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For instructions to authors, see inside of back cover VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ' VoL 48 No. 1 SPRING, 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ARTICLES TTie Effects of Holothurin on the Developmeitt of Trypanosoma muscuU in tic OrcMectomized and NomrcMectomized FN ^awn) Male Mice, Michael Lanny Hartsell md Dilip K. &n. 3 Graminicolous Fungi of Virginia: Fun^ Associated with Genera EchinocMoa to Zizania, Curtis W. Rome md Martha K. Rome. 11 The Virginia Academy of Science Our Fifth Estate, J. Shelton Horsley. 47 JEFFRESS RESEARCH GRANT AWARDS 53 ,i‘-*fiV-^> -a' ,, ..t;.' ' -■ ' ' .•Jdu^ |TWV:> t: IV . =.?: jA, S-. ■<*- ■■ ■ lif^V # i. ^ s> ^ 4 ti»l • " ta- ' ‘ . ^ ■ V: 1# 7 a ’•■ ito>t • <',. * ^ ?' o.>^w<'v>v^Ei^ ’.T >- ' Ism ] ■ . ■ . ^ > ' ‘.:f ■ '.> -j* ♦;■ i ^’' ' “ **?♦ K ■• ' 'v<^.*^*lpir'\: ^Z'}f^ ii%¥:/' ■ '■• '7 . ; V! ^;!' i ill tJ •.!■ I* -.J» v”j'- i/Ak/' r >■'» t^- -s' .',- '♦.rc a* . Of. 1^ ' ' , " ' '"* V. ' ■ A-*^ ' ■■'k: rf..^,..^.v ,41b, / -t- T, ■- i‘ ■ .■^t ''aa' 5' Viiginia Journal of Science Volume 48, Number 1 Spring 1997 The Effects of Holothurin on the Development of Trypanosoma musculi in the Orchiectomized and Nonorchiectomized FN (Fawn) Male Mice Michael Lanny Hartsell and Dilip K. Sen Department of Life Sciences, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806 ABSTRACT The effects of holothurin on Trypanosoma musculi development in orchiec¬ tomized (IHO) and nonorchiectomized (IH) FN mice indicated that the drug administered simultaneously with the inoculation of trypanosomes increased resistance in favor of the host The resistance was measured by the level of parasitemias at the peak and throughout the course of infectiou Orchiectomy along with the administration of holothurin resulted in lower parasitemias in the IHO group compared with nonorchiectomized holothurin treated IH group. Sex hormones play an important role in the development of parasitic infections. In the present study, orchiectomized mice (IHOT) received tes¬ tosterone after inoculation with holothurin and trypanosome infection. The parasitemic level in the IHOT group was higher compared with nonhormone treated IH and IHO groups. The decreased host resistance in the IHOT group of mice could not be explained in the present situatioa The mechanism of action of androgen and steroid saponin has yet to be determined. Fmiher investigation will help to elucidate the nonspecific factor of resistance against trypanosomiasis. Key Words: Holothurin; Testosterone; Orchiectomy ; FN Mice; T, musculi. INTRODUCTION Trypanosoma musculi has been the subject of extensive studies here at the labora¬ tory and elsewhere (Lincicome et al., 1965; Jackson and Farmer, 1970; AlbrigM and Albright, 1982; Wechsler and Kongshavn, 1985; Sen et al., 1981a, 1981b, 1993; Dusanic, 1978; Roger and Viens, 1986). Other studies document the relationships between susceptibiUty and sex of animals (Fray ha etal., 1971; Graff etal., 1969;Terres et al., 1968; Wunderlich et al., 1991; Yamamoto et al., 1991). Orchiectomy has also been reported to influence the response of animals to antigenic stimuli and subsequent production of immunity (Castro, 1974; Grossman, 1984). Finally, holothurin has been reported to have some biological effects on free living as well as on parasitic protozoa (Nigrelli and Zahl, 1952; Styles, 1970; Sen et al., 1981a). The proposed study has been designed to determine the effects of steroid (holothurin and testosterone) and saponin (holothurin) on Trypanosoma musculi development in orchiectomized and nonorchiectomized FN (a new strain) male mice. 4 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE FIGURE 1. SEM microgr^h of fresh isolate of T. musculi frcmi peripheral blood of infected mouse. METHODS The FN (fawn) strain of male mice used in this study was originated and maintained in the Parasitology Laboratory of Virginia State University. These were the offsprings of a cross between a highly inbred NIH BG (Beige) strain and SW (Swiss Webster) mice. FN mice were inbred in the laboratory for over 20 generations. The initial weight of all mice ranged between 24 and 28 g at the onset of the experiments. Each mouse was housed individually under standard laboratory conditions and allowed free access of water and Purina Lab. Chow^^l Trypanosoma musculi (H strain). Fig. 1., obtained from Howard University, Washington, D. C., was used in this study. The stercorarian hemoflagellates were passed at weekly intervals in SW male mice by intraperitoneal (i.p) inoculation of parasites washed in 1% sodium oxalate. All mice were infected using a standard i.p. inoculum of 5 X lO"^ trypanosomes prepared as suspensions of washed hemoflagellates (Sen etal., 1993). The blood was collected, by cardiac puncture from a donor animal, in a syringe containing 1% oxalated 0.15 M NaCl solution and was centrifuged (548 X g) at room tenq)erature for 15 mia Following centrifugation, the central buffy layer containing protozoan parasites was pipetted off and washed with NaCl solutioa Further dilutions were made with 0.15 M NaCl solution until the desired concentration (5 X lO"^ of trypanosomes was obtained for inoculation in the e?q>erimental and control mice. Parasitemia in FN mice was determined by counting trypanosomes in peripheral blood taken from the tail at 2-day intervals during days 9 to 19 post inoculation (PI) days and is expressed as trypanosomes/mm^ of blood. Numbers of trypanosomes were estimated by standard technique (Lincicome and Watkins, 1963). Nenfbutal (sodium pentobarbital) was administered i.p. at a dose rate of 40 g/kg of body weight to induce anesthesia for about 60 mia One ahquot of 0.25 ml was injected i.p. to each HOLOTHURIAN, T. musculi AND GONADECTOMIZED MICE 5 TABLE 1. The effects of steroid and saponin on the develc^m^t of Trypanosoma musculi in the orchiectomized and nonorchiectomized FN mice. Group means within any given sampling period that are followed by different letters are si^iMcantly different at p < 0.05. Mean separatim by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (IC - infected/control; IH -infected/holothurin/ OrchiectcMny/testosterone; IHOT - infectected/holothurin/OT- chiectcMny/testosterone; IHO - (infected/holothurin/OTchiectomy) Group Mean (Trypanosomes in thousands/mm^ blood ±SD) Day IC IH IHOT IHO (12)** (10) (11) (10) 9 4.4 ± 0.6a 3.6 ± l.Oab 3.4±0.8ab 2.6 ±0.7bc 11 38.0 ± 11.6a 24.2 ± 6.6b 23.8 ± 6.4b 12.6 ± 4.2b 13 42.0 ± 11.1a 23.4 ± 7.6b ♦45.8±9.8ac 13.2±6.2bd 15 *50.6 ± 12.6a 31.8 ± 9.4b 45.2 ± 10.3abc *15.0±6.2d 17 31.4 ± 12.7a ♦35.6 ± 15.4ab 30.6 ± 8.0abc 10.2 ± 5.7d 19 9.0±4.6ac 10.2±6.2ac 16.8 ± 5.6a 5.2±4.1bc * - peak infecti«i ** -number of animals experimental mouse following the method of Pilgrim and De Ome (1955). Orchiec¬ tomy was performed by the method of Chapman et al., 1975; Sen et al., 1983. The surgery was performed 2 weeks before the inoculation of T. musculi. Crude holothurin, a steroid and a saponin of animal origin, is composed of 60% glycosides; 1% cholesterol; 5-10% insoluble proteins; 30% salts, polypeptides and free amino acids (NigrelU and Zahl, 1952). The drug was found to irthibit growth of some free-living and parasitic protozoa (Nigrelh and Jakowska, 1960; Sen et al., 1981a). A standard solution of Img/ml holothurin (obtained from Dr. George D. Ruggieri, Director of Osborn L^ratories of Marine Sciences, Brooklyn, New York) was prepared by the method of Styles (1970). The dose of holothurin consisted of (a) a 250 pg administered to 10 mice (IH) simultaneously with a standard inoculum of 5 X lO"* trypanosomes, (b) a 250 pg administered to each of 1 1 animals of other group (IHOT) of orchiectomized animals receiving 150 pg testosterone simultaneously with trypano¬ some inoculation, (c) a 250 pg administered to 10 mice of a third group (IHO) of orchiectomized mice simultaneously with trypanosome inoculation. Twelve untreated mice infected with a standard inocidum of trypanosomes served as controls (IC). The present study involved 43 FN male mice distributed in two separate experiments. Both the nonorchiectomized groups (IC and IH) were sham operated and received com oil (placd)o) with no testosterone. Statistical treatment of the data involved one-way ANOVA. A probabihty level of p< 0.05 was considered significant RESULTS The simultaneous administration of 250 pg of holothurin and 5 x lO"^ trypanosomes affected the level of parasitemia during days 1 1 through 15 post inoculation (PI) days. 6 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE The holothurin treated infected (IH) group had significantly lower parasitemia of 24,000 tiypanosomes/mm^ of blood on day 1 1 PI, 23,400 tiypanosomes/mm^ of blood on day 13 PI, and 3 1,800 tiypanosomes/mm^ of blood on day 15 PI, as compared to an average of 38,000 tiypanosomes/mm^ of blood on day 11 PI, 42,000 tiypano- somes/mm^ of blood on day 13 PI, and 50,600 tiypanosomes/mm^ of blood on day 15 PI in the control (IC) group. Parasitemia peaked on day 15 PI for the IC group and on day 17 PI for the holothurin treated experimental (IH) animals (Table 1). Orchiectomized (IHO) mice receiving holothurin simultaneously with trypano¬ some inoculation developed a significantly lower level of parasitemia of 15,000 tiypanosomes/mm^ of blood on day 15 PI and 10,200 trypanosomes/imn^ of blood on day 17 PI, compared to 31,800 tiypanosomes/mm^ of blood on day 15 PI and 35,600 tiypanosomes/mm^ of blood on day 17 PI in the holothurin treated infected (IH) animals. The orchiectomized group (IHO) receiving holothurin simultaneously with T. musculi inoculation also developed a significantly lower level of parasitemia as compared to the untreated but infected (IC) controls during days 9 through 17 PI. Parasitemia peaked on day 15 PI for both the groups (Table 1). The experimental animals (MOT) underwent orchiectomy and subsequent inocu¬ lation with test drug holothurin simultaneously with T. musculi and were subjected to injection of testosterone to replace the missing androgen. The parasitemic levels in MOT group did not decline when conqrared with control (IC) and were not signifi¬ cantly different from each other during (^s 9 through 1 9 PI. The MOT group showed a higher level of parasitemia during days 1 3 through 1 5 PI as compared to the M group. No explanation could be found for such difference in parasitemic levels between these experimental groups. The holothurin treated orchiectomized (MO) and holothurin treated nonorchiectomized (M) group of animals were less susceptible to T. musculi infection as compared to the untreated controls (IC) and testosterone treated orchiec¬ tomized (MOT) mice receiving holothurin simultaneously with trypanosomes. Levels of parasitemia in the MOT group were significantly higher than MO group during days 13 through 19 PI. The MOT group developed a significantly higher level of parasitemia with 45,800 trypanosomes/mm^ of blood compared to 13,200 trypano- somes/mm^ of blood in the MO on day 13 PI. Parasitemia peaked on day 13 PI for the MOT group and on day 15 PI for the MO group (Table 1). The missing androgen in MO group may account for the decline in parasitemias as compared to the MOT group. DISCUSSION The sex of the host appears to play an in^rtant role in predisposition to protozoal infection (Sen et al., 1983; Chapman et al., 1975). Evidence suggests that testosterone renders male mice more susceptible to parasitic infection than female mice (Alexander and Stimson, 1988; Hublart et al., 1988). The concentration of testosterone in the peripheral plasma of the laboratory mouse is extremely variable. Studies have sug¬ gested that in the laboratory mouse, testosterone is produced and released in an episodic fashion. Elevations in testosterone levels in peripheral plasma of mice are greater than those observed in other species, and testicular secretory episodes are interspersed with periods of minimal steroidogenic activity (Bartke and Dlterio, 1975). The susceptibil¬ ity due to plasma testosterone can be altered by orchiectomy and hormone replacement therapy. Orchiectomy had been reported to effect the response of animals to antigens HOLOTHURIAN, T. nmsculi AND GONADECTOMIZED MICE 7 and results in changes in antibody production (Wechsler & Kongshavn 1985). Other studies suggested that removal of gonadal steroids by orchiectomy could stimulate the cell mediated immune responses as well as alter the structure of the related immu¬ nological tissues (Castro, 1974; Grossman, 1984). Due to endocrine and immune interaction, trypanosomiasis has proven to be particularly difficult to prevent or to even treat effectively. Antigenic variation allows the parasite to avoid the host’ s immune response and presents it with an endless barrage of antigens (D’Alesandro, 1970). The result of the present investigation shows that holothurin administered simul¬ taneously with an inoculation of Trypanosoma musculi increased the host resistance against trypanosome infection in both nonochiectomized (IH) and orchiectomized (MO) FN mice. The resistance was measured by the number of trypanosomes at the peak and throughout the course of the infectioa The parasitemic levels of both the experimental (M and MO) groups were lower during days 9 through 15 PI, when compared to the untreated but injected control (IC) counterparts. Testosterone replace¬ ment in the MOT group made the experimental animals more susceptible as compared with the MO group. Levels of parasitemia in the MO group were lower as compared to the M group. The only speculation is that the missing androgen in the MO group failed to suppress the host immune system resulting in further lowering the level of parasitemia which was further augmented by the presence of holothuria Styles (1970) e?^rimented with holothurin in relation to T lewisi in rats. It was found that rats treated with holothurin simultaneously with an infection of trypano¬ somes had lower parasitemias than did the controls. The author proposed that the inhibitory effects of holothurin was exerted directly on the trypanosomes as a toxic factor. It is interesting to note that this biotoxin, a steroid saponin of animal origin, has almost the identical effects of those of bacterial endotoxin. According to Singer et al. ( 1 964), the bacterial endotoxins were suspected of exerting their effects by means of some alteration of the reticuloendothelial (RE) system in the host. Endotoxin were taken up by the circulating leukocytes and a leukopenia developed. At that time, endotoxin began to accumulate in the RE system and was cleared from the circulation in a short time. In the present study, the increased activity of the RE system might account for the increased resistance of holothurin treated mice to trypanosome infec¬ tioa The other speculation is that holothurin may act by interfering with the transport of essential substances across the T musculi plasma membrane. Patton (1972) showed that ouabain inhibits the reproduction of T. lewisi and that the effect is indistinguishable from reproduction inhibition produced by ablastin (reproduction inhibiting antibody) in vitro. The mechanism by which holothurin is able to influence resistance against T. musculi in mice is urdmown, but it affects the in vivo development of the stercorarian hemoflagellates. It is probable that factors such as the age, agression, sex and strain etc. determine the resistance or susceptibility of the host to trypanosomiasis. Other factors that may affect host resistance are: nutrition, season, external environment of the host, tempera¬ ture, animal agression etc. (AM and Sweatman, 1966; Barkley Goldman, 1977; Jackson and Farmer, 1970; Lincicome et al., 1965; Hanek and Fernando, 1978; Sen et al., 1981b). It is hoped that further studies of the previously untested experimental model {Trypanosoma musculi and orchiectomized awJ nonorchiectomized FN mice) with and 8 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE without steroid and saponin treatments will enable to elucidate the mechanisms involved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors express their sincere appreciation to Bonosree Sen for statistical analysis and interpretation of the data. This work was si^ported in part by Department of Life Sciences, Virginia State University and by US Pubhc Health Service MBRS grant MPRC-B-S14-GM. Michael ‘Larniy’ Hartsell submitted this piece of work to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Virginia State University, in partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Science, April 1993. Dr. Dihp K. Sen served as major Thesis Advisor for this project. LITERATURE CfTED Albright, J.W. and Albright, J.F. 1982. The incidence of immunological resistance of aging mice to Trypanosoma musculi. Mechanisms of ageing and Development. 20:315-330. Alexander, J. and Stimson, W. H. 1988. Sex hormones and the course of parasitic infection. Parasitology Today. 4: 189-190. Ali, S. R. and Sweatman, G.K. 1966. Effects of age, sex and hormone treatment of the mouse on the level of infestation by Rhipicephalus sanguineus larvae. J. Parasitol. 52:407-412. Barkley, M. S. and Goldman, B. D. 1977. A quantitative study of serum testosterone, sex accessory organ growth and the development of inter-male aggression in the mouse. Hormones and Behavior. 8: 208-218. Bartke, A. and Dalterio, S. 1975. Evidence for episodic secretion of testosterone in laboratory mice. Steroids. 26: 749-757 Castro, J. E. 1974. Orchidectomy and the immune response IL Response of orchidec- tomized mice to antigens. Proc. R. Soc. (Lond). 185: 437 Chapman, Jr. W. L ., Hanson, W. L. and Waits, V. B. 1975. The influence of gonadectomy of host on parasitemia and mortality of mice infected with Try¬ panosoma cruzi. J. Parasitol. 61: 213-216. D’Alesandro, P. A. 1970. Nonpathogenic trypanosomes of rodents. In: JACKSON, G. J. Et al., eds. Immunity to parasitic animals, Vol. H. Appleton Century Crofts, New York. pp. 691-738. Dusanic, D. G. 1978. Precipitin responses of infected mice to exoantigens and celluar antigens of Trypanosoma musculi. Int’l J. Parasit 8: 297-304. Frayha, G. J., Lawlor, W.K. and Dajani, R. M. 1971. Echinococcus granulosus in albino mice: Effect of host sex and sex hormones on the growth of hydatid cysts. Exp. Parasitol. 29: 255-262. Graff, R. J., Lappe, M. A. and Snell, G.D. 1969. The influence of the gonads and adrenal glands on the immune response to skin grafts. Transplantation. 7: 105. Grossman, C. J. 1984. Regulation of the immune system by sex steroids. Endocrine Reviews. 5: 435-455. Hanek, G. and Fernando, C. H. 1978. The role of season, habitat, host age and sex on gill parasites of Ambloplites rupestris. Can. J. Zool.. 56: 1251-1253. HOLOTHURIAN, T. nmsculi AND GONADECTOMIZED MICE 9 Hublart, M., Lagouche, L., Racadot, A., Boersma, A., Degand, P., Noireau, F., Lemesre, J.L. and Toudic, A. 1988, Endocrine function and African tiypanosomi- asis. An evaluation of 79 cases. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot Filiasles. 81: 468-476. Jackson, L. A. and farmer, J, N. 1970. Effects of host fighting behavior on the course of infection of Trypanosoma duttoni in mice. EcoL. 5 1 : 672-679. Lincicome, D. R., Sen, D. K., and Cambosus, B. 1965. Development of Trypanosoma duttoni in two strains of mice. J. Parasitol. 51: 27. Lincicome, D. R and Watkins, R. C. 1963 . Methods for preparing pure cell suspensions of Trypanosoma lewisi. AIBSBull. 13: 53-54. Nigrelh, R. F. and Jakowska, S. 1960. Effects of holothurin, a steroid saponin from the Bahamian sea cucumber {Actinopyga agassizi), on various biological systems, AniLofN.Y. Acad,ofSci.90: 884-891. Ni^lM, R. F. and ZaM, P. A. 1952. Some biological characteristics of holothurin. Proc. Soc. Exp, Bio. & Med. 81: 379-380. Patton, C. L. 1972. Inhibition of reproduction in Trypanosoma lewisi by ouabain. Natn. New Biol. 237: 253-255. Pilgrim, H.I. and Deome, K. B. 1955. Intraperitoneal pentobaibital anesthesia in mice. Exp. Med, Suig. 13: 401-03. Roger, M. and Viens, P. 1986. In vitro production of metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma musculi and their infectivity in CBA mice. J. Protozool. 33: 87-89. Sen, D. K., Ezukanma, N. U., Ibeanu, G. C. and Purohit, V. D. 1983. The effects of castration and steroid administration in BG male mice infected with Trypanosoma musculi. J. Basic and Appl. Sci. 42: 19-26. Sen, D. K, Lankaranifard, G. and Narain, N.K. 1981a Effect of holothurin on muxcM// infection in three strains of mice. J. Protozool.. 28: 167-170. Sen, D. K, Lyle, J. L., Purohit, V. D. and Lincicome, D. R, 1981b. Trypanosoma musculi infections in two mouse strains exposed to various enviromentd tempera¬ tures. J. Parasitol. 67: 744-746. Sen, D. K, Mbagwu, G. O. and Adson, A. 1993. Effects of xanthine analogs on Trypanosoma musculi development in mice. J. Protozool. 40: 259-262. Singer, L, Kind)le IE, E.T. and Ritts, R. E. 1964. Alterations of the host-parasite relationship by administration of endotoxin to mice with infection of trypanosomes. J. Infect Dis. 114: 243-248. Styles, T. 1970. Effect of holothurin on Trypanosoma lewisi infections in rats. J. Protozool. 17: 196-98. Terres, G., Morrison, S. L. and Habicht, G. S. 1968. A quantitative difference in the immune response between male and female mice. Proc. Exp. Biol. Med. 27: 664. Wechsler, D. S. and Kongshavn, P. A. L. 1985. Characterization of antibodies medi¬ ating protection and cure of Trypanosoma musculi infection in mice. Infect. And Immun. 48: 787-794. Wunderlich, F., Marinovski, P., Peter W., Benten, M., Schmittwrede, M. and Moss- mann, H. 199 1 . Testosterone and other gonadal factors restrict the efficacy of genes controlling resistance to Plasmodium chabaudi malaria. Parasite Immunology. 13: 357-367. Yamamoto, Y., Saito, H., Setogawa, T. and Tomioka, H. 1991. Sex differences in host resistance to Mycobacterium marinum infection in mice. Inf. 59: 4089-4096. 10 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ■Mm. •■■■ . 'J| Vi' t'-iC? J' ,i*Kt(«(»i|j&’ ■ 'd- iCsv:^*‘. ,»3tt !^". i’ -Tl . ' ai J i rfi ■.^iU:;^-^1P^^^n^w^,: fv.:= *. yo:. .*1 ^ «'^'^•..4li4 '*-^ ■ t.. ■ v,ivk'V . '^1, ': ♦.■y^- - - 'ju -.'n' t., ^ r‘"*' . e#. )i ' ’i'H; .^ . . * >‘. / JHB.. - ' ' ' 'y '-'.''V K’i' t: * ,''«rr,.'fli^^^>'■:: ■ vv.’L' :; ’ *'jri’,. ,»fe^pir‘*.- , t «P5^4' AwPV;* ■ Idtl,*' ‘V ’k' ' 'Vfr-i* * ’ -^M*' :•« .dr ii't, •'. .y •- --i'-i .1 . • "1 r i " t ‘ r..,>Vie viJ-VJPl^ 1 , 1 '^v,/ AWi' ], ^'1 w.>: '-if.)*!: ' ■'■ ■ * ^ ■ J . ... :S< c ■ : ^ .-r, ,.iiV ' : S ’ 4';ir‘rVMB 1 V'^ m*. ja:u Vii^nia Journal of Science Volume 48, Number 1 Spring 1997 Graminicolous Fungi of Virginia: Fungi Associated with Genera Echinochloa to Zizania Curtis W. Roane, Professor Emeritus, Plant Pathology and Martha K. Roane, Retired Adjunct Professor, Plant Pathology Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 ABSTRACT Fungi on grasses in the genera Echinochloa through Zizania in Virginia are recorded. The list includes all fungi found listed in publications and those collected by the authors. Many host-fungus associations new to the United States (159), Eastern United States (24), and Virginia (44) are recorded. The significance of these grass-fimgus associations is discussed. INTRODUCTION This is the third article on graminicolous fungi in Virginia; it includes fimgi on grasses collected and identified by the authors and those Usted by Farr et al. (1989) as occurring in Virginia. No effort was made to estabhsh parasitic relations. The format previously estabhshed will be folllowed (Roane & Roane, 1 996). When an apparently new association is reported, the symbols NR-U, NR-EU, and NR-V will appear. These indicate new record. United States; new record. Eastern United States meaning east of the Mississippi R.; and new record, Virginia. At present, specimens for most new records are in a personal collection at V.P.I. & S.U. The primaiy purpose is to report fungus-grass associations and establish that the fungi actually exist in Virginia. This is a contribution to the natural history of Virginia. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv., bamyardgrass Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginales: Ustilago trichophora (Link.) Korn., causing loose smut, was collected at the marina cove in Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct. 23, 1991 (91-90). According to Farr et al. (1989), it occurs throughout the range of the host, but there are no records specifically from Virginia. (NR,V). Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E. Mason appeared on incubated dead leaves col¬ lected at the superintendent’s cove, Claytor L^e S.P., Sept. 8, 1991. Echinochloa is not listed as a lK)st of this fungus by Farr et al. (1989). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils. appeared to be killing plants at the head of the superintendent’s cove, Claytor L^e S.P., Sept. 8, 1991 (91-82). Abundant acervuli on blades and culms created striking lesions. Although hsted as in central and eastern states, it is not specifically recorded from Virginia by Farr et al. (1989). (NR,V). 12 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boer., Dorea & Van Kest, (synonym, Phyllosticta sorghina Sacc.) occurred on leaves collected at Goodwins Ferry, Giles Co., Aug. 6, 1989(89-25). (NR,U). Elymus canadensis L., Canada wild-rye Although Elymus canadensis is common in Virginia, we have not collected fungi on it. Farr et al. (1989) hst Claviceps purpurea as occurring in eastern states, and Erysiphe graminis as occurring throughout the range of E. canadensis. We assume Virginia is included but there are no reports specifically for Virginia. Elymus riparius Wiegand Ascomycotina: Phyllachora graminis (Per.:Fr.) Nitschke, causing tar spot, etc. is probably the commonest fungus on Elymus spp. in eastern United States. We have collected it on E. riparius at the Giles-Montgomeiy Co. line along the banks of New R., Oct. 21, 1984 (84-Er-l), along BigReed Island Ck., Rt. 764, 1 mi. below mouth of Greasy Ck., Carroll Co., July 22, 1991 (91-70a, b); and 3/4 mi. above Rt. 613 bridge along Little R., Montgomery Co., Aug. 18, 1993 (93-18). (NR,V). Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz. was collected at the CarroU Co. site, July 22, 1991 (91-70a). The only other eastern U.S. collection is on E. canadensis from Georgia (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. occurred at the Carroll Co. site, July 22, 1991 (91-70a, b). The fungus was sporulating at the nodes. There are no records for this fungus on Elymus spp. in eastern U.S. and none on E. riparius (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,U). Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E. Mason fruited quickly on incubated leaves from the Little R., Montgomery Co. collection of Aug. 18, 1993 (93-18). The fungus has not been reported from Elymus spp. (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. was collected at the Carroll Co. site July 22, 199 1 (9 l-70a). Surprisingly, this common graminicolous fimgus has not been detected onElymus spp. in eastern U.S. nor on E. riparius in U.S. (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,U), It also occuir^ on an unidentified Elymus sp. at Claytor Lake S.P., Oct 1979 (79-E-l). Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils. was collected along the New R. at theGiles-Montgomery Co.,Oct 21, 1984 (84-Er-l). There are two eastern U.S. reports on Elymus spp. but none on E. riparius (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,U). We have a collection on an imidentifiedE/ymz^ sp. from Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct 1979 (79-E-l). Phaeoseptoria urvilleana (Speg.) Sprague occurred at the New R.-Montgomery- Giles Co. site Oct 21, 1984 (84-Er-l). Sprague (1943) hsts Phaeoseptoria spp. which are similar to the hyaline-spored Septoria but the former are yellow or brown- spored and somewhat broader. In the key provided by Sprague, our specimen having 7-8-septate pycnidiospores measuring 45-50 X 4.5-5.0 pm, best fits P. urvilleana. Farr GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 13 et al. (1989) list P. elymi and P. festucae var. muhlenbergiae as occurring on Elymus spp. in western U.S.; they do not list P. urvilleana which is recognized only in South America. (NR,U). Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boer., Dorea, & Van Kest occurred at the New R.- Montgomeiy-Giles Co. site, Oct 21, 1984 (84-Er-l). No Phoma spp. on Elymus spp. have been assigned a specific epithet (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,U). Elymus villosus Muht, hairy wild-rye Ascomycotina: Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides (De Not.) L. Holm, having brown, 7-9-septate ascospores, 3ni cell enlarged, and measuring 38-45 X 5 pm, was collected along Big Reed Island Ck. at the confluence with Greasy Qc., Carroll Co., April 28, 1991 (91-13). Although known to occur on several Elymus spp. in western U.S., it is not reported on E. villosus (Farr et al., 1989). For illustrations and descriptions, see Ellis & Ellis (1985) and Shoem^er & B^cock (1988). (NR,U). Elymus virginicus L., Virginia wild rye Ascomycotina: Didymosphaeria sp., or perhaps Keissleriella sp., with ascomata lacking para- physes was associated with spots on blades and sheaths, was collected at McCoy, Montgomery Co., Oct 1981 (81-Ev-3). Asci are bitunicate, clavate to obovoid, 8-spored, biseriate; brown ascospores have 2 slightly unequal cells, with median septum, echinulate surface, measuring 11-13X5 pm. We have been unable to locate appropriate diagnostic literature. Mycosphaerella recutita (Fr.:Fr.) Johans, also occurred in the collection above (81-EV-3). Ascospores measured 11-13X3.0-3.5 pm (Ellis & Ellis, 1985). Itisknown on several North American grasses but not on Elymus spp. (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,U). Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides (De Not) L. Holm was collected on overwintered culms at the end of Rt 600, Parrott, Pulaski Co., April 14, 1991 (91-8). Ascospores measured 35-40 X 5 pm and were 7-9-septate, almost identical to those from E. villosus above. In both cases, ascospores were longer than those described by Ellis & Ellis (1985) and Shoemaker & Babcock (1989). However, the fungus fits better into this species than into any other described by these authors. It is also the primary species of Phaeosphaeria previously found on Elymus spp. (NR,EU). Phyllachora graminis (Pers.rFr.) Nitschke, causing tar spot, is the most obvious and common fimgus on Elymus spp. We have collected it in Montgomery Co. at McCoy, Oct 1981 (81-Ev-3), and Fagg, Nov. 6, 1983 (83-Ev-l); at Claytor Lake S.P., Oct. 3, 1982, and July 14, 1989; along Va. 8, 1 mi. N. of Rt 807, Hoyd Co., Sept 26, 1994; and at Rt 700 and SirMng Ck., Giles Co., Nov. 14, 1981. Farr et al. (1989) list the fungus as occurring in the range of the host. Other ascomy cetous fungi which we have not collected but which occur in Virginia include Claviceps purpurea (Fr.:Fr.) Tul., and Erysiphe graminis DC. (Farr et al., 1989). 14 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Basidiomycotina; Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz., H, III, leaf rust, was collected at Fagg, Montgomeiy Co., Nov. 6, 1983 (83-Ev-2); and Adner, Gloucester Co., June 24, 1991 (9 1-47). (NR,U). The Adner collection of rust was colonized by Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv.-Bera ex Fr.) Sutton, a common hyperparasite of rust fungi. (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolaris soroldniana (Sacc.) Shoem was associated with pointed, spindle-shaped lesions on leaves collected near the superintendent’s boat dock. Clay tor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., July 14, 1989 (89-12). It was identified previously on£^. virginicus only in Minnesota and North Dakota (Farr et al., 1989). (^,EU). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. was fruiting on senescent leaves collected at Craig Ck. Recreation Area, Oriskany, Botetourt Co., July 31, 1994 (94-25); and along Va. 8, 1 mi, N. of Rt. 807, Floyd Co., Sept. 26, 1994 (94-70). It has been reported only from Texas and Illinois (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,V). Hendersonia culmicola Sacc. var. minor Sacc., having black pycnidia with 3-4- septate, light brown spores, occurred on leaves collected at Clay tor Lake S.P., Oct. 3, 1982 (82-Ev-l). This fimgus has not been previously collected on Elymus spp. (Farr et al., 1989). A key to Hendersonia spp. is provided by Sprague (1950). (N^U). Septoria infiiscans (Ellis & Everh.) R. Sprague, associated with brown leaf blotch was found on leaves from Craig Ck. Recreation Area, Oriskaity, Botetourt Co., July 3 1, 1994 (94-25). It is reported on several other Elymus spp. from western states (Farr et al., 1989) and was determined from the key provided by Sprague (1950). (NR,U). Sphaerellopsis filum was collected at Adner, Gloucester Co. See under Puccinia recondita above. Stagonospora arenaria (Sacc.) Sacc. was also present in the Botetourt Co. collec¬ tion above (94-25). It is known on several Elymus spp. but on E. virginicus only from Michigan and North Dakota (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,V). Eragrostis spp., lovegrass Since there are seven species of Eragrostis to be listed and several fungi occur on at least two species, the grasses are numbered for referral in the discussion. 1 Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees, lacegrass. 2 E. cilianensis (All.) Lutati, stinkgrass. 3 E. curvula (Schrad.) Nees, weeping lovegrass. 4 E. hirsuta (Michx.) Nees. 5 E. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, tufted lovegrass. 6 E. rejracta (Muhl.) Scriba 7 E. spectabilis (Pursh) Steud., purple lovegrass. Ascomycotina: Balansia epichloe (Weese) Diehl, black choke, is listed by Farr et al. (1989) on 1, 4, & 6. These records are from Diehl (1950), who monographed the genus. We have not encountered the fungus. GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 15 Phomatospora dinemasporium J. Webster is a cosmopolitan saprophyte which fruits readily on incubated senescent hosts. A collection on 7 was obtained at Claytor Lake S.R, Pulaski Co., Aug. 11, 1989. (NR,U). Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Uromyces eragrostidis Tracy, II, IE, leaf mst, occurs on 1 & 5 from New Jersey to Alabama although the aecial Anthericum torreyi Baker, functions only in Arizona (Farr et al., 1989). Thus, the fungus must survive annually in the uredial (II) stage. We have no collections of U. eragrostidis. Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginales: Ustilago spermaphora Beik. & Curtis, seed smut, was observed regularly in fields near the V.P.I. & S.U. duck ponds, now the golf course, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., 1948-1%0 (50-Ec-l), and occurs aimually in our garden at 607 Lucas Dr., Blacksburg after being first observed in 1985, and collected Oct 24, 1989 (89-61). Farr et al. (1989) cite its occurrence in eastern states but not specifically in Virginia. (NR,V). Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolaris cynodontis (Marignoni) Shoem., with 6-9-septate spores measuring 45-64 X 11-14 |im, fruited on incubated leaves of 5 collected around the picnic area parking lot Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct 1, 1995 (95-42). Farret al. (1989) do not list this fungus on any Eragrostis spp. (NR,U). Bipolaris hadrotrichiodes (Ellis & Everh.) Luttrell is listed by Farret al. (1989) on 2. This record traces to Drechsler’s (1923) original description (Helminthosporium leucostylum) DrechsL). The taxonomy of this species has been questioned by Shoe¬ maker (1959). Note the confusion of this species with B. nodulosa below. Bipolaris nodulosa (Berk. & Curtis) Shoem., causing a leaf spot on 2, is hsted by Farr et al. (1989). They also have H. leucostylum as a synor^m (p. 588). Thus, the Virginia record is prob^ly attributed to Drechsler (1923). Bipolaris specifera (Bainier) Subram., occurred on incubated leaves of 2 collected at Frankhn Rd. and Avenham Av., Roanoke, Oct. 7, 1994. Farr et al. (1989) do not list this fungus on Eragrostis spp. (NR,U). Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed. was collected on 2 in our garden at 607 Lucas Drive, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Oct. 24, 1989 (89-61); on 5 from the picnic area, Claytor Lake S.P., Oct. 1, 1995 (95-42); and on 7 along the shore at Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Aug. 11, 1989 (89-31). All are NR,U. Drechslera gigantea (Heald & Wolf) Ito, causing zonate leaf spot is reported in Virginia on 3 & 5 by Farr et al. (1989). These records are attributable to Drechsler (1928, 1929). Exserohilum rostratum (Drechsl.) Leonard & Suggs fruited on incubated leaves of 2 collected at Franklin Rd. 8l Avenham Av., Roanoke, Oct 7, 1994 (94-66). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta hordei Kara, fruited on leaves of 3 collected along U.S. 17, Adner, Gloucester Co., Nov. 25, 1982 (82-Ec-l). Elo Ascochyta spp. are listed on Eragrostis by Farr et al. (1989). (NR,U). 16 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., causing anthracnose, has been collected on 3 at the Adner site above (82-Ec-l), and on 7 at the Piedmont Research Station, Orange, Sept. 1983 (83-Es-l). Both collections are NR,U. Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boer., Dorea, and Van Kest was collected on 2 in Blacksburg, Montgomeiy Co., Oct. 24, 1989 (89-61) and at Franklin Rd. & Avenham Av., Roanoke, OcL 7, 1994 (94-66). (NR,U). Stagnospora maculata Castellani & Germano, evidently causing leaf spots, was collected on along the shore at Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Aug. 1 1, 1989. (NR,U). Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Elliott, silver plumegrass Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E. Mason fruited on freshly incubated leaves col¬ lected along U.S. 58, 200 yds. E. of Rt 867, near Patrick Springs, Patrick Co., Sept. 25, 1994 (94-55). (NR,U). Tetraploa aristata Beric & Broome appeared in the sample above (94-55) and in a collection along U.S. 58 near Critz, Patrick Co., Aug. 19, 1991(91-76). (NR,U). An unidentified Ascochyta sp. was associated with leaf spots in these collections; T. aristata was probably saprophytic. Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Coniothyrium psammae Oudem. was also present on dead leaves in the collection from Patrick Springs (94-55). Spores measured 6.5-8.0 X 4-5 pm This fungus causes leaf spots on Calamagrostis spp. in Oregon and Alaska (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,U). Rhynchosporina tridentis Sprague & Rogerson, was associated with leaf spots in the Patrick Springs collection above (94-55). Spores are falcate, 12-15 X 1.8-2. 1pm. This fungus is common on Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. in Virginia. (NR,U). Festuca spp., fescue 1 Festuca capillata Lam., hair fescue. 2 F. elatior L. (including F. arundinacea Schreb. and F. pratensis Huds.), meadow fescue. 3 F. myuros L., rattail fescue. 4 F. obtusa Biehler, nodding fescue. 5 F. octojlora Walt., six-weeks fescue. 6 F. ovina L., sheep fescue. 7 F rubra L., red fescue and including Chewings fescue. Plasmodiophoromycetes: Polymyxa graminis Ledingham, was collected in roots of 2 at Broaddus Flats off U.S. 360, Hanover Co., Apr. 7, 1982 (82-Fe-l); at Island Farm, along U.S. 360, Richmond Co., Apr. 26, 1983 (83-Fe-2); and 3, W. D. Edwards Farm, Westmoreland Co., Apr. 26, 1983 (83-Fm-l). Although we reported 2 as a host previously (Roane & Roane, 1983), our report was ignored by Farr et al. (1989). (2, 3, NR,U). Ascomycotina: Claviceps purpurea (Fr.:Fr.) Tul., ergot, occurs on 2 in almost every stand. We fmd it wherever we find 2 approaching maturity. Collections have come from the Kipps Farm, Montgomery July 1982, (82-Fe-2); Jefferson National Forest, GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 17 Montgomeiy Co., July 10, 1983 (83-Fe-l); Indian Valley, Floyd Co. along Rt. 619, July 4, 1991 (91-59); Dickey Ridge Recreation Center, Skyline Dr., Warren-Rappa- hannock Co. line, July 11, 1991 (91-63); Big Meadows, Skyline Dr., Madison Co., July 11, 1991 (91-67); the cabin area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Sept 9, 1991 (91-81); Pulaski Wayside, Draper ML onU.S. 11, Pulaski Co., Aug. 6, 1992 (92-24); McCormick Farm, Steeles Tavern, Augusta Co., July 18, 1993 (93-13); White Top ML, Grayson Co., (about 4900’ elevation), Aug. 14, 1994 (94-34). Despite the demon¬ strated wide range of C. on 2 in Virginia, Farr etal. (1989) do not list Virginia as habitat, but state the fimgus occurs in the range of the host (NR,V). On 6, collections from the lake shore, cabin area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., July 14, 1989 (89-13); [in this case, inflorescences had proliferated flower parts (phyllody)], and from Dickey Ridge Recreation Center, Skyline Dr., July 11, 1991 (91-64). Epichloe typhlna (Pers.iFr.) Tul., choke, occurs in the anamorphic stage {Acre- monium typhinum Morgan-Jones & W. Gams) as an endophyte. It has been confused with^. coenophialum (to be listed below), which causes a debilitating condition in cattle. BoihAcremonium spp. have been found in Virginia but we do not possess the records. Keissleriella culmifida (Karst.) Bose is a plurivorous fungus having pale yellow ascospores in a mucilaginous envelope. Spores are 3-septate, 20-24 X 4-6 pm (see Ellis&Ellis, 1985). Our collection on 1 came from the War Branch Trail, off Rt 613, Giles Co., June 24, 1990 (90-43a & b). (NR,U). Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides (De Not) L. Holm occurred on glumes of 2 collected at White Top Mt, Grayson Co., Aug. 14, 1994 (94-34). The species was determined from the key of Shoemaker & Babcock (1989). Ascospores were 5-8-sep- tate, 30-33 X 5 pm, second cell usually enlarged. (NR,U). Phaeosphaeria nigrans (Roberge ex Desmaz.) L. Holm was fruiting on one stem of 2 collected at the Me shore, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Sept 16, 1995 (95-33b). Ihe fur^us was identified with the aid of keys by Shoemaker & Babcock (1988). Farr et al. (1989) do not list this fungus on Festuca spp. (NR,U). Phomatospora dinemasporium J. Webster fruited in the anamorphic state rapidly on leaves of 4 collected on Brush Mt. near the Audie Murphy Monument Roanoke- Craig Co. line, June 19, 1994 (94-15). Farr et al. (1989) list it only on Carex spp., but we have found it several times on grasses. Ellis & Ellis (1985) list it on several genera of grasses including Festuca. (NR,U). Basldiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia coronata Cda, II, crown rust was collected on 2 in Emporia, Greensville Co., Nov. 28, 1985 (85-Fe-l), Although Farr et al. (1989) list it as in the range of the host this is our only collectioa Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers., II, III, has been collected on 2 at the picnic area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct 25, 1989 (89-60) and in the cabin area Sept 9, 1991 (91-81); at Camp Fincastle, Botetourt Co., Oct 29, 1989 (89-65); onN. Main St near U.S. 460, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Oct 15, 1990 (90-84) and at 607 Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, July 1993 (93-25); at^laski Wayside Draper Mt., Pulaski Co., Aug. 6, 1992 (92-24). It is listed as in range of host by Farr et al. (1989). Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz., H, was collected on 2 at Goodwins Ferry, Giles Co., Aug. 5, 1989 (89-26). (NR,V). 18 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginales: Ustilago striiformis (West.) Niessl, stripe smut, is reported on 4 by Farr et al. (1989) who cite Fischer (1953) as the source. However, Fischer did not cite aity collections on Festuca from Virginia. This is a questionable report Basidiomycotina-other: Melanotus phillipsii (Berk. & Broome) Singer occurred on 6, apparently kilhng colonized leaves and stems in our yard at 607 Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., July 27, 1994. Farr et al. (1989) do not list this taxoa (NR^U). Wick (1988) reported M phillipsii as causing white patch on 7 during 1982 in Campbell, Carroll, Prince WilUam and Wise Cos. but this report did not appear in time to included by Farr etal. (1989). (NR,U). Deuteromycx)tina-Hyphomycetes: Acremoniella verrucosa Tognini fruited on senescent culms of 2 collected on Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Nov. 9, 1981 (81-Fe-l). It is illustrated by ElUs (1971); it is not included by Farr et al. (1989). (NR,U). Bipolaris soroMniana (Sacc.) Shoem. is Usted by Farr et al. (1989) on 7 as a cause of leaf spots. We have not encoimtered it. Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed. was collected on 6 along the lake shore, cabin area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., July 14, 1989 (89-13). (NR,U). Drechslera dematioides (Bubak & Wrobl) Subram. & Jain, on 5 came from the superintendent’s cove, Claytor Lake S.P., Pula^ Co., May 30, 1991 (19-24). (NR,U). Dreschslera dictyoides (DrechsL) Shoem. also was present on 5 in the collection above (91-24). (NR,U). It is widely present on 2 throughout Virginia although only one specimen is on hand, that from the Piedmont Research Station, Orange, May 22, 1983 (83-Fe-3). Deuteromycx)tina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. was fmiting in dead leaves of 2 sent to the Plant Clinic at V.P.I. & S.U. from WilUamsburg, James City Co., May 1, 1990 (90-13, PI. Cl. no. 90-54). We found it on rachises and glumes of 2 along Rt 619, Indian Valley, Floyd Co., July 4, 1991. Later we also found it on dead leaf sheaths of 6 from the cabin area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaksi Co., July 14, 1989 (89-13). (NR,EU). Colletotrichum caudatum (Sacc.) Peck fruited on dead leaves of 3 collected near the main picnic area and near the superintendent’s house, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., June 17, 1990 (90-35). (NR,U). It is described and illustrated by Sutton (1980, : pp. 531-532). I Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G.. W. Wils. probably occurs either as a > pathogen or a saprophyte on every species of Festuca in Virginia. We have found it | on all Usted except 4. Two collections on 1 came from the N. end of Mt. Lake on Rt. 613, Giles Co., l^y 26, 1991 (91-19) and from War Branch Trail also off Rt. 613, Giles Co., Jurre 24, 1990 (90-43). (NR,U). There are several collections on 2; ' Piedmont Research Station, Orange, May 22, 1983 (83-Fe-3); Emporia, GreensviUe Co., Nov. 28, 1985 (85-Fe-l); from Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., marina cove shore, i Aug. 2, 1989 (89-19); main picnic area, Oct 25, 1989 (89-60); and from the cabin area, ' Mar. 10, 1991 (91-2) and Sept 9, 1991 (91-81); from Camp Fincastle, Botetourt Co., | GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 19 Oct. 29, 1989 (89-65); from Williamsburg, James City Co., May 1, 1990, causing die-back (90-13, Plant Clinic no. 90-54); from Blacksburg, Montgomery Co. along N. Main St. near U.S. 460, Oct 15, 1990 (90-84); in ouryard, 607 Lucas Dr., Aug. 1, 1993 (93-25); and along Stroubles Ck. near beef cattle bam, July 4, 1994 (94-1 1); from White Top Mt, Grayson Co., Aug. 14, 1994 (94-34); on Rt 43, 5 mi. E. of Buchanan, Botetourt Co., Aug. 24, 1994 (94-39); from Blue Ridge Mountain Council Boy Scout Headquarters, Roanoke Ck)., Mar. 27, 1991 (91-5). A collection on 3 came from the W. D. Edwards farm, Westmoreland Co., May 1983 (83-Fm-l), (NR,U); on 5, near superintendents house, ClaytorLake S.P., Pulaski Co., May 30, 1991 (91-24), (NR,U); on 6 along the Blue Ridge Pkwy., Floyd-Patiick Co. line, near Mabry Mill, May 23, 1993 (93-6). (NR,U). It occurred on 7 along the Blue Ridge Pkwy. in (Darroll, Floyd, and Patrick Cos., June 18, 1995 (95-20). Farr et al. (1989) also report 7 as a host in Virginia. Phaeoseptoria festucae Sprague was collected on 2 along Stroubles Ck., near the beef cattle bams, V.P.I. & S.U., Montgomery Co., July 4, 1994 (94-1 1). A variety, P. festucae var. andropogonis is listed on F, subulata Tria but our collection best fits P. festucae var. muhlenbergia, based on Sprague’s (1950) descriptions and illustrations. Spores were 60-70 X 3. 