF ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS Isabel Boggs, Chairman W. H. Keeble, Secretary FRIDAY, MAY 8—9 :45 A. M. Parlor 22Uy Hotel Roanoke 1. Reverberation Period Measurement of Auditoriums. F. B. Haynes ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 2. X-Ray Analysis of the Time Softening Property of a Lead- Tin Alloy. Miss Bertha Weaver; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. 3. Some Temperature Effects On the Residual Charge in Par- afhn-Paper Condensers. W. M. Hickam ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. 4. Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes. J. Emory Cook ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. 5. The Inscribed and Circumscribed Similar Conics of a Tri¬ angle. B. Z. Linfield ; University of Virginia. If u, V, w are the comiplex, or Cartezian vector, coordinates of the ver¬ tices of a triangle, then for any numbers a, b, c, and a', b', c', on letting a2 b2 X =: - — , Y — - , z = c2 (abc =7^ 0) ; t t-1 as the time (parameter) t varies, the point a'xu + b'yv + c'zw P = - (a'bV 0) a'x -f b'y + c'z describes a conic through the vertices; and when x, y, z are a2, b2, c2 resp., we get the symmedian point. Letting t2 (t-1) 2 1 a+b+c X “ - , y = — - , z - (s - ) ; s-a s-b .s-c 2 the above point P describes then a conic tangent to the sides of the tri¬ angle, and intersecting the line x+y+z = 0 in points on the 1st conic. In particular, if a' =: b' = c', the conics are then similar and similarly situ¬ ated. If s = 0, the conics are tangent then to the last line, and become parabolas when a' = b' = c'. If a2 — lv-w| 2 /a' , . . . the 1st conic becomes the circumcircle. Hence the 2nd conics become then the inscribed and escribed circles when a' =r b' = c'. PROCEEDINGS 201 6. A Discussion of an Elliptic Integral. J. E. Williams ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute, This paper simply gives a list of some interesting elliptic integrals that have been discovered in connection with work done in the Department of Mathematics at the Virginia Pol3rtechnic Institute. 7. A Study of the Variation of Muzzle Velocity with Barrel Length in Revolvers. Robert D. Hatcher ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. This paper gives briefly the physical and mathematical relationships governing the variation of the muzzle velocity of the bullet and the barrel length of the revolver for a 32-20 revolver tested with factory loaded am¬ munition using both black and smokeless powders. 8. Absolute Norlund and Abel Summability. ^ Leonard McFadden; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. 9. A Comparator for X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns. ^ W. Richardson ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. A measuring device for increasing the accuracy of measurement of the lines on X-Ray powder diffraction patterns is described. The instrument will be available for inspection by those who are interested. I . 10. Recent Changes in Map Interpretation. ^ - ] F. N, Hibbard; Weather Bureau, Richmond, Virginia. FRIDAY, MAY 8—2 :00 P. M. 11. Early American Astronomers. S. A. Mitchell; Leander McCormick Observatory. (30 min.) Published in Science, 95, 489-495, 1942. 12. Parallaxes on the Assembly Line. Dirk Reuyl; Leander McCormick Observatory. (60 min.) An illustrated description is given of the methods of observation, meas¬ urement and reduction, employed at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Since the beginning of the work in 1914 more than 50,000 plates, gen¬ erally of two exposures each, have been obtained on 5,543 nights, resulting in the determination of the distances of more than 1500 stars. A discussion is made of 1250 stars of known spectral type. Business Meeting. The following officers were elected for the coming year: W. H. Keeble, Chairman. Isabel Harris, Secretary. SATURDAY, MAY 9—9:00 A. M. 13. A Demonstration of the Construction of Nomographs. Clifton B. Cosby; John Marshall High School. (20 min.) A nomograph or nomogram is the graphic solution of a formula for many values vdthin a preselected range. Its utility, time saving advan¬ tages, simplicity, and wide spread use are discussed. The paper presents several common types. The method of construction can be based on the simple rules of exponents, as nomograms, like the slide rule, are drawn cn logarithmic scales. Unlike the slide rule, the nomograph may be used in addition and subtraction, and can have built into it constants to save extra 202 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE manipulation. A demontration by serial slides of the construction of the several types is given with concluding remarks on accuracy, short cuts, and other practical hints. 14. Simple and Inexpensive Apparatus for Preparation of Mir¬ rors by Evaporation. F. L. Robeson ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. 15. Some Social Implications of Scientific Progress. R. E. Loving; University of Richmond. (25 min.) 16. War Gives New Meaning to Physics Courses for College Women. Miss Ann Timberlake; Mary Baldwin College. Recently syndicated newspaper articles have treated the role of women in business and industry during and after the war and one of these ar¬ ticles severely criticized the women’s colleges for offering almost nothing which prepares their students to earn a living. Although the British have used women extensively to fill men’s places as machine operators, a large proportion of the men called to war service from industry have held technical positions. That properly trained Ameri¬ can women are not being supplied in sufficient numbers to replace men in similar positions is shown by the fact that of the physicists listed in American Men of Science only 3.1% are women. To meet this problem, however, it is unnecessary to turn women’s col¬ leges into trade schools. Thorough training in the fundamentals of phys¬ ics and other sciences would not only meet our immediate need, but would also provide a large group of people prepared to use the methods of the scientist in attacking post-war problems. Enrollment in these courses in women’s colleges may be increased by substituting required for elective courses in science, providing m.ore extensive training in mathematics, and increasing the emphasis on laboratory equipment and teaching personnel. 17. College Mathematics in a Country at War. James S. Miller; Emory and Henry College. This paper discusses the effect of the war situation on the current edu¬ cational ideas and sets forth pointedly some of the ways in which our edu¬ cational program must be modified to meet the urgent demands created by the changed conditions of modern war. In many branches of service the soldier is no longer just a common soldier; he is an engineer and a scien¬ tific fighter. Every domain of scientific knowledge has been laid under tribute in the construction and operation of the implements of war. Planes, ships and guns are only wmrth their weight in scrap unless oper¬ ated by highly trained pilots, navigators and gunners. A letter of Ad¬ miral Nimitz is quoted in which the writer points out the deficiency in ele¬ mentary mathematics shown by many candidates taking selective service examinations. Of 4200 entering freshmen at 27 leading universities and colleges no less than 68 per cent failed to pass the arithmetical test. The paper closes with indictment of the laissez faire system of selective studies which, of late years, has found much expression in both school and col¬ lege programs, and urges the compulsory study of those subjects which will enable our young men to make their utmost contribution to the win¬ ning of the war. Since mathematics is the very language of science the demands of scientific warfare have suddenly raised it from a position of relative disfavor to one of universal, commanding importance. PROCEEDINGS 203 18. Information Please. Unrehearsed answers to the question ''How do you do it in your college?’’ As a result of the general discussion following Dr. Miller’s paper and on motion of Dr. R. E. Loving, a committee was appointed to present to the State Department of Education the views of the Section on Astronomy, Mathematics, and Physics as to the need for greater emphasis on the teaching of mathematics and fundamental science in our public schools. The following members were appointed on the committee: Dr. James S. Miller, of Emory and Henry College, Chairman. Dr. Preston H. Edwards, of Sweet Briar College. Professor C. B. Cosby, of John Marshall High School. This committee prepared the following resolution: WHEREAS, a national emergency exists demanding the whole-hearted patriotic assistance and support of all citizens in measures necessary for the successful prosecution of the war, and WHEREAS, there is greater need than ever for men and women trained to supply efficiently the varied requirements of the military and civil services, and WHEREAS, the results of examinations of candidates for the above services show an alarming need for better knowledge of elementary math¬ ematics and the sciences, THEREFORE, be it resolved that a committee of three be appointed to present to the Advisory Committee on School and College Teaching the recommendations of the Section of Astronomy, Mathematics, and Physics that in view of the grave emergency confronting the nation a much greater emphasis be placed on the teaching of Mathematics in the schools of the state. The above resolution was prepared by the committee and sent to Mr. J. Blair Buck of the State Department of Education. 204 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MINUTES OF THE SECTION OF BACTERIOLOGY Leslie A. Sandholzer,, Chairman Ralph B. Houlihan, Secretary FRIDAY, MAY 8—9 :30 A. M. 1. Streptococci Resistant to Sulfonamide Therapy. George McL. Lawson; University of Virginia. (Lantern slides, 15 min.) The favorable report on sulfonamide therapy of streptococcus infec¬ tions in general must be modified in the future by a more careful identifi¬ cation of groups and types to which offending organisms belong. The classification into hemolytic, non-hemolytic and viridans groups is a time- honored but scientifically inaccurate division of the streptococci. Within each such group it is possible to pick out organisms which are pathogenic but are not affected by sulfonamide therapy. Among these are Strepto¬ coccus fecalis in the so-called viridans group and Lancefield’s Group B streptococcus in the so-called hemolytic group. Case reports are given concerning three patients infected with strepto¬ cocci of Lancefield’s Group B. Additional reports are presented showing the contrasting therapeutic results of sulfonamide therapy in sub-acute bacterial endocarditis due to Streptococcus fecalis and to Streptococcus sal- ivarius. 2. A Simplified Method for Anaerobic Plate Cultures. W. E. Bray and Jeanette S. Carter; University of Vir¬ ginia. Various anaerobic culture methods are reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are pointed out. A new anaerobic culture dish of Pyrex, made according to specifications of Dr. W. E. Bray, University of Virginia, was described and its use demonstrated. The special advan¬ tages of the dish are: 1. The bottom of the standard Petri dish is used for the media. 2. Storage of the media in Petri dishes conserves space. 3. Seal is made by applying a strip of Parafilm and slightly heating. This may be removed easily for examination of the culture. 4. Strict anaerobes, such as C. tetani and C. welchii, have been suc¬ cessfully cultured by this method. 3. Human Infectioi^ Caused by Salmonella San Diego. W. E. Bray; University of Virginia. Salmonella San Diego was isolated from two cases recently admitted to the Universitv of Virginia Hospital. This is an uncommon type of Sal¬ monella, the antigenic formula of which is IV, V : eh enzir,. This appears to be the first report of this infection in humans since the orisrinal descrip¬ tion of the type by Kaulfmann, who separated it from the S. Chester group. One case, which was fatal, was an infant who had subdural abscess from which the organism was isolated. The other case, a woman, ran a long septic course. The organism was isolated from the blood stream, and from the right kidney, which was removed on account of Pyelonephritis, but without improvement. Later a degenerated, apparently infected uter¬ ine fibroid was removed, after which recovery was prompt. PROCEEDINGS 205 4. Cultural Studies of Staphylococci Isolated from Shellfish. Herbert Birtha, Velma Brewington, Alethia Greene, Wil¬ liam Quivers, and Lilly Riddick; Hampton Institute. (Introduced by T. W. Turner.) 5. Quantitative Determinations of Myxoma Virus in Nasal Washings, Blood, Feces and Urine and Their Relations to Transmissibility. Ralph B. Houlihan and George McL. Law'son; University of Virginia. The purpose of this paper was to determine whether or not there was a correlation between the concentration of Myxoma virus in infective se¬ cretions and the transmissibility of the disease. Blood, nasal washings, and feces were collected daily from infected rab¬ bits. Urine was collected when the animal was moribund. These mate¬ rials were titrated intradermally and the titer determined by the 50% end¬ point method. Normal rabbits were brought into contact with infected animals: (a) direct contact for the duration of the infection; (b) direct contact for varying intervals at different stages of the infection; (c) direct nasal con¬ tact for one day on each day of the infection; (d) indirect droplet contact for one day on each day of the infection. It was determined that the virus appears in the blood stream on the second day of infection and reaches its highest concentration when gen¬ eralization is manifested. The virus appears in the nasal washings on the third day of infection and follows roughly the same concentration as in the blood. The virus is not present in urine or feces. Contact experiments indicate that Infectious Myxomatosis is most in¬ fectious in the latter stages of the disease. This infectious period is reached shortly after the virus attains its highest concentration in blood and in nasal washings. 6. Kodachrome Photomicrography. Kenneth B. Grim; University of Virginia. There are many methods of obtaining good photomicrographs in color. The most commonly used are those in which the Leica or C'ontax cameras are attached to the eyepiece of the microscope with the micro-ibso miflex or similar photomicrographic attachments. Good natural color photo¬ graphs may also be obtained by using an adapter ring and placing any 35 mm. camera directly over the eyepiece of the microscope. We have found that a 3200° Kelvin light placed about one foot from the sub-stage mirror gives the best results. Type A. Kodachrome film for artificial light does not have a very wide latitude and therefore the exnosure must be exact, and the setup once in place must remain constant for each objective. Since many photographers already have cameras which take 3t4 by 4t4 inch plates, the 35 mm. adapter for the kodak Recomar camera is a valuable adjunct, for it can be fitted directly to any of these cameras. With this adapter and with a bellows type camera, almost any desired magnification may be obtained. It is especially valuable for obtaining photographs without reduction in the size of the image. Since only the central portion of the field is photographed, a critical focus is easily ob¬ tained and there is no blurring of the periphery as sometimes occurs with other methods. This adapter is quite inexpensive and the photographs ob¬ tained with it are excellent reproductions in natural color. 206 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE FRIDAY, MAY 8—2:00 P. M. Symposium: The Laboratory and the War Effort. 7. Negro Health Problems and National Defense. T. W. Turner; Hampton Institute, (30 min.) The Negro constitutes one-tenth of our total population. His physi¬ cal welfare is, therefore, bound up in a multitude of ways with the wel¬ fare of the nation as a whole. His total health picture follows quite pre¬ cisely the same pattern as that of the majority group in this country, whether observations are made in the south or the north, in cities or in rural areas. The same environmental conditions which predisposed the one group to dangers of infectious and other kinds of diseases affect the other group in the same general way. On the whole the curves of mortality rates for all ages and for all lo¬ calities bend in the same general direction for both races. (Lantern slides were shown illustrating these facts for a large number of diseases.) There seems to be no established authority for holding to a belief in a com¬ plete racial immunity to any disease. A further fact worthy of note here and amply verified is that whenever and wherever improved sanitary measures have been adopted and followed up by Negro communities the incidences to the various diseases have been lowered accordingly. It is true that the incidences to certain diseases and the mortality rates are higher, sometimes very much higher among Negroes than among whites, but it is also true that very little progress has been made up to the present time in getting the public to recognize the fact that the chief contributory factors involved in this higher incidence and mortality rate are not racial but environmental and find their explanation chiefly in the inequalities under which the Negro group is obliged to live: poorer edu¬ cational facilities, poorer wages, poorer housing, inadequate nutrition, in¬ adequate hospitalization and clinical facilities and inadequate medical care. Science today is doing an excellent job by setting forth in unbiased terms the nature of diseases, the methods by which they are transmitted and the responsibility of the public for their control; the public, however, has been slow to grasp fully the nature of the disease spread in a com¬ munity and is still spending the major efforts and finances not in propor¬ tion to the prevalence or incidence of the disease, but along racial lines. We cannot advance the nation in the time of peace nor defend it in the time of war with a tenth of the population exposed unnecessarily to the debilitating affects of preventable diseases. The Negro is being sent along with other American soldiers to combat the best equipped armies which the German and Japanese militarists have been able to build up. His physical health is a paramount consideration in the National Defense. 8. War Aspects of the Pollution Problem. L. A. Sandholzer; TJ. S. Public Health Service, Norfolk. (Lantern, 30 min.) BUSINESS MEETING The business meeting was held at 2 P, M. and the following business was transacted: 1. Dr. F. S. Orcutt was appointed to represent our section on the Editorial Board of the Virginia Academy of Science. 2. Arrangements were made to invite to our meetings any Bacteriologists from other sections of the country who might be stationed in Virginia during the war period. PROCEEDINGS 2'07 3. A considerable discussion was held concerning the part Bacteriologists in our Society might play in relations of Public Health and Wartime Defense in Virginia. It was agreed that we should actively participate in such work and cooperate with the Virginia Academy of Science in this respect. A tentative committee was set up. 4. The possibility of training a reserve of women bacteriol¬ ogists to counteract the drastic loss of male bacteriologists was discussed. The meeting adjourned at 3 o'clock P. M. 9. Stream Ecology and Available Food. Leonard I. Katzin; U. S. Public Health Service. A study of the principal streams of the Ohio River system has shown certain differences between streams and between portions of the same streams, in protozoan and algal plankton populations, and in fish popula¬ tions. It can be shown, other conditions being equal, that these differences are closely related to the amounts of food available to the planktons, as a function of the amount of organic material introduced into the stream, ei¬ ther by natural means or through the direct agency of man. In general, on this basis, great differences between the streams of this basin are a re¬ flection of differences in the amount of organic ‘‘fertilizer’’ available. It has been possible to differentiate three main types of planktons: (a) a highly resistant, “thrifty” group, able to withstand low temperatures and extremes of low food levels; (b) a group with need of high level of food, usually or often organic, and a more limited range of temperature tolerance: in general, a group of forms which multiply rapidly under ex¬ tremely favorable conditions, but of poor resistance; and (c) a wide group of forms intermediate between these. The first group tends to be of very wide occurrence throughout the Ohio basin, while the second is less com¬ monly found, and then only during the warm summer months. Five zones have been characterized, in terms of organic content, pH, dissolved oxygen, protozoan and algal plankton, and fish population, rang¬ ing from grossly polluted regions to those which are essentially sterile and barren. On this basis the distribution of forms found becomes under¬ standable. 10. Dissociation of Bacillus Albolactis. F. S. Orcutt; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Bacillus albolactis may dissociate into smooth and rough cultural forms, but morphologically and physiologically are identical. As with other cases of S and R forms the rough is the more stable. Neither form, however, is stable enough to give only pure smooth or rough colonies. On standard media, plating of the rough form yields about three per cent of the rough colonies, while the smooth form 5rields about seven per cent of the rough form. Some variations in environmental factors may change markedly the ratio of the S and R forms when plated. Both forms of this organism ap¬ pear normally in dairy products of Virginia and could easily be mistaken for two distinct species of Bacillus. 11. Comparison of Total Bacterial Plate Counts of Soils Accu¬ rate Only After Deflocculation of Samples. F. S. Orcutt and A. B. Stuart; Virginia Polytechnic Insti¬ tute. Dilution of soil samples for plating usually involves uniform shaking to attempt equal liberation of organisms from various samples of soil. Retention of bacteria in soil is dependent directly upon the state of floc¬ culation of the soil. This in turn is dependent upon the amount of base 208 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE exchange material in the soil and the type of bases associated with it. It follows that widely different soils and soils of the same type under variable treatment may be in various states of flocculation, so that plate counts made upon them are not comparable. Comparison can be made only when all samples are fully deflocculated to obtain uniform liberation of bacteria in the soil aggregates. 12, The Possibility of False Interpretations in Tests for Acid Production from Carbohydrates by Bacilli Due to Peptone Decomposition. F. S, Orcutt and L. A. Nutting; Virginia Polytechnic In¬ stitute. Peptone is commonly used as the source of nitrogen when a Bacillus is tested for possible ability to decompose carbohydrates. Acid production is taken as the usual evidence of carbohydrate dissimilation. A number of Bacilli, however, also produce acid from peptone to the extent of pH 6,0. A lower pH than this cannot be taken as a criterion of acid production from carbohydrates because acid may be produced from sugars without taking the pH lower than 6.0. Control tubes of peptone without the sugars are necessary to make the proper interpretation. Ammonification from peptone concurrent with acid production tends to keep the pH near neutrality even though the carbohydrate is decomposed. This may be avoided by early observations, because alkali production is not extensive enough at first to neutralize acid produced from sugars. In many cases observed there appears to be no sparing action of carbohy¬ drates on the peptone decomposition. 13, Physiological Differentiation of Members of the Bacillus Mesentericus Group. W. B. Coffee and F. S, Orcutt; Virginia Polytechnic Insti¬ tute. In the latest edition of Bergey’s manual, the following organisms are listed as variants of Bacillus mesentericus; Bacilhis aterrimus, Bacillus glohigii, Bacillus niger and Bacillus vulgatus. The characteristics by which they are distinguished from Bacillus m-esentericus are not consid¬ ered sufficient to retain them as individual species although these charac¬ teristics include pigment production and several carbohydrate fermenta¬ tions. In actual trial the differentiation given in Bergey’s manual has not been found to be reliable. A number of additional physiological tests have been made to better differentiate the members of this group. 14, Comparison of Methods for the Detection of Coliform Bac¬ teria in Milk. L. A. Sandholzer, A. Walker and M. Strong; TJ. S. Public Health Service, Norfolk. (15 min.) Ralph B. Houlihan, Ph.D., Secretary -Treasurer. PROCEEDINGS 209 MINUTES OF THE SECTION OF BIOLOGY P. M. Patterson, Chairman Raymond L. Taylor, Vice-Chairman Paul R. Burch, Secretary FRIDAY, MAY 8—9 :30 A. M, 1. A Genetic Study of Certain Virginia Family Lines. E. S. Craighill Handy; Fairfax, Va. The traditional forms of chart employed in genetic records were shown and it was pointed out that these are not adaptable to the needs of this study. What we term a Comprehensive Chart has been worked out to en¬ able a great number of factors affecting individuals in the sequence of de¬ scent in family lines to be entered over the names of the individuals in¬ volved. The principle utilized is one common in genealogical recording which represents ancestors of the Propositus in radiating zones of a semi¬ circle in the upper half of the chart. The descending generations on our chart are in orderly arrangement beneath the Propositus. In panels on- right and left are headings indicating the factors defining character or type, both cultural and physical, each factor being represented by a sym¬ bol. These symbols, entered over the name of the Propositus, define his personality in terms of interests, aptitudes and achievements, early con¬ ditioning, ethnic type and constitutional type. In so far as becomes pos¬ sible, character of ancestors and descendants are likewise to be defined on the chart by means of the symbols. Ultimately it is hoped that archives of such records of interrelated families in sections of the state where dis¬ tinctive ethnic strains predominate will, by a cumulative process, contain source materials that may be utilized both for precise genetic determina¬ tions and generalizations with respect to the inheritance of type and cul¬ ture in family lines under varying environmental influences, physical and cultural, as represented in Virginia. Cordial thanks were expressed for the material aid and interest on the part of the Academy of Science, in particular its Secretary and Research Committee. 2. SDermatogenesis in the Cestode Hymenolepsis anthocephalus Van Gundy, 1936. Arthur W. Jones; University of Virginia. In partial answer to the suggestion in the literature on the cytology of cestodes, especially the work of C. M. Child and of R. T. Young, in the first twenty years of the present century, that cestode nuclei reproduce commonly by amitosis, the author presents a description of nuclear be¬ haviour in a cestode. Mitotic configurations are unequivocal and common in the soma; and spermatogenesis is similar to that reported for many other animals. The chromosomes number 12, diploid. Six bivalents always form at Meiosis I, and always disjoin equally at anaphase of Meiosis I, and likewise at ana¬ phase 11. Spermatozoa develop from the spermatids resulting from the second division. It is suggested that the application of modern cytological technique to other cestode material will disclose a similar conformity to the accepted cytological aspect of reproduction. 210 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 3. A New Auridistome (Trematode) from the Snapping Turtle. Bruce D. Reynolds; University of Virginia, Five specimens of a trematode were obtained from the small intestine of Chelydra serpentina collected in John’s Creek, near Mountain Lake, Virginia. These averaged 2.88 mm. 1. X .66 mm. w., less than one half the size of Auridistomum chelydrae Stafford. Except for size, the morpho¬ logical features are very similar to A. chalydrae, and the organism would be classified as a variety of that species, or a new species of the genus Auridistorrm/m, were it not for the presence of a large, dorsally-opening holdfast organ. This structure is very similar to the ventr ally-opening hold-fast organ commonly found in the family Strigeidae, but in most other respects the trematode is quite unlike stregeid worms. A name and defi¬ nite classification must await further study. 