1 ( rA It VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDITOR: Janies H. Martin Dept, of Biology - PRC J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College BUSINESS MANAGER: William S. Woolcott P.O.Box 85622 Richmond, VA 23285-5622 Department of Biology University of Richmond Richmond, VA 23173 Phone: (804)289-8241 Phone: (804)371-3064 ©Copyright, 1994 by the Virginia Academy of Science. The Virginia Journal of Science (ISSN:0042-658X) is published four times a year (Spring, Summer, Fall , Winter) by the Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220-2054. The pages are electronically mastered in the Parham Road Campus Biology Department of J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College. The Virginia Academy of Science and the Editors of the Virginia Journal of Science assume no responsibility for statements or opinions advanced by contributors. Subscription rates for 1994: $27.00 per year, U.S.A.; $35.00 per year, other countries. All foreign remittances must be made in U.S. dollars. Most back issues are available. Prices vary from $5.00 to $25.00 per issue postpaid. Contact the Business Manager for the price of a specific issue. Changes of address, including both old and new zip codes, should be sent promptly to the following address: Blanton M. Bruner, Executive Secretary- Treasurer, Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220-2054. All correspondence relating to remittance, subscriptions, missing issues and other business affairs should be addressed to the Business Manager. For instructions to authors, see inside of back cover VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VoL45 No.l SPRING, 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ARTICLES Gene Flow Among Island Populations of Marsh Rice Rats (Oryzomys palustris). Elizabeth A. Forys and Nancy D. MoncrieL 3 Characterization of Corn Earworm Larval Growth on Soybean Terminals. Harhans L. Bhardwaj, Muddappa Rangappa, Ali /. Mohamed, dsoAAnwar A. Hamama. 13 Mid-Summer Abundance of Resident Sub-Adult Marsh Nekton at the Virginia Coast Reserve. David J. Yozzo, Antonio Mannino and David E. Smith . 21 JEFFRESS RESEARCH GRANT AWARDS 31 wwmL ,1^:' t. Virginia Journal of Science Volume 45, Number 1 Spring 1994 Gene Flow Among Island Populations of Marsh Rice Rats (Oryzomys palustris) Elizabeth A. Forys ^ , Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 and Nancy D. Moncrief , Virginia Museum of Natural History, 1001 Douglas Avenue, Martinsville, VA 24112 ABSTRACT Inter-island movement data and allelic frequencies were compared to assess the differences between direct and indirect estimates of gene flow for marsh rice rats on the Virginia barrier islands. Inter-island movements among four adjacent islands and the mainland were observed during the summer of 1989. Ten movements between two islands separated by 50 m and one movement between two islands separated by 300 m were docu¬ mented. The direct estimate of dispersal for the five sites was 0.75 migrants per generation. Electrophoretic variation in proteins encoded by 13 presumptive gene loci was analyzed using blood samples collected from rats trapped at the five sites. The indirect estimate of migration using Wrighf s Fst method was 0.09 migrants per generation. The differences in the direct and indirect estimates may be due to sampling error, lack of successful reproduction by the immigrants, or to differences in the time scales that the direct and indirect methods represent. Key words: gene flow, genetic differentiation, Oryzomys palustris INTRODUCTION Populations of small mammals on islands are well suited to study genetic differentiation (Calhoun and Greenbaum, 1991; Navarro and Britton-Davidian, 1989; Hanski and Kuitunen, 1986; Gill, 1980; Berry et ak, 1978). Genetic differen¬ tiation is generally estimated by measuring morphologic and/or or biochemical variation and then population patterns are interpreted using theories on natural selection, mutation, genetic drift and gene flow. Although biogeographical infor¬ mation and data on the biology of the species aid in these interpretations, few studies (Ehrlich and Raven, 1969) have attempted to combine the genetic data with data on individual movements. Gene flow within a species determines the extent to which genetic changes in local populations are independent (Slatkin, 1985a). Gene flow can be measured using both direct and indirect methods (Slatkin, 1985b, 1987). Direct methods, which use estimates of dispersal and breeding success of dispersers to infer gene flow, are biased in that they are limited in their duration and geographic extent. They also do not necessarily represent historical patterns of gene flow. Indirect methods use estimates of genetic variation, generally from biochemical procedures. 1 Present address of EAF: Department of Wildlife and Range Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. 4 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Two methods of indirectly measuring gene flow are commonly used: Wright’s statistic (Fst) for estimating the standardized variation in allele frequencies among local populations (Wright, 1951) and Slatkin’s rare alleles method (Slatkin, 1985b). The main problem associated with these indirect methods is that both are sensitive to variation in population structure. The purpose of this study was to compare estimates of gene flow using direct and indirect methods for island populations of marsh rice rats {Ofyzomys paiustris), and to examine inter-island variation in allozymes. The marsh rice rat is a semi- aquatic rodent that inhabits salt marshes south of Maryland. Previous studies determined that this species inhabits more islands than any other small mammal on the Virginia barrier islands (Dueser and Porter, 1986). It has been hypothesized that the ability of the marsh rice rat to disperse across water is responsible for its ubiquity (Humphrey and Setzer, 1989). METHODS This study was conducted in 1989 at the Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research site on the Virginia barrier islands. The barrier islands are a Holocene formation on the seaward margin of the Delmarva Peninsula. Four islands (Hog, Parramore, Revel, and Crescent) and the adjacent mainland marsh (near the town of Brownsville) were chosen due to their accessibility and proximity to each other (Figure 1). Parramore (2,197 ha in 1989) and Hog Island (1,177 ha in 1989) are barrier islands, and Revel (508 ha in 1989) is a bayside island. At the time of this study, Crescent was a small (10.0 ha) distinct island formed during the previous 20 years by sand accretion and inlet formation. Parramore and Crescent were separated by a 50 m water channel that ranged between 2~5 m deep. In October 1991, after this study was completed, a storm caused the channel separat¬ ing Parramore and Crescent islands to fill with sand. The channel between Revel and Crescent is 300 m of deep water, and Hog and Parramore are separated by more than 1 km of deep water. The marsh near Brownsville is nearly equidistant from Hog and Parramore Islands. The vegetation of the four islands and mainland marsh differs slightly, but all support extensive Spartina altemiflora marsh, which is important rice rat habitat (McCaffrey and Dueser, 1990; Dueser and Porter, 1986) To directly monitor inter-island movements of rice rats, determine the fate of inter-island movers, and estimate population density, trapping grids with Sherman live- traps spaced 15 m apart were laid in areas that were closest to adjacent islands. On the small island of Crescent and the narrow peninsulas of Parramore and Revel, a grid design of 6 by 20 traps was chosen because it covered the entire extent of Crescent Island and covered the width of the narrow peninsulas. On Hog and Brownsville, traps were laid in two long transects in an attempt to cover the extent of the marsh closest to the other islands. Each transect was 885 m long, and the two transects were spaced approximately 30 m apart. These transects covered approximately the same area as the island grids. Trapping occurred May 20 through August 24, 1989. All small mammals caught were ear-tagged and examined for weight, sex, and reproductive condition, e. g., gravid, sexually active (males, testes descended; females, vagina perforate). During the first trapping session on Crescent Island, total enumeration and tagging of all O. paiustris was attempted. Trapping continued until no untagged animals were GENE FLOW IN RICE RATS 5 FIGURE 1. The study sites, four islands of the Virginia Barrier Island formation (PAR = Parramore, CRE = Crescent, REV = Revel, and HOG = Hog ) and the mainland (BRO = Brownsville), as they appeared in 1989. The squares represent grids and the lines represent transects. caught for three consecutive days, creating an 8-day trapping session. The in¬ dividuals tagged were assumed to be residents of Crescent Island. Three of the islands (Parramore, Revel, and Crescent) and the mainland were trapped monthly (June, July, August) using the 8-day trapping session. The Hog Island site was trapped monthly using a comparable trapping session. Density was estimated using the minimum number alive method (MNA; Hilborn et aL, 1976). MNA was chosen because it only considers the number of animals caught during each trapping session, allowing a comparison of the number of tagged rice rats that moved among islands to be made. Because it was difficult to differentiate between inter-island dispersers and juveniles born on the island, inter-island dispersers were defined as those animals previously tagged which moved to another island. Age was estimated using a weight proxy, with juveniles <30 g, subadults 30-50 g, and adults >50 g (Negus et al., 1961). 6 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE To indirectly estimate gene flow, allozymes were analyzed using blood samples ( < 1 mL) taken from the tails of all the marsh rice rats ( > 20 g) caught on the grids of Crescent, Parramore, and Revel and on the transects of Hog and Brownsville. Animals were transported to the laboratory, bled, and held overnight with food and water ad lihidum. The next day each individual was released on the grid or transect from which it had been removed. Each animal was bled only once. Blood was stored in capillary tubes at -20°C and analyzed electrophoretically within one year. Allozymes for 13 presumptive genetic loci were examined for 109 individuals from the five sites; 28 individuals each from Crescent and Revel, 8 individuals from Parramore, 25 rice rats from Hog and 20 from Brownsville. Standard procedures for starch-gel electrophoresis were used (Harris and Hopkinson, 1976; Murphy et al., 1990). Locus nomenclature followed McAlpine et al. (1985) for mapped human genes. The 13 allozymes were analyzed using three buffer systems. We used tris-citrate, pH 6.7 for hexokinase. Enzyme Commission (E.C.) 2.7.1. 1 (HK); isocitratc dehydrogenase, E.C. 1.1.1.42 (ICD-1); glucose phosphate isomerase, E.C. 5.3. 1.9 (GPI); beta hemoglobin (BHb); lactate dehydrogenase, E.C. 1.1.1.27 (LDHA); malate dehydrogenase, E.C. 1.1.1.37 (MDH-1); and purine nucleoside phosphorylase E.C 3.4.2.1 (NP). Using tris-citrate, pH 8.0, we analyzed adenosine deaminase, E.C. 3.5.4.4 (ADA), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, E.C. 2.6. 1.1 (GOT-1); peptidases, E.C. 3.4.13 (PEPC: L-leucyl-L-alanine as substrate; PEPD: L-phenylalanyl-L-proline as substrate); and 6-phosphoglucomutase dehydrogenase, E.C. 1.1.1.44 (6-PGD). Poulik was used for superoxide dismutase, E.C. 1.15.1.1 (SOD-1). Numerous side-by-side comparisons of electromorphs were made to assure correct assessment of relative mobilities. Electromorphs were assumed to represent alleles and were assigned unique letters, with "A" designating the most common allele. Allozymic results were summarized and analyzed statistically using BIOSYS-1 (Swofford and Selander, 1981). Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium was tested using exact significance probabilities. Chi-square contingency tests were used to test for homogeneity of allele frequencies among populations. Gene flow (Nm) was es¬ timated using Wright’s (1951) original formula. This method was chosen over the rare alleles method (Slatkin, 1985b) because of the problems associated with detecting and scoring rare alleles in electrophoresis. A phenogram was con¬ structed using UPGMA (Sneath and Sokal, 1973) and a matrix of Rogers’ (1972) genetic distances between pairs of populations. Mantel (1967) tests were used to test the association between geographic and genetic distances. RESULTS Direct method of measuring gene flow Of the 219 rice rats tagged during the summer, only 11 (5%) were observed to have made inter-island movements. All movements were of rice rats leaving Crescent Island (the small island between the two larger islands) and arriving at the study sites on Parramore and Revel. Ten rice rats from Crescent were trapped 50 m away on Parramore and one Crescent rice rat was trapped 300 m away on Revel. Averaging the number of movements between each site over the total GENE FLOW IN RICE RATS 7 TABLE 1. Allelic frequencies for the three variable loci^ in one mainland and four island populations of Oryzomys palustris on the Virginia Barrier Islands. Locus Allele Site Crescent (28) Revel (28) Parramore (8) Hog (25) Brownsville (20) ADA A 0.268 0.130 0.300 B 0.554 0.574 0.714 0.500 0.450 C 0.179 0.296 0.286 0.500 0.250 6-PGD A 0.667 0.618 0.333 0.500 0.867 B 0.333 0.382 0.667 0.500 0.133 SOD-1 A 0.482 0.482 0.429 0.280 0.639 B 0.518 0.518 0.571 0.720 0.361 ^The following loci were monomorphic: GPI, GOT-1, Hb, HK, ICD-1, LDHA^ MDH l, NP, PEPC, PEPD. number of site pairs (16 possible movement directions), the direct estimate of gene flow was 0.75 migrants per generation for the five sites. Three of the dispersers were juveniles (two males, one female), three were subadults (all females) and five were adults (all males). All inter-island dispersers were trapped for the duration of the study only at the sites to which they had migrated. All of the subadults and adults appeared to be sexually active, but none of the females were noticeably pregnant during the summer. Indirect method of measuring gene flow Three polymorphic loci (ADA, 6-PGD, and SOD-1) were identified in the five populations (Table 1). Deviations from Hardy- Weinberg expectations were ob¬ served (P < 0.001) at a single locus (ADA) in three of the populations (Crescent, Revel and Brownsville). The Frr and Fis values (measures of deviation from Hardy- Weinberg proportions) were positive for all three of the loci, indicating an excess of homozygotes. Highly significant genic differentiation was observed among the sites at all three polymorphic loci: ADA (X^ = 33.82, d.f. =8, P <0.001), 6-PGD(Z^ = 21.04, d.f. = 4, P < 0.001), SOD-1 = 11.14, d.f. = 4,P <0.025), and overall heterogeneity was highly significant = 66.00, if. = 16, P <0.001). The estimates of Nm (Table 2) were all greater than one, indicating that gene flow was sufficiently strong to prevent genetic drift from causing local genetic differentiation (Slatkin, 1987). To estimate the actual amount of the population immigration (m) it is necessary to make an estimate of the average effective population (Ne). There was not sufficient data to calculate Ne. However, because of a prior study (Forys, 1990) that documented the sex ratio for 15 rice rat 8 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 2. The estimates of Nm and Fsr for three polymorphic loci from one mainland and four insular populations of Oryzomys palustris. Locus Fst (mean) Nm(estimated) ADA 0.062 3.78 6~PGD 0.130 1.67 SOD-1 0.053 4.47 CRE REV BRO PAR HOG 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 Rogers' Genetic Distance FIGUI^ 2. UPGMAphenogram depicting relationships among the five populations (located on: PAR = Parramore, CRE = Crescent, REV = Revel, HOG = Hog, and BRO = Brownsville) of Oryzomys palustris based on Rogers’ genetic distance (1972). populations to be near 1:1, the assumption was made that Ne = 2N (Lande and Barrowclough, 1987). To calculate the average population size (N), the average density of the five sites {X = 8.78, SE = 2.83) (Forys and Dueser, 1993) was used. Extending this estimate over the area of the grids, the average population size (N) was 18.79 rats. The equation below was used to calculate the number of migrants per generation (m) using Wright’s (1951) original formula with the substitution of Ne, where Fsr is the measure of the genetic differentiation of subpopulation. Fst ” “ 2(N) Using this equation the estimate of m is 0.09, or 0.09 migrants per generation among the five sample sites. GENE FLOW IN MCE RATS 9 Genetic distance Rogers' (1972) genetic distance coefficients ranged from 0.014 for the Revel- Crescent comparison to 0.079 for the Parramore-BrownsviUe comparison. The UPGMA phenogram (Figure 2) indicated two major groupings: the adjacent islands of Crescent and Revel grouped with the mainland site (Brownsville), and the larger barrier islands of Hog and Parramore formed a separate group. The Mantel test indicated that genetic and geographic distance were not correlated for the five populations (r = 0.064, P = 0.482). DISCUSSION During the summer of 1989, movements of O. palustris across 50 m of water occurred several times (10) per generation (1 year), but dispersal across 300 m of water was recorded only once. No movement was observed between sites separated by more than 300 m. It is possible that more over-water movements may have occurred during the year, but the summer was deemed the most likely time of year for inter-island dispersal by small mammals due to the higher water temperature. The direct estimate of gene flow (0.75) was over eight times the indirect estimate (0.09) for the same five sites. This could be due, in part, to experimental errors caused by sampling individuals for the indirect estimate of gene flow from only one part of each island. These subpopulations may not be representative of the entire island population, and the genetic composition of the subpopulations may have been affected not only by inter-island movements but by intra-island movements of individuals. However, this potential sampling bias does not completely explain the higher direct estimate. The higher direct estimate may indicate that, although individuals are successfully crossing the water barrier and surviving on islands to which they dispersed, they are not successfully breeding. This explanation is supported by the fact that the five sites were significantly different genetically despite the number of movements seen during the summer of 1989. Several studies of small mammal populations have documented the inability of immigrants to penetrate established groups (Festa-Bianchet and King, 1984; Schwartz and At- mitage, 1981). The discrepancy in the direct and indirect estimates obtained in this study may also reflect the differences in the time scales incorporated by these estimates. The barrier island complex is highly susceptible to storms (as evidenced by the storm in October 1991 that eliminated the water channel between Parramore and Crescent islands). Geologic evidence suggests that the larger barrier islands have migrated landward by both erosion on their seaward margins and accretion on their bayside (Dolan et al,, 1979). It is possible that in the recent past, some of the islands included in this study were spaced farther apart and/or that some of the low-lying marshes between the islands (that may serve as stepping stones) have changed their configurations. These changes in the configurations of the barrier islands and the effects of storms may also explain the fact that the Mantel test did not reveal a correlation between genetic and geographic distance. It is noteworthy that the greatest dis¬ parity in the geographic and genetic distances was between rice rat populations on Crescent and Parramore Islands. Despite being separated from Parramore by only 50 m of water, Crescent Island is more similar to Revel (300 m away) and the 10 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE mainland ( > 7 km away) than it is to the population on Parramore. The Parramore population was most similar to that on Hog in terms of genetic distance. These genetic affinities may be the result of recolonization from different source popula¬ tions following storms and island movements. For example, after the large North¬ eastern storm of 1988 when the southern tip of Parramore and Crescent were overwashed, Crescent may have been recolonized by individuals on Revel, while the site on Parramore was recolonized by individuals from other marshes on Parramore. More data on the geologic history of the barrier islands and a more comprehensive assessment of genetic variation among populations are needed before a complete colonization scenario can be proposed for the O. palustris populations on the Virginia Barrier Islands. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This is a contribution of the Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research Program, supported by NSF grant BSR - 8702333 to the University of Virginia. We thank R. Dueser for his support and comments on earlier drafts. LITERATURE CITED Berry, R.J., M.E. Jakobson, and J. Peters. 1978. The house mice of the Faroe Islands: a study in microdifferentiation. J. Zool. (London), 185:73-92. Calhoun, S.W. amd I.F. Greenbaum. 1991. Evolutionary implications of genic variation among insular populations of Peromyscus maniculatus and Peromys- cus areas. J. Mamm., 72:248-262. Dolan, R.,B.P. Hayden, and C. Jones. 1979. Barrier island configuration. Science, 204:401-403. Dueser, R.D. and J.H. Porter. 1986. Habitat use by insular small mammals: relative effects of competition and habitat structure. Ecology, 67:195-201. Ehrlich, P.R. and P.H. Raven. 1969. Differentiation of populations. Science, 165:1228:1232. Festa-Bianchet, M. and W.J. King. 1984. Behaviour and dispersal of yearling Columbian ground squirrels. Can. J. of Zool., 62:161-167. Forys, E.A. 1990. The effect of immigration on island colonization and population persistence o^Oryzomys palustris on the barrier islands of Virginia. M.S. thesis. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 65 pp. Forys, E.A. and R.D. Dueser. 1993. Inter-island movements of rice rats {Oryzomys palustris). Amer. Midi. Nat. 130:408-412. Gill, A.E. 1980. Evolutionary genetics of California Island Peromyscus. Pp. 719- 743, in The California Islands: Proceedings of a Multidisciplinary Symposium. (D.M. Power, ed.). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 760 pp. Hanski, I. and J. Kuitunen. 1986. Shrews on small islands: epigenetic variation elucidates population stability. Hoi. EcoL, 9:193-204. Harris, H. and D.A. Hopkinson. 1976. Handbook of enzyme electrophoresis. North Holland Press, Amsterdam. Humphrey, S.R. and H.W. Setzer. 1989. Geographic variation and taxonomic revision of rice rats {Oryzomys palustris and O. argentatus) of the United States. J. Mamm., 70:557-570. GENE FLOW IN RICE RATS 11 Hilborn, R., J.A. Redfield and C J. Krebs, 1976. On the reliability of enumeration for mark and recapture census of voles. Can. J. of Zool. 54:1019-1924. Lande, R. and G.F. Barrowclough, 1987, Effective population size, genetic varia¬ tion, and their use in population management. Pp. 87-123, in Viable Popula¬ tions for Conservation. (M.E. Soule, ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 189 pp. McAlpine, P.J., T.B. Shows, R.L. Miller and A.J. Pakstis. 1985. The 1985 catalog of mapped genes and report of the nomenclature committee. Human Gene Mapping 8. Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 40:8-66. McCaffrey, C.A. andR.D. Dueser. 1990. Preliminary vascular flora for the Virginia barrier islands. Va. J. Sci., 41:259-281. Mantel, N. 1967. The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Res., 27:209-220. Murphy, R.W., J.W. Sites, Jr., D.G. Buth, and C.H. Haufler. 1990. Proteins I: isozyme electrophoresis. Pp. 45-126, in Molecular Systematics (D.M. Hillis and C. Moritz, eds.) Sinaeur Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 588 pp. Navarro, M.N. and J. Britton-Davidian. 1989. Genetic structure of Mediterranean populations of house mouse. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 36:377-390. Negus, N.C., E. Gould and R.K. Chapman. 1961. Ecology of the rice rat Oryzomys palustris (Harlan) on Breton Island, Gulf of Mexico, with a critique of social stress theory. Tul. Stud. Zool., 8:93-123. Rogers, J.S. 1972. Measures of genetic similarity and genetic distance. Stud. Genet. VII. The University of Texas Publication, 7213:145-153. Schwartz, O.A. and K.B. Armitage. 1981. Social substructure and dispersion of genetic variation in the yellow-bellied marmot {Marmota flaviventris) . Pp. 139- 159, in Mammalian population genetics (M.H. Smith and J. Joule, eds.). Univer¬ sity of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, 348 pp. Slatkin, M. 1985a. Gene flow in natural populations. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 16:393-430. . . 1985b. Rare alleles as indicators of gene flow. Evolution, 39:53-65. — — . 1987. Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations. Science, 236:787-792. Sneath, P.H.A., and R.R. Sokal. 1973. Numerical taxonomy: the principles and practice of numerical classification. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francis¬ co, 573 pp. Swofford, D.L., and R. Selander. 1981. BIOSYS-1, a computer program for the analysis of allehc variation in genetics. Department of Genetics and Develop¬ ment, University of lUinois, Urbana, 65 pp. Wright, S. 1951. The genetical structure of populations. Ann. Eugen., 15:323-354. Virginia Journal of Science Volume 45, Number 1 Spring 1994 Characterization of Corn Earworm Larval Growth on Soybean Terminals ^ Harbans L. Bhardwaj ^ Muddappa Rangappa, Ali L Mohamed, and Anwar A, Hamama, Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806. ABSTRACT A comparison of weights of lar¥ae, raised for 14 days on 30 soybean cultivars (five each from six maturity groups), identified Gnome^SS, Essex, and Padre to be susceptible and NeMon, Walters, and Colquitt to be resistant to foliar feeding by corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie). In general, the larvae grew better on cultivars of northern maturity groups (II, III, and IV) as compared to cultivars of southern maturity groups (V, VI, and VII), The larvae raised on susceptible cultivars had higher lipid contents (fresh weight basis) as compared to those raised on resistant cultivars. Differences existed for contents of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in larvae raised on susceptible or resistant cultivars. These results indicate that chemical composition of terminals might be involved in soybean resistance to corn earworm and that it might be possible to develop resistant soybean cultivars based on comparisons of chemical constituents in the terminals. INTRODUCTION Corn earworm {Helicoverpa zea Boddie) is a devastating pest of row crops causing major damage on corn, cotton, peanut, and soybean, Kogan (1980) found that corn earworm had the greatest economic impact on crop production in the United States of America. It causes primary damage to soybean pods before seed enlargement begins which affects yield and seed quality (Biever et al. 1983). Although, most serious damage to soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., occurs from southern Virginia to Alabama (Stinner et al. 1980), other southern production regions may also suffer damage (Turnipseed and Kogan, 1987), Concerns for environmental quality and cost of insect control have resulted in concerted efforts aiming to develop host plant resistance in field crops, including soybean. Rufener et al. (1987) developed a larval antibiosis screening technique to screen soybean for resistance to mexican bean beetles (Epilachna varivestis Mulstant) . This laboratory technique is based on larval maturity and mortality after 10 days of feeding on excised leaflets of various soybean lines. High mortality or slow larval development was used to indicate high level of antibiosis resistance. A comparison of larval weights after 14 days feeding on excised leaves in the 1 Contribution of Virginia State University, Agricultural Research Station Journal Article No. 190. The use of any trade names or vendors does not imply approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that also may be suitable. 2 Send correspondence to: Harbans L. Bhardwaj, Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Box 9152, Petersburg, VA 23806. 14 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE laboratory was successfully used by Bhardwaj et al. (1987) to characterize bollworm i resistance in cotton lines. Larval weights after 5-8 days of feeding on resistant and | susceptible cultivars were demonstrated to be an acceptable measurement of | soybean resistanee to various insect pests by Beach and Todd (1988). Javaid et al. ! (1991) and Joshi et al. (1991) used weights of corn earworm larvae when raised on terminals of soybean lines to successfully identify corn earworm-resistant lines. | Three plant introductions (PI-229358, PI- 171451, and PI-227687) have been ! identified as sources of resistance to foliar feeding insects in soybean (Van Duyn et al. 1971; Clark et al. 1972), Even though progress has been made to genetically j enhance corn earworm resistance in soybean, progress has been slow in developing insect-resistant cultivars with acceptable yields (Javaid et al. 1991). Our objective was to screen recently released, high yielding soybean cultivars ' for resistance to corn earworm foliar feeding. The intent was to identify resistance in these agronomically desirable cultivars rather than in unadapted genotypes with | unacceptable yield potential that would have to be improved. Variation in larval weights was used to characterize soybean cultivars for their abihty to support corn | earworm larval growth. The cultivars on which the larval growth was minimal were classified as resistant whereas those on which larvae attained significantly more weight were classified as susceptible. The contents of various fatty acids in larvae raised on resistant and susceptible cultivars were also compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS During 1992, 285 soybean cultivars representing 12 maturity groups (OO, O, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X) were planted on May 14, 1992, at Randolph i Farm of Virginia State University for seed multiplication and observations. Each cultivar was planted in a single row. The distance between rows was 75 cm, and the I plants were spaced approximately 5 cm apart within rows. Recommended cultural practices for soybean production in Virginia (Reese, 1992) were followed. Thirty soybean cultivars, five each from six maturity groups (II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII), were selected for inclusion in the present study based on availability of sufficient foliage, most recent release date, and availability of resources. These thirty cul¬ tivars were registered from 1988 to 1992 except for Essex which was registered in 1973. Terminals (approximately upper 15cm of the plants) from 56 to 63 days old soybean plants were harvested from the field and brought to the laboratory. Eight to ten terminals were placed on a 12.5cm diameter Whatman filter in a disposable ' petri dish. Approximately 5 newly hatched corn earworm larvae were placed in each petri dish. The larvae were reared from eggs obtained from the Insect Rearing Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776. The filter papers were kept moist with tap water during the duration of the experiment to keep soybean terminals from drying. Six petri dishes were used for each cultivar. The petri dishes were arranged in the laboratory in a randomized complete block design with six replica¬ tions. On the eleventh day of these experiments, old terminals were replaced with fresh terminals, mainly to clean the larvae of feces, etc. and to facilitate larval handling. These larvae were weighed on an electronic scale on the fourteenth day. ; If significant differences for larval weight existed among cultivars within a maturity group, the cultivar on which the highest larval weight was observed was classified CORN EARWORM LARVAL GROWTH 15 as susceptible whereas the cultivar on which the lowest larval weight was observed was classified as resistant to corn earworm feeding. The terms susceptible and resistant are derived from comparative growth of corn earworm larvae on terminals of respective soybean cultivars in the laboratory and may not relate to actual losses caused by corn earworm under field conditions. Upon recording of larval weights on the fourteenth day, all larvae from six petri dishes of a cultivar were composited to form one sample. These samples were immediately frozen. The lipids were extracted from frozen corn earworm larvae by hexane-isopropanol (3:2 v/v) according to the method of St. John and Bell (1989). The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared from extracted hpids as described by Mohamed and Rangappa (1992). The FAME were analyzed on Supelcowax 10 capillary column (30m x 0.25 mm i.d. and 0.235 m film thickness) in a Hewlett-Packard model 5890 gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ioniza¬ tion detector (FID). Helium was used as a carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.85 ml/minute with spht ratio of 1:100. The oven temperature was isothermal at 270°C with injector and deflector temperature set at 250 and 260°C, respectively. Iden¬ tification of FAME was based on comparison of retention time of unknown peaks to fatty acid methyl ester standards. Quantification of various fatty acids was done by the aid of heptadecanoic acid (17:0) as an internal standard. At least three injections were made for each sample. Individual fatty acids were expressed as a relative weight percentage of total fatty acids. Comparisons were made for fatty acid profiles between larvae raised on resistant and those raised on susceptible cultivars as identified by comparison of larval weights. All data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a 5% level of significance (SAS, 1989). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Significant differences in larval weights were observed only when corn earworm larvae were raised on cultivars of maturity groups II, V, and VII (Table 1). Based on these comparisons. Gnome 85 (MG II), Essex (MG V), and Padre (MG VII) were classified as susceptible and Newton (MG II), Walters (MG V), and Colquitt (MG VII) were classified as resistant to corn earworm feeding. A comparison of the lipid content in larval bodies (Table 2) indicated that corn earworm larvae fed on susceptible cultivars accumulated more lipid in their bodies as compared to those fed on resistant cultivars. In maturity group V, the differences were significant at the 5% level. The overall mean lipid content in corn earworm larvae fed on susceptible cultivars was approximately three times greater than for larvae fed on resistant cultivars (97 vs. 284 yWg/g). We did not analyze the soybean foliage but it seems that chemical composition of terminals of susceptible cultivars might be different from that in resistant cultiv2irs since the diet of corn earworm larvae in this study consisted only of soybean terminals. Further evaluations revealed differences for fatty acids among corn earworm larvae fed on resistant and susceptible cultivars. The fat in the bodies of larvae fed on susceptible cultivars contained long chain fatty acid (C22:o) whereas the fat in the bodies of larvae fed on resistant cultivars lacked this fatty acid (Table 2). The larvae fed on susceptible cultivars also had lower contents of Ci8:0 fatty acid as compared to those fed on resistant cultivars. However, this situation was reversed 16 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 1. Weights of 14 day old com earworm larvae fed on soybean terminals. Maturity Group Cultivar Larval Weight (mg) Rating II Gnome 85 225.5 a* Susceptible** II Amcor 89 202.9 ab - II Chapman 196.0 ab II Hoyt 145.2 be II Newton 123.3 c Resistant III Kunitz 135.6 a III Dunbar 124.1 a _ III Hayes 117.9 a - III Sprite 87 106.6 a - III Hobbit 102.2 a IV Pixie 174.7 a _ IV Ripley 168.2 a - IV Spry 112.4 a - IV Hamilton 110.5 a IV Delsoy 4900 85.8 a - V Essex 192.7 a Susceptible V Hartwig 157.0 b - V TN5-85 117.3 c V Hutcheson 91.9 cd - V Walters 72.6 d Resistant VI Asgrow 6785 89.8 a _ VI Twiggs 79.1 a VI Sharkey 70.4 a VI Bryan 65.3 a - VI Lloyd 45.7 a „ VII Padre 137.2 a Susceptible VII Stonewall 112.5 ab - VII Thomas 99.9 ab - VII Hagood 63.9 be . VII Colquitt 42.2 c Resistant * Means followed by similar letters within maturity groups are not different according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P = 0.05). ** Rating of host plant reaction to com earworm feeding. If significant differences existed among cultivars within a maturity group, the cultivars with extreme larval weights were classified as resistant or susceptible. TABLE 2. Comparison of lipid profiles of corn earworm larvae fed on resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars. CORN EARWORM LARVAL GROWTH u > O 0 m IS S o O II § Ph qq p o O Ph p o O ed oJ i CL < voooo\o\r-L- r4 rH in tH tH tH tH nl in o\ 00 cn ^ « r4 r-* 00 ^ ■*■ * o\ in o cn o »n moo o o fTi m o ^ o r4 \d cq fh fH m ^ 00 m o o ^ o vd o o * * * * * * m m m r-*' rH o t-H rH tH fO 00 ^ cd tH ^ oqorn^^^, TODomoo vdcnr^ot^THrHrHoo rH tH tH \o * * ^ 04 m m \d a\ * ^ m O Q\ HO\m\OMmoo odrnooi^'r^omoo rH r~4 r~4 f-H * * r»l ?5 o\ m 00 * \q o * as 00 as o tH m r4 vd o to o ■rH e4 tH fH m 8 00 s \q TO TO VO O O O O ^ fO o id m TO TO TO TO o rH fH tH fH rH rH CN J ^'O rH c^l m ^CN| ^ bD 'o.'Sb •;3-s O o ^ S 17 ■ *,**The mean fatty acid contents differed significantly in corn earworm larvae fed on resistant or susceptible soybean cultivars within maturity groups (P = 0.05 andO .01, respectively). 18 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE with respect to linolenic acid (Ci8:3), where the larvae fed on susceptible cultivars had higher content. Since the corn earworm larvae were raised under controlled conditions from a common genetic stock, lack of genetic differences among larvae can be safely assumed. Hence, the differences in fatty acids among corn earworm larvae fed on susceptible and resistant cultivars must be associated with differences in their diet i.e. soybean terminals. These studies indicate a need for chemical analysis of soybean terminals in order to relate variation in chemical composition to corn earworm larval growth. The essential fatty acids, which include linoleic acid and linolenic acid, serve several physiological functions in vertebrates. The differences in lipid and fatty acid contents between corn earworm larvae raised on resistant and those raised on susceptible soybean cultivars indicate that a strategy to block hpid accumulation in corn earworm might be a potential means of corn earworm resistance in soybean. The larvae of many species are important food items in many parts of the world (DeFoliart, 1991). The analyses of the nutritional value of 22 species of caterpillars revealed that kcal/100 grams dry weight averaged 457, ranging from 397 to 543, and crude protein content averaged 63.5%, ranging from 45.6% to 79.6% (Malaisse and Parent, 1980). Most species were also observed to be excellent sources of iron. The considerable proportion of 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 fatty acids in bodies of corn earworm larvae indicates the possibility that a soybean cultivar could be identified to raise corn earworm larvae to provide a source of these fatty acids for human or animal nutrition. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS H.L. Bhardwaj and M. Rangappa collaborated on field experiments to grow soybean lines and to conduct corn earworm feeding experiments in the laboratory. The lipid and fatty acid analyses of corn earworm larvae were conducted by A.I. Mohamed and A.A. Hamama. The statistical analysis was conducted by H.L. Bhardwaj. All authors contributed to preparation of manuscript. The authors thankfully acknowledge the assistance of Shelby Lewis (Richmond, VA) and Byron Hughes (Cheverely, MD) in conducting laboratory feeding experi¬ ments under the "Persistence Towards Excellence" program of Virginia State University. Under this program, high school juniors and seniors are given an opportunity to be associated with on-going projects of the agricultural research faculty. LITERATURE CITED Beach, R.M. and J.W. Todd. 1988. Foliage consumption and development parameters of the soybean looper and velvet caterpillar {Lepidoptera'^^oc- tuidae) reared on susceptible and resistant genotypes. J. Economic Entomology 81:310-316. Bhardwaj, H.L., J.B. Weaver, Jr., and R.F. Severson. 1987. Presence of water- soluble materials on cotton terminals as related to bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance. J. Agricultural Science 109:193-195. Biever, K.D., G.D. Thomas, P.E. Boldt, and C.M. Ignoffo. 1983. Effects oiHeliothis zea (Lepidoptera'.^ooXmddiQ) on soybean yield and quality. J. Economic En¬ tomology 76:762-765. CORN EARWORM LARVAL GROWTH 19 Clark, WJ., F.A. Harris, F.G. Maxwell, and E.E. Hartwig. 1972. Resistance of certain soybean cultivars to bean leaf beetle, stripped beetle, and bollworm. J. Economic Entomology 65:1669-1672. DeFoliart,G.R. 1991. Insect fatty acids: Similar to those of poultry and fish in their degree of unsaturation, but higher in the polyunsaturates. The Food Insects Newsletter 4(1): 1-4. Javaid, I., J.M. Joshi, R.B. Dadson, and M. Nobakhat. 1991. Leaf feeding resistance in soybean breeding lines to corn earworm (Heliothis zea Boddie). Soybean Genetics Newsletter 18:271-274. Joshi, J.M., I. Javaid, R.B. Dadson, and M. Nobakhat. 1991. Antibiosis studies on certain vegetable soybean cultivars to corn earworm {Heliothis zea Boddie). Soybean Genetics Newsletter 18:275-278. Kogan, M. 1980. Insect problems of soybeans in the United States. In F.T. Corbin (ed.) Proceedings of World Soybean Research Conference II. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. Malaisse, F. and G. Parent. 1980. Les chenilles comestibles due Shaba meridional (Zaire). Les Nat. Beiges 61:2-24. Mohamed, A.I. and M. Rangappa. 1992. Nutrient composition and anti-nutritional factors in vegetable soybean II. Oil, fatty acids, sterols, and lipoxygenase activity. Food Chem. 44:277-282. Reese, P.F., Jr, 1992. Soybean Production Guide. Tidewater Agricultural Experi¬ ment Station, Virginia Tech, Suffolk, VA. Information Series 295. Rufener, G.K. II, R.B. Hammond, R.L. Cooper, and S.K. St. Martin. 1987. Larval antibiosis screening technique for mexican bean beetle resistance in soybean. Crop Science 27:598-600. SAS. 1989. SAS/STAT User’s Guide. Version 6. 4th ed. Vol. 2. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina. St. John, L.C. and F.P. Bell. 1989. Extraction and fractionation of lipids from biological tissues, cells, organelles, and fluids. Biotechniques 2:505-512. Stinner, R.E., J.R. Bradley, Jr., and J.W. Van Duyn. 1980. Sampling Heliothis sp. on soybean. In M. Kogan and D.C. Herzog (ed.) Sampling Methods in Soybean Entomology. Springer- Verlag, New York, New York. pp. 407-421. Turnipseed, S.G. and M. Kogan. 1987. Integrated control of insect pests. In J.R. Wilcox (ed.) Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses. American Society of Agronomy, 677 S. Segoe Road, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 779-817. Van Duyn, J.W., S.G. Turnipseed, and J.D. Maxwell. 1971. Resistance in soybeans to the Mexican bean beetle. 1. Sources of resistance. Crop Science 11:572-573. Virginia Journal of Science Volume 45j Number 1 Spring 1994 Mid-Summer Abundance of Resident Sub-Adult Marsh Nekton at the Virginia Coast Reserve David J. Yozzo, Antonio Manniiio ^ and David E. Smith, Department of Environmental Sciences, Clark Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903 ABSTRACT We compared mid-summer abundance of resident sub-adult fiefish (Fun- dulus spp,) and daggerblade grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) at main¬ land and back-barrier salt marshes. Pit traps were used to collect marsh surface nekton from June 10 - August 15^ 1991 at two marshes located within the Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research Site. Significantly greater abundance of fishes (but not grass shrimp) was observed at the mainland marsh. Bi-weekly periodicity in shrimp and finfish abundance was observed at the mainland site only. Site-specific and temporal patterns of sub-adult nekton abundance were determined primarily by differences in elevation and hydroperiod of each marsh. Spotfin killifish (Fundulus ludae), previously considered rare on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, were frequently collected at the mainland marsh. Key Words: mummichogs, Fundulus heteroditus^ grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pupo^ salt marshes, Virginia Coast Reserve INTRODUCTION In summer, 1991, we conducted a 10 week pilot study in order to evaluate the effectiveness of pit traps (Kneib, 1978; 1984; Talbot and Able, 1984) as a technique for estimating relative abundance of marsh-surface nekton (primarily juvenile cyprieodont fishes and decapods) on the surface of coastal salt marshes within the Virginia Coast Reserve barrier island-lagoon complex. Previous studies of marsh dependent/resident nekton populations at the VCR are few, and mostly limited to seine and trawl surveys scattered widely in space and time (Richards and Castagna, 1970; Norcross and Hata, 1990), The importance of the vegetated marsh surface as habitat for larval and juvenile marsh-resident finfish and invertebrates has been emphasized (Boesch and Turner, 1984; Zimmerman and Minello, 1984; Kneib, 1984; 1986; 1987a; 1987b). Larval and juvenile fishes and decapods may forage effectively on the flooded marsh surface, yet avoid predation by seeking temporary refuge in shalow intertidal pools and rivulets at low tide. (Kneib, 1984; 1986; 1987a). Few previous studies have com¬ pared use of the marsh surface by resident sub-adult nekton at disparate marsh sites within a single dynamic system such as the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR). 1 Present Address: University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, P.O. Box 1267, Port Aransas, Texas 78373. 22 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE STUDY AREA This study was conducted in marshes of the Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term- Ecological Research Site (VCR-LTER). Within the VCR complex, salt marsh development occurs primarily as fringing coastal marshes associated with the mainland Delmarva Peninsula and as back-barrier marshes located on the landward side of barrier islands. Additional isolated marsh islands occur in mid-lagoon areas, however, they represent a relatively minor percentage of total marsh area in this system. Mainland marshes are accreting due to relative sea-level rise (subsidence) whereas back-barrier marshes are undergoing erosion (Hayden et al., 1991). A mainland salt marsh located in Northampton County, Virginia (uses Nassawadox quadrangle) and a back-barrier marsh located on the northern end of Hog Island (USGS Quinby Inlet Quadrangle) were chosen for comparison (Figure 1). The mainland marsh was located along a second order tributary of Phillips Creek (hereafter referred to as Phillips Creek Marsh). Emergent vegeta¬ tion at this site consisted primarily of medium to short form Spartina altemiflora with Salicomia virginica and Distichlis spicatum occurring throughout an extensive upper intertidal zone. This site was flooded entirely only on spring and storm tides and average depth of flooding in the lower intertidal zone was —10-15 cm. The topographic profile of this marsh was relatively level, with a distinct berm (levee) adjacent to the creekbank. Flooding water (and presumably marsh-dependent nekton) accessed the marsh via several intertidal rivulets located along the creek- bank, dissecting the berm. The back-barrier marsh chosen for this study was a marsh island located at the northwest end of Hog Island. A tidal creek (Cattleshed Creek) flowed around the entire marsh, and a berm was present around the marsh perimeter. The tall form of Spartina altemiflora was the predominant vegetation present. Flooding water and nekton reached the marsh surface via a tributary creek entering at the western boundary of the marsh. The marsh was regularly flooded to depths of > 0.5 m. METHODS We installed 10 clay pots (18 cm diameter, 18 cm depth) at randomly selected locations within the low marsh at each site. These traps emulated the shallow intertidal microhabitats available to sub-adult nekton at low tide (Kneib, 1984) and collected resident fishes and decapods remaining on the marsh as the tide receded. Traps were sampled weekly for a total of 10 visits to each site from June 10 through August 15, 1991. We attempted to sample on mornings of consecutive days during each week, however, some samples from both sites were collected during mid-day, as dictated by tidal conditions. Larval and juvenile fishes and grass shrimp were removed from traps by repeated circular sweeps with a small dip net. Initially, traps were left uncovered between sampling intervals. However, within several days, fiddler crab {Uca pugnax) carcasses filled the traps. Installation of nylon mesh covers (12 mm diam.) during the second week of the study significantly reduced the accumulation of crabs in traps and did not appear to inhibit use of the traps by sub-adult finflsh and decapods. On each sampling date, we measured surface water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen content within traps using a stem thermometer, a Reichert-Jung temperature-compensated refractometer, and a YSI Model 57 Oxygen Meter. In addition, average stem density of emergent Cattfeshed Creek Marsh ABUNDANCE OF SUB-ADULT MARSH NEKTON 23 FIGURE 1. Map of the lower Delmarva peninsula and marsh study areas. 24 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE macrophytes was determined once in late July by counting individual plant stems in triplicate 0.0625 plots located randomly at each site. In the laboratory, larval and juvenile fishes and shrimp were identified to species, counted and measured (TL, in mm). Total (unpreserved) biomass of organisms (mg wet wt.) per trap was determined. All specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Following fixa¬ tion, all specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and archived at the University of Virginia’s Long-Term Ecological Research Laboratory in Oyster, Virginia. Statistical Analyses We tested for differences in abundance of fishes and grass shrimp between each site using a repeated measures analysis of variance with SITE as the between subjects factor and SAMPLING DATE as the within subjects factor. Abundance data were normalized using a log (y + 1) trcmsformation (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981). Statistical analyses were performed using SuperANOVA software for the Macin¬ tosh PC (Abacus Concepts, 1989). RESULTS Site Conditions Artificial microhabitats at the mainland marsh were characterized by higher average salinity and temperature relative to back-barrier marsh microhabitats (Table 1). Mean dissolved oxygen content within traps was also higher at the mainland marsh. Hypersalinity in surface waters (66 ppt) was measured on July 16 at the mainland marsh. Maximum air temperature on this day was 30.0 °C . Average monthly precipitation (Painter, Virginia Climate Station) was 75.1 mm, a -29.5 mm departure from the monthly normal (1951-1980). The average daily temperature at this station was 27.0 °C., a 3.8° departure above the 1951-1980 station normal for July. (NOAA, 1991). Mean stem density of emergent macro¬ phytes (primarily Spartina altemiflora) was nearly twice as high at the mainland marsh (mean ^ 502.4 ±41.1 m-2 vs. 249.9 ±13.0 m“^). Abundance and Composition We collected a total of 546 fishes and 1182 decapods during the 10 week study interval. Mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) represented 94% of all fishes col¬ lected. Spotfin killifish {Fundulus luciae) comprised the remaining 6%. The daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio was the sole decapod species cap¬ tured (exclusive of fiddler crabs Uca pugnax which were not considered nekton). Significantly more fishes were collected at the mainland marsh site (p = 0.0009). Grass shrimp abundance did not differ significantly between marshes (Table 2). There were significant SITE x SAMPLING DATE interactions for both taxa (p = 0.0001) Fundulus spp. occurred at both sites on all sampling dates. Grass shrimp were not collected until week 5 (early July). The most striking difference in abundance between the two sites is the occurance of a distinct bi-weekly periodicity in shrimp abundance at the mainland marsh (Figure 2). This trend is absent at the island marsh. A similar, though less extreme, pattern is observed for fishes at the mainland marsh. Larvae and juveniles comprised 95% of total fishes collected. Larvae and juveniles comprised 68% of total grass shrimp collected. Greater proportions of ABUNDANCE OF SUB-ADULT MARSH NEKTON 25 TABLE 1. Ranges and means (± 1 SE) of marsh surface water salinity, temperature and dissolved oj^gen content at Phillips Creek Marsh and Cattleshed Creek Marsh, June 10 - August 15, 1991. Site Range Mean(± ISE) Phillips Creek (mainland) Salinity (ppt) 28-66 43.3 ± 2.3 Temperature (°C) 24-37 31.0 ± 1.1 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 0.4-15.8 5.3 ± 1.0 Cattleshed Creek (back-barrier) Salinity (ppt) 30-40 24.9 ± 0. Temperature (°C) 24-34 27.8 ± 0.9 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 0.4 - 16.2 3.4 ± 1.1 TABLE 2. Repeated Measures ANOVA comparing Fundulus spp. and P. pu^o abundance between mainland and back-barrier marsh sites. Source SS df MS F P Fundulus spp. Site 2.843 1 2.843 15.945 0.0009 Week 4.802 9 0.534 8.262 0.0001 Site X Week 2.763 9 0.307 4.754 0.0001 P. pugio Site 0.032 1 0.032 0.193 0.6653 Week 43.327 9 4.814 91.411 0.0001 Site X Week 9.106 9 1.012 19.211 0.0001 total catch were represented by sub-adult fishes and shrimps at the mainland marsh (Table 3). A slightly greater range of sizes was also noted at the mainland marsh for both fishes and shrimps. Mean total length (mm) was greater for all three species at the back-barrier marsh. DISCUSSION Our results are consistent with previous studies of habitat use by sub-adult nekton in Atlantic Coast salt marshes. We observed an early summer abundance peak of cyprinodont (primarily Fundulus heteroditus) larvae and juveniles in mainland marshes. A second peak, representing a later cohort, occurred in late summer. We did not sample into autumn, however, more recent data from main¬ land marsh sites indicates that an additional cohort is produced in September - October. These data are similar to patterns of abundance reported by Kneib (1986) 26 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE for F. heteroclitus at Sapelo Island, Georgia. He documented three distinct abun¬ dance peaks corresponding to full moon phases of the lunar cycle. Abundance data for Palaemonetes pugio also eorrespond to observations of this species in other coastal systems. We observed a distinct bi-weekly periodicity in abundance of P. pugio from early July, when young, individucds recruited to the marsh, to mid- August. Kneib (1987b) reported a similar bi-weekly periodicity in abundance pulses of sub-adult P. pugio in Sapelo Island marshes. Curiously, bi-weekly periodicities were absent in back-bcU'rier marsh populations of fishes amd shrimp in our study. The major difference between the two sites in our study was hydroperiod. Our observations indicate that the back-barrier marsh flooded regularly and to a significant depth (~ 50 cm). In contrast, the mainland marsh was generally flooded only on spring tides and average flooding depth was relatively low (~ 10-15 cm). This marsh was subsequently instrumented with a Qualimetries Richards-Type water level recorder. Recent data (Mcirch 1993 - present) confirm our earlier observations on flooding frequency/depth at this location. Kneib (1993) reported that growth of F. heteroclitus larvae was positively associated with flooding duration, and hypothesized that tidal flooding controlled the renewal rate of prey resources available to larvae. Our size/age composition data support this, with larger individuals eolleeted from the baek-barrier marsh (Table 3), however, our samphng techniques were selective for larvae and juveniles, and likely excluded late juveniles and adults at both sites. We sampled a single location (lower intertidal zone) at each marsh in our comparison. In an earlier study (Kneib, 1984), significant variation in abundance of larval and juvenile cyprinodonts {Fundulus heteroclitus 3LndFundulus luciae) was reported across an intertidal transect at a Sapelo Island, Georgia salt marsh, with greatest abundance occurring in the upper intertidal zone. Larvae and early juveniles were most abundant at higher elevations, whereas larger juveniles and adults dominated collections from the lower intertidal. It has been documented that spawning activity (as indicated by egg counts and gonadosomatic indices) in Fundulus heteroclitus peaks in concert with spring tides in mid- Atlantic marshes (Taylor et al., 1979). Kneib (1987b) suggested that grass shrimp temporal abundance patterns may be similarly influenced by lunar cycles, either via synchrony of reproductive activity or as a function of increased access to the marsh surface due to higher spring tides. The greater availability of high marsh at the mainland site may explain the higher abundance of resident finfish at that location. The back-barrier site was almost entirely low marsh, except for a restricted area of short-form Spartina altemiflora located upon the berm. If the high marsh environment is preferentially utihzed as a spawning site and nursery aiQ2ihy Fundulus heteroclitus amdFundulus luciae (Byrne, 1978; Kneib, 1984; Talbot and Able, 1984) recruitment of larval and juvenile cyprinodonts would have been enhanced at our mainland site. Grass shrimp do not utilize the intertidal marsh surface as a spawning site. However, post-larval grass shrimp (6-8 mm) recruit from sub-tidal creeks to the intertidal marsh surface during mid- to late summer (Kneib, 1987). At this time, grass shrimp are the numerically dominant organism present on the lower intertidal marsh surface. Our observations are not intended to suggest that all mainland marshes support greater abundance of marsh-resident nekton relative to all back-barrier locations ABUNDANCE OF SUB-ADULT MARSH NEKTON 27 Fundulus spp. Palaemonetes puglo 40 C 30 ^ 10 0 Figure 2. Mean weekly abundance of fishes {Fundulus spp.) and decapods {Palaemonetes pugio) on the surface of mainland and back-barrier marsh study sites; June 10 - August 15, 1991. CM cn to CO o> o m UJ UJ UJ UJ Ui UJ UJ UJ LU ILI UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UI UI $ 5 $ $ UI > 28 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 3. Total length ranges and means and age class composition of fishes and grass shrimp at Phillips Creek Marsh and Cattleshed Creek Marsh, June - August, 1991. Site n TL range (mm) mean TL (mm) % sub-adult % adult Phillips Creek (mainland) F. heteroclitus 404 6-35 11.9 96 4 F. luciae 29 9-24 14.4 97 3 F. pugio 763 6-25 11.3 76 24 Cattleshed Creek (back-barrier) F. heteroclitus 110 6-34 16.8 92 8 F. luciae 3 22-27 24.7 0 100 P. pugio 418 8-20 13.2 64 36 at the VCR. Many back-barrier marshes at the VCR are contiguous with terrestrial island environments and contain substantial high marsh. However, marsh islands such as Cattleshed Creek Marsh are common at back-barrier locations. Our intention was to illustrate variation in marsh types within the VCR and compare patterns of habitat utilization by resident sub-adult nekton between disparate marshes. We collected 29 sub-adult and adult spotfm killifish (Fundulus luciae) at the mainland marsh site. Three adults were collected at the back-barrier marsh. Richards and Bailey (1967) concluded that this species is either rare or occupies a limited niche on the seaside of Virginia’s Eastern Shore. Byrne (1978) reported on the life history of this species from the York River drainage, Virginia and suggested that populations of this species may have been previously overlooked in Virginia. Similarly, Able et al, (1983) and Shields and Hayes (1983) have reported spotfm killifish to be locally abundant in New Jersey and North Carohna high marshes, respectively. We have collected this species from high marsh shallows, ponds and ditches at the VCR-LTER on numerous occasions in 1991 - 1993 and concur with the previously mentioned studies that F. luciae is underepresented in conventional seine and trawl surveys of coastal marshes due to the dependence of this species on upper intertidal marsh habitats. CONCLUSIONS Resident sub-adult finEsh {Fundulus spp.) were more abundant at a mainland salt marsh relative to a back-barrier mairsh. Abundance of daggerblade grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) did not significantly differ between marshes. Be- tween-site differences in elevation and hydroperiod and the relative availability of high marsh habitat are potential factors influencing the observed patterns of abundance. Spotfm killifish were frequently encountered in this study and are apparently not uncommon in high marsh habitats at the VCR-LTER. As suggested by previous investigators, the purported rarity of Fundulus luciae in mid- Atlantic salt marshes ABUNDANCE OF SUB-ADULT MARSH NEKTON 29 is due to under-representation by conventional sampling techniques combined with specific habitat requirements. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by an award from the WiUiam H. Bannon Foundation to DJY and an NSF-REU fellowship (NSF Grant No. BSR-8702333-09) to AM. Additional financial support was provided by a Program Development Grant from the Virginia Sea Grant College Program to DES (grant No. NA90AA-D-SG045). We thank K. DeWulf and J. Kastler for field assistance. Figure 1 was prepared by M. Santos. Comments by two anonymous reviewers substantially improved the quahty of the original manuscript. This is a contribution of the Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research Program (NSF Grant No. BSR- 8702333). LITERATURE CITED Abacus Concepts. 1989, SuperANOVA. Abacus Concepts, Inc. Berkeley, CA. Able, K.W., C.W. Talbot, and J.K. Shisler. 1983. The spotfin killifish, Fundulus luciae, is common in New Jersey salt marshes. Bull. New Jersey Acad. Sci. 28:7-11. Boesch, D.F. and R.E. Turner. 1984. Dependence of fishery species on salt marshes: the role of food and refuge. Estuaries 7: 460-468. Byrne, D.M. 1978. Life history of the spotfin kilhfish, Fundulus luciae (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae), in Fox Creek Marsh, Virginia. Estuaries 1: 211-227. Hayden, B.P,, R.D. Dueser, J.T. Callahan, and H.H. Shugart. 1991. Long-term research at the Virginia Coast Reserve. Bioscience 41:310-318. Kneib, R.T. 1978. Growth, reproduction and feeding oi Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) on a North Carolina salt marsh. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 31:121-140. Kneib, R.T. 1984. Patterns in the utilization of the intertidal salt marsh by larvae and juveniles ol Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus) dJid Fundulus luciae (Baird). J. Exp.Mar. Biol. Ecol. 83:41-51. Kneib, R.T. 1986. The role oi Fundulus heteroclitus in salt marsh trophic dynamics. Am. Zool. 26:259-269. Kneib, R.T. 1987a. Predation risk and use of intertidal habitats by young fishes and shrimp. Ecology 68: 379-386. Kneib, R.T. 1987b. Seasonal abundance, distribution and growth of postlarval and juvenile grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pu0o) in a Georgia, USA, salt marsh. Marine Biology 96: 215-223. Kneib, R. T. 1993. Growth and mortahty in successive cohorts of fish larvae within an estuarine nursery. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 94:115-127. NOAA. 1991. Climatological Data - Virginia, July 1991. Vol. 101. No. 7. Norcross, B.L. and D. Hata. 1990. Seasonal composition of finfish in waters behind the Virginia barrier islands. Va. J. Sci.: 441-461. Richards, C.E. and R.L. Bailey. 1967. Occurence of Fundulus luciae, spotfin killifish, on the seaside of Virginia’s Eastern Shore. Ches. Sci. 8: 204 - 205. Richards, C.E. and M. Castagna. 1970, Marine fishes of Virginia’s Eastern Shore (inlet and marsh, seaside waters). Ches. Sci. 11: 235-248. 30 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Shields, M.A. and C.H. Hayes. 1983. Occurence and habitat preference of Fun- dulus luciae (Baird) (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) on a Southeastern North Carolina salt marsh. Brimleyana 9: 141-144. Talbot, C.W. and K.W. Able. 1984. Composition and distribution of larval fishes in New Jersey high marshes. EstUciries 7: 434-443. Zimmerman, R.J. and T.J. Minello. 1984. Densities of Penaeus aztecus, Penaeus setiferus and other natant macrofauna in a Texas salt marsh. Estuaries 10: 36-43. JEFFRESS GRANTS 31 JEFFRESS RESEARCH GRANT AWARDS The Allocations Committee of the Thomas F. and Kate Miller Jeffress Memorial Trust has announced the award of Jeffress Research Grants to the institutions hsted below to support the research of the investigator whose name is given. The Jeffress Trust, established in 1981 under the will of Robert M, Jeffress, a business executive and philanthropist of Richmond, supports research in chemi¬ cal, medical and other natural sciences through grants to non-profit research and educational institutions in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Jeffress Research Grants being announced here have been awarded in 1993. The Jeffress Memorial Trust is administered by NationsBank of Virginia, N. A. Additional information about the program of the Trust may be obtained by writing to: Advisor, Thomas F. and Kate Miller Jeffress Memorial Trust, NationsBank, Trust Division, P. O. Box 26903, Richmond, VA 23261. Samuel A, Abrash, University of Richmond, Photochemistry and Dynamics of Complexes of Hydrogen Sulfide with Acetylene and Ethylene in Inert Gas Matrices. $22,325 (one year). Suzanne E. Barbour, Virginia Commonwealth University, Preparation and Characterization of Phospholipase A2-Null Cells. $26,500 (one year). Stephen J. Beebe, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Molecular Genetic Analysis of Cell Signal Transduction. $15,000 (one year renewal). Timothy J. Bos, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Translational control of c~jun . $16,050 (one year). Amy H. Bouton, University of Virginia, Molecular Cloning and Charac¬ terization of the pp6V^*^^- Associated Protein pl30. $20,555 (one year renewal). Karen J. Brewer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Reduction Couphng of Carbon Dioxide Using Novel Bimetalhc Catalysts. $16,662 (one year). Daniel J. Burke, University of Virginia, Identifying Novel Factors That Regulate Spindle Function in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. $18,550 (one year). Jiande Chen, University of Virginia, Noninvasive Measurement of Migrating Motility Complex of the Human Small Intestine Using Surface Electrodes. $19,500 (one year renewal). Alan T. Dorsey, University of Virginia, Theoretical Studies of Surface Conduc¬ tivity. $19,676 (one year). M. Sarny El-Shall, Virginia Commonwealth University, Gas Phase Polymeriza¬ tion Catalyzed by Metal Cations. $26,780 (one year). 32 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE M. G. Finn, University of Virginia, Asymmetric Synthesis of AUenes with Titanium-Substituted Yhdes. $19,650 (one year). Anthony Frankfurter, University of Virginia, Antisense Peptides as Probes for Characterizing Microtubule Protein. $22,515 (one year). Frederico Gonzalez-Fernandez, University of Virginia, Molecular Analysis of Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein. $29,523 (one year renewal). Daniel J. Haisenleder, University of Virginia, Intracellular Regulation of Prolactin Gene Expression. $17,834 (one year). Shelley Halpain, University of Virginia, Regulation of Dendritic Microtubules in Neurons. $16,375 (one year). Ian Harrison, University of Virginia, Surface Dynamics of Single Molecules. $46,300 (one year). Steven L. Herr, Virginia Commonwealth University, Bolometric Studies of the Optical Properties of Thin Film High Temperature Superconductors. $14,350 (one year renewal). Julia W. P. Hsu, University of Virginia, Spatially Resolved Optical and Transport Properties of Compound Semiconductor Thin Films and Devices. $24,000 (one year). Laura C. Huang, University of Virginia, in vivo Study of Anabolic Effects of Insulin Mediator. $20,795 (one year renewal). Colleen Jackson-Cook, Virginia Commonwealth University, Genetic Factors in Human Sperm Aneuploidy. $28,002 (one year). Xi Jiang, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Cultivation of Norwalk Virus in Cell Culture. $17,500 (one year). Steve A. Kay, University of Virginia, Novel Circadian Phenotypes in Higher Plants. $32,000 (one year renewal). Robert H. Kretsinger, University of Virginia, Determination of the Crystal Structure of Anthranilate Synthase. $12,000 (one year). Mark Lee, University of Virginia, Proximity Effect at the Superconductor - Normal Metal Interface with the Perovskite High-T^ Superconductors. $21,000 (one year). Barbara J. Mann, University of Virginia, Analysis of the Genes Encoding the Galactose Lectin ol Entamoeba histolytica. $25,231 (one year renewal). JEFFRESS GRANTS 33 Francine Marciano-Cabral, Virginia Commonwealth University, The Chemotactic Response olNaegleriafowleri Amoeba. $13,000 (one year). Laura K. Moen, Old Dominion University, Cloning and Expression of HTLV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. $15,000 (one year). Mitzi Nagarkatti, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Role of adhesion molecules in experimental immunology. $14,650 (one year), Mark D. Okusa, University of Virginia, Renal Alpha2“ Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes: Molecular Locahzation and Physiological Significance in Hypertension. $16,500 (One year renewal). K. Kevin Pfister, University of Virginia, The Mechanism of Chromosome Movement in Mitosis. $23,147 (one year renewal). Robert D. Pike, William and Mary, Preparation and Elaboration of Novel (Cyclohexadienyl) manganese Complexes. $13,500 (one year). James L. Riopel, University of Virginia, Cellular and Biochemical Basis of Host Resistance during the Penetration Phase oiStriga asiatica, $13,000 (one year). Emilie F. Rissman, University of Virginia, Multiple Forms and Functions of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH). $22,210 (one year). Patricia V. Rogers, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Glycogen Metabolism and Expression in Dictyostelium, $15,000 (One year renewal). Paul K. Ross, Virginia Commonwealth University, Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Models for Nickel- containing Metalloenzymes. $14,095 (one year). Margaret S. Saha, College of WiUiam and Mary, Determination and Patterning of iho^Xenopus Forebrain: The Role oiXeNK-2 in Anterior Neural Development. $17,200 (one year). Bruce A. Sandow, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Carbohydrate-Mediated Sperm Binding in a Cell Adhesion Model, $16,352 (one year). Jerzy Sarosiek and R. W. McCallum, University of Virginia, The Role of Esophageal Mucus-Lipid-Bicarbonate Complex in Mucosal Protection. $17,113 (one year renewal). 34 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Brenda Winkel Shirley, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Analysis of protein-protein interactions in the Arabidopsis flavonoid enzyme. $30,746 (one year). James M. Tanko, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Interplay of Structure and Reactivity in Atom Abstraction Reactions. $17,058 (one year renewal). Michael P. Timko, University of Virginia, Immunological and Biochemical Studies of Protein Structure and Catalytic Activity in NADPH: Protochlorophyl- lide Oxidoreductases. $22,300 (one year renewal). Brian M. Tissue, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Laser Spectroscopy of Probe Ions at Interfaces. $27,470 (one year). Curtis G. Tribble, University of Virginia, Regional Spinal Cord Hypothermia and Adenosine for Prevention of Ischemic Spinal Cord Injury. $11,645 (one year). Fang-Sheng Wu, Virginia Commonwecdth University, Induction of Gene Ex¬ pression for Binding Proteins by Calcium Perturbation in Germinating Pollen Cells. $14,250 (one year). ■•'V'Vl •: ■! ,. " • 'k .: r/'.i • A ;.S ^rM, fc^V^v X , „ ..v,;;.4 .V. .. . ' , . i . .. - \ MEiyiBERSHIP Membership in the Academy is organized into sections representing various scientific disciplines as follows: T Agriculture, Forestry and 9. Medical Sciences Aquaculture 10. Psychology 2. Astronomy, Mathematics and 11. Education Physics 12. Statistics 3. Microbiology and Molecular 13. Aeronautical and Aerospace Biology Sciences 4. Biology 14. Botany 5. Chemistry 15. Environmental Science 6. Materials Sciences 16. Archaeology 7. Biomedical and General 17. Computer Science Engineering 18. Geography 8. Geology 19. Natural History & Biodiversity Annual Membership Dues - Includes subscription to Virginia Journal of Science Student ......... $ 10.00 Regular - Individual , . . 25.00 Contributing - Individual 30.00 Sustaining - Individual . 50.00 Life - Individual . . . . . 300.00 Sustaining - Institution . 100.00 Business - Regular . . . 100.00 Business - Contributing 300.00 Business - Sustaining . 500.00 Patron .......... 1000.00 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE application for membership Dai© _Name (Please Print) E-mail Slat© Zip. Phono ( ) Address City Institution or Business __________ Position — Title __________ Fields of Interest — Sectbn No.(s) Class of Membership Desired Contacted by: _____________________________ Make check payable to Virginia Academy of Science and send to: VAS, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220-2054. First No. indicates major interest InstructioDS to Authors All manuscripts and correspondence should be addressed to the Editor. The Virginia Journal of Science welcomes for consideration original articles and short notes in the various disciplines of engineering and science. Cross-disciplinary papers dealing with advancements in science and technology and the impact of these on man and society are particularly welcome. Submission of an article imphes that the article has not been published elsewhere while under consideration by the Journal. Three complete copies of each manuscript an figures are required. It is also suggested that authors include a 5.25 diskette in IBM compatible format containing a text file (ASCII) of the manuscript. Original figures need not be sent at this time. Authors should submit names of three potential reviewers. All manuscripts must be double-spaced. Do not use special effects such as bold or large print. The title, author’s name, affiliation, and address should be placed on a cover page. An abstract (not to exceed 200 words) summarizing the text, particularly the results and conclusions, is required. The text should follow the general format used by professional journals in the author’s discipline. Literature cited in the text should follow the name-year format: (McCaffrey and Dueser, 1990) or (Williams et al, 1990). In the Literature Cited section at the end of the article, each reference should include the full name of the author(s), year, title of article, title of journal (using standard abbreviations), volume number and first and last page of the article. For a book, include author(s), year, title, pages or number of pages, publisher and city of pubhcation. Examples: McCaffrey, Cheryl A. and Raymond D. Dueser. 1990. Plant associations of the Virginia barrier islands. Va. J. Sci. 41:282-299. Spry, A. 1%9. Metamorphic Textures. Pergamon Press, New York. 350 pp. Each figure and table should be mentioned specifically in the text. All tables, figures and figure legends should be on a separate pages at the end of the text. Multiple author papers are required to have a statement in the acknow¬ ledgements indicating the participation and contribution of each author. After revision and final acceptance of an article, the author will be required to furnish two error-free copies of the manuscript: 1) typed copy, single spaced, with tables and figure captions at the end of the document, and one set of original figures, each identified on the back by figure number and author’s name; 2) a 5.25 diskette in an IBM compatible format containing the text file, tables and figure legends. Authors will be allowed 15 printed pages (including figures) free, but payment of $50 per page will be charged for the 16th and subsequent pages. WASHINGTON, DC I 33 t-* n 1— < CTS D Gd CD ' :st ?d cn ; > CJl LO ?d o § o g I w§5, t— t v-3 ; C/3 dC j hH c/3 ' ^ O i H-i z; 1 o !r^ ' z: > 1 c/3 z; ' IS3 O CJl 03 O C/3 Z H 1 C ; ^-3 ’ C z J ER 1994 VOL. 45, No. 2 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDITOR; James H. Martin Dept, of Biology - PRC J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College BUSINESS MANAGER: William S. Woolcott Department of Biology University of Richmond Richmond, VA 23173 Phone: (804)289^8241 P.O.Box 85622 Richmond, VA 23285-5622 Phone: (804)371-3064 ©Copyright, 1994 by the Virginia Academy of Science. The Virginia Journal of Science (ISSN:0042-658X) is published four times a year (Spring, Summer, Fall , Winter) by the Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220-2054. The pages are electronically mastered in the Parham Road Campus Biology Department of J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College. The Virginia Academy of Science and the Editors of the Virginia Journal of Science assume no responsibility for statements or opinions advanced by contributors. i Subscription rates for 1994: $27.00 per year, U.S.A.; $35.00 per year, other countries. All foreign remittances must be made in U.S. dollars. Most back issues ' are available. Prices vary from $5.00 to $25.00 per issue postpaid. Contact the Business Manager for the price of a specific issue. Changes of address, including both old and new zip codes, should be sent promptly to the following address: Blanton M. Bruner, Executive Secretary- Treasurer, Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220-2054. All correspondence relating to remittance, subscriptions, missing issues and other business affairs should be addressed to the Business Manager. For instructions to authors, see inside of back cover VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Vol. 45 No. 2 SUMMER, 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS, 72nd Annual Meeting of the Virginia Academy of Science, May 18-20, 1994, James Madison University, Harrisonburg Virginia. Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences . 39 Agriculture, Forestry and Aquaculture Science . 42 Archaeology . 44 Astronomy, Mathematics and Physics . . 49 Biology . 55 Biomedical and General Engineering . 66 Botany . 66 Chemistry . 74 Computer Science . 77 Education . . 78 Environmental Science . . 81 Geography . . 84 Geology . . 86 Materials Science . 90 Medical Science . 94 Microbiology and Molecular Biology . 104 Natural History and Biodiversity . 104 Psychology . HO Statistics . 122 STUDENT PAPER AWARDS 125 VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AWARDS 129 AUTHOR INDEX 141 -• - , • f ^ ‘ ] ^ bb ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS 72nd Annual Meeting of the Virginia Academy of Science May 18-20, 1994, James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences AN EVALUATION OF THE PERCEIVED URGENCY OF AUDITORY WARNING SIGNALS. Jennifer L Burt and J. Raymond Comstock, Jr.*, NASA Langley Research Center, Flight Deck Research Branch - Mail Stop 321, Hampton, Va. 23681-0001; Debbie S. Bartolome* and Daniel W. Burdette*, Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Company, 144 Research Drive, Hampton, Va. 23666. One significant concern pilots have about cockpit auditory warnings is that the signals presently used lack a sense of priority. The relationship between auditory warning sound parameters and perceived urgency is, therefore, an important topic of inquiry in aviation psychology. The present investigation examined the relationship among subjective assessments of urgency, reaction time, and brainwave activity with three auditory warning signals. Subjects performed a tracking task involving automated and manual conditions, and were presented with auditory warnings having various levels of perceived and task urgency. Subjective assessments revealed that subjects were able to rank warnings on an urgency scale, but rankings were altered after warnings were mapped to a task-related urgency scale. Reaction times differed between automated and manual task conditions, and physiological data showed attentional differences in response to perceived and actual warning urgency levels. This study shows that the use of physiological measures, in conjunction with behavioral and subjective measures, can lead to the development of more effective auditory warning systems. COMPARISON OF USM3D AND EXPERIMENT: HOW WELL DOES AN EULER CODE PREDICT TRANSONIC DRAG RISE? Wavnc D. Carlscn. Joint Inst. For Advancement of Flight Sciences, George Washington Univ./NASA, Hampton, Va. 23665-5225. This study presents wave drag comparisons of experimental and theoretical results. The applied theory, USM3D, was an unstructured-grid Euler code. The experimental results came from the 1956 report by Dr. Richard Whitcomb on the development of the sonic area-rule. Two different experimental models from this study were used: A delta-wing/body model and a swept-wing/body model. The theoretical wave drag results from these two models were compared with the experimental results through the Mach number range 0.85 to 1.10. As shown in the figure, the results corresponded well. The results were exceptionally good when considering that boundary layer effects were neglected. Also, the largest discrepancies occurred near Mach one where experimental results were of questionable value. The comparisons showed that Euler theory predicts the trends in wave drag with reasonable accuracy. (Completed at NASA Langley Res. Ctr. under grant NCCl-24) 40 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE FOREIGN COMPETITION IN HIGH-SPEED RESEARCH: CAN THE U.S. MAINTAIN THE TECFINICAL EDGE? Henri D. Fuhrmann, NASA Langley Research Center, Mission Analysis Branch, Mail Stop 406, Hampton, Va. 23681-0001. A review is presented of the unclassified literature concerning foreign high-speed research projects which pertain to the development of a High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT). Motivation behind recent funding by Congress of HSCT development is the jobs, technology, and production potential of this expanding and lucrative market. If the United States can develop an economical HSCT that meets the environmental and regulatory constraints, the positive balance of trade resulting from the aerospace industry will be further bolstered. If indeed other countries are seriously pursuing similar ventures, it would be advisable to monitor technical and programmatic progress in order to gauge appropriately the level of investment required for this technology. The United States stands poised to meet the challenges and reap the benefits of the HSCT market. However, the U.S. must remain aware of foreign developments that may threaten the dominant position it has enjoyed in aerospace over the decades. (This work was completed as part of the George Washington University course requirements for a Master of Science Degree) ON BI-GRID LOCAL MODE ANALYSIS OF SOLUTION TECHNIQUES FOR 3-D EULER AND NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS. S. O. Ibraheem and A. O. Demuren*, Dept, of Mech. Eng., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. A procedure is presented for utilizing the bi-grid stability analysis as a practical tool for predicting multigrid performance in a range of numerical methods for solving Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. For the Euler equations, bi-grid analysis is presented for three upwind difference based factorizations, namely Spatial, Eigenvalue and Combination splits, and two central difference based factorizations, namely LU and ADI methods. In the former, both the Steger-Warming and van Leer flux-vector splitting methods are considered. For the Navier-Stokes equations, only the Beam-Warming (ADI) central difference scheme is considered. In each case, estimates of multigrid convergence rates from the bi-grid analysis are compared to smoothing factors obtained from single-grid stability analysis. Effects of grid aspect ratio and flow skewness are examined. Both predictions are compared with practical multigrid convergence rates for 2-D Euler and Navier-Stokes solutions based on the Beam-Warming central scheme. In general, the bi-grid analysis gives better predictions of actual multigrid performance. (Supported by the NASA Lewis Res. Ctr. under Grant No. NAG-3-1 329 with Dr. James Scott as Tech. Monitor. Computations were performed on supercomputers at NASA Lewis and NASA Ames Res. Ctr.) COUPLED AND UNCOUPLED BENDING AND TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS OF VERTICAL TAIL BUFFETING. Osama A. Kandil and Steven J. Massey. Dept, of Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529. A simulation of tail buffet is presented for a delta wing-vertical tail config¬ uration. Flow conditions are chosen such that the wing primary- vortex cores experience vortex breakdown and the resulting turbulent wake flow impinges on the vertical tail. The dimensions and material properties of the vertical tail are chosen such that the deflections are large enough to insure interaction with the flow, and the natural frequencies are high enough to facilitate a practical computational solution. This multidis¬ ciplinary problem is solved sequentially for the fluid flow, the elastic deformations and the grid displace¬ ments. The fluid flow is simulated by time accurately solving the laminar, unsteady, compressible, full Navier-Stokes equations using an implicit, upwind, flux-vector splitting finite volume scheme. The elastic vibrations of the tail are modeled by coupled bending and torsion beam equations. These equations are solved accurately in time using the Galerkin method and a five-stage Runge-Kutta-Vemer scheme. The grid for the fluid dynamics calculations is deformed using interpolation functions to disperse the displace¬ ments throughout the computational domain. The results show that the vortex breakdown location is unsteady, asymmetric and sensitive to the vibrations of the tail. The addition of torsional vibration modes are seen to have a substantial effect on the tail response in comparison to the bending only case. The results also show that the deflections and loads of the coupled bending-torsion case are substantially lower than those of the uncoupled response case. PROCEEDINGS 41 A WIND TUNNEL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF GURNEY FLAPS ON THE HIGH- LIFT CHARACTERISTICS OF A BUSINESS JET WING. Michelle T. Manuccio. The George Washington University, Joint Institute for the Advancement of Flight Sciences, NASA Langley Research Center, Mail Stop 355, Hampton, Virginia 23681-0001. Aircraft operations are both noisy and costly during the take-off and landing phases. High-lift systems can decrease the amount of airport noise and time to climb which saves fuel, as well as increasing overall payload and range. It is desired to have a simpler one- or two-element system that can achieve the same lift as a multi-element airfoil. Tests have been conducted in the NASA Langley 30- by 60- Foot Tunnel to determine the high-lift characteristics of .5%, 1% and 2%-chord Gurney flaps on a full-scale business jet. A Gurney flap is a small tab-like flap that extends perpendicularly down near a trailing edge surface, effectively increasing the camber of the airfoil. Flap settings of 10°, 20° and 30° were tested with the Gurney flaps both on and off. Comparing the longitudinal force data of these investigations show that the Gurney flap is an effective means of increasing lift; however, an increase in drag is noted in some circumstances. A REFINED FIRST-ORDER, SHEAR-DEFORMATION THEORY AND ITS JUSTIFICATION. Yunqian 'Tim' Qi and Norman F. Knight, jr., Dept, of Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529-0247. Using Pagano's exact solution for cylindrical bending problem of crossply laminated plates, the distribution of transverse shear strain is obtained which shows diversity, and discontinuity at dissimilar interfaces, through the thickness. In that sense, neither traditional first-order shear-deformation theory (FSDT) which takes transverse shear strain as a constant, nor most of the higher-order theories which are either based on or lead to continuous shear strain distribution, are adequate to account for actual response. A refined first-order, shear-deformation theory which retains the FSDT displacement assumption is proposed. The transverse shear strain derived from the FSDT displacement assumption, referred to as the nominal constant shear strain, is shown to be the stress-weighted-average shear strain through the thickness based on equivalent shear strain energy. Actual variational distribution of transverse shear strain is modeled which agrees with the stress distribution by constitutive relation pointwise. Without losing the simplicity of FSDT displacement assumption, the proposed refined theory not only shows improvement on predicting deflections, but also accounts for the actual variational distribution of transverse shear strain, for the first time, within the first-order shear-deformation theory. In addition, all boundary conditions, constitutive relations and equilibrium equations are satisfied. APPLICATION OF A HIGHER-ORDER THEORY TO ORTHOTROPIC AND LAMINATED BEAMS. Christine C. Schleicher and Norman F. Knight, jr.. Dept, of Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529-0247. A higher-order theory and an associated finite element formulation are developed for analysis of laminated planar beams in bending. The higher-order theory incorporates both transverse normal stress and transverse shear stress, and is developed using two approaches. The first approach is based on assuming the transverse normal strain distribution to be a cubic function through the beam thickness, while the second approach is based on assuming the transverse normal stress distribution to be a cubic function through the beam thickness. In both approaches, the transverse shear strain distribution is assumed to be a quadratic function through the beam thickness. Theoretical and finite element results for these higher-order theories are presented isotropic, orthotropic and laminated beams in various loading conditions, and are compared with two-dimensional elasticity solutions. The higher-order theory produces accurate results for orthotropic beams in which the ratio of the longitudinal to transverse elastic moduli is less than five. Accurate transverse normal stresses are obtained provided the transverse elastic modulus is nearly constant through the thickness of the beam. 42 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AN INBOARD-WING CONCEPT AS A HIGH-CAPACITY AIRPLANE. M. Leroy Spearman. NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681. The proposed concept consists of twin-bodies connected by an inboard wing. There are no outboard cantilevered wing panels as is the case for conventional designs. This arrangement provides for essentially doubling the passenger capacity of a typical single-body design for the same body length and for a width considerably less than the span of a single body design with outboard wing panels. It is anticipated that the wing, being a simple end-supported beam bounded by the bodies, would not be likely to bend or to twist and, as a result, might be much lighter than a conventional cantilevered wing with the same area. In addition, the wing chord could be much greater than that for a conventional wing and, for the same thickness ratio, could be much thicker. With this possibility, the wing could provide space for submerged engines or volume for fuel or cargo. This paper presents the results of a theoretical study of the aerodynamic characteristics of the concept for a Mach number of 0.80 with several variations in the wing span and chord for a constant wing area. Initial results appear favorable with lift-to- drag ratios being comparable to those for lower-capacity single-body designs. PASSIVE CONTROL OF RANDOM RESPONSE OF SYMMETRICAL COMPOSITE PAN¬ ELS USING SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES. Z.W.Zhong, Cen¬ ter for Structural Acoustic and Fatigue Research, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va 23529-0247. An investigation on reduction of random response of symmetrically laminated orthotropic plates with embedded shape memory al- loy(SMA) fibers at high temperatures is presented. Stress-strain relations for a thin composite lamina with reinforced SMA fibers are derived. Governing equations including shape mem¬ ory effects based on the classic continuum method are presented. The interesting buckling behavior that composite plates with SMA fiber reinforcement have two critical temperatures is revealed. Three types of analyses are performed, they are the thermal buckling, thermal postbuckling, and random vibration of thermally buckled composite laminates. The results of a simply supported rectangular panel demonstrate that the SMA fibers can completely eliminate the thermal postbuckling deflection and significantly reduce the random response at elevated temperatures. Agriculture, Forestry and Aquaculture Science NEW LEGUME CROPS FOR VIRGINIA. Harbans L. Bhardwa j , A. Mohamed, and M. Rangappa. Agricultural Research Station, Box 9152, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806. In order to diversify Virginia's agriculture, a component of agricultural research at Virginia State University is focusing on development of new food, feed, and industrial use crops. Under this program, pigeonpea, chickpea, and mungbean are being evaluated as new legume crops to provide nutritious food for humans and animals and also for their nitrogen-fixing capabilities. During 1993, chickpea seed yields varied from 876 to 1400 kg/ha for eight desi types whereas the yield of 12 kahuli types varied from 307 to 1082 kg/ha. Chickpea also has potential as a vegetable crop, the green immature seeds are considered a delicacy by many people of Asian origin. Research conducted during 1992 indicated that determinate pigeonpea lines can yield upto 2042 kg/ha of mature seed. The average yield of three determinate lines (1751 kg/ha) was significantly higher than that of three indeterminate lines (721 kg/ha) . The pigeonpea also has potential as a vegetable crop yielding upto 15,696 kg/ha of green (82.4% moisture) beans. The shelling percent of pigeonpea green beans varied from 52 to 55% with protein content of green seed varying from 18 to 21%. The evaluation of eight mungbean lines during 1993 indicated a considerable yield potential for this crop with yield varying from 1189 to 2068 kg/ha. These preliminary evaluations indicate that chickpea, pigeonpea, and mungbean have potential as new and alternate crops for Virginia . PROCEEDINGS 43 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN AMERICAN SHAD {Alosa sapidissima) POPULATIONS OF MID-ATLANTIC RIVERS. B.L. Brown and T.C. Muller. Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284. Restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA was used to assess genetic variation of 649 American shad sampled from the Connecticut, Delaware, James, and Pamunkey Rivers (in CT, NJ, VA and VA, respectively) during 1991-1993. Haplotypes were incorporated into a Chi-Square analysis, using a Monte Carlo technique. Paired comparisons were made and genetic variation was not observed for some rivers within a given year, particularly 1991 and 1992 and genetic variation was observed in many rivers between years suggesting that sampling strategies are important when studying the spatial and temporal variations in a migratory species, such as the American shad. MEAT GOATS; POTENTIAL FOR DIVERSIFICATION IN VIRGINIA AGRICULTURE. Terry A. Gipson & Stephan Wildeus, Agricultural Res. Station, Va. State Univ. , Petersburg, Va. 23806. The demand for goat meat has risen dramatically over the last decade. Goat meat is very popular among the increasing ethnic populations in the United States. It has also attracted health conscious consumers who want to lower their dietary fat and still eat red meat. In the last ten years, the number of goats slaughtered in the United States has seen a substantial increase. However, domestic goat production is inadequate to meet the growing demand. The amount of chilled or frozen goat meat imported into the United States has seen a 70% increase over the last three years. Goats are growing in popularity with farmers who wish to diversify their operations, utilize marginal land or have limited resources. Goats have been used to control multiflora rose, kudzu, cedars, briars and other undesirable plant species in cattle pastures. This is because goats complement cattle in their grazing patterns with very little dietary overlap. The dietary preference of goats is 30% grass, 10% forbs and 60% browse. In contrast, cattle prefer 70% grass, 15% forbs and 15% browse. Thus, income may be improved by adding goats to a cattle operation. This may be true for some sheep enterprises too, because the grazing patterns of sheep and goats differ slightly. Sheep prefer 50% grass, 30% forbs and 20% browse. In addition to providing a desirable product for an ever expanding market, meat goats are valued for their contributions to nonchemical pasture renovation, multispecies diversification and low input farming. EFFECTS OF FOOD PROCESSING ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF LEGUMES. Ali I. Mohanned. Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Va 23806. Legume seeds are concentrated sources of protein with a particular value for direct utilization in the diet. Generally, the nutritional status of legume seeds are limited by poor digestibility, deficiency in lysine or sulfur contairi'ng amino acids crd poor ftjnctiond properties such as long cooking times arxJ hard seeds. The objective of these studies is to determine the effects of several food processing on the nutritiorKal value of faba bean which is considered to be one of the most consumed bean in third world comtiies. Dehdiing process of faba bean seeds had no effect on protein content (26.9%). Totd hydrolyzable carbohydrates was irtcreased by dehulling (from 61 .9% to 63.9%), while crude fiber was agnificantly decreased from 7.13% to 0.7%. By dehulling, tannin was significantty deaeased from 139.18 to 64.49 mg/100 g. Phytic acid was increased by dehulling from 316.8 to 380.48 mg/1 00 g. Protein and carbohydrate digestibility was significantty increased by dehulling from 37.8 and 23.3% to 78.5 arrd 36.7% respectively. Glutamic acid was the predominant Non- Essential AA (18.34%) while lysine and leucine were the predominant significantiyE/\A (7% and 8.67%). The effect of cooking on the chemical composition of faba bean seeds was also studied. Cooking deaeased crude protein ard total hydrolyzable carbohydrates due to leaching process. Cooking significantly increased protein and carbohydrate digestibility, from 73.8 and 23.3% to 88.04 and 56.49% respectively. 44 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE POND PRODUCTION OF CATFISH IN VIRGINIA. Scott H. Newton and M. David Crosby. Cooperative Extension Service, Virginia State University. Petersburg, VA 23806. During the 1992 and 1993 warm water production seasons, open pond culture of channel catfish, (Ictalurus punctatus) . was examined in 0.25 acre research ponds located in Chesterfield County. The primary objective was to develop information on pond culture of catfish for the Mid-Atlantic Region. Both years, catfish were stocked similarly in triplicated ponds and fed once daily 116 of 151 days and 126 of 159 days, respectively. Fish stocking rates were 1500 and 3000 per acre in 1992 and 3000, 5000, and 8000 in 1993. In 1992, harvested catfish averaged 1.6 pounds, while 1993 average fish sizes were 1.2 for the 3000 and 5000 densities and 1.0 for the 8000 fish density. Gross harvest yields averaged 2175 pounds per acre for the 1500 fish per acre stocking, 4421 and 3372 pounds, respectively, for the two seasons with the 3000 per acre density, and 5328 and 6840 pounds per acre for the 5000 and 8000 stocking densities, respectively. Water quality management included aeration of ponds based upon monitored oxygen and other physicochemical parameters. Recommendations for pond catfish culture in the Mid-Atlantic Region are based upon management strategies and market sales outlets. MEAT GOATS: MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MEAT. Stephan Wildeus & Terry A. Gipson, Agricultural Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg, Va. 23806. Goat production for meat differs from that for milk or for fiber in its reduced production intensity and increased emphasis on reproductive efficiency, kid growth rates and meat confirmation. Most of the goat breeds in the U.S. have been selected for either dairy production (Nubian, La Mancha, Swiss breeds) or mohair production (Angora), while neglecting maternal ability, and growth rate/muscling, respectively. Currently, the only true meat breed is the South African Boer goat that has recently been imported in the U.S. The Spanish goat, developed under extensive range conditions, the Tennessee Wooden-legged goat and the Pygmy goat are all smaller breeds, but have meat-type conformations and potential as components in a meat- producing crossbreeding scheme. For meat goat production to be efficient and profitable, animals must perform well under a forage-based system with limited inputs of harvested feeds. Females should be capable of giving birth to multiple litters with minimal assistance and successfully raise kids to weaning. Although goats generally are seasonal breeders, meat-type goats should ideally have extended breeding seasons or breed throughout the year. This would allow a decrease in kidding interval and allow breeding to produce kids for specific markets opportunities (i.e. Easter). No grading standards are currently adopted for goats and carcasses are marketed whole, but kids with good meat confirmation generally command higher prices. Hence selection and management for meat-type conformation and high growth rates should be pursued. To this end research is needed to characterize the meat production capacity of selected breeds and their crosses under Virginia production conditions and to refine meat goat management systems. Archaeology THE EXCHANGE OF COPPER DURING THE LATE WOODLAND PERIOD WITHIN VIRGINIA'S LOWER PIEDMONT AND RIDGE AND VALLEY: A CHANGE IN DIRECTION. Michael B. Barber. Preservation Technologies, Inc., P.O. Box 7825, Roanoke, VA 24019. Recent investigations at one site in the southern Piedmont and 2 sites within the Ridge and Valley of Virginia have indicated that European copper, as well as glass and shell beads and limited amounts of iron, was an important exchange item between the English Colonials and the Native Americans. Likely the local Indians would trade deer skins through a middleman arrangement for a limited array of European goods plus additional non-local Native American products. Although copper was an important indicator of Native American social status during the Late Woodland on the coastal plain of Virginia, there is little to suggest equal importance within the interior. Copper may have flowed from the interior to the coast during late prehistoric times but the trade was in the opposite direction at contact. Electron microprobe studies will be used to suggest possible copper sources. PROCEEDINGS 45 A GUILFORD COMPONENT (ca. 3500-2200 B.C.) OF RHYOLITE AT FAIRWOOD HORSE CAMP NEAR MT. ROGERS, GRAYSON COUNTY, VIRGINIA: REVISITED. Eugene B. Barfield . Jefferson National Forest, Roanoke, VA 24019. Fairwood Horse Camp (44GY18) lies just over 4 miles northeast of the highest peak in Virginia, Mount Rogers, at 5,725 feet above sea level. The site itself is approximately 3,360 feet above sea level on a low valley interior stream floodplain. Over 90% of this lithic artifact assemblage is rhyolite and 91% of the diagnostics are Guilford (ca. 3500-2200 B.C.) representing the Late Middle Archaic. Quality comparisons will be made of this igneous material with other samples from the Middle Atlantic as well as a study of Middle Holocene ecological factors that may suggest the purpose of this weapon/tool manufacturing site in the subsistence scheme of the Late Middle Archaic Culture Period. THE SMITH MOUNTAIN SITE; A DEEPLY STRATIFIED PALEOINDIAN OCCUPATION IN THE SOUTHWESTERN PIEDMONT OF VIRGINIA. William A. Childress, P O 8ox 124 Canal St Sta., New York, N Y. 1001.^ The Smith Mountain Site is a multicomponent Paleoindian/EaiTy Archaic site located on the south floodplain of the Roanoke River near its constriction at Smith Mountain Gap A hydroelectric complex created by the impound¬ ment of Smith Mountain and Leesvilte Lakes in the I960's has resulted in considerable erosion of alluvial features below the dam at Smith Mountain where two lithic concentrations have been exposed at the head (44PY7) and foot (44PY152) of a natural levee located on what is now the margin of Leesville Lake. This le¬ vee documents a sedimentary buildup throughout the Holocene and is underlain by a cobble lens(e.s) apparent¬ ly representing late Pleistocene point bar deposits upon which the earliest recognized occupation of the site commenced. Lithic forms representing virtually the entire range of Paleoindian tool types including fluted points have been recovered on the sites' lower levels with transition Paleoindian and Early Archaic projectile points occurring somewhat higher. Auger tests have confirmed an early occupation zone from 1.5-I.9.S m at 44PY7 and 18-2 5 m at 44PY152. Recoveries of cultural material in the matrix at considerably lower levels suggest even deeper stratification. The Smith Mtn. site is the most deeply buried fluted point site recorded for Va. and perhaps for the Southeast as well As the first Paleoindian residential site recorded for southwest Va , it may be indicative of a riverine oriented settlement focus in the region. Similar sites may be more common on higher order streams in the piedmont than has been realized. The dispersed and numerous sources of the assemblage's high quality lithic materials and substantial use of coarser local lithics for expedient tools at Smith Mtn may modify some of Va s quarry weighted models of Paleoindian reliance on cryptocrystallines THE LANDSCAPE DESIGN AT EPPINGTON PLANTATION: THE INTERSECTING SPHERES OF BLACKS AND WHITES. Garrett R. Fesler. James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc., 2080 Jamestown Road, Williamsburg, Va. 23185. Recent archaeological excavations at Eppington plantation in Chesterfield County have revealed new information about a distinctive late 18th-century plantation landscape. Francis Eppes began building Eppington in the early 1770s and continued to modify his house and surrounding grounds until his death in 1808. In its heyday Eppington was the most productive plantation in Chesterfield County with over 40 slaves living and working on the property. Supplemented by several important documentary accounts, and comparative data from Monticello, Mount Vernon and elsewhere, archaeological excavations have uncovered a dynamic plantation landscape design at Eppington intended to function both as an economically efficient estate and as a -purposefully ornate symbol of power and community authority. Although Eppes attempted to conceal the working world of his slaves from view, archaeological work has allowed them to reclaim their place on the Eppington landscape. Archaeological findings demonstrate that Eppes was unable to segregate the earmarks of daily toil from his carefully shaped aesthetic landscape. 46 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE PASPAHEGH ARCHAEOLOGY: REPORT ON INVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 44JC308, A PROTOHISTORIC/EARLY CONTACT NATIVE AMERICAN VILLAGE IN JAMES CITY CO., VA. Mary Ellen N. Hodges and Charles T. Hodges, James River Inst, for Archaeology, Inc., 2080 Jamestown Rd., Williamsburg, Va. 23185. Recent areal excavations conducted within a 2.1-acre section of site 44JC308 documented 48 structural patterns and 25 human mortuary features associated with a Native American village occupied during the late 16th/early nth centuries, likely by the Paspahegh Indians. Diverse lines of evidence have been used to define the internal structure of the settlement and the nature of socio-political organization, ideological systems, health, and subsistence within the local population. The multi-disciplinary investigation involved ethnobotanical and zooarchaeological analysis of subsistence debris, biocultural and stable isotope analysis of human osteological remains, identification of the composition and fabric structure of organic materials associated with the burials, and compositional and metallographic analysis of copper-base funerary artifacts. Site 44JC308 is located about six miles upriver from Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America, and is significant for determining the consequences of European contact for the native inhabitants of the Virginia Coastal Plain during the early years of colonial settlement in the Chesapeake region. AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE J.E.B STUART BIRTHPLACE PATRICK COUNTY, VIRGINIA. Clifton A. Huston, William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research, College of William and Mary, P.O.Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187. During the month of November, 1993, an archaeological assessment was conducted at the property that is believed to have been the birthplace of General J.E.B. Stuart, in Patrick county, VA. This assessment was performed for the J.E.B. Stuart Birthplace Trust, located in Stuart, VA. The project included mapping, controlled surface collection and limited subsurface investigation of a disced agricultural field located on a ridge overlooking the Ararat River. Two previously unknown archaeological sites were located during this assessment. 44PK112 is an Early and Middle Archaic lithic site, and 44PK113 is a multicomponent site that contains an Archaic occupation that is overlain by the historic Stuart housesite. Surface collection of this site produced artifacts and data that point to the location of two structures, one of which appears to have been destroyed by fire, in the same manner as the Stuart house in the winter of 1847-1848. "THE RUDIMENTS OF A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:" ROLAND WELLS ROBBINS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY IN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY. Donald W. Linebaugh, Dept, of Anthro., Col. of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. 23185. Roland Robbins presents an enticing study of the disciplinary evolution of historical archaeology, through an extraordinary career that began with the excavation of Thoreau’s cabin in 1945 and expanded to include sites throughout the northeastern U.S. Understanding historical archaeology’s development as a discipline is very important when reevaluating the work of previous archaeologists. Current scholars, by dismissing early figures like Robbins because of their "imperfect techniques and antiquarian goals," have overlooked valuable archaeological evidence. For instance, Robbins work at Saugus Ironworks, Philipsburg Manor Upper Mills, Shadwell, and particularly the John Alden House, is remarkable for the way in which Robbins’s techniques and methodology resembled those of the burgeoning discipline of historical archaeology. He used grid systems for horizontal control, probe or shovel testing for site survey, and refined artifact provenience controls. Perhaps most surprising was his early use of special analytical studies, such as cl4, soil analysis, bone analysis, tree ring dating, materials analysis, and artifact conservation. These studies, it seems, gave Robbins confidence and legitimacy in the face of increased pressure from the academic community. PROCEEDINGS 47 SITE BURIAL FOR DATA PRESERVATION. Craig Lukezlc and Antony Opperman , Virginia Department of Transportation, 1401 East Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219. Site Burial is a controversial alternative to excavation for mitigation of construction impacts. As a community, archaeologists of Virginia are wary of the long term effects of site burial as unintentional site burial has damaged fragile and organic artifacts in the past. Currently, the Virginia Department of Transportation is developing a procedure to minimize data loss and enhance site preservation through intentional site burial. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF A LATE-NINETEENTH/EARLY- TWENTIETH CENTURY AFRICAN-AMERICAN SITE IN MONTGOMERY COUNTY, VRIGNIA. Cara Harbecke Metz, P.O. Box II9I, Williamsburg, Va . 