5-4.0 pm with 7-9 septa. Another collection from the cabin area, ClaytorLake S.P., Pulaski Co., Mar. 10, 1991, with 6-8-septate spores measuring 58-70 X 3-5 pm (91-2), had very yellow-brown spores when extmded into water but which faded to pale yellow. In his key, Sprague uses color to separate the taxa. It appears that the pigment is water soluble and therefore is not a useful character. However, based on morphologic traits, P. festuca was collected. (NR,U). Phyllosticta amndinacea (Berk.) Sacc. was collected on 4 at the Audie Murphy crash site. Brush Mt along the Roanoke-Craig line, June 19, 1994 (94-15). Only Phyllosticta sp. and Phoma sp. are hsted on aerial plant parts by Farr et al. (1989). Our determination is based on descriptions by Ellis & Ellis (1985). (NR,U). Phyllosticta helenae Sprague, having biguttulate spores measuring 5-7 X 2. 0-2.5 pm, occurred on 3 collected on the lake shore near the picnic area of Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., June 17, 1990 (90-35). This fungus is known only from Glyceria occidentalis in Idaho. Phyllosticta and Phoma spp. are represented by numerous confusing taxa; thus, we may have erred. Nevertheless, our collection fits the descrip¬ tion of P. helenae given by Sprague (1950). (NR,U). Stagnospora montagnei Castellani & Germano = S. graminella (Sacc.) Sacc. occurred on dead leaves of 2 in the cabin area near the shore, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Sept 9, 1991 (91-81). Spores measured 18-22 X 4-5 pm. Identity is based on descriptions by Sprague (1949, 1950). (NR,U). Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castellani & Germano occurred on 2 along Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Nov. 9, 1981 (81-Fe-l). Pycnidia measured 200 pm diam., the 3-septate spores measured 27-35 X 2-3 pm. It also occurred on 2 in the cabin area, ClaytorLake S.P., Mar. 10, 1991 on overwintered stems and leaves (91-2). Spores in this collection measured 17-20 X 2-3 pm. Sprague (1950) describes this as a variable species which is difficult to distinguish from other graminicolous species. S. nodorum is common in our area on several hosts. (NR,EU). Sphaerellopsis fdum (Bev.-Bem. ex. Fr.) Sutton, widely known as Darluca fdum, while not a graminicolous fungus, is a hyperparasite of mst fungi and therefore 20 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE frequently occurs on grasses. It occurred on 2 in uredial sori of Puccinia graminis collected in the cabin area of Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Sept. 9, 1991. Deuteromycotina-Othen Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn causes a bright tan leaf spot of 2 and is widespread in Virginia. We have collections from the Kipps Farm, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Aug. 1960 (60-Fe-l), Sept. 10, 1982 (82-Fe-3); and from Goodwins Ferry, Giles Co., Aug. 5, 1989 (89-26). It has been observed in several areas of Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., and is frequently sent in on 2 for diagnosis in the V.P.I. & S.U. Plant Chnic. It caused long bleached lesions on 7 in several areas along the Blue Ridge Pkwy. in Carroll, Floyd, and Patrick Cos. on June 8, 1995 (95-20). Farr et al. (1989) also report it on 7 from Virginia. Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) Hubb. Roane (1991) lists nine species of Glyceria as occurring in Virginia. They occur mostly in wet or boggy areas. We have encountered only G. melicaria; it is not listed by Farretal. (1989). Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz., H, occurred at the picnic area. Fairy Stone S.P., Patrick Co., May 23, 1993 (93-3). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Amerosporium atrum (Fuckel) Hdhn was also present in the collection above (93-3). The pale brown fusiform spores measured 9-1 1 X 2.0-2.5 pm. It is described and iUustrat^ as A. polynematoides by Sutton (1980, p. 619-620). (NR,U). Ascochyta brachypodii (Sydow) Sprague & Johnson, a controversial taxon, or possibly^. hordeil{2ir2i^ having characters overlapping with^. brachypodii, associated with small (1X3 mm), purple, elhptical leaf spots, was collected at the outlet stream of Mt. Lake, along Rt 613, Giles Co., May 26, 1991 (91-17). (NR,U). Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. occurred on basal leaves collected at the Audie Murphy crash site parking lot. Brush Mt., Roanoke-Craig Co. hne, June 19, 1994 (94-12), Spores measured 1 1-14 X 2.5-4.0 pra (NR,U). I Stagonospora foliicola (Bres.) Bub^ was associated with A. sorghi from the j collection above (94-12). The usually 8-septate spores measured 26-34 X 3-4 pm. j (NR,U). Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) (^tellani & Germano was collected at the Mt. I Lake site above (91-17). Spores were 3-septate, measured 17-28 X 3.0-3.5 pm, and were shghtly constricted at the septa (NR,IJ). Holcus lanatus L., velvetgrass Ascomycotina: Claviceps purpurea (Fr.:Fr.) Tul., ergot, was present in inflorescences of velvet- grass collected on White Top Mt. (about 4900’), Grayson Co., Aug. 14, 1994 (94-33). Farr et al. (1989) list it only in Washington and Oregoa (NR,EU). Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides (De Not.) L. Holm was fruiting on senescent leaves and stems of the White Top Mt. collection (94-33). Ascospores were mostly 7-septate, GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 21 24-26 X 4-6 |xm. Although it is a plurivoms fungus, it has not been found previously on H. lanatus (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,U). Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia coronata Cda., crown rust occurred in a stand on Merrimac Rd., opposite the rear entrance to die hopsital, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., July 6, 1989 (89-H1-2). It is reported from North Carohna and West Vir^niabut not Virginia (Farr et al., 1 989). my). Deuteromycotina-Coeiomycetes: Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils. was present in the Merrimac Rd. collection (89-H1-2), the White Top Mt. collection (94-33), and at the marina cove, ClaytorLake S.P., Pulaski Co. Aug. 26, 1992 (92-22). Though reported from Maryland and West Virginia, it has not been reported from Virginia (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,V). Dilophospora alopecuri (Fr.:Fr.) Fr., causing twist, was present in the White Top Mt. collection (94-33). It is reported on H. lanatus only from western states (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,EU). Phaeoseptoria urvilleana (Speg.) Sprague, a saprophyte on grasses, occurred in the White Top Mt. collection (94-33), Farr et al. (1989) do not list this fungus; it is listed by Sprague (1950). (NR,U). Hordeum puslllum Nutt., little barley Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Curvulariageniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boed. fruited on leaves collected in the U.S. 29 median strip at Rt 610, Amherst Co., May 17, 1995 (95-12). (NR,EU). Deuteromycotina-Coeiomycetes: Colletotrichum graminicola ((^s.) G. W. Wils., anthracnose, was present in the Amherst collection above (95-12). (NR,V). Hystrix patuta Moench, bottlebrush grass Ascomycotina: Mycosphaerella recutita (Fr.:Fr.) Johans, was collected in Little Montgomery, along Rt 613 near Little R., Montgomery Co., July 16, 1989 (89-Hp-4c); and in our backyard, 607 Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Oct 16, 1981 (81-Hp-2). Ascospores were 1-3 septate, mostly 1-septate, 14 X 3-4 p m. (NR,U). Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides (De Not) L. Holm occurred on leaves collected at Craig Ck. Recreation Area, Oriskany, Botetourt Co., July 24, 1994 (94-23); and at White Top Mt. (4500’) Grayson Co., Aug. 14, 1994 (94-31). No Phaeosphaeria spp. are hsted on Hystrix by Farr et al. (1989). (NR,U). Phaeosphaeria nigrans (Roberge ex Desmaz.) L. Holm was collected on Rt 860, between Blue Ridge Pkwy. and Endicott, Franklin Co., July 9, 1989 (89-Hp-3). The fiingus is described by Shoemaker & Babcock (1989). (NR,U). Phyllachora graminis (Pers.iFr.) Nitschke occurs at every location we encounter H. patula. Collections are from Craig Ck. Recreation Area, Oriskany, Botetourt Co., July 24, 1994 (94-23); along Big Reed Island Ck., CarroU Co., July 4, 1991 (91-61); along Siring Ck., nearRt 700, Giles Co., Nov. 14, 1981 (81-Hp-l); in our backyard 22 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 607 Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomeiy Co., Oct. 16, 1981 (81-Hp-2); July 26, 1983 (83-Hp-l); Sept 10, 1989 (89-55); Jan. 3, 1992 (92-3); and along Rt 613, Little Montgomeiy, Montgomeiy Co., July 16 and Aug. 4, 1989 (89-Hp-4a, 89-Hp5); at entrance to the cabin area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Nov. 3, 1985 (85-Hp-l). Orton (1944) lists several Virginia grasses as hosts for this fimgus. Basidiomycotina: Puccinia recondita Robeige ex Desmaz., 11, 111, has been collected along Big Reed Island Ck., Carroll Co., July 4, 1991 (91-61); along Rt 860 between the Blue Ridge Pkwy. and Endicott, Franklin Co., July 9, 1989 (89-Hp-3); along Rt 613, Little Montgomeiy, Montgomeiy Co., July 16, 1989 (89-Hp-4a,-4c); and Aug. 4, 1989 (89-Hp-5) aiid in our yard, Blacksburg, Montgomeiy Co., Oct. 16, 1981 (81-Hp-2). The togus is widespread on H. patula in Virginia. Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolahs sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. was collected at the entrance to the cabin area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulasld Co., Nov. 3, 1985 (85-Hp-l). It was reported previously only from Minnesota (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,EU). Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel was associated with Phyllachora graminis collec¬ tions from Blacksbuig (8 l-Hp-2) and Little Montgomery (89-Hp-4a) listed above. The fungus was identified at the Fusarium Laboratoiy, Pennsylvania State University by Paul Nelson (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. was present in the July 16, 1989 collection from Little Montgomeiy (89-Hp-4a,-4b). It is reported by Farr et al. (1989) only from Wisconsin based on a report by Greene (1949) who assigned it to A. graminicola. (NR,EU). Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., the anthracnose fungus, has been collected on H. patula only once, i.e., at the Craig Ck. Recreation Area, Oiiskany, Botetourt Co., July 24, 1994 (94-23). This ubiquitous graminicolous fungus is not listed on H. patula by Farr et al. (1989). (NR,U). Phaeoseptoria urvilleana (Speg.) Sprague was collected at White Top Mt., 1 mi. W. of Rt. 600, Grayson Co., Aug. 14, 1994. The genus is separated from Septoria in a key by Sprague ( 1 950) by having colored broader spores. It is saprophytic according to Sprague. This species is not hsted by Farr et al. (1989). (NR,U). Stagonospora avenae (Frank) Bissett, associated with leaf spots, was collected at Craig Ck. Recreation Area, Oriskany, Botetourt Co., July 24, 1994 (94-23); along Big Reed Island Ck., Carroll Co., July 4, 1991 (91-61); and at Little Montgomeiy, Montgomery Co., along Rt 613, JiUy 16, 1989 (89-Hp-4b). Spores measured 30-43 X3-4 pm. (NR,U). Stagonospora montagnei Castellani & Germano {- S, graminelld), considered to be a saprophyte, occurred on plants collected on the forest service road 1 mi. from Rt. 600, White Top Mt , Grayson Co., Aug. 14, 1994 (94-3 1). Black pycnidia had 3-septate spores measuring 18-21 X 3-5 pm. (NR,U). Stagonospora nodorum (Beik.) C^stellini & Germano, associated with leaf spots, was collected on Rt 860 between the Blue Ridge Pkwy. and Endicott, Frankhn Co., GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 23 July 9, 1989 (89-Hp-3). The fungus is reported on H. patula only from Minnesota (Farr etal., 1989). (NR,EU). Leersia spp., ricegrass 1 L. oryzoides (L.) Swartz, rice cutgrass. 2 L. virginica Willd., whitegrass. Ascomycotina: Phaeosphaeria fuckelii (Niessl) L. Holm occurred on dead leaves and wilted leaf tips of 2 collected along Va. 16 at the lake shore, Hungry Mother S.P., Aug. 29, 1989 (89-70). It was identified with the aid of keys by Shoemaker & Babcock (1988). (NR,U). Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginaies; Tilletia corona Lams.-Scrib. in Tracy & Earle, seed smut, is listed by Farr et al. (1989) as on 1 in Virginia. Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolahs leersiae (Adc.) Shoem. was associated with leaf spots on 1 at the superintendent’s cove, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Sept. 16, 1995 (95-37), (NR,U); and on 2 at the marina cove, Claytor Lake S.P., Sept. 14, 1990 (90-76). (NR,V). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. occurred on 1 at the superintendent’s cove, cited above (95-37). No Ascochyta spp. are listed on Leersia spp. by Farr et al. (1989). (NR,U). Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray, sprangle top This grass is known from brackish swamps of the coastal plain but we found a specimen at Montgomery Tunnels, Montgomery Co., July 22, 1995, which was identified by T. F. Wieboldt, Massey Herbarium, V.P.L & S.U. All fungi are from that collectioa Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolar is cynodontis (Marignoni) Shoem, associated with a leaf spot, was also present on nearby Cynodon dactylon (95-30). (NR,U). Periconia byssoides Pers. fiuited on incubated leaves (95-30). (NR,U). Stemphylium botryosum Walk, fruited on incubated leaves (95-30). (NR,U). Amerosporium atrum (Fuckel) Hohn fruited on incubated leaves (95-30). (NR,U). LoUum spp., ryegrass 1 L. multiflorum Lara, annual or Italian ryegrass. 2 L. perenne L., perennial ryegrass. Ascomycotina: Claviceps purpurea (Fr.:Fr.) Tul., ergot, was collected on the point between the superinten^nt’s residence and the cabins, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Aug. 6, 1992 (92-15). It has long been known in Virginia 24 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia coronata Cda. II, crown rust, is common on Lolium spp. in western Vii^nia. Collections are on 1 from the cabin area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Sept. 8, 1991 (91-85); on 2 in lawns in Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Sept-Oct. 1962 (62-Lp-l); on 2 in various areas, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct. 1, 1995 (95-41). (NR,V). Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Drechslera siccans (Drechsl.) Shoem. associated with a leaf spot on 2, was sent to the Plant CUnic (no. 83-198) from a strip mining reclamation plot, Dickinson Co., Mar. 25, 1983 (83-Lp-l). It is widely present in Virginia. Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc., causing gray spot on 1 came from Claytor Lake S.P., cited above (91-85). (NR,U). Volutella ciliata (Alb. & Schw.) Fr. fruited on incubated specimens of 2 collected in the parking area, Price Hall, V.P.I. & S.U., July 2, 1990 (90-49). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta desmazieresii Cavara, occurred on the Dickinson Co. sample of 2 cited above (83-Lp-l). (NR,EU). Ascochyta sorghi Sacc., associated with leaf spots, was collected on 1 in the Market Square area near U.S. 460 Christiansburg, Montgomery Co., June 24, 1994 (94-13); and on 2 collected in the Price Hall parking area, V.P.I. & S.U., Montgomery Co., July 2, 1990 (90-49). (NR,U). Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., causing anthracnose, occurred on 1 collected in the cabin area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Sept 8, 1991 (91-85); and in the Market Square area, off U. S. 460, cited above (94- 13) (NR-V); and on 2 collected in the Price Hall parking lot cited above (90-49) and at the entrance to the picnic parking area of Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct 1, 1995. (NR,V). Deuteromycotina-other: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, the cause of brown patch, is Msted by Farr et al. (1989) as occiming on 1 and 2 in the range of the hosts. Therefore, it must occur on 1 and 2 in Virginia. We have not encountered it. Miscanthus sinensis Anderson var. zebrinus Beal, banded Eulalia or banded Chinese ornamental grass Although M. sinensis is a cormnon ornamental grass, we have made only one collection. Farr et al. (1989) do not even include it Our collection comes from a residential area north of the Blacksburg High School, Montgomery Co., Oct 25, 1995 (95-47). Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolaris soroidniana (Sacc.) Shoem. fiuited on incubated leaves. (NR,U). Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed. also fruited on incubated leaves. Spores meas¬ ured 2 1 -23 X 6-8 pm, somewhat narrow for C. lunata but closest to this taxon. (NR,U). Stemphylium botryosum Wallr., a weak parasite and common saprophyte, fruited on incubated leaves. (NR,U). GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 25 Deuteromycx)tina-Coelomycetes: Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boer., Dorea, and Van Kest was fruiting in obscure lesions. Spores measured 4.5-5 .0 X 2.0-2.5 pm. (NR,U). Muhlenbeiyia spp., muhly grasses 1 Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Tria, wirestem muhly. 2 M schreberi Gmel., nimblewill. 3 M sobolifera (MuW.) Tria, branched muhly. 4 M syhatica CTorr.) Torr., woodland muhly. 5 M tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P., slender-flower muhly. Ascomycx)tina: Phaeosphaeria nigrans (Roberge ex Desmaz.) L. Holm, occurred on wilted leaves of 5 having tar spot (see below) collected on the lake-ridge trail. Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Sept 3, 1989 (89-50). (NR,U). Phomatospora dinemasporium J. Webster fruited on incubated leaves of 2 collected in our yard, 607 Lucas Drive, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Oct. 25, 1983 (83-Ms-l). (NR,U). Phyllachora vulgata Theiss. & Sydow, tar spot, occurred on 2 in our yard, Montgomery Co., Oct 3, 1980 (80-Ms-l); Aug. 30, 1983 (83-Ms-3); in the cabin area on overwintering plants Feb. 22, 1992 (92-4a) and north of the picnic parking area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct 1, 1995 (95-40); on 5 on the lake-ridge trail. Hungry Motiier S.P., Smyth Co., Sept 3, 1989 (89-50). Although hsted as in Perm- sylvania and West Virginia on 2 by Farr et al. (1989) it is new to Virginia (NR,V); they do not list any occurrence on 5. (NR,U). Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia schedonnardi Kell. & Swing., II, III, rust, was reported on 2 in the Mt. Lake area, Giles Co., Sept. 3-5, 1936, by the foray compiler, D. H. Lindea, Mycological Soc. of Amer. (Mycologia, 1937); it occurred in our yard, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Nov. 2, 1983 (83-Ms-2) and again Nov. 1 1, 1989 (89-73); and at the picnic area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Aug. 2, 1989 (89-Ms-l). Farr et al. (1989) report it on 2 from North Carolina (NR,V). They also report it on 3 from Virginia. Basidiomycotina-other: Melanotus phillipsii (Beric. & Broome) Singer, a mushroom (Agaricales) occurred on 2 in our yard, Jidy 27, 1994 (94-22). It apparently killed the foliage on which it grew. In the same patch, Festuca ovina and Poa pratensis were also colonized. Farr et al. (1989) do not listM phillipsii; the fungus is described and illustrated by Smiley etal.(1992). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolaris cynodontis (Marignoni) Shoem., causing leaf blotch and glume blotch, has been collected on 2 in our yard, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Nov. 25, 1983 (83-Ms-l) and Nov. 11, 1989 (89-73); near West Campus Drive, V.P.I. & S.U., Montgomery Co., Nov. 2, 1989 (89-71,-72); in the cabin area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., on overwintered plants. Mar. 10, 1991 (91-3) and Feb. 22, 1992 (92-4a); at Keswick, Albemarle Co., Mar. 23, 1995 (95-5, Plant Clinic no. 95-196). (NR,U). 26 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE A collection on 4 came from the ridge of Bmsh Mt., 1 mi. W. of U.S. 460, Montgomeiy Co., Oct. 22, 1990. (NR,U). Farr et al. (1989) list it as on 1 in Virginia. Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed. fruited on foliage of 2 collected at Keswick, Albemarle Co., Mar. 23, 1995 (95-5, Plant Clinic no. 95-196) and on foliage collected near West Campus Dr., V.P.I. & S.U., Montgomeiy Co., Nov. 2, 1989 (89-71). (NR,U). Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E. Mason appeared on incubated leaves of 2 collected north of the picnic area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct 1, 1995 (95-40). (NR,U). It also appeared on leaves of 4 collected on the ridge of Brush Mt, 1 ^/i mi. W. of U.S. 460, Montgomeiy Co., Oct. 22, 1990 (90-79). (NR,U). Pehconia britannica M. B. Elhs, or a closely related species, fruited ondeadfohage of 2 collected near West Campus Drive and Solitude (house) Nov. 9, 1989 (89-72). It fits closely the description and illustration by Ellis & Elhs (1985). (NR,U). Tetraploa ellisii Cooke fruited on foliage of 2 collected in our yard, Blacksburg, Montgomeiy Co., Nov. 25, 1983 (83-Ms-l). (NR,U). Volutella ciliata (Alb. & Schw.) Fr., a species with hyahne, thick-walled setae, and slimy spore masses of hyahne conidia measuring 5-8 X 2 p m, fruited on overwintered fohage of 2 from Keswick, Albemarle Co., coUected Mar. 23, 1995 (95-5). The only description we could fmd is given by Elhs & Elhs (1985, p. 298). (1^,U). Deuteromycotinia-Coelomycetes: Amerosporium atrum (Fuckel) L. Holm fruited on fohage of 2 cohected north of the picnic area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct 1, 1995 (95-40). A brief description of A. atrum is given by Elhs & Elhs (1985) and an iUustration and characteristics in a key are given by Arx (1981). (NR,U). Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. occurred on overwintered plants of 2 from Keswick, Albemarle Co., Mar. 23, 1995 (95-5, Chnic no. 95-196). (NR,U). Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils. occurred on overwintered plants of 2 coUected in the cabin area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Feb. 22, 1992 (92-4b). (NR,U). Phyllosticta minutaspora Sprague, having pycnidia in narrow black hnes and spores measuring 3-4 X 0.5 p m, was coUected on overwintered plants of 2 in the cabin area of Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Mar. 10, 1991 (91-3). Sprague (1950) found it originally onM filiformis in Idaho. (NR,U). Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv.-Bem. ex. Fr.) Sutton, a hyperparasitic of rusts was reported on 2 on Puccinia schedonnardi uredinia, collected during the Mycological Society of America foray at Mt. Lake, Giles Co., Sept. 3-5, 1936. Stagonospora montagnei CasteUani & Germano, considered to be a saprophyte, occurred on overwintered plants of 2 at the cabin area of Claytor Lake S.P., Feb. 22, 1992 (92-4a). Farr et al. (1989) include this taxon giving S. graminella (Sacc.) Sacc. as a synonym. The characteristics are derived from the key to S. graminella in Sprague (1950). (NR,U). Stagonospora ischaemi (Sacc.) Sacc. occurred on overwintered plants of 2 in the town paik, Blacksbuig, Montgomery Co., Mar. 6, 1990 (90-4), Spores were typical of those described and illustrated by Sprague (1950). (NR,U). GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 27 Oryza sativa L., upland rice Farr et el. (1989) list Leptosphaerulina trifoln (Rostr.) Petr., an Ascomycete, as occurring on glumes eeidAscochyta oryzae Cattaneo, a Coelomycete, as occurring on glumes and discolored glumes, culms, and leaves in Virginia Oddly, these are the only records of these associations in the United States. We doubt if they can be reaffirmed in the future. Panicum spp. The genus Panicum was recently divided into Dichan thelium, including species in that former subgenus, and Panicum, including the species in the subgenus Eupanicum. For a listing of the representatives of these genera in Virginia, see Roane (1991). 1 Panicum amarulum Hitchc. & Chase, bitter panicgrass. 2 P. amarum Ell, seaside panicuia 3 P. anceps Michx., flat-stemmed panicgrass. 4 P. capillare L., witchgrass. 5 P. dichotomijlorum Michx., fall panicum. 6 P. virgatum L., switchgrass. 7 P. spp. (unidentified). Plasmodiophoromycetes: Polymyxa graminis Ledingham occurred in the roots of 5 collected at Broaddus Flats, nearU.S. 360, Hanover Co., Aug. 1983 (83-Pd-l). (NR,U). Ascomycotina: Balansia henningsiana (A. Moller) Diehl, causing black ring, is reported on 6 by Farr et al. (1989) and originally by Diehl (1950). The locality from which Diehl collected this fungus in Virginia is not given in the monograph. Balansia strangulans (Mont.) Diehl is listed by Farr et al. (1989) as on Panicum spp. However, all the hosts of B. strangulans listed by Diehl (1950) are now consigned to Dichanthelium. Myriogenospora atramentosa (Beik. & Curtis) Diehl, causing black crust, is reported on 3 by Farr et al. (1989). Phyllachora punctum (Schw.) Orton & Stevens, tar spot, is hsted on several Panicum spp. by Farr et al (1989). All of these are now consigned to Dichanthelium. Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia emaculata Schw. rust, was collected on 2 on the ocean beach, Lymihaven Inlet, Virginia Beach, Nov. 29, 1985 (85-Pa-l). Arthur (1934) also gives 2 as a host in Virginia. It is listed by Farr et al. (1989) on 4 in eastern states and on 7 in Virginia. Uromyces graminicola Burrill, rust, is hsted by Farr et al. (1989) on 6 in eastern states and on 7 in Virginia. Arthur (1934) hsts 1 as a host in Virginia. Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginales: Sporisorium cenchri (Lagerh.) K. VMq^, inflorescence smut, is prevalent every year in Montgomery Co. on 5. We have a collection (92-23) from Crockett, Wythe Co., Aug. 6, 1992. It is widespread in eastern states (Farr et al., 1989). 28 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Dueteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolaris soroJdniana (Sacc.) Shoem. was collected on seedlings of 6 at the Kipps Farm, V.P.I. & S.U., Montgomery Co., June 24, 1986 (86-Pv-l). It caused leaf spot and blight on 6 at the Piedmont Research Station, Orange Co., Aug. 8, 1989 (89-28). (NR,V). Phaeoramularia fusimaculans (Atk.) X. Lui & Guo (formerly Cercospora fusi~ maculans Atk.), causing leaf spot, occurred on 5 in a com field, Dickinson Co., July 16, 1991 (91-69). (NR,V). See Chupp (1953) for a description. Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. WUs., anthracnose, was collected on 3 at the head of the picnic cove, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Sept. 25, 1990 (90-78a), (NR,U), and was sent to the Plant Clinic on 6 from the State Forestry Nursery, Williamsburg, James City Co., Aug. 22, 1994 ((94-37). (NR,V). Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boer., Dorea, & Van Kest, associated with irregular tan spots with purple margins occurred on 6 at the Kipps Farm (in 1985, the V.P.I. & S.U. Agronomy Farm), Montgomery Co., July 19, 1985 (85-Pv-l). It is reported from Florida and Kansas (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,V). Septoria arechavaletae G. Wint. is reported on 4 from Virginia and Argentina by Sprague (1950), who traces the Virginia specimen back to David Fairchild’s collec¬ tions. Farr et al. (1989) report this fungus from Virginia and Umguay and refer to Sprague. Thus, there is a shght inconsistency. We found it on Dichanthalium dichotomum (Roane & Roane, 1996). Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv.-Bem. ex Fr.) Sutton a hyperparasite of rusts, occurred in media of the rust on 2 collected at Lyrmhaven Inlet, Virginia Beach, Nov. 29, 1985 (85-Pa-l). (NR,V). Paspalum spp. Roane (1991) hsts 22 Paspalum spp. as occurring in Virginia. Farr et al. (1989) list fungi on four additional species of which P. conjugatum is a southern species; P. intermedium is reported by Hitchcock (1950) as an escape at Tifton, Ga,; P. quadri- farium is not hsted by Hitchcock; and P. stramineum is a midwestem U.S. A. species which was a variety of P. ciliatifolium in Britton & Brown (Gleason, 1 952). No doubt, these species were grown and observed in e?q)erimental nurseries at Arhngton Farm, the research farm for the U.S. Dept, of Agriculture before World War II. These dubious representatives of Virginia grass flora are appended to our numbered list below. 1 Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx., fringeleaf paspalum. 2 P. dilatatum Poir., Dallis grass. 3 P. distichum L., knotgrass. 4 P. floridanum Michx. , Florida paspalum. 5 P. laeve Michx., smooth or field paspalum. 6 P. longipilum Nash, long-haired paspalum. 7 P. pubescens Muhl., hairy paspalum. 8 P. pubiflorum Rupr. ex Foum., hairy -seeded paspalum. 9 P. supinum Bose, ex Poir. From Farr et al. (1989) only: 10 P. conjugatum Bergius, sourgrass. GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 29 11 P, intermedium Munro ex Morong & Britton. 12 P. quadrifarium Lam. 13 P. stramineum Nash. Ascomycotina: Balansia epichloe (Weese) Diehl, black crust, is reported on 1 by Farr et al. (1989). Sprague (1950) lists this fungus as Dothichloe limitata Diehl but Diehl (1950) trans- feired it to B. epichloe shortly after Sprague’s book appeared. Balmsiopsis pilulaeformis (Berk. & Curtis) Diehl, black choke, is reported on 1 and an unspecified Paspalum by Farr et al. (1989). Claviceps paspali Stevens & Hall, ergot, has been collected only on 2 and 5. On 2 it occurred in the cabin area, Oct 3, 1982 and in subsequent years (82-Pd-la) and north of the picnic parking area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct 1, 1995 (95-39). It is common in the range of 2. It was submitted to the Plant Clinic on 5 by the Nelson Co. Agricultural Agent, Oct 12, 1995 (95-45). Farr et al. (1989) Ust as hosts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, and 12. Phyllachora paspalicola Herm., tar spot, is hsted on 7 by Farr et al. (1989). We found it at the Devils Backbone overlook. Blue Ridge Pkwy, (about mile post 145) Franklin-Floyd Co. line, Aug. 30, 1992 (92-19). Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia substriata Ellis & Barth, is reported on 13 by Farr et al. (1989), Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolaris specifera (Bainier) Subram., associated with bright tan spots on 5 collected along Stroubles Ck. bank between W. Campus Dr. and the duck pond, V.P.I. & S.U., Montgomery Co., Oct 5, 1994 (94-64). (NR,U). Curvularia geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boed. fruited on leaves of 4 from Adner, GloucesterCo.,Nov.25, 1982(82-Pf-la). (NR,U). Itwas also present on the Stroubles Ck. collection of 5 above (94-64). (NR,U). Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed., was associated with purple leaf spots of 1 from Adner, Gloucester Co., Sept 25, 1989 (89-52). (NR,U). It appeared to cause purple- margined eyespots on leaves of 6 at the picnic parking area. Fairy Stone S.P., Patrick Co., May 23, 1993 (93-4) and again on July 24, 1994 (94-17). (I^U). Curvularia protuberata Nelson & Hodges was present on dead basal plant parts of 2 from Adner, Gloucester Co., June 24, 1991 (91-49). (NR,U). Curvularia trifolii (Kauffm.) Boed., occurred on incubated leaves of 4 along U.S. 58 near Rt 867, Patrick Co., Sept. 25, 1994 (94-54). (NR,U). Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E. Mason fruited on incubated leaves of 1 from Adner, Gloucester Co., Sept 25, 1989 (89-52), (NR,U); and on 4 from the Patrick Co., area above (94-54). (NR,U). Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. fruited on incubated leaves of 1 from Adner, Gloucester Co., Sept 25, 1989 (89-52). (NR,U). Tetraploa aristida Berk. & Broome fruited on 4 collected E. of the road to Critz along U.S. 58, Patrick Co., Aug. 19, 1991 (91-77), (NR,U); and on leaves of 5 collected along Stroubles Ck. near the V.P.I. & S.U. duck pond, Montgomery Co., Oct 5, 1994. (NR,U). 30 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., anthracnose, has been collected on 2, 4, and 5. On 2, we collected it at Adner, Gloucester Co., June 24, 1991 (91-46) and north of the picnic parking area Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct 1, 1995 (95-39). (NR,V). We found it on 4 causing large, oval or diamond-shaped, tan lesions with brown margins, on blades and sheaths which sometimes penetrated in culms. The collection came from east of Patrick Springs along U.S. 58, Patrick Co., Sept. 25, 1994 (94-54). (NR,U). It occurred on 5 at the Dixie Caverns exit, 1-81, Roanoke Co., Oct. 29, 1989 (89-62) where it girdled some culms at the base and killed inflorescences on girdled culms. (NR,U). Phyllosticta healdii Sprague was apparently damaging foliage of 5 collected at the Dixie (Taverns site, Roanoke Co., Oct 29, 1989 (89-62). Since only the original collection on Dichanthelium huachucae from Nebraska is known, a brief description is warranted. Pycinidia were scattered, black, measuring about 120 X 100 pm; spores were bacilliform to reniform, bi- or rarely triguttulate, measuring 9-13 X 4-5 pm. (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-other: Rhizoctonia solani Kiihn, causing bright tan lesions occurred on blades of 2 at Adner, Gloucester Co. , June 27, 1 99 1 (9 1 -46). This fungus is a common graminicolous species but is not reported on any Paspalum spp. (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,U). Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., pearl millet Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Curvularia geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boed. occurred on plants sown by a contractor along a cable installation along the road to Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct 8, 1995 (95-43). (NR,V). Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E. Mason was present in the collection above (95-43). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Macrophoma phlei Tehon & Stout, occurred on leaves from the site above (95-43). The key and text by Sprague (1950) gives two spore sizes. Our fungus fits within the concept ofM phlei described in the text, i.e., elliptical to elongate-ovate, white opaque spores, slightly wider at one end, measuring 28-39 X 8-1 1 pm; and in the key, 25 X 8.5-1 1.0 pm as on Elymus and Agrostis, but not in the key, 25 X 6.7-7.5 p m, as on Phleum. Thus, we have a fungus of dubious identity. However, since no Macrophoma is listed on Pennisetum by Farr et al. (1989), we declare this to be a NR,U. Phalaris arundinacea L., reed canarygrass Plasmodiophoromycetes: Polymyxa graminis Ledingham, occurred in roots collected on the Island Farm at U.S. 360 and the Rappahannock R., Richmond Co., Apr. 26, 1983 (83-Pa-l). We have published a note ^out this collection (Roane & Roane, 1983). (NR,U). GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 31 Ascomycotina: Phaeosphaeria eustoma (Fuckel) L. Holm, was collected between Va. 16 and the lake shore, Hungiy Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Aug. 30, 1989 (89-34). It occurred on leaves. Ascospores were olive, fusiform, 3-septate, constricted at the septa, sUghtly curved, measuring 17-20 X 5 pm. For a complete description, see Shoemaker & Babcock (1989). (NR,U). Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides (De Not.) L. Holm occurred in brown leaf spots and on leaves and glumes collected at the lower edge of the grassy bald on White Top Mt, Grayson Co., Aug. 14, 1994. With broadly fusiform, 5- to 6-septate ascospores, having third cell enlarged, measuring 23-32 X 4.5-5.5 pm, this fits best in P. herpotrichoides form 2 (Shoemaker & Babcock, 1989). (NR,U). Phaeosphaeria luctuosa (Niessl) Otani & Mikawa occurred on glumes in the Smyth Co. collection above (89-34). Ascospores were narrowly fusiform, pale yellow, 5-septate, third cell enlarged, measuring 25-30 X 4-5 pm. For a complete description, see Shoemaker & B^cock (1989). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Drechslera gigantea (Heald & Wolf) Ito has been collected several times at the Piedmont Research Station, Orange Co., in Oct., and the Kipps Farm (V.P.I. & S.U. Agronomy Research Farm for several years), Montgomery Co. in Sept. Specimens are in our departmental class file. Another specimen (87-Pa- 1 ) came from a New R. island at Parrott, Montgomeiy-Pulaski Co. hne, Aug. 1987 (NR,V). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boer., Dorea, & VanKesL was associated with a leaf spot collected at the riverside, Goodwins Ferry, Giles Co., Aug. 5, 1989 (89-24). Spores were ellipsoid, measuring 5.5-7 X 2.5-3. 5 p m. (NR,U). Phyllosticta minutaspora Sprague occurred in lenticular, tan leaf spots collected at McCoy, Montgomery Co., Oct 6, 1984 (84-Pa-l). Spores measured 3-4 X 0.5 p m, much smaller than for other pycnidiate fungi. For a description and illustration, see Sprague (1950). (NR,U). Stagonospora foliicola (Bres.) Bubak, causing tawny blotch, is common along the New R. on banks and islands in Pulaski, Montgomery, and Giles Cos. every year (83-Pa-2, 84-Pa-l, 89-29, 91-32, 91-84, 93-8) May to Oct and occurred along Strou- bles Ck. near the beef pavillion, V.P.I. & S.U., Montgomery Co., Sept. 2, 1994 (94-48). It was collected along Va. 16, at Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Aug. 30, 1989. (NR,V). Stagnospora simplicior Sacc. & Briard occurred mixed with S. foliicola (91-32 above) collected on an island near the power plant below Whitethome, Montgomery- Pulaski Co. line, June 8, 1991. The two species are easily distinguished; see Sprague (1950) for descriptions and illustrations. (NR,U). Phleum pratense L., timothy Several of the records of fungi on Phleum pratense are from Farr et al. (1989). Others will be documented. 32 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Ascomycotina: Claviceps purpurea (Fr,:Fr.) Tul., ergot, is present in eastern states but is not reported from Virginia. It has been collected twice on V.P.I. & S.U. farms, Montgomery Co., July 16, 1982 (82-Pp-l) and in 1989 (89-23). (NR,V). Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia graminis Peis.iPers. subsp. graminicola Z. Urban, stem rust, is the taxon listed onP. pratense throughout its range. It was collected along Prices Fork Rd., near the Anaerobe Lab., Blacksburg, Ck:t 10, 1956 (56-Pp-l) and along Stroubles Ck. near the V.P.I. & S.U. beef bams, Montgomery Co., Sept. 2, 1994 (94-47). Puccinia coronata Cda., Ill, crown mst, was present in traces among the sori of P. graminis (94-47). It had been collected previously (1990) in an unknown location in Montgomery Co. (NR,V). Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginales: Ustilago striiformis (West.) Niessl, causing stripe smut, is found in the range of the host Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Cercosporidium graminis (Fuckel) Deighton, causing brown stripe, is common in Virginia and is listed as occurring in the range of the host, Cladosporium phlei (Gregory) G. A. DeVries, causing eyespot, is common in Virginia It was collected near Groundhog Mt., Blue Ridge Pkwy., Carroll Co., June 18, 1995 (95-19). Drechslera triseptata (Drechsl.) Subram. & Jain, causing leaf spot, is listed only from Maryland and Virginia Tetraploa aristida Berk. & Broome fruited on incubated leaves from the Stroubles Ck. site described above (94-47). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta phleina Sprague, associated with leaf spots and at nodes, occurred at the Stroubles Ck. site Sept 2, 1994 (94-47). (NR,V). Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., anthracnose, occurred in the field at the lower end of Poverty Ck., (83-Pp-l), and at the Stroubles Ck. site described above (94-47), both from Montgomery Co. (NR,V). Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boer,, Doren., & VanKest , oozed long cirrhi of ellipsoidal spores measuring 4-6 X 2-3 pm, from leaves collected at Elk Garden on Rt 600 between Mt Rogers and White Top Mt, Smyth Co., Aug. 31, 1989 (89-68). (NR,U). Sphaeropsis malorum Berk., better known as the apple black rot fungus, is reported to cause a leaf spot on P. pratense in Virginia. Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castellani & Germano, a cause of node rot, was collected on the V.P.I. & S.U. farm, 1983 (83-Pp-2) and was sent to the Plant Clinic, V.P.I. & S.U., causing damage to the cultivar Mohawk, near Strasburg, Shenandoah Co., Apr. 29, 1991 (91-14, Clinic no. 91-34C). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-other: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, causing sharp eyespot, occurred in Snowville, Rt 613 at the Little R, Montgomery Co., Aug. 5, 1989 (89-23). (NR-V). GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 33 Phragmites communis Trin., common reed Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Arthrinium phaeospermum (Cda.) Ellis, causing black mold of culms and leaves, occurs throughout the host range; thus, it occurs in Virginia (Farr et al., 1989). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Phaeoseptoria urvilleana (Speg.) Sprague, a saprophytic leaf mold, was collected at Pollards Landing near Adner, Gloucester Co., Sept. 1984 (90-3). (NR,U). Stagonospora subseriata (Desmaz.) Sacc. was in the Gloucester Co. collection above (90-3). (NR,U). Poa spp., bluegrass, speargrass Roane (1991) Msts 16 Poa spp. advent in Virginia; only six of these have docu¬ mented host-fungus relationships. We do not routinely collect from lawns; therefore, some of the diseases of P. pratensis may be omitted. 1 P. alsodes Gr^. 2 P. annua L., armual bluegrass. 3 P. compressa L., Canada bluegrass. 4 P. cuspidata Nutt., early bluegrass. 5 P. pratensis L., Kentucky bluegrass. 6 P. trivialis L., rough stalked bluegrass. Myxomycetes: Physarum sp., and Fuligo sp. are common slime molds observed on 5 in turf. We have not attempted to identify or collect these fimgi. Plasmodiophoromycetes: Polymyxa graminis Ledingham occurred in roots of 2 on the Island Farm, near U.S. 360, Richmond Co., May 25, 1983 (83-Pa-2). (NR,U). Ascomycotina: Blumeria graminis (DC.) E. O. Speer, formerly Erysiphe graminis DC., the cause of powdery mildew, occurs frequently on 5, especially in lawns throughout Virginia. Although it is common, and occurs in our lawn, we have not collected it Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch, a cause of culm rot, occurred on 6 at the W. end of Kentland Farm, V.P.I. & S.U., Whitethome, Montgomery Co., June 27, 1995 (95-27). (NR,U). Monographella nivalis (Schaffnit) E. Muller, causing snow mold, occurs occasion¬ ally on 5 in western and northern Virginia. One collection came from 5 in front of Wallace HaU Annex, V.P.I. & S.U., Montgomery Co., Jaa 24, 1994 (94-1). (NR,V). Mycosphaerella hold Tehon occurred in glumes of 5 collected along the N.S. Rwy ., Whitethome, Montgomery Co., June 12, 1991 (91-41). It is described by Sprague (1950). (NR,U). Parasphaeosphaeria michotii (West.) O. Eriksson, with brown, 2-septate asco- spores measuring 15-17 X 5-6 pm occurred on glumes of 5 from the Whitethome collection above (91-41). The determination was facilitated by the key of Shoemaker and Babcock (1985). (l^U). 34 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Phaeosphaeha herpotrichoides (DeNot) L. Holm occurred on dead leaves of 5 collected near the Radford sewage plant, Montgomery Co., June 3, 1991 (91-29). (NR,U). Phaeosphaeria nigricans (Roberge ex Desmaz.) L. Holm occurred on dead foliage of 6 at the Kentland Farm site above, June 27, 1995 (95-27). Its identity was facilitated by the keys of Shoemaker & Babcock (1989). (NR,U). Phaeosphaeria nodorum (Muller) Hedz. occurred in the Whitethome collection above (91-41). Usually the anamorph, Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castellani & Germano, is encountered. (NR,V). Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia brachypodii Otth var. poae-nemoralis (Otth) Cummins & Greene, leaf rust, is listed by Farr et al. (1989) as occurring in the range of 3, including Virginia. We have found it on 5 in our yard, Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., June 15, 1995 (95-18), (NR,U); arxl on 6 at the Kentland Farm site above, June 6, 1995 (95-14). (NR,EU). Farr et al. (1989) Ust it in range of host for 3, including Virginia. Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers., stem rust, occurred on 5 near the swimming area parking, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct. 24, 1991 (91-91). Farr et al. (1989) list it on 3 and 5 in the eastern states. Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz., leaf rust, was the dominant rust on 5 in the Claytor Lake S.P. collection above (9 1-91). Farretal. (1989) list it on 5 as in eastern states. We have found it on 5 in our yard, Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Oct. 20, 1995 (95-46); near Sohtude, V.P.I. & S.U., June 16, 1989 (89-Pp-l); and along N. Main St. near U.S. 460, Blacksburg (90-17), in Montgomery Co. A collection on 1 came from Rt. 613 at the Little R., Snowville, Montgomery Co., June 11, 1990 (90-28), (NR,U); and on 3 along Rt. 613, N. end of ML Lake, Giles Co., June 24, 1990 (90-46). (NR,U). Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginales: Ustilago striiformis (West) Niessl frequently occurs in stands of 5 in fields and pastures in western Virginia We collected it from our lawn, 607 Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, May 21, 1982 (82-Pp-l) and aimually thereafter. It also occurred on 5 in the lawn near Sohtude, V.P.I. & S.U., April 11, 1995 (95-8); both sites are in Montgomery Co. Basidiomycotina-other: Laetisaria fuciformis (McAlp. ) Burds. , causing red thread, is common on 5 in lawns around Blacksburg each year. It is sent in to the Plant Clinic aimually on 5 from various parts of Virginia but is not listed on Poa by Farr et al. (1989). (NR,V). Melanotus phillipsii (Berk. & Broome) Singer, causing white patch appeared on necrotic leaves and culms of 5 in our yard, 607 Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., July 27, 1994 (94-22). Farr et al. (1989) do not hst this taxoa The fiingus is described and illustrated on Festuca in the “Compendium of Turfgrass Diseases” (Smiley et al., 1992). (NR,U). Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk, usually seen in its anamorphic form. Rhizoctonia solani Kulm, causes summer blight, brown patch, and sharp eyespot of numerous grasses. It is common on 5 in Virginia and has been known for many years. GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 35 Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Cercosporidium graminis ^uckel) Deighton, cause of leaf streak, is reported by Farr et al. (1989) to occur in the range of the host for 3 and 5. Curvularia sp. is reported by Farr et al. (1989) to occur in Virginia. Drechslera dictyoides (Drechsl.) Shoem., causing a leaf spot occurred on 1 at the boat ramp, Radford River Pk., Montgomery Co., June 1 1, 1990 (90-25). (NR,U). Drechslera gigantea (Heald & Wolf) Ito, causing zonate leaf spot, is reported by Farr et al. (1989) to occur on 3 and 5 in Virginia Drechslera poae (Baudys) Shoem, the cause of purple leaf spot and melting out of 5, is common in bluegrass lawns in Virginia (Farr et 1989). Volutella melaloma Berk. & Broome occurred on incubated, senescent leaves of 1, collected at the N. end of Mt. Lake on Rt. 6 13, Giles Co., Jxme 24, 1990. Itisafrequent saprophyte on Cyperus spp., according to Ellis & Ellis (1985), who illustrate and describe the fungus. (NR,U). Deuteromycx)tina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. associated with leaf spots and dead leaf tips, was the most frequently encountered fungus on Poa spp. It is reported on 5 from North Carolina and West Virginia but not from Virginia. It was collected on 1 along RL 6 13, at Little R., Snowville, Montgomery Co., June 1 1, 1990 (90-28) and at the N. end of Mt. Lake, along Rt. 613, Giles Co., June 24, 1990 (90-47). (NR,U). It was collected at the same Mt. Lake location on 3 June 24, 1990 (90-46), and along Rt. 712, Ellett, Montgomery Co., June 6, 1990 (90-21), (NR,V); and on 2 near Solitude, V.P.I. & S.U., April 10, 1990 (90-5), and S. of The Grove (President’s Home), V.P.I. & S.U., May 3, 1990 (90-15), (NR,U); on 4, at the Mt. Lake site above. May 26, 1991 (91-21), (^,U); on 5 along Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., May 21, 1982 (82-Pp-l); in Roane’s yard, same area, July 31, 1990 (91-41), and June 15, 1995 (95-18); at Solitude V.P.I. 8l S.U., June 16, 1989 (89-Pp-l) and along N. Main St. near U.S. 460 bypass. May 30, 1990 (90-17); at the boat ramp, Radford sewage disposal area, Montgomery Co., June 3, 1991 (91-29), (NR,V); and on 6 along ditch at W. end of the flat field, Kentland Farm, V.P.I. & S.U., Whitethome, Montgomery Co., June 6 (95-14) and June 27, 1995 (95-27). (NR,U). Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., causing anthracnose, was collected on 1 along Rt 613, N. end of Mt Lake, Giles Co., June 24, 1990 (90-47), (NR,U); on SalongN.S. Rwy., mi. W. of Whitethome, Montgomery Co., June 12, 1991 (91-41); and along Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Oct. 20, 1995 (95-46). (NR,V). Coniothyrium psamme Oudem, on dead blades of 5, occurred at Roane’s yard, Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., June 15, 1995 (95-18). (NR,U). A descrip¬ tion is provided by Sprague (1950). Mender sonia culmicola Sacc., occurred on dead leaves of 1 along Rt. 613, N. end of Mt. Lake, Giles (Do., June 24, 1990 (90-47). Sprague (1950) provides for a wide latitude of spore morphology in this species. Our determination may be questionable. Phaeoseptoria sp. A fungus fi\\mgPhaeseptoria in Sprague’s (1950) key, collected on 4 at Mt Lake, does not fit any of the species listed. Our ftmgus has bro wrt obclavate, 6-8 septate spores measuring 18-24 X 2.5 pm produced in flattened pycnidia 350-380 pm in diameter. Sprague gives spore dimensions as 20-90 X 4.5-6.0 pm for 36 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE P. urvilleana, too broad for our fungus; and 70-90 X 2. 5-4.4 }a.m forP. phalaridis, too long; P. poae, which one would anticipate is our fungus, measures 50-77 X 2. 1-2.4 pm, too long. Septoria macropodia Pass. var. septulata (Gonz. Frag.) Sprague was collected on 2 at Solitude April 10, 1990 (90-5), and S. of The Grove May 3, 1990 (90-15), both on the V.P.I. & S.U. campus, Montgomery C!o. (NR,U). Fair et al. (1989) hst tli fungus on 5 in Virginia Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv.-Bem. ex Fr.) Sutton, a hyperparasite, was associated with Puccinia brachypodii var. poae-nemoralis on 5 collected in our yard, Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., June 15, 1995 (95-18). It has been reported on Poa only from West Virginia (Farr etal., 1989). (NR,V). Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castellani & Germano, causing glume blotch, occurred on spikelete of 5 at the boat ran^ near the sewage plant, Radford, Montgomery Co„ June 3, 1991 (91-29). (NR,V). Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, cause of brown, patch; see Thanatephorus cucumeris. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash, little bluestem Little bluestem is found in most hsts BsAndropogon scoparius Michx. but in Farr et al. (1989) it was hsted under Schzachyrium. It occurs throughout Virginia but we have not collected it. The following are listed by Farr et al. Ascomycotina: Balansia epichloe (Weese) Diehl, causing black choke. Balansia henningsiana (A. Mdller) Diehl, causing black choke. Phyllachora luteo-maculata (Schw.) Orton, causing tar spot Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia andropogonis Schw. U, III, rust is listed in the range of the host but not specifically in Virginia. The aecial host is Aesculus, horse chestnut Puccinia ellisiana Thuem., H, III, rust is listed in the range of the host but not specifically in Virginia, The aecial hosts are Viola spp. Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginales: Listed by Farr et al. are: Sorosporium everhartii Ellis & Galloway, kernel smut Sphacelotheca occidentalis (Seyia) Clinton, seed smut. Spacelotheca seymouriana Clintort head smut Sporisorium andropognis (Opiz) K. Vanky, head smut. Note: Distinguishing features of the smut fungi hsted above may be seen in Fischer’s (1953) monograph, Farr et al, (1989) hst no Deuteromycotinae on little bluestem in Virginia, Setaria spp. There is confiision among authors as to the proper name for yeUow foxtail; it assigned to S. lutescens by Blomquist (1948), Hitchcock & Chase (1950), and Roane (1991), but to S. glauca inFemald (1950), and to dual entries {S. glauca andX pumila) in Farr et al, (1989). We will assign it to S. lutescens. GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 37 1 Setaria faberi Hema, giant foxtail. 2 S. geniculata (Lams.) Beauv., knotroot bristlegrass. 3 S. italica (L.) Beauv., Italian millet. 4 S. lutescem (Weigel) Hubb., yellow foxtail (See synonyms above). 5 S. viridis (L.) Beauv., green foxtail. Oomycetes: Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schiot. is reported by Farr et al. (1989) to occur on 5 in eastern states but not specifically in Virginia. Ascomycotina: Phaeosphaeria luctuosa (Niessl) Otani & Mikawa was collected on 1 in Roane’s yard, Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Oct 14, 1989 (89-58). The fungus fruited on dead, incubated leaves. (NR,U). Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginales: Sporisorium neglectum (Niessl) K. Vanky, causing head smut, is reported on 4 in the range of the host by Farr et al. (1989). Ustilago crameri K5m. in Fuckel, also causing head smut, is reported on 3 in the range of the host by Farr et al. (1989). Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolaris setariae (Sawada) Shoem., causing leaf spot, occurred on 1 along Rt. 639 at the N.S. Rwy. grade crossing, Roanoke Co., Aug. 27, 1994 (94-42). (NR,U).Cer- cospora setariae Atk., causing leaf spot, occurred on 2 along N. Main St near the U.S. 460 by-pass, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Sept 1 1, 1990 (90-69), (NR,V); and on 4 at the Kipps Farm, Montgomery Co., Sept. 16, 1982 (82-Sc-l); and at lakeside, the marina cove, ClaytorLake, S.P., Pulaski Co., Aug. 2, 1989. (NR,V). Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed, fruited on incubated, spotted leaves of 1 collected along Va. 43, 5 mi, E. of Buchanan, Botetourt Co., Aug. 27, 1994 (94-40). (NR,U). Fusarium equiseti (Cda.) Sacc. appeared on incubated leaves of 1 in association with Pyricularia grisea (see below) collected along Va 130-U.S. 501, Amherst Co., Aug. 14, 1993. (NR,U). This is probably a secondary invader of P. grisea spots. Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch, appeared on incubated, senescent leaves of 1 collected along Va 43, 5 mi. E. of Buchan^ Botetourt Co., Aug. 27, 1994 (94-38). Spores measured 12-15 pm in diameter, thus differentiating it from N. sphaerica noted below. (NR,U). Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E. Mason, appeared on incubated dead leaves of 1 collected in Roane’s yard, Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Oct. 14, 1989 (89-58); and on live leaves collected along Rt 639, at N.S. Rwy., Roanoke Co., Aug. 27, 1994 (94-42). Spores measured 16-18 pm in diameter. (NR,U). Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc., causing gray leaf spot, is reported on 3 and 4 in Virginia by Farr et al. (1989). We have collected it on 1 in our yard, Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Oct. 14, 1989 (89-58); June 29, 1989, but identified in 1991, (91-30), and July 13, 1993 (93-11); along Va, 130-U.S. 501, Amherst Co., near Rockbridge Co. line, Aug. 14, 1993 (93-19), (NR^U); on 3 along S. Main St., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Sept. 5, 1991 (91-87); and on Sabot Hill Farm, Gooch- 38 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE land Co., July 17, 1986 (86-Si-l); on 4 along Va. 8 at Blue Ridge Pkwy., Floyd Co., Sept. 1994, but identified in 1995 (95-1 1); and on 5 at Franklin Rd. and Avenham Av., Roanoke, Oct. 7, 1994 (94-67). (NR,V). Note: At the Amherst site, S. faberi and S. lutescens were in a mixed stand and even though both species are susceptible to P. grisea, only S. faberi had lesions. Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. was collected on 4 along Va. 8 at the Blue Ridge Pkwy., Floyd Co., Sept. 1994, but identified in 1995 (95-11), (NR,U); and on 5 along Rt. 700 at Sinking Ck., Giles Co., Nov. 14, 1981 (81-Sv-l). (NR,U). CoUetotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., causing anthracnose, was collected on 1 along Va 43, 5 mi. E. of Buchanan, Botetourt Co., Aug. 27, 1994 (94-40), (NR-U); and on 2 along N. Main St. near the U.S. 460 bypass, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Sept. 11, 1990 (90-69). (NR,U). Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boer., Dorea & Van Kest., associated with leaf spots on 1, was collected on the Kipps Farm, Sept 18, 1984 (84-Sf-l) and in Roane’s yard, Lucas Dr., July 13, 1993 (93-1 1), both in Blacksburg, Montgomery Co.; along Va. 43, 5 mi. E. of Bucharian, Botetourt Co., Aug. 27, 1994 (94-38); and along Rt 639 at N.S. Rwy., Roanoke Co., Aug. 27, 1994 (94-42). (NR,U). It occurred on 5 at the Kipps Farm, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., June 22, 1982 (82-Sv-l). Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castellani & Germano occurred on nodes of 5 along Rt 700 at Sinking Ck., Giles Co., Nov. 14, 1981 (81-Sv-l). (NR-U). Sorghastrum elliottii (Mohr.) Nash, Elliott’s woodgrass Only one fungus is reported on S. elliottii. Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginales: Sphacelotheca andropognis-hirtifolii (Herm.) Chnton is listed in three states, including Virginia, by Farr et al. (1989). In Virginia, it was collected by A. B. Massey 2 mi. W. of Chatham, Pittsylvania Co., Sept. 5, 1941. This smut was described as -S. sorghastri Zundel (Massey & Zundel, 1942). However, it had been previously described. The collection also extended the range of S. elliottii from Coastal Plains to Piedmont Counties. The smut was the only fungus about which Massey pubhshed. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, Indian grass Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: CoUetotrichum caudatum (Sacc.) Peck occurred on foliage collected along old U.S. 460, S. slope of BmshMt., Montgomery Co., Sept 1980 (80-Sn-l); and along Rt. 624 between Rts. 650 & 697, Roanoke Co., Oct 1, 1994 (94-68). (NR,V). Stagonospora simplicior Sacc. & Briard occurred in both collections above (80- Sn- 1, 94-68). Pycnidia were associated with leaf spots and were on the adaxial surface. Spores measured 30-44 X 1 1-13 pm, a tittle broader than given by Sprague (1950). (NRJEU). GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 39 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Johnsongrass Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolaris sorghicola (Lefebvre & Sherwin) Alcom, causing purple leaf spot or target spot, has been collected at the boat ramp near the sewage plant, Radford, Montgomery Co., June 4, 1991 (91-26), and June 21, 1991 (91-53); ^/i mi. W. of Whitethome along N.S. Rwy., Montgomery Co., June 12, 1991 (91-5 IB); and in Culpeper Co., (Plant Clinic no. 93-1333), Aug. 16, 1993 (93-22). (NR,V). Cercospora sorghi Ellis & Everb., causing gray leaf spot, was collected along N.S. Rwy., 3/4 mi. S. of Va. 114 bridge, Montgomery Co., Nov. 7, 1982 (82-Sh-2); and at Franklin Rd. and Avenham Av., Roanoke, Oct. 7, 1994 (94-65). Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard & Suggs, causing leaf bhght, occurred at Whitethome, Montgomery Co., June 12, 1991 (91-5 la); Aug. 5, 1993 (93-17); and along Va. 43 just E. of U.S. 11 and Buchanan, Botetourt Co., Aug. 27, 1994 (94-41). Farr et al. (1989) list it in eastern states but not specifically in Virginia. (NR,V). Gloeocercospora sorghi Bain & Edger. ex Deighton, causing zonate leaf spot, was collected at Wingina, Nelson Co., Aug. 1, 1984 (84-Sh-2); and at Whitethome, Montgomery Co,, Aug. 5, 1993 (93-17). (NR,V). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta sorghina Sacc., causing rough leaf spot, has been collected at Wingina, Nelson Co., July 7, 1982 (82-Sh-l) and July 18, 1984 (84-Sh-l); along Rt. 700 W. of Rt 615, Orange Co., Sept. 6, 1983 (83-Sh-l); and on Kentland Farm, Whitethome, Montgomery Co., Aug. 5, 1993 (93-17). It is previously recorded from Virginia (Farr etal., 1989). Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., causing anthracnose, has been collected at Winginia, Nelson Co., July 7, 1982 (82-Sh-l); and at Eggleston, Giles Co., Sept, 14, 1986 (86-Sh-l). (NR,V). Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boer., Dorea, & Van Kest., causing a leaf spot, was collected 3/4 mi. S. of the Va. 1 14 bridge along the N.S. Rwy., Nov. 7, 1982 (82-Sh-2). (NR,V). Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf., Sudan grass Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard & Suggs, causing leaf blight, is a common fungus on Sudan grass but is not listed by Farr et al. (1989). Although we have seen it many times, we have collected it only at the Kipps Farm, Montgomery Co., July 1965 (65-1). (NR,U). Gloeocercospora sorghi (see under S. halepense) is reported in Virginia by Farr et al. (1989). Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc., causing blast or gray leaf spot, was submitted as a Plant Chnic specimen, source unknown, Aug. 21, 1961 (61-1). (NR,EU). Ramulispora sorghi (Ellis 8l Everh.) Olive & Lefebvre is reported in Virginia by Farr etal. (1989). 40 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: CoUetotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils. is reported in Virginia by Farr et al. (1989). We collected it at Orange Co., Aug. 1960 (60-1). Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boer., Doren., & VanKest. is reported in Virginia by Farr etal.(1989). Spartina attemiflora Loisel., salt marsh cordgrass Ascomycotina: Buergenerula spartinae Kohlmeyer & Gessner is listed as in Virginia by Farr et al. (1989). We are not familiar with this fungus but a related species on Carex is illustrated by ElUs & Ellis (1985) and by Dennis (1978). Phaeosphaeria typharum (Desmaz.) L. Holm is also listed by Farr et al. (1989) as in Virginia. Phyllachora spartina Orton was collected at Woods Cross Roads, Gloucester Co., Nov. 25, 1982 (82-Sa-l). (NR,V). Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia sparganioides Ellis & Berth. Ill, mst, was collected at the Gloucester Co., site above (82-Sa-l). Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl, is reported on seeds by Farr et al. (1989). Epicoccum nigrum Link likewise is reported on seeds by Farr et al. Note: The two fungi above are ubiquitous molds which are so common on necrotic tissue, we have ignored them for the most part Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Phaeoseptoria urvilleana (Speg.) Sprague was collected on panicle branches at the Gloucester Co. site. Farr et al. (1989) do not include this taxoa It is described by Sprague (1943). Gur specimen had subepidermal, erumpent pycnidia characterized by black slits above them in the epidermis. Spores were usually curved, rounded at ends, widest in the middle, pale brown or yellow, 5-7 septate, measuring 50-65 X 4-5 pm. (NR,U). Spartina pectinata Link, slough cordgrass Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia sparganioides Ellis & Barth., HI, rust, was collected on the Island Farm, Richmond Co., Apr. 7, 1982 (82-Sp-l). (NR,V). Miscellaneous reports: Farr et al. (1989) list Clavicep purpurea (Fr.:Fr.) Tul., Phoma sp., and Stagonospora sp. on Spartina spp. in Virginia. Sphenopholis nitida (Bieler) Scrib., wedgegrass Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. was fruiting on green and dead foliage collected at the superintendent’s cove, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., June 17, 1990 (90-39). (NR,U). Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boer., Dorea, & Van Kest. occurred in the collection above (90-39). (NR,U). GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 41 Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scrib., prairie wedgegrass Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. appeared to be killing leaves on plants along Stony Ck., Rt. 635, Giles Co., June 24, 1990 (90-48) and along the trail, office branch, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., June 21, 1991 (91-55). (NR^U). Coiletotrichum graminicola ((3es,) G. W. Wils., causing anthracnose, occurred in the Giles Co. collection above (90-48) and at the marina cove, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., 30, 1991 (91-22). (NR,EU). Phaeoseptoria calamagrostidis Sprague also occuned on the marina cove collec¬ tion (91-22) but to a very limited extent. More material is needed. Sporobolus poiretii (Roem. & Schult.) Hitchc., smutgrass Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Bipolaris ravenelii (Curtis) Shoem. causing false smut, occurs throughout the Coastal Plain. We have no collection, but we made a collection at Warsaw, Richmond Co., for class use. Fair et al. (1989) do not list it on -S', poiretii. (NR,U). Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed. occurred on sheaths and spikelets collected in the picnic parking area, Faiiystone S.P., Pulaski Co., July 24, 1994 (94-18). (NR,U). Myrothecium gramineum Lib. was collected at the entrance to the swimming area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Nov. 4, 1990 (90-83). It is illustrated and described byEms(1971). (NR,U). Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc., causing gray leaf and sheath spot, was collected at the mouth of Poropotank Ck., end of Rt. 601, King & CJueen Co., Aug. 10, 1991 (91-74); and in the picnic area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Sept. 8, 1991 (91-83). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Coiletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils. occurred in the picnic area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Aug. 2, 1989 (89-21). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-other: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, causing summer blight and sharp eyespot, was collected in the Pulaski Co. site above (89-21); and at Adner, Gloucester Co., June 24, 1991 (91-45). (NR,U). Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc., purpletop, greasegrass Ascomycotina: Phaeosphaeria eustoma (Fuckel) L. Holm was collected at the N. end of Claytor Lake S.P. near the shore, Pulaski Ck)., Oct 1, 1995 (95-38). It was identified with the aid of a key by Ellis & Ellis (1985). (NR,U). Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia windsoriae Schw., II, HI, mst was collected in Montgomery Co. on the Kipps Farm, Oct 12, 1981 (81-Tf-l); on the old horticulture farm, now The Market Place, Christiansburg, Sept 19, 1989 (89-47); and along N. Main St near U.S. 460 bypass, Blacksburg, Nov. 27, 1990 (90-82). Collections were also made in Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Nov. 21, 1987 (87-Tf-l) and Oct 1, 1995 (95-38); and at 1-81 42 VIRGINL4 JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Dixie Caverns interchange, Roanoke Co., Oct 30, 1989 (89-63). Farr et al. (1989) report it as in eastern states but not specifically in Virginia. (NR,V). Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Curvularia protuberata Nelson & Hodges occurred along Va 8, 1 mi. N. of Rt. 807, Floyd Co., Sept 25, 1994 (94-62). (NR,U). Neottiosporina paspali (Atk.) Sutton & Alcorn, also known as Stagonospora paspali Atk., is reported from Virginia by Farr et al. (1989). The spores have obscure gelatinous horns on the distal end which is the basis for separation into Neottiosporina. Spore measurements are given by Sprague (1950) as 24-28 X 7-9 pm. Rhychosporina tridentis Sprague & Rogerson, a cause of sheath and blade spot, is conunon in western Virginia each year. We have collected it along Va. 8, S. of Floyd near Dodds Ck., Floyd Co., Sept. 25, 1994 (94-62); between Forest and Be^ord, along U.S. 220, Bedford Co., Sept 4, 1994 (94-45); at Devils Backbone overlook, nearM.P. 145, Blue Ridge Pkwy., Franklin Co., Aug. 30, 1992 (92-18); along N. Main St., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Sept. 11, 1990 (90-70); on the old horticulture farm, now The Market Place, Christiansburg, Montgomery Co., (89-47); and at Dickey Ridge, Skyline Drive, Warren Co., Sept 5, 1990 (90-65). (NR,V). Stagonospora tridentis Sprague & Rogerson, having been reported on living leaves only from Kansas (Farr et al., 1989), was collected along N. Main St., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Nov. 27, 1990 (90-82); and between 1-81 and U.S. 1 1, Dixie Caverns, Roanoke Co., Oct. 30, 1989 (89-63). (NRJEU). Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L., eastern gamagrass Ascomycx)tina: Claviceps tripsaci Stevens & Hall, ergot, has been known from Virginia for marty years (Farr et al., 1989). We collected along Va. 6, E. of Columbia in Goochland Co., Aug. 9, 1991 (91-75a); and mi. E. of the Rivanna R. bridge, Fluvarma Co., Aug. 3, 1983 (83-Td-l). Basidiomycotina-Uredinales: Puccinia polysora Underw., rust, is reported to be on Tripsacum in Virginia (Farr et al., 1989). We have not seen it Puccinia tripsaci Dietel & Holw., rust, was collected along Rt. 604 near Rt 714, Midvale, Rockbridge Co., July 18, 1993 (93-14). We have a specimen in the class files collected along U.S. 250 at Meechums R. near Crozet, Albemarle Co., Aug. 28, 1957 (57-Td-l). Although known from Maryland and North Carolina, it has not been reported from Virginia (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,V). Deuteromycx)tina-Hyphomycetes: Curvularia protuberata Nelson & Hodges, associated with leaf spots, was collected along U.S. 17, Adner, Gloucester Co., June 24, 1991 (91-50). (NR,U). Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.:Fr.) Sacc. occurred on incubated leaves collected along Rt 603 near the railroad between 1-81 and Lafayette, Montgomery Co., Oct 2, 1994 (94-63). Previously, T. dactyloides had not been recorded in Montgomery Co. (NR,U). GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 43 Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E. Mason fruited on incubated leaves collected at the Montgomery Co. site. Sept 13, 1992 (92-25). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils. was collected at the Montgomery Co. site Sept. 1, 1991 (91-80), Sept 13, 1992 (92-25), and Oct 2, 1994 (94^3); and at Winona, Nelson Co., Sept 1982 (82-Td-l). Stagonospora arenaria Sacc. was collected at the Montgomery Co. site Sept. 1, 1991 (91-80); and Sept 13, 1992 (92-25). (NR,U). Uniola laxa (L.) B.SP. Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginales: Ustilago uniolae Elhs & Everh., seed smut, is listed in Virginia by Farret al. (1989). Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes: Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E. Mason occurred on ircubated leaves collected along U.S. 58 near Rt 867, Patrick Springs, Patrick Co., Sept 25, 1994 (94-56). (NR,U). Rhynchosporina tridentis Sprague & Rogerson was associated with leaf lesions collected at the Patrick Co. site (91-56). For a description of the fungus, see Sprague & Rogerson (1958). (NR,U). Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes: Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., causing anthracnose, occurred at the Patrick Ck). site (94-56) and along the New R. in Giles Co. near Montgomery Co., Oct. 11, 1989 (89-57). (NR,U). Hendersonia culmicola Sacc. var. minor Sacc. occurred in the Patrick Co. coUec- tioa For a description of the fimgus, see Sprague (1950). (NR,U). Uniola paniculata L., sea oats Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginales: Ustilago uniolae Ellis & Everh., seed smut, is the only fungus on U. paniculata listed for the eastern states; presumably, Virginia is included (Farr et al., 1989). Zizania aquatica, annual wild rice Ascomycotina: Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx & Oliver, causing culm rot, is Usted as in Virginia by Farr et al. (1984). Basidiomycotina-Ustilaginales: Entyloma lineatum (Cooke) Davis, leaf smut, is listed in the range of the host by Farr et al. (1989), thus, including Virginia. DISCUSSION In the foregoing hst we have rehed upon the publication of Farr et al. (1989) to determine whether a new record (NR) is warranted. Except for a few species used as forage or turf, there are few recent records of graminicolous fimgi. Therefore, almost any effort in collecting and identifying will lead to discovery of new associations and 44 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE occurrence of new species in the region. In our case, most collections have been made on vacation, picnic, and fishing trips; only a few trips were taken as collecting forays. Even so, the number of new associations is surprisingly large. In this list, we have recorded over 160 new associations forthe United States (NR-U), 24 for eastemUnited States (NR-EU), and 46 for Virginia (NR-V). Many of the fimgi in our collection are known as important plant pathogens. Some occur in rather obscure associations. It is probable that they represent inocuous strains but they could also represent reservoirs of pathogens awaiting the appropriate host and environment to explode into detrimental economic forces. They also represent a resource available for exploitation as biological control agents for weeds and fungous diseases. It will be seen that our collections are concentrated in Montgomery and surrounding counties. We have few samples from the Piedmont and almost none from the Coastal Plaia Thus, it should seem obvious that numerous species and new associations await discovery. Intensive surveys in single counties, cities, ecosystems, or neighborhoods should be productive. We encourage those with mycological interests to survey the graminicolous fungi of Virginia. The results should be rewarding. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors appreciate the support and encouragement given by Dr. L. D. Moore, Head, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science; the taxonomic expertise of Mr. T. F. Wieboldt who identified several grass specimens, and the secretarial expertise of Mrs. Judy Fielder who expedited the manuscript through several revisions. LITERATURE CfTED Arthur, J. C. 1934. Manual of the Rusts in United States and Canada. Purdue Res. Found. Lafayette, Indiana. 438 pp. Arx, J. A. von. 1981. The Genera of Fungi Sporulating in Pure Culture. J. Cramer, Vaduz, Germany. 424 pp. Blomquist, H. L. 1948. The Grasses of North Carolina. Duke Univ. Press. Durham, N.C. 276 pp. Chupp, C, 1953. A Monograph of the Fungus Genus Cercospora. Ithaca, N.Y. 667 PP- Diehl, W. M. 1950. Balansia and the Balansiae in America. Agric. Mono. No. 4. U.S. Dept Agric. 82 pp. & 1 1 pi. Dennis, R. W. R. 1978. British Ascomycetes. J. Cramer, Vaduz, Germany. 585 pp. Drechsler, C. 1928. Zonate eyespot of grasses caused by Helminthosporum gigan- teum. J. Agric. Res. 37:473-492. Drechsler, C. 1929. Occurrence of the zonate eyespot fungus Helminthosporium giganteum on some additional grasses. J. Agric. Res. 39:129-135. Ellis, M.B. 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Inst Kew, Surrey, England. 608 pp. Ellis, M. B., and J. Pamela Ellis. 1985. Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook. Macmillan Pubt Co., New York. 818 pp. Farr, D. F., G. F. Bills, G. P. Chamuris, and A. Y. Rossmaa 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. Amer. Phytopathological Soc. Press., St. Paul, Mina 1252 pp. GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA 45 Femald, M. L. 1970. Gray’s Manual of Botany. 8th ed. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York. 1632 pp. Fischer, G. W. 1953. Manual of die North American Smut Fungi. The Ronald Press Co., New York. 343 pp. Gleason, H. A. 1 968. The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of tl^ Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Hafner Publ. Co., New York. Vol. 1, 482 pp. Greene, H. C. 1949. Notes on Wisconsin parasitic fungi. Xin. Amer. Midland Naturalist 41:740-758. Hitchcock, A. S., and Agnes Chase. 1951. Manual of Grasses of the United States. 2nd ed. U.S. Dept Agric. Misc. Publ. 200. 1051 pp. Linder, D. H. 1937. Mycological Society of America, the summer foray, September 3-5, 1936. Mycologia 29:365-375. Massey, A. B., and G. L. Zundel. 1942. Sorghastrum, host of an undescribed smut. Phytopatholo^ 32:544-546. Orton, C. R. 1944. Graminicolous species of Phyllachora in North America. My¬ cologia 36:18-53. Roane, C. W., and M. K. Roane. 1996. Graminicolous fungi of Virginia: Fungi associated with genera to Digitaria. Va J. Sci. 47:197-224. Roane, M. K. 1991. The grasses of Virginia. Va. J. Sci. 42:3-100. Shoemaker, R. A., and C. E. Babcock. 1985. Canadian and some extralimital Paraphaeosphaeria species. Caa J. Bot 63:1284-1291. Shoemaker, R. A., and C. E. Babcock. 1989. Phaeosphaeria. Caa J. Bot 67: 1500- 1599. Sprague, R. 1943. The genus Phaeoseptoria on grasses in the Western Hemisphere. Mycologia 35:483-490. Sprague, R. 1949. Some leafspot fungi on Western Gramineae. IV. Mycologia 41:493-504. Sprague, R. 1950. Diseases of Cereals and Grasses in North America. The Ronald Press Co. 538 pp. Smiley, R. W., P. H. Demoeden, and B. B. Claike. Compendium of Turfgrass Diseases, 2nd ed. Amer. Pltytopathological Soc. Press. St Paul, Minn. 98 pp. Sutton, B. C. 1980. The Coelomycetes: Fungi Imperfecti withPycnidia, Acervuh, and Stromata Commonwealth Mycological Inst. Kew, Surrey, England. 696 pp. Wick, R. L. 1988. Occurrence of Melanotus white patch on red and Chewings fescue. Plant Dis. 72:268. 46 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE m 0|i^ - ?i ! ■ •. fc ■' ■ ■'-! . .,1. ^ ', .^t. : ■ ' i ■« ' ■' ' V :' V'V,>-"^. vVVAf- i‘- ‘y :,j; ';! .. j • ’ )• i’i • ' V» ■•»'“ ■ ' r>?l ■ ^ ■ v: “i r;. ni/ ivy i' -N . ,; *• 7' ■ ■ 'j.-\6<'-<' , . ^ . • ;//\i '* ;. ■ :i ’ A- ■ ■ hr ’ iv-st.' 1 ..J ‘ ‘. *: J- I .'4. i-‘' ,v ■ '. '';7'» j " v;. 'IW: :. •"' wilW -v- f J'V in ,i'ru*j I .'}»., rvmsaJ'^ ‘wtfs , . ,.^ JS ;. r.H ^ i .4' '■", ■ •'.I..' ' 'i'.7j '■* ‘ ri‘'^.’^7 ' 41 ■ ’• . 'i 7 ' '* •■ '* iH-v'#' '*v .4 ■ ■',» ■ ;n' 4 ■':^-..-.7^7^- ''f - '^■ 7.iC|; :■■•'. V : q«|l, -19 •■ . £A -.OJ': ', ■ : ■ ‘ '.* '•■"1 ’' ■^'' tit. ' ■ ■ .'Ji'^.^v - .7 ■• •' ■.■^‘ ' '■' ■ ^ r V ,^. ■' /^v:-.a' tAut i’ .J .- ' ■ •r'f, ''* ''' ' ' • ♦il*'*'*' ^ :.J^,' -.'■ ' ' '';7 ^ !> . . . . - i: :,/i; ..'. Ab •. .. ■.<. .• -, ,, ‘I Vir^sto* ! .i^ 'h ■• h..,lnB.’ ‘ , <|ifTa9(}rnijM .i -- ’ 'v . */ . ' ■ / 3 ^ *,V ' ' - . * 'ed^- :*n '* .'ai. '•■ . _ ...tj;-..; ‘j&> .. 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For instructions to authors, s^ inside of back cover VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Vol. 48 No. 2 SUMMER, 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS, 75th Annual Meeting of the Virginia Academy of Science, May 20 - 23, 1997, Mrginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Mrginia 63 SECTION ABSTRACTS Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences 63 Agriculture, Forestry and Aquaculture Science 66 Archaeology 74 Astronomy, Mathematics and Physics 76 Biology 79 Biomedical and General Engineering 92 Botany 93 Chemistry 103 Computer Science Education f \ 110 Enviromnental Science f SEP 1 1 1997 ) 114 Geography ^ y 121 Geology ^•^v^BRARIES,,.^ 122 Materials Science 131 Medical Science 135 Microbiology and Molecular Biology 146 Natural History & Biodiversity 150 Psychology 154 Statistics 159 BEST STUDENT PAPER AWARDS 163 HORSLEY RESEARCH AWARD 168 SMALL PROJECT RESEARCH FUNDS 168 VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AWARDS 170 183 AUTHOR INDEX f ,_£••• *.':.r«ft»J^. - '■’" i'Ur.i v‘*1 ; , — •'«-«, IS ‘iO imr '..-.’■sV''^ ivV'i'- ?* ”■ '!V.!4 p«: 'iilUtar'tf a?J JjAIJ'**' ''^•■- ''’i****^' i.«il’*' , .f,. . -j'i, . ,r^ , ... ■ ii>'iiiiiiii(iitBipi^BI *' '?” *-«■ : fl*j -'-1^ #; ' ■ ^ 'V* ' p i w:-Vr;.. Sn 'Vlf ■■ ,v-,‘^' V« ..;t ■■ *a»J*»|S:'¥l*a5(:J!l^l» ■r^'iii^Lvi^™ ■ ■ ■ ■ m ' ' ' lavto®'-'^ •i!(|p->V ' ■■■■ . :■■' vj ^ , ?tM'Ui:/.y ,•''.v^T'^'■';^•: ji-VM|ri'|y ! •:\)jfi iO^^^:i ' j.i' c • '* ■' ■'■ 1 in«/ •;]|OVs^. !• /.! '.iM^'/l !/j >K>tri ..Ji ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS 75th Annual Meeting of the Virginia Academy of Science May 20-23, 1997, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences EXPLOSIVE FRACTURING OF HGHTER AIRCRAFT CANOPIES TO ALLOW THROUGH-CANOPY CREW ESCAPE. Laurence J. Bement. NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA. Many challenges exist in providing for crew escape from fighter aircraft. The need for resistance to bird strikes and flat-panel stealth technology has driven designers to increase the thickness of impact-resistant canopies. The mass of these advanced canopies has exceeded the capabilities for jettison within the current goal of 0.3 second to allow unrestricted crew ejection. Through -canopy crew ejection, the approach used on the Harrier (AV-8B), eliminates the need for delays in initiating crew escape to wait for canopy jettison. A new approach has been developed by a NASA Langley Research Center/McDonnell Douglas team to explosively fracture these high-strength canopies without any debris or sound impact on the crewmembers. Small (less than 0.1- inch thick) explosive cords are installed in the outer surface of the canopy, and on initiation, induce precisely controlled fracture lines into the canopy. When struck by the ejection seat, the canopy would open like “French doors” to allow uninhibited crew egress. The potential savings in system weight, complexity and cost are enormous over that provided by canopy jettison, while increasing the crew escape envelope. THE BLENDED-WING-BODY ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY CONCEPT. Jeanette Elliott and James R. Elliott*, Systems Analysis Branch, and H. Keith Henry*, Office of Public Affairs, NASA Langley Research Ctr., Hampton, Va. 23681. NASA, Industry, and academia are currently working together on new solutions to tomorrow’s aviation challenges. These challenges include the predicted tripling of passenger air travel from 1995 to 2015 and pressures on the aircraft industry to produce lower ticket prices while remaining economically viable. Future aircraft will also be required to meet increasingly stringent noise, emissions, and safety requirements. The use of revolutionary technologies and aircraft concepts may enable future aircraft to meet these challenges. One revolutionary concept currently under study is the Blended-Wing-Body. This thick “flying wing” would carry 800 passengers more than 7,000 miles in a double-deck compartment that blends into the wing - almost twice the capacity of a Boeing 747-400. By integrating the engines, wings and body into a single lifting surface, the overall efficiency will be maximized. Using 2015 technology, advances in structures, aerodynamics and other technologies will be combined to dramatically increase the performance over current aircraft. To develop the technologies for the Blended-Wing-Body, McDonnell Douglas, Stanford University, the University of Southern California, the University of Florida, Clark Atlanta University, and NASA Langley and Lewis Research Centers are conducting computational analyses and performing structural and wind tunnel tests. Remotely-piloted models will then demonstrate stability & control and ride quality. Applications envisioned for the Blended-Wing-Body include commercial, cargo, and long-range military transports. In addition, advances made in the pursuit of the Blended-Wing-Body will provide new technologies for all future aircraft, thereby helping the U.S. aircraft industry to successfully compete in the 21st Century. 64 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OPTIMUM DESIGN OF STIFFENED COMPOSITE PANELS WITH REALISTIC IMPERFECTIONS, Mohamed A. Elseifi, Z. Giirdal*, & E. Nikolaidis*, Dept, of Aerospace Engineering, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061 . Thin walled stiffened composite panels, which are among the most utilized structural elements in engineering, possess the unfortunate property of being highly sensitive to geometrical impertections. 1 he experimental buckling load sometimes amounts to no more than one-tenth of the buckling load of a perfect panel. Existing codes are able to predict the buckling load of a structure with specilled initial imperfection. However, due to the very' nature of the manufacturing process, it is hard to imagine that one manufacturing process could ever produce two identical panels. Thus, it is imperative to consider the effects ot uncertainty in panel imperfections on the panel load carrying response. The long term goal of this study is to incorporate the effects of imperfections into the formulation of optimum design of compressively loaded stiffened composite panels The main emphasis will be to investigate the existence of a relationship between the values of the different design parameters defining the panel (e g laminate stacking sequence and stiffener spacing) and the geometric impertections resulting in the manutactunng process. Establishing a relationship between the design parameters and the imperfection-model parameters will allow the prediction of the imperfection ellects on the panel behavior, thus allowing the fonnulation of more realistic design constraints. Currently a convex model for the impertections has been developed to replace the probabilistic approach typically used in the study of imperfection sensitive staictures Several Central Composite Design (CCD) response surfaces have been developed to check the validity of the predictions of the convex model. UNSTEADY AERODYNAMIC MODELING, Y. Fan* and F. H. Lutze, Dept. Of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0203. A model for predicting longitudinal force and moment time histories during dynamic maneuvers is presented. The model is a state-space representation of the aerodynamics and is valid up to and beyond the stall angle of attack. A first order difierential equation of an internal variable is driven by a function of an effective angle of attack and is used to model the state associated with physical characteristics such as flow separation and/or vortex bursting. The effective angle of attack depends on the current angle of attack as well as the angle of attack rate and pitch rate. The stability derivatives which appear in the standard aerodynamic representation are assumed to be quadratic functions of the state variable. This model is applied to an airfoil, a delta wing and an aircraft fighter configuration performing rapid pitch up, pitch down, and sinusoidal pitch motions. Results indicate that the model gives good agreement with observed experiments. In addition using the model in a simulation of standard forced oscillation tests yield fi-equency and amplitude dependent results consistent with that observed in wind tunnel tests. DESIGN OF SEMI-SPAN MODEL STANDOFF MOUNTING GEOMETRIES. William E. Milholen II , National Research Council, NASA Langley Research Center, MS 286, Hampton, VA, 23681-0001. A semi-span model test technique has been proposed for the NASA Langley Research Center’s National Transonic Facility for the testing of advanced aircraft at flight Reynolds numbers. One area of particular concern is the loss of symmetry about the model centerplane due to the presence of the boundary layer on the wind-tunnel sidewall. The use of active control techniques to minimize the influence of the sidewall boundary layer is not practicable in the National Transonic Facility due to the high cost of developing and operating the control devices at cryogenic conditions. An economic alternative to active control techniques is the use of an optimally designed semi-span model standoff geometry. An efficient computational method is developed for designing semi-span model standoff geometries which would passively minimize the influence of the wind-tunnel sidewall boundary layer. The resulting semi-span model test technique would not rely on costly active sidewall boundary-layer control techniques, and thus would be practicable to enable implementation of a high Reynolds number semi-span model test capability in the National Transonic Facility. PROCEEDINGS 65 ELECTROMECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW CLASS OF PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICES. Karla Mossi. Mech. Eng. Dept., Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, Dr. Greg Selby*, Mech. Eng. Dept., Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, and Dr. R. G. Bryant*, NASA LaRC, Hampton VA, 23681. Tests were conducted on 1 3 different configurations of a new class of piezoelectric devices. These configurations consisted of a combination of 1 , 3, 5, 7, and 9 layers of 1 -mil thick aluminum as backing material, with and without a top layer of 1 -mil aluminum. Additional configurations included backing layers of 5-mil aluminum, 1- and 3 -mil stainless steel, and 2-mil beryllium-copper. All of these configurations used the same poled ceramic wafer (PZT-5A) with dimensions of 5.08 x 3.81 x 0.018 cm. The above configurations were tested at two stages of the manufacturing process: before and after re-poling. Poling was accomplished by applying a DC field of 400 V for 5 minutes. The parameters measured included frequency, driving voltage, displacement, capacitance, and radius of curvature. These parameters were measured under no load. An optic sensor recorded the displacement at a fixed voltage( 100-400 Vpp), over a predetermined range of frequencies (1-1000 Hz). These displacement measurements were performed using a computer that controlled the process of activating and measuring the displacement of the device. A NONLINEAR LIFTING LINE METHOD FOR CONCEPTUAL AIRCRAFT DESIGN. D. Bruce Owens, National Research Council, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-0001. Highly accurate aerodynamic modeling techniques for the analysis of the nonlinear aerodynamics of complex configurations have matured in terms of efficiency and robustness. As computers become more powerful in speed and memory, these techniques are transcending the phases of aircraft design. Even so, these techniques are still too time consuming, both in geometry input and run time, to be practically used in the initial stage of aircraft design. Unfortunately, most methods that can be used in the conceptual design phase do not predict nonlinear aerodynamics. A nonlinear lifting line method based on Weissinger’s lifting line model can provide a means to predict the nonlinear aerodynamics with good accuracy in the time constraints of the conceptual design phase. This method has predicted the stall angle of attack and maximum lift coefficient for a wing using a NACA 0012 airfoil section to within 2% of experimental data. It requires only the planform shape and the airfoil(s) lift data. In order to make use of this tool in the conceptual design phase, the method incorporates characteristics of a design oriented analysis technique. It provides adequate accuracy, computational efficiency, precision for speed tradeoff, minimal time for geometric input and modification, sensitivity-based scaling, and coupling to other methods. ANISOTROPY IN WAKE TURBULENCE AND ITS AEROACOUSTIC IMPLICATIONS. Christian w. Wenger. Dept, of Aerospace and Ocean Eng., Va. Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061. Wavenumber frequency spectra are important for predicting the broadband noise produced by an airfoil passing through a turbulent flow. For given locations within a flow, they may be calculated from a series of two-point, three component measurements taken over a range of probe separations keeping one probe fixed. This is accomplished by taking the double Fourier transform with respect to time and with respect to probe separation. In practice, the cross-spectra for each two-point measurement are first computed, followed by the transformation with respect to probe separation for each frequency. The dominating features of the flows can be seen in the cross-spectra and subsequent wavenumber frequency spectra. The anisotropy of large scale eddies results in significant deviations of the spectra from the von Karman spectrum, which has typically been used for broadband noise prediction. Specifically, the measured wavenumber frequency specu-a show that the streamwise and spanwise length scales of the upwash velocity component are not equal. If the length scales of the von Karman spectrum are adjusted to match those of the measured spectra, directionality predictions more closely resemble the directionality based on the measured wavenumber frequency spectra. 66 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OPTIMIZATION OF PRESSURE SENSITIVE PAINT MEASUREMENTS. Jeremv P. West. D. M. Oglesby*, Dept, of Chem. and Biochem., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529, & B. T. Upchurch*, NASA Langley Research Ctr., Hampton, Va. 2368 1 . The recent application of pressure sensitive luminescent paints for model surface pressure measurements in wind tunnel testing is based on the quenching of luminescence by oxygen. Thus their utility for measuring pressure is dependent on the partial pressure of oxygen. Wind tunnel tests have traditionally operated in an air environment, in which relative error in pressure reaches a minimum near 1 .5 PSIA total. Tests do not always occur in this pressure region, so data is often taken at pressures where error is high. By adjusting the oxygen concentration in the test chamber, we can change the total pressure at which error is minimum. This will allow us to operate under optimal conditions, regardless of a test’s specific pressure region. Agriculture, Forestry and Aquaculture Science POTENTIAL OF CASTOR PRODUCTION IN VIRGINIA. HARBANS L. BHARDWAJ. Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Va 23806. Castor {Ricinus communis L.) oil and its derivatives are used by US industry in a wide range of products. Since early 1970s, when castor production ceased in USA, the industry needs for castor oil have been met entirely by imported castor oil. Efforts to develop lesquerella, a wild plant whose seed contain oil that is similar to castor oil, as an alternate oilseed crop for Virginia from 1991-1993 were unsuccessful due to unsatisfactory seed germination/stand establishment and biomass production. Since 1994, The New Crops Program of Virginia State University has been conducting breeding and agronomic research with castor. A world collection of 286 castor accessions has been evaluated and potential genotypes with seed yield above 2000 kg/ha have been identified. A preliminary experiment indicated that castor when planted late to facilitate its rotation with winter wheat can produce seed yield of 1000-1200 kg/ha. The oil content in castor produced in Virginia has varied from about 20 to 50 percent depending upon season and genotype as compared to a mean oil content of about 45% from castor seed produced in Texas /Oklahoma . The oil content in Hale seed produced in Oklahoma and Virginia during 1995 was similar (43 vs. 46 percent, respectively). The fertilizer needs and row-spacing for castor production in Virginia have been identified. Based on the yield level and oil content, commercial castor production in Virginia is possible. CHARACTER MARKED FURNITURE: POTENTIAL FOR LUMBER YIELD INCREASE. Urs Buehimann, Dept, of Wood Science and Forest Products, Va. Polytech¬ nique Inst. & State Univ. Backsburg, VA 24061, J. K. Wiedenbeck*, and D. E. Kline*. Cur¬ rently, character-marks {commonly referred to as “wood defects”) are typically not accepted in furniture dimension parts. However, their inclusion in parts is an effective way to increase lumber rough mill yield, and is an option to overcome the declining quality of today’s lumber supply. The purpose of this study was to establish the theoretical achievable yield increase due to the inclusion of character- marks in dimension parts. This research used rough mill simulation software, lumber contained in the 1992 Data Bank for Red Oak Lumber, and seven cutting bills from the furniture industry to simulate the cut-up of lumber in a real rough mill. Results show that for No. 2A Common lumber, the inclusion of character-marks in di¬ mension parts on both faces of up to two inches in diameter increases yield by 12.4 percent, on average. For 1 Common lumber the average yield increase observed is 5.6 percent. Yield increases were about half when character-marks were only allowed on one face or when the allowable character-mark size was reduced to 1 inch in diameter. The study also revealed how other factors such as part quality, lumber grade, cutting bill, and processing options in¬ teract with character-mark size to influence yield. PROCEEDINGS 67 THE HEALTH CONDITION OF CAGE REARED RAINBOW TROUT IN VIRGINIA. D. Crosby# Cooperative Extension# VA State Univ. # Petersburg# VA 23806. Rainbow trout reared at 250 fish per cage were evaluated for basic fish health problems from November 95 to May 96. Parasitic and bacteria examinations were performed every six weeks for each of the three sample cages. Serum blood chemistry was performed to establish the baseline parameters for total protein# glucose# and calcium. No significant differences for blood chemistry were found between the sample cages. The mean baseline parameters for total protein# glucose# and calcium were 2.9 g/dl# 180.8 mg/dl# and 11.2 mg/dl# respectively. Protozoan parasites# Trichophrva and Trichodina and monogenes were found in low numbers. The prevalence of monogenes increased to a 90% infestation rate but rapidly fell to less than 20% at the end of the study. No bacteria was recovered from the trout during the study. Overall# no significant health problems were found with raising rainbow trout in cages during the winter months in Virginia. DERIVATION OF MONOPLOID POTATO FAMILIES THROUGH PSEUDOGAMY AND ANDROGENESIS. Rebecca J. Outright & Richard E. Veilleux*, Dept, of Horticulture, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Monoploid potato can be derived either paternally through anther or microspore culture or maternally through the use of a haploid-inducing pollinator. Our objectives were to derive monoploid populations from each of three selections utilizing each method in order to compare segregation of molecular markers in populations derived by the two alternative mechanisms. A haploid-inducing pollinator was crossed to two selections of Solanum phureja (PP5 and BARD 1-3) and one selection from a S. chacoense X S. phureja cross (CP2). A total of 185 fruit was obtained from PP5, 35 from CP2, and 398 from BARD 1-3. Percent fruit set was 85% on PP5, 10.8% on CP2, and 64.5% on BARD 1-3. Fruit derived from PP5 contained a mean of 205 seeds of which 0.6% lacked the dominant embryo spot marker carried by IVP101. BARD 1-3 produced a mean of 86.9 spotless seeds per fruit of which 3.5% were spotless. About 48% of the spotless seeds from PP5 and 19.6% from BARD1-3 germinated. Percent spotless seeds generating monoploids from PP5 and BARD 1-3 were 14.4 and 0.93, respectively. In anther culture, BARD 1-3 yielded 1.67 embryos whereas CP2 and PP5 yielded 0.16 embryos per anther. Approximately 25% of CP2, 13.7% of PP5, and 3.7% of BARD 1-3 embryos regenerated. Of the regenerants from PP5 and BARD 1-3, 51% and 44% were monoploid, respectively. (Supported by the Biological Sciences Initiative & Fralin Biotechnology Ctr. of Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.) MULTIPLE ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE IN GOATS RAISED FOR MEAT PRODUCTION IN VIRGINIA. PART II. T.A. Gipson. Agric. Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg, VA 23806 and A.M. Zajac*, Va. Polytechnic InsL & State Univ., Blacksburg VA 2406 1 . Anthelmintic resistance has been documented in the research goat herd at Virginia State University. The objectives of this study were to determine the level of anthelmintic resistance in the research herd after discontinued use of the anthelmintic and to investigate more efiicacious methods for anthelmintic administration. Previously, a fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was conducted using ivermectin and levamisole, anthelmintic resistance detected and use of these anthelmintics discontinued. A second FECRT was conducted after one year to assess the level of resistoice to these anthelmintics. Minor modification for the ivermectin FECRT was an increased dosage of .4mg/kg bodyweight instead of .3 mg/kg used for the previous year’s FECRT. Resistance to both anthelmintics was still evident; however, both anthelmintics showed improved performance. Ivermectin gave an 85% reduction in fecal egg counts and levamisole a 79% reduction. Resistance to fenbendazole had also been detected in the research herd and a modified mode of administration was investigated to determine if efficacy could be improved. The modification to the FECRT was as follows: animals were mustered in late afternoon and randomly divided into control and treatment groups, the treatment groi^ was dewormed with fenbendazole at 1 0 mg/kg bodyweight, penned overnight with access to water but not feed, dewormed again early the next morning at 10 mg/kg and then turned out to pasture later in the morning Under this system, fenbendazole gave a 96% reduction in fecal egg counts; indicating no resistance. Resistance to ivennectin and levamisole continued even tliough ivennectin dosage had been increased; however, under the modified mode of administration efficacy for fenbendazole significantly improved. 68 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE GROWTH CURVE ANALYSIS FROM BIRTH TO YEARLING OF DIFFERENT BREED-TYPES OF GOATS RAISED FOR MEAT PRODUCTION. T.A. Gipson. Agric. Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg, VA 23806. Nonlinear functions have often been employed to model the growth curve in domestic livestock. The objective of this study was to evaluate Ae effect of breed of growing young male goats on the parameters of the Gompertz function. Body weights on seven Myotonic, seven Nubian, five Pygmy and seven Spanish were used to estimate individually the parameters of the Gompertz function. Weight records for each animals included birth, weaning (at 8 wk), 17 weekly peripubertal and seven biweekly weights preceding yearling age (a total of 26 weights). All animals were castrated shortly after puberty. Breed significantly (p<.05) affected all parameters of the Gompertz function. The asymptote or asymptotic mature weigh. A, was significantly heavier for Myotonic, Nubian and Spanish (42.5, 49.8 and 49.7 kg, respectively) than for Pygmy (20.2 kg). The constant of integration, b, was significantly greater for Myotonic, Nubian and Spanish (2.7, 2.4 and 2.4, respectively) than for Pygmy (3.5). The rate parameter, k, was significantly smaller for Myotonic, Nubian and Spanish (.0050, .0058 and .0053 d ’, respectively) than for Pygmy ( .0075 d '). Myotonic, Nubian and Spanish tended to have the same shape and scale of the growth curve; however Pygmy tended to have a smaller mature weight and to reach peak growth earlier than the other breeds. EVALUATION OF RAPESEED GREENS FOR NUTRITIONAL QUALITY. Anwar A. Hamama and Harbans L. Bhardwaj • Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Va 23806. Canola (Brassica sp.) is being evaluated as an alternate oilseed cash crop for Virginia farmers due to its superior oil quality and consumer demand. During 1995/96 season, it was observed that nutritional quality of pre-bloom foliage from canola plants also compared well with that from mustard and turnip. The pre-bloom foliage from four canola cultivars (Falcon, Dixie, Jetton, and HN120-91) was evaluated again for moisture, fresh yield, dry matter yield, oil content, and fatty acid profiles. Generally, the growing season did not affect yield and quality of canola foliage. However, foliage from 1996/97 had significantly higher saturated fatty acids (21.4 vs. 14.18 %)and 18:1 fatty acid (8.26 vs. 3.28 %) and significantly lower total mono-saturated fatty acids (12.05 vs. 23.24 %) as compared to that from 1995/96. The canola foliage had 3.3 % oil in comparison to 2% oil in mustard and 3% oil in turnip greens. During 1996/97, it has been observed that pre-bloom harvested canola plants can regrow and produce seed. These results indicate that canola foliage may have potential as food and feed and may also serve as a dual-purpose crop as a source of edible greens and oil . EFFECTS OF 7 SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS ON TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS IN A SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN HARDWOOD FOREST. Douglas N. Harpole and Carola A. Haas, Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 20261-0321. Previous studies have shown that terrestrial salamander populations decline after clearcut timber harvesting. However, few studies have compared the effects of other forest regeneration methods. We compared the species richness and relative abundance of terrestrial salamanders before and after application of 7 oak regeneration treatments in a low-elevation southern Appalachian hardwood forest in southwest Virginia. Treatments included understory removal, group selection, 2 shelterwoods , leavetree, clearcut, and a control. Results from one harvested site show a slight decline in species richness after harvest. There was a significant decline in salamander relative abundance after harvest on the group selection (p"0.01), sheiterwoods (p~0.01, p=0.001), leavetree (p=0.02), and clearcut treatments (p“0.001). There was no significant difference in relative abundance during the same period on the control (p=0.81) or understory removal ( p=0 . 9 4 ) treatments . PROCEEDINGS 69 PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOYBEAN PHYTASE. Carla E. Hegeman and Elizabeth A. Grabau. Dept, of Plant Path., Phys., and Weed Sci., Va. Tech., Blacksburg, Va. 24061-0346. Much of the phosphorus in soybean {Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal is stored as phytate (»9^inositol hexaphosphate). Non-ruminant animals are unable to efficiently utilize phosphorus in phytate. To meet nutritional requirements, soy-based diets are supplemented with phosphorus, increasing feed costs. In addition, excreted phytate is applied to croplands in manure, and can contribute to environmental phosphorus pollution. Phytase is an enzyme that breaks down phytate, liberating inorganic phosphate. Commercial fimgal phytase has been added to feed to degrade phytate, eliminating the need for phosphorus supplementation. Phytase occurs naturally in soybean seeds, but high levels of activity are not detectable until seed germination. Our goal is to isolate and characterize soybean phytase. We have purified a major form of soybean phytase from cotyledons of 10-day old germinating seedlings by sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation, heat treatment, cation exchmige, lectin aflSnity, and anion exchange chromatography. A partial amino acid sequence was obtained by automated Edman degradation. Our sequence showed little similarity to proteins in the Swiss & PIR & Translated protein database. Using amino acid sequence data from soybean phytase, we will generate probes for screening a cDNA library fi-om germinating soybean cotyledons. HEMIPTERAN THREAT TO SEED QUALITY OF SPECIALTY SOYBEANS. M. Kraemer. C. Sudderth*, and J. McConnell*, Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Va. 23806. Soybean for human consumption requires a good appearance and taste. Although corn earworm {Helicoverpa zed) is the major threat to yield in the Eastern Coastal Plain region, hemipterans are probably the most significant threat to seed quality. Hemipterans feed on developing seeds by piercing the pod with stylet shaped mouthparts, resulting in seeds with shrunken areas, often discolored by decay organisms. A complex of stink bugs (brown, green and southern green) and an ant mimic {Alydiis pi losulus) were responsible for most hemipteran damage in our plots near Petersburg. Seed and pod damage was quantified over two seasons for 28 vegetable soybean genotypes in maturity groups III through VIL Soybeans were planted in 2m rows using a randomized complete block design. At seed maturity, plants from the middle Im of each row were hand harvested and shelled. Hemipteran damage was classified as light, moderate, or heavy for each of 300 randomly selected seeds per sample. Damage averaged 18%, including 3.7% and 3.5% with moderate and heavy damage, respectively. Significant differences (P=0.05) in mean damage were found between accessions, ranging from 6% in “Shangrao wan gingsi” to 61% in “Kanrich” EFFECT OF INTENSIVE ROTATIONAL GRAZING BY BEEF CATTLE ON POTATO LEAFHOPPER POPULATIONS DJ ALFALFA / FESCUE PASTURE. Curt Laub. Roger R. Youngman*, Thomas P. Kuhar, & Julie M. Smith*, Dept, of Entomology, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0319. Results of potato leafhopper, Empoasca fahae (PLFI) scouting of alfalfa from 1994 and 1995 suggested that intensive rotational grazing by cattle may help to reduce PLH population numbers, particularly early in the season. Based on these preliminary data, we initiated a study in 1996 to examine the effect of rotational cattle grazing on PLH population dynamics. Results showed that grazing reduced overall PLH populations compared to non-grazed areas. Reduced populations may be due 1) the destruction of eggs and nymphs, resulting in fewer adults emerging, and /or 2) movement of adults away from grazed areas. 70 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS, AND NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF SOYBEAN. Tadesse Mebrahtu and A. Elmi*. Virginia State Univ. Petersburg, Va. 23806. Soybean with Japanese pedigree harvested immature and shelled during processing to use as a vegetable or is served steaming hot in the pod as snack food is termed as vegetable soybean. The objectives of this experiment were to identify genotypes with high yield and nutritive values and to determine the association of yield and agronomic traits with selected nutritional values. Thirty- one vegetable soybeans were evaluated at Virginia State University Research farm in Petersburg, Virginia for agronomic values (green pod and biomass yield, plant height, hundred pod weight, and pod dimensions) and nutritive values (protein, lipid, and oleic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids). Significant differences for all parameters measured were observed among the genotypes tested. These results suggest that genetic variation exist among the tested genotypes. Associations of pod yield with biomass yield, hundred pod weight, pod length and pod width were significant and positive but negatively coiTelated with plant height. No significant associations between pod yield and nutritive values were obseived. Hundred pod weight or pod length could be used as selection criteria in identifying genotypes with high pod yield potential. HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA CHANGES STEROL AND HYDROCARBONS CONCENTRATIONS IN BLOOD AND TISSUES. Ali Mohamed. Agri. Res. Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806. High intakes of cholesterol have been implicated in causation of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis since early studies showed that feeding cholesterol to experimental animals induced marked elevation of serum cholesterol and cholesterol deposist in the arterial wall. Other factors affect plasma cholesterol level are diet, environment, number of diseases, and smoking. The present sudy was conducted to determine the effect of hypercholesterolemia on the concentration and pattern of sterols and hydrocarbons in serum and tissues. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rats by daily oral administration of a mixture of cholesterol (600 mg), cholic acid (300 mg), and methyl thiouracil (90 mg)/Kg body wt. for a period of 13 weeks. A control group of untreated animals was maintained under the same environmental conditions. The treated rats were characterized by significant increase in serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Quantitative and qualitative changes in sterols (cholestenol and lanosterol) and hydrocarbons (famesol and squalene) in serum and tissues samples from aorta, liver, and brain were documented. Significant (p<0.05) reduction in these intermediate compounds in all tested tissues and serum was observed. The results also indicated that rats had a greater resistance to high dietary cholesterol level in the first two weeks of the induction period, but there after resistance was significandy reduced. Aorta and liver showed greater changes in sterols and hydrocarbons in treated animals compared to the control group. BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON GREEN IMMATURE SOYBEAN. Ali I. Mohamed, Agri. Res. Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806. Green soybeans are a popular vegetable and snack food in the Orient. Because of their excellent nutritional characteristics and the potential for export to Asian countries, green soybean are gaining popularity as a crop in the United States. The quality properties of v^etables are a fimetion of development time. Color, texture, and size are usually reach a peak during plant and seed development and then start to deteriorate. Therefore, it is important to harvest at the appropriate time to maximize the value of the crop. The large seeded vegetable soybean (dry wt.> 25 g/100 seeds) is becoming popular as roasted soynuts in Asia and among the oriental population in the U.S. However, there is a need for developing cultivars adapted to the U.S. environments. The objective of this study was to determine the GXE effects on the nutritional quality of immature green soybean. A total of 12 large-seeded soybean genotypes were planted in four locations (AL, GA, MD, and VA). The immature pods were harvested, and seeds were collected and stored frozen. Total protein, oil, total soluble sugars, phytate, moisture contents, and fatty acid pattern were determined. The analysis of variance of the data indicated that the effects of genotypes was highly significant for oil, soluble sugars, and phytate. No significant difference in protein among genotypes was found. The mean protein, and oil percentages were 32.8 and 8.6, respectively. Mean sugar and phytate percentages were 11.7 and 1.11 mg/g meal, respectively. Highly significant and negative correlations (r=-0.31**, -0.4**, -0.4**, and -0.32**) were found between location, oil, sugars, and moisture content, respectively. PROCEEDINGS 71 HYBRID STRIPED BASS MARKETING IN VIRGINIA - CASE STUDIES. Brian L. Nerrie. Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806. The production process of aquaculture, the farming of animals and plants in the aquatic environment, requires product distribution and marketing as a final step. This final step brings the desired return to the farmer, but is ofl;en the limiting factor in the production process. Even though hybrid striped bass aquaculture in Virginia is relatively new, successfijl distribution and marketing systems have been established. Other production inputs required for successfijl hybrid striped bass marketing are also in place. They include seed stock, farming equipment, feed supplies, fish health diagnostic labs, management ability, and capital. Marketing efforts vary depending on the size of enterprise. Limited scale operations (cage and/or pond culture) used direct marketing techniques to supply local upscale restaurants or fee fishing facilities. Restaurants paid more than $10. 00/kg for whole, iced hybrids (>500 g). Large scale commercial operations used existing seafood distribution systems to supply traditional seafood markets. Farmers received more than $6. 60/kg for whole, iced, boxed hybrids (>570 g). WINTER FEEDING OF CATFISH IN VIRGINIA PONDS. Scott H. Newton, Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Va. 23806. Aquaculture production of channel catfish {Ictalurus punctatus) requires feeding year-round, especially in regions with shorter warmwater production seasons. Since the early 1980s, it has been shown by the author and others that winter feeding of fingerling and juvenile size catfish is beneficial, in the Southern region of the USA. However, this practice is relatively new to producers in the Mid- Atlantic region of the United States In the fall, 1996, three ponds of small catfish averaging 340 pounds per 1000 fish and three ponds of large catfish averaging 620 pounds per 1000 fish were placed on a winter feeding program. A lower protein ration (28%) was used during winter because it has been shown to be adequate and is less expensive. From November to May, fish were fed a total of 54 days on a schedule based upon water temperature. Small catfish had an average weight gain of 13.5% while the larger catfish gained an average of 7.4% during winter. Catfish that are fed usually gain weight and are less susceptible to spring disease problems than fish that have not been fed during winter. OBSERVATIONS ON CAGE CULTURE OF BROOK TROUT IN VIRGINIA PONDS. Scott H. Newton, Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA. 23806. Brook trout {Salvelinus fontinalis), the only native species of freshwater trout, are raised primarily for stream stocking and fee¬ fishing operations. Since 1990, annual production has ranged from 130,000 to 140,000 pounds. Winter cage culture potential of brook trout was investigated at the VSU Aquaculture Pond Complex during 1996 and 1997 winter seasons. Fish stocking and harvest sizes were similar for both seasons, however, survival in 1996 was 93% compared with 77% for 1997. The 1997 production period (132 days) was 42 days shorter than the 1996 season (174 days). After two seasons of cage brook trout culture, preliminary recommendations are presented for industry consideration: 1) brook trout appear to be a suitable species for winter season cage culture, 2) brook trout could be used to diversify a winter rainbow trout cage operation, 3) brook trout are more temperature sensitive, but feed much more actively at cooler temperatures (9 -1 1C) than rainbow trout, and 4) brook trout harvest and transportation for live sales should be done below 1 5C 72 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE CULTURE OF JUVENILE FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN A RECIRCULATING SYSTEM. Francis X. O’Beim and Richard J. Neves, Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Aquaculture of endangered and threatened freshwater mussel species has been recommended as a conservation tool. A recirculating system was constructed with a total water capacity of 400L, within which 13cm diameter petri dishes were located. Each dish was stocked with 100 juvenile rainbow mussels, VHIosa iris. The water was exchanged in each system on a weekly basis and the animals were fed Neochloris oleoabundans daily. A trial was initiated; whereby, the animals were raised with and without sediment. Animals at the start of this trial had mean sizes of 2.73 and 2.72 mm for the sediment and no-sediment treatments, respectively. After 16 weeks, the animals with sediment were significantly larger (5.67mm vs. 4.50mm) and had greater survival (85% vs. 74%) than those cultured without sediment . It appears that the system and protocols employed in these studies have major applications in the large scale culture of freshwater unionids. Also, the growth and survival obtained for the rainbow mussel suggests that the succesful transfer of these methodologies to endangered species of mussels can be achieved. PRELIMINARY IN VITRO FEED STUDIES WITH ANGim^LA ROSTRATA ELVERS. Albert O. Reid and Brian L. Nerrie, Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806. Interest in eel farming in Virginia is expanding. Determining the proper nutritional requirements of juvenile American eels will be crucial to the establishment of Virginia’s eel farming industry. This study evaluates the effects of diets containing two proteinJipid ratios on growth rates of juvenile American eels. Glass eels air shipped from Maine were raised to 0.5 g. Eels were randomly selected and stocked in six 30-liter aquaria (N=8 per aquarium). Diet 1 consisted of a 45% protein eel supplement + 20% menhaden oil. Diet 2 consisted of a 45% protein eel supplement + 10% menhaden oil. Diets were bound into a water stable paste using gelatin. Eels were fed daily at a rate equal to 10% of initial biomass. Water quality (dissolved oxygen, temperature, ammonia and nitrite) was monitored daily and maintained by water exchange (10% daily). Preliminary results indicate eels fed diet 1 (feed conversion = 7.3:1) grew faster (A0.34g) than eels fed diet 2 (feed conversion = 23.1:1, A0.18g) , MODELING THINNING EFFEC'I S ON RING SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF LOBLOLLY PINE {Pinus laeda L.) Gudave Tasissa. & Harold E. Burkhart, Dept, of For., Va. Polytechnic In.st. & State Univ., Black.sburg, Va. 24061-0324. Stem analy.sis data obtained I'rom trees in permanent sample plots of a thinning study were used to evaluate the efl'ects of thinning on ring specific gravity of loblolly pine and to develop a ring specific gravity' prediction model. The thinning study is distributed tliroughout the native range of loblolly pine .spanning four broad physiographic regions; Atlantic- Coastal Plain, Gulf-Coastal Plain, Piedmont and Highlands, and consisted of nvo treatments and a control. Thinning effects on ring specific gravity were not significant because thinning did not significantly change the proportion of latewood in a giowfli nng. Regional variation in .specific gravity was significant with the Gulf-Coastal Plain having the highest specific gravity followed by the Atlantic-Coastal Plain. No significant difference was found between ring specific gravity of the Piedmont and Highlands. Ring .specific gravity is predicted as a function of ring position in tree, a tree’s competitive position, percent latewood in a ring and ring width. As the data included several within-tree observations which tended to be correlated, direct covanance modeling with a continuous time autoregressive structure was used to addresses biases in the standard enor of estimates and h>polliesi.s tests. (Supported by the Loblolly Pine Growth and Yield Research Cooperative maintained at Va. Pol>lechmc Inst. & state IJniv ) PROCEEDINGS 73 PUBESCENT CHANGES IN FOLLICULAR POPULATIONS IN THE OVARY OF THE SPANISH GOAT. .S^ Wildeus' and J. Jones*, ‘Agricultural Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg, VA 23806. The pattern of sexual development impacts reproductive management strategies, and seasonal effects on reproductive function appear to be more pronounced in pubertal than mature female goats. Spanish goats are considered seasonal breeders and this experiment evaluated seasonal effecte on ovarian development in postpubertal Spanish does. Thirty-five spring-bom doelings were maintained as one group following weaning and fed to grow at a moderate rate. Starting at 6 mo of age (August) ovaries were collected at monthly intervals from five randomly selected animals. Weight and dimensions of each ovary were recorded and surface structures counted as corpora lutea, and large (>5 mm), medium (2-5 mm), and small (<2 mm) follicles. Data were analyzed on a whole animal basis and differences between age groups were determined. Body weight increased (P<0.001) from 15.9 kg at 6 mo to 23.6 kg at 1 1 mo of age. In contrast, total ovarian weight increased (P<0.01) from 0.98 g at 6 mo (August) to 2.35 at 8 mo (October), than decreased again to 1.81 g at 1 1 mo (January). Ovarian dimensions were not significantly different between age groups (mean length: 15.5 mm, mean width: 10.5 mm, and mean depth: 8.2 mm). The number of corpora lutea was higher (P<.05) at 8 mo (October: 2.0) than 6 mo (August: 0.8) and 7 mo (September: 0.4) and declined after the October peak. Large and medium follicles increased (P<0.05) from 6 mo (August: 1.2 and 2.0, respectively) to 7 mo (September: 3.0 and 5.8, respectively) and fluctuated thereafter. Small follicles were similar between age groups (overall mean: 25. 1 ). These data indicate that ovarian growth and structures developed differently from overall body growth in postpubertal Spanish does. Data further suggest that these fluctuations in follicular development are related to the seasonal variation in reproductive activity that have been of observed in mature does of this breed. EJACULATE CHARACTERISTICS OF BOER AND BOER CROSS GOATS RECEIVING FOUR LEVELS OF COTTONSEED IN THEIR DIETS. S. Wildeus ‘ and J.-M. LuginbuhT*, 'Agricultural Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg, VA 23806 and ^Dept. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695. Gossypol can impair male reproductive function in a number of species. This experiment evaluated the effect moderate dietary inclusion of whole cottonseed (WCS), a ready source of free gossypol, on semen quality in young male goats {Capra hircus). Thirty-six Boer and Vi Boer postweaning buck kids were allocated to receive four levels of WCS in their diets (0, 8, 16, and 24%). The treatments provided an estimated mean daily intake of 0 to 75 mg/kg body weight/day free gossypol, based on a 0.68% gossypol content of WCS. After a 105 d feeding period, scrotal circumference was recorded and semen was collected by electroejculation. Semen samples were scored for volume and initial motility. Sperm concentration, morphology and mortality was determined in PBS-glutaraldehyde-fixed subsamples ^d eosin-nigrosin stained smears. Differences between WCS levels on scrotal cifcumference and ejaculate characteristics were determined by analysis of variance after arcsine conversion of percentages. Scrotal circumference was similar in the four treatment groups (23.7 cm), but the scrotal circumference to body weight ratio was higher in bucks receiving the highest level of WCS compared to the control group (0.40 vs. 0.33; P<0.05). Ejaculate characteristics did not differ (P>0. 1 ) between dietary treatments, with a mean volume of 1.81 ml, a mean sperm concentration of 0.42x1 OP/ml, a motility of 68.2%, and 58.3% live sperm. Sperm morphology was also not affected by dietary treatments and mean percentages of spermatozoa with abnormal heads, tails and cytoplasmic droplets of 2.9, 7.9 and 5.6%, respectively. The data indicate that WCS, when fed at levels of up to 24% of total diet, apparently had no effect on ejaculate characteristics in these young male goats. REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF THE KINDER GOAT UNDER COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION CONDITIONS. S. Wildeus ' and P. Showalter^*, 'Agricultural Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg, VA 23806 and ^Zederkamm Farm, Snohomish, WA 98296. The Kinder goat is a more recently established dual purpose (meat & milk) breed that is derived from crosses of the Nubian and Pygmy breeds. There are more than 1 000 animals registered in the U.S. and Canada. This is a first study that summarizes reproductive performance data collected for this breed between 1989 and 1997 in a commercial herd (119 doe and 298 kid records). Animals were intensively managed on pasture, supplemented with hay (orchard grass and alfalfa) and concentrate (16% crude protein pre-mix, sunflower and flax seed, mineral) throughout the year dependent on stage of production and sex of animal. Animals were dewormed and vaccinated on a routine basis. Records were collected on dam and sire identification, breeding and kidding dates, litter size and birth weights, and selected body weights. Data were analyzed for effects of dam, sire, doe age, litter size (birth type), sex of animal, and month of year on production characteristics. Average litter size at birth was 2.51, and affected by doe age (P<0.001; range 1.93 at 1 yr to 3.46 at 4 yr) and months of breeding (P<0.05; range 0.87 in July to 2.75 in August through September). Litter size was also affected (P<0.05) by a dam x sire interaction. Average litter birth weight was 6.04 kg, and also affected by doe age (P<0.001 ; range 4.34 kg at 1 yr to 8.45 kg at 5 yr), but not dam and sire effects. Litter birth weight increased (P<0.001) from 2.65 kg in single litters to 1 1.20 kg sixtuplets. Average gestation length was 147.8 d and not affected by doe age, litter size or dam. Birth weight was similar for male and female kid (2.34 vs. 2. 19 kg, respectively), but higher in single, twins and triplets (2. 52 - 2.74 kg) than in quads, quints and sixtuplets (1.81 to 2.1 1 kg). These data indicate a high reproductive potential of this breed under optimum production conditions. 74 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Archaeology BURIAL CAVES IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA: PREHISTORIC DISTRIBUTION, LOOTER DESTRUCTION, AND CURRENT POLITICS. Michael B. Barber. George Washington & Jefferson National Forests, 5162 Valleypointe Parkway, Roanoke, Va. 24019. The Marginella Bead Cave Project was organized to locate and record burial caves within a southwest Virginia context. Of the 42 known burial caves within the Commonwealth, 24 were visited and 18 first recorded during the project. The distribution of the resources was examined with a high correlation found between burial cave location and Mississippian influences. Looter activity was documented with all but one of the known burial caves in Virginia severely damaged by felonious “excavations.” Three caves were described in some detail in order to provide examples of the resources base, extent of looter impacts, and current management trends. Finally, the role of state agencies in cave protection was considered. A JASPER QUARRY WORKSHOP AND FOOD PROCESSING STATION IN ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA. Eugene B. Barfield, Archaeology, George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, Roanoke, VA, 24019 & Kimberly N. Lowe, Science Museum of Western Virginia, Center in the Square, Roanoke, VA, 24011. Jasper has been a lithic source prized sporadically, through time, by Native Americans. A high quality source with an interesting geological history and prehistoric usage was discovered in 1993 along the western slopes of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Rockbridge County, Virginia. This lithic lies along a fault in a small valley, spawned from a boulder field of Ant iet am/Erwin quartzite in a National Forest Wilderness area. The high quality quartzite source, only 10,000 feet from the jasper quarry, was also utilized by the Native Americans. A quartzite reduction station along with several hunting camps in the vicinity of the jasper quarry offer temporal comparisons of usage of these two dissimilar lithics. Excavated areas of the jasper reduction station/base camp have artifacts continuously deposited to depths of three feet. For at least 10,000 years Native Americans have harvested this rich environmental envelope along the Blue Ridge. The geology and usage of this jasper breccia will be discussed. FUELING THE FURNACES: COLLIERS AND THEIR WORKING HOMES.James M. Hepner. George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, Roanoke, Va. 24019.Colliers preformed a skilled job integral to the iron industry period in Virginia but, often at great risk and distances from the furnaces or their preferred domicil. During the time they spent away on their Jobs, many lived in small round wood with mud chinking huts(Colliers Huts). Six of these huts have now been recorded. Much of the previous work has centered on the colliers pits and it is now time to go back into the anthropology and see how it ties into the archaeology. The constmetion and use of these huts is discussed as well as the relationship of the collier to the furnaces and local communities, and the environmental impact from their extensive and intensive usage of what is now a large portion Federal Forest Service lands in Virginia. PROCEEDINGS 75 DAN RIVER CULTURE AND ITS EXPANSION WEST OF THE BLUE RIDGE.Howard A. MacCord. The Dan River Culture evolved and flourished in the Roanoke River drainage from Early Woodland to Historic times. Around AD 1400 it expanded west of the Blue Ridge into the valleys of the James and New Rivers, and into the headwaters of the Roanoke River. The Culture is distinguished by various traits, including sand-tempered ceramics, circular habitations enclosed in a circular, palisaded village. Burials are in individual graves in a flexed position, usually with head to the east. Many shell ornaments demonstrate extensive trade with coastal groups. The subsistence base was agricultural, supplemented by hunting, fishing, and gathering. Historic records identify tribes east of the Blue Ridge, but those to the west remain unidentified so far. A major site of the Culture was on New River in Wythe County - the Martin Site. Testing there in the early 1970s proved the validity of the Dan River expansion. Other sites of the Culture are known, and some mixing with earlier occupants of the region is shown. Reasons for the expansion are unknown, as is the ultimate fate of the Indian groups involved. No Indians were reported in the western areas when first EuroAmerican explorers visited the region in the late 17th Century. CHALCEDONY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LITHIC ASSOCIATION AMONG WOODLAND SITES BETWEEN THE BLUE RIDGE AND THE UPPER JAMES RIVER. Mark A. Martin and Joel C. Hardison. George Washington & Jefferson National Forests, 5162 Valleypointe Parkway, Roanoke, Va. 24019. In the fall of 1996, emergency salvage excavations were conducted through the Threatened Sites Program of the Va. Department of Historic Resources and the Roanoke Chapter of the ASV at 44Bo2, a Late Woodland village site in Botetourt County. The site, also known as the Mt. Joy site, is located 'within the floodplain of the James River approximately 1 mile south of the town of Buchanan, adjacent to the confluence of the James River and Looney Creek. Excavations revealed an unpalisaded village with central plaza and several features including trash pits, hearths and post molds. The largest number of diagnostic artifacts recovered from the site includes Hamilton and Madison projectile points and Dan River Series ceramics. Tentative dates for the main occupation of the site range from the early to mid 1 5th century. Preliminary lithic analysis of the artifacts reveals substantial reliance on the lithic resource chalcedony. During the analysis, similarities were noticed between the chalcedony found at 44Bo2 and the cores and debris found at 44Bo401, a chalcedony quarry located 3/4 mile northeast of the village. A comparative analysis was conducted on artifacts recovered from both sites. VIEWS ACROSS THE VALLEY: SETTLING THE BLUE RIDGE AND ALLEGHENIES OR “HOLLERS” IN THE MOUNTAINS: A COMPLEX OVERSTTE.Rohert P. Mever Jr.. George Washington & Jefferson National Forests, 5162 Valleypointe Parkway, Roanoke, Va. 24019. The mountainous regions of western Virginia, (to include the Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley and the Appalachian Plateau) have long been a mystery and a challenge to those individuals bent on navigating through them, settling within or around them, or simply attempting to understand their role from a cultural point of view. This paper will concentrate on the two separate provinces of the Blue Ridge and Ridge and Valley, but will allude occasionally to the Appalachian Plateau and even acknowledge the existence of the Piedmont and Tidewater provinces albeit grudgingly. The crux of this presentation is rooted in the upper hollows of the western mountainous regions and attempts to explain the magnitude of effort expended and the changes imparted on the landscape by the occupants and forbearers of said hollows and the effect of industrial progress on their continued habitation. 