4. Temperature Drop and Plant Mortality. ' . ; Orland E. White; The Blandy Experimental Farm, Uni- versity of Virginia. Temperature has long been recognized as one of the important limiting factors in plant and animal distribution. In 1926 (Brooklyn Botanic Gar¬ den Record 15:1-10), I presented a theory involving mutation, cold-resist¬ ance, and geographical distribution, which should be of particular interest to paleontologists, ecologists, horticulturists, and students of evolution. Current genetic theories are based on the widely supported assumption that genes arise as non-adaptive, non-purposeful, chance phenomena, due in the broad sense to mutation. Mutation is potentially capable of modi¬ fying any character, as indicated by the experimental data on the most in¬ tensely investigated genetic material, such as the vinegar fly Drosophila, Indian corn, and garden peas. Some limitations are recognized, due to the inherent nature or makeup of the material, which may cause certain changes to be rare or even absent in a given life form. It is further as¬ sumed that mutations are phenotypically direct in expression. In these assumptions, mutations for increased cold resistance should appear in many plant and animal species regardless of the climatic char¬ acter of their geographical distribution. Floras and faunas of warm tem¬ perature and tropical regions should contain individuals, or groups of in¬ dividuals (varieties), or even higher systematic groups (species) which could survive much lower temperatures than those of their natural habi¬ tats. Even such regions as the Amazon valley and such species as that of the banana might conceivably have forms that could survive zero winters, but intense exploration and experimentation would be necessary to dis¬ cover them and even this might be futile. Obviously no one would suspect the existence of cold-resistant forms in a tropical flora, until they could be subjected to experimental proof, since many other factors may have con¬ fined them to the tropics. Since plants are grouped into systematic units on the supposition that they are derived from a common ancestor and since ancestral characters persist through inheritance, unless lost through mutation, then plant fami¬ lies and other taxonomic units may be classified as cold resistant, mixed, and cold intolerant. Rosaceae, Salicaceae. and Canrifoliaceae are exam¬ ples of the first type, Leguminosae and Liliaceae of the second, and Ebe- naceae, Sapotaceae, and Annonaceae of the third. Floras and faunas may represent mixtures as to cold resistance, some species having reached the limit of their temperature tolerance, while others growing beside them could live so far as temperature is concerned, at very much lower tempera¬ tures. This whole problem is di'^cussed with examples based on 14 years of experimental work at the Blandy Exnerimental Farm growing species from regions with much higher temperatures. PROCEEDINGS 211 5. Chromosome Numbers and Phylogenetic Relationships m Euphorbiaceae. Bruce A. Perry; The Blandy Experimental Farm, Uni¬ versity of Virginia, Comparative studies of chromosome number determinations, chromo¬ some morphology, geographical distribution, and the morphology of the plants involving more than a hundred species of the Euphorbiaceae were made in order to determine the correlation existing between these phe¬ nomena and the phylogeny of the family. The chromosome numbers de¬ termined are inferred to belong to a primary system of n = 8. In the evo¬ lution of the family an ascending and a descending chromosome series has functioned with the establishment of secondary basic numbers of 6, 7, 9, 10, and 11. The frequency of polyploidy in the family is about 43 per cent. The data on distribution, temperature, and polyploidy for the Euphorbia¬ ceae support neither the concept that polyploids have a wider distribution than diploids, nor the concept that polyploids have a more northern dis¬ tribution than diploids. Instead the distribution of a species depends on its genetic constitution and its phyletic relationship. Numerical data on chromosome numbers indicate that higher numbers are associated with the perennial condition. Thus it would seem that the data for the Euphorbia¬ ceae support the view of Arber that herbaceous plants are primitive and woody plants derived. 6. A Preliminary Study of the Chromosomes of Several Vir¬ ginia Snails. Paul R. Burch and Ladley Husted ; Radford State Teachers College and University of Virginia. Nineteen species in seven genera and five families have been examined cytologically. In the family Polygyridae twenty-nine chromosomes haploid are found in three genera and fourteen species. Some individuals of Tri- odopsis fraudulenta have thirty chromosomes and some twenty-nine. Mes- odon appressa seem to have twenty-nine chromosomes as well as thirty- one. In the families Endodontidae, Zonitidae and Haplotrematidae four species in three genera have thirty chromosomes. One individual of Mes- omphix oxycocctis has twenty-nine rather than thirty chromosomes. In the Succineidae, Succinea ovalis, has twenty-one haploid though this spe¬ cies outside of Virginia is known to have twenty with a lower chiasma fre¬ quency. Some individuals of Triodopsis tridentata, T.t. edentilabris , T.t. jwxti- dens have an heteromorphic bivalent seen in the primary spermatocytes. The individuals of Triodopsis fraudtdenta examined with twenty-nine chromosomes all have an heteromorphinic bivalent. 7. Manganese Toxicity Associated with Phosphorus Deficiency in Tobacco. G. M. Shear; Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg . Two years ago a type of necrotic spotting which was identified by J. E. McMurtrey as due to manganese toxicity was observed at Chatham, Virginia, on tobacco growing on experimental plots receiving no phosphate. The relationship between phosphorous deficiency and the occurrence of manganese toxicity was investigated. Total manganese in tobacco leaves as well as available manganese and nitrate nitrogen in the fertilizer band were found to be highest during the middle of the growing season, in plots receiving no phosphate. The soil in these plots was also found to be more acid. Part of the acidity can be traced to the decomposition of the organic nitrogen carrier in the fertilizer. It appears that under the soil condi¬ tions existing in the plots described, the chief effect of phosphate in pre¬ venting manganese toxicity is an indirect one, as the poor growth result- 212 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE ing from its deficiency permits the accumulation of nitric acid in the soil which liberates toxic amounts of manganese. Under most cropping sys¬ tems this unused nitrate would rapidly diffuse and leach out of the root zone, but in the case of tobacco where the rows are ridged, leaching is re¬ tarded. 8. The Garden Slug, Limax maximus L., as a Detector of Mus¬ tard Gas, Dichlor-Ethyl Sulfide. Frances McCorkindale and Paul R. Burch ; Radford State Teachers College. During the last world war Dr. Paul Bartsch, Curator of Mollusks of the United States National Museum reported that the common garden slug, Limax maximus L. was more sensitive to Mustard Gas, Di-Chloro- Ethyl-Sulfide, than man, beast, or any animal tested. His experiments showed that when the slug was subjected to one part of mustard gas in twelve million parts of air it twitched its tentacles in a characteristic man¬ ner. When the concentration was increased to three parts in twelve mil¬ lion it retracted its tentacles entirely, secreted a creamy mucus all over its body, writhed and finally stopped crawling. The gas dissolves in the moist skin of the slug and sets free Hydrochloric acid which seems to be the immediate cause of the characteristic blister which follows contact with the gas. Mustard gas is used as a war gas to kill, incapacitate or interfere wii:h the activities of people, because of its toxicity and difficulty of detection. A person may be in an area where the concentration of the gas is 120 parts in twelve million for several hours without being able to detect its presence, and yet this concentration breathed for one hour is enough to permanently injure his lungs and make him susceptible to pneumonia. Dr. Bartsch also reported that the slug did not react to burned powder gases, nor to any of the other so-called camoflouage gases which have been used with this gas. The value of the slug seems obvious. Anyone, an air-raid warden for instance, might keep a supply of these slugs in his air-raid shelter where he could get them in case of an alert. He could transfer them to a small bait box which he might fasten on his belt. During an air-raid if bombs were exploding in his area, observation of the slugs from time to time would give him advance warning of the presence of mustard gas before it was present in harmful concentration and allow him to warn his charges to put on gas masks, or if without them to seek higher elevations. The booklet on Gas Defense distributed by the ODC refers to no better detector than the human nose, nor does any other discussion of mustard gas contain any reference to the use of slugs, yet the slugs are 15 to 10 times as sensitive as man. The purpose of this paper is to pass on to others this information. 9. The Salamanders of Virginia. Charlotte M. Fisher and Paul R. Burch; Radford State Teachers College. A check-list of the salamanders of Virginia with illustrations: Cryptobranchidae Pleurodelidae Ambystomidae Plethodontidae Cr'ifptohranchus allenganiensis (Daudin) Triturus viridescens (Rafinesque) Ambystoma opacum, ( Gravenhorst) A. maculatum (Shaw) A. jeffersonianum (Green) Desmognathus quadra-maculatus (Holbrook) D. fuscus (Rafinesque) D. phoca (Matthes) D. ochrophaeus (Cope) PROCEEDINGS 213 Amphiumidae Proteidae Sirenidae Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn P. metcalfi Brimly P. glutinosus (Green) P. cinereus (Green) P. wehrlei Fowler and Dunn H emidactylium scutatum (Schlegel) Aneides aneus (Cope and Packard) Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green) Pseudotriton montanus (Baird) P. ruber (Sonnini) Eurycea bislineata (Green) E. longicauda (Green) E. gutto-lineata (Holbrook) Amphiuma means Garden Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque) Siren lacertina L. 10. Influence of Algae within the Eggs of Amby stoma Upon Hatching of Their Eggs. Amos M. Showalter; Madison College. Further evidence of a symbiotic relationship of alga to salamander em¬ bryo is presented and a tentative outline of the life history of the alga is proposed. 11. Phases of Nematocyst-Formation by Hydra and the Struc¬ ture of Its Penetrant’s Tube or “Thread”. Bruce D. Reynolds, William A. Kepner, Lewis Goldstein and James H. Taylor; University of Virginia. (A Dem¬ onstration.) There are three parts to a penetrant: a sac; an axial, compound evers- ible region, and a spiral thread This type of nematocyst is (as are other types) » elaborated by a cnidoblast. A multipotent interstitial cell, with a reticular nucleus that lacks a nucleolus, is differentiated to become a cnidoblast. This differentiation leads to considerable growth of the interstitial cell and to the formation of one or two nucleoli within its nucleus. A vacuole, into which is secreted a colloid-like substance, is formed within the cytoplasm of the growing cnidoblast. This mass of colloidal substance, just before reaching maximum size, is pear-shaped with the bent neck of the stem lying in a pocket by the nucleus of the cnidoblast. The pear-shaped mass finally becomes an oval mass of material that ap¬ pears to be homogeneous. The oval mass dehisces peripherally to form the spiral thread. Before the peripheral dehiscence is completed, it de¬ hisces axially to form the compound, barbed eversible region. In the meantime the cnidoblast lays down the wall of the sac. The spiral thread is not an inverted tube but is solid. This inference has a three-fold basis: (1) The caliber of the thread is so small that fric¬ tion would demand an incredible amount of force to discharge the thread were it an inverted tube. (2) Neither in the developing thread nor in the mature, undischarged one is a lumen to be seen. (3) The coiled resting thread of a mature penetrant has been determined to be as long as this thread after it is discharged. 214 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE BOTANY DIVISION SATURDAY, MAY 9—9:00 A. M. 1. Cytogenetic Studies on Martyniaceae. Bruce A. Perry; The Blandy Experimental Farm, Univer¬ sity of Virginia. The literature on the Martyniaceae is chiefly taxonomic, the descrip¬ tions are conflicting and confusing. The somatic chromosomes of Probos- cidea fragans Dec., P. jussiewi Keller, P. j'lissieui X fragans, P. fragans X jussieui, and Ibicella liitea Van Es. were found to be the same in num¬ ber, 2n r= 30, and appeared to be the same in size. Species variability is not correlated with any observable cytological difference. P. jussieui and P. fragrans cross readily in either direction. Fi, F2 and backcross popu¬ lations between the purple flowered, P. fragrans, and the white flowered, P. jussieui indicated that purple is dominant to white and that the differ¬ ence in flower color was produced by a single gene. The similarity of the plants indicate that they belong to the same species. Reciprocal crosses of P. jussieui X 7, lutea and P. fragans X I. lutea failed, except for one seed obtained from a cross of 7. lutea on to P. fragrans as seed parent. The Fi plant was purple flowered. Fruit petioles were intermediate in length between those of the two species. Further genetic analysis must await culture of the F2. 2. Three Extraordinary Experiences with Plants. Orland E. White; The Blandy Experimental Farm, Uni¬ versity of Virginia. These experiences have to do with three common or relatively common cultivated plants, namely: Eichornia crassipes, the water hyacinth; a form of the pod type of Zea mays that was cobless, and a lavender flowered form of the crepe myrtle. Lag erstroemia indica. Commonly the water hyacinth is killed by the winters of Brooklyn, New York, but in this case several plants survived a below zero winter on the edge of an exhibit pond, but their asexual descendants did not survive the following winter. No explanation is offered and the plants did not set seed, but it indicates that environmental conditions, perhaps of a rather simple type, may condition plants at times to much greater cold resistance. Seeds of Zea mays generally retain their ability to germinate for from 3 to 5 years, and in extremely rare cases, 8 years. Three grains of the type mentioned above were sent home to Panama, by a student of mine whose father planted them. These were 28 years old and had been pre¬ served in napthalene flakes as exhibit material. One of the three grains germinated, grew 2-3 inches and died. Certain types of horticultural woody plants are well known to exhibit “shock” effects when transplanted and it may be a season or more before they resume growth. A crepe myrtle with a trunk of over an inch in diam¬ eter was transplanted from a local nursery with a ball of earth, to my home grounds. For the first 2 years the bark near the base indicated life was present, although it did not leaf out. By the third year, it seemed to be dead and I sawed it off near the ground and forgot about it. The plot was meanwhile intensely cultivated as a flower garden. Seven years from the time it was transplanted elapsed before the old stump showed signs of life through the production of shoots, which strikes me as a remarkable case of dormancy. PROCEEDINGS 215 3. Investigations on Chromosome Aberrations in Phlox. James R. Meyer; The Blandy Experimental Farm, Uni¬ versity of Virginia. (Introduced by Orland E. White.) This paper deals with a preliminary survey of polyploidy and structural change in the genus Phlox. Four tetraploid forms {2n — 28) occur among diploid plants of wild P. subulata. Four plants of P. suffruticosa Miss Lingard are triploid (2n = 21). These have a high frequency of chias- mata and usually 7 trivalents at metaphase I. Plants of P. paniculata Jules Sandeau and one clone of P. amoena usually have 6 bivalents and 2 univalents at metaphase I. A plant of P. paniculata Mrs. Jenner has at least 2 chromosomes heterozygous for an inverted segment, and 8 centric fragments. Spontaneous chromsosome breakage and recombination occur in a wild form of P. paniculata. Plants of P. paniculata Comus, P. panic¬ ulata Europe and P. paniculata Bridesmaid usually have 5 bivalents and one quadrivalent at metaphase I. In P. stellaria 8.5% and in P. panicu¬ lata Beacon 43.9% of the figures at second meiotic anaphase have chroma¬ tid bridges without fragments. 4. The Influence of Carbon Tetrachloride on the Toxic Efficien¬ cy of Certain Volatile Organic Compounds. R. N. Jefferson; Virginia Agricultural Experiment Sta¬ tion, Blacksburg. The dosage-mortality curves of methyl bromide, methyl formate, ethy¬ lene di chloride and carbon tetrachloride for Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at 30° C. and 2 hours exposure are presented. The dosage-mortality curves obtained from mixing carbon tetrachloride with methyl bromide, methyl formate, or ethylene dichloride in several proportions are presented. The mixtures were prepared on the basis of the median lethal concentrations of the gases in the proportions of 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1. Criteria are given for the demonstration of synergism and antagonism in the mixtures on the basis of the position of their dosage-mortality curves with respect to the curves of their components. Bliss’ method for the quantitative analysis of synergistic action is be¬ lieved to be of limited value in fumigation experiments. In general, the effect of carbon tetrachloride when mixed with methyl bromide, methyl formate or ethylene dichloride is to reduce their toxi cities to T. castaneum at 30° C. and 2 hours exposure. 5. Influence of Carbohydrate Supplements on Ammonification and Nitrification of Urea and Calcium Cyanamid in Plant Bed Soils. R. G. Henderson; Virginia Agricultural Experiment Sta¬ tion, Blacksburg . Heavy applications of urea and calcium cyanamid to soil to be used for growing tobacco plants gives a partial sterilization of the soil. It has been assumed that the toxic agent is the ammonia released during the de¬ composition of these fertilizers by certain soil organisms. It has been ob¬ served that the formation of ammonia and the oxidation of ammonia to nitrates do not proceed in different soils at the same rate. Carbohydrates ammendments were added to the soil to see if the rate of ammonification and nitrification could be altered. Stable manure and blackstrap molasses were added to some plots sev¬ eral days prior to treatment and to others at the time of treatment. In addition, blackstrap molasses were added to some plots several days after the treatment. Analyses were then made at intervals to determine the ammonia- and nitrate-nitrogen in the soil and also the pH and oxidation- reduction potential of the soil. Where urea was applied, nitrates were more abundant, the pH dropped more rapidly, and the oxidation-reduction 216 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE potential rose more rapidly in the ammended soil. Ammonification ap¬ peared to ibe complete in both the ammended and the unammended soil in about three weeks; however, 16 to 20 mgm ammonia-nitrogen per 100 grams of soil was still present in all plots at the end of 126 days. Where calcium cyanamid was applied, ammonification and nitrification proceeded at about the same rate on both the ammended and unammended soil. From these studies it appears that carbohydrate ammendments may be used effectively in accelerating the rate of nitrification in soil treated with urea, thus shortening the toxicity period in soil treated with this material. 6. Practical Uses of Plant Hormone 1 -Naphthalene Acetic Acid. Lester Van Middles worth ; Piedmont Apple Products Corporation, Charlottesville, Large scale experimental results indicate that 1-naphthaleneacetic acid largely prevents “pre-harvest drop” of apples. Other effects of this hormone are the promotion of root growth, and parthenogenetic production of “seedless” fruit. Experiments indicate that this plant - growth hormone inhibits the growth of some fungi. 7. Comparative Respirational Rates of a Xeric-hydric Series of Bryophytes. Paul M. Patterson ; Hollins College. The respiration of a xeric-hydric series of bryophytes was determined as a possible clue to metabolic differences between ecologically diverse types. Although the comparison of different species presents a number of uncertainties, differences between bryophytes obtained are thought to rep¬ resent, in part, real differences. The evidence seems to indicate that the mesic species have a greater respirational rate than either of the ecologi¬ cal extremes. 8. Mosses from Mountain Lake. Paul M. Patterson; Hollins College. Five species of Sphagnum and 17 other species of mosses were reported. Their geographical distribution in the U. S. and their local frequency were noted. 11 mosses were reported as locally very infrequent or rare. 9. Results of Tomato Spray Tests. R. G. Henderson and S. A. Wingard; Virginia Agricul¬ tural Experiment Station, Blacksburg. Comparative tests were conducted on Earliana, Pritchard and Mar- globe tomatoes in 1941, using tribasic copper sulphate, Bordeaux mixture and yellow copper oxide each as a spray, and tribasic copper sulphate and red copper oxide each as a dust. The Earliana variety received 6 appli¬ cations of the fungicides but the other two received only five applications. Septoria and Alternaria leaf spots were the principal diseases present. The plants were set in the field June 2, 3 and 4; fungicidal treatments be¬ gan July 1 and followed at 9-day intervals. Dry weather in late summer and early fall interfered with the results obtained on the Pritchard and Marglobe varieties. The treatments, nev¬ ertheless, resulted in increased yields even on these varieties. On Earl¬ iana, the early maturing variety, all treatments gave highly significant increases in yield over the untreated plants; and the tribasic copper sul¬ phate and yellow copper oxide sprayed plants also gave significant in¬ creases over the ones sprayed with Bordeaux. The increases from tribasic conper sulphate and red copper oxide dusts over Bordeaux were just short of being sif^nificant. On Pritchard, all treatments, except Bordeaux, gave significant increases over the untreated plots. On Marglobe, the late ma- PROCEEDINGS 217 turing variety, drouth seriously interfered with yield; and on this variety, tribasic copper sulphate was the only treatment that resulted in a signifi¬ cant increase in yield. 10. Some Blue-Green Algae of North Carolina. Elton C. Cocke; Wake Forest College. Very little systematic work has been attempted on the Cyanophyceae of North Carolina until recently. During the past two years extensive collections have been made in the Wake Forest vicinity and in Haywood County. As a result of this study some 34 species have been added to the Cyanophycean flora of North Carolina, One of these is believed to be new to science. ZOOLOGY DIVISION SATURDAY, MAY 9—9:00 A. M. 1. A Check-List of the Chor dates of Virginia. John W. Bailey; University of Richmond. The list of Chordates recorded as having been found within the borders of the Commonwealth of Virginia includes 897 species and varieties. Oth¬ ers occur in the general region in which Virginia is situated, and will probably be included in the printed list, which is expected to appear at a later date. The number of species listed under each classification, along with the adopted nomenclature of each group is as follows : Fishes, 310; Check List of the Fish and Fishlike Vertebrates of North and Middle America by Jordon, Ever- mann and Clark, 1930. Amphibians, 53; Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles by Steineger and Barbour, 1939. Reptiles, 48; Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles by Steineger and Barbour, 1939. Birds, 376; A. 0. U. Cheek List of North American Birds, 1931. Mammah, 110; List of North American Recent Mammals, Miller, 1923. The author expects to publish within the next year: “The Mammals of Virginia”; “The Amphibians of Virginia,” and “The Reptiles of Vir¬ ginia.” The manuscripts are now ready. Printing will get under way just as soon as a “backer” is found. If possible illustration will be used. 2. A Preliminary Report on the Reproductive System of the Ribbed-Mussel, Volsella demissus Dillwyn. Roy P. Ash; Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, College of William and Mary. 3. Notes on the Turbellarian Fauna of the Rochester, (N. Y.) Area. I. Anatomy of Macrostomum ontarioensis n. sp. Frederick F. Ferguson; Norfolk College of William and Mary-Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Notes on the Turbellarian fauna of Monroe County, N. Y., with special reference to the ecology, morphology and taxonomy of Macrostomum on¬ tarioensis n. sp. 218 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 4. Breeding Habits of the Gray Squirrel in Virginia. Abnormal Pelage of the Gray Squirrel. Richard H. Cross, Jr. ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 5. A Taxonomic Distinction Between Cyllene robiniae (Forst) and Cyllene carvae Gahan. Edward W. King; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Observations were made upon wings of a series of 11 and 28 individ¬ uals Cyllene caryae Gahan and Cyllene robiniae (Forst.), respectively. It was found that the two species could be distinguished by means of the rel¬ ative density of color in certain regions of the wing; particularly in the discal cell and in the vennus. The wing of C. robiniae shows considerable pigmentation in these areas, contrasting markedly with the wing of C. caryae, which exhibits little or no pigmentation in the vannus and the dis¬ cal cell. An examination of wing venation, pubescence, and chaetotaxy yielded no distinction between the two species. 6. A Study of the Incidence and Pathogenicity of Chabertia ovina in Sheep. W. L. Threlkeld; Virginia Agricultural Experiment Sta¬ tion, Blacksburg . There has been considerable conflict of opinion in the United States as to the pathogenic importance of Chabertia ovina, the large-mouth bowel worm of sheep. Wetzel, R., 1931, indicated that the macroscopic lesions involved were relatively slight and, microscopically, that while glandular epithelium of the large bowel was destroyed there was not sufficient evi¬ dence at hand to characterize the parasite as a blood sucker. The work of Australian workers in 1933-1936, notably Ross, I. C., Kau- zal, G., Gordon, H. Mcl, and Graham, N., indicates that Chabertia ovina is of considerable pathogenic importance. These workers, however, were unable to establish massive infestation in experimental animals nor to de¬ termine the role of the adult worm in affecting the pathogenicity in the host. The study here reported deals with the seasonal prevalence of this parasite in Augusta County, Virginia. An attempt also will be made to obtain more information on the biology of Chabertia ovina and to deter¬ mine the effects produced by the adult worm on parasite-free lambs. 7. Notes on the Musculature of the Male Genitalia of Hae- monchus contortus. W. L. Threlkeld and M. E. Henderson; Virginia Agricul¬ tural Experiment Station. A study of longitudinal and cross sections through the posterior region of the male nematode, H. contortus, shows: That the gubernaculum is supported and slightly activated by longitudinal and transverse muscles and that the location of these muscles implies that slight movement is pos¬ sible in three directions. Other muscles are described and their functions are explained on the basis of their origins, insertions, and locations: (a) Muscles 1 and 3, each named Retractor spicularis lateralis, function — to retract the spicule, (b) Muscle 2, Retractor spicularis contralis, function — to extrude the spicule and assist in contraction of the bursa, (d) Muscle 5, Dilator cloacae, function — to dilate the cloaca, (e) Muscle 6, Bursa expansa, function — to expand the bursa. Spermatozoa contained in gelatinous capsules are found in the grooves formed by the longitudinal spicular ridges. Rectal glands are shown proximal to the intestine. PROCEEDINGS 219 Transverse sections in series from the rectal g^land to the cloaca show the relationship of the accessory reproductive organs, intestine and cloaca. 8. Identification of the Larval Stages of the Blue Crab, Calli- nectes sapidus Rathbun. Sewell H. Hopkins and John H. Lochhead; Texas A. and M. College and Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, College of William and Mary. The first two instars of the blue crab “zoea” are described and figured in detail from specimens hatched and reared in the laboratory. In exter¬ nal morphology they show close agreement with the published descriptions of the zoeae of certain other portunid crabs. It cannot yet be said how easily the zoeae of Callinectes sapidus can be distinguished from the zoeae of the five other species of Portunidae found in and near the waters of the lower Chesapeake Bay, since none of the latter larvae have been described. A study of Chesapeake Bay plankton suggests that the blue crab zoea may pass through as many as six instars, but confirmation of this fact by rear¬ ing experiments is desired. 9. Hatching the Larvae of the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. Margaret S. Lochhead and Curtis L. Newcombe; Virginia Fisheries Laboratory and Biology Department, College of William and Mary. 10. Observations on the Catfish Fishery of the James River Area. R. W. Menzel ; Virginia Fisheries Laboratory and Biology Department, College of William and Mary. An investigation was begun, at the request of several commercial fishermen, on the commercial catfishery of the state. The primary purpose was to determine means of conservation of the fishery. Observations were made on the importance, distribution, reproduction, migration, food habits, growth, methods of capture, methods of handling, and means of repletion. It was found that there is a need for better statistics not only for the catfish but for all of the fisheries of the state. Although, according to the statistical reports, the catch has remained fairly constant for the last ten years, the fishing intensity was found to have almost doubled. The aver¬ age size of the fish has decreased by half and unless measures are taken to improve the situation the fishery may not be profitable longer than an¬ other five years. Also it was found that the fishery is much richer on the James River than the statistical reports tend to indicate. Where it is found the catfish is the most important fish of the James River. The following recommendations were made: 1. Limit the minimum size of the white bullhead cat to be taken to 8 inches and the willow cat to 10 inches. 2. Have a closed season of one month from June 15th to July 15th during the spawning season. 3. Require the fishermen to cull the small fish from the boats immedi¬ ately while they are still alive. 4. Secure better statistics so that the trend of the fishery may be fol¬ lowed more closely. 5. Encourage the fishermen to cooperate with one another in securing better prices and to advertize their fish outside of the state. It is believed that if the fishermen could grade and advertize their fish as an unit from the James River, they could through cooperative bargaining get better prices. 