23187. The Phase II archaeological evaluation of Site 44MY463 in Montgomery County, Virginia, was conducted by the William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research in the spring of 1993 under an agreement with the Virginia Department of Transportation. This investigation resulted in the recovery of data regarding the material life of a Post-Bellum, African- American tenant family. Documentary and ethnohistorical research provided additional information regarding the occupants of the site as well as data regarding life in an African-American community in the New River Valley of Virginia. The results of this investigation will be discussed and the broader issues regarding the study of late- nineteenth/early- twentieth century archaeological sites will be addressed. "IN THE HILLY COUNTRIES BY SMALL RIVERS": DOCUMENTING THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF VIRGINIA'S NORTHERN PIEDMONT. Carole L. Nash. Dept, of Soc./ Anth., James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, Va. 22807. Since 1990, the Madison Archaeology Project (MAP), the first county-wide public archaeology program in rural Virginia, has recorded 300 prehistoric and historic sites in Madison, Greene, and Rappahannock Counties. From its western boundaries of 4000' a.s.l. Blue Ridge peaks, to its eastern boundaries of 300' a.s.l. Triassic Basin floodplains, this region is characterized by impressive environmental diversity whose use is reflected in Native American settlement choices. Sites ranging in age from the Paleo-Indian through the Late Woodland periods have been documented in this first systematic archaeological study of the northern inner Piedmont. The preliminary culture history developed out of this work raises questions about the association of Native American populations of the inner Piedmont to those of the larger Central Virginia and Shenandoah Valley regions. I SEE WONDERFUL THINGS BENEATH THE FILL: PHASE II TESTING AT A LATE WOODLAND VILLAGE (44MY7) ON THE NEW RIVER, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, VIRGINIA. Stevan C. PuIIins, Ctr. for Archaeological Res., Col. of William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795. Construction at the Radford Army Ammunition Plant has impacted a Late Woodland village on the New River. Phase II testing revealed that significant portions of the site are still present beneath thick layers of fill and spoil, including pit features, posthole and structure patterns, and midden deposits. Extensive faunal and floral remains were recovered from midden deposits and feature fill. The ceramic assemblage was comprised of Radford, Dan River, and New River types. Radiocarbon dates from carbonized maize indicated that the primary occupation of the site took place during the 13th and 14th centuries A.D. 48 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE THE DOGUE RUN SURVEY: SEARCHING FOR GEORGE WASHINGTON'S SIXTEEN-SIDED BARN, Suanna C, Selby, Dept, of Archaeology, Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Mount Vernon, Va. 22121. A survey to locate and define the site of the 16- sided barn built by George Washington at his Dogue Run Farm in 1792-94 was completed in the summer of 1993, In conjunction with plans to implement an agricultural interpretive program centering on a reconstructed barn, the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association Department of Archaeology performed the intensive survey to answer specific questions about the structure. Now lo¬ cated outside the present boundaries of the Mount Vernon estate, the barn was identified in a neighboring residential area. Computer manipulation of several historic maps enabled pinpointing of the site to within a two-acre area. Systematic excavation of shovel test pits and test units revealed two concentrations of overfired and underfired brick fragments. One heavy con¬ centration, containing a stratum of brick rubble, is interpreted as a brick clampo The second concentration, in an area with the highest probability for containing the site, is located next to a house and swimming pool. The available evidence suggests that the barn and barnyard are concealed by the modern features of the neighborhood. PROTON MAGNETOMETER AND GRADIOMETER SURVEYS OF 3 HISTORIC CEMETERIES. Michael A. Strutt Corporation For Jefferson's Poplar Forest. P.O. Box 419 Forest, Va. 24551. The usefulness of the proton magnetometer and gradiometer in archeological survey have been amply demonstrated in the past few decades. But the instruments are still not widely used by archeologists. The advantage of this remote sensing technique to non-invasive survey and the time saving capabilities should not be overlooked. The relative inexpensiveness of the instruments and ease of use, make them ideal for survey. When the magnetic situation is not suitable for the magnetometer because of modem disturbances, the gradiometer can filter out the detrimental effects of the disturbances. These concepts will be demonstrated by the presentation of three surveys showing the various t5q)es of magnetic anomalies created by historic graves and how they can be detected, even when utilities and automobiles are in the magnetic field area. HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES, BRIDGES AND HIGHWAYS: A REVIEW OF CULTURAL RESOURCE ACTIVITIES IN THE VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION’S RICHMOND DISTRICT. J. Mark Wittkofski. VDOT, Richmond District Environmental Section, P.O. Box 3402, Colonial Heights, Va. 23834-9002. This paper presents an overview of archaeological research which has been conducted on transportation -related projects during the last 28 years in the 14 central and south-central Virginia counties and the city of Richmond which comprise the VDOT Richmond District. A total of more than 125 studies have been completed, however, time restrictions have limited the scope of this presentation to the discussion of only a handful of recent projects. These projects include research conducted both by VDOT staff and consultants. The studies presented in this paper include research from prehistoric Native American Early Archaic period camp sites, dating to ca. 7500 B.C., to post-Civil War Anglo- American urban communities and free black- occupied rural farmsteads. This VDOT -sponsored archaeological research has contributed a tremendous amount of data which continue to be analyzed and synthesized in order to present a more accurate and complete understanding and interpretation of Virginia’s cultural past. PROCEEDINGS 49 Astronomy, Mathematics and Physics MODELING AIR FRICTION IN PROJECTILE MOTION. Richard L. Bowman & David L. Pugh*, Dept, of Physics, Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, VA 22812. Theoretical models for air friction on projectiles in free fall and in two-dimensional trajectories are developed using Mathematica's capabilities in plotting, curve fitting, algebra and calculus. The two models examined are for friction depending linearly on the speed of the projectile and depending on the square of the speed. Experimental data for a steel ball and a cork ball are compared to the results obtained from applying the theoretical models. Air friction appears to be a significant factor in the cases presented. A HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICS TEACHER WORKSHOP AND STUDENT OLYMPICS IN CHINA. D. Rae Carpenter. Jr.. DepL of Physics & Astronomy, Va Militaiy Inst, Lexington, VA 24450. Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Peoples’ RepnMk of China, offers a summer workshop for junior and senior high school teachers followed by a day-long Olympics with local students in Grade 6-9 plus another day for Grade 10-12. Following the U.S.-Japan-China Conference, supported by AAPT, in Zhaoqin, CHINA, the author accompanied another conference participant, Prof. Liu Bingsheng, to Nanjing and participated in Liu’s workshop- Olympics for a week in August. Much of the teacher workshop is built around demonstrations using simple materials readily obtained in China. The program included a video session and a commercial exhibit. Demonstrations were presented by Carpenter, Liu and some of the participants. The academic portion of the student Olympics was done in game show format by 6-12 competing teams from different schools with 6 persons per team. The teams viewed about a dozen live and taped demos and answered questions about each, some of which required the drawing of a diagram. The latter part of the morning was devoted to construction of devices to be used in the afternoon competition. Slides will illustrate teacher activities and examples of both junior and senior Olympics. While some of the events were similar in concept to ones done in the U.S., the lack of sophisticated materials provided challenging variations. The teachers, the students and the physics were outstanding, but done under veiy trying economics conditions. CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME MIXED LIGHT-METAL HYDRIDES. ^ Castevens and S. L. Herr, Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 842000, Richmond, Va . 23284-2000. Recently it was suggested that LiBeH3 and LisBeH^ may have properties similar to the properties of the proposed metallic and superconducting phase of hydrogen, and as such they may be candidates for high temperature superconductivity. Since then, several researchers have chosen to study LiBeHj with cluster calculations. Though the papers disagree with each other on both atomic and electronic structures, all have agreed that LiBeH3 is an insulator. More recent calculations suggest that replacing beryllium with other elements would turn LiBeH3 from an insulator to a metal, which has lead to theoretical studies of Li3AlH6, Li3BHs, and other hydrides. We have characterized several hydrides by vibrating sample magnetometry and temperature dependent ac susceptibility to determine their magnetic properties, several for the first time. Attempts at making the new compound Li3BH6 are also described. 50 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF HIGHLY NITROGENATED MECHANIOALLY ALLOYED IRON POWDER. Desmond C. Cook and James C. Rawers*, Department of Physics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529. ‘U.S. Bureau of Mines, Albany Research Center, Oregon 97321. Iron powder has been mechanically alloyed for up to 250 hours in a nitrogen gas environment in order to investigate the microstructural changes due to nitrogen infusement. The same powder was also alloyed in an argon gas environment in order to isolate the microstructural changes due purely to cold working from those due to the interstitial nitrogen. Samples were analyzed for particle size distribution and nitrogen concentration. This was followed by x-ray analysis to identify the phases present, lattice parameters and internal strain. Mossbauer analysis was performed to study the microstructural magnetic properties and to identfy the phases present. We have determined that nanocrystalline bet Fe-N martensite has formed from the bcc-Fe after 50 hours of mechanical processing. For the first 50 hours of processing both the internal strain and interstitial nitrogen concentration increased linearly. At 50 hours, the crystallite size was reduced to about 1 0OA and the highly strained nanocrystalline structure contained several atomic percent of nitrogen. Additional mechanical alloying resulted in a supersaturated, highly strained nitrogen bcc-Fe structure. This locally induced strain was suddenly reduced by formation of the bet Fe-N martensite through local redistribution of some of the highly mobile nitrogen atoms. DETECTOR DEVELOPMENT AT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY. Danen Ellis. Dr. Kevin Giovanetti, Department of Physics, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. 22807. Operation of an automated calibration system requires that the system be interfaced to some type of computer control. The calibration system being developed at JMU for the foiward electromagnetic calorimeter at CEBAF will be interfaced within the framework set forth by the data acquisition and slow controls being developed for the CLAS detector. A brief overview of the slow controls and a discussion of the design issues that we face in interfacing our calibration system will be given. IDENTIFICATION OF THE IRON-ZINC PHASES IN COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED GALVANNEALED STEEL. R.G. Grant and D.C. Cook, Old Dominion University. A recently compiled data-base of the lattice and Mossbauer parameters of the pure Fe-Zn intermetallic phases has aided in the study of many commercially produced galvanneal coatings using XRD, conversion electron (OEMS), and transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy. The results show that different amounts of the four Fe-Zn phases are present in each coating depending on the production conditions. Also, a layering of the phases in the coatings was observed with predominantly the ^ or 6 phase at the surface and a high iron concentration E phase forming as a very thin layer at the steel-coating interface. Comparing coatings produced with Al added to the Zn bath with those produced in Al-free baths show that the Al suppresses the formation of the Z, and low iron 5 phase. We have also fractured many coatings in order to investigate the failure point within the coatings. CEMS of these coatings has shown that, following coating fracture, no Fe-Zn phases are left on the steel substrate. These observations are of industrial importance and warrant further study into the powdering characteristics of each phase to determine if steel surface preparation prior to galvannealing affects the coating adhesion and longevity. (Supported by International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc. grant ZM-403 and Virginia's Center for Innovative Technology grants MAT-92-007 and MAT-93-018.) THE LORENTZ EQUATIONS: DERIVATION AND SOLUTION. R. Douglas Hyman , Department of Mathematics, Virginia Union University, Richmond, VA 23220. A numerical experiment has been con¬ ducted on the Lorentz model which describes the interrelation of temperature variation and convective motion in a fluid. The Lorentz equations governing "roll" convection between two surfaces maintained at a constant temperature difference are derived. A numerical method for solutions from an ini¬ tial condition is given. These solutions for a fixed Prandtl number and variable normalized Rayleigh numbers are displayed graphically in phase space and exhibit the behav¬ ior common to dissipative dynamical systems, namely the con¬ vergence of all trajectories towards an attractor. PROCEEDINGS 51 FLUID MECHANICAL EFFECTS OF TORTUOSITY IN ARTERIAL BLOOD FLOW. Kenneth C. Jacobs , Dept, of Physics, Hollins Col., Roanoke, VA 24020. Working during 1992 and 1993 with Dr. Bruce A. Young (Biology) , Mr. Robert H. Hansen (Computer Science) , and four Hollins undergraduates, we constructed and experimentally verified a theoretical model to examine the influence of dif¬ ferent arterial configurations (tortuosity) upon blood pressure rise and arterial extensibility. I will present the model equations, which cover both laminar and fully-turbulent flow, as well as our parameterization of geometrical tortuosity. Re¬ sults will be summarized for multiple bends, loops, and helices. The experimental setup to verify the model will be described and critiqued. This is one example of interdisciplinary biophysics research underway at Hollins College. MOSSBAUER AND X-RAY STUDY OF THE IRON NITRIDE, Fe^N . Tae H. Kim, Desmond C. Cook and James C. Rawers*, Department of Physics , Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529. *U.S. Bureau of Mines, Albany Research Center, OR 97321. Nitrided steels are well known for their very hard and wear-resistant characteristics. One nitride that is commonly observed in high nitrogen steels is ferromagnetic Fe4N which is found to precip¬ itate as a result of the low nitrogen solubility in steel and other iron alloys. X-ray diffraction measurements on pure Fe^N shows it to have a face-centered cubic arrangement of iron atoms with nitrogen at the body-center position. Its lattice parameter has been calculated to be 3.79A. Mossbauer spectra recorded at 300K and 78K show that there are three iron sites (Fe I, Fe II-A and Fe II-B) in Fe^N. The relative alignment of the magnetic hyperfine field and electric field gradient at each site will be presented. ELECTRONS, PHONONS, AND PHOTONS IN SOLID-STATE HETEROSTRUC¬ TURES AND OTHER FABRICATIONS. Peter A. Knipp, Dept, of Physics and Comp. Sci., Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News, VA 23606. To study the fundamental excitations of structures such as semiconductor nanostructures, electromagnetic wave¬ guides, or concert halls, it is necessary to solve their equations of motion. This involves solving equations of the form of either Helmholtz’s equation or Laplace’s equation, along with appropriate boundary conditions at interfaces separating different media. Except for highly symmetrical shapes these equations are “nonseparable” and hence cannot be solved analytically. I show that these can be simplified using Green’s func¬ tion techniques and that the resulting integral equation can be solved straightforwardly using matrix methods. The present method is contrasted with the more versatile but less efficient “finite elements” method. The electromagnetic modes of a microwave cav¬ ity are calculated and shown to be in excellent agreement with the results of a recent experiment. I also show results for the electronic states of a “modulated-barrier” quan¬ tum wire and the vibrational states of an acoustic waveguide. (Collaboration with T. L. Reinecke. Supported in part by the U. S. Office of Naval Research.) 52 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE PREPARATION, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF Zn0-Si02 THIN FILMS. David J. Lawrence , ISAT Program, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807. (Zn0)x(Si02)i -X thin films were prepared on a variety of substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, using silane, dimethylzinc and oxygen as the reactants. The film compositions were determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The films were also characterized by x-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectrophotometry and ellipsometry. (Zn0)x(Si02)i -x films were used as diffusion sources in the fabrication of light emitting diodes, photodiodes and laser diodes. For these applications, (Zn0)x(Si02)i - x was deposited on semiconductor wafers. Heating the coated wafers to 600-800°C caused zinc to diffuse from the (ZnO)x(Si02)i -x film into the underlying semiconductor, producing a p+ doped layer. THE CHALLENGES OF PHYSICS TEXTBOOK PHOTOGRAPHY. Jim Lehman, Department of Physics, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 22807. Color textbook photography is primarily a trial and error process. Involved are experimental front lighting, back lighting, the general background and color considerations. Action shots must use short exposure times and techniques such as fluorescent paint flooded with black light or strobe techniques. Optics shots call for rays illuminated by colloidal dispersion or smokebox techniques. There is a need for good communication between the photogra¬ pher and the publisher. At times the people working with text setup with the publisher have little understanding of the illustrative material. AN INTRODUCTION TO FERMAT’S LAST THEOREM. J. Larry Lehman , Department of Mathematics, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Va. 22401. This presentation is designed as a general introduction to the mathematical background needed for Andrew Wiles’ recently announced proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem — elliptic curves, modular forms, and Galois representations — along with a broad outline of the strategy of Wiles’ proof. MATHEMATICA, CALCULUS AND REFORM AT VIRGINIA TECH; A STATUS REPORT FROM A GRADUATE STUDENT'S PERSPECTIVE. Xiaoguang Li and Robert F. Olin, Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0123. During the last year, the mathematics department has incorporated the use of Mathe- matica into several of its calculus classes. Some classes are taught in a computer lab, while others are given in rooms equipped with multi-media capability. The presenter along with his adviser have incorporated this technology in the multi-variable and series course. Some observations and com¬ ments from a graduate student's perspective will be given, as well as some of the examples being used in the class. PROCEEDINGS 53 THE GREENBflNK TELESCOPE. Dr. Eeli» J. LocLman, NRflO, POEox 2, Breen Bank WV 24944. The Sreen Bank Telescope (BBT), now under construction at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, WV, will be the world's largest luiiy steerable radio telescope upon its completion in early 1996. This talk will provide an overview of the GBT project, from its inception in the ruins of the collapsed 300-foot telescope, to a description of the experiments that the telescope will most likely perform. The GBT is unique in many aspects! it is an offset reflector to minimize scattered radiation; its surface is under active control to maintain a precise reflector shape; the telescope will operate over a larger range of frequencies than any other radio, infrared or optical telescope. Among the technical challenges of this project is the need to make the >2 acre surface conform to a parabolic shape within an rms error of <0.5 mm, and the need to control telescope positioning and tracking to within 1" under ambient weather conditions. The Green Bank telescope is expected to make major advances in our understanding of pulsars, interstellar chemistry, and cosmology. CALIBRATING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC CALORIMETER FOR THE CEBAF LARGE ACCEPTANCE SPECTROMETER. Dustin E. McNultv. Dr. Kevin Giovanetti, Department of Physics, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. 22807. The electromagnetic shower calorimeter (EMC) is a large detector covering the forward regions of the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS detector). The EMC will employ photomultiplier tubes (pint's), together with plastic scintillators, to measure the energy of particles involved in high energy collisions at CEBAF. The ability to measure reliably the energy of these particles is linked directly with the stability of the pint response. To ensure the reliability of energy measurements, the calorimeter must be routinely monitored. The method of monitoring and calibrating the EMC will employ real events in conjunction with a calibrating/monitoring system. The calibrating/monitoring system consists of a pulsed UV laser and a network of optical fibers. This system is designed to deliver a measured light pulse to certain detector components and will be employed to regularly monitor these components. By combining the response of the components from both real events and calibration events, the absolute detector response can be determined. HOW STANDARD DEVIATION OF DATA DEVIATES FROM STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE MEAN", Joseph D. Rudmin, Physics Dept., Univ of Virginia 22904 & Joseph W. Rudmin, Physics Dept. , James Madison Univ. , Harrisonburg, 22807. The standard deviation of the mean for combined data sets, S=sqrt ( 1/ sum( l/s(i)^2 )), does not take into account variation in the means of the data sets. As a result, the standard deviation of the data can be significantly larger than the standard deviation of the mean. This paper presents a simple exact formula for the standard deviation of the data, explains how the derivation of the standard deviation of the mean differs, and explains why the standard deviation of the mean is usually quoted Instead of the standard deviation of the data. 54 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ASTEROID HUNTING WITH A I 4- INCH TELESCOPE AND A SMALL-SOLID- ANGLE CCD. Joseph N. Rudmin and Geo-ffrey Williams, Physics Dept., James Madison Univ. , Harrisonburg, VA 22007. The JMU Physics Dept, has acquired a Lynx Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) for installation on the 14-inch Telescope at the department's observatory at Stokesville, VA. The CCD is an array of photodetectors which can deliver a high resolution image displayable on a computer monitor. This talk will present the feasibility of using the CCD and telescope to search for previously unclassified asteroids. The sensitivity and estimated discovery rate will be discussed. A necessary part of the project is to compute the trajectories of known asteroids. The approached used will be the implementation of the Picard iteration developed by Edgar Parker and James Sochacki of the JMU Mathematics Dept. (Supported by the LaRose Fellowship awarded by the James Madison University Foundation.) DISCHARGE CIRCUIT IMPROVEMENT FOR HARD-CORE FLASHLAMP BLUE- LASER SYSTEM 1 Jae Tae Seo. Kwang. S. Han and Ja H. Lee, 2 Dept of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668. An attempt has been made to improve a Hard-Core-Flashlamp (HCF)-pumped blue laser system. The operating conditions of the HCF were following: the input electrical energy to HCF was 289 J, argon fill gas pressure 600 torr. The concentration of Coumarin 460 dye was 1.25 x 10-4 mole/liter in the ethyl alcohol. The peak current and its risetime in the HCF were improved to be 25.5 kA and 0.42 ps with the input energy of 144 J as compared with the previous values 16.6 kA and 1.22 ps, respectively. The pump pulse had a halfwidth of 2.68 ps, and a risetime of 0.68 ps. The output laser pulse (451 ± 2.4 nm) had a halfwidth of 1.38 ps, and a risetime of 0.16 ps. The system improvement was mainly made by reducing the inductance of the transmission line and adapting a multipin triggered inverse pinch switch. The use of the HCF-pumped Coumarin 460 laser for bathymetry and underwater laser communication links is discussed. 1 Work is supported by ONR grant N0001 4-89-1 653 2 Adjunct Professor, Sr. Scientist, NASA Langley Research Center PREPARATION OF THIN FILMS BY LASER ABLATION. T. S. Sherwood, S. L. Herr, D. P. Pappas and C. M. Castevens, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Dept, of Physics, P.O. Box 842000, Richmond, Va. 23284-2000. The objective of this project is to produce thin films of YBa2Cu307.,, (Y123) and other high temperature superconductors using the laser ablation technique. This technique will incorporate the use of an existing high vacuum chamber and a pulsed Xe-Cl excimer laser. We have designed internal modifications of the chamber for this application. Thin film deposition will be accomplished by utilizing a Y 123 ceramic pellet as the target of the laser which will be incident at 45 degrees. The ablated stoichiometric material will condense on heated SrTi02 or MgO substrates located directly above the target. Prepared samples will be characterized and tested for use in future bolometric measurements to investigate optical and electronic properties near the superconducting transition temperature. PROCEEDINGS 55 LATE 19TH CENTURY WORLD’S FAIRS; AN INTRODUCTION FOR LATE 20TH CENTURY STUDENTS TO PHYSICS, AND TO ITS PROMISE AND PROBLEMS. Jane C. Webb and George R. Webb. Dept, of Physics and Computer Science, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606. Charlotte Webb, Science Studies, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060. World’s Fairs of the late 19th century were the first places many citizens encountered the dramatically emerging science of physics, and for many of them what they saw changed their lives. American families traveled from all over the counti-y to the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 and stood in awe in front of the huge machines that were the centerpieces of the Electricity Building and gave evidence to these citizens of the power of their new nation. Henry Adams, overwhelmed by what he saw at the Great Exposition of 1900 in Paris, wrote of his new vision. The transforming power of the dynamo was to replace the spiritual idealism represented in the power of the Virgin Mary. The excitement generated by these scientific and technological artifacts of the end of the 19th century teaches today’s students about the interconnections between advances in science and the spirit of the times; understanding of the operation of the artifacts themselves assists in creating excellent illustrations for physical theories. SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION OF DIODE LASER PUMPED Nd:YAG LASER WITH KTP CRYSTAL. Jie Zhou and In H. Hwang, Physics Department, Hampton University, Hampton VA 23668. An experiment was performed to generate the second harmonic radiation from a diode laser end-pumped Nd:YAG laser. A semiconductor diode laser of output power up to 1 W at 791 nm was used to pump the Nd:YAG laser rods of length 10 mm and 15 mm. Two different lengths of KTP crystal were used for the second harmonic experiment. When the 10 mm long KTP crystal was inserted in the laser cavity in series with the 10 mm long Nd:YAG crystal, the second harmonic output power of 2.3 mW was measured at 532 nm. The detailed experimental setup and results will be presented. (Work supported by NASA grant NAGW- 1-2929) Biology CHROMOSOMAL COMPARISONS IN TWO POPULATIONS OF CLETHRIONOMYS GAPPERI. M. Josephine Babin^and Ralph P. Eckerlin^ ^George Washington University Hospital, Wilson Genetics Unit, Ross Hall, Room 455, 2300 I St NW, Washington DC 20037; ‘’Natural Sciences Division, Northern Virginia Community College, Annandale, VA 22003. Specimens from two populations of Clethrionomys gapperi were karyotyped, G-banded, dnd analyzed for differences in banding patterns. The resolution achieved was not sufficient to reveal subtle variations and did not yield any major differences. Both animals had a modal number of 56 which is the diploid number characteristic for the genus. One each of male and female metaphases were suitable for karyotyping. Improved karyotypes are necessary to determine if the two populations differ at the cytogenetic level. 56 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE COMPARISON OF WING MORPHOLOGY OF BATS ON DOMINICA. Oliver Bauer , Biology Department, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA 22601. Twelve species of bats have been reported from the Caribbean island of Dominica. These species differ in their diet, most being either insectivorous or f ructivorous . My observations in the field suggested that insectivores had narrow, pointed wings while fruit-eating species had broader, less pointed wings. Differences in wing morphology were tested for four insectivorous and two f ructivorous species. Over a three week period, 386 bats were captured by hand, butterfly net, and mist net. Five measurements and a wing tracing were taken to calculate aspect ratio and wing loading. ANOVA tests were performed to test the differences in aspect ratio and wing loading between the two groups. Differences in aspect ratio were found to be significant (p<0.05). No significant difference was found for wing loading between the two groups. My finding indicate that there exists a difference in wing morphology but continued study related to the aspect ratio is needed . SAPROLEGNIACEOUS FUNGI PARASITIC IN EGG MASSES AND LARVAE OF MIDGES (CHIRONO- MIDAE). Dana Calabrese and W. Wallace Martin, Dept, of Biol, Randolph-Macon Col, Ashland, Va. 23005. A number of saprolegniaceous fungi were isolated from egg masses and young larvae of various chironomid species collected from a local pond. Isolates were obtained in unifungal culture on CMA and YPSS agars and they were subsequently used to inoculate hempseed, adult fly, and larval chironomid substrata. Morphological, cytological, and developmental studies of vegetative, asexual, and sexual stages produced by the fungi on these substrata were carried out. Each isolate was characterized by the shape, dimensions, and developmental pat¬ terns of hyphae, appressoria, zoosporangia, zoospore cysts, oogonia, oospores and antheridia. The isolates were found to represent single species of Leptolegnia, Aphatwmyces, and Saprolegnia. Preliminary studies indicate that the Leptolegnia isolates may represent a new species most closely related to L. chapmanii and L.caudata. These studies have also revealed that Wie Aphanojtiyces and the Saprolegnia isolates are most closely related to A. laevis and S. diclina, respectively. All isolates were observed to produce appressoria in both in vivo and in vitro culture. AN EVALUATION OF KIN RECOGNITION IN LARVAL FOUR-TOED HEMIDACTYUUM SCUTATUM ( Caudata: Plethodontidae). Carrie A. Carreno. Tomalei J. Vess*, and Reid N. Harris, Dept of Biology, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807. Larvae of the four-toed salamander, Hemidactyliwn scutatum, were investigated to determine their ability to recognize and discriminate between related and familar conspecifics. Six aggressive and submissive behaviors were used as measures of recognition. In order to distinguish between kin recognition and familiarity, a two factor design was used yielding four treatments: familiar siblings, unfamiliar siblings, familiar non-siblings, unfamiliar non-siblings. Hemidactyliwn larvae did not show significant kin recognition ability or the ability to recognize conspecifics based on familiarity. These results are consistent with the larval ecology of these organisms. PROCEEDINGS 57 SMALL MAMMAL POPULATION DYNAMICS AT MT. LAKE BIOLOGICAL STATION. Jack A. Cranford and Deborah S. Fortune, Mt. Lake Biological Station, Biology Dept, Univ. of Virginia, Pembroke, VA. Small mammal population studies and habitat analysis were initiated in 1992 with the establishment of three study grids. In 1993, four additional grids were established and three will be added to the study in 1994. Chipmunk burrow placement and habitat structure were evaluated in 1993 and were significantly associated with dense, complex habitat proximate to large diameter living and dead trees. Peromyscus population densities at mid-summer were between 8-14 /ha, food supplements added to three areas resulted in breeding initiation three weeks earlier on these grids. Meadow voles reached peak densities of 125/ha. but, in the fall and winter of 1993-1994 meadow vole densities declined to low levels and during this period the area was colonized by bog lemmings. Ice storm damage was extensive and the result of that major habitat change will be evaluated this summer. THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY NITROGEN ON NITROGEN FIXATION (ACETYLENE REDUCTION) RATES IN RETICULITERMES (ISOPTERA: RHINOTERMITIDAE) . Anthony D. Curtis & Deborah A. Waller, Dept. Biol. Sci., Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529. Termites are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) by means of their hindgut bacteria. Variation in N fixation rates may be related to food quality. We used the acetylene reduction bioassay to measure nitrogenase activity in Reticulitermes workers in relation to the N content of the host log. Ten Reticulitermes colonies were assayed for nitrogenase activity from July 1993 through January 1994 in a tidal wetland forest in Brownsville, Virginia. N content (% dry biomass) of wood infested by the termites was examined in July, October and January. Log N varied significantly within a collection period, but there was no clear seasonal pattern, and there was no association between log N content and termite nitrogenase activity. Seasonal variation in nitrogenase activity was related to temperature in both laboratory and field experiments, with optimal rates at moderate temperatures and decreased rates at both high and low temperatures. PREVALENCE AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACCOON NEMATODE, BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS. Ralph P. Eckerlin, Natural Sciences Div. , Northern VA Comnty. Col., Annandale, VA 22003c Bayllsascarls procyonls (Stefanskl and Zarnowskl, 1951) Sprent, 1968 is a common nematode parasite of the small intestine of raccoons, Procyon lotor, throughout much of the United States. There are few reports from Virginia and those studies suggested that procyonis was rare or absent from non-mountainous portions of Virginia. Twentytwo raccoons from northern Virginia, namely from the counties of Arlington, Fairfax, and Fauquier, were examined. Eleven raccoons from Fairfax County and one from Fauquier County were infected with procyonis . The prevalence of infection was 55%, range of infection 1-112, and the mean intensity of infection was 23.0. Female worms outnumbered males slightly. A female procyonis has been reported to release about 215,000 eggs per day and the eggs persist in the soil for many months. These eggs, when ingested by homeothermic animals, hatch out and cause visceral larva migrans , often with fatal results. 58 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AKINETE DIFFERENTIATION IN ANABAENA. I. STRUCTURAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION. Robert W. Fisher, Peter A. Reavey. and Muralidhar Nannapaneni . Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2012. Akinetes are dormant cells which differentiate in some species of cyanobacteria when growth conditions become stressful. We are characterizing the structural, biochemical, and molecular genetic changes which take place during akinete differentiation. We can induce akinete differentiation in Anabaena by subculturing log phase stock cultures into growth medium lacking phosphate. Log phase cells placed in induction medium have a reduced septation rate, become enlarged, form thicker cell walls, and accumulate numerous cyanophycin granules. Several water soluble proteins can be resolved using SDS-PAGE which appear to be akinete specific. DNA has been isolated from both induced and not induced cell types and is currently being compared using restriction enzyme profiling combined with PCR amplification. (Supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid Program for Faculty at Virginia Commonwealth University) BURROW USE AND BURROW STRUCTURE OF PEROMYSCUS SPECIES AT MT. LAKE BIOLOGICAL STATION. Deborah S . Fortune and Jack A. Cranford, Mt. Lake Biological Station, Biology Dept, Univ. of Virginia, Pembroke, VA. Burrows were located by visual observation upon animal release and by the string tag method. Visual observation worked through the non-vegetative months and early spring but string tags permitted easy burrow location during all seasons. Burrows were permanently marked and were monitored for activity. Animals utilized ground burrows throughout the year and burrows were classified as multiple or single usage structures. Animal associated with burrows were recorded by species, age, sex and reproductive condition. Twenty burrows of each usage type were fully excavated, mapped and measured. Multiple use burrows had significantly larger entrances, more entrances, larger nest chamber sizes, longer total tunnel lengths, more tunnel direction changes, and more cached food types and volumes, Tunnel entrances were directed away from prevailing weather patterns. DETERMINING THE OPTIMAI^^ DETERGENT FOR BONE MARROW SOLUBILIZATION. Kevin Gates and Lloyd Wolfinbarger Jr . Center for Biotechnology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk Va. 23529. Human bone allografts are extensively used in a variety of clinical applications. With today's technology, human cadaver bone can be successfully implanted into a patient in order to replace damaged and/or deteriorated bone or to correct a person's posture and alignment. However the bone marrow in bone is immunogenic and can cause an immunological response in the recipient of the allograft tissue. Removal of the bone marrow in the allograft before implantation will reduce the risk of an immune response in the recipient. Bone marrow can be successfully removed by flushing the allograft with a detergent solution. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate which detergent was most effective in solubilizing the cellular material in the bone matrix. Porcine femurs were obtained from Gwaltney Packaging Plant in Smithfield, Va. Bone cores were randomly bored from bisected femur heads, then weighed and placed into test tubes. The weight of the bone cores varied between 0.30 to 0.08 g with an average weight of 0.22 +/- .034 g. Each core was placed into separate test tubes. A constant volume of 10 ml of different concentrations of detergent was added to each test tube. The bone cores were allowed to solubilize for 24 hours and a Lowry protein assay was performed in order to measure the amount of protein solubilized from the cores. The results were inconclusive due to the heterogeneous distribution of bone marrow throughout the femur head. Furthermore, because of a detergent's potential inability to effectively solubilize bone marrow above the critical micellar concentration, it is not feasible to determine the optimal detergent without having the critical micellar concentrations of each detergent. Further research that includes the critical micellar concentration of each detergent will aid in determining the optimal detergent for use in bone marrow solubilization. PROCEEDINGS 59 FORENSIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE EXAMINATION OF FEATHERS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS. Roxie C. Laybourne^* and M. Josephine Babin^. ^NHB E 605, MRC 1 16, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC 20560; ^’George Washington University Hospital, Wilson Genetics Unit, Ross Hall, Room 455, 2300 I St. NW, Washington DC 20037. Feathers collected in the field can be a source of information about interspecific associations and species presence, as well as a tool for systematic studies. Presented here are basic techniques used for effective identification of feathers: The preparation of the feather material, both pennaceous and plumulaceous, for macroscopic and microscopic examination, the collection of relevant data, and the use of museum specimens for comparison. A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PH LEVELS ON THREE GENERA OF OLIGOCHAETES : AEOLOSOMA. DERO . AND PRISTINA. Rebecca Halloran. Elsa Q. Falls, and Arthur F. Conway, Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon Col., Ashland, VA 23005. In some previous investigations of water pH changes, certain species from Class Oligochaeta have been identified for potential use as indicator species. In this study, three genera of freshwater oligochaetes, Aeolosoma . Derp, and Pristina. were subjected to a range of pH's to determine effect on mortality and asexual reproduction. The worms were cultured at room temperature in petri dishes of spring water adjusted to the following pH levels: 4. 0-4. 7, 5. 0-5. 5, 6. 2-7.0, 8. 5-9.0, and 9.5-10.0,* observations were made once every 24 hours for 72 hours. The three genera survived at all pH levels, although mortality rates were higher the lower the pH. Asexual reproduction by budding was more common at higher pH levels, particularly in Pristina . The data indicate that these three genera should not be considered as good indicator species because of their tolerances to wide variation in pH. NEW STATE RECORDS AND BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON TURKEY MALLOPHAGANS IN VIRGINIA, AND OBSERVATIONS OF TURKEYS. James M. Hill. Dept, of Biology, Randolph-Macon Col., Ashland, VA 23005 and Ralph P. Eckerlin, Dept. of Biology, Northern Virginia Cmnty. Col., Annandale, VA 22003. Wild turkeys were found to be abundant on the Northern Neck of Virginia in fall 1993- spring 1994, with flock sizes ranging from 15-100 birds. Three turkeys collected in Northumberland Co., VA were inspected for head lice. Three species of chewing lice were found on a sub-adult male, 74 Chelopistes meleagridis , 20 Oxylipeurus p. polytrapezius , and 14 O. corpulentus with the latter two species being new Virginia records. Daily monitoring of study skins disclosed that the subadult male had lice still alive until 17 days after dying. The adult male had no lice. Conservation status and ectoparasites of the Meso-American Ocellated turkey and general future research needs are discussed. STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ALLEGHENY WOODRAT IN VIRGINIA WITH NOTES ON ECOLOGY. James E. Kenney. Michael T. Mengak and Janet Holland, Environmental Science Program, Life Sciences Department, Ferrum College, Ferrum, VA 24088. The Allegheny Woodrat {Neotoma magister) has been located in 17 counties in Virginia with 39 active sites (woodrats being present) being reported. Trapping activities began by trapping at a possible site for one night. Yearly monitoring at a involved trapping for two consecutive nights between mid-September to mid-October. Once survey and monitoring sites were established, trapping has been done on a regular basis since June 1990. Sites are checked in late spring and summer each year, with periodic checks in other months. Results of monitoring since September 1990 show a marked decrease in woodrat populations in Virginia with overall catch per effort dropping from 1.2 per 10 trap nights in 1990 to 0.5 per 10 trap nights in 1993. We present data on woodrat population trends, home range and movements, and habitat analysis. 60 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON REPRODUCTIVE MATURATION IN EEMALE WHITE-EOOTED MICE (PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS NOVEBORACENSIS). Michelle L. Mabry & C. Richard Terman, Lab. of Endocrinology & Population Ecology, Biology Dept., Col. of William & Mary, PO Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187“8795. Studies on the house mouse {Mus musculus) have demonstrated that when juvenile females are housed with other juveniles or adult females, reproductive maturation of the juveniles is delayed compared to juveniles housed alone. This delay has further been shown to be caused by a urinary chemosignal produced by the grouped females. Similar procedures were used ir this study using juvenile white-footed mice, but no delay in maturation was seen, as evidenced by age of vaginal introitus, first estrus, or reproductive organ masses. These findings will be discussed. HEMOCYANIN SUBUNIT COMPOSITION IN SIBLING SPECIES OF THE MARSH CRAB SESARMA FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO AND THE NORTH AMERICAN ATLANTIC COASTS. Amanda L. McKenney and Charlotte P. Mangum, Dept, of Biol., Col. of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. 23185. The electrophoretic banding patterns of the hemocyanin in the sibling species, Sesarma sp. (nr. reticula turn) and Sesarma reticulatum, were analyzed. In Sesarma sp. (nr. reticulatum) a total of eleven bands were found, with a minimum of five and a maximum of nine in an individual. Seven bands comprised the major fraction of the material. In S. reticulatum a total of nine bands were found, with a minimum of six and a maximum of seven bands in an individual. Six bands comprised the majority of the material. When the banding patterns were examined in adjacent lanes on the same gel, qualitative differences between the two species were clear. Two bands in Sesarma sp. (nr. reticulatum) and one band in S. reticulatum did not co-migrate with a band in the other species. Each species had five bands which were invariant; however, those five bands in one species did not co-migrate with the five invariant bands in the other. In both species the variation of one band was coupled with that of another, in a way that suggests the possibility of alleles. CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF STIMULATED LYMPHOCYTES AGAINST ME-180 CELLS. Joseph Moorman and Rosemary Barra. Dept, of Biol. Sci., Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401. Stimulating lymphocytes to become specific activated killer cells against cancer cells hold possibilities for future cancer treatments. The stimulation of lymphocytes by incubation with two cytokines, interleukin-2 and interferon gamma, was investigated in this study. Human lymphocytes were collected from a donor and incubated with human recombinant forms of the cytokines. The activated lymphocytes were assayed against the ME 180 cell line in tissue culture. Evidence of cytotoxicity caused by the activated lymphocytes against the ME 180s existed. The extent and potency of the cytotoxic activity of the lymphocytes varied depending upon the cytokines used, quantity of cytokines used, and the combination of cytokines. The results clearly indicate that lymphocytes stimulated by IL-2 and IF-y show cytotoxic activity toward the ME- 180 cells. PROCEEDINGS 61 EFFECTS OF PARITY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF GRANULATED METRIAL GLAND CELLS IN THE PREGNANT MOUSE UTERUS. Josephine a Owusu-Sakyi. H. Carl Palmer, Jr.*, and Carolyn M. Conway, Dept, of Biology, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23284-2012. Large round cells containing numerous glycoprotein granules, referred to as granulated metrial gland (GMG) cells, accumulate in the pregnant uterus of rodents. The periodic acid Schiff technique was used to stain GMG cells in implantation sites (at 12.5 days of gestation) of 8 month old CD-I mice of different parity classes (1st, 2nd, and 3rd pregnancies). Although GMG cells were located mainly in the decidua basalis, a small number of GMG cells were occasionally found in the placenta, maternal blood spaces, and the myometrium. The distribution of GMG cells within the decidua basalis was determined using morphometric techniques. Very few GMG cells were located in the region of the decidua basalis adjacent to the placenta. The number of GMG cells increased slightly in the mid-region of the decidua basalis. A significant increase in the number of GMG cells occurred in the region of the decidua basalis adjacent to the myometrium. Neither the total number nor the overall distribution of GMG cells in the decidua basalis was affected by parity. (Supported by the Undergraduate Research Grant Program of Va. Commonwealth Univ.) MOVEMENT PATTERNS OF COPPERHEAD SNAKES IN SOUTHEASTERN VIRGINIA. Christopher E. Petersen. Dept, of Biol. Sciences, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529-0266. Radiotelemetry was used to study the seasonal movement patterns of five copperhead snakes {Agkistrodon contortrbc) in southeastern Virginia. Movements were summarized by distance, direction, and time elapsed since last location. The data suggest that movements reflect availability of prey. Copperheads spent considerable time moving between cane (Anindinaria) patches and river swamps, where densities of potential prey species have been demonstrated to be high. Evidence also suggests that males may engage in long movements more frequently and have larger activity ranges than do females. BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY OF THE OPEQUON CREEK. Anne M. Powers, Christopher Lee, Allen J. Whitehead, Nicole Wilkes , Ronda Howard*, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Shenandoah Itiiversity, Winchester, VA 22601. The C^equon Creek, part of the Potomac Watershed, traverses several counties in West Virginia and Virginia including our test sites in Frederick and Clarke Counties, VA. Analysis of preliminary data dononstrated significant levels of fecal coliforms in the Opequon Creek. Mile thirty-seven was chosen from a series of sights surveyed for this study. Multiple monthly samples from December through April were taken and analyzed. Fecal colifom counts ranged from 300 to 1400 cells/lOOml using MPN tables. These were levels far above Uiose allowed for recreational use. The Pollution Tolerance Index of Benthic macroinvertebrates showed a prevalence of group one taxa demonstrating good water quality. The dissolved oxygen ranged from 12-14 mg/L supporting the macroinvertebrate growth. Excessive silt deposits were noted and thought to be related to stream bank erosion. The pH of the water was always in the range of 6. 8-7. 8. Integrating data from these studies indicated a stream of good water quality. However, the erosion, silt, and the fecal coliform counts were indicative of non-point pollution sources. Continued study of the Cpequon Creek is needed. 62 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE MOVEMENT PATTERNS OF COPPERHEAD SNAKES IN SOUTHEASTERN VIRGINIA. Christopher E, Petersen. Dept, of Biol. Sciences, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529-0266. Radiotelemetry was used to study the seasonal movement patterns of five copperhead snakes {Agkistrodon contortrix) in southeastern Virginia. Movements were summarized by distance, direction, and time elapsed since last location. The data suggest that movements reflect availability of prey. Copperheads spent considerable time moving between cane (Arundinaria) patches and river swamps, where densities of potential prey species have been demonstrated to be high. Evidence also suggests that males may engage in long movements more frequently and have larger activity ranges than do females. EFFECT OF MATERNAL AGE ON INDUCTION OF RESORPTION BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE IN CD-1 MICE. R. M. Reale, P. S. Nyantakyi, and A. F. Conway. Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon Col., and C. M. Conway, Dept, of Biol., Va. Commonwealth U. Three possible mechanisms for increased frequency of pregnancy loss in older female mammals were evaluated by comparing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated and control females at ages of three, nine to ten, and twelve months. Pregnant CD-I mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1 ug of LPS on day 9 and sacrificed on day 12 of gestation. Treatment with LPS had no effect on spleen weight or dorsal lymph node weight, indicating that LPS acted primarily through paraimmune rather than specific immune mechanisms. Treatment with LPS significantly reduced maternal weight gain between treatment and sacrifice and reproductive tract weight. Increased maternal age reduced maternal weight gain and significantly reduced reproductive tract weight. Maternal age caused no change in frequency of resorption (pregnancy loss) in control animals. Treatment with LPS significantly increased frequency of resorption and the increase was larger in older females. These results are inconsistent with pregnancy loss mechanisms involving loss of uterine sufficiency or loss of immunotrophism with increased age, but are consistent with mechanisms involving selective loss of immunosuppression with increasing maternal age. EVALUATION OF THE GROSS ANATOMY AND SEASONAL CHANGES IN A PERINEAL GLAND IN THE HISPID COTTON RAT, SIGMODON HISPIDUS. Robert ^ Rose and Julie Winchell, Dept, of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0266. A perineal gland is described for the hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus. Seasonally cyclical in association with the reproductive organs of males, the gland possesses a strong attachment to the penis, with only loose fascial connections to the rectum and surrounding tissues. Its seasonal growth and regression closely parallel that of the testes and seminal vesicles, indicating that this cyclicity may be under androgen control. Significant differences in the weights of perineal glands, testes and seminal vesicles were noted between the breeding and non-breeding seasons when using a general linear ’model analysis of variance (ANOVA). The weight of the gland also showed highly significant correlations to the weights of testes and of seminal vesicles. Further evaluations, using ANOVA with stepwise regression, indicate the close association of these three organs, the predictive model for which is: perineal gland weight = -18.67 + 0.443 (testes weight) + 0.398 seminal vesicles weight) . PROCEEDINGS 63 DISTRIBUTION OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-COATED LATEX MICROSPHERES IN PREGNANT CD-1 MICE FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS INJECTION. S. S. Soza, J. C. Burnett, and A. F. Conway. Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon Col., and C. M. Conway, Dept, of BioL, Va. Commonwealth U. Distribution of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in pregnant CD-I mice was studied using LPS-coated fluorescent latex microspheres (1 urn diameter). Controls included uncoated and glucose-coated microspheres. Mice were injected in the right lateral tail vein on day 9 of gestation and sacrificed 6, 12, or 24 hours later. Distributions were studied by fluorescent microscopy of frozen sections. Both LPS-coated and control microspheres accumulated in the maternal spleen and liver. Increased (relative to controls) accumulation of LPS-coated microspheres was observed in the maternal dorsal lymph nodes, below the myometrium in uterine decidual tissue, and near the maternal-embryonic interface. These results are consistent with LPS causing loss of implanted embryos either through direct action on the maternal-embryonic exchange surfaces or through triggering inflammatory changes in adjacent maternal tissues. PLANT CHEMISTRY AND MULTIPLE TROPHIC LEVEL INTERACTIONS; INFLUENCE OF SINIGRIN ON PIERIS RAPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) AND ITS PARAS ITOID, COTESIA RUBECULA (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE). Eric Summer & D. Karowe* , Dept . of Biol., Va. Commonwealth Univ. , Richmond, Va. 23284. All plants contain secondary compounds. Much research has addressed toxic or deterrent chemicals that apparently exist solely in order to defend the plant against herbivores. However, little is known about the effects of plant secondary compounds on higher trophic levels (e.g. parasitoids ) , though higher trophic levels also are routinely exposed to these chemicals. If secondary compounds adversely affect parasitoids, plants may face an evolutionary dilemma: increasing their intrinsic defense through production of secondary compounds may decrease their extrinsic defense by harming predators and parasitoids. This study examined the effects of sinigrin, a common secondary compound of crucifers, on the fitness of Cotesia ruhecula , a specialist parasitoid wasp of crucifer herbivores, including Plerls rapae. C. rubecula were reared in P. rapae fed on artificial diet containing 0, 250, 500, 1000, or 1500 mM sinigrin, which spans the range of values reported from crucifer leaves. ANOVA revealed that neither parasitoid pupal weight, development time, nor growth rate was significantly affected by sinigrin concentration. This result suggests that the presence of sinigrin in crucifers does not compromise extrinsic defense afforded by C. ruhecula. It is possible that specialist parasitoids may in general be less affected than generalist parasitoids by plant secondary compounds . REPRODUCTIVE RECOVERY OF WILD WHITE-FOOTED MICE IN THE LABORATORY. C. Richard Terman, Lab. Endo. & Pop. Ecology, Dept. Biol., College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA. 23185. Reproduction is consistently curtailed during May, June, and July in a wild population of Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis which has been studied since 1983 (Terman, 1993, J. Mamm. , 74:678-687). Wild mice were captured during the period of reproductive hiatus and at other times of the year and paired for 100 days in the laboratory with each other or with parous or nulliparous laboratory animals. Reproduction following pairing with laboratory mates was significantly more frequent (P£.01) and of shorter latency for wild males than for wild females no matter when captured. Wild pairs rarely reproduced until re-paired with laboratory mates following which wild males reproduced significantly more frequently than wild females (P<_.01). Reproductive performance did not differ between animals captured during the breeding hiatus and during other times of the year (Supported by a College of William and Mary Faculty Summer Research Grant and by the Thomas F. and Kate Miller Jeffress Memorial Trust). 64 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE IS "CARRYING CAPACITY" AN ECOLOGICAL MISNOMER? BEHAVIORAL CONSIDERATIONS. C. Richard Terman, Lab. Endo. & Pop. Ecol., Biol. Dept., College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185. The concept of "Carrying Capacity" is of v/ide usage both in the applied and theoretical population ecology literature. Examination of this literature reveals considerable variability in definition of the concept. Derived from the application of the logistic equation to questions of population control or equilibrium, "K" is often regarded as reflective of the Carrying Capacity of the environment. Experimental studies, both laboratory and field, demonstrate that population numerical levels may be quite variable when asymptote or equilibrium is attained under similar conditions of the physical environnent. Theoretically, only the largest population is at carrying capacity while the growth of other populations appears to be curtailed below this carrying capacity. Such differences in equilibrium levels of populations appear to reflect intrinsic differences in populations. Behavioral implications will be discussed. EFFECT OF PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO LEVONORGESTREL OR TO ETHENYL ESTRADIOL AND NORETHINDRONE ON EXTERNAL GENITAL AND TESTIS DEVELOPMENT IN CD-1 MICE. K S, Thompson and A. F. Conway, Dept, of BioL, Randolph-Macon Col. Pregnant CD-I mice were subcutaneously injected with 0.05 ug/day of levonorgestrei (LN) in corn oil or with 0.018 ug/day of ethynyl estradiol plus 0.25 ug/day of norethindrone (EEN) in corn oil to mimic the results of Norplant or oral contraceptive use in humans. Controls were injected with corn oil. injections began on day 8 of gestation and continued daily until sacrifice on day 18. At sacrifice, all fetuses were measured and sexed. Gonads of male fetuses were embedded, sectioned, and analyzed microscopically for area fractions of each component. Neither treatment affected crown-rump length, but both treatments resulted in shorter anogenital distances in fetuses of both sexes (statistically significant in LN-treated female fetuses). Treatment with LN had no effect on area fraction of any component measured in fetal testes. Treatment with EEN increased area fractions of non-lipid filled Leydig cells with the increase becoming marginally statistically significant in the seminiferous tubule-packed peripheral regions of the testes. SEX AND AGE CLASS HABITAT DISCRIMINATION BY Peromyscus spp. AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GYPSY MOTH DISTURBANCE. David C. Tomblln and Jack A. Cranford, Biology Department and Museum of Natural History^ VPI & SU, Blacksburg, YA, 24061. Demographic structure and microhabitat use among sex and age classes of Peromyscus spp, were evaluated at four oak dominated sites impacted by gypsy moths; high tree mortality, disturbance in process, disturbance recovery, and a undisturbed site. P. leucopus populations at the disturbed sites exhibited greater demographic stability than reference site populations. There was evidence for density-dependent population regulation at the high mortality and recovery sites. At high densities, P, leucopus populations at the high mortality site and the P. maniculatus population at the recovery site exhibited intraspecific microhabitat segregation. Female adults segregated from male adults and juveniles and male adults segregated from male juveniles into more optimal microhabitats. The results of this study suggest that gypsy moth at least temporarily improve quality of habitats previously dominated by chestnuts oaks. PROCEEDINGS 65 COMPARISON OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA CONCENTRATIONS IN PERI-EMBRYONIC TISSUES OF NORMAL AND RESORBING IMPLANTATION SITES IN CD-I MICE. C. P. Toomey and A. F. Conway, Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon CoL, and C. M. Conway, Dept, of Biol., Va. Commonwealth U. The hypothesis that resorption (pregnancy loss) results from excessive concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) around implanted embryos was evaluated by comparison of samples from pregnant CD-1 mice in which resorption had been induced by intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 15 hours before sacrifice with control samples. Organ samples were cut from frozen sections and analyzed by ELISA. Treatment with LPS did not significantly elevate TNF-alpha concentrations in maternal serum, spleen, or liver. Preliminary results indicate that LPS treatment elevated TNF-alpha concentrations near the uterine myometrium and reduced concentrations in the placenta and around the body of the embryo, but none of these differences were statistically significant. These results are inconsistent with hypotheses involving large increases in TNF-alpha concentrations at the maternal-embryonic interface during pregnancy loss. THE AVAILABILITY OF SMALL MAMMAL PREY FOR FORAGING PIT VIPERS. Victor R. Townsend Jr.. Col of Sciences, Dept, of Biol, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va 23529-0266. The Canebrake Rattlesnake {Crotalus horridm atricaudatus) and the Northern Copperhead {Agkistrodon contortrix) are forest-dwelling pit vipers which, as adults, feed predominantly upon small mammals. The frequency of predation by viperid snakes usually reflects the relative abundance of prey species in the environment. From October 1993 through March 1994 I studied the availability of small mammal prey for foraging pit vipers in a variety of microhabitats in southeastern Virginia. In addition, observations of snake activity were used to constract an energy budget for these species of pit vipers, in an attempt to estimate prey requirements and the effect of diet on such variables as reproductive effort and hibernation. Together with the data on prey availability, the energy budget can be used to interpret seasonal foraging activity and microhabitat use by the snakes. NUMBERS OF FLAGELLATE PROTOZOANS IN RETICULITERMES (ISOPTERA^ RHINOTERMITIDAE) HINDGUTS RELATED TO SEASON AND TERMITE SIZE, Deborah A. Waller, Dept. Biol. Sci., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. Termites of the genus Retlculitermes harbor hindgut protozoans that catabolize the cellulosic foods they ingest. Little is known about seasonal patterns in protozoan numbers because the subterranean termite hosts generally overwinter deep underground. However, Retlculitermes colonies spend winter in surface logs in a tidal wetland forest in Brownsville, Virginia. The protozoan populations in worker hindguts were examined monthly for ten termite colonies. Protozoans persisted in low numbers during winter months when termites survived log temperatures as low as 2.1®C. Larger termites harbored greater numbers of protozoans. Protozoan populations increased with warmer temperatures in spring, especially those of the flagellate Tr.ichonxm^a , which has been previously demonstrated to respond to the nutritional status of the termite host. 66 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Biomedical and General Engineering THE SOPA SURFACES. William P. Harrison , Jr. . Engr. Fundamentals Div. , Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ. , Blacksburg, VA 24061. The principal angles 0p, 0jj, and 0p of a plane in space are de¬ fined as angles between the plane and the frontal, horizontal, and profile planes of projection. The sum of these angles, S0, must be equal to or less than 180° for all positions of the plane in space. This leads to an investigation of those surf¬ aces that represent this sum of the principal angles (SOPA) , the so-called SOPA surfaces. The independent variables introduced are the rotational angles Oy and 0l, where Oy measures rotation about a vertical axis and 0l measures rotation about a horizon¬ tal (latitudinal) axis perpendicular to the profile plane of projection. The magnitudes of 0y and ©l, as well as the order in which they are performed, both determine S0, since they are not commutative in rotation. Thus, two SOPA surfaces emerge as descriptive of S0 for all values of the independent variables 0y and ©L. In this paper the defining equations are developed, and interesting characteristics of these SOPA surfaces, such as boundaries, minimums, and symmetry, are discussed and shown. A NEURAL NETWORK BASED ACOUSTIC FETAL HEARTRATE MONITOR. David L, Livingston. Div. Engr. & Ind. Tech., Va. Western Cmnty. Col., Roanoke, Va. 24038, & Stephen A. Zahonan & Roger Zhao*, Dept, of Elec. & Comp. Engr., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. Fetal heartrate has traditionally been measured using the trained ear of a professional with the assistance of an acoustic amplifier or measured automatically using active ultrasonic devices. We report on the development of a sy stem which uses neural networks in conjunction with advanced acoustic sensors and signal processing techniques to extract fetal heartrate from a noisy environment without subjecting the fetus to machine generated energy. The acoustic fetal heartbeat signal is transduced by a belt consisting of an array of acoustic sensors. The resulting signal is electronically amplified and filtered as preprocessing for a neural network. A feedforward neural network trained with back-propagation detects the presence of a fetal heartbeat within the noisy in-vivo environment and produces a signal marking each beat. Autocorrelation techniques are used on the signal produced by the network to extract the heart rate. Provisions are made for detecting loss of signal and automatic sensor selection to acquire the strongest signal. The resulting heartrate information is displayed and stored on a portable computer and may be used in real time or analyzed at a later date. The ultimate goal of the system is the ability to use it as a portable device in non-clinical situations such as home use in high-risk pregnancies. (Supported by NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.) Botany SUCCESSIONAL CHANGES FOLLOWING A MAJOR LANDSLIDE IN ALLEGHANY COUNTY, VIRGINIA. H. S. Adams, D. S. Lancaster Cmnty. Col., Clifton Forge, VA 24422 and E. G. Haverlack*, USDA For. Serv., Covington, VA 24426. On April 17, 1987, following a period of several days of heavy rains, a landslide occurred on a west-facing slope in Rainbow Gap along the Jackson River in Alleghany County, Virginia. The site is clearly visible from U.S. Route 220 between Clifton Forge and Iron Gate. Maximum relief of the slide is around 152 m, extending from the river (305 m) up a very steep slope (>75% inclination) to 457 m (slightly more than halfway to the ridge). Width is approximately 100 m. Forest composition to either side of the slide is predominantly Quercus rubra (red oak), Q. prirms (chestnut oak), and Pinus vir^niana (Virginia pine). In September, 1988 and 1993, we obtained data to describe the general vegetation coverage in the slide region. Since the original slide (which removed all vegetation and topsoil), both number of taxa (59 recorded in 1988 and 103 in 1993) and total coverage (now approximately 50% from original bare substrate) have increased substantially. The greatest increase in number of taxa occurred among non-woody plants (96%). Not surprisingly, plant successsion within the slide area is proceeding from the margin of the adjacent forest with least plant encroachment occurring near the top. Plants having wind- distributed seeds are responsible for the majority of recolonization of the slide. Paulownia tomentosa (princess tree) and Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) are two examples of early successional woody species invading the slide area. PROCEEDINGS 67 A NEW ARBORETUM FOR THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. Invited Paper. Norlyn L. Bodkin, Director, JMU Arboretum, JMU, Harrisonburg, VA. 22807. A new arboretum is being developed on the campus of James Madison University. The 125 acre complex is being established on the slopes of an Oak-Hickory Forest Associ¬ ation and provides an ideal combination of developed gardens and a natural forest each complementing the other and serving the purposes of teaching, research and demonstration. Native plant species are being emphasized. One of the more unique gardens is a shale barren with endemic species. The arboretum is on University property but is not state supported. It is funded through contributions to the JMU Foundation. ABIOTIC STRESSORS IN THE DOGWOOD ANTHRACNOSE COMPLEX. I. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF DISCULA DESTRUCTTVA. J. B. Crozier and R. J. Stipes, Dept, of Plant Pathol., Physiol., and Weed Sci., VA Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061 Cardinal growth temperatures and response to thermal stress regimes were determined for isolates of Discula destructiva, causal agent of dogwood anthracnose. The optimum temperature was between 20 and 22 C, with 4 of 6 isolates growing best at 20 C. All isolates grew within 7 d at 1 C and 28 C, but no growth was noted after 7 d at 3 0 C, although regrowth occurred after transfer to a lower temperature. All isolates were killed after 7 d at 35 C. The fungus was alive in 88% of 4-mm mycelium agar discs after 5 min at 45 C in water, while it was alive in 51% after 10 min, and in 0% after 15 min. The fungus was alive in 89% of 4-mm discs from autoclaved dogwood leaves on amended PDA, on which D. destructiva was allowed to grow, after 10 min at 45 C. The thermal death point of conidia in free water was 46-47 C, and the thermal death times for 45 and 55 C were 20 min and 30 s, respectively, for conidia from oatmeal agar plates. Conidia from autoclaved dogwood leaves on amended PDA were killed within 5 min at 45 C. This information may lead to an understanding of possible climatic barriers, and the thermal treatment of plant material. ABIOTIC STRESSORS IN THE DOGWOOD ANTHRACNOSE COMPLEX. II. EFFECTS OF ACIDIC FOG ON LEAF SURFACE ANATOMY OF CORNUS FLORIDA AND CORNUS KOUSA SEEDLINGS. J. B. Crozier . R. J. Stipes, and K. T. Thornham, Dept, of Plant Pathol., Physiol, and Weed Sci., VA Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061. Acidic precipitation reportedly enhances disease severity of dogwood anthracnose (DA) caused by Discula destructiva on Cornus Florida, the flowering dogwood. Seedlings of C. Florida and C. Sousa, the Chinese dogwood which is moderately resistant to dogwood anthracnose, were subjected to acidic fog episodes at pHs 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5, using a simulated acidic rain solution. Leaf discs from these and non-treated plants were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) . Damage was noted at all pH levels and was primarily confined to the trichomes and stomata. Trichomes appeared dehydrated on both C. Florida and C. kousa leaves, while the "lips" of C. Florida stomata were increasingly eroded by decreasing pH; Cornus kousa stomata were relatively unharmed. At pH 2.5, trichomes of both species seemed to be brittle and fractured, causing deep holes in the lamina. Discula destructiva conidia may germinate at trichome bases where damage may cause the leaching of nutrients. Also, the difference in stomatal damage may account, in part, for differences in disease susceptibility. 68 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE PHYTOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE IN THE LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY: 1. METHODOLOGY. Barbara Hiller. D. Seaborn, M. Weinstein, & H.G. Marshall, Dept. Biological Sci., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529-0266. This is review to identify the standard activities and methodology associated with Chesapeake Bay Phytoplankton Monitoring Program. The program was initiated in 1985 and is sponsored by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. Seven stations in the lower Chesapeake Bay are monitored monthly for the composition and abundance of phytoplankton and autotrophic picoplankton above and below the pycnocline, plus productivity and water quality measurements. Field and laboratory protocols are identified, with quality control/quality assurance standards that are followed also given. In addition to the numerous results and conclusions gained from the study, the data is being used to identify trends related to the health of the Bay and provide information for Bay management. FOREST COMMUNITIES OF THE CENTRAL APPALACHIANS. David M. Lawrence. Dept, of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Va., Charlottesville, VA 22903, Harold S. Adams, Div. of Arts & Sciences, Dabney S. Lancaster Cmnty. Col., Clifton Forge, VA 24422, and Steven L. Stephenson, Dept, of Biology, Fairmont State Col., Fairmont, WV 26554. Biogeographic patterns in upland forest community composition in the mid-Appalachians were examined using quantitative data on the composition of the overstory (stems >10 cm DBH) from 216 stands. Sampled stands occupied a wide range of site conditions and included representatives of all of the major forest types present in the region. Preliminary results obtained using TWINSPAN and DECORANA indicate that there are two major forest types: those with a significant component of red spruce and other species typically associated with spruce, and those without a significant spruce component. Red spruce stands can be further differentiated on the basis of codominant species such as balsam fir, Fraser fir, and eastern hemlock. Forest types without a significant spruce component include pitch pine/black oak, scarlet oak, mixed oak, chestnut oak, chestnut oak/black oak, chestnut oak/red maple, red oak/white oak, chestnut oak/red oak, red oak, red oak/red maple, red oak/white oak/black birch, sugar maple/hickory, sugar maple, and hemlock/yellow poplar. The influences of a variety of environmental factors accoimt for the differences that exist in forest community composition, with those factors related to elevation, topographic position, imderlying geological substrate, and disturbance history the most important. DENDROECOLOGY OF THREE RED SPRUCE POPULATIONS ON SALT POND MOUNTAIN IN GILES COUNTY, VIRGINIA David M. Lawrence. Dept, of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Va., Charlottesville, VA 22903, Harold S. Adams, Div. of Arts and Sciences, Dabney S. Lancaster Cmnty. Col., Clifton Forge, VA 24422, Steven L. Stephenson, Dept, of Biology, Fairmont State Col., Fairmont, WV 26554, Tarek A. Hijaz, Dept, of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Va., Charlottesville, VA 22903, Charles W. Lafon, Dept, of Geography, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, Neil A. Pederson, School of Forestry, Auburn Univ., AL 36849, Margot C. Wilkinson, Dept, of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, and P. Joy Young, Savannah River Ecology Lab., Univ. of Georgia, Aiken, SC 29803. The primary objective of the present study was to construct and then to compare tree-ring chronologies for three spruce populations (Little Spruce Bog, War Spur, and Mann's Bog) in the Mountain Lake area of southwestern Virginia. A secondary objective was to collect data on community composition, spnjce age structure, and spruce growth characteristics at the three sites. The spruce populations at the three sites represent three distinctive age groupings, ranging from an average of 61 rings (breast height) at Mann's Bog to 195 rings at War Spur. Chronologies for the three sites for the period of 1940 to 1992 were generally similar, but correlation (response function analysis) of growth with climatic factors (monthly mean temperature and total precipitation for June of the prior year through August of the year of ring fonnation) was unique for each site. PROCEEDINGS 69 HERBACEOUS PLANTS OF THE DYKE MARSH RIVERINE TIDAL EMERGENT WETLAND. Dean A. Lindholm, 14226 Glenkirk Rd., Nokesville, VA 22123 (w/ George Mason Univ.). June 15 - July 15, 1992 survey sampled 53 quadrats of 1 sq.m, herbaceous marsh, quadrats established by 1991 GMU plant inventory. The Shannon- Wiener diversity index was H’=1.668 (n=53), and Simpson’s diversity index was C^O.251 (n=53). Species density, cover, and frequency surveys found that 8 of the 20 sp. encountered made up greater than 98% of each category. Peltandra virginica was the most common, present in 98% of the quadrats; Impatiens capensis exhibited the greatest density, covering 41.2% of the area sampled; P. virginica covered 29.9% of the area sampled. Deepwater elevation surveys of 22 sp. discovered elevation minimums for these sp., including Nuphar luteum and Fraxinus pennsylvanica as the only sp. growing below mean low tide, the latter probably important in Dyke marsh soil stabilization. Scirpus fluviatilus, listed "SI" in Virginia, was common in the sampled marsh, present in 13% of the 53 quadrats and constituting just over 1% of the plants sampled. THE JUDD GARDEN - AN HISTORIC LEGACY IN THE SHENANDOAH NATIONAL PARK. Peter M. Mazzeo. U.S. National Arboretum, Washington, DC 20002. In March of 1926 a group of concerned citizens met on the porch of Sentinel Lodge, the summer residence of the George H. Judd family, which overlooked the Judd garden and Stony Man Mountain. It was their hope that a large section of the Blue Ridge Mountains of northern Virginia might be designated to become a new national park. Although the cabin and most of the original landscape plantings are long gone, some of the original plant materials, rock walls and other physical artifacts still remain at the site. Because of the historical significance of this four-plus acre site, efforts are now underway to preserve, interpret and ultimately restore the George H. Judd garden area at Sky land, the heart of the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, that was dedicated on 3 July 1936. A review of the garden history and landscape plant materials is presented. RICE (Oryza sativa L) y3-GLUCOSIDASE : PARTIAL PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION. C. Muslim and A. Esen , Dept of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Ins. & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. We partially purified rice /?-glucosidase from the root and shoot of 5-6 day-old seedlings using a combination of differential solubility and ion exchange chromatography. The partially purified enzyme was characterized with respect to its kinetic properties, substrate specificity, pH optimum, pi, and molecular mass at native and denatured stage. In order to localize the enzyme by histochemical procedures, we applied chrpmogenic substrates for /?-glucosidase to tissue sections, isolated protoplasts and plastids of the seedling shoots. We found that the enzymes have three different peaks of activity toward para-nitrophenyl /?-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) . However, activity levels observed on the SDS PAGE using 6-bromonaphtyl ^-D-glucopyranoside (6BNG) and Fast Blue R dye were different from those expected on the basis of spectrophotometric assays using pNPG. One of the enzyme has the highest enzyme efficiency (Vm/Km) toward paranitrophenyl ft-D- fucopyranoside and pNPG, among the substrates tested. The pH optimum was 4.8- 5.0, while one of the enzymes has high pi (estimated 9.6). We estimated that the enzyme has a subunit molecular mass of 60 kD. The enzyme is localized histochemically to the plastid. 70 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ESTIMATION OF PRODUCTIVITY AT SEVEN STATIONS LOCATED IN THE LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY. Kneeland K, Nesius. Harold G. Marshall, Dept, of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0266. Productivity patterns at seven stations located in the lower Chesapeake Bay over a five year period were seasonal consisting of three major peaks - spring, summer, fall. These variations correlated with seasonal changes of neritic phytoplankters. Stations located near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay had the lower productivity rates. Annual production rates were higher at the western Bay stations. Average annual production rates over the five year period varied from 300 g C/mVyr to 1 80 g C/m^/yr. IN VITRO GERMINATION OF BRASSICA RAPA POLLEN. Mark A. Newsome and Michael H. Renfroe, Dept, of Biol, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807. To bettter understand pollen growth and development, chemical constituents that initiate pollen tube development were investigated in Brassica rapa . Th^ Brassica genus is economically and agronomically important. Determination of a successful in vitro pollen germination medium may provide insights to the in vivo requirements for successful pollination. Many successful in vitro germination media have been reported for binucleated pollen species. However, in vitro germination of trinucleated pollen, such as is found in Brassica, has been less successful and few germination media have been reported. Various media and in vitro physical and chemical effects were tested for possible influence on pollen germination . A comparison of carbohydrates in the media revealed that sucrose rather than raffinose or glucose was most effective for germination. Specifically, 20% sucrose provided the highest percentage germination. An initial pH value of 7.4 was determined to be optimal. Density of the pollen population appeared to have an effect. Percentage germination was observed over time with the optimized medium. Effective pollen germination occurred within an hour of incubation in the medium. PHYTOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE IN THE LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY: IL MEAN CONCENTRATIONS 1985-1991. Sandra Qlek. Mollie Weinstein, David Seaborn, H.G, Marshall, Dept. Biological Sci., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529“0266. Results of a 6 year data set for the phytoplankton populations in the lower Chesapeake Bay indicate the mean monthly averages over this period. Greatest phytoplankton abundance and biomass was associated with the western Bay stations during spring, summer and fall. These populations were dominated by a diatom flora, with the mean number of total phytoplankton taxa recorded per month as 43. Monthly cell abundance maxima at each station were approximately one order of magnitude greater than the mean concentrations. (Supported by the Virginia Dept, of Environmental Quality). FLORAL WHORL ONTOGENY IN BRASSICA RAPA. Michael H. Renfroe. Dept, of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, The sequence and pattern of floral organ initiation and development was examined for the rapid-cycling brassica variety of Brassica rapa. The order of floral whorl initiation was calyx, followed by androecium and gynoecium, with the corolla forming last. Organs developed for the most part in paired formations. The two carpels developed as a fused pair. The six stamens of the androecium were formed as a set of four followed by the differentiation of a second set of two. Petals differentiated to either side of the final pair of stamens, resulting in a corolla consisting of four petals. The timing and pattern of organ initiation may be related to spatial constraints of the floral meristem. PROCEEDINGS 71 ANNUAL PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS IN THE PAGAN RIVER, VIRGINIA. David Seaborn & H.G. Marshall. Dept. Biological Sci., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529- 0266. The Pagan River is a nutrient enriched river system with annual mean levels of total nitrogen and phosphorus at 1.8 and 0.8 mg/1 respectively. Three phytoplankton maxima occurred during the year with the highest in fall, followed by summer and spring peaks. Diatom populations were dominant throughout the year at concentrations of 10^ to 10* cells/1. Other populations exhibited distinct periods of greater abundance, and time of development. An upstream station contained the greatest abundance of flora throughout the sampling period. Turbidity levels were high the entire year with an annual secchi reading mean of 0.4 m. When compared to the James River, the Pagan River had greater cell abundance, higher nutrients, and lower secchi depths. THE VIRGINIA PITCHER PLANT BOGS, PART TWO: NOTEWORTHY BOGS OF DINWIDDIE COUNTY. Philip M. Sheridan. Dept. of Biol., Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23284. Dinwiddie County is located along the Appomattox River in southern Virginia west of the town of Petersburg. The fall line divides the piedmont and coastal plain formations in the eastern third of the county and this is where pitcher plant seepage wetlands containing Sarracenia flava L. and S. Purpurea L. occur. Historical stations occurred along Arthur Swamp (Blaha Bog) , Hatcher Run (Burgess station) , Rohoic (Old Town) Creek and Rowanty Creek. The Arthur Swamp site represented the southern station for the New Jersey Rush, Juncus caesariensis Coville. Over the past ten years new pitcher plant bogs have been discovered on headwaters of Arthur Swamp (Shands Bog) , Hatcher Run (Depot Road Bog) and northeast of the town of Addison. All sites are characterized by moderate relief (1-2% slope) and sand-peat saturated soils. There are minor floristic differences between sites. Addison Bog represents the northern most pond pine Pinus serotina Michx. pitcher plant pocosin supporting both Sarracenia species while Shands Bog contains the greatest number of bog rarities . GENETICS OF ABERRANT SARRACENIA LEAF AND FLOWER COLOR. Philip M. Sheridan . Dept, of Biol., Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va, 23284. Sarracenia is a genus of insectivorous plants confined to wetlands of the U.S, and Canada, Eight species are generally recognized with flower and leaf color ranging from yellow to red. Fertile hybrids occur in the wild under disturbed conditions and can be artificially produced in the greenhouse. Thus barriers between species are weak. Normally when crosses occur or are induced between species or between different color types the progeny exhibit a blending of parental phenotypes called incomplete or partial dominance. In most species all-green mutants have been found which lack any red pigment in leaves, flowers or growth point. Self pollinated all-green plants result in all-green offspring and self pollinated wild-type red plants result in red offspring. When all-green plants and wild-type red plants are crossed in these species the offspring are all red plants. These results suggest that red is dominant to the recessive all-green mutant. Since partial dominance is the usual genetic pattern in the genus, dominant/recessive characteristics are an unusual phenomenon. 72 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE SYSTEMATICS OP CHAMAESYCE SUBSECTION PLEIADENIAE (EDPHORBIACEAE) . Mark P. Simmons and W. John Hayden, "Bept, of Biol., Univ. of Richmond, Richmond, Va. 23173. A taxonomic study has been under¬ taken of the nine nominate species belonging to Chamaesyce subsection Pleiadeniae . which has received no comprehensive study since its proposal by Boissier 125 years ago. This subsection is reputed to be transitional between Euphorbia and Chamaesyce . The species are indigenous to the cerrado of South America. Morpho¬ logical, anatomical, ultraetructural , and biogeographical studies have been used to assess these species and their position within Chamaesyce . Chamaesyce caecorum is a remarkably variable species with extreme forms that show intergradation. Chamaesyce chamaerrhodos . C. setosa. C. tamanduana . and C. viscoidee . which have been variously synonymized, recognized, or ignored in recent studies, are recognized as distinct species. The enigmatic Chamaesyce tamanduana appears to be very- rare and is only known from the type collection. Euphorbia Chamaerodog [eic] var. hirsuta has been synonymized with Chamaeevce chamaerrhodoe . STUDIES OF RED SPRUCE/HARDWOOD ECOTONES AT SEVERAI. LOCALITIES IN VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA Steven L. Stephenson, Dept, of Biology, Fairmont State Col., Fairmont, WV 26554, Harold S. Adams. Dabney S. Lancaster Cmnty. Col., Clifton Forge, VA 24422, David M. Lawrence, Dept, of Environmental Science, Univ. of Va., Charlottesville, VA 22903, Mary Beth Adams, USDA Forest Service, Timber and Watershed Lab., Parsons, WV 26287, and .Tohn D. Eisenback, Dept, of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. We are currently investigating patterns of species composition and distribution, ecologically important population processes, and microenvironmental gradients in permanent transects (each consisting of a series of contiguous 10 x 10 m quadrants) established across the typically abrupt and narrow spruce/hardwood ecotone at five localities in the mountains of central West Virginia and western Virginia. Primary emphasis of our research is directed toward testing three basic hypotheses: (1) red spruce communities in the mid- Appalachians are decreasing in areal extent due to encroachment of surrounding hardwood communities, (2) stress-induced growth decline in red spruce is a factor in tliis decrease, and (3) the direction and rate of successional change can be predicted from models developed from quantitative data obtained from field studies of spruce/hardwood ecotones. Preliminary data obtained during the 1992 and 1993 field seasons suggest that mid- Appalachian red spruce communities presently exist at least in static equilibrium with respect to surrounding hardwoods and exhibit, at some localities, advance regeneration into the hardwood communities. (Supported in part by liinds provided by the USDA Forest Service.) HIGH ELEVATION BEECH COMMUNITIES IN THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS. Steven L. Stephenson, Dept, of Biology, Fairmont State College, Fairmont, WV 26554 and Harold S. Adams. Div. of Science and Mathematics, Dabney S. Lancaster Cmnty. Col., Clifton Forge, VA 24422. Forest communities in which American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh) is a major component of the tree stratum occur at elevations up to 1830 m in the southern Appalachians. Such communities are well-documented for the Great Smoky Mountains, where they have been the subject of a number of studies. Beech communities appear to be relatively uncommon in the mid- Appalachians, and only rarely have examples of this forest community type been described for particular localities in western Virginia. In the present study, data on the composition and structure of the vegetation were obtained for forest communities with beech present as a dominant or codominant species at one study site on Mount Rogers in Smyth County and three study sites in the Mountain Lake area of Giles County. Soils data also were obtained for the three Mountain Lake study sites. PROCEEDINGS 73 MICROFHNGAL EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBLE DYSFUNCTION OF SHIITAKE PRODUCTION LOGS IN VIRGINIA. R. Jay Stipes and Gonzalo Guevara- Guerrero, Dept. Plant Pathol. , Physiol. , and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Shiitake growers in Virginia have experienced considerable diminution of the fruiting life of oaks logs (maximum = 5-6 yrs.), and in some cases no fruiting at all has occurred. Growers tend to select on their woodlots the understory, suppressed, slow-growing, and weakened trees (cull stock) rather than vigorously growing, dominant or co-dominant trees. Since the latter prove to be highly functional shiitake log resources, we suspected involvement of competing fungi ("weed fungi") as the precluding factors in shiitake production. We aseptically biopsied sapwood (xylem tissues) cores from typically suppressed oak ( Ouercus spp. J and those from dominant, healthy, fast-growing ones (controls) . A low percentage (23%) of control trees were colonized by fungi, whereas 100% of biopsies from suppressed trees were colonized. We theorize that these opportunists and their metabiotic successors (Hypoxylon, Graphostroma . Eutvpa spp. ) are precluding factors in shiitake production logs harvested from suppressed trees; research, however, is needed for confirmation. POTENTIAL ALLEPOPATHIC EFFECTS OF MYRICA CERIFERA ON PINUS TAEDA. Kathryn S . Tolliver and D.R. Young, Dept, of Biol., VA. Commonwealth Univ. , Richmond, VA 23284. Myrica cerif era forms persistent thickets on barrier islands. To evaluate potential underlying mechanisms supporting the persistence of the M. cerifera thicket serai stage, a growth chamber study examined potential sources of allelochemicals from Myrica cerifera and the interaction between allelopathy and light intensity on P_^ taeda seedling growth. Pinus taeda total biomass, root, and shoot biomass were significantly depressed under low light (44 /imol m ^s'^) . Root biomass was significantly depressed in Myrica soil in high light (300 /imol m’^s'^) ; however, in high light both root and shoot biomass in Myrica soil were significantly higher in the presence of Myrica leaf litter. Thus, litter accumulation may assist replacement species in invading gaps. Low light levels and allelopathic effects may interact and contribute to the persistence of Myrica thicket serai stage by negatively impacting root growth of seedlings, thereby reducing competitive interactions for space and moisture acquisition. SUMMER VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN CENTRAL CHESAPEAKE BAY. Mollie J. Weinstein & H.G. Marshall. Dept. Biological Sci., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529-0266. A vertical series of phytoplankton and autotrophic picoplankton samples were collected at three stations in the lower Chesapeake Bay during the summer of 1993. Results of July 1993 are reported at this time. Diatoms and chlorophytes were evenly distributed over the water column. Phytoflagellates had higher concentrations above the pycnocline. No significant increase in phytoplankton abundance was seen in association with the pycnocline. The picoplankton surface abundance varied among the stations. Overall, there were higher autotrophic picoplankton concentrations in the pycnocline region, and reduced abundance below the pycnocline. (Supported in part by the Virginia Dept, of Environmental Quality). 74 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Chemistry PHENYLBIGUANIDES AND PHENYLGUANIDINES: A SAFIR ANALYSIS FOR 5-HT3 BINDING. A. Abdel-Rahman.* M. Dukat,* M. Teitler,* and R.A. Glennon. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MCV/VCU 23298. 5-HT3 receptors are ion channel receptors that may be involved in the control of nausea and in various mental disorders. Although a wide variety of 5-HT3 antagonists have been developed, selective high-affinity 5-HT3 agonists are virtually unknowrL We and others independently identified mCPBG (1; Ki = 17 nM) as a novel 5-HT3 agonisL In order to determine what structural features are important for affinity/selectivity, we systematically examined the structure of mCPBG in a structure-affinity relationship (SAFIR) study. Guanidine 2, for example, binds with high affinity (Ki = 35 nM), represents a novel class of 5-HT3 ligands, and suggests that the intact biguanide system is unnecessary for 5-FIT3 binding affinity. INVESTIGATION OF NOVEL SEROTONIN 5-HTlD RECEPTOR LIGANDS. Bon¬ darev. M.: Hong, S.; Dukat, M.; Teitler, M.;’ Gleimon, R.A. Dept, of Med. Chem., MCVWCU; Richmond, VA 23298. Sumatriptan was recently introduced to the American market as a novel agent for the treatment of migraine. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, it displays high affinity for two populations of serotonin receptors (5- HTIA and 5-ITriD), and acts as a 5-HTlD agonist. In addition to difficulty in penetrat¬ ing the blood-brain barrier, it has been suggested that its 5-HTlA component may detract from its therapeutic efficacy. To overcome these problems, we have developed a series of agents that binds at 5-HTlD receptors with ch^(CH2)80 higher affinity and selectivity than sumatriptan. For example, ALX-1323 or 5-(nonyloxy)trypta- mine (NOT), binds with several-fold higher affinity and > 250-fold selectivity for 5-HTlD versus 5-HTlA receptors. Preliminary function- al studies reveal NOT to be a 5-HTlD agonist. Investigation of structure-affinity relationships is currently underway. INFLUENCE OF AMINE SUBSTITUENTS ON 5-HT2A VERSUS 5-HT2C SEROTONIN | RECEPTOR BINDING. M. Dukat H. Law,* M. El-Bermawy,* J. De Los Angeles, M. i Teitler,* R.A. Glennon, DepL Med. Chem. MCVWCU, Richmond, VA 23298. Many ligands previously shown to bind at 5-HT2A receptors have now been found to bind with nearly comparable affinity at 5-HT2C receptors. For example, DOB (1 R = Me, R = : H) binds with nearly equal affinity at both populations (Ki = 41 and 70 nM, respectively). We under took an examination of two series of N-substituted compounds (i.e. phenylalkylamines and indolylaUcylamines 1 and 2) in order to identify compounds with greater selectivity. In general, amine substitution decreases receptor affinity; however certain substitution (e.g. 1, R = 4-Br benzyl, R ' = H; 2, R = 4-Br benzyl) results in compounds that bind at 5-HT2A receptors with high affinity (Ki < 1 nM) and with > 100 fold selectivity relative to 5-HT2C binding. PROCEEDINGS 75 EPIBATIDINE: A NEW NICOTINE RECEPTOR LIGAND. Dumas. D.:» Dukat, M.;* May, E;* Glassco, W.;* Martin, B.; Glennon, R.A. Dept. Med. Chem., MCVA^CU; Rich¬ mond, VA 23298. It is speculated that nicotine receptor Ugands might be of therapeutic benefit for the treatment of obesity, anxiety, and memory loss. With the exception of nico¬ tine, few selective high-affinity agents exist. (-)Epibatidine (1), isolated from Ecuadoran frogs, shows stmcturS resemblence to (-)nicotine (2). Molecular modeling studies reveal that the N to N distance in 1 (5.5 A) is greater than that found in 2 (4.9 A). This distance exceeds that previously considered optimal for the nicotine receptor pharmacophore (4.8 ± 0.3 A) by about half a bond length. Neverthe¬ less 1 binds (Ki = 0.025 nM) at [^HJnicotine- labeled receptors with nearly 100-fold higher affinity than 2. Although our studies are still in progress, molecular superimposition and prelim¬ inary results with various structurally modified analogs suggest that it is the conformationally constrained nature of 1 that accounts for its high affinity, and that the nicotine receptor pharmacophore may require re-formulation. SYNTHESIS AND RE-EVALUATION OF A SPURIOUS a RECEPTOR LIGAND. M.B. El-Ashmawy*. S.Ablordeppey*, J.Fischer* and R.A.Glennon. Dept, of Med. Chem., MCVA^CU, Richmond, VA 23298. Sigma (a) receptor ligands have been proposed to be a new class of neurolepticVneuroprotective agents. Recently, we identified phenylethylamines as a common pharmacophore of various a agents and developed a number of high affinity a -selective compounds. Meanwhile, a conformationally-restncted analome of our phenyl¬ ethylamines, 1, was reported by others to be a superpotent o hgand (Ki = 0.075 nM). Because structure-activity relationships (SAR) developed in our laboratory would have forecast this a^ent to be of much poorer affinity, we resynthesized i as well as its individual endo and exo isomers. The low affinity determined for 1 (Ki = 66 nM) is consistent with our SAR and further suggests that the exo form is the higher affinity isomer. DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF SUPERPOTENT a-1 RECEPTOR LIGANDS. M.B. El-Ashmawv , S.Ablordeppey*, A.Ismaiel*, J.Fischer* and R.A.Glennon. Dept of Med. Chem., MCVA^CU, Richmond, VA 23298. Current interest in sigma (a) receptors relates to possible involvement in psychiatric disorders and regulation of motor behavior. Problems hampering o research are tiie lack of high-affinity agents and identification of multiple pop¬ ulations of receptors (aj and 02). We have previously identified phenylethylamine i as the binding pharmacophore of benzomorphans and other o agents. In the present investigation, different phenylalkylamines were designed and evaluated for o j binding, using [^Hjpentazo- cine as radioligand. Most showed higher affinity at a ^ than at "overall a" receptors, e.g. phenylpentylamme 2, Ki = 0.17 nM. Common structure features important for o ^ binding were identified, a possible ligand pharmacophore model has been proposed, and a novel class of superpotent o i agents (Ki < 1 nM) was developed. In fact, the phenylpentylamines represent the highest affinity o | ligands reported to date. ( Supported by MH-45225.) 76 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE STRUCTURE-AFFINITY RELATIONSHIPS OF SIMPLE NICOTINE ANALOGS AT CENTRAL NICOTINE RECEPTORS. M. Dukat", B. Martin*, R.A. Glennon. Dept, of Med. Chem., MCVA^CU, Richmond, VA 23298. Central nicotine receptors are involved in memor}', learning and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimers disease. The development of structure-affinity relationships (SAFIR) for [^H]- nicotine receptor binding should aid the development of novel nicotine agents. Ring open¬ ing of the pyrrolidine ring of (-)nicotme (1; Ki 2 nM) results in retention of, but a reduct¬ ion in, affinity. For example, optimal substitution in 2 is R = Et, R’ = Me (Ki = 30 nM) Lengthening one R chain beyond propyl abolished affinity. Secondary amines were also inactive; aromatic substituted analogs of 2 were of lower affinity than 2. Further study is necessary to complete the formula¬ tion of SAFIR. Development of conforma- tionally restricted analogs are of particular interest to further delineate the bioactive conformation of i. (Supported in part by funds from CIT/TDC.) WHAT DO SEROTONIN RECEPTORS LOOK LIKE: A COMPARISON OF MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF MEMBRANE BOUND RECEPTOR MODELS. J. L. Herndon.* R. B. Westkaemper,* R. A. Glennon. Dept, of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0540. Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors are members of the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein-coupled family of receptors (GPCR) and have been implicated in a variety of central and peripheral functions, making them attractive targets for structural modeling studies. Sequence alignments based on hydrophobicity patterns and helical turn potentials were used to construct 3-dimensional models of the human 5-HT2A receptor using the experimental structure of bacteriorbodopsin as a template. Molecular mechanics minimizations followed by molecular dynamics simulations gave qualitatively different results that depended on the force-field used [Tripos' Maximin2, Tripos' Kollman united atom (Amber3.1), Insight/Discover's cvff]. The best model obtained using this approach is compared to similarly treated models constructed using sequence homology and/or the low resolution experimental structure of bovine rhodopsin as a template. A STRUCTURE-AFFINITY RELATIONSHIP INVESTIGATION OF BENZYLIMIDA- ZOLINES AS 5-HTlD RECEPTOR LIGANDS. H. Law,* M. Dukat,* M. Teitler,* and R.A. Glennon, Dept, of Med. Chem., MCV/VCU, Richmond, VA 23298. 5-HTlD receptors are one of the most recently discovered serotonergic receptors and agents that bind selectively at 5-HTlD receptors may be potential drugs for the treatment of migraine. Unfortunately, there have been few reports of high-affinity selective Ligands. Oxyraetazoline (1, Ki = 1.1 nM), although non-selective, is a very high affinity 5-HTlD ligand. In the present investigation, we prepared a series of oxymetazoline analogs where 1 was systematically abbreviated or modified in such a way that we might deter¬ mine the contribution to 5-HTlD binding of each of the various substituents. In this manner, it might eventually be possible to design agents with greater selectivity. Results suggest that the entire intact molecule is necessary for high affinity. PROCEEDINGS 77 Computer Science EFFICIENCY ISSUES IN DETERMINING DATA EQUIVALENCE OF BINARY SEARCH TREES. Juanita Avila and Rita M. D ' Arcangelis , Department of Computer Science, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401. Binary trees are called equivalent if they have the same topology and the information in corresponding nodes is identical. A recursive algorithm is known to exist which will determine whether two binary trees are equivalent. Binary trees are called ' data-equivalent ' if they have possibly different topologies and yet contain the same data. Research was undertaken to develop iterative, linear time and bounded space algorithms for determining data equivalence of ordinary binary search trees as well as threaded binary search trees. The algorithms developed are presented, and the rationale for the strategy used is discussed. ILLUSTRATING ABSTRACT DATA TYPES USING MICROSOFT VISUAL C++. Tiffany Bond and Rita M. D ' Arcangelis , Department of Computer Science, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401. Microsoft Visual C++ is an object-oriented programming language which contains necessary abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, and inheritance features, plus a Windows-based application development and execution environment. Experiments in combining the built-in classes and object instances with programmer-defined classes and objects have produced a useful tutorial program: an interactive, menu-driven program which illustrates how several important data structures, such as stacks and queues, can be implemented in this language. The program will serve as a practical guide for instructors on implementing abstract data types in an object-oriented environment. The program will also benefit beginning Computer Science students because they will be able to select data types and then observe and affect the behavior of the structures containing those types during program execution. ERROR FREE EDITING USING STED (SYNTAX TEXT EDITOR). Shawn Chambliss, Samone Jones, and Lariy Morell, Dept, of Computer Science, Hampton University, Hampton, Va. 23668. STED is a syntax-directed editor that ensures the user will produce syntactically correct programs by allowing only valid constructs to be entered. STED is novel in that it is language-independent: it can be instructed to check the structure for any programming language. Valid constructs are defined by a BNF-like grammar, augmented to include format rules to describe how the constructs are to be displayed. STED is implemented in Turbo Pascal, using object-oriented programming and runs on a PC. INTELLIGENT LOGIC TUTOR. Yinq Gu & Rhonda Eller, Department of Computer Science, Randolph- Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005. This framework for a tutoring system is designed to help student users with formal logic proofs by incorporating techniques from theoretical works of planning, plan recognition, and plan repair. It adapts a formal Al framework for use in a learning tool with an intelligent user interface. The student may ask the system to do a complete proof, to provide guidance only when needed, or to judge and optimize an established proof. Two types of plans are used by the system: rule plans and strategy plans. Each rule plan sets specifications and grammar for an individual logic rule. Any attempt by the user to apply a logic rule in a syntactically incorrect manner results in temporary suspension of proof construction until the error is corrected by the user with help from the system. Strategy plans encode relationships between sets of formal logic rules, developed from analyzing the strategy used by humans in construction of correct, optimal proofs. Each line in the user's proof will be assigned a weight. Weights reflect the similarities in the user's proof and the system's view of the optimal proof, the system's recognition of the correctness of the user's partially constructed proof, and the system's confidence in the rules applied to create the user's proof. In cases when proof repair becomes necessary, the line with the lowest weight is first considered for removal. Next, all descendent-lines derived from it are removed. Unlike the traditional Al resolution theorem proving approach where dependency backtracking is widely used, our system builds proofs with the forward¬ chaining technique which starts from the premises and attempts to reach the desired goal state. By this method, we can effectively model the direction of the human student's thought processes and thus provide advice to the student about what went wrong or could be optimized in his/her particular proof. 78 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE IDENTIFICATION AND REMOVAL OF HIDDEN SURFACES FROM THREE DIMEN- SIGNAL OBJECTS. Laura A. Keiner and Marsha Zaidman, Department of Computer Science, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401. Hidden surface removal is an essential process to render realistic images on a graphics system. Many algorithms exist to remove surfaces, which vary depending upon the particular appli¬ cation. HP Starbase is the graphics package available at MWC , which contains procedures to implement the Z-buffer algorithm to solve this problem. While the Z-buffer effectively handles most graphical situations, the amount of memory used to set up the buffer is immense. Each element of the buffer represents the depth of a particular pixel. The system at MWC does not support the Z-buffer. Therefore, hidden surface removal must be accom¬ plished without the help of HP Starbase' s predefined procedures. An alternative solution is using a depth sorting method such as the painter's algorithm. Backface surfaces are first removed by examining the direction of the polygon's normal vector. Then, the remaining polygons are sorted and drawn according to their depth on the screen. Education PROJECT SCIENCE AT DSLCC — PHASE II. H. S. Adams and J. S. Barnes*, D. S. Lancaster Cmnty. Col., Clifton Forge, VA 24422. During its second year, full and part-time faculty at Dabney S. Lancaster Community College continued to develop and incorporate modules into their courses to help students in the areas of: (1) overcoming deficiencies in science knowledge; (2) increasing positive attitudes toward science; and (3) developing critical thinking skills. In all, over thirty percent of the DSLCC faculty (including some part-time faculty who teach dual enrollment courses) have participated in developing modules during the two years of our program. Modules were developed in anatomy and physiology, nutrition, economics, business law, history, and general biology this past year. Additionally, three films were shown and nine speakers from various disciplines presented public programs for students and general public alike with attendance averaging around 100 persons (primarily students) . These speakers also conducted classroom presentations for specific disciplines generally outside their area of expertise. Post-test assessment results are not yet complete, but general response to the program by both students and faculty has been very positive. (Supported in part by funds provided by the State Council on Higher Education in Virginia.) PARTNERSHIP FOR EXCELLENCE: A MODEL FOR AUTHOR VISITATION PROGRAM. Krishan M. Aarawal. Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806 and Wallace O. Pendleton. Jr. . Chesterfield County Schools, Chesterfield, VA 23832. A description of how a school system, local book store, and a publisher of science books work together to foster student interest in science. An author of a current popular science book is invited to visit school classrooms to present topics covered in his or her book to the students. The author later participates in a panel discussion attended by a larger audience, which includes students who have read the book, educators, and scientists. The panel discussion covers a broader range of topics, including the current status of research in the related field. PROCEEDINGS 79 CHANGING ASSESSMENT METHODS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE (V-QUEST) . Eurice J. Pawley. Norview M.S., 6325 Sewells Point Road, Norfolk, VA 23513, & Emily Pugh, Noryiew M.S., 6325 Sewells Point Road, Norfolk, VA 23513. Some conyentional assessment methods are not the best measurement tools to test for mastery of objectives taught or skills learned. For too many years, the only assessment instruments used by many teachers on a regular basis have been multiple choice tests, matching, completion, or tests structured to give a single "right" answer. Too often effort is unrewarded. Science laboratory activities are difficult to assess. Grading is perceived as one of the most painful components of the educational act for teachers and students. It does not have to be that way. Many teachers of science and mathematics want to identify alternative assessment procedures to use. There are several initial changes that can be made to existing measurement instruments with relative ease. These changes will afford us opportunities to identify behaviors and skills used to formulate and execute a plan to organize data and describe the solution set. PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF UNDERGRADUATE SCIENCE FACULTY TOWARD SCIENCE TEACHING: ESTABLISHING A BASELINE FOR THE INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION PROJECT (V-QUEST). Susan C. Eriksson . Dept. Geological Sciences and Virginia Tech Museum of Natural History, and George E. Glasson, College of Education; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061. Faculty teaching introductory science courses were interviewed in order to assess attitudes and perceptions about their own teaching, the students and how their courses should be changed. Although several positive attitudes were voiced (satisfaction in teaching, 'getting through' to a few students, and some changing techniques in teaching over the years), faculty mainly expressed feelings of frustration in teaching large sections, little pedagogical training in their careers, and pressure to compromise standards. They felt students are not conscientious, expect teachers to be entertainers, are disruptive and don't get intellectually involved in their courses. Faculty also expressed interest in teaching in smaller sections, relating laboratoiy experiences more closely to lectures, and improving the pedagogical skills of teaching assistants. PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF UNDERGRADUATE SCIENCE STUDENTS TOWARD SCIENCE: ESTABLISHING A BASELINE FOR THE INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION PROJECT (V-QUEST). George E. Glasson. College of Education, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0313, & Susan Eriksson, Dept, of Geol. Sciences, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0420. In an effort to assess the perceptions and attitudes of pre-service teachers toward undergraduate science courses, fourteen students were interviewed. Of these students, three were pre-service elementary teachers, seven were pre-service middle school science teachers, and four were pre¬ service high school science teachers. The following themes emerged from the interviews: (1) lecture classes are too large and impersonal; (2) lecture and lab classes are disjointed; (3) lab classes are "cookbook" rather than investigative; (4) students learn more in upper level lab classes with investigative approach; (5) information presented is unrelated to real world problems; (6) more interdisciplinary approach needed for science programs; (7) too much emphasis on multiple-choice tests; (8) women should be encouraged in science; (9) many graduate teaching assistants not qualified to teach; and (10) teaching is not a priority for professors. 80 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ENCOURAGING QUESTION ASKING AND WRITING IN THE SCIENCE CLASSROOil Kenneth Lawwi 1 1 , Chantilly High School, Fairfax Co. Public schools; Thoma s Teates , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0313. Student apathy towards science may be reduced by allowing more ownership of the topics. Permitting students to ask their questions and seek their answer should contribute more to long term than just emphasising the questions the teacher or text believe are important. Literacy requires asking. Several techniques to encourage questioning, including student writing schemes, will be discussed. Allowing students more opportunities to individualize their learning and expression can contibute to more meaningful construction of knowledge . INVESTIGATING HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR SCIENCE EDUCATION-INITIAL VQUEST STUDY. Woodv McKenzie. Southwest Va. Governor’s Sch., Dublin, Va. and Dr. George Glasson, Div. of Curriculum and Instruction, Va. Poly- technic Inst & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA . Students from two high schools were interviewed in an open- ended format both singly and in small groups to gain insight into their perceptions of their science education. Seven topics were addressed including important memories/experiences, science literacy, goals, and the relevance of their education to their world outside school. Interviews were transcribe and the data was systematically explored. Ability to self-evaluate was noted as a factor limiting the richness of students’ responses in some cases; however, some students were capable of in-depth critical evaluation of their educational experiences. From this data, it was concluded that these particular students view their science education as not related to their outside school world, but as important preparation for their future. They perceive motivated, competent teachers as more important to learning than the specific course material. They have Utde conscious memory of science courses before freshman year. Most believe their earth science course was not worthwhile. Evidence of reform was noted in students’ experiences with an open-ended physics laboratory. A BLINDING REFORM: A HISTORICAL LOOK AT LABORATORY AND INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS IN LATE 19TH CENTURY AMERICA, Pamela C. Turpin, Dept, of Chem., Roanoke College, Salem, Va. 24153-3794. One hundred years ago, a reform agenda of science educators in the United States was the institution of the laboratory method of science instruction into public schools. Seen as the ideal instructional method for science teaching, this reform initiative seemed to impact adversely on considerations and implementation of other alternatives to reform science teaching in secondary schools during the late-nineteenth century. It seems that this new and different instructional method appeared so bright and right to late-nineteenth century science educators that its aura overpowered, overshadowed, stifled and blinded reformers to other creative suggestions and recommendations that were not at the forefront of the reform movement. The overwhelming support of science educators for the laboratory method acted to inhibit implementation of other alternative means of instruction at the secondary level. One victim of this blinding reform was interdisciplinary methods and courses in secondary school science. I refer to this type of reform as a blinding reform. . PROCEEDINGS 81 PERSPECTIVES ON COLLABORATION IN AN STS L.ANDFILL RESTORATION PROJECT: SCIENTIST. CLASSROOM TEACHER, AND RESEARCHER. Beatrice Taylor & Mara Sabre, Depts. of Educ. and Biol. , Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ. , Blacksburg, Va. John Kowalski, Roanoke Vaiiey Cjov. Seri., Rbanoke, Va. 24015. Being a part of a community involves the identification of community problems and negotiating solutions that contribute to the public good. The closing of the Roanoke Regional Landfill and the building of a spur across it to Virginia's Explore Park constitutes such a community problem. Students at the Roanoke Valley Governor’s School participated in a study in which they studied the problems of opening, maintaining and closing landfills. They took field trips to the old landfill, the new one under construction, and Explore Park. Guest lecturers also visited the school. Using this information, students generated experiments using seeds that are being considered for use on the closed landfill. This was a year long study in which the classroom teacher, the scientist, and the researcher planned and taught collaboratively. They share insights on how the scientist and researcher become a team with the teacher and students. The students culminated this unit by sharing results with representatives from the landfill authority, the board of supervisors, and Explore Park. (Supported by DuPont and Mobil Education Programs and the Roanoke Solid Waste Mgt. Brd.) THE BREADTH OF SCIENTIFIC LITERACY - SOME EXPERIENCES AND ACTIVITIES THAT ILLUSTRATE THE NEED FOR SCIENCE CURRICULUM REFORM Thomas G. Teates. Div. of Curriculum and Instruction, Va. Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061; Kenneth S. Lawwill, Chantilly High School, Chantilly, VA 22021. Science teachers, science educators, and scientists do not recognize their groups' lack of "literacy." Expertise in one endeavor among the many in science does not constitute "literacy." Rather than mastery of a superficial body of facts, "literacy" need s to be encouraged as the goal that requires both being capable of understanding and the desire to try to keep on learning about our environment. To restrict one's learning to a field of specialty is to ensure one's loss of literacy. Education, including that in science, needs to prepare and challenge students at all levels to continue their informal, general learning about the environment. Environmental Science METHANE EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SAGITTARIA GRAMINEA, MICHX., ARROWHEAD, UNDER ENRICHED ATMOSPHERIC COj. Kelly M. Alexander. K.E. Brunke* and G.J. Whiting*, Dept, of Biol., Chem., and Envir. Sci., Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News, VA 23606. Atmospheric CO2 levels are expected to double by the mid-21st century. Elevated atmospheric CO2 is known to significantly affect plant physiological functioning, which may impact the soil microbes that metaboiically produce methane. To date, best estimates suggest that wetland plants and agricultural rice contribute 40-50% of the total methane emitted to the atmosphere each year. We tested the hypothesis that increasing atmospheric CO2 would translate into higher methane production and emission by measuring below ground concentrations and above ground emissions associated with Sagittaria graminea under ambient and two times ambient CO2. Results suggest a positive correlation between increased atmospheric C02and increased methane production and emission. These results imply greater contributions of methane to the atmosphere from these sources under future projected atmospheric CO2 levels. 82 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ISOLATION OF KEROSENE-DEGRADING BACTERIA FROM KEROSENE- CONTAMINATED SOIL. Keitha M . Datt ilo and Lynn O. Lewis, Dept, of Biological Sciences, Mary Washington Col., Fredericksburg, VA 22401-5358. In 1989, a rupture in a kerosene pipeline caused contami¬ nation of 17,000 yd^ of soil near the Rappahannock River above Fredericksburg. The soil has been stored in a large, covered mound since that time. Core samples were collected from sever¬ al locations within the mound, and all soil samples were mixed for inoculation into a minimal medium with 0.05% yeast extract and kerosene as the carbon sources. On the first attempt to isolate organisms, many motile rods and a possible cyanobacte- rial species were found. When plated on T-soy agar (TSA) or minimal salts agar (MSA), five characteristic colonies, ranging from filamentous to typical bacterial -type , were evident. A second isolation trial is underway using kerosene as the sole carbon source. Preliminary plating on TSA has revealed four distinct colonies of rod-shaped bacteria. Currently, identifi¬ cation of all isolated microbes is being pursued. A GREENHOUSE STUDY TO DEVELOP SEEDING RATES ON DISTURBED SOILS: A CASE STUDY OF A LANDFILL AND TWO MINE SITES. Ken Hye r . Mara Sabre, and John Cairns, Jr. Univ. Ctr. for Environmental and Haiiardous Materials Studies, Va. Polytechnic Inst, u State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 21060. Topsoil from three disturbed sites and a control soil was., used to conduct greenhouse germinatioii tests on monocots and dicots that were either native to Virginia, or common in revegetation projects. The data generated were to be used to recalculate seeding rates on re vegetation projects, helping to assure adequate coverage. Variability in percent germination of species between the four soil types was large. Also, the species often deviated from the distributors' published .germination rates. Results from soil analyses established no relationship between the soil and the observed germination rate. Germination studies using appropriate soil provides a more acceptable method of determining a seeds eripected percent germination than either the distributor's reported percent germination or a soil analysis. A short-term greenhouse germination study is an inexpensive yet informative method of developing appropriate in-field seeding rates on restoration projects. MACROINVERTEBRATES OF ACCIDENTAL WETLANDS ON SURFACE MINED AREAS OF SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA— PRELIMINARY RESULTS. David H. Jones. R.B. Atkinson, J. Cairns, Jr., Univ. Ctr for Environmental and Hazardous Materials Studies, VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Surface mining in Southwest Virginia prior to the passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA, P.L. 95“87) has resulted in the formation of accidental wetlands. Macroinvertebrate inventories of nine accidental wetlands were made in July and September 1993 using three replicate sweeps of a D-frame net. Species richness was compared to water chemical parameters, physical parameters, water depth and fluctuation, and macrophyte richness and biomass. Results indicate that drawdown variations, conductivity, and maximum depth influence macroinvertebrate species richness. All orders of aquatic insects were present except Plecoptera. A total of 53 taxa was identified. These findings are being used in the development of design specifications for wetlands to be constructed in surface mine reclamation. PROCEEDINGS 83 ADSORPTION BEHAVIOR ON IRON OXIDE AND ALUMINA., ESHETE MATTHEWOS S W.H. LEUNG Dept, of Chemistry, Hampton Univ. , Hampton, VA 23668. Adsorption phenanena play an important role in the aquatic system. It has been shown that metal¬ lic oxides show various degree of adsoiption to different trace constituents like Humic acid, metals, and phosphate at different pH. Extended experimen¬ tal investigation of these metallic oxides to systems containing more than one potential adsorbate can give understanding unattainable fran single adsorbate laboratory model. We have been investigating Humic acid adsorption on iron oxide and aluminum oxide in the presence and absence of phenol or Cu at different pH. Results suggest that the presence of phenol does not have significant effect on the adsorption of Humic acid on alumina while the presence of Cu found to facilitate the adsorption of Humic acid. The results of these adsorption experiments carried out at both pH 6 & 8 could be fitted to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. EFFECTS OF WATERSHED URBANIZATION ON STREAM FISH COMMUNITIES IN PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY, VIRGINIA. Donald R. Morgan. Dept, of Biol., George Mason Univ., Fairfax Va. 22030, D.P. Kelso, Dept, of BioL, George Mason Univ., Fairfax Va. 22030, & R.C. Jones, Dept, of Biol., George Mason Univ., Fairfax Va. 22030. Prince William County Va. possesses three watersheds, Neabsco, Powells and Quantico each affected by vastly different levels of development. These watersheds offer a unique opportunity to assess the negative impacts on streams, associated with increased urbanization. To evaluate the impact of such urbanization, this study incorporates an index of biological integrity (IBI) as the principal component of the analysis. The IBI integrates twelve metrics of stream fish assemblages for assessing stream quality. Relationships among sites were also explored using principal component analyses (Correlation matrix) on fish abundance and presence-absence data. The results indicate major differences in IBI scores among sampling stations were related to watershed area. Sites in smaller watersheds show great biotic similarity, while substantial differences were observed among sites in larger watersheds. Sites in Large watersheds showed little difference in IBI scores between the suburbanized Neabsco and the forested reference watershed Quantico Creek. Stream passage through riparian parkland resulted in increased IBI scores. Sites located below BMP's had IBI scores that ranged from high to low. High IBI values were associated with favorable habitat conditions found below many wet ponds, while a low score was associated with a degraded stream reach below several dry ponds. REMOVAL OF WATERBORNE RADON BY REVERSE OSMOSIS AND ACTIVATED CHARCOAL Douglas Mose and George Mushrush, Department of Chemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030. Reverse osmosis is a process by which water is forced under a pressure sufficient to overcome osmotic pressure through a semipermeable membrane, leaving behind imputities. Removal effectivess for dissolved ionic ans suspended impurities is typically above 90%. A two year study in a home with waterborne (well water) radon of @4000 pCi/1 shows that the reverse osmosis unit removes almost all of the radon (90%+). In contrast, experiments using activated charcoal in the same home can with some types of charcoal initially show a 90%+ radon reduction, but the re¬ moval effectiveness decreases monthly, to @50% after two years. Also, the gamma radiation levels quickly increase outside of the activated charcoal tank, and could pose health problems. Although the cost of a reverse osmosis unit (@$2000) greatly exceeds similar capacity activated charcoal units (@$500), the advantages of lower waterborne radon, more easily re¬ placed components and no gamma-ray health problem suggest that the reverse osmosis method of radon removal has a lower, cost/benefit ratio that the activated charcoal method. 84 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE THE EFFECTS OF DIMILIN’ APPLICATIONS ON FOREST FLOOR LITTER ARTHROPOD POPULATIONS IN PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY, VA. Larry L. Rockwood and Kim Largen, Dept, of Biol., George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA. 22030. Dif lubenzuron (Dimilin'') has been used to suppress gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations in Prince William County since 1986. A chitin inhibitor, Dimilin, has no effect on plants or vertebrates, but may pose a threat to non-target arthropods. To determine if leaf -litter arthropods are affected, ten plots were established in each of three forested areas (30 total plots) in western Prince William and eastern Fauquier Counties in 1992. Including 1992, the Prince William sites had been sprayed for 3 and 5 consecutive years. The Fauquier (control) site has never been sprayed. Leaf litter was collected on 1 pre-spray and 5 post-spray dates. Arthropods were extracted using Berlese funnels and sorted to order. Mean absolute abundance and mean relative abundance were analyzed with ANOVA after appropriate transformations. Results show no consistent trends. Mean absolute abundance of total arthropods for control versus spray sites was not significantly different except for one post-spray date, in which the 5-year spray site had a significantly larger mean than the control site. Although some taxonomic groups have significantly lower mean absolute abundances on spray plots for occasional pre- and post¬ spray dates, other taxonomic groups actually have higher means on sprayed plots. At present, spraying with Dimilin shows no detectable effects on litter arthropods. EFFECTS OF WATEI^HED URBANIZATION ON STREAM MACROBENTHOS IN PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY, VA. Steve Winesett , Donald Morgan, R. Christian Jones, Biology Department, George Mason Univ., Fairfax, Va. 22030. Macroinvertebrate stream conmunities were used to asses the impacts of stormwater runoff and si±)urban nonpoint pollution in three watersheds of varying development in Prince William County Va. Samples were collected using kick nets at predetermined sites during May and June. Macroinvertebrate ratings were calculated using the EPA bioassessment protocol II and site relationships were conpared using Principal Ct)mponent analysis (PCA). Results showed that macroinvertebrate conmunities were influenced by both watershed area and level of disturbance fron suburban activities. PCA using abundance data for insect families occurring at more than 5 stations showed that the most impacted watersheds were of small size and occupied a tight cluster indicating similarity with one another. Larger watersheds exhibited clear differences associated with degree of suburban developnent with the most degraded sites being located in the highly developed Ne^sco creek basin. Geography SPATIAL DISTREBUnON OF HISPANICS IN THE CITY OF HARRISONBURG, VA. Amy B. Cohen and Dominic Pisciotta. Dept, of Geography, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, Va. 22807. While extensive studies have been made into the location of minorities in large cities, the distribution of Hispanics in non-metropohtan cities has been largely ignored. This study uses U.S. Bureau of Census population data for Harrisonburg to locate groups of Flispanics within the city. The income statistics from the census were used to identify spatial distribution of Hispanics according to their incomes. Substantial numbers of Hispanics were found in approximately ten of the twenty-four block groups comprising Harrisonburg. The per capita income for these block groups is generally lower than that of the city as a whole, and the income of Hispanics is significantly lower than that of the general population. Because little information is currently available and because of the disparity in income levels between Hispanics and the general population, more extensive studies must be made in non-metropolitan cities. PROCEEDINGS 85 THREE TECHNIQUES OF IMAGE MERGING: LANDSAT THEMATIC MAPPER AND SPOT PANCHROMATIC DATA. Warren Crowder and William Kane*. Dept, of Geography, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807. The High Frequency Merge, IHS2RGB, and a composite of the two methods are discussed. Our goal was to maintain the spectral characteristics of the TM data (30 x 30 meter pixel size) while adding the spatial characteristics of the SPOT Panchromatic data (10 x 10 meter pixel size). In our study the High Frequency method provides the best images for interpretation. Our training site, Winchester, Virginia, provided a balanced sample in agriculture, forest and urban settings to make good comparison between each of the methods. Overheads and handouts will be used in the presentation. TECHNOLOGY TRAINING METHODS: AN UPDATE. Glen C. Gustafson. Dept, of Geography, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, Va. 22807. Some of the basic methods of computer technology training for undergraduate college students are discussed and evaluated. The training methods are appropriate for such tasks as: video digitizing hard¬ copy aerial photography, using tablet digitizers on maps and airphotos, digital photogrammetric plotting, digital mapping from satellite imagery, and digital image enhancement. The most useful training methods in this environment have been found to be: demonstrating the software with an LCD projection panel, providing flow diagrams for the processing steps, and using an example session listing to get the student through his or her first run of the program. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE RIPARIAN ZONE OF THE SOUTH FORK OF THE SHENANDOAH RIVER, VA. Matthew J. Humke and Dr. Jack Gentile. Dept, of Geography, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807. Various methods have been used to measure the environmental quality of riparian zones, but the most effective has been the Environmental Impact Assessment Inventory, which selects certain environmental variables (i.e. slope, vegetation type, water quality) and assess each individually. The objective of this study was to develop an inventory unique to the riparian zone of the South Fork of the Shenandoah River located near Elkton, VA. Eleven environmental variables were selected, placed into one of four classes, and assigned a impact value with larger values indicating high environmental impact and lesser values indicating little or no environmental impact. Once completed, the eleven variable values were added, with the final value indicating the environmental "quality" of the area. The developed inventory was then applied to two homogenous branches of the river. TOWARDS THE PREDICTION OF BURGLARIES IN HARRISONBURG, VIRGINIA Stephen E. Wright, Dept, of Geol. & Geog., James Madison Univ., Harrisonbuig, Va. 22807. The purpose and problem of this pif>er was to examine whether variables used to i»edict burglaries in laige and medium size cities were adequate predictors of buiglaries in small town Harrisonbing, Viigjnia. Buigjaiy data for 1990 were provided by the Hanisonbuxg city police. Social-economic data were acquired from the United States 1990 Census of Population and Housing. The population consisted of 225 reported burglaries for the year 1990. In order to measure die concurrent effects of the nine selected independent variables on one dependent variable (Burglaries), the regression anafysis technique was chosen. The results indicated that, individually, the most significant jn-edictor of Harrisonbuig bursaries were residence in 1985, median year structure was built and median family income (their beta coefiScient were 0.0124, 0.0185, and 0.0207 respectively, significant at p,< 0.05). 86 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Geology NIOBIUM AND TANTALUM DISTRIBUTION IN COLUMBITE - TANTALITE FROM THE MOREFIELD PEGMATITE, AMELIA, VIRGINIA. J. M. Avers. Dept, of Geol./Geog., James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. 22807. Samples of columbite - tantalite from the Morefield Pegmatite in Amelia county, Virginia were analyzed for Ta, Nb, Mn, Ti, Fe and Sn. One hundred and twenty samples were examined for elemental zoning and compositional variation. The samples were collected from 49 sites along the 65.9 meters of pegmatite exposed at the 60 foot mine level. The analyses shows a relationship of Ta to Mn, Ti and Sn. Niobium also shows a correlation with Fe. Greater chemical variation occurs in the NE section of the pegmatite; the SW section is typified by less variation. The samples tend to be more chemically homogenous. Tin occurs only in the NE section which coincides with a marked increase in Ti. The samples tend to be more Ta rich near the quartz core and more Nb rich away from the core. POTENTIOMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS ON A TRAVERSE NEAR THE NORTH RIVER. Rachel L. Callahan. Michael L. Maloy. Dept, of Geology and Geography, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807. A preliminary study examined selected marginal wetland soils for their relationships between a fluctuating water table, soil type, and geomorphology. Eleven piezometers were installed and monitored on ancient floodplains and terraces of the North River in Rockingham County, Virginia. Examination of soil classifications, gradation analyses slug tests and recorded rainfall data have yielded the following theories: 1) Sandy soils have a greater value of hydraulic conductivity than soils with a high clay content. 2) The water table responds more quickly to moisture in a sandy soil than a clayey soil. 3) Location of mottling and manganese concretions in clayey soils corresponds to the existence of a water table. 4) Cumulative rainfall for the rainy season directly influences values of hydraulic head. CREATIVE WRITING: A TEACHING AND LEARNING TOOL IN INTRODUCTORY GEOLOGY. Roseann J. Carlson, Debra F. Duffy and Samuel L. McKay, Geophysical Sciences Department, Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Cres. Va . Beach, Va . 23456. Recently TCC faculty members from several disciplines participated in a State funded project known as "Writing to Learn" (WTL) . The participants integrated writing as a learning tool into traditionally taught lectures. Writing assignments were evaluated on content alone and took the form of letters to classmates or instructors, poems, journals, summaries and test questions. Creative writings such as these when incorporated into introductory geology lectures have proven useful in helping students discover and articulate difficult geologic concepts. A study conducted in Fall of ' 93 compared a traditionally taught physical geology lecture class to a lecture class using WTL assignments. Results indicated the WTL lecture class increased in the number of C to B grades over the traditionally taught lecture class. Student evaluations and comments concerning these assignments tend to be positive. This suggests that creative writing can have an impact when used in the introductory lecture class. PROCEEDINGS 87 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND RETENTION OF A HYDROCARBON FUEL IN SOILS. Roger E. Decker & Dr. W. Cullen Sherwood. Dept, of Geology, James Madison Univ. , Harrisonburg, VA 22807. The potential exists for many groundwater sources to become contaminated by liquid hydrocarbon products. The movement of these fluids through unsaturated soil is a complex process and many aspects are poorly understood. An experimental model is presented which analyzes mobility of diesel fuel in two common western Virginia soils. A sandy soil (Millrock Series) and a clay soil (Frederick series) were tested for gravitational saturation and hydraulic conductivity under varying soil moisture conditions. An increase in both saturation rates and hydraulic conductivity of the soils tested was found to be directly related to an increase in moisture content. It is concluded that the increased velocity of fuel movement is related to the lack of adsorption of the hydrocarbon to soil mineral surfaces when water is present. Water, due to its substantially higher dipole moment apparently adheres to the mineral surfaces and acts to facilitate the movement of hydrocarbon liquids through the system. ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON STREAM PIRACY IN A SMALL WATER¬ SHED IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS, L Scott Eaton. Dept, of Geology and Geography, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807. Wolf Creek river basin, located in northeastern Alexander County, Illinois, has undergone a series of rapid geomorphic changes related to anthropogenic activities such as stream channelization, logging, and intense farming practices. Studies of aerial photographs indicate that a tributary of Wolf Creek was lengthened by 25% (350 m) between the years of 1938 and 1956 by a combination of headward erosion and stream piracy. A 2.0 m knickpoint in the tributary charmel, migrating upstream at a rate of 7.9 m/yr, marks a geomorphic transition between the upper and lower reaches of the tributary. Above the knickpoint, channel widths (5.3 m) and depths (1.1 m) are small, whereas below the knickpoint, the channel is substantially wider (7.4 m) and deeper (1.8 m). The current incision of the tributary probably reflects headward erosion initiated where the mouth of the incipient channel spilled off the floodplain surface at the confluence of the deeper main channel of Wolf Creek. LAND CLASSIFICATION OF THE JAMES RIVER EACE REVEALS THE EEEECTS OF PAST CLIMATES ON THE BLUE RIDGE. Quinn T. Kilev and David J. Harbor, Dept, of Geology, Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, Va. 24450. The surficial deposits and geomorphic processes in the James River Eace Wilderness Area (JREW) in the Jefferson National Forest, Va. form the basis of a successful land classification. The occurrence of coarse colluvium is strongly controlled by outcrops of resistant quartzite and granodiorite within the folded Blue Ridge complex. The morphology of the deposits, especially talus, varies in the degree of soil and vegetation cover, and the degree and process of erosion. Mapped units of open talus occur primarily on south and southwest facing slopes where soil and vegetation are less easily developed. These conditions, plus incision of debris flow fans, indicate the response to change of climate and climate- controlled erosional processes from periglacial to fluvially dominated. (Funded jointly by Washington & Lee University and the USFS.) 88 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE THE USE OF HYDRIC SOTI, FOR WETLAND IDENTIFICATION. T.S. McDonald. Geol. and Geog. Dept., James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807. The concept of hydric soil is a relatively recent development, but in the past hydromorphic terms were used to describe saturated soils. Hydric soils are seen as saturated for sufficient periods during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper horizons. Reducing or anaerobic conditions are necessary for a soil to be considered hydric and usually take about two weeks to develop. Reducing conditions are necessary for soil modifiers or indicators to develop, the most important being mottling and gleization. However, there are some problems using indicators to identify hydric soils. Hydric soil criteria are changing with time and recent additions have increased the necessary saturation time for a soil to be considered hydric. Consequently, even though it is recognized that soils are important aspects of wetland areas they are still largely overlooked in wetland identification. Priority needs at this time are clearly defined criteria for the identification of hydric soils and more data on the time factor required for hydric soils and their indicators to form. When these needs are met better classifications systems can be developed for wetland identification. SOILS AND SEDIMENTS IN HIGH-LEVEL TERTIARY ALLUVIUM, GHOLSONVILLE, VIRGINIA. G. Richard Whittecar, Nancv K. Pontier. P.B. Corrigan*, S.W. Herman*, P.N. Henderson*, J.V. Gravette*, and P.A. Luchetti*, Dept, of Geol. Sci., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Virginia 23529. The uplands along the divide between the Meherrin and the Roanoke Rivers in Brunswick County, Virginia contain irregular, broad remnants of a low-relief, deeply weathered landscape. Along that divide on VA Rt. 611 4.0 km west of Gholsonville, a 4 meter deep roadcut exposes two sedimentary units and a saprolite. Both sediment bodies are interpreted as alluvium based upon the presence of subrounded quartz pebbles and subangular quartz sand throughout. The entire profile contains abundant amounts of illuviated clay (up to 45%) that obliterate sedimentary structures. The silty saprolite and the lower alluvial unit (2.1 m thick) contain strongly developed reticulate mottling and in-situ plinthite with soil colors ranging from lOR to 5YR. The upper alluvium (1.75 m thick) contains rounded ironstone (reworked plinthite) gravel and soil colors from 5YR to lOYR. Rounding of quartz sand in the 1 and 3 phi size ranges increases somewhat upwards throughout the entire profile. A concentration of gravel (mostly ironstone) in the uppermost 30 cm may be a surficial lag recently mixed by plowing. All observations are consistant with a late Tertiary age (Miocene?) for the lower fluviad deposit that was deeply weathered and subsequently reworked by a younger (Plio-Pleistocene?) stream. USE OF FRACTALS IN GEOLOGY. John E. Sander. Dept, of Geol. and Geog., James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, Va. 22807. Mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot developed the fractal concept from the ideas of earlier mathematicians such as Peano and von Koch. Fractals have found application in many disciplines, including recently those of the geological sciences. For purposes of application in geology, a fractal may be defined as an object that scales in such a manner that a part of it, when magnified, is indistinguishable from the whole. Some specific applications in geology include analysis of the shape of river meanders, analysis of the trace of large faults such as the San Andreas, and measurement of the distribution of sinkholes in karst regions. The ruler method and the box-counting method are the techniques most widely used in the geological sciences to determine fractal dimension. Although the fractal dimension of a geologic object can usually be readily determined, a challenge lies in correlating this dimension with a specific geologic cause. PROCEEDINGS 89 SAND FRACTION STUDIES OF AN UPLAND ALLUVIAL CAPPING IN APPOMATTOX COUNTY, VA. Matthew Scott & W. C. Sherwood, Dept, of Geol. and Geog., James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, Va. 22807. Recent soils mapping in Appomattox and nearby counties has identified an extensive upland alluvial capping ranging from 0 to over 2 meters in thickness. In an attempt to determine the origin of this deposit, a total of 15 samples were taken from the alluvium and underlying residuum at three test sites. Wet sieving of the samples was carried out using a phi scale of #5, #10, #18, #35, #60, #120, and #230 sieves. All samples were found to contain high percentages of fine sand and -230 material. However, samples from the A soil horizon of the capping contained high percentages of coarse material in the phi -2 and -1 range. This coarse fraction appears to armor the capping and retard erosion. From the lab data sample mean, sorting, and skewness values were calculated. These were compared to modem beach and fluvial sands. This comparison yielded inconclusive results. Additional research involving grain rounding and hea\7 minerals is recommended. ORANGEBURG SOILS AND PLIOCENE SEA LEVELS, DINWIDDIE COUNTY, VIRGINIA. G. Richard Whittecar. D.L. Rasmussen*, M.D. Zamkotowicz*, S.Y. Boyd*, A.T. Hoffmeister*, and B.C. Comstock*, Dept, of Geol. Sci., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Vir. 23529. In Dinwiddie, Hanover, and Brunswick counties in southeastern Virginia, the Orangeburg soil series occurs on high level Coastal Plain terraces between the Chippenham and Broad Rock scarps, a belt mapped as the near-shore equivalent of the Pliocene Yorktown formation. The Orangeburg soil, a Typic Paleudult, contains a thick argillic subsoil that commonly has two color zones. At one 180 cm deep excavation examined in detail in Dinwiddie County, the upper "orange" (7.5YR) argillic zone contains numerous rounded pebble-size rip-up clasts of the lower "red" (2. SYR) argillic horizon, thus indicating the color break marks a disconformity that truncates a significant weathering profile. The sand fraction throughout the profile is a very uniform coarse-to-medium sand (0.25-0.28 phi, average) comprised of quartz with as much as 14% heavy minerals. Grain roundness in both the 1 and 3 phi samples decreases upwards through the profile with no discemable changes at the erosional boundary. These data suggest that a significant period of subaerial weathering occurred at this site prior to a transgression that reworked the upper portion of the soil profile. Geomorphic and pedologic features suggest that this relatively brief(?) event occurred during the Late Pliocene. SEDIMENTS OF GUNSTON COVE, POTOMAC RIVER, VIRGINIA. Anita A. Williams . Dept, of Geography and Earth Systems Science, George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA 22030. Gunston Cove is a tidal embayment on the Virginia side of the Potomac River. It is approximately 5 km long, 1-2 km wide, and up to 2 m deep; mean tidal range is 60 cm. The cove is underlain by Cretaceous strata of the Coastal Plain. Its two upstream drainage basins, Accotink and Pohick Creeks, have their headwaters in the Piedmont. Sediment cores of 25 to 50 cm in length have been taken in the cove. After initial description in the field, cores were sampled and analyzed for grain size, organic content, and general mineralogy; some clay minerals identified by X-Ray diffraction. Preliminary results indicate that surface sediments predominantly are mud except along the cove's southern shoreline where they are sand and at its northern shore where they are clay. Generally, the sediments coarsen with depth. These initial findings suggest that Gunston Cove contains an ancient microtidal meander zone facies that has been overlain by the present-day estuary funnel facies. This change implies a relative rise in sea level. 90 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Materials Science ANISOTROPIC THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IN ORIENTED POLYMERS. R. Edward Barker. Jr. . Seth J. Wheeler, Jay R. Maddux, Dept, of Materi¬ als Sci. and Engr . , Univ. of Va., Charlottesville, VA 22903-2442, and L.J. Adams, Williams International Co., Walled Lake, MI. Measurements have been made using the de Senarmont method to determine the ratio of thermal conductivities ^11/^22 ^ selection of polymers chosen to illustrate the effect of molecular orientation. The polymers discussed include polypropylene (PP) and poly (ethylene terephthalate) (P.E.T.), both as functions of elongation up to AL/Lq=5 for PP and to 1.1 for PET. Other polymers investigated included polyparaphenylene benzobisthiazole (PBZT) and polyparaphenlylene terephthalamide (PPTA) . Both are lyotrop¬ ic liquid crystalline polymers which form fibrous solids with very high degrees of molecular orientation. ^ll/^22 irid^^^ses approximately as (AL/Lq)^/2, to 2.. 3 for PP at AL/Lq=5 and to 2 . 3 for PET at AL/Lq=1 . 1 . For PBZT and PPTA ^^1/^22 about 5.1 and 8.3, respectively, at 30 ° C . The data will be discussed in terms of the effects of orienta¬ tion on the elastic moduli. IN SITU nOT-ST AGE STUDIES OF INTERFACE DYNAMICS DURING GROWTH AND DISSOLUTION OF G-AbCu {111} PLATES IN AN AL-CU-MG-AG ALLOY William E. Benson* and J. M. Howe*, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia 22903; A. Garg*, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland,OH 44135; Y. C. Chang*, Aeronautical Research Laboratory, Chung -Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C. Complementary conventional and high- resolution in situ hot- stage TEM studies were performed to determine the atomic mechanisms and kinetics of growth of B-AbCu plates with a { 1 1 1 } habit plane in an Al-Cu- Mg-Ag alloy. These studies show that the 0 plates grow by a terrace- ledge-kink mechanism, where the smallest ledges and kinks are one-half of a unit-cell of the 0 phase. The morphology of the plate within the habit plane is obtained by varying the density of kinks along the plate edge, and the plates change from an oval morphology near the solvus temperature to a faceted morphology at a slightly lower temperature by rapid nucleation of kinks along the (1 10) 0 facet and adjustment of the spacings among existing kinks along the periphery. Kinetic analyses of ledge motion indicate that surface diffusion may dominate the growth kinetics of 0 plates which intersect the foil surface in thin foils, while the kinetics are reasonable for a bulk diffusion process in thicker foils or when plates are wholly contained within thin foils. FEASIBILITY OF CATHODICALLY PROTECTING EPOXY-COATED REINFORCING STEEL. D. Stephen Boqnaski and S. Ray Taylor, Dept, of Materials Science, Univ. of Va., Charlottesville, Va . 22903; Gerardo G. Clemeha, Va. Transportation Res. Council. Recent studies have documented that corrosion is occurring in bridge decks which utilize epoxy-coated reinforcing bars. This is often attributed to chloride contamination from road salts or marine environments and can be both aesthetically and structurally problematic, since the reinforcement's corrosion products create internal stresses which can ultimately lead to cracking of the concrete. Work is in progress to assess cathodic protection (CP) as a means of suppressing corrosion, so to prevent further deterior¬ ation and extend the service life of decks at risk. The focus of this work is to examine the feasibility of applying CP to arrest the corrosion of epoxy-coated bars in concrete while measuring any adverse effect it may have on the steel/concrete bond strength. Experimentation has focused on test protocol and preliminary assessment of mechanical and electrochemical behavior. (Supported by the FHWA and Va. Trans. Res. Council) PROCEEDINGS 91 ALUMINUM 3104 RIGID CONTAINER STAINING PROJECT : A CREVICE CORROSION STUDY. Brian J. Connolly, Glenn E. Stoner, John R. Scully, and R. Scott Lillard, Dept, of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903. Annually, aluminum canstock producers lose @ two million Lbs. of their total production due to water staining. The goals of this project are as follows: 1) Development of an accelerated, quantitative staining test procedure that will replicate the industrial stain 2) Investigation of the crevice corrosion parameters (electrochemical, metallurgical, crevice solution chemistry) in order to model the mechanisms involved in the staining event. The staining event is predicated by a characteristic electrochemical wave measured at open circuit using an innovative double crevice assembly developed at the University of Virginia. Future work using this test procedure will determine the relationship between metallurgical composition and resistance to staining. Analysis and simulation of the crevice solution will help us to identify the main factor (pH, aluminum cation concentration, or salt anion concentration) contributing to the formation of the critical crevice solution which initiates the staining event. (Sponsored by; Reynolds Metals Company and The Virginia Center for Innovative Technology) CHARACTERIZATION OF OHMIC CONTACT SOLDERS TO HIGH PERFORMANCE THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS FOR COOLING APPLICATIONS. M. H. Ettenberq. W. A. Jesser, F.D. Rosi, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. 22903. Modern refrigerants are being phased out due to their toxicity to the environment and many alternatives are being studied including thermoelectric materials. Even though thermoelectric materials are not as efficient as Freon-12, they have many advantages. Thermoelectric materials of the pseudo-ternary Bi2Te2-Sb2Te,-Sb2Se2 have been found to be the best for room temperature refrigeration, out they do not provide as much cooling (delta T) as their figure of merit would predict. The discrepancy between theoretical and measured delta T may be due to the solders that are presently used. To make these devices as efficient as possible solders that provide a small ohmic contact resistance need to be developed. A four probe contact resistance testing station was built. Using this station two methods of obtaining the data were developed, the extrapolation and the step technique. The step technique was found to be a more reliable and accurate method to measure the contact resistance. Using this technique several lead-free solders are being studied electrically. The solders are also being investigated metallographically with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). (Supported by Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division, Detachment Annapolis) HYDROGEN EFFECTS IN METASTABLE B-=TITANIUM ALLOYS. Michelle A. Gaudett & John R. Scully, Dept, of Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Va., Charlottesville, VA, 22903. The effects of electrochemically charged hydrogen on the room temperature mechanical properties of Beta-C titanium (Ti-3AT-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr, wt%) will be studied in order to define the relationships between the fracture process zone hydrogen concentration, trapping, and hydrogen-metal interactions and the resulting mechanical properties. The effects of heat treatment and microstructure on the resistance to hyarogen embrittlement (HE) will be investigated using a procedure that decouples hydrogen effects from other aqueous embrittlement mechanisms. A finite element analysis will be applied to pre-notched tensile bars that have been charged to various hydrogen concentrations and tested in air, in order to quantify the degree of HE in terms of the reduction in the maximum longitudinal stress and the plastic strain at maximum load. In addition, fracture toughness experiments will be performed on hydrogen precharged material in air to determine the threshold stress intensity for crack growth. The microstructural feature(s) that control the fracture process will be determined by establishing correlations between hydrogen concentration and trapping, microstructure and the degree of embrittlement. The damage observed will be rationalized in terms of existing or new HE models. Comparisons will be made to other B-titanium alloys such as TIMETAL 21 S and TIMETAL 15-3 to evaluate the effect of alloying additions on HE resistance. (Supported by the Office of Naval Research and the Virginia Center for Electrochemical Sciences and Engineering at the Univ. of Va.) 92 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TRACE ELEMENT EFFECTS ON PRECIPITATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN AN AL-CU-LI ALLOY. D.L. Gilmore and E.A. Starke, Jr., Materials Science Dept., Univ. of Va. , Charlottesville, VA 22903. Trace element additions can accelerate age-hardening in aluminum alloys. By favoring one precipitate system over another, these additions can also effect the yield anisotropy of the material. Anisotropy may also be reduced by substitution of an alloying addition for a pre-aging stretch (T8 heat treatment) . Conventional transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution electron microscopy, x-ray texture measurements, and tensile yield tests have been performed in order to discover more about the mechanisms by which indium and magnesium affect precipitation and how this subsequently affects yield anisotropy in aluminum sheet. Findings suggest that both 6' and T1 precipitates are affected, but not equally. The benefits of indium may be superceded by those of magnesium (Supported by the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation.) WRITING ACROSS THE CURRICULUM IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING. Robert W. Hendricks and Eric C. Pappas, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Virginia Polytechnic institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0237. We describe the development and implementation of an integrated program for engineering communications in the Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Department and its extension into a writing across the curriculum program being co-developed by faculty from six departments, two in the physical sciences and four in engineering, at Virginia Tech. The on-going MSE program integrates a significant writing and communications component into eight required courses distributed over three years, and reaches approximately 90 students each semester. It starts with the students’ first materials course in the fall semester of their sophomore year and culminates in the Senior Design Project. Limited results, based on two semesters of testing, indicate significant student participation and generally favorable response, as well as excellent faculty response. The broader WAC program, recently approved by SCHEV under the Funds for Excellence program, has several specific program objectives including 1) improving student writing and communications skills in order to enhance their post-graduation marketability, and on-the-job satisfaction and productivity: 2) creating a permanent writing and communications organizational structure that will encourage superior writing and communications skills among science and engineering students; 3) creating an organizational structure that will help faculty integrate writing and communications skills into discipline-specific settings; and 4) serving as a model for other university departments wishing to integrate writing and communications into their curriculum. The paper will report on our experiences to date and describe our anticipated future developments. INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MACRO-INTERFACE IN SELECTIVELY REINFORCED ALUMINUM CASTINGS. Michael J. O'Connor*. Dept, of Materials Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. 22903. The ring groove areas of cast Al-12Si pistons can be reinforced with SiC whiskers to provide local high temperature strength and wear resistance. Due to the difference in thermal expansion between the reinforced region and the unreinforced alloy, thermal residual stresses can form at the interface between them when the piston experiences a temperature change relative to some stress-free temperature. Thermal cycling will therefore produce cyclic residual stress at this interface, possibly causing fatigue. To determine if fatigue will occur, the strength of the macro-interface in two alloy-composite systems was measured before and after thermal cycling. It was found that accumulated alloy precipitates or other material at the macro¬ interface can influence its initial strength. No evidence of thermal fatigue with thermal cycling was found. However, it was determined that the aging behavior of the alloy plays a significant role in defining the strength of the macro-interface with thermal exposure. (Funding provided by General Motors Corporation) PROCEEDINGS 93 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF STAINLESS STEEL AND NICKEL BASED ALLOYS TO MICROBIALLY INFLUENCED CORROS!ON(M!C). T.A. Petersen. D.G. Enos & S.R. Tayior, Dept of Materials Science, Univ. of Va., Charlottesville, Va. 22903. Industries which use natural waters for cooling have identified MIC as a problem. Weldments found in cooling water systems have been reported to have pitting corrosion. The welding process causes changes in the metallurgy of the alloy which effects surface texture, surface oxidation, elemental segregation and the formation of precipitates and inclusions. These changes enhance bacterial attachment and therefore contribute to MIC. One species which has been reported to facilitate MIC are the sulfate reducing bacteria. Proposed theories as to the mechanism by which sulfate reducers influence corrosion are: cathodic depolarization, attack by sulfides and by the formation of corrosive phosphorous containing metabolites. Materia! selection is one way of addressing MIC found in cooling water systems. Materials which contain molybdenum(Mo) have been reported to be less susceptible to corrosion. In this study eight alloys, with varying concentrations of Mo, were welded and exposed to natural water for nine months. Electrochemical techniques were used to evaluate corrosion resistance and to monitor bacterial activity. Previous work shows decreasing corrosion resistance for the following alloys: unwelded alloy 625 > welded alloy 625 > 317L > 31 6L > 308 > 304 > A36. Based on data obtained from a previous study a 6% Mo alloy has been added to the current test matrix and edge preparation has been modified for alloy 625 clad. FORCES ON PARTIAL DISLOCATION PAIRS IN EPITAXIAL LAYERS. Chimin H. Simpson and Dr. William A. Jesser, Dept, of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 . In epitaxial layers, driving force for dislocation movement is due to misfit strain and varies with the substrate orientations. In this work, driving forces on twelve <112> {1 1 1} partial dislocation pairs versus various substrate orientations are calculated by Peach- Koehler equation. The Peierls force and line tension are considered as retarding forces. When two partial dislocations move in the same direction, stacking fault energy will act as the retarding force for the leading partial dislocation, but as a pulling force for the tailing dislocation. If the excess force on the leading partial dislocation is much greater than that on the tailing dislocation, widely separated stacking faults will be observed in the epitaxial layers. Selecting the substrate orientations with the least stacking faults and threading dislocations is the objective of this work. Both extrinsic and intrinsic stacking faults are addressed in epitaxial layers under tensile and compressive stress biaxial stresses are also contemplated. Under this conduction, the optimum orientation would be around {012} orientation. MODELLING CREVICE CORROSION. Kevin C. Stewart and Robert G. Kelly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va 22903. The goal of this research is to gain a greater understanding of crevice corrosion by combining modelling and experimental determination of the crevice environment during corrosion. Mathematical modelling of the generation and mass transport of chemical species is aided by the use of object- oriented design (OOD) , OOD naturally leads to code which is modular, and thus easy to modify, and abstracts model parameters away from programming details. This work expands on previous modelling efforts by the use of OOD and in its implementation of boundary conditions. Experimental measurements of the crevice environment will be made by freezing the crevice solution and analyzing samples of it by capillary electrophoresis (CE) , CE is able to detect concentrations as low as 2 mM in sample volumes as small as 30 nl . The ultimate goal of this research is to create functional model of crevice corrosion to allow evaluation of different theories of crevicing, permit separation of effects, and serve as a vehicle for "what-if" computer experimentation. 94 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE MAPPING OF COATING DEFECTS USING LOCAL ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS. Markus W. Wittmann, and S. Ray Taylor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. 22903. Coating failure is often a local event occurring at a physical or chemical heterogeneity. Failure may be a result of a bad coating, or it may result from coating application, curing techniques, the substrate, or its preparation. The ability to map local electrochemical variations would aid in determining the mechanism of coating failure, and its prevention. The objective of this study is to use local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS) for the evaluation of local coating defects. Local impedance measurements are determined from a ratio of applied voltage and local current density determined from potential gradients at the surface. This technique was used to scan various coating defects. These include pores, thinned regions, underfilm deposits, and chemical heterogeneities. Medical Science ANANDAMIDE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS. I. Adams. R. Razdan and B. Martin. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, USA and Organix, Inc., Woburn, AIA. Recent evidence implicates anandamide as the endogenous ligand for the cannabinoid receptor. The purpose of this study was to determine the structural requirements for anandamide’s interaction with the cannabinoid receptor in the presence of phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluonde (PMSF), an enzyme inhibitor. The ability of anandamide and analogs to displace [^H]-CP- 55,940, a potent synthetic cannabinoid agonist, was determined by a filtration assay. A Scatchard analysis of [^H] -CP-55,940 binding resulted in a K 10,000 nM). Increasing the length of the N-substituent by one or two carbons decreased receptor binding affinity. Also, the hydroxyl group was an important part of the structure of anandamide. Substitution of the hydroxyl group with a fluorine atom increased affinity (Kj = 7.0 ± 0.9 nM), but only in the presence of PMSF. Hydroxyl substitution with a benzenesulfanilamide group did not significantly alter affinity; yet, addition of a methoxy group to the same position decreased affinity (Kj = 1400 ± 230 nM). Certain structural modifications allowed the analogs to retain affinity without the addition of PMSF, such as methylations at carbon adjacent to the N. These results reveal a structure-activity relationship of anandamide which is consistent with a drug-receptor interaction. (Supported by DA-07027, DA-03672 and DA-05488). REGULATION OF SUPPRESSOR MACROPHAGE NITRIC OXIDE AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-a PRODUCTION; ROLE OF FIBROSARCOMA-DERIVED INHIBITORY MOLECULES. David G. Alieva and Klaus D. Elgert, Dept. Biol., Va Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, Va 24061-0406. In wfro-activated macrophages {M>j>) co-express cytotoxicity for tumor cells and sup¬ pression of lymphocyte proliferation. These functions are increased during tumor growth and are mediated by soluble suppressor molecules. Because M^-derived nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) mediate both cytotoxicity and suppression, we determined if tumor growth increases M(/)-mediated suppression of T cell proliferation by increasing M(f> NO and TNF-a syn¬ thesis. Activated tumor-bearing host (TBH) Mcj) produced more NO and TNF-a than normal host (NH) M4>. This tumor-induced increase in M100 mutants at the protein and several hundred at the nucleotide level are expected. It is not known whether these mutations are scattered throughout coding sequence or clustered at particular regions (hot spots). We made oligonucleotide primers based on N-terminal sequence of the maize enzyme and (Conserved regions of /?-glucosidase from other organisms to amplify and clone the 5' region of the Glul locus from maize cDNA. The clone was sequenced and confirmed to be /3-glucosidase . Then the clone was used to isolate a near full-length /?-glucosidase cDNA from the cDNA library of maize inbred K55. After isolation, the /3-glucosidase cDNA was sequenced and found to be 1931 bp long. The cDNA is coded for a 566 amino acids long protein and 512 amino acid long mature protein. When the sequence was compared with the sequence of another maize /3-glucosidase cDNA (zm-p6.1), 15 nucleotide differences was observed within open reading frame. Three of these nucleotides substitutions resulted in amino acids substitutions. We also have shown that the genomic DNA encoding maize )3-glucosidase lacked intervening sequences ( intron) , liVALHAl'ION OF ACITF AN13 CHRONIC ANABOLIC STEROID TREATMliNT ON 'FI IE SliROTONIN TRANSPORI' S\'STEM.Su/.anne R. Thornton and LHvid R. CT^mpkJn, Dept, of Pharni. To.x,, Med. Col. of Va., Richmond, Va. 23298.0ver tlie last 10 years, there has been a diamatic increase in the abuse of synthetic androgenic/ anabolic steroids which prompted the passage of the Anabolic Steroids C/ontrol Act of 1990. Dosages of 10 to 100 times therapeutic levels have been rejxirted. Symptoms such as depression, aggression, psychosis and mania have also been reported anecdotally. Depression can be treated with antidepressive drugs such as lluoxetine which prevent uptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft, f he depression reported during steroid abuse and cifter discontinuation has been treated with fluo.xetine (Malone and Dimeff, 1992). fhe present study was conducted to detemiine the effects of acute and chronic steroids on the serotonin trmisport system, fhe study w'as conducted using male ICR mice (weighing 25-30 g) injected I.P. with either sesame oil (vehicle) or sesame oil with 5% benzyl alcohol or 300 mg/kg of nandrolone deconoate, nandrolone propionate, testosterone deconoate and testosterone propionate. The acute steroid treatment groups were sacrificed one hour Hter injection while the chronic steroid treatment groups were treated for four weeks and sacrificed one hour after their final injection. Animals were decapitated and homogenates of cortical tissues prepared for binding using [-^II]- paroxetine. There was no statistically significant effect on the K93%) after 5 months, whereas survival at Marion was high (x=85%)in sleeves but low in mussels placed on the cage bottom. PROCEEDINGS 105 EVALUATING EFFECTS OF PRESCRIBED BURNING ON AN ENDANGERED PLANT: PETERS MOUNTAIN MALLOW. Caren A. Caliouw. Dept. Conservation and Recreation, Div. Natural Heritage, 1500 E.Main St., Suite 312, Richmond, Va. 23219, M.V. Lipscomb, Dept. Biology, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 24061, S.A. Adams, D.S. Lancaster Community Col., Clifton Forge, Va. 24422, & M.S. Hobbs, Va. Field Office, The Nature Conservancy, Charlottesville, Va 22903. In 1991, just three individuals of the federally endangered plant, Peters Mountain mallow (Iliamna cord) remained in the wild. In 1992 and 1993, prescribed fire was used in an attempt to stimulate seedling recruitment in the population. Eleven plants appeared in a bum plot in 1992, of which three survived to 1993. A bum in 1993 yielded an astounding 495 seedlings. Such results portray Peters Mountain mallow as a fire dependent species, and emphasize the importance of prescribed fire as an ecological management and endangered species recovery tool. Population monitoring is on¬ going and additional bums are planned. In an effort to understand the factors that may have contributed to the decline of Peters Mountain mallow and the role that fire has played in maintaining this endangered species, disturbance history studies were initiated in 1992. Preliminary investigations reveal that the mean fire return interval for this site was 6. 1 years. THE SUCKING LICE (INSECTA: ANOPLURA) OF VIRGINIA SCIURIDS. Ralph P. Eckerlin and Harry F. Painter, Natural Sciences Div., Northern VA Cmnty. Col., Annandale, VA 22003. All seven species of the mammalian family Sciuridae were examined for lice. Woodchucks (n=15), red squirrels (n=7), northern flying squirrels (n=2), and southern flying squirrels (n=6), were without lice. One chipmunk of 26 examined was infested with Hoplopleura erratica. a new state record. Fox squirrels (n=9) had Hoplopleura sciuricola, Neohaematopinus sciuri, Neohaematopinus sciurinus. and Enderleinellus Ion sleeps. Only N. sciurinus is new to the Virginia fauna. Gray squirrels (n=128) were hosts to N. sciuri (22% prevalence) and H. sciuricola (6% prevalence). The prevalence and intensity of louse infestations from these road kill gray squirrels from northern VA were much lower than those of another study using shot or trapped gray squirrels from southwest VA. AN EXEMPLARY FIRE-MAINTAINEP ECOSYSTEM IN THE VIRGINIA PIEDMONT. Gary P. Fleming, Va. Dept, of Conservation and Recreation, Div. of Natural Heritage, Main Street Station, 1500 E. Main St., Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219. Fort Pickett is a 45,000“acre U.S. Army installation occupying parts of Nottoway, Brunswick, and Dinwiddie Counties in the southern Virginia piedmont . Within the base, a 10,000-acre controlled access area, which contains firing ranges and target sites for artillery and small arms training, has been subjected to very frequent wildfires and some prescribed burns during the past fifty years. In the course of a base-wide inventory for rare species and significant communities. Division of Natural Heritage biologists discovered that the regularly burned landscape supports extensive pine and hardwood savannas, open seepage wetlands, and occurrences of several rare species. These included the largest known population of the federally endangered shrub Michaux's Sumac {Rhus michauxli) and viable populations of Bachman's Sparrow {Aimophlla aestivalis) , a candidate for federal listing. Fire-maintained woodlands and savannas were present historically in southeastern Virginia, but have almost entirely disappeared because of fire suppression and other recent disturbances. As a result of the Fort Pickett inventory, management and research are now underway to ensure the long-term conservation of these rare community types and species in the Commonwealth. 106 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE POSSIBLE DIVERSITY IMPLICATIONS: 1992-3 TURKEY RUN PARK HERPETOLOGICAL SURVEY Dean A. Lindholm. 14226 Glenkirk Rd., Nokesville, VA 22123 (under contract to National Park Service). A one year, approx. 175 hr. survey by 4 people discovered 4 salamander, 2 toad, 6 frog, 1 turtle, 2 lizard, and 6 snake species within the wooded, 300 acre Turkey Run park. These specimens represent only what was found during this inventory; they should not be taken as a complete list of park herpetofauna. Varying population evidence is discussed. Examination as well as photographic evidence of these specimens illustrate that they are all common Piedmont sp., and make up only part of potential populations. Yet this park is surrounded by the Potomac river and Washington D.C. suburbs. Does this study have diversity implications? This question is addressed, and related to recent declines in herpetofauna. DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF STREAM-DWELLING CRAYFISHES IN THE CLINCH RIVER DRAINAGE, VA. Patrick S. Lookabaugh*. Paul L. Angermeier*, and Richard J. Neves, Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321. Species composition and distribution of stream -dwelling crayfishes were determined at 34 sites throughout the Clinch River drainage of Virginia. Six species were collected: Cambarm (Cambarus) angularis, C. (C.) bartonii, C. (Hiatacambarus) longirostris, C. (Puncticambarus) buntingi, Orconectes (Procericambarus) forceps, and O. (P.) spinosus. Cambarus (C.) angularis, C. (H.) longirostris, and O. (P.) spinosus were distributed widely in the drainage, whereas other species, especially O. (P.) forceps, were localized. Cambarus (P.) buntingi, which occurred in the Guest River drainage, was recorded for the first time in Virginia. A "saddled" form of C. (H.) longirostris was collected in the upper reaches of Copper Creek. Preliminary analyses suggest higher relative abundances of orconectids in degraded areas. ALLOZYMIC VARIATION IN MAINLAND AND INSULAR POPULATIONS OF ORYZOMYS PALUSTRIS AND PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS . Janet L. LoxtermanL Nancy D. Moncrief^, Raymond D. DueseC, & John F. PagelsL ^Dept. Biology, Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23220, ^Virginia Mus. Nat. Hist., Martinsville, VA 24112, and "Dept. Fish. & Wildl., Utah State Univ., Logan, UT 84322. We examined allozymic variation in mainland and insular populations of the marsh rice rat (Orvzomvs palustris) and the white-footed mouse (Peromvscus leucopus). The sampling localities include four sites on the Eastern Shore of Virginia and five sites on adjacent barrier islands. A total of 1 18 rice rats from nine sites and 96 white-footed mice from seven sites were assayed at more than 32 presumptive gene loci. To date, rice rats are variable at 5 of 32 loci: PGM3, 6PGD, NP, G3PD, and ADA. White-footed mice are variable at 7 of 32 loci: G6PD, PEPA, IDH2, MPI, NP, PGM1, and ADA. Preliminary results indicate that 0. palustris exhibits less genetic differentiation among populations than does P. leucopus. These differences in levels of intraspecific variability may be related to colonization ability. We hypothesize that rice rats are relatively good dispersers among islands and adjacent mainland sites, whereas white-footed mice are relatively poor dispersers across water barriers. PROCEEDINGS 107 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE. Tom J, McAvov. L. T. Kok* and W. T. Mays*, Dept, of Entomology, Va. Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 24061. Purple Loosestrife {Lythnim salicaria L.) is a weed of freshwater wetlands that forms extensive monospecific stands eliminating native plants. In 1989 three species of Coleoptera: Hylobius transversovittatus (Curculionidae), Galenicella calmariensis and G. pusilla (Chrysomelidae) were received at the Quarantine Lab of the Department of Entomology at V. P. I. & S. U. for host specificity studies. Fifteen species of plants from nine families were tested to determine their suitability for feeding, oviposition, larval development and oogenesis. Lythnim virgatum and L. alatimi were found to be hosts of all three species. In addition, Decodon verticil latns was found to be a host of H. transversovittatus. However, preference was for L. salicaria. As the three beetles were found to be adequately host specific, they were officially approved for field release in the United States in 1992. Releases of all three species were made in Coeburn, Va. in 1992 and H. transversovittatus and G. pusilla were released near Sweet Chalybeate, Va. in 1993. The two Galenicella species released in 1992 were recovered in May 1993 in Coeburn, Va. A BUTTERFLY SURVEY AT THE VIRGINIA TECH HORTICULTURE GARDENS. Tom J. McAvov. W. T. Mays*, Dept, of Entomology, and B. Lyons*, Dept, of Horticulture, Va. Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 24061. A weekly butterfly survey was conducted at the Virginia Tech Horticulture Gardens from April 27 to October 19, 1993. Twenty six butterfly species (Superfamily; Papilionoidae) were recorded. The five most abundant species and the total number found were Pieris rapae (108), Danaus plexippus (90), Colias ewy theme! philodice (34), and Speyeria cybele (14). One individual of a rare species was observed, Speyeria atlantis, this species has a state ranking of S2. Nectar was gathered from a total of 37 species of plants from 24 plant families. The five most attractive plant species and the total numlx;f of butterflies that gathered nectar from them were: Buddleia davidii (124), Riidbeckia purpurea (41), Zinia elegans (28), Gomphrena globosa (17) and Coreiopsis sp. (13). The total number of butterflies and the color of the flower that they gathered nectar from were: 243 from purple/blue, 36 from red/pink, 26 from white, 18 from yellow and 4 from orange. AMPHIBIAN BIODIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN FIVE FORESTED HABITATS ON SHENANDOAH MOUNTAIN, VIRGINIA. Joseph C. Mitchell. University of Richmond, VA 23173, Kurt A. Buhlmann, Savannah River Ecology Lab, Aiken, SC 29802, Christopher A. Pague, Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Boulder, CO 80309. We conducted a 2-yr study of amphibians communities in five montane habitats that reflect different management practices in the George Washington National Forest. A total of 1334 individuals representing 11 species of salamanders and 5 species of frogs were sampled with drift fence/pitfall trap arrays April 1987-October 1988. Numerically dominant species were Ambvstoma ief fersonianum. Plethodon cinereus . and Rana svlvatica. Amphibian species richness and population sizes were highest in less disturbed habitats and those not affected by timber harvest practices, such as in older forests with downed woody debris. Species richness was also highest in habitats adjacent to springs and wildlife ponds. Aquatic resources and their surrounding forested habitats should be viewed as keystone resources for amphibians in temperate zone montane forests. (Supported by a Challenge Cost Share from the George Washington National Forest.) 108 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE DISCOVERY OF A VIRGINIA "SERPENTINE BARREN". Thomas J. Rawinski. Dept, of Conservation and Recreation, Div. of Natural Heritage, Main Street Station, 1500 E. Main St., Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219. Serpentine barrens are rare and fascinating natural environments that support distinctive vegetation adapted to harsh edaphic conditions. The famous serpentine barrens of southeastern Pennsylvania and adjacent Maryland, and the Buck Creek serpentine barren in Clay County, North Carolina had no known Virginia counterpart until 1992 when such a barren was discovered along Jacks Creek in Franklin County. This barren contains natural grassland fringed by a woodland of Pinus virginiana. Juniperus virginiana. Ouercus stellata. and Ouercus marilandica. The grassland, which is dominated by Schizachyrium scoparium. Senecio plattensis. and Parthenium auriculatum. contains a unique assemblage of plants consisting of Sporobolus heterolepis (first Virginia record), the shale barren plant Trifolium virginicum (new southern range limit), the limestone glade plant Arenaria patula (first Piedmont record), and Talinum teretifolium. The shallow friable soil, derived from ultramafic rock of the Alligator Back Formation, has a pH of 7.0 and a calcium to magnesium ratio of 0.22. The site is privately owned and access is severely restricted at this time. Efforts to conserve this highly significant site are underway. MAMMAL BIODIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN FIVE FORESTED HABITATS ON SHENANDOAH MOUNTAIN, VIRGINIA. John F. Pagels & Sherry C. Rinehart. Dept, of Biol., Va Commonwealth Univ. , Richmond, Va. 23284, Joseph C. Mitchell, Dept, of Biol., Univ. of Richmond, Richmond, Va. 23173, Kurt A. Buhlmann, SREL, Aiken, SC. 29802 & Christopher A. Pague, Natural Heritage Program, Boulder, Co. 80309. A total of 752 small mammals that represent 15 species was pitfall trapped in five stands that reflect different management practices. Species diversity (H') was highest in a severely thinned site (1.977) and lowest in a mature forest site (1.443). Five species of shrews (Blarina and 4 Sorex) comprised the majority of the total specimens (75.5%) and were present at all five sites. Cover objects and floral characteristics were critical habitat components. Results demonstrate that intermittent openings in the forest are beneficial to certain mammals on Shenandoah Mountain. Discussion will include thoughts on the influence of various management practices on small mammals. THE ODONATE FAUNA OF FORT A.P. HILL. Steven M. Roble and Christopher S. Hobson*, Dept, of Conservation and Recreation, Div. of Natural Heritage, 1500 E. Main St., Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219. Fort A. P. Hill Military Reservation is located in Caroline County, an area rich in acidic wetland habitats. Extensive beaver activity has resulted in the creation of numerous pond habitats on the base. The odonate fauna was sampled during 1993, particularly during the summer and fall months. A total of 61 species (23 damselflies and 38 dragonflies) was documented. This represents 33% of the total Virginia fauna and an even greater percentage of the lentic species. Thirty (49%) of the species are considered rare (14) or uncommon (16) in the state by the Division of Natural Heritage. Several of these species are closely associated with acidic pond habitats. Significant findings include the first records of Nannothemis bella in Virginia in more than a century, one record of Lestes congener, a species previously unknown from the state, and the southernmost documented localities for Celithemis martha. Three exemplary acidic pond habitats supported the greatest species diversity. Two ponds support at least 22 different species; a minimum of 20 species inhabit the third pond. Additional surveys in the spring and early summer of 1994 are likely to add to the known odonate fauna of Fort A.P. Hill. PROCEEDINGS 109 AN INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODEL FOR THE USE OF UNIVERSITY RESEARCH COLLECTIONS IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION. S. Llvn Sharp. Virginia Tech Museum of Natural History, 428 North Main Street, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA 24061-0542. The systematics and collections community has realized that it is imperative for the public and administrators to personaly value the natural history collections in our care. University collections are particularly vulnerable to administrative and faculty changes of direction; their inherent value notwithstanding, collections which are not seen as directly related to the primary mission of undergraduate education may appear to be unaffordable luxuries in times of limited funding. Direct experience with the "real thing" makes science exciting and leads students to scientific inquiries of their own. Undergraduate education has always used teaching collections for hands-on experiences this can be enhanced by the resources of research collections. This model integrates research collections into the curriculum while minimizing risks to their preservation for future uses by using both physical and procedural controls. Student, faculty, and museum staff evaluations of its effects will be presented, as well as future plans based upon that feedback. The implementation of this model invites additional audiences to appreciate the wealth of information in natural history objects and understand their potential for future studies of biodiversity. These collections can be shown to be not unaffordable luxuries, but additional investments in educational excellence. TEACHING LOCAL NATURAL HISTORY THROUGH SCHOOLYARD INQUIRY. Frank Taylor, Virginia Tech Museum of Natural History, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0542. Virginia natural history and ecology can be taught through direct hands-on experiences using the schoolyard as a laboratory. MINTS — Museum Inquiry-based Natural history guides for TeacherS is a five year project funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Precollege Science Initiative for Science Museums that provides teachers with both scientific content knowledge and a model for inquiry instruction in the outdoors. The scientific content in the guide is organized by habitat - parking lot, lawn, fencerow and overgrown areas, walls and eaves, and trees. Organisms and how they interact with the biotic and abiotic features of the environment are addressed in each section. The inquiry model is based on national science reform efforts -- using open ended questions to engage students in making observations, using simple science tools to collect data, organizing and communicating data, and making inferences and conclusions. MINTS will be of interest to all science educators whose goals are to involve students in direct experiences discovering natural history. The guide is currently being field tested and is available to educators by attending a workshop through the Virginia Tech Museum of Natural History. THE PUBLIC'S ATTITUDES TOWARD SNAKES: PRELIMINARY SURVEY RESULTS FROM PARK-GOERS. Robert A. S. Wright. Central Va. Biological Research Consortium, 7551 Devil's Den Lane, Mechanicsville, VA 23111. During an 11-day interval in August 1985, a voluntary survey questionaire was circulated in a public park as part of an educational display featuring snakes and their conservation. Respondents were asked to fill out the form which collected qualitative/demographic data such as age, gender, occupation, educational level, and residence. Questions were posed to determine the respondents' knowledge of local venomous snakes, their identification/differentiation from non-venomous species, and whether they had a fear or phobia of snakes. Respondents were asked to provide objective statements as to why or why not snakes were important to the environment; they were also asked to provide a brief statement that summarized their feelings about snakes. The details of this study are presented and discussed. 110 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Psychology ESTABLISHING CONDITIONS: INCREASING TRAEEIC SAEETY BEHAVIORS WITH PERSON-BASED MESSAGES. Brenda R. Alderman, lason N. Fortney, Trish Dorsey, Brenda R. Wetzel, & Mary Spiller, Dept, of Psyc., VA Tech, 5100 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436. In the first six months of 1993, over 2,300 rail-highway crossing incidents occurred nationwide — including 284 fatalities and 863 injuries — because automobile drivers violated traffic safety laws at crossings. A review of the literature identified antecedent and consequent conditions which may direct and motivate unsafe crossing behaviors, and examined past research and interventions. This study identified existing driver behavior at selected local crossings and applied a novel community intervention using a behavioral paradigm based upon person, environment and behavior factors. A BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK COMPENSATION HYPOTHESIS. Thomas E. Boyce, Jason N. Fortney, C. Matt Rashleigh, & Mark Newell, Dept, of Psyc., VA Tech, 5100 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436. The Risk Compensation hypothesis (Peltzman, 1975) was tested by exposing human subjects to a computer analogue of an industrial risk-taking situation. This ABA design included two manipulations of perceived risk. Group 1 experienced a lowered level of perceived risk, while Group 2 experienced an increased level of perceived risk. Subjects also completed Zuckerman's (1979) Sensation Seeking Scale and Geller's (1991) Risk Probability Survey. A manipulation check was performed by assessing subject's self-reports of the perceived risk manipulations. Results are discussed from the behavior analytic and social psychological perspectives. RED CROSS BLOOD DONORS VS. A SAMPLE OF STUDENTS: AN ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GROUPS ON "ACTIVELY ' CARING" PERSON FACTORS. Curtis M. Buemeyer, David Rasmussen, D. Steve Roberts, Craig Martin & Amy Gershenoff, Dept, of Psyc., VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA | 24061. Actively Caring", as defined by Geller (1993), is behaving "beyond the call of duty" to help another person. Purportedly, three individual difference factors, self-esteem, empowerment and feelings of belonging to a group, give a person the j propensity to "actively care" (AC). Though the AC paradigm possesses strong face validity, more evidence is needed to link AC person factors with actual behaviors. The "Blood Drive Questionnaire," an inventory comprised of six AC sub-scales, was administered to both a control group (n=270) and a group of Red Cross Blood Donors (n=170). A one tailed t-test was used to test for significant differences between groups. As hypothesized, blood donors did indeed evidence higher scores on all six scales: self-efficacy, optimism, personal control (which comprise the "empowerment" factor) beloningness, and self-esteem. IMPROVING VIGILANCE PERFORMANCE THROUGH THE USE OF HIGHLY ACQUAINTED INDIVIDUALS. Peter J, Ceplenski. Mark Scerbo, Debra Major. Old , Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. The effects of using two-person monitoring teams composed of highly acquainted individuals on vigilance performance and workload were examined. Previous findings suggest that using two-person monitoring teams improves detection probabilities over that of individual monitors. (Schafer, 1943). It was hypothesized that friendship pairs would perform better than two-person teams of strangers or individuals, as well as rate the task lowest in workload. Sixty undergraduate subjects participated and j were assigned to one of the three experimental conditions. The vigilance task was a visual successive judgement task using squares as stimuli. An ANOVA revealed no significant differences between conditions on both the performance measures and workload scale. Task complexity and verbal communication are discussed as explanations for the findings. PROCEEDINGS 111 SCHEMATIC FACES AND CHOICE REACTION TIME. Samuel L. Chapman. Peter J. Mikulka*, & Glynn D. Coates*, Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508. The present study investigated categorization of schematic faces as a function of the amount of information presented. It was hypothesized that, as faces became more realistic, parallel processing would emerge. It was also hypothesized that: 1) choice reaction time (CRT) would increase with display set size, 2) CRT would remain constant with an increase in the number of features if the schematic faces were parallel processed, 3) accuracy would decrease with a subsequent increase in display set size and feature number, 4) learning would occur as accuracy increased with time. Subjects were 52 undergraduates, 45 females and 7 males. Schematic faces were presented on the screen of an IBM compatible 386 personal computer. The target face and display set were shown simultaneously. Subjects were required to decide if the target face was an exact match of any face in the display set. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) for CRT and accuracy was performed using 3 levels of display set size, 3 levels of number of features varied, 4 levels of blocks, and 2 levels of response condition (either the target was present in the display set or not). Every subject received all of the conditions. For CRT, eleven significant effects were found. For CRT, four effects were discussed because the omega-squared was greater than .02. A significant main effect was found for display set size; CRT increased as predicted as stimulus number increased. A significant main effect was found for features; CRT increased as the number of features increased indicating novel faces being processed serially. A significant main effect for trial blocks showed that subjects improved their performance over time which indicated learning. A significant interaction was found for display set size X response condition. For accuracy, seven effects were found to be statistically significant, but none reached an omega-squared of .02. It would be of interest to expand the display set and the number of features varied in order to assess subjects' capacity to perform the task efficiently and an assessment of strategy shifts. Also, in order to evaluate parallel processing, subjects could view the target face for a period of time before the task. MEXICAN FREE-TAILED BATS AT MT. LAKE BIOLOGICAL STATION! Jack A. Cranf or(j[ . and Deborah S. Fortune. , Mt. Lake Biological Station, Biology Dept, Univ. of Virginia, Pembroke, VA. In the fall of 1994 during the course of routine mammal trapping, mist netting of bats and direct observation produced the normal expected results. Big and little brown bats, red bats, hoary bats and eastern pipistrellus were recorded. On one occasion a large bat was observed in the library area in the research building at the station. This animal was captured by hand and two days later another was captured in a bug net. These bats either entered through the open library windows or came down from the attic. Both were identified by the free-tail condition, ear shape and body coloration as Mexican free-tailed bats {Tadarida hrasiliensis) . After identification and measurement both were released and flew in the area of the laboratory driveway foraging and entering the eve of the building. HABITUATION TO SPECIFIC SENSORY STIMULI IN SENSITIZED EPILEPTIC MONGOLIAN GERBILS { Meriones unquiculatus 'I . Stephen R. Davenport. Co Grandinetti, & J.W. Collins, Dept, of Psychology, Washington & Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450. Five groups of genetically epileptic Mongolian gerbils were individually exposed to five distinct stimuli during sensitization and subsequent habituation phases. Inter-test intervals were seven days for sensitization and two days for habituation. Each group was exposed to a novel stimulus on the seventh test in each phase to determine stimulus generalization for seizure expression and severity. All animals were tested for emotionality in a tvt/o-compartment box ( Imxlm floor space) after sensitization and habituation phases. Results suggest a stimulus generalization present across most of the stimulus conditions in both sensitized and habituated animals. High emotionality was associated with the sensitization phase with low emotionality scores noted after habituation, regardless of the stimulus condition. The presence of stimulus generalization to seizure-eliciting stimuli by this animal model could prove beneficial to the treatment of human epileptics. 112 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE DIFFERENCES IN MOTIVATIONAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL AGE COLLEGE STUDENTS. Teresa M. Dornan and Elaine M. Justice, Dept, of Psych., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. Differences in the academic performance of traditional and non-traditional age students were examined to investigate cognitive and motivational variables varying as a function of age and gender, at the college level. Three questionnaires were administered to 95 undergraduate students to determine differences in beliefs regarding memory capacity, motivated self -regulatory learning, study activities, and academic performance. Findings indicated traditional and non-traditional students were significantly different, with respect to age and gender for motivational factors and cognitive study activities. No differences were found between the traditional and non-traditional students for beliefs regarding memory capacity, or actual academic performance . NARCISSISM AND HOSTILITY. Chet H. Fischer, Dept, of Psychology. Radford University., Radford, Va 24142. The DSMIII-R details the various features associated with Narcissistic Personality Disorder. One important criteria is the narcissist's tendency to become angry when his/her narcissistic needs are frustrated. This has been labeled "narcissistic rage". Numerous researchers and therapists have described this characteristic. McCann and Baggio (1989) focused on hostility in narcissistic subjects and demonstrated that individuals with high narcissism exhibited significantly greater anger arousal than subjects with low narcissism. In the present study, a stronger method of assessing hostility was used. One hundred six subjects were administered the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale. The results demonstrated a strong significant correlation between high NPI scorers and high Cook-Medley scores (r=.69 p<.001). The present research suggests that narcissistic subjects, rather than exhibiting hostility as a reaction, have a pervasive high level of trait, not state, hostility. THE USE OE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY STATIONS AT UNIVERSITY ALCOHOL PARTIES: A TEST OE INDIVIDUALS' PROPENSITY TO "ACTIVELY CARE". Kent E. Glindemann, Anjali Mohia, Jennifer LaMonica, Mary L. Spiller, & E. Scott Geller. Dept, of Psyc., Va. Tech., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Excessive alcohol consumption on college campuses and concomitant risks for DUI continue despite efforts to reduce their occurrence. This project assessed the validity of a theory- driven "actively caring model," designed to predict individuals who will volunteer to apply intervention techniques to reduce the probability of alcohol- related problems. The research also evaluated the extent that certain verbal report measures of person factors (i.e., specific intentions, risky lifestyles, and certain personality characteristics) predicted levels of alcohol consumption at two fraternity parties. Prior to the two parties, students' drinking intentions and person characteristics were measured. Before and after the parties, students' BAC was assessed with a breathalyzer. During the parties, students' participation in various intervention techniques was systematically observed. Results of the study are discussed, as are implications for preventing the occurrence of DUI. PROCEEDINGS 113 CLOTHING SELECTION; A TEST OF KELLEY'S ATTRIBUTION THEORY. Amy H. Grimshaw and Barry Gillen*, Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529. Kelley's attribution theory was tested in regard to clothing selection. Each of 121 male subjects and 133 female subjects was given two scenario and questionnaire series. The two scenarios described the clothes worn by an individual (Ann/Bill) to a five year reunion party. Each scenario given to experimental subjects included one of eight combinations of high or low consensus, high or low consistency, and high or low distinctiveness information. Each subject was asked to attribute the individual's clothing selection to internal factors, to external factors, or to some combination of each. As predicted external attribution was strengthened by the combined effect of high consensus, high consistency, and high distinctiveness and also by the independent effects of high consensus and high distinctiveness information. Similarly, internal attribution, as expected, was strengthened by the combined effect of low consensus, high consistency, and low distinctiveness and also by the independent effects of low consensus and low distinctiveness . INTERACTION OF ETHANOL AND CAFFEINE ON RAT MOTOR ACTIVITY. Lester A. Hawkins & Perry M. Duncan, Dept, of Psych., Old Dominion Univ. , Norfolk, VA 23508. The Effects of a range of doses of stimulant and depressant drugs and their combination on rat motor activity were observed. Eight long ©vans male rats were used as subjects. The IVs were ethanol (ETH) at three doses (0, .3, .6, and 1 g/kg) , caffeine (CAFF) at two doses (0, 15, and 30 mg/kg), and six 10-minute post-injection time intervals. The DVs were the amount of motor activity, including ambulation, rearing, and total movement. ETH decreased and CAFF increased motor activity in a dose-related manner. ANOVAs revealed that both main drug effects were significant as was the drug interaction. The pattern of results suggest that a low ETH dose potentiated the CAFF effect, possibly due to a combination of disinhibition and arousal-increasing action. EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS AND METAPHOR PROCESSING. Charles B. Ireland. Dept, of Psych., Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, VA, 24450, & Tom P. Urbach, Dept, of Phil., Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, VA 24450. It is a point of debate whether or not metaphor comprehension requires a special form of linguistic processing. Activity of the human brain during linguistic processing can be studied using event-related potentials (ERP) , recorded from the scalp (Kutas, Hillyard 1984) . If the processing of metaphor differs from the processing of literal language, then these differences might appear in ERP data. This experiment recorded ERPs in response to reading sentences of three types: metaphorical, literal, and nonsense. 114 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE SEXUAL ASSAULT AND ITS IMPACT ON RELATIONSHIP PATTERNS; A DEVELOP- MENTAL APPROACH. Kathryn J. Karageorge and Deborah 6. Ventis, Dept, of Psychology, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185. Sexual assault, including acquaintance rape, rape by a stranger, and attempted rape, is prevalent among adolescents and young adults and is of major concern for females in particular. VJithin the past 15 years, several researchers have focused their studies on the psychological effects produced by a sexually coercive incident on the victims. However, few studies have examined this relationship within a developmental framework. This study investigated the current level of emotional and physical intimacy experienced by victims of sexual assault and if the age at which the assault occurred influenced the severity of these effects. A total of 65 female students participated in the study (mean age=18.75). Data analyses revealed that the victims' age at the time of the incident was not significantly correlated with their ability to be emotionally and physically intimate with members of the opposite sex. However, the relationship between victim and offender as well as the level of coercion reported by the victim was significantly correlated with the ability to trust, make friends with, and get close to members of the opposite sex. Future implications will be discussed. IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT MEMORY IN CHILDREN. Douglas M. Kaufman. C. E. Southgate*, and D.G. Elmes, Dept, of Psychology, Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, VA 24450. As children develop their explicit memory increases dramatically. Eield studies have indicated that implicit memory is good in young children, nearly as good as that of older children. The present work compared the implicit and explicit memory of children and college students on well-controlled laboratory tasks. Fourth-graders, eighth-graders, and college students were tested on the same implicit task, which was a rule-based sequential reaction-time task. The same subjects were also tested for their explicit free recall of a list of words, which was taken from fourth-grade spelling lists. Implicit memory differed much less across the three age groups than did explicit memory. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF COLLEGE FRESHMEN. Laura E. Kellard. Raymond H. Kirby, and Peggy A. Herzog-Simmer, Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. The factors influencing the performance of freshmen at Old Dominion University were investigated using qualitative methods. Students had the opportunity to identify and discuss the factors they found affected their academic success. Forty- eight, full-time male and female freshmen participated in one of six focus groups that were conducted. Two groups were academically successful freshmen (with a 3.0 or higher G.P.A.), two groups were academically unsuccessful freshmen (with a 1.99 or below G.P.A.), and two were "mixed" groups having a combination of successful and unsuccessful freshmen. Differences were noted in several factors affecting academic performance reported by the successful and unsuccessful groups. Particularly, goal setting behaviors, effective use of support services, and communication apprehension differed between the successful and unsuccessful groups. This study provides qualitative information which may help illuminate and explain quantitative data previously collected on the freshmen population. PROCEEDINGS 115 PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE RESPONSE IN RATS. Kristen E. Koontz . and Perry M. Duncan,* Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion Univ. , Norfolk, Va. 23508. It remains unclear as to whether conditioning a rat to a hypoglycemic state will cause a decrease or an increase in locomotor activity. In the current study, 8 rats were conditioned to become hypoglycemic. Insulin (US) was administered for 5 conditioning days. The rats were placed in an activity detector for 30 minutes where their activity was recorded (UR) . The odor in the box plus the insulin served as the conditioned stimulus. For the next 3 days, the rats were injected with saline. Blood glucose was measured before and after each conditioning and test day. The analysis of variance revealed .that activity level declined over the conditioning days and on the test days. The blood glucose levels increased and decreased at different times. This may have been the result of an insufficient time in the activity detector. DISPLAYING OF SAFE SEX INFORMATION AT A UNIVERSITY SANCTIONED FRATERNITY PARTY TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS ON ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. Kristy L. Maddox, Amy B. Greshenoff, Amie Gee, Brenda R. Wetzel, & Mary L. Spiller, Dept, of Psyc., VA Tech, 5100 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436. In our society, safer sex has become an issue of importance. Convincing the college age population of the dangers of being irresponsible when alcohol and sex are combined, however, is a challenge which has yet to be adequately addressed. The present study examined how a Safe Sex, Social Responsibility Information Station set up at a university sanctioned fraternity party would affect research participants Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) levels. Information and material available at the station included pamphlets about acquaintance rape, safe sex practices, and alcohol issues, as well as free condoms subjects were allowed to take with them. Relationships between alcohol intoxication levels, participation at the station, and various personality measures are discussed. Discourse Context Effects in Localfy Ambiguous Sentences: Evidence from Event-Related Po¬ tentials. Thomas R. Mason and Thomas P. Urbach, Dept, of Ps.ychology. Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450. The disambiguating word in locally ambiguous “garden-path” sentences is known to elicit a late positive deffection in the event-related potential (ERP). The present study presented garden-path sentences that began with a singular definite noun phicise, e.g., “The patient presented by the doctor was nervous”, preceded by a paragraph of text in which either one or two patients were mentioned. The prediction was that the processing difficulty at the disambiguating word, “by” , would be greater when the discourse context contained a unique referent. Comparison of the ERPs at “by” showed a significant difference, but with a polarity the reverse of what was predicted. The single discourse referent condition also elicited a significant parietally miiximal negativity at the final word which accords with reports from other garden-path studies. These results suggest that the discourse contexts do differentially affect the processing of the locally ambiguous sentence in the disambiguating region but the precise nature of the processing awaits further investigation. 116 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE THE CONTINGENT NEGATIVE VARIATION DURING OLFACTORY AND VISUO-SPATIAL LABELING. Douglas C. Matia. J.M. Turner*, & T. S. Lorig, Dept., of Psychology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, V A 24450 & S. Warrenburg*, International Flavors and Fragrances, Research and Development, 1515 Highway 36, Union Beach, NJ 07735. Fifteen subjects participated in an experiment designed to assess CNV during the labeling of odors and shapes. Odors or shapes were presented (SI) and followed three seconds later by a lexical label (A,B, or C.) (S2). The label (S2) identified the stimulus correctly in 75% of the trials and incorrectly in the remaining 25% of the trials. Subjects’ olfactory ability (CCCRC) was determined and correlated with both the CNV during the S1/S2 interval and also the P300 to the S2 stimulus. Results of these correlations and analysis of variance indicated that the CNV over the left frontal area of the cortex was significantly larger in the olfactory phase of the experiment as conpared with the visuo-spatial phase. CNV activity also correlated with ofactory performance. The data show that subjects with the largest odor-related CNV’s had the best olfactory performance. While P300 differed as a function of label matches versus mismatches, no odor specific effects or correlations were found. Results are discussed as to the cognitive processes represented by the left frontal negativity. It is possible that subjects created an intermediate label for the odors which is not available for the shapes. A cognitive manipulation such as this would not necessarily make the task more difficult, only different. THE ROLE OF VERBALIZATION AND SOCIALIZATION IN PEER TUTORING ACTIVITIES AND CHILDREN'S ABILITY TO LEARN. Suzanne Morrow, Elaine Justice*, & Michael Colbert*, Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23549. The effects of peer tutoring on third graders' use of an organizational memory strategy was examined. Children were first introduced to the memory task with highly associated items. Children either taught another child the task, tape recorded instructions to give another child, or did the task again. Organizational memory was then retested measuring recall, sorting style, and clustering on low associates. There were no significant differences due to peer tutoring. A significant gender difference was found with males showing higher levels of recall, sorting, and clustering. THE INFLUENCE OF TASK-UNRELATED THOUGHTS (TUTS) ON VIGILANCE PERFORMANCE. Glenora Nelson & Fred G. Freeman, Ph.D, Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529. Numerous studies have attempted to explain the factors responsible for vigilance decrement. The present study examined the relationship between the propensity to produce task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs) and vigilance performance. Twenty-five subjects participated in a 40-min vigilance task. The Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS) and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) were used as measures of the propensity to produce TUTs. A correlation analysis of the data failed to show significant relationships between the variables measured? however, the results suggested an inverse relationship between duration of the task and vigilance performance. Further studies employing other measures of individual differences in the ability to sustain attention are needed to better understand the relationship between vigilance performance and the propensity to produce TUTs. PROCEEDINGS 117 THE EFFECTS OF ATTENTIONAL DEMANDS ON PERFORMANCE RATINGS OF WOMEN AND MEN IN TRADITIONALLY FEMALE AND MALE OCCUPATIONS. Beth Parsons and Glynn D. Coates, Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529. Previous research notes that various factors affect performance appraisals. This present study specifically examined the factors of attentional demands and gendered occupations and ttieir impact on performance appraisals. Thirty-two subjects read vignettes of male and female police officiers, and male and female nurses. Subjects rated the incumbent’s work performance. Heightened attentional demands were imposed on the experimental group. Research has indicated heightened attentional demands lead to discrimination. As predicted no interaction of attentional demand was present. Thus, the basis for heightened attentional demands resulting in discrimination was not supported in this study. Of interest was the interaction of the gendered occupation and gender of the incumbent. Male nurses were rated higher in work performance than females. This role reversal held true for police officers also. HOW ENVIRONMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN UNIVERSITY DINING HALLS AFFECT EMPLOYEES' "ACTIVELY CARING" BEHAVIORS. Olga Patarrovo. Kimberly Nuttycombe, D. Steve Roberts, Craig Martin, & Amy B. Gershenoff, Dept, of Psyc., VA Tech., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Actively Caring (AC) is defined as going beyond the call of duty to benefit others or the environment (Geller, 1992). A refined version of the AC Survey was given to employees in two Dining Halls to measure the person factors (e.g.,self-esteem, empowerment, and belonging) related to the employees' propensity for AC as well as the extent to which employees are willing, feel they should, and do AC (Geller, Roberts, & Gilmore, 1993). An AC behavior checklist was used to evaluate employees' AC and non AC behaviors. The factors considered fell into three domains: person, environment, and behavior focused AC. The hypothesis, based on the senior author's previous work experience at both Dining Halls and knowledge of the AC model, is that Dining Hall B employees will have a higher propensity to Actively Care. Results and further implications will be discussed. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCADIAN PERIOD AND SEIZURE EXPRESSION IN THE MONGOLIAN EPILEPTIC GERBIL (Meriones unauiculatus ) . Jennifer J. Peszka & J.W. Collins# Dept, of Psychology# Washington & Lee University# Lexington# VA 24450. Mongolian epileptic gerbils were tested in the open palm once a day for six weeks every four hours in an attempt to establish the daily periodicity of their seizures. Daily periodicity has been established for epilepsy in humans (diurnal) and rats (nocturnal). Because the gerbil is considered diurnal # it was expected that the activity rhythms of the gerbil would more closely resemble those of the human than the rat. By implication any periodicity in seizure expression of gerbils should more closely match that of the human. No significant time of day effect was found for seizure expression. However# there was a trend towards this effect. A significant decrease from expected seizure expression occurred at the 8i00 P.M. testing time. This did not follow the original hypothesis that seizure incidence would increase during this time. Further research into the activity period of the gerbil is needed to counter this discrepancy. 118 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ALCOHOL TESTING THROUGH COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL FITNESS TESTS. Charles B. Pettinger, Tr.. Michael J. Kalsher, D. Steve Roberts, & Kent E. Glindemann, Dept, of Psyc., VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Dependence on alcohol and other drugs is America’s most common psychological condition and extends into the workplace. There have been inconsistent findings regarding the impact of alcohol and other drugs in terms of measurable outcomes in the workplace. The present study tested the sensitivity of a battery of tasks (termed Compensatory Tracking Task Battery, CTTB) to decrements in participants' performance under the influence of alcohol at a fraternity social event. The CTTB is comprised of a questionnaire and three variations of the Compensatory Tracking Task (CTT). After each subject developed a personal baseline on the CTTB, they provided a breathalyzer sample and completed between 4-8 sets of the CTTB at the social event. The study was conducted to determine whether the variations of the three CTT would improve the detection of decrements in subjects' cognitive/behavioral fitness over the CTT alone. Relevant results and implications to drug screening in the workplace will be presented and discussed. THE EFFECTS OF PREMATURE BIRTH ON MATERNAL STRESS DEPRESSION AND MOTHER- INFANT INTERACTION. Daniel M. Phillips III and Michelle L. Kelley Ph.D.*, Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA, 23529. Parenting of premature infants has been associated with increased levels of maternal stress and depression. Decreased levels of mother-infant interaction followed by overstimulating maternal behavior have also been found within the first year of these infants’ lives. This research attempted to replicate previous findings using the Parenting Stress Index and Beck Depression Inventory scales. The groups in comparison were 36 mothers of 5-month-old full-term infants and 34 mothers of 5-month-old adjusted age very low birthweight (VLBW) infants. Previous mother-infant interactive differences were also attempted to be replicated. However, the CARE-Index, a recently developed scale of mother-infant interaction, was used to reduce the influence of situation specific aspects of the interaction and maximize the influence of the mother and infant’s expectations of one another. Findings demonstrate significantly higher levels of parenting stress associated with VLBW infants. Overstimulating interactive behavior also was observed in mothers of premature infants. However, full-term mothers reported higher levels of depressive behaviors. In conclusion, it is suggested that future educational intervention programs may prepare mothers of VLBW infants for the stresses and difficulties associated with their parenting. INTRAHEMISPHERIC INTERFERENCE OF EMOTIONAL STIMULI AS A FUNCTION OF HAND USED, SEX, EAR OF INPUT, AND TASK DIFFICULTY ACROSS MOTOR AND COGNITIVE TASKS. Lawrence J. Prinzel III. & Frederick G. Freeman. Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. The effects of intrahemispheric interference on reaction times and accuracy were examined. A dichotic-listening task was presented to subjects that consisted of identifying an angry emotional target. For each subject, four trials were presented that varied in hand used for responding, motor difficulty, and the absence or presence of a white noise. The results evinced that intrahemispheric interference was reduced when a simple go/no-go motor response was employed relative to a more complex, two-choice motor response. These results confirmed earlier studies that showed similar findings. Subjects also responded faster when the left-hand was used for motor response and also when stimuli were inputed in the left ear, but not when white noise was presented in the background. Significant interactions were found for mean reaction times for hand used by motor condition, and for hand used by motor condition by cognitive condition. A marginally significant interaction for hand used by motor condition by ear of input was also found for mean reaction times. These results suggest that an increase in response processing demands increase right- intrahemispheric interference. A significant main effect was also found for sex for both mean reaction times and mean number of correct responses. The results were interpreted as stemming from differences in performance strategies between males and females. PROCEEDINGS 119 HOW SELF-^ESTEEM EFFECTS THE AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS CONSUME: A FIELD STUDY. Kareen L. Ramsby. Kristy L. Maddox, John P. Jones, III, Jamie Spisak, & Thomas E. Boyce, Dept, of Psyc., VA Tech, 5100 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 2406U0436. Previous research has found that low self-esteem is a motivator for alcohol use because it provides positive feelings of self worth. Therefore, considering the large quantity of alcohol comsumed by college students, it has been implicated that many college students who drink have low self esteem and a sense of unbelongingness. In this study, approximately 100 college students were randomly selected to complete a questionnaire pertaining to self-esteem and belongingness. These students then volunteered to have their BAC taken at a party which im^olved alcohol consumption. Relevant results are discussed, along with implications for preventing alcohol-related problems among college students. A PSYCHO-MOTOR SOBRIETY TEST: OPEN STRATEGY VERSUS SPECIFIED STRATEGY. C. Matt Rashleigh, Kent E. Glindemann, Jeff Ammons, Jennifer Heath, & Soo Kang, Dept, of Psyc., VA Tech, 5100 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436. In applied behavioral research it is important to operationally define the behaviors to be observed. It is also important to specify what is expected from the subjects in order to achieve uniformity of behavior. In this way, there is more confidence that variances in behavior are due to the independent variables and not due to varying methods used in carrying out the behavior. This study focuses on the format in instructions given to subjects before the completion of a sobriety test (The Star Tracing Task). In the control condition, subjects were not given a strategy to be used in completion of the task. In the experimental condition, subjects were given a unifying strategy to be used while completing the task. Results are discussed along with implications towards reducing driving while intoxicated. GOAL-SETTING AND SELF EFFICACY IN AMATEUR ATHLETES. Monica A. Rickard and Raymond H . Kirby, Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation¬ ship between self-efficacy and goal setting in runners, and whether reaching or failing to reach the goal had any affect on self-efficacy. Runners participating in 5K races were questioned about their goals for the upcoming race and their self-efficacy was assessed both prior to and following the race. It was found that runners with higher self-efficacy set higher goals. However no difference was found in post-race self-efficacy scores between subjects that reached their goals, and those that did not. It was also found that subjects who spontaneously set goals without prompting tended to do better relative to their past performance than subjects who had to be prompted to set a goal. 120 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE INCREASE^G STAIR SAFETY ON A UNIVERSITY CAMPUS: A COMPARISON OF FIELD TESTS. D. Steve Roberts, E. Scott Geller, Kristy L. Maddox, & W. Geoffery Fitch, Dept, of Psyc., VA Tech., Blacksburg, VA 24061. People often disregard safety messages that focus on self-protection. However, other-focused messages may give people the more realistic belief that someone will be injured and their safe behaviors could help others by setting a safe example. This study included two field tests to assess the relationship between the content of a safety message and hand rail use on a university campus. In addition to a baseline (i.e., no sign) condition, both field tests included three sign conditions posted in university stairwells. One type of sign read "Please Hold the Handrail When Going Up and Down Stairs". Another type of sign read "Caution! Stairs May be Wet “ Please Hold the Handrail When Going Up and Down Stairs". The final type of sign read "Set a Safe Example for Others - Please Hold the Handrail When Going Up and Down Stairs". In the first feild test, areas where the "example" sign was presented showed the largest increase in handrail use over baseline (from 33% to 51%). Results from the second feild test will be compared to the first and discussed in terms "actively caring" for others as a motivator for safety. UNDERGRADUATE PERCEPTIONS OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN COMPARISON TO NON-PROFESSIONAL, ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF CONSULTATION. Susan P. Sherburne & Louis H. Janda, Dept, of Psyc., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. Undergraduates' perceptions of clin¬ ical psychology were measured in comparison to those of clergy, "psychics," and f ri ends/ f ami 1 y members as caregivers. Sixty- four females and 64 males read brief scenarios, varying accord¬ ing to type of caregiver and magnitude of problem for which help was received (low, moderate, high). Subjects rated caregiver ac¬ cording to status, competency, effectiveness, skills possessed beyond the average person, and deserved fee for services. Five 4x3x2 mixed ANOVAs revealed main effects for both consultant type and magnitude of problem, indicating a significant difference between "psychics" and the other methods of consultation on the dimensions of status, competency, and effectiveness, as well as a difference between clinical psychology and the other methods on deserved fee for services. These findings suggest that clinical psychology is not necessarily a preferred method of treatment, lending to the notions of psychology as "common sense" and sug¬ gesting that psychologists offer no more than the average person. CHOICE REACTION TIME USING CONSISTENT AND VARIED MAPPING OF STIMULI. Steven M. Springer and Glynn D. Coates, Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508. This study examined the effects of consistent and varied mapping of letters on choice reaction time and to determine if the Hick- Hyman law, which states that reaction time increases as the amount of information transmitted increases, applies to intersection decisions during consistent and varied mapping conditions. In the consistent mapping condition, subjects had to determine if all members of the positive set were shown in the display set while the positive set was constant for each trial. In the varied mapping condition, subjects had to perform the same task while the positive set was different for each trial. Results found that reaction time was significantly longer for varied mapping conditions, suggesting that serial processing was used for varied mapping conditions and parallel processing for consistent mapping conditions. Reaction time signif icahtly increased for varied mapping conditions as the size of the positive set increased, suggesting a similar function to the Hick-Hyman law. This effect was not found for consistent mapping conditions, but the trend was in the correct direction. PROCEEDINGS 121 RE-ENCODING SPECIFICITY IN HUMAN MEMORY. Todd H. Stanton. M.R. Saunders*, and D.G. Elmes, Dept, of Psychology, Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, VA 24450. What is it that people remember when they attempt to recognize a target item? At least one thing that they remember is what has been rehearsed. If the match between what is learned and what is remembered is important-encoding specificity-then it is likely that the match between what is rehearsed and what is remembered is important— re-encoding specificity. The results of several experiments suggest that hearing a target item in a voice that is similar to your own voice enhances the recognition of the target if it is also heard in that voice during the recognition test. The implications of re-encoding specificity will be discussed. THE EFFECTS OF LAMOTRIGINE ON SEIZURE EXPRESSION IN KINDLED MONGOLIAN GERBILS f Meriones unauiculatus 1 . Karen L. Stutzmann. D.N. Bryant, & J.W. Collins, Dept, of Psychology, Washington & Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450. Mongolian gerbils are seizure susceptible and the seizure expression is readily kindled to a desired stimulus. This makes them suitable candidates for the testing of antiepileptic drugs (AEP) . Lamotrigine (LTG), a relatively new AEP, has been noted for its ability to reduce the seizure severity of epileptic humans without producing the adverse side effects that frequently accompany the administration of other AEPs. The effects of various LTG dosages (Img/kg, 5mg/kg, and lOmg/kg) , delivered via i.p. injection, on seizures at one half hour and one hour post-injection times revealed that LTG significantly reduces seizure severity. LTG reduced seizure frequency at the one half hour, but not at the one hour post¬ injection time. These results suggest that LTG works by inhibitiing seizure spread from the focus, but not by actively blocking seizure occurrence. Event-Related Potentials and Syntactic Priming in Locally Ambiguous Sentences. Laura Ashley Myler and Thomas P. Urbach. Dept, of Psychology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450. Priming effects are well attested in lexical processing but less is known about priming for grammatical structure in sentence processing. The present study examined syntactic priming effects in the processing of locally ambiguous “garden-path'’ sentences. The S2 garden-path target sentences were preceded by Si which was cither a different garden-path sentence with the same structure or a control sentence. The prediction was that the processing difficulty of the primed targets would be reduced. Event-related potentials (ER.Ps) recorded on-line are known to be sen¬ sitive to the processing difficulty in garden-path sentences, and in particular, the disambiguating word elicits a characteristic late positive deflection in the ERP. Comparison of the ERPs in SI showed that the garden-path items elicit the expected positivity relative to their controls. Compar¬ ison at the S2 garden-path target showed that the positivity was reduced in the primed condition, supporting the hypothesis that the processing difficulty is reduced. 122 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE "ACTIVELY CARING AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: A FIELD STUDY OF COLLEGE STUDENTS. Taime B. Wheeler. Charles B. Pettinger, Jr., Christopher Saunders, Ivan O. Haskell, & Tammy B. Shurts, Dept, of Psyc., 5100 Derring Hall, VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436. The Actively Caring Model and Alcohol Consumption hypothesis were tested by asking subjects to complete two types of evaluation. Two groups of college students (one fraternity, one sorority), participated in a university sanctioned social event. Subjects were asked to complete two standardized tests prior to the social. The Actively Caring Survey (Geller, 1993) and an opinion questionnaire were used to measure individual differences in attitudes and ideas related to involvement in social settings, and alcohol consumption. Test results were correlated with actual Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) during the social. Relevant findings and ideas for future research in this area are discussed. Statistics SOME COMMENTS ON PEARSON AND TIKU'S WORK RELATING THE CENTRAL AND NON-CENTRAL F DISTRIBUTIONS. James M. Davenport. Dept, of Math. Sciences, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA. 23284-2014. Professor Egon S. Pearson of University College London visited the department of statistics at Southern Methodist Univ. on March 28, 1969. He consulted with faculty and gave a lecture to graduate students, faculty and invited guests; the title of his presentation was "Some Historical Reflections, Traced Through the Development of the Use of Frequency Curves." The primary result is the development of Karl Pearson's system of frequency curves, which is typically displayed via the familiar (p^, pj) plane (that is, the skewness and kurtosis parameters). This presentation reviews this historical development through Pearson and Tiku's paper (1970, Biometrika, 57, p. 175-9), where they indicate that the (Pi, P2) points for the non-central F distribution lie inside the Type VI region of Pearson's curves. It is demonstrated, for large degrees of freedom in the denominator, that the (P^, P2) points of a non-central F lie within the Type I region of Pearson's system. This result impacts the use of Pearson's curves in 4-moment approximations. FISHER INFORMATION FOR LOCATION AND SPLINE ROOTGRAM ESTIMATION. Clark K. Gaylord. Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechinic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va 24063. A non-parametric estimate of Fisher information for location is developed using linear B-spline root-density, or "rootgram," estimates. This method also provides a density estimate. A test of normality is derived that is shown via simulation to be comparable to, and sometimes superior to, the Shapiro-Wilk test, a popular test of normality. DELETION, AUGMENTATION AND PRINCIPAL PREDICTORS. Donald R. Jensen. Dept, of Statistics, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Effects of design augmentations and deletions are studied analytically as comparative Fisher efficiencies in estimation, Pitman efficiencies in hypothesis testing, and predictive efficiencies at points in the design space. Linear parametric functions most harmed by deletion and most enhanced by augmentation are identified and related to prediction at a point. Effects of augmenting or deleting sets of points are characterized using principal components of the predictive dispersion at those points. Coefficients of the affected parameters are given explicitly in terms of the points of augmentation or deletion. Eight small second-order designs are studied in detail with supporting numerical displays. Comparisons are drawn to other approaches from the literature. PROCEEDINGS 123 TEST FOR NON-ZERO CORRELATION IN CONTINGENCY TABLES. Robert E. Johnson and Yong Zhu*, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Division of Operations Research and Statistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284-2014. Hypothesis tests concerning Kendall-type correlation between ordinal variables are well known for the hypothesis of independence, but not for the hypothesis of zero correlation. Two procedures, one by Brown and Benedetti and one by Goodman and Kruskal, have been proposed to approximate the asymptotic standard error of the sample correlation measure. Problems with these approximations and a new estimator based on a combination of these approximations are examined. The estimators are compared to both the asymptotic standard error and the true standard error using the maximum likelihood estimates of cell probabilities with the constraint of zero correlation. A Monte Carlo procedure is used to generate sampling distributions. A PROCEDURE FOR COMPARING EXPERIMENTS BASED ON A MEASURE OF SUFFICIENCY (PRELIMINARY REPORT). Patty Kitchin & Robert V. Foutz*, Dept, of Statistics, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Often it is necessary to choose between two or more experiments or two or more statistics within the same experiment. One approach to this problem is to measure the amount of information about the parameter space provided by each experiment or each statistic and make a decision based on the information measure. However, the more common information measures such as Fisher’s information and the Kullback-Leibler information function are only useful under certain assumptions. A new measure that provides a solution where other measures are not informative will be introduced along with some examples and preliminary results. IMPROVING THE W50 TEST FOR EQUALITY OF SPREAD. R. H. Lamb. Dept, of Math. Sciences, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23284-2014. The Brown-Forsythe W50 test is a robust test for equality of spread in independent groups. While generally highly regarded, it however yields extremely conservative tests for small odd sample sizes. Two methods are discussed for improving the W50 test in these situations. Monte Carlo results are presented which illustrate and contrast the improvement due to each method for several sample sizes. A NEW REPRESENTATION FOR BINARY-VALUED TIME SERIES DATA IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN. Hoonja Lee, Dept, of Statistics, Va. Polytech. Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061, & Robert V. Foutz, Dept, of Statistics, Va. Polytech. Inst. & State Univ ., Blacks - burg, VA 24061. The Classical Fourier analysis of time series data can be used to detect periodic trends that are of sinusoi¬ dal shape. However, this analysis can be misleading when time series trends are not sinusoidal. In this paper, we develop theory and methods that can be applied to binary -valued data where patterns more naturally follow a rectangular shape. The theory parallels the Fourier theory and leads to a "Fourier-like " data transform that is specifically suited to the identifica¬ tion of rectangular trends. A PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATION OF PARTIAL GROUP DELAY (PRELIMINARY REPORT). Milan Mangeshkar & Robert V. Foutz*, Dept, of Statistics, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., VA 24061. Partial group delay has an interpretation as the time-lag between two channels of a multiple time series after adjustments have been made for the influence of the remaining chaimels. A two stage methodology is proposed in the spectral domain for estimating the group delay at a frequency of interest. In stage I preliminary values of the group delay are estimated, and in stage II the preliminary values are simultaneously transformed and modeled to obtain an estimate of the mean of the preliminary values (in original units). This estimate is uniformly minimum variance unbiased provided the periodogram and cross periodogram ordinates at each Fourier frequency are independent of the periodogram and cross periodogram ordinates at all other Fourier frequencies. The procedure will be introduced and demonstrated using a simulation study. The preliminary results obtained for the proposed methodology will be compared to the results obtained using an existing procedure. 124 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE D- AND Q-OPTIMAL FACTORIAL DESIGNS IN THE PRESENCE OF DISPERSION EFFECTS. Darcy R Mays. Dept, of Mathematical Sciences, Va. Commonwealth Uniy., Richmond, VA 23284- 2014, k Stephen Easter*, Dept, of Mathematical Sciences, Va. Commonwealth Uniy., Richmond, VA 23284-2014. Traditional response surface methodology experimental designs for estimating location models inyolve the assumption of homogeneous variance throughout the design region. However, with heterogeneous variance these standard designs are not optimal. The D- and Q-optimality criteria will be used to find the optimal designs for different levels and types of heterogeneous variance. Tables of optimal designs will be presented and used to show the relative inefficiencies of the standard designs. The conclusions will suggest the need for an alternative procedure that will estimate the variance structure and use it to obtain a better estimate of the location model. COMPROMISE ON PROTECTION FOR MODEL MISSPECIFICATION . Young Moon, Dept, of Statistics, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ ., Blacks - burg, VA 24061. The model misspecif ication and its robustness has always been a serious objection to the utilization of super¬ population models in finite populations. Instead of imposing restrictions on choosing samples to make the working model as robust to bias, we select a optimal model among the choice of m- odels by Bayes factor. With the chosen model, we design optima¬ lly in the sense of minimizing the posterior variance. Without deemphasizing the role of either design or model-based probabili¬ ty sampling, we develop two stages* scheme which can be used prof¬ itably to protect from model misspecif ication by compromising be¬ tween design and model-based approach. Some properties like unb¬ iasedness and mean square error of the derived predictors are studied. An empirical investigation, based on a simulated popul¬ ation, is made to compare the performance of the suggested predi¬ ctors. COMPUTING THE SIZE OF A CONFIDENCE REGION. Donald E. Ramirez, Dept. , of Math., University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903. A geonetric approach to conpare design efficiencies is given for linear models. Using a recent ACM algorithm for computing the surface measure of an ellipsoid, an onibus geometric criterion for optimal designs is discussed. Comparisons to the A-optimality and D-optimality criteria are demonstrated with selected second-order designs. A NONLINEAR STATE-SPACE MODEL OF CHINOOK SALMON POPULATION DYNAMICS. Steven R. Rein, Dept, of Math. Sciences, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23284-2014. We present a nonlinear state-space model of the population dynamics of the Chinook salmon of the San Joaquin River system in CA. In this model, an unobserved state vector comprised of the number of Chinook in each adult age group along with the number of spawning adults is assumed to evolve in a Markovian fashion. In the model, we emphasize a relationship key to the management of the salmon fishery, that between the number of spawning salmon and the number of their offspring that reach maturity (these we call recruits). Because of an assumed relationship between the survivability of the young salmon (smolts) and springtime water flow, we allow this spawner- recruit relationship to be moderated by flow. We then suggest a method which we call the generalized Kalman filter (GKF), for estimating the parameters of such nonlinear state-space models via maximum likelihood. In the GKF, the distributions of the unknown state, and hence, the likelihood, are approximated numerically. We then apply this GKF to our model of the San Joaquin Chinook salmon to estimate the parameters of the spawner-recruit relationship jointly with the yearly recruit series. STUDENT PAPER AWARDS 125 1994 BEST STUDENT PAPER AWARDS AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE SCIENCES Michelle T. Martuccio (co-recipient) George Washington University, Joint Institute for the Advancement of Fhght Science, NASA-Langley Research Center. A Wind Tunnel Investigation of the Effects of Micro- Vortex Generators on the High-Lift Characteristics of a Business Jet Wing. Jennifer L. Burt (co-recipient) Fhght Deck Research Branch, NASA-Langley Research Center. An Evalua¬ tion of the Perceived Urgency of Auditory Warning Signals. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND AQUACULTURE T. C. Muller Dept, of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University. Assessing Temporal and Spatial Genetic Variation Within American Shad {Alosa sapidissima) Populations of Chesapeake Bay Rivers. ARCHAEOLOGY Ronald W. Fuchs II Dept, of Anthropology, CoUege of Wihiam and Mary. Archaeological Inves¬ tigations at a Late Woodland/Early Colonial Site in Gloucester County, Virginia. ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS, AND PHYSICS J, T. Seo Dept, of Physics, Hampton University. Discharge Circuit Improvement for Hard-Core Flashlamp Blue-Laser System. BIOLOGY Hope S. Thompson (for oral presentation) Dept, of Biology, Randolph-Macon College. Effect of Prenatal Exposure to Levo-Norgestrel or Ethenyl Estradiol and Norethindrone on Testis Development in CD-I Mice. Oliver Bauer (for poster presentation) Dept, of Biology, Shenandoah University, Comparison of Wing Morphology of Bats on Dominica. BOTANY Philip M. Sheridan Dept, of Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University. Genetics of Aberrant Sarracenia Leaf and Flower Color. 126 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION Beatrice Taylor Depts. of Education and Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Perspectives on Collaboration in an STS Landfill Restoration Project: Scientist, Classroom Teacher, and Researcher. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Kelly M. Alexander Dept, of Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Science, Christopher Newport University. Methane Emissions Associated with Sagittaria graminea Michz., Ar¬ rowhead, under Enriched Atmospheric CO2. GEOGRAPHY Amy B. Cohen and Dominic Pisciotta (co-recipients) Dept, of Geology and Geography, James Madison University. Spatial Distribution of Hispanics in the City of Harrisonburg, Virginia. GEOLOGY Anita A. Williams Dept, of Geographv and Earth Systems Science, George Mason University. Sediments of Gunston Cove, Potomac River, Virginia. MATERIALS SCIENCE Kevin C. Stewart Dept, of Materials Science, University of Virginia. Modelling of Crevice Chemistry. PSYCHOLOGY Kathryn J. Karageorge Dept, of Psychology, College of WiUiam and Mary. Sexual Assault and Its Impact on Relationship Patterns: A Developmental Approach. STATISTICS Milan Mangeshkar Dept, of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Tinstitute and State University. A Procedure for Estimation of Partial Group Delay. STUDENT PAPER AWARDS 127 HONORABLE MENTIONS AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE SCIENCES Wayne D. Carlsen George Washington University, Joint Institute for the Advancement of Flight Sciences NASA-Lcingiey Research Center. Comparison of USM3D and Experi¬ ment: How Well Does an Euler Code Predict Transonic Drag Rise? Christine Schleicher Dept, of Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University. Application of a Higher-Order Theory to Orthotroopic and Laminated Beams. ARCHAEOLOGY Suanna C. Selby Archaeology Department, Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, Mount Vernon, VA 22121. The Dogue Run Survey: Searching for George Washington’s Sixteen-sided Barn. ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS, AND PHYSICS Richard G. Grant Department of Physics, Old Dominion University. Identification of the Iron- Zinc Phases in Commercially Produced Galvannealled Steel Tae H. Kimn Department of Physics, Old Dominion University. Mossbauer and X-Ray Study of the hon Nitride, Fe4N. BOTANY Kathryn S. Tolliver Dept, of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University. Potential Allelopathic Effects oiMyrica cerifera on Pinus taeda. David Seaborn Dept, of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University. Annual Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Pagan River, Virginia. EDUCATION Kenneth Lawwill Fairfax County Schools, Chantilly High School. Encouraging Question Asking and Writing in the Science Classroom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Keitha M. Dattilo Biology Department, Mary Washington College. Isolation of Kerosene- Degrading Bacteria from Kerosene-Contaminated Soil. 128 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Donald Morgan Biology Department, George Mason University. Effects of Watershed Ur¬ banization on Stream Fish Communities in Prince William County, Virginia. GEOGRAPHY Matthew J. Humke Dept, of Geology and Geography, James Madison University. Environmental Assessment of the Riparian Zone of the South Fork of the Shenandoah River, Va. GEOLOGY Roger Decker Dept, of Geology and Geography, James Maddison University. Hydraulic Conductivity and Retention of Hydrocarbon Fuel in Soils. Patricia 1. Autrey Dept, of Geology, College of WiUiam and Mary. Hydrogeochemistry of Traver¬ tine Deposition at Burwell’s Bay in Isle of Wight County, Virginia. MATERIALS SCIENCE Martin H. Ettenberg Dept, of Materials Science, University of Virginia. Characterization of Ohmic Contact Solders to High Performance Thermoelectric Materials for Cooling Ap- phcations. PSYCHOLOGY Lawrence J. Prinzel III Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion University. Intrahemispheric Interference of Emotional Stimuli as a Function of Hand Use, Gender, Ear of Input, and Task Complexity Across Motor and Cognitive Tasks. Douglas M. Kaufman Dept, of Psychology, Washington and Lee University. Implicit and Explicit Memory in Children. Monica A. Rickard Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion University. Goal Setting and Self-Efficacy in Amateur Athletes. VJAS AWARDS 129 AWARDS PRESENTED DURING THE VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MEETING AGRICULTURAL AND ANIMAL SCIENCE Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Mariesela R. Rodriguez Kathryn C. Norment Adam T. Moore Jeimette M. Gayer Jennifer M. Jordan Brian M. Green Matoaca High School Lafayette High School Chickahominy Middle School H.B. Woodlawn Gloucester High School Yorktown High School ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (ETHOLOGY) Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Lara K. Woolwine Alex Garris Brian M. Curtis Amy J. Bucher Katherine E. Lorentz Raven L. Louk Southwest Va. Governor’s S. Governor’s School for Gov’t. & International Studies Gloucester High School Governor’s School for Gov’t. & International Studies Ferguson High School Gloucester High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: BOTANY ’A’ Kevin J. WiU Jennifer T. Wilkinson Katherine I. Shrieves Amol K. Tripathi Siddhartha G. Shukla John S. WiU H.B. Woodlawn Midlothian High School Dozier Middle School Tuckahoe Middle School Washington-Lee High School Wakefield High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: BOTANY ’B’ Rudy A. Richter Kimberly S. PhiUey Patrick S. Moran Elizabeth A. Rezba Flora M. Perozzi Alison H. MolUck Thomas Jefferson Middle S. Washington-Lee High School Atlee High School Monacan High School Hermitage High School Warwick High School 130 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: BOTANY ’C Vinay Jain Bethany R. Hankins Liem T. Ha Irena R. HoUowell Suzanne F. Kirby Meredith A. Meyer BOTANY ’D’ Sophia A. Esterman Amanda G. Bock Ryan F. Agnew Craig Gallaer Tarah R. Allen Ian Go Frick-Tordella Governor’s School for Gov’t. & International Studies Southwest Va. Governor’s S. Wakefield High School Wilhamsburg Middle School Southwest Va. Governor’s S. Washington-Lee High School Washington-Lee High School Gildersleeve Middle School Washington-Lee High School Poquoson Middle School Midlothian High School H.B. Woodlawn CHEMISTRY ’A’ Barbara L. Wasserman William C. Topham Anant K. Paravastu Richard G. Starck, iii Michael B. Marean Aditya N. Seth Tuckahoe Middle School Midlothian High School Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology Yorktown High School Wilhamsburg Middle School Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology CHEMISTRY ’B’ Creighton T. Hager Richard K. Bennett, jr Micah L. Higgins-Rice Lauren A. Cayton Mehssa C. Cutter Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology The Collegiate Schools Gloucester High School Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology Magnet High School for Science and Health Professions VJAS AWARDS 131 Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: COMPUTER SCIENCE David S. Zucker Nathan A. Stratton Rex K, Min Konstantin P. Kakaes Peter B. Gonzalez Valentin I. Spitkovsky H.B. Woodlawn Washington-Lee High School New Horizons Governor’s S. Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology Monacan High School Lafayette High School CONSUMER SCIENCE ’A’ Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Jaffray C. Witherow Russell S. Taylor Peter A. Murrer Mary C. Moore Kimberly S. Robbins Meg Y. Wang Lafayette High School Poquoson Middle School Gildersleeve Middle School Yorktown High School Gloucester High School Harry F. Byrd Middle School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honrable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: CONSUMER SCIENCE ’B’ Susan D. Mayo M/chael D. Jefferson Jessica M. Drummond John P. Johnston Steven Y. Mondy Vishal Jain Monacan High School Meadowbrook High School WiUiamsburg Middle School Governor’s School for Gov’t. & International Studies Lee-Davis High School Atlee High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: CONSUMER SCIENCE ’C’ Joseph A. Brenzovich Meredith A. Bailey Jessica R. Anderson Kristen A. Davis Susan B. Carver Deepa Channaiah Atlee High School Tuckahoe Middle School Gloucester High School Monacan High School Atlee High School Roanoke Valley Governor’s S. Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE Lauren A. Czyzewski Beth Lammes WilhamJ. West, II Sara L. Johnson Leslie Thomasson Michael D. McMakin Monacan High School Gildersleeve Middle school Central Va. Governor’s Sch, Poquoson Middle School Patrick Henry High School Patrick Henry High School 132 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ENGINEERING William T. Hockett Craig P. Davis Ronald W. Callis, Jr. Anthony T. Bavuso Lukasz A. Majewski Phillip B. Northam New Horizons Governor’s S. Bishop O’Connell High School Wctrwick High School New Horizons Governor’s S. Tabb High School Smithfield High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ’A’ David C. Zuckerman June Zhu Shelly A. Whitehurst Jason D. Sprinkle Alan M. Trammell Sarah M. Smith Yorktown High School Cave Spring High School Lee-Davis High School Roanoke Valley Governor’s S. Lloyd C. Bird High School Yorktown High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ’B’ Heather M. Smith Kathryn M. Paulson Diaming Pa Jessica L. Shamblee Christina Q. Sherman Jeffrey H. Scarano Gloucester High School Ferguson High School Wakefield High School Liberty Middle School Lloyd C. Bird High School Yorktown High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ’C’ Nicola B. Lewis Tuckahoe Middle School Debra T. Kurshan Roanoke Valley Governor’s S. Juhe M. Lascak Cave Spring High School James T. Lahy Tuckahoe Middle School Alan P. Moore Gloucester High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ’D’ Kimberly L. Goodman Jennifer L. Frazier Daniel C. Daum Douglas F. Hobbs EUzabeth A. Grossberg Gregory W. Harmon Yorktown High School Fieldale- Collinsville High S. Patrick Henry High School - Roanoke Atlee High School Tuckahoe Middle School Fieldale-CoUinsville High S. VJAS AWARDS 133 Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Susan E. Cocker Swanson Middle School Caroline L. Burnet Hines Middle School James H. Brashears, III Governor's School for GoVt & International Studies Yukiko M. Bowman Yorktown High School Brad W. Butcher Menchville High School Catherine T. Airey Roanoke Valley Governor's S. GENETICS AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Erik W. Rosolowsky Kerrie B. Lee June M. Pearson Tu-Anh Thi Bui Kabir Yadav Khoan T. Thai Cave Spring High School Southwest Va. Governor’s Sch. Atlee High School Washington-Lee High School Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology Washington-Lee High School MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS ’A’ Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Joyce W. Yue Thomas J. O’neill Russell A. Johnston Edwin M. Wilson James E. D. Kincaid John R. Zedlewski Poquoson Middle School Woodberry Forest School Woodberry Forest School Woodberry Forest School Woodberry Forest School Williamsburg Middle School MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS ’B’ Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Jeffrey S. Hadden Brian D. Crandall Jason L. Briceno James W. Clark Sumit K. Bothra Timothy E. Brown Yorktown High School H.B. Woodlawn Woodberry Forest School Southwest Va, Governor’s S, Woodberry Forest School Governor’s School for Govern & International Studies MEDICINE AND HEALTH ’A’ Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Seth M. Wood Anubha Tripathi James R. Sagar Casey R. Williams M. Matthew ShoUey Griffin M. Weber Roanoke Valley Governor’s S. Mills E, Godwin High School Williamsburg Middle School Magnet High School for Sci. and Health Professions Midlothian High School Denbigh High School 134 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: MEDICINE AND HEALTH ’B’ Katey Morlino Emily J. Leake Corinne M. Grimaldi Megan Johnson Laura A. Hartman Yasmin D. Jilla Kecoughtan High School Chickahominy Middle School Swanson Middle School Southwest Va. Governor’s S. Washington-Lee High School Roanoke Valley Governor’s S. Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: MEDICINE AND HEALTH ’C’ Grace H. Curry Jeanie K. BhuUer Christina E. Bartlett Tara S. Clair Alice M. Chiou Ruby Z. Afram Yorktown High School H.B. Woodlawn H.B. Woodlawn Monacan High School New Horizons Governor’s S. Washington-Lee High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: MICROBIOLOGY ’A’ Emily C. Paulson Maryanne R. Kiley Martha L. Jones Clay L. Sellers Meenoo Jain Victoria I. E. Ingroff Ferguson High School Gloucester High School Central Va. Governor’s Sch, Broadway High School Roanoke Valley Governor’s S. The Collegiate Schools Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: MICROBIOLOGY John E. Howard Thomas L. Harmon Justin C. Baskerville Kathryn L. Brammer Rangina Hamidi Heather T. Ewald ’B’ Central Va. Governor’s S. Chickahominy Middle School Lloyd C. Bird High School Roanoke Valley Governor’s S. Wakefield High School Turner Ashby High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: PHYSICS ’A’ Robert W. Vawter, III Matthew F. Sprinkel Eric Sobel Michael G. White, Jr. Ashley M. Waters Kevin L. Setter Peasley Middle School Chickahominy Middle School Williamsburg Middle School Lloyd C. Bird High School Yorktown High School H.B. Woodlawn VJAS AWARDS 135 Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: PHYSICS ’B’ Allison S. Rainey George M. F. Parker Erin M. Lynch Larry J. Ousley Keri L. Preston George F. Nolde Swanson Middle School Southwest Va. Governor’s S. Washington-Lee High School Southwest Va. Governor’s S. Monacan High School Tuckahoe Middle School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: PHYSICS ’C’ Daniel J. Hettich Lindsay W. Hauser Jonathan V. Gould Kevin W. Johnson Charles M. Edwards Christine E. Herndon Wakefield High School Hines Middle School Woodberry Forest School Williamsburg Middle School Bishop O’Connell High School Bishop O’Connell High School PHYSICS ’D’ Honorable Mention: Joseph W. Crockett Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Ryan Best Lindsay D. Austin William H, Boze, Jr. Sarah A. Berger Matthew B. Dubeck Governor’s School for Govern & International Studies Liberty Middle School Chickahominy Middle School Meadowbrook High School Monacan High School Yorktown High School Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: PSYCHOLOGY Keia T. Jones Kristine L, Harsen John G. Foulke Elaine N. Kessler GENERAL Fairfield Middle School Monacan High School Yorktown High School Kecoughtan High School PSYCHOLOGY - LEARNING AND PERCEPTION ’A’ Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Bernell E. Turner Shelley D. Miller Trinh N. Lieu Courtney M. Peterson Laura L. Mehlinger Katherine R. Saul Thompson Middle School Turner Ashby High School H.B. Woodlawn Williamsburg Middle School H.B. Woodlawn Yorktown High School 136 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE PSYCHOLOGY - LEARNING AND PERCEPTION ’B’ Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: J. Trevor Johnston Lloyd C. Bird High School Angela M. Garcia Swanson Middle School Leila Dominick Washington-Lee High school Christopher T. Balmaseda Woodberry Forest School Christopher B. Highley Governor’s School for Gov’t & International Studies Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: PSYCHOLOGY - SOCIAL Jonathan J. Thessin Cody R. Spencer Jennifer D. Peters Gabrielle M. Weber Ellen M. Davis Gonzaga College High School Poquoson Middle School H.B. Woodlawn Denbigh High School Wcuwick High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ZOOLOGY ’A’ Sarah E. WiUiams Candice B. Smith Andrew P. Zimmermann Samantha A. Thompson Sasha S. Pascual Southwest Va. Governor’s S. Yorktown High School H.B. Woodlawn Washington-Lee High School Wakefield High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ZOOLOGY ’B’ Catherine L. Merritt Jeremy W. Mckenna Carmen N, Lee Kristy A. Jones Karen E. Hiza Jessica S. Kellogg Patrick Henry High School Patrick Henry High School Newsome Park Middle School Patrick Henry High School Gloucester High School Gloucester High School SPECIAL AWARDS Major W. Catesby Jones Award for the STS winner displaying the greatest science potential. 2nd Runner-up: ($20) Erin Lynch - Washington-Lee High School 1st Runner-up: ($30) Thomas Huff - Douglas Freeman High School Winner - ($50) Aditya Seth - Thomas Jefferson H. S. for Sci. and Tech. VJAS AWARDS 137 Botany Section Awards given by the Botany Section of the VAS, to the best paper on a botanical subject.($50.00) Meredith A. Meyer - Washington-Lee High School VJAS Neuroscience Awards supported by the AuxiUary of the Virginia Neurological Society are given to four outstanding papers in the field of neuros- cience.($50.00 each). Craig P. Davis - Bishop O’Connell High School Kabir Yadav - Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology Mathematics Award for the paper that evidences the most significant contribu¬ tion in the field of Mathematics. ($50.00) John R. Zedlewski - Williamsburg Middle School Roscoe Hughes Award for the best paper in the field of Genetics ($50.00) Khoan T. Thai - Washington-Lee High School Rodney C. Berry Chemistry Award for the paper that evidences the most significant contribution in the field of chemistry. ($50. 00) Aditya N. Seth - Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology Russell J. Rowlett Award for the Best Research Paper of the Year.($50.00) Alan P. Moore - Gloucester High School. The Virginia Psychological Foundation Meritorious Research Awards recog¬ nize outstanding presentations of research in the various fields of psychology. Each award includes a prize of $100.00. Elaine N. Kessler - Kecoughtan High School Katherine R. Saul - Yorktown High School Christopher B. Highley - Governor’s School for Govern. & Internationcd Studies Ellen M. Davis - Warwick High School 138 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Virginia Sea Grant College Program Award is given by the Virginia Sea Grant College Program for outstanding marine or coastal research. ($100.00) Maryanne Kiley - Gloucester High School Health Physics Award is given by the Virginia Chapter of the Health Physcis society for outstanding research on topics related to ionizing radiation. ($500.00) Gregory W. Harmon - Fieldale-CoUinsviUe High School American Cancer Society Award - This award is to recognize outstanding science papers related to cancer research. A certificate to each and to 1st place - $500, 2nd place $300, 3rd place $125, and honorable mention $75. These awards are provided by the American Cancer Society (Virginia Division), Public Educa¬ tion Committee. Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Jonathan B. HuUett Khoan T. Thai John G. Foulke Gregory Harmon Fieldale-CoUinsville High S. Washington-Lee High School Yorktown High School Fieldale-CoUinsville High S. The Gamma Sigma Delta Award (Agriculture). Presented by the VPI & SU Chapter of the Honor Society of Agriculture. This award of $100 is presented in recognition of exceUence in research dealing with apphcation of new technologies and/or concepts in agriculture forestry, or veterinary medicine. Brian M. Green - Yorktown High School W. W. Berry Award. This awards is given by VA Power in honor of Mr. W. W. Berry who was a past Chairman of the Board of VA Power. This award of 10 shares of Virginia Power common stock wiU be presented to the best engineering paper. Phillip B. Northam ~ Smithfield High School VJAS AWARDS 139 The Joyce K. Peterson Award is presented for the outstanding paper by a middle school student. It is presented in honor of Mrs. Joyce K. Peterson who has been an outstanding teacher in the Arlington Count)^ Schools. John P. Dulka - Williamsburg Middle School Trip to AJAS - AAAS Meeting for two students and two alternates for present¬ ing outstanding papers. The 1995 meeting will be held in Feb. in Atlanta. Winner - Jessica S, Kellogg - Gloucester High School Winner - Brian M. Green - Yorktown High School Alternate - John R. Zedlewski - Wilhamsburg Middle School Honorary Membership - AAAS given to two students. Mather Carter - H.B. Woodlawn Timothy Brown - Governor’s School for Government and International Studies Honorary Membership - VAS given to one student. Timothy Brown - Governor’s School for Government and International Studies E.C.L. Miller Club Award to the VJAS club having the most outstanding program for the year.($50.00) The $1,000 Bethel Scholarship Award comes from the interest earned from a $10,000 endowment contributed by the students of Bethel High School, Hampton, Va., over a two year period. Accompanying this scholarship is a rotating plaque to be displayed in the student’s school for the next year. This award is based on both the students presentation and paper. Phiihp B. Northam » Smithfieid High School 140 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Frances and Sydney Lewis Environmental Scholarship: A $13,000 scholarship ($3,250 per year for four years) for the best effort by a student grades 9 to 12 in the field of environmental science. This scholarship is in the name of Frances and Sydney Lewis aind is given by the Virginia Environmental Endowment Amy Billings - Fieldale-Collinsville High School VAS Science Teacher Award given to an outstanding science teacher.($100.00) Mrs. Agnes Jefferson Fields - Denbigh High School AUTHOR INDEX 141 AUTHOR INDEX Abdel-Rahman, A. ...... 74 Ablordeppey, S. . . . 75 Ablordeppey, S. ........ 75 Adams, H.S . 66 Adams, H.S . 78 Adams, Harold S. . . 68 Adams, Harold S . 72 Adams, Harold S. . . 72 Adams, Harold S . 68 Adams, I. . . . 94 Adams, L.J . 90 Adams, Mary Beth ....... 72 Adams, S.A . 105 Agrawal, Krishan M . 78 Alderman, Brenda R . 110 Alexander, Kelly M . 81 Alieva, David G . 94 Ammons, Jeff . . 119 Angermeier, Paul L. , 106 Atkinson, R.B . 82 Avila, Juanita .......... 77 Ayers, J.M . 86 Babin, M. Josephine ...... 59 Babin, M. Josephine . 55 Bailey, B. . 102 Barber, Michael B . 44 Barfield, Eugene B . 45 Barker, Jr. R. Edward ..... 90 Barnes, J.S. . . 78 Barra, Rosemary . . . 60 Bartolome, Debbie S . 39 Bauer, Ohver .......... 56 Benson, WiUiam E . 90 Bernstein, Marissa A . 95 Bhardwaj, Harbans L . 42 Billack,B.C. .......... 95 Bodkin, Norlyn L . 67 Bognaski, D. Stephen . 90 Bond, Tiffany .......... 77 Bondarev, M . 74 Bowman, Richard L, ..... 49 Boyce, Thomas E . 119 Boyce, Thomas E . 110 Boyd,S.Y . 89 Brown, B.L . 43 Brunke, K.E. . 81 Bryant, D.N. . 121 Buemeyer, Curtis M. ..... 110 Buhlman, Kurt A . 108 Buhlman, Kurt A. . 107 Burdette, Daniel W . 39 Burnett, J.C. . 63 Burress, Jonathan W. ..... 104 Burt, Jennifer L . . . 39 Butterworth, L.F. ....... 96 Cairns, J. . . . 82 Cairns, Jr. John ........ 82 Calabrese, Dana ........ 56 Caljouw, Caren A. ...... . 105 Callahan, Rachel L. ...... 86 Carlsen, Wayne D . 39 Carlson, Roseann J . 86 Carpenter, Jr. D. Rae ..... 49 Carreno, Carrie A. ...... . 56 Castevens, C.M . 54 Castevens, C.M. ........ 49 Ceplenski, Peter J . 110 Chambhss, Shawn . 77 Champman, Samuel L . Ill Chang, Y.C. . . 90 Childress, William A . 45 Clemeha, Gerardo G . 90 Coates, Glynn D . 120 Coates, Glynn D . Ill Coates, Glynn D . 117 Cohen, Amy B . 84 Colbert, Michael ........ 116 CoUins, J.W . Ill Collins, J.W . 121 Collins, J.W . .117 Compton, David R . 103 Comstock, B.C . 89 Comstock, J. Raymond .... 39 Connolly, Brian J . 91 Conway, A.F . 62 Conway, A.F. . . 65 Conway, A.F. . . 63 Conway, A.F . 64 Conway, Arthur F . 59 Conway, C.M . 65 142 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Conway, C.M . 63 Conway, Carolyn M . 61 Cook, D.C . 50 Cook Desmond C . . 50 Cook, Desmond C . 51 Corrigan, P.B . 88 Cranford, Jack A . Ill Cranford, Jack A . 57 Cranford, Jack A . 58 Cranford, Jack A . 64 Crosby, M. David . 44 Crowder, Warren . 85 Crozier, J.B . 67 Crozier, J.B . . . 67 Curtis, Anthony D. ...... 57 D’Arcangelis, Rita M . 77 Da’Arcangelis, Rita M. .... 77 Damiano, Jr. Ralph ...... 102 Dattilo, Keitha M . 82 Davenport, James M . 122 Davenport, Stephen R . Ill David, Daniel W . 95 Dawley, Eurice J. ....... 79 De Los Angeles, J. ...... . 74 Deal, III CL . 96 Decker, Roger E. ....... 87 Demuren, A.O. . 40 Devine, K. . . 95 Donnelly, B . 102 Dornan, Teresa M . 112 Dorsey, Trish . 110 Dueser, Raymond D . 106 Duffy, Debra F. . . 86 Dukat, M . 74 Dukat, M . 74 Dukat, M . 75 Dukat, M . 76 Dukat, M . 74 Dukat, M. . . . 76 Dumas, D . 75 Duncan, Perry M . 115 Duncan, Perry M. . 113 Easter, Stephen ........ 124 Eaton, L. Scott . 87 Eckerhn, Ralph P . 55 Eckerlin, Ralph P . . 59 Eckerhn, Ralph P. ...... . 105 Eckerlin, Ralph P. ...... . 57 Eisenback, John D . 72 El-Ashmawy, M.B . 75 El-Ashmawy, M.B . 75 El-Bermawy, M. . . 74 Elgert, Kalus D. . . 104 Elgert, Klaus D . 94 Elgert, Klaus D . 98 Eller, Rhonda ......... 77 Elhs, Darren .......... 50 Elmes, D.G . 114 Elmes, D.G. .......... 121 Enos, D.G. . 93 Eriksson, Susan . . . 79 Eriksson, Susan C. . . 79 Esen, A . 69 Esen, Asim ........... 103 Eskandarian, J.A. . 103 Ettenberg, M.H. ........ 91 Falls, Elsa Q. ......... . 59 Fei, Ding-Yu . . . 99 Fesler, Garrett R . . 45 Fiedler, W.J . 76 Fischer, Chet H. ........ 112 Fischer, J . 75 Fischer, J. . . . 75 Fisher, Robert W . 58 Fitch, W. Geoffery . . . 120 Fleming, Gary P. ....... . 105 Fortney, Jason N . 110 Fortney, Jason N . 110 Fortune, Deborah S . 58 Fortune, Deborah S . 57 Fortune, Deborah S. ..... . Ill Foutz, Robert V . 123 Foutz, Robert V . 123 Freeman, Fred G . 116 Freeman, Frederick G . 118 Fu, Cai-Ting . . 99 Fuhrmann, Henri D . . . 40 Garg,A . 90 Gates, Kevin . 58 Gaudett, Michelle A. ..... 91 Gaylord, Clark K . 122 Gee, Annie . 115 Geller, E. Scott . 112 GeUer, E. Scott . 120 AUTHOR INDEX 143 Gentile, Jack . 85 Gershenoff, Amy . 110 Gershenoff, Amy B . 117 Gewirtz, David A. ...... . 101 Gillen, Barry . 113 Gilmore, D.L . 92 Giovanetti, Kevin ....... 53 Giovanetti, Kevin . 50 Gipson, Terry A . 44 Gipson, Terry A. ....... . 43 Glassco,W . 75 Glasson, George . 80 Glasson, George E. ...... 79 Glasson, George E . 79 Glennon, R.A . 76 Glennon, R.A . 75 Glennon, R.A . 76 Glennon, R.A . 75 Glennon, R.A. ......... 76 Glennon, R.A . 74 Glennon, R.A . 74 Glennon, R.A. ......... 75 Glennon, R.A . 74 Glindemann, Kent E . 112 Glindemann, Kent E. ..... 119 Glindemann, Kent E. ..... 118 Golden, K. . . . 102 Gonzalez, Claudia . 97 Good, Peter A . 96 Grandinetti, C. . Ill Grant, R.G . 50 Gravette, J.V . 88 Greshenoff, Amy B . 115 Grimaldi, Mark R. ...... . 96 Grimshaw, Amy J . 113 Gu,Ying . 77 Guevara-Guerrero, Gonzalo . 73 Gustafson, Glen C . 85 Halloran, Rebecca ....... 59 Hammond, Denise M. . . . . . 97 Han, Kwang S . 54 Harbor, David J . 87 Harris, Reid N. ........ . 56 Harrison, Jr. William P . 66 Haskell, Ivan 0 . 122 Hassuneh, Mona . . 97 Haverlack, E.G . 66 Hawkins, Lester A. . 113 Hayden, W. John . 72 Heath, Jennifer . 1T9 Henderson, P.N. ........ 88 Hendricks, Robert W . 92 Herman, S.W . 88 Herndon, J.L . 76 Herr,S.L . 54 Herr,S.L . 49 Herzog-Simmer, Peggy A. . . 114 Hijaz, Tarek A . 68 Hill, James M . 59 Hiller, Barbara ......... 68 Hobbs, M.S . .105 Hobson, Christopher S . 108 Hodges, Charles T. ...... 46 Hodges, Mary Ellen N . 46 Hoffmeister, A.T . 89 Holland, Janet ......... 59 Hong,S . 74 Howard, Ronda . 61 Howe, J.M. ........... 90 Hsia, Peng-Wie . . . 102 Humke, Matthew J. ..... . 85 Huston, Clifton A. ...... . 46 Hwang, In H . 55 Hyer, Ken . 82 Hyman, R. Douglas ...... 50 Ibraheem, S.0 . 40 Ireland, Charles B . . . 113 Ismaiel, A. ........... 75 Jacobs, Kenneth C . 51 Janda, Louis H . 120 Jensen, Donald R. , 122 Jesser, W.A . 91 Jesser, Wilham A . 93 Johnson, Robert E. ...... 123 Jones, David H . 82 Jones, H . 102 Jones, Hendree ........ 97 Jones, III John P. . . 119 Jones, R. Christim . . 84 Jones, R.C. ........... 83 Jones, Samone . 77 Jones, Treacy D . 98 Justice, Elaine ......... 116 Justice, Elaine M. . . 112 144 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Kalsher, Michael J . 118 Kandil, Osama A . 40 Kane, William . 85 Kang, Soo . 119 Karageorge, Kathryn J . 114 Karnes, H. Thomas . 99 Karowe, D. . . 63 Kaufman, Douglas M . 114 Keiner, Laura A . 78 Kellard, Laura E. . . . 114 KeUey, MicheUe L . 118 KeUy, Roberto . 93 Kelso, D.P . 83 Kenney, James E . 59 Keyser, Lori . 97 Kiley, Quinn T. ........ . 87 Kim, Tae H. . . 51 Kinsley, C . 102 Kinsley, C.H. . . 95 Kinsley, C.H. . . . . 103 Kinsley, Craig H . 97 Kirby, Raymond H. ...... 119 Kirby, Raymond H . 114 Kitchin, Patty . 123 Knight, Jr. Norman F . 41 Knight, Jr. Norman F . 41 Knipp, Peter A . 51 Kok, L.T . 107 Koontz, Kristen E . 115 Kowalski, John ......... 81 Kunos, George . 98 Lafon, Charles W . . 68 Lake, Kristy D . 98 Lamb, R.H . 123 Lambert, Kelly G . 97 LaMonica, Jennifer . 112 Largen, Kim . . 84 Law,H . 74 Law,H. . 76 Lawrence, David J. ...... 52 Lawrence, David M . 72 Lawrence, David M . 68 Lawrence, David M . . . 68 Lawwill, Kenneth . 80 Lawwill, Kenneth S . 81 Laybourne, Roxie C . 59 Learn, Christopher A . 98 Lee, Christopher . 61 Lee, Hoonja . . . 123 Lee, JaH . 54 Lehman, J. Larry . 52 Lehman, Jim . 52 Leung, W.H . 83 Lewis, Lynn O. ........ . 82 Lewis, Lynn 0 . 102 Li, Xiaoguang . 52 Lillard, R. Scott ........ 91 Lindhohn, Dean A . 69 Lindholm, Dean A. ...... 106 Linebaugh, Donald W . 46 Lipscomb, M.V . 105 Liu, Danhui . 99 Livingston, David L . 66 Lockman, Felix J. ....... 53 Lookabaugh, Patrick S . 106 Lorig, T.S . 116 Loxterman, Janet L. ..... . 106 Luchetti, P.A . 88 Lukezic, Craig . 47 Lyons, B . 107 Mabry, Michelle L. ...... 60 Maddox, Kristy L . 115 Maddox, Kristy L. ...... .119 Maddox, Kristy L . . 120 Maddux, Jay R . 90 Major, Debra . 110 Maloy, Michael L. ...... . 86 Mangeshkar, Milan . 123 Mangum, Charlotte P . 60 MarshaU, H.G. ......... 68 Marshall, H.G . 73 Marshall, H.G . 71 MarshaU, H.G . 70 MarshaU, Harold G. ..... . 70 Martin, B . 75 Martin, B . . . 76 Martin, B. . . . . 94 Martin, Craig, . 110 Martin, Craig . 117 Martin, W. WaUace ...... 56 Martuccio, MicheUe T . 41 Mason, D.J . 96 Mason, Thomas R . . 115 Massey, Steven J . 40 AUTHOR INDEX Matia, Douglas C. . . 116 Matthewos, Eshete ...... 83 May, E. . . . . . 75 Mays, Darcy P . 124 Mays, W.T. ........... 107 Mays, W.T . 107 Mazzeo, Peter M . 69 McAvoy, Tom J. . . . 107 McAvoy, Tom J. . . . 107 McDonald, T.S . . 88 McKay, Samuel L . . 86 McKenney, Amanda L . 60 McKenzie, Woody . 80 McNulty, Dustin E . . 53 Mengak, Michael T. ...... 59 Metz, Cara Harbecke . 47 Mikulka, Peter J . Ill Miller, Roman J. . . 96 Miller, Roman J. . . . . 104 Miller, Roman J, . 96 Mitchell, Joseph C . . 107 Mitchell, Joseph C . 108 Mohamed, A . 42 Mohamed, Alii . . 43 Mohla, Anjah . 112 Moncrief, Nancy D . 106 Moon, Young . 124 Moorman, Joseph . 60 Morell, Larry .......... 77 Morgan, Donald . 84 Morgan, Donald R. ...... 83 Morrow, Suzanne . 116 Mose, Douglas . . 83 Mukherjee, N . 99 Mukherjee, Partha S . 99 MuUer,T.C . 43 Murray, Eileen ......... 100 Mushrush, George ....... 83 Muslim, C. . . 69 Myler, Laura Ashley ...... 121 Nagarkatti, Mitzi ........ 100 Nagarkatti, Mitzi ........ 97 Nagarkatti, P . 101 Nagarkatti, Prakash S . 97 Nannapaneni, Murahdhar . . 58 Nash, Carole L . 47 Nayak, Vrinda R . 100 145 Nayak, Vrinda R . 100 Nelson, Glenora . 116 Nesius, Kneeland K . 70 Neves, Dick . 104 Neves, Richard J . 106 Newell, Mark . . . 110 Newsome, Mark A . 70 Newton, Scott H . 44 Nuttycombe, Kimberly . , . .117 Nyantakyi, P.S . 62 O’Connor, Michael J . 92 Olek, Sandra .......... 70 Olin, Robert F . 52 Opperman, Antony . 47 Orr, Michael S . 101 Owusu-Sakyi, Josephine B. . . 61 Pagels, John F . 106 Pagels, John F. . . 108 Pague, Christopher A . 107 Pague, Christopher A . 108 Paibir, Sheela G . 101 Painter, Harry F . 105 Palmer, Jr. H. Carl . 61 Pappas, D.P . 54 Pappas, Eric C. . . ! . 92 Parsons, Beth . 117 Patarroyo, Olga . 117 Pederson, Neil A. ....... 68 Pendleton, Jr. Wallace O. . . . 78 Peszka, Jennifer J . 117 Petersen, Christopher E. ... 62 Petersen, Christopher E. ... 61 Petersen, T.A . 93 Pettinger, Jr. Charles B . 118 Pettinger, Jr. Charles B . 122 Philhps, Jr. Daniel M . 118 Pisciotta, Dominic . 84 Pittman, Roland N . 95 Pontier, Nancy K . 88 Powers, Anne M . 61 Prinzel, III Lawrence J . 118 Pugh, David L . 49 Pugh, Emily . 79 PuUins, Stevan C . 47 Qi, Yunqian ’Tim’ . 41 Rafi, Asimah . 101 Ramirez, Donald E . 124 146 VIRGINL4 JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Ramsby, Kareen L . 119 Rangappa, M . 42 Rashleigh, C. Matt . 110 Rashleigh, C. Matt . .119 Rasmussen, D.L . 89 Rasmussen, David . 110 Rawers, James C . 51 Rawers, James C . 50 Rawinski, Thomas J. . . 108 Razdan, R . . . 94 Reale, R.M . 62 Reavey, Peter A. . . 58 Rein, Steven R . 124 Renfroe, Michael H . 70 Renfroe, Michael H . 70 Rickard, Monica A . 119 Rinehart, Sherry C . 108 Roberts, D. Steve . 120 Roberts, D. Steve . 117 Roberts, D. Steve . 118 Roberts, D. Steve . 110 Roble, Steven M. . . . . 108 Rockwood, Larry L . 84 Rose, Robert K . 62 Rosi, F.D . 91 Rowe, R . 102 Rowe, Ricky .......... 97 Rudmin, J oseph D . 53 Rudmin, Joseph W. . . 53 Rudmin, Joseph W. . . 54 Ruscio, Mike . 97 Sabre, Mara . 81 Sabre, Mara . 82 Sander, John E . 88 Saunders, Christopher .... 122 Saunders, M.R. . 121 Scerbo, Mark . . 110 Scharfe, Andrea C . 102 Schleicher, Christine C. . . . . 41 Scott, Matthew . 89 Scully, John R . 91 Scully, John R . 91 Seaborn, D . 68 Seaborn, David ......... 71 Seaborn, David . 70 Selby, Suanna C. ....... . 48 Seo, JaeTae . . 54 Shah, Samir . 102 Shahid, Mahammad . 103 Sharp, S. Llyn . 109 Sherburne, Susan P . 120 Sheridan, Philip M . 71 Sheridan, Phihp M. . 71 Sherwood, T.S . 54 Sherwood, W. Cullen ..... 87 Sherwood, W.C . 89 Shurts, Tammy B. . . . 122 Simmons, Mark P . 72 Simpson, Chimin H . 93 Soine, Wilham H . 100 Soine, William H . 100 Soine, Wilham H . 101 Southgate, C.E . 114 Soza, S.S . 63 Spearman, M. Leroy ...... 42 SpiUer, Mary . 110 Spiller, Mary L. ........ 115 SpiUer, Mary L . 112 Spisak, Jamie . . 119 Springer, Steven M . . . 120 Stanton, Todd H . 121 Starke, E.A. . . . 92 Stephenson, Steven L . 72 Stephenson, Steven L . 68 Stephenson, Steven L . 68 Stephenson, Steven L . 72 Stewart, Kevin C. ....... 93 Stipes, R. Jay . 73 Stipes, R.J. . . 67 Stipes, R.J . 67 Stoner, Glenn E . 91 Storms, Lara E. ........ 98 Strutt, Michael A . 48 Stutzmann, Karen L. ..... . 121 Summer, Eric . . 63 Taylor, Beatrice . 81 Taylor, Frank . 109 Taylor, S. Ray . 94 Taylor, S. Ray . . 90 Taylor, S.R . 93 Teates, Thomas . 80 Teates, Thomas G. . . . 81 Teitler, M . 74 Teitler, M. . . 76 AUTHOR INDEX 147 Teitler, M. . . 74 TeitleijM . . 74 Terman, C. Richard . 60 Terman, C. Richard ...... 64 Terman, C. Richard . 63 Thomas, Charity E . 95 Thomas, Diana ......... 100 Thompson, H.S . 64 Thornham, K.T . 67 Thornton, Suzanne R . 103 ToUiver, Kathryn S . 73 Tomblin, David C . 64 Toomey, C.P . 65 Townsend, Jr. Victor R. . . . . 65 Turner, J.M. .......... 116 Turner, N.C. . . . . 103 Turpin, Pamela C . 80 Urbach, Thomas P . 121 Urbach, Thomas P . 115 Urbach, Tom P . . 113 Varga, Karoly . . 98 Vends, Deborah G . 114 Vess, Tomalei J. . 56 Walker, Thomas M . 104 Walker, Thomas M . 98 Waller, Deborah A. ...... 57 Waller, Deborah A . 65 Warrenburg, S. . . 116 Wayne, J.S . 99 Webb, George R. . 55 Webb, Jane C. . . 55 Weinstein, M. . . . 68 Weinstein, MoUie . . . 70 Weinstein, Mollie J . 73 Welch, Sandra P . 95 Westkaemper, R.B . 76 Wetzel, Brenda R . 115 Wetzel, Brenda R . 110 Wheeler, Jaime B . 122 Wheeler, Seth J . 90 White, Jr. K.L. . . 96 Whitehead, Allen J . 61 Whiting, GJ. . 81 Whittecar, G. Richard . 88 Whittecar, G. Richard . 89 Wildeus, Stephan . 44 Wildeus, Stephan . 43 Wilkes, Nicole . 61 Wilkinson, Margot C . 68 Wilhams, Anita A . 89 Wilhams, Geoffrey . 54 Wilhams, Patricia B . 98 WincheU, Juhe . 62 Winesett, Steve . 84 Wittkofski, J. Mark . 48 Wittman, Markus W . 94 Wolfmbarger, Jr. Lloyd .... 58 Wright, Robert A.S . 109 Wright, Stephen E. ...... 85 Young, D.R . 73 Young, P. Joy . 68 Zahorian, Stephen A . 66 Zaidman, Marsha . 78 Zamkotowicz, M.D. ...... 89 Zhao, Roger . . . 66 Zhong,Z.W. . . 42 Zhou, Jie . 55 Zhu,Yong . 123 Zook, Matthew B . 104 MEMBERSHIP Membership in the Academy is organized into sections representing various scientific disciplines as follows: 1 . Agriculture, Forestry and Aquaculture 2. Astronomy, Mathematics and Physics 3. Microbiology and Molecular Biology 4. Biology 5. Chemistry 6. Materials Sciences 7. Biomedical and General Engineering 8. Geology 9. Medical Sciences 10. Psychology 11. Education 12. Statistics 13. Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences 1 4. Botany 15. Environmental Science 16. Archaeology 17. Computer Science 18. Geography 19. Natural History & Biodiversity Annual Membership Dues - Includes subscription to Virginia Journal of Science Student . $ 10.00 Regular - Individual . . 25.00 Contributing - Individual .... 30.00 Sustaining - Individual . 50.00 Life - Individual . 300.00 Sustaining - Institution . 100.00 Business - Regular . 100.00 Business - Contributing .... 300.00 Business - Sustaining . 500.00 Patron . 1000.00 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Date _ Name (Please Print) Phone ( ) _ E-mail .FAX( _ ) Address City_ _ _ _ _ _ State Zip _____________ Institution or Business _ _ _ _ Position — Title _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fields of Interest — Sectbn No.(s) _ First No. indicates major interest Class of Membership Desired _ _ _ _ Contacted by: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Make check payable to Virginia Academy of Science and send to: VAS, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220-2054. Instructions to Authors All manuscripts and correspondence should be addressed to the Editor, The Virginia Journal of Science welcomes for consideration original articles and short notes in the various disciplines of engineering and science. Cross-disciplinary papers dealing with advancements in science and technology and the impact of these on man and society are particularly welcome. Submission of an article imphes that the article has not been published elsewhere while under consideration by the Journal. Three complete copies of each manuscript an figures are required. It is also suggested that authors include a 5.25 diskette in IBM compatible format containing a text file (ASCII) of the manuscript. Original figmes need not be sent at this time. Authors should submit names of three potential reviewers. All manuscripts must be double-spaced. Do not use special effects such as bold or large print. The title, author’s name, affiliation, and address should be placed on a cover page. An abstract (not to exceed 200 words) summarizing the text, particularly the results and conclusions, is required. The text should follow the general format used by professional journals in the author’s discipline. Literature cited in the text should follow the name-year format: (McCaffrey and Dueser, 1990) or (WiUiams et al., 1990). In the Literature Cited section at the end of the article, each reference should include the full name of the author(s), year, title of article, title of journal (using standard abbreviations), volume number and first and last page of the article. For a book, include author(s), year, title, pages or number of pages, publisher and city of publication. Examples: McCaffrey, Cheryl A. and Raymond D. Dueser. 1990. Plant associations of the Virginia barrier islands. Va. J. Sci. 41:282-299. Spry, A. 1%9. Metamorphic Textures. Pergamon Press, New York. 350 pp. Each figure and table should be mentioned specifically in the text. All tables, figures and figure legends should be on a separate pages at the end of the text. Multiple author papers are required to have a statement in the acknow¬ ledgements indicating the participation and contribution of each author. After revision and final acceptance of an article, the author will be required to furnish two error-free copies of the manuscript: 1) typed copy, single spaced, with tables and figure captions at the end of the document, and one set of original figures, each identified on the back by figure number and author’s name; 2) a 5.25 diskette in an IBM compatible format containing the text file, tables and figure legends. Authors will be allowed 15 printed pages (including figures) free, but payment of $50 per page will be charged for the 16th and subsequent pages. s: ?o > S CO o DS 3: Z CO O cji O Z - 03 • O O CO o ai CT> o 1— » 05 03 ;D ?a C71 ;> cn sc o hC 4i- > O CO ^ s G 1-H hH 1-3 CO 3d I— t CO H o l-H 2; O t-H 2: > CO 2: CO 2; 3; CO t-H 1-3 Science Museum of Virgima U. S. POSTAGE 2500 West Broad Street PAID Richmond, Virginia 23220 Richmond, Virginia - — - Permit No. 1193 Address Correction Requested - '\ / OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADfeMY OF isCIENCE THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDITOR: James H. Martin Dept, of Biology - PRC J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College 2500 West Broad Street Richmond, VA 23220-2054 Phone: (804)367-6795 BUSINESS MANAGER: Eugene G. Maurakis Science Museum of Virginia P.O. Box 85622 Richmond, VA 23285-5622 Phone: (804)371-3064 ©Copyright, 1994 by the Virginia Academy of Science. The Virginia Journal of Science (ISSN:0042-658X) is published four times a year (Spring, Summer, Fall , Winter) by the Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220-2054. The pages are electronically mastered in the Parham Road Campus Biology Department of J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College. The Virginia Academy of Science and the Editors of the Virginia Journal of Science assume no responsibility for statements or opinions advanced by contributors. Subscription rates for 1994: $27.00 per year, U.S.A.; $35.00 per year, other countries. All foreign remittances must be made in U.S. dollars. Most back issues are available. Prices vary from $5.00 to $25.00 per issue postpaid. Contact the Business Manager for the price of a specific issue. Changes of address, including both old and new zip codes, should be sent promptly to the following address: Blanton M. Bruner, Executive Secretary- Treasurer, Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220-2054. All correspondence relating to remittance, subscriptions, missing issues and other business affairs should be addressed to the Business Manager. For instructions to authors, see inside of back cover VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VoL45 No. 3 FALL, 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ARTICLES Instructions for Building Two Live Traps for Small Mammals. Robert K Rose. Is the Fall Line a Vegetational Boundary? Forest Succession in Pocahontas State Park, Virginia. Elizabeth Ann Wolff and Stewart Ware. Spectral Characterization of Acid-Mine and Neutral-Drainage Bacterial Precipitates and Their Relationship to Water Quality in a Piedmont Watershed. John E. Anderson. Abundance and Spawning Site Utilization of Fundulus heteroclitus at the Virginia Coast Reserve. David J. Yozzo, Karen 1. Hester^ and David E. Smith. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MINUTES COUNCIL MINUTES ANNOUNCEMENTS ABSTRACTS 199 202 212 213 1 Virginia Journal of Science Volume 45, Number 3 Fall 1994 Instructions for Building Two Live Traps for Small Mammals Robert K. Rose, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0266. ABSTRACT The two live traps described herein, tested in the field over a period of 10 years, are sturdy, long-lasting, and relatively inexpensive to build with readily available materials and simple tools. The all-weather hve traps described here are modifications of a type designed . by Fitch (1950). The principle of the Fitch trap is that when the small mammal walks through a swinging treadle to reach the bait in the nest box, the gravity- operated door drops behind it. The nest box for the traps, made from a 12 ounce drink can, is held by a friction connection that is easily broken when the contents are emptied into a bucket or bag. The Fitch hve trap is a multiple- capture trap in which second and subsequent animals can enter by pushing against and then sliding under the dropped metal door. These two live traps have been used extensively in field studies of small mammals in southeastern Virginia and elsewhere, where a range of species and sizes to 150 g has been taken in the trap made from hardware cloth. The smaller trap, with a trap body made from 2.54cm square acrylic tubing, excludes mammals heavier than 20-25 g, thereby permitting only the smallest members of the small mammal community to be studied. THE HARDWARE CLOTH (MESH) TRAP To build the mesh trap (Figure la), a 23.5cm by 23.5cm piece of galvanized hardware cloth (also called hail screen) is bent into a 5.5 by 5.5cm trap body that is 23.5cm long. Hardware cloth with three meshes to the inch is best suited to building these traps but this size often is difficult to obtain in hardware or supply stores. (One-half-inch hardware cloth is most commonly available but if used to make traps the meshes are too large to hold harvest mice and most shrews; one-quarter-inch mesh is difficult to bend and even more difficult to make into a secure trap body, but traps built with this material will hold the smallest mammals.) The square of hardware cloth is trimmed on three sides, but the long ends of the fourth side are retained to be bent to build a sturdy trap body. To make the trap body, a 24 to 30cm length of wooden board 50-51 mm square is used to bend the piece of hardware cloth into a square tube. Place the board on the hardware doth at the edge of a table, and with the untrimmed side pointing away, bend 1cm of hardware doth up with your thumbs. Then roll the board away from your body and bend the hardware cloth at 90° to form one side of the tube; continue this rolling movement, squaring up the corners as you go, until the square tube of the trap body has been fashioned. After the last bend, place the untrimmed wires through the first-bent comer. Next, using a needle-nosed pliers, bend each wire end around an adjacent mesh wire to make a symmetrical and sturdy trap body. 152 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 1a 1b 40 mm 1d - 135 mm (^— — 1e -* - — 55 mm - ► CIT^ If FIGURE 1, Model of completed Fitch trap made from galvanized mesh, together with patterns of the hand-made components. If the hardware cloth is not square, some adjustments will have to be made to build a symmetrical and sturdy trap body. Other components needed for construction are shown on Figure 1. The sheet metal door (Fig. lb) is made from medium-weight (28-gauge) galvanized material that may be obtainable at low cost (as scrap) from a heating and air-conditioning or similar contractor. Each door is made from a 6.25-cm square, with small holes drilled in one side and then notched and rounded (Figure lb), using a sheet-metal scissors. Then, using a board with a 6-mm deep saw cut, bend the two sides of the door to 90°. The door and hinge will work best if the top of the door is bent to 30° with fingers, a pliers or an angular cut in a board. TWO SMALL MAMMAL LIVE TRAPS 153 The swinging treadle is made from galvanized hardware cloth; the one shown in Figure Ic is made from two-meshes per inch galvanized mesh, but other mesh sizes will work too. The treadle (gmd indeed every part of the trap) is trimmed of sharp edges to minimize the possibility of the injury of captured animals. However the treadle is made, it should be symmetrical when hanging from the two wires, so that maximum sensitivity and sturdiness can be achieved. A small metal tab between the suspending wires minimizes the lateral movement of the trigger wire, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the trap too. Parts Id and le are made from 18-gauge galvanized wire. Especially for the trigger wire (le), the wire must be pulled to straighten and strengthen it. To straighten wire, wrap one end around an eye-hook screwed into a post, run out 5 or 10 m of wire, cut and pull using a pliers, two hands, and your back. When pulled in this manner, the wire will stretch about 1-3 percent, and more importantly, the wire then becomes more ductile. For the size of Fitch trap described here, the hinge and trigger wires should be cut to 16cm lengths. The traps can be assembled most quickly if a supply of all components is available for use after several trap bodies have been made. To assemble, place several trap bodies in a row, each with the seam on the table; there are fewer jagged edges for both small mammal and investigator if the seam is on the floor of the trap. Next, insert a door into the front of each trap. (Trap bodies and doors will vary slightly in dimensions, so matching the correct sizes at this stage saves time). Then, bend a hinge wire into an L- shape, with the short arm about 5.5cm long. While holding the door in the "up" position, insert the hinge wire inside and through the leading edge of one side of the trap body, through both holes of the metal door, and out the other side of the trap body. Next, using the needle-nosed phers, bend the short arm of the hinge wire half-way down its length so that the bent end will pass into the trap body; then bend the leading end of the hinge wire up and insert it so that the wire can be crimped tightly and firmly around the trimmed hcirdware cloth at the front of the trap body. Bend the hinge wire down and repeat these steps on the other side to make the hinge complete. Afterwards, use pliers to raise or lower of one side of the hinge wire to make the bottom of the metal door level with the floor of the hardware-cloth trap body and to permit the door to drop freely and completely. When completed, each end of the hinge wire is wrapped firmly around the leading edge of the trap body. Next, while holding the door in the "up" position, place a trigger-wire holder (Fig. Id) about 2.5cm from the back (bottom) of the door. Using the pliers, bend the ends of the wires through and around the meshes of the hardware cloth so that this loop is well secured (see Fig. la). Next, hang the treadle about 4cm from the back end of the trap body so that it swings freely. Crimp the hooks to secure the treadle to the trap body. Then, to measure the exact length of the trigger wire (Fig. le), place its hooked end on the same transverse wire of the trap body from which the treadle is suspended. Raise the door into the "up" position while holding the end of the trigger wire with the same hand; cut the end of the trigger wire to the closest (back) edge of the trap’s door. Next, use the pliers to hold the trigger wire by the loop end and insert it into the back of the trap body so that the trigger wire comes to rest next to the metal tab of the treadle while its end passes through the trigger- wire holder (Fig Id), already in place. Crimp the loop of the trigger wire 154 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE to secure it next to the tab of the treadle; this is more easily done if the loop is above, and the trigger wire below, the transverse vsdre with the metal tab. (If you wish to allow the smaller mammals to come and go without being caught, use a shorter treadle, one that will not swing when the smallest animals walk under it.) The functional trap body is now complete. An easy to use spring-clip can be fashioned and attached that will quickly and effectively lock open the trap during prebaiting or between trapping periods. This optional part (Figure If) is made from a 12cm piece of spring metal, bent into the appropriate shape and then crimped onto the third transverse wire from the front of the trap. (Adjustments are required here if hardware cloth of 2- or 4-meshes to the inch is used.) When properly made and installed, this clip will hold the door in the "up" position in prebaiting periods, permitting animals to freely enter and leave the trap without being caught. The best spring metal is stainless steel, but any non-corrosive springy metal about 18 or 19 gauge will work. This Fitch trap uses a 12 ounce (355 ml) drink can as a nest box, but traps of different sizes can be built to accommodate larger or smaller cans. (The original Fitch [1950] trap used a 46 ounce [10.5cm diameter by 17.5cm long] tin can as the nest box, and the trap body was about 9cm by 9cm and 30cm long. Before bending, the hardware cloth is 30 X 37cm. Using a 10cm by 10cm square of sheet metal for the door and appropriately larger other components, this larger Fitch trap can be built using the directions given here.) The tops of drink cans cannot be easily removed because the deeply recessed hds cannot be cut with the standard can opener. The most effective and quickest way to open the top of a drink can is to use a sanding wheel; coarse grit cuts through the aluminum top in seconds, allowing the top to be pulled out easily. (Recently, a can opener has been marketed that might work safely; it cuts off the entire top, including the crimped lid). Once cleaned and filled with non- absorbent cotton or polyester fiber and bait, these cans become effective and long-lasting nest boxes. To assemble the trap and nest box, use your fingers to bend and round up the back of the trap body and then slide it onto the open end of the can. A tightly fitting friction joint is crucial so that the trapped mammal cannot separate the trap body from the nest box by running back and forth. Steel drink cans, although rarer now, are sturdier than aluminum cans and will last for several years of continuous use in the field. These traps, when baited with wild birdseed (sometimes with extra sunflower seeds) have caught small mammals ranging from 6-8 gBlarina carolinen- sis, the southern short-tailed shrew, to 150 g Sigmodon hispidus, the hispid cotton rat. I have also caught one female Mustela frenata, long-tailed weasel, in the trap; earlier I caught a pair of long-tailed weasels in a larger Fitch trap (with 46 ounce can as nest box). This larger size also catches chipmunks, squirrels, and Norway rats (though the treadles and trigger wires often are damaged by these larger animals). These traps can be easily marked and anchored using surveyors’ flags, with the 21" or 30" wires placed through the hardware mesh of one side of the trap body. Two types of all-mesh live traps recently were reported to be superior to the standard all-metal Sherman live trap for capturing desert rodents (O’Farrell et al., 1994). The Fitch trap described above has a mesh trap body, where heat can be FIGURE 2. Model of completed trap mechanism and nest box of Fitch trap made from square acrylic tubing, together with pattern of the hand-made components (2b and 2c) and the purchased component (2d). dumped, and a nest box, where the mammal can seek shelter to stay dry and conserve heat. THE SMALLER TRAP MADE FROM SQUARE ACRYLIC TUBING The raw materials to build this smaller trap are square acrylic tubing, 22 gauge wire, plexiglass, an eyebolt, and a drink can (Figure 2a). The trap body is made from 2.54cm dear tubing purchased in 10-foot sections at a plastics store and cut into 14cm lengths using a fine-toothed band saw. The door is hung on 22 gauge galvanized wire run through holes drilled near the top of the front of the trap. (A pair of similar holes, when drilled 1.5cm behind the holes for the hinge wire, can be used to hold a wire to lock the trap open during prebaiting or between periods of active trapping.) The door, 20mm wide and 30mm long, was made from a piece of discarded aluminum Venetian blind, cut with an office paper cutter. One end of the rectangle of aluminum was rolled, using a sawed groove in a board and needle-nosed pHers, into a tube through which the hinge wire was inserted. The 3cm hinge wire then was bent at both ends to hold the hinge in place. Counting the thickness of the acryhc tubing and the head room for the door, the opening of this trap is about 17- 18mm high and 21mm wide. This small size of opening effectively prevents mammals larger than 20-25 g from entering the traps. 156 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE The acrylic tubing is attached to the nest box by means of a plexiglas or lexan "shield," a 62mm disk with a U-shaped cut as shown in Figure 2b. A tight fit is needed so that the acrylic tubing can be strongly "welded" to the 6-8mm thick shield using Resin-Bond or similar solvent. The small notch in the shield is needed to accommodate the trigger wire, which in this trap hes outside and on top of the trap body. The trigger wire is made from galvanized 22 gauge wire, pulled and straightened as described above, and then bent as shown in Figure 2c. The. front end of the trigger wire is sent through a 5mm hole that has been drilled in the top of the trap body, about 42mm from the front of the trap. The trigger wire is the last component of the trap to be assembled (see beyond). The nest box for this trap also is made from a 12 ounce aluminum drink can. Remove the tab from the can and then cut off the top 1.2- 1.5cm, using a fine-toothed band saw. Then, place the plexiglass shield and attached trap body inside the top of the can so that the openings in the lid of the drink can and the back of the trap body are ahgned. While holding these parts in alignment, drill a 6mm hole in the shield and lid about 1.5 to 2cm above the top of the acrylic trap body. A 7cm long by 4mm (2 3/4" by 3/16") eyebolt (Fig. 2d), with a nut on each side, is used to hold the shield and trap body to the top of the drink can. A rubber washer (which can be made from a piece of tire inner tube) should be placed between the lid and the plastic shield before using a wrench to make this connection secure. Then, use a good sheet-metal scissors to enlarge the opening in the hd of the aluminum can in order to match the opening with the inside dimensions of the acryhc tubing at the back of the trap body. After some cutting, the edges should be made flat and smooth with a file, again to reduce the possibihties of injury to the captured mammals. Now install the treadle by running the wire (Figure 2c) through the notch in the shield and along the top of the acrylic body, and then inserting the tip through the 5nim hole in the top. Then, bend the squarish end part of that wire (Figure 2c) downward so that it becomes the treadle. As the mouse or shrew moves through this treadle, the wire moves and the door drops. Thus, the section of wire holding up the door must be trimmed to the appropriate length so that the door will drop when the treadle is moved as the mammal moves into the nest box for the bait. Next, use the scissors to trim the rough edges from the remainder of the drink can. Then, using the eyebolt as a handle, the two parts of the trap are joined, as shown in Figure 2a. Because the two parts are so tightly held by friction, the eyebolt, and not the acrylic tubing, should be grasped to sepairate the trap body from the nest box when trapped animals are emptied into a bucket or bag. When built of clear acrylic tubing, these traps proved to be ineffective in catching small mammals. However, when the clear acrylic tubing was made opaque by spray-painting it with black acryhc paint, an exceUent trap resulted. (During a year-long study of oldfield smaU mammals in southeastern Virginia [Cawthorn and Rose, 1989], about 30 Cryptotis parva, least shrew, and a few hundred each of Reithrodontomys humulis^ eastern harvest mouse, andMwj musculus, house mouse, were taken with these traps.) Before spray-painting with acryhc paint, a 3cm piece of masking tape was placed at the end of the trap; after painting, the tape was removed, enabling the investigator to see without stooping over and looking into the trap at near ground level whether the trap had been set off by a small mammal TWO SMALL MAMMAL LIVE TRAPS 157 entering it. In fact, one of the advantages of Fitch traps is that it is easy to see at a glance and often from a distance whether the trap door is in the up or dropped position. In summary, the two traps described here can be built cheaply (the latter is more costly to build, and takes much more time to construct) with readily available materials and using simple tools. However, a band saw, drill press, and sanding wheel will speed production. Besides being inexpensive, these traps are sturdy, do not rust or corrode excessively, and remain in good working condition after years of continuous use. The trap made of hardware cloth (Figure 1) does not need cleaning, because the animals defecate in the wire part of the trap. This feature also makes it easy to collect fecal samples of individual animals simply by placing a piece of paper under the mesh part of the trap. The painted acryhc traps were left continuously in the field for a year, and eight years later after intermittent use they still have not become brittle. Thus, these traps also hold promise for a long period of usefulness. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Henry Fitch for a useful yet general design, and to the ODU Pubhcations and Graphics unit for preparing the figures. LITERATURE CITED Cawthorn, J. M. and R. K. Rose. 1989. The Population Ecology of the Eastern Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys humulis) in Southeastern Virginia. Amer. Midi. Nat. 122:1-10. Fitch, H. S. 1950. A New Style Live-trap for Small Mammals. J. Mamm. 31:364- 365. O’Farrell, M. J., W. A. Clark, F. H. Emmerson, S. M. Juarez, F. R. Kay, T. M. O’Farrell, and T. Y. Goodlett. 1994. Use of a Mesh Live Trap for Small Mammals: Are Results from Sherman Live Traps Deceptive? J. Mamm. 75:692-699. V VIRGINS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE .4 . 158 - -f - ^ A ' ■' VV! -/^ ^rltV .ft ■ ' ' '■ ^ ^ *■■' H ‘ ■ ; ’ '" ' ■ \ ^ /'i'; ;f#?T"'."'-.' • -• ^ . --iiM ' ■•;,:.<■<• >iV., • ■fi'i^^- fl-idf} '<4^^ ► A>*‘ :v ..^ •-■rjt.^.u’i .:■ ■'^ ^¥i{hiLM ’ f Atf ifij v ,• t ,.• i .-1 t f' V . - ^'. ■. fe \ HS • fc i; . id. ■ i< », ' iii .;( ‘ v|i? :t/ lt ■ ‘ .. / 0, ^ ■ .,rry^-r ^ '^S.- li',:; ■’”*'VV -■^ ( : ♦ *S'*i -■•■' ■ ' ' A' -t> s .. >Jf ■ ■ ‘ , T ' ' , 1 1 ■- i:^- >/.i.!>, ■^.|^,.t. f / ’•'■‘ ■'t*'. i'/9 "n' r.lmt .- f, ‘t "I . yi/;-V-)K';I.':'Ai^/*',,'} f • ; ,' Av.'isV’r’''^ r ■ • .' ■ _ 1% — - ^ .- A^ ■ ■ A • A.;.fy f-j, , . ' '' 'Y .f^-tPr^ ‘- »'■.■■■ . S , V “' ■ . -:■•- 'I«:4 *■ Eowi^ .* • 'o ■ . i - ,/ F i' '*: •• ‘ r <',- ^-.■ ' t -c '>*^% -.-•* ‘ ^ ^ ’ J| , w. ■ ■" i ,, '• •} * ♦' ■• ■-»' t 1 V ..’.y A '.» ttv, lUr ;“'• v-' ‘"'ii ‘ . ! ’ ' '■*^‘ ■ ■•'' ' * ‘^'v ’:.- .^, *: '^' ’ ' « , ■•'» ‘V r^r^^ffllSu * ■'' A-f ...vyift K: ^ 1(019101 '^'' 4''^l Kjr ■'< f ;v.n',.». J ■. •r* r a- '■ A ' • *. . , ; ; Hr«.c ^ 10 cm dbh, and small trees as stems > 2.5 cm but < 10 cm dbh. For each species at each site in the large tree layer, percent of total basal area ( = relative dominance) and percent of total density ( = relative density) were calculated, and averaged to yield the relative importance value (I.V.) for a given species at that site. Species were considered important at a site if their I.V. > 10. These same procedures were used for stems in the small tree layer. Woody stems having a dbh < 2.5 cm and that were at least 1.5 m tall were considered saplings; woody plants with heights > 0.5 m and < 1.5 m were classified as seedlings. Saplings and seedlings were counted but not measured. For these strata, relative density (R.D.) was calculated for each species for each site. Species were considered important at a site if their R.D. was > 10. Herbaceous species, which were very rare in these woods during our August to November sampling period, were not counted. At the center of each plot we measured the direction of slope exposure (aspect) and degree of slope (an average of the degree of slope upslope and downslope). For correlation analysis, aspect in degrees was transformed by the cosine transfor¬ mation of Beers, Dress, and Wensel (1966) (hereafter BDW aspect), with SW = lowest value and NE = highest value, and also by the asymmetric transformation of aspect of E. Crone and S. Ware (Crone 1991; hereafter C&W aspect). In the latter transformation, when aspect in degrees is 0 to 225 (N to SW), then A’ = cos(A/1.25) +1, where A = aspect in degrees and A' = transformed value. When aspect is 225 - 360 (SW to N) then A’ = cos [(A - 360)/0.75] + 1. This transformation also assigns the lowest transformed value to SW, but the highest value in the C&W transformation is N, while it is NE in the BDW transformation. Both of these formulas were used because even though northeast slopes are considered the most favorable for total plant growth (Beers, et al. 1966), north-facing slopes are the coolest and moistest (Geiger 1965), which may affect distribution. At each sample site soil samples to 10 cm depth were extracted from three or four spots within the plot. Soil samples were sent to the VPI & SU soil laboratory for pH, Ca, Mg, P, K, Zn and Mn analysis. Soil texture analyses were performed using the LaMotte timed sedimentation method. As a rough approximation of soil organic matter, soils were grouped into six categories based on color, with the lightest colored soils given a value of one, and the darkest a value of six. Vegetation data were subjected to detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination using CANOCO software (Ter Braak 1988). Tests for Pearson product-moment correlation of the various measured environmental variables with the ordination axes were used to detect vegetation-environment relationships. 162 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE FIGURE la. A DCA ordination of the overstoiy layer of the 30 sampled sites. Arrows indicate direction of correlation of environmental variables with the axis. Snd = % sand; Silt = % silt; Sip = degree of slope; BDW = aspect transformed by the Beers et al. (1966) formula; C&W = aspect transformed by the asymmetrical formula of Crone and Ware (Crone 1991); Drk = darkness of A horizon (organic matter); Zn = soil zinc. The lower right short-dash line encloses sites with very high I.V, (> 50 %) of Quercus alba, which was important all across the ordination. The solid line encloses sites with Q.falcata I.V. > 10; the upper center long-dash line encloses sites with Q. rubra I.V. > 10; the right dashed line encloses sites with Q. coccinea I.V. > 10. The five sites with underlined numbers had Q. velutina I.V. > 10. The five sites represented by a solid square had Fagus grandi folia I.V. > 10; the sites represented by an open square had Liquidambar styraciflua I.V. > 10. FIGURE lb. DCA ordination as in Fig. la. The upper solid line encloses sites with Liriodendron tulipifera I.V. > 10; the dash-dot line encloses all sites with Carya glabra I.V. > 10; and the lower solid line encloses sites withylcermfemm I.V. > 10. The short -dash contour enclosure with Q. I.V. > 50 is repeated from Fig. la for ease of comparison. IS THE FALL LINE A VEGETATIONAL BOUNDARY? 163 TABLE 1. Mean ( standard error), median, and range of environmental variables for 30 sites. Variable Mean (S.E.) Median Range C&W aspect 1.01 (0.69) 1.03 0 - 2.00 BDW aspect 1,06 (0.73) 1.26 0 - 2.00 Slope (°) 13.15 (7.73) 10.5 2-34 % Sand 58.00 (8.24) 57 40-80 %sat 29.92 (7.05) 30 20-40 % Clay 13.30 (6.96) 13 3-37 Soil Color 3.34 (1.27) 3 1-7 pH 4.72 (0.33) 4.8 4.1 - 5.4 Minerals (ppm): Zn 1.47 (0.47) 1.4 0.9 - 2.5 Mn 14.47 (3.47) 16.1 3.6 - 16.1 P 2.57 (1.67) 2 1-9 Ca 178.11 (131.42) 144 60 - 624 Mg 33.73 (18.60) 30 14 - 107 K 50.57 (11.43) 51 29-82 The taxonomic nomenclature of Harvill et al. (1992) is followed. Most in¬ dividuals of Carya spp. did not have mature fruit during the period of sampling. Since the vegetative characteristics are not always rehable in separating (C ovalis (Wang.) Sarg.) from C. glabra (Miller) Sweet (Johnson and Ware 1982), sterile plants with one or more of the vegetative characteristics of C. ovalis were lumped with C. glabra. In the sapHng and seedling layers no attempt was made to separate sterile Vaccinium and Gaylussacia. Previous experience of the second author with flowering or fruiting specimens in similar woods has shown that V. stamineum L. and G. baccata (Wang.) K. Koch (and in the Coastal Plain, G.frondosa (L.) T. and G.) are likely to be the predominant low ericads, and V. corymbosum L. the predominant tall species (sapling layer). RESULTS Large tree layer. The DCA ordination for large trees is shown in Figs, la and lb, and environ¬ mental variables are summarized in Table 1. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) of environmental variables with the axis of this and later ordinations are presented in Table 2 and shown on each ordination diagram. In the large tree ordination no environmental variables were significantly correlated with the second DCA axis. Site 6, heavily dominated by mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt) and American ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and site 20, heavily dominated by scarlet oak, were isolated at either end of the first axis. A second ordination omitting these two sites did not yield an improved ordination; that is, it did not spread the sites out any more broadly across the ordination, and even fewer environmental factors were correlated with the axes, so only the original ordination is presented here. 164 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE FIGURE 2a. DCA ordination as in Fig. la, but of the small tree layer. Sites with Comus florida I.V. > 10 were spread broadly across the ordination. The upper center solid line encloses to the right sites with Nyssa sylvatica I.V. > 10; the right solid line encloses sites with either Carya glabra or C. tomentosa I.V. > 10; the dashed line encloses Liquidambar styraciflua I.V. > 10; the dash-dot line encloses sites with Fagus grandifolia I.V. > 10. caw Snd Zn BPW Silt - - — - - - - — > FIGURE 2b. DCA ordination as in Fig. 2a. The left solid line encloses sites with I.V. > 10; the right dashed line and the left dash-dot line repeat the enclosure contours iot Liquidambar styraciflua and Faffis grandifolia from Fig. 2a for ease of comparison. IS THE FALL LINE A VEGETATIONAL BOUNDARY? 165 White oak was overwhelmingly the most important species in the overstory, with an I.V. > 10 at all but two (#5 and #17) of the 30 sites, and I.V. > 25 at 21 sites. Sites in which white oak had the highest I.V.’s (> 50) were concentrated in the lower right center portion of the ordination (Fig la). Though tuliptree-dominated sites were not sampled, this widespread species was nonetheless a component at many sample sites dominated by other species, reaching I.V. > 10 at eleven sites. It was most abundant in the upper center portion of the ordination (Fig lb), often at the same sites where southern red oak and black oak were important (Fig. la), and overlapping the area of high importance of northern red oak (Q. rubra L.). In contrast with tuliptree, sites with high pignut hickory (Carya glabra) I.V. were concentrated at the lower end of the second ordination cixis (Fig. lb), as were the three sites with red maple {Acer rubrum L.) I.V. > 10. Though there was a concentration of the red and black oaks and tuliptree at the upper end of the second ordination axis (Fig. la), and a concentration of pignut hickory, red maple, and highest I.V. of white oak at the lower end, none of the measured environmental variables were correlated with the second axis. The five sites with mockernut hickory I.V. > 10 were scattered widely over the ordina¬ tion. Beech had an I.V. > 10 in the overstory in only five of the 30 sites, with all five on the left half of the first axis of the ordination, with higher aspect values, higher sand, and darker soil (higher soil organic matter). Black oak, typically a Piedmont species, was important largely within the enclosure contour of southern red oak, a typically Coastal Plain species (Ware 1991), and the other typically Piedmont species, scarlet oak, reached I.V. > 10 only at two sites. Other species that had I.V. > 10 at least two sites in the overstory were sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), 5 sites; and blackgum {Nyssa sylvatica Marshall), loblolly pine, and post oak {Quercus stellata Wang.), each with two sites. Chestnut oak was not encountered at all in this study. Small tree layer. The ordination of the small tree layer is presented in Figs. 2a and 2b. Site #7 (strongly dominated by Carpinus caroliniana Walt.) is isolated because though C. caroliniana occurred at 13 sites, it was usually of low I.V., reaching an I.V. > 10 at only two other sites. Omission of site #7 did not yield an improved ordination, however. Flowering dogwood (Comus florida L.), beech, red maple, black gum, holly {Ilex opaca Ait.), and sweet gum were important species in the small tree layer. Dogwood, an understory tree, was the most important species in this layer, with an I.V. > 10 at 24 of the 30 sites. Its lowest LV.’s were in the 5 left-most sites. Beech was the most important potential overstory species in the small tree layer. It reached I.V. > 10 at 19 sites, 15 of which did not have high beech I.V. in the large tree layer. High red maple I.V. was strongly associated with high beech I.V. (Fig. 2b), while high I.V. of both blackgum and sweetgum were concentrated at the opposite end of the first axis of the ordination, where aspects were lower and soil was finer-textured. Four of the five sites with Carya spp. I.V. > 10 were also found there. The 12 sites with high I.V. of holly were spread across the upper center of the ordination, overlapping broadly the concentration of high beech-high red 166 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE FIGURE 3. DCA ordination as in Fig. la, but of the sapling layer. K = soil potassium. High relative density (R.D.) of Comus florida and Ilexopaca are spread broadly across the ordination. The short-dash line in the center encloses to the left sites with Fagus grandifolia R.D. ^ 10. The upper left solid line encloses sites with high ( > 25) Acer rubrum R.D.; the lower center dot-dash line encloses sites with Carpinus caroliniana R.D. > 10; the right solid line encloses to the right sites with Liquidambar styraciflua R.D. > 9; the right long-dash line encloses sites with high ( > 25) R.D. oiNyssa sylvitica. maple and high black gum-high sweet gum sites. However, holly was absent from the sbc left-most and the three right-most sites. Despite their importance in the overstory, northern red, southern red, black, and scarlet oaks and tuliptree failed to reach I. V. > 10 in the small tree layer, and white oak did so in only one site. Sapling layer. An ordination of this layer is presented in Fig. 3. In the original ordination of the sapling layer, site 7 (heavily dominated by Corylus americana Walt., which occurred nowhere else) and site 17 (heavily dominated by Asimina triloba (L) Dunal) were isolated at the ends of the first and second DCA axes, respectively, j Omission of those two anomalous sites from a second ordination produced a better spread of sites and significant correlation of several environmental variables with the first and second DCA axes, so the ordination presented here has the two anomalous sites omitted. Dogwood was the most abundant species in the sapling layer, with relative density (R.D.) > 10% in 24 of the 30 sites, and R.D. > 25% in 15 of these sites. Three sites with no dogwood (#2, #4, #12) are on the far left of the first DCA axis. Red maple was the second most important species, with R.D. >10 at 17 sites all across the ordination, but the 7 sites with R.D. > 25 were concentrated in the upper left portion of the ordination (Fig. 3). The nine sites with holly R.D.> 10 were spread broadly across the ordination, co-occuring with high R.D. of every other important species in one or more sites, while sites with high Carpinus caroliniana were concentrated in the lower center portion of the ordination. Beech was the most important potential overstory species in the sapling layer, reaching R.D. > 10 IS THE FALL LINE A VEGETATIONAL BOUNDARY? 167 FIGURE 4a. DCA ordination as in Fig. la, but of the seedling layer. Additional environmental variables not given in Fig. la are Mg, Mn, P, and pH, referring to soil minerals and acidity. The solid line encloses sites with relative density (R.D.) > 10; the long-dash line encloses sites with //ex opoca R.D. > 10; the short-dash line encloses sites wiih Asimina triloba R.D. > 10. The six sites with their numbers underlined have Fraxinus americana R.D. > 10. FIGURE 4b. DCA ordination as in Fig. 4a. The dashed line encloses to the right sites with Liquidambar stymciflua R.D. > 10; the dot-dash line encloses sites with Vacdnium/Gaylussacia spp. R.D. > 10; the solid line repeats the Fagus ffandifolia contour from Fig. 4a for ease of comparison. The two sites with bars over the numbers had Carya glabra R.D. > 10; the two sites with bars under the numbers had Carya tomentosa R.D. > 10. 168 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE in 14 sites. It was important in the left side of the ordination, in the same sites where it was important in the small tree layer. Though blackgum and sweetgum were most important in sites on the right side of the ordination where soils are silty and slope is less steep and of lower aspect, both species also reached R.D. > 10 in some sites on the left side of the ordination. American ash reached R.D. > 10 in two sites and was present in seven other sites, all on the left half of the ordination. Of other species important in the large tree (overstory) layer, northern red oak, mockernut hickory, pignut hickory and tuliptree reached R.D. > 10 in only one site each in the sapling layer. Seedling layer. The ordination of the seedling layer is presented in Figs. 4a and 4b. More measured variables were significantly associated with this ordination than with any of the other layers. Dogwood was abundant as a seedling all across the ordination, i reaching I.V. > 10 at 21 sites. The areas of high concentration of holly, beech, white ash, ^ndAsimina triloba (Fig. 4a) were on the left half of the first axis. Sweetgum | was concentrated on the right and lower center portion of the ordination (Fig. 4b), and VacciniumIGaylussacia spp. were concentrated in the lower right center of the ! ordination. Red maple reached R.D. > 10 in only two sites. Other species with R.D. > 10 in at least two sites were Carpinus caroliniana (four widely scattered sites), pignut hickory, mockernut hickory, white oak, and Diospyros virginiana L. (persimmon). DISCUSSION Though white oak was the overwhelming dominant in the overstory, it was not reproducing itself, for it was important at only one site of the small tree layer and at only two sites of the seedling layer; the species did not reach R.D > 10 in the sapling layer. Our study area was like the Coastal Plain study area of Monette and Ware (1983), in that white oak was not reproducing well at those sites where it was a overstory dominant. In our study as in Monette and Ware’s (1983), white oak is apparently successional, for it is not reproducing, while beech, sweetgum, blackgum and red maple are important in the lower strata at those sites where white oak is a overstory dominant. Northern red oak was another important component of the overstory in some sites (Fig. la). It often was important at the same sites as tuliptree, unlike Kasmer et al.’s (1984) finding that the two strongly dissociated from one another in the Pennsylvania Piedmont. However, northern red oak was not reproducing, since it was rarely present in the lower layers of vegetation; the same holds true for tuliptree, I southern red oak, black oak and scarlet oak. Pignut hickory and mockernut hickory had an I.V. > 10 in the overstory at six and four sites respectively, and though they were better represented in lower layers than oak, the sites where they were most abundant in the lower layers were not necessarily the same ones where they were important in the overstory. Therefore, like the oaks, the hickories appear to be reproducing poorly under shade. In contrast to the species above, beech and sweetgum were well represented in the reproductive layers. While exceeding I.V. of 10 at only 5 sites in the overstory, beech reached an I.V. of 10 in an additional 14 sites in the small tree layer, and R.D. IS THE FALL LINE A VEGETATIONAL BOUNDARY? 169 > 10 in an additional 3 sites in the remaining two layers. In all layers we found the most beech on northerly and easterly facing slopes, which are generally moister than other exposures (Geiger 1965). However, beech also had higher importance in sandy soil, which is regarded to be drier than silty soil (Marks and Harcombe 1981). The greater abundance of beech on northerly and easterly slopes vs. its lower importance on southerly and westerly slopes might be interpreted as the result of a moisture gradient. However, the gradient of higher beech importance at sandier sites and lower importance at less sandy sites would suggest an opposing moisture gradient, and thus would at least partially nullify a solely moisture-based interpreta¬ tion. The effects of direction of exposure and of sandiness may cancel each other; further studies should be carried out to determine how these two variables interact and the degree to which each affects soil moisture individually. In any case, unless there is a severe disturbance in the understory, beech will surely be the species of highest importance in the future overstory at a large majority of our sites, given its abundance in the small tree, sapling, and seedling layers. Sweetgum reached TV. > 10 in the overstory in only five sites, reached that level in six additional sites in the small tree layer, and R.D. > 10 in an additional four sites in the remaining two layers. Only one of the sites where the species was important in the overstory lacked high sweetgum importance in one or more of the lower layers. Thus, while sweetgum does seem to be recruiting into the lower strata, it is less hkely to be present in all three of the lower layers than is beech, and sweetgum’s greatest importance is reached in lower aspect, high silt sites where beech isn’t very important. Given that the presence of sweetgum in lower layers in upland sites doesn’t always presage its ultimate entry into the overstory (Oosting 1942; Monette and Ware 1983), it is hard to predict whether sweetgum will actually increase or decrease in importance as succession proceeds. Unlike most of the overstory species, the important species of the small tree layer were represented in the sapling and/or seedling layers. Dogwood was abun¬ dant all across the small tree, sapling, and seedling layer ordinations. Its highest dominance in the small tree layer was associated with silty soils, though this may be an artifact of the reduced abundance of beech and red maple in these soils (Fig. 2b), since dogwood was abundant without respect to edaphic factors in the sapling and seedling layers. Holly, an important understory species, reached highest importance at the high silt end of the ordination in the small tree layer, but in the sapling and seedling layers the species reached highest importance at the high sand end of the ordina¬ tion. This anomaly may possibly be explained by the sandier sites being older forest (further along in succession) with the holly having already gotten large enough to count in the small tree layer, but not reproducing well under heavy shade. Siltier sites may be younger forests, with holly still in the younger age classes, but not yet large enough to count in the small tree layer. In contrast, blackgum may not have this broad tolerance of soil texture that holly does, since blackgum was associated with silty soil in both small tree and sapling layers (the only two strata where blackgum was important; it did not reach R.D. > 10 in the seedling layer). Red maple was important in only three sites in the overstory (Fig. lb), but it was one of the most abundant species in the small tree and sapling layers, important at 14 and 17 sites, respectively. In the small tree layer red maple was strongly 170 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 2. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) between DCA vegetational axes and environmental variables. See text for explanation of the two aspect variables. Size stratum: Large Trees Small Trees Saphngs Seedlings DCA Axis: I II I II I II I II Eigen value: 0.44 0.28 0.44 0.17 0.50 0.27 0.42 0.28 Environmentcd variables: C&W aspect -0.393 ns -0.509* ns -0.449 ns -0.547* ns BDW aspect -0.444 ns -0.375 ns ns ns -0.387 ns Slope (°) -0.468* ns ns ns ns ns ns 0.417 % Sand -0.471* ns -0.502* -0.420 -0.501* -0.447 -0.547* ns % Silt 0.376 ns 0.379 ns 0.417 0.431 0.521* ns Soil Color -0.428 ns ns ns ns ns 0.554* ns Zn -0.408 ns -0.400 ns ns -0.381 -0.524* ns Mn ns ns ns ns ns ns -0.469* ns P ns ns ns ns ns ns -0.431 ns pH ns ns ns ns ns ns -0.495* ns *P < 0.01. Clay (%), Ca, Mg, and K were not significantly correlated with any axis. associated with beech in sandier soils on northerly and easterly aspects. In the sapling layer this association broke down, and red maple occurred much more broadly, with no association with any measured environmental variable. This may, as with holly, suggest a successional differential, with red maple not yet large enough to be important in the small tree layer at younger sites. Despite its importance in the small tree and sapling layers, red maple, like blackgum, was poorly represented in the seedling layer of all but two sites. The present overstory, then, is in a state of succession. Neither oaks nor tuliptree are reproducing. Farrell and Ware (1991) also found that the important species in the overstory of their Piedmont sites were not reproducing, except for hickory, but in our study area not even hickory was reproducing well. American beech, red maple, sweetgum, blackgum, and white ash are the important species of the lower strata with the theoretical potential to enter the overstory. However, it was noted above that sweetgum may not successfully enter the canopy layer, and it is also the case that in both the Piedmont and Coastal Plain red maple and blackgum usually remain understory species in upland sites (Christensen 1977, Clark and Ware 1980, Monette and Ware 1983, Ware 1991). It is also uncertain that white ash, important in the seedling layer of some sites, will successfully reach the overstory in a closed canopy forest. Beech will probably come to dominate the overstory in the future, and if it continues to reproduce as at present, beech will remain a dominant in all strata until a disturbance occurs. The environmental factors that show correlation in the distribution and impor¬ tance of the various species within the various strata have been discussed above with each of the respective species. Overall, soil texture was the environmental factor that was correlated most often with the patterns of distribution (Table 2). IS THE FALL LINE A VEGETATIONAL BOUNDARY? 171 Sand and silt were significant factors in all four vegetation layers. Aspect was also a significantly correlated variable (C&W aspect all four strata; BDW aspect in two strata). Other significant environmental factors that were correlated in at least two of the layers in this area were degree of slope, soil color (organic matter), and Zn. Zn is an unusual mineral to be correlated with vegetational distribution and abundance, in that few studies have found such an association. The seedling layer was most strongly associated with the measured environmen¬ tal factors, since ten factors were significantly correlated with the first and second axes of the seedling ordination (Table 2). Mn and P were significant only in the seedling layer. Fewer significant correlations between environmental factors and ordination axes were found the other layers: seven in the overstory, five in the small trees, and four in the saplings. It might be argued in theory that the overstory layer of older second growth forests might be expected to show the greatest effect of past disturbance, and thus the least correlation with measured environmental variables, while the seedling layer of these forests, especially older ones, should show the least effect of distur¬ bance, and thus the greatest correlation with environmental variables. However, in our study area the overstory showed significant correlations with more environ¬ mental variables than the intermediate layers. As mentioned earlier, dogwood, hoUy, red maple, and blackgum remain in lower strata long after their initial invasion, so the initial establishment of individuals of these species at a site may have taken place nearly the same time as the establishment of other species that are now in the overstory. The distribution of the understory species among sites in the small tree and sapling layers thus may be as hkely as that of the overstory trees to reflect past disturbance. Given that understory species often are abundant at a much larger proportion of sites than potential canopy species, these understory species may also have broader environmental tolerances than the species of the overstory. Thus, correlation vfith measured environmental variables will not neces¬ sarily be higher in the small tree and sapling layers than in the overstory layer. Ware (1991) described the Coastal Plain’s maturing vegetation to be dominated by white oak, beech, and southern red oak, whereas white oak, chestnut oak, scarlet oak and black oak characterize the Piedmont. Some (Gemborys 1974, Farrell and Ware 1991) have reported northern red oak to be important in parts of the Piedmont, and it might be argued that it is also a Piedmont species. Though the characteristically Piedmont chestnut oak is absent, 50% of the sites (15 of 30) had northern red oak, black oak, or scarlet oak as important species, and beech was important at only five sites, so the present overstory seems to have more Piedmont¬ like vegetation. In contrast, beech is important at many sites of the understory, and holly is also important in the small tree and other layers. Neither beech nor holly are very important in the understory of typical Piedmont forests (Ware 1991). The abundance of these typically Coastal Plain species in the lower layers supports the notion that the Creek Natural Area of Pocahontas State Park contains (or will ultimately contain) Coastal Plain-like vegetation. The finding of Coastal Plain type vegetation west of the Fall Line refutes any assumption that the Fall Line per se is the vegetation boundary between Coastal Plain and Piedmont vegetation. This is concordant with the findings of Binns (1980), who, looking only 172 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE at the herb and shrub layers of the forest, found no sharp change in vegetation along a 116 km transect in Virginia that crossed the Fall Line. As noted earher, Ware (1991) suggested that the vegetational boundary be¬ tween the Coastal Plain and Piedmont need not be coincident with the physiographic boundary, and suggested that the vegetational boundary might be a transitional zone west of the Fall Line. Although the physiographic characteristics west of the FaU Line are different from these of the Coastal Plain, it seems that these geologic and edaphic factors are not sufficient to cause a great change in the mature vegetation just west of the Fall Line. Further studies need to be done farther west in the Piedmont to determine the nature and location of the boundary or transitional zone between the Piedmont-hke and Coastal Plain-hke vegetation provinces of Virginia. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the superintendent of Pocahontas State Park for permission to sample vegetation and take soil samples within the Park boundaries. Both authors par¬ ticipated in gathering data in the field and in preparing the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Beers, T.W., P.E. Dress, and L.C. Wensel. 1966. Aspect transformation in site productivity research. J. Forestry 64: 691-692. Binns, S.J. 1980. An interphysiographic analysis of herb and shrub vegetation of Virginia forests. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. Braun, E. L. 1950. Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. The Blakiston Col, Philadelphia, PA. 596 pp. Christensen, N. 1977. Chcmges in structure, pattern and diversity associated with climax forest maturation in Piedmont, N.C. Amer. Midi. Natur. 97: 176-188. Clark, D. A., and S. Ware. 1980. Upland hardwood forests of Pittsylvania County, Virginia. Virginia J. Sci. 31: 28-32. Crone, E. 1991. Forest composition and environmental variables and land use in the Northern Neck of Virginia. Unpubhshed Undergraduate Honors Thesis. College of WiUiam and Mary, VA. DeWitt, R., and S. Ware. 1979. Upland hardwood forests of the central Coastal Plain of Virginia. Castanea44: 163-174. Farrell, J., and S. Ware. 1991. Edaphic factors and forest vegetation in the Piedmont of Virginia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 118: 161-169. Geiger, R. 1965. The Climate Near the Ground. Translated by ScriptaTechnica, Inc. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 611 p. Gemborys, S. R. 1974. The structure of hardwood forest ecosystems of Prince Edward County, VA. Ecology 55: 614-621. Greller, A. M. 1988. Deciduous Forest, pp. 287-316. In: Barbour, M. G., and W. D. Billings (eds.). North American Terrestrial Vegetation. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York. Harvill, A. M., Jr., T. R. Bradley, C. E. Stevens, T. F. Wieboldt, D. M. E. Ware, D. W. Ogle, G. W. Ramsey, and G. P. Fleming. 1992. Atlas of the Virginia Flora. III. Virginia Botanical Associates, BurkviUe, VA. IS THE FALL LINE A VEGETATIONAL BOUNDARY? 173 Johnson, G. G., and S. Ware. 1982. Post-chestnut forests in the central Blue Ridge of Virginia. Castanea 47: 329-343. Kasmer, J., P. Kasmer, and S, Ware. 1984. Edaphic factors and vegetation in the Piedmont lowland of southeastern Pennsylvania. Castanea 49: 147-157. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Potential Natural Vegetation of the Coterminous United States. Special Publ. #36. The American Geographical Society, New York. 116 p. Marks, P. L., and P. A. Harcombe. 1981. Forest vegetation of the Big Thicket, southeast Texas. Ecolog. Monogr. 51: 287-305. Monette, R., and S. Ware. 1983. Early forest succession in the Virginia Coastal Plain. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 80-86. Oosting, H.J. 1942, An ecological analysis of the plant communities of Piedmont, North Carolina. Amer. Midi. Nat, 28: 1-126. Oosting, H.J. 1956. The Study of Plant Communities. 2nded. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. 440 pp. Ter Braak, C.J.F. 1988. CANOCO— a FORTRAN program for canonical com¬ munity ordination by correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and redundancy analysis. Agricultural Mathematics Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 95 pp. Vankat, J. L. 1979 The Natural Vegetation of North America. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 261 pp. Ware, S. 1991. A comparison of Piedmont md Coastal Plain hardwood forests in Virginia. Virginia J. Sci. 41:401-410. /■I 174 / VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE iyiC:A.;4/^^; r"^ . ‘ ": m‘-. »l*|lfe7 l[» '-i ’ ' ‘ f.. •“ir^v4^i04’Tf { »•■ f, / I >.t5wlp»^* *■ ’ »’' '• ji .ji ^ / .vi:\s^r .’■vyiV ■{;:^-^ii ■ . JO^' ■’'''^'''iin^' r.' 1 i;?; .11 '.Cl. . . '■ ■ .' ■ ■■ t" ■ -.{fc^f ■■,. .’•li'«3!l : i.':.1T‘rV'(»fJIK6 '* . ,.f?'- •• 11.- j*)i; ■■. , . - i.ti/>^tOa v;‘- > ill ^ 1 1 i 1* ■ ' •,■ tiwi’ .••> ''^’14'. ' . " * '.ju^ r>.'®*(^»i/ ■''HSiy. ■■’. 41. ., .. fu-.l .nv < n-. . .■i,-{. ll^i Virgmia Journal of Science Volume 45, Number 3 Fall 1994 Spectral Characterization of Acid-Mine and Neutral- Drainage Bacterial Precipitates and Their Relationship to Water Quality in a Piedmont Watershed John E. Anderson, Research Biologist, U.S. Army Corps of En¬ gineers, Topographic Engineering Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22315 ABSTRACT Mining residues have an enormous impact on water quality; however, not all associated red, orange, and yellow drainage precipitates indicate acid conditions. Recently, preliminary work in a Virginia Piedmont stream affected by mine drainage demonstrated that a passive spectral technique may exist to differentiate between acid and neutral drainages. In-situ spectral reflectance measurements (350 to 900 nm) were collected on bacterial precipitates in Contrary Creek, near Mineral, Virginia. Spectra also were collected on bacterial precipitates in a neutral tributary stream. Each drainage had associated with it different water quahty and bacterial communities. For each of the stream precipitates evaluated in this study, different spectral reflectances were recorded which were strongly as¬ sociated with specific conductivity levels. Spatial and temporal changes did not influence the reflectance values as the acid precipitate reflectances were an average 44% brighter than the neutral precipitates. Key words: spectral reflectance, acid mine drainage, bacterial precipitates, water quahty INTRODUCTION Acid drainage from active and abandoned mines is a major water-quality concern (Bureau of Mines, 1994). Where iron is present, the impact is highly visual - precipitates of yellow, orange, and red colors line the creeks and rivers (Lackey, 1938), The Virgmia Piedmont is characterized by iron-bearing rocks weathering under a humid, temperate regime. Coal and metals actively have been mined there since European settlement (Wilkes, 1988), The mineral pyrite, which occurs in the coal and as veins in crystalline rocks, is the major source of acidity (Poole, 1973). The bacteria that participate in the production of iron precipitates or flocculates in acid waters usually are classified under the name of the most easily cultured member of a complex consortium, Thiobacillus (Ehrlich, 1990), The acidophilic thiobacilli are autotrophs, which means that this species actually derives energy from oxidizing the iron or the sulfur in pyrite (Singer and Stumm, 1970). This oxidation results in the production of sulfuric acid and precipitates that appear orange to yellow in the visible spectrum. These precipitates are commonly called "yellow boy." In contrast, neutral waters that bear iron contain a different group of bacteria. The so-called "iron depositing bacteria" predominate where anoxic ground water 176 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE transports ferrous iron (Fe ) and discharges it into oxygen-rich surface waters (Pringsheim, 1949). Their precipitates appear more red to red-orange in the visible spectrum. This consortium includes facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles, and aerobes that proliferate at the redox boundary (Ehrlich, 1990). Some, such as Gallionella, actually get energy from the oxidation of iron; such autotrophy has not been proven for the other members of the iron bacteria consortium. For these bacteria, iron oxidation may be a byproduct reaction (Ehrlich, 1990). Where the dried precipitates of these iron bacteria have been studied, ferrihydrite is the resulting iron-oxide mineral phase (Chukrovet al., 1973; Ferris et al., 1989). One of the consortium, Leptothrix discophora, forms oily films that spread out across the surface of the water (Ghiorse, 1984) and become redder through time. It is suggested that the color change is the result of dehydration reactions as ferrihydrite mineralizes to hematite (Robbins, 1994). Yellow and red flocculates are colorful but look menacing (Chapelle, 1993). The menace is real where acids and soluble metals of acid drainage kill aquatic life and river bank vegetation. All such colors in waters are considered to be a problem to those untrained in the differences between the acid and neutral iron-oxidizing bacteria. | This investigation seeks to demonstrate that the precipitates of acid-mine and neutral bacteria have different spectral reflectance properties that can be as¬ sociated with different water quahties. Similar approaches have been used to evaluate water quality using chlorophyll spectra from algal biomass and suspended sediments (Dierberg and Carriker, 1994). The end product of such a technique has translated into remote-sensing strategies for water-quality monitoring. Historical¬ ly, applying remote sensing to evaluating mine wastes has been attempted since the ERTS 1 generation of sensors (Alexander et. al., 1973). Additionally, correlations between spectral data and water-quahty data have only recently been investigated with studies involving the evaluation of various sensors for water-quality monitoring (Carboni and Moreau, 1990). METHODS For this investigation, a creek was chosen having neutral ground-water seeps and acid-producing mine runoff in the same watershed. Contrary Creek (Figure 1) near Mineral, in Louisa County, Virginia, drains five pyrite deposits that were actively mined in the 1840s and 1850s (Poole, 1973). The host rock of the mineralization is the Chopawamsik chlorite biotite schist; individual pyrite veins are as thick as 200 meters. The study site is located north of Mineral, Virginia at the intersection of the US 522 bridge and Contrary Creek. The U.S. Geological Survey gaged the creek at the US 522 bridge from 1989-1992 and measured pH values which ranged from 2.9 to 4.8 (B.J. Prugh, Jr., written commun., 1994). Dissolved sulfate was measured at 110 mg/L. In mg/L, total iron was 15, dissolved iron 11, dissolved Mn 0.87, and Zn 1.9. For this study, water-quahty measurements including pH, specific conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature were recorded monthly from March to October 1994 at the Contrary Creek site using hand-held instruments. These measurements were collected to assess temporal variations in water quality which may influence the spectral signatures of the precipitates (Figures 2-5). Coincident with water quahty measurements, spectral ACID-MINE & NEUTRAL DRAINAGE BACTERIAL PRECIPITATES 177 FIGURE 1. Location of sampling site along the Contrary Creek watershed near Mineral, Virginia. reflectance measurements in the 350 to 900 nanometer bandpass (visible to near infrared) of acid-mine and circumneutral bacterial precipitates were collected monthly at the Contrary Creek site. This bandpass was selected because it covers the entire visible as well as a large part of the near-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectral reflectance data are collected in-situ along a 178 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Specific Conductivity Levels - 1994 is s.C. Contrary Creek ■ S.C. Neutral Trib. FIGURE 2. Specific conductivity levels at Contrary Creek and the neutral tributary. pH Levels - 1994 Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct month —IS— pH Contrary Creek ■ pH Neutral Tributary FIGURE 3. pH levels at Contrary Creek and the neutral tributary. ACID-MINE & NEUTRAL DRAINAGE BACTERIAL PRECIPITATES 179 Temperatyre Lewels - 1994 — Temp. Contrary Creek . ■ . Temp. Neutral Trib. FIGURE 4. Temperature levels at Contrary Creek and the neutral tributary. Dissolved Oxygen Levels - 1994 — DO Contrary Creek . » . DO Neutral Tributary FIGURE 5. Dissolved o^gen levels at Contrary Creek and the neutral tributary. 180 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE transect in the stream channel using an Analytical Spectral Devices (ADS) PS II Spectroradiometer. Data collection followed the procedure outlined by Sat- terwhite and Henley, 1989. A five-degree field-of-view (FOV) is used to gather spectra in an eight centimeter sampling spot at a distance of one meter. All spectra were collected at a nadir viewing angle in direct sunlight and referenced to a halon (Spectralon) standard. Three spectra were collected for each sample and then averaged. Late winter, summer and fall spectral reflectance data were analyzed to determine the seasonal spectral characteristics for acid and neutral bacterial precipitates (see Figures 6 & 7). Bacteria were collected and studied using non-standard microbial ecology methods. The precipitates were collected with an eyedropper and vial as well as by placing microscope slides into the creek and tributary stream. Light microscope observations of morphology were supplemented with standard microbial testing (broth tubes) for thiobacilli by Mark Stanton of the U.S. Geological Survey. RESULTS Acid stream bacteria in the orange-yellow precipitates within Contrary Creek included motile rods, non-motile cocci and short rods, and empty sheaths of filamentous bacteria resembling Leptothrix ochracea. Broth tube cultures were positive for NO3 and Fe utilization, which is characteristic of TJiiobacillus. The spectroradiometric properties recorded for these precipitates (Figure 6.) show distinct and seasonally fluctuating waveform reflectance characteristics. Averaged spectral reflectance values for March through October showed that acid bacterial precipitates were 44% brighter than neutral bacterial precipitates. For the acid precipitates, reflectance peaks ranged from 750nm (March) to 711nm (September) over the course of the sampling period. This suggests a shift to shorter wavelengths from late winter to summer. Percent reflectances of 29 to 45 were also recorded. The highest reflectance VcJues were measured over the late summer during August and September. At this time, pH levels were at their lowest point while specific conductivity levels were at their highest. Lower precipitate reflec¬ tance values for the bacteria were recorded during October, possibly in response to cooler temperatures and increased stream flow. Seasonal water quality meas¬ urements in the past suggest that Contrary Creek has had wide seasonal fluctuations in pH, temperature and conductivity. Our water quality measurements appear to be consistent with past gage station data. Bacteria in the red precipitates occupying the neutral tributary were dominated by Siderocystis spp. in March. In April, L. ochracea dominated, Toxothrix trichogenes was next in abundance. Gallionella ferruginea also was present, but only weakly colored by thin iron-oxide precipitates in both March and April. Non- motile and motile cocci and colorless filaments were also present. The spectral properties of this neutral precipitate (Figure 7) exhibited reflectance peaks of 710nm (March) to 770nm (September) which are more red to far red spectrally. These values may suggest a shift to longer wavelengths from winter to summer. In addition, lower fluctuating reflectance values of 12 (March) to 25.5 (September) were measured. Again, the percent reflectance was seasonally dynamic with the brightest levels recorded during the summer and a decline in the fall. Water quality in the neutral drainage (pH, specific conductivity, and temperature) did not vary ACID-MINE & NEUTRAL DRAINAGE BACTERIAL PRECIPITATES 181 Spectral Reflectance of Acid Mine Drainage Precipitates at Contrary Creek - 1994 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Waveiength (nm) FIGURE 6. Spectral reflectance of acid mine drainage precipitates from March to October 1994. widely, but wide variations in dissolved oxygen were recorded from winter to summer. This is probably due to this tributary emerging from an anoxic seep zone. Following techniques described by Sokal and Rohlf (1981), linear regression equations (Figures 8 & 9) were used to investigate the possible relationships between acid and neutral reflectances and the measured water quality parameters. For both the acid and neutral precipitates a strong relationship between reflectance levels and specific conductivity emerges with an r^ of 0.808 and 0.728, respectively. Relationships between reflectance, pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature are not 182 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Spectral Reflectance of Neutral Tributary Drainage Precipitates at Contrary Creek - 1994 Wavelength (nm) FIGURE 7. Spectral reflectance of neutral drainage precipitates from March to October 1994. evident with values well under 0.40. The regression results suggest that specific | conductivity levels may be predicted based upon reflectance values. Wetzel (1983) ! describes specific conductance as a parameter in determining water purity. Typi- ; cally, as a function of ionic content, the lower the conductance, the purer the water. | ACID-MINE & NEUTRAL DRAINAGE BACTERIAL PRECIPITATES 183 Linear Regression of Reflectance on Conductivity A Acid Ref. FIGURE 8. Linear regression of acid precipitate reflectance on specific conductivity. Linear Regression of Reflectance on Conductivity A Neutral Ref. FIGURE 9. Linear regression of neutral precipitate reflectance on specific conductivity. 184 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE DISCUSSION The microbial communities and their associated precipitates in the acid stream and neutral tributary were spectrally distinct and different. The orange-yellow precipitates, which had high reflectance values, were dominated by colorless rods typical of the acid-producing thiobacilli. The stream reach in which these meas¬ urements were collected was void of invertebrates and fish due to the consistently high acid conditions of the water. The reddish precipitates in the neutral tributary were characterized by very low reflectance values and had the usual consortium of iron depositing bacteria . This neutral tributary also was colonized by fly larva (Dixidae) and aquatic worms (Oligochaeta). The disparity of acid- and neutral-precipitate seasonal spectral reflectance and its association with specific conductivity suggests that passive spectroradiometry has the capacity for evaluating acid and neutrcd drainages where the colors of these precipitates become confusing. Furthermore, it should be possible to predict both bacterial communities and conductivity levels based upon the spectral reflectance response of the precipitates. Although more research and an2dysis is required to evaluate longer spatial and temporal influences on the spectral reflectance signatures of acid mine and neutral drainage precipitates, this investigation demonstrates that certain properties do exist and are associated with different water qualities. In watersheds where acid mine drainage is a problem, the spectral characteristics of these precipitates may be used to evaluate water quality using remote sensing. LITERATURE CITED Alexander, S.S., J. Dein, D.P. Gold. 1973. The Use of ERTs-1 MSS Data for Mapping Strip Mines and Acid Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania. Symposium on Significant Results Obtained from the Earth Resources Technology Satelite 1, Vol. 1 Technical Presentations, Section A. S.C. Freden and E.P. Mercanti (Eds.) NASA, Washington, D.C. pp. 569-575. Carboni, S. and A. Moreau. 1990. Valuation of Landsat-TM Data in the Identifica¬ tion of Mine Tailings Zones: A Case Study Taken From the Rouyin-Noranda Area, Quebec, Canada. In Proceedings of the Twenty-third International Sym¬ posium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. II. pp. 739-746. ChapeUe, F.H. 1993. Ground- water Microbiology and Geochemistry: New York, Wiley, 424p. Chukhrov, F.V., B.B. Zvyagin, A.I. Gorshkov, L.P. Yermilova, and V.V. Balashova. 1973. Ferrihydrite: International Geology Reviews, Vol. 16, pp. 1131-1143. Dierberg, F.E. and N.E. Carriker. 1994. Field testing two instruments for remotely sensing water quality in the Tennessee Valley: Environmental Science and Technology, 28:1, pp. 16-24. Ehrlich, H.L. 1990. Geomicrobiology, 2nd Ed.: New York, Marcel Dekker, 646 p. Ferris, F.G., K. Tazaki, and W.S. Fyfe. 1989. Iron oxides in acid mine drainage environments and their association with bacteria: Chemical Geology, Vol. 74, pp. 321-330. Ghiorse, W.C. 1984. Bacterial transformations of manganese in wetland environ¬ ments, in M.J. Klug and C.A. Reddy (Eds.) Current Perspectives in Microbial Ecology. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, D.C., pp. 625-632. ACID-MINE & NEUTRAL DRAINAGE BACTERIAL PRECIPITATES 185 Lackey, J.B. 1938. The Flora and Fauna of Surface Waters Polluted by Acid Mine Drainage. United States Public Health Reports, VoL53 No. 34, pp.1499-1506. Poole, J.L. 1973. Iron sulfide mines in Virginia: Virginia Minerals, v. 19, no. 3, pp. 29-33. Robbins, E.1. 1994. U.S. Geological Survey Personal Communication. Satterwhite, M.B. and J.P. Henley. 1990. Hyperspectral Signatures (400 to 2500 nm) of Vegetation, Minerals, Soils, Rocks, and Cultural Features: Laboratory and Field Measurements. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Topographic Laboratories Report ETL-0573, pp. 21-24. Singer, R.C., and W. Stumm. 1970. Acid mine drainage: The rate-determining step: Science, Vol. 167, pp. 1121-1123. Sokal, R.R. and F.J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. Second Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. 859p. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Proceedings of the International Land Reclamation and Mine Drainage Conference and 3rd International Conference on the Abate¬ ment of Acidic Drainage:U.S. Bur. Mines Spec. Pub. SP 06D-94, (1994), Vol. 1, 440 p.; Vol. 2, 433 p.; Vol. 3, 353 p.; Vol. 4, 422 p. Wetzel, R.G. 1983. Lymnology. Second Edition. Saunders College Publishing, New York. 767p. Wilkes, G.P. 1988. Mining history of the Richmond coalfield of Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, Pubhcation 85, p. 51. 186 . VIRGINIA JOUIWAL OF SCIENCE " jfM!h i K, f ^-~ * , I, - ^ ., •..■ J W-1 I,;:.-- M -■ ); •' ■ '•■ '■- '■ |V ■ <,. Vi'- .', -'t '» ■> . ■ 'F.-“''' ■. . ,, . i rA- ■ . . .<4/' . - ! ’4> ''H®. V- 'i *. /•‘fk ’■ ' » oifr‘;-i''^V^: i , I , 'ii^;r.-:'ji;' ■S- 4i.'»' 1 n. . •*•.” w JU> :'..-K‘*atifp!>.*-’ •■ i* , ' „ /■ "A; ^ .-'. ..yt * /‘Ittiili' ' j 't o.ri'Trtf ' : ■ ■■ ■ . ^ ;uj» Aim * ' JW,' ^’1": T • or T • '''■?•■ ili*"?*- * T' ‘ ^ ‘ ' 'f p‘;.;J?^' ' ■'•* w. '-i r ,«b ,, i:,:.(f ,^1!. ■ > ‘ . '''v)»4'i.irk Ira-; oC-'-' ';r’.lt ..i4* f - '-AI :»siti. ,:' ;, i.> : r.i, I': ,:;;r.n/'Tw3ib3iHBil \ 11^^: if A. ^ t-v Virginia Journal of Science Volume 45, Number 3 FaU 1994 Abundance and Spawning Site Utilization of Fundulus heteroclitus at the Virginia Coast Reserve 1 2 David J. Yozzo , Karen I. Hester , David E. Smith Department of Environmental Sciences, Clark Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 ABSTRACT Abundance and spawning site utilization in a population of the mum- michog, {Fundulus heteroclitus), were compared at regularly and ir¬ regularly-flooded mainland salt marshes at the Virginia Coast Reserve from April - November 1992. Mummichog abundance was greatest in June. Mummichogs comprised 83% of fishes collected on intertidal marsh surfaces. Significantly more mummichogs were collected at the regularly flooded marsh (ANOVA, p = 0.007). Young-of-the-year represented a greater proportion of total mummichogs collected (72%) at the regularly flooded marsh in comparison to the irregularly flooded marsh (61%). Mummichogs were more abundant in the lower intertidal zone relative to the upper intertidal. Mummichogs utihze empty shells of the ribbed mussel, (Guekensia demissa), as egg deposition sites in Virginia Coast Reserve marshes; however, egg distribution is patchy, and patterns were not readily discerned. These results support the contention that large- scale, intensive sampling is necessary to accurately quantify spawning site utilization in salt marsh populations of F. heteroclitus. Key Words: Mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus, ribbed mussels, Guekensia demissa, salt marshes, Virginia Coast Reserve INTRODUCTION The mummichog {Fundulus heteroclitus), is a ubiquitous component of salt marsh nekton communities along the Mid- Atlantic coast. Production of this species in mid- Atlantic salt marshes is among the highest reported for fishes ( > 40.7 g m'^ year"^) and sub-adults may account for approximately 80% of total annual mum¬ michog production (Merideth and Lotrich, 1979). In the mid-Atlantic region, F. heteroclitus spawns in conjunction with spring tides, depositing its dessication - resistant eggs in empty shells of the ribbed mussel {Guekensia demissa) or attaching them to stems and leaves of Spartina altemiflora (Taylor and DiMichele, 1983; Able, 1984). Reproductive condition is highest for several days coincident with full or new moons (Taylor and DiMichele, 1980). This tidal synchrony ensures deposition of eggs in the upper intertidal zone, where they 1 Present Address: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Maiy, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 2 Present Address: Duke University, School of the Environment, Box 90328, Durham, North Carolina 27708 188 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE are least likely to be removed by tidal currents (Taylor et al.,1979). Egg hatching is triggered by appropriate conditions of submergence and low dissolved oxygen levels, but eggs may remain viable for up to 1 month exposed to air (Taylor et al., 1977; DiMichele and Taylor, 1980). Using in situ manipulations, Kneib (1993) demonstrated that growth rate was positively associated and mortality rate nega¬ tively associated with tidal flooding for successive cohorts of F. heteroclitus larvae in a Sapelo Island, Georgia salt marsh. The primary objective of this study was to document relative abundance and distribution patterns oiF. heteroclitus (primarily young-of-the-year) on the surface of two mainland salt marshes varying in hydroperiod (regular vs. irregular flooding) at the Vir ginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research Site (VCR-LTER). A second objective was to quantify distribution and abundance of F. heteroclitus eggs on the surface of salt marshes within the VCR-LTER in order to determine if spawning site utilization within mainland marshes of the VCR-LTER was similar to that observed in other mid- Atlantic populations oiF. heteroclitus. SITE DESCRIPTION Two salt marsh sites at the Virginia Coast Reserve were selected for study (Figure 1). The two marshes differed in surface topography and flooding regime. Site 1 was located along a 2nd order tributary of Phillips Creek. Vegetation type was typical of mid-Atlantic high marsh environments with Salicomia virginica and Distichlis spicata dominating from the forested upland boundary to the mid-marsh. From the mid-marsh to the creekbank, the short-form of Spartina altemiflora occurred. Medium to tall S. altemiflora occurred only in a narrow fringe surround¬ ing intertidal rivulets at this site. Maximum flooding depth was generally < 10-15 cm and the upper marsh was flooded only during spring tides. The second site was located along a 1st order tributary of an unnamed tidal gut and was separated from Phillips Creek by a man-made causeway. This site, adjacent to a wooded area known locally as "The Hammocks" (hereafter referred to as "Hammocks Marsh"), flooded regul2U‘ly in excess of 30 cm depth. At this site, S. virginica and D. spicata were restricted to a narrow band adjacent to the upland boundary. Short-form S. altemiflora progressively graded to tall form in the mid-low marsh. METHODS Abundance Patterns Pit traps (Kneib 1984; Talbot and Able 1984) were used to collect mummichogs and other marsh-resident nekton at four stations along elevational transects at Phillips Creek Marsh and Hammocks Marsh. An individual trap consisted of an 11.4 liter plastic container placed into a pit dug into the marsh substrate. A 0.9 x 1.2 m length of 1.6 mm nylon mesh netting was placed into the trap as a removable hner. Four 85 gm pyramid sinkers were attached to the net in order to conform the liner to the bottom of the trap. Two 1.2 m lengths of 1.9 cm diameter PVC pipe were attached lengthwise to the mesh liner and used as brails to purse the net when removing the sample. Three replicate traps, installed at each topographic level along a transect at each site, were sampled monthly at maximum predicted spring low tides from April through November, 1992. Organisms collected in traps were placed on ice ABUNDANCE OF Fundulus heteroclitus 189 FIGURE 1. Map of the lower Delmarva peninsula and marsh study areas. 190 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE and returned to the laboratory for analysis. Unpreserved samples were sorted immediately following collection. All marsh-surface nekton (fishes and decapod crustaceans, excluding fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax) and marsh crabs (Sesarma reticulatum) were identified, counted, and preserved in 10% buffered formalin. Mummichogs were counted and measured to total length (mm). Differences in abundance of mummichogs between the two study sites and between sampling stations within sites were tested by a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) model with MARSH and LEVEL as between subjects factors and MONTH as a within subjects factor. Abundance data were normalized using a log (y + 1) transformation (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981). A priori paired contrasts were used to compare selected means when significant differences were specified (oc = 0.05). The relative contribution of two age classes (young-of-the-year, adult) was determined by generation of frequency tables. Age/size class assignments were based on literature reported sizes for F. heteroclitus (Kneib and Stiven, 1978; Talbot and Able, 1984). Statistical analyses were performed using Super ANOVA and Statview II software for the Macintosh PC (Abacus Concepts, 1989). Measurements of physico-chemical parameters (salinity, temperature, dis¬ solved oxygen, pH) within marsh surface waters were taken on each sampling date at all sites using a temperature compensated refractometer, a stem thermometer, a YSI Model 57 Oxygen meter, and a Hanna portable pH meter. Spawning Site Utilization Permanent 100 m longitudinal transects were estabhshed within each of the four elevational strata at Phillips Creek Marsh and Hammocks Marsh. Two spawning substrates were examined for the presence of F. heteroclitus eggs. Empty ribbed mussel shells were collected without replacement from randomly selected 1 m^ sample plots along each transect on June 4, June 15, July 2 and August 4. Shell width (length of long axis, in mm) was measured for each empty shell (Taylor and DiMichele, 1983). Live mussels were censused from each sample plot in order to determine the relative availability of mussel shells as spawning sites at each topographic stratum. Six plots per transect were sampled on June 4 and June 15 and sampling effort was increased to 8 plots per transect for the latter two sampling dates due to the patchy distribution of empty shells. Additional mussel shells were collected on June 5 from 100 vs? permanent plots located at the upper boundary of the low marsh at each site. In addition, Spartina altemiflora stems were harvested from each 1 m^ plot on all sampling dates. In the laboratory, S. altemiflora stems and contents of mussel shells were carefully rinsed onto a # 60 (250 / 150 individuals examined at the Virginia Coast Reserve in 1991-92. Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928) counted 460 mature ova in a 98 mm specimen from Chesapeake Bay. Taylor and DiMichele (1983) and Able and Castagna (1975) reported maximum egg counts of 630 and 718 in a single shell, respectively. We occasionally observed > 600 eggs in individual shells from both marsh sites. Additional collections from back-barrier salt marshes at the Virginia Coast Reserve have yielded extremely high densities ( > 2500 eggs per shell). These observations suggest a greater degree of G. demissa shell utilization at back-barrier marsh sites relative to mainland sites. ABUNDAN CE OF Fundulus heterocUtus 195 TABLES. Emergent stem densities (mean no. stems m^ ISE) at Phillips Creek Marsh and Hammocks Marsh transects, June 4, 1992. Site stem density (no. stems m^) Phillips Creek Marsh (irreg. fl.) Marsh-Upland Interface 714.7 ± 312.8 High Marsh 298.7 ± 29.7 Low Marsh 192.0 ± 40.3 Creekbank 192.0 ± 42.3 Hammocks Marsh (reg. fl.) Marsh-Upland Interface 437.3 ± 190.3 High Marsh 189.3 ± 25.4 Low Marsh 78.7 ± 27.6 Creekbank 86.7 ± 3.5 Previous investigators have reported that selection of suitable shells for egg deposition depends on orientation and gape width; eggs are deposited only in shells oriented vertically with a gape width of 0.5 - 5 mm, thereby affording protection to fertilized eggs from dessication and predation/cannibalism (Able, 1984; Taylor, 1986). Although not measured in this study, variation in gape width may account for the observed lack of eggs in otherwise suitable shells. Previous workers (Able and Castagna, 1975) reported that egg deposition was likely to occur only in shells > 60 mm in width. Shells < 50 mm were never utilized as egg deposition sites in Delaware marshes (Taylor and DLMichele, 1983) or in Virginia mainland marshes. Results presented here are similar to those reported by Taylor and DiMichele (1983) in their investigation of spawning site utilization by F. heterocUtus in a Delaware salt marsh. They surmised that S. altemiflora stems were probably used as a secondary spawning site by F. heterocUtus^ and that egg deposition on S. alter- niflora stems and leaves was likely to be of greater significance in low salinity coastal marshes where G. demissa did not occur. In a related study, we have observed widespread deposition of eggs at the base of Arrow-arum {Peltandra virginica) stems in a tidal freshwater population of F. heterocUtus residing in marshes contiguous with the Chickahominy River, Virginia. CONCLUSIONS Fundulus heterocUtus was significantly more abundant at The Hammocks Marsh site, where regular tidal flooding may enhance survival and growth of marsh-resi¬ dent nekton. Relative abundance of mummichogs (primarily YOY) was greater at creekbank and low marsh stations. Mummichogs preferentially utilize empty shells of Guekensia demissa^ which are abundant and widely distributed on the surface of VCR salt marshes, as egg deposition sites. As documented elsewhere, occurrence of eggs on the marsh surface is patchy, and patterns of distribution and abundance are not readily discerned. 196 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE The results of this study concur with those of previous workers (Taylor and DiMichele, 1983) and support the recommendation that large-scale, intensive sampling is necessary to accurately identify patterns of egg deposition by F. heteroclitus on the surface of salt marshes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by an award from the William H. Bannon Foundation to DJY and an NSF-REU fellowship (NSF Grant No. BSR-8702333-09) to KIH. Additional financial support was provided by a Program Development Grant from the Virginia Sea Grant College Program to DES (Grant No. NA90AA-D-SG045). Figure 1 was prepared by M. Santos. Comments by two anonymous reviewers substantially improved the quality of the original manuscript. This is a contribution of the Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Rese2U‘ch Program (NSF Grant No. BSR-8702333). LITERATURE CITED Abacus Concepts. 1989. SuperANOVA. Abacus Concepts, Inc. Berkeley, CA. Able, K.W. 1984. Variation in spawning site selection of the mummichog. Fun- | dulus heteroclitus. Copeia 1984:522-525. Able, K. W. and M. Castagna. 1975. Aspects of an undescribed reproductive behavior in Fundulus heteroclitus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) from Virginia. Ches. Sci. 16: 282-284. DiMichele, L. and M.H. Taylor. 1980. The environmental control of hatching in Fundulus heteroclitus. J. Exp. Zool. 214:181-187. Hildebrand, S.F. and W.C. Schroeder. 1928. (Reprinted 1972). Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 366 pp. Kneib, R.T. 1984. Patterns in the utilization of the intertidal salt marsh by larvae and juveniles oi Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus) dead Fundulus luciae (Baird). J. Exp.Mar. Biol. Ecol. 83:41-51. Kneib, R. T. 1993. Growth and mortality in successive cohorts of fish larvae within an estuarine nursery. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 94:115-127. Kneib, R.T. and A.E. Stiven. 1978. Growth, reproduction and feeding ol Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) on a North CaroUna salt marsh. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 31:121-140. Meredith, W.H. and V.A. Lotrich. 1979. Production dynamics of a tidal creek population oiFundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus). Est. Coast. Mar. Sci. 8:99-118. Sokal, R.R. & J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. 2nd. Ed. W.H. Freeman and Co. New York, 859 pp. Talbot, C.W. & K.W. Able. 1984. Composition and distribution of larval fishes in New Jersey high marshes. Estuaries 7:434-443. Taylor, M.H. 1986. Environmental 2md endocrine influences on reproduction of Fundulus heteroclitus. Amer. Zool. 26:159-171. Taylor, M.H. and L. DiMichele. 1980. Ovarian changes during the lunar spawning cycle oiFundulus heteroclitus. Copeia 1980:118-125. Taylor, M.H. and L. DiMichele. 1983. Spawning site utilization in a Delaware population of Fundulus heteroclitus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae). Copeia 1983:719-725. ABUNDANCE 0¥ Fundulus heteroclitus 197 Taylor, M.H., L. DiMichele and GJ. Leach. 1977. Egg stranding in the life cycle of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus. Copeia 1977:397-399. Taylor, M.H., G J. Leach, L. DiMichele, W.H. Levitan, W.F. Jacob. 1979. Lunar spawning cycle in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (Pisces: Cyprinodon- tidae). Copeia 1979:291-297. Yozzo, D.J. 1994. Patterns of habitat use by sub-adult marsh nekton: comparison between tidal freshwater and salt marshes. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. 163 pp. 198 , , VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE - '.’i : r .'it',.., i ki , , ^ \ A .. - ‘ ■ ■ : ■ ■ ■■ .4^J‘ ' , . ..- j ij, ' 0 /fiv4 ' . .■ I n)M>uteli ' ’ '>■ - ^ ^tterife/ta/t.J ' ■>"r'fiij»iiii*i».. ri f'l - j » ■■ .!. -iiNf V. .■^- ji. >, , l.l’nfll" Jj* EHECUTINE COMMITTEE MINUTES 199 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING MINUTES May 20, 1994 PresentiElsa Q. FaMs (President), Thomas O. Sitz (President-Elect), Rosemary Barra (Secretary), Kenneth C. Jacobs (Treasurer), Don Cottingham (VJAS Direc¬ tor), Arthur W. Burke, Jr. (Assistant to the Executive Secretary-Treasurer), Golde Holtzman (1992-93 President), Gerald Taylor (1991-92 President) The meeting was called to order at 8:30 AM. Following introductor}^ remarks by President Elsa Falls, the agenda for the meeting was adopted. The minutes from the Executive Committee meeting of May 18th were not available and they will be acted on at the Fall CouncE meeting. President - Elsa Q. Falls President Falls distributed the hst of VAS Committee assignments for 1994-95. She indicated that the hst will be modified to include the names of the students elected as VJAS officers and to include the members of the 75th Anniversary Committee which is still being formed. Golde Holtzman is the chair of that committee. President Falls announced that the following reappointments need to be ap¬ proved by CouncE, and that the appropriate motions wEl be made at the Council meeting. Paul J. Homsher - Trust Committee Blanton M. Bruner - Executive Secretary-Treasurer Arthur W. Burke, Jr. - Assistant to the Executive Secretary-Treasurer Don Cottingham - VJAS Director Ertle Thompson - AAAS Representative The proposed VAS Schedule of Responsibilities 1994-95 was distributed to the members. President FaEs also requested suggestions of possible speakers for next year's annual meeting. President-Elect - Thomas Q. Sitz No report Secretary - Rosemary Barra No report Treasurer,- Kemeth C. Jacobs No report 200 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Past President - James P. O’Brien Absent yjAS Director - Donald R. Cottingham The Junior Academy meeting went very well this year, and a number of individuals indicated that it was the best meeting that they had ever attended. President Falls reminded everyone that finding a successor for Don was the responsibihty of the Executive Committee, and that work on this should begin immediately since he wished to be reheved of his duties at the end of May 1995. EXECUHVE^ECREIAEXt-TREASU-RER -..BlantQn Bruner Arthur Burke reported that Blanton Bruner was unable to attend the annual meeting this year and that he sends his regards. The CPA audit of the Academy for 1993 indicates that the Academy is financially in good shape. The total assets of the Academy as of December 31, 1993 were $342,287. This represented an approximately 9% increase over the total assets of $315,323 on January 1, 1993. Art requested that the Executive Committee consider a change in the bylaws that would allow withdrawal of funds to a certain limit without excessive documen¬ tation. The need for this occurs when a budget item exceeds the budgeted amount and Blanton writes a check to cover the amount. President Falls suggested that Art discuss this issue with Gerald Taylor to determine the correct wording for the bylaw change, and that it be brought to the Executive Committee at its Fall meeting. LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS COMMITTEE REPORTS President Falls reported that Rae Carpenter was not able to attend today’s meeting and that R.B. Minnix would report at the Council meeting. Don Cottin- gham requested that the costs associated with next year’s meeting, room costs and fees, be set early next year. President Falls indicated that the rates will be set at the January 20th meeting. She also indicated that representatives of the Local Arran¬ gements Committee for next year’s meeting will be present at the Summer VJAS Committee Meeting to further discuss the problems involved in housing the Junior Academy at VMI. OLD BUSINESS Motions involving changes to the Bylaws will be introduced at the Council meeting. A motion to approve Natural History and Biodiversity as a new section will be made at the Council meeting. EXECUTINE COMMITTEE MINUTES 201 ANNOUNCEMENTS James P. O’Brien, who joined the meeting, thanked the Executive Committee, Gerald Taylor, Golde Holtzman, Don Cottingham, Elsa Falls, and Art Burke for all their help during the year that he was President of the Academy. The meeting was adjourned at 9:15. 202 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE COUNCIL MEETING MINUTES May 20. 1994 Present:Elsa Q. Falls (President), Thomas O. Sitz (President-Elect), James P. O’Brien (Past President, 1993-94), Rosemary Barra (Secretary), Kenneth C. Jacobs (Treasurer; Councilor, Astronomy, Math and Physics Section), Donald R. Cottin- gham (VJAS Director), Golde 1. Holtzman (Past President, 1992-93; Chair, Ar¬ chives Committee and 75th Anniversary Committee), Gerald R. Taylor (Past President, 1991-92; Co-Chair, Constitution and Bylaws Committee), Vera B. Remsburg (Trustee, Science Museum of Virginia), James H. Martin (Editor, Virginia Journal of Science). Judy Niehaus (Chair, Research Committee), Robert A. Berquest (Councilor, Psychology Section), Carolyn B. Conway (Chair, Awards Committee; Councilor, Biology Section), Barry Knisley (Chair, Natural History and Biodiversity Section), Greg Cook (Editor, Virginia Scientists: Chair, Computer Science Section); J. Mark Wittkofski (Councilor, Archaeology Section); Thomas G. Teates (Councilor, Education Section; Co-Chair, Science Education Commit¬ tee), W. Cullen Sherwood (Councilor, Geology Section), WiUiam P. Harrison (Secretary, Biomedical and General Engineering Section), Ertle Thompson ( AAAS Representative), Arthur W. Burke, Jr. (Chair, Finance and Endowment Committee; Assistant to Executive Secretary-Treasurer), Marion B. Lobstein (Councilor, Botany Section; Co-Chair, Public Affairs Committee), Richard Brandt (Chair, Long Range Planning Committee), Charles O’Neal (Secretary, Microbiol¬ ogy and Molecular Biology Section), Richard B. Minnix (Co-Chair, Local Arran¬ gements Committee - VMI), R. Dean Decker (Past VJAS Director). The meeting was called to order by President Elsa Falls at 9:35 AM, and a motion to accept the agenda was approved. Minutes from the last Council meeting on May 18, 1994 were not available and will be acted on at the Fall Council Meeting. OFFICERS’ REPORTS President - Elsa O. Falls Copies of the 1994-95 VAS Committee assignments were distributed, and President Elsa Falls indicated that a few modifications will be made in the list the addition of the VJAS officers and the members on the 75th Anniversary Committee which is still being formed. The term of Paul J. Homsher on the Trust Committee having expired, Ertle Thompson moved that he be reappointed. This motion was seconded by Gerald Taylor and passed unanimously by Council. President Falls distributed the proposed VAS Schedule of Responsibihties for 1994-95. Ertle Thompson asked when the address change for the Executive Secretary -Treasurer will go into effect. It was decided that the change will occur COUNCIL MINUTES 203 after the actual move to the Science Museum this summer, and that an an¬ nouncement will be placed in the Virginia Scientists. President Falls also requested input from the members of Council for possible speakers at next yearns annual meeting. Presideut-EkcLJliomas Q... S.itz No report Sggetary - Rosemar^Eaim No report Treasurer - Kenneth C. Jacobs No report Executive Secretary-Treasurer - Blanton Bruner President Falls indicated that Blanton Bruner and Arthur Burke needed to be reappointed as the Executive Secretary-Treasurer and Assistant to the Executive Secretary-Treasurer respectively. Gerald Taylor made the motion to reappoint Blanton Bruner and Arthur Burke which was seconded by Don Cottingham and unanimously approved by Council. Arthur Burke reported that the auditors’ report showed that the Academy is in good financial standing with a gain of approximately $27,000 during 1993. This gain was due primarily to the actions of the Trust Committee and the performance of the stock market. Past President 1993-94 - James O’Brien Absent (he joined the meeting later) Past President 1992-93 - Golde Holtzman No report PaslPresident 1991-92 - Gerald Taylor No report 204 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS COMMITTEE REPORTS H. Kent Moore and Diane M. Spresser from Janies Madison University reported that the annual meeting was going well and presented the following statistics on the number of people attending the meeting. VJAS YM Paid Participants 860 Pre-registered 3io Parents & Friends 110 Registered on Site 120 TOTAL 970 TOTAL 430 Approximately 30 of the on site registrants also became new members. They reported on two problems they encountered while organizing the annual meeting. The fust involved the insurance coverage for the meeting. The insurance premium for the meeting was approximately $400. The insurance agent suggested that the Academy should carry a blanket coverage rather than a policy that just covers the meeting, and that this policy would be less expensive. The other problem concerned getting local help. They pointed out that students were not available since classes were not in session, and that they were given some tasks that were difficult to manage due to the lack of help. President Falls thanked Kent and Diane for all of their hard work and indicated that she will work to take care of the problems for next year. Marion Lobstein asked that in the future when room assignments are being made for the different sessions that an effort be made to keep sections with similar interests in the same building. This year it was impossible to attend some papers since the meeting rooms were sometimes far apart. Dick Minnix reported for the 1995 Local Arrangements Committee from VMI. He indicated that the subcommittees have already been organized for next year’s meeting, and that they will be working on the housing problems involving the junior academy and Natural Bridge. They will report on their progress at the summer VJAS meeting. SECTION REPRESENTATIVE'S REPORTS Aeronautical and Aerospace Science Absent Agriculture, Forestry and Aquaculture Absent COUNCIL MINUTES 205 Archaeology - J. Mark Wittkofski It has been a good meeting, attendance has increased and we look forward to next year. Astronomy, Mathematics, and Physics - Kenneth C. Jacobs Today’s session is still in progress. They had 24 papers and 2 posters in their session including 11 student presentations. Biology - Carolyn M. Conway The Biology Section had 23 oral presentations and 12 posters. During the section meeting, concerns were voiced again about the fact that students who come as observers are required to pay a registration fee. Dean Decker commented that at all national meetings student observers are required to register and pay. Richard Brcmdt observed that each section can get up to $100 from the Academy and if they wished could use these funds to pay the registration fees for student observers. Concerns were also raised about the scheduling of poster sessions concurrently with paper presentations which prevented members of the section from attending both types of presentations. Possibly the poster sessions could be scheduled during a wine and cheese reception or some other function so that they would not conflict with the oral presentations. Biomedical and General Engineering - William P. Harrison Good meeting with many good papers. Botany - Marion Lobstein A total of 26 papers and posters were presented at this year’s meeting. They were disappointed that the VJAS winner did not show up to present at the section meeting and requested that the section be notified if the student is not going to attend. Don Cottingham described the problems associated with notifying the student presenters and the short time interval between the announcement and the actual presentation. It was suggested that maybe the sponsor could be notified on Wednesday night so that the student would be prepared to give the presentation on Thursday morning after the awards ceremony. Don will pursue this issue. Marion also reported that they enjoyed the trip to the Arboretum and they are looking forward to field trips next year at VMI. Chemistry - Thomas O. Sitz This meeting was the best in recent years. The VJAS student presentation involving Enzyme Kinetics was excellent. Computer Science - Greg Cook Successful meeting 206 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Education - Thomas Teates This was a good meeting, and the student papers were excellent. One situation came up concerning a group called the Virginia Science Leadership Association. They asked for space on our program but it was after the schedule had already been submitted. They ended up meeting at the same time, and since we share many common interests a conflict was created in which some of the members of both orgcmizations had to choose which meetings to attend. We will explore ways to deal with this conflict before next year. Environmental Science Absent Geography Absent Geology - W. Cullen Sherwood Fifteen papers were scheduled, and the attendance was higher than last year. Materials Science Absent Medical Science A total of 43 papers were scheduled this year, and the meetings will be going on until 3:30 this afternoon. Microbiology amd Molecular Biology This year only 3 papers were submitted because of the conflict with the national meeting. These papers were moved to the Medical Science Section, and the Microbiology Section did not meet. Psychology - Robert A. Berquest This year 39 papers were presented. The section needs to consider having poster presentations in the future. We also hope to look at ways to encourage participation by institutions that participated in the past but are not present now. Statistics This year there was a decrease in attendance. The new officers of the section will work to increase participation. PROPOSED SECTION - NATURAL HISTORY AND BIODIVERSITY Barry Knisley reported that the Natural History and Biodiversity proposed section had a successful meeting, and that 16 papers, 1 poster and 2 student presentations were made. Since they have now met the requirement of having one successful meeting, this group wishes to become an official section of the Academy. James O’Brien moved that Natural History and Biodiversity become a section of COUNCIL MINUTES 207 the Virginia Academy of Science. This motion was seconded by Don Cottingham. Carolyn Conway commented on behalf of the Biology Section. Members of the Biology Section are concerned about the overlap between this new section and Biology, and she indicated that as the representative of the Biology Section she would vote against establishing this new section. Arthur Burke noted that in previous years the number of papers in the Biology section required that two concurrent sessions were run. The Biology section appears to be very healthy. James O’Brien noted that some of the presentations that he would expect to be presented in the Psychology section were presented instead in the Medical Science section. Overlap in interests between different sections is to be expected. James Martin called for the question and the motion passed with one negative vote. It was suggested that the section secretaries of Biology, Botany and Natural History and Biodiversity consult with each other when they prepare the schedule for next year so that papers that would appeal to the same people are not presented at overlapping times. DIRECTORS^ AND REPRESENTATIVES’ REPORTS yjAS Director - Don Cottingham President Falls announced that Don Cottingham needed to be reappointed by Council as the Director of the VJAS. Ertle Thompson moved and Art Burke seconded the reappointment of Don Cottingham. This motion was passed unani¬ mously by Council. Elsa Falls announced that Don was planning on retiring from this position after the 1995 Annual meeting and that plans are being made to look for a new director. Don Cottingham reported that this year’s meeting was very successful, and that they had made a few changes. They allowed parents who drove in for the day to attend the presentations of their children without being charged. They also in¬ cluded lunch on Thursday in the package. This was done to encourage the students to attend some of the meetings of the Senior Academy. The summer meeting at Graves Mountain Lodge will be held the third Saturday in July, and will deal with the regionalization plan. The director of the Ohio Junior Academy wiU be the speaker. At this meeting they will discuss the possibility of having joint papers presented at future meetings. The problems associated with housing at VMI will also be addressed and, as stated before, members of the Local Arrangement Committee for VMI will attend this meeting. President Falls thanked Don for all his hard work. 208 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Visiting Scientist’s Program - Jack Cranford Absent AAAS Representative - Ertle Thompson Gerald Taylor moved that Ertle Thompson be reappointed as AAAS Repre¬ sentative for the term specified in the bylaws which is consistent with the AAAS term. This motion was seconded by Don Cottingham and unanimously approved by Council. Ertle Thompson had no report beyond what was presented at Wednesday’s council meeting. Science Museum of Yirgima - Trustee Yera Rem^burg No report Jeffress and Gwathmey Memorial Trust Allocations Committee Representative Richard B. Brandt James O’Brien moved that Richard Brandt be reappointed as the Repre¬ sentative to the Jeffress and Gwathmey memorial Trust Allocations Committee. This motion was seconded by Gerald Taylor and passed unanimously by Council. STANDING COMMITTEE REPORTS Archives Committee - Golde Holtzman Golde Holtzman reported that Charlotte Webb met with the Fellows, and gave them a progress report on the YAS history she is writing. Golde also reminded Council that the proceeds from the sale of the book on the James River go to the Fellows. Awards Committee - Carolyn Conway As of this morning, the YAS presented 9 best student papers awards, 9 honorable mentions and 1 poster awcird (in Biology). More awards will be made after the meetings today. Constitution and Bylaws - Gerald Taylor Gerald Taylor distributed to the members of Council a document entitled "Amendments to the Bylaws of the Virginia Academy of Science as approved at its Spring 1994 meeting" (attached). These amendments have been approved. The constitution changes indicated on the document entitled "Constitution Changes COUNCIL MINUTES 209 Approved by Council and Distributed to Membership as Directed by the Virginia Academy of Science Constitution" (attached) have been passed at the Academy Conference. The Constitution and Bylaws Committee moved that Article II: Duties of Officers Section 2 and 3 of the bylaws be passed (attached). These bylaws were reviewed by Council at its February meeting and were distributed to the member¬ ship of the Academy. This motion was unanimously approved by Council. Gerald Taylor also distributed a document entitled "Proposed Bylaws Changes Approved by Spring 1994 Council for Distribution to Membership" (attached). The Constitution and Bylaws Committee moves that Council approve the following Bylaws: Article III: Duties of Standing Committees, Article XIII: Virginia Scien¬ tists Newsletter and Article XIV: Official Abbreviations. This motion was unani¬ mously approved by Council. President Falls thanked Gerald Taylor and Michael Bass for their work on the Constitution and Bylaws. En\arQ.nmetit - J.J. Murray Jim Murray was absent since he was attending the World Watch Conference. James O’Brien reported that approximately 35 people were at the Conference. Finance and Endowment - Arthur W. Burke, Jr. The Academy is financially in good shape and currently has assets in the neighborhood of three times its annual hability. Fund Raising - James O’Brien Will present plan in November. Lang Range Planning - Richard B. Brandt Tom Haas, the Local Arrangements Chair for the 1996 meeting at VCU, has been invited to attend the Local Arrangements Meeting at VMI. ODU will host the 1999 Annual Meeting. Membership and Public Affairs Committees - Marion Lobstein Marion indicated that the Committee is discussing ways to increase membership and will possibly target community colleges, minority institutions and high school teachers. No teachers signed up for the Continuing Education Credit (attached), but they will work on this again next year. The new membership pamphlet is available. It was also suggested that space be allowed so that the name of any new 210 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE sections could easily be added in the future. Marion indicated that the pamphlet is on computer and can easily be changed. Nominations and Elections Committee - Gerald Taylor Gerald Taylor requested that he be sent nominations for President-Elect, Vice President, Treasurer and Secretary. Publications - James Martin and Greg Cook Jim Martin indicated that the next issue of the Virginia Journal of Science will be out in about one month. He requested that more papers be submitted for publication. Greg Cook asked for information that can be placed in the Newsletter. This information can be sent to him either via E-mail or on disc. July 15th is the deadline for the next issue. R£S£ar.ch. - Indy H^JNkhaus Tom Sitz, as out going chair of the committee, indicated that they will soon finalize the small project grants. Judy Niehaus encouraged people to apply for the grants next year. Sgkncs Advisory - William L, Dewey and Ernest R. Stout Absent Science Education - Thomas G. Teates and Maurice P. Lynch No report Arthur Burke commented on the VQUEST program. He participates in this program, and believes that it is accomplishing its mission and is set for about three more years. Virginia Flora - Marion Lobstein The meeting yesterday went well and we are still working on updating an atlas. A concern of the committee is how to improve botanical education at the college level as well as through the primary and secondary schools. 25th Aimiversary Committee James O'Brien indicated that the committee was still being formed and that Golde Holtzman will be the chair of the committee. Golde stated that during the next six months the committee will be setting its goals, and if anyone has any ideas they are welcome to join the committee. COUNCIL MINUTES 211 OLD BUSINESS None Don Cottingham commented that the Virginia Association of Science Teachers would like to have on their Council a representative from the VAS. Don stated that as an organization VAS is not working to solve the problems associated with science education and that VAST and VSLA do not have the pohtical clout needed to effect the decisions that are being made. He suggested that the organizations involved must consolidate their efforts in order to deal with the problems of science education in the state of Virginia. Arthur Burke made the motion that this topic be moved to the Long Range Planning Committee for immediate attention. James O’Brien stated that this issue should be handled instead by the Science Advisory and Science Education Com¬ mittees. After further discussion, Art Burke withdrew his motion. James O’Brien then made a motion to remand to the Science Advisory and Science Education Committees the issues relevant to the VSLA and VAST and that the president appoint representatives to these two organizations as she sees fit. This motion was seconded by Richard Brandt and unanimously approved by Council. These com¬ mittees were asked to report on this issue at the Fall Council meeting. The meeting was adjourned at 11:45. 212 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ANNOUNCEMENTS Environment Virginia ’95 announces conference dates for April 6-7 1995 at Virginia Military Institute in Lexington, VA. The annual conference provides a forum for current environmental topics and networking for technology transfer. This year’s focus will be on making pollution prevention relevant to localities. The first day, devoted to topics dealing with the state of the environment in Virginia, will be presented by the Department of Environmental Quality, The second day is organized by VMI Research Laboratories, Inc. and will focus on pollution preven¬ tion for agriculture, businesses and communities. The conference features exhibits, presentations, workshops and seminars. Advance registration is $75 until Dec. 31 ($95 from Jan. 1, 1995). Further information on registration, papers, exhibiting or sponsorship can be obtained from Capt. Ronald Erchul, Dept, of Civil & Environ¬ mental Engineering, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450 (telephone: (703) 464-7331 or 464-7743). ABSTRACTS 213 Abstracts ommitedfrom the proceedings issuue because of mail problems. Biology MODULATION OF PLANARIAN REGENERATION BY CAFFEINE Sophia C. Worobec* and Roman B. Worobec. Biomed. Res. Consults., POB 162, Mt. Vernon, VA 22121-0162. Exposure of a sexual variety of decapitated Dugesia tigr/na to caffeine (1 1-220 mcg/ml) was shown to modify the course of regeneration as monitored by unambiguous eyespot appearance under 40X magnification. The most telling results were that regeneration was accelerated by constant exposure to 55 mcg/ml of caffeine, whereas 220 mcg/ml precluded regeneration. When caffeine exposure was limited to the first 4 h after sectioning, i.e., to the critical stage of cell activation, both the 55 and 100 mcg/ml caffeine concentrations were stimulatory. Under the same conditions 220 mcg/ml of caffeine delayed eyespot regeneration, while 1 1 mcg/ml was without effect. Constant exposure to caffeine in a concentration of 220 mcg/ml was particularly toxic to isolated heads, leading to complete disintegration of the eyespots and then of the entire head within 6-8 h. In about 40% of intact animals 200 mcg/ml of caffeine induced a reversible loss of one or both eyespots after 6-8 h of exposure. These observations were discussed In the light of cell activation mechanisms and photoreceptor susceptibility to methyixanthines. Chemistry A SYNTHETIC STUDY TOWARDS AN ETHYNYLATED AZASPIROCYCLIC INTERMEDIATE OF HISTRIONICOTOXD4. Beniamin Avida and Godson C. Nwokogu, Dept, of Chemistry, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 2366S, Hisfrionicotoxin (A:R, ^ cis-CH=CH-CsCH; R2 = m-CH^CH^CH- C=CH), an alkaloid isolate from the skin secretion of the from Dendrobates histrionicus, blocks trmis- synaptic ion transport. A number of methods for assembling the azaspirocyclic framework and for total synthesis of the natural compound, howevCT, have b^ reported due to the difficulty of creating the unsaturated side-chains through multi-step C-C bond formations and frmctional group transformations. In order to overcome this difficulty, we wish to adopt a strategy diat introduces the side chains in a convergent way as diynes which later could be staeoselectively reduced to cis-enynes. As a result, we have bmi studying different methods of generating butadiynes and 1,3-pentadiyne derivatives as well as searching for optimal conditions forPd(0)-€atalyzed coupling of the butadiyne to model 2-bromoallyl acetates. 214 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE MULTINUCLEAR NMR INVESTIGATION INTO THE ACTIVATION OF SILICON- HYDROGEN BONDS BY A BINUCLEAR PLATINUM COMPLEX. Kimberly A. Rrittinpham and Serge Schreiner, Dept, of Chemistry, Randolph-Macon College, P. O. Box 5005, Ashland, VA 23005-5505. The secondary silanes, MejSiHa, EtaSiHj, PhjSiHj and MePhSiHa react with the binuclear complex [Pt2(/t-CO)(CO)20i-dppm)2] (1; dppm = PhaPCHjPPhi) to give zerovalent /i-SiRR’ complexes of the form [Pt2(/A-SiRR’)(CO)2(/i- dppm),] (R = R’ = Me (2), Et (3), Ph (4); R = Me, R’ = Ph (5)). In the reaction of 1 with PhaSiHa leading to 4, low temperature, multinuclear NMR data show that the reaction proceeds via an intermediate formulated as [Pt2(H)(SiHPh2)(CO)2(/i-dppm)2l, 6, BETWEEN TRUTH AND FICTION: WHAT DO YOU GET FROM THERMAL ANALYSIS? Lori Brock,* Jeflf Keister* and Thomas C. DeVore. Dept of Chemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807. Several methods for extracting kinetic parameters from the thermal analysis data obtained for heterogeneous systems have been developed. Most use a best fit graphical method to determine intrinsic values for the kinetic parameters (A = pre-exponential factor, E, - activation energy, and n = order of the reaction) and provide information about the reaction mechanism. However, Maciejewski has clearly shown that Idnetic parameters determined depend on the experimental conditions used. No explanation for these differences was offered. Evolved gas analysis - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (EGA - FTIR) provides additional information about heterogeneous processes. EGA - FTIR has been used to investigate the reaction between CCI4 and V2O5 and the thermal decomposition of NH4VO3. The results of these investigations indicate that equilibrium processes, not kinetic processes, limit the "rate of reaction." These results offer possible explanation to the paradox presented by Maciejewski. APPLICATIONS OF FLUORESCENCE TO BIOCHEMISTRY: INTERCALATION OF PROBES INTO DNA, Lisa Christianson and Benjamin A. DeGraff, Department of Chemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22801. The intercalation of ethidium bromide into calf thymus DNA has been explored using various spectroscopic and fluorescent techniques. Shifts in peak positions and intensities were found in absorption and emission fluorescence spectra with addition of DNA. Emission polarization increased with addition of DNA in both buffer solutions and saturated sucrose solutions. Identical studies were performed using the ruthenium trisphenanthroline complex. The absorption spectrum of the solution diplayed little change upon addition of DNA, while the peak intensities were increased in the emission sprectrum. Quenching experiments were also performed, using the ruthenium trisphenanthroline complex as the intercalator and the ferrocyanide ion ([Fe(CN)g]'^) as the quencher. It was found that quenching of the [Ru(phen)3]^^ was minimized when it was intercalated into DNA, thereby protecting the metal complex from bulk solution environmental effects. ABSTRACTS 215 ESR STUDffiS OF FREE RADICAL INTERMEDIATES IN THE ENZYMATIC OXIDATION OF SYRINGALDAZINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS BY HORSE RADISH PEROXIDASE, Kelly A. Coeeshall and Herbert J. Sipe, Jr., Department of Chemistry, Hampden- Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943. ESR spectra were observed for three methoxy ortho di-substituted phenols. Syringaldazine, acetosyringone, and syringaldehyde were studied in a system of H2O2/HRP to produce phenoxy free radicals. A well resolved spectrum was measured for the acetosyringone radical, hyperfine coupling constants assigned, and a simulation reproduced for the experimental spectrum. The ESR spectrum of the radical from the syringaldehyde system was not frilly resolved, although hyperfine coupling constants were measured for methoxy substituents. The syringaldazine system produced radicals but the ESR spectrum was not intense and was incompletely resolved. THE REACTION BETWEEN BIS(2,4-PENTANEDIONATO)LEAD(II) AND WATER VAPOR: A THERMODYNAMIC STUDY, Melissa A. Crouch and Thomas C. DeVore, Department of Chemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807. Evolved Gas Analysis-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was used to investigate the reaction between bis(2,4- pentanedianato) lead(II) ^d water vapor from 300 to 600 K. 2,4 pentanedione, acetone, and carbon are the principle gaseous products produced. Powder X-ray diffraction indicated that lead oxide and lead metal were the principle solid products. The equilibrium concentrations of all products and reactants were determined as a function of temperature. This enabled the enthalpy of formation for bis(2,4-pentanedianato)lead to be estimated. The value determined is 855 + 10 kJ/mol. SYNTHESIS AND STUDIES OF (n®-C§H5)(CO)xM(CH2C6H3-15-crown-5) Andrew Dattelbaum. Audra Wright, Donna S. Amenta and John A. Mosbo, Department of Chemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807. The purpose of this research was to synthesize, characterize and study the reactivity of transition metal complexes whose ligands contain crown ethers. One of the target molecules, {rf- C5Hs)(CO)2Fe(CH2C6H3-15-crown-5) (1), was prepared from [(ri®-C5H5)(CO)2Fe]' and CICH2CeH3-1 5-crown-5 (2). The synthesis of 2 was accomplished from the reaction of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde with the dichloride of tetraethylene glycol, followed by NaBH4 reduction of the resulting aldehyde to yield 4'-HOCH2-benzo-1 5~crown-5. Treatment of this alcohol with thionyi chloride gave the desired 2. All intermediate products have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The conversion of 1 into an acyl complex has been attempted using external phosphine ligands via carbonyl insertion reactions. The products from these attempts have been characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy. 216 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE SYNTHESIS OF A NEW TRIFLUOROMETHYLATED DIANHYDRIDE FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYIMIDES. Michael S. Hines and Roy F. Gratz, Dept, of Chemistry, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401-5358. New synthetic routes have been developed for the preparation of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzotriflu0ride, 1, and 3,5- dihydroxybenzotrifluoride, 2. The syntheses begin with 3,5-dimtrobenzotrifluoride, which is converted first into a monobenzyl ether and then into a dibenzyl either by nucleophilic displacement of the nitro groups. Catalytic hydrogenations of the ethers lead to 1 and 2. Attempts to convert 2 into an arylene ether linked dianhydride, 3, by reaction v/ith 4- fluorophthalic anhydride will be described. COMPUTER SIMULATION OF PEPTIDE PROPERTIES. Tamaki Kurusu and David R. Bevan, Dept, of Biochemistry & Anaerobic Microbiology, Vir^nia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0308. It is generally accepted that Hpophdlic compounds diffuse through cell membranes more readily than hydrophilic compounds. However, difiusion requires desolvation of moleades prior to their passing through the lipid bilayer. We used the computer programs MOPAC, POLARIS, and AMSOL to simulate the solvation properties of a series of phenylalanyl peptide chains for which the permeability and HpophiHcity were known experimentally. Our results clearly show that as &ie peptide length increases, the free energy of solvation (AGsoiv) becomes more negative, suggesting that the free energy of desolvation (AGdesoiv) is less favored and therefore the permeability decreases. Also, with increased methylation of backbone amide nitrogens, tdie AGsoiv becomes less negative, favoring AGdesoivi and so increasing permeability. These results are consistent with experimental data obtained from the literature. Therefore, our computer simulations suggest that both AGsoiv and Hpoplulicity of peptides must be considered when evaluating the permeability of bilayer membranes. DEVELOPING A COMPUTER MODEL FOR SIMULATING ITIE CRYSTALLIZA¬ TION OF A MELT INTO A POLYCRYSTALUNE SOLID: OVERVIEW AND SOME GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS. Michael Leopold.* Dept, of Chem., Roddy V. Amenta, Dept, of Geol. and Geog., James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. 22807. Igneous rocks are naturally occurring polycrystalline solids that form the bulk of our planet. The fabric of an igneous rock, i.e. the spatial arrangements and chemical compositions of its crystal, contains the clues to its evolution over time by the slow cooling and crystallization of a melt. The inverse problem of interest to geochemists is determining what likely crystallization processes produced the resultant rock fabric. As with most inverse problems a unique solution model is rarely possible. Computer simulation of fabric development in polycrystalline solids would help in finding possible models for complejq non-linear, crystallization processes. The present study deals with one aspect of this problem, that of simulating the growth of crystals in a confined space and of resolving the competition for space among growing crystals in two dimensions. Specific efforts deal with methods for calculating and minimizing the overlap areas among adjacent crystals. Future efforts will deal rates of crystal nucleation and growth. ABSTRACTS 217 PYRIDINES IN FLAVORINGS AND FUELS: SYNTHETIC APPROACHES TO THE 2,5- DIALKYLPYRIDINES. David L. McElfresh and Wayne M. Stalick, Chemistry Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030. 2,5-Dialkylpyridines occur widely in nature, from the essential oils of citrus fruits to the unrefined oil from oil shale and lower rank bituminous and lignite coals. The thrust of the current research is to find an efficient method for the synthesis of 2-methyl-5-alkylpyridines, 2-alkyl-5-methylpyridines and 2,5-dialkylpyridines, where the alkyl group would vary from five to fifteen carbon atoms. The original starting material was 2,5- lutidine, which upon reaction with sodium amide in ammonia give 5-methyl-2-pentylpryidine when reacted with 1-bromobutane. Dianion formation was assumed to be the ideal pathway into the 2- methyl-5-alkylpryidine series of compounds. Since the anion on the 5 position would form more slowly, it should react more readily such that with a limited amount of alkyl halide, substitution would preferentially occur at the 5 position. The use of excess NaNHj or KNHj in ammonia or LDA in THF resulted in alkylation or dialkylation on the 2 position only. New experiments have been performed using the "super base" system of potassium /-pentoxide and 1-ethylhexyllithium with 2,5-lutidine and with methyllithium, pentyl bromide and pyridine. ANALYSIS OF THE SUBUNIT STRUCTURE OF THE GUANINE- 7 -METHYLTRANSFERASE . Joelle M. Onorato and Thomas 0. Sitz, Dept, of Biochemistry and Anaerobic Microbiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Previous kinetic studies have defined three domains in the active site of the guanine- 7- methyl transferase ; S-adenosylmethionine domain, cap (GpppG) binding region, and the RNA binding domain. We have been successful in labeling (by UV cross- linking) the combined cap-RNA region of the enzyme with a labeled capped RNA that was synthesized in vitro . Using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis we have characterized the size of the labeled protein as 107 K molecular weight and what appears to be a monomer of 55 K molecular weight. This agrees with earlier studies from this laboratory that characterized the subunit structure of purified enzyme as a homodimer with a molecular weight of 95 K (gel-exclusion chromatography) with a subunit molecular weight of 46 K (SDS-PAGE). Gel exclusion chromatography with HR-Sephacryl S-300 also showed a labeled enzyme with a molecular weight of 107 K. These data support our model for the subunit structure of the guanine -7 -me thyltransf erase . ESR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF DIMETHYLTHIOUREA BY THE SPIN TRAPPING TECHNIQUE, Matthew T. Ranson and Herbert J. Sipe, Jr., Department of Chemistry, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943. Hydroxyl radical, formed by the Fenton reaction of hydrogen peroxide with Fe(n)- EDTA, is scavenged by dimethylthiourea. When the resulting radical species is spin trapped by 2- methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP), a single long-lived spin adduct is observed. The nitroxyl radical ESR spectrum consists of a triplet pattern (g-value ca. 2.00638 ± 0.00001) and is consistent with hydroxyl radical attack at the C of C=S with MNP trapping of the resulting S* radical. Given the high reactivity of *011, it is likely that other transient radicals are formed as well, but we do not observe them under our conditions. 218 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AB INITIO MODELS OF METAL CHELATION SITES IN POLYIMIDES Donald D. Shilladv. V. Kincaid and K. Esperdy, Virginia Commonwealth Univ,, Dept, of Chemistry, Richmond, VA 23284-2006. It has been shown that Na"" ion enhances electrical conductivity in polyimides. Work in this laboratoiy by Guillem proved that Er^^ ions undergo ligand exchange and are chemically bound to typical polyimides by analyzing the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectral changes in the hypersensitive bands. Recent work by Esperdy has shown that Ho^'' and Gd^"" will react with DuPont Pyre-mL to bind up to 8% (w/w) of total dry solid film using IR, MCD and UV spectroscopy. The question addressed here is how metal ions are chelated within amic-acid sites of an incompletely imidized polyimide. The GAMES S ab initio program has been used to optimize the geometry of an interesting new "tetradentate site” postulated to exist in polyamic acids and incompletely imidized polyimides. ST06G* ^ d orbitals on C, O, N) basis calculations are reported for the geometiy and vibrational fi-equencies of a model compound. Aluminum N-phenyl phthalamate. Calculations show that such a tetradentate site could bind metal ions in Polyimides. The vibrational frequency analysis is compared with experimental IR data. SYNTHESIS AND SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF METAL COMPLEXES OF BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE (Cgo). Harvev E. Smith and Serge Schreiner, Dept, of Chemistry, Randolph-Macon College, P.O. Box 5005, Ashland, VA 23005-5505. Organometalllc derivatives of C^o can be prepared by using dehydrocMorination of chloro hydride transition metal complexes to generate coordinatively unsaturated metal fragments for subsequent reaction with C^. The compound [Pt(ii^-Cgo)(PPh3)2] has been prepared from [Pt(H)(CI)(PPh3)2] in refluxing ethanol/benzene in the presence of ethanolic NaOH and C^. Elemental analysis and spectroscopic data of this compound are consistent with its previously reported preparation by reaction of [Pt(q^-C2H4)(PPh3)2 with The new compound [Ir(H)(CO)(q^-Cgo)^Ph3)2] has been prepared in a similar fashion from [Ir(H)2(Cl)(CO)(PPh3)2] and has been characterized spectroscopically. METHIONINE METABOLISM AND mRNA METHYLATION. Darrin R. Soroktl and Thomas 0. Sitz, Dept, of Biochemistry and Anaerobic Microbiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Methionine is an important amino acid required for protein synthesis and the formation of S-adenosylmethionlne (SAM). SAM is an important cellular methylating agent used to modify macromolecules such as protein and nucleic acids. We have been studying the methylatlon of mRNA cap structure, particularly the Important guanine-7-methylation. By using the enzyme, guanine -7 -methyl transferase isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, we can quantitate the amount of hyporaethylation found in mRNA cap structure. We have been able to lower the level of methylatlon found in the cap structure of mRNA by restricting the level of methionine in the culture media of normal rat kidney (NRK) cells. Cycloleucine, an Inhibitor of SAM synthetase, also was shown to have a similar effect, A combination of low methionine media and cycloleucine caused the greatest level of inhibition of cap methylatlon. Thus, by lowering the levels of cellular SAM, the guanine -7 -methylatlon found in mRNA cap structure can be reduced. ABSTRACTS 219 CHARACTERIZATION OF A CYANOBACTERIAL GLOBIN. Marc V. Thorsteinsson and David R. Bevan, Dept, of Biochemistry & Anaerobic ACcrobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0308. Potts et al. (Science 256. 1992), detected a globin, now known as cyanoglobin, in the nitrogen fixing cluster of the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584. Herein, we describe the large scale induction, purification, and partial structural characterization of recombinant cyanoglobin. Comparative studies using absorption spectroscopy and drcidar dichroism with speraa whale myoglobin and soybean leghemoglobin A reveal that cyanoglobin is atypical in its ability to bind exogenous ligands in the ferric form. The heme enviromnent of cyanoglobin more closely resembles that of leghemoglobin A, although little sequence similarity exists. Cyanoglobin appears to possess a fast rate of autooxidation, which parallels the behavior of myoglobin isolated fix)m Tetrahymena caudatum, with whidi it shares sequence similarities in the heme environment. ESR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE REACTION OF NITRIC OXIDE WITH PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS, Gresham T. Weatherly and Herbert J. Sipe, Jr., Department of Chemistiy, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943. Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported to oxidize phenols and reversibly couple to the free radical produced. Since NO has recently been discovered to be an important biological messenger, its reaction with 2-r-butyl-4- methoxyphenol (BHA), a widely used food additive, was investigated to determine if NO would oxidize and reversibly couple to BHA.\ In order to optimize experimental parameters the BHA analog 3,5-di-/-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (pTBHA) was also reacted with NO. NO was found to oxidize and reversibly couple to BHA and DTBHA. ESR hyperfine coupling constants taken from the literature could be used to simulate the BHA spectmm. However reported hyperfine coupling constants could not simulate the DTBHA spectrum. As yet the product of the reaction of NO with DTBHA is undetermined. COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR COMPARING PREDICTED AND EXPERIMENTAL IR DATA. Robert H. Williams and Frank A. Palocsay, Department of Chemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807. A Visual Basic program has been written that enables the user to compare sample and predicted infrared spectroscopic data. Sample data is organized using Galactic Corporation's Grams/386 while predicted spectroscopic data is created using Autodesk's HyperChem. Students constmct molecules using HyperChem which then predicts the infrared spectmm of the molecule as drawn. The student next chooses a spectmm file saved by Grams/386. The peak heights and locations of the two data sets are then compared in a visual manner with both spectra displayed at the same time. The data sets can also be compared quantitatively by examining the tables of peak values. Easy to access on-line help has been added to aid the student's use of the program as well as improve the student's understanding of infrared spectroscopy. 220 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE THE SYNTHESIS OF ANALOGUES OF METHYL-p-HYDROXYPHENYLLACTATE (MeHPLA); POTENTIAL ANTIESTROGENIC AGENTS AND CANCER CELLS. R.L. Williams. Mark ElUott and K_ Biyant, Enological Research Facility, Dept, of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529. Several analogues of the natural ligand MeHPLA found in normal and breast cancer cells have been synthesized in an attempt to generate potential antitumor agents for biological evaluation in human breast cancer cell in culture. MeHPLA was synthesized from commercially available /Tara-hydroxyphenyllactic acid (HPLA) in 70% yield and characterized by IR and NMR analysis. MeHPLA was shown to exhibit a relatively high binding affinity for the type II estrogen binding sites in human breast cancer cell (MCF-7) in culture. Human breast cancer cells have been shown to produce a specific esterase which converts MeHPLA to the unreactive HPLA in vivo. In order to circumvent this phenomena, we have synthesized several nitrogen analogues of MeHPLA which should be resistant to this specific esterase and hopefully exhibit reasonable levels of type II binding affinity. The corresponding N-methyl analogue of MeHPLA has been evaluated and indeed does exhibit type II estrogen binding site affinity. The other compounds include the ethanol amine analogue and the benzyl analogue of MeHPLA. The synthesis and identification of these potential antitumor agents will be described in this paper. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PROCYANIDINS FROM GRAPE SEED EXTRACTS AND THEIR POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVnY. R.L. Williams. M. Elliott, J. Reddy and J. Recht, Old Dominion University Enological Facility, Dept, of Chemistry /Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529. Crude grape seed extracts have been isolated from Virginia chardonnay grape seeds and the various bioflavanoids known as the procyanidin catechin, epicatechin, Bl, B2, B3, and B4 have been separated and evaluated in various biological tests. Ten individual procyanidins have been isolated from the crude extract and identified by HPLC and TLC. These components of grape seed extracts have been tested in human fibroblast cells in culture with regard to their ability to affect cell growth. At reasonably high levels, several of the compounds apparently inhibit cell growth and are also effective in blocking cell damage due to high levels of free radicals produced in situ from a xanthine/xanthine oxidase study. These grape seed fractions as well as the crude seed extracts have now been shown to have some significant binding affinity to type II estradiol binding sites in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture. The implications and significance of this latter study will be described in this paper as well as the methods of analysis of the separation of the various procyanidins. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LONG CHAIN ALKYLQUINOLINES. Nazdaneh Zahadat and Wayne M. Stalick, Chemistry Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030. An important current goal in chemistry is to develop a better understanding of the decomposition pathways of alternate fuel sources such as oil shale and coal. A number of studies have been made demonstrating that studies of model compounds can give good extrapolations to the natural product. It has been estimated that nitrogen containing compounds constitute about 40% of the material found in crude shale oil and based on the GC/MS analysis of these compounds, long chain alkylquinolines along with alkylpyridines are the major constituents. In our continuing study of the pyrolyses of these compounds it became necessaiy to synthesize a series alkylquinolines. For this study, the isomeric undecylquinolines were selected. Considering that the pK,’s of methylquinolines are about 5 units lower than those of the corresponding picolines, it was assumed that the synthesis of these compounds, by the Brown and Murphey technique using sodium amide in liquid ammonia, would be an easy task. Even though the 2- and 4-methylquinolines easily underwent alkylation, 3-methylquinoline was resistant to alkylation because of side reactions. The previously unreported compounds synthesized in this study were characterized by NMR, IR, GC/MS and elemental analyses. ABSTRACTS 221 CARBON FIBER / POLYMER MATRIX ADHESION IN HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPOSITES. Hong Zhuana and J. P. Wightman, Dept, of Chemistry, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061 . There Is increasing use of fiber / polymer matrix composites worldwide today, for example, in automobiles and in recreational equipment. Further, high performance composites are used increasingly in aircraft construction as in the new Boeing 777. The strength and toughness of composites is controlled by fiber / matrix Interfacial adhesion. The purpose of this work is to relate the measurements of fiber / matrix adhesion to properties of the carbon fiber and the polymer matrix. Single fiber fragmentation tests were carried out to evaluate the strength and temperature dependence of interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers and epoxy resins. The results were correlated with the carbon fiber surface properties. The surface composition of the fibers was determined by XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), the fiber topography by SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) and fiber surface energy by DCAA (dynamic contact angle analysis). Increasing the surface energy of the carbon fiber by surface pretreatment increased the calculated interfacial shear strength. (Supported by McDonnell Douglas Aerospace) NOTES ^ NOTES m §. ? klv* * ' illRiH '* ' ' ' ^ ’"’ J'^'i ■ ,■ ' !^9r.^ ^U'li. -- •.. .. flj "i ’^' ”* j- *■*’ '" -T^.'^. I V - j. TJr* .' 3>c<’ ^ .. tii!?5:»-i ■ ' tlkjitV,/. . .;^_..^.- ..nJf*S^htl5M^] j**" Ct r:^ifiJ iic !... , i ^..-:j.;J|^i|..M:.l,r ^„fei}?c*ii** .i«;i.v!;ii !>>I . .' : ' I- *iVtl ji>aiul. (anii^ -•■ nr1oJ;‘ r.^- . J?llV-Tai. " « 41:.. i :;. ®lfr>/ .<:. : ii5*i(#f!V > '-9 ' \ * . O' .tflp. Qr)nli\^h <1 ■ i.r-:,..^y'. - “ ji- ’ I >ao f ;^jii8ffly.Ci>^ .. _. , , . . . . il.u'lT‘-. t 3(jr»KUi;-}>?iV^ 'Jv' huu*>ur{ ’'.aij ■■ • : . , ‘ ^ , ■■ — . . ... ** V.. A;-. 0 „ M •m . s-^*’ ' - - _ _ • _ _ . . '.■AAi&-a»l!-.p, ■>ililp*.a'()»-ff*,'« ./ ' I w::;, . 1 ;' ^^^'“■^‘^■‘“iSrjoiriiii P; T“ '“ ~Tut>c*niir n: ' ■ ■'._.: cx^Oi V* •’ *" *' ►K; ■ iawtww. .V • v --,.;,:, .G,,.,,.idi^)k/>itiV.O '' a , ^ ' ' 'V^i!^ ^i..* V ' p^[i* ^ ^1 * * *>■**(* '1 4 *. ’'* ^ ' . 1; ■;■.• * 'is iMA ..Mffc-onet A'V Vv .-w,. . ...^ :^/ .• ;.J*tn .»?i“ MEMBERSHIP Membership in the Academy is organized into sections representing various scientific disciplines as follows: Medical Sciences Psychology Education Statistics Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences Botany Environmental Science Archaeology Computer Science Geography Natural History & Biodiversity Annual Membership Dues - Includes subscription to Virginia Journal of Science Student . $ 10.00 Regular - Individual . 25.00 Contributing - Individual .... 30.00 Sustaining - Individual . 50.00 Life - Individual . 300.00 Sustaining - Institution . 100.00 Business - Regular . 100.00 Business - Contributing .... 300.00 Business - Sustaining . 500.00 Patron . . 1000.00 1. Agriculture, Forestry and 9. Aquaculture 10. 2. Astronomy, Mathematics and 11. Physics 12. 3. Microbiology and Molecular 13. Biology 4. Biology 14. 5. Chemistry 15. 6. Materials Sciences 16. 7. Biomedical and General 17. Engineering 18. 8. Geology 19. VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Date _ Name (Please Print) Phone ( ) _ E-mail _ _ FAX( _ ) Address _ _ _ _ _ City _ _ _ State Zip ___________ Institution or Business _ _ _ Position — Title _ _ _ _ Fields of Interest — Sectbn No.(s) First No. indicates major interest Class of Membership Desired _ _ _ Contacted by: _ _ _ _ _ Make check payable to Virginia Academy of Science and send to: VAS, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220-2054. Instructions to Authors All manuscripts and correspondence should be addressed to the Editor. The Virgmia Journal of Science welcomes for consideration original articles and short notes in the various disciplines of engineering and science. Cross-disciplinary papers dealing with advancements in science and technology and the impact of these on man and society are particularly welcome. Submission of an article impUes that the article has not been published elsewhere while under consideration by the Journal. Three complete copies of each manuscript an figures are required. It is also suggested that authors include a 5.25 diskette in IBM compatible format containing a text file (ASCII) of the manuscript. Original figures need not be sent at this time. Authors should submit names of three potential reviewers. All manuscripts must be double-spaced. Do not use special effects such as bold or large print. The title, author^s name, affiliation, and address should be placed on a cover page. An abstract (not to exceed 200 words) summarizing the text, particularly the results and conclusions, is required. The text should follow the general format used by professional journals in the author’s discipline. Literature cited in the text should follow the name-year format: (McCaffrey and Dueser, 1990) or (Williams et al, 1990). In the Literature Cited section at the end of the article, each reference should include the full name of the author(s), year, title of article, title of journal (using standard abbreviations), volume number and first and last page of the article. For a book, include author (s), year, title, pages or number of pages, publisher and city of pubhcation. Examples: McCaffrey, Cheryl A. and Raymond D. Dueser. 1990. Plant associations of the Virginia barrier islands. Va. J. Sci. 41:282-299. Spry, A. 1%9. Metamorphic Textures. Pergamon Press, New York. 350 pp. Each figure and table should be mentioned specifically in the text. All tables, figures and figure legends should be on a separate pages at the end of the text. Multiple author papers are required to have a statement in the acknow¬ ledgements indicating the participation and contribution of each author. After revision and final acceptance of an article, the author will be required to furnish two error-free copies of the manuscript: 1) typed copy, single spaced, with tables and figure captions at the end of the document, and one set of original figures, each identified on the back by figure number and author’s name; 2) a 5.25 diskette in an IBM compatible format contaimng the text file, tables and figure legends. Authors will be allowed 15 printed pages (including figures) free, but payment of $50 per page will be charged for the 16th and subsequent pages. 20560 ) i- 's • ' I s: o P CL < s? o (U CL K) to to O 4^f.- s , . •: ^ S ^ < ^ O t— • C7> CO O CD CO •-^ -AJ Ol •-H > cn ^ ro :o O O Oi -< 4^ o o 2: > □I O CO CDO S CO t-H CO -H O t~i zz. O 2: > CO 2: CO IZL CO t-H -H < HH w -H c: WINTER 1994 VOL. 45, No. 4 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDITOR: James H. Martin Dept, of Biology - PRC J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College BUSINESS MANAGER: Eugene G. Maurakis Science Museum of Virginia 2500 West Broad Street Richmond, VA 23220-2054 Phone: (804)367-6795 P.O. Box 85622 Richmond, VA 23285-5622 Phone: (804)371-3064 ©Copyright, 1994 by the Virginia Academy of Science. The Virginia Journal of Science (ISSN:0042-658X) is published four times a year (Spring, Summer, Fall , Winter) by the Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220-2054. The pages are electronically mastered in the Parham Road Campus Biology Department of J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College. The Virginia Academy of Science and the Editors of the Virginia Journal of Science assume no responsibility for statements or opinions advanced by contributors. Subscription rates for 1994: $27.00 per year, U.S.A.; $35.00 per year, other countries. All foreign remittances must be made in U.S. dollars. Most back issues are available. Prices vary from $5.00 to $25.00 per issue postpaid. Contact the Business Manager for the price of a specific issue. Changes of address, including both old and new zip codes, should be sent promptly to the following address: Blanton M. Bruner, Executive Secretary- Treasurer, Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220-2054. All correspondence relating to remittance, subscriptions, missing issues and other business affairs should be addressed to the Business Manager. For instructions to authors, see inside of back cover VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Voi45 No. 4 WINTER, 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ARTICLES Factors Determmmg Distribution and Abundance of Delmarva Grass Shrimp (Palaemomtes spp.). Robert E, Knowlton, Ritindra K Khm, Paul M, Armine ^ T^seer A, Aldaghlm, and Rabindra Sivapathmundram. Estimated Methane Production by Fauna Under Anthropogenic Influence in Virpnia. Stephen F, Matter Expert Computer Software and the Unauthorized Practice of Law. Earl B. Taylor and Rita M. DArcangelis Fishes of the Main Channel New River, West Virginia. Robert 5. Easton and Donald L Orth 2^5 Graminicolous Fungi of Virginia: Fun.gi Associated mth Cereals. Curtis W. Rome and Martha K Roane 279 ^3?H'''u -SliVv . " 7“' M ''r ^ V-w4t. ■ . .... . 2IIIit!ir4P»-,'t' ■ V..- 4 : . “ 'zrvUlilB. '.. .. ...-v-:, .. .r li. .■.=;i. V • ■ ■ ’< m *; t-j./ vt?o Virgmia Journal of Science Volume 45, Number 4 Winter 1994 Factors Determining Distribution and Abundance of Delmarva Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes spp.) Robert E. Knowlton Ritindra N. Khan Paul M. Arguin Tayseer A. Aldaghlas, and Rabindra Sivapathasundram, Depart¬ ment of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052 ABSTRACT Samples of grass shrimp were collected bimonthly at five stations, each with two sites: (A) wooden pilings (marina) and (B) mud/sand/sheU flats. Populations, especially of Palaemonetes vulgaris, were least abundant during colder months, most numerous in September. Relative to Palaemonetes pugio, P, vulgaris abundance decreased with decreasing average salinity (30 to 15 ppt), to near zero at 12ppt. At polyhaline stations P. vulgaris was significantly more abundant at "A,"P. pu^o at ’’B," sites. In an aquarium on a homogeneous substrate (sand), both species, alone and mixed together, usually exhibited a random distribution pattern. On four different substrates (arrayed in 32 cubicles), most animals settled on wood (37% of all observations) and mud (36%); few on shell (15%) and sand (12%). At 20 (vs. 40) ppt significantly more shrimp were observed on mud. More P. pugio selected mud, and more P. vulgaris wood, than any other substrate. The most significant differences in mixed (vs. single) species distributions occurred among P. vulgaris (increase on wood, decrease on mud). It is concluded that salinity and perhaps temperature influence spatial distribution and abundance of these species and, where sympatric, differential substrate selection and interference competition are impor¬ tant aspects of resource partitioning. INTRODUCTION Decapod Crustacea of the genus Palaemonetes are predominant members of shallow- water benthic communities in Atlantic and Gulf coast estuaries (Wood, 1967; Nixon and Oviatt, 1973; Heck and Orth, 1980; Anderson, 1985). "Grass shrimp" are of great ecological importance because of their position as opportunis¬ tic omnivores m estuarine food webs (Odum and Heald, 1972; Welsh, 1975; Morgan, 1980; Nelson, 1981; Chambers, 1981, 1982; Kneib, 1985; Posey and Hines, 1991; Uguccioni and Posey, 1992), and they are of some economic value in the fishing industry as bait. The most common species along ocean and bay shores of the "Delmarva" peninsula are P. pugfo Holthuis and P. vulgaris (Say). Then- distribution throughout this area, though, is not uniform. At some estuarine sites they coexist whereas at other places only one of the species occurs (Williams, 1984). Salinity is thought to be a significant factor in controlling distributions of grass 1 Corresponding author. 2 Present Address: Dept, of Biology, Armstrong State College, Savannah, GA 31419. 3 Present Address: Dept, of Internal Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201. 232 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE shrimp populations, inasmuch as P. pugio can be found from tidal fresh water to the ocean, while P. vulgaris exhibits a more restricted distribution (15-35 ppt) along the salinity gradient (Knowlton and Williams, 1970). Different salinity tolerances of the two species (Bowler and Seidenberg, 1971; Thorp and Hoss, 1975; Knowlton and Kirby, 1984; Knowlton and Schoen, 1984) could account, at least in part, for this distribution pattern. Thorp and Hoss (1975) compared temperature toleran¬ ces, concluding that winter temperatures do not affect habitat partitioning in these species. Since grass shrimp are demersal, characteristics of the substrate may also be an important factor. Chambers (1982) noted that P. pu^o was abundant in muddy-bottomed creeks of high areas of Great Sippewisset (Massachusetts) marsh whereas P. vulgaris was predominant in "sandy" low-marsh creeks. Thorp (1976) studied relative abundances of the two species at sites of different substrate composition in the Newport River (North Carohna) estuary, and he discerned distribution patterns of each species, with or without the other species present, in an aquarium divided into mud and shell-mud substrate sections. In pilot studies conducted by Arguin et al. (1989), species differences in substrate selection pat¬ terns were exhibited when individuals of one or both species were introduced into an aquarium provided with four different substrates (mud, sand, shell, wood), but their results were based on only a few trials and one observation time per trial. Finally, Thorp (1976) provided evidence that interspecific competition may be important. Although he did not observe behavioral interactions, he found that P. vulgaris was able to displace P. pu^o physically from a "preferred shell sub¬ stratum," i.e., one that provided protection from predation. Chambers (1981, 1982) found that P. vulgaris seemed to dominate P. pugio in one-on-one same-sex inter¬ actions. The main purpose of the present study, which had both field and experimental components, was to define the extent to which salinity and substrate, and presence/absence of the other species, affect the abundance and spatial distribution of these two species of grass shrimp. Populations of Palaemonetes spp. were sampled throughout the "Eastern Shore" region of Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, at which time substrate observations, salinity readings, and other meas¬ urements were undertaken. In the laboratory, trials were run under controlled conditions to determine (1) dispersal patterns of each species (on a homogeneous substrate), (2) substrate preferences, (3) the influence of salinity on substrate selection, and (4) the extent to which the two species interact in relation to substrate choice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Studies Bimonthly collections of Palaemonetes spp. were made during 1987 at five shoreline stations on the Delmarva peninsula selected mainly because they cover a wide range of salinity conditions (circa 12-30 ppt). On the ocean side stations were located at (1) Indian River Bay on Burton Island, Del.; and (2) Chincoteague Bay, Chincoteague, Va. In Chesapeake Bay stations were situated at (3) Kings Creek, Cape Charles, Va.; (4) Robin Hood Bay, near Saxis, Va.; and (5) Mezick Pond, Sandy Point State Park, near Annapohs, Md. Each station included two study sites: SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE 233 (A) a marina consisting of wooden pilings^ buttresses^ docks, etc., with attendant algae and epifauna (e.g., barnacles, tunicates, sponges) and (B) nearby flats of sand, mud, oyster shells (or some combination) bordered by marsh vegetation {Spar- tina altemiflora at Stations 1-4, Phragmites australis at Station 5) and bare peat. At each station, collections were timed so that they would be accomplished at about the same time of day and stage of tide (about 2 hours prior to low tide). At each "A" and "B" site, salinity was measured with a refractometer, water and air tempera¬ tures with an ordinary pocket thermometer. The amount of oxygen dissolved in the water (sample collected in BOD bottle) at each site was determined by means of the "azide modification" (Hach Chemical Co.) of the Winkler method. Animals were collected using a long-handled Ward's "D-frame" (30 cm along straight edge, 30 cm deep) aquatic dip net dragged in a consistent manner (each time a linear haul of about 1 m) over a given area, so as to obtain crude estimates (average no./haul) of shrimp abundance. Collecting effort at each station was about 1 man-hour, but sampling was stopped eaiher when approximately 300 animals were obtained. Captured animals making up each site sample were preserved in 95% ethanol. Later, the individuals in a sample were sorted and tallied according to species. The two species were differentiated on the basis of rostrum structure and other diagnostic features (as noted in Holthuis, 1952). Differences in numbers of each species between sites were analyzed using the Chi-square (X^) test, while Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient (rho) was calculated to test for the magnitude of correlation between percent P. pugio found at each site and each of the measured abiotic parameters (Glantz, 1987). In October of 1989, additional samples of shrimp were collected from different areas of Station 3, where different substrates could be clearly demarcated. One such sample was taken from wooden pilings ("A" site), and one each from three areas (within site "B"): a flat composed of mud (13% sand, 41% silt, 46% clay), an oyster bar over sand, and bare sand. Again, the number of individuals of each species was determined for each sample. Laboratory Experiments Living shrimp of both species, sea water, and substrate samples were also collected from Station 1 (both sites), for utilization in the experimental part of the study, viz., tests designed to assess (1) distribution of individuals of one or the other species in an aquarium on a homogeneous substrate (sand), and (2) distribution of single-species populations, or the two species mixed together, at one of two levels of salinity, over an array of four different substrates (mud, sand, shell, and wood). Collections were made in the spring of 1990 and 1991, always around 1330 hr, under the following average conditions: 15 °C water temperature, 31 ppt salinity, 10.7 ppm dissolved oxygen. Prior to testing, collected animals were kept for about a week in "stock" aquaria containing a mixture of artificial (Instant Ocean® sea salts dissolved in deionized water) and collected sea water adjusted to 30 ppt salinity, and a small amount of gravel, in an attempt to reduce any field-derived acclimation that might have occurred and to allow the animals time to adjust to laboratory conditions. Stock tanks were exposed to natural dayhght but all tests were carried out in a windowless room with a fluorescent ceiling light kept on throughout each test run. In a preliminary experiment designed to determine whether or not individuals 234 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Wood Sand Mud Shell FIGURE 1. Diagram of aquarium grid (top view) in "heterogeneous substrates" experiment, showing arrangement of cubicles, each containing the substrate indicated. of each species distribute themselves randomly on a homogeneous substrate, sand was added to a 60 x 30 x 30 cm aquarium divided at the bottom into a "grid" of 32 cubicles (each one about 50 cm^) by partitions made from clear acryhc plastic, with their upper edges situated about 1 cm above the substrate surface. Fifty individuals of a species were placed in the tank and allowed to distribute themselves until the following morning, at which time their location within the tank was noted. This procedure was done with each species separately and repeated once. Frequencies of occurrence of animals in the cubicles were then compared, using Chi-square, with expected frequencies in a Poisson distribution (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981). In a satellite study this analysis was extended to include additional runs using individuals of one or the other species, or both in equal numbers, and at a particular density (50, 100, 150, or 200 animals per tank). In each run, the number of animals in each cubicle was noted 15 times over 3 days. The main experiment, consisting of three types of trials, was carried out using an aquarium in which each cubicle was "filled" with one of four substrates: sand, oyster shell (whole and broken), mud (1-cm layer over an understory of sand, to reduce turbidity), and wood (flat piece of driftwood lacking macroscopic epifauna, resoaked in sea water for one week, cut into squares to fit the cubicles and held underwater by a zinc weight attached to the underside by silicone caulking and coated with plastic marine varnish). The cubicles were arranged in such a way that the same substrates were never adjacent (Fig. 1), with each corner of the aquarium containing a different substrate (to equalize any "corner effects"). This heterogeneous substrate was not quite flat, with cubicle edges, shell, and the wooden blocks projecting 1-2 cm above the sand/mud surface. In each run of each trial, at noon animals were added to the aquarium, which was filled about halfway with an artificial-natural salt water mixture made up to the desired salinity. The number of animals in each of the 32 cubicles was noted at 3-hr intervals (±30 min) until midnight, and at 0900 hr the next morning, to check for any diel differences in distribution patterns. At 0900 hr the tank was rotated 180®, to compensate for SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE 235 any directional influences (e. g., ceiling light) within the room that might be attracting the animals, and six more observations of animal distribution were made during the second day as well (at 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, 0000, 0900 hr). Only individuals clearly positioned on one of the substrates were tallied (i.e., swimming animals and those situated on a partition or along the aquarium side were not included). Two aquaria were used in each run, one containing water of 20 ppt salinity, the other with 40 ppt water. The tanks were placed side by side on a counter, separated by a distance of about 1 m; each run was repeated with the tanks in reversed positions. Two days prior to each test, animals to be tested at 20 ppt were brought out of the "stock" aquarium (where salinity = 30 ppt) and added to water of 25 ppt, then 20 ppt the next day. Another group of animals was acclimated to 40 ppt in the same two-step fashion. Salinity and temperature readings were taken every time the shrimp populations were observed; respective means ± standard deviations (n = 72) are 20.2 ±1.1 ppt and 20.1 ± 1.7 ®C, 39.7 ± 1.2 ppt and 20.3 ± 1.6 °C. The water in each tank was aerated by a single pump connected by tubing to an airstone positioned roughly in the middle, but the pump was turned off at least half an hour prior to an observation time because it was thought that the animals might be attracted to the bubbhng air. Dissolved oxygen, checked prior to and during a run, was found to be above a level (4 ppm) that is well tolerated by both species (Welsh, 1975). The level of zinc in the test water did not exceed 45 ppb, comparable to levels found in many coastal waters (Bryan, 1976). The number of animals per tank to be used in each trial (60) was determined on the basis of results (see below) from the satellite study, i. e., a density that would be large enough to yield sufficient data but one that would not be likely to produce a non-random dispersion pattern and/or induce the animals to move around, thereby making counting difficult. In the first trial type, 60 individual P. pugio were placed into each of the two aquaria and their locations noted, as described above. Then, a second trial was conducted in the same way, using P. vulgaris only. A third type of trial consisted of placing 30 members of each species simultaneously into the aquaria and sub¬ sequently noting the distributions of both species. In order to be able to differen¬ tiate the two species easily while they were both in the tank, individual P. pu^o were dyed beforehand using a solution of Alcian blue, a process used by Coen et al. (1981) and determined by them not to affect the behavior and survivability of the shrimp. All three trials were repeated once; in the second run of the "mixed species" trial, individuals of P. vulgaris were dyed. In summary, the design of this experiment resulted in a total of 768 observations (i. e., number of shrimp on one of the four substrates) in the data set, or: 2 species x 2 "conditions" (i. e., single species, two species mixed together) x 2 salinities x 4 substrates x 2 days x 6 times (of each day) X 2 runs. Statistical analysis included a four-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the arcsine-transformed data, using a general linear models procedure (SAS Institute, 1985) with species, condition, salinity, and substrate as the main effects. Means of the factors were examined using Tuke/s just significant difference (JSD) and graphical construction of confidence intervals (Cl) about the means using the formula JSCI = mean ± JSD/2 (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981). In all analyses a prob¬ ability (P) of less than 0.05 was required for significance. 