76 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE A REVIEW OF LITHIC RESOURCES UTILIZED BY NATIVE AMERICAN KNAPPERS IN WESTERN VTRGTNTA.George A. Tollev. George Washington & Jefferson National Forests, 5162 Valleypointe Parkway, Roanoke, Va. 24019. Lithic resources have been the most abundant and most resistant remnant left within the landscape by prehistoric populations. Lithics used by western Virginia Native Americans in their tool kit include a variety of sources. These lithic sources can be broken down into three broad categories: clastic sedimentary or meta-sedimentary materials, igneous or meta-igneous rocks, and non-clastic or cryptocrystallines. The most common types within each category include: quartzite, ferruginous quartzite, and silicified siltstone under the clastic materials; greenstone and rhyolite under the meta-igneous rocks; and chert, jasper, and chalcedony under the non-clastic category. This paper addresses the formation of these lithic resources and discusses their occurrence within die western portion of the state. These resources are addressed from their primary source since erosive forces have transported many of these materials a considerable distance from their source. The concept of using lithic materials to help discover the territory included within Native Americans’ seasonal rounds is also briefly explored in this paper. Astronomy, Mathematics and Physics ON THE ANALYSIS OF A POPULATION MODEL WTTH NONLINEAR HARVESTING, Brian Bradie. Dept, of Mathematics, Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News, VA 23606- 2998. The dynamics of the logistic equation with nonlinear harvesting, — = rn(i--]-h{n), dT \kI are investigated. The harvesting term, H{N), is assumed to satisfy the following conditions: //(0) = 0, H’{N)>0,H’'{N)tes, one set had been incubated with 25 ng/ml IL-15 for 24 hours, the other had not been retreated with the cytokine. Results based on the neutral red assay indicate that the ME- 180 cells incubated with IL-15 treated lymphocytes had a higher level of cytotoxicity than did Me- 180 cells incubated with untreated Iymphoc>1es. TICKS OF THE DISMAL SWAMP OF VIRGINIA. Ralph P. Eckerlin, Natural Sciences Div., Northern Virginia Comnty. Col., Annandale, VA 22003. Eight collections of ticks were made from the clothing and bodies of humans in the Dismal Swamp of Virginia during the last week of April or the first week of May from 1 984 to 1 997. Some limited flagging to detect questing ticks along a trail, and trapping of small mammals to secure ticks were also done. A total of 1 90 ticks, all nymphs and adults was obtained from humans. Amblvomma americanum was the most common and made up 86% of the total. Dermacentor variabilis (9%) and Ixodes scapularis (5%) were less abundant. All 3 species are important vectors of tick borne disease to humans. Flagging with a meter square cloth over a lOOm grassy trail in 2 consecutive years (1996-97) yielded 62 questing ticks, all nymphs and adults, in proportions not significantly different from that found on humans. The 34 ticks removed from 6 Peromvscus leucopus and 1 Mus musculus were all larvae and nymphs of the same 3 species plus a single Amblvomma maculatum, a tick considered rare in VA. Flagging indicated 190- 430 questing ticks per km of trail with considerable variation from year to year. The species composition of the tick community did not change over the 13 year observation period. PROCEEDINGS 83 VITELLOGENIN INDUCTION AND QUANTIFICATION IN XENOPUS LAEVIS EXPOSED TO METHOXYCHLOR. Belinda 0. Escanio, Dept, of Biology, Randolph-Macon Woman’ s College, Lynchburg ,Va. 24503. Environmental estrogens, such as pesticides, have detrimental effects on the reproductive success of wildlife since they disrupt reproductive and developmental processes. Because of rampant con¬ cern that estrogenic chemicals may be adversely affecting the health of humans and wildlife, reliable methods for detecting estrogenic chemicals are needed. The enzyme“].inked Immunosorbant assay has recently been utilized to screen certain chemicals for estrogencity . ELISA allows for the quantification of vitellogenin, a lipoprotein, which is induced with exposure to estrogenic substances. In this experiment, male frogs were exposed to methoxychlor and 17B-estradiol. Vitellogenin was quantified using ELISA, Contrary to recent research which considers methoxychlor to have estrogenic activity, results indicated that there was no significant vitellogenin production at the sublethal levels of methoxychlor used. HURRICANE IMPACT ON THE COTTON STAINER INSECTS {DYSDERCUS ANDREAE ) OF ST. THOMAS, USVL Harold T. Grau. Dept, of Biol., Chem., & Env. Sci., Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Va. 23606. Cotton stainers are pan-tropical hemipterous insects that feed primarily on Malvaceous plants. I have studied the D. andreae populations of St. Thomas since 1992, collecting data on body sizes and population densities and distributions. In September of 1995, and again in July of 1996, the island suffered direct hits by tropical hurricanes. As might be expected, the populations of D. andreae exhibited severe reductions in densities and distribution, being totally eliminated from several locations. However, one population seemed to experience considerable population growth following the second hurricane event. Average body sizes of post-hurricane populations were not smaller than those before the hurricanes; in fact, in most cases, the insects were significantly larger in 1996 (post hurricane) than in 1994. However, comparisons with records from 1992 and 1993 show fewer differences with those from 1996; for some unknown reason, insect body sizes were smaller in 1994. (check out the Stainer web site! http://users.cnu.edu/~'hgrau/) RESTORATION OF DEGRADED LAND: A COMPARISON OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL MEASUREMENTS OF RECOVERY. J.R. Heckman and J. Cairns, Jr., Dept, of Biology, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. The main goals of this study were to document the structural and functional recovery of differently restored areas, to understand better the relationship between the two, and to determine which types of measurements are best for assessing restoration success. To adi-ess these questions, an experimental system was created through topsoil removal and subsequent restoration in a blocked, completely randomized design using two levels of soil amendment (with or without 10 kg of leaf mulch per mb and three levels of seeding treatment (no seed, a standard reclamation mix, and an alternative, wildflower dominated reclamation mix). Vegetation structure in amended sites, as measured by total vegetation cover and species richness, recovered to levels similar to references within the two years of the study. Plant community composition did not develop similarity to references in any experimental treatments. Both soil amendment and seeding type affected cellulose decomposition rates, with amended plots showing higher decomposition rates than unamended, and seeded plots exhibiting higher rates than unseeded. Enzyme activities were largely determined by soil amendment, but the reference plots consistently had higher en^matic activity. Amended sites exhibited significant increases over time in soil respiration, reaching or surpassing the rates observed in reference areas. Methane oxidation rates were generally increased in disturbed plots compared to undisturbed references due to increased atmospheric diffiision into the soil. Amended areas exhibited depressed rates relative to unamended, and seeding level had no significant effect on methane oxidation. Over all measurements, restoration of ecosystem function was most facilitated by the addition of the soil amendment. Seeding treatment significantly altered the resultant plant community, which may have substantial, long-term consequences for succession. 84 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE THE EFFECT OF ANT PROXIMITY ON EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR OF THE SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE RETICULITERMES (ISOPTERA: RHINOTERMITIDAE) . L. Hembree & D. Waller, Biol. Dept, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23527. Two ant species, Crematogaster sp. and Lasius sp., were tested as possible biological control agents for the subterranean termite Reticulitermes. Termites were placed in a central chamber with two attached side chambers to allow foraging. Ants were placed in a chamber that was connected by tubing plugged with plastic stoppers to one of the side chambers. Holes In the stoppers allowed the passage and detection of semiochemicals by the termites. Five replicates were done for each ant species and each replicate used termites from a different colony. After seven days, the number of termites in the chambers near and far from the ants was tallied, and a Student t-test was used to analyze the data. The results were not significant for either ant species. These ants may not be the most effective biological control agents for Reticulitermes, or perhaps Reticulitermes has not evolved a response to ants. STRESS-INDUCED THERMOGENESIS IN WILD AND DOMESTIC HOUSE MICE (Mus musculus) . Claire Holland, Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon Woman’s Col., Lynchburg, Va., 24503. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is used by small mammals to generate much of the heat necessary to maintain body temperature at low air temperatures. Cold-acclimation, diet, photoperiod, and some forms of stress have been shown to stimulate BAT production through the S3rmpathetlc nervous system. In my experiments, I have tested the hypothesis that there would be significant differences in the responses of wild and domestic strains of house mice (Mus musculus) to the stimuli of stress and cold. This was done through cold- acclimation at 5 C and the use of vibration as a stress stimulus in groups of wild and domestic house mice. The thermogenic capacity of the wild house mice increased in response to stress, while the domestic house mice were unaf¬ fected. The response of the wild house mice to cold was also significantly greater than that of the domestic hosue mice. The significant differences that exist in the thermogenic responses of domestic and wild type strains of Mus musculus may be due in part to body mass and acclimation temperature differences, but are also likely due to very real differences in physiologies. Positive responses to stress raise questions about how captivity stress might influence studies of wild rodents. COMPARISON OF GROWTH RATES OF MICROPOGONIAS UNDULATUS RECRUITING TO OREGON AND OCRACOKE INLETS. Sumalee Hoskin. Dr. Cynthia Jones*. Old Dominion University, Applied Marine Research Laboratory, Norfolk VA, 23529, & William Hettler*, NMFS, Southeast Fisheries Science Center Beaufort, NC, 28516. Atlantic croaker are estuarine dependent fish that spawn off shore and the resulting larvae recruit inshore to juvenile nursery grounds. Separate spawning stocks of croaker, north and south of Cape Hatteras in the Mid-Atlantic, have been hypothesized. Stocks are commonly delineated using the life history parameter, growth rate. Thus, we wanted to determine if growth rates differed between larvae ingressing through inlets north and south of Cape Hatteras, Oregon Inlet to the north of Hatteras, and Ocracoke Inlet to the south were compared using variations in the size, abundance, entrance times, and growth rates of larvae recruiting from October 1994 to April 1995. Larval growth was modeled using a Laird-Gompertz growth model. Preliminary results show a difference in growth rate of larval croaker north and south of Cape Hatteras. These results support the hypothesis there may be two separate spawning locations and perhaps even separate spawning stocks of Atlantic croaker. PROCEEDINGS 85 MATING BEHAVIOR AND MALE CHOICE BY THE LIZARD, Anolis carolinensis. T.A. Jenssen & S.C. Nunez*; Biology Dept., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406. During 56 days in the field (Augusta, GA), 7 free-ranging males were each observed continuously for 8 full days. They had 2-6 resident females with whom a total of 397 encounters were recorded (approx. 7/day/c?). Half of the heterosexual contacts were broken off at long distance (>1 m), and 199 progressed to close contacts (from several body lengths apart to touching). One fourth of the close contacts (33/123) were female-initiated, and 62% (123) involved receptive females (i.e., passive and neck bending). Within close contacts, males appeared to be controlling mating because males; 1) used a differential display rate toward non-receptive and receptive females, suggesting they could distinguish relative female receptivity while still approaching; 2) bypassed 69% (85/123) of receptive females (i.e., copulatory opportunities); and 3) thus, copulated sparingly (approx. 1 .4 times/day), and only when courtship was male-initiated. Larger males (who also had larger territories and more females) courted less per female, but with longer duration and longer coital durations than smaller males. Male coital frequency, however, had no correlates with measured variables; all females were mated with no significant bias to male or female attributes. NCD TAIL DOMAIN BINDING TO MICROTUBULES. A Karabav, R.A. Walker, Dept, of Biol., Virginia Polytech. Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 24061. Non-claret disjunctional (ncd) is a kinesin related microtubule motor protein that is required for proper chromosome distribution in meiosis and early mitosis in Drosophila oocytes and early embryos. Ncd has two microtubule (MT) binding sites: an ATP-independent-N-terminal tail, and an ATP-dependent-C-terminal motor domain binding sites, and it moves towards the minus end of MTs. Through the action of these binding sites ncd cross-links and bundles MTs. To understand the role of ncd motor protein in spindle assembly and formation in the process of chromosome segregation, the tail domain proteins were expressed as C- termina! fusions to thioredoxin (Trx), and ATP independent interactions of ncd with MTs were characterized. Based on sedimentation and blot overlay assays Trx alone, and Trx- NT1 (amino acids 27-63), Trx-NT7 (amino acids 100-187), and Trx-NT8 (amino acids 115- 187) did not bind MTs, whereas Trx-NT2 (amino acids 27-119), Trx-NT3 (amino acids 27- 149), Trx-NT4 (amino acids 27-187), Toc-NT5 (amino acids 62-187), and Trx-NT6 (amino acids 83-187) bound MTs. The ncd tail domain proteins that bound MTs also showed MT bundling activity. Based on these results, ncd amino acids 1-63 and 100-204 are not required for ATP-independent binding of ncd to MTs, while the sequence from amino acid 83 to 100 contains a MT binding site. (Supported by Virginia Poiytech. Inst, and State Univ. and NIH Grant GM 52340.) TESTING FOR NATURAL SELECTION ON CODON USAGE IN DROSOPHILA SIMULANS. Richard M, Klimaa Dept, of Biol., Radford Univ., Radford, Va. 24142. Synonymous codons (encoding the same amino acid) are used quite unequally in fruit flies, and this is thought to reflect, in part, a long history of natural selection on codon usage. To test specifically f^r recent selection on codon usage in D. simulans, synonymous codon polymorphisms were identified for each of nine genes by comparing DNA sequences of multiple gene copies. The ancestral character states at polymorphic sites were inferred from an outgroup (D. melanogaster) sequence; sites were then designated ancestrally "preferred" or "unpreferred" on the basis of previous studies on Drosophila codon usage. D^^f and D^^^f are the mean number of derived states at ancestrally preferred and unpreferred sites, respectively. B, the test statistic, equals minus D^^^, and should be positive if selection is acting. For each gene, a computer simulation of coalescence and mutation (assuming a Wright-Fisher/"infinite sites" neutral model) generated 10-^ random data sets with the same number of gene copies and polymorphic sites; statistical significance was based on the proportion of simulated data sets that gave values of B equal to or greater than that calculated for the actual data. The test, assuming either independent assortment among or complete linkage of sites, was significant for three genes {per, Adh and Est-6) and nearly significant for a fourth (Zw). This supports the hypothesis that selection recently influenced codon usage in this species. (Supported by the Jeffrey Memorial Trust and the Radford Univ. Col. of Arts and Sciences.) 86 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE SHELL COMPETITION AMONG COENOBITA CLYPEATUS INDIVIDUALS WITH EMPHASIS ON GROWTH RATE AND BEHAVIOR. Krisha Loftus. Elsa Q. Falls, & Arthur F. Conway, Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon CoL, Ashland, VA 23005. Shell exchange behavior in the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus may consist of forceful eviction, peaceful evacuation, or mass exchange and has been hypothesized to benefit the exchanging individuals through increased growth. In this experiment, placing crabs in shells larger or smaller than their original shells had no significant effect on growth while crabs were housed individually or in groups of four. Housing crabs in pairs significantly increased forceful eviction and resulting mortality compared to crabs housed individually or in groups of four; however, group size had no significant effect on growth rate. These results do not support the hypothesis that small shell size will limit growth while large shell size will promote growth; they suggest that growth rate may be determined by factors intrinsic to the crabs when they are maintained under conditions of readily available food and water. A BEHAVIORAL PROFILE OF FREE-RANGING JUVENILE MALE AND FEMALE GREEN ANGLES. Matthew B. Lovern, Dept, of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ. , Blacksburg, VA 24061. During June-August of 1995 and July of 1996, 20 male and 17 female green anoles (Anolis carol inensis) were observed at a field site in Augusta, GA to produce a behavioral profile for unmanipulated, free-ranging individuals. All individuals were observed once for 30-60 min. Juveniles did not differ intersexually in perch height, perch diameter, body color, or home range size. However, as males developed, they perched higher, spent more time green, and occupied larger home ranges; the same trends did not hold for juv¬ enile females. Additionally, males ate more often than females throughout ontogeny. Finally, with respect to social behavior, both sexes gave each of the species-specific headbobbing displays previously known for this species, but there were no intersexual differences in either display structure or rate. These data are compared with and interpreted in light of adult behavioral pro¬ files measured in this same population, both to better understand selective pressures facing juveniles, and to provide a foundation for experimental work on the various (e.g., endocrinological, experiential) factors influencing the ontogenetic trajectory of behavior from neonate to adult. INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS AND p53 EXPRESSION IN ME- 180 CELLS Kristv Markos and Rosemary Barra, Dept, of Biological Sciences, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401 . The p53 tumor suppressor gene is an important regulatory gene for the process of cell division. Under normal conditions, p53 functions to halt the cell cycle in the G2 phase allowing for DNA damage to be repaired. In cases of extreme, irreparable damage, p53 induces programmed cell death known as apoptosis. ME- 180 cells were treated with three chemotherapeutic agents, cis-platinum, doxorubicin and hydroxyurea to induce DNA damage. p53 expression was identified using electrophoresis and immunoblot procedures. Results indicate a low p53 expression in untreated ME- 1 80 cells whose level of expression is increased by all three drugs. This increase in p53 expression is shown to lead to an increase in apoptosis due to irreparable DNA damage. PROCEEDINGS 87 DO TERMITES USE CHEMICAL CUES TO FIND FOOD? N. Matkins & D. Waller, Biol. Dept., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23527. Subterranean termites feed on surface and buried wood, but little is known about how termites locate food sources. We examined whether termites followed chemical cues in both laboratory and field experiments. In the lab, significantly greater numbers of Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) termites foraged in areas with 1% w/v solutions of sugar and sugar plus yeast. However, in the field termites did not respond to these solutions. Perhaps microbial activity affected the solution chemistry, or perhaps termites were more attracted to the natural food sources. THE EFFECT OF SOIL DISTURBANCE ON EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR IN THE SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE RETICULITERMES (ISOPERA: RHINOTERMITIDAE). J. Mathew & D. Waller, Biol. Dept, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23527. Subterranean termites forage throughout the soil. We examined whether soil disturbance would deter termites from foraging. Four colonies of Reticulitermes spp. were each divided into two sets of 200 workers and four soldiers. Each set was placed in a chamber and allowed to forage into a connected chamber. After one week, termites in connecting chambers were removed and frozen (one set) or reintroduced (second set). The "disturbed" chamber was reattached to the original chamber and a third "undisturbed" chamber was attached to the opposite side. After one week, termites in all three chambers were counted. Manipulation (freezing vs. reintroduction) did not significantly affect termite numbers; therefore prior experience had no effect on exploratory behavior. However, significantly fewer termites entered the undisturbed chambers. Indicating an effect of disturbance. ONCOGENE EXPRESSION IN ME-180 AND C-4I CERVICAL CARCINOMA CELLS. Arash Momeni and Rosemary Barra, Dept, of Biological Sciences, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA. 22401 . Oncogenes are an important class of genes that enhance cellular division and proliferation. When activated, they promote genetic replication during the S phase of the cell cycle. Recently, extensive research into the nature and causes of malignant tumors has targeted oncogenes. Furthermore, malignant tumor metastasis has been associated with oncogene expression. The degree of ras and myc oncogene expression in ME- 1 80 metastatic and C4I non-metastatic cell lines was investigated Results indicate greater oncogene expression in the metastatic ME- 180 cell line than in the non-metastatic cell line. 88 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF HALOACETIC ACIDS IN DRINKING WATER. Carlv Moritz, and Andrew Gordon, Dept, of Biological Sci., R.L. Williams, Dept, of Chem./Biochem., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529 and Sherry Williams, Newport News Waterworks, Newport News, Va. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are disinfection by-products formed in the chlorination of drinking water. These compounds are of concern with regard to the safety and quality of the drinking water in all distribution systems and will be regulated in the near future. The levels of these HAAs has been presumed to be the highest at what are termed Maximum Residence Time Locations (MRTLs) due to the time in contact with the chlorinated water in the distribution system. Recent studies from the Newport News Waterworks and these ODU laboratories have found that there is an apparent bacterial degradation occurring at these MRTLs due to the presence of an active biofilm and that the levels of HAAs are unexpectedly low. Studies in these laboratories have shown that a bacteria is capable of utilizing a haloacid dehalogenase enzyme to effectively degrade the HAAs. Bench studies using two bacteria, which are able to carry out this degradation, will be described together with a suggested mechanism to explain this bacterial degradation. RESPONSE OF THE SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE RETICULITERMES (ISOPTERA: RHINOTERMITIDAE) TO TWO CONCENTRATIONS OF THE DYE MARKER NILE BLUE. M. Norris & D. Waller, Biol. Dept., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23527. Subterranean termite colonies are located deep in the soil and are difficult to study. Mark-release-recapture studies with ingestible dyes have been used to estimate termite numbers. These techniques assume that there is no mortality resulting from the dye. We examined the response of R. flavipes and R. virginicus to both short and long-term exposure to 0.1% and 1% w/w Nile Blue dye, which is commonly used with these species. Both R flavipes and R. virginicus experienced significant mortality after 24-26 days at the higher concentration, and R. virginicus had decreased survivorship on the lower concentration of dye. The hindgut protozoans, which digest the cellulosic diet of termites, showed a variable response to the dye. ECOLOGY OF STROUBLES CREEK; RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION M.S. Roscnzweig. D.A. Deshler*, M. Harpin*, J. Hudson*, G. Line*, and M. Booth*, SEEDS - Seek Education, Explore, Discover, PO Box 824, Blacksburg VA 24053. Stroubles Creek, a small tributary of the New River drains most of Blacksburg. Along its course, the environment of the creek is impacted by continuing urbanization. SEEDS has worked with the town of Blacksburg to “Adopt” a portion of Stroubles Creek and has worked with students from Virginia Tech’s Biology dept on a monitoring and education project that will lead to restoring biological integrity to portions of the stream. During the first year of the study we have collected data on water chemistry, riparian vegetation, and hydrology/dranage. In addition. During our research, we have studied geographic and cultural history and value of the stream to the community, both in terms of its natural resources and its value in Blacksburg’s hydrologic cycle. We have developed educational activities that have been offered to the public schools. The Virginia Tech students have done two “walking presentations” along the stream to high school students and members of the community to increase community awareness of the importance of Stroubles Creek. This project stands to benefit the citizens of Blacksburg as a long-term study to help understand and monitor the biological diversity of the town’s most important stream. PROCEEDINGS 89 THE USE OF PHAGE DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPING ANTIBODIES AGAINST PLANT PROTEINS. Michael Santos, and Brenda Shirley*. Department of Biology, Virginia Tech.Blacksburg, VA 24061. A new method for producing antibodies employs filamentous phage that express antibody fragments as fusions to the gene IB coat protein. Major advantages of this method over conventional antibody production include the complete by-passing of immunizations, the speed of the enrichment process for high- affinity antigen binders, and the ease of expressing soluble antibodies by simply using appropriate E. coli hosts. The method involves a process that closely mimics the natur^ immune system’s antigen-driven selection of B cells. We have attempted to isolate phage antibodies in the Fab format against plant chalcone synthase (CHS) and chalcone isomerase (CHI), two key enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, that were over-expressed as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) protein fusions. Using ELISA assays, five CHI- specific binders were identified after three rounds of panning. No high-affmity binders, however, were isolated for CHS, possibly because much less antigen was available due to inefficient expression of the GST fusion. We aie perfoiTning another series of selections using the Nissim SCFV library and CHS/CHI expressed as thioredoxin protein fusions. Antibodies and antibody genes resulting from the search will be used to further characterize these flavonoid enzymes. ANALYSIS OF NOVEL CHALCONE SYNTHASE MUTANTS IN ARABIDOPSIS. David E. Saslowskv & Brenda W. Sliirlc>'*, Dept, of Biol., Va. Tech. Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406. Mutants have been powerful tools in the cliaracterization of tlie flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in petunia, snapdragon, maize, and Arahidopsis because disruption of flavonoid biosynthesis is non-lctlial and results in visually distinguisliable phenotypes such as altered flower or seed color. Ravonoids, important secondary metabolites in plants, play various roles in addition to pigmentation, including protection from ultraviolct-B (UV-B) radiation and signaling bertveen plants and microbes. In some plants, flavonoids are also required to maintain male fertility. The firet enzyme in the flavonoid pathway, chalcone syntliase (CHS), is encoded by a single-copy gene 'mArahidopsis and mutants at this locus are termed transparent testa 4 (tt4). tt4 mutants arc deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis and produce yellow seed instead of brown (wild type). Five novel CHS mutants have been isolated as second-site suppressors of the UV-hypersensiti\ e phenotype of chalcone isomerase (CHI) mutants (L.G. Landry. T-M Ou-Lee. and R.L. Last, unpublislied drta). Tlicse alleles arc currently being characterized at the DNA and protein levels in our laboratory. The addition of these new alleles to the Uvo previously described for U4 creates an allelic scries that will help elucidate structural and regulatory roles of CHS. In future e.xpcrimenls. this allelic scries will be used to examine interactions of CHS with other flavonoid enzymes as well as subccllular localization and organization of flavonoid metabolism. EFFECTS OF SOMATOTROPIN TREATMENT AND EXERCISE ON MALE CD-1 MICE. E. R. Scott and A. F. Conway, Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon Coll. Somatotropin is used by athletes to enhance their performance but the effects of this practice have not been widely studied. This experiment investigated the effects of somatotropin in combination with exercise on strength, body weight, food consumption, water consumption, and organ weights in CD-I male mice. The mice were injected with 0.5 mg of porcine somatotropin dissolved in 0.025 M sodium bicarbonate every other day for fourteen days. A control group was injected with 0.025 M sodium bicarbonate on the same schedule. Half the mice in each group were exercised on a treadmill for twenty minutes a day, five days each week. Grip strength was measured every third day using a Thornton 0-1000 gram force transducer. No significant changes in body weight, food consumption, water consumption, or organ weights were observed as a result of either somatotropin treatment or exercise. Grip strength in mice which received somatotropin increased more than in control mice but the difference was not statistically significant. These results indicate that somatotropin treatment caused no measurable adverse physical changes but also failed to significantly enhance physical performance when used alone or in combination with exercise. 90 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TESTOSTERONE, DOMINANCE, AND SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS OF PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS IN RELATION TO BREEDING SEASONS. E, A. Serabian and J. A. Cranford, Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va, 24060. Population densities of P. leucopus fluctuate seasonally and yearly. Breeding peaks usually occur in Spring and Fall, while lows occur in Summer In order to examine the roles of mal^ in seasonal breeding, testosterone (T) levels, male-male behavior and spatial relationships were evaluated between June 1995 and October 1996. Natural T levels of free-living males were determined using live-trapping, blood sampling and RIA. Behavior and dominance rank were evaluated by staged, pairwise encounters. Adult males on experimental sites were given T implants in order to produce a high T male to contrast variations in T in control males. T implanted males had higher T levels than controls (P<0.05). Natural T levels varied between years and seasons. Peaks occurred from mid-Mar to mid-Jun and from mid-Jul to early-Sep. Lows were observed from mid-Jun to mid-Jul and also in late Sep. T levels in 1995 were significantly lower than 1996 with subordinant males having low T levels and dominant males having higher T (P<0.05). In 1996, the Spring and Fall breeding season were characterized as having overall higher T levels, dominant males had low T wrfiile subordinate males had high T (P<0.05). During Summer, the reverse was true with dominant males having higher T and subordinant males having low T. Overall T is lower at this time, however, not as low as in 1 995. Behaviorally, males exhibited aggression during Spring and Summer seasons, but not Fail. Differences between T implanted males and controls lie in tfie rank of rank that is aggressive during summer. Dominant T implanted males were aggressive, w^le subordinant control males were aggressive. Summer breeding lows still occurred on all sites. The distance between males and females was greater during Summer than during peak breeding times. A significant correlation was observed between distance between males and females on T -implanted sites, but not on control sites. Stable dominance heirarchies appear to be in place in Spring and Fall, whereas Summer is a time of instabity and reorganization of social structure probably due to higher densities, high aggression, and lower T levels. T implants may not have been effective in overcoming the Summer breeding low becau^ although T leveb were higher, dominance heirar^es could just be established higher basal T levels. This probably occurred because control males from T implanted sites (males caught prior to T implantation) had higher T levels also. Another pos^ility is that males with higher T were seen as subordinant by breeding females which would explain the greater distance measured between females and high T males. THE ROAD WARRIORS: CORRIDOR USE BY THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT. Judith H. Stiles & R. H. Jones, Dept, of Biol, Va. Tech, Blacksburg, Va. 24061. For early- successional species, road and powerline corridors through forests provide refugia and source populations for invading adjacent forest gaps. Within an 800 km^ forest matrix in South Carolina, we measured five corridor types, ranging from narrow to wide and from infrequently to frequently disturbed, to determine if corridor width, disturbance frequency or spatial arrangement of various corridor features influence the density or spatial pattern of mounds of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. We mapped mounds, road edges and forest edges within ten 500 meter segments of each corridor type. Mound density was greatest in open dirt road corridors (86.5 mounds/ha), intermediate in paved and gravel road corridors (68.0 and 63.0 mounds/ha), and lowest in powerline cuts and closed-forest canopy dirt road corridors (27.6 and 8.8 mounds/ha). Mean mound volume was greater in powerline cuts than in paved roads (14.6 and 9.6 L) and was inversely related to disturbance frequency. Mounds were located significantly closer to road or forest edges than expected. In all corridor types except dirt roads, mounds were more common towaid northern edges, and more so as the orientation of the road changed from north/south to east/west. These data suggest that mound density is not affected by corridor width as much as disturbance frequency, and that fire ant distribution in corridors is not as uniform as it is in pastures. MICROHABITAT PARTITIONING IN POST-BREEDING ANOLIS CAROLINENSIS LIZARDS. Kendall G. Tanev. Dept, of Biol., VPI&SU, Blacksburg, Va. 24061, & T. A. Jenssen, Dept, of Biol., VPI&SU, Blacksburg, Va. 24061. Many sexually size dimorphic Anolis lizard partition their physical habitat by age and sex classes. The competition avoidance hypothesis is a possible explanation for this phenomenon. Observations were made on a thriving population of Anolis carolinensis living along the Augusta canal. A walking census was performed to locate subjects along a two kilometer tow path along the canal. Lizards were placed into five classes based on snout-vent length estimates, with each class increasing in size. We also recorded the height, diameter, and vegetation type on which each lizard was perching. Results showed that as size class increased from 1-5, the respective mean variables for all three habitat variables also increased. Size class 5 was always separated significantly from the other size classes. It was also found that there was no intersexual divergence of perch location for class 5. The competition avoidance theory was not supported in this study, but the ecomorphology theory seemed to fit best with the results. PROCEEDINGS 91 RESPONSE OF THE SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE RETICULITERMES FLAVIPES (ISOPTERA: RHINOTERMITIDAE) TO BAIT TOXICANTS. B. Titiz & D. Waller, Biol. Dept., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23527. Current efforts In termite control involve attracting termites to palatable baits with slow acting toxicants that will eventually eliminate the colony. We examined the response of Reticulltermes flavipes to either untreated wood or wood treated with insect growth regulator #1 or insect growth regulator #2. Termite survivorship was significantly decreased by the treated wood, although wood consumption did not vary among treatments. Numbers of large protozoans, but not small protozoans, declined on diets of treated wood, but the gut fauna was not completely eliminated. These growth regulators show promise as slow acting toxicants for the control of subterranean termites. THE ANNUAL REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE MEADOW VOLE IN A VIRGINIA SALT MARSH. A Michelle Watson and Robert K. Rose, Dept, of Biol., Old dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. The meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus , shows considerable variation in its breeding period. Monthly samples were necropsied to determine the details of the reproductive status of meadow voles, on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Preliminary data show that meadow voles in this region maybe breeding year round. These data will later be combined with data collected by R.K. Rose, in Piedmont Virginia, to further clarify the reproductive cycle of meadow voles in Southeastern Virginia. THYROID HORMONES IN AVIAN EGGS: PRESENCE, MANIPULATION, AND INFLUENCE ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. C. M. Wilson^ and F. M. Anne McNabbl ‘Dept, of Biology, Hampden- Sydney Col, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943 and ^Dept. of Biology, Va. Polytechnic Inst & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Maternal thyroid hormones are deposited in avian eggs, primarily in the yolk. Euthyroid Japanese quail hens lay eggs with yolk thyroxine (T4) concentrations low relative to plasma T4 concentrations, and yolk triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations comparable to plasma T3 concentrations. Hen thyroid status was manipulated to alter the amount of thyroid hormones deposited in egg yolk. Hens made hyperthyroid by twice daily oral dosing with either lx or 3x the normal thyroid secretion rate of T4 show a significant increase in plasma T4 and deposition of thyroid hormones in yolk, relative to thyroid status. Both euthyroid and hyperthyroid hens appear to regulate the deposition of thyroid hormones in yolk at each level of thyroid status. Hens dosed twice daily with Ipg T3 show a small (significant) increase in plasma 13, a small (significant) decrease in plasma T4, but no difference in yolk T4 or T3 content when compared to controls. Hens administered the goitrogen methimazole to obtain low thyroid hormone eggs maintain a euthyroid state but cease egg laying. Pelvic cartilage, a thyroid hormone-responsive tissue, from embryos of eggs from hens given either the highest T4 dose or the T3 dose show significant increases in wet weight and alkaline phosphatase activity, indicating acceleration of both growth and differentiation in an embryonic tissue. 92 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EFFECTS OF FUNGI ON ESTABLISHMENT OF OAK, LOBLOLLY AND DOGWOOD SEEDLINGS. Lee West and Robert H. Jones, Dept, of Biol., VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA. Establishment of tree seedlings in forest understories is a key process in forest succession. To determine the mfluence of soil fungi and overslory composition this process, we planted seedlings of Onercus alba, Cornus florida and Pimts taeda in two closed canopy forest types - naturally regenerated hardwood and planted pine - with two replicates for each type. A fungicide treatment was applied to half of the seedlings in each forest. An ergosterol assay and visual assessment of mycorrhizal colonization are being developed to measure the ftingicide effects. During the first year of the two year study, no fungicide treatment effect was detected for seedling survival or diameter growth in any of the species. Forest type had no apparent effect on survival but did show an effect (p< 05) on diameter growth for J\ taeda and C. florida . Species differences were significant for both percent survival and diameter growth. Survival was 77%, 70% and 48% and mean diameter growth (mm) 2.7, 1 .2 and 3.3 for 0. alba, P. taeda and C. florida respectively Thus, early results indicate little or no net effect of the soil fungi community on tree seedling establishment, but modest effects of overstory composition. DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS OF THYROID HORMONE CONTENT IN EMBRYONIC QUAIL TISSUES. A. E. Wolf and F. M. A. McNabb, Dept, of Biol., VA Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. The patterns of thyroid hormone (TH) content were described for whole embryos and hatchlings, and liver and brain during embryonic and perihatch development in Japanese quail. Tissue THs were extracted using a chloroform/methanol extraction procedure. Recovery of THs by this extraction procedure was consistent in different tissues and in whole embryos and hatchlings. Validation studies for both T^ and Tj RIAs, using diluted and spiked tissue extracts, indicated consistent measurement of hormone concentrations over the ranges of the hormone assays. The patterns of T4 and T, content in whole embryos and hatchlings (less than 24 hrs old) were low until mid incubation, then increased essentially exponentially during the perihatch period. Liver T4 content did not differ significantly between days 12 to after hatch, but tended to be higher during the perihatch period. Liver T3 content increased dramatically in embryos that had pipped into the air cell. These T4 and Tj patterns are similar to those in quail plasma. Brain T4 content did not change significantly from day 12 through the time when embryos pipped into the air cell, indicating that brain T4 is regulated although there are large changes in T4 plasma concentrations during late embryonic development. Brain T^ content was low during incubation, then peaked during the perihatch period. This peak in brain T, content is consistent with previous studies indicating the initiation of 5’-deiodination pathways in brain that convert T4 to T, at this stage. Biomedical and General Engineering ISSUES RELATING TO THE ADVISING OF ENGINEERING FRESHMEN AT VIRGINIA TECH, Michael H, Gregg, Division of Engineering Fiuidainentals, Virginia Poiylechnic Insiitiite and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0218. Educators generally agree on the important role an advisor takes in the success of her/liis students. The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Teclmology (ABET) mandates that The engineering faculty must assume the responsibility of assuring that the students receive proper curricular and career advising” This paper addresses some of the issues confronting the freshman advisor in Virginia Tech’s College of Engineering. PROCEEDINGS 93 THE ECP SURFACE AND ITS OFFSPRING. William P. Harrison. Div. Of Engineering Fundamentals, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. The Egjptian Chord Profile (ECP) is represented mathematically bv' one branch of the normalized general quadratic equation in an X-Z plane, where X is the horizontal, chordwisc coordinate, and Z is the vertical, thickness coordinate. When a constant extrusion of width W is applied to this profile in the spanwise Y direction, a so-called ECP Surface is produced. Tliis is a general¬ ized, external wing-like surface firom which a number of specialized surfaces, called offspring, can be formed. One arch offspring is formed by drilling a round, horizontal hole through the ECP Surface at midspan, after which the surface is tapered in the spanwise direction on each side of the hole. This design enables a thin, non¬ elastic endless sheet of width W to feed continuously in the positive X direction over the flat bottom portion of the ECP Surface, move over and around its leading edge, and then wrap into the c>'lindrical hole, producing a hollow tube of material suitable for packaging certain industrial products shaped as circular c>’linders of a specified diameter. WEAR RESULTS OF AN ADVANCED POLYMERIC MATERIAL FOR USE IN TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENTS. Lisa A. Scott and Ramamurthy Prabhakaran*, Dept, of Mech. Engrg, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529 and Robert G. Bryant*, Polymers & Composites Branch, NASA LaRC, Hampton, VA 23681. The wear rate of a high performance polymeric material (LaRC^^-SI) along with particulate composites containing 15-30% (w) of graphite, PTFE, X-903 crystalline polyimide powder and AI2O3 was investigated against a titanium (Ti, 6A1-4V) countersurface. The results were compared to a reference material. Ultra High Molecular Weight PolyEthylene (UHMWPE), since it is the most common bearing material used in total knee replacements (TKR). UHMWPE exhibited a lower wear rate (2 x 10’^) than the polyimide and particulate composites which ranged from 2 x 10’^ to 6 x 10'^. A slight weight gain at the beginning of the test was observed for UHMWPE. Results found using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray detector indicated titanium present on the surface of the worn UHMWPE specimen. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis revealed the titanium to be in an oxide form which most likely accounts for the slight weight gain observed at the beginning of the test. It was also found that there was a high surface attraction betw'een the titanium and the LaRC^'^-Sl. This was evidenced by the formation of surface striations on the titanium plate. Due to the nature of the attraction between the polyimide and the titanium surface, the wear results for the polyimide and particulate composites are not directly comparable to UHMWPE. Botany BEECH FORESTS OF THE MID-ATLANTIC STATES. H. S. Adams. Div. of Arts & Sci., D. S. Lancaster Ciiinty. Col., Clifton Forge, VA 24422, S. L. Stephenson, Dept, of Biol., Fairmont State Col., Fairmont, WV 26554, and S. A. Ware, Dept, of Biol., Col. of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187. Quantitative data on composition and structure of vegetation were collected from fifty forest stands having a major component (IV S17.5) of beech. Three stands were located in western Virginia (Giles County), fourteen in West Virginia (Cranberry Glades and the Fernow Experimental Forest and adjacent portions of the Otter Creek Wilderness Area), seven in southwestern Virginia (Mount Rogers and White Top Mountain), twelve in eastern Virginia (central Coastal Plain), and fourteen in the western part of the Great Smoky Mountains. In all, forty-eight species of trees were tallied. Basal area of trees (m’/ha) in sampled stands ranged from. 16.3 to 58.2 (western Virginia and GSM, respectively), whereas density of trees (N/ha) ranged from 198 (GSM) to 1,820 (GSM). Average density was least in eastern Virginia (369) and most in western Virginia (680). Average richness and diversity of tree species was least in GSM (5 and 1.294, respectively) and greatest in eastern Vii*ginia (14 and 2.014, respectively). On average, beech was leading dominant in all five regions. Second leading dominants varied among regions: red oak (West Virginia and western Virginia); sugar maple (southwestern Virginia); silverbell (GSM); and white oak (eastern Virginia). Results of DECORANA separated the stands along the regional lines studied and would seem to parallel that of the three population types of beech: gray heech (GSM), red beech (West Virginia and western Virginia), and white beech (eastern Virginia). 