220 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MINUTES OF THE SECTION OF CHEMISTRY F. H. Fish, Chairman L. J. Desha, Secretary FRIDAY, MAY 8—9 :30 A. M. 1. The Chemistry of Alcoholic Fermentation. Lester Van Middlesworth ; Piedmont Apple Products Corporation, Charlottesville. (15 min.) A brief review of the development of the modern accepted theory for the chemical mechanism of alcoholic fermentation. The work in progress seeks better industrial application of this theory to obtain the desired al¬ cohols in larger yields. Experimental results obtained by the use of pure cultures and different media were presented. 2. Qualitative and Quantitative Tests for Acetic Acid. J. B. Lucas, Fred W. Bull and E. P. Painter; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. (12 min.) Most attempts in the past to test for acetic acid have been made with inorganic reagents. However these tests are of little value in making quantitative determinations. Beilstein, Feigel, Zappart, and Vasquez, German chemists, approached the problem from an organic standpoint by converting acetic acid into acetone before testing. Their work to date has shown some promise. In this investigation, two methods for determining acetic acid by or¬ ganic means have been attempted. The tests were carried out by two pre¬ cipitation methods and two titration methods. The first precipitation method utilized 2, 4, dinitrophenylhydrazine; the second method utilized the iodoform reagent as the precipitating agent. The titration tests in¬ volved the use of: (1) iodoform reagent, caustic soda, and hydrochloric acid, and (2) potassium iodide, sodium hypochlorite, caustic soda, and hydrochloric acid. The results obtained, together with the difficulties en¬ countered in each method, were discussed. 3. Dissolution of Urinary Calculi. P. C. Scherer and L. W. Claffey; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. (10 min.) Urinary calculi might be expected to dissolve if treated with certain solutions. Experiments showed that citric acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, benzoic acid, and various mixtures of acids and salts dissolved only small amounts. Albright’s citrate buffer appeared to be the best and dis¬ solved about 12.5% by weight. Assuming the calculi to be composed of inorganic salts deposited in a medium of an organic binding substance, attempts were made to decom¬ pose the organic matter by treating the stones with various enzymes so as to expose the inorganic m.atter to the solvent action of citrate solutions. Of the available enzymes, urease appeared to give the best results since in a number of cases complete solutions were obtained by long time treat¬ ment with the enzyme followed by digestion with citrate buffer solution. The relation between time of enzjmie treatment and amount dissolved thereafter by constant digestion with Albright’s citrate buffer showed that the enzyme action is initially very rapid but slows down at longer time. PROCEEDINGS 221 4. A Modification of the Freas and Provine Synthesis of Phe¬ nol Red. J. B. Lucas and H. J. Osborn ; Virginia Polytechnic Insti¬ tute, (10 min.) Phenol red can be obtained with about 30% yield from saccharin by the following method: Mix 25 grams of phenol with 10 grams of insoluble saccharin and add 12 cc. of concentrated sulfuric acid. Digest at about 120° C for 48 hours. Allow to cool and dissolve in about 200 cc. of water. Remove the excess sulfuric acid by quantitative precipitation with saturated barium hydrox¬ ide. Filter and evaporate to dryness. Pulverize, and extract the unre¬ acted phenol with ether. Dry again and extract the phenol red with ab¬ solute methanol. The product obtained by the evaporation of the metha¬ nol is pure enought for practical purposes. A better product can be ob¬ tained by recrystallization from either water or methanol, 5. The Nitration of Lepidine and 2-Chlorolepidine. Stanley E. Krahler and Alfred Burger; University of Vir¬ ginia. (15 min.) The nitration of lepidine and 2-chlorolepidine has been investigated by Krahler and Burger (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 2367 [1941]), and by John¬ son and Hamilton (ibid., 63, 2867 [1941]). These authors did not arrive at the same conclusions about the position of the nitro group introduced into 4-methylquinoline, placing it in position-8, while we had deducted position-5 for the new substitutent. Our conclusion was based on the fact that 8-chloro-2-hydroxylepidine had been prepared by Kermack and Muir (J. Chem. Soc. 1933, 300) and by Monti and Cirelli (Gazz. chim. ital. 66, 723 [1936]), and that our chloro-2-hydroxylepidine, the reference compound in this series, exhibited different physical properties. The sub¬ ject was reviewed, and the correct structure of the compounds in question discussed. 6. Vapor Phase Hydrolysis with Copper Catalysts Prepared from Complex Compounds. James W. Cole and L. Van Middlesworth ; University of Virginia. (10 min.) Catalysts prepared by reduction of copper from copper triethanolamine salts onto siliceous carriers promote the hydrolysis of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons to phenols. Experimental results were presented to show the effect on conversion and catalyst activity, of method of catalyst prep¬ aration, nature and particle size of carrier, temperature of reaction sys¬ tem, and presence of halogen hydride. 7. Desulfurization of Rayon by Organic Solvents. P. C. Scherer and W. M. Davis ; Virginia Polytechnic In¬ stitute. (5 min.) Experiments by Scherer and Leonards showed that if crude viscose rayon be first swollen with water, the sulfur present could be completely extracted by organic solvents. Assuming that such treatment should have less harmful effect on the physical properties than an hour treatment with 0.5% sodium sulfide solution at 80°, a comparison was made between rayon desulfurized (after swelling) with hot methyl alcohol and an alkali desul¬ furized rayon. The tensile strength, wet and dry, and the elongations, wet and dry, were measured. The methyl alcohol method in no case showed worse physical properties. There appeared to be an increase in elongation for the methyl alcohol treated yarn as compared to that of the alkali de¬ sulfurized material. 222 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 8. Reactions of Cellulose in Liquid Sulfur Dioxide. P. C. Scherer and L. W. Brooks ; Virginia Polytechnic In¬ stitute, (5 min.) The usual reactions of cellulose with reagents were attempted, using liquid sulfur dioxide as a solvent medium. Nitrations were impossible since the nitrating agent reacted with the solvent to give nitrosyl sulfuric acid. Chlorination and esterification reactions showed no tendency to pro¬ ceed. Etherification and xanthation, did not take place since the soda cellulose needed in these reactions reacted with the solvent to give sodium sulfite cellulose. Hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars took place readily. Subse¬ quent washing with sulfur dioxide removed two thirds of the excess sul¬ furic acid from the product. Dispersion in liquid ammonia neutralized the remaining acid to insoluble ammonium sulfate, and dissolved the re¬ ducing sugars. Filtration removed all the insoluble salts and the reduc¬ ing sugars were obtained pure by simple evaporation of the ammonia. 9. Reaction between Cellulose Nitrate and Diethylamine. P. C. Scherer and C. F. Rogers ; Virginia Polytechnic In¬ stitute. (5 min.) Cellulose nitrate (11.7% nitrogen) and diethylamine react vigorously with elevation of the temperature. A brown amorphous powder may be isolated from the residue by extraction of the impurities with chloroform. This brown powder gave an amino nitrogen content of 9.0%, comparing favorably with 8.6% nitrogen for a diaminodiethylcellulose. A yield of 40% theory is obtained. If carried out by adding a solution of diethylamine in peroxide free ether to the cellulose nitrate, the violence of the reaction is modified and a brown amorphous product may be obtained by treatment with chloroform. This product contained neither nitrite, nor nitrate nitrogen, but analysis gave 12.84% amino nitrogen compared to 12.82% for the theoretical tri- aminodiethylcellulose. The product was very soluble in water, very slightly soluble in chloroform and acetone, insoluble in benzene, ether, and carbon tetrachloride. 10. The Saccharification of Wood. P. C. Scherer and F. I. Brownley; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. (5 min.) A study of the conversion of wood to reducing sugars was made by four methods: (1) Hydrolysis with concentrated acids; (2) Hydrolysis with alkalies; (3) Hydrolysis with dilute acids; (4) Combination of chlorine treatment followed by hydrolysis with dilute acids. When wood was hydrolysed with concentrated sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, the yield of reducing sugar was only about 0.12% of the wood. When solutions of sodium hydroxide were used a yield of only 0.04% of the wood was obtained as sugars. Alternate treatments by alkali and by acids did not increase the yields. Hydrolysis with dilute sulfuric acid at 1'00°C for times up to one hour gave about 6.5% reducing sugars. Chlorination of the wood followed by hydrolysis with dilute sulfuric acid gave a maximum yield of about 24.4%, based on the wood, if the cycle were repeated four times. 11. Some Conservation-For-Defense Ideas Applicable in Chemi¬ cal Laboratories. Robert F. McCrackan; Medical College of Virginia. (12 min.) While adjusting laboratory programs to rising prices, slow deliveries, priority regulations and unprecedented shortage of certain important ma¬ terials, the laboratorian’s resourcefulness is meeting an unusual challenge. PROCEEDINGS 223 Some adaptations and changes in experimental procedures, suggested by present temporary conditions, were described and demonstrated. 12. The Southern Association of Science and Industry. Wortley F. Rudd; Medical College of Virginia, (5 min.) A summary of the organization and objectives of this Association. 13. A Biography of the Neutrino. Arnold M. Lansche; Randolph-Macon College, (8 min.) The neutrino theory was traced, from its beginning with James Chad¬ wick’s work in 1933, through the developments of 1941. The more impor¬ tant investigations were summarized and appraised. 14. Chemical Warfare — Offensive and Defensive. R. G. Robb; College of William and Mary, (20 min.) Chemical warfare is as old as mean’s knowledge of chemistry. Fire and Sword have been twin agencies of destruction in all the wars of the world. A second phase of chemical warfare made possible by gunpowder revo¬ lutionized all warfare, and gave dominion of the earth to the nations which knew how to use it. For four hundred years gunpowder reigned supreme on the battlefield, and not until near the end of the nineteenth century was it replaced by more powerful chemical explosives. During 1914-1918 many chemicals emerged as new chemical warfare agents. Among these, poison gases were the most sensational and almost gave victory to the Germans. The most publicized chemical warfare achievement today is the devel¬ opment of extremely efficient incendiaries — so that Fire, the oldest chemi¬ cal weapon, looms again as one of the most terrible. Another outstanding development has been the widespread use of chemical smokes for screen¬ ing warships, and for blinding defense gunners as in the capture of Eben Emael, the key fort on the Belgian border. The possibility of a surprise poison gas attack in overwhelming quan¬ tity still gives headaches to the strategists of all warring nations. Poison gas was perhaps the most efficient casualty-producing agent used in the first world war, and only an incurable optimist would fail to reckon with the chance that it may be used in the last bitter battles of this war if ei¬ ther side believes it will bring them victory or stave off defeat. 15. A V.A.S. Member Studies the Economic Situation of the Dominican Republic. Joseph Z. Schneider; Madison College. (20 min.) The speaker was one of eight experts sent in 1941, by the Brookings Institute of Washington, D. C., to study the economic situation and possi¬ bilities of the Dominican Republic. He discussed the purposes of the sur¬ vey, the factors studied and the methods applied, and summarized some of the more important findings. Emphasis was laid on climate, mineral deposits, agricultural raw materials, sources of energy, fuels, chemical in¬ dustry, national wealth, and national income. The work of the survey was evaluated both in terms of its original purposes and as to its useful¬ ness in the study of other Latin American countries. 16. Photo-Electric Measurement of Submarine Illumination. C. L. Newcombe, G. W. Ewing and A. R. Armstrong; College of William and Mary. (10 min.) Apparatus available for the determination of submarine illumination was described. Values showing the penetration of sunlight into the York River and lower Chesapeake Bay waters were presented and compared to similar values obtained in certain other bodies of water. A tentative cor¬ relation was made between increasing turbidity and decreasing oyster beds in terms of the effect of illumination upon the food supply of oysters. 224 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FRIDAY, MAY 8th— 2:00 P. M. 17. Introduction. John H. Yoe; University of Virginia. (5 min.) 18. A Progress Report on Analytical Organic Reagent Studies. W. J. Frierson; Hampden-Sydney College. (5 min.) 19. Organic Reagents for the Determination of Iron. Wm. E. Trout, Jr. ; Mary Baldwin College. (15 min.) More than one hundred organic compounds have been employed in one way or another for the determination of iron. The paper presented a sum¬ mary of these reagents and a comparison of the better ones. 20. 8-Mercaptoquinoline Studies. W. L. Bruce and J. R. Taylor; Washington and Lee Uni¬ versity. (5 min.) 8-Mercaptoquinoline has been synthesized and its analytical reactivity has been compared with that of 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) by the stand¬ ard drop reaction procedure. 21. Structure and Analytical Reactivity. J. R. Taylor; Washington and Lee University. (15 min.) A discussion of the effects on analytical reactivity of replacing oxygen by bivalent sulfur in organic compounds capable of forming complexes with metallic ions. 22. The Reactivities of Certain Organic Compounds with Inor¬ ganic Ions. F. H. Fish, P. J. Walkauskas and M. Fox; Virginia Poly¬ technic Institute. (5 min.) More than twenty-five organic compounds have been investigated by spot plate technique with about seventy-five inorganic ions under various experimental conditions. A summary of this work was presented. 23. A Progress Report on Inorganic Analysis With Organic Re¬ agents. E. Louise Wallace and Alfred R. Armstrong; College of Williain and Many. (5 min.) 24. Organic Solvents and Wash Liquids. Landon A. Sarver; American Viscose Corporation. (20 min.) The various uses for which organic liquids may be employed in analyti¬ cal chemistry, and the properties which govern the choice of a suitable agent were reviewed. Organic liquids were classified according to struc¬ ture, and a few examples were cited in each class. Finally, the applica¬ tion of an organic solvent to a new method of industrial analysis, the de¬ termination of sodium cellulose xanthate in viscose, was descrilDed. In connection with this method, a new piston pipet for delivering liquid sam¬ ples was demonstrated. PROCEEDINGS 225 25. s^/ri-Dianisalacetoneoximehydroxylamine as a New Organic Reagent for the Gravimetric Determination of Tungstates. A. Letcher Jones and John H. Yoe; University of Vir¬ ginia. (15 min.) Si/n-Dianisalacetoneoximehydroxylamine precipitates tungstates from acid solution. The anti isomer of the same compound is unreactive with tungstates. In normal synthesis both compounds are formed, but may be separated on the basis of difference of solubilities in alcohol. 26. Sodium Catechol Disulfonate as a New Colorimetric Reagent for Iron. A. Letcher Jones and John H. Yoe; University of Vir¬ ginia. (5 min.) Preliminary invesitgations of this compound show that it is highly sensitive for ferric ions, producing colored solutions of high stability. 27. Spectrophotometric Studies of Some Complex Copper Com¬ pounds. James W. Cole, M. Brooks Shreaves and James E. Bow¬ den; University of Virginia. (20 min.) Employing a Beckmann quartz spectrophotometer, optical densities over the wavelength range 350 to 1500 millimicrons were obtained for aqueous solutions of copper ammines and copper ethanolamines. Varia¬ tion of the ratio of concentration of “complex-former” to elementary ion and comparison with solutions made from pure solid complex compounds lead to the conclusion that there exists a series of complex ions contain¬ ing from one to six mols of “complex-former^’ per gram ion of copper. 28. Studies in Organic Analytical Reagents: New Colorimetric Reagents for Silver, Copper, Cobalt, Zirconium, and Pheno- thiazine. John H. Yoe and Lyle G. Overholser; University of Vir¬ ginia. (20 min.) 2-Thio-5-keto-4-carbethoxy-l,3-dihydropyrimidine may be used for the detection or colorimetric determination of small amounts of silver. Tlie sensitivity, interference of various ions, effect of pH, etc., have been studied. 2,4-Diacetoxyibenzonitril has been found to be a sensitive colorimetric reagent for the detection of copper. Visual and spectrophotometric studies of o-nitrosoresorcinol as a re¬ agent for cobalt indicates that it is applicable to the determination of small quantities of this element. 5-Chlorobromamine acid has been applied to the detection of zirconium. The reaction between phenothiazine (thiodiphenylamine) and palladous chloride forms the basis for the colorimetric determination of small amounts of phenothiazine. 29. Reactivity of Substituted Thioureas. Lyle G. Overholser and John H. Yoe; University of Vir¬ ginia. (5 min.) The reactions of sixty substituted thioureas with seventy-eight inor¬ ganic ions have been observed and the sensitivities of the most sensitive ones have been determined. 226 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM ON MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY SATURDAY, MAY 9—9:00 A. M. 30. Introduction. Alfred Burger; University of Virginia. 31. Recent Developments in Medicinal Chemistry. C. R. Addinall ; Merck & Co., Rahway, N. J. The discovery and application of the sulfanilamides — the second major phase in the development of chemotherapy — have thrown much light on the importance of the relation of chemical structure to therapeutic activ¬ ity. Recent investigations in various other fields of medicinal chemistry have shown the value of this orienting principle in interpreting the mode of action of chemical compounds and devising new and better medicinal agents. The investigation of the vitamins of the B complex, the search for drugs with antiplasmodial action, the development of newer anesthet¬ ics, the study of synthetic hormones and the application of sympathomi¬ metic drugs to war-time uses are recent developments of medicinal chem¬ istry which have relied upon and contributed much to this principle. 32. Sulfanilamide Chemistry. Jackson P. English; American Cyanamid Company, Stam¬ ford, Conn. The initial step in attacking the riddle of the relation of the activity of Sulfanilamide drugs to their constitutional formulae occurs in the or¬ ganic laboratory where a series of planned structural variants of the par¬ ent compound is prepared. When the chemist is sure of the purity and identity of his compounds they are turned over to the bacteriologist for the testing of their chemotherapeutic properties. Before attempting to correlate these results with his chemical facts, the chemist must keep fn mind the series of factors operating in the bacteriological laboratory, where lack of control could vitiate the most carefully planned synthetic program. However, enough structural variants of sulfanilamide have been carefully studied to permit some general idea of the influence of these va¬ riations to emerge. Unfortunately, the general effect is one of taboo, with hardly a hint of the course to be taken for the achievement of enhanced activity. The paper consisted of a discussion of these statements, with examples. 33. Chemistry and Pharmacology of Newer Local Anesthetics. J. Stanton Pierce and H. B. Haag; University of Rich¬ mond and Medical College of Virginia. A study of the structure of the widely used local anesthetics reveals certain groupings common to most of these compounds. However, no single group is present in all of the compounds which display pronounced local anesthetic action and no single compound contains all of the func¬ tional groups to which anesthetic action may be attributed. Comparison of the structural formulas of eucupin, nupercain, and mon- ocaine with procaine (novocaine) or cocaine illustrates the fact that marked changes in the latter compounds can be made without destroying anesthetic activity. The local anesthetic action of eucupin and nupercain have been found to be characterized by great persistence of effect when tested either experimentally or clinically. Eucupin is less toxic than co¬ caine, nupercain more toxic. PROCEEDINGS 227 A series of compounds, jQ-monoalkylaminoethylalkoxybenzoates has been prepared, which combine the ether groupings in eucupin and nupercain with the secondary alkylaminoethylbenzoate grouping in monocaine. Of the compounds in this series which have been tested on the rabbit’s cornea, the hydrochloride of jS-monopropylaminoethyl-p-^butoxybenzoate proved to be the most effective as a local anesthetic. 34. A Basis for the Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis. Frederick Bernheim and Alfred Burger; Duke Univer¬ sity and University of Virginia. Upon investigating the oxidative metabolism of the tubercle bacillus it was found that these bacteria can oxidize benzoic and o-hydroxybenzoic acids but not m- and p-hydroxybenzoic acids. A nonpathogenic mycobac¬ terium oxidizes benzoic, m- and p-hydroxybenzoic acids but not o-hydroxy¬ benzoic acid. On the assumption that the oxidation of o-hydroxybenzoic acid by the tubercle bacillus is an important metabolic process, various drugs were tried for their ability to inhibit the oxidation of this compound and thereby the growth of the tubercle bacillus. The effect of monohalo- genated benzoic acids on growth in vitro was tried and it was found that o-iodobenzoic acid inhibits growth more effectively than the other isomers and also the bromine and chlorine substituted benzoic acids. Increasing the number of iodine atoms substituted in the molecule increases the ef¬ fectiveness of the inhibition. Thus, 2, 3, 5, triiodobenzoic acid completely inhibits the growth of the tubercle bacillus on veal glycerine infusion broth in a concentration of 1.0 mg. per cent. The position of the sub¬ stituting groups is, however, important. 2-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid inhibits at lower concentrations than the 4-hydroxy isomer and this again emphasizes the fact that ortho substitution increases the effective¬ ness of the compound. A number of substituted 2,4,6-triiodophenoxy ethers have been tested. They affect the metabolism of the tubercle ba¬ cillus in different ways, all are inhibitors of growth, but some are too toxic for administration to animals. 35. Chemotherapy of Malaria. L. R. Modlin, Jr.; U. S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md. The various stages of the malarial parasite in the human blood stream consist’ of the following parasitic forms: Sporozoites, injected by the mosquito; schizonts, resulting from the division of the sporozoites in the red blood corpuscles; merozoites, liberated by the rupture of the red cor¬ puscles; and gametocytes, the sexual form of the parasite which may continue its development in the mosquito. Quinine, the most widely used compound in the treatment of malaria, is a schizonticidal drug and does not prevent the spread of the disease. A systematic search for a drug which would both check the disease and rid the peripheral blood stream of the parasite has resulted in the preparation of several thousand com¬ pounds of which plasmoquin, a gametocidal agent, and atabrin, a schi¬ zonticidal drug, are the most useful. 36. Minutes of the Business Meeting. The Business Meeting of the Chemistry Section was called to order by Chairman Fish at 4:40 P. M., Friday, May 8. The Nominating Committee submitted the following report: The Committee nominates the following members for officers of the Section for the year 1942-1943: For Chairman: L. J. Desha, Washington and Lee University; 228 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE For Secretary': Harry I. Johnson, Roanoke College; For Journal Representative: J. Stanton Pierce, University of Rich¬ mond. Respectfully submitted, Wm. E. Trout, Jr., Chairman, W. Joe Frierson, W. G. Guy, Ira a. Updike. Upon motion, this report was adopted. The meeting then adjourned. L. J. Desha, Secretary, PROCEEDINGS 229 MINUTES OF THE SECTION OF EDUCATION F. G. Lankford, Jr., Chairman Fred M. Alexander, Secretary FRIDAY, MAY 8—9 :30 A. M. TO 12 :30 P. M. 1. Suggestions for an Educational Therapy in Problem and Delinquent Children. H. Riese; Honorary Worker with the Richmond Juvenile and Domestic Relations Courts Richmond, Va, Two main psychological causes are seen for the failure of problem chil¬ dren with average intelligence to acquire proper knowledge. 1. Lack of intellectual curiosity. 2. Instability and difficulty in concentrating at all or for a suffi¬ cient length of time on more or less abstract topics. Lack of intellectual curiosity with these children is due, as a rule, to environmental conditions. Children having no one to ask questions of or no one to answer them properly will stop wondering. Their outlook at the time will be small; their life aimless. These are some of the reasons for their instability: want of practise, inability to establish a relationship be¬ tween school knowledge and their problems, ignorance of another than their narrow egoistic world which will cause lack of interest and concen¬ tration. Four means of dealing with these teaching problems are suggested: 1. To create an uplifting, inspiring group spirit in class, promot¬ ing unselfish ambitions and fair competition. This will countei:- act the evil group influence from the outside which, ruling with a strong hand, will frighten weak children into submission. 2. The same individual qualities which account for the child’s fail¬ ure should be used as a basis for promoting ambition and suc¬ cess; what is a weakness should be made an asset. 3. Awaken curiosity which has been slumbering since the question¬ ing time of early childhood. Knowledge corresponding to the chronological age must be given the charm and appeal of that fairyland of infancy which was unexperienced by these chil¬ dren. 4. Intellectual curiosity being once aroused, the child’s hostility toward society must be vanquished by using the socializing functions of knowledge to the utmost by establishing widespread and solid ties of human solidarity. 2. Virginia Fisheries Laboratory. Program of Educational Work in Marine Biology for Fisheries and Local Communi¬ ties. B. B. Shepherd ; College of William and Mary. This program consists of an educational exhibit on the biology of Vir¬ ginia Fisheries with special reference to the oyster, crab and fin fishes; a color film on the biology of Virginia Fisheries; and a series of pam¬ phlets on the biology and economic importance of commercial forms of tidewawter Virginia for the use of high school students and teachers of biology. 230 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE During the year the laboratory exhibit is shown to about 40 schools before about 10,000 students, as well as many townspeople. 3. The Use of Evaluative Criteria in Virginia High Schools. E. C. Shortt; University of Virginia. This study found that all except two of the forty-two Virginia high schools that had been evaluated by the Evaluative Criteria by the end of the 1940-41 session had experienced some degree of improvement as a re¬ sult of the application of these new measures. A number of criticisms have been directed at the Evaluative Criteria and their use by principals whose schools have been evaluated. A careful analysis of these criticisms indicates that they should not be interpreted as evidence of dissatisfaction with the Evaluative Criteria, but that they are offered with a view toward improving the instrument to make it more valuable for those who use it in the future. Most of the weaknesses of the Evaluative Criteria as reflected in these criticisms will disappear as schools become familiar with the materials and procedures recommended by the Co-operative Study. Other minor weaknesses can be corrected by slight revisions. FRIDAY, MAY 8-~2:00 P. M. 4. The Scientific Aspect of Supervision. J. A. Rorer; Extension Department, University of Vir¬ ginia, Educational literature during the last two or three decades has often employed the term “scientific” very loosely. “Scientific supervision” is only one example. Writers in the field of supervision claim that supervision is scientific in the following respects: a. Supervision employs scientific method in its procedure (i. e.) su¬ pervision is or should be scientific. b. Supervision utilizes the findings of science by adapting them to classroom use. c. Supervision conducts and cooperates in scientific research and experimentation for the improvement of instruction. This investigation concludes that the first of these claims is not well founded and that the second and third may be accepted only with certain reservations. 