236 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 1A IB 2A 2B 3A 3B 4A 4B 5A SB Sites FIGURE 2. Mean abundance (approximate no. per haul of dip net) oiPalaemonetes individuals (both species) at each collecting site (summed over the 6 months). ]^ch vertical bar indicates standard error of the mean. RESULTS Abundance and Distribution in the Field Of the 9,293 grass shrimp collected bimonthly from the five stations, nearly all were Palaemonetes pugio (68%) or P. vulgaris (32%). A third species, P. intermedius, was found in May (3 individuals at Sta. 2B) and July (1 animal, Sta. 5B); these animals, along with 7 juveniles (taken from Sta. 3A in September) of uncertain identity, were excluded from "species composition" calculations. Figure 2 portrays average number of individual Palaemonetes (regardless of species) per haul (of the dip net) at each of the ten collecting sites (all months combined). A given haul yielded anywhere from zero to over 100 animals, but typically (i.e., 85% of the time) the yield in a haul ranged between 1 and 15. Maximum abundance was exhibited at Station 5B, where in May an average haul contained about 40 animals. Failure to collect any shrimp occurred on only one occasion — at Station 4B in January. Stations 4B and 2 A were, on average, least productive, possibly because these sites are not as well protected from wave action and currents. The difference in means between all A and B sites (8.0 and 8.8 animals/haul, respectively) is not significant (t = 0.407 with df = 58; P = 0.686). The same abundance data are presented by month (all stations combined), to illustrate seasonal variation (Fig. 3). During the winter months (January and March) animals were consistently less abundant, except at the A sites of the southern stations (3 and 4) of Chesapeake Bay. More animals appeared in May hauls, with 19% olP.pu^o (but only a singled, vulgaris at Sta. 3) females bearing eggs. July samples contained numerous ovigerous females of both species and, at Stations 3 and 5, some juveniles. The highest numbers occurred in September, at which time populations contained year-old adults plus juveniles at all stations. (See Ganz and Knowlton, 1992, for an assessment of reproductive characteristics of these populations.) SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE 237 FIGURE 3. Mean number (per haul of dip net) ot Palaemonetes individuals (both species) collected according to month (summed over the 10 sites). Each vertical bar indicates standard error of the mean. T«mp rci 13.t 12.8 13,5 13.8 13.8 13.3 13.7 13.9 1S.2 11.3 Salinity |ppU 2i,S 30.2 30.8 29.1 23.8 23.i 14.5 14.5 12.2 12.1 DO fppml 9.3 9.4 9.3 lO.i 7.7 7.5 8.2 9.1 8.S i.B Sites lUffll F. pugio ¥ui§aris FIGURE 4. Species composition (mean % of Palaemonetes pu^o) in samples collected at each site (summed over months), with average temperature, salinity, and dissolved ojgrgen (DO) levels measured. Percent Pfl/flemo«efe5 vulgaris — 100 - {%P. pugio), other and unknown species of Palaemonetes not being included in the total. As shown in Fig. 4, which portrays average % of P.pu^o collected over the year at the ten field sites, this species was more abundant thanP. vulgaris at both A and B sites of Stations 4 and 5, where average sahnities were less than 15 ppt; only one 238 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE FIGURE 5. Mean % oi Palaemonetes pug^o in samples collected at each site (summed over months) in relation to mean salinity measured at each site and averaged over the year. Percent Palaemonetes vulgaris = 100 - (% P. pugio). Regression line is fitted to pooled (A & B sites) data. P. vulgaris, a juvenile, was found at Station 5 (5B, September). At stations (1-3) where salinities were generally above 20 ppt, P. vulgaris dominated at A sites, P. pugio at B sites. The Chi-square test showed that differences in number of individuals of each species between the two sites were significant at Stations 1 (X^ = 361.614 with df = 1; P < 0.001), 2 (X^ = 92.845, P < 0.001), and 3 (X^ = 321.108, P < 0.001), but not 4 (X^ = 0.003, P = 0.959). Differences between only three sample pairs (Sta. 3, Jan.; Sta. 2, Mar.; Sta. 1, May) were not significant. Figure 5 depicts average % P. pugio collected (all months) at the sites as a function of average salinity, to illustrate a linear relationship of species composition with this environmental parameter. As measured by Pearson’s correlation coeffi¬ cient (r) the negative correlation (r = -0.768) between % P. pugio and salinity is highly significant (t = 3.391 with df = 8; P = 0.009). When A and B sites are considered independently the relationship is even stronger (for A sites: r = -0.954, t = 5.502 with df = 3, P = 0.012; for B sites: r = -0.884, t = 3.270, P = 0.047). The slopes of the regression lines (-3.81 for A site data, -1.43 for B) are significantly different (calculated t = 2.908; critical value of t = 2.447 at df = 6,P = 0.05). The higher proportion of P. pugio (vs. P. vulgaris) at B (vs. A) sites of the polyhaline stations (1-3) is also seen in Fig. 5. A slight positive correlation (r = 0.488) between % P. pugio and temperature (A and B sites combined) was discerned but was found to be not significant (t = 1.582; P = 0.152). Virtually no correlation (r = -0.015) between P. pugio abundance and dissolved oxygen was exhibited (t = 0.043; P = 0.967). SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE 239 T®mp C«C| 1.7 7.0 le.o 28.1 24.0 S.2 Stilnily Ippti li.S 20.0 1S.2 23.9 24.4 24.1 DO fppm| 10.2 13.S i.S 7.0 i.7 9.5 FIGURE 6. Species composition (mean % of Palaemonetes pu^o) in samples collected each month (summed over sites), with average temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels measured. Percent Palaemonetes vulgaris ^ 100 - {%P. pu^o). In Fig. 6 average % P. pugio collected at all sites during a particular month is indicated. It can be seen that relative abundance of each species was around 50% during the late spring and summer^ and that P. pugio was proportionately more abundant (> 75%) during the colder months (Nov. -Mar.), when measured salinities were also lower (especially Jan.-Mar.) and oxygen readings higher. The correlation between % P. pugio and temperature is fairly strong (r = -0.725) but not statistically significant (t = 2.107 with df = 4; P = 0.103). The relationship with salinity is very weak (r = -0.074) and not significant (t == 0.148; P = 0.890). However, the correlation with dissolved oxygen is high (r = 0.806) and significant at P = 0.053 (t = 2.724). Samples taken at four specific areas of Station 3, where substrate differences could be clearly discerned, differed with regard to relative abundance of the two species. On wood, P. vulgaris was more numerous (75.3% of individuals in sample) than P. puffo (24.7%), while P. pugio dominated in samples taken from shell (93.3%), sand (98.0%), and mud (100%). Distributions Under Laboratory Conditions Results from the preliminary "homogeneous substrate" experiment are shown in Table 1. These data (two runs combined) demonstrate a random distribution pattern of individuals of each species (separately, at a density of 50 per aquarium) because frequencies of occurrence (of animals in the cubicles) display little devia¬ tion from a Poisson series (that gives the frequency with which groups of 0, 1, 2,... 240 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 1. Actual number of cubicles in aquarium grid (frequency) occupied by a given density of individuals* (no. individuals per cubicle) compared with theoretical number (expected frequency) reflecting a random distribution over a homogeneous substrate (sand). No. individuals per cubicle Palaemonetes pugio Palaemonetes vulgaris Frequency Expected frequency Frequency Expected frequency 0 11 14.97 13 16.18 1 22 21.75 25 22.25 2 22 15.80 16 15.30 3 9 7.65 9 7.01 4 0 2.78 1 2.41 *In each run, 50 individuals of one or the other species were added to an aquarium with a 32-cubicle grid, but data were obtained from two runs for each species separately. Thus, the sum of (cubicle) frequencies = 64, as data from each run are pooled. The sum of the products (frequency x no. individuals per cubicle) is slightly less than 100 because a few animals were situated off the bottom when counted. will be encountered if distribution is random). Calculated X for F.pugio was 3.684, forP. vulgaris = 1.033 (critical value of X^ = 5.991 at df = 2, P == 0.05). In the satellite study, it was found that distributions were generally random as long as shrimp densities did not exceed 100 per tank. Specifically, P. pugio distributions were random 80% of the time (n = 30), P. vulgaris 77%, under these conditions. At densities of 150 and 200 animals per tank, random distributions resulted only 10% and 7% of the time, respectively. Data from the mixed-species runs were similar, except that non-random patterns occurred about 50% of the time when 150 animals (75 of each species) or 200 animals were tested. Also, at the higher densities counts often exceeded 100% of the actual number of animals put into the tank, indicating that the animals were moving about more and that the same animal was occasionally being counted again. For these reasons, the main experiment was conducted using 60 animals per tank in each run. In the "heterogeneous substrates" (main) experiment, the animals demonstrated decided substrate preferences. Considering all observations (i. e., in both runs regardless of conditions), 37 ± 3% (mean ± standard error) of all animals were seen on wood, 36 ± 4% on mud, 15 ± 2% on shell, and 12 ± 2% on sand. The data for the two runs are the same except for a 5% difference in animals on sand and a 4% difference in those on wood. Means analysis of data sorted according to time of day indicated that there was no significant diel variation in this pattern. Results of the four-way ANOVA of the arcsine-transformed data (Table 2) show that neither interaction of the four factors (species x condition x salinity x substrate) nor any three-way interaction involving salinity was significant. How¬ ever, highly significant differences in substrate selection were exhibited by the two species alone and both species mixed together (species x condition x substrate; Table 2). Also, a two-factor interaction between salinity and substrate was deter- SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE 241 TABLE 2. Results of four-way analysis of variance performed on arcsine-transformed percentages of experimental populations of shrimp associated with one of four different substrates in an aquarium grid (Fig. 1). Degrees of Source of variation freedom Mean square F value P > F Model Species 1 0.0000 0.00 0.9872 Condition 1 0.0012 0.14 0.7108 Salinity 1 0.0001 0.01 0.9303 Substrate 3 3.8306 437.38 0 Species x condition 1 0.0009 0.11 0.7425 Species x salinity 1 0.0001 0.02 0.8992 Species x substrate 3 1.1018 125.81 0.0001 Condition x salinity 1 0.0001 0.01 0.9363 Condition x substrate 3 0.2901 33.13 0.0001 Salinity x substrate 3 0.2342 14.09 0.0001 Species x condition x salinity 1 0.0000 0.00 0.9692 Species x condition x substrate 3 0.0606 6.92 0.0001 Species x salinity x substrate 3 0.0127 1.44 0.2285 Condition x salinity x substrate 3 0.0111 1.27 0.2825 Species x cond. x sal. x subst. 3 0.0155 1.77 0.1523 Error 736 0.0088 - - o 20 ppt « 40 ppt FIGURE 7. Mean % of individuals (n = 96) observed on each of four substrates grouped according to salinity level, regardless of species or "condition" (alone/mixed). Each vertical bar indicates con¬ fidence interval (JSCI) about the mean. Substrates were distributed in aquarium according to the pattern shown in Figure 1. 242 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 60 «o •g 40 (/} i 30 GU 1 20 £ CO ^ 10 0 Mud Sand Shell Wood Mud Sand Shell Wood o Alone • Mixed FIGURE 8. Mean % of individuals (n = 48) observed on each of four substrates grouped according to species and "condition" (the species "alone" or both species "mixed" in equal numbers), regardless of salinity level. Each vertical bar indicates confidence interval (JSCI) about the mean. See Fig. 1 for distribution pattern of substrates in aquarium. mined to be highly significant, indicating that substrate selection of the two species (considered collectively) is influenced by salinity. Salinity effects on substrate selection are depicted in Fig. 7. The number of animals (both species considered collectively) on sand and shell was seen to be about the same at both salinity levels, but at 20 ppt significantly more were observed on mud. At 40 ppt more animals occurred on wood than at 20 ppt, but the difference is not statistically significant. The nature of the differences not related to salinity is illustrated in Fig. 8, which shows distributions (data from both salinity conditions pooled) of individuals grouped by species and condition. Proportionately more P. pugio selected mud, and more P. vulgaris selected wood, than any other substrate whether the other species was absent or present. Presence of F. pu^o resulted in a highly significant increase in average number of F. vulgaris on wood and a highly significant decrease in the number on mud. A "shift" from mud to wood by F. pug^o in the presence of F. vulgaris also occurred, but it was of lesser magnitude, the increase in number of F. pugio on wood being significant, the decrease in number on mud not so. Both species were considerably less numerous on shell and sand (vs. mud and wood). Palaemonetes pugio appeared on these substrates in about equal numbers, while F. vulgaris was significantly more common on shell. Numbers of one species on sand and shell did not differ radically in the presence of the other. Because effects of species, condition, and substrate are tied significantly together, neither the two-way effects involving any of these factors nor the independent effect of each of them can be assessed. P. pug/o 2? §5 P. vulgaris J _ I _ I _ I _ I - U-i - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 _ \ _ I _ I - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 _ I _ I _ U>JL SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE 243 DISCUSSION In the present study, abundance of both species was found to be greatest in September — the result of an influx of juveniles recruited from eggs hatched throughout the reproductive period (April-September). Similarly, peak densities of P. pugio, especially juveniles, in late summer-fall have been noted in populations inhabiting Bissel Cove, Rhode Island (Nixon and Oviatt, 1973; Welsh, 1975), North Inlet estuary, South Carolina (Sikora, 1977), Sapelo Island, Georgia (Kneib, 1987), and Galveston Bay, Texas (Wood, 1967). On the other hand, trawling in eelgrass (Zostera) meadows of 1-2 m depth in lower Chesapeake Bay, Heck and Orth (1980) collected maximum numbers of newly recruited Palaemonetes, mostly P. vulgaris, in June. With onset of winter, both species were seen to be less abundant (Fig. 3), P vulgaris moreso than P. pugio (Fig. 6), especially at the northerly oceanside stations (1 and 2) and all the shallower marshy (B) sites. While this result may be due to greater difficulties inherent in winter sampling (ice, etc.), and while the observed negative correlations between %P./>w^‘o and salinity/temperature do not necessarily indicate cause and effect, it might be inferred that, in response to low temperature and low saUnity of late winter and early spring, P. vulgaris populations tend to migrate toward the south to deeper, warmer, more saline offshore waters, whereas P. pugio is more likely to remain inshore (perhaps even moving in to habitats vacated by P. vulgaris). Thorp and Hoss (1975) found that both species are quite tolerant of low temperature and rapid decreases (e. g., 10 to 2 °C); nevertheless Thorp (1976) observed a marked wintertime decrease in P. vulgaris abundance (relative to P. pugio) in two shelly areas at the mouth of the Newport River estuary. Chambers (1982) also noted a paucity of P. vulgaris during the winter months. In addition, Thorp’s observation of greater numbers ofP. vulgaris occupy¬ ing cages in lower tidal zones, where temperature variations are less pronounced, indicates that this parameter may be a significant determinant of spatial distribu¬ tion. Results of the station 2md site analysis (Fig. 4) demonstrate that in the field P, vulgaris is more numerous at the marina (A) sites, in which wooden structures dominate, but only if the salinities are above 20 ppt. On the other hand, P. is more evident on the "flat" marshy substrates (sand, mud, shell, peat, etc.) of the B sites and at low salinities ( < 15 ppt) in general. Also, results from the October Station 3 census indicate thatP. vulgaris is more likely to occupy wood andP. pugio the other substrates. Our field observations are in agreement with those of Thorp (1976), who found that P. pugio always occurred on muddy substrates and, with P. vulgaris, usually in shelly areas as well; the latter species was much less abundant on mud, especially in oligohaline creeks (wooden structures were not examined by him). The distribution along a salinity gradient (Fig. 5) may be accounted for, at least in part, by species differences in physiological tolerance of salinity and osmoregulatory capability. Knowlton and Schoen (1984) noted little difference in survivorship between the two species within the range 25-45 ppt, but much better survival ofp.pu^o below 20 ppt. Data (e. g.. Table 1) from pilot laboratory experiments established that grass shrimp (both species, whether alone or mixed together) generally distribute them¬ selves randomly in the tank when all of their substrate choices are the same. If the animals exhibit clumping on a homogeneous substrate, then clumping on an array 244 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE of substrates may not be significant, and later test results would have been rendered meaningless. The change in dispersion pattern from random (as seen in the homogeneous substrate study) to clumped (as documented in the heterogeneous substrates experiment) suggests that in the former case individuals (of one or the other species) are not inherently attracted to each other and that in the latter case they passively allow other members of the same species to rest on the same substrate block. Results of the main laboratory experiment (Figs. 7 and 8), in which individuals were presented a choice of substrates, are in agreement with the field-derived data. Following the same pattern seen in the field, in the laboratory setting P. vulgaris was most abundant on the wooden blocks occupying some of the cubicles, P. pugio on those covered with a mud veneer. In a similar study conducted by Arguin et al. (1989) both species exhibited a preference for wood, P. vulgaris moreso than P. pugio. The number oiP. pugio (andP. vulgaris) on shell and sand was about the same in this and the present study, butP. pugio abundance on mud was considerably less (18%), and on wood more (39%), in the former experiment. A possible reason for this discrepancy is the fact that the mud used in the present experiment was more recently collected. This species is known to feed on selected mud meiofauna (Sikora, 1977; Bell and Coull, 1978; Smith and Coull, 1987) and detritus (Adams and Angelovic, 1970; Welsh, 1975); the "fresher" mud sample may have contained more food of this sort, thus rendering it more attractive. Also, in the Arguin et ed. study the wooden blocks were positioned higher off the substrate (i.e., propped up a few cm on the partition edges in an effort to mimic the natural environment). Thus, more animals might have settled on the wood simply because, as a projection, it might have been encountered more often by animals swimming above the bottom. The presence of relatively large numbers of P. pugfo on wood in both studies is consistent with Everett and Ruiz' (1993) observations (in the mesohahne Rhode River subestuary of Chesapeake Bay) of greater P. pugio densities around natural and experimental units of coarse woody debris (vs. areas lacking it). The ANO VA (Table 2) showed that substrate selection in our experiment was influenced by salinity, a greater number of animals occurring on wood at 40 ppt than at 20 ppt, and significantly more animals being seen on mud at the lower salinity (Fig. 7). In mixed-species trials Arguin et al. (1989) found that at 20 ppt both species cohabited the wood in about equal numbers but at 40 ppt P. vulgaris was significantly more abundant on this substrate. From this they hypothesized that P. vulgaris is able to displace P. pu^o from the "preferred" wood substrate at the higher salinity but not the lower one. In the present study, P. vulgaris predominated numerically over P. pug^o on wood at both salinity levels. Differences in substrate selection attributable to both salinity and species were consistent but not statisti¬ cally significant (P = 0.2285; Table 2) in our study. According to the ANOVA, responses ofP. pugfo andP. vulgaris to a choice of substrates were not only significantly different, this choice was significantly in¬ fluenced by the presence/absence of the other species, suggesting that some degree of interspecific competition occurs. Observations (Chambers, 1981, 1982; Ronald Gallin, unpublished data) of one-on-one interactions indicate thatP. vulgaris, with stronger chelae, is indeed more aggressive and capable of displacing P./>wgio. This may explain why a greater (average) number of P. vulgaris were seen on wood in SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE 245 the mixed-species runs of our experiment (Fig. 8), i.e., it would be easier for individual P. vulgaris to "take over" the wooden blocks when half the individuals in the run were P. pugio rather than other P. vulgaris. Displacement of one species from a particular substrate by the other species, and reasons for it, could not be demonstrated in our study, in light of the results of the main experiment (significant factor interaction effects) and lack of documentation of the resomces (e. g., types and amounts of food) they may compete for. However, displacement of P. pugio by P. vulgaris from shell to mud has been indicated in field and laboratory experi¬ ments carried out by Thorp (1976). It is concluded that abundance and spatial distribution ofP. pugjio andP. vulgaris is strongly influenced by salinity and substrate, perhaps also temperature. Other factors such as tides and currents, water depth, light intensity, presence/absence of predators (e. g., the killifish Fundw/ws) and covering vegetation/woody debris, are also known to be important (Sikora, 1977; Heck and Orth, 1980; Coen et al., 1981; Kneib, 1984, 1987; Posey and Hines, 1991; Khan, 1992; Everett and Ruiz, 1993; Ruiz et al, 1993) but were not investigated in this study. Noting the decrease in P. vulgaris abundance (relative ioP.pu^o) with decreasing average salinities at the five stations (Fig. 5) and virtual absence of this species where ambient salinity was less than 13 ppt (Sta. 5), it is quite clear that salinity is an important abiotic factor limiting the distribution ofP. vulgaris in Chesapeake Bay. In areas where P. vulgaris is absent, P. pu^o is ubiquitous on wood as well as mud, sand, and shell. In areas of higher salinity, where the two species are sympatric, differential substrate selection may be an important aspect of resource partitioning, minimizing competi¬ tion and promoting species coexistence. The reasons for the apparent preference for mud by P. pugio^ and wood by P. vulgaris, as exhibited both in the field and in the laboratory experiment, have yet to be discerned. A mud surface offers an array of food types (meiofauna, detritus, etc.) favored by P. pugio. On the other hand, P. vulgaris, with stronger chelae, may be "attracted" to a wooden surface in order to prey on the epifauna harbored by algae, bryozoans, tunicates, and other encrust¬ ing organisms; or to seek protection from predation (as Everett and Ruiz, 1993, have demonstrated for P. pugio). Yet, in the laboratory experiments, P. vulgaris (and, to a lesser extent, P. pugio) frequented wood that was bare (i. e., bore no macroscopic periphyton), and in the field shrimp were commonly seen on pilings with little algal growth. Also, unanswered questions remain regarding the mechanism used by one species to displace the other, but our results support Thorp’s (1976) contention that interference competition is an important separating mechanism for these two species where they are sympatric. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The field studies were carried out by Knowlton, Aldaghlas, and Arguin. Knowlton and Kahn performed the main laboratory experiment following prelimi¬ nary tests conducted by Arguin and Sivapathasundram. All junior authors (GWU students at the time the study was conducted) collaborated independently with Knowlton in data analysis and assisted in manuscript preparation. We would also like to thank Fehpe Ramirez and Ronald Gallin for assistance in collecting. Dr. Leslie Seiger for preparing SAS files, and Dr. Henry Merchant for reviewing the manuscript. 246 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LITERATURE CITED Adams, S. M., and J. W. Angelovic, 1970. Assimilation of detritus and its associated bacteria by three species of estuarine animals. Chesapeake Sci., 11:249-254. Arguin, P. M., R. E. I^owlton, and T. A. Aldaghlas, 1989. Salinity and substrate as factors affecting seasonal abundance and spatial distribution of Palaemonetes spp. (grass shrimp). Am. ZooL, 29:65A. Anderson, G., 1985. Species profiles: life histories and environmental require¬ ments of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico) — Grass shrimp. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Rep. 82 (11.35):19 pp. Bell, S. S., and B. C. Coull, 1978. Field evidence that shrimp predation regulates meiofauna. Oecologia, 35:141-148. Bowler, M. W., and A. J. Seidenberg, 1971. Salinity tolerance of the prawns, Palaemonetes vulgaris and P. pugio, and its relationship to the distribution of these species in nature. Va. J. Sci., 22:94. Bryan, G. W., 1976. Heavy metal contamination in the sea. In: R. Johnston (ed.). Marine Pollution. Academic Press, London, pp. 185-302. Chambers, R., 1981. Seasonal feeding and distribution oi Palaemonetes pugio and P. vulgaris in Great Sippewissett salt marsh. Biol. Bull,, 161:324. Chambers, R. M., 1982. Partial niche partitioning and trophic analysis of the grass Palaemonetes pugio andP. vulgaris in Massachusetts salt marshes. M. S. special problems report, Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst. 54 pp. Coen, L. D., K. Heck, Jr., and L. Abele, 1981. Experiments on competition and predation among shrimps of seagrass meadows. Ecology, 62:1484-1493. Everett, R. A., and G. M. Ruiz, 1993. Coarse woody debris as a refuge from predation in aquatic communities. Oecologia, 93:475-486. Ganz, H. H., and R. E. Knowlton, 1992. Species, seasonal, and latitudinal variations in grass shrimp (Palaemonetes) reproductive characteristics. Am. ZooL, 32:72A. Glantz, S. A., 1987. Primer of Biostatistics. McGraw-Hill, New York. 379 pp. Heck, K. L., Jr., and R. J. Orth, 1980. Structural components of eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows in the lower Chesapeake Bay — Decapod Crustacea. Es¬ tuaries, 3:289-295. Holthuis, L. B., 1952. A general revision of the Palaemonidae (Crustacea Decapoda Natantia) of the Americas. II. The subfamily Palaemonidae. Allan Hancock Found. Occas. Pap. No. 12: 396 pp. Khan, R. N., 1992. Effects of substrate, macrophytic cover and predation upon the distribution of two sympatric species of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio and Palaemonetes vulgaris. Ph. D. dissertation, George Washington Univ., Washington. 115 pp. Kneib, R. T., 1984. Patterns of invertebrate distribution and abundance in the intertidal salt marsh: causes and questions. Estuaries, 7:392-412. Kneib, R. T., 1985. Predation and disturbance by grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Holthuis, in soft substratum benthic invertebrate assemblages. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. EcoL, 93:91-102. Kneib, R. T., 1987. Seasonal abundsmce, distribution and growth of postlarved and juvenile grass shrimp {Palaemonetes pugio) in a Georgia, USA, salt marsh. Mar. Biol., 96:215-223. Knowlton, R. E., and D. F. Kirby, 1984. Salinity tolerance and sodium balance in SHMMP DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE 247 the ^rnwnPalaemonetes pu^o Holthuis in relation to other Paiaemonetes spp. Comp. Biochem. Physiol, 77A:425-430. Knowlton, R. E., and R. H. Schoen, 1984. Salinity tolerance and sodium balance m the prawn Palaemonetes vulgaris (Say) compared with P. pu^o. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 79A:519-524. Knowlton, R. E., and A. B. Williams, 1970. The life history of Palaemonetes vulgaris (Say) and P. pu^o Holthuis in coastal North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 86:185. Morgan, M. D., 1980. Grazing and predation of the gr^s shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. Linmol. Oceanogr., 25:896-902. Nelson, W. G., 1981. Experimental studies of decapod and fish predation on seagrass macrobenthos. Mar. Biol Prog, Ser., 5:141-149. Nixon, S. W., and C. A, Oviatt, 1973. Ecology of a New England salt marsh. EcoL Monogr., 43:463-498. Odum, W. E., and E. J. Heald, 1972. Trophic analysis of an estuarine mangrove community. Bull. Mar. Sci., 22:671-738. Posey, M. H., and A. H, Hines, 1991. Complex predator-prey interactions within an estuarine benthic community. Ecology, 72:2155-2169. Ruiz, G. M., A. H. Hines, and M. H. Posey, 1993. Shallow water as a refuge habitat for fish and crustaceans in non-vegetated estuaries: an example from Chesapeake Bay. Mar. EcoL Prog. Ser., 99:1-16. SAS Institute, 1985. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 5 Edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N. C. 956 pp. Sikora, W. N., 1977. The ecology ofPalaemonetes pugio in a southeastern salt marsh ecosystem with particular emphasis on production and trophic relationships. Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. South Carolina, Columbia. 122 pp. Smith, L. D., and B. C. Coull, 1987. Juvenile spot (Pisces) and grass shrimp predation on meiobenthos in muddy and sandy substrata. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. EcoL, 105:123-136. Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf, 1981. Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research. W. H. Freeman and Co., New York. 859 pp. Thorp, J. H., 1976. Interference competition as a mechanism of coexistence between two sympatric species of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes . J. Exp. Mar. Biol Ecol, 25:19-35. Thorp, J. H., and D. E. Hoss, 1975. Effects of salinity and cyclic temperatures on survival of two sympatric species of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes) ^ and their relationship to natural distributions. J. Exp. Mar. Biol Ecol, 18:19-28. Uguccioni, D. M., and M. H. Posey, 1992. Predation by grass shrimps, Palaemonetes pugio ^ on hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria: size and substrate interactions. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 108:29-34. Welsh, B, L., 1975. The role of grass sWimp^ Palaemonetes pugio^ in a tidal marsh ecosystem. Ecology, 56:513-530. Williams, A. B., 1984. Shrimps, Lobsters, and Crabs of the Atlantic Coast of the Eastern United States, Maine to Florida. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington. 550 pp. Wood, C. E., 1967. Physioecology of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, in the Galveston Bay estuarine system. Univ. Texas Contrib. Mar. Sci., 12:54-79. 248 r , VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE . ; ■.4,,:^.? ' ! V.) : ;iV-. M. ' .‘■Jj.--, ' -■■, . - " ? •<. v;/;*' tH ■n w..^;i7o| .'^cW'.'i- ',:' *'■ ' f'f'.' .’V,. .V-/ ■ *' '•» •’;.: .; ., ., .r.ick’ V. „,,, .... ‘ ' : : : a ;’, ■ ‘fr ■ :.::: -r,- v . . . «? nr ' ' ' •■ ■■ ■ tW.ii'iiftfiiUi' i' “**' i': S'--' :'V ir' ■'ii'^''.' -r^»' > r' P '-'■’ '^?r --'i^ .,;■ f.v^h •*“ 'l;*' ‘‘"■^ .r,v , J. *''''* ' if ‘' ^ . ■< iS-’j iti.. ’I : : • ' . ■ , , ■ ^lf>l' >.sl? • ^ J • :■■■ ■ ;<< ■ ", /■ J j ' i y' 'l,' - ' v’. . ‘ ■ ' :' ^ ' ',;•••' ■;■ ,i 4p.< '.'• Vx.^ Vi. V; '.v'.' • .--^ , ”i . , . .: , "I y-i0^- '5".'::*i^„ . . _.™ •* • ,'\' • , * . " ! r{'' * V* *^'.’i‘* ^ C • Vif V ' •’* , *i'l'- • " ■ ' '^liy \''^’t'“ ‘ '■ ■ . '• '••' ■'• i '•K'i’i . ', ':'- .; i;.'i -'. * -fS , ■’ >1 .' ' O <» 1 1^‘vl . , /iT'T ^ , vf tlfti- J kr- y\ :': . Vj,:^ -Vi-jr (i;4>;).r :..'{»■ . .' .V'/V' ■■ ■ .■w,i.:, . • \ . r i '7-4’ . " :■ - • '■' - •' ' . ' ■ ■ ''■'i" .■‘'‘ ,-J:>7.p^ ,.■».**■ i;- . ..mC’, ' m’, , ■:4,W' ■ . ■ , •- ?)<.*• •>'•<( ‘'.I ., ', ''."l: ;■■,. ■’ ■ "-'1^ ■' ' .'^ Pi.. ;, w , H.. Virginia Journal of Science Volume 45j Number 4 Winter 1994 Estimated Methane Production by Fauna Under Anthropogenic Influence in Virginia Stephen F. Matter, University of Virginia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, and Blandy Experimental Farm, P.O. Box 175, Boyce, Virginia 22620 ABSTRACT Methane production by fauna in Virginia was studied at a county-wide scale to determine and characterize regions of methane productivity. Rockingham, Clarke, Augusta, and Wythe counties ranked in the upper fifth percentile of production ( > 1,538,719 kg/ha/yr) while Arlington, Buchanan, Dickenson, and Northampton were in the lowest fifth percen¬ tile ( < 138,306 kg/ha/yr). Because of their high abundance and methane output, cattle constituted the bulk of faunal methane produced in Virginia, and were the prevalent source of methane in counties producing the greatest amount of methane. Termites and deer also produced significant amounts of methane and accounted for a larger proportion of the total in counties producing lower amounts of methane. INTRODUCTION Air samples of various ages taken from ice cores in Antarctica and Greenland reveal that atmospheric methane levels have more than doubled during the last century (Craig and Chou, 1982; Stauffer et al., 1985; Khalil and Rasmussen, 1987). Recent findings estimate that the global concentration of atmospheric methane (CH4) is increasing annually at a rate of 16.6 ± 0.4 ppbv, or 1.02 ± 0.02% (Khalil and Rasmussen, 1990). Increased atmospheric methane concentrations may lead to elevated global temperatures, depletion of hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the tropo¬ sphere, an increase of stratospheric and tropospheric ozone (O3), increased atmos¬ pheric carbon monoxide (CO), and increased water vapor in the stratosphere (Khalil and Rasmussen, 1985). The rise in the concentration of atmospheric methane can be attributed to two main factors. The first is elevated methane emissions. Methanogenic bacteria found in the guts of entericaUy fermenting animals such as cows and termites account for a large portion (15-25%) of global methane production (Crutzen et al., 1986). Anaerobic habitats such as aquatic sediments and lowland rice fields also emit substantial amounts of methane (Sheppard et al., 1982). The rise in methane emissions corresponds with increasing numbers of cows and rice fields needed to feed a growing human population (Ehhalt, 1985). Increasing methane concentra¬ tions may also be related to a depletion of its major sink, tropospheric hydroxyl radicals, resulting from an increase in carbon monoxide levels (Khalil and Rasmus¬ sen, 1985). Because of the potential environmental change implicated with increases in methane concentration and its relation to human activities, many studies have attempted to quantify methane production. However, most have only considered 250 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE global or hemispheric scales. Here, I report the geographic distribution of methane production by fauna at a county-wide scale for Virginia. Smaller scale studies may yield better estimates of the distribution of methane production relative to land use patterns, at a scale where remediation is possible. Furthermore, small scale distributions provide an important tool in assessing any local or regional effects of methane. METHODS To estimate methane production by faunal sources at the county scale, estimates of both methane production rates per animal and the abundances of methanogenic animals in each county were needed. Animals selected were those considered to be major producers of methane and for which methane production rates and abundance were known, or could be calculated. This included most mammalian hvestock as well as deer. Small mam¬ malian herbivores such as voles and woodchucks have no estabhshed methane production values, but may be a source of small amounts of methane. I used rates of methane production for mammals from Crutzen et al. (1986). Cows have the highest production rate (55.0 kg/cow/year), followed by horses (18.0 kg/horse/yr), deer (15.0 kg/deer/yr), sheep (8.0 kg/sheep/yr), and pigs (1.5 kg/pig/yr). Humans have a rather low methane production rate of 0.05 kg/human/yr. Wood and cellulose eating insects such as termites, as well as some cockroaches and beetles also emit methane, however only termites have available methane production data. For termites, I used a production rate of 0.146 x 10’^ kg/termite/yr (Zimmerman et al., 1982). Population numbers for livestock were taken from the Census of Agriculture (1987). Deer populations were estimated for each county by multiplying the percent of the total 1990 quarry taken by hunters for a particular county by the estimated Virginia deer population of 850,000 (Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, 1991). This approach assumes a consistent hunting effort from county to county. Human populations are from the 1990 US census (US Bureau of Census, 1990). I evaluated termite densities for three habitat types. Temperate forest was estimated to have 600 termites/m^, and termite density for cultivated land was estimated to be 2831 termites/m^ (Zimmerman et al., 1982). Because these two habitat types are not inclusive of all possible termite habitats, I used a value of 400 termites/m^ for habitats not included in forested or cultivated land. This value is somewhat more conservative than for agricultural and forested habitats because it includes areas uninhabitable by termites (e.g. lakes), however this category also includes urban and suburban areas which may support high termite densities. Areas of each county were taken from the 1990-91 report of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, forested acres were taken from the 1985 survey of timberland (Virginia Department of Forestry, 1986), and agricultural acreage was taken from the 1987 census of agriculture. The sum of agricultural and forested land was subtracted from the total county area to arrive at an area for the third habitat category. To calculate faunal methane production, abundances of each animal in each county were multiplied by their respective production rate (kg/individual/yr). Gross methane production was divided by the area of each county to generate a FAUNAL METHANE PRODUCTION 251 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 frequency FIGURE 1. The frequen^ distribution showing the number of counties vereus methane production (thousand kg/ha^). Midpoints of the classes were separated by 100,000 kg/hayyr. Mean county methane production was 665,889 46,361 and ranged from 70,966 to 1,965,033 kg/ha/yr. methane production rate per unit area. To characterize productive regions, methane production per hectare was plotted for each county and used to create a map of faunal methane production. Complete data for Suffolk, Chesapeake and Virginia Beach counties, as well as incorporated cities were not available, and were not used in any analysis. To evaluate differences in the sources of faunal methane between counties producing high or low amounts of faunal methane, the percentage of the gross methane production attributable to each source was compared between counties in the uppermost quartile, the middle 50%, and in the lowest quartile of methane production per hectare using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Before analysis percentages from each source were arcsine square-root trans¬ formed to better meet the assumptions of homoscedasticity and normality (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981). RESULTS The total faunal methane production for Virginia was estimated to be 112,186,000 kg methane/yr. By virtue of their high production rate and abundance, cows accounted for 74,1%, or 83,101,000 kg/yr of the faunal methan.e produced in Virginia. Termites produced 13,643,000 kg/yr, or 12.0% of the total production, followed by deer producing 12,751,000 kg/yr or 11.4%. Pigs, horses, sheep, and humans together produced 1,600,000 kg/yr and accounted for < 3% of the total faunal methane production. Mean county-wide faunal methane production for Virginia was 665,889 ± 46,361 kg/ha/yr. The distribution of methane production by individual counties 252 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE FIGURE 2. The distribution of methane production by county in Virginia. Counties producing greater than 1,800,000 kg/ha^ are indicated by a solid pattern. Tliose with methane production between 1,200,000 and 1,800,0(W are crosshatched, and those less than 600,000 are outlined only. Areas for which no data was available appear as open areas within counties or have no outline (see text). (Figure 1) ranged from 70,966 to 1,965,033 kg/ha/yr, and was skewed to the right, i.e. counties with low production were closer to the mean than counties with high production. Rockingham, Clarke, Augusta, and Wythe counties were in the upper fifth percentile of methane production ( > 1,538,719 kg/ha/yr), while Arlington, Buchanan, Dickenson, and Northampton, were in the lowest fifth percen¬ tile ( < 138,306 kg/ha/yr). Faunal methane production in Virginia showed a general increase moving from east to west, with the lowest areas being along the coast (Figure 2). Areas of high faunal methane production were generally in the western part of the state, in and around the Blue Ridge and Shenandoah Valley regions. The contribution of sources of faunal methane production showed significant differences between counties in the highest quartile, middle 50%, and lowest quartile of gross methane production (MANO VA, Hotelling’s = 2.74, approx. Fi4 = 17.44, P < 0.00). Univariate F-tests also showed significant differences in the percent composition of methane sources between counties producing high, medium, and low amounts of faunal methane for all sources except horses (Table 1). Cows, deer, and termites dominated methane production across all methane production levels. The proportion of total production attributable to bovine sources showed a general increase as gross faunal methane production increased, whereas the proportions from deer and termites tended to decrease with increasing methane production (Table 2). DISCUSSION This study shows that regionally high faunal methane production is generally a function of cattle farming. Percent composition data tends to confirm that cows FAUNAL METHANE PRODUCTION 253 TABLE 1. Univariate F-tests comparing the arcsine square-root transformed percentage of gross methane production comprised by each source between counties producing high (upper 25th percen¬ tile), moderate (middle 50th percentile), and low (lowest 25th percentile) amounts of methane. Hypoth. MS Error MS F2,98 P DEER 0.37437 0.02612 14.33297 0.000 COWS 2.22362 0.02993 74.28289 0.000 PIGS 0.02014 0.00609 3.30471 0.041 HORSES 0.00633 0.00205 3.09413 0.050 SHEEP 0.02713 0.00257 10.56508 0.000 HUMANS 0.07782 0.00648 12.00986 0.000 TERMITES 0.82930 0.01213 68.34851 0.000 TABLE 2. Means and standard errors of the percentage of gross methane production for each methane source in counties producing high (upper 25th percentile), moderate (middle 50th percentile), and low (lowest 25th percentile) amounts of methane. Source High (N = 24) Moderate (N = 50) Low(N = 25) DEER 0.07 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.04 COWS 0.82 ± 0.01 0.61 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.03 PIGS 0.00 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.02 ± 0.00 HORSES 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.02 ± 0.00 SHEEP 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 HUMANS 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.03 ± 0.02 TERMITES 0.09 ± 0.00 0.17 ± 0.01 0.38 ± 0.03 are responsible for the bulk of production in counties that produce large amounts of methane, both because of their abundance and high methane production rate. Termites and deer tend to produce approximately equal percentages of methane in high production counties, while in counties with lower methane production termites become the major source. Counties (e.g. Arlington) that are generally more urban, have smaller deer and hvestock populations, and thus produce less methane from faunal sources. Termites however, are fairly ubiquitous and may be a major source of methane in all areas. Land usage may be a good predictor of methane production. Unlike most atmospheric pollution problems (e.g. carbon monoxide), methane is associated with rural rather than urban or industrial areas. The counties producing the highest amounts of methane in Virginia tended to be agrarian counties, devoted to hvestock farming. Identifying major sources of methane and typifying the productive regions provides an important first step towards any mediation of the problem. 254 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Despite providing an approximation of faunal methane production this study has obvious limitations. Much conjecture also surrounds the importance of methane production by termites (cf. Collins and Wood, 1984). County- wide habitat data was available only for forested and agricultural land necessitating a catch-all category. This approximation introduces some error because the category encom¬ passes habitats where no termites hve and other areas of possible high density. Methane production also varies from termite species to species and is habitat and temperature dependant (Collins and Wood, 1984), thus finding an adequate es¬ timate for both termite density and methane production is difficult. Another limitation of this study is that it only considers faunal sources of methane, which globally account for only approximately 15-25% of methane emis¬ sions (Crutzen et al., 1986). Almost any anaerobic habitat produces methane. Production for wetlands, lakes, and streams are not included, and may comprise up to 75% of global methane emissions (Sheppard et al., 1982). These sources, however, are generally not under human control for and constitute ’natural' back¬ ground methane emissions. Non-biogenic, anthropogenic sources, such as biomass burning, natural gas refining, and asphalt production were also not included in this analysis, and may account for 10-15% of global emissions (Sheppard et al., 1982). Thus the total amount of methane produced will be higher than would be estimated using only a faunal approach. Despite these limitations, the results of this study show that agricultural coun¬ ties, especially those devoted to cattle farming, may have high levels of methane production and that the bulk of faunal methane in Virginia is produced in the Shenandoah Valley region. Urban/suburban and crop farming counties tend to produce less faunal methane with non-bovine sources accounting for a greater proportion of the total. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank M. Bowers, E. Connor, J. Dooley, B. Hayden, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on this manuscript, LITERATURE CITED Collins, N. M., and T. G. Wood. 1984. Termites and Atmospheric gas production. Science, 224:84-86. Craig, H. and C. C. Chou. 1982. Methane: record in polar ice cores. Geophysical Research Letters. 9:1221-1224. Crutzen, Paul, J., Ingo Aselmann, and Wolfgang Seiler. 1986. Methane production by domestic animals, wild ruminants, other herbivorous fauna, and humans. TeUus. 38B:271-284. Ehhalt, D. H., 1985. On the rise: Methane in the global atmosphere. Environment. 27:7-12, 30-33. Khalil, M. A. K. and R. A. Rasmussen, 1985. Causes of increasing atmospheric methane: Depletion of hydroxyl radices and the rise of emissions. Atm. Envi. 19:397-407. Khalil, M. A. K. and R. A. Rasmussen, 1987. Atmospheric methane: trends over the last 10,00 years. Atm. Envi. 21:2445-2452. FAUNAL METHANE PRODUCTION 255 Khalil, M. A. K. and R. A. Rasmussen, 1990. Atmospheric methane: Recent global trends. Envi. Sci. Tech. 24:549-553. Sheppard, J. C., H. Westberg, J. F. Hopper, K. Ganesan, andP. Zimmermann. 1982. Inventory of global methane sources and their production rates. Journal of Geophysical Research 87: 1305-1312. Sokal, R. and F. J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Company. New York. Stauffer, B., G. Fischer, A. Neftel, andH. Oeschger. 1985. Increase of atmospheric methane recorded in antarctic ice core. Science. 229:1386-1388. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1987. 1987 Census of Agriculture Volume 1 part 46. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990. 1990 Census of Population. Volume 46. Virginia Department of Forestry, 1986. 1985 Forest survey. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Wildlife division. 1991. 1991- 92 Hunting season outlook. Virginia Wildlife, Oct:20-22. Virginia, 1991. 1990-1991 Report of the Secretary of the Commonwealth. Zimmermann, P. R., J. P. Greenberg, S. O. Wandiga, and P. J. Crutzen, 1982. Termites: A potentially large source of atmospheric methane, carbon dioxide, and molecular hydrogen. Science. 218:563-565. f 256 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Vlirginia Journal of Science Volume 45, Number 4 Winter 1994 Expert Computer Software and the Unauthorized Practice of Law Earl B. Taylor and Rita M. D’Arcangelis Department of Computer Science, Mary Washington College Fredericksburg, VA 22401-5358 ABSTRACT Expert systems are a class of intelligent computer programs which incor¬ porate domain-specific facts and the reasoning capabilities of one or more human experts from the problem area. The purpose of an expert system is to use that stored knowledge to solve problems normally requiring human speciahsts (Firebaugh, 1989). The trend in computer programs developed for the legal market has been to incorporate more and more inteUigent features, so that some programs in certain aspects are approaching the level of expert systems. If a computer program truly achieves the legal expertise of an attorney, it could possibly violate the strictures against the unauthorized practice of law. This paper describes the increasing sophis¬ tication of software used in legal practice, and addresses certain issues relating to the unauthorized practice of law by computer programs. INTRODUCTION Over the past ten years the functional equivalent of an industrial revolution in the application of computer technology to business and professional offices of all kinds has taken place. In 1982 the IBM Magnetic Card typewriter was nearly state of the art for word processing: a user could record a whole page on the envelope¬ sized piece of plastic. Shortly thereafter, typewriters with word processing capabihty, such as the Ohvetti electronic typewriter equipped with about 16K of external storage, became available. Then came dedicated word processors, and then desk-top general purpose computers with word processing, file management, and spread sheet software. Recently the inclusion of graphical user interfaces has made office systems easier to use, and decision support systems, containing piob- lem-related data and analytical modelling capabihty, are now available to help managers, executives, and professionals evaluate alternative solutions to problems before making decisions. Over this same period of time a healthy market has developed selling increas¬ ingly sophisticated custom software to lawyers. One has only to look at the adver¬ tisements in any current issue of the ABL4 Journal for evidence of a large variety of commercial software packages available to assist attorneys with law office account¬ ing, bankruptcy, debt coUection, case management, searches, and so on. THE EVOLUTION OF LEGAL SOFTWARE: BANKRUPTCY LAW EXAMPLE A major portion of bankruptcy law practice consists of preparing comprehen¬ sive statements and schedules which list aU of the assets and debts of the debtors. Information such as the name and address of a creditor, and the amount owed to that creditor by the debtor, might ultimately have to be entered on several different 258 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE forms. Naturally, it would be most efficient to use a computer, have the data entered only once and then automatically directed to the correct forms after the computer performs the appropriate mathematical computations. Matthew-Bender, a major publisher in the legal market, has produced at least three generations of bankruptcy software which illustrate how legal software is evolving from simple forms generation toward expert systems level. The first generation, circa 1987, was fairly unsophisticated. The selection of forms available was quite small, and the entry process was quite primitive. Although the program had forms for petitions filed under Chapter 7^ and Chapter 11^, Chapter 13^ was not serviced. There was no automatic routing of the data to forms. The user had to specify which forms onto which the data was to be recorded. The program per¬ formed only limited mathematical operations in totalhng the amounts in the schedules, and could only hold the data for one bankruptcy at a time. Despite its limitations, using this program was a lot faster than sitting down at a typewriter to fill out the blank forms. The second generation, circa 1989, was much more sophisticated. Not only were more forms available, but once data was entered into the program it was automat¬ ically routed to the forms. Still, the user had to manually select which forms were to be printed. Chapter 13 was now partially covered. Yet there was no default grouping of forms for printing. That is, the data was directed to the correct forms, but when the forms were to be printed, it was necessary to manually indicate which forms were relevant for the particular bankruptcy. The data input process did utilize limited branching, and the program could hold the data for several debtors at once. All in all, this package was a major advance. The third generation appeared in 1991. This program used some branching logic in obtaining the data. For example, if an individual as opposed to a couple was filing bankruptcy, the program was ^ally smart enough that it did not ask superfluous questions about the debtor’s spouse. Data was automatically sent to the forms, and the forms were automatically grouped for printing. This program was more adept in the data entry process, particularly in the portion of the program where the assets of the debtor had to be entered. The primary limitation of this version was in the preparation of the Chapter 13 Plans. A form was provided wherein the specifics of 1 Chapter 7 Bankruptcies involve the liquidation of a debtor’s estate. The debtor reveals to the court the location and value of all property owned. Technically, certain items of property could be taken and sold under court supervision, and the proceeds applied on a pro rata basis to the debts owed by the debtor, though in about 98% of cases, no property is actually sold. The balance of the unpaid debts would be discharged, meaning that the legal obligations to pay the debts are wiped out. 2 A Chapter 11 bankruptcy generally involves the reorganization of a business, though individual debtors may also file. In general terms, the purpose of a Chapter 11 is to hold the creditors of a debtor at bay while the business is allowed to operate until a plan of reorganization can be filed with the court and accepted by the creditors. 3 Chapter 13 is available only to individuals. This a powerful option, especially for debtors who have fallen in arrears on mortgage payments, and are in danger of losing the property securing the debt, which is typically their residence. The debtor proposes in the Chapter 13 Plan a payment plan between 36 and 60 months in length. This plan can cure the default in a mortgage by completely amortizing the arrearage, with interest over the term of the plan. In addition, up to 70% of a debtor’s unsecured debts can be discharged through payments in the plan. EXPERT COMPUTER SOFTWARE 259 a Chapter 13 plan could be entered, but the program itself did not carry out the computations necessary to formulate the plan. The user had to prepare a template using a spread sheet program that computed the monthly payments for the Chapter 13 Plan. While this was adequate, the user was still required to exit the program, determine the sums of debts owed as computed by the bankruptcy program, enter the data on the spreadsheet, and then return to the bankruptcy program. Recently Matthew-Bender announced that they have a new, improved release of the program ready to ship. Perhaps this version will contain the ability to compute a Chapter 13 plan entirely within the program and will include a decision support subsystem for determining whether a particular debtor could file under a given Chapter of the bankruptcy code. From this point, the next logical step would be to create future versions which could include expert system reasoning and rules to actually recommend the various bankruptcy options. Some of these capabilities are already available in at least one commercial program for computing Federal Tax returns (Meca, 1992). In that program the user is asked questions, and from his responses, is presented with follow-up questions as needed. The user has the abihty to see what would be the consequences of alternative choices in tax strategies. Clearly the tax program approaches expert level in its sophistication. What may not be apparent is that in the legal arena, if a computer program with legal expertise approaches expert level, it is possible that such a program might actually pass into the realm of the unauthorized practice of law. LIMITATIONS ON THE PRACTICE OF LAW In the United States, an individual has a constitutional right to represent himself or herself^ in Court. However, there is no corresponding right to represent any other individual or otherwise practice law. Each individual state or jurisdiction strictly controls who may practice law within that state. In most jurisdictions, Statute or Rules adopted by the Courts limit the practice of law to members of the Bar. Generally speaking, to be admitted to the b2ir the applicant must graduate from a properly accredited law school, and pass a very rigorous bar exam lasting two or three days. A recent trend has been to require a certain amount of annual continu¬ ing legal education for bar membership. Furthermore, a member of the bar is subject to the discipline of the Courts in the event of malfeasance in the repre¬ sentation of clients. An individual who attempts to practice law without having the requisite bar membership faces potential criming prosecution^. In addition, Courts may issue injunctive rehef prohibiting repetition of the offending conduct^. However, note the observation apocryphally attributed to Abraham Lincoln that the person who represents himself in court "has a fool for a client and a lawyer". ) By statute, any person practicing law without being duly authorized or licensed is guilty of a misdemeanor", Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia, Virginia Rules Annotated, Pt. 6, Sect. L ) "The courts of the Commonwealth have the inherent power, apart from statute, to inquire into the conduct of any person to determine whether he is illegally engaged in the practice of law, and to enjoin such conduct". Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia, Virginia Rules Annotated, Pt. 6, Sect. I. 260 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE WHAT IS THE UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF LAW? In the state of Virginia, one who is a non-lawyer engages in conduct deemed to constitute the unauthorized practice of law occurs whenever: 1: One undertakes for compensation ... to advise another ... in any matter involving the apphcation of legal principles to the facts or purposes or desires.' 2: One . . . undertakes, with or without compensation, to prepare for another legal instruments of any character, other than notices or contracts incident to the regular course of conducting a licensed business.^ 3: One undertakes with or without compensation, to represent the interest of another before any tribunal.^ Theoretically then, a computer program could approach the level of un¬ authorized practice of law under either or both of the first two bases cited above. A program by itself purporting to directly advise a cHent of the apphcation of legal principles to a particular set of facts could be viewed as the practice of law. In other words, a computer program is close to practicing law if, after engaging the chent in an interactive dialogue to determine the specific facts of the case, it can teU the client, "You are qualified to file a Chapter 13 Bankruptcy, and you should file because of the foUowing reasons ...". A similar conclusion could be reached if the program prepared the schedules and statements to be filed in the particular bankruptcy without review by an attorney. JUDICIAL ANALYSIS Determinations of whether the unauthorized practice of law has taken place are made in Courts through the judicial process. A review of reported appeUate decisions was unable to find a case directly on point discussing whether a computer program was the unauthorized practice of law. But the day may not be far in the future when such a case will be before the courts. The evolution of computer hardware and software is moving at a yery fast pace. As previously noted, some income tax preparation programs already incorporate expert system-like attributes. Furthermore, software is now being sold to the general pubhc enabling ordinary individuals to create and hquidate limited partnerships without the aid of an attorney (Nolo, 1993). The American Court system frequently uses reasoning through analogy, and relies upon similar cases as precedent for future decisions. Therefore guidance as to what a court might do with the issue of whether a computer program is the unauthorized practice of law may be found in reviewing how the court has treated similar cases. The closest series of cases found dealt with the issue of whether there is the unauthorized practice of law in the sale of books or forms designed to enable non-lawyers to achieve legal results without assistance of an attorney. 7 Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia, Virginia Rules Annotated, Pt. 6, Sect. 1(B)(1). 8 Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia, Virginia Rules Annotated, Pt. 6, Sect. 1(B)(2). 9 Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia, Virginia Rules Annotated, Pt. 6, Sect. 1(B)(3). EXPERT COMPUTER SOFTWARE 261 It is a rare occasion for an attorney— even a sole practitioner— to sit down and create a document or legal pleading that is completely novel. Instead, the attorney would locate as a model an existing document that comes as close as possible to meeting the current needs, and then modify that model document as necessary to fit the facts at hand. Typical sources of the model document are the prior work product of either the drafting attorney, or his or her associate. From the model, a photocopy can be made, modified and retyped, or more commonly, downloaded firom an electronic file and modified using a word processing program. In addition, there are many commercial publishers that produce for the legal market form books containing sample pleadings. Also, certain forms, especially forms for the convey¬ ing of real property, sample lease agreements, bills of sale, and so on, are typically available in stationery or business supply stores. Finally, many courts provide samples of the forms required for certain types of matters which may come before it. This is especially true for probate courts and small claims courts. The Florida Supreme Court in the case of The Florida Bar v American Legal and Business Forms, Inc. (Florida, 1973) noted that the printing and sale of legal forms in and of themselves without more purported instructions, has been a practice for many years as a convenience, from a variety of sources. The court found no harm in hawng printed legal forms and copies of statutes available, provided they do not carry with them instructions on how to fill out such forms or howithey are to be used. Suchinstructious would be viewed as constituting legal advice and the unauthorized practice of law. The matters to be weighed and considered in determining what rights are to be pursued do not generally appear in the pleading filed with the court. In the case of Palmer v The Unauthorized Practice Committee of the Texas State Bar (Palmer, 1974), it was held that the sale of will forms constituted the unauthorized practice of law, on the ground that it was indistinguishable from the preparation of a full legal document for a client because such forms purported to make particular dispositions of property. The court focused on its view that the exercise of judgment in the proper drafting of legal instruments, or even the selecting of the proper form of instrument, necessarily affects important legal rights. Accordingly, the reasonable protection of those rights required that the persons providing such services be hcensed members of the legal profession. The Court asserted that a non lawyer may have read defendant's materials, and be misled into believing that all testamentary dispositions may be thus standardized. Such a misconception could lead to unfortunate consequences for anyone who might rely upon the form. In the case of The Florida Bar v Stupica (Florida, 1974), an individual produced a document styled as a "Divorce Kit", designed specifically to be used in a no-fault dissolution of marriage proceedings. The Florida Bar sought injunctive relief barring the advertisement, publication or sale of this "Divorce Kit", The Defendant contended that the "Divorce Kit" was merely a law book or pamphlet publication of legal forms combined with allowable explanatory data and instructions. These arguments were rejected by the Court. The court held: The advice given in the Divorce Kit" as to the use of the forms is quite comprehensive and specific. It mmllels much of what an attorney would customarily advise his clients who seek dissolution of marriage. 262 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Finally, other courts have focused their analyses not on the content of the forms or kits provided, but instead on whether there has been established an individual attorney-client relationship. For example, in the case of New York County Lawyer’s Asso. V Dacey (New York, 1967), the Court ruled there is no practice of law unless there is a personal relationship established between the client and the person presuming to practice for the purpose of giving and receiving particular legal advice on a particular problem. The mere sale of a book containing forms and advice on how to use the forms was therefore not the practice of law. Similar reasoning was used to allow the marketing of "do-it-yourself divorce kits in the cases of New York State V Winder (New York, 1973) and Oregon State Bar v Gilchrist (Oregon, 1975). THE QUESTION OF ACCOUNTABILITY The cited basis of the prohibition against the unauthorized practice of law is a concern that the interest of the pubhc be protected.^® There may indeed be cause for legitimate concern in this Eirea. When it comes to legal matters, a little knowledge is truly a dangerous thing, and serious consequences can indeed flow from inept legal advice or performance. An attorney who is inept or negligent in representing his clients is subject to sanction by the Court and may be disbarred. But who is accountable if a computer program gives erroneous or incomplete advice? Likewise, if an attorney participates in the writing of expert legal software which does give correct advice, what are the ramifications of that attorney not being licensed in the state where the software is actually used? The ultimate resolution of many legal matters is simple. But the problem is, such matters are often deceptively simple. What is not simple is the process by which the appropriate course of action is selected. What one pays for when one retains an attorney is the benefit of his or her expertise in determining just how simple the problem is. An expert system is based on rules, and it may be difficult to devise rules that would be sufficiently complete to cover all factors, especially if the conclusions were to be directed to laymen. THE QUESTION OF COST VS BENEFIT Programs that truly approach the level of being expert systems have so far been difficult and expensive to produce, and the market for these programs has been rather limited. Only a small percentage of the population will consider filing bankruptcy in any given year. Accordingly, the unit cost will be fairly high. The bankruptcy program mentioned above retailed for about $700.00 in 1991. An 10 "The services of a lawyer are essential and in the public interest whenever the exercise of professional legal judgment is required. The essence of such judgment is the lawyer’s educated ability to relate the general body and philosophy of law to a specific legal problem. The public is better served by those who have met rigorous educational requirements, have been certified of honest demeanor and good moral character, and are subject to high ethical standards and strict disciplinary rules in the conduct of their practice....With the increase in the complexity of our society and its laws, the independence and integrity of a strong legal profession, devoted disinterestedly to those requiring legal services, are crucial to a free and democratic society. Allegiance to this principle, rather than the preservation of economic benefits for lawyers, is the basis upon which the Virginia State Bar, as the Administrative agency of the Supreme Court of Virginia, carries forward the responsibility for the discipline of lawyers and the investigation of persons practicing law in the commonwealth without proper authority." Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia, Virginia Rules Annotated, Pt. 6, Sect. I. EXPERT COMPUTER SOFTWARE 263 attorney might charge $350.00 or less for a Chapter 7 Bankruptcy. Therefore, a potential bankrupt debtor will have httle incentive to purchase an expert grade bankruptcy computer program for one time use, even if the program does an adequate job. It would be cheaper to hire an attorney. Compare this potential bankruptcy program with the tax return preparation program mentioned earlier. Everyone files a tax return every year. The program in question cost approximately $34.00 retail. The development costs for the program can be spread over a relatively large base of potential users. If the cost of developing this program were to be spread over a much smaller base, the individual cost would be much higher, perhaps approaching that of the bankruptcy program. On the other hand, the limited partnership program also mentioned above retails for about $129.00, while the cost of hiring an attorney to create a limited partnership might be upwards of $350.00, and the cost to Uquidate one might be $200.00 or more. In this case it would be more cost effective to buy the program than to hire an attorney, especially if the potential user has a personal computer and is comfortable using it. CONCLUSIONS In the not too distant future, more computer programs will be marketed that will be sufficiently advanced such that the programs will be capable of addressing problems now thought to require the professional attentions of an attorney. In short, they will be expert systems. Because of the potential for error or misuse, and because of the lack of direct accountability, such programs could in certain cir¬ cumstances constitute the unauthorized practice of law. But the issue of the unauthorized practice of law will be a major factor only to the extent the programs are marketed to the general pubUc as substitutes for the lawyer. If the cost of commercial legal software for the general pubUc continues to fall, it may become widely used by a generation which is computer-hterate. Then related cases may very well be brought to the attention of the courts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Earl B. Taylor, an attorney and special student in Computer Science at Mary Washington College, contributed the judicial search and analysis. Taylor and Rita M. D'Arcangelis, Associate Professor of Computer Science at Mary Washington College, collaborated on the writing of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Florida Bar v. American Legal and Business Forms, Inc. 1973. Southern Reporter, 2nd Series. West Pub. St. Paul. 274:225. Florida Bar v. Stupica. 1974. Southern Reporter, 2nd Series. West Pub. St. Paul. 300:683. Firebaugh, Morris W. 1989. Artificial Intelligence: A Knowledge Based Approach. PWS Kent Pub. Co., Boston. 740p. Meca Software, Inc. 1992. Taxcut 1992 for DOS. computer software. New York County Lawyer's Association v. Dacey. 1967. Northeastern Reporter, 2nd Series. West Pub. St. Paul. 234:459. New York State v. Winder. 1973. New York Supplement, 2nd Series. West Pub. 348:270. 264 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Nolo Press. 1993. Partnership Maker, computer software. Palmer v. Unauthorized Practice Committee of the State Bar. 1969. Texas Civil Appellate Court. Southwestern Reporter, 2nd Series. West Pub. St. Paul. 438:374. Oregon State Bar v. Gilchrist. 1975. Pacific Reporter, 2nd Series.West Pub. 538:913. Virginia Journal of Science Volume 45, Number 4 Winter 1994 Fishes of the Main Channel New River, West Virginia. Robert S. Easton^ and Donald J. Orth, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0321 ABSTRACT Fishes were collected at five sites within a 92-km section of the New River in southern West Virginia in 1988, 1989, and 1990, and compared to previous surveys from 1979 and 1984. A total of 42 species were collected, representing five orders and eight families. Twenty of the 42 species (48 percent) are considered introduced to the drainage. A low number of native species (22 native species) was collected since 1979 and indicates a relatively depauperate fish fauna. Of the six endemic species in the New River drainage, only the bigmouth chub Nocomis platyrhynchus was com¬ mon; the others were rare or not collected. Species richness was higher at the site immediately below Bluestone Dam compared to sites further downstream. New main channel distributional records were documented for gizzard shad and mountain redbelly dace. INTRODUCTION The New River drainage harbors few indigenous fishes but a relative wealth of endemics (Ross and Perkins, 1959; Jenkins et al., 1972; Hocutt et al., 1986; Jenkins and Burkhead, 1994). Several authors have attributed the uniqueness of New River fish fauna to factors such as high gradient, hard bottom, poorly developed flood plain, (Addair, 1944; Ross and Perkins, 1959), high dissolved sulfates (Ross and Perkins, 1959), and isolation caused by several major falls (Jenkins et al., 1972; Hocutt et al., 1986), Previous counts have reported a total of 88 fish species in the New drainage with 46 native species including six endemics (Jenkins and Burkhead, 1994). The scenic beauty and unique features of the New River inspired the creation of the New River Gorge National River (NRGNR) in 1978. The NRGNR is a 90-km corridor located in West Virginia and administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. There are few published accounts of the fish fauna in this reach of the New River from which to develop a baseline for future monitoring (Stauffer et al., 1980; Hess 1983; Lobb, 1986). In this paper we sum¬ marize the fish species collected during 1988, 1989, and 1990 and past fish surveys for a current checkhst of the fish fauna in the main channel New River. METHODS Five study sites (Bluestone Dam, Sandstone Falls, Prince, Thurmond, and Fayette Station) were sampled in the New River (Figure 1). The Bluestone Dam site (latitude 37° 38' 37", longitude 80° 53' 5") is located immediately downstream 1 Present address: Environmental Resources Management, Inc., 2666 Riva Road, Suite 200, Annapolis, Maiyland 21401 266 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE FIGURE 1. Map of study sites (open circle), cities (shaded area), towns (filled circles), and landmarks (arrow) on the New River, WV, of Bluestone Dam. At this site the New River is approximately 300 m wide with an average depth of 1 m at low summer flow. Samples were collected in a section extending from 100 to 300 m downstream of Bluestone Dam. Samples were collected along the right descending river margin and in the main channel around rock outcrops and/w^ft'c/a americana (water willow) islands. The Sandstone Falls site (latitude 37° 46’ 15", longitude 80° 53’ 37") is located approximately 16 river km downstream of Bluestone Dam. At this site the river is approximately 300 m wide with an average depth of 1 m at low summer flow. Samples were collected in a section extending from 100 to 500 m upstream of Sandstone Falls. Samples were collected along the left descending river margin and in the main channel around water willow islands. The Prince site (latitude 37° 51’ 13", longitude 81° 4’ 28") is located approximate¬ ly 41.5 river km downstream of Bluestone Dam. At this site the river is approximate- FISHES OF THE NEW MVER 267 ly 150 m wide with wadable depths (less than 1 m) only along the margins. Samples were collected from a section extending from 100 to 500 m upstream of the route 19 and 41 bridge. All samples were collected along the left descending river margin. The Thurmond site (latitude 37° 55' 53”, longitude 81° 3' 52") is located approximately 61.5 river km downstream of Bluestone Dam, At this site the river is approximately 150 m wide with wadable depths (less than 1 m) only along the margins. Samples were collected from a section extending from 100 to 500 m upstream of Stone Cliff. All samples were collected along the left descending river margin. The Fayette Station site (latitude 38° 3' 57", longitude 81° 4' 45") is located approximately 91.5 river km downstream of Bluestone Dam. At this site the river is approHmately 50 m wide with wadable depths (less than 1 m) only along the margins. Samples were collected from a section extending from 100 to 500 m upstream of the confluence of the New River and Wolf Creek. All samples were collected along the left descending river margin. Samples were collected in 1988, 1989, and 1990 from all five sites in mid to late summer (August and September). Additional samples were collected each year from Bluestone Dam and Sandstone Falls in early summer (June and July) and mid-fall (October and November). A total of 27 collections were made. Twenty six of the 27 collections were made by electrofishing with a canoe- mounted generator, Coffelt (VVP-2C) control box and two hand-held electrodes. Each collection consisted of thirteen 10-minute electrofishing periods using pulsed DC electricity. In 1988, at Fayette Station, fish were collected during ten 10-minute sampling periods using a Coffelt electrofishing boat. During a 10-minute sample period all stunned fish were netted and placed in either a live well or bucket. After each 10-minute sample period, all large and familiar species were recorded and released. All other specimens were either stored on ice or preserved with 5-10% formalin. In the laboratory all specimens were identified using Jenkins and Burkhead (1994). Sampling by Stauffer et al. (1980) was conducted in June and August of 1979. Collections were made by electrofishing into a 1.5 m X 3.0 m seine. For each collection, sampling was conducted until additional effort produced no additional species. For consistency, collections from several locations were pooled to repre¬ sent collections at Bluestone Dam, Sandstone Falls, Prince, and Thurmond (Figure 1). Bluestone Dam was represented by six collections made between Bluestone Dam and the city of Hinton. Sandstone Falls was represented by four collections made between Brooks Island and the mouth of Meadow Creek. Prince was represented by one collection at the mouth of Piney Creek. Thurmond was represented by one collection immediately upstream of Stone Cliff. Sampling by Lobb (1986) was conducted at each site from July to October of 1984, Collections were made using a raft-mounted generator, Coffelt (WP-2C) control box, and two hand-held electrodes, a Coffelt electrofishing boat, a Coffelt backpack electrofisher, and by electrofishing into a seine. Each collection con¬ sisted of a 15-minute electrofishing period. For consistency, collections from several locations were pooled to represent collections at Bluestone Dam, Sandstone Falls, Prince, and Thurmond (Figure 1). -Bluestone Dam was repre¬ sented by five collections made between Bluestone Dam and the town of Barksdale. 268 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Sandstone Falls was represented by 33 collections made between Brooks Island and 0.5 km downstream of the mouth of Meadow Creek. Prince was represented by 36 collections made between the mouth of Glade Creek and 3.3 km downstream of the town of Terry. Thurmond was represented by 26 collections made between Thayer and the mouth of Ephraim Creek. No collections were made by Lobb (1986) near the Fayette Station site. For the purposes of this paper and as was done by Lobb (1986) no distinction was made between Luxilus alheolus white shiner and L. chiysocephalus striped shiner. The authors beheve that both species inhabit this section of the New River; however, distinction of the two species proved to be problematic. Stauffer et al. (1980) reported only white shiners from this section of the New River. Luxilus spp. were not included in species counts. In order to discuss commonness and rarity of species we defined common as a species which occurred in more than 10 of the 13 site surveys and rare as a species which occurred in fewer than three of the 13 site surveys. To allow for discussion of sampling efficiency, an estimate for species richness (Krebs, 1989) was used to calculate absolute species richness and a 95 percent confidence interval at each of the five sites for the 1988 to 1990 mid-summer collections only. For discussion of longitudinal variation in species richness, total species rich¬ ness was tabulated for the 1988-1990 survey and for all three surveys combined. Total species richness was not calculated separately for Stauffer et al. (1980) and Lobb (1986) because of unequal sampling effort among sites. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 42 fish species (not including hoih Luxilus spp.) and one recognized hybrid, from eight families and five orders were collected in the New River between Bluestone Dam and Fayette Station from 1979 to 1990 (Table 1). Jenkins and Burkhead (1994) reported 88 fish taxa known from the New drainage and 42 (48 percent) of these they considered introduced. Twenty (48 percent) of the 42 fish species listed in Table 1 are considered introduced (Jenkins and Burkhead, 1994). Addair (1944) reported 25 fish species from the main channel of the New River between Bluestone Dam and Fayette Station with nine (36 percent) introduced species (Jenkins and Burkhead, 1994). Orth and Leonard (1985) reported 28 fish species from the main channel of the New River near Prince and Thurmond with ten (36 percent) introduced species (Jenkins and Burkhead, 1994). The low number of native fish species (22 native species) collected between Bluestone Dam and Fayette Station since 1979 further supports previous discussions of the depauperate fish fauna of the New drainage (Ross and Perkins, 1959; Jenkins et al, 1972; Hocutt et al., 1986; Jenkins and Burliead, 1994). Main channel distribution records for the 1988-1990 survey include Dorowma cepedianum gizzard shad and Phoxinus oreas mountain redbelly dace. To our knowledge this is the first published account of gizzard shad within the New drainage. One individual was collected on October 31, 1989, from the Bluestone Dam site and 13 specimens were collected from the Bluestone Dam (12 fish) and Thurmond (1 fish) sites in 1990. Two individuals collected on November 1, 1990, at Bluestone Dam exceeded 400 mm TL and one specimen was 480 mm TL. TABLE 1. List of species collected in the New River between Bluestone Dam and Fayette Station in 1979, 1984, 1988, 1989, and 1990 (X denotes species was collected). FISHES OF THE NEW RIVER 269 B tj o o fe GO a o g H .B u Pm 0^ d O «/D V2 g CO D3 X X X X X §8 X X X X X X X X X X X S X X X X X X X X X X X X X SB X X X X X X X X X S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X §8 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X o Qs 8§ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X e "rl. bO •c O z :z; :z; :z: § Cl. I O Q W5 Q to .-3 52 ^ ^ CQ 2 -IS -I C« ^ sS'liS' TABLE 1. continued 270 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE (D c o •4—1 Kn C cd C/D 3 Station 88-90 X X X X jrmond 84 88-90 X X X X X X X X X rSi X X ice 88-90 X X X X X X •S 5 CL X X X X X X X X 88-90 X X X X X X Falls 84 X X X X X X X X X X X ? 00 00 X X X X X X Dan 84 X X X X X X X X X X X «a _C '5b ■c o g X X X X X X X ►— ( » C 5 ^ § I o .S S l| i § ^ £”-<3 0: *0 c -5 u 3^3 O S *3 U I ? SI « o I-C s,| o c3 o ".a :s^ II > ^ ■ : '‘!‘f I I ' f ..‘■■‘lA- 'fc. r. 1 ’ ,' ' '. f., ■ '’i' ,;.,:v^^^ . '■"‘I’’ fU^ MV •' i ■ ,Ja Jr''W ' .. .i ,1 ' ■./2 • R Virginia Journal of Science Volume 45, Number 4 Winter 1994 Graminicolous Fungi of Virginia: Fungi Associated with Cereals 1 2 Curtis W. Roane and Martha K. Roane Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 ABSTRACT The fungi listed and annotated in this paper include those reported in publications and collected and identified by the authors within the Com¬ monwealth of Virginia on the cereal grasses, barley, corn, oats, rye, grain sorghum, and wheat. Fungi on two or more hosts are usually hsted as plurivorous fungi; those restricted to one host in Virginia are Hsted as specific fungi. Species better known by their anamorphic binomials are dually Hsted. An alphabetical summary of aU species is included. INTRODUCTION Many fungi have been reported to occur on grasses in Virginia, but these reports are widely scattered in check Hsts, experiment station publications, and scientific journals. It would be difficult for anyone seeking information on graminicolous fungi to survey completely the pertinent Hterature. The recent compendium, "Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States," (Farr et al., 1989) provides the most comprehensive Hst available. If a fungus has been reported in the Hterature to occur in Virginia, it wiU probably be Hsted by Farr et al. However, a number of fungi are known to occur on cereals and other grasses in Virginia which have not been the subject of publications and, therefore, are not Hsted by them. In addition, since 1989, we have collected and identified fungi on many grasses growing in diverse ecological sites that have never been reported in a particular host-fungus relationship in Virginia and, in some cases, the United States. It is our purpose to provide an annotated Hst by host of the graminicolous fungi of Virginia. Pertinent Hterature will be cited and where deemed helpful, synonymy will be included. Since this endeavor may result in a lengthy pubHcation, we have considered presenting the Hst in segments, namely, fungi on cereals, on turfgrasses, on forage grasses and on wild or uncultivated grasses. Division into these categories may create some complications because a number of host species can be included in two or more categories. For example, Cynodon dactylon,Poapratense, dindFestuca amndinacea maybe included in three categories andDactyiis giomerata andPhleum pratense may be included in two categories. However, we have decided to follow the scheme of Farr et al., namely, to Hst the noncereal grasses in alphabetical order and provide a summarizing index to the fungus species included. This will make our findings more readily useful to pathologists and mycologists. 1 Professor Emeritus, Plant Pathology 2 Retired Adjunct Professor, Plant Patholo^ 280 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Nomenclature provides us with some challenges. Groups of grasses (formerly Gramineae, now Poaceae) and fungi are being studied continually and changes especially in genera occur such that only professional taxonomists have ready access to the most recent binomials. Therefore, to simplify our problem, generally we will use the binomials Usted by Farr et al. (1989) for both grasses and fungi; exceptions will be noted. Our aim, however, is to identify a particular host-fungus association and not to get bogged down in recognition or rejection of nomenclatorial changes. It will be necessary, in some cases, especially with fungi, to provide synonymy, anamorphs and teleomorphs (even sometimes suspected) in our annotations. This project emerged from recognition of literature deficiencies while teaching various courses at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI & SU) such as Diseases of Field Crops, Clinical Plant Pathology, and Plant Disease Fungi; aiding in diagnosis of grass and cereal disease in the Plant Clinic; encountering new or unfamiliar diseases while carrying out research projects; a lack of recognition of the graminicolous fungi in the natural history of Virginia; and finally satisfying curiosity about the identity of graminicolous fungi encountered on various excur¬ sions. An annotated hst of fungi associated with cereal grasses will be presented first. THE CEREALS The cereals cultivated in Virginia include odXs^Avena sativa L.; hailcy, Hordeum vulgare L.; rye, Secale cereale L.; sorghum. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; and corn or maize, Zea mays L. Varieties or subspecies of these species such as Z. mays subsp. saccharata, sweet corn; Z. mays subsp. indentata, dent corn; and Z. mays subsp. everta^ popcorn, are grown in Virginia. A number of species of barley, oats, and wheat have been grown in experimental nurseries in Virginia but they have not been hosts to any unusual fungi; therefore, only the crop species cultivated in Virginia will be included in our lists. THE FUNGI Some fungi are plurivorous; some are specific. To conserve space, we will first Ust the plurivorous fungi of cereals; then we will hst the fungi specific for each host species. Within each hst, fungi wih appear in taxonomic rank; an alphabetical summary will be provided. A. Plurivorous fungi. Myxomycota: Polymyxa graminis Ledingham. This fungus colonizes roots of numerous gras¬ ses. It is economicahy important because it harbors and transmits the viruses causing wheat soil-borne mosaic (WSBMV), wheat spindle streak mosaic (WSSMV) and oat soil-borne mosaic (OSBMV) (Roane, 1960; Tolin & Roane, 1969). These virus diseases were known in Virginia many years before the fungus was associated with them. The fungus has been identified in roots of the following collected in 1981-82- 83: barley from Frederick, Northumberland, Nottoway, and Westmoreland Cos.; oats and rye from Richmond Co.; wheat from Caroline, Charles City, Dinwiddie, Essex, Gloucester, King and Queen, Richmond, and Westmoreland Cos. and the cities of Chesapeake, Virginia Beach, and Suffolk; corn GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 281 from Hanover, Richmond, and Sussex Cos. The two wheat viruses, WSBMV and WSSMV, are widespread in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, and OSBMV is known from Charlotte, Richmond, and Mecklenberg Cos. Therefore, must be widely distributed in the eastern half of Virginia. Its presence in barley, rye, and corn in the United States was first reported in 1983; its presence in oats in Virginia was also first reported in 1983 (Roane & Roane, 1983). Mastigomycotina - Oomycetes: Scierophthora macrospora (Sacc.) Thirum., G. C. Shaw, and Naras. is widespread on grasses in the northern hemisphere. We have identified it from collections of the following: oats, from Henrico and Richmond Cos.; barley, Henrico; wheat, Henrico; corn. City of Suffolk (Nansemond Co.), and Wythe Co. The Henrico collections were from a single field of small grain "succotash" on the State Prison Farm (Roane & Fenne, 1955). In corn, the fungus causes "crazy top", a disease that was known for many years before the causal agent was determined (Ullstrup, 1952). The Suffolk collection came from a field at Chuckatuck having a mixture of corn and sorghum. Nearly all the corn had crazy top but no sorghum plants displayed symptoms although sorghum is a known host of the fungus (Roane, 1960). Although Farr et al. (1989) list it as occurring on rye in Virginia, we have not seen it. Ascomycotina: Claviceps purpurea (Fr.:Fr.) TuL, the cause of ergot, occurs on numerous grasses worldwide. In Virginia, even though it commonly occurs on rye, collections on rye have been made only from Accomack and Montgomery Cos.; on barley it occurred regularly on spring sown plants in a genetic study at Blacksburg, Montgomery Co. (1960-1968); we have a single specimen on wheat in the classroom collected from somewhere in Virginia, Ergot pseudosclerotia contain powerful toxins which cause a variety of symptoms in animals (Christensen et al., 1977). However, several useful drugs may be extracted from pseudosclerotia. Cochlioholus sativus (Ito & Kuribayashi) Drechsl. exDastur, the teleomorph of Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker, better known in older literature as Hel- minthosporium sativum Pammel, King and Bakke, is found most often in Virginia as a defoliating fungus of barley. However, it has been collected from seedling blighted wheat in Virginia. The teleomorph may be produced in culture but is not found in nature. Erysiphe graminis DC. (nov/Blumeria graminis (DC.) E. O. Speer), the powdery mildew fungus, occurs on numerous grasses worldwide. There are four formae speciales, avenae^ hordei^ secalis, andtnft'ci, all of which occm in Virginia. Only f.sp. avenae is unusual in that it produces no cleistothecia. Powdery mildew occurs in most barley and wheat fields but it is less common on rye. We have a collection on rye only from Montgomery Co. Because it is so common, we have neglected to deposit it in our collection. Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx & D. Olivier, the cause of "take-all" of cereals and grasses, occurs sporadically throughout Virginia, primarily in wheat fields. It is well-known as a wheat pathogen in eastern United States and the VPI & SU Plant Clinic records document numerous occurrences on wheat. Although 282 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE it has not been reported on barley in Virginia previously, collections have been made from barley fields in Augusta in 1954, Montgomery Co. in 1956. ' Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Fetch (anamorph, Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) is the cause of seedling bhght, stalk and ear rot of corn, seedling blight and scab of small grains. The perithecia of the fungus occur in superficial clusters, giving the ; appearance that a scab has been formed. This fungus is broadly distributed I (Anonymous, 1960; Farr et al., 1989); in Virginia, it occurs frequently causing head blight and scab of wheat, rye, and barley and occasionally a node rot of barley | (Westmoreland Co., photographic record). Scab and head blight are more severe following corn in crop rotations or in fields adjacent to corn stalks and stubble from I the previous summer. In corn, it is widespread as a cause of red stalk and ear rot, i probably occurring to some degree in all corn fields. Perithecia commonly occur on overwintering corn stalks; G. fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito & K. Kimura also over¬ winters in this manner and is macroscopically identical to G. zeae. It produces * 2-celled ascospores, but G. zeae produces 4-celled ascospores. Scabby grain may contain powerful toxins such as vomit oxin, T-2, and zearalenone, which cause various symptoms including poor weight gain in cattle and swine (Christensen et ! al., 1977) . A destructive scab epidemic occurred in wheat and barley in Virginia in * 1972 (Roane & Starling, 1976). | Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) DrechsL, anamorph, Drechslera tritici-repen- tis (Died.) Shoemaker, causes tan or yellow leaf spot of rye and wheat. The ascomycetous stage occurs on dead and fallen straws in late summer and over- I winters there. Leaf spots have been collected from rye at three locations in | Montgomery Co. On file are leaf collections from wheat in Montgomery and I Dinwiddie Cos.; it has also been found on wheat from Charles City, Richmond, and ' Westmoreland Cos. (E. L. Stromberg, personal communication). i Basidiomycotina - Ustilaginales: [ The smut fungi which occur regularly on small grains in Virginia have very | confusing synonymy; we wiU follow the nomenclature given by Fischer in the ! "Manual of North America Smut Fungi" (1953). I Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr. causes a black loose smut of oats and barley. The | finely echinulate spores are borne superficially on the seed. Infection takes place i during seed germination. I Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr. causes brown loose smut of barley, rye, and wheat. | Spores are finely echinulate; infection occurs during flowering and the embryo is ‘ colonized. Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Lagerh. (Fischer, 1953) causes covered smut of oats and barley. Spores are smooth; they are surface-borne on the seed and infection occurs during seed germination. Farr et al. (1989) list this fungus as U. segetum (Bull.rPers.) Roussel. ^ All three fungi have been found in Virginia on hosts noted above but U. nuda is of most common occurrence on wheat and barley. | Basidiomycotina - Uredinales: , Puccinia graminis Pers., the black stem rust fungus, occurs on barley, oats, rye, wheat, and several grasses in Virginia. It is more common in western Virginia where • GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 283 native barberry, Berbens canadensis Mill., its aecial host, occurs (Harvill et aL, 1986), but in some years it spreads into Virginia from outbreaks of rust on wheat in states south of Virginia. The fungus occurs as &mformae speciales of which avenue, secalis, and tritici occur on oats, rye, and wheat, respectively. Puccinia graminis f.sp. secalis and tritici will infect and colonize barley but stem rust on barley is rare in Virginia. Formerly, wheat and oats were widely grown in southwest Virginia; there, barberry was virtually eliminated from grain producing areas by 1975. Now, however, grain is produced mainly in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. As a result, there are few recent reports of cereal stem rust in Virginia and, consequently, the barberry eradication project has been discontinued. Deuteromycotlna - Hyphomycetes: Several fungi colonize senescent plant parts of all cereals under consideration here. They are generally saprophytes and are usually found together as co¬ colonizers. These include Altemaria altemata (Fr.) KeissL, Cladosporium her- bamm (Pers.:Fr.) Link., Epicoccum nigrum Link, and Heterosporium avenue Oudem. These fungi have either dark colored spores or hyphae (or both); hence, their colonies are described as "sooty molds". Other dark colored species may on occasions be co-colonizers but these are found most commonly. Aspergfllus Candidas hmk^A.flavus Iai^:Ft,,A glaucus LinkrFr., and^. niger Tiegh. are listed by Farr et al. (1989) to occur in Virginia on corn and wheat, probably in storage. All species commonly invade corn ears, kernels and sometimes cause seed rot in soil. Frequently, occurs on corn in the field and is a rapid colonizer of exposed moist endosperm; therefore, harvested grain must be dried quickly. This fungus is feared because it produces aflatoxins which are car¬ cinogenic my cotoxins; thus, it frequently is a cause of rejection by grain buyers (Christensen et al., 1977). We encounter thcsQ Aspergillus species in plating and germination experiments with corn and wheat. Hymenula cerealis EU. and Everh. ( = Cephalosporium gramineum Nisikado and Ikata) was first found in the western states and recognized as C. gramineum; hence, the disease associated with it became "Cephalosporium" stripe. Cephalosporium stripe on wheat was found in 1975 (Roane & Starling, 1976) and again in 1979 (Jones et al., 1980) in Montgomery and Augusta Cos., respectively. We found it on rye in 1977 and 1979 in Montgomery Co. (Jones et al., 1980). These are the only reports of this disease from Virginia and surrounding states. Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) J. J. Davis causes scald of barley and rye. It is common on barley in Virginia but since it is sometimes controlled by growing resistant cultivars, seed treatment and crop rotation, it is not present in all fields. On rye we have collected it in Montgomery and Accomack Cos. from Experiment Station plantings. Deuteromycotlna - Coelomycetes: Ascochyta spp, are pycnidiate fungi found on many grasses. Ascochyta brachypodii (Sydow) Sprague and A. G. Johnson has broader spores than those of^. sorghi. It was collected on oat leaves from Richmond Co. in 1983 and on barley leaves from Northumberland Co. in 1992. Spores measured 18-20 X 4-5 ^m. Those of A, sorghi are 11-21 X 1.6-4.0 pm, characteristically less than 4.0 284 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE fim. wide (Sprague, 1950). Farr et al. (1989) do not list barley as a host. These are new records for^. brachypodii in the eastern United States. Ascochyta hordei K. Hara produces pale yellow 1-septate spores sometimes constricted at the septum, 15-27X4.5-7.1 /^m (mostly 20X 5 /^m). We have found it on wheat from Amelia, Montgomery, Northumberland, and Westmoreland Cos.; on barley from Amelia, Essex, King William, and Northumberland Cos., and in Montgomery Co. at several locations; and on rye from Cumberland Co. These are first reports of^. hordei in Virginia. Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. produces hyaline spores 11-21X 1.6-4.0/^ occurrence. Most likely, it could be found in all grain fields if a search were made. Deuteromycetes - Other: Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn - Three species of Rhizoctonia are listed by Farr et al. (1989) as occurring on grasses. Each has a distinct teleomorph. However, without applying intricate techniques, it is difficult to tell from an anamorph which species one has encountered. Therefore, R. cerealis Van der Hoeven,R. solani and R. zeae Voorhees will be lumped together under R. solani^ the oldest of the three binomials. The teleomorph is Thanatephorus cucumeris (A. B. Frank) Donk. Rhizoctonia spp. cause root rots and the sharp eyespot of grasses. Sharp eyespot was first found on barley in 1957 (Roane & Starling, 1958); since then we have found R. solani causing sharp eyespot of barley in yield trial nurseries in Accomack, Augusta, Charlotte, Chesterfield, Montgomery, Orange and Richmond Cos. and the City of Suffolk (formerly Nansemond Co.). It has been detected in numerous commercial barley fields but no records for them are available. Sharp eyespot is frequently detected when small patches of barley plants have "whiteheads" as a result of Rhizoctonia infection. Sharp eyespot has been found on oats in GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 285 Montgomery Co. and on wheat in nurseries at locations listed above for barley and on commercial wheat from Essex Co. In 1994, wheat specimens with sharp eyespot were received by the Plant Clinic from Chesapeake, Dinwiddie, and Westmoreland Cos. In the past, it has been most prevalent as a barley disease in Virginia. Our report of 1958 (Roane & Starling) was the first to indicate sharp eyespot occurred east of the Mississippi River. B. Fungi specific on host species. Avena sativa L. - oats Mastigomycotina: Pythium graminicola Subramanian - Sprague (1950) is erroneously cited by Farr et al. (1989) as having reported this fungus from Virginia. Although the fungus is widespread, we cannot verify this report. Ascomycotina: Claviceps purpurea (Fr:Fr) Tul. occurs in the Eastern States (Farr et al., 1989) but there is no record of its occurrence on oats in Virginia. Cochlioholus victoriae R. R. Nelson, anamorph,Ripo/fl/75 victoriae (Meehan and Murphy) Shoemaker was common on oats in Virginia from 1950 until the early 1960’s when resistant oat varieties replaced susceptible ones. No victoria bhght has been observed on oats in Virginia since 1965. The teleomorph apparently does not occur in nature but may be produced in the laboratory by pairing compatible cultures. Phaeosphaeria avenaria (G. F. Weber) O. Eriksson, most often recognized by its anamorph, Septoria avenue Frank, is listed by Farr et al. (1989) as being in this region. We have been unable to locate it; therefore, it is of questionable occurrence in Virginia. Pyrenophora avenue Ito and Kuribayashi is better known in its anamorphic stage, Drechslera avenue (Eidam) Scharif, form&rly Helminthosporium avenue Eidam, as the cause of oat leaf blotch, the commonest leaf disease of oats in Virginia. Collections are on file from Bedford and Montgomery Cos. Perithecia form on overwintering straw. Basidiomycotina: Puccinia coronata Corda, the crown rust fungus, gets its name from the teliospores which are adorned by projections suggesting a small crown. Although we have no collections of the fungus on oats, it is well known in Virginia. The aecial hosts in Virginia are buckthorns, Rhammus caroliniana Walt. andR. cathartica L. Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes: Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker the anamorph of Cochlioholus sativus, is hsted by Farr et al. (1989) on oats from the eastern states. We have not collected it. Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.:Fr.) Sacc. was isolated from oat roots collected from experimental nurseries in Montgomery Co. in 1949 (Roane, 1949). 286 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Hordeum vulgare L. - barley Ascomycotina: Several common ascomycetous fungi on barley occur in Virginia only in hyphomycetous stages (anamorphs); their ascomycetous (teleomorphs) stages occur rarely in nature; therefore, they are described in most lists under Hyphomycetes. Most of those from Virginia were listed under plurivorous fungi. Pyrenophora teres DrechsL, anamorph teres (Sacc.) Shoemaker, is a seedborne fungus and, consequently, is widely distributed. It occurs to some degree on foliage in all barley fields in Virginia. The teleomorph occurs on oversummering and overwintering straw and is quite easy to find. Although there are numerous records of its occurrence on file at the VPI & SU Plant Clinic, and we have collected it frequently for classroom use, we have no accessions in our collection of Virginia graminicolous fungi. Basidomycotina - Uredinales: Puccinia hordei Otth is the only rust commonly found on barley in Virginia. Its appearance is predisposed by the distribution of susceptible cultivars; until recent¬ ly, resistant cultivars were widely grown in Virginia. A new race has invalidated this resistance. The rust commonly occurring on wheat in Virginia, P. recondita Rob. exDesmaz, is reported as occurring on barley in Virginia (Anonymous, 1960); however, we do not know the original source of that report nor have we ever found it. Puccinia hordei can produce its spermagonial and aecial stages (O, I) on Omithogalum umbellatum L., star of Bethlehem, which is widely scattered in the State but we have been unable to find these stages on naturally occurring O. umbellatum^ even where the rust occurred on barley in adjacent fields (Roane & Starling, 1958). We have produced these stages by overlaying a bed of O. umbel¬ latum with straw bearing telia of P. hordei. Collections of stages II and III are on file from Northumberland and Montgomery Cos. Basidiomycotina - Ustilaginales: Although the following Ustilago species were listed under plurivorous fungi, further comment is warranted here. Ustilago nuda (Jensen) Rostr. - Three barley head smut fungi have occurred in Virginia, of which U. nuda, causing brown loose or deep loose smut, is the most common. This is a "flower infecting" smut which survives as dormant mycelium in infected embryos. It has been controlled through use of hot water seed treatments and chemical seed dressings which are absorbed by germinating seeds and which thereafter function as systemic fungicides to inhibit the further development of the mycelium in the embryo. The other smut fungi, U. avenae (Pers.) Rostr., causing semi-loose or black loose smut and U. hordei (Pers.) Lagerh., causing covered smut, are "seedling infecting" fungi. Their spores are killed or infection is inhibited more easily by chemical seed dressings than are those of U. nuda. Seedsmen devote much effort to the control of smuts in seed stocks. Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes: Drechslera graminea (Rabenh.) Shoemaker causes barley stripe. This disease is seedborne and therefore is controlled by fungicidal seed dressings. It occurs GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 287 when control measures are not implemented and can destroy 50% or more of the plants from a given seed lot. It occurs sporadically throughout barley producing areas of Virginia. Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes: Septoria passerinii Sacc. causes leaf blotch and is widespread in Virginia. We have collections from five experiment station test locations around the State and specimens are frequently submitted to the VPI & SU Plant Clinic for diagnosis. The morphology is similar to that of S. nodorum (Berk.) Berk., which is very common on wheat in Virginia. Secale cereale L. - rye. Most fungi we have encountered on rye are plurivorous and have been listed previously. Only four additional fungi need be annotated. Basidiomycotina - Ustilaginales: Urocystis occulta (Walk.) Rabenh. ex. Fuckel, the cause of flag smut, is reported by Farr et al. (1989) as occurring in Vkginia. We are unable to find the source of this report. We presume that it is from records kept by F. D. Fromme, James Godkin or S. A. Wingard in the 1915-1940 era. It has not been seen in Virginia for several decades. Basidiomycotina - Uredinales: Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz. occurs on rye throughout Virginia. It is less damaging on rye than on wheat; see under wheat. Deuteromycetes - Coelomycetes: Dinemasporium strigosum (Pers. ex Fr.) Sacc. is reported by Farr et al. (1989) to occur on rye throughout its range. Although we have found it on other grasses in Virginia we have not encountered it on rye. Septoria secalis Prill. & Delacr., the cause of rye leaf blotch, is reported by Farr et al. (1989) to have occurred in Virginia. That report traces to Sprague (1950). We have not found the fungus. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. - grain sorghum. In Virginia, the acreage of sorghum is relatively small. Like corn, barley, and oats, it is a feed grain in this state. Very few observations have been made on sorghum diseases; most of our records pertain to fungi on sudangrass (S. vulgare var. sudanense (Piper) Hitchc. and Johnsongrass (S. halepense (L.) Pers.). These will be covered in a later paper. Ascomycotina: Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito & K. Kimura, although a plurivorous grass fungus, is a common cause of sorghum head blight in eastern Virginia. The anamorph, Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, is very conspicuous and is the stage usually seen. We have collected classroom material at the Experiment Station in Holland. 288 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Basidiomycotina - Ustilaginales: Sporisorium sorghi Link in Willd. causes covered kernel smut. The fungus is seed-borne cind hence would be introduced in Virginia on seed stocks. Since the fungus can be eliminated from seeds by fungicides, it has not appeared in recent years. We have only one record of its occurrence, circa 1959, in Montgomery Co. It probably was of common occurrence before 1940. Basidiomycotina - Uredinales: Puccinia purpurea Cke. occurs commonly in the southeastern states, and oc¬ casionally spores blow northward into eastern Virginia causing isolated outbreaks. Although we observed and identified the fungus from urediniospores on sorghum in test plots at Holland, Va. (Nansemond Co. = City of Suffolk), no herbarium specimens are on file. Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes: Cercospora sorghi Ellis & Everh. causes gray leaf spot of Sorghum spp. Farr et al. (1989) list it from Virginia but we have no collections of it. Cladosporium herb arum (Pers.rFr.) Link, leaf mold, and the head blight fungi Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everh., F. cidmorum (Wm. G. Sm.) Sacc.,F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc., and F. oxysporum Schlechi.iFr. are listed by Farr et al. (1989) to occur in the "range of the host", thus, including Virginia. We have no records of their occurrence. Deuteromycotinia - Coelomycetes: Macrophomina phaseolina Tassi, the cause of charcoal rot, according to the Agricultural Handbook 165 (Anonymous, 1960), occurs from Maryland to Georgia; however, we have no records of its presence. Triticum aestivum L. - common wheat Formerly 2m important crop in western Virginia, especially the Shenandoah Valley, wheat is now concentrated in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. Zygomycotina: Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.iFr.) Vuill., frequently emerges from wheat seeds plated on agar. Farr et al. (1989) call it a "range of host" fungus. It is a plurivorous fungus we have only found associated with wheat and corn seed. Basidiomycotina - Ustilaginales: Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul. and T. laevis Kiihn in Rabenh.