94 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE THE PINE/HARDWOOD ECOTONE: A FOUR-YEAR STUDY BY THE GOVERNOR’S SCHOOL AT DABNEY S. LANCASTER COMMUNITY COLLEGE. H. S. Adams. D. S. Lancaster Cmnly. Col., Clifton Forge, VA 24422, E. J. DeGroot, Alleghany H. S., Low Moor, VA 24457, and E. G. Haverlack, USDA For. Serv., Covington, VA 24426. Two transects of five permanently marked contiguous ten by ten meter plots extending from hardwood-dominated regions, across relatively abrupt ecotones, into pine-dominated regions were established in central Alleghany County, Virginia, by Governor’s School participants in 1993. These transects were resampled in 1994, 1995, and 1996. At both the pine and hardwood ends of the transects, basal area of pines (Pinus spp.) and hardwoods steadily increased during the four years of investigation. The density of hardwoods increased by 10.0 percent at the pine end of the transects and decreased by 3.4 percent at the hardwood end, whereas the pine density remained unchanged. Importance values for both pines and hardwoods changed very little at the two ends of the transects. Major decline in pine basal area and density occurred in the ecotone during the same period (67.4 percent and 47.0 percent, respectively). However, most of this reduction occurred between 1993 and 1994. Concurrently, basal area of hardwoods increased by 8.6 percent and density declined by 1.6 percent. Importance value for pines decreased by 17.9 percent as hardwood importance increased by the same amount. These values now are comparable to those at the hardwood end of the transects, suggesting shifting of the ecotone toward the pine ends. Decline of the pines was due to infestation and damage by the southern pine bark beetle (Dendrociomis frontalis). (Supported in part by a grant from the Virginia Department of Education.) BIOCONTROL OF THE INVASIVE Ailanthus altissima WITH FUNGAL (-WEAPONRY. G. R. Armel, R. J. Richardson, R. J. Stipes and P. L. Hipkins. Dept. Plant Pathol. Physiol. & Weed Sci. , VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0331. Biocontrol offers an alternative approach to herbicidal inanagement of undesirable weeds such as Ailanthus altissima ("Tree of Heaven") . This report describes our attempt to find a pathogen to reduce expanding populations. We collected pathological tissues from declining trees along the Blue Ridge Parkway and other roadsides in western Virginia. Biopsy tissues from 50 symptomatic trees yielded Fusarium oxysporum; healthy seedlings root inoculated with macro- and microconidial suspensions developed typical Fusarium wilt symptoms (chlorosis, leaf abscission, vascular discoloration), and the original fungus was re¬ isolated. Control seedlings, root "inoculated" with water only yielded no symptoms. Healthy seedlings replanted in infested soil also developed Fusarium wilt symptoms, with the original fungus re-isolated from biopsy/ necropsy tissues. Studies will be continued in 1997, with surveys and laboratory analyses for the same or other potential pathogens. The endpoint of this research would be to provide a means to deliver inoculum in adequate quantities to manage these weed trees along highways. We thank Dr. Gary J. Griffin for confirming our identif icaiton of the pathogen. STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF B-GLUCOSIDASE GENES IN PLANTS. Hema Bandaranayake* and Asim Esen. Dept, of Biology, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Genomic sequence and organization of the maize 6-glucosidase gene glul has been determined after amplifying it in three overlapping fragments by PCR. The glul gene comprises 12 exons interrupted by 1 1 introns. The 12 exons code for a 566 amino acid long precursor with a 54- amino acid-long N-terminal extension for plastid targeting and a 512- amino acid long mature protein. The sizes of 12 exons vary from 35 to 334 bp with an average AT content of 51.1%. In contrast, the sizes of 11 introns vary from 78 to 1041 bp with an average AT content of 65.7%. Comparisons of the maize glul sequence and organization with those of cassava MebglA, two myrosinase genes (TGGl and TGG2) from Arabidopsis and an endosperm-specific 6-glucosidase gene (bgQ60) from barley suggest that all of these five genes have descended from a common 13 -exon and 12-intron ancestral gene. The current cassava MebglA gene has the organization of the postulated ancestral 6-glucosidase gene. The major mutational events in the evolution of plant 6-glucosidase genes appear to be the loss of ancestral introns 1, 2, and 1 1 from the barley, 8 from maize, and 5 ixom Arabidopsis genes and the acquisition of a transit peptide coding region for plastid targeting by grass and possibly other monocot 6-glucosidase genes. The data also suggest that these events have occurred in the past 150 to 2C)0 million years after the separation of monocots and dicots. PROCEEDINGS 95 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL EXPRESSION OF B-GLUCOSIDASE (DHURRINASE) ACTIVITY FN Sorghum bicolor. Muzaffer Cicek and Asim Esen, Dept, of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 24061. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench has two isozymes of the cyanogenic B-glucosidase dhurrinase: dhurrinase-l {Durl ) and dhurrinase-2 (Dur2 ). A ftill-length cDNA encoding dhurrinase- 1 was isolated from 4 day-old etiolated seedlings and sequenced. The cDNA has a 1695-nucleotide-long open reading frame which codes for a 565-amino acid-long precursor and 514-amino acid-long mature protein, respectively. Deduced amino acid sequence comparisons show 70% identity between maize and sorghum B-glucosidase precursor proteins. Multiplicity of sorghum B-glucosidases (dhurrinase) genes and their expression in different plant parts were studied. Southern blotting data indicate that B-glucosidase is encoded by a small multigene family, having at least two members. Northern blotting data indicate that the mRNA corresponding to the durl cDNA is present at high levels in the node and the upper half of the mesocotyl in etiolated seedlings but at low levels in the root, only in the zone of elongation and root tip region. Light-grown seedling parts have lower levels of mRNA than those of etiolated seedlings. Immunoblotting analysis performed using maize-anti-B-glucosidase sera detectes two distinct dhurrinases in sorghum (57 and 62 kD). The data indicate that the cloned cDNA corresponds to Durl (57 kD). The distribution of dhurrinase activity in different plant parts supportes the mRNA and immunoreactive protein data, indicating organ specific expression of the durl gene. THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ADDISON’S LEATHERFLOWER Rhonda Edwards and Duncan Porter, Dept, of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 24061. Clematis addisonii Britton (Ranunculaceae) is an herbaceous perennial restricted to a four country region ui the Ridge and Valley Province of Virginia. A two year study of the reproductive biology of this species revealed that it is self-compatible and shows no significant reduction in seed set following self- pollination. Field observations of flowers and laboratory observations of in vivo pollen tube growth Indicate protogynous maturation of sex organs, a condition shown to be an effective outcrossing mechanism in a number of self-compatible species. The secretion of floral nectar throughout both sexual phases attracts pollmators whose activity is necessary for adequate seed set. These findings suggest that, in spite of self compatibility, the potential for outcrossing exists in Clematis addisonii as a result of protogyny and the secretion of nectar from the onset of flowering. GYNOECIUM STRUCTURE IN PENTHORUM. 5L. John Hayden and Jeffrey Lewandowski. Dept, of Biol., Univ. Richmond, Richmond, Va. 23173. Gynoecia of Penthorum sedoides and P. chinense were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Gynoecia yary from five, the most common state, to eight carpels; when present, pleiomerous gynoecia occur at the base of the inflorescence. Overall, the gynoecium consists of a proximal multi-locular ovary region that shows no evidence of conduplicate folding and distal, divergent styles with prominent plicate sutures and terminal capitate stigmas. Although the ovary region is half inferior at anthesis, fruits are essentially superior. Fruits dehisce by abscission of the distal portions. The proximal region develops within the floral apex, includes the raultiovulate pendulous placentae, is vascularized via the inner of two rings of pedicellar bundles and lacks stomata both externally and on internal septum surfaces. The distal regions, including the styles and stigmas, originate from the surface of the floral apex and resemble leaf primordia in early stages; distal structures are vascularized by the outer ring of pedicellar bundles (as are perianth elements and stamens) and have prominent stomata on external and internal locular surfaces. The manifest morphological and anatomical differences between proximal and distal regions support a stachysporous model of gynoecium structure in the genus Penthorum, i.e., stem-borne placentae subtended and enclosed by folded leaves. 96 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE DOES THE RHIZOME OF SAURURUS CERNUUS UNDERGO SECONDARY GROWTH? John Havden and Leonard S . Machut, Dept, of Biol., Univ. Richmond, Richmond, Va . 23173. Saururus cernuus is an herbaceous wetland plant with a sympodial growth system of rhizomes and erect aerial stems. Previous literature is equivocal about the presence or absence of secondary growth in rhizomes of this "paleoherb . " Using light and scanning electron microscopy, we studied two rhizomes that were collected in Chesterfield Co., VA. Sections were prepared at regular intervals over the span of two year's growth and, at each point sampled, we recorded the number of mature and immature xylem elements and the radial extent of xylem tissue. With two exceptions, the parameters measured are relatively constant throughout the rhizome. On average, we found fewer than one immature element, four to five mature elements, and xylem radial dimensions of 90 to 110 pm per bundle. At young growing tips, however, immature elements predominate and mature elements are few. Further, rhizome segments distally adjacent to aerial stems have nearly twice the usual number of mature elements per bundle and 40 percent greater radial extent of xylem. Based on qualitative features of bundle anatomy and quantitative data showing no steady increase in xylem tissue with age, we interpret all vascular tissues observed in the Saururus rhizomes studied to be of primary origin. Literature reports of secondary growth in Saururus rhizomes may be attributable to the more southerly provenance of the samples or to artifactual effects from cultivation. SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT IN TWO SPECIES OF CHAMAESYCE WITH ERECT GROWTH HABITS. W . John Havden and Olga G. Trovanskava, Dept, of Biol., Univ. Richmond, Richmond, Va . 23173. Seedlings of Chamaesyce hyperici folia (Section Hypericifoliae) and C. mesembrianthemi folia (Section Sclerophylleae ) were studied with light and scanning electron microscopy to elucidate details of early development for comparison with previously described structures and processes found in prostrate species (Section Chamaesyce) . Following expansion of the cotyledons, epicoty development is limited to a pair of "V" leaves inserted superadj acent to and decussate with the cotyledons; no meristematic residue remains at the epicotyl apex following their origin. Growth resumes by means of branches that originate as buds in the cotyledonary axils. In both species studied, one cotyledonary branch dominates the other and attains erect stature; however, the opposite axillary bud and additional supernumerary buds remain detectable at the cotyledonary node even in mature plants. In prostrate species, the basic organography of cotyledons, "V" leaves, and buds is the same. In prostrate species, however, both axillary buds and several additional buds develop into a radiating plexus of horizontal branches. Nodal anatomy is also similar in erect and prostrate species; cotyledons and "V" leaves are both vascularized by trilacunar nodes, and the cotyledonary node is further characterized by split lateral traces. Evidently, the peculiarities of seedling development in Chamaesyce predates the divergence of sections Hypericifoliae, Sclerophylleae, and Chamaesyce. OUR FOOD CROPS: HOW MANY ARE NATIVE TO NORTH AMERICA. Khidir W. Hilu, Dept, of Biology, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Among the thirty most important crops that feed the world, only the sunflower was domesticated in North America. The top four crops are wheat, com, rice and barley, which combined account for about 80% of the global yield. None of these crops are native to North America. The soybean was domesticated in China; potato, tomato and peanut in South America, and most temperate fruit crops are Old World in origin. Agriculture has eight centers of origin; six of them in the Old World and two in Central and South America. There has been no significant plant domestication in North America. Areas of plant domestication are centers of genetic diversity which can provide genetic resources for crop improvement. The majority of our crops have very narrow genetic bases and are quite vulnerable to disease and environmental change such as drought. The major advances in plant breeding are occurring in developed countries that lack genetic resources. This situation has resulted in critical conflicts dealing with ownership of these genetic resources. Such issues only highlight the complexity and interdependence of economic systems in the world today. PROCEEDINGS 97 TEACHING ECONOMIC BOTANY AT THE COLLEGE LEVEL. Khidir W. Hilu. Dept, of Biology, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Teaching economic botany at any level can be rewarding and exciting for both students and teachers. In such a course, one is dealing with plants and issues that touch everyday life. The issues range from local to global. Several textbooks exist, however, a choice is difficult to make because of the differences in emphasis and the variety of approaches authors take. The objectives of the course go beyond informing the students of economic plants to educating them about important social, economic and environmental issues. The teaching tools include lecturing, displaying plant material, showing audiovisuals such as slides and videos, presenting research lectures, and inviting guest lecturers. Discussions on important global issues and writing assignments can also be introduced to the course. The expected achievements from teaching such a course include broadening students’ understanding of the vital importance of plants, expanding the students comprehension of cultural differences through etlmobotany , and raising their awareness of the critical balance that exists between our current need for food and industrial supplies, and the future of our species and planet. USING THE LICHEN PARMELIA RUDECTA TO BIOMONITOR A NEW TECHNOLOGY COAL FIRED POWER PLANT: PRE-IMPACT STUDY. Kerri L. Jones and Dr. Stephen W. Fuller, Dept, of Biol., Mary Washington Col., Fredericksburg, Va. 22401. Parmelia rudecta lichens were used as biomonitors of air pollution surrounding a new coal fired power co¬ generation plant in King George County, Virginia for the year before the plant began production in January 1997. This location is near Stafford County which is designated by the EPA as a non¬ attainment air pollution zone. Twenty-two test sites were chosen. Eleven sites surrounded the plant and represented the pre-impact area; eleven sites were located upwind from the plant and served as the control area. Each site was composed of one Quercus velutina tree greater than 40cm in diameter. Two P. rudecta specimens were selected for study at each site. Beginning in January 1996 photographs were taken of the specimens at each tree. Growth was analyzed by measuring the difference between lichen thalli photographs of consecutive seasons. Statistical analysis of growth determined that lichen growth was greatest in both the winter pre-impact and control areas. ARACmS HYPOGAEA: A BENEHCENT IMMIGRANT WORTH KEEPING. D. B. Langston, Jr., R. J. Stipes, and P. M. Phipps, Dept. Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ,, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Peanut (Arachis hvpogaea L.) is an annual herb of the family Fabaceae and is a crop plant of cosmopolitan distribution. The peanut is a well traveled plant as it originated in South America, was taken West to Malaysia, China, Indonesia and Madagascar, and later taken East from South America to Africa via the Spaniards. World production of peanut averages ca. 23 million metric tons grown on ca. 20 million hectares on six continents with India, China, and the United States producing 70%. The peanut was introduced to southern North America during colonial times by the English. Since its introduction, the peanut has risen to the rank of eighth among the primary food crops produced in the United States, contributing approximately 4 billion dollars to the United States economy each year. Southeastern Virginia provides the warm, moist climate and sandy-textured soils essential for profitable commercial peanut production. The reproduction of the peanut is unique in that, upon fertilization, the gynoecium (peg) geotropically grows down into the soil which will give rise to the pods that will only form in the absence of light beneath the soil surface. Peanut is also susceptible to many economically important plant diseases with Sclerotinia blight of peanut, caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger, causing the greatest disease losses in Virginia. 98 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE COLLECTING FLORA WITH A CAMERA. Kennsth R. Lawlass. Dept, of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903. The 35iran camera equipped with a macro lens and color film can provide a useful supplement to the usual collection of voucher specimens, and could in many cases provide an alternative means of documentation. Examples of photographic collections from Orchidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Melastomataceae, Gentianaceae, Liliaceae, and other families will be shown, illustrating cases where identification is certain and others where it is ambiguous. Several example will be given where because of size, fragility, or rarity, photographic collection is really essential. USING THE LICHEN PARMELIA CAPERATA TO BIOMONITOR A NEW TECHNOLOGY COAL FIRED POWER PLANT; PRE-IMPACT STUDIES: Susan T. Lee and Stephen W. Fuller, Dept, of Biol., Mary Washington Col., Fredericksburg, Va. 22401. Parmelia caperata lichens were used as biomonitors of air pollution to determine the air quality around a new coal fired co-generation power plant, in King George County, Virginia for a ftill yeai' before the plant began production in January of 1997. Twenty two sites consisting of one Quercus velutina tree greater than 40 cm in diameter were selected in relatively open sites, both in the area surrounding the plant stack and extending east northeast approximately 18 kilometers, and in an area upwind of the stack to ser\'e as a control. Three P. caperata specimens were selected for study at each tree. Photographs for growth determination were taken each season beginning in January 1996. P. caperata growth was analyzed by measuring the difference between lichen photograph slides of each season. P. caperata grew 0.94 mm from Spring to Summer , 0.36 mm from Summer to Fall, and 2.18 mm from Fall to Winter in the impact area ( 1 996-97). Growth in the control area was recorded as 0.02 mm from Spring to Summer, 2.19 mm from Summer to Fall , and 2.53 mm from Fall to Winter (1996-97). Statistical analysis of the growth data shows significant differences within and between all seasons in the impact and control areas with the exception of Summer to Fall and Fall to Winter control data. Similarly, no significant difference between the impact and control areas from Fall to Winter was found. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MA7TC GENE IN THE GRASS FAMILY (POACEAE). Hongping Liang and Khidir W. Hilu, Dept, of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. The pattern of variation of the whole matK gene was examined in the grass family using 1 3 coding region sequences from species representing the seven subfamilies and related Joinvillea plicata (Joinvilleaceae). The alignment of 14 sequences of 1632 bps showed that the variable sites distributed roughly throughout the entire gene. The 3’ region is more conservative than the 5’ region. The variation at nucleotide level and at amino acid level have a similar pattern but differed in magnitude, which can be explained by low variation at the third codon position (42%) as compared to higher variation at the first and second positions (58%). The average transition and transversion ratio of the maiK. gene is 1 .34, ranging from 0.90 to 2.00, and the correlation between the taxonomic level and ratios is not statistically significant. Relative Apparent Synapomorphy Analysis (RASA) of the aligned data indicated a strong phylogenetic signal in this data set (t^SA = 4.27). RASA conducted on different sectors of matK indicated that the “X-domain” region contain significant phylogenetic signals. The phylogenetic analysis of 246 informative sites by PAUP results in a single most parsimonious tree (CI=0.649, RI=0.652). The parsimonious tree based on 3’ half of matK has identical topology to the tree based on the entire gene. The seven subfamilies were well resolved in the parsimonious tree and the bambusoid species appeared at the base of the tree. The results are supportive of the use of partial sequencing in systematic studies. PROCEEDINGS 99 BOTANICAL PEDAGOGY AT THE BLANDY EXPERIMENTAL FARM Marion B Lobslein. Associate Professor of BioSogy, NVCC-Manassas Campus, NVCC-Manassas Campus, 6901 Sudley Rd., Manassas, VA 22110 and Adjunct Professor of Biology, Biandy Experimental Farm, Boyce VA 22620. Biandy Experimental Farm located near Winchester, VA is the field station for the University of Virginia and the location of the Orland E. White Arboretum, the State Arboretum of Virginia. This 700 acre site provides year-round opportunities for botanical and science education. The summer academic program taught in conjunction with UVA’s Environmental Science Department offers unique opportunities for field study in botany and ecology. The combination of old fields, numerous woodlots, small ponds, and the Arboretum plantings makes available a unique diversity of habitats for study and research projects at Biandy. The proximity to Shenandoah National Park, Thompson Wildlife Management Area, and other nearby natural areas are additional field study opportunities. Summer internships for graduate and undergraduates are additional research and study opportunities. The newly renovated classroom at Biandy expands opportunities for year-round educational activities with growing collaboration with local school district and other groups to conduct programs in science education. Biandy is part of a nationwide consortium of field stations and works closely with other educational institutions throughout the region. The grounds and Arboretum are open to the public every day of the year and public educational outreach is ongoing. A SURVEY OF TRACHELOMONAS SPP. IN LAKE KILBY, SUFFOLK, VIRGINIA. Harold Marshall. Dept. Biol. Sci., Old Dominion Univ. , Norfolk, VA 23529-0266. Lake Kilby is a reservoir lake of 222 acres, with a maximum depth of 7.1 m. Results of a one year phytoplankton study revealed 16 identified Trachelomonas species, and others identified to genus, using SEM. Highest concentrations occurred during spring and summer, reaching 83,700 cells/ 1. Identified species were Trachelomonas acanthostoma , T. acanthophora, T. alisoviana, T. armata v, longa, T. globularis v. boyeri, T. hispida, T. hispida v. coronata, T. inermis, T. intermedia, T. regulosa, T. scabra v. longicollis, T. similus, T. superba, T. varians, T. verrucosa, and T. volvocina. Mean monthly values in the lakes pH 6.0, NO3 0.6 mg/1, PO4 0.06 mg/1, and O2 6.0 mg/1. Supported by the Virginia Dept, of Game and Inland Fisheries. THE BREEDING SYSTEM OF THE NARROW ENDEMIC WETLAND PLANT, HELENIUM VIRGINICUM. N. A. Messmore & J, S. Knox*, Dept, of Biol., Washington & Lee Univ., Lexington, Va. 24450. Helenium virginicum is a narrow endemic seasonal wetland plant that is listed as a candidate for endangered or threatened status by the Federal government, and is listed as endangered by the state of Virginia. We investigated the breeding system of this rare plant to gain insight into its limited distribution and abundance. Experiments revealed that, like most members of the Asteraceae, H. virginicum is self-incompatible. In a common garden where water and nutrients were not limited, 28 plants from a single H. virginicum population each were both selfed and outcrossed from a large pooled sample of pollen. A mean seed set per head of 76.8% was found in outcrossed heads, compared to only 0.8% in selfed heads. Sporophytic self¬ incompatibility also was determined based on stigmatic pollen tube inhibition. A self¬ incompatible breeding system may put small populations of H. virginicum at risk of local extinction due to the limited availability of compatible mates, and should be considered when designing effective conservation and management strategies. (Supported by R. E. Lee and Glenn Research Grants of W&L Univ.) 100 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ECOLOGY OF ODOROUS COMPOUND-PRODUCING ALGAE IN THE WATER SUPPLY FOR METROPOLITAN BOSTON, MASS. Bruce C. Parker. Dept, of Biol., Va. Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, & Myron H. Beaty, Dept, of Biol., Merrimack Col, No. Andover, Mass 01845. Oligomesotrophic Wachusett Reservoir has been plagued with seven plankton algae that impart unpleasant odors and tastes to the tap-water. A nitrogen-fixing Anabaena often becomes abundant overnight from May-June and produces earthy and musty compounds. The diatoms Asterionella formosa (Jan-Mar) and Tabel/aria fenestrata (May-July) produce fishy compounds either directly or indirectly. The dinoflagellate, Ceratium sp. may dominate in June in association with fishy and septic odors. Synura petersenii can dominate especially at some depth in dim light and under low silica conditions in fail and winter, producing cucumber, fishy, etc. odors. Dinobryon sp. and Uroglena vo/vox often appear in late spring to fall, producing fishy and other odors. Synura, Dinobryon, and Uroglena are photosynthetic and heterotrophic. Synura can utilize dissolved organic matter, while Dinobryon and Uroglena are also phagotrophic for small bacteria-sized particles. Understanding the ecology of these nuisance algae and compounds they produce has facilitated the design of a reservoir management and water treatment plan to optimize the availability of potable water until upstream nutrients can be reduced. THE DARWIN CORRESPONDENCE PROJECT. Duncan M. Porter, Dept, of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406. In 1974, Frederick H. Burkhardt retired as President of the American Council of Learned Societies and cast about for something to work on in his retirement. He already had served as General Editor of The Papers of William James and decided that editing Charles Darwin’s correspondence might prove interesting. He teamed up with the Cambridge zoologist the late Sydney Smith, to begin a search for Darwin’s letters. Aided by grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation, Fred and his colleagues discovered far more letters than could fit into the originally-planned five-volume work. The NSF wisely insisted that both sides of the correspondence should be included, and by the time the first volume appeared in 1985, over 14,000 letters had been discovered. Now, we know of about 15,000 letters, and more turn up each year. Also in 1985, a Calendar of the letters was published, with a second edition in 1994. The tenth volume of The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, covering 1862, will be published by the Cambridge University Press in June 1997. Thirty-two volumes in total are planned, three to appear eveiy two years from now on. Most of the research takes place at the Cambridge University Library, where eight people currently are working on the Project. Five work on it in the US at Bennington, VT and Blacksburg. As Senior Editor, I am confident that we will finish in 201 1, on schedule. PLANT DIVERSITY SURVEY OF THE PEAKS OF OTTER BACKCOUNTRY AREA, BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY, VIRGINIA. Gwynn W. Ramsey, Dept, of Biol., Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, VA 24501 . A three year study reveals that the vascular flora of the Peaks of Otter, in the Blue Ridge Mountains of central Virginia (Blue Ridge Parkway Mile Post 83.5 - 87.5), is interestingly diverse. Voucher specimens document a vascular flora of 357 genera in 97 plant families with 662 species within the 2500 hectare research area. Largest collections of the Peaks of Otter Flora are represented by the Asteraceae (77 spp.), Poaceae (48 spp.), Rosaceae (36 spp.), Cyperaceae (29 spp.), Liliaceae (29 spp.), Fabaceae (29 spp.) and Lamiaceae (25 spp.). Of the species collected, 121 (18%) are introduced. Eight federally and/or state listed rare taxa were discovered and mapped during the study and eight potential habitats were described and mapped. Kodachrome slides and a videotape help document the study. (Supported by Department of Interior, National Park Service, Blue Ridge Parkway, Cooperative Agreement, ^CA 5140-1-9002, SUB A ^1) PROCEEDINGS 101 MECHANISMS OF CRYOPROTECTANT INJURY TO AFRICAN VIOLET TISSUE. Michael H. Renfroe & Jeremy Aldrich*, Dept, of Biol., James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, Va. 22807. Cryoprotectants may be toxic to cells or may cause dehydration injury to plant tissues. Therefore cryoprotectants should be tested for cytotoxicity and tissue dehydration. We tested sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for their potential as cryoprotectant compounds to be used with African violet {Saintpaulia ionantha) tissue. Axenic leaf discs were immersed in individual cryoprotectant solutions of various concentrations. Water potential measurements were recorded for each solution. Following exposure to cryoprotectants, discs were placed on a tissue culture medium formulated to initiate adventitious shoots. Leaf disc survival was observed. By observing disc survival and solution water potential, we inferred that sucrose, sorbitol, and mannitol caused dehydration injury to African violet when used at concentrations often found in cryoprotectant solutions. DMSO was cytotoxic at concentrations below which dehydration injury would occur. Glycerol was the only compound tested that did not cause dehydration injury or cytotoxicity at concentrations typically used in cryoprotectant solutions. This investigation helps us to understand the mechanisms of tissue injury associated with various cryoprotectant solutions. ICE STORM DAMAGE IN A SMALL VALLEY IN SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA. Richard W. Rhoades, 611 Rose Ave., Bladcsburg, va 24060. Mixed deciduous forest was sampled two years after a series of ice storms to assess damage to indiv¬ iduals and changes in ccanmunity composition. Prestorm compositional data were available from 1993. Ice storms occurred in Feb. and Mar. 1994. The same plots were resampled after the storms. Density of overstory trees decreased 19?4 and density of understory trees, 1.6%. Basal area (B.A.) of overstory trees declined 6?4, but B.A. of understory trees changed little. Little change occurred in sapling density, but B.A. increased 45?^ indicating response to loss of canopy. ITie overstory trees scarlet oak and white pine suffered the heaviest damage, 36% of B.A. lost. Among understory trees and saplings the greatest damage was to red maple and white pine with 11% of B.A. lost. Damage was heaviest on the valley floor and adjoining south¬ facing slope, particularly among overstory and understory trees. Overall damage was moderate, i.e. 15% of individuals were damaged and 10% of B.A. lost. I expect little change in the vegetation on the two slopes; it will remain a chestnut oak oak community, vegetation of the valley floor should change slightly with fewer oaks and more species typical of mixed mesophytic forest. GROWTH OF TREES ON THE VIRGINIA TECH CAMPUS IN RESPONSE TO VARIOUS STRESS FACTORS, Richard W. Rhoades and R. Jay Stipes, Dept. Plant Pathol., Physiol. & Weed Sci., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0331. We measured dbh and crown diameter of 9 species of trees from 1993 to 1995, to determine how site stress and other factors affect growth. Growth rates differed significantly amound species. Northern red oak had the highest diam. growth, and Alaskan white cedar had the highest crown growth, and flowering dogwood and black maple had the lowest. Five major factors influenced growth; ice damage, percent roots restricted by pavement, heart rot, chlorosis and Dutch elm disease. Almost half (49%) of trees were injured physically or manifested visible disease. We also compared growth rates of trees in two groups classified by percent of root system paved over, viz., low stress vs. stressed sites. Mean diam. growth was higher on stressed sites, but crown growth was lower on these sites. Growth rates on the two kinds of sites varied with species. Five species had higher diam. growth on stressed sites, and three species had greater diameter growth on low stress sites. Annual rates of diam. growth of campus trees was higher than comparable growth rates of the same species in forests. Based on these results, we were unable to show conclusively that site stress suppressed growth of trees on the campus. Several unmentioned factors are operative. 102 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AN INTRODUCTION TO THE RARE SPECIES PARONYCHIA VIRGINICA SPRENG. (CARYOPHYLLACEAE): REPORT OF WORK IN PROGRESS. Wendy L. Rohrer. Dept, of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Paronychia virginica Spreng. (Caryophyllaceae) is a perennial evergreen herb of exposed, relatively xeric habitats. Approximately ten mid-Appalachian populations remain in Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland and are disjunct from populations located primarily in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. A study is being conducted by the current author to test tlie hypothesis that eastern and western populations differ significantly and, therefore, represent at least two distinct taxa. The objectives of the project are as follows: 1) to clarify the systematics of P. virginica, 2) to compare the use of allozymes and morphometries in estimating population structure and dynamics, and 3) to provide useful information for evaluating the vulnerability of eastern populations to extinction. Starch gel electrophoresis was performed and six enzyme systems/nine loci (EST-2, EST-3, LAP, MDH-1, MDH-2, PGl, PGM-1, PGM-2, and SKDH) were identified as scorable and reliable in expressing genetic variability. Data were statistically analyzed using BIOSYS-1 . An examination of 56 qualitative and quantitative morphological characters was performed and a data matrix was constructed for use in a phenetic analysis. Results and discussion of the allozyme and morphometric analyses will be communicated in a future publication PLANT BIOCHEMICALS AND INSECT RESISTANCE. Frank S. Santamour. Jr.. U S. National Arboretum, ARS, USDA, Washington, DC 20002. The search for the intrinsic chemical compounds that may confer insect resistance in trees is not always successful. An alternative approach is to determine which chemicals are responsible for insect susceptibility Once the compound(s) are identified, mass screening of individuals of the major tree species, and sexually compatible species, may reveal some plants that have little or none of this chemical. These trees may then form the basis for a selection and breeding program to develop superior trees. One example from our research is the determination that strobic acid in the cortical oleoresin of certain white pines was the principal cause of susceptibility to the white-pine weevil. Another example is the finding that rhododendrin in the inner bark of many white-barked birches was the key to susceptibility to the bronze birch borer. Trials and tribulations are discussed. THE EPIPHYTIC DIATOM COMMUNITY ON SPECIES OF ISOETES FROM SOUTHEASTERN USA. David Seaborn, L. Musselman, & H.G. Marshall, Dept. Biol. Sci., Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0266. Leaves of Isoetes plants, collected from ponds in Virginia, Georgia, and Florida, were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Pennate diatoms dominated the epiphytic floral community on the leaves of these plants, and were represented by mainly Cocconeis and Navicula spp. The greatest density of the diatoms was located at the tips of the leaves, and decreasing toward their base. Examination of other aquatic macrophytes living in the same locations as these quillworts did not indicate the presence of high numbers of epiphytic diatoms. This suggests a possible substrate selection for Isoetes by these diatoms. PROCEEDINGS 103 POLYMORPHISM OF 6-GLUCOSIDASE ISOFORMS GLUl AND GLU2 IN MAIZE {Zea mays L.). Mohammad Shahid and Asim Esen, Dept, of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Two isoforms of 6-glucosidase (Glul and Glu2) were identified in different parts of make seedlings as well as in mature plants. All plant parts including root, mesocotyl, node, leaf and coleoptile of a 5 -day-old maize seeding have isoform Glul, while isoform Glu2 occurs in leaves only, starting at day 7. In mature maize plants, isoform Glu2 is present only in the leaf blade, while isoform Glu 1 occurs in all other parts like root, stem, leaf sheath, and male and female inflorescences. Seven different maize inbreds were analyzed both for Glul and Glu2 allozymes using 15-day-old mesocotyls and leaves. All of these inbreds had different allozymes of isoform Glul. In contrast, isoform Glu2 whose expression was limited to leaves had only one allozyme, and thus was not polymorphic. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND S YSTEMATICS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN BRACKEN FERN. William D. Speer and Khidir W. Hilu, Dept, of Biology, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. The cosmopolitan Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn is widespread throughout eastern North America, where it is represented primarily by var. latiusculum tDesv.1i Underw. and var. pseudocaudatum (Clute) Heller. The taxonomy of Pteridium is contentious and the status of these two groups is uncertain. A numerical study of twelve qualitative and quantitative morphological characters was used to examine the taxonomic relationships of these two taxa. Multivariate analysis of the morphology distinguished the two taxa when the qualitative characters were used alone or in conjunction with some of the quantitative traits. Univariate analysis of all twelve characters revealed that the qualitative characters differed significantly (P < 0.001 in each case) between the two taxa, while the quantitative characters did not. Morphological distinctiveness was maintained even in those localities where both taxa were present, with few or no intermediates being found. The morphological data strongly support the current varietal status of these two groups. PHYTOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE AND BIOMASS IN THE BOTTOM WATERS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY. Jennifer L. Wolny & H.G. Marshall. An 11 year data base was analyzed, using monthly samples taken above and below (bottom waters) the pycnocline, at stations in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Total phytoplankton and autotrophic picoplankton abundances were greater above the pycnocline compared to bottom waters, with the diatom category a major exception. Abundance patterns also tended to increase throughout the water column moving from the Bay mouth northward. Total phytoplankton and autotrophic picoplankton biomass (cell carbon) were less in the bottom waters. Several algal taxons were mentioned as being exceptions to this distribution. Supported by the Virginia Dept. Environmental Quality and EPA. Chemistry MECHANISTIC STUDIES ON THE MONOAMINE OXIDASE-B CATALYZED OXIDATION OF 1,4- DISUBSTITUTED-1,2.3.6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINES. Andrea H. Anderson. Neal Castagnoli, Jr.. Dept, of Chemistry, Va. Polytechnic Inst. S State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. The l-methyl-4- substituted-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines constitute an interesting class of tertiary amines which often display better MAO-B substrate properties than the natural substrates such as serotonin and dopamine. Replacement of the N-methyl substituent with a cyclopropyl group converts the 4-phenyl analog into a mechanism based inactivator, behavior which is consistent with the single electron transfer (SET) catalytic pathway proposed by Silverman for MAO-B. In contrast to these results, the 1-cyclopropyl-4-benzyl anatog is a mixed substrate/inhibitor of MAO-B. These results suggest that cyclopropylaminyl radical cations, generated by the SET pathway, may not be obligatory intermediates in the MAO-B catalyzed oxidation of these cyclic allylamines. In an attempt to gain further insight into the mechanism associated with the MAO catalyzed oxidation of 1 ,4-disubstituted tetrahydropyridines, we have undertaken deuterium isotope effect studies on both the substrate and inactivation properties of the 4-benzyl-1 -cyclopropyl derivative. The results will be presented in terms of possible mechanisms for MAO-B catalysis. 104 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE USE OF PC-SPARTAN IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY. J. Cox. G. Mahedevan, C. Castevens and D. Shillady, Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. PC-SPARTAN has been proposed for use in undergraduate education. This is a report of the use of PC-SPARTAN as a ”dry-lab" experiment in CHE L304, Physical Chemistry Laboratory at Virginia Commonwealth University in the Spring of 1997. After a brief presentation of the Variation Principle, students explored use of PC-SPARTAN on a 133 MHz AMD 5X86 with 16 Mb RAM, a CD-ROM and a 1.2 Gb hard drive. Typical examples of plots from an HP 680C inkjet printer are presented along with the finding that the transition state geometry produced by the simple method in PC- SPARTAN is close to that obtained from a more rigorous saddle- point calculation using the GAMESS program on a CONVEX C-210. PC-Spartan VI. 1 has very limited import/export features, but the range of graphical presentations is excellent. (3/2,1) SCF calculations for furfural and pyridine (11 atoms) can easily be completed on the 133 MHz 5X86 PC in a three hour laboratory. DIMERIZATION OF 3-MIETHYLINDOLE WITH ALKYL AND ARYL SULFONIC ACRDS. Sami Faour and Wayne M. Stalick, Department of Chemistry George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030. When 3-methyI indole is reacted with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) in the presence of a hydrocarbon solvent, two distinctly different compounds are produced. One of these is a white, sharp melting solid and the other is a gum which is relatively insoluble in most solvents. Elemental analysis of the white solid shows that it contains one DBSA per two 3-methyl indole units. *H NMR and ‘^C NMR spectra were complex and even though consistent widi the analysis, were inconclusive. To simplify the spectral interpretation, p-ethyl benzene sulfonic acid, /^-toluene sulfonic acid, benzene sulfonic acid, ethane sulfonic acid and methane sulfonic acid were all reacted with 3 -methyl indole. Each of diese acids produced white solids with one sulfonic acid residue per two 3- methyl indole units. The resultant NMR and FTIR spectra of these compounds were clear and definitive. The spectral data collected, along with the proposed structures, will be discussed. The final structural proof by X-ray crystallograpic analysis of the compound produced fi-om /?-ethyl benzene sulfonic acid clearly shows the atom placement. HELLMANN-FEYNMAN FORCES IN SMALL MOLECULES, K. Francis, J. Angel, T. Ta, S. Tran, G. Mahadevan and D. Shilladv. Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-2006. A small gaussian-lobe (3,1/2) basis set has been scaled to give molecular geometries with good agreement to experimental geometries using the one-electron Hellmann- Feynman force. Results are given for HF, HjO, NHj and CH4. A simple one-electron integral formula is derived in place of the usual gradient calculation which requires up to 2.5 times longer computer time than an all-electron Hartree Fock Roothaan calculation; offering a speed advantage for ab initio molecular dynamics in a gaussian lobe basis, FORTRAN-77 code is shown for the one-electron formula for motion of nucleus ”C” relative to spherical gaussians . (AB) is the distance between gaussians /aA> and /bB>; (CP) is the distance from the centroid to nucleus C. F,(t) = -dFo(t)/dt. = (2»r/(a+b)) (-l)F,[(a+b) (CP)^3 (2) (a+b) (X-(CP),. exp (- (ab/ (a+b) ) (AB)^) (analogous for Y and Z) PROCEEDINGS 105 ISOLATION OF THE FIRST HOMOLEPTIC DIIMENE Pt(IV) COMPOUNDS: SYNTHESIS, DMA-BINDING AND CELL CULTURE STUDIES. R. M. Graner\ J.N. Granger^, R. L Davies^, A. K. Addington^*, S. J. Garcia^. A. K. Clark^*, T. Luon^ * and M. Wilsbn Chemistry Dept., Virginia Military Institute; ^Biochemistry Dept., Sweet Briar College; ^Chemistry Dept., Randolph Macon Woman's College. The synthesis and characterization of the first diimene Pt(IV) compounds, [Pt (1, 10-phenanthroline)3]'’^ (1) and [Pt(4,7-dimethyl-l,10- phenanthroline) (2) are reported. Agarose gel-electrophoresis was used to explore the DNA-binding interactions of compound (1). Gel -electrophoresis of the supercoiled DNA-plasmid pBR322 was conducted in the absence and presence of compound (1) . A 13% decrease in the rate of electrophoretic migration of the DNA plasmid in the presence of compound (1) was observed. The chemotherapeutic potential of compound (1) was explored with normal and transformed (Rous sarcoma) chicken embryo cells. Transformed cells demonstrated a 67% growth suppression and normal embryo cells demonstrated a 27% growth suppression in the presence of 2.0 X 10"^ M(l) . STUDffiS OF SURFACE CHEMISTRY AT NANOGRAM LEVELS USING ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY, Juliana Homstead and Edward J. Poziomek . Old Dominion University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0126. The surface chemistry of contraband drugs is very important in many detection techniques. The chemical nature of surfaces may facilitate drug decomposition or serve to stabilize the drugs. We have developed a simple technique to study the chemistry of contraband drugs such as cocaine HCl at nanogram levels. The normal operating modes of an lONSCAN 400 ion mobility spectrometer were adjusted to allow the chemistry of the drugs to be examined in the sample chamber of the spectrometer. For example, a membrane with deposited drug is held in the sample chamber at a specified temperature (typically 50°C or higher) up to 20 seconds with no air flow. An ON-OFF valve was placed in-line Just before the carrier gas enters the desorption chamber where samples are heated. This modification allows the gas flow to be manually turned off while the sample is being heated. We have used this technique to examine the pyrolysis of cocaine hydrochloride under a variety of conditions. At the end of the designated reaction time, the air flow is turned on allowing the reaction products and any starting materials to flow into the spectrometer for analysis. This technique has allowed studies of the stability of the drugs at various temperatures on different surfaces. For example, evidence was obtained of cocaine HCl decomposition at 75°C for 5 seconds using Teflon as the support material. The use of this technique has also assisted us in choosing materials for pyrolysis studies in which the goal is to decompose target drugs quickly and efficiently for detection applications. EXTRACTION OF PREFORMED METAL CHELATES FROM SOILS USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE. Gary. L. Long and Edwin. Lancaster, Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212. Over the past decade, supercritical fluids (SF) have been investigated for the extraction of metals from contaminated soil samples. To aid in the extractability of these polar contaminants, chelating agents can be added (along with modifiers), to form a non-polar complexes which are extractable in CO2. Although the formation of these metal complexes occurs with great proficiency in normal solvents, good recoveries are not achieved with SF CO2. Our work shows this effect to tbe result of the increased acidity of the hydration layer of the sediment particle as CO2 diffuses into this metal laden region. This acidic environment, from the conversion of CO2 to H2CO3, causes the dissociation of the metal chelate. This reaction is rapid, as all prefoimed metal chelates undergo dissociation within ten minutes of contact with the supercritical fluids. Attempts to neutralize this effect with Na2C03 and NH4OH were not successful in remediating this depressing effect. Hence, SF CO2 can not be used as a quantitative extraction method for metals in contaminated soils. 106 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE SURFACE ISOELECTRIC POINTS OF OXIDE-COVERED METALS, E. McCaffertv and J. P. Wightman, Dept, of Chem., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. 24061. The surface isoelectric point for the native air-formed oxide films on aluminum, chromium, and tantalum was determined by measurement of contact angles at the hexadecane/aqueous solution interface as a function of pH of the aqueous phase. Application of Young's equation, the Gibbs equation, and surface equilibria conditions for hydroxylated oxide films gives a mathematical expression which shows that the contact angle goes though a maximum at the isoelectric point of the oxide. The experimentally determined isoelectric point of oxide-covered chromium is 5.2, of oxide-covered aluminum is 9.5, and of oxide-covered tantalum is approximately -0.7. These values are within one to three pH units of the reported isoelectric points for the corresponding bulk oxide powders. Surfaces were cleaned by argon plasma treatment prior to measurement of contact angles, in that XPS measurements showed this treatment to be effective in reducing the thickness of the carbon contamination layer. USE OF SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION TECHNIQUES IN THE DETECTION OF CONTRABAND DRUGS. V. Tersol. G.E. Orzechowska, and E.J. Poziomek, Dept, of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529-0126. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) has emerged as a rapid alternative to conventional sample extraction techniques. SPME can be used to sample solids, liquids, and sample headspace. Compounds are sorbed by a stationary phase coated on a fused silica fiber. The compounds are desorbed and analyzed using gas chromatography (GC), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As a part of the present work we have found that SPME can also be used conveniently with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). This is a new SPME application. Cocaine and heroin vapors sorbed on a SPME fiber were detected using IMS. The use of SPME-GC or SPME-HPLC has been reported in analysis of urine samples containing cocaine and its metabolites. We are evaluating SPME-IMS, and SPME-GC systems for the detection of cocaine and heroin and their decomposition products in the headspace above surfaces. For example, SPME is used to sample at room temperature the headspace of 0. 1 mL vials containing 1.0 pg or less of either cocaine freebase or cocaine hydrochloride. This is followed by analysis using IMS. MODELING OF METAL COMPLEXES OF DESFERAL AND SALOPHEN. B. N. Ware and J. L. Hess, Department of Biochemistry, Va. Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061- 0308. Effective antioxidant activity of Mn(III) salophen and Mnflll) desferal has been demonstrated in other labor^ories. Hence, the 3D molecular structures of these compounds will help us understand their mode of action. The 3D structures of unsolvated and solvated Mn(III) desferal, Mn(III) deferoxamine, Mn(III) salophen, [Mn(III)]2 (salophen)2, and [Mn(III)]2 desferal were studied using Quanta and Charmm. The relative stability of each compound was compared. Molecular mechanic force fields were utilized in modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular d5aiamics simulations were carried out on solvated structures for 5ps at 300 K. Water molecules within 1 Angstrom of the edge of the sphere of solvation were harmonically constrained in order to maintain solvation during dynamics simulations. The aromatic hydroxyl groups contribute to the most stable form of Mn(III) salophen. Mn(III) salophen dimers had only a small favorable interaction energy and readily dissociated into monomers. Unsolvated Mn(III) desferal was more stable than Mn(lll) deferoxamine by about 470 kcal/mol. Dynamics simulations revealed that the methyl sulfate group of desferal associates with the Mn(III) rather than the terminal amino group and increased stability about 40 kcal/mol. Molecular mechanics energy minimization calculations revealed that [Mn(III)]2 desferal dissociates into Mn(ni) deferoxamine and Mn(III)-methylsulfate. Mn(lII) salophen may cany out antioxidant activity on and within cell membranes because it is a stable hydrophobic structure. PROCEEDINGS 107 TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY OF INORGANIC COMPLEXES. R. Craig Watson & Brian M. Tissue. Dept, of Chem., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ. Blacksburg, VA 24061 . Using laser-ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) we have studied multimetallic inorganic complexes which were synthesized at Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Since coordination complexes have traditionally posed a challenge to characterize via MS due to their low vapor pressures, thermal lability, and often uncontrollable fragmentation, mass spectroscopic studies of these compounds have been few. Even the "softer” ionization techniques such as fast atom bombardment often fail to reveal the molecular ion. In an effort to characterize the inorganic compounds, we combined laser ablation with TOFMS under several sample preparation and ionization conditions. By analogy to the success of MALDI with high molecular mass materials, it seems that the matrix assisted procedure may be usefiil with high molecular weight coordination complexes as well. After finding that the direct laser ablation of the complex revealed extensive fragmentation, we employed several matrices for a more complete characterization of the inorganic multimetallic compounds. SURFACE ANALYSIS OF CARBON FIBERS USED IN FIBER/MATRIX COMPOSITES. James P. Wiahtman and Nursel Dilsiz, Dept, of Chem., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle analyses were performed to study the contributions of the carbon fiber surface as well as the fiber/sizing Interface to the mechanism of adhesion in fiber/polymer matrix composites. AFM images and surface roughness analyses showed that sizing changes the surface topography on a microscopic scale. The surface energy and atomic concentrations of functional groups of sized Hercules AS 4 carbon fibers decrease gradually compared to the unsized fibers. Surface functional groups and the surface energies of fibers are critical properties in predicting fiber/matrix adhesion. Angle dependent XPS, voltage contrast XPS, and perimeter measurements revealed that the thickness of poly(thioarlyene phosphine oxide) sizing on the carbon fibers was greater than for Ultem™ sized carbon fibers. [Work supported by the NSF Science & Technology Center at Virginia Tech] PHOTOCHEMICAL ISOMERIZATION STUDIES OF TRANS-RES VERATROL. R.L. Williams. Gary Morris and Robin Blanche, Old Dominion University Enological Research Facility, Dept, of Chem./Biochem., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. Trans-res veratrol has recently been shown by this laboratory to be a potent phytoestrogen with anti-estrogenic activity in human breast cancer cells in culture. Trans-res veratrol is easily converted to it’s cis geometric isomer photolytically. Cis-res veratrol appears to exhibit some rather different activity compared to the trans isomer and the isolation and characterization of this isomer is of major interest to this laboratory. The photolytic transformation of the trans to the cis isomer and the relative stability of the trans isomer in solution appears to be dependent on the solvent polarity. When trans-resveratrol is irradiated at high wavelengths for an extended period, there appears to be an additional photolytically induced reaction. Preliminary evidence would suggest ring closure of the cis isomer to a phenanthrene structure which may be capable of further cyclization to a phenanthrofuran structure. Similar photolytic reactions have been observed with trans- stilbene and trans-tamoxifen. The conditions of the photoisomerization and subsequent reactions will be described. 108 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE NATURAL PHYTOESTROGENS IN WINE, R.L. Williams. Mark Elliott and Carolyn Snare, Old Dominion University Enological Research Facility, Dept, of Chem./Biochem., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. This laboratory has recently become very interested in natural phytoestrogenic agents; organic compounds from plants that exhibit estrogenic or anti¬ estrogenic activity. A variety of flavonoid and isoflavonoid compounds have been shown to exhibit such activity and several of these, namely Genestein, Daidezin and Apigenin have been described as components of wine and certain spirits. These compounds bind effectively to the estrogen receptors of human breast cancer cells in culture and may provide for some anti¬ estrogenic activity in humans with responsible moderate consumption. Trans- res veratol, a polyphenolic stilbene, has recently been described by this laboratory as an effective anti¬ estrogenic phytoestrogen in human breast cancer cells in culture. The structure activity relationship of this compound will be compared to trans-tamoxifen, a clinically prescribed anti¬ estrogenic agent for the treatment of human breast cancer. The binding studies with trans- resveratrol and the cytotoxicity of this agent to two human breast cancer cell lines in culture will be described in comparison to several other anti-estrogenic agents including tamoxifen and Genestein. Computer Science LISTPROC: A WEB-BASED MAILING LIST ADMINISTRATOR. Brian Rickabaugh & Anil M. Shende, Dept, of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Physics, Roanoke Col., Salem, Va. 24153. E-mail mailing lists are quickly becoming an effective means of situation and event advertisement in organizations. With the constantly increasing use of the Internet and Intranets within these organizations, a web-based, common-gateway interface (egi)- driven administrator for mailing lists seemed a natural progression. Being web-driven gives a popular, platform independent means of administering any mailing list. From the Web, users can perform tasks that affect themselves, such as deleting their names from lists. Super- Users can create new lists and control access to these lists. Super-Users can view all access and errors logs for all of the created lists. List administrators can alter the lists for which they have access. Filtering and access control exists on an e-mail address level for local users or fully qualified e-mail addresses. All editing related activites are controlled via the local unix-user passwords. The future for listproc promises limited IP subnet access control, as well as dynamic mailing list creation via database queries. INTELLIGENT ABSTRACT DATA TYPES. Ivy N. Carter. & Robert A. Willis, Jr., Dept, of Computer Science, Hampton Univ., Hampton, Va. 23668. This presentation will focus on continuing research in intelligent abstract data types (lADT). An lADT is an abstract data type which “intelligently” manages its internal data structures and also runs concurrently with its clients. The focus on this research is to investigate the situations in which a list LADT changes its internal data structures due to external demands. There are two general paradigms that can be used to trigger a change from one data representation to another: time over space and space over time. Our research efforts are presently focussed on investigating the time over space paradigm. This presentation will present background information on lADTs and the time over space paradigm. We will also discuss the parameters chosen to implement data representation changes using this paradigm. PROCEEDINGS 109 AN INTRANET FOR MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE. Peter H. Hua. Mary Washington CoL, Fredericksburg, Va. 22401, & E. Ackermann, Dept, of Computer Science, Mary Washington Col., Fredericksburg, Va. 22401. There are two methods often used by website administrators to enforce privilege associated password authentication. The first uses the web browser to pop-up a window which asks the user for a username and password. Although simple to implement, this method will only block users from a particular directory of files, it does not block users from individual files within a directory. Once a user gains access to a file within a directory, he automatically has access to all other files within that directory. This method is controlled by two files on the web server often named .htaccess and .htpasswd. A .htaccess file is in all directories that require authentication. The .htpasswd file contains all valid usernames and their encrypted passwords. The second type of authentication uses CGI scripts and the HTML “FORM” tag to authenticate users, this method is often an extension to the first method because CGI scripts allow administrators to associate “privileges” to users. By using CGI scripts, an administrator gains powerful features because he has access to other files on the web server's hard drive. CGI scripts can limit what a user sees, read in the privileges of a user as well as modify information. Both methods offer security features parallel to that of UNIX password encryption since both use UNIX’s “crypt” program for password encryption and comparison. More information is available at http;//www.mwc.edu/~phual7gj/intranet. A NEW APPROACH TO RAY TRACING USING WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT. Richard E. Pingry. & Anil M. Shende, Dept, of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Physics, Roanoke CoL, Salem, Va. 24153. Ray tracing is a simple yet powerful method of generating images from three dimensional data. Traditionally, the data structures that describe light in ray tracing ignore the wave properties of light. Addressing this phenomenon is a ray tracer would allow effects like refraction, dispersion, and interference to realistically affect the generated image. SNAKE HUNTS IN HYPERCUBES: A SURVEY, SOME CONJECTURES, AND EMPIRICAL SUCCESS. Anil M. Shende. Dept, of Mathematics, Computer Science & Physics, Roanoke College, Salem, VA 24153. The problem of finding the longest snakes in hypercubes was posed in 1958 in the contxt of coding theory, and is still an open problem. We define the problem, briefly survey the known results, discuss some new methods, and partial success, of trying to solve the problem, and present some conjectures based on these new methods. EMPIRICAL RESULTS FROM A SONAR TRANSDUCER TO MICROCONTROLLER INTERFACE. Dan Werner. & Dr. Rhonda Eller-Meshreki, Dept, of Computer Science, Randolph-Macon CoL, Ashland, VA 23005. Sonar transducers initiate a sonar signal and receive the reflected signal as an echo. If a sonar transducer is interfaced to a microcontroller board, then software can be written to determine the distance between the transducer and the object from which the sonar signal was reflected. This is accomplished by multiplying half of the round-trip sonar signal time by the speed of sound. This paper describes summer research completed on a Council of Undergraduate Research CURSOR award in which a hardware interface for a Polaroid sonar transducer was constructed to connect it to a Rug Warrior microcontroller board. Software was also written to allow the microcontroller board to control the sonar transducer. Once a reliable software/hardware interface was constructed, experiments were conducted to measure the sonar beam dispersion and the range of distances that could be measured reliably. 110 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE PSEUDO CLASSIFffiRS TO REDUCE SEARCHES: REVISITED. Alec White. & Robert A. Willis, Jr., Dept, of Computer Science, Hampton Univ., Hampton, Va. 23668. A basic problem in searching is the expense of performing the search. In artificial intelligence (particularyly expert systems) considerable computational time is expended in searching. One solution to this problem is a mechanism that could be built to reduce the number of searches required in certain types of parallel systems. In order to reduce the number of searches, these mechanisms would possess the ability to “retain” the results of past searches. The mechanism is called a pseudo classifier and is based on the classifier concept proposed by L. B. Booker, D. E. Goldberg, and J. H. Holland in “Classifier Systems and Genetic Algorithms” (Artificial Intelligence, 40, 1989 235-282). The purpose of this research project is to continue the ongoing pseudo classifier research. Particularly to test the Taxi Simulation Program (TSP) which implements a novel search algorithm using pseudo classifiers and to begin a comparison of various classical search algorithms to the algorithm presently in use. This presentation will present background information on pseudo classifiers, the search algorithm presently in use, and one or two classical search algorithms. Finally, the current state and future plans for the project will be discussed. Education COGNITIVE CONNECTIONS: PRESERVICE TEACHERS LEARN GEOMETRY. Bobbye H. Bartels. Dept, of Math., Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News, VA 23606. Due to the influence of mathematics education reform documents like the NCTM Standards, making connections between mathematics concepts is a current emphasis in mathematics education; however, little is known about the effect of Instruction on the way students make these cognitive connections. As part of a mathematics methods course, preservice elementary teachers learned to construct concept maps. To gain a better understanding of how students make cognitive connections, the concept maps and student discussion transcriptions were qualitatively analyzed. The analysis showed strong, correct, and complete cognitive connections were made when the instructor (a) made a connection explicit, (b) revisited the connection frequently, and (c) adequately discussed characteristics using physical models. Students' incomplete cognitive connections were difficult to change, most students did not take ownership for making their own connections, and prior learned knowledge sometimes interfered with new knowledge. BRIDGING THE CULTURE GAP: SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THE SCIENCE CURRICULUM. Michael Bentley and George Glasson, Dept, of Teaching and Learning, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. The context of this paper is research and evaluation being conducted of the 1997 state conference, “Enhancing Instruction in Science, Math, and Technology,” a program initiated by the new Virginia Tech Institute for Connecting Science Research to the Classroom. This study focuses upon identifying aspects of the nature of science, the science-technology-society interaction, and scientific knowledge communicated via Conference presentations. Tentative findings include that many sessions mirrored the Institute’s mission and that, overall, the Conference made a positive contribution to science education in Virginia. PROCEEDINGS 111 PRE-SERVICE SCIENCE TEACHERS' BELIEFS ABOUT DIVERSITY. Brenda R. Brand and George E. Glasson, Department of Teaching and Learning, Va Tech., Blacksburg, Va. The influences of the background experiences of five preservice Science teachers on their beliefs about diversity were the focus for this study. These individuals were followed throughout their teacher preparation program. The data for this study consisted of interviews, conducted before and after entering field experiences in schools. Data also consisted of any relevant written assignments from science methods classes. In this presentation, a case study of one individual will be reported. This report will consist of the rationale for conducting this research study, supported by quotes made by the student teacher as influenced by his subcultures. Initial data analysis has shown that perceptions on the role of diversity within the classroom directly relates to the student teacher's life experiences. BREAKING PARADIGMS IN TEACHING BIOLOGY. Arthur L . Buikema . Jr . . Dept. Of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ. , Blacksburg, Va. 24061-0406. Breaking paradigms is frightening to most teachers. Basically it means letting go of control and inviting students to be part of the syllabus development. This paper will discuss three introductory Biology classes. General, Principles and Honors, Biology, that places the burden to learn the material on the student, not the teacher. The exact teaching strategy varies with the size of the class, not a perception of student ability. Classes range from 35 to 210 students each. The courses incorporate these key points: no lecture; student assignment-orientation; integration of on-campus and off-campus students; web-based instruction; open-book, take-home exams; collaborative learning; peer critique; writing intensive; critical thinking; and problem solving. Student response and participation have been overwhelming. The major student comment is "thanks for not lecturing." CONNECTING SCIENCE RESEARCH TO THE SCHOOL SCIENCE PROGRAM: RESULTS OF THE STATE CONFERENCE “ENHANCING INSTRUCTION IN SCIENCE, MATH, AND TECHNOLOGY.” George E. Glasson and Michael L. Bentley. Dept, of Teaching and Learning, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. 24061-0313. The evduation data from a statewide conference associated with the Virginia Tech Institute for Connecting Science Research to the Classroom was shared. This conference, which took place in spring 1997, was designed to enhance instmction in science, math, and technology by translating scientific research findings to public school teachers. Four criteria were used to evaluate participants’ perceptions of die conference and the attainment of institute goals: (1) nature of science; (2) science-technology-society; (3) science concepts/principles; and (4) connections to the classroom. The results of the evaluation indicate that the conference was successful in encouraging cormections between science, mathematics and technology. Participants indicated that attainment of conference goals were met on the four criteria. A variety of different research protocols were shared from different science disciplines that connected societal needs. Participants also thought the presentations strongly emphasized scientific concepts that cross disciplinary boundaries. 112 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING PHYSICS: A NEW COURSE AT THE CHANTILLY PROFESSIONAL TECHNICAL CENTER. Ken Lawwill, Chantilly Professional Tech. Ctr., Chantilly, Va., 20151-2600. Due to transportation limitations and the new graduation requirements, the two-year sequence of Principles of Technology will be consolidated into one-year course offerings. For the general diploma, Engineering Physics (981 1) has been proposed. It will consist of a lab intensive overview of the fourteen sections of P. of T. Approximately fifty labs will be performed. Prerequisites: Algebra I and two prior lab sciences. For the Advanced Studies Diploma, Accelerated Engineering Physics (4520) has been proposed. It will count as a second physics course. Approximately seventy P. of T. labs and twenty computer assisted labs will be performed. Additionally, computers will be utilized to perform analysis of data, run simulations, and prepare lab reports. Prerequisites: two prior lab science courses and enrollment in Geometry or beyond. Physics I will be a suggested pre- or co-requisite. For students anticipating employment or further education in engineering, science, and technology, these courses will provide: 1) focus on human innovation, devices, systems, and structures, 2) unifying concepts across the systems of linear and rotational mechanics, electronics, hydraulics, pneumatics, and thermodynamics, and 3) unique and more extensive laboratory experiences. In summary, these course will provide better “prior knowledge” for students’ future employment and education. MENTORING A NEW SCIENCE TEACHER: THE ENLIGHTENMENT OF A SUCCESSFUL ENGINEER. Ken Lawwill, Chantilly Professional Tech. Ctr., Chantilly, Va., 20151-2600. Making a successful transition from another field into teaching requires a great deal more than patience and a desire to share years of acquired knowledge. Success in other fields does not ensure success when dealing with problems of instructional strategies, motivating apathetic students, equipment shortages/malfunction, attendance, and discipline. In addition to unforeseen institutional difficulties impeding student’s learning , one also has to reassess one’s individual traits and the ensuing student reaction and response. Most importantly one has to learn to : Teach the students the subject; not teach the subject to the students. THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES EOTIATIVE AT VIRGINIA TECH. Muriel Lederman. Department of Biology, Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061-0406. Virginia Tech is the land- grant institution for the Commonwealth of Virginia; its curricula in the life sciences are spread across fifteen departments in five colleges. Recently, a 50% increase in life sciences under¬ graduates coincident with a dramatic reduction in state support for higher education resulted in increased class size, inability of students to schedule required courses, and lack of more speciahzed offerings. At the request of the faculty, the Biological Sciences Initiative (BSI) was formed. It coordinates improving the undergraduate life sciences experience by providing programs for which regular university funding is not available. Included are cross-college teaching and advising; strategies that allow the timely completion of undergraduate degrees; developing tracks in disciplines such as neuroscience and plant biology that take advantage of the expertise of faculty members in different departments; and funding and encouraging undergraduate research and teaching opportunities. Collaborating with other campus programs, the BSI helps faculty improve the teaching-learning process, by providing the tools and personnel to take advantage of learning theory, instructional design, and educational technologies. This cooperative, collaborative approach overcomes artificial boundaries and is a model for an easily transferable, university- wide re-structuring in the life sciences at land- grant institutions. AQUARIUMS AS CLASSROOM LABORATORIES. Eugene G. Maurakis, Office of Museum Scientist, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23220. The Science Museum of Virginia has opened the Hirschler Aquarium Exhibition, featuring freshwater fishes of the James River. Nineteen species of freshwater fishes from the Montane, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain Provinces are displayed with interpretative graphics which can be used as tools in learning about the ecology, distribution, food webs, and community interactions of fishes in the James River by the general public and K-12 school teachers and students. The exhibition is accompanied by three educational publications: an 8-page coloring book; a guide to common freshwater fishes in the James River; and a 69-page, indexed teacher’s guide composed of nine step-by-step activities, glossary, and hardcopy and internet resources for classroom instruction applicable to Virginia Standards of Learning. Supported in part by the Edward and Elizabeth Hirschler Aquarium Endowment Fund. PROCEEDINGS 113 CONCEPT MAPPING TO EXPLORE STUDENT PERCEPTIONS IN SCIENCE. Woody McKenzie. & Sara Plante*, Dept, of Chemistry & Physics, Radford Univ., Radford, VA 24142. Concept mapping was integrated into a process-oriented Physical Science course aimed primarily at K-8 pre-service teachers. Pairs of students constructed maps early and late in the course to address the question “What is science?”. Students showed overall improvement in organization and coherence of maps completed later in the course. An analysis of content related concepts vs. process related concepts presented found that students showed a more process oriented view of science after their course experiences. Ckmcept maps were computer-generated using freeware for the Macintosh platform. A list of useful references and guidelines for instruction of concept mapping is provided. While this study is situated in science education, it should also be emphasized that similar studies using this approach should work well in other disciplines. SCOPE, SEQUENCE, AND COORDINATION— A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. Pamela C. Turpin. Dept. ofChem., Roanoke College, Salem, Va. 24153. In 1992, the National Science Teachers’ Association proposed three factors to be considered in the development and designing of science curricula for secondary schools -scope, sequence, and coordination. The foundations for the use of these three processes in curriculum development may have been laid over one hundred years ago. This research examines some of the ideas expressed by educators interested in the science curriculum one hundred years ago and the relationship of these ideas those suggested by the NSTA in 1992. GENETICS IN THE CLASSROOM: DEVELOPMENT OF A TEACHER'S GUIDE ON HUMAN GENETICS. Deborah Wells. Eugene Maurakis, and Joann Bodurtha*. Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 West Broad St, Richmond, VA 23220 and Dept of Human Genetics, Medical Col of VirginiaWirginia Commonwealth Univ, Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298. A teacher's guide on human genetics was developed for use in middle and high school classrooms. The guide is the result of surveying 84 science teachers in the Richmond area. Of these teachers, 84.5% expressed a need for more materials for teaching genetics in the classroom, particularly hands-on activities and information about recent advances in genetics. The guide consists of hands-on activities in four areas of genetics: (1) general genetic principles (including Mendelian inheritance and probability exercises), (2) molecular genetics and cytogenetics (with activities about DNA fingerprinting and chromosome analysis), (3) applications of new genetic technology (with emphasis on genetic counseling, ethical issues, and the Human Genome Project), and (4) common genetic conditions (summary information about some of the more common genetic conditions). A resource section is included to provide teachers with organizations and websites to contact for further information about human genetics. INTERACTIVE LEARNING ABOUT BIOLOGICAL TIMING. Laura A. Young and Eugene G. Maurakis, Ph.D., Office of the Museum Scientist, Science Museum of Va., Richmond, Va., 23220. The Science Museum of Virginia currently is developing an interactive exhibition about biological timing and rhythms, an emerging area of research that will impact future thought and experimenta¬ tion in biology and medicine. The exhibition is designed in four sections that will give visitors an in¬ troductory understanding of the wide occurrence of biological rhythms in nature, the relationship between biological rhythms and physical cycles, the selective advantage conferred upon organisms by biological timing structures, and the role of biological timing in human activities. Individual ex¬ hibit sections focus on biological timing behind known phenomena, including the sleep/wake cycle, hibernation, migration and jet lag. Visitors also will encounter new areas of research, including the physiology of biological timing, entrainment, clock mutations, and therapy for timing problems. A teacher guide providing interactive activities, reference material, and correlated with Virginia Stan¬ dards of Learning accompanies the exhibition. It is designed as a pre-visit resource and as a compli¬ ment to classroom educational objectives. (Supported in part by a private Richmond foundation, Moses D. Nunnaly Charitable Trust, Richard and Caroline T. Gwathmey Foundation, Mary Morton Parsons Foundation, Windsor Foundation, and Merck Company Foundation.) 114 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Environmental Science PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AN EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEBACTERIUM. Kimberly S. Bames and CD Litchfield, Dept, of Biol., George Mason Univ., Fairfax, Va. 22030. An extremely halophilic archaebacterium was isolated from a solar evaporator located in Qaunghai, PRC. The organism (C-7) was cultivated at 37®C on modified casamino acids medium (MCA), containing a salt concentration of 20% (wt/vol) with an adjusted pH of 5. 1 5. C-7 is a gram negative, nonmotile rod. It is oxidase and catalase positive, does not reduce nitrate, and does not hydrolyze starch. Acid is produced from glycerol, however, glucose, lactose, and sucrose are not utilized. Of the 14 antibiotics tested, sensitivity was observed only with novobiocin, bacitracin, and anisomycin. NaCl/temperature requirements ranged from 20%-30% NaCl at temperatures of 25®-50°C, with optimal growth occurring at a salt concentration of 25% at 42“C. The pH optimum ranged from 5.6-8 5, with stock cultures growing routinely at pH 5. 1 . The minimum Mg^^ requirement was O.OOSM, with an optimum requirement of 0.02M. Growth was inhibited at levels exceeding 1 .OM. Supplementation of MCA with a seven-trace element solution resulted in increased growth, but was not required. Based on polyphasic taxonomy, the organism is tentatively identified as Halombrum chinensis (n. sp.) ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENT ON MASSAPONAX CREEK, SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY, VIRGINIA, M.L. BASS * , A, FROME*, Department of Environmental Science and Geology, Mary Washington College and John Tippett, Friends of the Rappahannock, Fredericksburg, VA. The rapid urbanization of parts of Spotsylvania County has shifted the attention of nonpoint source pollution from agriculture to commercial and suburban development. Investigators using the Izzak Walton League, SOS protocol sampled a rural low input stream. Hunting Run and an urbanization impacted stream Massaponax Creek. Massaponax Creek exhibited higher sediment deposition, bank erosion, lack of riparian vegetated borders in many developed areas and a decrease in quality of the macrobenthic habitat. Hunting Run had a higher indices for sensitive macroinvertebrates. Reparation of the riparian vegetation in areas along the stream has given better water quality. Repair efforts are continuing. BONE STRENGTHS OF COLORADO MULE DEER IN RELATION TO FLUORIDE CONTENT. L. M. Borrero-Yu. P. F. Scanlon, Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061. J. A Wilson, Dept, of Biological Systems and Engineering, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061, and M. A. Cochran*, VPI & SU, Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Mule deer (Odocoileus hemioms) from the US Air Force Academy (USAFA) at Colorado Springs, CO were observed with brittle antlers and tooth lesions. The ingestion of high concentrations of fluoride have been related to tooth lesions and bone fragility. Deer jaws, donated by hunters, collected between 1993 through 1995 from the USAFA (n=193), Pifion Canyon Maneuver Site (PCMS), Model CO (n=22) and Game Management Units (GMU's) in northwestern CO (n=16) were used to determine the relationship between fluoride contents and bone strength. Bone fluoride concentrations and bone strength were determined using ion selective electrode and Instron apparatus, respectively. The bone strength was measured as Shear Force and Shear Stress. In deer (> 1.5 y.o.), mandibular bone fluoride concentrations (pg/g d.w.) were higher (P<0.001) at the USAFA than in PCMS and GMU's (medians= 848.7, 494.7, 446.0, respectively). The Shear Force (Newtons) was lower in deer (P<0.001) at the USAFA than in those at PCMS and GMU's (medians^ 2359, 4007, 2613, respectively). No differences (P=0.424) were found among the three sites in the Shear Stress (MPa) measurement which takes into account the cross-sectional area of the bone (medians^ 22.61, 24.56, 22.69, respectively). Within deer from the USAFA (n=193) a poor relationship was found between fluoride concentrations, Shear Force (P<0.008, R^=0.0367, and Shear Stress (P=0.711, R^=0.0007). Although weaker bones were found in deer from the USAFA, the data do not support a strong relationship between bones strength and fluoride concentrations. PROCEEDINGS 115 ASSESSING THE SURVIVABILITY AND GROWTH OF ATLANTIC WHITE CEDAR {CHAMAECYPARIS THYOIDES(L.) B.S.P.) IN THE GREAT DISMAL SWAMP AND THE U.S. NAVAL SECURITY GROUP ACTIVITY NORTHWEST, CHESAPEAKE, VIRGINIA. D. A. Brown. Geo-Marine, Inc., Newport News, Va. 23606, & R, B, Atkinson, Dept, of Biol., Chem. and Env. Science, Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News, Va. 23606. Atlantic white cedar swamps in Virginia and North Carolina have been cleared for lumber and agriculture since the colonial era and less than 1 0% of the stands remain. Methods for reestablishing the dominant tree species, Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis ihyoides (L.) B.S.P) have not been developed. In this study, the effect of physical and competitive interactions on C. thyoides seedling growth and survivorship is examined at two sites. Site One is located in a recently abandoned agricultural field near a river basin in southeastern Virginia. Conditions for planting on this site were optimal and site preparation was limited to clearing herbaceous materials from a 0.20 ha area with hand- operated brush cutters. There were 259 bare-root seedlings planted in six transects across a 2.0% slope. First-year survivorship was 97.3% and growth was 138.9%. Site Two is in the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Reftige. In 1990, a 2.8 ha portion of a senescent Atlantic white cedar stand was cleared of all vegetation, and 241 bare-root seedlings were planted in February 1996. First-year survivorship was 97.1% and growth was 1 83.7%. Within-site differences in growth appear to be correlated with elevation, and data analysis of soil moisture and vegetative cover is continuing. (Supported by the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.) PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES IN THE MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE MICROCOSM AND THE YORK RIVER: A COMPARATIVE STUDY. Virginia Leontvne Clarke and S. B. Gough, Dept, of Biol., Mary Washington Col., Fredericksburg, Va 22401 . Microcosms attempt to faithfully represent natural ecosystems so they can more readily study the latter. With good emulation simulated ecosystems can be used as experimental management tools. Obviously, adequate model fidelity must first be proven. This study was used for this purpose, comparing emulation constancy between a microcosm and a mesohaline portion of the York River by comparing the dynamics of phytoplankton in both systems. Community structure was ascertained by examining the Simpson diversity index, species richness and relative abundance of various taxa. The data suggested anomolies in the two systems, vrtiich could be due to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, marine pulsing and/or current limitations of the microcosm. INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY: IN AND AROUND THE HEADWATERS OF THE POWELL RIVER- -AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY, YEAR 1. W. Crouse^. J. Rockett*^ J. Spurlock ^ , S. Cromer and S. Rhea Depts . of ^Natural Science and English, ^Director PRP Educational Center, Clinch Valley College, ^Clintwood High School, and ^Tazewell Middle School. Summer 1996 marked the twelfth annual Southwest Virginia Summer Scholars Program of Clinch Valley College. The Summer Scholars Program is an interdisciplinary, hands-on educational program which combines biology, chemistry, statistics, and communication skills. The central theme of the program was the measurement of the quality of the headwaters of the Powell River, The students, with faculty supervision, investigated the botanical diversity adjacent to the stream, the macroinvertebrate diversity of the stream, the chemistry (pH, hardness, dissolved oxygen, metals) of the water, and the nutrient composition of the soil adjacent to the stream at three sites of one branch of the Powell River, Wise County, VA. The overall quality of the stream and its surroundings was good despite surface and deep mining in the area. Water sulfate levels were high. 116 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE FACTORS AFFECTING THE UTILIZATION OF CLUPEID PREY BY SPORTFISHES IN TWO VIRGINIA RESERVOIRS. M.J. Cyterski. J.J. Ney, C.C. Bonds*, and R.O. Small*. Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 24061. Predator consumption of prey in reservoir systems is determined by three components of prey availability: morphology, distribution, and behavior. We examined the effect of these three factors on gizzard shad and alewife predation by striped and largemouth bass in two Virginia reservoirs - Smith Mountain Lake (SML) and Claytor Lake (CL). We expected to see differences in prey use in each lake due to distinctive site characteristics. Despite the recent introduction of gizzard shad into CL, striped bass consumption (by percent weight in the diet) of shad in the fall exceeded that of stripers in SML, where shad have been present for 34 years (89% vs. 62%, respectively). CL largemouth bass, on the other hand, ate less shad in the fall than their con-specifics in SML (16% vs. 37%, respectively). Shad and alewives grow faster and reach greater lengths in the more eutrophic CL. In SML, predators chose clupeid prey much smaller than their throat diameters would permit, indicating a behavioral preference for these smaller prey. In CL, striped bass ate shad of larger sizes, possibly due to increased growth rates of young shad in this system. In SML, striped bass did not consume shad during the summer months when water temperatures limited the former to the cool, well-oxygenated regions of the lower lake. At this time, shad were primarily uplake in warmer, more shallow waters. Largemouth bass and shad occupy similar habitat during these months, thus shad continued to be a significant dietary component for these predators (65% by weight). We suspect the same distributional limitation affects striped bass in CL in summer, marking the importance of the deep, cool-water alewife as prey for striped bass during this period. IMPACT OF LOCALIZED HARVEST ON THE SMALLMOUTH BASS POPULATION OF LAKE MOOMAW, VIRGINIA. D.A. Garren. J.J. Ney, S.L. McMullin*, Dept, of Fisheries & Wildlife Sciences, Va. Polytechnic Inst.