5. Discussion of Educational Research in Virginia. Dr. C. E. Myers; Supervisor of Research, State Board of Education, Richmond, Va. . ^ 6. Business meeting. The program proceeded as outlined with the following exceptions: (1) Mr. Wister Harold Ford did not appear as he had previously notified the secretary and did not send his paper, and (2) Dr. Rorer’s paper was changed to the afternoon session in order that he could fill a broadcast ap¬ pointment. Business Session — Following the discussion of educational research in Virginia, a motion was made, seconded, and carried that the president of PROCEEDINGS 231 the section appoint a committee of three to confer further with the State Department of Education, the Virginia Education Association, and the As¬ sociation of Virginia Colleges, seeking their cooperation in the organiza¬ tion of a research council along the lines proposed in the paper submitted by C. E. Myers. This committee was directed by the motion to report to the Executive Committee of the section, and the Executive Committee was given power to act. Officers were elected as follows: President, Fred M. Alexander, Super¬ visor of Secondary Education, State Department of Education, Richmond, Virginia; Secretary, H. W, Sanders, Professor of Agricultural Education, V. P. I., Blacksburg, Virginia; members of the Executive Committee, F. G. Lanlrford, Jr., Ex-officio, retiring president, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and C. E. Myers, Supervisor of Research, State Department of Education, Richmond, Virginia; member of the Editorial Board of the Virginia Journal of Science, J. A. Rorer, Professor of Edu¬ cation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. 232 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MINUTES OF THE SECTION OF ENGINEERING P. S. Dear, Chairman J. B. Jones, Secretary FRIDAY, MAY 8—9 :30 A. M. 1. Corrosion of Metals by the Constituents of Tallol. LeRoy Hutzler III and Albert H. Cooper; Virginia Poly¬ technic Institute. Tallol, a mixture principally of fatty and resin acids, occurs as a waste liquor in the manufacture of Kraft paper pulp. In processing the Tallol for recovery and utilization corrosion problems are encountered. This in¬ vestigation was carried out to study the relative corrosion characteristics of the constituents of tallol on various metals and to determine the most suitable metals for equipment construction which will satisfactorily with¬ stand the corrosive action. 2. Utilization of Lespedeza sericea for Annual Farm Tannin Crop. Frank C. Vilbrandt, A. B. Massey and J. Emmett Hines; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the engineering and economic problems inherent in the conversion of the annual crop of Les¬ pedeza sericea into a new material for tannin extract, or the industriali¬ zation of a farm crop. Through the cooperation of Dr. Massey and his associates, Lespedeza sericea was obtained and extracts were made of the leaves and stalk, first under laboratory extraction methods and then in a pilot plant filter and in a continuous screw conveyor extractor. Extractions were carried out at 60 to 100° C. at 10° increments from four to ten hours. Approximate costs of productions under optimum en¬ gineering conditions were calculated. 3. Utilization of Several Virginia Weeds for Annual Tannin Crop. Frank C. Vilbrandt, A. B. Massey and W. J. Halvorsen; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the engineering and economic problems which might arise in the utilization of several annual crop Virginia weeds, the persimmon leaf and unripe fruit, and the stick- weed, as a commercial source of tannin extract. Unripe persimmons were cut and dried; later were extracted with water at 80° C. for varying periods of time from one to ten hours, and tested for tannin by the titration and by the hide power methods. Stickweed stalk, flower and leaves were separated and extracted un¬ der the same condition and tested for tannin by similar methods as above. PROCEEDINGS 233 4. Rate of Absorption of Carbon Dioxide Monoethanolamine Water Solutions. J. I. Butzner, A. G. Grant, R. R. Ross and V. C. Williams; University of Virginia, The ethanolamines have proved to be economical in the absorption of acidic gases. They are capable of reducing the absorbable gas content in the inert to low values. Data are badly needed for the commercial design of the absorption and stripping columns. This paper represents a start on the accumulation of stripping data for use in the calculation of such absorption units. 5. Equilibrium Partial Pressures of Carbon Dioxide over Mono¬ ethanolamine Water Solutions. W. P. Cowgill; University of Virginia, For interpretation of rate factors in absorption design, equilibrium data are necessary. A new apparatus has been designed which expedites this determination. 6. Raw Materials for Defense. Albert H. Cooper ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. A review of our situation in respect to strategic and critical materials for defense production. New processes, new methods, new materials, and progress in industrial expansion for meeting the demands for materials for defense needs and to overcome the shortage for civilian uses. 7. Dehydration of Apples. Frank C. Vilbrandt and Raymond Friedman; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Dehydrated apples as a transportable foodstuff for armies and foreign relief is essential. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the possibility by control of drying condition of dehydrating apples so as to retain vitamin C content, cell structure, color, flavor, and other desir¬ able characteristics of apples when rehydrated. York and Stamen apples were peeled, sliced, and dried in a special three tray air conditioned dryer at 125-130° F. under 2, 3, 4, and 5 stage humidity variations at 2 to 16 hour time intervals for each stage until apples showed no increased rate of loss of moisture. Fourteen to twentyi-four hours total drying limits were required. Freshly picked apples required a longer drying time than those retained in storage for three months; the longer periods were 20 to 24 hours while the quick drying were 14 to 16 hours’ duration. The degree of darkening was a function of time at 125-130° F. The lighter quality, better flavored and more readily rehydrate apples resulted from the quicker drying conditions. Vitamin 6, a small quantity at best, was eliminated during the dehydration. 8. The Side Entering Mixer as a Gas-Liquid Contacting De¬ vice. J. H. Rushton; University of Virginia. The problem of contacting gas and liquid by a side entering mixer has been studied in a glass sided tank. The effect of a number of variables involved is presented by photographs and in part supported by quantita¬ tive measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed in sodium carbonate solutions. A propeller type side entering mixer was used. The propeller acted both as a small bubble former and as a propellant. These are contrasting factors and if properly balanced can be made to produce good mixing with 234 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE no vortex formation and very small and uniform bubble size. Two pro¬ pellers acting together on one shaft with gas introduced behind them gave the best results. Motion pictures are used to show actual operation. 9. Power Measurement for Side Entering Mixers. F. L. Foerster and W. H. Tucker; University of Virginia. Description of a set-up for measuring power input to a mixing pro¬ peller making use of a Strobotac. Power measurements have been made and data on calibration and various mixing conditions are presented. A small set-up demonstration will be shown to illustrate the conven¬ ience of the method. 10. Fluid Flow Patterns as Determined by the Schlieren Method. H. F. Johnson and V. C. Williams ; University of Virginia. The Schlieren method is capable of showing disturbances in gas flow patterns due to the change in the index of refraction, by temperature or pressure. This apparatus gives visual evidence of the patterns resulting from changes in construction of various gas flow equipment. Apparatus and method of operation are described. 11. Float Bodies for the Stabl-Vis Rotameter. W. H. McCoy, W. W. Mellen, Jr. and J. H. Rushton ; Uni¬ versity of Virginia. Data are presented on the behavior of float bodies of various sizes at¬ tached to a sharp-edged Stabl-Vis disc in a rotameter. From these data the relation between float body size and the viscosity influence on a sharp- edged disc rotameter has been determined. BUSINESS MEETING Appointment of Nominating Committee. The meeting was called to order by Prof. P. S. Dear, Chair¬ man, at the conclusion of the presentation of the papers of the morning session. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. A nominating committee, consisting of Dr. A. H. Cooper and Dr. J. H. Rushton, was appointed to select a slate of officers for the coming year. The committee was instructed to report back to the meeting at its resumption after lunch. Dr. Frank C. Vilbrandt stated that in all probability a pro¬ posal would be made requiring collegiate membership of all stu¬ dents presenting papers, and he would suggest that the Engi¬ neering Section give the matter consideration. The chair asked the members to give the proposal careful thought and to be ready to make an expression later. The meeting was then re¬ cessed until after lunch. FRIDAY, MAY 8—2:00 P. M. Continuation of Business Meeting. At 2 : 00 p. m. the business meeting was again called to order. The nominating committee presented the following slate of offi¬ cers: Chairman, J. B. Jones; Secretary, Frank C. Vilbrandt; PROCEEDINGS 235 Associate Editor, J. H. Rushton. There were no further nomi¬ nations from the floor and a unanimous ballot was cast for the nominees. A resolution was then introduced to the effect that the En¬ gineering Section go on record as favoring the continuation of the present membership policy. The business meeting was concluded at 2:20 p. m. with the resumption of the presentation of the papers for the afternoon session. 12. An Inexpensive Pipe Covering for Prevention of Sweating. W. H. Tucker and J. H. Rushton ; University of Virginia. Data are presented on the effectiveness of various saw-dust paint mix¬ tures as pipe covering. Sweating from humid air on cold iron pipes can be prevented by painting the pipes with a sawdust-paint or cork paint mixture. The method is simple, inexpensive, and useful where tempera¬ tures are not too low or humidities too high. 13. The Thermodynamic Properties of Air. V. S. Williams; University of Virginia. The thermodynamic properties of air at low and high temperatures ( — 180°C to 300°C) and for pressures to 220 atm have been calculated from the Joule-Thomson coefficient. The data are given in the form of charts for H vs. T, S vs. T, H vs. S, Cp vs. T, vs. T, P vs. H., vs. P. 14. Automatic Roof Ventilator Tests. E. M. Simons ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. The ability of an automatic roof ventilator to exhaust vitiated air from a room or building depends primarily on the velocity of the wind across the ventilator head and the difference in temperature between the air in the room and the outdoor air. The investigation under discussion is a study of the performance char¬ acteristics of various size ventilators of a given make under controlled temperature and wind velocity conditions. A special wind tunnel was con¬ structed in the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of the Virginia Poly¬ technic Institute for the purpose of running these tests. 15. Air-Drying of Colloidal Nitro-Cotton. Fred W. Bull, A. F. Giacco and J. M. Mount; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. One of the “bottlenecks’' in the nitrocellulose industry has been the lengthy period required for the drying process. As yet, the dr3ring theory for colloidal materials is somewhat indefinite. The greatest obstacle en¬ countered in the drying of such materials is the formation of a relatively thick, horny, outer layer, or skin, which retards diffusion of the Iqiuid through the mass to the surrounding medium. It has been the object of this investigation to obtain sufficient data to plot drying rate curves un¬ der various drying conditions. Test runs were made varying (1) the tem¬ perature of the drying surface from 70°F. to 90°F.; (2) the thickness of the mass from 0.25 to 0.50 inch; and (3) the temperature of the con¬ stantly circulated drying medium, air, from 60°F. to 85°F. The four sides of the molded, colloided nitro-cotton specimen were carefully insulated and one side placed firmly against the heating surface to insure the drying process to take place from one surface only. A description of the appa¬ ratus used and procedure followed are included. 236 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 16. Factors Affecting Spray Drying. W. C. Carnell and Albert H. Cooper ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Spray drying of solutions and suspensions has the advantages of (a) rapid rate of drying due to the tremendous surface area exposed to the drying action of the air, (b) a relatively low temperature at which the drying is accomplished, a particular advantage in the drying of heat sensi¬ tive colloidal material, as milk, which can be spray dried without affecting the colloidal structure, and (c) production of a finely powdered product, , thereby eliminating subsequent pulversizing where a powdered product is desired. Results are presented covering a study of the variable factors affect¬ ing spray drying, and an attempt has been made to correlate these fac¬ tors with the resulting properties of the product, such as particle size, form, and moisture content. The factors studied include (a) physical and chemical nature of the solutions to be dried, (b) concentration of the solution, (c) drying surface, or size of sprayed droplets, (d) tempera¬ ture of the solution, and (e) temperature and humidity of the air. 17. Explosive Shattering of Manganese Ore. Fred W. Bull and E. R. Griffith; Virginia Polytechnic In¬ stitute. One of the problems which is encountered in the recovery of manga¬ nese from manganese ore is the crushing of the ore preparatory to ore dressing. The conventional methods of crushing and grinding do not at¬ tain 100 per cent efficiency of crushing, but by explosive shattering of the ore, a closer approach to 100 percent efficiency is attained. This is made possible by the following factors: (1) instantaneous crushing due to the suddenness of the blow; (2) differential crushing due to the shattering of the more metallic minerals rather than the gangue minerals, and (31 the utilization of most of the energy in crushing due to the elimination of undesirable fines. The principle of explosive size reduction depends upon the fact that an expansible substance, such as steam, contained within the cracks or pores of the solid body will disrupt the body upon expansion. In order to obtain the most efficient combination of the factors influencing the operation, tests were made on pyrolusite varying (1) the pressure of the steam from 80 to 160 pounds per square inch, (2) the time of holding the pressure in the steam chamber in contact with the ore from 1 to 16 minutes, and (3) the time of soaking the ore preliminary to explosion from zero to a period of one month. 18. Silica-Gel as a Means of Studying Gas-Liquid Interfacial Area. R. S. McDaniel, E. F. White, Jr. and J. H. Rushton; Uni¬ versity of Virginia. Data are given on rate of set of silica-gels and the method whereby the rate can be controlled. A method is described whereby a dynamic liq¬ uid surface in a packed column can be converted to a static surface of ap¬ proximately the same area. The extension of these processes is outlined and data given to show how gas-liquid interfacial area may be determined directly by experiment. 19. The Effects of Misadjustment and Negligence in the Mod¬ ern Automotive Engine. Martin Stark and J. B. Jones ; Virginia Polytechnic Insti¬ tute. Modern automotive engines suffer a great deal of neglect as a result of their operation by the average automobile owner. Neglecting some PROCEEDINGS 237 parts of the engine has a rather great effect on both the economy and power output of the engine; but neglecting other points, even though these points are widely advertised as important ones, seems to have very little effect. The serviceman’s cure for such neglect is the motor tune-up, which automotive manufacturers recommend at specified intervals in their prod¬ uct’s operation. Again, it is found that certain adjustments are critical for the operation of the engine at peak power and efficiency, while a much wider latitude is available in others before any appreciable effect can be noticed on the engine. 20. Lineal Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Materials at Low Temperatures by the Fizean Method. W. G. Canham; University of Virginia, In design of low temperature equipment the contraction during cooling is an important factor. Interferometric determinations of the coefficient, 1 dL for several metals have been made at temperatures down to — 18'0°C. in apparatus to be described. 21. The Theories of Failure of Wood in Flexure. E. George Stern; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. A theory of failure of wood in flexure, based on present information on the elastic and strength properties of wood, as compared with Galileo’s and Navier’s theories. Considerations of the specific properties of wood, its characteristics under stress, and application of our knowledge in changing the non-homo- geneous structural material to a more homogeneous one, permit a better utilization of the favorable strength-weight ratio of wood in the limit de¬ sign by preventing early failure. SATURDAY, MAY 9—9:00 A. M. 22. Industrial Waste Disposal Survey in Virginia. Fred W. Bull, E. T. Darden and R. E. Sentz; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. The Department of Chemical Engineering of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute has for several years been conducting surveys on the methods of disposing of industrial wastes in Virginia. Since the bulk of all indus¬ trial wastes are disposed of by. dumping them into the rivers, and since this method of waste disposal is most likely to become objectionable or even hazardous to the public, it has been the object of the studies con¬ ducted at V. P. I. In 1940 and 1941, a general state-wide survey was made in order to get a broad view of the stream-pollution-by-industrial-waste-disposal situ- tion in Virginia. A thorough study of all previous work done on the sub¬ ject was made. Conferences were held with all the officials of the various organizations and research groups who had made stream pollution studies in Virginia. Visits were made to the largest industrial plants of the State for the purpose of interviewing the officials of these plants and analyzing samples of the rivers, above and below these plants, to determine the ex¬ tent of pollution. It was found that the greatest part of the pollution on the New, James, and Roanoke rivers was from paper, rayon, and tanning industries. Since last September, the tanning industry has been the object of the studies at V. P. I. A thorough study has been made in order to determine accurately the effect on the New River of two particular plants on its banks. One, The Mead Corporation, is located at Radford; the other, 238 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Leas-McVitty, is located at Bluff City near Pearisburg. By means of ex¬ tensive chemical analysis of the effluents being thrown into the river, and of water samples taken at various points above and below the plants, ef¬ forts have been made to determine the effects of stream flow, temperature, and plant operation on the extent of pollution of the river. 23. Design of Calcium Chlorate Cell to Utilization of Solvay Process Waste. Frank C. Vilbrandt and William C. Miller; Virginia Polytechnic Institute, The purpose of this investigation was to find the optimum cell condi¬ tions for the electrolytic production of chlorates from Solvay wastes. A recapitulation of Tober’s beaker size investigation of a non-diaphragm calcium chlorate cell was first made. Under current concentration of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 ampere per liter and at 20 , 30°, 40° and 60° and 90°C., with pH varying between 5.0 and 7.0 and with chromate concentration of zero to 4 grams per liter, solutions of Solvay wastes were run for 48 to 72 hours with and without catalysts, using carbon anodes and iron cathodes. Then, varying concentrations of Solvay wastes were electrolyzed in a large ca¬ pacity or development size unit. Results comparable to production of a weed-killer by other methods were obtained. 24. Application of Osmosis to the Recovery of Caustic Soda in the Rayon Industry. Frank Keel and Albert H. Cooper; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Recovery of caustic soda is an important economic problem in the rayon industry. A general discussion of the application of dialysis to the sepa¬ ration and recovery of caustic soda from hemicellulose, and the results of a study made on the diffusion of caustic soda through membranes and the factors which affect the rate of transfer. 25. Design of Distribution Plate for Absorption Tower. Fred W. Bull, J. K. Musick and W. W. Boisture ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Regardless of the type of packing used in an absorption tower, one of the most important problems encountered in the design and operation of such a tower, is the prevention of channeling of the liquid and gaseous components. Various types of distribution plates have been designed in an effort to correct this difficulty with only a few meeting with any degree of success. In an effort to correct the inherent difficulties encountered in the op¬ eration of the coke-packed absorption tower in the Chemical Engineering Unit Operations Laboratory, a distribution plate was designed and test made to determine its value for the prevention of channeling of the gas and liquid mediums used. Test runs were made varying (1) the absorb¬ ing medium, water, from 60 to 110 gallons per hour, (2) the volume of gas from 2500 cu. ft. per min. to 5500 cu. ft. per min., (3) the Carbon Dioxide in the gas from 6.3 per cent to 12.5 per cent, and (4) the temper¬ ature of the gas entering the tower from 110°F, to 70°F. Means of sam¬ pling the gas (1) before entering the column, (2) below and above each distribution plate, and (3) the exit gas, were installed in the tower. A description of the distribution plate used together with its assembly in the tower is included. PROCEEDINGS 239 26. Factors Involved in Conveyor Mixing of Heterogeneous Solids. Frank C. Vilbrandt and Guido J. Coli; Virginia Poly¬ technic Institute. The object of this investigation is to evaluate the factors of speed of rotation, feed-rate, feed-mix proportion, particle size, density and geomet¬ ric shape as applicable to mixing of heterogeneous solids in a screw con¬ veyor. Factors were studied by using a water insoluble chart with a water soluble copper sulfate in a set of four-stand-high, eight-feet long units, with sampling stations at eight-foot intervals. Both solids were sized into 5'0, 20, 16, and 4 mesh. Samples were taken at 15 second intervals. Speeds of 35 to 144 r.p.m., feed-rates to 1 to 5 cubic feet per hour and at 50-50 to 90-10 feed proportions. 27. Utilization of Carbide Generator Wastes for Production of Arsenate Spray. Frank C. Vilbrandt and Ralph H. Bogle; Virginia Poly¬ technic Institute. The purpose of this investigation was to produce an insecticide from a carbide generator waste pond. The calcium hydroxide residue waste re¬ sulting from the production of acetylene from calcium carbide and water was treated with arsenic acid and separation by sedimentation and filtra¬ tion studied. Quality of calcium arsenate thus produced was studied for fineness, covering power, levity in dusting, and pH. Processing the waste from the generators directly into calcium arse¬ nate spray reduced the drying problems and resulted in an effective out¬ let for the waste in the \1icinity of the waste, the apple growing region in which demand for such spray is quite high. 28. Dry-Pressed, Light-Weight Refractories from Virginia Kyanite. A. W. Allen; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Kyanite, a member of the sillimanite group ( Al203.Si02) , has expan¬ sion properties which have somewhat hindered its use in dense refracto¬ ries where porosity is not an attribute to service characteristics. A par¬ ticular advantage of kyanite, however, is its rapid inversion at about cone (2534°F.) where the reaction 3(Al203.Si02) 3Al203.2Si02H-8i02 (kyanite) (mullite) occurs, giving, according to the alumina-silica phase diagram, about 87% mullite. Furthermore, the reaction is usually complete after one firing. The volume stability, low thermal expansion, and high melting point of mullite are well adapted to its use as a refractory. The reaction above is accompanied by an expansion which produces a highly porous body, the amount of expansion depending on the grain size of the kyanite and presence of other materials in the body. The paper will present very briefly a consideration of the mechanism of heat flow in a homogeneous body from Fourier’s law and the partial differential equation for unsteady state heat flow as a guide to indicating the advantage of porous refractories in certain installations where low heat loss and low heat storage are advantageous. Other requirements of refractory insulators will be briefly considered as well. The expansion of the kyanite which produces the low bulk density de¬ sired of a refractory insulating material causes disruption of the struc¬ ture of the body unless the expansion is controlled properly. The develop¬ ment of strength in such a highly porous body is brought about by the in¬ corporation in the body of small amounts of fluxing materials, which pro¬ mote enough fusion on the surface of the calcined kyanite grains to give 240 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE the ibody its desired strength without loss of the required porosity. The paper will include, then, expansion characteristics of kyanite-clay mixtures with relation to high porosity with maximum strength and the use of certain fluxes, among which is Virginia apatite, to promote strength of the fired product without hindering the insulating and refractory char¬ acteristics of the brick. 29. Simplified Method for the Approximation of Spanwise Air¬ load Distribution on Tapered Airplane Wings. L. Z. Seltzer; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Most of the larger aircraft are built with wings whose planform are of the straight tapered variety. This type of wing has both aero-dynamic and structural advantages, besides being particularly suited to cantilever construction. The undesirable tip stall, resulting from the taper, can be corrected by incorporating twist in the outer wing panels. In order to determine the shear, bending and torque loads, the span- wise lift distribution must first be determined. Until recently the Lotz method has been used for this determination. The Lotz method involves the use of Fourier coefficients and a method of successive approximations for obtaining them. Needless to say the method is a long and tedious one. It has been found that the exact lift distribution is very close to the dis¬ tribution for a fictitious wing whose chord distribution is the arithmetic mean of the actual wing chord of a semi-ellipse of equal area. A very simple expression for the lift distribution, based on the assumption, can be written. From this relationship the additional section lift coefficients can be derived as a function of the taper ratio. The basic section lift co¬ efficients due to geometric twist, are also derived from a similar assump¬ tion. 30. Protecting Domestic Hot Water Heating Coils with Sodium Hexametaphosphate. P. H. McGauhey and F. C. Larson^' ; Virginia Pohjtech- nic Institute. Sodium hexametaphosphate is the sulfa drug of the water treatment field. Its effect in preventing the deposition of calcium from high bicar¬ bonate waters, in the stabilization of lime-softened water, and in the pre¬ vention of corrosion has been little short of phenomenal. In this paper the authors present the results of a preliminary study with a simple device for preventing the annual bursting of domestic hot water heating coils by applying hexametaphosphate. The cold water supply line to a hot water tank was cut and an orifice plate inserted. Connections from either side of the orifice were made to a cylinder containing hexametaphosphate glass by means of copper tub¬ ing. Needle valves in the connecting tubes made it possible to vary the proportion of flow through the chemical cylinder. The cylinder was packed with chemical to obtain a minimum of void space throughout the period of operation. With this device all water flowing into the hot water tank was automatically treated with about 2 ppm of hexametaphosphate. The heating coils in a furnace equipped with this device showed no signs of scale at the end of one season’s operation on water containing about 240 ppm of bicarbonate alkalinity as CaCOs. PROCEEDINGS 241 Due to the loss of personnel it was not possible to keep a check on the reversion of the metaphosphate to orthophosphate in the cylinder. The satisfactory operation of the apparatus, as evidenced by the condition of the heating: coil, indicates that this was not serious. The extent to which the metal cylinder was attacked by the strong solution was not appreciable, and the authors conclude that it is practical to treat small quantities of water with sodium hexametaphosphate. The authors now propose to make a careful study of the performance of their device, possibly adapting it to the less soluble forms of the chemi¬ cal. * Graduate student in sanitary engineering. 