^ the smooth and spiny-spored bunt fungi, have both occurred throughout Virginia. They were common in wheat until the 1930’s when effective seed-treatment fungicides and seed certification programs virtually eliminated them. No recent collections have been made. Basidiomycotina - Uredinaies: Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz. is the leaf rust fungus and is common on wheat in Virginia; however, its prevalence may be diminished by production of resistant cultivars. These cultivars usually succumb to rust after a few years of production as virulent races evolve or spread into a region. The spermagonial and GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF¥IRGINIA 289 aecial stages occur on several Thalictmm spp. which occur in Virginia but apparent¬ ly, these meadowrue species do not function as aecial hosts in this region. Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes: Tetraploa eUisii Cooke in Cooke & Ellis, has been observed on wheat leaves from Dinwiddie Co. Spores of T, ellisU appeared while leaves were being incubated to induce sporulation olPyrenophora tritici-repentis. Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes: Ascochyta ^aminea (Sacc.) Sprague & Johnson has been collected from Caroline Co. and two locations in Westmoreland Co. Spores were 14-20 X 4.5-6.0 fim in all collections. Specimens were collected in February, March and early April from overwintered leaves and early spring growth suggesting that the fungus is active in winter. These are new records. Dilophospora alopecuri (Fr.) Fr. causes twist of grasses. The disease occurred frequently in wheat when the gall nematode Angina tritici (Steinbuch) Filip, was rampant in Virginia, although no biologic relation between the twist fungus and nematodes has been established. Since the 1930's when the nematode was brought under control, it has disappeared from wheat, probably due to improvement of wheat culture. We last collected it in 1959 from Pittsylvania Co., where 70% of the plants had twist. Septoria tritici Roberge in Desmaz., causes speckled leaf blotch of wheat. It is more common in the Midwest than in Virginia. We have collections from Montgomery and Northumberland Cos. Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castellani & Germano (known previously as Septoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk.) is the most common leaf spotting fungus of wheat in Virginia. It also infects the glumes and nodes; the disease whether on leaves or glumes is called glume blotch. It occurs throughout the state. Zea mays L. - corn or maize, including dent, pop and sweet corn. Myxomycota: Polymyxa ^aminis Ledingham was hsted on corn under plurivorous fungi. However, since there is only an abstract (Roane & Roane, 1983) reporting its presence in corn roots, we reiterate that we identified it in roots from Hanover, Richmond and Sussex Cos. No doubt, it can be found wherever "soil-borne" wheat and oat viruses are present as P. graminis is the transmitting agent for them. This includes most of the Coastal Plain and much of the Piedmont. Mastigomycotina: Physoderma maydis (Miyabe) Miyabe, the cause of brown spot, occurs from Virginia southward. In Virginia, it occurs primarily in southeastern counties; we have collections from that area in class material. Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. has been identified from stalks with a watery soft rot collected in Chesterfield, Mathews, Nelson, and Northampton Cos. between 1941 and 1955, 290 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Zygomycotina: Ahsidia ^^.^Mucor sp.,Rhizopus stolonifer Vuill. dJidRhizopus sp. are listed by Farr et al. (1989) as having been isolated from Virginia corn samples. We have isolated these and Cunninghamella sp. (Roane, 1950) at various times during experimental studies of corn seed microflora. Mucor and Rhizopus are usually found associated with untreated corn seeds and may sometimes interfere with germination. j Ascomycotina: | Chaetomium spp. have been observed on corn seed in agar plating experiments. ' These fungi are commonly associated with corn (Farr et al., 1989). j Cochlioholus carbonum R. R. Nelson is found on corn leaves, ears and some- | times roots in its anamorphic stage, Bipolaris zeicola (G. L. Stout) Shoemaker ( = | Helminthosporium carbonum UUstrup) . It is unusual in that race 1 produces a toxin ' that severely damages inbred maize lines of the hm hm genotype. All above ground parts are affected. The specific epithet was suggested by the charcoal-black kernels | produced by ear infections. Although races 2 and 3 also cause kernel blackening, | the symptoms are usually restricted to ear-tip kernels. Spots caused by race 1 are circular, whereas those caused by 2 & 3 are elongate and narrow. Races 2 & 3 are | widespread in Virginia but more commonly found in the western parts. Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drechs.) Drechs. is the teleomorph of Bipolaris j maydis (Nisik. & Miyake) Shoemaiker, a common leaf spotting fungus of corn in ’ southeastern Virginia. In some years it occurs on corn throughout the State. When j the fungus was known as Helminthosporium maydis Misik. & Miyake, in 1970 it | spread from corn in Florida northward into the corn belt states with devastating j fury and caused a 15% loss of the national corn crop (Anonymous, 1972, p. 7). This outbreak was predicted by the discovery in 1962 that corn having a cytoplasmic gene that induced male sterility and which facilitated making hybrid corn seed without the arduous task of detasseling was very susceptible toH. maydis in the Philippines (Anonymous, 1972, p. 12). Since the sterihty gene had been discovered in Texas, it was designated Tms (Anonymous, 1972, p. 10). A race of if. maydis evolved in the United States that could make a toxin, especially in corn of Tms origin. The latter fungus was called if. maydis T, to distinguish it from an older race known as if. maydis O. Breeders quickly abandoned Tms and reverted to detasseling; H. maydis T caused httle damage in 1971 and virtually none since. Althoughif . maydis T may be isolated today, H. maydis O predominates the population. The teleomorph occurs only rarely in nature; it was collected from several plants at the Tidewater Research Station, Holland, in 1949 (Roane, 1950). Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito in Ito & Kimura occurs commonly on fallen, weathered corn stalks throughout Virginia. Farr et al. (1989) list only its anamorph, Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, in their host-fungus list of maize pathogens (p. 431), but in the fungus hst (p. 714) acknowledge G. fujikuroi as a maize pathogen. It should be the other way around. When hybrid corn varieties were first introduced into Virginia, farmers in the southeastern quarter endured severe stalk breakage epidemics when G. fujikuroi rotted out the nodal tissue, then covered the nodes with pink mycelium and spores of the F. moniliforme stage (Roane, 1950). The susceptible hybrids were soon discarded in favor of stalk-rot-resistant ones. GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 291 Presently, in Virginia, G.fujikuroi is a conunon kernel infecting fungus but it does not cause much stalk rot in commercial corn production. Massarina arundinacea (Sow.) Leuchtmann, synonym Leptosphaeria anin- dinacea (Sow.:Fr.) Sacc. occurs on one-year-old corn stalks in Montgomery Co. Collections were first made in 1950 from year-old fallen stalks of open-pollinated corn. Fallen hybrid stalks are not as durable as were fallen open-pollination stalks; thus, the fungus has not been found recently. Our original collection was identified by W. W. Diehl, U.S.D.A., Beltsville, Md. Mycosphaerella zeae (Sacc.) Woronow, ^ M, zeicola Stout, was found on corn leaves in Richmond (1951) and Tazewell (1955) Cos. The fungus developed on leaves having severe phosphorus deficiency symptoms possibly resulting from low soil pH. The fungus was common but not of economic importance. Odontotrema sp. is hsted by Farr et al. (1989) as occurring on corn in Virginia but we could not find the origin of this report. Clements and Shear (1931) illustrate O. hemisphaericum (Fr.) Rehm but give no clue as to its habitat. Setosphaeria turcica (Luttrell) Leonard & Suggs, anamorph Exserohilum tur- cicum (Pass.) Leonard & Suggs (synonym, Helminthosporium turcicum Pass.), occurs in the field only in the anamorphic stages. It causes northern leaf blight of corn (a strange common name since it occurs in Central America and other areas of the Tropics) and is common throughout Virginia. Its prevalence and severity are conditioned by the relative susceptibility of hybrid varieties currently in produc¬ tion. Basidiomycotina - Uredinales: Puccinia polysora Underw., the southern corn rust fungus, occurs sporadically in Virginia when spores from the South are blown northward. A statewide in¬ cidence was observed in 1980; a collection was obtained from Northumberland Co. Puccinia sorghi Schwein. occurs annually on all types of corn throughout Vir¬ ginia. It is rarely of economic importance except on late-planted sweet corn which it can defoliate, thereby reducing the quantity and quality of ears. We have collections only from Montgomery Co. The aecial hosts are Oxalis spp. which occur in Virginia but we have no records of aecia in the State. The fungus does not parasitize Sorghum spp. as the binomial would suggest. Basidiomycotina - Ustiiaginales Ustilagozeae (Beckm.) Unger, common or boil smut, occurs on all types of corn throughout Virginia. Young galls are edible and American Indians consumed them; they also used black mature galls to make face paints worn during various ceremonies. We have various collections preserved for classroom use. Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes: Acremonium strictum W. Gams, formerly Cephalosporium acremonium Auct. non Corda, causes black bundle disease and Cephalosporium kernel rot of corn. On kernels, very fine parallel stripes may indicate its presence. It is readily isolated from corn samples taken throughout the State. Its presence was first noted in 1950 (Roane, 1950). Altemaria spp. commonly colonize dead tissues of corn plants. Most probably A. altemata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. A. tenuis) is among those present. 292 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Aspergillus spp. are widely distributed and are common contaminants of grain products. Farr et al. (1989) list the following as occurring in Vir^nia: Aspergillus candidus lAak^A.flavus lJinkiFT.,A,glaucus Link:Fr.^. nigerXiegh., A. ochraceus K, ^Ti!ih.,A.parasiticus Speare,^. restrictus G. Sm. and^. tamarii Kita. See plurivorous species for comments. Aureobasidium zeae (Narita & Hiratsuka) Dingley (synonym, Kabatiella zeae Narita & Hiratsuka), causes eye-spot disease of corn. We collected it in Montgomery and Orange Cos. in fall of 1984. Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. causes ear and seed rot of com. It has been isolated from kernels of various origin in Virginia (Roane, 1950). Cercospora sorghi Ellis & Everh. is listed by Farr et al. (1989) as occurring on corn in Virginia. We have found it only on Sorghum spp. C. zeae-maydis Tehon & Daniels, the cause of gray leaf spot, was first observed in Virginia in Montgomery Co. in 1949 (Roane, 1950). With the production of so-called "no-till" corn, in which the crop residue is left on the soil surface, gray leaf spot has become a major disease of corn production in the United States. At present, it is widespread in Virginia. Chalara sp. is listed by Farr et al. (1989) as occurring on corn in Virginia. That report is attributed to C. L. Porter (1927) who isolated the fungus from nodal tissue. Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason, causes ear rot of corn and is widely distributed but of sporadic occurrence. It is often isolated from grain samples. Gray cob rot is caused by this fungus. Penicillium spp. cause blue mold, blue-eye, and green molds of corn ears. Penicillium chrysogenum Thom, P. expansum Link, and P. oxalicum Currie & Thom, are verified as occurring in Virginia. Farr et al. (1989) list 30 species (probably isolated from kernels or meal) associated with com. Hence our list is very minimal. Penicillium spp. are among the earliest colonizers of fallen ears. Periconia spp. are associated with roots and kernels of corn. We have en¬ countered Periconia only twice but did not determine the species. Both materials were from Hanover Co. in 1983. Farr et al. (1989) list onlyP. circinata (Mangin) Sacc. as associated with corn root rot. Spegazzinia tessarthra (Berk. & Curtis) Sacc. produces small black colonies with spiny spores. It is reported by Farr et al. (1989) to occur in Virginia; we could not find the origin of the report. Stachylidium bicolor Link:Fr., has been found on prop roots of corn from Hanover Co. in 1981. This is a new report for this fungus in Virginia. Trichoderma viride Pers.iFr. causes a green ear rot and is widespread but uncommon on ears from upright plants; it is a fi*equent colonizer of fallen ears. We have isolated it from many sources. Numerous ears of hybrid Va. 556 from Pittsylv2inia Co. were colonized by T, viride in 1960. Trichothecium roseum (Pers.rFr.) Link is listed by Farr et al. (1989) as occurring in Virginia. The report is attributed to Porter (1927) who isolated it from nodal tissue of stalks; however, he did not specifically identify the state fi*om which the fungus was collected. Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes: Dinemasporium strigosum (Pers.rFr.) Sacc. [synonym, (Lib.) Lev.] GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 293 was collected on one-year-old stalks in Montgomery Co., July, 1957. Undoubtedly, it is a saprophyte. Neither D. strigosum nor its teleomorph, Phomatospora dinemasponum Webster, are listed by Farr et al. (1989) as occurring on maize. Diplodia maydis (Berk.) Sacc. causes ear and stalk rot and is widespread in Virginia. The taxonomy of this fungus is confusing. Its older name was D. zeae (Schwein.) Lev.; Sutton (1980) places D. zeae in the taxon Stenocarpella maydis (Berk.) Sutton but does not mention D. maydis as a separate taxon or synonym. The treatment of Diplodia and Stenocarpella requires additional consideration by mycotaxonomists. Spores of D. maydis are 25-30 X 6 fim, Diplodia macrospora Earle [Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) Sutton] has been found by us on a single ear collected at Holland circa 1952 (when Suffolk was Nansemond Co.). The ear is in our classroom collection. Spores from this specimen measure 65-82 X 6-8 ^m, much longer than those of L>. maydis. Phyllosticta sorghina Sacc. was collected on leaves from corn growing at War¬ saw, Richmond Co., Aug., 1951. Spore dimensions were 2.5 X 5.0 //m, different from other species known on corn. Deuteromycotina - other: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., the cause of southern blight of many plants, is listed by Farr et al. (1989) on corn in Virginia. The origin of the report is not known. We have not collected this fungus on corn. SUMMARY The fungi annotated in the text are hsted alphabetically below. Their hosts are signified by the first letters of the common names of the hosts, i.e., B = barley, C ” corn, O = oats, R = rye, S = sorghum, and W = wheat. Absidia sp. - C Acremonium strictum = Cephalosporium acremonium - C Altemaria altemata - B C O R S W Ascochyta brachypodii -BO A. graminea - W A.hordei-BRW A.sorghi~BRW Aspergillus Candidas - C W A. flams - C W A. glaucus - C W A. niger - C W A. ochraceus - C A. parasiticus - C A. restrictus - C A. tamarii - C Aureobasidium zeae = Kabatiella zeae - C Botrytis cinerea - C Cercospora sorghi - C S C. zeae~maydis - C Chaetomium spp. - C Chalara sp. - C 294 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Cladosporium herharum - B C O R S W Claviceps purpurea - B R W Cochlioholus carbonum = Bipolaris zeicola - C C. heterostrophus = B. maydis - C C. sativus = B. sorokinianum - B W C. victoriae - B. victoriae - O Colletotrichum graminicola - B C O R W Cunninghamella sp. - C Dilophospora alopecuri - W Dinemasporium strigosum - C R Diplodia macrospora = Stenocarpella macrospora - C D. maydis = Stenocarpella maydis - C Dreschslera graminea - B Epicoccum nigrum - B C O R S W Erysiphe graminis - B O R W Exserohilum turcicum - C Eusarium acuminatum - S E. avenaceum - O F. culmorum - S F. equiseti - S F. oxysporum - S Gaeumannomyces graminis - B W Gibberella fujikuroi = F. moniliforme ~ C S G. zeae = F. graminearum - B C R W Heterosporium avenae - B C O R S W Hymenula cerealis - R W Macrophomina phaseolina - S Massarina amndinacea - C Mucor sp. - C Mycosphaerella zeae - C Nigrospora sphaerica - C Odontotrema sp. - C Penicillium chrysogenum - C P. expansum - C P. oxalicum - C Periconia sp. - C Phaeosphaeria avenaria - 0(?) Phyllosticta sorghina - C Physodemia maydis - C Polymyxa graminis - B C O R W Puccinia coronata - O P. graminis - B O R W P. hordei - B P.polysora - C P. purpurea - S P. recondita - W P. sorghi - C GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 295 Pyrenophora avenae = Drechslera avenue - O Pyrenophora teres = D. teres - B Pyrenophora tritici-repentis = D, tritid-repentis - R W Jtythium aphanidermataum - C Rhizoctonia solani = Thanatephorus cucumeris -BOW Khizopus stolonifer - C W Rhynchosporium secatts - B R Sderophthora macrospora » B C O W Sderotium roifsii - C Septoria pmserinii - B S, secalis - R 5. tritici ~ W Spegazzmia tessarthra - C Sporosorium sorghi - S Stachylidium bicolor - C Stagonospora nodomm = Septoria nodorum - W Tetraploa ellisii - W Tilletia caries - W r. - W Trichoderma viride - C Trichothedum roseum - C Urocystis occulta - R Ustilago avenae -BO U. /lofrfei = C7. segetum -BO U,nuda-BRW U. zeae - C ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors appreciate the contributions by the following persons, members of the faculty and staff of the Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science: Dr. L. D. Moore, Head, for encouragement and for providing secretarial help; Drs. G. J, Griffin and Erik Stromberg for their editorial expertise; Mrs. Judy Fielder for patiently expediting the manuscript through several revisions; and to Mr. T. F. Wieboldt, Department of Biology, for verifying the identity of several grass hosts. All are at V.P.L & S.U. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous, 1960. Index ofPlant Diseases in the United States. U.S.Dept. Agric. Handbook No. 165. Washington, D,C. 531 pp. Anonymous. 1972. Genetic Vulnerability of Major Crops. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D,C. 307 pp. Clements, F. E., and C. L. Shear. 1931. The Genera of Fungi. The H. W. Wilson Co,, N.Y. 496 pp. + 58 photos. Christensen, C. M., C. J. Mirocha, and R. A. Meronuck. 1977. Molds, Mycotoxins, and Mycotoxicoses. Minnesota Agric. Exp. Sta. Misc. Rept. 142. 11 pp. Farr, D. F., G. F. Bills, G. P. Chamuris, and A. Y. Rossman. 1989. Fungi on Plants 296 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopathological Soc. Press., St. Paul, Minn. 1252 pp. Fischer, G. W. 1953. Manual of the North American Smut Fungi. The Ronald Press Co., New York. 343 pp. Harvill, A. M., Jr., T. R. Bradley, C. E. Stevens, T. F. Wieboldt, D. M. E. Ware, and D. W. Ogle. 1986. Atlas of the Virginia Flora. Virginia Botanical Associates. Farmville, Va. 2nd ed., 135 pp. Jones, J. B., D. J. Jones, C. W. Roane, and R. W. Tillman. 1980. Cephalosporium stripe of cereals in Virginia. Plant Dis. 64:325. Porter, C. L. 1927. A study of the fungous flora of the nodal tissue of the corn plant. Phytopathology 17:563-568. Roane, C. W. 1949. The occurrence of diseases of small grains in Virginia in 1949. Plant Dis. Reptr. 33:480-482. Roane, C. W. 1950. Observations on corn diseases in Virginia from 1947 to 1950. Plant Dis. Reptr. 34:394-396. Roane, C. W. 1960. New or unusual diseases of cereal crops in Virginia. Plant Dis. Reptr. 44:696. Roane, C. W., and S. B. Fenne. 1955. Some new plant disease records for Virginia. Plant Dis. Reptr. 39:695-696. Roane, C. W., M. K. Roane, and T. M. Starling. 1974. Ascochyta species on barley and wheat in Virginia. Plant Dis. Reptr. 58:455-456. Roane, C. W., and T. M. Starhng. 1958. Miscellaneous notes on small grain diseases in Virginia. Plant Dis. Reptr. 42:1268-1271. Roane, C. W., and T. M. Starling. 1976. Cephalosporium stripe of wheat in Virginia. Plant Dis. Reptr. 60:345. Roane, C. W., and T. M. Starling. 1976. Wheat scab epidemics in Virginia. Ann. Wheat Newsl. 22:122. Roane, M. K., and C. W. Roane. 1983. New grass hosts of Polymyxa graminis in Virginia. (Abstr.). Phytopathology 73:968. Sprague, R. 1950. Diseases of cereals and grasses in North America. The Ronald Press, New York. 538 pp. Sprague, R., and A. G. Johnson. 1950. Ascochyta leaf spots of cereals and grasses in the United States. Mycologia 42:523-553. Sutton, B. C. 1980. The Coelomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. 696 pp. Tolin, S. A., and C. W. Roane. 1969. Identification of wheat viruses in Virginia. Plant Dis. Reptr. 53:751-752. Ullstrup, A. J. 1952. Observations on crazy top of corn. Phytopathology 42:675- 680. '■V' ■< - ; "‘‘NOTES / :r.e»c, 't. I 'f5' ' • ’ '4' ■ , r .V U^.i. .:^*L^i_ ... %/V- •■’^.^.^f4K.'-^' ;f**. ' '.-. fw- .. ‘ ■; ' E.-USiliWfr^iC^*' •j “ ip. . mm-i ' t‘y^4- . ,' '^iv> NOTES ,i?ii . ,•■ »'! r 'y'ilfSi 83’^'''^^'’’ . in., r c ^iJVW ' '"* f ' ' ■”’* 'J Bdft IL‘< llUiifcT^IIJlKl., .'ll.. -OfSi, U'JVJ. ^ailSFVT »/;'•*♦■ i'. .> -fSit ^,,^.j''' gj '^li^,.*v bi>5 r; . '^A \j:-n/.v^mvuQia^d0iaiiV ■ :c * f- lt*>ri.:-^ .[VAi:^f.:r : -xiiji^G ^>V '• • W t- ''f *;f\ ^ . ’ itc4^t^:S2Jk3{'Vj:v*..: ; ■:;* * „• .4ii r.v;<^ ri*i^ ' . ^^f|ltl|t^^f?1||P^ ,; ■/'>'i’'''2S^'i%iyc'^;:'j'.f v-%i» . f i- .,Vi * ^ -' llj •^(iOLHjO'rih .‘Sr „ *>5* J... . tv'-^ ** ' H>iV^i,i!.)| W.'i ‘"* i 4 •.!». I 5 .;, BT^ TIffi * i» f -’ a fcxfl |4Mi.'i*li,l .. ^ -iTtf,/ >; is'iKiwfci, Srar^- ' r 'JiMin: . * .-U'* ■ ■ ■. ,w . ■■■’£.«? . , ,^VC . lli^ - «»%.. »• • i- ■* i > w-/ ■ ^ -i u^' .:jf^ ^ ” \* ' 'V -.-•,» ••f.'^'.VSr. ^ ;v...«. CiPlftMjl^ll WWiI B . t ^ i < ^ ' > < i 'i^l|;ii 0; ^ -.‘r ■ ’'' inc'M-'’- ',1 ' • . V ,, , J,,s^ X^'WWA. Ai^iii;)0 r- < > 0 hh O) - cn 2: rv> 73 0 0 cn < -H 0 :2 > 2: X 0 CO « 03 0 X d f-H 0 h-i —I 0 (/) X 1— 1 CO — 1 0 1— 1 X ro 0 n 0 2: > cn O') 2 0 0 / — V n CO 2 X CO — 1 < l-H _ _ ■ -H C -H n 0 2 THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENGE SUPPLEMENT, TO VOLUME 45 ^E VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE /CNDRAXm SVPPEMUS TYRANNVS 1994-95 DIRECTORY The Virginia Academy of Science is affiliated with ■ The American Association for the Advancement of Science The National Association of Academies of Science The American Junior Academy of Science THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE America’s Fifth Largest State or City Science Academy Founded 1923 THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Circulation in 47 States and 50 Countries Overseas Volume I, Issue 1... January 1940 (Succeeds CLAYTONI A... 1934-39) THE VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Named a National Model and Ranked Among the Top 3 Junior Academies in the U.S. for over 25 Years by the American Junior Academy of Science Serving Over 14,000 Junior and Senior High School Students in Virginia Each Year Founded 1941 VISITING SCIENTISTS PROGRAM Providing Expertise to Virginia’s Schools in Alliance With Virginia’s Colleges and Universities Over 500 Volunteer Scientists on More Than 1200 Topics Established 1985 VIRGINIA SCIENTISTS Circulation of 1700 includes Legislators and Presidents of Virginia’s Institutions of Higher Education Volume I, Issue 1... August 1990 As a direct result of Academy leadership, the state park service was established; the Virginia Institute for Scientific Research, regarded by many as a precursor to the Virginia Center for Innovative Technology, was built; and the Science Museum of Virginia was founded due to our effort to establish a statewide network of science museums. The Academy conducted the first comprehensive multidisciplinary study of the James River Basin, a publication supported by funding from the General Assembly, and assisted state agencies in responding effectively to the kepone disaster. Since the Scopes Trial, we have fought for excellence in Virginia’s science classrooms and, from our inception, have worked to ensure the quality of Virginia’s environment and economic resources. We are committed to fostering the civic, academic, agricultural, industrial, and commercial welfare of The People of Virginia. Live the Legacy of Commitment, Leadership, and Action Support The Virginia Academy of Science Join The Virginia Academy of Science ACADEMY PUBLIC SERVICE OPPORTUNITIES To promote science education in Virginia’s schools, the Visiting Scientists Program Director asks the Commonwealth’s university and college Presidents every two years to request their Faculties to volunteer to speak in the schools (Be on the lookout for this.). The Director distributes the VSP Direcory of individuals who are willing to speak to science classes and groups, listing their topic titles, to Virginia science teachers. To assist governmental offices, the Science Advisory Committee prepares an inventory of scientific/technological expertise in Virginia as a public service to state agencies and legislative bodies. This information can also be used to assist Virginia’s civic, agricultural, industrial, and commercial enterprizes on a limited basis and to ensure scientific/technological accuracy in the media. For example, the topical listing of expertise could help a science correspondent contact a knowledgeable Academy Member for comment as stories break on various sci/tech issues. If you want to help Virginia in either or both of these efforts, fill in the form below and send one copy to each responsible party you check off. Kindly note your affiliation with The Academy should you be called to serve in these efforts. Please list me in: Science Advisory Committee Inventory of Expertise Research Division, VPI&SU, Blacksburg 24061-0244 Topics or areas of my expertise include: Visiting Scientists Program Directory Send copy to: 2113B Derring-Biology, VPI&SU, Blacksburg 2^61 Title(s) of my presentation (s) are: NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP E-MAIL FAX PHONECS) MEMBERSHIP Membership in the Academy is organized into sections representing various scientific disciplines as follows: 1. Agriculture, Forestry and 9. Medical Sciences Aquaculture 10. Psychology 2. Astronomy, Mathematics and 11. Education Physics 12. Statistics 3. Microbiology and Molecular Biology 13. Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences 4. Biology 14. Botany 5. Chemistry 15. Environmental Science 6. Materials Sciences 16. Archaeology 7. Biomedical and General 17. Computer Science Engineering 18. Geography 8. Geology 19. Natural History & Biodiversity Annual Membership Dues - Includes subscription to Virginia Journal of Science Student . $ 10.00 Regular - Individual . . . 25.00 Contributing - Individual 30.00 Sustaining - Individual . 50.00 Life - Individual . 300.00 Sustaining - Institution . 100.00 Business - Regular . . . 100.00 Business - Contributing 300.00 Business - Sustaining 500.00 Patron . 1000.00 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Date _ _Name (Please Print) Phone ( ) _ E-mail .FAX( _ ) Address City _ _ _ _ ^State _ ^Zip Institution or Business _ _ Position — Title _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fields of Interest — Sectbn No.(s) _ _ First No. indicates major interest Class of Membership Desired _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Contacted by: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Make check payable to Virginia Academy of Science and send to: VAS, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220-2054. The Virginia Academy of Science enjoys a distinguished history and tradition of ensuring the vitality and excellence of scientific research and science education in The Commonwealth of Virginia. In an increasingly complex world of global market competitiveness, threats to ecology and health, and the demanding issues of social intolerance and illiteracy; it is our conviction that the solutions necessary to resolve such challenges depend on the effective and efficacious research, teach¬ ing, and discipline of thought and action inherent in the sciences and technologies. We, therefore, rededicate ourselves to the principle reason for our existence. ..the pursuit of our purposes for the benefit of the people of Virginia. The Virginia Academy of Science acknowledges our sincere appreciation to those individual, institutional, and corporate citizens who have allied themselves with our cause. Without their constant and ready support, we would be unable to execute our outstanding nationally recognized research and educational programs in service to The People of Virginia. In particular, we recognize here The Patrons of The Academy who have generously contributed $1,000 or more in 1994... Virginia Power The Virginia Environmental Endowment Mrs. George W. Jeffers Bethel High School VJAS Science Club Blanton M. Bruner The Family of Major W. Catesby Jones D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. Virginia Marine Science Consortium, Virginia Sea Grant Program Virginia Division, American Cancer Society The Fellows of The Virginia Academy of Science We also note for the reader’s attention those pages hereinafter listing our Individual and Institutional Sustaining Members, Business Members, Contributing Business Members, and Sustaining Business Members... Live The Legacy of Commitment, Leadership, and Action Join The Virginia Academy of Science Support The Virginia Academy of Science CONTENTS CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS . 1 CO-CHAIRS, 1995 LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS COMMITTEE . 20 FUTURE MEETINGS . 20 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE . 21 ACADEMY COUNCIL . . 22 ELECTED OFFICERS . 22 EXECUTIVE SECRETARY-TREASURER . . . 22 ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE SECRETARY-TREASURER . . 22 DIRECTOR VJAS . 22 PAST PRESIDENTS (3) . 23 EDITOR OF VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE . 23 DIRECTOR OF THE VISITING SCIENTISTS PROGRAM . . 23 AAAS/NAAS REPRESENTATIVE . 23 SCIENCE MUSEUM OF VIRGINIA TRUSTEE . 23 EDITOR OF VIRGINIA SCIENTISTS . 23 GWATHMEY/JEFFRESS TRUSTS REPRESENTATIVE . . 24 SECTION REPRESENTATIVES TO COUNCIL . 24 CHAIRS OF STANDING COMMITTEES . 27 CHAIRS OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES ................... 30 SECTIONS AND SECTION OFFICERS AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE SCIENCES SECTION .... 31 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY & AQUACULTURE SECTION .... 31 ARCHAEOLOGY SECTION . 32 ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS SECTION . 32 BIOLOGY SECTION . . 33 BIOMEDICAL AND GENERAL ENGINEERING SECTION . 33 BOTANY SECTION . . 34 CHEMISTRY SECTION . . . 35 COMPUTER SCIENCE SECTION . 35 EDUCATION SECTION . . 36 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SECTION . . . 36 GEOGRAPHY . 37 GEOLOGY SECTION . 37 MATERIALS SCIENCE SECTION . 38 MEDICAL SCIENCES SECTION . 38 MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY SECTION .... 39 NATURAL HISTORY AND BIODIVERSITY . 39 PSYCHOLOGY SECTION . 40 STATISTICS SECTION . 40 STANDING COMMITTEES . . 41 ARCHIVES COMMITTEE . . . 41 AWARDS COMMITTEE . 41 COMMITTEE ON THE ENVIRONMENT 42 CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS COMMITTEE ............. 43 FINANCE AND ENDOWMENT COMMITTEE ............. 44 FUND RAISING COMMITTEE . 44 JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE COMMITTEE ........... 45 VJAS OFFICERS .............................. 48 LONG RANGE PLANNING COMMITTEE ................ 49 MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE ........................ 49 NOMINATIONS AND ELECTIONS COMMITTEE ........... 51 PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE ...................... 51 RESEARCH COMMITTEE ......................... 52 SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ................... 52 SCIENCE EDUCATION COMMITTEE .................. 53 TRUST COMMITTEE ............................. 55 VIRGINIA FLORA COMMITTEE ..................... 55 SPECIAL COMMITTEES ............................. 56 VAS^FUTURES COMMITTEE . . . 56 PUBLIC AFFAIRS COMMITTEE ...................... 57 75TH ANNIVERSARY COMMITTEE ................... 58 1995 VMI LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS COMMITTEE . ......... 60 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE PRESIDENTS ............ 62 VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE DIRECTORS ....... 63 RECIPIENTS OF J. SHELTON HORSLEY RESEARCH AWARD .... 64 RECIPIENTS OF THE JEFFERSON GOLD MEDAL ............ 65 RECIPIENTS OF THE JEFFERSON PRIZE ................. 65 MERITORIOUS SERVICE AWARDS ..................... 65 IVEY F. LEWIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS .......... 66 FELLOWS OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ........ 67 MEMBERSHIP LIST HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS . 68 REGULAR MEMBERS ............................ 69 STUDENT MEMBERS ............................ 97 LIFE MEMBERS . . 109 EMERITUS MEMBERS ........................... 109 CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS ........................ 110 SUSTAINING MEMBERS .......................... 112 REGULAR BUSINESS MEMBERS ..................... 113 CONTRIBUTING BUSINESS MEMBERS ................. 113 SUSTAINING BUSINESS MEMBERS ................... 114 INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS ........................ 115 Wif Ftfe _ _ tiiiiiwuvflFawK/ li -. .>5w0ipii&iLni JTKWlP • LI i ttiiiiLJ V.l I' >f^-; fdgSi ■■ ^ •♦' , i ?*«■ ,'./ ^ *I 'W . ,;iW<5 I 'I Jv ■ i/vl ’ ^l'?. - V* * ' ‘ ■■ ' ^ ,.y: *m Ho.-' ! >■ ' v->i lapal^iMfflPH '' ^:' i<: ;'.'/•)T)J^if)Trlf V.,i !')U’{j*tlWt( ,'*ij,-.tj.'’ .'AViOlTiJijEllfl CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ARTICLE!: NAME The name of this organization shall be the Virginia Academy of Science. ARTICLE II: PURPOSE The purpose of this organization shall be to establish and maintain in Virginia for scientific and educational purposes an association of persons and organizations interested in science and scientific research in all of Its branches; to solicit financial and other support; to cooperate with educational institutions, industries, and state agencies in fostering an interest In scientific matters, in promoting scientific investigations and in spreading knowledge of the sciences; to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of papers on scientific subjects and facilities for their publication; to provide opportunities for the cooperation and fellowship among its members; and generally, in doing these things, to benefit not only its own members, but to promote the civic, agricul¬ tural, academic, industrial, and commercial welfare of the people of Virginia. ARTICLE III; ORGANIZATION Section 1 . Membership Membership In this organization shall be open to professional scientists of all branches of science and others who are interested in the purpose of the organization. Types of membership and dues for each shall be specified in Academy Bylaws. The membership, through the Academy Conference, provided by Section 2 of Article Vi II, shall have ultimate authority over the affairs of this organization. Section 2. Sections The Academy shall be organized into Sections according to the various scientific disciplines. A person may belong to one or more Sections in accord¬ ance with his or her interests. Sections. Council The governing body of this organization shall be the Academy Council. Its composition and responsibilities are specified in Article VII. 2 Section 4. Officers The elected officers of this organization shall be a President, a President- Elect, a Vice President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer. Duties of each shall be specified In Academy Bylaws. Section 5. Executive Committee The elected officers, the immediate past president and the Director of the Junior Academy of Science shall comprise the Executive Committee of the Academy Council. Section 6. Standing Committees The primary activities of this organization shall be implemented by Stand¬ ing Committees as follows: the Research Committee, the Long Range Planning Committee, the Junior Academy of Science Committee, the Membership Com¬ mittee, the Finance and Endowment Committee, the Trust Committee, the Publications Committee, the Awards Committee, the Fund Raising Committee, the Nominations and Elections Committee, the Virginia Flora Committee, the Science Advisory Committee, the Science Education Committee, the Archives Committee, the Committee on the Environment, and the duties of the Standing Committees not specified hereafter, shall be as specified in the Academy Bylaws, and as may be further enumerated by Council from time to time. ARTICLE IV: THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE The Virginia Journai of Science shall be the official publication of the Virginia Academy of Science. All Academy members shall receive copies of this publication. ARTICLE V: FELLOWS From active membership, there shall be a body of scholars known as "Fellows of the Virginia Academy of Science" selected because of their con¬ tribution to science in one or more of the following ways: (a) outstanding scientific research, (b) inspirational teaching of science, (c) significant leader¬ ship in the Academy. Rules and procedures for selection of Fellows shall be specified in the Academy Bylaws. ARTICLE VI: ACCREDITATION OF MEMBERSHIP Membership of the Academy shall be accredited by the Secretary and the Treasurer. The membership list shall be published periodically according to types, as directed by Council. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 3 ARTICLE Vll: COMPOSITION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF COUNCIL Section 1 . Council shall be composed of the President, the President-Elect, the Vice President, the Secretary, the Treasurer, the three most recent Past Presi¬ dents and one member elected by each Section of the Virginia Academy of Science. Members from the Sections shall be elected for three year terms on a rotational basis among the Sections, provided the initial term of a member from a newly established Section shall be specified by Council, in addition to the foregoing, the Chairs of the Standing Committees, the Editor of The Virginia Journal of Science, the Editor of Virginia Scientists, the official Academy Representative to the Board of Trustees of the Science Museum of Virginia, the official representative of the Academy to the American Association for Advan¬ cement of Science and National Association of Academies of Science, the Director of the Visiting Scientists Program, and the Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science shall be members of Council. In event of vacancies, the President shall make interim appointments until the next election is held; provided however, vacancies of elected officers shall be filled as hereafter provided. Section 2. Council shall meet each year preceding the annual meeting and at least once in the fall at a time and place designated by the President. Section 3. Twelve members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business by Council. Section 4. Council shall establish the policies of this organization and shall be responsible for the administration of all Academy funds. Section 5. Council shall consider and recommend to the membership from time to time appropriate changes in the Constitution, and shall promulgate bylaws appropriate to the implementation of the Constitution. Section 6. Council may establish appropriate administrative positions and employ such personnel as may be required. Terms of office, the duties and remuneration of such personnel shall be prescribed by Council. Section 7. Through appropriate Bylaws, Council shall provide for the publica¬ tion of The Virginia Journal of Science and the Virginia Scientists. Section 8. The Executive Committee of Council shall be empowered to act for Council on an interim basis between meetings of Council and shall report to Council at Its regular meetings. A meeting of Council may be called at any time upon concurrence of any four members of the Executive Committee. 4 ARTICLE VIII: MEETINGS AND BUSINESS Section 1. The annual meeting of this organization shall be arranged In accordance with procedures to be established by Council in appropriate Academy Bylaws. Section 2. All business requiring action by the membership shall be transacted at an Academy Conference, which shall be scheduled by Council during the annual meeting. A meeting of the Academy Conference may be called between Annual Meetings by concurrence of a majority of the members of Council; provided, however, that the membership shall be notified of such called meeting no less than thirty (30) days prior to the date that such meeting Is to be held. Forty accredited members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business by an Academy Conference. Section 3. Each Section shall annually arrange a program oriented to its area of scientific interest; provided, however, such programs shall be compatible with the purpose of the Academy and scheduled within the framework of the general meeting program of the Academy. Section 4. The fiscal year of the Academy shall be from January 1 through December 31. Section 5. The parliamentary procedure for all meetings of this organization shall be governed by Robert’s Rules of Order Revised, and Council shall provide for a Parliamentarian. ARTICLE IX: ESTABLISHMENT OF SECTIONS Section 1. Sections as defined in Article III with the approval of Council, may be organized by an accredited group of members. Each Section shall annually arrange a scientific program related to its area of interest. Section 2. Such a Section may become accredited and established after it has conducted one successful program at an annual meeting of the Academy. Section 3. Any Constitution and Bylaws changes proposed by a Section must conform to the provisions of the Academy Constitution and Bylaws and shall be submitted to Council for review and approval prior to adoption by Section. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 5 Section 4. Any Section which fails to conduct a program at two successive Academy annual meetings, may be dropped as a Section by action of Council; but, may be reinstated after subsequently conducting one successful program. Section 5. When established, all Section names shall be enumerated in the Academy Bylaws, and thereby subject to provisions of Article XIII, Section 1 . ARTICLE X: ELECTION OF ACADEMY AND SECTION OFFICERS Section 1 . A "Nominations and Elections Committee" consisting of three recent Past Presidents, appointed by the President, shall establish a slate of nomina¬ tions for the positions of President-Elect, Vice President, Secretary, and Treasurer and conduct an election for same in accordance with procedures specified by Academy Bylaws. Section 2. Upon election, officers shall serve one-year terms commencing at the annual meeting at which their election is announced and continuing until the next annua! meeting; provided, however, the President-Elect shall automat¬ ically ascend to the position of President at the end of this scheduled term of office and at any prior time that the office of President may be vacated; however, such person shall not serve as President beyond the term that such person was originally scheduled to serve as President. Section 3. All interim vacancies in Academy offices, other than President, occurring between annual Academy Conferences, shall be filled by Council from names of persons recommended by the Executive Committee. Persons so selected shall serve until the next Academy Conference. Section 4. Each Section shall elect from their members; A. A Chair and a Secretary for one-year terms of office. B. A Representative to Council in accordance with the provisions of Article VII. C. Other officers desired. Section 5. Persons to fill vacancies in Section offices which occur between Annual Meetings shall be designated by the Council Representative from that Section. Section 6. All Elected officers shall serve without remuneration, but, at the discretion of Council, may be reimbursed for certain expenses incurred in conducting the business of the Academy. 6 ARTICLE XI: COMMITTEE STRUCTURE, APPOINTMENTS. TERMS. ETC. Section 1. Except as provided otherwise, all Standing Committees shall be composed of three (3) or more members, and the President shall designate Committee Chairs, and appoint approximately one-third of the members of each Committee for terms of three (3) years, and shall subsequently appoint members to fill unexpired terms that occur periodicaliy. Section 2. The Research Committee shall be composed of five (5) members, each appointed for a term of five (5) years. One new member shall be appointed each year by the President to replace the member whose term expires; unexpired terms shall also be filled by appointment by the President. The senior member of the Committee shall be Chair. Section 3. A Trust Committee, composed of three (3) accredited members, shall be elected by Council, to serve for terms of three (3) years on a rotational basis. The members of this Committee shall place In trust and supervise the management of Academy investments subject to annual review by Council. The Committee shall elect its own Chair; provided, however, that should it be unable to do so, the President shall name the Chair. Section 4. The President and Council shall assign operational matters to appropriate Standing Committees; however, the President and/or Council may establish Special Committees as the need arises. ARTICLE XII: JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE The Academy shall provide financial support, leadership, and supervision to a Junior Academy of Science. Effective working relationships shall be maintained with such Junior Academy of Science, through the Junior Academy of Science Committee. ARTICLE XIII: BYLAWS AND AMENDMENTS Section 1 . Council shall promulgate appropriate Bylaws to implement or further clarify the Articles of this Constitution. The establishment or amendment of such Bylaws shall require an affirmative vote of a majority of the total member¬ ship of Council; provided, that all proposed Bylaws or amendments shall be distributed to the membership or published in an issue of The Virginia Journai of Science at least thirty (30) days prior to action by Council. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 7 Section 2. This Constitution may be changed or amended, after the recom¬ mendation of a majority of the total membership of Council, by a two-thirds majority of an Academy Conference, provided all proposed changes shall be submitted to members of Council in writing no less than fifteen (15) days prior to the Council Meeting at which such proposals are to be considered and further provided that subsequent to approval by Council, all proposed amendments shall be published in The Virginia Journal of Science or distributed in writing to the membership no less than twenty five (25) days nor more than fifty (50) days prior to presentation to an Academy Conference for adoption. Section 3. All provisions of the Constitution and Bylaws in effect prior to the adoption of this Constitution, except the provisions of this Article, shall rule until new Bylaws are duly established in accordance with Section 1 of this Article. ARTICLE XIV: ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION The Articles of Incorporation of this organization (Charter) shall conform to the provisions of this Constitution and all amendments hereafter adopted. The Constitution and Bylaws Committee shall review and coordinate all neces¬ sary appropriate revisions of both documents and be responsible for the submission of all required reports to the State Corporation Commission and other governmental entities, annually or as otherwise required by law. ARTICLE XV: DISSOLUTION OR LIQUIDATION Section 1 . In the event of dissolution or liquidation, all liabilities and obligations of the Academy shall be paid, satisfied and discharged. Section 2. All assets remaining, including those received and held for scientific and educational purposes, shall be transferred to one or more societies or organizations engaged in activities substantially similar to those of the Academy; provided however, that no assets shall accrue to the benefit of any officer or member of the Academy. 8 BYLAWS OF VIRGINIA ACADEIVIY OF SCIENCE ARTICLE 1: TYPES OF MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Section 1 . There shall be nine types of members: regular, student, contributing, sustaining, life, patron, honorary life, business, and emeritus. Section 2. Dues of the first four types of members shall be as follows: A. Regular members shall pay annual dues of twenty-five dollars ($25.00). B. Student members shall pay annual dues of ten dollars ($10.00). C. Contributing members shall be Individuals who elect to pay annual dues of thirty dollars ($30.00). D. Sustaining members shall be individuals who elect to pay annual dues of fifty dollars ($50.00) or more, and institutions which shall pay annual dues of one hundred dollars ($100.00) or more. E. To be in good standing the foregoing types of members must pay the specified dues by July 1 . Section 3. Life members shall be individuals who elect to pay to the Academy the sum of three hundred dollars ($300.00) and thereby become exempt from further payment of dues. Section 4. Patrons shall be those persons who have given to this organization the sum of one thousand dollars ($1 ,000.00) or its equivalent in property. They shall have all the rights and privileges of Regular Members and shall be exempt from dues. An institution may also become a Patron by meeting the above requirement. Its representative shall have all the rights and privileges of regular members. Section 5. Honorary Life members shall be persons elected by the Council for long and distinguished service to science. They shall have all the rights and privileges of Regular Members and shall be exempt from dues. Previous active membership in this organization shall not be a requirement of eligibility. Section 6. Business or industrial organizations, which elect to pay dues of one hundred dollars ($100.00) annually, shall be Regular Business Members of the Academy, or may elect to: A. Pay annual dues of three hundred dollars ($300.00) and be designated Contributing Business Members, or B. Pay annual dues of five hundred dollars ($500.00) and be designated Sustaining Business Members. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 9 Section 7. Emeritus Members shall be persons who have been active Academy members for at least ten years and retired from full-time employment. These Members shall have all rights and privileges of regular membership but will be exempt from dues. Eligibility for Emeritus membership status will be deter¬ mined by requests to the Membership Committee. ARTICLE II: DUTIES OF OFFICERS Section 1. The President shall be the directing head of the Academy, shall preside at business meetings and general sessions of the organization, and shall appoint the members of the standing committees and of new committees authorized by the Council, in accordance with Article XI of the Constitution. Section 2. The President-Elect shall assist the President as mutually agreed between them and shall serve as President in the latter’s absence. The President-Elect shall furnish the Editor of The Virginia Journal of Science, in time for publication with the Summer issue of The Virginia Journal of Science, a list of committee memberships which he or she has set up to assist him or her during his or her year as President . The President-Elect shall distribute that list to Council at the Annual Meeting at which he or she automatically ascends to President. The President-Elect begins a three year term serving as a member of the Finance and Endowment Committee. Section 3. The Vice President shall be responsible for coordinating the scientific programs of the Annual Meeting. The Vice President shall serve as a member of the Membership Committee. Section 4. The Secretary shall be responsible for keeping complete records of the Academy Conference and all meetings of the Council and Executive Committee. Section 5. The Treasurer shall: A. Account for the income and disbursements through one Academy General Fund Account. B. Keep the membership lists of the Academy up-to-date. C. Upon request, supply the Secretary and others a list of all members in good standing. D. Receive and disburse all funds as approved by Council and directed by the President or Chair of the Finance Committee and Endowment Committee. E. Submit to Council annually a written report of all receipts and disbur¬ sements, accompanied by a statement of audit from a certified public accountant. 10 F. Furnish quarterly financial summaries to the Executive Committee, members of Council, and to members of the Finance Committee. G. Prepare annually and present to the Finance and Endowment Commit¬ tee for review a proposed budget for Academy operations. Section 6. The Treasurer and all administrative employees engaged in the receipt and disbursement of funds shall be adequately bonded. Section 7. All officers shall be ex-officio members of all Academy Committees. ARTICLE III: DUTIES OF STANDING COMMITTEES Section 1. The Research Committee shall; A. Review and award Academy Research Grants. B. Arrange for and present the J. Shelton Horsley Research Award. Section 2. The Long Range Planning Committee shall: A. Develop and advise Council on broad policies which will affect the Academy in the future. B. Solicit and study suggestions from the membership for the improve¬ ment of Academy activities. C. Investigate and evaluate proposed projects, publications and other factors that may relate to the long-range effectiveness of the Academy. D. Advise and consult with other Academy Committees relative to the aforegoing and make recommendations to such committees concern¬ ing the effectiveness of their various activities. Section 3. The Junior Academy of Science Committee of the Virginia Academy of Science shall: A. Assist the Executive Committee in selecting a Director and an As¬ sociate Director for the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. B. Coordinate with the Director activities of The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Including development, expansion, and the annual meet¬ ings. C. Review funding proposals for the Virginia Junior Academy of Science and submit appropriate recommendations to the Executive Committee or other designated committees in a timely manner. D. Publish and distribute Proceedings of Virginia Junior Academy of Science. E. Select student representatives and alternates to attend The American Junior Academy of Science. F. Solicit membership and participation in Virginia Junior Academy of Science programs and projects. G. Support and participate In all other programs and activities related to the work of Virginia Junior Academy of Science. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 11 H. Set up procedures for selecting the top students and declare and announce them to be State Winners in the Virginia Science Talent Search, and all other contestants as runners-up. I. Carry out other duties that support the development of science in education as approved by Council. Section 4. The Membership Committee shall: A. Make recommendations to Council, the Executive Committee and officers relative to policies on general membership. B. Promote membership growth and seek adequate representation from all scientific disciplines. C. Sponsor a Business Advisory Committee for the purpose of creating understanding between science and business, and to solicit business memberships to the Academy. Section 5. The Finance and Endowment Committee shall: A. Monitor and appraise income and expenditures, and make appropriate recommendations to the President, Executive Committee and Council. B. Estimate annually the anticipated income of the Academy and prepare a proposed budget for consideration by Council at its Fall meeting. C. Seek and encourage the establishment of endowments to the benefit of Academy activities. D. Have at least one member of this Committee be a member of the T rust Committee. Section 6. The Trust Committee shall: A. Place in trust and supervise the management of funds of the Academy designated by Council or othen/vise for investment. B. Review all Academy investments annually and make appropriate ad¬ justments subject to approval of Council. Section 7. The Publications Committee shall: A. Develop and implement a continuing policy of review and evaluation of Academy publications. B. Present to Council annually through the Finance Committee the budgetary needs of the several Academy periodical publications. C. Make recommendations to Council relative to priority, publication, finance and distribution of non-recurring publications. D. Select and recommend to Council, as necessary; an Editor for the Virginia Journal of Science, and members of the editorial Board. E. Enlist the interest of all groups In worthwhile publications by the Academy. 12 Section 8. The Awards Committee shall: A. Select recipients of the Ivey F. Lewis Distinguished Service Award to be presented periodically to a member who has made significant contributions toward the activities of the Virginia Academy of Science. B. Select recipients of Special Awards periodically as directed by Council. C. Accept and submit to Council nominations for fellows in accordance to Article V of the Constitution and Article V of the Bylaws. Section 9. The Fund Raising Committee shall: A. From time to time at the direction of Council, plan, organize, and coordinate appropriate fund raising campaigns in support of Academy activities or projects contingent to the purposes of the Academy. Section 10. The Nominations and Elections Committee shall: A. Mail to the membership on or about January 1 each year a request for nominations of persons to fill the offices of President-Elect, Vice Presi¬ dent, Secretary and Treasurer. B. Nominate a slate of one person for each of the aforenamed offices and present report to Council for informational purposes. C. Mail slate of nominees to members advising that names may be added to the slate by 25 members petitioning the committee on behalf of each name to be added. D. Prepare ballots with or without additional nominees as the case may be and mail to membership with registration and other information relative to annual meeting Indicating deadline and address for return of ballot to committee. E. Count ballots and announce results at the Academy Conference. Should a tie vote result for any office, the Academy Conference shall vote on the nominees. In all cases, the nominee receiving the largest number of favorable votes shall be elected; provided, however, that only members in good standing may cast ballots. Section 1 1 . The Constitution and Bylaws Committee shall: A. Periodically receive and prepare drafts of all proposed changes in constitution as the occasion arises and present same to Council and membership for consideration as set forth in the constitution. B. Draft all Bylaw changes as directed by Council and notify membership of such changes. C. Update articles of Incorporation (Charter) as required. D. Provide a Parliamentarian for ail Council meetings and Academy Con¬ ferences. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 13 Section 12. The Virginia Flora Committee shall: A. Promote the study of and publications of the flora and vegetation of Virginia. B. Sponsor symposia and conferences on the ecology, conservation, and preservation of the plant life of Virginia. C. Disseminate botanical information to all who are interested in the flora and ecology of Virginia. D. Serve as liaison between the Academy, government bodies, and in¬ stitutions in matters pertaining to the plant life of Virginia. Section 13. The Science Advisory Committee Shall: A. Provide scientific and technical Information and advice requested by the Executive, Legislative, and other governmental bodies and agen¬ cies of the Commonwealth of Virginia. B. Serve as liaison for the collection and transfer of scientific information and/or advice solicited in (A). C. Collect and evaluate suggestions and opinions regarding topics of general public interest wherein science and technology may provide assistance, but where such assistance has not been requested. The Science Advisory Committee will make recommendations to the Academy, to the Executive Committee, and/or the Council of the Academy for review and approval. The Science Advisory Committee, upon direction of Council or Executive Committee, shall serve as a conduit for placement of such information before the appropriate Executive, Legislative, or other governmental body or agency. D. Maintain an inventory of scientific interests and expertise of individuals within the Academy who are willing to serve in an advisory and/or consultant capacity to state government. E. At no time operate beyond constraints considered as proper conduct for a non-profit organization. F. Append all reports and recommendations with a statement as follows; 'The Virginia Academy of Science assumes no legal or financial respon¬ sibility for the utilization or dispersal of scientific and technical data or advice provided by the science Advisory Committee, further, the Academy assumes no responsibility, financial or other-wise, to governmental agents or agencies, institutions, individuals or commit¬ tee members pursuant to the conduct and activities of this Committee." Section 14. The Science Education Committee shall: A. Promote science education in the State of Virginia. B. Disseminate information about scientific matters and scientific topics of current interest. C. Respond to requests for assistance in matters dealing with education in the areas of mathematics and science, such as are embraced by the various Academy Sections and as directed by the President and Council of the Academy. 14 D. Assist and cooperate with the Virginia State Department of Education in planning and conducting the annual State Science Teachers Con¬ ference, K-12. Delegated members of the Committee may hold and be responsible for funds generated by the activities of the State Science Teachers Conference, solely forthe purpose of funding the Conference meetings. These funds shall remain separate from other funds of the Academy. Section 15. The Archives Committee shall: A. Address the business of collection, assembly, organization, catalogu¬ ing and storage of records, documents, awards and paraphernalia associated with the history and development of the Academy. B. Secure an Institutional repository for storage of the inactive records of the Academy. C. Secure the services of a qualified individual to establish and maintain the aforementioned records, as the official Archivist of the Academy; and such person shall be extended honorary membership in the Academy. D. Assist, and cooperate, with the Archivist In securing and screening of records and documents destined for permanent storage in the Ar¬ chives. Section 16. The Committee on the Environment shall: A. Maintain close liaison with organizations and agencies involved in environmental study and management. B. Keep informed of the status of Virginia’s environment, noting particular¬ ly those problems and issues amenable to scientific research. C. Cooperate with the Science Advisory Committee in advising and providing information to private and public environmental agencies and bodies. ARTICLE IV: THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Section 1 . The Academy shall publish The VirginiaJournal of Science quarterly. Section 2. The staff of The Virginia Journai of Science shall be composed of: A. An editor recommended by the Publications Committee and appointed by Council for a three-year term. B. Such Associate Editors, Assistant Editors, or Editorial Board Members, appointed by the President, as are recommended by the Editor and the Publications Committee. C. Editors designated by individual Sections. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 15 Section 3. All members of the Academy shall receive The Virginia Journai of Science. Section 4. Subscriptions may be sold to non-members at a rate established by the Publications Committee and approved by Council. ARTICLE V: RULES AND PROCEDURES FOR SELECTING FELLOWS Section 1 . A Fellow must be nominated by at least three members of the Academy. The Academy Council must approve each Fellow by a majority vote. It will be the usual procedure to announce new Fellows at an Annual Meeting. Section 2. Nominations for Fellows with appropriate biographical Information shall be sent directly to the Executive Secretary-Treasurer annually prior to October 1 . All information received shall be forwarded to the Chair of the Awards Committee for review and recommendations to Council prior to the subsequent Annual Meeting. All nominees not recommended by the Commit¬ tee or not acted upon favorably by Council shall remain in consideration for one additional year. Section 3. No more than twenty-five fellowships will be approved the first year. After the first year, no more than one-half of one percent of the total active membership shall be selected in any one year. The limiting number of Fellows shall not exceed five percent of the total active membership of the Academy. However, nothing in this section shall preclude the election of one Fellow each year. Section 4. All Fellows shall be presented with a suitably inscribed scroll. Section 5. Appropriate announcement of new Fellows shall be made in The Virginia Journai of Science. 16 ARTICLE VI: THE DULY ORGANIZED SECTIONS OF THE ACADEMY The duly organized scientific sections of the Academy are: (1) Agriculture, Forestry, and Aquaculture (2) Astronomy, Mathematics, and Physics (3) Microbiology and Molecular Biology (4) Biology (5) Chemistry (6) Materials Science (7) Biomedical and General Engineering (8) Geology (9) Medical Sciences (10) Psychology (11) Education (12) Statistics (13) Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences (14) Botany (15) Environmental Science (16) Archaeology (17) Computer Science (18) Geography (19) Natural History and Biodiversity ARTICLE VII: OFFICIAL REPRESENTATION OF THE ACADEMY Section 1. Where official representation of the Academy is desirable, the President, the President’s designees, or an official representative appointed by Council shall represent The Academy. Section 2. No Officer or Academy Member shall receive reimbursement from Academy funds for such purposes except as included in the annual budget of the Academy or separately approved by Council from available funds. Section 3. The official representative to serve as delegate to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) shall be appointed by Council for a term designated by the AAAS. Actual expenses of the official representative in attending the Annual Meeting of AAAS may be paid if the funds are included in the budget or separately approved by Council. Section 4. The official representative to serve on the Board of Trustees of the Science Museum of Virginia shall be recommended by Council and serve as an ex officio member of Council. Actual expenses of the official representative may be paid if the funds are included In the budget or separately approved by Council. Expenses payable by the Board or Science Museum of Virginia shall not be reimbursed by the Academy. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 17 ARTICLE VIII: MEETINGS AND BUSINESS The annual meeting of this organization shall be held in the Spring of each year at a time and place selected by Council, which shall arrange for all appropriate sessions. ARTICLE IX: EXECUTIVE SECRETARY-TREASURER Section 1 . The position of Executive Secretary-Treasurer is hereby established for the purpose of providing administrative assistance to the officers and committee chairs. Section 2. The Executive Committee shall select a qualified person for this position, specify his or her duties, and set appropriate remuneration which shall be approved by Council. Section 3. The Incumbent of this position shall serve at the pleasure of the Executive Committee, subject to review by Council. Section 4. The incumbent of this position shall attend all Council and Executive Committee Meetings and may participate in all deliberations as circumstances dictate, but, shall not have a vote in either body. ARTICLE X: VISITING SCIENTISTS PROGRAM DIRECTOR Section 1, The position of Visiting Scientists Program Director is hereby established for the purpose of implementing a Visiting Scientists Program in cooperation with the State Board of Education. Section 2. The Executive Committee upon recommendation of the President shall select a qualified person for this position and approve guidelines for the conduct of the program. Section 3. The incumbent of this position shall serve at the pleasure of the Executive Committee, subject to review by Council. 18 ARTICLE XI: THE DIRECTOR OF THE VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Section 1 . The position of Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science is hereby established for the purpose of providing leadership, supervision, and administrative support to the Virginia Junior Academy of Science and the Junior Academy of Science Committee. Section 2. The Executive Committee, subject to the approval of Council, shall select a qualified volunteer for this position. Section 3. The incumbent of this position shall serve at the pleasure of the Executive Committee subject to review by Council. Section 4. Duties of the Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. A. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall provide leader¬ ship, supervision and administrative support to the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. B. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall be a member of The Virginia Academy of Science, shall attend all Council and Executive Committee meetings and may participate in all deliberations. C. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall prepare an annual budget for the Virginia Junior Academy of Science and submit the Virginia Junior Academy of Science budget with Virginia Junior Academy of Science Committee recommendations to the Academy Finance and Endowment Committee by September 1 . D. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall coordinate all fund raising by the Virginia Junior Academy of Science with the Fund Raising Committee, The Trust Committee, and The Finance and En¬ dowment Committee. E. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall be responsible for the program of Virginia Junior Academy of Science at the annual meeting of the Academy and coordinate Virginia Junior Academy of Science activities with the Virginia Academy of Science Program Chair. F. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall be responsible for the development and expansion of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science as approved by Council. G. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall serve as Chair the Junior Academy of Science Committee with the approval of the President. H. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall carry out other duties specified by the Virginia Junior Academy of Science Committee or the Executive Committee as approved by Council. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 19 ARTICLE XII: ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF THE VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Section 1 . The position of Associate Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science is hereby established for the purpose of providing administrative assistance to the Junior Academy of Science Committee, the Chair of the Junior Academy of Science Committee and the Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. Section 2. The Executive Committee, subject to the approval of Council, shall select a qualified person for the position, specify his or her duties, and set appropriate remuneration, if any. Section 3. The incumbent of this position shall serve at the pleasure of the Executive Committee, subject to annual review by Council and by the Junior Academy of Science Committee. Section 4. The incumbent of this position shall be a member of the Virginia Academy of Science, attend all Council meetings and ail Virginia Junior Academy of Science Committee meetings, and may participate in all delibera¬ tions as circumstances dictate, but shall not have a vote In either body. ARTICLE XIII: VIRGINIA SCIENTISTS NEWSLETTER Section 1. The Virginia Academy of Science shall publish periodically the Virginia Scientists as its newsletter. Section 2. The staff of the Virginia Scientists shall be composed of: A. An Editor recommended by the Publications Committee and appointed by Council for a three-year term. B. Such Associate Editors, Assistant Editors, or Editorial board Members, appointed by the President, as are recommended by the Editor. Section 3. The Editor shall serve on the Publications Committee and on Council. Section 4. All members of the Virginia Academy of Science shall receive the Virginia Scientists. ARTICLE XIV: OFFICIAL ABBREVIATIONS Section 1 . The official abbreviation for the Virginia Academy of Science shall be VAS. 20 FUTURE MEETINGS AND CHAIRS OF LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS COMMITTEES 73rd VAS...54th VJAS...May 23-26, 1995 Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia D. Rae Carpenter, Jr., Department of Physics and Astronomy, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington VA 24450 703-464-7503 (O) Richard B. Minnix, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington VA 24450 703-464-7505 (O) MINNIXRB%PHYSICS%VMI@IST.VMLEDU (For list of Committee Members in charge of scheduling, registration, exhibits, etc.; see Special Committee on Local Arrangements hstings.) 74th VAS...55th VJAS...May 1996 Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia Thomas W. Haas, Director, Cooperative Graduate Engineering Program Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 232284-2009 804-367-0266 FAX: 804-367-9164 THAAS@CABELL.VCU.EDU 75th Anniversary of The Virginia Academy of Science 56thVJAS...May 1997 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 76th VAS...57th VJAS...May 1998 George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia George W. Mushrush, Department of Chemistry, George Mason University, 4000 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia 22030 703-993-1080 or 1070 (O) FAX: 703-993-3193 77th VAS...58th VJAS...May 1999 Old Dominion University, Hampton, Virginia (NOTE: Academy Central Office, Publications, and other frequently used addresses and phones are listed on the inside back cover.) 21 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology Randolph-Macon College, Ashland VA 23005 804-752--7203 (O) FAX: 804-752-7345 804-740-1492 (H) EFALLS@RMC.EDU President-Elect Thomas O. Sitz, Dept, of Biochemistry & Anaerobic Microbiology Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 703-231-4970 (O) 703-951-7332 (H) Secretary Rosemary Barra, Department of Biological Sciences Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg VA 22401 703-899-4697 (O) FAX: 703-899-4373 Treasurer Kenneth C. Jacobs, Department of Physics Box 9661, Hollins College, Roanoke VA 24020 703-362-6478 (O) FAX: 703-362-6422 Immediate Past President James P. O’Brien, Department of Psychology- VBC Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach VA 23456 804-427-7171 (O) or 7207 (Secy) FAX: 804-427-7326 804-423-4113 (H) Director, Virginia Junior Academy of Science Donald R. Cottingham 910 Greenway Court #1, Norfolk VA 23507 804-622-6239 (H) FAX: 804-622-4412 Executive Secretary-Treasurer (Non-Voting) Blanton M. Bruner, Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond VA 23173 804-367-8971 (O) 804-740-8308 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311 22 Assistant Executive Secretary-Treasurer (Non-Voting) Arthur W. Burke, Jr. 9699 Shady Grove Road, Mechanicsville, VA 23111 804-287-4340 (O) 804-746-3283 (O) 1994-95 ACADEMY COUNCIL ELECTED OFFICERS President Elsa O. Falls, Department of Biology Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005 804-752-7203 (O) or 798-8372 (Secy) FAX: 804-752-7345 804-740-1492 (H) President-Elect Thomas O. Sitz, Dept, of Biochemistry & Anaerobic Microbiology Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 703-231-4970 (O) 703-951-7332 (H) Secretary Rosemary Barra, Department of Biological Sciences Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg VA 22401 703-899-4697 (O) FAX: 703-899-4373 Treasurer Kenneth C. Jacobs, Department of Physics Box 9661, Hollins College, Roanoke VA 24020 703-362-6478 (O) FAX: 703-362-6642 Executive Secretary-Treasurer (Non- Voting) Blanton M. Bruner, Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond 23220 804-367-8971 (O) 804-740-8308 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311 Assistant Executive Secretary-Treasurer (Non-Voting) Arthur W. Burke, Jr. 9699 Shady Grove Road, Mechanicsville, VA 23111 804-287-4340 (O) 804-746-3283 Director, Virginia Junior Academy of Science Donald R. Cottingham 910 Greenway Court #1, Norfolk, VA 23507 804-622-6239 (H) FAX: 804-622-4412 23 Immediate Past Presidents (3) 1993-94:James P. O’Brien, Department of Psychology- VBC Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach VA 23456 804-427-7171 (O) or 7207 (Secy) FAX: 804-427-7326 804-423-4113 (H) 1992-93:Golde I. Holtzman, Department of Statistics Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0439 703-231-8356 (O) FAX: 703-231-3863 HOLTZMAN@VTVMl.CC.VT.EDU 1991-92:Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Department of Physics James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6109 (O) 703-568-6328 (O) 703-433-1251 (H) FAC_^TAYL@JMUVAX Editor, The Virginia Journal of Science (1996) James H. Martin, Department of Biology-PRC, J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Box 85622, Richmond, VA 23285-5622 804-371-3064 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311 SRMARTJ@VCCSCENT Director, Visiting Scientists Program (1996) Jack Cranford, 2113 B Derring Hall, Department of Biology Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 703-231-5371 (O) CRANFORD@VTVM2 AAAS/NAAS Representative (1995) Ertle Thompson, Ruffner Hall University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 804-924-0840 (O) 804-293-7330 (H) Science Museum of Virginia Trustee (1996) Vera B. Remsburg 236 Barter Drive, Box 1230, Abingdon, VA 24210 703-628-6236 (H) Editor, Vii^inia Scientists (1995) Gregory C. Cook, Tidewater Commimity College, 7000 College Dr., Portsmouth, VA 23703 804-484-2121, Ext. 367 (O) TCCOOKG@VCCSCENT 24 Gwathmey and Jeffress Trusts Allocation Committee Representative (Non- Voting) (1996) Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry, MCVA^CU Box 980614, Richmond, VA 23298-0614 804-828-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H) FAX: 804-828-0104 BRANDT@VCUVAX SECTION REPRESENTATIVES TO COUNCIL Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences Section (1997) Fred H. Lutze, Jr., Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 703-231-6409 (O) Agriculture, Forestry, and Aquaculture Section (1997) Scott H. Newton, Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (VDACS), P.O. Box 1163, Richmond, VA 23209 804-876-4435 (O) FAX: 804-371-7786 Archaeology Section (1996) J. Mark Wittkofski, Virginia Dept, of Transportation, Richmond District, P.O. Box 3402, Colonial Heights, 23834-9002 804-524-6269 (O) FAX: 804-524-7008 Astronomy, Mathematics, and Physics Section (1996) Kenneth C. Jacobs, Physics Department, Box 9661 Hollins College, Roanoke, VA 24020 703-362-6478 (O) Biology Section (1996) Carolyn M. Conway, Department of Biology, Box 8422012 Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2012 804-828-1562 (O) 804-746-2475 (H) CCONWAY@CABELL Biomedical and General Engineering (1 vote, 2 Co-Representatives) (1996) Eleni Achilleos and Penny Pagona, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management- VBC, Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach, VA 23456 804-427-7311 (O) FAX: 804-427-7326 25 Botany Section (1995) Marion Blois Lobstein, NVCC-Manassas Campus 6901 Sudley Road, Manassas 22110 703-257-6643 (O: NVCC-Manassas Campus) 703‘^536"7150 (H) FAX: 703-368-1069 Chemistiy Section (1997) George W, Mushrush, Department of Chemistry George Mason University, 4000 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030 703-993-^1080 (O) FAX: 703-993-3193 Computer Science Section (1996) Robert A. Willis, Jr., Department of Computer Science Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668 804-727-5835 (O) FAX: 804-727-5390 WILLIS@WILLIS.CS.HAMPTONU.EDU Education Section (1995) Thomas G. Teates, 305 Memorial Hall Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0313 703-231-5537 (O) FAX: 703-231-9075 TEATES@VTVM1 Environmental Science Section (1996) Michael L. Bass, Department of Environmental Science and Geology Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401 703-899-4358 (O) 703-972-2453 (H) FAX: 703-899-4766 Geography Section (1995) John (Jack) Gentile, Department of Geology and Geography James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6130 (O) FAX: 703-568-6920 Geology Section (1997) David Harbor, Geology Department Washington & Lee University, Lexington 24450 703-463-8871 HARBOR@WLU.EDU 26 Materials Science Section (1997) Kenneth Lawless, Department of Materials Science Thornton Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 804-924-3462 (O) KRL@VIRGINIA.EDU Medical Sciences Section (1995) Sandra P. Welch, Department of Pharmacology, Box 613 MCV/VCU, Richmond, VA 23298-0613 804-828-8424 (O) FAX: 804-828-2117 SWELCH@GEMS.VCU.EDU Microbiology and Molecular Biology Section (1995) Francis L. Macrina, Department of Microbiology, Box 678 MCVA^CU, Richmond, VA 23298 804-786-9699 (O) FAX: 804-786-9946 Natural History and Biodiversity Section (1997) C. Barry Knisley, Department of Biology Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005 804-752-7254 (O) FAX: 804-752-4724 Psychology Section (1996) Robert A. Berquest, Department of Psychology Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach, VA 23456 804-547-9272 (O) 804-490-8058 (H) FAX: 804-427-7326 Statistics Section (1995) John P. Morgan, Department of Mathematics and Statistics Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0077 804-683-3900 (O) 804-683-3882 (Dept.) FAX: 804-683-3885 JPM300F@ODUVM 27 CHAIRS OF STANDING COMMITTEES Archives Committee Golde L Holtzman, Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061-0439 703-231-8356 (O) FAX: 703-231-3863 HOLTZMAN@VTVMl.CC.VT.EDU Awards Committee Carolyn M. Conway, Department of Biology, Box 842012, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23227 804-828-1562 (O) 804-746-2475 (H) FAX:804-367-0503 Committee on the Environment J.J. Murray, Department of Biology, University of Virginia CharlottesviUe, VA 22903-2477 804-982-5771 (O) 804-973-6693 (H) Constitution and Bylaws Committee (Co-Chairs) Michael L. Bass, Department of Environmental Science and Geology Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401 703-899-4358 (O) 703-972-2453 (H) FAX: 703-899-4766 Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Physics Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6109 (O) 703-568-6328 (O) 703-433-1251 (H) FAC„TAYL@JMUVAX1 Finance and Endowment Committee (Co-Chairs) Arthur W. Burke, Jr., 9699 Shady Grove Road, Mechanicsville, VA 23111 804-287-4340 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) Paul J. Homsher, Dean’s Office, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 804-683-3274 (O) 804-497-6833 (H) Fund Raising Committee James P. O’Brien, Department of Psychology- VBC Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach VA 23456 804-427-7171 (O) or 7207 (Secy) FAX: 804-427-7326 804-423-4113 (H) 28 Junior Academy of Science Committee Donald R. Cottingham, 910 Greenway Court #1, Norfolk, VA 23507 804-622-6239 (H) FAX: 804-622-4412 Long Range Planning Committee Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry, MCVA^CU Box 980614, Richmond, VA 23298 804-786-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H) FAX: 804-786-1473 BRANDT@VCUVAX Membership Committee (Co-Chairs) Scott H. Newton, Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (VDACS), P.O. Box 1163, Richmond, VA 23209 804-786-4435 (O) FAX: 804-371-7786 John P. Morg^m, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0077 804-683-3900 (O) 804-683-3882 (Dept.) FAX: 804-683-3885 JPM300F@ODUVM Nominations and Elections Committee Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Department of Physics James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6109 (O) 703-568-6328 (O) 703-433-1251 (H) FAC TAYL@JMUVAX Publications Committee (Co-Chairs) James H. Martin, Department of Biology-PRC, J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Box 85622, Richmond, VA 23285-5622 804-371-3064 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311 Gregory C. Cook, Tidewater Community College, 7000 College Dr., Portsmouth VA 23703 804-484-2121, Ext. 367 (O) TCCOOKG@VCCSCENT 29 Research Committee Judy Niehaus, Biolo^ Department Box 6931, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142 703^831^5641 JNIEHAUS@RUACAD Science Advisory Committee (Co-Chairs) William L. Dewey, Research and Graduate Affairs, MCVA^CU, Box 568, Richmond, VA 23298 804-828-0732 (O) FAX: 804-786-1664 Ernest R. Stout, Research Division, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0244 703-231-9359 (O) FAX: 703-231-7522 Science Education Committee (Co-Chairs) Thomas G. Teates, 305 Memorial Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0313 703-231-5537 (O) 703-382-0542 (H) FAX: 703-231-9075 TEATES@VTVM1 Maurice P. Lynch, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point 23062 804-642-7151 (O) FAX: 804-642-6120 MLYNCH@VIMS.EDU Trust Committee D. Rae Carpenter, Jr,, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Virginia Mihtary Institute, Lexington, VA 24450 703-464-7225 (O) 703-463-4948 (H) Virginia Flora Committee J, Rex Baird, Department of Biology, Clinch Valley College, Wise 23219 703-328-0201 (O) 703-328-6540 (H) 30 CHAIRS OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES (Non-Voting) VAS Futures Committee D. Rae Carpenter, Jr., Department of Physics and Astronomy Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450 703-464-7225 (O) 703-463-4948 (H) Public Affairs Committee (Co-Chairs) Ralph P. Eckerlin, Naturcd Sciences Division, Northern Virginia Community College, Annandale, VA 22003 703-323-3234 (O) 703-256-3109 (H) FAX: 703-323-3215 Marion Blois Lobstein, NVCC - Manassas Campus, 6901 Sudley Rd., Manassas 22110 703-257-6643(0) 703-536-7150 (H) FAX: 703-368-1069 75th Anniversary Committee Golde I. Holtzman, Department of Statistics, VPI, Blacksburg 24061-0439 703-231-8356 (O) FAX: 703-231-3863 HOLTZMAN@VTVML.CC.VT.EDU 1995AnVII Local Arrangements Committee (Co-Chairs) D. Rae Carpenter, Jr., Department of Physics and Astronomy Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450 703-464-7503 (O) 703-463-4948 (H) Richard B. Minnix, Department of Physics and Astronomy Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450 703-464-7505 (O) FAX: 703-464-7213 MINNIXRB%PHYSICS%VMI@ist.vmi.edu 31 SECTIONS AND SECTION OFFICERS AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE SCIENCES Chain S. Naomi McMillin, NASA Langley Research Center, MS 413, Hampton, VA 2368-0001 804-864-5581 FAX: 804-864-8095 S.N.MCMILLIN@LARC.NASA.GOV Secretary; Henri Fuhrman, NASA Langley Research Center, MS 406 Hampton, VA 23681-0001 804-864-5254 FAX: 804-864-8291 FUHRMAN@AVD00.LARC.NASA.GOV Council Representative; Fred H. Lutze, Jr. (1997) Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, VPI&SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061 703-231-6409 Vice Chair; Leroy Spearman, NASA Langley Research Center, MS 406 Hampton, VA 23681-0001 804-864-5226 FAX: 804-864-8291 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND AQUACULTURE Chair: Scott H. Newton, VDACS P.O. Box 1163, Richmond, VA 23209 804-876-4435 FAX: 804-371-7786 Secretary; Ali Mohamed, VA State University P.O. Box 9259, Petersburg, VA 23806 804-524-6715 Council Representative; Scott H. Newton (1997) Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (VDACS), P.O. Box 1163, Richmond, VA 23209 804-786-4435 FAX: 804-371-7786 32 ARCHAEOLOGY Chair: Dennis B. Blanton, Department of Anthropology College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 804-221-2584 FAX: 804-221-2846 Secretary: Michael B. Barber, Jefferson National Forest 5162 Valleypointe Parkway, Roanoke, VA 24019 703-265-6052 FAX: 703-265-6058 Council Representative: J. Mark Wittkofski (1996) Va. Department of Transportation, Richmond District, P.O. Box 3402, Colonial Heights, VA 23834-9002 804-524-6269 FAX: 804-524-7008 Editor: Melba J. Myers, Department of Historic Resources, 221 Governor Street, Richmond, VA 23219 804-225-4263 FAX: 804-225-4261 College Representative: Kimberly N. Lowe, 414 Washington Avenue Roanoke, VA 24016 703-345-9706 ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS, AND PHYSICS Chair: James D. Lehman, James Madison University, Physics Department, Har¬ risonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6643 Secretary: Jane Cmter Webb, Dept, of Physics and Computer Science, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606-2998 804-594-7082 FAX: 804-594-7772 JWEBB@PCS.CNU.EDU Council Representative: Kenneth C. Jacobs (1996) Physics Department, Box 9661, Hollins College, Roanoke, VA 24020 703-362-6478 Editor: Ridgeley Lange, Department of Mathematics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668 804-727-5909 33 BIOLOGY Chain Gerald E. Meier, 16092 Deer Park Drive Montclair, VA 22026 703^670^3115 FAX: 703^670=^3115 GEMINIT@AOL.COM Secretary: Nancy Moncrief, Virginia Museum of Natural History, 1001 Douglas Avenue, Martinsville, VA 24112 703=^666==8614 FAX: 703--632-6487 MONCRIEF@AMAZON.EVSC.VIRGINIA.EDU Council Representative: Carolyn M. Conway Dept, of Biology, Box 842012, Va Commonwealth Univ. Richmond, VA 23284^2012 804^828H562 804^746^2475 (H) FAX: 804^367^0503 CCONWAY@CABELL Editor: Arthur F. Conway, Department of Biology Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005 804^752^7293 703-746^=2475 (H) Vice Chair: Harry F. Painter 8324 The Midway, Annandale, VA 22003 703-978-3343 BIOMEDICAL AND GENERAL ENGINEERING Chair: James Leathrum, Dept, of Elect. & Computer Engr., Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 804-683-3741 - FAX: 804-683-3220 LEATHRUM@ECESUN.EE.ODU.EDU Secretary: William P. Harrison, Engineering Fundamentals Division VPI&SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0218 703-231-6555 703-552-2427 (H) FAX: 703-231-6903 BILJ4EL@VTVM1.CC.VT.EDU (1996) 34 Council Co-Representative: Eleni Achilleos (1996) Civil Engineering Technology, Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach, VA 23456 804-427-7311 FAX: 804-427-7326 Council Co-Representative: Penny Pagona (1996) Indust. Eng. Technology, Tidewater Comm. Coll. Virginia Beach, VA 23456 804-427-7311 FAX: 804-427-7326 Editor: John B. Crittenden, Engineering Fundamentals Division VPI&SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0218 703-231-6555 FAX: 703-231-6903 BCRITTEN(g VTVM1.CC.VT.EDU Vice Chair: John W. Stoughton, Dept, of Elect. & Computer Engr. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0246 804-683-3741 FAX: 804-683-3220 JWS100F@EEFSOl.EE.ODU.EDU BOTANY Chair: Michael H. Renfroe, Department of Biology, James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6409 FAX: 703-568-3333 FAC_MRENFROE@VAXl.ACS.JMU.EDU Secretary: Stephen J. Binns, VDACS Seed Laboratory, 1 N 14th St., R. 238 Richmond, VA 23219 804-786-8795 FAX: 804-371-7790 Council Representative: Marion Blois Lobstein (1995) NVCC-Manassas Campus 6901 Sudley Road, Manassas, VA 22110 703-257-6643 FAX: 703-368-1069 Editor: Harold A. Adams, Dabney S. Lancaster Community College P.O. Box 1000, Clifton Forge, VA 24422 703-862-4246, Ext. 210 703-862-1251 (H) Vice Chair: David A. Breil, Department of Natural Science, Longwood College Farmville, VA 23909 804-395-2575 35 CHEMISTRY Chair: Frank Palocsay, Chemistry Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6634 FAX: 703-568-7938 FAC PALOCSAY@JMUVAXl Secretary: Terrell Wilson, Dept, of Chemistry, Virginia Mihtary Institute, Lexington, VA 24450 703-464-7244 WILSONRT%CHEMISTRY%VMI@ist.vmi.edu Council Representative: George W. Mushrush (1997) Chemistry Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 703-993-1080 (or 1070) FAX: 703-993-3193 Editor: Albert T. Sneden, Department of Chemistry, Box 2006, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006 804-367-1298 FAX: 804-367-8599 COMPUTER SCIENCE Chair: Gregory C. Cook, 7000 College Drive, Portsmouth, VA 23703 804-484-2121 EXT. 367 TCCOOKGCaVCCSCENT Secretary: Rita M. D’Arcangehs, Department of Computer Science, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401-5358 703-899-4867 RMD@S850.MWC.EDU Council Representative: Robert A. Wilhs, Jr. (1996) Department of Computer Science, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668 804-727-5835 FAX: 804-727-5390 WILLIS@WILLIS.CS.HAMPTONU.EDU Editor: Larry Morell, Department of Computer Science, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668 804-727-5556 MORELL@CS.HAMPTONU.EDU 36 EDUCATION Chair: Beatrice Taylor, 2405 Capistrano Street, Blacksburg, VA 24060 or 4413 Woods Edge Ct, ChantiUy, VA 22021 703-552-9783 703-378-8810 BTAYLOR@RADFORD.VAK12ED.EDU Secretary: Richard T. Strauss, Department of Instruction, Norfolk Public Schools, 800 E. City Hall Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23510 804-441-2508 FAX: 804-441-1589 Council Representative: Thomas G. Teates 305 Memorial Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0313 703-231-5537 FAX: 703-231-9075 TEATES@VTVM1 Editor: Alvin M. Pettus, Department of Secondary Education, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6486 FAX: 703-568-3780 APETTUS@VAX1.ACS Vice Chair: Pam Turpin, Roanoke College Salem, VA 703-375-2439 703-586-8067 (H) PTURPIN@ROANOK.EDU ENGINEERING (See Biomedical and General Engineering) ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Chair: David J. Moore, Department of Biology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142 703-831-5658 Secretary: Douglas Mose, Chemistry Department., George George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 703-993-1068 FAX: 703-273-2282 RCJONES@GMUVAX Council Representative: Michael L. Bass Department of Environmental Science and Geology, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401 703-899-4358 703-972-2453 (H) FAX: 703-899-4766 (1995) (1996) 37 Editor: R. Christian Jones, Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 703-993-1127 RCJONES@GMU.EDU FAX: 703-993-1046 Vice Chair: R. Christian Jones, Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 703-993-1127 FAX: 703-993-1046 RCJONES@GMU.EDU GEOGRAPHY Chair: Stephen E. Wright, Department of Geology and Geography James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6130 FAX: 703-568-6920 FAC__SWRIGHT@JMUVAX1 Secretary: Stephen E. Wright, Department of Geology and Geography James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6130 FAX: 703-568-6920 FAC^SWRIGHT@JMUVAX1 Council Representative: John (Jack) Gentile (1995) Department of Geology and Geography, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6130 FAX: 703-568-6920 GEOLOGY Chair: Debra Duffy, Geophysical Science Department, Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Cres., Virginia Beach, VA 23456 Secretary: David Harbor, Geology Department, Washington & Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450 703-463-8871 HARBOR@WLU.EDU Council Representative: David Harbor, Geology Department (1997) Washington & Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450 703-463-8871 HARBOR@WLU.EDU Vice Chair: Cullen Sherwood, Depaitment of Geology & Geography James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6473 FAC^WSHERWOO 38 MATERIALS SCIENCE Chair: Brian P. Somerday, Department of Materials Science Thornton Hall, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22903 BPSBD@VIRGINIA.EDU Secretary: James F. Groves, Department of Materials Science Thornton HaU, UVA, CharlottesviUe, VA 22903 JFGBE@VIRGINIA.EDU Council Representative: Kenneth Lawless (1997) Department of Materials Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 804-924^3462 KRL@VIRGINIA.EDU Editor: Wilham E. Benson, Jr., Department of Materials Science and Engineering Thornton Hall, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22903 804-982-5659 WEB9G@VIRGINIA.EDU Vice Chair: Kevin Stewart, Department of Materials Science, Thornton Hall UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22903 804-982-5790 KCS2C@VIRGINIA.EDU MEDICAL SCIENCES Chair: Craig Kinsley, Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173 804-289-8132 KINSLEY@URVAX.URICH.EDU FAX: 804-289-8943 Secretary: Lisa T. Alty, Department of Chemistry, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450 703-463-8872 ALTY.L@FS.SCIENCES.WLU.EDU FAX: 703-463-8479 Council Representative: Sandra P. Welch Department of Pharmacology, Box 613, MCVA^CU, (1995) Richmond, VA 23298-0613 804-828-8424 SWELCH@GEMS.VCU.EDU FAX: 804-828-2117 39 Vice Chair; Roman J. Miller, Department of Biology, Eastern Mennonite College, Harrisonburg, VA 22801 703-432-4412 FAX: 703-432-4444 MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Chain Judy H, Niehaus, Box 6931, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142 703-831-5641 Secretary; Charles H. O’Neal, Department of Microbiology, Box 678, MCVA^CU, Richmond, VA 23298-0678 804-786-9699 FAX: 804-786-9946 Council Representative; Francis L. Macrina Department of Microbiolo^, Box 678, MCVA^CU, Richmond, VA 23298-0678' 804-786-9699 FAX: 804-786-9946 Editor: Gail E. Christie, Department of Microbiology, Box 678 MCVA^CU, Richmond, VA 23298-0678 804-786-9093 FAX: 804-786-9946 NATURAL HISTORY AND BIODIVERSITY Chain Michael Kostarab, Department of Entomology, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0319 Secretary; Anne C. Lund, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23801 804-223-6175 Council Representative; C. Barry Knisley, Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005 804-752-7254 FAX: 804-752-4724 Editor: Joseph C. Mitchell, Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173 (1995) (1997) 40 PSYCHOLOGY Chair: W. George Jones, Department of Psychology, Danville Community College, 1008 S. Main Street, Danville, VA 24541 804-797-3553, Ext. 284 (O) 804-792-3440 (H) FAX: 804-792-6810 Secretary: Perry M. Duncan, Depairtment of Psychology Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 804-683-4447 (O), 804-627-1178 (H) FAX: 804-683-5087 Council Representative: Robert Berquest (1996) Department of Psychology, Tidewater Community College, 17()0 College Crescent, Virginia Beach, VA 23456 804-547-9272 (O) 804-490-8058 (H) FAX: 804-527-7326 Editor: Raymond H. Kirby, Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 804-683-4222 (O) 804-463-2627 (H) FAX: 804-683-5087 Vice Chair: Thomas P. Urbach, Cognitive Science Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450 703-463-8796 TURBACH@DAX.WLU.EDU STATISTICS (VAS Chapter, American Statistical Association) Chair: Larry Lee, Department of Math & Statistics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0077 804-683-3895 Secretary: Robert E. Johnson (Secretary-Treasurer), Department of Mathematical Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 23284-2014 804-367-1301 FAX: 804-367-8785 RJOHNSON@RUBY.VCU.EDU Council Representative: John P. Morgan (1995) Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0077 804-683-3900 (O) 804-683-3882 (Dept.) FAX: 804-683-3885 JPM300F@ODUVM 41 Editor: Narasinga Rao Chaganty, Department of Mathematics and Statistics Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 804-683-3897 NRC100F@ODU Vice Chair: D'Arcy Mays, Department of Math Sciences, VCU, Richmond, VA 23284-2014 804-367-1301 FAX: 804-367-8785 DMAYS@CABELL.VCU.EDU STANDING COMMITTEES ARCHIVES COMMITTEE Chair: Golde I. Holtzman, Department of Statistics (1996) VPI & SU, Blacksburg, 24061-0439. 703-231-8356 (O) FAX 703-231-3863 HOLTZMAN@VTVMl.CC.VT.EDU Martha Roane, Department of Plant Pathology, (1995) VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061 703-231-6361 (O) 703-552-2260 (H) Vera Remsburg (1997) 236 Barter Drive, Box 1230, Abingdon 24210 703-628-6236 (H) Academy Archivist, Stephen Zietz(Ex officio) Head, Special Collections, ATTN: VAS i^chives, 1020 Newman Library, VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0434 703-231-9205 (O) FAX: 703-231-9263 ZIETZ@VTVM1.CC.VT.EDU AWARDS COMMITTEE Chair: Carolyn M. Conway, Department of Biology, (1995) Box 842012, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23227 804-828-1562 (O) 804-746-2475 (H) FAX: 804-367-0503 Lisa T. Alty, Department of Chemistry (1996) Washington and Lee University, Lexington 24450 703-463-8927 (O) 703-464-8272 (Dept.) 804-384-7356 (H) ALTY.L@FSSCIENCES.WLU.EDU 42 W. R. (Rick) West, Jr. (1996) 6806 Lakewood Drive, Richmond 23229-6931 804-288-5796 (H) Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry, (1997) MCVA^CU, Box 614, Richmond, VA 23298 804-786-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H) FAX: 804-786-0104 BRANDT@VCUVAX Robert E. Johnson, Department of Mathematical Sciences, (1997) Virginia Cormnonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2014 804-367-1301 FAX: 804-367-8785 RJOHNSON@RUBY.VCU.EDU COMMITTEE ON THE ENVIRONMENT Chair: J. J. Murray, Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, (1995) University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903-2477 804-982-5771 (O) 804-982-5474 (Dept.) 804-973-6693 (H) Jay L. Comeaux, Department of Biology, (1995) VPI&SU, Blacksburg, 24061-040 703-231-6407 (O) G. Richard Whittecar, Department of Geology, (1995) Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529 804-683-5197 (O) David J. Moore, Biology Department, (1996) Radford University, Radford 24142 703-831-5658 (O) Robert K. Rose, Department of Biological Sciences, (1996) Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0266 804-683-3595 (O) 804-683-4202 (Dept.) FAX: 804-683-5283 Fred Stemple, Department of Biology (1996) Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach 23456 804-427-7191 (O) 804-498-8068 (H) FAX: 804-427-7326 43 R. Christian Jones, Department of Biolo^ George Mason University, Fairfax VA 22030 703^993^1127 FAX: 703-993-1046 RCTONES@GMUVAX Brian W. Moores, Department of Chemistry Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005 804^752^7245 (O) 804-227-3149 (H) CONSTrrUTION AND BYLAWS COMMITTEE Co-Chair: Michael L. Bass, Department of Environmental Sciences and Geology, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg 22401 703-899-4358 (O) 703-972-2453 (H) FAX: 703-899-4766 Co-Chair: Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Department of Physics, James Madison University, Harrisonburg 22807 703-568-6109 or -6328 (O) 703-433-1251 (H) FAC^TAYL@JMUVAX1 R. Dean Decker, Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond 23173 804-^9-8231 (O) 804-282-1631 (H) Michael Lyle, Department of Geology, Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach 23456 804-427-7189 (O) LYLEM@VCCS Lisa T. Alty, Department of Chemistry, Washington and Lee University, Le^gton, VA 24450 703-463-8927 ALTY.1@FS.SCIENCES.WLU,EDU (1997) (1997) (1995) (1995) (1995) (1996) (1997) 44 FINANCE AND ENDOWMENT COMMITTEE (According to Bylaw Article III, Section 5, Paragraph D, one member of the Trust Committee is a member of the Finance and Endowment Committee; see Paul J. Homsher). Co-Chair: Arthur W. Burke, Jr. (1995) 9699 Shady Grove Road, Mechanicsville, 23111 804-287-4340 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) Co-Chair: Paul J. Homsher, Dean’s Office, College of Sciences, (1997) Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529 804-683-3274 (O) 804-497-6833 (H) Golde I. Holtzman, Department of Statistics, (1997) Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0439 703-231-8356 (O) FAX: 703-231-3863 HOLTZMAN@VTVMl.CC.VT.EDU Kenneth C. Jacobs, Treasurer (One-year term, 1995) Hollins College, Roanoke, VA 24020 703-362-6478 (O) FAX: 703-362-6642 Blanton M, Bruner, Executive Secretary-Treasurer, (Non- voting) Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond 23220 804-367-8971 (O) 804-289-8763 (H) FAX 804-371-3311 FUND RAISING COMMITTEE Chair: James P. O’Brien, (1997) Department of Psychology- VBC Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach, VA 23456 804-427-7171 (O) or 7207 (Secy) FAX: 804-427-7326 804-423-4113 (H) Donald R. Cottingham (1995) 910 Greenway Court #1, Norfolk 23507 804-622-6239 (H) FAX 804-622-4412 Golde I. Holtzman, Department of Statistics, (1996) VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0439 703-231-8356 (O) 703-951-7259 (H) FAX 703-231-3863 HOLTZMAN@VTVMl.CC.VT.EDU 45 S. Naomi McMillan, NASA Langley Research Center, Mail Stop 413, NASA LRC, Hampton 23665^5225 804-864-5581 (O) MCMILLIN@SHABOO.LARC.NASA.GOV Preston H. Leake 401 Delton Avenue, Hopewell 23860 804-452-1743 (H) R. Dean Decker, Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond 23173 804-289-8231 (O) 804-282-1631 (H) FAX 804-289-8482 Alan E, J. Branigan Law Office of MMen, White, Zolano, and Branigan, P.C. Arlington Court House, Plaza 1, Suite 1400, 2200Clanrendon Blvd, Arlington 22201 703-243-6333 (O) FAX: 703-243-6410 JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE COMMITTEE Chair: Donald R. Cottingham (VJAS Director) 910 Greenway Court #1, Norfolk 23507 804-622-6239 (H) FAX 804-622-4412 Michael L. Bass (VAS President, 1989-90) Department of Environmental Sciences and Geology, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg 22401 703-899-4358 (O) 703-972-2453 (H) FAX: 703-899-4766 Susan Booth Kecoughtan High School, 522 Woodlawn Road, Hampton 23669 804-850-5000 (O) 804-874-9301 (H) Richard B. Brandt (VAS President, 1990-91) Department of Biochemistry, Box 614, MCVWCU, Richmond 23298 804-786-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H) FAX: 804-786-0104 BRANDT@VCUVAX Wilham D. Check, Department of Oceanography, 1054 W. 47th Street, Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0276 804-683-5172 (O) 804-683-4285 (Dept.) FAX 804-683-5303 804-722-2314 (H) (1996) (1996) (1996) (1997) (1995) (1995) (1996) (1995) (1996) 46 Eric J. Collins, Wytheville Community College, 1000 E. Main St., Wytheville 24382 703-228-5541 (O) 703-228-3066 (H) R. Dean Decker, Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond 23173 804-289-8231 (O) 804-282-1631 (H) FAX 804-289-8482 JeEme Dughi, Department of Instruction, Nofolk Pubhc Schools, P.O. Box 1357, Norfolk 23507 804-441-2508 (O) 804-497-7728 (H) FAX 804-441-1589 Jcunes E. Ezell 725 Watch Hill Road, Midlothian 23113 804-786-6101 (O: J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College) 804-794-2973 (H) Kathleen Frame 13112 Nestlewood Court, Herndon 22071 703-471-1134 (O) 703-476-6460 (H) Meg Gilman-King Gilhope Farm, Route 1, Box 2085, Ashland 23005 804-730-3395; Ext. 135 (O: Atlee High School) 804-798-7990 (H) Ann Hancock 501 John St., Ashland 23005 804-798-3246 (O) 804-798-8100 (H) Mary Frances Hobbs 103 Kennedy Court, Mechanicsville 23111 804-730-3395 (O: Atlee High School) 804-730-0913 (H) Golde I. Holtzman (VAS President, 1992-93) Department of Statistics, VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0439 703-231-8356 (O) 703-951-7259 (H) FAX 703-231-3863 HOLTZMAN@VTVMl.CC.VT.EDU Betty Wade Jones 1746 Westover Avenue, Petersburg 23805 804-733-2720 (O) 804-732-1275 (H) (1997) (1995) (1995) (1996) (1995) (1996) (1996) (1996) (1996) (1996) 47 Joan H. Jones 1810 Poplar Green Drive, Richmond 23233 804-740-7606 (H) Dorothy S. Knowlton 1426 North Quincy Street, Arlington 22207 703-358-6166 (O) 703-536-3495 (H) FAX 703-358-6188 John Kowalski Roanoke Valley Governor's School, 2104 Brandin Road, Roanoke 24015 703-981-2116 (O) Lee Larkin, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) Gloucester Point 23062 804-642-7172 (O) 804-693-6274 (H) Preston H. Leake 401 Delton Avenue, Hopewell 23860 804-452-1743 (H) Lisa L. Martin(Non-voting) 2404 Penniman Court, Richmond 23228 804-367-8971 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) Carole Massart 3649 Ferncliff Avenue NW, Roanoke 24017 703-981-2670 (O: Roanoke Public Schools) 703-890-4806 (H) Susan Steward 6711 B Washington Blvd, Arlington 22213 703-358-6900 (O) 703-237-8427 (H) H.W. (Chuck) Straley Woodberry Forest School, P.O. Box 79, Woodberry Forest 22989 703-672-3900 (O) 703-672-1634 (H) Richard Strauss, Department of Instruction, Norfolk Pubhc Schools, 800 E. City HaU Ave., Norfolk 23510 or 1308 Westmoreland Avenue, Norfolk 23508 804-441-2508 (O) 804-489-2627 (H) FAX 804-441-1589 (1995) (1997) (1996) (1995) (1997) (1996) (1996) (1995) (1997) 48 James R. (Bobby) Surry 36 Newport Avenue, Newport News 23601 804-591-4862 (O) 804-596-3301 (H) Gerald R. Taylor, Jr. (VAS President, 1991-92) Physics Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg 22807 703-568-6109 or -6328 (O) 703-433-1251 (H) FAC TAYL@JMUVAX1 Thomas Teates, Dept, of Curriculum & Instruction, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061 703-231-5537 (O) 703-382-0542 (H) Jane B. Turner Addison Jr. High School, 1220 Fifth St., N.W., Roanoke, VA 24016 703-981-2681 (O) 703-342-2681 (H) Judy Upchurch 325 Hamlet Road, Manakin-Sabot 23103 804-752-6000 (O) 804-784-3233 (H) Luella Van Newkirk 1116 N. Rochester Street, Arlington 22205 703-358-5400 (O) 703-536-5916 (H) Sarah Ward-Petroske 518 Fairfax Avenue, Norfolk 23507 804-446-5227 (O) 804-627-2293 (H) Thomasena H. Woods, Science Supervisor, Newport News Pubhc Schools, 12465 Warwick Blvd., Newport News 23606 804-591-4586 (O) 804-838-3722 (H) 1994-95 Virginia Junior Academy of Science Officers President: Timothy E. Brown (Gov. School for Gov’t, and Int’l. Studies, Hemico Co.) 2703 Lincoln Avenue, Richmond 23228 804-266-5553 (1997) (1995) (1997) (1997) (1997) (1997) (1995) (1995) 49 Vice President: Clay Sellers (Broadway, Broadway, VA) Route 1, Box 186, Linville 22834 703-833-5238 Secretary: David S. Zucker (H.B. Woodlawn, Arlington) 5329 Little Falls Rd., Ar^gton 22207 703-241-3758 LONG RANGE PLANNING COMMITTEE Chair: Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry, Box 980614, MCVA^CU, Richmond 23298 804-828-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H) FAX: 804-828-1473 BRANDT@VCUVAX Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005 804-752-7203 (O) FAX: 804-752-7345 804-740-1492 (H) EFALLS@RMC.EDU R. Dean Decker, Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond 23173 804-289-8231 (O) 804-282-1631 (H) FAX: 804-289-8482 Rosemary Barra, Department of Biological Sciences, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg VA 22401 703-899-4697 (0) FAX: 703-899-4373 Thomas O. Sitz, Department of Biochemistry & Anaerobic Microbiology, VPI & SU, Blacksbmg, 24061-0308 703-231-4970 (O) 703-231-6315(Leave Message) 703-951-7332 (H) FAX: 703-231-9070 MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Co-Chair: Scott H. Newton Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (VDACS), Box 1163, Richmond 23209 804-786-4435 (O) FAX: 804-371-7786 Co-Chair: John P. Morgan Department of Mathematics and Statistics, (1995) (1995) (1996) (1997) (1997) (1995) (1996) 50 Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0077 804-683-3900 (O) 804-683-3882 (Dept.) FAX: 804-683-3885 JPM300F@ODUVM Michael B. Barber, Jefferson National Forest, 210 Franklin Road, SW, Caller Service 2900, Roanoke 24001 703-982-6284 (O) Robert A. Berquist, Department of Psychology, Tidewater Community College, 1428 Cedar Road, Chesapeake 23320 804-547-9271 (O) 804-490-8058 (H) Eleni Achilleos, Civil Engineering Technologies, Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach 23456 804-427-7311 FAX: 804-427-7326 Joseph W. Rudmin, Department of Physics, James Madison University, Harrisonburg 22807 703-568-6548 FAC_RUDMIN@VAX1.CS.JMU.EDU Kathryn E. Strozak, CEBAF, Mail Stop 16C, 12000 Jefferson Avenue, Newport News 23606 804-255-2408 (O) FAX: 804-249-7352 STROZAK@CEBAF.GOV W. Peter Trower, Department of Physics, VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061 703-231-6230 (O) FAX: 703-231-7511 TROWER@VTCCl.CC.VT.EDU Patricia L. Dementi, Biology Department, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland VA 23005 804-752-7255 (O) 804-262-3312 (H) George C. Grant, Chemistry Department, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA 23504 804-683-8909 (1995) (1995) (1996) (1996) (1996) (1996) (1997) (1997) 51 Kenneth C. Jacobs, Physics Department, (1997) Box 9661, Hollins College, Roanoke, VA 24020 703-362-6478 Ah Mohamed (1997) Box 9259, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806 804-524-6715 NOMINATIONS AND ELECTIONS COMMITTEE Chair: Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Physics Department (1995) James Madison University, Harrisonburg 22807 703-568-6109 or -6328 (O) 703-433-1251 (H) FAC TAYL@JMUVAX1 Golde I. Holtzman, Department of Statistics (1996) VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0439 703-231-8356 (O) 703-951-7259 (H) FAX 703-231-3863 HOLTZMAN@VTVMl.CC.VT.EDU James P. O’Brien, Department of Psychology (1997) Virginia Beach Campus, Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach, VA 23456 804-427-7171 (O) or 7207 (Secy) FAX: 804-427-7326 804-423-4113 (H) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Co-Chair: James H. Martin, Editor, (1996) The Virginia Journal of Science Department of Biology - PRC, J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Box 85622, Richmond 23285-5622 804-371-3064 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311 SRMARTJ@VCCSCENT Co-Chair: Gregory C. Cook, Editor (1995) Virginia Scientists Tidewater Community College, 7000 College Dr., Portsmouth VA 23703 804-484-2121, Ext. 367 (O) TCCOOKG@VCCSCENT 52 Business Manager, The Virginia Journal of Science Dr. Eugene G. Maurakis, Science Museum of Virginia 2500 West Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23220 804-367-6795 (O) Production Editor, Virginia Scientists Nancy Patterson, Creative Services Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach 23456 804-427-7295 FAX: 804-427-7326 RESEARCH COMMITTEE Chair: Judy H. Niehaus, Biology Department, Box 6931, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142 703-831-5641 JNIEHAUS@RUACAD Diane M. Spresser, Mathematics & Computer Science Dept., James Madison University, Hairrisonburg 22807 703-568-6184 (O) Kenneth C. Jacobs, Physics Department, Box 9661, Hollins College, Roanoke 24020 703-362-6478 (O) FAX: 703-362-6642 Arthur F. Conway, Biology Department, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005 804-752-7293 (O) 804-746-2475 (H) Marvin W. Scott, Department of Natural Sciences, Longwood College, Farmville 23901 804-395-2569 (O) SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE Co-Chair: WilHam L. Dewey, Reseach and Graduate Affairs MCVWCU, Box 568, Richmond 23298 804-828-0732 (O) FAX: 804-786-1664 Co-Chair: Ernest R. Stout, Research Division, VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0244 703-231-9359 (O) (1996) (1996) (1999) (1996) (1997) (1999) (1999) (1996) (1995) FAX: 703-231-7522 53 John Eck, Department of Physics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529 804^683-3612 (O) Dave Kranbule, Department of Chemistry, College of Wilham and Mary, Wilhamsburg 23185 804-221-3970 (O) John Eaton, Associate Dean, Graduate School, VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0325 703-231-5645 (O) FAX: 703-231-3714 EATON@VTVMl.CC.VT.EDU George M. Simmons, Department of Biology, 2119 D erring Hall, VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061 703-231-6407 703-231-6407 (Dept.) FAX: 703-231-9307 Anne C.Lund, Biology Department, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23901 804-223-6175 Jan Winstead, Biology Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 703-568-6157 703-568-6225 (Department) SCIENCE EDUCATION COMMITTEE Co-Chair: Thomas G. Teates, 305 Memorial Hall VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0313 703-231-5537 (O) 703-382-0542 (H) FAX: 703-231-9075 TEATES@VTVM1 Co-Chair: Maurice P. Lynch, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point 23062 804-642-7151 FAX: 804-642-6120 MLYNCH@VIMS.EDUM.LYNCH.VIMS Alvin M. Pettus, Secondary Education, Library Science, and Educational Leadership, James Madison University, Harrisonburg 22807 703-568-6486 (O) (1995) (1995) (1996) (1996) (1997) (1997) (1996) (1996) (1995) 54 Ertle Thompson, Ruffner Hail, (1995) University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903 804-924-0840 (O) 804-293-7330 (H) Arthur W. Burke, Jr. (1996) 9699 Shady Grove Road, Mechanicsville 23111 804-287-4340 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) R. Dean Decker, Department of Biology, (1996) University of Richmond, Richmond 23173 804-289-8321 (O) 804-282-1631 (H) Fax 804-289-8482 WiUiam D. Check, Department of Oceanography, (1996) 1054 W. 47th Street, Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0276 804-683-5172 (O) 804-683-4285 (Dept.) FAX 804-683-5303 804-722-2314 (H) A1 Costa, Department of Oceanography, (1996) 1054 W. 47th Street, Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0276 804-683-5375 804-683-4285 (Dept.) FAX 804-683-5303 Joe Exline, Project Director, V-Quest, P.O. Box 2120, (1996) Richmond 23216 804-225-2876 FAX: 804-786-5466 JEXLINE@VDOE386.VOK12ED.EDU David L. Winters, Department of Chemistry, (1996) Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach 23456 804-427-7278 FAX: 804-427-7326 W. George Jones, Dept, of Psychology, (1997) Danville Community College, 1008 S. Main St., Danville, VA 24541 804-797-3553, Ext. 285 804-792-3440 (H) FAX: 804-792-6810 Thomasena H. Woods, Science Supervisor, (1997) Newport News Public Schools, 12465 Warwick Blvd., Newport News VA 23606 804-591-4586 (O) 804-838-3722 (H) 55 TRUST COMMITTEE (According to Constitution Article XI, Section 3, the Trust Committee is composed of three accredited Members and shall elect its own Chair. According to Bylaw Article III, Section 5, Paragraph D, one member of the Trust Committee is a member of the Finance and Endowment Committee; see Paul J. Homsher, 1994-95). Chair: D. Rae Carpenter, Jr., (1996) Department of Physics and Astronomy Virginia Mihtary Institute, Lexington 24450 703-464-7225 (O) 703-463-4948 (H) Maurice B. Rowe (1995) 4121 Southaven Road, Richmond 23235 804-272-2494 (H) Paul J. Homsher, Dean’s Office, College of Sciences, (1997) Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0163 804-683-3274 (O) 804-497-6833 (H) Blanton M. Bruner, Executive Secretary-Treasurer, (Advisor) Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond 23220 804-367-8971 (O) 804-740-8308 (H) FAX 804-371-3311 Paula A. CoUier, Compulife Investor Services, (Advisor) P.O. Box 1950, Midlothian, 23113-5900 804-744-5900 VIRGINIA FLORA COMMITTEE Chair: J. Rex Baird, Department of Biology, (1995) Clinch Valley College, Wise 24293 703-328-0201 (O) 703-328-6540 (H) J. Christopher Lugwig, Division of Natural Heritage, (1995) 203 Governor Street, Suite 402, Richmond 23219 804-786-7951 (O) Leonard Morrow (1995) P.O. Box 7447, Richmond 23221 804-358-7355 (H) 56 Nicky Staunton 8815 Forest Dr., Manassas, VA 22110 703-368-9803 (H) 703-368-3943 (O) Michael Hill, Biology Department, Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, VA 22812 703-828-2501 (O) Bruce L. King, Biology Department, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005 804-752-7267 (O) 804-448-1063 (H) Donna M. E. Ware, Department of Biology, College of Wilham and Mary, WiUiamsburg 23185 804-221-2213 (O) FAX 804-221-6483 SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON VAS FUTURES (The VAS Futures Committee was established by Council at the 69th Annual Meeting, May 1991, for the term of 1991-1996.) Chair: D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. Department of Physics & Astronomy, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington 24450 703-464-7225 (O) 703-463-4948 (H) R. Dean Decker, Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond 23173 804-289-8231 (O) 804-282-1631 (H) Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Physics Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg 22807 703-568-6109 (O) 703-568-6328 (O) 703-433-1251 (H) Vera Remsburg 236 Barter Drive, Box 1230, Abingdon 24210 703-628-6236 (H) Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry, MCVA^CU, Box 980614, Richmond, 23298 804-828-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H) BRANDT@VCUVAX (1995) (1997) (1997) (1997) (1996) (1996) (1996) (1996) (1996) FAX 804-828-0104 57 Golde I. HoltzmaBj Department of Statistics, (1996) VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0439 703-231-8356 (0) 703-951-7259 (H) FAX: 703-231-3863 HOLTZMAN@VTMl.CC.VT.EDU Ertle Thompson, Ruffner Hall, (1996) University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903 804-924-0840 (O) 804-293-7330 (H) Frank B. Leftwich, Department of Biology, (1996) University of Richmond, Richmond 23173 804-289-8229 (O) 804-264-1224 (H) SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC AFFAIRS Co-Chair: Ralph P. Eckerlin, Natural Sciences Division, (1996) Northern Virginia Community College, Annandale 22003 703-323-3234 (O) FAX: 703-323-3215 Co-Chair: Marion B. Lobstein, (1996) NVCC - Manassas Campus, 6901 Sudley Rd., Manassas 22110 703-257-6643 (O) 703-536-7150 (H) FAX: 703-368-1069 H. Stephen Adams, Department of Biology, (1995) Dabney S. Lancaster Community College, Clifton Forge 24422 703-862-4246 (O) 703-862-1251 (H) FAX: 703-862-2398 Eugene B. Barfield, Archaeology, (1996) Jefferson National Forest, 210 Franklin Road SW, Roanoke 24001 703-982-6248 (O) 703-345-9706 (H) FAX: 703-982-4656 Eric J. Collins, Wytheville Community College, (1995) 1000 E. Main St., WytheviUe 24382 703-228-5541 (O) 703-228-3066 (H) Beverly K. Hartline, CEBAF, MS 16C, (1995) 12000 Jefferson Avenue, Newport News 23606 804-249-7567 HARTLINEB@CEBAF.GOV FAX: 804-249-7352 58 Harold G. Marshall, Department of Biology, (1996) Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529 804-683-3594 (O) Cathy McConaugha, Department of Oceanography, (1995) 1054 W. 47th Street, Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0276 804-683-5140 (O) 804-683-4285 (Dept.) FAX 804-683-5303 Charles H. O’Neal, Dept, of Microbiology/Immunology (1996) MCVA^CU, Box 478, Richmond 23298 804-786-9699 (O) 804-798-8030 (H) Penny Pagona, Industrial Engineering and Management, (1996) Tidewater Conununity College, 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach 23456 804-427-7311 (O) FAX: 804-427-7326 Fred Stemple, Department of Biology (1995) Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach 23456 804-427-7191 (O) 804-498-8068 (H) FAX: 804-427-7326 Sandra P. Welch, Dept, of Pharmacology and Toxicology, (1995) MCVWCU, Box 613, Richmond 23298-0613 804-786-8406 (O) FAX: 804-371-7519 SWELCH@VCUVAX SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON 75TH ANNIVERSARY Chair: Golde L Holtzman, Department of Statistics, VPI, Blacksburg 24061-0439 703-231-8356 (O) FAX: 703-231-3863 HOLTZMAN@VTVML.CC.VT.EDU Richard B, Brandt, Department of Biochemistry, MCVWCU, Box 980614, Richmond, 23298 804-828-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H) FAX: 804-828-0104 BRANDT@VCUVAX Gregory C. Cook, Editor, Virginia Scientists Tidewater Community College, 7000 College Dr., Portsmouth VA 23703 804-484-2121, Ext. 367 (O) TCCOOKG@VCCSCENT 59 Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology Randolph-Macon College, Ashland VA 23005 804^752^7203 (O) 804^740-1492 (H) FAX: 804-752-7345 EFALLS@RMC,EDU James P. O'Brien, Department of Psychology Virginia Beach Campus, Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach, VA 23456 804-427-7171 (O) or 7207 (Secy) FAX: 804-427-7326 804-423-4113 (H) Charles H. O’Neal, Dept, of Microbiology/Immunology MCVA'CU, Box 478, Richmond 23298 804-828-9699 (O) 804-798-8030 (H) Vera Remsburg 236 Barter Drive, Box 1230, Abingdon 24210 703-628-6236 (H) Thomas O. Sitz, Department of Biochemistry & Anaerobic Microbiology, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, 24061-0308 703-231-4970 (O)703-231-6315(Leave Message) 703-951-7332 (H) FAX: 703-231-9070 Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Physics Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg 22807 703-568-6109 (O) 703-568-6328 (O) 703-433-1251 (H) Thomas G. Teates, 305 Memorial Hall VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0313 703-231-5537 (O) 703-382-0542 (H) FAX: 703-231-9075 TEATES@VTVM1 Ertle Thompson, Ruffner Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903 804-924-0840 (O) 804-293-7330 (H) 60 SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE 1995 ANNUAL MEETING AT VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE Co-Chair: D. Rae Carpenter, Jr., Department of Physics and Astronomy Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450 703-464-7503 (O) 703-463-4948 (H) Co-Chair: Richard B. Minnix, Department of Physics and Astronomy Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450 703-464-7505 (O) FAX: 703-464-7213 MINNIXRB%PHYSICS%VMI@ist.vmi.edu Accommodations: Ronald A. Erchul, Depcirtment of Civil & Environmental Engineering 703-464-7331 MARLOWEMM%CIVILENGR%VMI@ist.vmi.edu Audiovisual: Marilyn R. Pearson, Audiovisual, Preston Library 703-464-7114 PEARSONMR%LIBRARY%VMI@ist.vmi.edu Commercial Exhibits: Richard A. Rowe, Department of Biology 703-464-7434 ROWERA%BIOLOGY%VMI@ist.vmi.edu R. Terrell Wilson, Department of Chemistry 703-464-7423 WILSONRT%CHEMISTRY%VMI@ist.vnii.edu Hospitahty: W. Wayne Neel, Dept, of Mechanical Engineering 703-464-7530 NEELWW%MECHENGR%VMI@ist.vmi.edu Information and Signs: Robert A. Johnson, Dept, of Electrical Engineering 703-464-7547 JOHNSONRA%ELECENGR%VMI@ist.vmi.edu Parking and Security: Carrenza L. Burch, Post Pohce 703-464-7306 61 Publicity: Vonda K. Walsh, Dept, of Math & Computer Science 703-464-7496 WALSHVK%MATH%VMI@ist.vmi.edu Registration and Information: David L. DuPuy, Dept, of Physics & Astronomy 703-464-7504 DUPUYDL%PHYSICS%VMI@ist.vnii.edu VJAS Liaison: Elizabeth C. Hanson, Dept, of Math & Computer Science 703-464-7497 WiUiam W. McNairy, Dept, of Physics & Astronomy 703-464-7502 MCNAIR YWW%PHYSICS%VMI@ist.vnii.edu 62 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE PRESIDENTS Ivey F. Lewis oo . 