242 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MINUTES OF THE SECTION OF FORESTRY J. H. Johnson, Chairman George Dean, Secretary FRIDAY, MAY 8—10:00 A. M. 1. Virginia’s Forest Fight for Democracy. F.' C. Pederson; State Forester. (Read by George W. Dean.) Virginia’s forests are fighting for democracy. They are supplying materials for almost every type of war implement requiring wood, as well as housing facilities for active personnel and defense workers. In Germany forest products are classed as the second most important resource. Inasmuch as forest products are invaluable to our enemies they are by the same token absolutely necessary to our allies. In fulfilling our obligations under the terms of the Lend Lease act, the materials must be delivered to their destination. This requires containers, crating and ships, all of which require tremendous quantities of wood. It will be readily perceived that the forests of Virginia and the south along with the timber resources in other sections of the Country are store¬ houses of wealth, vitally important for the successful prosecution of the war. The perpetuation of these forests is accordingly a vital issue. These forests must be protected from both fire and destructive overcutting. The protection of Virginia’s forests from fires must be an immediate and major concern to all the people in the State. During the calendar year 1941, there were recorded in Virginia, 3967 forest fires which burned over approximately 112,0'00 acres. The people of Virginia should rise up and demand the two things that will eternally reduce forest fire losses. These are (1) complete preparedness, (2) more severe punishment for those hailed into court for violations of the excellent forest fire laws which have been enacted in Virginia, The problem is not only a fire hunt but also a man hunt. Not the fire, but the hand that lights it is the public enemy. Forest fires will continue to despoil and destroy until the officers of the law and the judge on the bench, the editor, the legislator, and the man on the street recognizes that the hand that starts the fire has com¬ mitted a crime against society. 2. An Analysis of Recent Virginia Legislation for State Regu¬ lation of Methods of Cutting on Private Forests and of Recent Proposals for Federal Legislation. Chapin Jones; University of Virginia. There was passed in 1940 and amended in 1942 the only Virginia stat¬ ute which regulates the methods by which a forest land owner may cut his own forest. This “seed-tree law” applies only on land on which Pinus taeda or Pinus echinata, together or singly, represent fifty percent or more of the trees present. This law provides that when such lands are cut for commercial purposes there shall be left uncut not less than four “seed- trees” per acre of Pinus taeda or Pinus echinata tweleve inches or more in diameter. Numerous exceptions and provisos limit the applicability of the statute. PROCEEDINGS 243 Each of the last five annual reports of the Acting Chief of the U. S. Forest Service has advocated “public regulation” of methods of cutting private forests. There have recently been introduced into Congress three bills intended to bring about “public regulation.” One provides that “regulation” be carried out wholly by the federal government. The other two provide that the various States be given an opportunity to administer such regulation, with federal cooperatioon but subject to federal approval, but in the case of any State’s failure to act with federal approval the Secretary of Agri¬ culture may administer such regulation and is authorized by the terms of one bill and required by the terms of another bill to withdraw existing co¬ operation in many conservational activities. 3. Farm Forestry in Virginia. Wilbur O’Byrne; Extension Forester, Farm forestry differs from the art as practiced on industrial and pub¬ lic forests, in that it has to do with relatively , small areas making up in¬ tegral parts of operating farms, and must be carried on by a farmer as a sideline to the business of farming, rather than by a forester as a sole responsibility. The first duty of the farm forest is to supply the wood requirements of the farm, with sales limited to surpluses over and above those require¬ ments. Being a sideline to farming, farm forestry must be correlated with the material requirements and labor supply on individual farms, and must cater to local rather than general markets. Forest products can be produced more economically in farm forests than under other forms of ownership. The soil vdll average higher in fer¬ tility; proximity of the owner insures protection against fire and trespass that must be provided by specific organizations on larger and more remote properties; small size and proximity make it possible for the owner to give his personal attention, utilize slack season time of farm labor, work stock and equipment and salvage low grade material that can not be handled economically on large forests. All forestry in Virginia has suffered from the abundance of usable products and the ease with which useful species reproduce themselves — it has been assumed that no effort was necessary. Farm forestry has suf¬ fered further from tradition — that forest land was “waste land” that must be cleared as a prerequisite to use. Improved markets of recent years, es¬ pecially the war demand, are changing this attitude, and while awakening to the possibilities of forestry has not been as rapid as it has been with some of the pump and paper companies, farm forestry in Virginia is mov¬ ing ahead. 4. Observation on the Current Fire Season in Southwest Virginia. A. Cochran; Supervisor of Jefferson National Forest, A democracy can flourish only when its roots are nourished in fertile soil. Our people need all the natural resources. The destruction of the forests this spring by fire, always carelessly if not maliciously caused, cannot be other than disturbing to thinking, responsible people. The agents for preventing forest fires are law enforcement, education, and social pressure. Brush burning fires which caused a large part of the destruction this spring will cease when these cases are properly prose¬ cuted and worthwhile penalties are attached. The same is true of incen¬ diary fires which seem to be on the increase. Minimum fines and suspen¬ sions are demoralizing and breed disrespect for the law. There is no uni¬ formity as to what is adequate evidence among the counties. Smokers cause about one-third of the fires in the State. Turning this destructive habit into a constructive one is the subject of a study proposed by the Ad¬ visory Council on Human Relations organized by the American Associa- 244 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE tion for the Advancement of Science. Forest fires are more than 20 per cent caused by local residents — people living within a mile or a few miles of the forest. The educational devices of modern times must be directed toward reaching these people if the fire problem is to be solved. 5. Work of the George Washington National Forest, Illus¬ trated by a Technicolor Motion Picture. M. C. Howard; Supervisor of the George Washington National Forest. A colored motion picture illustrating the activities carried on by the United States Forest Service in the George Washington National Forest was shown. 6. Educational Work of a Forest Industrial Company. J. H. Johnson, Chesapeake Corporation, West Point, Vir¬ ginia. Following the presentation of the papers and discussions, Chairman Johnson declared the meeting open for the transac¬ tion of business. Upon a motion by Wilbur O’Byrne and seconded by M. C. Howard and by unanimous approval, J. H. Johnson and George W. Dean were reelected as Chairman and Secretary respectively. Upon a motion by Dean and a second by Cochran and unanimous approval, Chapin Jones was elected the Forestry Section repre¬ sentative on the Journal’s Editorial Board. Chairman Johnson requested about a one-half typewritten page abstract of each paper presented. Upon the motion of M. C. Howard and the unanimous ap¬ proval of the Section, a resolution was prepared to Governor Darden commending him for his current interest in the forest fire situatiion and assurmg him of support of any steps which he may take to improve the situation. Upon a motion of R. I. Sorensen, the meeting adjourned at approximately 5:30 P. M. George W. Dean, Secretary, Forestry Section. PROCEEDINGS 245 MINUTES OF THE SECTION OF GEOLOGY Raymond S. Edmundson, Chairman Roy J. Holden,. Vice-President Wm. M. McGill, Secretary FRIDAY, MAY 8—9:30 A. M. The Section of Geology met in Parlor 318 of the Hotel Roanoke on Fri¬ day, May 8, 1942. Two sessions were held; the first from 9:30 A. M. to 12:40 P. M., and the second from about 2:10 to 4:30 P. M. Dr. Raymond S. Edmundson, Chairman, presided at both sessions. An attendance of thirty people was recorded for the meetings, which was considered very good in view of existing conditions. As in previous meetings, discussions of each paper stimulated interest in the program. The following papers were presented: 1. Ground-Water Work of the Virginia Geological Survey.* William M. McGill; Virginia Geological Survey. (Presented by title.) A brief account of the increased demands from various localities, areas, and organizations throughout Virginia for additional supplies of water, particularly from ground-water sources; the importance of continuous de¬ tailed investigations of ground-water conditions throughout the State; and the type and scope of investigations being made and the services rendered by the State Geological Survey, and by the Ground Water Division of the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the State Survey. The primary objectives of the ground-water investigations are to ob¬ tain and disseminate accurate, helpful information and promote the intel¬ ligent development, effective and efficient utilization and proper protection or conservation of the State’s ground-water resources. 2. History of the Development of Geology of the James River Basin, Virginia. Joseph K. Roberts; University of Virginia. The geology of the James River drainage basin of approximately ten thousand square miles is extremely complex. The earliest observations be¬ gan about 1781, which led to the first real progress from 1835 to 1841. James River rises in the higher Appalachians, and flows across the Great Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont and Coastal Plain provinces. Each of these divisions or physiographic provinces presents more or less its own geology. Many students have contributed to our knowledge of the geology of the James Riven basin. Some of the older investigations were made by Timothy A. Conrad, William B., and Henry D. Rogers, John L. and Henry D. Camp¬ bell, William M. Fontaine, and Thomas L. Watson. The work of these in¬ vestigators forms the basis of modern studies in furnishing a stimulus to extend or expand knowledge. The first studies were made along the line of altitudes, the natural di¬ visions of the State, fossil remains, useful minerals, and certain natural features. Modern methods of study were begun about 1910, and have *Published by permission of the State Geologist of Virginia. 246 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE to the present time included all modern methods, the latest one being geo¬ physical investigations on the Coastal Plain and its basement complex. The Piedmont probably holds the most difficult of problems in the James River basin due to intense metamorphism and erosion. The youngest por¬ tion of the basin geologically is the Coastal Plain, followed in order by the Triassic basins of the Piedmont, the Appalachians, the Great Valley, and finally the Blue Ridge and Piedmont, 3. Notes on the Athens Fauna. Alfred G. Fischer; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. (Introduced by Roy J. Holden.) Recent investigations of the Athens fauna of the Roanoke syncline have revealed new forms, and specimens showing undescribed morphologic fea¬ tures. Among these are synrhabdosomes of Climacograptus scharenbergi, Raphiophorus powelli with genal spines, new species of Dionide, a Tele- jyhus complete with thorax of nine segments, and problematica. 4. Weathering of Spessartite. Roy J. Holden; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. In Grayson County, Virginia, there is a large and persistent vein which carries chiefly spessartite. Wherever the writer has found spessartite in the weathered zone it has been more or less altered to the hydrated ox¬ ide of manganese. Since this vein deposit seems to have come from deep sources and possibly formed at elevated temperatures, the possibility of magmatic carbonation is suggested. A test on fresh spessartite with carbon dioxide at 6'00 pounds pressure, with a temperature of 300 degrees C. for a week gave negative results. Therefore atmospheric carbonation is indicated. The end products of the weathering are hydrous manganese oxide, clay and quartz. Manganese carbonate has not been found. It was probably formed but, being unstable under oxiding conditions, was imme¬ diately broken down to the hydrous oxide. This is a specific example of the general case of the carbonation of the primary silicates with the pro¬ duction of a lower hydrous silicate, a carbonate of the base and silica. In this case no lower hydrous silicate of the manganese has been found, in¬ dicating the complete carbonation of the manganese. If the clay is kao- linitic, then there was formed a lower hydrous silicate of the alumni. If the clay is bauxitic, then the alumina was carbonated. 5. A Profile Study of Three Soils Developed from Material Weathered from Limestone. S. S. Obenshain and C. G. Morgan ; Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg , Va. (Presented by S. S. Obenshain.) The genetical and morphological characteristics of Hagerstown silt loam, Pisgah silt loam and Clarkesville cherty silt loam, three southwest Virginia soils which were formed from material weathered from limestone, were studied by means of mechanical and chemical analyses, and field studies of the soil profiles. The soils used in this investigation are all re¬ lated in a general way, that is, they all occur within the Grav-Brown Pod¬ zolic region and are all derivatives of relatively high carbonate rocks. Samples of all three soils were taken in Russell County, Virginia, within the same vicinity. Therefore, the variations in the physical and chemical composition are due to variations in parent rock and relief* and not to va¬ riations in climate. Chemical analyses of the parent rock showed that the Hagerstown silt loam and Clarksville cherty silt loam were formed from material weathered from a dolomitic limestone, and that the Pisgah silt loam was formed from material weathered from a high grade limestone. Complete chemical analyses of the various horizons of the soil profiles showed that the soil forming processes of the three soils studied were podzolic in PROCEEDINGS 247 nature. The parent materials or C horizons of all the soil profiles studied were clays. Hagerstown, which contained approximately 38 percent clay in the Ai horizon and 75 percent clay in the C horizon, was the heaviest of the three soils studied. Laboratory and field classifications of soil class conflicted in the case of the Hagerstown profile. The ratios of silica of alumina, and silica of iron showed clearly the accumulation of alumina or iron in the lower horizons. The alumina ratio showed the thorough¬ ness of the weathering of the three soil profiles. Calculations of the percentage of bases lost during the soil forming processes showed that cal¬ cium was lost from the soil to a greater extent than the magnesium. 6. Fold Structures in the Pre-Cambrian Complex of the Blue Ridge in Carroll and Grayson Counties, Virginia. Alfred C. Hawkins; Soil Conservation Service, Winches¬ ter, Va. (Introduced by Wm. M. McGill|) On the Blue Ridge mountain front for a number of miles northeast of Fancy Gap in Carroll County, adjacent to the Blue Ridge Parkway, the folding in the Wissahickon schist and gneiss is in the form of pitching anticlines and synclines, whose limbs are very highly inclined to the hori¬ zontal, and whose axes are in general at right angles to the mountain front, and to the overthrust which marks its base. At Elk Ct*eek in Grayson County (along U. S. Route 21 north of Inde¬ pendence, Virginia) the country rock is for the most part a granite gneiss carrying a minor number of small granitic intrusions. This gneiss has been involved in folding, between the granite stock which forms Point Lookout Mountain and the Paleozoic series just north of Elk Creek valley. This folding is intricate and intense and its axes trend north-south, be¬ ing marked by long narrow ridges underlain by rocks with steep dips, with numerous characteristic prongs and hooks, all turned toward the west. In both of the above cases the folds are* clearly outlined by topography, distribution of soils, and influence on drainage lines, roads and other cultural features. 7. Minor Tensional Structures Associated with Appalachian Folds. Edward C. H. Lammers; Washington and Lee Univer¬ sity. When limestones are folded, tensional stresses produce open fractures which may be subsequently sealed by calcite veins. If studied carefully, these veins furnish a great deal of information as to the competence of the limestone strata at the time of deformation. Thick veins along the bedding planes near the axes of closed folds in¬ dicate a high degree of competency. Complex vein patterns, brecciation, within the trough of a closed syncline or beneath the arch of a closed anticline indicate incompetence characterized by extreme brittleness. En echelon gash veins in belts that parallel the strike of the folds and converge beneath the axes of broad open anticlines may be interpreted as the result of fatigue, brought on by the weight of the superincumbent beds, if the individual gash veins converge upward. If, on the other hand, the individual gash veins converge downward, they ind^ate a thickening of the strata beneath an unusually competent layer, which by supporting the weight of the overlying beds has relieved the gravitational stress nor¬ mally exerted on the strata beneath it. On the limbs of closed folds thin limestones interbedded with thick shales in most places exhibit closely spaced strike veins which are nearly perpendicular to the bedding. Since these veins separate the limestone layers into unit blocks, they are interpreted as the result of elongation in a rock too brittle to be thinned by flow or shear. 248 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 8. A Late Pre-Cambrian Landmass in Eastern North America, " William R. Brown; Cornell University. (Presented by R. 0. Bloomer.) A study of pre-Cambrian metasediments in the vicinity of Lynchburg, Virginia, has led to the conclusion that the rocks which now form the core of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium were a part of a late pre-Cambrian land- mass, the east front of which stood at an unknown and varying distance east of the present site of the Blue Ridge. Evidence for this is based chiefly upon the great erosional interval at the base of the Lynchburg gneiss and the fact that late pre-Cambrian sediments were derived, at least in part, from the west. Hypotheses relating to this landmass are drawn as follows: (1) Sedi¬ ments from this land area were carried eastward into a geosyncline and were incorporated in part into the Lynchburg and Wissahickon formations. By the end of Lynchburg time the land area had been covered wholly or in part by progressive overlap. (2) The Lynchburg and Wissahickon for¬ mations are of near equivalent age; the former being a near shore, the latter a deeper water product of the same general period of sedimenta¬ tion. (3) The Paleozoic landmass of Appalachia was not in existence iii late pre-Cambrian time but was formed near the end of the pre-Cambrian by the erogenic deformation of this geosyncline. The suggestion is made that a knowledge of the direction of sedimenta¬ tion might be useful in determining the Paleozoic or pre-Cambrian age of various Piedmont sediments. Derivation of sediments from the west would suggest a pre-Cambrian age. *Published by permission of the State Geologist of Virginia. 9. Mining Under the Priorities System. Marcellus H. Stow; Assistant Administrator, Mining Branch, War Production Board, Washington, D. C. The Priorities System directs strategic and critical materials away from non-essential production to production essential for the war effort. It organizes, mobilizes, and directs materials and productive facilities where they will be most useful to the direct military program and to the indirect phases of the war effort, upon which the military program is de¬ pendent. The central fact in the whole situation is that there are not enough materials to go around. It has been recognized clearly that min¬ ing is fundamentally the Number One War Industry. Preference Rating Order P-56 was established in September 1941, largely through the efforts of Wilbur A. Nelson, Administrator of the Mining Branch, War Produc¬ tion Board, The purpose of the order is to facilitate the acquisition machinery, equipment, and supplies by mine operators producing mineral raw materials essential to the War Program. High nriorities are avail¬ able for mine operators producing critical and strategic minerals; by this means they can obtain repair narts and new machinery to enable them to maintain and increase production. 10. Industrial Mineral Problems of Virginia. John T, McCormick and Charles E. Sears, Jr.; Virginia Polvtdbhnic Institute. (Presented by John T. McCor¬ mack.) (Introduced by Roy J. Holden.) Virginia Polytechnic Institute is well equipned to do research and testing in ore dressing on the low-grade mineral deposits of the State with the sum of developing processes which will produce marketable material. We have been working on the manganese ores of the State with success and have much of this work yet ahead of us. We have also been concerned with iron, lead and zinc, tin and coal preparation. PROCEEDINGS 249 We request co-operation from the geologists of the State and the mine operators in bringing such problems to our attention and desire to be of real service to the State in developing processes to handle its mineral re¬ sources. 11. Dolomite in Virginia. Arthur Bevan; Virginia Geological Survey. The Cambrian and Lower Ordovician rocks in the Valley and Ridge (Appalachian Valley) province in Virginia contain four thick, extensive formations which are essentially high-magnesian limestones and dolomites. They are the Shady-Tomstown dolomite, the Honaker and Elbrook dolo¬ mites, the Copper Ridge dolomite and the Beekmantown dolomite. These dolomites occur in characteristic elongate northeast-southwest belts along the flanks and in the middle portions of numerous anticlines throughout the length of the Valley. The Shady-Tomstown dolomite occupies a single belt along the west base of the Blue Ridge. The dolomite beds are crystalline and 100'0-2000 feet thick. The content of magnesia is high, as much as 21.7 per cent in some places. The Honaker dolomite occurs in seven belts. It is crystal¬ line and about 1200 feet thick. Some beds are calciferous, but many are highly magnesian. The Copper Ridge dolomite is a somewhat coarse-grained, high-grade dolomite, about 1200-1400 feet thick. The Beekmantown dolo¬ mite crops out in each county in the Valley. Most of the dolomite beds are in the southwestern half of the Valley. It is calciferous to the north¬ east and generally contains chert. The dolomite beds are about 700-1200 feet thick. Dolomite is of increasing current interest and importance because of its use, especially by the Pidgeon ferro-silicon process, for the manufac¬ ture of magnesium metal, much needed in the total war offensive. Vir¬ ginia dolomites are suitable for this purpose. 12. Relations and Age of the Catoctin Formation in Central Virginia.* R. 0. Bloomer; University of Virginia. Detailed studies in the Blue Ridge in the Buena Vista quadrangle near Lexington, Virginia, have shown a striking similarity in the lithology of the Catoctin and Unicoi formations. It is believed that the metabasalt at the top of the Catoctin and the basalt flow at -the base of the Unicoi for¬ mation in this area are genetically related. Volcanic tuff and arkosic sandstone and conglomerate in the two formations are petrographically alike. The Catoctin and Unicoi formations each overlie pre-Cambrian grano- diorite and are locally characterized by basal conglomerate composed of granodiorite boulders. The contact of the Unicoi and Catoctin formations is, throughout the area, marked by overthrust faults. These relations lead to the conclusion that the Catoctin formation in the Buena Vista quad¬ rangle was deposited east of its present locality. The 'absence of the Catoctin formation beneath the Unicoi formation in the Buena Vista quadrangle, the lithologic similarity of the two forma¬ tions, and the presence in both of extrusions of identically peculiar basaltic composition lead to the tentative conclusion that the Unicoi formation stratigraphically overlies the Catoctin formation by a continental overlap. Consequently the Catoctin is thought to be an early Cambrian formation separated from the Unicoi by a minor unconformity. This paper was read by title at the Boston meeting of the Geological Society of America, December, 1941. Published by permission of the State Geologist of Virginia. 250 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 13. A Review of the Literature on Granodiorite in Virginia. Arthur A. Pegau; University of Virginia, This rock type, referred to as syenite, granite, and granodiorite, is a very complex one. At least three distinct theories have been advanced to account for this. The first one was published in 1916 by the late Dr. Wat¬ son; the second was put forward by Miss Jonas in 1935; the third by Mr. and Mrs. Stose in 1939. 1. Watson wrote as follows: “These rock types exhibit certain rela¬ tionships that mark them as differentiates from a common magma.” 2. Miss Jonas wrote: “It is evident that the granodiorite has been subjected to a series of hydrothermal changes since consolidation.” 3. The last theory is as follows: The granitic magma intimately per¬ meated the older rocks parallel to their foliation and formed mixed rocks which have been called injection gneiss or migmatite. The three theories are: 1. Magmatic differentiation; 2. Hydrothermal alteration; 3. Migmatitization. 14. A Limestone Cobble on the Blue Ridge, East of Irish Creek, Virginia. Edward Steidtmann; Virginia Military Institute. Transported fragments of chert and of a variety of limestones, dolo¬ mite, and sandstones were found on the granodiorite of Boston Mountain about 1000 feet above the level of Irish Creek. Fourteen specimens were described. The sandstones have waterworn surfaces. The carbonate rocks do not. Some of the sandstones resemble Blue Ridge types. Others are like certain ferruginous phases of the Clinton formation, about 20 miles to the west. The carbonate rocks are from several different formations. One, a bryozoan and crinoidal limestone was carried at least 15 miles. The possibility of the carbonate rocks having been carried here by peo¬ ple was studied but dismissed. Points against it include the variety of carbonate rocks, indicating their having been brought from rather widely separated sources, some at least 15 miles away; the impracticability and uselessness of bringing them; their scattered occurrence; and the definite recollections of a well qualified old resident of the area. The cobble rests at an elevation which coincides with that of the In¬ termediate Peneplane of Stose and Miser. It was placed by a stream which flowed across the structures of the region before Irish Creek was born. It endured the time span in which Irish Creek lowered its channel by more than a thousand feet. This occurrence suggests the possibility of other high-level cobbles having survived in this area. 15. The Occurrence of Rhodonite in Piedmont Virginia. William C. Overstreet; University of Virginia. Psilomelane and pyrolusite have been reported frequently in the weathered rocks of Piedmont Virginia. But their sources — manga¬ nese silicates and carbonates, have received scant mention. In a manga¬ nese operation five miles northeast of Ferncliff, Louisa County, Virginia, rhodonite and rhodochrosite can be seen altered to manganese oxides. Rhodonite and rhodochrosite occur in a partially mesothermally altered quartzite bed of the Wissahickon formation. Other minerals present in¬ dicative of mesothermal action are epidote, specularite, and martite. Later supergene waters have partially altered the manganese silicate and carbonate to psilomelane, pyrolusite, and the rare manganese oxide, man- ganoisite. 16. An Unrenorted Rock Type from the Burkeville-Crewe Area, Virginia. John E. Husted: University of Virginia. An unusual rock type is found in a belt 1% miles long and 30 to 40 PROCEEDINGS 251 feet wide southeast of Burkeville, Virginia. This rock is tentatively iden¬ tified as a silicified fault-gouge because of the fragmental character of boulders along the outcrop, included lithic fragments of country rock, and the presence of a cherty matrix. 17. Limestone Mining in Northern Virginia. Charles E. Bass; M. J. Grove Lime Company, Stephens City, Va, (Introduced by Wm. M. McClill.) Enormous quantities of lime and limestone are employed in modern metallurgy, particularly for fluxing in both Open Hearth and Blast fur¬ naces. Because of the impurities in the iron ore it is very important that impurities in the fluxing stone be kept to a minimum. In some cases stone impurities can be wholly overcome only by selective mining of certain high grade beds. The largest limestone mine in northern Virginia was opened in 1939 by the M. J. Grove Lime Company at its Stephens City plant. At this site quarry operations for high-calcium limestones were started in 1899 and have continued since that time. The original quarry was started on the apex of a local anticline where the Mosheim limestone was well exposed over a considerable area. This bed has a local thickness of 120 feet. After many years much of the available Mosheim was quarried, leaving on its flanks 55 feet of overburden (Lenoir formation) to be removed as waste. The original mine tunnel incline was driven down the hanging wall of the west flank of the anticline which dips 32°. This angle allowed the con¬ tact between the Mosheim and Lenoir formations to form a roof free from dangerous hanging stones. This incline took a cut 55 feet high and 55 feet wide advancing downward 75 feet where the first level was started 60 feet wide and 55 feet on the high side. From this level rooms were driven north and south and at regular intervals of 100 feet windows were driven to the outside at the same elevation as the first level. This method leaves pillars approximately 75 feet by 100 feet and gives a working face where windows hole to the outside of about 90 feet. This same type of mining extends to the second and third levels except that these levels are planned for rooms 75 feet wide, 55 feet high on the high side and pillars 60 feet by 60 feet. The footwall of the Mosheim formation is encountered by windows driven from the second level which gives maximum working face in windows of 120 feet. 18, Geology of the Southwestern Part of Walker Mountain in Smyth and Washington Counties, Virginia.* Raymond S. Edmundson; Virginia Geological Survey. Walker Mountain in Southwestern Virginia is the remnant northwest limb of a syncline which is progressively overridden by a thrust sheet to¬ wards its southwestern end. About 6 miles northeast of Abingdon, Wash¬ ington County, the structure is concealed by Honaker dolomite thrust from the southeast (Seven Springs Fault.) West of Walker Mountain, in Rich Val¬ ley, the structure is bounded by the Saltville fault. A complete section of the Walker Mountain fault-block includes Cambrian to Upper Devonian strata dipping steeply to the southeast. Farther southwest in Tennessee, along the same general strike of Walker Mountain, both limbs of the syn¬ cline are present in Bays Mountain. These emerge from beneath the thrust or in some places offset the trace of this fault. Resistant Silurian sandstones (Clinch and Clinton) thin gradually toward the southwestern end of the structure and are absent along the belt characterized by cross faulting. The absence of these rocks may have contributed to a weakened zone which failed by cross faulting during the deformation. *This paper was read by title at the Boston meeting of the Geological Society of America, December, 1941. Published by permission of the State Geologist of Virginia. 252 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 19. Geological Field Trip in the Roanoke-Salem Area, Virginia. Roy J. Holden ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute, A summary outline of the route, topographic, scenic, and geologic fea¬ tures and “high points” of the field trip in the Roanoke-Vinton-Carvin’s Cove-Salem-Catawba Mountain area scheduled for Saturday, May 9th. A sketch map of the route, topographic maps of the area covered, and a mime¬ ographed outline of the salient features of the trip, not only added to the presentation of the talk but proved of value to the members and guests of the Section who planned to go on the trip and to others interested in the geology of the Roanoke-Salem area. BUSINESS MEETING Upon completion of the last paper a brief business session was held during which matters of interest to the Academy and the Section were discussed. Upon recommendation of the nomi¬ nating committee the following officers were elected for the next year: Dr. Roy J. Holden, Chairman, Dr. Sam S. Obenshain, Vice-Chairman, and Dr, Robert 0. Bloomer, Secretary. Dr. E. C. H. Hammers was re-elected as the representative of the Sec¬ tion on the Editorial Board of the Virginia Journal of Science. The meeting was adjourned at 4:45 P. M. SATURDAY, MAY 9—8 :30 A, M. On Saturday morning. May 9, about 24 members and guests of the Section assembled in front of the Hotel Roanoke and left at 8:30 A. M. in automobiles for a geological field trip in the Roanoke-Salem-Catawba Mountain area under the leadership of Dr. Roy J. Holden, assisted by R. S. Edmundson and W. M. McGill. A State Police escort was furnished through the coop¬ eration of Col. M. S. Battle, Director, Division of State Police and Safety. Despite the limitations imposed by the prevailing rubber and gasoline restrictions, the attendance was considered very good. The route of the trip was from the Hotel Roanoke, via Jefferson Street, Gilmer, Cornmonwealth, and Hart Avenues and U. S. Route 460 to Bonsacks; thence northwest via State Route 114 along Cook Creek, through the gap in Read-Coyners Mountain to Cloverdale; thence southwest via U. S. Route 11 to vicinity of Hollins School ; thence northwest on road up Carvir/s Creek to Roanoke Reservoir; along Carvin's Cove — Carvin’s Creek road around the northwest slope of Brushy Mountain ; on Forest Service road up Brushy Mountain, along the top of Green Ridge and down Smith Ridge to Hanging Rock; Hang¬ ing Rock into Salem and return to Mason Creek- — Catawba High¬ way (State Route 311) ; up Mason Creek to Mason Cove, across Catawba Mountain into Catawba Valley. A mimeographed out¬ line of the trip and remarks by the leader on exposures exam¬ ined and features visited or seen added to the interest and value PROCEEDINGS 253 of the trip. Several stops were made to examine outcrops, study the scenery, topography, structural, and geological features and collect fossils. A picnic luncheon was enjoyed at a shady picnic ground near Hanging Rock. The trip ended in Catawba Valley about four miles northwest of Catawba Sanatorium, about 4:00 P. M. William M. McGill, Secretary, 254 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MINUTES OF THE SECTION OF MEDICAL SCIENCES J. E. Kindred,. Chairman Guy W. Horsley, Secretary FRIDAY, MAY 8—2:00 P. M. 1. A Simplified Method for the Determination of Free and Ester Cholesterol in Blood. H. Gershberg (by invitation) and J. C. Forbes; Medical College of Virginia, A comparatively simple procedure for the determination of total and free cholesterol in whole blood plasma or serum was described. 2. Urinary Chemiluminescence in Alcaptonuria, Hereditary and Experimental. Lynn D. F. Abbott, Jr. and C. Lester Salmon, Jr. (by in¬ vitation; Medical College of Virginia, It has been found that alcaptonuric urines when made alkaline and shaken vigorously with air will give off light. The luminescence of two different alcaptonuric urines as well as solutions of the homogentisic acid and lead homogentisate isolated from these urines was described. The rarity of alcaptonuria and the unavailability of homogentisic acid made it desirable to know if homogentisic acid in amounts sufficient to give lumi¬ nescence would be form.ed and excreted by animals on a high tyrosine diet. Experiments with scorbutic guinea pigs and with rats was discussed. Strongly luminescent urines can often be obtained in several days with rats on a 12% tyrosine diet. In some cases luminescence can still be ob¬ tained with 1:25 dilutions of the urine. The in vitro inhibition of lumi¬ nescence by excess ascorbic acid was discussed. 3. The Cellular Structure of the Cortex in the Marsupial Brain. Walther Riese; Medical College of Virginia. In the opossum, a very primitive member of the Polyprotodontia, the cells of the paleocortex and those of the archicortex are very highly dif¬ ferentiated, whereas those of the neocortex are in general poorly differen¬ tiated. The cellular structure of the cortex of the kangaroo, a highly spe¬ cialized member of the Diprotodontia has been examined. In this species the cells of both the cortical areas considered as primitive and those of the more recent areas possess exclusively highly evolved cellular elements. Thus, from a cytological point of view, a sharp line of demarcation sepa¬ rates these two species, belonging however to the same mammalian order, and this is in conformity with the general organization of the two divi¬ sions of this order. Three different types of specialized nerve cells are to be found in the neocortex of higher mammals; pyramidal cells, granular cells and spindle cells, each of them being the principal constituent ele¬ ment of one of the cortical layers. However, in some areas, one or an¬ other of these types is predominant in all of the cortical layers so that three regional variations of cellular structure may be distinguished (namely, pyramidization, granulization, and spindlization) . The neocor¬ tex of the kangaroo shows all the regional variations of cellular structure occurring in the highest mammalian (human) brain, although these varia¬ tions are less marked in the motor area and the visual field than in areas related probably to the sense of small. PROCEEDINGS 255 4. A Quantitative Study of the Bone Marrow of the Albino Rat. James E. Kindred; University of Virginia, The volume of the bone marrow of the bones of the skull, ribs, and sternum, vertebrae, long bones, and innominate bones was calculated from measurements on fresh bones and sections. Counts of numbers of cells per unit volume, differential counts and counts of cells in mitosis were then made from sample sections of these bones in eight rats of about 200 grams of body weight. From these data and mitosis cycles of one hour and of thirty minutes, respectively, and a growth rate of 0.026% per hour, the probable production of red blood corpuscles and granulocytes per hour per I'OO grams of body weight were calculated. These data are to be re¬ lated to the needs of the blood for corpuscles and to the production of blood corpuscles by the other hemopoietic organs. 5. Anatomic Changes in the Bovine Uterus During Pregnancy. Ray D. Hatch; Assistant Professor of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Forty specimens of bovine uteri at various stages of gestation were studied. Observations of the many caruncular and intercaruncular sec¬ tions were made in an attempt to clarify some of the controversial points regarding the anatomy and histology of the uterus during pregnancy. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. At all times during gestation there is some intercaruncular epithe¬ lium on the uterus. 2. Various stages of epithelial destruction may be seen at any time during the periods of gestation studied. 3. The maternal epithelium of the caruncle is complete at all times during gestation. 4. The placentomaternal relationship in the caruncular areas is epi¬ theliochorial. 6. Behavior of Serum Proteins and Blood Volume after Infu¬ sions of Plasma and Saline. Edwin W. Shearburn; University of Virginia. This was a report on the serum proteins and hypoproteinemia animals. The best results were obtained through multiple small plasma transfusions. 7. Exposure of Animals to Low Barometric Pressures. S. W. Britton and R. F, Kline; University of Virginia Medical School. New-born and young animals are able to withstand exposure to low barometric pressures much better than adults. Rats, cats, dogs, and opos¬ sums were tested at 320 mm. Hg. (equiv., 22,000 ft. alt.) Birds and bats survive for very long periods under similar hypoxic conditions. Female animals (rats) withstand low oxygen tensions for much longer periods than males. This sex difference held for low pressure chamber temperatures between 16° and 33° C. There was a tendency towards ap¬ proximation of the survival curves of the two sexes at the higher tempera¬ ture levels. 256 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE BUSINESS SESSION Dr. J. E. Kindred, Chairman, appointed a nominating com¬ mittee at the beginning of the meeting. This committee sub¬ mitted the following names: Dr. Harvey E. Jordan, Chairman, and Dr. Harvey B. Haag, Secretary. Dr. C. C. Spiedel was ap¬ pointed representative on the Virginia Journal of Science. It was recommended that the papers from the different sections be sent to a central committee and from there be allocated to the proper sections so that the papers would be presented in the section for which they are better suited. Guy W. Horsley, Secretary, PROCEEDINGS 257 MINUTES OF THE SECTION OF PSYCHOLOGY W. M. Hinton, Chairman Evelyn Raskin, Secretary FRIDAY, MAY 8—9:30 A. M. The Section of Psychology met in Parlor 317 of the Hotel Roanoke, on Friday, May 8. Morning and afternoon sessions were held, at which papers in the fields of experimental and social psychology were read and discussed. The discussion on 'Tsychology and the War Effort” was canceled, because of the inability of the speaker. Dr. Stewart Britt, Director of Psycho¬ logical Personnel, to leave his work in Washington. The officers elected to serve for the year 1942-1943 are: Chairman, Dr. Evelyn Raskin of Randolph-Macon Woman’s College and Secretary, Dr. Cecile Finley, of the University of Virginia. 1. An Experimental Study of a Possible. Objective Criterion of “Tension.” James L. Longley; College of Williaw. and Mary. It was hoped in this study to find a positive indication of “tension’’ through the measurement of the electrical resistance of the individual during a period of non-stimulation, and the change of this basic resist¬ ance over a short period of time as indicated by the measurement of the galvanic skin response. It was then planned to correlate the results of this measure with a standard verbal measure of emotional stability. The apparatus used in measuring the resistance of the subject and the changes of his basic resistance was a wheatstone bridge circuit. As a standard verbal measure of “tension”, part IV of the Minnesota Per¬ sonality Scale was used. The experimental group consisted of sixty-eight men and women col¬ lege students of William and Mary. It was found that there was a great sex difference in the men and women subjects. The group was therefore broken up according to sex. The two groups were respectively nineteen men, and forty-nine women. In the statistical approach to the analysis of the data the subjects were ranked according to scores on the Minnesota Personality Scale. The sex groups were then broken into two equal parts: one group being the stable Minnesota group, and the other groun being the unstable Minn¬ esota group. In the case of the men on the Minnesota there was found a critical ratio of 5.58, and an the G. S. R. a critical ratio of .21. Be¬ tween the Minnesota and the G. S. R. for the men there was a coefficient of correlation of — .152±.224. In the case of the women on the G. S. R. there was found a critical ratio of .29. Be'^ween the Minnesota and the G. S. R. for the women there was found to be a coefficient of correlation of — .167+.139. The critical ratios for these two groups, and the coefficients of corre¬ lation for these two groups seem to indicate quite clearly that according to the procedure used there is a very slight, but insignificant correlation between the measures of “tension” used. 258 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 2. An Experimental Study of Individual Differences in Visual “Sensation” and “Perception.” Lawrence L. L^shan; College of William and Mary. The hypothesis of this experiment was that individual differences in classical tests of sensation would be similar to individual differences in classical tests of perception. If they were greater in one than in the other, the inevitable logical conclusion would be that the two kinds of tests measured two different things thus pointing to a two process theory of reception. Four tests were chosen: 2 sensation (a report of color in a red-blue color wheel in which the percentage of blue visible was changed between judgments, and a determination of the time of existence of a negative after-image) and 2 perception (2 studies of errors in a Muller-Lyer set¬ up and in a size-constancy set-up) The relation of the individual differences were studied in four ways: by the coefficients of variation, by the distances in sigma-units from the median to the 10th and 90th percentiles, by the distance in sigma-units from the highest to the lowest case (a measure of “freedom for move¬ ment), and by the shapes of the curves made when the data were plotted. There was no real difference shown in any of these measures. The coefficients of variation were: color-wheel: .37; after-image: .50; Mul- ler-Llyer: .25 and size constancy .45. The sigma-distance from the me¬ dians to the 10th and 90th percentiles also showed no real differences. They were: color-wheel: 1.23 and 1.28; after-images: 1.05 and 1.12; Muller-Lyer: 1.11 and 1.13. The measures of freedom for movement were (in the same order): 3.05; 4.24; 4.07 and 4.83. The curves of the four graphs were markedly similar, all nearly exactly the same shape. With these four indications of the /great similarity in the distribution, of individual differences in classical tests of sensation and perception, in a study of forty college students, a one-process theory of reception is strongly suggested. 3. Retention as a Function of Original Reinforcement. Frank W. Finger; University of Virginia. This experiment was one of a series designed to 'provide the basis for a quantitative theory of learning. The response of the rat which was studied was the traversal of an elevated runway, 3 feet long, from a starting box to a feeding chamber. The latency of the running response was adopted as the measure of strength of response: as learning pro¬ gressed, the rat responded more promptly to the opening of the starting box door. A different pattern of reinforcement during acquisition was given to each of 4 groups of 13 rats each: Group I was given 16 rein¬ forced trials with inter-trial intervals of 75 seconds; Group II, 16 trials (at 75 sec. intervals), 8 of which were reinforced; Group III, 8 rein¬ forced trials at 75 seconds intervals; Group IV, 8 reinforced trials, spaced to correspond temporarily to the reinforced trials of Group II. Follovr- ing the acquisition series a rat was fed for 15 minutes and returned to the home cage. Twenty-four hours after the last acquisition trial he was again placed in the experimental situation and his retention measured In terms of the latency of his running response. The latency of response at the end of acquisition was found to be a function of the amount of reinforcement received: Group I responded with significantly shorter log latencies than did the other groups. This difference, however, was abolished as a result of the interpolation of the 24-hour retention period, and all grouns then responded with essentially identical latencies. The animals having received 8 reinforcements dur¬ ing acquisition retained the habit with virtually no increase in latency. On the other hand, those rats given 16 reinforcements forgot the habit to a significant extent, according to the latency measure. PROCEEDINGS 259 The conclusion is clearly indicated that level of acquisition and re¬ tention are not interchangeable indices of the degree of learning. Fur¬ ther investigation is required to ascertain what additional factors com¬ plicate the reinforcement-retention relationship. 4. The Measurement of Carefulness— Impulsiveness by the Self-Inventory Method. D. M. Allan; Hampden-Sydney College. This self-inventory consists of 6'0 questions, each requiring a choice of one of four categories of answer, e. g. “Do you make decisions quickly?” Never; occasionally; more often than not; usually, or as a rule. These are given, respectively, the numerical values of 0, 1, 2 and 3. Half of the questions are designed to elicit “carefulness”, “deliberate¬ ness” and “interest in detail”; the remaining half to evoke subjective es¬ timates of “impulsiveness”, “quickness of decision” and “interest in va¬ riety of activity” or “interest in meeting new situations.” The most highly diagnostic items were found to be: “Do you enjoy prolonged men¬ tal work on problems or themes?” and “would you prefer an occupation that demands steady concentration on details?” The present form of the test, administered to 150 male college students and with raw scores (com¬ puted on the basis of C minus I values) ranging from -f38 to — 40, yields a distribution of scores that presents a fair approximation to a normal frequency curve. The reliability, as computed by the split-test method, is +•84 (±.018), or when corrected by the Spearman-Brown formula, + .91. Validity: Raw scores on the self -inventory gave a correlation of +. 38 with the scholastic average for the current semester, a correlation of + -02 with the surplus of academic percentiles over intelligence score percen¬ tiles, and a multiple correlation of these three variables was found to be + .61. Ten subjects rated “very careful” by a group of judges averaged -fl3, or 78 percentile; ten subjects rated “very impulsive” averaged — 9, or 30 percentile, showing a reliable difference. Scores on Carefulness — impulsiveness yield negative correlations of — .19 with intelligence test scores and — .30 with extroversion scores (Root). “Careful” subjects tend to make A scores on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank on engineering, chemistry, architecture, etc. 5. Experimental Method or ''Domestic Science’’? David K. Spelt; Mary Baldwin College. One of the major purposes of college courses in science ought to be the development of a clear conception of the nature of scientific method, es¬ pecially in its experimental aspects. In the achievement of this goal, lab¬ oratory work ought to play a significant role. Actually, there is little in¬ dication that at present the science course is fulfilling this function. Part of the difficulty may lie in the nature of the labortaory work, which is too often busy work for little fingers or else detailed cook-book exercise in which the student learns only the importance of accuracy and persistence. This situation could be improved by the devising of laboratory courses in which the student progresses from discussions of other people’s experi¬ ments as illustrations of scientific method, through relatively simple ex¬ ercises requiring little initiative, to more difficult problems in which the apparatus, methods of work, and treatment of data are established by di¬ rected discussion in class. 6. A Survey of Current Literature on War Neuroses. J. L. Benson ; Washington and Lee University. The increasing number of articles about war neuroses in Medical and Military Medical Journals testify that this problem is becoming more and 260 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE more recog-nized. In this survey, war neuroses in their development and treatment are discussed. Modern methods of treatment are compared with the older methods, so as to make the progress in treatment more evident. One of the best methods of ridding the military services of this problem of neuroses is in preventing them. Steps are indicated and discussed which may prove beneficial along these lines. The spreading of the war even to the home front has increased the extent of our fight against the neuroses. The war neuroses are not a matter which can be passed off lightly and they should be given adequate consideration now when we have a chance to prevent much of the needless misery they cause. 7. A Comparison of General and Specific Attitudes Toward War. John Martire; Washington and Lee University. This survey was made to study the differences between specific and general attitudes toward war and how these attitudes have changed dur¬ ing the past year. The ‘‘Thurstone Scale for Measuring Attitude Toward War” was used to measure the general attitudes while the scale devised by Gilliland and Katzoff, reported in the January, 1941 issue of the Journal of Psychology was used for the specific attitudes. These scales consisted of statements to be marked by the subjects, and each statement had a value from 1 to 11 in which the higher the score the more pro-war was the subject on that particular test. The subjects were 215 Washington and Lee students who were on the Sophomore- Junior level and who ranged from 19-20 years old. The survey was in two parts : one group of the men was given the scales last Spring, 1941, while a second group was given the scales this May, 1942. There were thus two methods of comparison: the comparison within each group in regard to specific and general attitudes toward war, and the comparison between the two groups who marked the scales one year apart. General conclusions may be summarized: 1. Both groups do not like war, but 2. They believe that participation in the present conflict is to be de¬ sired. 3. Over the past year there has been an increase in the pro-war atti¬ tudes, both specific and general. As measured by these scales, there is a definite difference between spe¬ cific and general attitudes toward war. These men do not believe in it, but under the present situation and that of a year ago they accept the choice of participation. 8. The College Personnel Program in a Nation at War. Royal B. Embree, Jr.; College of William and Mary. The entry of this nation into the war has placed a severe burden on the American college. Much of the new pressure connected with higher education can and should be met by personnel organization. Student personnel work may be defined as that function of higher edu¬ cation which is directly and immediately concerned with the maximal ad¬ justment of individual young men and women. Personnel organization must take into account all aspects of college life which affect the student, and should always involve definite provision for individual counseling, placement, the guidance of activities, and the supervision of health. The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg completed plans for the development of a personnel program in 1941, and one aspect of the plan, the student counseling service, was put into operation in September, 1941. On April 15, 1942, this Counseling Department completed its first six months of activity. During this period, a cumulative record system was PROCEEDINGS 261 developed, a testing program was established, a number of participating faculty counselors were trained, and personal counseling contacts were had with twenty-five percent, of the students enrolled in the college.' It is now possible to present the following summary of procedures and results : (1) The American Council on Education Psychological Examination was, as had been customary in the past, given to all freshmen. (2) An added test battery, consisting of the Nelson-Denny Reading Test, the Minnesota Personality Scale, and the Strong Vocational Interest Test was given to 150 students who asked to take these measures and have them interpreted in conferences. (3) There was no sex difference with regard to the proportions of men and women who came for counselirig. (4) The four classes of the college, freshman, sophomore, junior and senior, were represented in approximately equal proportions among the students who came to the counseling office. (5) Brilliant, well-poised students and non-scholarly or poorly ad¬ justed students were equally likely to make use of cqunseling facilities. (6) Women were more likely than men to take complete vocational test batteries. (7) The predominant reason for male contacts was study help, while that for female contacts was vocational guidance. (8) The personal adjustment scores of men taking tests was inferior to that of women, which may reflect the fact that war pressures have thus far been disproportionately heavy for men. (9) Evidence bearing upon the relationship between counseling and academic achievement is not yet available. (10) One of the chief values of personnel organization is the fact that it forces an institution to be more mindful of the nature and needs of in¬ dividual students. ' 9. The Level of Aspiration Technique as an Experimental Method for the Study of Morale. James A. Bayton; Virginia State College. Three basic methods have been used in the study of the psychology of morale — clinical interviews and observations, rating scales, and various types of questionnaires. None of these can be considered as experimental methods. The definitions of morale stress two aspects of the problem, goals and confidence in their attainment. The experimental method devel¬ oped by Preston and Bayton in their work on the level of aspiration pro¬ vides a technique for the study of ultimate goals, immediate goals, and confidence. The first experiment utilizing this technique is an investiga¬ tion of morale among Negro college men when competing with White col¬ lege men, but the method is applicable in the analysis of any morale situ¬ ation. 10. A Consecutive Study of the Schoolroom Behavior of Chil¬ dren in Relation to the Teachers^ Dominative and Socially Integrative Contacts. Mary Frances Reed; Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Studies by H. H. Anderson and his coworkers indicate that dominative and integrative behavior produce quite different results in interplay. The term domination designated behavior that tended to disregard the desires or contributions of another in situations that concerned the other; inte¬ gration, behavior that tended to accept differences in another and to co¬ operate with the other toward some common purpose. Dominative be¬ havior tended to incite domination, integrative behavior incited integra¬ tion. In a study of two rooms of second grade children and their teachers. Brewer found that children of the more integrative teacher evidenced far 262 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE more social contriibutions, spontaneous behavior, and problem solving than did the children of the more dominative teacher. Using Brewer's techniques and definitions, a study was made the next year on the same second grade teachers with new groups of children, and on the children who had moved into third grade together with their re¬ spective teachers. An observation blank allowed for recording the be¬ havior of one child at a time and simultaneously all the dominative and socially integrative contacts of the teacher which were directed toward that child either as an individual or as a member of a group. Each of 129 children was observed in alphabetical order by five-minute periods for two hours. One teacher remained predominantly integrative and her children were again consistently higher than the children of the dominating teacher in social contributions and in spontaneity. Inter correlations between indi¬ vidual contacts of the dominative teacher and child-behavior showed that the more a child dominated others, the more she dominated him; the more she dominated, the more the child non-conformed; and then the more she dominated. . Patterns between third grade teachers were somewhat ambiguous. Evi¬ dence continued to support the theses that domination induces domination, and that integration induces integration. 