1923-24 James Lewis Rowe oo . . . 1924-25 Robert E. Loving oo . . . . 1925-26 J. Shelton Horsley oo ... 1926-27 Donald W. Davis oo . . . . 1927-28 William Moseley Brown oo 1928-29 Garnet Ryland oo . 1929-30 L.G.Hoxtonoo . 1930-31 LD. Wilson 00 . 1931-32 T. McN. Simpson, Jr. ... 1932-33 William A Kepner oo ... 1933-34 William T. Sanger oo . . . . 1934-35 IdaSitler . . 1935-36 H.E. Jordan . 1936-37 D. Maurice Allan . 1937-38 Earl B. Norris . 1938-39 Ruskin S. Freer oo . 1939-40 Wortley R. Rudd oo . . . . 1940-41 George W. Jeffers oo ... 1941-42 Marcellus H. Stow oo . . . 1942-43 W. Catesby Jones 00 .... 1943-44 Robert F. Smart . 1944-45 Hiram R. Hanmer . 1945-46 Arthur Bevan . 1946-47 Jesse W. Beams oo . 1947-48 Sidney S. Negus oo . . . . . 1948-49 Boyd Harshbarger ..... 1949-50 Guy W. Horsley . 1950-51 Paul Patterson . 1951-52 Lloyd C. Bird 00 . 1952-53 Allan T. Gwathney oo . . . 1953-54 Irving G. Foster . 1954-55 Walter S. Flory, Jr. .... . 1955-56 E. S. Harlow . 1956-57 WiUiamG.Guyoo . 1957-58 John C. Forbes oo . 1958-59 WiUiam M. Hinton . 1959-60 Wilson B. Bell oo . 1960-61 Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. oo . . 1961-62 Jackson J. Taylor . 1962-63 Foley F. Smith oo . 1963-64 S. S. Obenshain . 1964-65 Roscoe D. Hughes oo . . . 1965-66 Stanley E. WiUiams oo . . . 1966-67 James W. Cole, Jr . 1967-68 Paul B. Seigel . 1968-69 D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. . . , 1969-70 Maurice B. Rowe . 1970-71 Edward F. Turner, Jr. oo . 1971-72 Franklin F. Flint 00 . 1972-73 Stanley Ragone oo . 1973-74 E. L. Wisman . 1974-75 Arthur W. Burke . 1975-76 W.AUanPoweU . . 1976-77 Ralph A. Lowry . 1977-78 Dale V. Ulrich . 1978-79 Vera B. Remsburg . 1979-80 Kenneth R. Lawless .... 1980-81 Donald G. Cochran .... 1981-82 Ertle Thompson . 1982-83 Harold M.BeU . 1983-84 Frank B. Leftwich . 1984-85 R. Gerald Bass . 1985-86 J. J. Murray . 1986-87 WiUiam L. Banks, Jr. . . . 1987-88 Stewart A. Ware . 1988-89 Michael Bass . 1989-90 Richard B. Brandt . 1990-91 Gerald R. Taylor, Jr. . . . 1991-92 Golde 1. Holtzman . 1992-93 James P. O’Brien . 1993-94 Elsa Q. Falls . 1994-95 00 Deceased VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE DIRECTORS 63 Hubert J. Davis ...... 1941-47 F. G. Lankford o© ..... 1947-49 Boyd Harshbarger . 1949-50 Floyd S. Andrews ©o . . 1950 B. W. Cooper ©© . 1950 Grover Everett ©© . 1951 Thelma C. Heatwole o© . . 1952-60 W. W. Scott . . 1960-64 E. L. Wisman . 1964-72 Lee Anthony ........ 1972-75 John L. Hess . 1975-78 A. B. Neimeyer . 1978-80 R. Dean Decker . 1980-91 Donald R. Cottingham . . . 1991- 00 Deceased 64 HORSLEY RESEARCH AWARD Carl C. Speidel oo . 1927 John H. Yoe oo . 1928 J.C. Street . 1929 H. E. Jordan and Carl C. Speidel . 1930 E. C. Stevenson . 1931 James H. Smith . 1932 S. A. Wingard . 1933 E. P. Johnson . 1934 Margaret Hess . 1935 Alfred Chanutin . 1936 R. G. Henderson . 1937 S. G. Bedell . 1938 M. J. Murray and Forrest F. Cleveland . 1939 Walter C. Gregory . 1940 Charles Ray . 1941 No Award . 1942 J.B. Meyer . 1943 J. Gerbert Taylor . 1944 No Award . 1945 Boyd Harshbarger . 1946 D.B.DeJury . 1947 Henry Leidheiser, Jr . 1948 Walter S. Flory . 1949 Erling S. Hegre . 1950 D. B. Duncan . 1951 D. R. H. Gourley . 1952 Stephen Burko and Frank L. Hereford . 1953 Lynn D. Abbott, Jr. and Mary J. Dodson . 1954 Albert W. Lutz, Jr. and A.E.B.Reid . 1955 M. C. K. Tweedie . 1956 R. A. Bradley, D.E.W. Schumann, and W. H. Lewis . 1957 C. Tyler Miller, Jr. and K.R. Lawless . 1958 Dorothy L. Crandall . 1959 Lawrence I. Miller, . 1960 Irving R. King, Billy W. Sloope, and Calvin O. Tiller . 1961 Claude P. Talley and Gerald. R. Taylor, Jr . 1962 H. A. David . 1963 E. Rae Harcum . 1964 D. Kuhhnann-Wilsdorf .... 1965 Frank A. Vingiello ....... 1966 O. R. Rodig and Galal Zanati . 1967 H. H. Hobbs, P. C. Holt oo, and Margaret Walton oo . . . 1968 A. J. McCaffery, P. N. Schatz, and T. E. Lester . 1969 I. Gordon Fels . 1970 L. R. Durden, L. H. Slack, and P.R.Eusner . 1971 I. J. Good and R. A. Gaskins . 1972 Larry Taylor, J. C. Dillard, and J. H. Burness . 1973 Kuldip P. Chopra . 1974 Roddy V. Amenta . 1975 Douglas W. Ogle and Peter Mazzeo . 1976 Henry W. Gould . 1977 K. L. Reifsnider and K. D. O’Brien . 1978 WiUiam L. Dewey . 1979 C. R. Terman and R. J. Huggett . 1980 L. E.Jarrard . 1981 Joyce G. Foster, . 1982 Harold E. Burkhart, and Peter T. Sprinz . 1983 R. W. Berlien, G. Colmano, and G. Nunn . 1984 Milton M. Sholley, Gilda P. Ferguson, Hugo R. Seibel, James L. Montour, and John D. Wilson . 1985 00 deceased 65 Horsley Ressearch Award cont Robert F. Johnson ....... 1986 Richard B. Brandt ....... 1987 Muriel Lederman ....... 1988 George W. Mushrush . 1989 R. Bruce Martin . 1990 W. John Hayden . 1991 (not awarded) W. Peter Trower . 1993 Wilham P. Harrison . 1994 RECIPIENTS OF THE JEFFERSON GOLD MEDAL Alfred Chanutin . 1936 Wilham B. Porter ....... 1937 H.M.Philhps ......... 1938 G. M. Shear and H.D.Ussery . . 1939 RECIPIENTS OF THE JEFFERSON PRIZE L. G. Overholzer and J.H.Yoe ........... 1940 AUan T. Gwathmey oo . 1941 R. N. Jefferson . 1942 W. H. Hough . 1943 Clinton B. Cosby . 1944 MERITORIOUS SERVICE AWARDS Ivey F. Lewis oo and No Award . . . 1961 WiUiam T. Sanger oo . . . . . . 1956 No Award . . . 1962 No Award . . . 1957 AUan T. Gwathmey American Tobacco Co. Sidney S. Negus so and Research Laboratory . . . . 1958 Jesse W.Beams oo . . . . . . 1963 Lloyd C. Bird oo . . . . 1959 No Award . . . . 1964 No Award . . . . 1960 Hiram R. Hanmer . . . 1965 deceased 66 rVEY F. LEWIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS Boyd Harshbarger . 1966 Russell J. Rowlett, Jr . 1967 George W. Jeffers . 1968 Walter S. Flory, Jr . 1969 Roscoe D. Hughes . 1970 Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. oo . . . . 1971 No Award . 1972 No Award . 1973 Lynn D. Abbott, Jr . 1974 Edward S. Harlow . 1975 D. Rae Carpenter, Jr . 1976 No Award . 1977 Rodney C. Berry oo . 1978 Edward F. Turner, Jr. oo ... 1979 Ruskin S. Freer oo . 1980 Philip Morris, Inc. (Presented to Bernard Kosakowski) . . . . 1981 Carolina Biological Supply Company .... . . . 1982 No Award . . . . 1984 Arthur W. Burke, Jr. . . . . . 1985 Virginia C. Ellett . . . . 1985 Vera B. Remsburg .... . . . 1986 No Award . . . . 1987 No Award . . . . 1988 Ertle Thompson . . . . 1989 Dale V. Ulrich . . . . 1990 R. Dean Decker . . . . 1991 Blanton M. Bruner . . . . . . 1992 Harold M. Bell . . . . 1993 Virginia Power . . . . 1994 00 deceased 67 FELLOWS OF THE VIRGINL4 ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 1970 Jesse Wakefield Beams oo John Campbell Forbes oo Thomas E. Gilmer oo Boyd Harshbarger Roscoe D. Hughes oo Clyde Young Kramer oo J. Douglas Reid oo WiMiam T. Sanger oo 1971 Robert C. Carter oo Edward S. Harlow Wilbert Harnsberger, Jr. oo Alton M. Harville, Jr. Sterling M. Heflin 00 George W. Jeffers oo Harry G. M. Jopson Everett L. Wisman 1972 Lyim De Forrest Abbot Rodney C. Berry oo Lloyd C. Bird » Robert P. Carroll oo James W. Cole, Jr. Walter S. Flory, Jr. Mary E. Kapp oo Paul B. Siegel 1973 D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. Virginia C. EUett Susie V. Floyd oo A. B. Niemeyer, Jr. Edgar V. Russell, Jr. oo Raymond L. Taylor 1974 Perry C. Holt WiUiam T. Ham, Jr. Leonard O. Morrow Robert F. Smart 1975 Franklin F. Flint 00 Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. oo Michael Kosztarab Vera B. Remsburg William E. Trout, Jr. oo W. Peter Trower Edward F. Turner, Jr. oo 1976 Miles E. Hench Frcmkiin D. Kizer Russell J. Rowlett, Jr. 1977 Bernard R. Woodson, Jr. 1978 Blanton M. Bruner A. W. Burke, Jr. Herbert McKennis, Jr. oo W. Allan Powell Stanley Ragone oo 1979 S. Gaylen Bradley Addison D. Campbell WiUiam M. Hinton oo WiUiam L. Mengebier Maurice B. Rowe Jackson J. Taylor Ertle Thompson 1980 Dorothy BUss Elizabeth Jackson Ralph A. Lowry James W. Midyette Helmut R. Wakeham 00 deceased 68 Fellows cont. 1981 Hubert J. Davis Frank L. Hereford Peter M. Mazzeo Warwick R. West, Jr. 1982 Dale V. Ulrich 1983 Donald G. Cochran Dallas W. Cocke R. Dean Decker Mario R. Escobar oo Charles O’Neal Martha L. Walsh oo 1984 Dawn Campbell oo Frank Leftwich J. J. Murray Stewart Ware 1985 Edward A. Crawford 1986 No Fellows Elected 1987 No Fellows Elected 1988 No Fellows Elected 1989 Kenneth R. Lawless 1990 James H. Martin 1991 Martha K. Roane 1992 Richard B. Brandt 1993 1. J. Good 1994 No Fellows Elected HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS Rodney C. Berry oo Lloyd C. Bird oo Blanton M. Bruner Walter S. Flory J. C. Forbes oo Edward S. Harlow Boyd Harshbarger Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. oo George W. Jeffers oo Mary E. Kapp oo Arthur H. Livermore A. B. Massey oo Herbert McKennis, Jr. oo Glenn McMullen Beverly Orndorff Russell J. Rowlett Myron Shear oo Robert F. Smart I. D. Wilson 00 Hubert J. Davis Martha L. Walsh 00 00 deceased 69 REGULAR MEMBERS ABEL, DANIEL C BIOLOGY DEPT MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 ACHILLEOS, ELENI 4513 GOOD ADAMS LANE VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455 ACKERMANN, ERNEST C. COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401-5358 ADAMKEWICZ, LAURA BIOLOGY DEPT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 ADAMS, HAROLD S. CLIFTON CIRCLE CLIFTON FORGE, VA 24422 AFFRONTI, LEWIS F. JR 4316 JOHN SILVER RD VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455 AGRAWAL, KRISHAN M. C/O DR JEFF BLASCHAK BIOMATHEMATICS DFV AL/OES BLDG 776 BROOKS AIR FORCE BASE SAN ANTONIO, TX 78235 ATTKEN, WILLIAM C. JR 4809 BOXFORD RD VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 ALLEN, MILTON J. BIOPHYSICAL LAB, CHEM. DEPT 1001 WEST MAIN ST, BOX 2006 RICHMOND, VA 23284 ALLEN, VIVIEN G. 2510 PLYMOUTH ST BLACKSBURG, VA 24060-8214 ALTY, LISA TREVEY CHEMISTRY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 AMENTA, DONNA S. 110 CRESCENT DRIVE HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 AMENTA, RODDY V. 110 CRESCENT DRIVE HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 AMMERMAN, DON J. 8384 CEDAR LANE KING GEORGE, VA 22485 ANDERSON, BRUCE M. 1013 HIGHLAND CIRCLE BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 ANDERSON, JOHN E. 5 RIDGEVIEW CIRCLE HARTWOOD,VA 22406 ANDERSON, SAMUEL 6332 DARTMOUTH WAY VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23464 ANDREWS, ROBERT L. 2018 GROVE AVE RICHMOND, VA 23220 ANYIWO, JOSHUA C PO BOX 6376 CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIV. NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 ATKINS, ROBERT C. CHEMISTRY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 ATKINSON, ROBERT B. CTR FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0415 AUKLAND, ELVAD. 2412 N. COLUMBUS AVE ARLINGTON, VA 22207 AUSTIN, JOHN M. 1001 SEVENTH AVE FARMVILLE,VA 23901 BAILEY, CLIFTON 6507 DIVINE ST MCLEAN, VA 22101 BAIRD, EDWARD R. JR. WILCOX AND BAIRD 210 MONTICELLO ARCADE NORFOLK, VA 23510 70 BAIRD, J. REX BIOLOGY DEPT CLINCH VALLEY COLLEGE WISE,VA 24293 BANKES, DAVID A. 84 MAIN ST NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23601 BARBARO, RONALD D. 7036 LEE PARK COURT FALLS CHURCH, VA 22042 BARBER, PATRICK G. RT.2, BOX 29-B KEYSVILLE,VA 23947 BARHELD, EUGENE B. 414 WASHINGTON AVE, SW ROANOKE, VA 24016 BARKER, R- EDWARD JR. MAT SCI DEPT, THORNTON HALL UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903-2442 BARNES, DENNIS W. 12 GILDERSLEEVE RD CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 BARRA, ROSEMARY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 BASKETT, RUSSELL C. 3150 JORDANS JOURNEY CT MECHANICSVILLE, VA 23111 BASS, MICHAEL L. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 24401 BATES, ROBERT C. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 BAUDOIN, ANTON 714 BROCE AVE BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 BAUER, DAVID F. MATH SCIENCE DEPT P.O. BOX 842014 VIRGINIA COMMONWEAI.TH UNIV. RICHMOND, VA 23284-2014 BAUR, THOMAS S. BIOLOGY DEPT VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE LEXINGTON, VA 24450 BAY, MICHAEL D. BIOLOGY DEPT AVERETT COLLEGE DANVILLE, VA 24541 BAYLES, ROBERT A. CODE 6312 NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY WASHINGTON, DC 20375-5343 BEARD, JAMES S. VA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 1001 DOUGLAS AVE MARTINSVILLE, VA 24112 BECK, JAMES D. 1977VESONDERRD PETERSBURG, VA 23805 BELDEN, ALLEN JR. 1500 EAST MAIN ST, SUITE 312 VA DIV OF NATURAL HERITAGE RICHMOND, VA 23217 BELL, CHARLES E. JR. CHEMISTRY DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23508 BELL, HAROLD M. 708 CIRCLE DR BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 BENHELD, E. F. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 BENNECHE,PAULE. NUCLEAR ENG DEPT REACTOR FACILITY THORNTON HALL UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903-2442 BENTLEY, MICHAEL L. 1313 ASHLAND AVE EVANSTON, IL 60201-4039 BENTZ, EDWARD J. JR. 7915 RICHFIELD RD SPRINGHELD, VA 22153 71 BERG, JOSEPH W. 3319 DAUPHINE DR FALLS CHURCH, VA 22042 BERG, LILLIAN D. 3319 DAUPHINE DR FALLS CHURCH, VA 22042 BERQUEST, ROBERTA. 167 COVENTRY RD VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23462 BETTENHAUSEN, LEE H. 7 LONG LANE MALVERN, PA 19355 BEVAN, DAVID R. DEPT OF BIOCHEMISTRY & NUTRI¬ TION VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 BHARDWAJ, HARBANS AGRI RESEARCH STATION BOX 9152 VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY PETERSBURG, VA 23806 BINNS, STEPHEN J. VDACS SEED LABORATORY 1N14THST,RM238 RICHMOND, VA 23219 BIRCHARD, GEOFFREY F. BIOLOGY DEPT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 BISHOP, JOHNW. BIOLOGY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173 BLAIR, CARVEL HALL 250 PANTOPS MT RD BOX 37 CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901-8680 BLATT, ELIZABETH 1831 GLENCOVE LANE RICHMOND, VA 23225 BOARD, JOHN A. BOX 34, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 BOATMAN, SANDRA 1947 LAUREL MTN DR SALEM, VA 24153 BOGGESS, ROBERT K. CHEMISTRY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 BOOTH, SUSAN 2210 EXECUTIVE DR SUITE D HAMPTON, VA 23666 BORKEY, PATRICIA D. 6331 CHAMBERLAYNE AVE MECHANICSVILLE, VA 23111 BOUSQUET, WOODWARD S. 138 LITTLE RTVE DR WINCHESTER, VA 22602 BOWMAN, RICHARD L. PHYSICS DEPT BRIDGEWATER COLLEGE BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812 BOYD, CLIFF SOCIOLOGY/ANTHROPOLOGY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 BOYD, DONNA SOCIOLOGY/ANTHROPOLOGY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 BOYD, JAMES N. 4634 BUTTE RD RICHMOND, VA 23235 BRADLEY, ERIC L. BIOLOGY DEPT COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 BRADLEY, TED BIOLOGY DEPT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 BRAUN, WARREN L. 680 NEW YORK AVE HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 BREIL, DAVID A. NATURAL SCIENCE DEPT LONGWOOD COLLEGE FARMVILLE,VA 23909 BRENIZER, JACK S. JR NUC ENG & ENG PHYSICS DEPT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 72 BROWN, BONNIE L. 5709 RIDGE POINT CT MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23112 BROWN, DAVID A. 6133 MERRIFIELD DR RICHMOND, VA 23225 BROWN, MARLEY R. Ill ARCH RESEARCH DEPT COLONIALWILLIAMSBURG FDN PO BOX 1776 WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187-1776 BRUBAKER, KENTON K. EASTERN MENNONTTE COLLEGE HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 BUDKE,EARLJR 1500 CONCORD APT #1 COLONIAL HEIGHTS, VA 23834 BUIKEMA, ARTHUR L. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 BULL, ALICE LOUISE PO BOX 9633 HOLLINS COLLEGE ROANOKE, VA 24020-1633 BULMER, WALTER ANNANDALE CAMPUS NORTHERN VIRGINIA COMM COLL ANNANDALE, VA 22003 BUMP, CHARLES M. HAMPTON lUNIVERSITY CHEMISTRY DEPT HAMPTON, VA 23668 BUONCRISTIANI, A. MARTIN CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIV 50 SHOE LANE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 BURKHART, HAROLD E. FORESTRY DEPT VPI & SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0324 BUSH, LANCE NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER M.S. 365 HAMPTON, VA 23681-0001 BUSS, GLENN R. CSES DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 BYLES, RICHARD A. 3115 CAMPUS BLVD NE ALBUQUEQUE, NM 87106-2108 BYRD, JAMES E. 44 SANDRA DR NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23602 CAIRNS, JOHN JR. PO BOX 10661 BLACKSBURG, VA 24062-0661 CAUOUW, CAREN RT 1, BOX 40 ROCKVILLE, VA 23146 CALLE, LUZ MARINA CHEMISTRY DEPT RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN’S COL¬ LEGE LYNCHBURG, VA 24503 CAMPBELL, F. HOWARD III GEOLOGY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 CARLSON, ROSEANN J. GEOLOGY DEPT TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE 1700 COLLEGE CRESCENT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 CARSON, KEITH A. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266 CASAS, JOSEPH C. P.O. DRAWER Y HAMPTON, VA 23666 CASEBOLT, JAMES 1008 S MAIN ST DANVILLE, VA 24541 CASTAGNOLI, NEAL JR CHEMISTRY DEPT 3103 HAHN HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0212 73 CATON, RANDALL 50 SHOE LANE CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIV NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 CAZIER, PENELOPE W. 108 BONTTO DR GRAFTON, VA 23692 CHALGREN, STEVE D. BIOLOGY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 CHAMBERS, BARBARA F. 4220 DANDRIDGE TERRACE ALEXANDRIA, VA 22309-2807 CHATnN,AMYC. 743 BRANDON AVE SW ROANOKE, VA 24015-5023 CHECK, WILLIAM D. 9BRAEMARDR HAMPTON, VA 23669 CHENEY, RICHARD W. JR. 50 SHOE LANE CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIVER¬ SITY NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 CHEVALIER, ROBERT L. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA - PEDIATRICS BOX 386 CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22908 CHILDRESS, WILLIAM A. RTl, BOX 92A BEDFORD, VA 24523 CHINNICI, JOSEPH P. BIOLOGY DEPT VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284 CHLEBOWSKI,JANF. BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT BOX 614, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0614 CHRISTENSEN, ALAN H. BIOLOGY DEPT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 220304444 CHRISTIE, GAILE. MICROBIOLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY DEPT BOX 678, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0678 CHU, SUNG-CHI COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT, BOX 6933 RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 CLAMPFIT, CHRISTOPHER A. MICHIGAN CHAPTER THE NATURE CONSERVANCY 2840 EAST GRAND RTVER, SUITE 5 EAST LANSING, MI 48823 CLARK, ALLEN K. CHEMISTRY DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23508 CLARKE, ALEX M. 7707 HOLLINS RD RICHMOND, VA 23229 CLARKE, GARY A. BIOLOGY DEPT ROANOKE COLLEGE SALEM, VA 24153 CLOUGH, STUART C 125 FAIRWOOD DR RICHMOND, VA 23235 COBLE, JAMES F. 1357 PINE CONE CIR #201 VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 COCKING, W. DEAN BIOLOGY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 COLEMAN, PHILLIP H. BOX 549, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0549 COLLINS, PETER L. PO BOX 1344 FALLS CHURCH, VA 22041-0344 CONWAY, ARTHUR F. BIOLOGY DEPT RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE ASHLAND, VA 23005 74 CONWAY, CAROLYN M. BIOLOGY DEPT., BOX 842012 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2012 COOK, CHRISTOPHER JOHN 10930 BELVOIR RD CHESTER, VA 23831 COOK, DESMOND C. PHYSICS DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 COOK, GREG TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE 7000 COLLEGE DR PORTSMOUTH, VA 23703 CORLEY, KARL C. JR. PHYSIOLOGY DEPT BOX 551, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 COSTA, ALLEN J. COLLEGE OF SCIENCES CE/PS OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 1015 W47rHST NORFOLK, VA 23529-0276 COSTER, ABRAHAM A. 3541 W. BRADDOCK RD ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302 COTHRON, JULIA H. 108 BUTTERNUT LANE MECHANICSVILLE, VA 23111 COX, WILLIAM E. 1903 SHELOR LANE BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 COZZENS, ROBERT F. 13105 JOHNNY MOORE LN CLIFTON, VA 22024-1419 CRANFORD, JACK A. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 CRISSMAN, JUDITH A. CHEMISTRY DEPT MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 CRITTENDEN, JOHN B. 1876 AZALEA DR BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 CROSS, GERALD H. 101 CHEATHAM PLACE BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 CROUSE, WALTER C. COLLEGE AVE, DEPT NATURAL SCIENCES CLINCH VALLEY COLLEGE WISE,VA 24293 CURLEY, JAMES W. LONGWOOD COLLEGE FARMVILLE,VA 23901 DAMAJ, MOHAMAD IMAD BOX 613, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613 DARCANGELIS, RITA COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401-5358 DAVENPORT, JAMES M. MATH SCIENCES DEPT VIRIGNIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2014 DAVIES, KEITH M. CHEMISTRY DEPT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 DAWLEY, EURICEJ. 6325 E SEWELLS PTRD NORFOLK, VA 23523 DEAVER, BASCOM S. JR. PHYSICS DEPT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22904 DEAVER, EMILY 1750 JEFFERSON AVE, #8 OXFORD, MS 38655 DEGRAFF, BEN A. CHEMISTRY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 75 DEMENTI, PATRICIA L. 7519 OAKMONT DR RICHMOND, VA 23228 DEWOLFE, THOMAS E. BOX 133 HAMPDEN SYDNEY, VA 23943 DIECCHIO, RICHARD J. GEOGRAPHY & EARTH SYS SCIENCE DEPT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 DOMINEY, RAYMOND N. CHEMISTRY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173 DORR, JOHN VAN N. II MRS. 4982 SENTINEL DR. APT. 304 BETHESDA,MD 20816 DOUGLAS, RUTH A. RT 6, BOX 1 CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 DUBERG, JOHN E. 4 MUSEUM DRIVE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23601 DUDASH, MICHELE R. BOTANY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK, MD 20742-5815 DUFFY, DEBRA L.F. 1527LEAVIEWAVE NORFOLK, VA 23503 DUGHI, JEANEJ. 812 ST. LUKE ST VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455 DUKAT, MALGORZATA MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY DEPT BOX 980540, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0540 DUPUY, DAVID L. PHYSICS DEPT VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE LEXINGTON, VA 24450 DURRILL, PRESTON L. 1309 MADISON ST RADFORD, VA 24141 EADES, LINDA 2643 CARDINAL RIDGE RD CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 EBEL, RICHARD BIOCHEMISTRY & NUTRITION DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 ECKERLIN, RALPH 8333 LITTLE RIVER TURNPIKE ANNANDALE,VA 22003 EDELMAN, LEONARD BIOLOGY DEPT LYNCHBURG COLLEGE LYNCHBURG, VA 24501-3199 EDMONDS, WILLIAM J. 1610 KENNEDY AVE BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 EDWARDS, CAROLYN 1990 OLD HANOVER ROAD SANDSTON,VA 23150 EDWARDS, LESLIE E. 1990 OLD HANOVER ROAD SANDSTON,VA 23150 ELIAS, WALTER JR. 4223 BUTLER LANE ETTRICK,VA 23803 ELLER, RHONDA M. COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE ASHLAND, VA 23005 ELMES, DAVID G. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 ENEDY, JOSEPH D. GEOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 ENGEL, GERALD L. 15 AVON CT BEACON FALLS, CT 06403-4923 EPPS, THOMAS HENRY 4313 MOREHOUSE TERRACE CHESTERHELD, VA 23832-7768 76 ERDLE, SANDRA Y. VA DEPT OF CONS & REC DIV NATURAL HERITAGE 1500 E MAIN ST SUITE 312 RICHMOND, VA 23219 ERGLE, WILLIAM D. 5941 CASTLE ROCK ROAD S.W. ROANOKE, VA 24018 ERIKSSON, SUSAN C. VA TECH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIS¬ TORY 428 N MAIN ST BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0542 ESEN, ASIM BIOLOGY DEPT VPI & SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 ESTES, JOAN H. 3179 JACKSON ST PADUCAH, KY 42003-2646 EZELL, JAMES E. 725 WATCH HILLRD MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23113 FABIRKIEWICZ, ANN M. BOX 895 RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN’S COL¬ LEGE LYNCHBURG, VA 24503 FALLS, ELSAQ. 1515 HELMSDALE DR RICHMOND, VA 23233 FARRELL, MARY E. 2518 POTOMAC HUNT LN #1B RICHMOND, VA 23233-1549 FASHING, NORMAN J. BIOLOGY DEPT COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187 nCENEC, JOHNR. 1305 GLEN CORE LANE BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 HES, MICHAEL L VA DEPT GAME & nSH P.O. BOX 996 VERONA, VA 24422-0996 FISHBACK,PATD. 2401 HARTMAN STREET RICHMOND, VA 23223 FISHER, CHET H. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 FISHER, ROBERT W. 4405 STRATFORD RD RICHMOND, VA 23225-1062 FONTENOT, J.P. ANIMAL SCIENCE DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 FORBES, JAMES E. 5109 2A GOLDSBORO DR NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23605 FORD, GEORGE D. PHYSIOLOGY DEPT BOX 551, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0551 FORMICA, JOSEPH V. MICROBIOLOGY DEPT BOX 678, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 FORNSEL, CLAIRE E. 4216 BEN GUNN RD VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455 FOSTER, C. L. JR. 1203 AUGUSTA ST BLUEnELD,WV 24701 FOSTER, JOYCE G. USDA-ARS-ASWCRL P.O. BOX 867, AIRPORT RD BECKLEY,WV 25802-0867 FOSTER, W. JOHND. 7807 MILLCREEKDR RICHMOND, VA 23235 FRAME, KATHLEEN 13112 NESTLEWOOD CT HERNDON, VA 22071 FRANSON, RICHARD C. BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT BOX 614, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0614 77 FREDRICK, LAURENCE W. P.O. BOX 3818 UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903-0818 GALLIK, STEPHEN BIOLOGY DEPT MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 GANDOUR, RICHARD D. CHEMISTRY DEPT, 107 DAVIDSON HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0212 GAO, BIN PHARMACO/TOXICO DEPT P.O. BOX 613, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 GARRISON, NORMAN E. BIOLOGY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 GATHRIGHT, THOMAS RFD. L, BOX 135 VA DIV OF MINERAL RESOURCES AFTON,VA 22920 GELLER, E. SCOTT PSYCHOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 GETTINGER, RONALD D. BIOLOGY DEPT RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN’S COL¬ LEGE 2500 RIVERMONT AVE LYNCHBURG, VA 24501 GIESE, RONALD N. 214 JONES HALL COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 GIOVANEITI, KEVIN PHYSICS DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 GIPSON, TERRY A. BOX 9100 VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY PETERSBURG, VA 23806 GLASSON, GEORGE E. DIV OF CURRICULUM & INSTR VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 GOLLER, EDWIN J. RFD 5, BOX 21 LEXINGTON, VA 24450 GOODWIN, BRUCE K. GEOLOGY DEPT COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187-8795 GOUGH, STEPHEN B. 1301 COLLEGE AVE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 GOULD, HENRY W. MATHEMATICS DEPT WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY MORGANTOWN, WV 24506 GOURLEY, EUGENE V. BIOLOGY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 GRABAU, ELIZABETH PLANT PATHOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 GRANGER, JILL NELSON 206 GUION - DEPT CHEMISTRY SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE SWEET BRIAR, VA 24595 GRANGER, ROBERT M. Ill CHEMISTRY DEPT VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE LEXINGTON, VA 24450 GRANT, GEORGE C. 179 DEVON PL NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 GRATZ, ROY F. 902 SYLVANIAAVE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 GRAY, F. HARRIET BOX 9616 HOLLINS COLLEGE ROANOKE, VA 24020 78 GREEN, CALVIN C. 5135 NEW KENT HWY QUINTON, VA 23141-9802 GREENE, VIRGINIA C. 540 E RIO RD CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 GREER, WILLIAM T. JR 1584 WESLEYAN DR NORFOLK, VA 23502 GROSS, ANN M. CHEMISTRY DEPT TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE 1700 COLLEGE CRESCENT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 GRUNDER, HERMANN A. 12000 JEFFERSON AVE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 GUSHEE, BEATRICE E. BOX 9675 HOLLINS COLLEGE ROANOKE, VA 24020-1675 GUSTAFSON, GLEN C. GEOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 GUSTAFSON, GLEN C. GEOLOGY/GEOGRAPHY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 GWAZDAUSKAS, F. C. DAIRY SCIENCES DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 HAGEDORN, CHARLES AGRONOMY DEPT. 365 SMYTH HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 HAIRHELD, ELIZABETH M. CHEMISTRY DEPT MARY BALDWIN COLLEGE STAUNTON, VA 24401 HALEY, CLARENCE D. JR. 6731 FAIRLAWN AVE RADFORD, VA 24141 HANDLEY, CHARLES OVERTON JR. DIVISION OF MAMMALS, MRC-NHB 108 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, DC 20560 HAPP, JOHN 1460 UNIVERSITY DR SHENANDOAH UNIVERSITY WINCHESTER, VA 22601-5195 HARBOR, DAVID J. GEOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 HARRIS, ALASTAIR V. 108 BUCKEYE LANE RADFORD, VA 24141-3902 HARRIS, BETTY J. DIV NAT SCI AND MATH VIRGINIA WESLEYAN COLLEGE WESLEYAN DR NORFOLK, VA 23502 HARRIS, JAMES F. CHEMISTRY DEPT VIRGINIA WESLEYAN COLLEGE WESLEYAN DR NORFOLK, VA 23502 HARRIS, REID BIOLOGY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 HARRIS, ROBERT B. BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT BOX 614, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0614 HARTLINE, BEVERLY K 12000 JEFFERSON AVE CEBAF NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 HARTLINE, FREDERICK F. CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIV. 50 SHOE LANE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 HASSELMAN, D.P.H. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND EN¬ GINEERING VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0237 79 HATCH, PHYLLIS H. 9538 HELENWOOD DR FAIRFAX, VA 22032 HAWKRIDGE, FRED M. CHEMISTRY DEPT VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284 HAWTHORNE, MARIJEAN HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY DEPT, BOX 2001 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2001 HAYDEN, SHEILA M. BIOLOGY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND RICHMOND, VA 23173 HAYDEN, W. JOHN BIOLOGY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173 HAYES, LEORA 15104 SPUCE RD CHESTER, VA 23831 HELIOTIS, FRANCIS BIOLOGY DEPT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 HENDERSON, JAMES E. RT. 1 BOX 137B CONCORD, VA 24538 HENDRICKS, ROBERT W. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENG DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0237 HENIKA, WILLIAM S. DIV OF MINERAL RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL SCI DEPT^044 DER- RINGHALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 HENSON, PAUL D. 6836 TREVILIAN RD, NE ROANOKE, VA 24019 HERBEIN, JOSEPH H. DAIRY SCIENCE DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0315 HERDEGEN, ROBERT T. Ill PSYCHOLOGY DEPT HAMPDEN-SYDNEY COLLEGE HAMPDEN-SYDNEY, VA 23943 HERR, STEVEN L. PHYSICS DEPT VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2000 HERRMANN, AMY S. P.O. BOX 726 SUFFOLK, VA 23439 HILL, MICHAEL BIOLOGY DEPT BRIDGEWATER COLLEGE BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812 HILL, TREVOR B. 228 LONGHILLRD WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 HINKELMANN, KLAUS STATISTICS DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 HODGES, CHARLES T. JAMES RIVER INST FOR ARCH., INC 2080 JAMESTOWN RD WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 HODGES, MARY ELLEN N. JAMES RTVER INST FOR ARCH., INC 2080 JAMESTOWN RD WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 HODGES, ROBERT LEE 1191 DUNCAN DR WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 HOEGERMAN, STANTON F. BIOLOGY DEPT COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 HOLLOWAY, PETER W. BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22908 80 HOLT, BERNARD S. JR. P.O. BOX 25099 RICHMOND, VA 23260 HOLTMAN, ELLEN P. 316 SUNSET RD SALEM, VA 24153 HOMSHER,PAULJ. OFnCE OF THE ASSOCIATE DEAN COLLEGE OF SCIENCES OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0163 HONKALA, ADOLF U. 13415 WOODBRIAR RIDGE MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23113 HORWITZ, HAL 118 CHARNWOOD RD RICHMOND, VA 23225 HOWARD, STEVE 3020 WARDS FERRY RD CENTRAL VA GOVERNOR’S SCHOOL LYNCHBURG, VA 24502 HUDDLE, B. P. JR CHEMISTRY DEPT ROANOKE COLLEGE SALEM, VA 24153 HUDLICKY, MILOS 1005 HIGHLAND CIRCLE BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 HUDLICKY, TOMAS CHEMISTRY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 HUFFORD, TERRY L. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT 2023 G STREET NW GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON, DC 20052 HUNSUCKER, SALLY 856 CRASHAWST VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23462 HUSTON, CLIFTON A. P.O. BOX 198 LIGHTFOOT,VA 23099 HWANG, IN HEON PHYSICS DEPT HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 INGHAM, WILLIAM H. PHYSICS DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 JACOBS, KENNETH C. PHYSICS DEPT - BOX 9661 HOLLINS COLLEGE ROANOKE, VA 24020 JENKINS, ROBERT E. BIOLOGY DEPT ROANOKE COLLEGE SALEM, VA 24153 JENSEN, DONALD R. STATISTICS DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 JENSSEN, T. A. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 JESSER, WILLIAM A. THORNTON HALL UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 JOHNSON, DAVID M. LIFE SCIENCE DIVISION FERRUM COLLEGE FERRUM,VA 24088 JOHNSON, MILES F. BIOLOGY DEPT VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2012 JOHNSON, ROBERT A. MATERIALS SCIENCE DEPT THORNTON HALL UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 JOHNSON, ROBERT E. BOX 2014 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2014 JOHNSON, RONALD E. OCEANOGRAPHY DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 81 JOHNSON, W. REED 115 FALCON DR CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 JONES, BETTY WADE 1746 WESTO VER AVE PETERSBURG, VA 23805 JONES, ERIC N. BIOLOGY DEPT MARY BALDWIN COLLEGE STAUNTON, VA 24401 JONES, JOANH. 1810 POPLAR GREEN DR RICHMOND, VA 23233 JONES, SHERMAN C. Ill 4001 SANTA MARIA DR CHESAPEAKE, VA 23321 JONES, W. GEORGE 1554 WOODCREST HTS DANVILLE, VA 24541 KAUMA, SCOTT WILLIAM BOX 34, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 KEEFE, WILLIAM E. 107 FAIRWAY LANE ASHLAND, VA 23005-3105 KIBLER, JOHNL. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT MARY BALDWIN COLLEGE STAUNTON, VA 24401 KIEFER, RICHARD CHEMISTRY DEPT, PO BOX 8795 COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187-8795 KILLIAN, JOELLAC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 KIMBROUGH, DANIEL 10300 WALTHAM DR RICHMOND, VA 23233 KING, BERTHA C 10308 WALTHAM DR RICHMOND, VA 23233 KING, BRUCE L. BIOLOGY DEPT RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE ASHLAND, VA 23005 KING, H. E. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 KINGSLEY, ROM BIOLOGY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173 KINSLEY, CRAIG 116 RICHMOND HALL UMVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173 KIRBY, RAYMOND H. 925 QUEEN ELIZABETH DR VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23452 KLIMAN, RICHARD M. BIOLOGY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 KNEELAND, NESIUS 929 TOWNSEND DR VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23452 KMGHT, IVORT BIOLOGY DEPT JAMES MADISON UMVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 KMGHT, NORMAN F. DEPT AEROSPACE ENGINEERING 241 KAUFMAN/DUCKWORTH HALL OLD DOMIMON UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0247 KMPP, PETER A. CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIV. 50 SHOE LANE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23601 KMSLEY, C. BARRY BIOLOGY DEPT RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE ASHLAND, VA 23005 KNOWLTON, ROBERT E. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT GEORGE WASHINGTON UNTVTRSITY WASHINGTON, DC 20052 82 KORNEGAY, ERVIN T. ANIMAL SCIENCE DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 KOVER, CYNTHIA 1039 ROCKBRIDGE AVE #186 NORFOLK, VA 23508 KOWALSKI, JOHN ROANOKE VALLEY GOV’S SCHOOL 2104 GRANDINRD ROANOKE, VA 24015 KREH, RICHARD E. P.O. BOX 70 CRITZ,VA 24082-0070 KRIEG, RICHARD J. JR. ANATOMY DEPT BOX 906, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 KUENNECKE, BERND H. DEPT OF GEOGRAPHY, BOX 6938 RAFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 KUHN, SEBASTIAN 711 MARYLAND AVE NORFOLK, VA 23508-2825 KUO, ALBERT Y. VA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062 KYGER, ELIZABETH L. BOX 139 BRIDGEWATER COLLEGE BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812 LACHANCE, MICHAEL W. ROUTE 1, BOX 273A SHIPMAN, VA 22971 LACY, GEORGE H. PLANT MOLECULAR BIO VPI & SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0330 LACY, O. W. 1306 HILLCRESTRD LANCASTER, PA 17603-2413 LAM, MARIA COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 LAMB, ROBERT G. 13610 EDMONTHORPE RD MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23113 LAMB, RON ROUTE 1, BOX 1598 MONTPELIER, VA 23192 LANGE, RIDGLEY MATHEMATICS DEPT HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 LAWRENCE, DAVID J. ISAT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 LAWRENCE, SUE C. 16 CARROLL DR POQUOSON, VA 23362 LEAKE, PRESTON H. 401 DELTONAVE HOPEWELL, VA 23860 LEARY, JAMES J. CHEMISTRY DEPT - MILLER HALL JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 LEATHRUM, JAMES JR ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER EN¬ GINEERING DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 LEE, H.M. BOX 57, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 LEE, LANNY D. MATH & STATISTICS DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0077 LEEPER, CHARLES K. PO BOX 820 STEPHENS CITY, VA 22655 LEHMAN, JAMES D. 1180 SHENANDOAH ST HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 LEUNG, WING H. BOX 6422 HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 83 LEVY, GERALD F. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 LEWIS, LYNN O. BIOLOGY DEPT MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 LIEBERMANN, JOHN JR. 10106 SPRING LAKE TERRACE FAIRFAX, VA 22030 LILLELEHT, L. U. THORNTON HALL UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903-2442 LINDHOLM, DEAN 14226 GLENKIRKRD NOKESVILLE, VA 22123 LINEBAUGH, DONALD W. POB 8795 COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187 LISS, IVAN B. BOX 6941 RADFORD COLLEGE RADFORD, VA 24142 LIVINGSTON, DAVID L. VIRGINIA WESTERN COMMUNITY COLLEGE DIV ENG/INDUSTRIAL TECH PO BOX 14007 ROANOKE, VA 24038 LOBSTEIN, MARION B. 1815 N ROOSEVELT ST ARLINGTON, VA 22205 LORD, PAT CW. BIOLOGY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 LOWTTZ, DAVID A. 4312 WEST FRANKLIN ST RICHMOND, VA 23221 LUDWIG, J. CHRISTOPHER 203 GOVERNOR ST, SUITE 402 RICHMOND, VA 23219 LUE, LOUIS PING-SION 3003TINSBERRYDR COLONIAL HEIGHTS, VA 23834 LUND, ANNE C. 602 FOURTH AVE FARMVILLE,VA 23901 LUTES, CHARLENE M. BIOLOGY DEPT, BOX 6931 RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 LUTZE, FREDERICK H. 1201 PATTON CT BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 LYLE, MICHAEL E. TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE 1700 COLLEGE CRESCENT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 MACCORD, HOWARD A. SR 562 ROSSMORE RD RICHMOND, VA 23225 MACDONALD, HEATHER GEOLOGY DEPT, PO BOX 8795 COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187-8795 MACRINA, FRANCIS L. MICRO/IMMUN DEPT BOX 678, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 MAGGIO, BRUNO BIOCHEM/MOL PHYSICS DEPT BOX 614, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0614 MAPP, JOHN A. 116 MATO AKA RD RICHMOND, VA 23226 MAKING, LISED. 49 RTVERMONT DR NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23601 MARONEY, SAMUEL P. JR. BIOLOGY DEPT - GILMER HALL UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 MARSHALL, HAROLD G. BIOLOGY DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266 84 MARSHALL, MARYAN L. 5804 NAVAJO CIRCLE LYNCHBURG, VA 24502-1412 MARTIN, BILLY R. PHARMACOLOGY DEPT BOX 613, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613 MARTIN, R. BRUCE RT 743 ARDWOOD 300 FOREST RIDGE RD EARLYVILLE, VA 22936-9219 MARTIN, W. WALLACE BIOLOGY DEPT RANDOLF-MACON COLLEGE ASHLAND, VA 23005 MASON, J. PHILIP JR. AGRI. ENGINEERING - SETZ HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 MASON, JACK LEE 27728 ARDMORE LN MEADOWVIEW, VA 24361 MAST, JOSEPH W. EASTERN MENNONTTE COLLEGE HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 MATHES, MARTIN C 105 ROYAL CT WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 MAURAKIS, EUGENE G. AQUATIC SCI & AQUACULTURE PROGRAM ST. PAUL COLLEGE LAWRENCEVILLE, VA 23868 MAYS, D’ARCY P. 8703 B CLAYMONT DR RICHMOND, VA 23229 MCCORMICK-RAY, JERRY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DEPT CLARKE HALL UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 MCCOWEN, SARA MOSS 5 WINDSOR WAY RICHMOND, VA 23221-3232 MCCOY, KATHLEEN L. MICROAMMUN DEPT BOX 678, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0678 MCGOVERN, JAMES J. 2109ADELBERTRD CLEVELAND, OH 44106 MCGUIRE, WILLIAM R. 711 ST CHRISTOPHER’S ROAD RICHMOND, VA 23226 MCLAUGHLIN, JOHN W. 2460 TILLET RD SW ROANOKE, VA 24015 MCNABB, F. M. ANNE 1002 EHEARTST BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 MCNAIRY, WILLIAM W. PHYSICS DEPT VMI LEXINGTON, VA 24450 MCNEAL, ROYCE ANN 466-12 WESTOVER HILLS BLVD RICHMOND, VA 23225 MEACHAM, ROGER H. JR. 5818 WINDSONA CIR MADISON, WI 53711-5853 MEIER, GERALD E. 16092 DEER PARK DR DUMFRIES, VA 22026-1734 MELLINGER, A. CLAIR EASTERN MENNONTTE COLLEGE HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 MENGAK, MICHAEL T. Div OF LIFE SCIENCES FERRUM COLLEGE FERRUM,VA 24088 MEROLA , JOSEPH S. CHEMISTRY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0212 MESHEJIAN, WAYNE K. NATURAL SCIENCES DEPT LONGWOOD COLLEGE FARMVILLE,VA 23901 85 METZ, JOHN D. P.O. BOX 1191 WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187 MIKESELL, PATRICK B. BOX 6931 RADFORD UNIVERSITY STATION RADFORD, VA 24142 MILHAUSEN, THOMAS J. 8600 DWAYNE LANE RICHMOND, VA 23235 MILLER, ORSON K JR. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 MILLER, ROMAN L BIOLOGY DEPT EASTERN MENNONTTE COLLEGE HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 MILLER, VERNON R 402 N. MARKET ST SALEM, VA 24153 MILLS, RICHARD R BIOLOGY DEPT BOX 2012, VCU RICHMOND, VA 23284 MILTON, THOMAS H. RICHARD BLAND COLLEGE PETERSBURG, VA 23805 MINEHART, RALPH C. PHYSICS DEPT - MCCORMICK RD UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 MINNIX, R B. PHYSICS DEPT VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE LEXINGTON, VA 24450 MINTON, PAUL D. 2626 STRATFORD RD RICHMOND, VA 23225 MITCHELL, JOSEPH C. BIOLOGY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173 MO, LUKE W. PHYSICS DEPT - ROBESON HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 MOHAMED,ALIL BOX 9259 VJRIGNIA STATE UNIVERSITY PETERSBURG, VA 23806 MOHNEY, REBECCA 1956 THOMSON RD CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 MONCRIEF, NANCY MAMMALS DEPT VJRIGNIA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARTINSVILLE, VA 14112 MONEY, PETER A. 524 J. CLYDE MORRIS BLVD VIRGINIA LIVING MUSEUM NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23601 MOORE, DAVID J. BIOLOGY DEPT, BOX 6931 RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 MOORE, H. KENT PHYSICS DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 MOORES, BRIAN W. RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE, P.O. BOX 5005 ASHLAND, VA 23005-5005 MORGAN, JOHN P. MATH & STATISTICS DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 MORRELL, LARRY COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 MORSE, LARRY E. 1815 N. LYNN ST THE NATURE CONSERVANCY ARLINGTON, VA 22209 MOSBO, JOHN A. CHEMISTRY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 MOSE, DOUGLAS C. 4700 GROVES LANE FAIRFAX, VA 22030-4411 86 MUEHLSTEIN, LISA K, BIOLOGY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173 MUNSON, ALBERT E. 5302 BEECHWOOD PT CT MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23112-2535 MUSHRUSH, GEORGE W. CHEMISTRY DEPT 4400 UNIVERSITY DR GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 MYERS, MELBA J. 221 GOVERNOR ST RICHMOND, VA 23219 NAIK, DAYANAND N. MATH & STATISTICS DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 NASH, CAROL L. 285 NEWMAN AVE HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 NEHER, DEAN R. BRIDGEWATER COLLEGE BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812 NEVES, RICHARD J. nSHERIES AND WILDLIFE VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 NEWTON, SCOTT H. VDACS P.O. BOX 1163 RICHMOND, VA 23209 NEY, JOHNJ. nSHERIES & WILDLIFE SCIENCES DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0321 NIEHAUS, JUDY H. BIOLOGY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24141 NIELSEN, ANNE W. RT3, BOX 36 DAYTON, VA 22821 NILSEN, ERIKT. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 NWOKOGU, GODSON C CHEMISTRY DEPT HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 O’CONNOR, JAMES V. 10108 HAYWOOD CIRCLE SILVER SPRING, MD 20902-4968 O’DELL, DEBORAH A. BIOLOGY DEPT MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 O’REAR, CHARLES E. 2754 HILLRD VIENNA, VA 22180 OGLIARUSO, M. A. 126 WILLIAMS HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 OKIE, EDWARD G. COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 OLIN, ROBERT F. 707 DRAPER RD BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 OLSON, LEE C. BIOLOGY DEPT CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT COLLEGE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 OPP, RUTH O. 9002 BELVOIR WDS PKWY FORT BELVOIR, VA 22060-2709 ORCUTT, DAVID M. PLANT PATH & WEED SCIENCE DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 ORTH, DONALD FISH AND WILDLIFE SCIENCE DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0321 87 ORWOLL, ROBERT A. CHEMISTRY DEPT COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 OSBORNE, PAUL J. 1432 NORTHWOOD CIR LYNCHBURG, VA 24503-1916 OSCAR, KENNETH J. 7806 HUNTSMAN BLVD1704 SPRINGFIELD, VA 22153-3924 OTIS, DEBORAH E. CHEMISTRY DEPT VIRGINIA WESLEYAN COLLEGE NORFOLK, VA 23502-5599 OWENS,VrVIANA. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 OWERS, NOEL O. BOX 709, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 PAGELS, JOHN F. DEPT OF BIOL ACAD CENTER VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23220 PAINTER, HARRY F. 8324 THE MIDWAY ANNANDALE,VA 22003 PALOCSAY, FRANK A. CHEMISTRY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 PAONESSA, LAURIE J. HC75BOX 1717 LOCUST GROVE, VA 22508 PARKER, BRUCE C. BIOLOGY DEPT - DERRING HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 PARKER, SCOTT PO BOX 454 NATL TRUST/HIS PRES-MONTPELIER MONTPELIER STATION, VA 22957 PEACHEE, CHARLES 4162 TRAYLOR DR RICHMOND, VA 23235 PENDLETON, WALLACE O. JR 2318 MCRAE RD RICHMOND, VA 23235 PETERS, DANIEL J. 501-D BRIDGE CROSSING YORKTOWN,VA 23692 PETERS, PHILIP B. RR3BOX402 LEXINGTON, VA 24450-9116 PETTUS, ALVIN M. SECONDARY EDUCATION JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 PETTUS, WILLIAM G. RT 2, BOX 549 MONROE, VA 24574 PICKENS, JEFFREY PSYCHOLOGY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 PINSCHMIDT, MARY W. 8 NELSON ST FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22405 PITTAS, PEGGY 719 SHERMAN DR LYNCHBURG, VA 24502 PITTMAN, ROLAND N. PHYSIOLOGY DEPT BOX 551, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 PLEBAN, PATRICIA CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23429 POLAND, JAMES L. PHYSIOLOGY DEPT BOX 551, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 POTTS, ALICE A. 7716 MILLCREEKDR RICHMOND, VA 23235 88 POWELL, NORRIS L. PO BOX 7099 TIDEWATER AGRI EXPT STATION SUFFOLK, VA 23437 POWERS, ANNE M. BIOLOGY DEPT SHENANDOAH UNIVERSITY 1460 UNIVERSITY DR WINCHESTER, VA 22601 PRASAD, CHUNCHU B. 107 RESEARCH DR ANALYTICAL SERVICES & MATERIALS, INC HAMPTON, VA 23666 PRATHER, J. PRESTON 1771 OLD BROOK RD CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 PROVENZANO, A.J. OCEANOGRAPHY DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0276 PUGH, EMILY B. NORVIEW MIDDLE SCHOOL 6325 E. SEWELLS PT RD NORFOLK, VA 23513 PULLINS, STEVAN C. 102 SOUTHEAST TRACE WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23188-1665 RADICE, GARY P. BIOLOGY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173 RADIN, DAVID CROPTECH DEVELOPMENT CORP 1861 PRATT DR BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 RAMIREZ, DONALD E. MATH - ASTRO BLDG - CABELL DR UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 RAMSEY, GWYNNW. 1218 CHARLDONRD LYNCHBURG, VA 24501 RATCHFORD, J. THOMAS 8804 FIRCREST PLACE ALEXANDRIA, VA 22308 RAWINSKI, THOMAS J. RT1,BOX40 VA DIV OF NATURAL HERITAGE ROCKVILLE, VA 23146 REAY, WILLIAM G. P.O. BOX 124 BELSPRING,VA 24058 REID, JAMES D. PO BOX 16 WOODBERRY FOREST SCHOOL WOODBERRY FOREST, VA 22989-0016 REIFSNIDER, KENNETH L. 2127 WOODLAND HILLS DR BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 REIN, STEVEN R. MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES DEPT VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2014 REINDERS, THOMAS P. BOX 581, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 RENEAU, R. B. JR. 904 ELIZABETH DR BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 RENFROE, MICHAEL H. BIOLOGY DEPT HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 REPICI, DOMINIC J. 4105 MINSTRELL LANE FAIRFAX, VA 22033 REYNOLDS, MARION R. JR. STATISTICS DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 RICE, CYNTHIA SCHROER 239 SYCAMORE ST STAUNTON, VA 24401 RICE, RANDALL B. 4616 HAGEN DR VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23462 RICHARDS, ELIAS III MRS. 905 OLD TRENTS FERRY RD LYNCHBURG, VA 24503 89 RICKETT, FREDERIC L. 12521 EASY ST CHESTER, VA 23831 RIESTER, REBECCA L. NVCC - LOUDOUN 1000 HFB HIGHWAY STERLING, VA RITTER, ALFRED L. PHYSICS DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 RIVERS, WALTER GUY BIOLOGY DEPT LYNCHBURG COLLEGE LYNCHBURG, VA 24501 ROANE, MARTHA K. PLANT PATHOLOGY & PHYS DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 ROBERTS, MARY DENTON BIOLOGY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 ROBERTS, WILLIAM W. JR. APPLIED MATHEMATICS DEPT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 ROCKWOOD, LARRY L. BIOLOGY DEPT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 RODRIGUEZ, GILE. BOX 225, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 ROGERS, J. ORION P.O.BOX 6931 RADFORD, VA 24142 ROONEY, HUGH 2904 CRAIGWOOD CIRCLE MECHANICSVILLE, VA 23111 ROSE, ROBERT K. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266 ROSECRANS, JOHN A. PHARMACOLOGY DEPT BOX 613, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613 ROSENTHAL, MIRIAM D. BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT - BOX 1980 E. VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL NORFOLK, VA 23501 ROUSE, GARRIE D. RT3, BOX 25 AYLETT,VA 23009 RUCHARDSON, GRANT A. RR 1, BOX 107 BENTONVILLE, VA 22610-9714 RUDMIN, JOSEPH W. PHYSICS DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 RUGG, ROBERT D. URBAN & PLANNING DEPT - BOX 2008 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2008 RUNDBERG, ERIC G. S. JR. 1313 WILDERNESS DR RICHMOND, VA 23231 RUSSELL, DARCY L. BIOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 SAADY, JOSEPH J. BOX 597, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0597 SANTOS, J. G. DOS 2 GLENBROOK CIRCLE WEST RICHMOND, VA 23229 SATTLER,PAULW. BIOLOGY/CHEMISTRY DEPT BOX 20000 LYNCHBURG, VA 24506-8001 SAUDER, WILLIAM C. PHYSICS DEPT VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE LEXINGTON, VA 24450 SAVTrZKY,ALANH. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266 90 SAWYER, THOMAS K. BOX 206 - TURTLE COVE RESCON ASSOC INC ROYAL OAK, MD 21662 SEIDENBERG, ARTHUR!. BIOLOGY DEPT, BOX 2019 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2019 SCHATZ, PAUL N. CHEMISTRY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 SELBY, GREGORY PO BOX 7869 HAMPTON, VA 23666 SCHELLENBERG, KARL A. 1332 LAKEVIEW DR VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455 SELBY, SUANNA C. 10315 DUNN MEADOW RD VIENNA, VA 22182 SCHICK, G. ALAN CHEMISTRY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 SEN, DILIP K. DEPT OF LIFE SCIENCES, BOX 9332 VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY PETERSBURG, VA 23806 SCHREIBER, HENRY D. CHEMISTRY DEPT LEXINGTON, VA 24450 SHANHOLTZ, VERNON O. AGRICULTURAL ENGR. VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 SCHREINER, SERGE 10405 OAK BAY CT RICHMOND, VA 23233 SHARP, LLYN 428 NORTH MAIN ST BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0542 SCHULMAN, ROBERT S. STATISTICS DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 SHAVER, ROBERT G. CARBOSPHERES INC 6700 HIGHPOINT COURT MANASSAS, VA 22111 22020 SCHULZ, PETER URBAN STUDIES, BOX 2008 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RCHMOND,VA 23284-2008 SHEDD, DOUGLAS H. BIOLOGY DEPT, BOX 963 RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN’S COL LEGE LYNCHBURG, VA 24503 SCHWAB, DON 1411 PLANTERS DR SUFFOLK, VA 23434 SHELTON, KEITH R. BOX 614, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0614 SCOTT, MARVIN W. STEVENS HALL LONGWOOD COLLEGE FARMVILLE,VA 23901 SHERALD, ALLEN F. 9451 LEE HIGHWAY #1209 FAIRFAX, VA 22031 SCRIVENER, J. G. 12913 SILVER CREST CHESTER, VA 23831 SHERWOOD, W. CULLEN GEOLOGY DEPT - MILLER HALL JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 SEIBEL, HUGO R. ANATOMY DEPT MCVA^CU RICHMOND, VA 23298 SHILLADY, DONALD D. P.O. BOX 842006 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNV. RICHMOND, VA 23284-2006 91 SHIPES, BARBARA G. 240 MILL POINT DR HAMPTON, VA 23669 SHOLLEY, MILTON M. BOX 709. MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 SHOULDERS, JOHNF. 509 MONTE VISTA DR. SW BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 SIMMONS, GEORGE M. BIOLOGY DEPT, DERRING HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 SIMPSON, MARGARET BOX 26 SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE SWEETBRIAR, VA 24595 SIMURDA, MARYANNE C. BIOLOGY DEPT, 304 PARMLY HALL WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 SIPE, HERBERT!. JR CHEMISTRY DEPT HAMPDEN-SYDNEY COLLEGE HAMPDEN-SYDNEY, VA 23943 SISMOUR, EDWARD N. 121 MARAGARETDR HAMPTON, VA 23669 SITZ, THOMAS O. BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 SKOG, JUDITH E. BIOLOGY DEPT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 SMITH, ELSKEV. P. 901 W. FRANKLIN ST VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2527 SMITH, EMMA B. 3400 NORTH STREET ETrRICK,VA 23803-1632 SMITH, THOMAS L. DPV OF NAT HERITAGE DEPT CONS & RECREATION 1500 E MAIN ST, SUITE 312 RICHMOND, VA 23219 SNEDEN, ALBERT T. CHEMISTRY DEPT, BOX 2006 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2006 SOINE, WILLIAM HENRY PHARMACOLOGY DEPT BOX 581, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 SOKOLOWSKI, STEVEN W. 1267-AW. 27IHST NORFOLK, VA 23508 SPEARMAN, M. LEROY M.S. 406 NASA, LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER HAMPTON, VA 23665 SPENCER, EDGAR W. GEOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 SPENCER, RANDALL S. GEOLOGY DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23508 SPENCER, TURNER M. BIOLOGY DEPT THOMAS NELSON COMMUNITY COL¬ LEGE HAMPTON, VA 23366 SPRESSER, DIANE MATHEMATICS DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 SQUIRES, ARTHUR M. PO BOX 10098 BLACKSBURG, VA 24062 STALICK, WAYNE M. CHEMISTRY DEPT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 STARNER, DAVID E. P.O. BOX 448 ORANGE, VA 22960 92 STARNES, WILLIAM H. CHEMISTRY DEPT COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187-8795 STAUNTON, NICKY 8815 FORT DR MANASSAS, VA 22110 STEEHLER, GAIL A. CHEMISTRY DEPT ROANOKE COLLEGE SALEM, VA 24153 STEEHLER,JACK CHEMISTRY DEPT ROANOKE COLLEGE SALEM, VA 24153 STEPHENSON, STEVEN L. 1115 MORNINGSTAR LANE FAIRMONT, WV 26554 STERLING, DONNA 6007 SOFTWOOD TRAIL MCLEAN, VA 22101 STEVENS, CHARLES E. 615 PRESTON PLACE CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 STEWART, JOHNW. 2205 DOMINION DR CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901-1437 STEWART, KENT K BIOCHEMISTRY & NUTRITION DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 STEWART, ROBERTA A. 2 HARDING ST ROCHESTER, NH 03867-3721 STIPES, R. JAY PATHOLOGY & PHYSIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 STRALEY, H.W. IV WOODBERRY FOREST SCHOOL BOX 25 WOODBERRY FOREST, VA 22989 STRANG, NANCY 408 DUNBRACKRD COVINGTON, VA 24426 STRONG, SUSAN M. B. RT. 3, BOX 41 FERRUM,VA 24088 STROZAK, KATHRYN 12000 JEFFERSON AVE CEBAF NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 STRUTT, MICHAEL P.O. BOX 419 CORP FOR JEFFERSON’S POPLAR FOREST FOREST, VA 24551 STUMP, B. L. HCR74, BOX 937KDR SHACKLEFORDS, VA 23156 SULLIVAN, ANN M. P.O. BOX 85622, DOWNTOWN CAMPUS RICHMOND, VA 23285-5622 SWEITZER, EDWARD M. PO BOX 1187 SKIPPACK,PA 19474-1187 SZNYTER, EDWARD W. JR PO BOX 5736 VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455-0736 TANKO, JAMES CHEMISTRY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0212 TAVERNER, MELISSA P. 16045 MENDOTA RD ABINGDON, VA 24210-4062 TEATES, THOMAS 305 WAR MEMORIAL HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0313 TELIONIS, D. P. ENG. SCIENCE & MECH. VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 TERMAN, C. RICHARD BIOLOGY DEPT COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 93 TERNER, JAMES CHEMISTRY DEPT VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284 TERWILLIGER, KAREN PO BOX 11104, NONGAME SECTION RICHMOND, VA 23230T104 TIMKO, MICHAEL P. BIOLOGY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 TINNELL, WAYNE H. NATURAL SCIENCE DEPT LONGWOOD COLLEGE FARMVILLE,VA 23901 TIWARI, SURENDDRA N. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23508 TOPHAM, RICHARD W. 11821 YOUNG MANOR DR MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23113 TOPICH, JOSEPH CHEMISTRY DEPT P.O. BOX 842006 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284^2006 TORZILLI, ALBERT P. 12510 KINGS LAKE DRIVE RESTON,VA 22091 TSO, JONATHAN GEOLOGY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 TUCKER, JAMES R. II 2800 MOHAWK DR RICHMOND, VA 23235-3140 TURNER, GAIL C. BIOLOGY DEPT, BOX 2012 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2012 TURPIN, PAMELA 1120WOODCRESTDR BEDFORD, VA 24523 UPCHURCH, BILLY T. NASA LANGLEY RES CTR MAIL STOP 234 HAMPTON, VA 23681 URBACH, THOMAS P. 24 NEWCOMB HALL, COGNinVE SCI PROGRAM WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 UTHUS, KRISTEN L. 1511 WESTBURY DR RICHMOND, VA 23229 VAN ALSTTNE, NANCY E. 6209 CLOVER LANE RICHMOND, VA 23228 VAN ENGEL, WILLARD A. VIMS GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062 VANDERMATEN, MARY A. 10913 SPURLOCK CT FAIRFAX, VA 22032 VAUGHAN, ALVIN D. 300 PLEASANTS DR FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22407 VAUGHAN, DAVID H. 311 SEITZ AGR. ENGR. VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 2406L0303 VENABLE, DEMETRIUS D. BOX 6465 HAMPTON INSTITUTE HAMPTON, VA 23668 WALKER, RICHARD D. CIVIL ENGR DEPT VPIc&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 WALLER, DEBORAH ANN BIOLOGY DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23429 WALSH, SCOTT W. OB/GYNDEPT BOX 34, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0034 94 WARD,LAUCKW. VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 1001 DOUGLAS AVE MARTINSVILE, VA 24112 WARINNER, JUNIUS E. PO BOX 357 ORDINARY, VA 23131 WATTS, CHESTER F. GEOLOGY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 WEBB, GEORGE R. 12 BRIAR PATCH PLACE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 WEBB, JANE CARTER 12 BRIAR PATCH PLACE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 WEBB, KENNETH L. SCHOOL OF MARINE SCIENCE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062 WEBSTER, HAROLD F. CHEMISTRY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24142 WEEMS, ROBERT E. MAIL STOP 928 US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESTON,VA 22092 WEILAND, ELIZABETH M. 2004 BURKS ST PETERSBURG, VA 23805 WEISS, ARMAND B. 6516 TRUMAN LANE FALLS CHURCH, VA 22043 WEISS, T. EDWARD JR. BIOLOGY DEPT CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIVER¬ SITY NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606-2998 WELCH, CHRISTOPHER S. ROUTE 3, BOX 1076 GLOUCESTER, VA 23061 WELCH, SANDRA P. PHARMACOLOGY/TOX DEPT PO BOX 613, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613 WELSTEAD, WILLIAM J. 10471 JORDAN PARKWAY HOPEWELL, VA 23860 WHISONANT, ROBERT C. GEOLOGY DEPT RADFORD UNIVERSITY RADFORD, VA 24141 WHITE, CATHERINE W. 4108 CRESTWOOD RD RICHMOND, VA 23227 WHITE, KL. JR. 527N12THST RICHMOND, VA 23298 WHITE, LARRY H. CHEMISTRY DEPT HARRISONBURG HIGH SCHOOL HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 WHITEMAN, LESLIE YOLANDA 9801 ALDERSMEAD PL RICHMOND, VA 232364649 WHITNEY, DONALD A. PHYSICS DEPT HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 WHITTECAR, G. RICHARD GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23508 WHITTEMORE, ROBERT E. 208 MARK DR GRAY,TN 37615 WIELAND, WERNER BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401-5358 WIGGINS, BRUCE A. BIOLOGY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 WIGGLESWORTH, HAYWOOD A. 2420 POATES DR RICHMOND, VA 23228-3042 95 WIGHTMAN, JAMES P. CHEMISTRY DEPT BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 WILDEUS, STEPHAN A. BOX 9383 VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY PETERSBURG, VA 23806 WILLIAMS, BILL PO BOX 8783 WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187-8783 WILLIAMS, HOLLY B. 5105 S lOTH ST #2 ARLINGTON, VA 22204 WILLIAMS, PATRICIA B. PHARMACOLOGY DEPT, PO BOX 1980 E. VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL NORFOLK, VA 23501 WILLIAMS, R. L. CHEMISTRY DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 WILLIS, LLOYD L. RT 6, BOX 1-A PIEDMONT VIRGINIA COMMUNITY COLLEGE CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 WILLIS, ROBERT A. JR COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 WILLSON, DOUGLAS F. DEPT OF PEDIATRICS, BOX 386 U VA HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22908 WILSON, ERNEST BOX 64 VIRGINIA STATE COLLEGE PETERSBURG, VA 23803 WILSON, R. T CHEMISTRY DEPT VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE LEXINGTON, VA 24450 WINGHELD, E. BURWELL BIOLOGY DEPT VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE LEXINGTON, VA 24450 WINSTEAD, JANET BIOLOGY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 WINSTON, JUDITH E. VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 1001 DOUGLAS AVE MARTINSVILLE, VA 24112 WINTERS, DAVID LEE CHEMISTRY DEPT TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE 1700 COLLEGE CRESCENT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 WISHNER, LAWRENCE A. 1645 HEATHERSTONE DR FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22407 WITSCHEY, WALTER R T SCIENCE MUSEUM OF VIRGINIA 2500 W BROAD ST RICHMOND, VA 23220 WITTKOFSKI, J. MARK 7506 SWEETBRIAR RD RICHMOND, VA 23229 WOLFE, JAMES F. BURRUSS - 201 VPIi&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 WOLFE, LUKE G. P.O.BOX 980539 RICHMOND, VA 23298-0539 WONG, ERICA. ANIMAL SCIENCE DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0306 WOODS, THOMASENA H. SCIENCE SUPERVISOR 12465 WARWICK BLVD NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 WOOLCOTT, WILLIAM S. BOX 248 UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173 WOROBEC, R.B. 1000 CROTON DR ALEXANDRIA, VA 22308 96 WRIGHT, ROBERT A. S. 7551 DEVIL’S DEN LN MECHANICSVILLE, VA 23111 WRIGHT, STEPHEN E. GEOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 WRIGHT, THEODORE R. F. BIOLOGY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 WU, DAXIN PO BOX 2284 FERRUM COLLEGE FERRUM,VA 24088 YANNI, JOHN 2821 DONNYBROOKDR BURLESON, TX 76028-8934 YOUNG, RODERICK 702 AIRPORT RD BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 YOUSTEN,ALLENA. BIOLOGY DEPT VPIi&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 ZAPOTOCZNY, JOSEPH E. 204 CHANDELLE BLVD WAYNESBORO, VA 22980 ZINN, JESSE D. 106 DELAWARE AVE WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185-2910 97 STUDENT MEMBERS ADAMS, IRMAB PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY BOX 613, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613 ALEXANDER, KELLY M. 12353 WARWICK BLVD APT 3B NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606-3844 ALLEN, JENNIFER H. 13646 UNION VILLAGE CIRCLE CLIFTON, VA 22024 ALLEVA, DAVID C/O DR ELGERT, BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0406 ARNEGARD, MAITHEW E. UCE & HMS 1020 DERRING HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 AUTREY, PATRICIA I. 1009 CAPITOL LANDING RD #D WILLIAMSBURG, VA 231854328 AVILA, JUANITA V. 8509 CAVALRY LANE MANASSAS, VA 221104812 AYERS, JENNIFER M. GEOL/GEOG DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 AYIDA, BENJAMIN CHEMISTRY DEPT HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 BABIN, JOSEPHINE 9150BARRICKST#302 FAIRFAX, VA 22031-1939 BAUER, OLIVER 43990 MAIDEN CREEK CT BEALE, MARK L. 617 TAPAWINGO ROAD SW VIENNA, VA 22180 BECHBERGER, GINA 2807 N GLEBE RD BOX 520 ARLINGTON, VA 222074299 BEELER, LINDA 3880 SHERMAN OAKS AVE VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 BENEDETTO, JOANNE 6606 HUNTSMAN BLVD SPRINGFIELD, VA 22152-2618 BERNSTEIN, MARISSA A, PHARMACOLOGY/TOX BOX 613, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613 BILLACK, BLASE C. RC BOX 371 28 WESTHAMPTON WAY UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND RICHMOND, VA 23173 BOND, TIFFANY BIOLOGY DEPT FREDERICKSBURG, VA 24401 BOYCE, THOMAS E. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT 5100 DERRING HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0436 BRADLEY, MICHAEL BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 BRANCHE, ROBIN 1. 4260 BUCKEYE CT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 234624933 BRINKLEY, CARLTON C. CREEK CROSSING, APT 504 14900 NACOGDOCHES SAN ANTONIO, TX 78247 BROOKMAN, LORI L. BIOLOGY DEPT, 2119 DERRING HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 BUERMEYER, CURTIS M. 105 LANDSDOWNE ST BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 BURCHAM, SHANNON 240 JENNELL RD CHRISTIANSBURG, VA 24073-7902 98 BURRESS, JONATHAN W. COLLEGE OF FORESTRY & WILD RES VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0321 BURT, JENNIFER L. MS 321 NASA, LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER HAMPTON, VA 23681-0001 CAFFREY, REBECCA 744 TREVOR TER RICHMOND, VA 23225 CALABRESE, DANA L. BIOLOGY DEPT RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE ASHLAND, VA 23005 CARLSEN, WAYNE D. GWU/NASA HAMPTON, VA 23665-5225 CARRENO, CARRIE A. BIOLOGY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 CASTEVENS, CHARLES M. PHYSICS DEPT, BOX 2000 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2000 CHAMBLISS, SHAWN N. COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT HAMPTON UNIVERSTIY HAMPTON, VA 23668 CHAPMAN, SAMUEL L. 1228 PARKER DR SUFFOLK, VA 23434 CHEN, RUIXI MECHANICAL ENGR & MECHANICS DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 CHRISTIANSON, LISA POB 6067 800 S MAIN ST HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 CHUN, SANG Y. 21 SACRAMENTO DR #8E HAMPTON, VA 23666 COGGSHALL, KELLY A. CHEMISTRY DEPT HAMPDEN-SYDNEY COLLEGE HAMPDEN-SYDNEY, VA 23943 COHEN, AMY B. GEOGRAPHY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 COMPTON, DAVID R. PHARMACOLOGY & TOX BOX 613, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613 CONRAD, MARGARET K. 201 W 72ND ST APT lOK NEW YORK, NY 10023-2766 CRISAFULLI, JOHN M. 410-F HARDING AVE BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 CROUCH, MELISSA 12710 SECOND BRANCH RD CHESTERHELD, VA 23832 CROWDER, WARREN GEOGRAPHY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 CROZIER, J. BROOKS PPWS VPI & SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 CUNNINGHAM, STEPHEN G. 4508 MAYFLOWER RD NORFOLK, VA 23508 CURTIS, ANTHONY D. BIOLOGY DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 DATTELBAUM, ANDREW CHEMISTRY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 DATTILO, KEITHA M. 10431 STALLWORTH COURT FAIRFAX, VA 22032 DAVENPORT, STEPHEN R, PSYCHOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 99 DAVID, DANIEL W. 347 SHETLAND CT APT C RICHMOND, VA 23227 DAVIS, ELLEN 37 SHIRLEY RD NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23601 DEAL, CLIFFORD L. Ill 6821 CARNATION RD RICHMOND, VA 23225 DECKER, ROGER E. 249 DRY BRANCH RD CHURCHVILLE, VA 24421 DOES, SHEILAH 9869 SWEET MINT DR VIENNA, VA 22181-6065 DOMBROWSKI, DANIEL BOX 613, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613 DUNLOW, L. DALE 1472 BROWNLEAF DR RICHMOND, VA 23225 EASTER, STEVE 5720C CLARINBRIDGE CT RICHMOND, VA 23228 EATON, GREGORY K. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0406 ELLIS, EDWARD D. PHYSICS DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 ESHETE, MATTHEWOS CHEMISTRY DEPT HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 ESKANDARIAN, JILL A. 21 DECATUR LANE WAYLAND,MA 0178 FOUST, CHRISTOPHER J. 12345 GAYTON BLUFFS LANE RICHMOND, VA 23233 FRERK, SYLVIA 610 CABANISS HALL RICHMOND, VA 23298-8000 FUCHS, RONALD W. II CS BOX 3811 COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23186 FUHRMANN, HENRI 8 BROOKFIELD DR HAMPTON, VA 23666 GATES, KEVIN W. 112F HEATHER WAY YORKTOWN,VA 23693 GAUDETT, MICHELLE MATERIALS SCIENCE BLDG UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22906 GAYLORD, CLARK PO BOX 603 BLACKSBURG, VA 24063-0603 GETLEIN, STEPHEN 4424 SCARBOROUGH SQ ALEXANDRIA, VA 22309 GLOVER, DEBORAH P. RT 5, BOX 284 COVINGTON, VA 24426 GOOD, PETER A. 228 LLANCASTER AVE LANCASTER, PA 17603 GRANT, RICHARD PHYSICS DEPT, RESEARCH EAST OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 GRANT, THOMAS E. 7409 STONEMAN RD RICHMOND, VA 23228 GRANT, THOMAS E. 7409 STONEMAN RD RICHMOND, VA 23228 GRIMALDI, MARK R. BIOLOGY DEPT EASTERN MENNONTTE COLLEGE HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 GRIMSHAW, AMY H. 3855 OCEAN TIDES DR VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455 GULIANI, SAUNA 1805 EDEN WAY VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23454 100 HADLEY, CHRISTINA LEE 10 DURHAM ST #4 BOSTON, MA 02115-5312 HALLORAN, REBECCA P.O. BOX 1470 RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE ASHLAND, VA 23005 HAMMOND-MCKIBBEN, DENISE BIOLOGY DEPT, DERRING HALL VPI & SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 HAMPTON, ROBIN 241 CHRISTINA MILL DR NEWARK, DE 19711 HAMPTON, THOMAS M. RR 1, BOX 7A VERONA, VA 24482-9801 HANSEN, ROND A K. 423 HILL MEADOW DR VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23454-4760 HARRIS, MICHAELS. GEOLOGY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE NEWARK, NJ 19716-2544 HASSUNEH, MONA R. 2113 DERRING HALL VPI & SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 HECKMAN, JOHNR. 1020 DERRING HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 HERMAN, JULIE PO BOX 598 GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062 HILL, STEWART A DEPT BIOLOGY VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 HILLER, BARBARA BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266 HINES, MICHAEL S. 1615 FRANKLIN ST FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 HNAT, CATHERINE PO BOX 4068 LYNCHBURG, VA 24502 HODARI, APRIEL RESEARCH CTR FOR OPTICAL PHYSICS HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 HYER, KENNETH E. 2609 CHESTNUT VALLEY DR LANCASTER, PA 17601-1955 HYMAN, R. DOUGLAS MATHEMATICS DEPT VIRGINIA UNION UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23220 IBRAHEEM, SARAFA O. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 IRELAND, CHARLES B. PSYCHOLOGY DE[T WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 JEFFERSON, VALERIA L. 286 CONGRESS RD NORFOLK, VA 23503 JONES, DAVID H. 1020 DERRING HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0415 JONES, GREGORY V. 11HVYDR#2 CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 JONES, HENDREE 3612 WATERSIDE CT RICHMOND, VA 23229 JONES, JESSICA 2100 LEE HWY APT 102 ARLINGTON, VA 22201-3554 JONES, SAMONE E. COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 JONES, TREACY D. 924 ROCKBRIDGE AVE #121 NORFOLK, VA 23508 101 JORDAN, MARTHA 1110 HAWTHORNE LN WAYNESBORO, VA 22980 JOY, PHILIP J. CSB 2712 COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23186 KAPATOU, ALEXANDRA 613 CLAY ST APT 10 BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 KARAGEORGE, KATHY 3314 ROSE LANE FALLS CHURCH, VA 22042 KAUFMAN, DOUGLAS M. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 KEINER, LAURA BOX 1349- MWC 1701 COLLEGE AVE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 KELLARD, LAURA E. NEW ADMINISTRATION BLDG, ROOM 218 OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23429-0031 KIFLE, YESHIRAREG 157 HICKORY DR SW PAPASKALA,OH 43062-9105 KILEY, QUINN T. GEOLOGY DEPT, HOWE HALL WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 KIM,TAEH. PHYSICS DEPT RESEARCH EAST RM 110 OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 KINCAID, VIRGIL D. JR 1113 COBERLY CT MECHANICSVILLE, VA 23111 KLEIN, ELIZABETH RR2, BOX 4746 SCOTTSVILLE, VA 24590 KOLMAN, DAVID MATERIALS SCIENCE DEPT, THORNTON HALL UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 KOONTZ, KRISTEN E. 915 BOLLING AVE APT 10 NORFOLK, VA 23508 KOPERA, PAOL G. R. 4517 CORONET AVE VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455 KUEHNEL, LAUREL A. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 KUHAR, THOMAS P. ENTOMOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0319 KURUSU, TAMAKI P.O. BOX 10265 BLACKSBURG, VA 24062-0265 LAKE, KRISTY D. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY BOX 613, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613 LARGEN, KIM D.B. 16400 GINGERWOOD CT GAINESVILLE, VA 22065 LAWRENCE, DAVID M. 763 SQUIRE HILL CT CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 LAWRENCE, JAMES 501 HAMPTON PL APT 5 PORTSMOUTH, VA 23704-2538 LAWWILL, KENNETH S. 13319 SCIBILIA CT FAIRFAX, VA 22033-1413 LE, THANH T. 3604 BARCROFT VIEW TER #301 FALLS CHURCH, VA 22041-1568 LEARN, CHRIS A. BIOLOGY DEPT, DERRING HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0406 102 LEBEL, LUC G. FORESTRY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0324 LEE, CHRISTOPHER M. 101 DEMEL CT LINDEN, VA 22642 LEE, JI YOUNG 906 S WASHINGTON ST #211 ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 LEOPOLD, MICHAEL CHEMISTRY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 LI, XIAOGUANG MATHEMATICS DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 LIU, DANHUI BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING BOX 694, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0694 LOWE, KIMBERLY N. 5043 FRANKLIN ROAD, SW ROANOKE, VA 24014 LOXTERMAN, JANET L. 208 N LOMBARDY ST APT 8 RICHMOND, VA 23220 MABRY, MICHELLE L. BIOLOGY DEPT COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 MACERA, C ANTHONY 1444 MAHARISRD VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455 MACRAE, JOANNE BIOLOGY DEPT - MICRO-IMMUNO SECTION VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0406 MADDOX, KRISTY L. 400 GREEN ST #42A BLACKSBURG, VA 24060-4647 MANGESHKAR, MILAN T. 750 TALL OAKS DR #2400-K BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 MARTUCCIO, MICHELLE T. 1828 LAFAYETTE DR HAMPTON, VA 23664 MASON, THOMAS R. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 MASSEY, STEVEN J. AEROSPCE ENGINEERING DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 MATIA, DOUGLAS PSYCHOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 MCCLELLAN, NANCY C. 44 FERNWOOD RD WEST HARTFORD, CT 06119 MCCORMICK, JOEL 1252 GLADIOLA CRS VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 MCDONALD, SARGENT 13913 BARNE’S SPRING RD MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23112 MCELFRESH, DAVID L. 4408 LONGWORTH SQUARE ALEXANDRIA, VA 22309 MCKAY, SAMUEL L. Ill 1001-A CAMBRIDGE CUES NORFOLK, VA 23508 MCKENNEY, AMANDA L. CSBOX 0985 COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23186 MCKENZIE, WOODROW L. 408 PIEDMONT ST BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 MCNULTY, DUSTIN 294 OLD SOUTH HIGH ST HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 MEANS, BERNARD K, 5409 TANEY AVE ALEXANDRIA, VA 22304-2001 103 MERKEL, BRIAN BOX 678, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0678 MILLS, ALISA P. 224 FARRELL LN FREDERICSBURG, VA 22401-4031 MONAHAN, CATHERINE E. BIOLOGY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 MOOMAN, JOSEPH K. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT COOMBS HALL RM 112 MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 MOON, YOUNG C. 1300 UNIVERSITY CITY BLVD #1802 BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 MORGAN, DONALD R. 5801 CHANNING RD SPRINGHELD, VA 22150 MOROW, SUZANNE F. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 MORRIS, EDGAR 2011 SCOTT DRR BLACKSBURG, VA 24060-1463 MUKHERJEE, NILAY BOX 694, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 MUKHERJEE, PARTHA S. BOX 533, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0533 MULLER, THEODORE C. 1900 GROPVE AVE #B RICHMOND, VA 23220^508 MULLINS, DAVID W. 2119 DERRING HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0406 MURRAY, EILEEN BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 MUSLIM, CHOIRUL 803 MEADOW DR #1 BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 MYLER, LAURA ASHLEY PSYCHOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 NANNAPANENI, MURALIDHAR 8641 EVERSHAM CT N RICHMOND, VA 23294 NAYAK,VRINDAR. DEPT OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY BOX 540, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0540 NELSON, GLENORA 2352 BREEZY PINES LANE VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 NEWBY, WENDY R. INST FOR COMPUTER APPL IN SCI AND ENG POB 120022 NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23612 NGUYEN, BINHTHAI 3729 MAIRSAIL CT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 NNAMANI, IJEOMA N. 1901 E FRANKLIN ST #9 RICHMOND, VA 23223 NORWOOD, BRADLEY K. CHEMISTRY DEPT, BOX 2006 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284-2006 NYANTAKYI, PAUL S. 6301 STEVENSON AVE #501 ALEXANDRIA, VA 22304 OH, SEIJIN 5504 MONROE PL 252-B NORFOLK, VA 23508 OLEK, SANDRA S. 311 TARNEYWOOD DR CHESAPEAKE, VA 23320 ONORATO, JOELLE M. BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 104 ORR, MICHAELS. PHARMACOLOGY/TOX BOX 613, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613 OWUSU-SAKYI, JOSEPHINE RM 1703 RHOADS HALL VCU RICHMOND, VA 23220-8575 PAIBIR, SHEILA G. DEPT OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY BOX 980540 410 N 12TH ST RM 548 RICHMOND, VA 23298-6540 PAIGE, CHRISTINA R. 1309 STAFFORD AVE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 PARSONS, BETH 1716-J BIRCH TRAIL CIRCLE CHESAPEAKE, VA 23320 PARTHASARATHI, KAUSHIK 228, HALLO WELL BUILDING THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVER¬ SITY UNIVERSITY PARK, PA 16801 PATARROYO, OLGA L. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0436 PESZKA, JENNIFER J. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 PETERSEN, CHRISTOPHER E. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266 PETERSON, TINA A. MATERIALS SCIENCE DEPT THORNTON HALL UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 PHILLIPS, DANIEL M. Ill 1637 MELROSE PKWY NORFOLK, VA 23508 PICKETT, TREVEN C. 1816 N.ALANTON DR VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23454 PONTIER, NANCY K. 3731 LUDGATE DR CHESAPEAKE, VA 23321 PRIDEAUX, J. BOX 551, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0551 PRINZEL, LAWRENCE J. Ill 915 BOLLING AVE #10 NORFOLK, VA 23508 QI, YUNQIAN DEPT AEROSPACE ENGINEERING 241 KAUFMAN/DUCKWORTH HALL OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0247 RAH, ASIMAHQ. 2113 DERRING HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 RANSON, MATTHEW T. CHEMISTRY DEPT HAMPDEN-SYDNEY COLLEGE HAMPDEN-SYDNEY, VA 23943 RASHLEIGH, CHRISTOPHER M. 506-B HARRELL ST BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 RASMUSSEN, DAVID D. 44 MAIN ST P.O. BOX 542 BROAD BROOK, CT 06016-0542 RAZI, MUHAMMAD A. 1108 W FRANKLIN ST #310 RICHMOND, VA 23220 REALE, ROBYN M. 67 PENNINGTON LANE QUAKERTOWN, PA 18951 RHILE,MARKJ. 1200 HUNT CLUB RD #44001 BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 RICKARD. MONICA A. 1120 CARDSTON CT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23454 RINEHART, SHERRY C. 816 PARK AVE RICHMOND, VA 23284-2012 lOS RINHART, SHERRY 208 N. LOMBARDY ST, AFT 8 RICHMOND, VA 23220 RIVERA, AILEEN 820 WALES DR HIGHLAND SPRINGS, VA 23075 ROWE, RICHARD K. 606 N NANSEMOND ST ATT 3 RICHMOND, VA 23221 RUDMIN, JOSEPH D. 224STRIBLINGAVE CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 SABRE, MARA CTR FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061--0415 SAYAR, HAMID MECH ENGINEERING DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23529 SCHAEFFER, MARY RTl, BOX 851 BASTIAN,VA 24314 SCHARF, LEE 161 STAGE COACH RD WOODSTOCK, VA 22664 SCHARFE, ANDREA C. 1240 WARNER HALL DR VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23454 SCHLEICHER, CHRISTINE C. AEROSPACE ENGINEERING DEPT 241 KAUFMAN/DUCKWORTH HALL NORFOLK, VA 23529^0247 SCHULTZ, CHRISTOOPHERB. 1516 WEST AVE#1 RICHMOND, VA 23220 SCHWEGMANN, STEVEN A. 12362 WASHINGTON BRICE RD FA1'RFAX,VA 22033-2428 SEABORN, DAVID BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266 SERABIAN,ERICAA. 7039 LEEWOOD FOREST DR SPRINGFIELD, VA 22151-3922 SeraURAMAN, SHANTHI CRANWELL INTERNATIONAL CEN¬ TER VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24060-0509 SHAH, SAMIRS. DEPT BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING BOX 694, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 SHAHID, MUHAMMAD BIOLOGY DEFT, DERRING HALL VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 SHAPIRO, YING G C/O RHONDA ELLER COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE ASHLAND, VA 23005 SHERBURNE, SUSAN P. 3558 SHORE DR #310 VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455 SHERIDAN, PHILIP M. RT2, BOX 2120 WOODFORD, VA 22580 SHERWOOD. TIMOTHY S. 2101 RUNNING BROOK LANE MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23113 SIMPSON, CHIMIN H. MAT SCI/ENG DEPT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 SLATER, ALICIA 438 BUCKSKIN LANE BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 SNEDIKER, LEAH 9101 PUMP RD #127 RICHMOND, VA 23233 SNYDER, CARA L. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 SOROKn, DARRIN BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 106 SOTZING, TERESA 5010 BROOKSHIRE CT EAST FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22408 SOZA, STEPHANIES. 2307 LOCUST RIDGE CT FALLS CHURCH, VA 22046 SPRIGGS, TRACEY BOX 613, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613 SPRINGER, STEVEN M. 1017 W. 49TH ST RM 170 NORFOLK, VA 23508 STANTON, TODD H. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 STEFANIAK, ANDREW 119 HOLLYBERRY LN PRINCE GEORGE, VA 23875-2506 STEMPLE, FREDERICK E. JR BIOLOGY DEPT TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE 1700 COLLEGE CRESCENT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 STEWART, KEVIN MATERIALS SCIENCE DEPT THORNTON HALL, UVA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 STINSON, ELIZABETH R. 1607 GLADE RD BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 STOLTZFUS, JOHNR. EASTERN MENNONTTE COLLEGE HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 STORMS, LARA E. 924 CHADWICK CT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23464 STRAUSS, RICHARD T. 1308 WESTMORELAND AVE NORFOLK, VA 23508 STUTZMAN, KAREN L. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 SULLIVAN, P. KAREN MICRO/IMMNO DEPT BOX 678, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298-0678 SUMMER, ERIC M. 614 N BOULEVARD APT 4 RICHMOND, VA 23220-2638 SWARTWOOD, SUZANNE C. 304 ASCOT LN BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 SWEENEY, LORI 6015 B WILOW OAKS DR RICHMOND, VA 23225 SYVRET,MARK 501 HAVEN LN GREAT FALLS, VA 22066-3606 TAN, OSMUND 728 PINEBROOKDR VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23462 TAYLOR, BEA 4413 WOODS EDGECT CHANTILLY, VA 22021-2409 TERRELL, CHARLES 1413 OLD BUCKROE RD A13 HAMPTON, VA 23663 THOMPSON, HOPE S. ROUTE 4, BOX 618 ABINGDON, VA 24210 THORNTON, SUZANNE R. 6305 MINTAWOOD CT MECHANICSVILLE, VA 23111-3719 THORSTEINSSON, MARC V. 401 FAIRFAX RD #1121 BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 TOLLIVER, KATHRYN S. 11113 CUTBANK CHURCH RD MCKENNEY,VA 23802 TOOMEY, CHRISTOPHER P. 2660 GREENBRIAR LN ANNAPOLIS, MD 21401 TOWNSEND, VICTOR R. JR 1467 ASHLAND CIRCLE NORFOLK, VA 23509 107 TURNER, NANCY C. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT UNIVE,RSnY OF RICHMOND RICHMOND, VA 23173 TURNER, PATRICIA BIOLOGY DEPT WI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 VARLIK,MANU BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 VERSPOOR, MAMECKEN PO BOX 5545 LEXINGTON, VA 24450 VIGO, ENRIQUE 6808 KENYON DR ALEXANDRIA, VA 22307 VOBRAK, JENNY O. BOXMWC 2113 1701 COLLEGE AVE FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401-4666 WALKER, THOMAS M. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061^0406 WALLACE, JUDY 2139 SANCTUARY CT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23454 WALTON, G. CLIFFORD 1618 CEDAR LANE POWHATAN, VA 23139 WARD, BRIAN R. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0406 WARD, SANDRA B. CHEM & BIOCHEM DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0247 WARREN, CHRISTOPHERS 3012 WATERCREEK CT #2C MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23112 WEATHERLY, GRESHAM T CHEMISTRY DEPT HAMPDEN-SYDNEY COLLEGE HAMPDEN-SYDNEY,VA 23943 WEINSTEIN, MOLLIE DEPT BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266 WEST,TRAYCIEL. DEPT OF ENVT QUALITY PEMBROKE II, SUTTE 310 287 PEMBROKE OFFICE PARK VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23462 WHEELER, JAIME B. 802 MEADOW DRIVE #9 BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 WHITEHEAD, ALLEN J. JR. RT. 1, BOX 168-A RILEYVILLE, VA 22650 WIECKING, CAROLINE B, BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 WIGGINS, HAROLD JAMES 13LAVELLEDR FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22407 WILDER, JOHN R. 2 BRADFORD COURT FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22405 WILHITE, RHONDA E. 7501 DAWNWOOD RD ROANOKE, VA 24018 WILKES, NICOLE 8606 GREELEY BLVD SPRINGFIELD, VA 22152 WILLIAMS, ANITA A. GEOGRAPHY & EARTH SYS SCI DEPT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 WILLIAMS, ROBERT H. CHEMISTRY DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 WILSON, C. MORGAN BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0406 WINESETT, PRESTON S. BIOLOGY DEPT GEORGE MASON UMVERSTTY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 108 YEE, LELAND JONATHAN P.O. BOX 4614 LEXINGTON, VA 244504614 ZAHADAT, NAZDANEH 14317 SOUTHGATE CT WOODBRIDGE, VA 22913 ZHONG, ZHIWEI AEROSPACE ENGINEERING DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529 ZHUANG, HONG CHEMISTRY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 ZIMMERMANN, JOAN 7213 ROOSEVELT AVE FALLS CHURCH, VA 22042 ZOOK, MATTHEW B. BIOLOGY DEPT EASTERN MENNONTTE COLLEGE HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 109 LIFE MEMBERS JIMENEZ, M. A. 1604TREBOYAVE. RICHMOND, VA 23226 LIVERMORE, ARTHUR H. 5612 GLOSTERROAD BETHESDA,MD 20816 NEIL, GEORGE R. M/S 12A, 12000 JEFFERSON AVE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 ORNDORFF, BEVERLY-SCIENCE EDITOR RICHMOND TIMES-DISPATCH 333 E. GRACE STREET RICHMOND, VA 23219 POWERS & ANDERSON 4821 BETHLEHEM ROAD RICHMOND, VA 23230 BANKS, WILLIAM L. BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT BOX 614, MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA. 23298 BOSHER, LEWIS H. JR. 103 SENECA ROAD RICHMOND, VA 23226 COLEMAN, ARTHUR P. JR. PO BOX 13046 ALEXANDRIA, VA 22312^9046 COLLIER, PAULA A 2222 LAKEVIEW AVE RICHMOND, VA 23220 DAVIS, CHARLES R. JR. P.O. BOX 91 REEDVILLE,VA 22539 FLAGG, RAYMOND O. 712 W. DAVIS STREET BURLINGTON, NC 27215 GOLDMAN, EMMA W. CHEMISTRY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173 HEMBREE, HOWARD W. 2034 VIEW POINT DR NAPLES, FL 33963 HUDGINS, WEBSTER R. 4905 AQUA LANE PRINCE GEORGE, VA 23875 JERVIS, CHARLES K BOX 2595 CHRISTIANSBURG, VA 24068-2595 STRUDWICK, EDMUND JR. C/O NATIONS BANK P.O. BOX 26903 RICHMOND, VA 23261 TAYLOR, GERALD R JR. 1110 SOUTH DOGWOOD DR HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 TOWNSEND, LIVES 2931 NORTHUNBERLAND AVE RICHMOND, VA 232204225 YOUNG, EDNA LOVING 181 VIRGINIA AVE DANVILLE, VA 24541-3761 EMERITUS MEMBERS COLMANO, GERMILLE VETERINARY BIOSCIENCES DEPT VPI & SU COLL VET MED BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 HEISEY, LOWELL 22 COLLEGE WOODS DR BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812 110 CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS ALLEN, J. FRANCES P.O. BOX 284 ROXBURY,NY 12474 BURTON, WILLARD W. 6808 GREENVALE DR RICHMOND, VA 23225 CAULEY, LINDA N. ROUTE 1, BOX 265 nSHERSVILLE, VA 22939 CHRISTMAN, CAROLE W. 4109 EXETER RD RICHMOND, VA 23221 CLAUS, GEORGE WILLIAM BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0406 COGBILL, E. C. 1600 WESTWOOD AVE, APT E202-204 RICHMOND, VA 23227 CROWELL, THOMAS L CHEMISTRY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 CUMMINS, MILTON D. 1907 SWEETWATER LN RICHMOND, VA 23229 DEVORE, THOMAS C. 319 SIXTH ST HARRISONBURG, VA 22801 ENGLISH, BRUCE V. P.O. BOX 267 ASHLAND, VA 23005 FABRYCKY, W. J. PROF OF ISE VPI«&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 FAUL, SCOTT B. 2320 BIDGOOD DR PORTSMOUTH, VA 23703 FESLER, GARRETT R. 105A WYTHE AVE WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 nSHER, LYMAN M. 9202 WATERLOO COURT RICHMOND, VA 23229 FOY, M. L. GRAYSON 2811 GROVE AVE RICHMOND, VA 23221 FUNSTEN, HERBERT O. 116 MILL NECK RD WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 GASKINS, RAY A. P.O. BOX 311 HAMPDEN-SYDNEY, VA 23943 GLOVER, LYNN III GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT VPI & SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 GOEHRING, J. BROWN CHEMISTRY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 HARRISON, EDWARD T. JR. 438 QUACKENBOS ST NW WASHINGTON, DC 20011 HOLTZMAN, GOLDE I. STATISTICS DEPT VPI & SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 HOPPE, JOHN C. PO BOX L, 908 LEE ST WEST POINT, VA 23181 HURD, LAWRENCE E. BIOLOGY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 JOHNSON, G. H. 4513 WIMBLEDON WAY WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 KENNELLY, PETER J. BIOCHEMISTRY & NUTRITION DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0308 KRIEG, NOELR. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI & SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 Ill LEHMAN, CHRISTOPH W. 1200 JEFFERSON AVE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 SERWAY, RAYMOND A. PHYSICS DEPT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 LIKINS, T. MICHAEL VA DEPT OF AGRI & CONSUMER SER¬ VICES ONE NORTH 14TH ST ROOM 257 RICHMOND, VA 23219 STRONACH, CAREY E. 2241 BUCKNER ST PETERSBURG, VA 23805 STUSNICK, ERIC LINDEMAN, CHERYL ANN 2224 LARK PLACE LYNCHBURG, VA 24503 7124 HAMORLANE SPRINGHELD, VA 22153 TAYLOR, JANE B. LLEWELLYN, CLEMENT 1040 VA TECH TRAIL VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455-6662 8605 ARDFOUR LANE ANNANDALE,VA 22003 VALLARINO, LIDIA M. LUNSFORD, CARED. 1807 POPLAR GREEN RICHMOND, VA 23233 1009 WEST AVE RICHMOND, VA 23220 WILSDORF, DORIS LYNCH, ROBERT L. 4701 STUART AVE RICHMOND, VA 23226 PHYSICS DEPT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 METZ, CARA H. P.O. BOX 1191 WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187 WINGFIELD, WILLIAM R. PO BOX 11643 RICHMOND, VA 23230 MILTON, NANCY MS953, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESTON,VA 22092 WYATT, KATHRYN BENTON 301 MAGNOLIA DR DANVILLE, VA 22454 MORTON, JEFFREY B. DEPT OF AEROSPACE ENGR UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 OBENSHAIN, S. S. 2010 PRICES FORKRD BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 OLSEN, THOMAS C. 470 HEMLOCK RD SALEM, VA 24153-5424 SCHECKLER, STEPHEN E. BIOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 SCHWING, JAMES L. COMPUTER SCIENCES DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23508-8508 112 SUSTAINING MEMBERS ANTHONY, LEES. 3779 GARVINS COVE RD SALEM, VA 24153 BASS, ROBERTO. CHEMISTRY DEPT, BOX 2006 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY RICHMOND, VA 23284 BORZELLECA, JOSEPH F. PHAPIMACOLOGY DEPT MCV STATION RICHMOND, VA 23298 BURKE, ARTHUR W. JR 7275 GLEN FOREST DR, SUITE 305 RICHMOND, VA 23226 COTTINGHAM, DONALD R. 910 GREENWAY CT #1 NORFOLK, VA 23507 DAVIS, LOYAL H. 7108 HILLSDALE DR RICHMOND, VA 23229 FAULCONER, ROBERT JAMIESON 1507 BUCKINGHAM AVE NORFOLK, VA 23508 FISHER, CHARLES H. 2546 SOUTH CLEARING RD SALEM, VA 24153 FLOWERS, GEORGE H. 334 ALBEMARLE AVE RICHMOND, VA 23226 GILLESPIE, J. SAMUEL JR 303 HILLWOOD RD RICHMOND, VA 23226 HARRISON, WILLIAM P. JR 807 DRAPER RD BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 HAWK, JEFFREY A. BUREAU OF MINES, MATERIALS DIVISION 1450 QUEEN AVE SW ALBANY, OR 97321 HUGHES, ROSCOE D. MRS. 1711 BELLEVUE AVE APT D1215 RICHMOND, VA 23227 JOYNER, W. T. PHYSICS DEPT HAMPDEN-SYDNEY COLLEGE HAMPDEN-SYDNEY, VA 23943 LYNCH, MAURICE P. VIMS GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062 MOORE, LAURENCE D PLANT PATHOLOGY DEPT VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 O’BRIEN, JAMES P. B. PSYCHOLOGY DEPT TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE 1700 COLLEGE CRESCENT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 PUGH, JEANE. RT4, BOX 882 HAYES, VA 23072 TENNEY, WILTON R 1507 CUTSHAW PLACE RICHMOND, VA 23226 WATT, WILLIAM J. CHEMISTRY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 113 REGULAR BUSINESS MEMBERS GEODYNAMICS CORPORATION DR. PETER G. MALPASS 5285 SHAWNEE RD, SUITE 400 ALEXANDRIA, VA 22312 THE BOEING COMPANY ATTN: DON ADAMS 2101 EXECUTIVE DR TOWER BOX 47 HAMPTON, VA 23666 HOECHST CELANESE CORPORATION ATT: DR DONNA L KEENE, TECHNICAL MANAGER 3340 WEST NORFOLK RD PORTSMOUTH, VA 23703 UNIVERSAL LEAF TOBACCO CO. INC ATTN: MR D.H. CHILTON P.O. BOX 25099 RICHMOND, VA 23260 JEFFERSON NATIONAL BANK ATTN: F.A. GARRETT P.O. BOX 26363 RICHMOND, VA 23260 VANASSE HANGEN BRUSTLIN, INC ABINGDON OFnCE PARK, SUITE 12 ROUTE 4, BOX 1299 HAYES, VA 23072 LOCKHEED ENGINEERING & SCIENCES CO ATTN: PAT HANEY 144 RESEARCH DR HAMPTON, VA 23666 VIRGINIA POWER COMPANY ATTN: JOHN W. WADDILL 5000 DOMINION BLVD GLEN ALLEN, VA 23060 MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION ATTN: ROBERT M. BATCH 2101 EXECUTIVE DR TOWER BOX 81 HAMPTON, VA 23666-2404 VIRGINIA SECTION - A.C.S. C/0 DR WILLIAM MYERS CHEMISTRY DEPT UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND RICHMOND, VA 23173 OGDEN ENVIR & ENERGY SERVICES ATTN: FREDERICK L. CRANE 3211 JERMANTOWN RD, P.O. BOX 10130 FAIRFAX, VA 22030 WHITEHALL-ROBINS W.J. WELSTEAD, JR P.O. BOX 26609 RICHMOND, VA 23261-6609 CONTRIBUTING BUSINESS MEMBERS AMERICAN nLTRONA CORP. PO BOX 521 RICH CREEK, VA 24147-0521 114 SUSTAINING BUSINESS MEMBERS AMERICAN TOBACCO CO. P.O.BOX 899 HOPEWELL, VA 23860-0899 ETHYL CORPORATION ATTN: MR. A. PRESCOTT ROWE P.O. BOX 2189 RICHMOND, VA 23217 PHILIP MORRIS U.S.A. P.O. BOX 26583 RICHMOND, VA 23215 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SECTION VA STATE BAR ASSOC, C/O ALAN BRANIGAN ARLINGTON C H, PLAZA 1, SUITE 1400 2200 CLARENDON BLVD ARLINGTON, VA 22201 115 INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERO & ASTRONOMY HAMPTON ROADS CHAPTER ATTN: LANCE BUSH NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CEN^ TER, MS 365 HAMPTON, VA 23681 BRIDGEWATER COLLEGE LIBRARY BRIDGEWATEIC VA 22812 CHILDREN’S MUSEUM OF VIRGINIA TONY EARLES, CURATOR CHILDREN’S MUSEUM OF VIRGINIA 420 HIGH ST PORTSMOUTH, VA 23704 CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIV. 50 SHOE LANE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY ATTN: GILLIAN T CELL, PROVOST WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 COUNCIL OF VA ARCHAEOLOGISTS DENNIS J. POGUE CO VA TREASURER MOUNT VERNON LADIES’ ASSOCIA-- TION MOUNT VERNON, VA 22121 GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FENWICK LIBRARY 4400 UNIVERSITY DR FAIRFAX, VA 22030 HAMPTON UNIVERSITY DR WILLIAM R HARVEY OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT HAMPTON UNIVERSITY HAMPTON, VA 23668 JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY ATTN: DR JACK ARMISTEAD, DEAN COLLEGE OF LEXTERS AND SCIEN^ CES HARRISONBURG, VA 22807 KNIGHT-CAPRON LIBRARY ATTN: CAROLYN AUSTIN LYNCHBURG COLLGE 1501 LAKESIDE DR LYNCHBURG, VA 24501-3199 LEWIS GINTER BOTANICAL GAR¬ DENS ATTN: LIBRARY 1800 LAKESIDE AVE RICHMOND, VA 23228 MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE PHILLIP L. HALL, PROVOST FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401 NORFOLK STATE UNIVERSITY 2401 CORPREWAVE NORFOLK, VA 23504 OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY DEAN, COLLEGE OF SCIENCES NORFOLK, VA 23508 PORTSMOUTH MUSEUMS BURNELL, M. E. 420 HIGH ST PORTSMOUTH, VA 23704 RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE DEAN, ACADEMIC AFFAIRS ASHLAND, VA 23005 ROANOKE COLLEGE ATTN: DR DAVID M. GRING, PRESIDENT SALEM, VA 24153 SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY RO. BOX SS PETERSBURG, VA 23803 SCIENCE MUSEUM OF VIRGINIA 2500 WEST BROAD ST RICHMOND, VA 23220 SIGMA XI VPI CHAPTER C J. BURGER, WOMEN’S RESEARCH INSTITUTE VPI&SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0338 SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE TREASURER’S OFFICE SWEET BRIAR, VA 24595 UDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENT GOVERNMENT ASSOC 1700 COLLEGE CRESCENT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 116 UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND ATTN: DR. ZEDDIE BOWEN UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173 UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA ASST VP FOR FINANCE P.O. BOX 9002 CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22906 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF ACADEMIC PSYCH ATT: MS JOAN SMALLWOOD 109 AMHERST ST WINCHESTER, VA 22601 VIRGINIA BLUE RIDGE SECHON AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY DAN DERRINGER, HOLLINS COL¬ LEGE ROANOKE, VA 24020 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY OFFICE OF ACADEMIC AFFAIRS 901 W FRANKLIN ST, BOX 2527 RICHMOND, VA 23284-0001 VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE DEAN, ACADEMIC AFFAIRS LEXINGTON, VA 24451 VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CONNIE C GENDRON 1001 DOUGLAS AVE MARTINSVILLE, VA 24112 VIRGINIA SPACE GRANT CONSOR¬ TIUM ATTN: MARY SANDY 2713D MAGRUDER BLVD HAMPTON, VA 23666 VPI&SU ATTN: MINNIS E. RIDENOUR BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY JAMES G. LEYBURN LIBRARY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 THE JAMES RIVER BASIN: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE ...is a MUST for college corporate, museum, and government agency libraries; as well as the persona! collections of scientists, historians, and educators. Published in 1950 by The Virginia Academy of Science, this compendium represents the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary in-depth treatment of Virginia’s most important river. A decade in the making, the combined work of dozens of Virginia’s top scholars is contained in this 843-page hard-bound document with 5 fold-out maps and scores of photographic plates. It is the seminal study for serious investigators of 'The James" as well as those responsible for pubic and corporate policy. Teachers will find it a valu¬ able living resource for helping their students understand the complex inter¬ play between people and nature. It will be appreciated, as well, by all Virginians with an interest in and affection for the natural history of 'The James" and the many essential environmental, commercial, and develop¬ ment issues of significance to the Commonwealth. A partial listing of topics addressed includes: ....agriculture... .air, rail, and highway transportation .... astronomy and mathematics.. ..birds and mammals ....conservation.. ..economic botany...engineering ....entomology.... forestry....geologic development ....lndustries....marine fishes and invertebrates ....medical resources.... minerals.. ..mollusks....organic chemistry ...plant pathology... .recreation.. ..reptiles and amphibia ...thermal and mineral springs............... Copies of The James River Basin may be ordered by contacting VAS Trust Committee Chair D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. at Department of Physics and Astronomy, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington VA 77824450.. .703-464-7225. Make checks payable to: Virginia Academy of Science In the amount of $25.00. NOTES ■■■ ■St :,l4; .Vr." ..' ■ ,if‘1f ■’' i ■' ic; >-''rT\t '•'>■''•'3 'u- "t'OStHIHII^t'.'l .iiO-l - c; T'.' f,'. . iQM "■■' , X -' y a|; . A"^" * ■ ' ■' '"' f 'AV>.m: . ■■ ■■■**< • .'■■..-'•■“(dii . ,• ' . .iftjhw c .'*'3 .1 1^<. t^. .' I .:/rtK'irs‘ fi) ■■ I ■'i:.-:,;';j«-j!; ,, rrVi '.v-Tity ^ ’ ■ - jLm __ ‘’iT^ • v^i ■1 Central Office Blanton M. Bruner, Executive Secretary-Treasurer Lisa Martin, Executive Assistant Vir^ma Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond 23220 804-367-8971 (O) FAX: 804-371 -331 1 The Virginia Journal of Science James H. Martin, Editor, Department of Biology-PRC, J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Box 85622, Richmond Virginia 23285-5622 804-371 -3064 (0) Non-member subscriptions: $27.00/year ($35.00-overseas). Selected back issues available for purchase. Instructions to authors: inside back cover of issues. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Donald R. Cottingham, Director, 910 Greenway Court #1, Norfolk Virginia 23507804-622-6239 (and FAX) To sponsor/organize a science club, donate funds/e^^ertise, assist in student paper competition. The Visiting Scientists Program (and VSP Directory) Jack Cranford, Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 703-231-5371 CRANFORD@VTVM2 Virginia Scientists (Academy Newsletter) Gregory C. Cook, Editor, Tidewater Community College, 7000 College Dr., Portsmouth, VA 22320 804-484-2121, Ext. 367 TCCOOKG@VCCSCENT VAS Research Grants Programs (appllcatlons/informatlon) Judy H. NIehaus, Biology Department, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142 703-831-5641 JNIEHAUS@RUACAD To Create an Endowment and or Make a Donation Arthur W. Burke, Jr., 9699 Shady Grove Road, Mechanicsville, VA 231 1 1 804-287-4340 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) To Become a Member, Institutional Member or Business Member Contact any member or the Central Office (above). 73rd VAS Annual Meeting, Virginia Military Institute VAS Progam Chair: Thomas Sitz703-231-4970 Local Arrangements Co-Chairs: D. Rae Carpenter 703-464-7503 Richard B. MInnIx 703-464-7505 I I § S' 5s I R I G- o I § ^ P- ^ < w OQ o V) CL S' ^ K) § OJ G to to o CO <; 8i 8 I |> I i M o ^ ^ O < S’ 00 OQ 2. i;| fta O CD > o cn Q m s: zs to O OJI ?s o o DO o cn OD O t-H cr> 03 CO PO cn > cn So O »-< > O w ^ S >— t ^-^ 03 H-4 03 03 25 ^ V-H 03 z: 53 d o z; ' r*' ' 111' ' ' . ;V' , ii'.l -v , i.,n " r,A V: ly. t fern's: !'■ ^ S 'fi- ’ A '■ ' ffir, , '■/'i.jI' ifi }: HECKMAN BINDERY INC. E iBound* Ik JULY 97 iBound -To-Pleas#’ N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA 46962 '. i.i