11. Abilities, Interests, and Measurement. F. Gordon Tice; Hollins College. Completion-type items and self-ratings of abilities and interests were investigated as techniques for measuring personality. Such items as: “List 5 personality traits greatly admired in others . . . your 5 major in¬ terests . . . chief dislikes,” etc., made possible a far greater spontaneity of response than conventional personality tests allow. In a group of 77 college women, predominantly sophomores, considerable similarity of re¬ sponse occurred, but identical scores on conventional adjustment invento¬ ries were often associated with widely different specific responses. In at¬ tempting to understand or reconstruct a personality the latter would seem to be more important. The seven traits most frequently mentioned as being greatly admired in others were, in order, sincerity, friedliness, honesty, sense of humor, un¬ selfishness or generosity, poise, and intelligence. Thirteen listed “poise.” Their average social adjustment score on the Bell Adjustment Inventory was not significantly different from that of the others, similarly with the home adjustment scores of nine who listed “understanding/^ Others seem¬ ingly diagnostic specific responses also failed to be reflected in average scores. Self-ratings of musical ability and appreciation were unrelated to scores on the Seashore Sense of Rhythm Test. In art, though more often attenuated by modesty, self-ratings of ability were in better agreement with the Meier -Seashore Art Judgment Test than were self-ratings of in¬ terest. Breadth of interest and breadth of ability scores on the Wallar- Pressey Occupational Orientation Inquiry correlated .60±.05. Though specific interests and abilities tend to coincide, wide discrepancies ocpur. Measurement should be adapted to the problem of blending the detailed variations of interest and ability harmoniously. LIST OF MEMBERS Abbott, Dr. Lynn D. F., Biochem . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Acker, Mr. H. G., Education . . . . . . . . . Box 1202, University, Va. Addington, Mr. L. F., Education . . . . . . . Wise, Va. **Addison, Mr. W. Meade. . . . . . 2000 Monument Ave., Richmond, Va. Addlestone, Prof. J. A., Chemistry . . . P. 0. Box 366, Blacksburg, Va. **Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Co . . . Richmond, Va. Albright, Dr. C. Leonard, Physics . University of Richmond, Va. Alexander, Mr. Fred M,, Education . . State Board of Education, Richmond, Va,. Allan, Dr. D. Maurice, Psychology . Hampden-Sydney, Va. Berne-Alien, Dr. A., Jr., Chemistry. . Huntsville Arsenal, Huntsville, Ala. Allen, Dr. Harriet Whitney, Mathematics . 2141 Eye St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Allen, Miss J. Frances, Zoology . Box 192, Gary, W. Va. Allen, Miss L. Jo, Zoology . Wythevllle, Va. Alpha Chapter, Chi Beta Phi . Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Va. Alphln, Mr. Thomas H., Cytogenetics . Univ. of Va. Med. School, University, Va. Altmann, Miss Margaret, Biology . Hampton Institute, Hampton, Va. Ames, Dr. Adeline, Botany . . . . . Sweet Briar, Va. Anderson, Prof. Thanning W., Biol . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Anderson, Dr. Claude M., Astron . Leander McCormick Observatory, University, Va. Anderson, Mr. Lauren D., Ec. Entom . . . Va. Truck; Exp. Station, Norfolk, Va. Andrews, Mrs. Ruth H . The Tuckahoe, Richmond, Va. Apperly, Dr. Frank L., Pathology . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Appleby, Dr. Aaron, Biology. . Box 46, Blacksburg, Va. Armstrong, A. R., Chemistry . Williamsburg, Va. Arnim, Dr. S. S., Dentistry . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Arnold, Mr. Robt. B., Chemistry . Box 726, Richmond, Va. Artz, Miss Lena, Botany . 644 N. Jackson Street, Arlington, Va. Ash, Dr. Roy P., Biology . . . Box 1066, Williamsburg, Va. Ashworth, Dr. 0. 0., Medicine . Medical Arts Bldg., Richmond, Va. Baecher, Mr. John Joseph, Biology . Law Building, Norfolk, Va. Bailey, Dr. John W., Zoology . Box 107, University of Richmond, Va. Baird, Miss Kathleen, Medicine . . . Disputanta, Va. Baker, Mr. Percy H., Biology..... . Va. State College, Ettrlck, Va. Baldock, Mr. C. Russell, Physics . ....Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va. Baldwin, Mr. F. 0., Ind. Chem . ... 5108 Belleau Road, Richmond, Va. Balthis, Mr. Thomas A., Chemistry . 3301 Grove Avenue, Richmond, Va. Barclay, Mr. George C., Geol . 2912 Washington Avenue, Newport News, Va. Bare, Mr. C. 0., Entomology . Box 7062, Richmond, Va. Barnwell, Mr. Allan M., Chemistry . 531 Riverside Avenue, Covington, Va. Barrell, Mr. Robert P., Psychology . Buckingham, Va. Barrett, Mr. William H., Education .^..Principal Marshall Dlst. High School, Arvonla, Va. Bass, Mr. Charles E., Geology . Box 43, Stephens City, Va. Bates, Dr. Robert L., Psychology . V. M. L, Lexington, Va. Baumelster, Miss Elizabeth M., Bacteriol . 1016 A. Street, Portsmouth, Va. Bayton, Dr. James A., Psychology . . . Va. State College, Ettrlck, Va. Beams, Dr. Jesse W., Physics . Rouss Physical Laboratory, University, Va. Bear, Dr. Harry, Dentistry..... . ... Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Becker, Miss Edna, Biology . . . . . Hollins College, Va. Bell, Miss Helen, Chemistry . . . . . . . . . Route 1, Mt. Solon, Va. Bengtson, Mr. A. W., Medicine . . . . . . . Catawba Sanitarium, Va. Bennett, Miss Ercelle, Biology . . . . . . Box 92- A, S. T. C., Radford, Va. Benson, Miss Caroline, Chemistry . ..Mary Baldwin College, Staunton, Va. Benton, Prof. Arthur F., Chemistry . University, Va. Berkeley, Ensign Edmund, Biology . 300 Church Street, White Plains, New York Berry, Mr. R. C., Chemistry . . . 1101 State Office Bldg., Richmond, Va. Beta Kappa Phi Science Society . Richmond Professional Institute, Richmond, Va. Bethel, Mr. James S., Forestry . V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. Betts, Mr. Edwin W., Taxonomy . Box 1203, University, Va. ♦Sustaining ♦♦Life ♦♦♦Patron 264 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Bevan, Dr. Arthur, Geology . Bierer, Mr. James H., Geology . Bigger, Dr. 1. A., Surgery . Bird, Mr,‘ Lloyd C., Bacteriology . Blades, Dr. J. P,., Surgery . Blair, Mr. William J., Chemistry . Blank, Miss Grace J., Medicine . Blanton, Dr, Wyndham B., Med . Blincoe, Dr. J. W., Mathematics . Bloomer, Mr. Richard R., Geology . Bloomer, Mr. Robert 0., Geology . Blume, Mr. G. W. J., Chemistry . ) Blunt, Mr. Chas. P., Ill, Medicine . Boggs, Prof. Isabel, Physics . Bond, Dr. Eva, Psychology . Bosman, Mr. Robert I., Biology . Bowden, Mr. Wray M., Biology . Bowen, Dr. Leroy E., Vet. Medicine. .. Bowman, Dr. Paul W., Botany . Bowman, Dr. Raymond P. G., Educ. . Boys, Dr. Floyd, Surgery . Brashear, Dr. Alton D., Dentistry . Bray, Dr. Robert S., Zoology . Bray, Dr. W. E., Medicine . Brewbaker, Mr. J. J., Education . Bridgers, Mr. M. Warren, Pharmacy. .. Britton, Dr. S. W., Endocrinology . Broadwater, Mr. E. B., Education . Brown, Dr. Frederick L., Physics . Brown^ Mr. Irby H., Chemistry . Brown, Dr. J. R. C., Jr., Chem, . Brown, Dr. Sarah, Psychology.., . Brown, Dr. Thomas D., Protozoology. Brown, Mr. W. R., Geology . Brown, Dr. William M., Psychol. . Brown, Capt W. W., Chemistry . ^^'^‘Bryan, Mr. John Stewart . Bull, Mr, Fred W„ Chemistry . . Bullington, Dr. W. E., Protozoology ... Burch, Dr. Paul R., Zoology . Burger, Dr. Alfred, Chemistry . Burger, Miss Elizabeth, Biology . Burkette, Miss Josephine L., Biology . Burruss, Dr. Julian A,, Education . Burton, Miss Peggy Jane . Bussinger, Mr. C, M., Education . Byrne, Col. William E., Math . . . Box 1428, University, Va. ...Washington & Lee University, Lexington, Va. . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . 915 E. Cary Street, Richmond, Va. . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . 1121 State Office Bldg., Richmond, Va. . Chandler Court, Williamsburg, Va. . 828 W. Franklin Street, Richmond, Va. . University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. . 541 Brandon Avenue, Charlottesville, Va. . Box 1428, University, Va. . 2814 Third Avenue, Richmond, Va, . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . Box 235, R.-M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. . 3519 13th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. . 1138 Hanover Avenue, Norfolk, Va. . Blandy Exper. Farm, Boyce, Va. . 1415 Main Street, Lynchburg, Va. . 3114 5th Street, N., Arlington, Va. . Route 1 , Harrisonburg, Va. . University, Va. . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . R. F. D. 2, Herndon, Va. . University, Va. . 422 Westover Avenue, Norfolk, Va. . 3106 3rd Avenue, Richmond, Va. . University, Va. . Salem, Va. . Box 1052, University, Va. . 1121 State Office Bldg., Richmond Va. . Long Hill Road, R. F. D., Chatham, N. J. . 149 Carrol’ton Road, Norfolk, Va. . 513 Ridge Street, Charlottesville, Va. . Va. Geological Survey, Charlottesville, Va. . 12 Gainsborough Road, Scarsdale, N. Y. . Staunton Military Academy, Staunton, Va. . % News Leader, Richmond, Va. . V. P. I., B’acksburg, Va. . Rp-M. College, .Ashland, Va. . State Teachers College, East Radford, Va. . Cobb Chemical Laboratory, University, Va. . Box 367, Farmville, Va. . Southern Seminary, Buena Vista, Va. . ....Blacksburg, Va. . State Teachers College, Radford, Va. Jackson Memorial High School. Austlnville, Va. . Box 836, Lexington, Va. Calderwood, Dr. H. N., Chemistry . Calkins, Miss E'eanor, Math. . Callahan, Mr. WlFlam H., Geology . Campbell, Mr. Malcolm, Psychology. Campbell, Dr. T. Wood, Dentistry... Cantor, Dr. H., Surgery . . Carmichael, Mr. Omer, Educ. . Carpenter, Prof. D. R., Math. . ^''Carrington, Mr. T. M. . . Carroll, Lt. CoL Robt. P., Biol . Carter, Miss feanette S., Zoology . "Carter, Mr. Spencer L. . 1819 G Street; N. W., Washington, D. C. . Chandler Court, Williamsburg, Va. . 15 Master Street, Franklin, N. J. . 416 Monroe Lane, University, Va. . Box 12, Suffolk, Va. .. Medical Arts Building, Petersburg, Va. . Supt. Public Schools, Lynchburg, Va. . Roanoke College, Salem, Va. . 930 Park Avenue, Richmond, Va. . 8 Honeysuckle Hill, Lexington, Va. . Unlv. Va. Hospital, University, Va, 2338 Monument Avenue, Richmond, Va. *Sustaining **Life ***Patron PROCEEDINGS 265 Carter, Mr. Trevor . . . . . ■ . Pulaski, Va. Carver, Dr. Merton E., Psychol . . . University of Richmond, Va, Cary, Mr. Hunsdon, Educ . Mutual Building, Richmond, Va. Cary, Miss M. Katherine, Biochem . . . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Cash, Dr. J. R., Path. . . . University Hospital, Charlottesville, Va. Cato, Mr. William H., Educ . . . 316 Fourteenth Street, Charlottesville, Va. Cederstrom, Mr. D. John, Geol... . 1109 Wertiand Street, Charlottesville, Va, Chapman, Dr. Douglas G., Med . 617 W. Grace Street, Richmond, Va. Chappelear, Prof. Geo. W., Jr., Bot. . . . . . ... Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. Chase, Mr. H. M., Chem . 1002 Main Street, Danville, Va. Chestnut, Mr. Alfonse, Biol . Dept. Zooh, Rutgers Univ. New Brunswick, N. J. Chevalier, Dr. P. LL, Dentistry..... . . . 410 Professional Bldg., Richmond, Va. Christian, Mrs. Sue B., Biology . % J. R. Booker, Gladstone, Va. Christopher, Mr. J. T., Chem . 944 Green Street, Danville, Va. Clark, Mr. Austin H., Echinoderms . Smithsonian Bldg., Washington, D. C. Clark, Mr. Shreve, Engineering . Va. Dept, of Highways, Richmond, Va. Clark, 1st Lt. Walter E., Chemistry . Fort Myers, Va. Clarkson, Dr. Wright, Radiol . 30 Franklin Street, Petersburg, Va. Clayton-Grimes Biology Club . College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Va. Clift, Mr. William, Chem. . 915 E. Cary Street, Richmond, Va. Cline, Mr. Justus H., Biol . Stuarts’ Draft, Va. Clough, Dr. 0. W., Dentistry . . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Clower, James I., Chem, . Box 575, Blacksburg, Va. Cocke, Prof. E. C., Biology . Wake Forest College, Wake Forest, N. C, Cocks, Prof. M. Estes, Physics . Hollins College, Va Coffey, Mr. Samuel J., Education . Moneta, Va. Cole, Miss A'ize, Medicine . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Cole, Mr. James W., Jr., Chemistry . Cobb Chemical Laboratory, University, Va. Cole, Dr. Nancy, Mathematics . Sweet Briar, Va. Coleman, Mr. W. G., Education . Principal Marshall High School, Marshall, Va. ^College of William & Mary . Williamsburg, Va. Conner, Miss Betty V., Zoology . Box 206, Blacksburg, Va. Cook, Mr. HaroM T., Mycology . . . . 840 E. Green Street, Norfolk, Va. Cook, Dr. Roy S., Chemistry . Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Va. Cooper, Dr. Albert H., Engineering . Box 1 77, Blacksburg, Va. Cooper, Miss Nannie McJ., BioL . 114 S. Market Street, Petersburg, Va. Cornish, Miss Helen Rhoda, Biology . Va. Interment College, Bristol, Va. Cornwe’l, Mr. Ralph T. K., Chem. . Sylvania Industrial Coro., Fredericksburg, Va. Cosby, Mr. Clifton B., Biology . 2802 Garland Avenue, Richmond, Va. Cosby, Miss Evelyn Linda, Biol. . 2101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, Va. Cosby, Mr. J. Reginald, Physics ..West. Union Research Lab., Southampton, L. L, N. Y. Coulbourn, Mr. Uriah F., Geology . Suffolk, Va. Coyner, Mr. M. Boyd, Psychology . Box 123, Farmvllle, Va. Crim, Miss Samuella Hawes, Biology . Box 1 56, New Market, Va. Crooks, Mr. K. B. M., Parasltol. .. Happy Grove College, Hectors River, Jamaica, B. W. 1. Cross, Mr. R. H., Jr., Biology . Box 754, Marlon, Va. Crowgey, Mr. John H., Education . Court House, Wythevllle, Va. Cruise, Miss Anita, Zoology . Andrew Lewis H. S., Salem, Va. Culbertson, Mr. A. B., Biology . Box 511, Blacksburg, Va. Custls, Miss Elizabeth, Home Econ . Fincastle, Va. Dabney, Mr. Vlrglnius . Daffln, Prof. John B., Physics . Darden, Miss Grace . Darner, Miss Daisy, Chemistry . Daughtrey, Miss Mary Virginia, Chemistry. ^^Davenport & Co . Davenport, Mr. Roswell B,, Engineering . Davis, Dr. Donald W., Genetics . Davis, Miss Eloise M., Biology . . 12 Tapoan Road, Richmond, Va. . Mary Baldwin College, Staunton, Va. . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. . Jefferson, Md. . 3803 Seminary Avenue, Richmond, Va. . 1113 E. Main Street, Richmond, Va. . St. Andrew’s Lane, Richmond, Va. 349 W. Scotland Street, Williamsburg, Va. . Route 5, Box 35, Richmond, Va. *Sustaining’ **Life ***PatroTi 266 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Davis, Miss Georgia T., Biology . Box 627, Blacksburg, Va. Davis, Mr. Hubert J., Biology . Matthew Whaley High School, Williamsburg, Va. Davis, Mr. Jackson, Educ . % General Education Board, 49 W. 49 St., N. Y. City Davis, Mr. Thomas, Astronomy . V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. Davis, Major W. B., Eng . Room 418, State Office Bldg.,, Richmond, Va, Dear, Mr. Paul S., Ceramics . V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va, Decker, Miss Mary G., Chemistry . Alabama College, Montevallo, Ala, DeHaven, Mr. Foy, Education . Wytheville, Va, DeLaBarre, Prof. C. F., Biology . Blacksburg, Va. Delisle, Dr. Albert L., Botany . College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Va. Derr, Mr. H. B., Biology . R. F. D. 2, Fairfax, Va. Desha, Dr. L. J., Chemisry . Washington & Lee University, Lexington, Va. Devereux, Mr. Robert E., Geology . 123 S, Main Street, Danville, Va. Dickerson, Dr., L. M., Agriculture . R, F. D. 2, Charlotte Rd., Spartansburg, S. C. Dinwiddle, Dr. J. G., Chemistry . 620 Walnut Avenue, Waynesboro, Va. Divine, Dr. J. P., Nutrition . 1206 N. Quincy Street, Arlington, Va. Dodson, Dr. A. L, Urology . Professional Bldg., Richmond, Va. Drlnkard. Dr. A. W., Jr., Agriculture . V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. DuBeau, Mr, Normand P,, Education . Richmond News Leader, Richmond, Va. Duke, Miss Martha Walker, Biol . 721 Park Street, Charlottesville, Va. ***DuPont, Mrs. Alfred 1. . Nemours, Wilmington, Del. Dyck, Mr. P. B., Medicine . . Blacksburg, Va. Early, Mr. J. M., Phaifmacy . Eddy, Mr. C. Vernon, Education . Edmundson, Dr. R. S., Geology . Edwards, Dr. Preston, Physics . Eheart, Mr, James F., Chemistry . Elder, Mr. Joseph D., Physics . Ellett, Mr. W. B., Chemistry . Elliott, Dr. Emmet R., Mathematics . Ellis, Miss Frances . Embree, Prof. Royal B., Jr., Psychology. Evans, Dr. Everett L, Medicine . Evans, Mr. L. S . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . 430 Fairmont Avenue, Winchester, Va. . 1109 Wertland Street, Charlottesville, Va. . . . Sweet Briar, Va. . V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. . 302 Langhorne Lane, Lynchburg, Va. . Blacksburg, Va. . Hampden -Sydney, Va. . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Va. . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . Blue Shingles, Butte Lane, Richmond, Va. Fales, Dr. Doris E., Biology . Farlnholt, Dr. L. H., Chemistry . Farnsworth, Miss Goldena, Physics . Farquhar, Dr. B. S., Chemistry . Farrar, Mr. George M., Pharmacy . Fedorotf, Dr. Basil T., Chemistry . Fentress, Mr. Walter L . Ferguson, Dr. F. F., Zoology . Ferguson, Mrs. Mary V., Bacteriol. . Ferneyhough, Dr. Robert E., Vet. Med. Finger, Prof. Frank W., Psychology . Fillinger, Miss Harriet H., Chemistry... Finley, Mrs. J. N. G., Psychology . Fischer, Prof. Alfred G., Geology . Fisher, Dr. Ernst, Physiology . Fish, Prof. F. H., Chemistry . Fisher, Miss Charlotte, Biology . Flemer, Capt. J. A., Eng . Fletcher, Dr, F. P,, Medicine . Petcher, Miss Patsy, Biology . Flora, Dr. Carroll C., Dairy Science . Florance, Miss Sue A., Biology . Flores, Miss Lydia E„ Biology . Flory, Mr. Robert M., Psychology . . 1511 Hampton Street, Richmond, Va. ..Washington & Lee University, Lexington, Va. . . Hollins College, Va. . 361 Maple Avenue, Waynesboro, Va. . Clifton Forge, Va. % Fraser-Brace Eng. Co., Weldon Springs, Mo. . 32 Roanoke Dock, Norfolk, Va. . College of William & Mary, Norfolk, Va. . 1324 51st Street, Norfolk, Va. . 810 Lee Street, Warrenton, Va. . Peabody HaH, University, Va. . HolHns College, Va. . Rugby Road, University, Va. . ... Box 829, Blacksburg, Va. . Medical College of Virginia Richmond, Va. . Box 102, Blacksburg, Va. . . S. T. C., Radford, Va. . Westmoreland County, Oak Grove, Va. . 2319 E. Broad Street, Richmond, Va. . Warrenton, Va. . Va. Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va. . R. F. D. 3, Box 329, Alexandria, Va. . S. T. C., Radford, Va. . Dept, of Psychology, University, Va. 'Sustaining **Life ***Patron PROCEEDINGS 267 Forbes, Dr. J. C., Biochemistry . . . ...Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Foster, Major I. G., Physics . . . . . V. M. I., Lexington, Va. Freeman, Dr. Douglas S., Economics . % News Leader, Richmond, Va. Freer, Prof. Ruskin S., Botany.. . . Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, Va. French, Dean C. Clement, Chemistry . R.-M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. French, Mr. G. Talbot, Botany . . . .1112 State Office Bldg, Richmond, Va. Friedline, Dr. Cora L., Psychology . . . R.-M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. Frierson, Dr. W. J., Chemistry . . . . . Hampden-Sydney, Va. Furtsch, Dr. E. F., Chemistry . . . . . Blacksburg, Va. Gaines, Prof. Robert E., Mathematics . . . . . University of Richmond, Va. Galvin, Mr. W. Roland, Physics . 214 S. Boulevard, Richmond, Va. Gant, Dr. James Q., Jr., Medicine . . . . . Nat. Inst, of Health, Bethesda, Md. Garber, Mr. Thomas H., Chemistry . Larus and Brother Co., Inc., Richmond, Va. Garland, Mr. Floyd H., Chemistry . South Hill, Va. Garnett Mr. Henry S., Jr., Chemistry . Beaver Dam, Va. Garrett, Dr. H. E., Psychology . 35 Claremont Avenue, New York, N. Y. Gaskins, Mr. Pat, Chemistry . . . Phipps & Bird, Inc., Richmond, Va. Geldard, Maj. Frank A., Psychology . 3628 Potomac Avenue, Fort Worth, Texas Gilbert, Dr. Chauncey McL., Anatomy . Box 1453, University, Va. Gildersleeve, Mr. Benjamin, Geology . Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn. Gillespie, Miss Elizabeth, Chemistry . 701 Botetourt Apts., Norfolk, Va. Gilmer, Prof. Thomas E., Physics . Hampden-Sydney, Va. Gladding, Mr. Randolph N., Chem . 1123 State Office Bldg., Richmond, Va. Glass, Miss Jewel J., Geology . U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Glick, Prof. J. Paul, Education . Blackstone College, Blackstone, Va. Gooch, Mr. Winslow L., Forestry . The Chesapeake Corp., West Point, Va. Gottschalk, Mr. Carl W., Biology . Roanoke College, Salem, Va. Graham, Miss Helen, Biology . S. T. C., Radford, Va. Graves, Mr. E. Boyd, Education . Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Va. Graybeal, Prof. H. C., Physics . State Teachers College, East Radford, Va. Grayson, Mr. James McDonald, Entomology . V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va.. Greer, Mr. W. Rutledge, Physics . Blacksburg, Va. Gregory, Mr. Charles, Math . 708 Richmond Road, Williamsburg, Va. Gregory, Dr. Walton C., Biology . ,Tenn. Pol. Inst., Cookeville, Tenn. Grille, Mr. George A., Jrr., Chemistry . 1704 37th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Grizzard, Dr. A. L., Agronomy . . . Blacksburg, Va. Grizzard, Miss Alice E., Zoology . Boykins, Va. Groseclose, Miss Nancy P., Biology . 202 N. Marion Street, Covington, Va. Grover, Mr. W. W„ Zoology . Box 97, Lexington, Va. Groves, Dr. A. B., Phytopath . 1415 Greystone Terrace, Winchester, Va. Gudheim, Prof. H., Mathematics . Blacksburg, Va. Guy, Dr. William G., Chemistry . Williamsburg, Va. Gwathmey, Dr. Allan T., Chemistry . Colonnade Club, University, Va. Haag, Dr. H„ B., Pharmacol . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Hackerman, Dr. Norman . Box 356, Blacksburg, Va. Hague, Dr. Florence S., Zoology . Sweet Briar, Va. Hale, Mr. Clarence, Education . 561 Walnut Street, Waynesboro, Va. Hall, Dr. J. Frank, Dentistry . 1121 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, Ind. Hall, Dr. James K., Psychiatry . . . 301 1 Seminary Avenue, Richmond Va. Hamaker, Dr. J. I., Zoology . . . R.-M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. Hamoton Institute . . . , . Hampton, Va. Hand’ey, Mr. C. 0., Biology . . Blacksburg, Va. Handy, Dr. E. S. Craighill, Anthropol . The Burnie Farpi, Fairfax Cty. Oakton, Va. Hanmer, Mr. H. Rupert, Chemistry . 400 Petersburg Tpk., Richmond, Va Har’an, Dr. William R., Chemistry . 329 Greenway Lane, Richmond, Va Harlow, Mr. E. S., Chemistry . . . 400 Petersburg Turnpike, Richmond, Va. Harmon, Mr. Robert K., Chem. Eng . P. 0. Box 99, Charlottesville, Va. Harper, Dr. R. A., Botany . . . . Route 5, Bedford, Va. . ^Sustaining **Life ***Patron 268 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Harrar, Dr. J. G., Phytopalhol . Box 429, Blacksburg, Va. Harrington, Mr. John W., Geology . 1611 Laburnum Avenue, Richmond, Va. Harris, Mr. H. Hiter . . . P. 0. Box 6-R, Richmond, Va. Harris, Prof. Isabel, Math . Westhampton College, University of Richmond, Va. Harrison, Dr. Guy R., Dentistry . Professional Bldg., Richmond, Va. Hatcher, Dr. T. W., Mathematics . Blacksburg, Va. Haynes, Prof. F. B., Physics . Blacksburg, Va. Heatwole, Mr. Earl P., Eng . 1512 Live Oak Drive, Silver Spring, Md. Heflin, Lt. Col. S. M., Physics . 508 Highland Road, Lexington, Va. Hegwood, Miss Muriel, Biology . 402 Randolph Street, Radford, Va. Henderson, Prof. Lena B., Ecology . Box 16, R.-M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. Henderson, Mr. Myron P., Biology . Roanoke College, Salem, Va. Henderson, Mr. R. G., Phytopath . Blacksburg, Va. Henneman, Dr. Richard H., Psychology . Box 643, Williamsburg, Va. Hess, Dr. Margaret, Zoology . Winthrop College, Rock Hill, S. C. Hibbard, Mr. Foy N., Astronomy . U. S. Weather Bureau, Richmond, Va. Hibbs, Dr. Henry H., Jr., Education . 901 West Franklin Street, Richmond, Va. Hill, Prof. H. H., Chemistry . V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. Hill, Mr. John S., Agriculture . Stuarts’ Draft, Va. Hill, Mr. Julien H . State Planters Bank & Trust Co,, Richmond, Va. Hillman, Dr. Rolfe L., Medicine . Emory, Va. Himmler, Mr. Low^ell W., Chemistry . 47 Lock Lane, Apt. 3, Richmond, Va. Hinton, Dr. W. W., Psychology . Box 398, Lexington, Va. Hodges, Dr. Fred M., Radiology . 1000 W. Franklin Street, Richmond, Va. Hodgkin, Dr. W. N., Dentistry . Warrenton, Va^ Hoefer, Miss Allene, Nursing . S. T. C., Radford, Va. Hoffman, Dr. R. M., Chemistry . 560 Walnut Avenue, Waynesboro, Va. Hofmann, Dr. Fred W., Phytopath . Blacksburg, Va. Hoke, Dr. K, J., Education . ... College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Va. Ho’daway, Prof, C. W., Nutrition . Box 85, Blacksburg, Va. Holden, Dr. R. J., Geology . V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. Holladay, Miss Natalie, Biology . 510 Rugby Road, Charlottesville, Va. Hollins Curie Chemistry Society . Hollins College, Va. Holmes, Mr. Booker T., Chemistry . Va. Union Univ., Norfolk, Va. Ho'mes, Dr. F. T., Physics . Box 1068, University, Va. Holsinger, Mr. C. K., Education . Henrico Court House, Richmond, Va. Holt, Mr. Yullle, Jr., Biology . 818 Pershing Square, Lynchburg, Va, Hook, Mr. Paul G., Education . Box 223, Clifton Forge, Va. Horn, Mrs. Amanda P., Biology . Box 183, Hampton Inst,, Hampton, Va. Horn, Mr. Egmont, Geology . Washington & Lee University, Lexington, Va. Horsley, Dr. Guy W., Medicine . 617 W. Grace St., Richmond, Va. Horsley, Dr. J. Shelton, Medicine . 617 W. Grace Street, Richmond, Va. Hosey, Mr. Andrew D., Chemistry . 1123 State Office Bldg., Richmond, Va. Hostetter, Dr. Ralph, Biol . Eastern Mennonlte School, Harrisonburg, Va Hough, Dr. W. S., Entomology . Winchester, Va. Howard, Mr. M. C., Forestry . U. S. Forest Service, Harrisonburg, Va. Howe, Dr. Jas. L., Chemistry . . . . Lexington, Va, Hoxton, Dr. L. G., Physics . University, Va. Hoyt, Wil'ham Dana, Biology . Washington & Lee University, Lexington, Va. Huddle, Mr. Charles R., Eng. Chem . Ivanhoe, Va. Hudson, Miss Helen, Biology . S. T. C.. Radford, Va. Hughes, Mrs. R. D., Protozool . Medical College of Vlrpinia, Richmond, Va. Hunley, Col. Wm. M., Psychology . V. M. I., Lexinaton, Va. Hunt, Mr. Harvey L., Chemistry . 288 Bank Street, Norfolk, Va. Hunter Mr. John S., Jr., Geology . 15 Moreland Avenue, Newton Center, Mass. Hussey, Dr. R. E.. Chemistry . Blacksburg, Va. Husted, Mr. John E.. Geology . 522 Dav Avenue, S. W.. Roanoke, Va, Husted, Dr. Ladlev, Biology . Biology Building, University, Va. Hutcheson, Dr. T, B., Agriculture . V. P. I.. Blacksburg, Va. Hutchinson, Miss Madge, Biology . Hollins College, Va. ♦Sustaining **Life ***Patron PROCEEDINGS 269 litis, Dr. Hugo, Biology . Ingles, Mr. Andrew L., Biology . Ingram, Miss Lucille B., Biology, Irwin, Mr. Carl, Medicine . Ives, Mr. R. L., Pharmacy . .818 Marye Street, Fredericksburg, Va. ....Biological Laboratory, University, Va. . Dundas, Va. ...401 Collicell Street, Harrisonburg, Va. . 503 West Olney Road, Norfolk, Va. Jackson, Dr. H. W., Zoology . Jackson, Mr. Minter Morgan, Psychology. James, Mr. G. Watson, III, Medicine . James, Major Harold C., Physics . Jarman, Dr. A. M., Education. . Jeffers, Dr. George W., Biology . . Jefferson, Mr. R. N., Entomology . Jelinek, Mr. Hans, Psychology . Johnson, Miss Bessie L . . . Johnson, Dr. E. P., Medicine . Johnson, Dr. Harry L, Chemistry . Johnson, Mr. J. H., Forestry . Johnston, Mr. Charles W., Chemistry . Jones, Mr. A. L., Chemistry . Jones, Mr. Arthur W., Biology . Jones, Mr. Claiborne S., Zoology . Jones, Dr. B. Ruffin, Jr., Biology . Jones, Mr. Homer D., Jr., Geology . Jones, Prof- J. B., Mech. Engineering . Jones, Mr. J. Claggett, Chemistry . Jones, Mr. J. Frasia, Jr., Medicine . Jones, Mr. W. Catesby, Chemistry . Jones Biological Society . Jopson, Dr. Harry G. M., Biology . Jordan, Dr. H. E., Medicine . Joyner, Mr. William H., Pharmacy . . Box 527, Blacksburg, Va. ...Department of Psychology, University, Va. . Lexington, Va. . Kable Station 62, Staunton, Va. ....1872 Winston Avenue, Charlottesville, Va. . . State Teachers College, Farmville, Va. . Blacksburg, Va. Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va, . . . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. . Blacksburg, Va. . Roanoke College, Salem, Va. . Box 534, West Point, Va. . 214 Broad Street, Portsmouth, Va. . Cobb Chem, Lab., University, Va. ...Miller School of Biology, University, Va^ . 307 Park Piace, Charlottesville, Va. ....College of William & Mary, Norffolkl Va. . Koppers Company, Kearny, N. J, . Box 205, Blacksburg, Va. . 1121 State Office Bldg., Richmond, Va. . 928 W. Franklin St., Richmond, Va. . 3817 Hawthorne Ave., Richmond, Va. ..College of William & Mary, Norfolk, Va. . Brjdgewater College, Bridgewater, Va. . University, Va. . 222 North Saratoga Street, Suffo'k, Va, Kammerer, Mr. John, Geology . Washington & Lee University, Lexington, Va. Kapp, Dr. Mary E., Chemistry . College of William & Mary, Richmond, Va. Katzin, Dr. Leonard L, Physiology, . Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, New York Keeble, Prof. W. H., Physics . R.-M. College, Ashland, Va. Kehrer, Mr. Victor J., Biology . Va. Episcopal School, Lynchburg, Va. Keller, Dean May L., Education . University of Richmond, Va, Kelly, Miss Carolyn . S. T. C., Radford, Va. Kennedy, Dr. C. P., Dentistry . Box 479, Fredericksburg, Va, Kepner, Dr. William A., Zoology . University, Va. Keyser, Dr. Linwood D., Surgery . Medical Arts Bldg., Roanoke, Va. Kilbourne, Maj. Gen. C. E., Education . Va. Military Institute, Lexington, Va. Kilby, Dr. C. M., Physics . R.-M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. Kindred, Dr. J. E., Histology . Box 1341, University, Va. King, Mr. E. W., Biology . V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. Kolipinski, Dr. Louis, Psychiatry . Base Hospital No. 45, Camp Lee, Va. Koontz, Miss Anna . Madison College, Harrisonbure, Va. Krause, Dr. Heinrich, Biology . 510 Fort Street, Pensacola, Florida Lafayette, Mr. N. W., General Science.. . 920 N. Kansas Street, Arlington, Va. Lambert, Dean J. Wilfred, Psychology . Williamsburg, Va. Lammers, Dr. Edward C. H., Geology . 202 McDowell Street, Lexington, Va. Lancaster, Mr. Dabney S., Education . 1816 Park Avenue, Richmond, Va. Lancaster, Mr. J. L., Education . 309 England Street, Ashland, Va. Lane, Mr. E. H., Chemistry . The Lane Co., Altavista, Va. Langston, Dr. Henry J., Medicine . . Masonic Temple Bldg., Danville, Va. Lankford, Mr. F. G., Jr., Education . Dept, of Secondary Education, University, Va. Lansche, Mr. Arnold M., Chemistry . Randolph-Macon College, Ash’and, Va. *Sustaining **Life ***Patron 270 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Larew, Dr. Gillie A., Mathematics... Lamer, Miss Jean L., Chemistry . Lawson, Dr. George McL., Medicine. Leatherburg, Miss Mildred . Lee, Prof. Claudius, Physics . Lee, Mrs. Raymond C . Leed, Mr. Russell, Chemistry . Lehman, Dr. Edwin P., Medicine . Leveque, Mr. Roland J., Chemistry... Lewis, Dean Ivey F., Botany . Lewis, Mr. John B., Biology . Lewis, Miss Naomi, Entomology . Lillard, Lt. William D., Chemistry.... Lindsay, Mr. J. R., Chemistry . Linfield, Dr. B. Z., Mathematics . Lipscomb, Miss Martha H., Biology... Littleton, Dr. Leonidas R., Chemistry. Lochhead, Mr. John H., Biology . Longree, Miss Karla, Botany . Long, Dr. Louis, Jr . Loth, Mr. Francis, Conservation . Loving, Dr. R. E., Physics . Lucas, Prof. James B., Chemistry . Lutz, Prof. Robert E., Chemistry . Lyons, Dr. Harry, Dentistry . . R.-M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. . . . 18 Fifth Street, Pulaski, Va. . . School of Medicine, University, Va. . Machipongo, Va. . V. P. L, Blacksburg, Va. . . Box 613, % Postmaster, Seattle, Wash. . 430 Parade Avenue, Lexington, Va. . Box 1596, University, Va. . Phipps & Bird, Inc., Richmond, Va. Box 1885, University Station, Charlottesville, Va. . Seward Forest, Triplett, Va. . 3112 Grove Avenue, Richmond, Va. . Orange, Va. . 1123 State Office Bldg., Richmond, Va. . University, Va. . Watts Bar Dam, Tenn. . 1611 N. Greenbrier St., Arlington, Va.. . College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Va. . Hampton Institute, Hampton, Va. . Cobb Chemical Laboratory, University, Va. . Box 518, Waynesboro, Va. . University of Richmond, Va. . Blacksburg, Va. . Chemical Laboratory, University, Va. . Professional Bldg., Richmond, Va. Magruder, Mr. E. W., Chemistry . F. S. Royster Guano Co. Norfolk, Va. Main, Dr. Rolland J., Physiology . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Mallory, Col. Francis, Physics . Box 845, Lexington, Va. Manahan, Dr. J. L., Education . 33 University Place, University, Va. Mankin, Mr. W. Douglas, Biology . Herndon, Va. Manning, Mr. Leslie D., Geology . 905 Poplar HUl Rd., Roland Park, Baltimore, Md. ^^Marcuse, Mr. 1. J . 2213 Monument Avenue, Richmond, Va. Martin, Dr. Charles K., Education . 7100 Hampton Blvd., Norfolk, Va. Martin, Miss Haydee, Biology . S. T. C., Radford, Va. Martin, Dr. Mabel F., Psychology . Richmond Professional Institute, Richmond, Va. Martin, Dr. Walter B., Medicine . 339 Boush Street, Norfolk, Va. Masl, Mr. Joseph F., Chemistry . Box 111, Blacksburg, Va. Mason, Mr. George C., Biology . 1015 Blair Avenue, Hampton, Va. Mason, Dr. Ruth S., Medicine . 431 W. Washington St., Petersburg, Va. Mason, Dr. W. Roy, Jr., Medicine . 1919 Thomson Road, University, Va. Massey, Prof. A. B., Botany . . . Blacksburg, Va. Matthew Fontaine Maury Sci. Club . Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Va. Matthews, Prof. A. A. L., Geology . V. P. L, Blacksburg, Va. Mayo, Miss Betty, Chemistry . S. T. C.. Radford, Va. McCay, Dr. Myron S., Physics . Box 339, Blacksburg, Va. McConnell, Mr. H. K., Chemistry . Box 726, Richmond, Va. McCorklndale, Miss Frances L., Med. Tech . S. T. C., Radford, Va. McCorkle, Mr. T. A., Chemistry . 303 First Avenue, Farmvllle, Va McCormack, Mr. John T., Geology . V. P. L, Blacksburg, Va McCormick, Miss Gwendolyn, Home Ec. . 243 W. High Street, Elkton, Md McCrackan, Prof. Robert F., Blochem . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. McCrackan, Mrs. Robert F., Botany . 1005 W. Franklin St., Richmond, Va. McGauhey, Prof. P. H., Engineering . Blacksburg, Va. McGavock, Mr. Cecil B., Jr., Geology . 202 Pound Bldg., Chattanooga. Tenn. McGill, Mr. Wm. M., Geology . 6 Wayside Place, Charlottesville, Va. McGinnis, Dr. Tohn M., Psychology . Hollins College, Va. ^^McGulre, Mr. M, M . Mutual Bldg., Richmond, Va. McGuire, Dr. Stuart, Surgery . . 1008 W. Grace Street, Richmond, Va. Mclnteer, Mr. James F., Jr., Conservation . Quantico, Va. *Sustaining **Life ***Patron PROCEEDINGS 271 McNeal, Prof. M. J., Mathematics . McShane, Mr. E. J., Mathematics . Meacham, Mr. Wm. S., Psychology.... Meade, Richard^ A., Education . . ^Medical College of Virginia . . . Menzel, Mr. Winston, Biology.. . Merrymon, Dr. Wm. Walter, Physics.... Messer, Mr. Richard, Sanit. Eng^ . Meyers, Mr. Herbert H., Chem. Eng . Michaux, Dr. Stuart, Gynecology . Miller, Dr. C. 0., Microscopy . Miller, Dr. E. C. L . Miller, Dr. E. DeWitt, Cytology . Miller, Mr. E. T., Chemistry . Miller, Dr. James S., Mathematics . Mr. John M., Jr . Miller, Mr. Robert L., Pharmacy . Miller, Miss Vada C., Biology . Miller, Dr. W. Schuyler, Chemistry . Milne, Dr. Lorus J., Zoology . Mitchell, Dr. S. A., Astronomy . Moody, Mr. W. L., Chemistry . Moran, Miss Sarepta A., Psychology. Moreland, Dr. J. Earl, Education . . Morenus, Dr. Eugenie M., Mathematics. Morris, Mr. John S., Jr., Medicine.. . Morrison, Mr. Robt. H., Chem. Eng . Moseley, Mr. John M., Chemistry . Mull, Dr. Helen K. . ' . Mullln, Mr. Robert S., Phytopathol . Mundie, Dr. J. R., Botany . Murray, Dr. J. J., Ornithology . Murray, Prof. W. A., Electronics . Myers, Dr. C. E., Education . Myers, Dr. Hugh I., Physiology..... . . Randolph-Macon Colilege, Ashland, Va. . Box 1636, University, Va. . Times-Dispatch, Richmond, Va. . 38 University Circle, Charlottesville, Va. . Richmond, Va. . Va. Fisheries Laboratory, Yorktown, Va. . P. 0. Box 816, Williamsburg, Va, . State Dept, of Health, Richmond, Va. . V.-C. Chem. Corp., Richmond, Va. . Stuart Circle Hospital, Richmond, Va. . New Market, Va. . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Box 388, Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. . 1515 W. 19th Street, Richmond, Va. . Box 34, Emory, Va. . First & Merch. Nat. Bank, Richmond, Va. . Christiansburg, Va. . Box 378, Front Royal, Va. . Box 202, Ashland, Va. . . . R.-M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. . University, Va. . Va. Testing Laboratory, Richmond, Va. . Charlottesville, Vai.i . R.-M. College, Ashland, Va. . Sweet Briar, Va. . Med. Coll, of Va., Richmond, Va. . 4121 Crestwood Road, Richmond, Va. . 311 S. Boulevard, Richmond, Va. . . Sweet Briar College, Sweet Briar, Va. . Box 127, Blacksburg, Va. . King College, Bristol, Tenn. . . . 6 White Street, Lexington, Va. . Box 2, Blacksburg, Va. . 512 State Office Bldg., Richmond, Va. . University of Richmond, Va. Negus, Dr. Sidney S., Chemistry . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Nelson, Mr. Robert F., Psychology . R. F. D. 2, Glen Allen, Va. Nelson, Mrs. Rowland W., Geology . Davidson Parrk, Lexington, Va. Nelson, Prof. Wilbur A., Geology . . . ^133 Connecticut Ave., Washington, D. C. Nemuth, Dr. Harold I., Medicine . 617 West Grace Street, Richmond, Va. Newcomb, Dr. John Lloyd... . University, Va. Newcombe, Dr. Curtis L., Biology . Williamsburg, Va. Newman, Mr. Clarence W., Geog. . Va. State Chamber of Commerce, Richmond, Va. Newman, Lt. James B., Physics . Va. Military Institute, Lexington, Va. Nickels, Mr. Wm. L, Jr., Physics . . . 307 Ridge Street, Charlottesville Va. Nofsinger, Mr. Warner W., General Science . Box 2433, Roanoke, Va. Nolting, Mr. Carl H., Biol . Comm. Game & Inlan^d Fisheries, Richmond, Va. Norris, Dean Earle B., Engineering . Box 26, V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. Obenshaln, Dr. S. S., Geology . O’Brien, Mr. R. E., Agronomy . O’Byrne, J. W., Forestry . Oglesby, Prof. E. J., Mathematics. Oglesby, Miss Mary C., Biology... Oliver, Mr. George J., Educafion.. Oliver, Miss Lois, Home Ec. . . Olivier, Dr. Chas. P., Astron . Olsson, Mr. Ells, Engineering . Opie, Col. Hlerome L,, Conserv . . . . Blacksburg, Va. . Va. Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va. . . V. P. L, Blacksburg, Va. . University, Va, . . Draper, Va. . 4800 Stuart Avenue, Richmond, Va. . . . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. Flower Observatory, U. of Pa., Upper Darby, Pa. . The Chesapeake Corp., West Point, Va. . Leader Publishing Co., Staunton, Va. ♦Sustaining **Lffe ♦♦♦Patron 272 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Orgaln, Mr. Clarence T., Chemistry . O’Shaughnessy, Dr. Louis, Mathematics. Osterud, Dr. H. L., Biology . Overcash, Mr. H. B., Physics . Overton, Mr. Edward F., Education . Owen, Dr. Benton, Chemistry . Owen, Mr. H. Malcolm, Biology . . Alberta, Va, . Box 177, Blacksburg, Va. Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . Hampden-Sydney, Va. . 820 Mercer Street, Fredericksburg, Va. . Yale University, New Haven, Conn. . 608 Somerset Avenue, Richmond, Va. Park, Miss Nellie . Parkins, Mr. John H,, Chemistry . ^^Parrish, Mr. J. Scott . Partlow, Mr. Benj. W., Chemistry . Patterson, Dr. Paul M., Botany . Peabody, Dr. William A., Biochem . Peak, Dr. Helen, Psychology . Pearson, Mr. John C., Biology . Peery, Prof. G. G., Biology . Pegau, Dr. A. A., Minerology . Peirce, Mr. Allan S., Phytopath . Pence, Capt. J. Worth, Education . Perrow, Dr. Mosby G., Public Health Perry, Mr. Bruce A., Genetics . Pettit, Capt. L. C., Biology . Pettit, Miss Ruth V., Chemistry . Phillips, Dr. Ruth L., Embryology . Phillips, Dr. W. J., Entomology . Phipps, Mr. Morris, Medicine . Pierce, Dr. J. Stanton, Chemistry . Pillans, Miss Helen, M., Phy sics . Pitt, Miss Lyndele A., Biology . Pitts, Prof. Frank P., Chemistry . Pletta, Prof. D. H., Mechanics . Podtiaguine, Mr. Michael P., Physics.. Poindexter, Mr. G. R., Jr., Medicine... Pomeroy, Mr. Hugh R., Mathematics... Poos, Dr. Frederick W., Entomol. . Porter, Mr. H. C., Agronomy . Porter, Dr. William B., Medicine . ^^Powers & Anderson . Pownal', Mr. L. H. . Pratt, Miss Dorothy I., Educ . Priest, Mr. John J., Chemistry . Prince, Dean Wm. L. Education . Pulliam, Mr. Matthew, Medicine . Purdie, Lt. Col. K. S., Math . Pusey, Dr. Leo Arthur, Dentistry . . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. . 288 Bank Street, Norfolk, Va. . Amer. Nat. Bk., Bldg., Richmond, Va. . . . Box 21, Bedford, Va. . Hollins College, Va. . 2510 Hawthorne Avenue, Richmond, Va. . R.-M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, College Park, Md. . Roanoke College, Salem Va. . Rugby Road, Rosser Lane, University, Va. . Box 126, M. W. Coll., Fredericksburg, Va. . Staunton Military Academy, Staunton, Va. . Lynchburg, Va. . Blandy Experimental Farm, University, Va. ...Hq. 302d Infantry, APO 94, Fort Custer, Mich. . Rustburg, Va. . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. . 718 Cargil Lane, Charlottesville, Va. . 10 W,. Main Street, Richmond, Va. . 813 Roseneath Road, Richmond, Va. . 311 Norfolk Avenue, Richmond, Va. . 3215 Patterson Avenue, Richmond, Va. . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . Box 417, Blacksburg, Va. . 20 Elliewood Avenue, University, Va. . Fredericks Hall, Va. . 6426 Roselawn Road, Richmond, Va. . Beltsville Research Center, Beltsvllle, Md. . Box 7, Bland, Va. . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . 603 E. Main Street, Richmond, Va. . . Amer. Viscose Corp., Roanoke, Va. . Box 276, R.-M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. . 4227 Faquier Avenue, Richmond, Va. . University of Richmond, Va. . Leesburg, Va. . 313 Letcher Ave., Lexington, Va. . . . 301 E. Grace St., Richmond, Va. Ra'ston, Mr. William, Chemistry . Box 726, Richmond, Va. ^Randolph-Macon Woman’s College . Lynchburg, Va. Raskins, Dr, Evelyn, Phychology . Apt. 41, 713 19th St., N. W,, Washington, D. C. Ratzlaff, Mr. Alvin L., Physics . Quarters 308-B, Marine Bar., Quantico, Va. Ray, Mr. Charles, Jr., Biology . Central Fiber Corp, Pisgah Forest, N. C. Raynor, Prof. C. H., Physics . Box 589, Salem, Va. Rector, Miss Helen V., Physics . . Fairfax, Va. Reed, Mr. Charles L., Engineering . . % Larus & Bros. Co,, Inc., Richmond, Va. Reed, Miss Mary Frances, Psychology . Box 843, Blacksburg, Va. *Reed, Mr. P. L . 1418 Grove Avenue, Richmond, Va. Reed, Mr. W. D., Entomology . 17 N. Boulevard, Richmond, Va. Reeves. Lt. D. B.. Phvsics . Virginia Military Inst., Lexington, Va. Re d, Dr. J. Douglas, Bacter . University Height, R. F. D., 13, Richmond, Va. *Sustaining **Life ***Patron PROCEEDINGS 273 Reitz, Mr. John E., Biology . Rennie, Mr. C. B., Agriculture . Reuyl, Dr. Dirk, Astronomy . . Reynolds, Dr. Bruce D., Protozoology . Reynolds, Miss Catherine, Gen. Science.. Rhyne, Dr. Hugh J., Education . . . Rice, Miss Alva W., Biology . Richardson, Prof. W., Physics. . Rickard, Mr. H. L., Geology . . . Riese, Dr. Hertha, Psychology . Riese, Dr. Walther, Neurology . Riley, Miss Connie . . Risley, Miss A. Marguerite, Math . Rivera, Miss Irma Hope, Biology . Rivera, Miss Nadine, Biology . . Robb,, Mr. J. Bernard, Chemistry . Robb, Dr. Robert G., Chemistry . Roberts, Mr. D. B., Agriculture . Roberts, Dr. Joseph K., Geology . Robertson, Miss Katherine . Robertson, Miss Purcelle M., Biology . Robeson, Dr. F. L., Physics . Robey, Dr. Ashley, Chemistry . Rodman, Prof. Walter S., Mathematics . Rogers, Mr. D. A., Chemistry . Root, Mr. Robert W., Geology . Rorer, Dr. John Alex., Education . Rosebery, Mr. D. A., Biology . Ross, Mr. Earl T., Geology . Rosser, Dr. Char'es M., Chemistry . Row, Mr. Stuart B., Engineering . Rowe, Dr. T. D., Pharmacy . Royster, Dr, Lawrence T., Pediatrics .. . "^^Rudd, Dean Wortley F., Pharmacy . Rushton, Mr. J. H., Englneerins . Russell, Capt. Edgar V.., Jr., Chemistry Ryland, Dr. Garnett. Chemistry . Ryman, Mr. Jacob F., Physics . . 1414 Gordon Avenue, Charlottesville, Va. . 1409 Wilmington Avenue, Richmond, Va. . . University, Va. . University, Va. . 223 Randolph Avenue, Danville, Va. . Marlon, Va. . Shenandoah College, Dayton, Va. . Box 203, V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. . 1111 Holliday, Wichita Falls, Texas . 501 N. Allen Ave., Apt. 48, Richmond, Va. . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. . Box 63, R.-M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. . . . Box 152, S. T. C., Radford, Va. . S. T. C., Radford, Va. . 213 East Broad Street, Richmond, Va. College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Va. . Route 3, Box 144-A, Norfolk, Va. . . Box 471, University, Va. . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. . S. T. C., Radford, Va. . V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. . 105 Lewis Avenue, Salem, Va. . Box 1476, University, Va. . The Solvay Process Co., Hopewell,Va. ..Washington & Lee University, Lexington, Va. . Extension Division, University, Va. . V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. . 709 12th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. . 1606 Franklin Street, Fredericksburg, Va. . Box 561, Blacksburg, Va. . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . University, Va. . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . 1306 Rugby Road, Charlottesvlll’e, Va. . Seattle, Wash. . Universltv of Richmond, Va. . Box 147, Blacksburg, Va. Samuel, Mr. Boyd L., Chemistry . 1121 State Office Bldg., Richmond, Va, Sanders, Mr. H. W., Education . Box 79, Blacksburg, Va. Sandholzer, Dr. Leslie A., Public Health . Box 1834, Norfolk, Va. Sanford, Mr, R. M., Photography. . Va. State Planning Bd., Richmond, Va. Sanger, Dr. Wm. T., Education . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Sarver, Dr. L. A., Chemistry . 1227 White Oak Rd., Roanoke, Va. Scherer, Dr. I. H., Hematology . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Scherer, Dr. Philip C., Jr., Chemistry . Box 209, Blacksburg, Va. Schneider, Dr. Joseph Z., Chemistry . 3422 Carpenter St., SU E., Washington, D. C. Schoenbaum, Mr. Alex. W., Tobacco . 400 Petersburg Pike, Richmond, Va. Schoene, Dr. Wm. J., Entomplogy . Blacksburg, Va. Schofield, Miss Frances, Chemistry . . R.-M, W. College, Lynchburg, Va. Schultz, Miss Helen H., Chemistry . Box 105, M. W. College, Fredericksburg, Va. Schumacher, Mr. J. D., Chemistry . American Viscose Corp.. Roanoke, Va. Scott, Dr. Ernest G., Medicine . 725 Church Street, Lvnchburg, Va. Scott, Dr. James K., Medicine . Colonnade Club, University, Va. Scribner, Mr. A. Kenneth, Chem. . 201 Park Road, Glensocallah, Portsmouth, Va. Sears, Mr. C. E., Jr., Geology . Salem,Va. SeWr, Mr. Leroy, Honorary Member . Pulaski High School, Pulaski,Va. Seltzer. Prof. L. Z., Engineering . Box 793, V. P. I., Blacksburg. Va. Selte, Prof. F. J., Chemistry . Apt. 507, 4701 Conn. Ave., N. W., Wash., D. C. *Sustaining **Life ***Patron 274 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Shadwell, Mr. Lemuel R., Pharmacy . Shear, Dr. G. M., Botany . Shearburn, Dr. Edwin, Surgery . . . Shedd, Miss Dorothy . Shelburne, Mr. L. F., Education . Shepherd, Miss Sibyl A., Home Ec . Sherwood, Mr. C. S., Ill, Chemistry . Showalter, Dr. A. M., Biology . Simmons, Miss Martha . Simmons, Mr. J. W., Jr., Astronomy . Simms, Dr. Reuben F., Medicine . Simons, Prof. E. M., Engineering . Simpson, Mr. John C., Education . Simpson, Prof. Palmer M., Chemistry . Simpson, Dr. R. L., Jr., Dentistry . Simpson, Dean T. McN., Jr., Mathematics. Sisson, Miss Lucy K., Chemistry . Sitler, Prof. Ida, Biology . Smart, Dr. Robert F., Mycology . Smart, Mr. A. Lee, Mathemtics . Smith, Miss Catherine A., Chemistry . Smith, Dr. D. C., Medicine . Smith, Mr. Edmund A., Engineering . Smith, Mr. Foley F., Chemistry . Smith, Dr. Harold H., Genetics . Smith, Dr. James H., Medicine . Smith, Miss Leila H., Mathematics . Smith, Mr. LeRoy H., Chemistry . Smithey, Dr. William R., Education . SnlflFen, Mr. Ernest W., Geology . Snoddy, Mr. Leland B., Physics . Sommerville, Dr. R. C., Psychology . Spagnuolo, Mr. Joseph E., Engineering . Spealman, Dr. C. R., Physiology..... . The Specs Club . Sp>eese, Miss Bernice M., Biol . Speidel, Dr. Carl C., Medicine . Spelt, Dr. David K.. Psychology . Spencer, Dr. Hugh M., Chemistry . Starr, Dr. L. E., Vet. Science . Steenland, Mr. Nelson C., Geology . Steidtmann, Dr. Edward, Geol . Stetson, Dr. John M., Mathematics . Stetson, Mrs. J. M. .Biology . Stevens, Dr. Edith, Botany . Stidley, Miss AnnabeUe . Stigall, Dr. John J., Jr., Dentistry . Stlriz, Mr. Charles H.. Biochemistry . Stow, Dr. Marcellus H., Geology . Straus, Mr. Aubrey H., Public Health . Strauss, Mr. Lewis, Physics . Strickland, Mr. John C., Biology . ^^Strudwick, Mr. Edmund, Jr . ^^Sublett, Miss Ruth . Sutherland, Mr, L R., Chemistry . Sutton, Dr. Lee E., Jr., Medicine . . Swartout, Dr. Tohn A., Chemistry . Sweenev, Mr. Wm. T., Physics . *Sweet Briar CoHege . Swem. Dr. Earl G., Education . Swertfeger, Dr. Floyd F., Education . . 2800 W. Broad Street, Richmond Va. . Box 112, Blacksburg, Va. . 308 Park Place, Charlottesyille, Va. . St. Anne’s School, Charlottesyille, Va. . Box 359, Staunton, Va. . S. T. C., Radford, Va. . Ill West Road, Portsmouth, Va. . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. . V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. . 21 1 W. Grace Street, Richmond, Va. . Box 687, V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va. . Stratford College, Danyille, Va. . Hampden-Sydney, Va. Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . Ashland, Va. . 4028 Fauquier Ayenue, Richmond, Va. . Hollins College, Va. . Box 108, Unlyersity of Richmond, Va, . 619 W. 28lh Street, Norfolk, Va. . 319 N. Quincy Street, Arlington, Va. . P. 0. Box 1516, University, Va. . 103 Gun Club Road, Richmond, Va. . A. B, C. Board, Richmond, Va. . Arlington Exper. Farm, Arlington, Va. . 1008 W. Grace Street, Richmond, Va. . S. T. C., Radford, Va. . Viscose Corp. of Virginia, Roanoke, Va. . 40 University Place, University, Va. . 3111 Chesapeake Avenue, Hampton, Va. . University, Va. . 307 Vernon St., Lynchburg, Va. . . . Box 159, Blacksburg, Va. .Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. . Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, Va. .. 805 Carter Rd., Raleigh Ct., Roanoke, Va. . University, Va. . Box 147, M. B. Coll,, Staunton, Va. ...Cobb Chemical Laboratory, University, Va. . 2004 Carter Blvd., Roanoke, Va. . . Box 9, Lexington, Va. . 410 V. M. 1. Parade, Lexington, Va. . Jamestown Road, Williamsburg, Va. . 232 Jamestown Road, Williamsburg, Va, . Box 309, S. T. C., Farmvllle, Va. . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. . 707 Professional Build'ng, Richmond, Va. . 206 E, Freemason Street, Norfolk, Va. . 4751 21st Road, N., Arlington, Va,. . 2931 Seminary Avenue, Richmond, Va. . 52 William Street, New York City . 133 N. Jefferson Street, Petersburg, Va. . 1 536 Park Avenue, Richmond, Va. . 108 S. Third Street, Richmond, Va. . CHntwood, Va. Medical College of Virginia. Richmond, Va. . 613 Walnut Avenue, Waynesboro, Va. . 30 N. Sprague Avenue, Bellevue, Pa. . Sweet Briar, Va. . Williamsburg, Va. . 221 S. Main Street, Farmvllle, Va. Sustainine: **Life ***Patron PROCEEDING? 275 Taber, Miss Molly, Chemistry . Taliaferro, Miss Isabel, Physiology . Tau Kappa Iota, Biology . . Taylor, Mr. J. Robert, Chemistry . Taylor, Miss Lucy Ann, Biology . . Taylor, Dr. Mildred E., Math . Taylor, Dr. Raymond L., Botany . Taylor, Miss Virginia, Biology . Tetrology Club . . . . . Thalhimer, Mr. Morton G., General.... Thompson, Mr. Dudley, Engineering.... Thompson, Dr. Lorin A., Psychology... Thompson, Dr. L. T. E., Mathematics. Thomsen, Dr. Lillian, Biology . Thornton, Dr. Nan V., Chemistry . Thornton, Dr. S. F., Agron . Threlkeld, Prof. W. L., Chemistry.... Tice, Mr. F. G., Psychology . Timberlake, Miss Ann, Chemistry . Tolley, Capt. Chas. D., Biology . Tonelson, Mr. A. Rufus, Biology . Trattner, Dr. Sidney, Medicine . . . Trout, Dr. William E., Jr., Chemistry. Tucker, Dr. Beverley R., Medicine . Tufts, Charles G., Chemistry . Turman, Dr. A. E., Medicine . Turner, Dr. Thomas W., Phytopath.... . Hoflins College, Va. . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Washington & Lee University, Lexington, Va. Washington & Lee University, Lexington, Va. . 3105 North Avenue, Richmond, Va. . . . Mary Baldwin College, Staunton, Va. . . .....627 Powelli Street, Williamsburg, Va. . 514 W. 4th Street, Radford, Va. . Sweet Briar College, Sweet Briar, Va. . . 3202 Monument Avenue, Richmond, Va. . Blacksburg, Va. . 5401 Bewdley Road, Richmond, Va. . Dahlgren, Va. . Mary Baldwin College, Staunton, Va. . Box 292, R."M. W. C., Lynchburg, Va. . % F. S. Royster Guano Co., Norfolk, Va. . Blacksburg, Va. . 504 Rugby Road, Charlottesville, Va. . Mary Baldwin College, Staunton, Va. . Staunton Military Academy, Staunton, Va. . 315 W. 17th Street, Norfolk, Va. . 1210 Confederate Avenue, Richmond, Va. . Mary Baldwin College, Staunton, Va. . 212 W. Franklin Street, Richmond, Va. . Room 3201, 61 Broadway, New York City . 20 W. Grace Street, Richmond, Va. . Hampton Institute, Hampton, Va. Underhill, Dr. T. A., Dentistry . 301 E. Franklin Street, Richmond, Va. ^The University of Richmond . . University of Richmond, Va. ^University of Virginia . University, Va. Updike, Dr. 1. A., Chemistry . P. 0. Box 355, Ashland, Va. Updike, Mrs. I. A., Chemistry . Box 355, Ashland, Va. Ussery, Mr. Hugh D., Physics . Box 187, Blacksburg, Va. Valentine, Mr. C. Braxton, Chemistry . Hlllcrest, Richmond, Va. **Valentine, Mr. Granville G . . . 12 E. Franklin Street, Richmond, Va. Van Mlddlesworth, Mr. Lester, Chem . Cobb Chemical Laboratory, University, Va. Vaughan, Prof. Edward K., Biology . Box 429, Blacksburg, Va. Vaughan, Mr. James C., Astronomy . 329 St. Andrew Street, Petersburg, Va. Vaughan, Dr. Warren T., Medicine . 201 W. Franklin Street, Richmond, Va. Veazey, Miss Watelle E., Biology . 2021 Monument Avenue, Richmond, Va. Via, Miss Lula Jones, Biology . S. T. C., Radford, Va. Vicars, Miss Agnes, Biology . S. T. C., Radford, Va. Vilbrandt, Dr. Frank C., Chem. Eng . Blacksburg, Va. '^Virginia Military Institute . . . Lexington, Va. V. M. I. Chapter (Va, Academy of Science) . Lexington, Va. ^Virginia Polytechnic Institute . Blacksburg, Va. ^Virginia Wild Life Federation . Cecil F. DeLaBarre, Pres., Blacksburg, Va. von Elbe, Dr. Gunther, Chemistry . Cam. Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh, Pa. von Gutfield, Dr. F. J., Bacteriology . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Vyssotsky, Dr. Alexander N., Astronomy . Box 1535, University, Va. Vyssotsky, Mrs. A. N., Astronomy . Box 1535, University, Va. Waddell, Dr. J. A., Pharmacology. Wagner, Miss Lucille . ♦^Walker, Mr. Bradford H . . . Walker, Dr. Harry G., Biology . Walker, Mr. R. J., Pharmacy . . University, Va. . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. . 91 1 E. Broad Street, Richmond, Va. . Box 267, Norfolk, Va. .2901 West Avenue, Newport News, Va. ♦Sustaining ♦♦Life ♦♦♦Patron 276 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Wall, Miss Helen.. . . . . . . . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va, Wallerstein, Dr. Emanuel U., Medicine.............. . . . Prof. Bldg., Richmond, Va. Walton, Mr. Benjamin F., Education........................... . . . . Lawrenceville, Va, Walton, Dr. Leon J., Dentistry . . . .....713 Shenandoah Life Bldg., Roanoke, Va. Walton, Miss Lucille, Biology.... . . . . . ........1116 E. Main Street, Danville, Va. Walton, Miss Margaret, Meteorology . .....1116 E. Main Street, Danville, Va. Wampler, Dr. Fred J., Medicine . . . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va, Ware, Mr. Macon . . . . . . . Falls Church, Va. Warthen, Dr. H. J., Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . Atlantic City, N. J. Wash, Dr, A. M., Dentistry . . . . . ....................Medical Arts Bldg., Richmond, ^a. Watkins, Mr. Selden H., Education.... . . . . . . . . ..Box 202, Salem, Va. Watson, Mr. George C., Mathematics... . . . . . ........Miller School, Va. Watson, Dr. John W., Chemistry..... . . . . . . . .....Box 75, Blacksburg, Va. Weatherby, Dr. J. H., Pharmacology . ..Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Weaver, Mr. John B., Chemistry........ . 2037 Monument Avenue, Richmond, Va. Weaver, Mr. J. M., Chemistry . . . . . ... Box 737, Richmond, Va. Weaver, Lt. Col. R. C., Physics . . . 420 Parade, Lexington, Va. Webb, Mr, Lewis W., Jr., Physics..... . 5234 Edgewater Drive, Norfolk, Va,. Weddell, Mr. Alexander W., General . . . “Virginia House”, Richmond, Va. Weeks, Dr. Helen F., Education........ . . . 616 Blair Avenue, Williamsburg, Va, Wheeler, Dr. Charles H., Ill, Mathematics . University of Richmond, Va. Whidden, Miss Helen L., Chemistry . . . . . . . ... R.-M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. White, Mr. Edward L., Mathematics.... . 601 1 Powhatan Avenue, Norfolk, Va, White, Dr, 0. E., Genetics . . . Blandy Experimental Farm, University, Va. White, Mr. W. Tom, Jr., Optics . . . ...1324 Eye St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Whyburn, Prof. G. T., Mathematics . . . University, Va. Wiggin, Dr. Evelyn P., Mathematics . . . . . R. M. W. College, Lynchburg, Va. Wilbur, Mr. Robert 0., Geology . Washington & Lee University, Lexington, Va. Willett Mr. H. L, Education . Staunton, Va. ^^Williams, Mr. E. Randolph . . . Va. Elec. & Power Bldg., Richmond, Va. Williams, Dr. Geo. A., Chemistry . . . 273 Newman Avenue, Harrisonburg, Va. Wil'iams, Dr, George Zur, Path. . Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. Williams, Dr. J. E., Mathematics . . . . . Blacksburg, Va. *^WilIiams, Mr. Lewis C . Amer. Nat. Bank Bldg., Richmond, Va. Williams, Mr. Lewis D., Chemistry . 700 Cleveland Ave., Elizabeth City, N. J. Williams, Prof. Marvin Glenn, Biology . . . Bluefield College, Bluefield, Va. Williams, Mr. Robert F., Education . . . . . . . Marion, Va. Williamson, Miss Warren, Chemistry . Box 414 Hollins College, Va. Wilmer, Miss Valeria . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. Wilson, Dr. David C., Psychiatry . University, Va, Wilson, Dr. I. D., Biology . V. P. L, Blacksburg, Va. Wiltshire, Mrs. James W., Jr., Zoology . R.,-M. Woman’s College, Lynchburg, Va. Winne, Mr. A. L. I., Pharmacy . 400 Traveler’s BMg., Richmond, Va. Winston, Dr, J. H. C., Chemistry . Hampden-Sydney, Va. Wirtanen, Mr. C. A., Astronomy . Box 1547, University, Va. Wise, Co!. Jennings C., General . . . University, Va. Wolesensky, Dr, Edward, Chem. . ...1005 N. Edgewood Street, Arlington, Va, Wonson, Maior Roy W., Psychol. . Staunton Military Academy, Staunton, Va. Wood, Mr. David W., Biology . Washington & Lee University, Lexington, Va. Woods, Mr. Henry H., Geology . Washington & Lee University, Lexington Va. Woodside, Mr. A. M., Entomology . 916 N. Augusta Street, Staunton, Va, Wright, Mr. H. E., Jr., Chemistry . . . 47 E. Lock Lane, Richmond, Va. Yoe, Dr. J. H., Chemistry . . University, Va, Young, Miss Rachel, Home Ec, . Madison College, Harrisonburg, Va. Young, Dr. R. C., Physics . Williamsburg, Va. Zimmerley, Dr. H. H., Horticulture . Box 267. Norfolk, Va, Zimmermann, Mr. H. D„ Biochem . 2410 Lakeview Avenue, Richmond, Va. CAROLINA CULTURES L 1 Giant Amoeba proteus (standard for laboratory study) Class of 25 (including container and postage) ........$2,00 Class of 50 “ “ “ “ ........ 3.50 Class of 100 ‘‘ “ “ “ ........ 6.00 Same price as above: Paramecium caudatumj Stentor, Vorticella, Peranema, Volvox, Mixed Protozoa, Anguillula or ^^Vinegar eeW\ L 60 Hydra, Green or Brown (state preference desired) Class of 25 (including container and postage). . $1.50 Class of 50 “ « “ “ . 2.50 Class of 75 “ “ “ “ ........ 3.25 Class of 100 “ “ “ “ . . 4.00 Same price as Hydra: Paramecium multimicronucleata (giant form of paramecia, excellent for laboratory study), Euglena, Ar~ cella, Chilomonas, Daphnia, Copepods, Spirogyra, Nitella, Elodea, Cahomha, Myriphyllum. L 220 Planaria maculata or dorotocephala (the former or light colored is generally preferred) Class of 25 (mcluding container and postage) ........$1.75 Class of 50 “ “ “ “ . 3.00 Class of 75 « “ « “ ........ 4.00 Class of 100 “ « “ ** ........ 6.00 For Drosophila cultures, Tenebrio or “Meal-Worms”, Aquarium Sets or Assortments, living Frogs, Turtles, Rats, Mice, etc., see our regular catalogue. We have a complete line of Preserved Specimens, Microscopic Slides, Dissecting Instruments, etc. Our publications— Carolina Tips and general catalogue will be sent free upon application. Carolina Biological Supply Company Elon College, North Carolina THE QUESTION? Where is the most conven¬ ient place for me to purchase my physiology apparatus? THE ANSWER! From Phipps & Bird, Inc., of Richmond, Virginia. THE REASON!! Phipps & Bird has long spe¬ cialized in the development and manufacture of better apparatus for physiology, pharmacology and psychology. All apparatus is designed to be simple and sturdy, to meet the requirements of student use. Yet, manufacture is to tolerances well within the re¬ quirements for the most ex¬ acting research. Phipps and Bird are pioneers in this field. First to intro¬ duce an inexpensive, electrically-driven Kymograph, illus¬ trated above, they have also made available, ink-writing levers of all types to aid in eliminating tedious smoking and shellacking. For modern, efficient, dependable kymographs, heart and muscle levers, pneumographs, ergographs and other physi¬ ology equipment, IT IS Phipps and Bird, Inc. Southern Center for Laboratory Apparatus and Chemicals RICHMOND, VIRGINIA