& State Univ., Blacksburg, Va 24061, and P.A. Bugas*, Va. Dept, of Game & Inland Fisheries, Verona, Va. 24482. Smallmouth bass congregate in the headwaters of Lake Moomaw, a 1024-ha flood-control reservoir, during the spring spawning period, where they are vulnerable to a shore-based, harvest-oriented fishery. We estimated the headwaters bass harvest in 1995-96 by creel survey, then used tagging and telemetry to assess the significance of the harvest to the whole-lake bass population. Electrofishing surveys of juvenile bass distribution were conducted to examine impacts on recruitment. The headwaters fishery accounted for 17% of the annual smallmouth bass harvest in Lake Moomaw; the combined annual harvest removed only 12% of the adult population. Bass spawning occurred throughout the lake. Only a subgroup of transient fish spawned in the headwaters, and juvenile bass were distributed throughout the lake. The headwaters fishery is a high-profile activity which, during 1995-96, had a low and sustainable impact on the Lake Moomaw smallmouth bass population. IMMOBILIZATION OF SOLUBLE NITROGEN AND PHOSPHOROUS BY WASTE CARBON SOURCES IN AEROBIC POULTRY LITTER COMPOSTS. Samantha Hauser. Paula Kincaid and June H. Middleton. Dept, of Biol., James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22801 . Poultry litter (poultry waste plus bedding material) is high in nitrogen and phosphorous. When applied to agricultural soils during the growing season, the soluble nitrogen in poultry litter is used effectively by crops as a fertilizer. However, when poultry litter is applied to fallow fields, soluble N and P leach into ground water causing non-point source pollution. We were interested in determining which farm and urban waste sources high in carbon might most effectively be co-composted with poultry litter (PL) to stabilize the excess nitrogen and phosphorous. A lab scale passive aerobic composting system (PACS)was used to evaluate each C source. Triplicate samples of poultry litter and switchgrass or shredded white paper were mixed; the initial C:N ratio was set at approximately 25:1 . Artificial composting was carried out by incubation for 14 days each at 58C, 37C and 24C with moisture content maintained at approximately 60%. The measured composting parameters included: pH, soluble nitrate and phosphorous, total C: N, microbial respiration and differential microbial community succession. The lab scale PACS provided reproducible composts as measured by chemical and microbiological parameters. However, the six week composting period did not produce mature compost as determined by microbial respiration. PROCEEDINGS 117 PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS IN LAKE BARCROFT, VIRGINIA: 1995-96. Saiful Islam and R. Christian Jones, Dept, of Biology, George Mason UniversitY, Fairfax, VA 22030. Lake Barcroft is a reservoir at the confluence of Holmes Run and Tripps Run in Falls Church, Virginia. It is a recreational lake for its 1,000 residents. The Lake is artificially destratified during May through October since 1987. Samples were collected bi-weekly from May through October in 1995-96. The samples were preserved, enumerated and identified. The phytoplankton densities in 1995 were higher than in 1996. Blue-greens were dominant in 1995-96 samples. The density of blue-greens in 1995 were much higher than the density of blue-greens in 1996. 199596 density data shows the blue-greens were still the major phytoplankton. They have the higher .densities and higher species numbers in the Lake Barcroft. PERIPHYTON DYNAMICS AT A MESOHALINE SITE IN THE YORK RIVER, VIRGINIA, COMPARED TO A MESOCOSM. Aimee Lemieux and S. B. Gough, Dept. Of Biol. Sciences, Mary Washington Col., Fredericksburg, Va. 22401 . Marine phytoplankton may serve as indicator species of water quality in that varying nutrient levels greatly influence the growth rates and numbers of various species. This research showed the comparison of water quality in both sites and evaluated the periphyton species present, thus serving as an assessment of the accuracy of the simulated ecosystem. By examining the differences between the two systems, it may be possible to predict conditions in the wild and avert or ameliorate adverse effects. Periodic sampling showed that the mesocosm fostered a large number of pennate diatoms and spinney blue-green algae, while the river samples displayed pennate diatoms in much lower levels. The mesocosm was of small size, however, and it supported higher nutrient levels. These findings support the idea that while a mesocosm may be a very valuable tool, one of such small scale may result in inaccuracies. TEN YEAR TRENDS IN DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF ZOOPLANKTON IN CHESAPEAKE BAY. G.B. Mateia^ K. E. Carpenter (Dept, of Biol. Sci., Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529) & R. Alden (AMRL, ODU, Norfolk, VA 23529) . An on-going, long-term water quality monitoring program is discussed for the Chesapeake Bay and several major tributaries. Over ten years of data have been analyzed to characterize the Virginia Chesapeake Bay zooplankton and water quality trends. Long-term trends of the Bay's tributaries and raainstem based on the zooplankton diversity and abundance data are presented. The mainstem, plus the Rappahannock and Elizabeth Rivers showed increasing trends of zooplankton abundance, in contrast to the tidal James and York Rivers. Supported by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality and the US EPA. CLEAN WATER BLUES: RESPONSE OF RESERVOIR FISHERIES TO REDUCED NUTRIENT LOADING. John J. Nev and Michael J. Cyterski, Dept, of Fisheries &Wildlife Sciences, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 24061. Nutrient reduction(oligotrophication) occurs in reservoirs as the result of nutrient trapping by upstream impoundments or operation of advanced waste treatment plants on inflowing rivers. Case studies and regression analysis of the relationship between the concentration of the primary limiting nutrient, phosphorus, and fishery productivity demonstrate that oligotrophication is accompanied by substantial loss of forage-fish and sportfish biomass. Phytoplankton as well as fish productivity are each highly correlated (r=0.7-0.9) with total phosphorus concentration in lakes and reservoirs. Frequent algae blooms occur in temperate reservoirs when phosphorus exceeds 40 Mg/L while fisheiy productivity does not peak at <100Mg/L, providing the basis for conflicts between “clean lakes” and “good fishing” advocates. Remedi^ measures to restore fishery productivity after oligotrophication include in-lake fertilization and biomanipulation of the food web; both are likely to be unsuccessful. A more promising approach is to prevent undesirable oligotrophication through informed decision making based on appreciation of the consequences of nutrient reduction to the fishery resource. 118 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE THE METABOLISM OF PYRENE BY TWO MICROORGANISMS. Jonathan D OllVc and Carol D. Litchfield, Dept, of Biol., George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030. Pyrene, a suspected carcinogen and constituent of creosote, can be used as a sole carbon and energy source by various microorganisms which makes the bioremediation of pyrene possible. Two microorganisms which grow on pyrene were identified and their growth on pyrene was examined. The microorganisms were identified using standard methods: Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis, BIOLOG and 16S rRNA analysis. The first isolate 29L was identified as a member of Pseudomonas fluorescens/putida clad and the yeast 1 ly is tentatively identified as Geotrichum canidum. The two microorganisms were grown with and without nutritional supplements in sidearm flasks on nitrate, ammonia, and ammonia and nitrate minimal media broths with pyrene as a sole carbon and energy source. The pyrene was placed in dialysis tubing and allowed to diffuse into the surrounding media. Both the yeast and the bacterium were shown to use pyrene as evidenced by increases in all cell numbers and increases in ATP. P. fluorescens does not grow with nitrate as the sole nitrogen source despite nitrate reduction in complex media, while G. canidum is able to grow on pyrene with nitrogen as a sole carbon source. GUT CONTENTS OF UNIONIDS FROM THE ZEBRA MUSSEL INFESTED OHIO RIVER, AND FROM ZEBRA MUSSEL-FREE POND REFUGIA. Bruce C. Parker. Catherine M. Gatenby, & Matthew A. Patterson, Dept, of Biol., Va Tech, Blacksburg, Va 24061. Gut contents of unionids collected from areas of the Ohio River with high and low zebra mussel {Dreissena polymorpha) infestation and from unionids held in zebra mussel-free pond refugia in Leetown, WV were examined to identify and quantify algal genera. Algae from the Ohio River and pond refugia also were identified and quantified. Unionids not sacrificed in the field were cleaned and transferred to a quarantine facility for a minimum of 4 weeks prior to transport to zebra-free refugia; gut contents of unionids from the river, from quarantine, and from specimens held in pond refugia for over 1 year were compared. The gut contents of mussels revealed much detritus and a wide variety of unicellular, colonial and filamentous algae, which included mostly diatoms, green algae, and blue-green algae. Algal cells ranged 5-100 pm, the 100 pm for filaments. Cell numbers in the guts ranged lO'^-IO® cells/mL. Unionids from ponds expectedly had gut contents similar to the pond plankton. Apparently feeding is relatively non-selective as a wide variety of plankton are ingested. USE OF GLYCOGEN LEVELS TO ASSESS THE GENERAL HEALTH OF UNIONIDS FROM THE ZEBRA MUSSEL INFESTED OHIO RIVER AND FROM QUARANTINE. Matthew A. Patterson and Bruce C. Parker, Dept, of Biol., Va Tech, Blacksburg, Va 24061. During the summer of 1 996, 500 specimens of Amblema plicata and Quadrula pustuhsa were collected from the Ohio River. Ten specimens of each were sacrificed in the field from areas of low zebra mussel {Dreissena polymorpha) infestation (0.3 zebra mussels/m^) and high zebra mussel infestation (>300 hundred zebra mussels/m^). Mussels not sacrificed in the field were transported to a quarantine facility and sacrificed at the end of one week, two weeks and four weeks prior to transport to pond refugia. Mussels were not fed to determine the impacts of starvation during quarantine. Mean glycogen levels (mg glycogen/g wet weight tissue) of A. plicata from the high infested site were significantly lower (2.73 mg/g) than those from the low infested site (8.08 mg/g){p = 0.05). Glycogen levels also dropped significantly at the end of one week of quarantine (p = 0.05). Glycogen levels of Quadrula pustuhsa followed the same pattern except that significant declines in glycogen levels were not observed until the fourth week of quarantine. The data show that increased zebra mussel infestation and starvation during quarantine may result in significant reductions in energy stores of native unionids. PROCEEDINGS 119 MATERIALS IN DRIVER’S EDUCATION MANUALS RELATIVE TO WILD ANIMALS AND ROAD SAFETY. Andrea L. Robinson, Patrick F. Scanlon, & James A. Parkhurst, Dept. Fisheries and Wildl. Sci., Va. Polytechnic Inst. «&. State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Free-running animals are a common occurrence along highways. Hazards include both collisions with animals and accidents resulting from attempted avoidance of animals on roads. Driver’s Education manuals are widely used in instruction of novice drivers on safe driving techniques. As the content of Driver’s Education manuals relative to dangers of animals on roads varies, copies of manuals were requested from all United States and territories and from several foreign sources. All information pertaining to animals contained in those driver’s education manuals received, was reviewed and categorized from 42 of the United States and from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, as well as from Ontario, Canada, from Victoria, Australia, from Ireland and from the United Kingdom. Of the 42 United States manuals reviewed, 20 had specific advice about coping with animals on the road; 25 used signs involving animals as illustrations; 6 dealt specifically with deer; while 14 referred to farm animals (horseback riders, animal-drawn vehicles, range animals). Both the Ontario and Victoria manuals provided a considerable range of advice relative to animals on the roads and the United Kingdom and Irish materials had advice relative to livestock on the roads. The consideration given in Drivers Education manuals to animal-related risks seems limited, particularly in giving specific advice to anticipate and deal with problems. FLUORIDE CONTENTS OF VIRGINIA WHITE-TAILED DEER IN RELATION TO FLUORIDE RELATED TOOTH LESIONS. Michael V. Schiavone, Patrick F. Scanlon, and Luz M. Borrero-Yu, Dept. Fisheries and Wildl. Sci., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. White¬ tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) jaws were collected from hunters during fall 1994 and teeth were examined for lesions possibly associated with fluorides and had fluoride concentrations of bones measured as ppm dry weight. Tooth lesions when present were scored on a 0-5 scale (Shupe et al. 1963, Am. J. Vet. Res. 24:624). Age and sex were recorded for the sampled deer. Lesion values of 0 (n = 42), 1 (n ™ 41), 2 (n ” 13), and 3 (n = 2) were recorded for incisors; fluoride concentrations of bones were extremely low (mean values of less than 1 ppm dry weight). As fluoride values were sufficiently low that meaningful relationships with tooth lesions were difficult to establish. Meaningiul relationships to sex and age were also difficult to establish. The findings are of interest, however, the fluoride concentrations were greatly lower than concentrations recorded for deer species elsewhere. MECHANISMS BEMM) REDUCED DECOMPOSITION OF RED MAPLE (ACER RUBRUM) LEAVES IN A COPPER-CONTAMINATED STREAM. Alicia S. Schultheis & A C. Hendricks*, Dept, of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 24061-0406. We investigated two possible mechanisms behind reduced decomposition of Acer rubrum leaves in a copper-contaminated stream. Mechanisms studied included: direct inhibition of processing due to ambient copper concentrations and indirect inhibition through the accumulation of copper on the leaves. Correlation an^ysis showed that copper accumulated on the leaves in a stochastic fashion that was unrelatal to the ambient copper concentrations (r=0.2457, p>0.05) and that the amount of copper accumulated on leaves was not related to the decomposition rate (r=-0.1790, p>0.05). While copper accumulations on the leaves were not significantly correlated with the decomposition rate, the ambient copper concentrations were, specially when data from Fall 1994, when temperature was the most important determinant of decomposition rate, was excluded (r=0.5639, f^.Ol). Our findings indicate that there is a thr^old at 0.01 mg/L, below which ambient copper concentrations do not substantially inhibit leaf processing. Since other studies have shown that microbial activity is inhibited at concentrations as low as 0.0025 mg/L, it is unlikely that the abrupt changes in the da»mposition rate we observed at 0.0 1 mg/L were due to inhibition of leaf conditioning. Rather, the inaction in the de^mposition rate at ambient copper concentrations greater than 0.01 mg/L is more likely due to the inhibition of shredders. COMPARISON OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENTS AND ULVA LATUCA (ULVACEAE) AT A SITE IN THE YORK RIVER, VIRGINIA, AND IN A MICROCOSM. Anne Simpson and S. B. Gough, Dept, of Biol., Mary Washington Col., Fredericksburg, Va 22401 . A suite of heavy metal values were determined in sediments and in sea lettuce in both the estuarine system and a microcosm designed to emulate the estuary. It was predicted that at least some metals would retain high values because of industrial activity upstream in the estuary. However, our results demonstrate little, if any, elevation in either the sediments or the algae. One question that has not been addressed however is the loading rate of sediments at the natural site. It is possible that values are elevated below the point at which we took samples. Further study is required to elucidate the factors between industry effluents and flux in the estuary. In any event, the microcosm values were very close to the York River concentrations. 120 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE USE OF THE IN VITRO BRAINSTEM PREPARATION OF RANA CATESBEIANA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT COMPUTER MODEL FOR LEAD NUEROTOXICITY AND IMMUNOTOXICITY. V.L. Willis, E.G. Smith, Ph.D., and J.A. Wise, Ph.D. The Dept, of Biol. Sci., Hampton Univ., Hampton, VA and Ctr. For Sleep and Resp. Neurobiol. Univ. of Pa School of Med., Phila. PA. To date no complete paradigm exists that satisfactorily integrates both the proposed anatomical and functional substrates of lead induced neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity'. Preliminary^ studies have been conducted using the in vitro brainstem preparation of the larval form of Rona catesbeiana which show rhythmic neural activity' related to lung and gill ventilation. This reduces some of the uncertainty in risk assessment for lead exposure. Discharges of the facial motor nucleus were recorded extracellularly. Altering the pC02 in the superfusate changes the frequency of the lung, but not the gill-related signal. A whole body exposure system was used for toxicity testing. The distribution of mortality vs. concentration of lead was plotted from the 24 hr acute toxicity test (n=6 for each concentration). The % mortality was: Control 0%; Ippm 0%, 5ppm 0%, lOppm 66.5%, 20 ppm, 100%, 30 ppm 100%. The LC50 (5.7 ppm) was determined using EPA probit analysis software. These data support the hypothesis that Rana catesbeiana’s ventilatory responses to changes in CO2 can be monitored to signal potential neurotoxic risk due to low concentration lead exposure. This model may also be ideal to monitor the immunotoxic effects of lead. These data will be used to continue to develop a physiologically-based computer model for lead toxicity' reduction evaluations and to compare the effectiveness of different treatment technologies. THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY LEAD ON TAIL REGENERATION IN EASTERN RED-SPOTTED NEWTS (NOTOPHTHALMUS VIRIDESCENS). R. L. Woods and P. F. Scanlon, Dept. Fisheries and Wildl. Sci., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. In recent years, there has been an increase in concern about declining amphibian populations. There have been several proposed reasons for the declines. One proposed cause is pollution. Previous studies have shown that amphibians will accumulate lead in their tissues and that lead- enriched water causes behavioral changes which could make individuals more susceptible to predation. This study was initiated to look at the possible role of lead in amphibian population declines. We examined the effects of lead on captive adult eastern red-spotted newts and looked at the combined effects of lead and amount of food consumed on tail regeneration. Treatment groups included all permutations of lead vs. no lead, feeding 3X/week vs. IX/week, and tail removed (partial) vs. tail intact. Treatment lasted for 5 weeks. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. The amount of food consumed was affected by the frequency of feeding, while there were interactive effects of lead and tail removal and of lead and frequency of feeding on food consumption. The amount of tail regenerated over the course of the study was affected by the presence of lead in the diet. Body mass gained or lost was affected by lead in the diet, frequency of feeding, and the interaction of all factors tested. Preliminary evidence indicates that lead does have an adverse effect on newts and warrants further study. THE EFFECTS OF POWER LINE RIGHT-OF-WAY ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, AND SMALL MAMMALS ON PATUXENT RESEARCH REFUGE. R. L. Woods and D. C. Forester, Biology Department, Towson State University, Towson, MD 21204. A power line right-of- way is often managed very differently than the surrounding area and the vegetative community is structurally very different. To examine the effect of a right-of-way (R.O.W.) on the distribution of reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals, we set up a series of trapping arrays within the right-of-way, along the edge, and within the surrounding forest. We sampled a total of 6 sites, with 3 trapping arrays at each site. Traps were monitored 4 days a week from April 1, 1995 - November 7, 1995 and February 23, 1996 - April 22, 1996. Individuals captured were given a trap-specific mark. Data were analyzed using a one-way Analysis of Variance. During the trapping seasons, we captured a total of 1779 individual amphibians of 17 species, 112 reptiles of II species, and 628 small mammals of 9 species. Overall, amphibians showed decreased abundance in the R.O.W. Snakes, the most frequently captured reptiles, were most abundant in the R.O.W., with relatively few individuals captured in either the forest or the edge. The three species of small mammals which were captured in large numbers varied in their distribution depending on the habits of the individual species. It is unclear whether the decrease in abundance of amphibians within the R.O.W. is a function of the R.O.W, itself or the result of the distance the R.O.W. is from natal ponds. PROCEEDINGS 121 LOGGING THE TOLEDO DISTRICT BELIZE, CENTRAL AMERICA AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE INDIGENOUS MAYA. Laura Wyatt and Michael L. Bass, Environmental Science & Geology, Mary Washington College. The worldwide rate of deforestation is highest in the Central America subregion. One cause is the rapid incursion of multi¬ national Asian logging companies into poorer developing countries like Belize. Atlantic Industries, a Malaysian company, is logging in the southern Toledo district of Belize ignoring the agreed management plan and local laws. Infractions have caused increased erosion, polluted waterways and mud-mired roads. The subsistence Maya farmers living near the Columbia Forest Reserve (CFR) and elsewhere suffer from these incursions by logging companies on land where they tenuously live. The CFR is being logged despite environmentalist' objections that its endangering the biodiversity. Mahogany trees are being logged three times their sustainable rate. Enforcing the management plan and local laws, inclusion of local people in decision making, Maya land sovereignty, and developing more sustainable tourism industries, would support better land management and curb deforestation in the Toledo district. KIDNEY FAT INDICES IN HUNTER-KILLED MULE DEER FROM COLORADO. J. F. Zohn, Jr., P. F. Scanlon and M. A. Cochran, Dept. Fisheries and Wildl. Sci., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. The Kidney Fat Index (KFI) is a ratio of perirenal fat mass to kidney mass and is used to assess body condition of a wide range of species. KFI and body mass were recorded for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) harvested during 1993 and 1994 from habitats in central Colorado. Two populations were sampled, one from the U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA) and another at the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site (PCMS). Deer were grouped by collection period (Period 1, Oct. 09 through Nov. 20; Period 2, Nov. 21 through Dec. 29). Age classes were determined for USAFA deer and were 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 years and older. Body mass, KFI and kidney mass were higher (P < 0.001) for males from the PCMS site and body mass and KFI were lower (P < 0.001) in Period 1 than Period 2. For females harvested from the USAFA site, KFI and kidney mass differed (P < 0.001) with respect to age, and body mass differed (P < 0.001) for both effects of age and collection period. Differences in KFI and body mass of males from the USAFA site were significant (P < 0.001) for age class and collection period, and kidney mass differed (P < 0.001) with respect to age only. Regression analysis showed a positive but moderate correlation between kidney weight and body weight for both males (r^ = 0.51) and females (r^ = 0.29). When both age and sex are considered, KFI appears to be an adequate indicator of body condition for mule deer during the interval October through December. Geography REMOTE SENSING OF LANDSCAPE PATTERNS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA. Thomas R. Allen. Department of Poli. Sci. and Geography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529-0088. A benchmark program designed to measure progress the community makes toward sustainable development goals is underway. The project incorporates remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) measurements for indicators. A pilot study used Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery to characterize land cover types and patterns in the Eastern Shore watersheds. Land cover patterns in three coastal basins were compared using landscape pattern metrics. Results indicate that agricultural land use is potentially more extensive in bay estuaries than small sea-side basins. Watershed corridors are more extensive and functionally integi'ated by riparian and shoreline buffer zones in sea-side basins. The methods employed will provide helpful indicators for watershed management strategies that are linked to environmental integrity issues in sustainable development. The integrated GIS will next incorporate socio-economic, cultural, and environmental data sets to allow cross-analysis, display, querying, and mapping of landscape data. 122 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE SPATIAL ASPECTS OF THE INCIDENCE AND DIFFUSION OF AEDESALBOPlCTUS(/^\AN TIGER) MOSQUITO, HAMPTON ROADS, VIRGINIA C Inhn Neely Thomas AUen, & Justin Friberg Dqjt. of Geography, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. Globally, A. albopictus mosquitoes are recog¬ nized as important vectors of arboviruses. The appearance of the mosquito in Hamjrton Roads is an im¬ portant link in the component nidality exposing humans to disease. In this stu^ a Geographic Inform¬ ation System (GIS) has been combined with landscape epidemiology to provide surveillance of the area's disease ecology. A data base format was established alloiving sampled data to be mai^ied using GIS. This database, the CDCs Epilnfo software utilized address matching with a GPS correct^ GIS base map to geocode sample incidence within a single block resolution. The product is a temporal dififtision of^. albopictus in a format rea70%; .3. All liquid inclusions; and 4. C02-bcanng inclusions. Low-\apor inclusions arc most abundant; CO;-bcaring inclusions arc rare. Vapor-rich and liquid-rich inclusions occur along separate fractures. All liquid inclusions occur in fractures that cut other inclusion trains at high angles. Salinities in low-vapor inclusions range up to 20 wt.% NaCl equivalent. SHRINK-SWELL PROPERTIES OF THE CREEDMOOR SOIL, CHESTERFIELD COLINTY, VIRGINIA. Christy L. Hudson and Brain C. Aster, Dept, of Geology and Environmental Studies, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807. Expansive soils which exhibit potentially damaging shrink-swell behavior underlie stme om fifth of ftie United State. According to the Federal Energy Management Agency, expansive soils cause more damage to structures all other natural hazards combined. Over the past decade a number of homes in the Brandermill development of Chesterfield County, Virginia, were found to be damaged by expansive soils mapped in the Creedmoor Series. For this study, 5 samples (labeled A through E) of Cr^dmoor B horizon matCTial WCTe collected and teted using a Poteitial Volume Change (PVC) instrument. Prior to testing, the soils were air dried in the lab, disaggregated, and 7.5% water by dry wt. of soil was added. Each soil was tested twice using the test method recommended for the Model C-260 Soil Volume Change Meter. Results of the two tests were averaged and plotted- Using a curve supplied by the manufacturer, test dial values were equated to a swell index in Ibs/ft^. Using this system the five Creedmoor samples rated as follows: Sample B rated as Marginal (1675-3200 Ibs/ft^), Sample D rated as Critical (3200-4725 Ibs/ft ) and Samples A, C and E rated as Very Critical (>4725 Ibs/ft^. Many shallow foundations and basement walls are subject to serious structural damage when e?q)osed to swelling pressures of this magnitude. It is concluded that the Creedmoor soils of Chesterfield County, should be tested for shrink-swell behavior prior to any construction and proper design practices incorporate! where critical expansions are indicated. MINERAL CHEMISTRY OF HEAVY MINERALS IN THE OLD HICKORY DEPOSIT, SUSSEX AND DINWIDDIE COUNTIES, VIRGINIA- Edward F. Lener, Dept, of Geological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. The Old Hickory is the largest of a series of Pliocene (?) age heavy mineral sand deposits in Virginia and North Carolina. The high density (specific gravity of 2.9 or greater) of heavy minerals allows for selective concentration during fluvial and/or marine transport. Under the right conditions, placer deposits of considerable size can be formed. The elliptically shaped ore body of the Old Hickory Deposit extends in a North - South direction and is approximately 13 km (8 miles) long and up to 2.5 km (1.5 miles) wide, with an average thickness of 6.5 m (20 feet). The deposit lies along the Fall Zone, where a thin wedge of Cenozoic Coastal Plain sediments meets the older rocks of the Piedmont Region. The principal minerals of economic interest found in the heavy mineral sands at the site are ilmenite (FeTiOj), leucoxene (Fe2.xTi3.^^09+J5;2) where x < 2, rutile (Ti02), and zircon (ZrSi04). An important focus of the present study is the alteration of ilmenite by leaching away of iron, which results in enrichment in titanium. As the value of the ore is heavily dependent on the titanium content, the weathering process is a matter of considerable interest to the mineral industry. PROCEEDINGS 127 INVESTIGATION OF THE EARLY STAGES OF CLAY MINERAL FORMATION ON WEATHERED SILICATE SURFACES. Jodi .1. Rosso and J. Donald Rimstidt*, Dept, of Geological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. In pH 4.0 HNO3, 10 ppm AH+ solutions, at 25^C a thin coating of a Mg, Al, Si-rich precipitate forms on dissolving forsterite (MgzSiO-,) surfaces within 9 days of exposure. These experiments were conducted in an externally-recycled mixed-flow reactor. To constrain the solution composition, the dissolution of forsterite was first studied i n pH 4.0 HNO3 solutions. At pH 4.0, the rates of Si and Mg release from forsterite surfaces are 1.37 x 10"‘° mol/mVsec and 3.21 x 10">° mol/m^/sec, respectively. When pH 4.0, 10 ppm AD"^ solutions were pumped into the system, the Si and Mg release rates dramatically decrease over a 9 day period, to the point where Si and Mg could no longer be detected by our analytical methods (<0.05 ppm for both Si & Mg). After 2 weeks of reaction, the solids were removed from the reactor, rinsed in DDi-H20 and dried in air. When dried, a thin, flaky precipitate spalled off the outside of the forsterite grains. This material is X-ray amorphous. Micro-FTIR analyses suggest that these precipitates are hydrous as indicated by the strong absorbance around 3600 cm '. Electron microprobe analyses reveal that these flakes have a Mg:A:Si cation ratio of 0.4:2:8. It appears that this material is similar to palygorskite (Mg,A)3 5Si802o(OH)2«(H20)4. These results demonstrate the intimate chemical link between dissolving minerals and the formation of secondary phases, such as clays. SPECTROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REACTIVITY OF SULHDE SURFACES. Kevin M. Rosso* and Michael F. Hochella Jr., Dept, of Geological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst, and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Various surfaces of galena, pyrite, and covellite single crystals are being mvestigated with a number of surface sensitive techniques towards an end of understanding the fundamental nature of sulfide surface reactivity. Pristine surfaces of these minerals and their chemical behavior when exposed to controlled doses of O2, H2O, and mixtures thereof, are being studied in ultra-high vacuum (UHV), the only environment where experimental variables can be constrained with a suitable level of chemical isolation. The atomic-scale surface electronic structure of the unreacled and reacted surfaces are being investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (UHVSTM/STS) with interpretative support from quantum mechanical calculations. Pristine fracture surfaces of these minerals are generated either in UHV or in an inert nitrogen atmosphere before performing analyses. Growth surfaces of pyrite are being studied for the purpose of comparing their reactivities with that of the fractured surfaces. Pyrite growth surfaces are atomically cleaned (as documented with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and reordered (as documented with low-energy electron diffraction) in UHV using cycles of 200 eV He"*" sputtering and thermal annealing to 300°C. UHVSTM/STS data on unreacted galena, pyrite, and covellite demonstrate their distinctly different electronic structures. At a larger scale, growth surfaces of pyrite studied-to-date exhibit significant nanometer-scale roughness and pitting, as observed with UHVSTM, the effects of which may have substantial implications towards our perception of surface reaction controls. ALTERNATING DIATOMITE-MUDSTONE STRATA IN THE EARLY PLIOCENE TRINIDAD FORMATION, SAN JOSE DEL CABO BASIN OF SOUTHERN BAJA, MEXICO. Christopher L. Ruoe and Parvinder S. Sethi, Dept, of Geology, Radford Univ., Radford, VA 24142. The San Jose del Cabo basin is a classic extensional, rift-type basin located in the southern Baja region of Mexico. The basin contains middle Miocene to Recent sediments which in turn overlie pre-Tertiary igneous and metamorphic basement rocks. Previous research on the Trinidad Formation strata suggests the sediments accumulated during a larger-scale, eustatic, marine transgression during the middle Miocene. The objective of this study was to decipher signatures of higher frequency (order of hundreds of thousands of years) sea-level changes as preserved in the middle Miocene strata. Detailed stratigraphic analysis of the middle Trinidad Formation reveals the presence of cm-scale, alternating layers of diatomite and mudstone. Calcium carbonate data reveals consistently lower carbonate contents in the mudstone layers as compared to the diatomite strata. Integrated analysis involving macrostmctures, grain-size distribution, diatom mounts, and inorganic carbon contents suggests accumulation of the diatomite-mudstone couplets in a protected marine shelfal environment. The mudstone strata are interpreted as reflecting times of increased terrigenous sedimentation as a consequence of fluctuations in mesoscale stonn events or climate on a hundred thousand year time scale. 128 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE SHALLOW SUBSURFACE GEOPHYSICAL STUDY ALONG THE MOUNTAIN RUN FAULT NEAR CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA. William J. Seaton. 4044 Derring Hall, Dept, of Geological Sciences, Va. Tech, Blacksburg, Va.24061. A series of surface resistivity profiles and VLF (Very Low Frequency) electromagnetic traverses in the vicinity of the Mountain Run Fault near Albemarle County, Virginia, reveal the shallow subsurface expression of the steeply dipping strata of the easternmost Blue Ridge Province and the low angle Mountain Run thrust fault of the Western Piedmont Province. Also seen in these surveys is the near-surface expression of sub-vertical fractures that may be associated with the downward flow of groundwater. The difference in water content between the relatively diy and steeply dipping Candler phyllites and schists, and the more porous Everona Limestone causes a sharp contrast in formation resistivities and provides a means of detection via the resistivity profiles. This contrast also exists between the Everona Limestone and the Mine Run Complex metasedimentary rocks. The variability in water content also changes the electromagnetic conductivity of the earth allowing for detection of water bearing zones with VLF methods. The results of the geophysical methods used here are consistent with mapped surface geology, reflection seismic data, and water well data in the study area. MILANKOVITCH-BAND CLIMATE CHANGES AND RELATIONSHIP TO GENERATION OF HYDROCARBONS: EXAMPLES FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN CRETACEOUS AND PENNSYLVANIAN DEPOSITS. Parvinder S. Sethi, Dept, of Geology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142. In recent years, concepts of sequence stratigraphy have greatly aided our understanding of the relationship between formation of source rocks and control of longer-term (i.e. first through third-order) sea-level changes. The exact manner in which higher- frequency (Milankovitch band) climate cycles may have impacted preservation of labile organic matter in fine-grained successions, however, is not as clear. The application of high-resolution, chronostratigraphic techniques to correlation of basinal-scale, fine-grained strata has significantly enhanced our ability to decipher signatures of 100 kyr-scale climate changes preserved in the stratigraphic record. This paper presents results of two studies, both aimed at investigating the relationship between climate change and preservation of organic matter. One study involves the Cenomanian/Turonian, Tropic Shale strata which accumulated in the prodeltaic setting of the Western Interior Basin. The other study focuses on deciphering probable mechanism(s) responsible for mm-scale fluctuations in the amount of total organic carbon preserved within the Missourian, Eudora Core Black Shale in Eastern Kansas. HIGH-RESOLUTION EVENT STRATIGRAPHY OF THE EARLY PLIOCENE DIATOM- RICH TRINIDAD FORMATION; SANTIAGO, SOUTHERN BAJA PENINSULA OF MEXICO. Jason B. Shelton and Parvinder S. Sethi, Dept, of Geology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142. A recently mapped site in the Southern Baja Peninsula, Mexico contains sediments ranging in age from the middle Miocene to Pleistocene. Detailed stratigraphic analyses of the middle Trinidad Formation by Rupe and Sethi (1997) reveals the presence of cm- scale, alternating strata of diatomites and mudstones. The objective of this study was to conduct a high-resolution (cm-scale) paleoenvironmental assessment of a part of the stratigraphic section at the El Torete site, containing the thickest strata (upto 75 cm thick) of diatomite. Analysis of weight % calcium carbonate trends in conjunction with macrostructures and grain-size distribution reveals that: 1) the diatomite layers are characterized by higher CaCOj contents relative to the mudstones, and 2) there is little fluctuation in the CaC03 contents within the thick diatomite layers themselves. Integration of the available sedimentologic and geochemical data suggests that the thick diatomite strata reflect accumulation under conditions of sustained, high primary productivity in an ancient, protected, outer shelf environment. PROCEEDINGS 129 ORIENTATIONS AND MAGNITUDES OF PALEOSTRESS IN THE GREAT VALLEY PROVINCE OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA. Ginger L. Vaughn. R.D. Law, Dept, of Geol. Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. 24060. Compression axes after Turner (1953) have been calculated for both matrix cements and younger fracture fills in late Cambrian to Middle Ordovician age limestone samples from the North Mountain thrust sheet. Paleostress magnitude estimates using the Rowe and Rutter (1990) twin density technique indicate a differential stress of 240± 3 1 MPa for samples collected from both limbs of the syncline. Three distinct patterns of paleostress orientations (compression directions) have been detected in the samples; each pattern is observed on both the NW and SE limbs of the syncline. The first pattern, exhibited by calcite grains cementing late fractures, is characterized by a maximum of compression axes oriented sub-perpendicular to bedding possibly indicating either thrust sheet loading or stress refraction associated with folding. Samples in which calcite grains from both fracture fills and earlier matrix cements were measured are characterized by a bimodal distribution of compression axes - the first point maximum being oriented sub-perpendicular to bedding, the second maximum placing compression directions at low to moderate angles to bedding. Restoration of bedding to horizontal results in these compression axes plunging to either the SE or NW, sub-parallel to the regional thrust transport direction. The third pattern, originating from early cements, places compression directions plunging to the NE-SW at angles which are sub-parallel to bedding. These compression directions seem to correlate with local structures oblique to regional strike. GEOLOGY AND THE CIVIL WAR IN SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA; THE SMYTH COUNTY SALT WORKS. Robert C. Whisonant , Dept, of Geology, Radford Univ. , Radford, VA 24142. When the opening guns of the American Civil War thundered at Fort Sumter in April 1861, Virginia was by far the major mineral-producing state in the South. During the conflict, the Old Dominion supplied enormous quantities of salt, lead, iron, niter (saltpeter), and coal to the Confederate war machine. Except for the coal, which ceune primarily from the Richmond Mesozoic Basin, nearly all of these strategic materials were produced west of the Blue Ridge. The salt operations were located at Saltville in northwestern Smyth County in the Valley and Ridge province. Here, an enormous production complex arose to obtain salt from Mississippian evaporite deposits. The salt at Saltville was never mined; rather, it was manufactured through a system of brine wells and pumps, open-shed furnaces, and evaporating kettles. Saltville produced approximately four million bushels in its peak year of 1864, ultimately providing the Confederacy with two-thirds of its total salt supply. The salt works were subjected to a number of attacks by Federal forces throughout the war. Amazingly, the salt operations, along with the Wythe County lead mines and the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad (over which the lead and salt moved), remained intact and operational until near the end of the war. AN OVERVIEW OF THE GEOLOGY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA. G. P. Wilkes. Va. Div. Min. Resources, Charlottesville, Va. 22903, E.W. Spencer, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va. 24450, and N. H. Evans, Va. Div. Min. Resources, Charlottesville, Va. 22903. Rockbridge County, in the Valley and Ridge and Blue Ridge of west central Virginia, contains rocks ranging from Proterozoic to Devonian in age. Recent detailed geologic mapping in preparation for a new l:50,000-scale geologic map of the county, has refined the understanding of the of stratigraphy and structure in many parts of the county. The Middle Ordovician carbonate section in Rockbridge County displays evidence for the transition from the northern Valley “Lincolnshire-New Market” lithologies to that more similar to the Southwest Virginia Middle Ordovician section. Thrust faulting, some of which have been folded by a continuous tectonic event, represents the overall structural style in the Goshen Pass-Mill Mountain area. The southern terminus of the North Mountain fault has been mapped in a anticlinal structure southwest of Collierstown. The Brownsburg window, where Beekmantown dolostone is exposed structurally below the North Mountain fault, has been expanded to include a previously unrecognized area. In the Big Mary’s- Vesuvius area, previously. unmapped faults and folds have produced an intricate map pattern in clastic rocks of the Antietam, Harpers, and Unicoi Formations. Thrust faults in Cambrian cover rocks in the Irish Creek area map into cataclastic shear zones in granulites and leucogranites of the Blue Ridge basement complex. 130 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN MILLBORO SHALE AT BULLPASTURE MOUNTAIN, HIGHLAND COUNTY, VA: PRELIMINARY RESULTS. Woodard. Martin J. and Sethi, Parvinder S., Dept, of Geology, Radford Univ., Radford, VA 24142. A 950-foot road cut on Bullpasture Mountain, Highland County, Virginia was examined for its sedimentological and engineering properties. Stratigraphically the section contains the Lower Devonian Needmore Shale, the Tioga Bentonite, and Middle to Upper Devonian Millboro Shale. A progressive change in the level of benthic oxygenation from oxic to dysoxic/anoxic is evidenced by variations in sediment color, ichnofabric indices and amount of pyritization. Moreover, benthic change is suggested by a calcareous zone in the Millboro exhibiting concretions as large as three feet in diameter. Slope stability is controlled by bedding planes dipping at approximately 45® with the dip direction 50 into the outcrop with respect to the orientation of the road. Stability of the strata is further complicated due to presence of major joint and fracture patterns. A section exhibiting anthracitic characteristics and slickened bedding planes is also present severely weakening the slope and necessitating support via a rock buttress. Furthermore, the oxidation of pyrite in Millboro poses a significant environmental hazard in the drainage basin due to release of sulfiiric acid. MIDDLE WISCONSIN PALEOCLIMATES IN THE SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA HIGHLANDS. Thomas A. Wynn and G. Richard Wliittecar, Prog. Geological Sciences, Old Dominion Univ,, Norfolk, Va. 23529. In Russell County, Va., a fossil-rich Quaternary deposit lies in a first-order valley on the north-western slope of Clinch Mountain that drains into Moccasin Creek. Preserved within the deposit are mammoth bones, logs, and plant macrofossils. Radiocarbon analyses indicate the age of the organic-rich sediments ranges from 29,100 BP to >44,000 BP, a time period with no fossil remains reported in this region of the Appalachians. The stream which carved the valley was diverted midway down the mountain by a large landslide, presumably before the Late Pleistocene. Debris flows and other alluvial deposits from adjacent streams raised the valley bottom of Moccasin Creek and dammed the abandoned lower valley. Sedimentary processes fluctuated between debris flow activity and deposition in a body of standing water. As much as 5.2 m of organic-rich sediments accumulated in the hollow prior to 29,000 BP. Sedimentation rates increase upward through the section from 0.009 cm/yr to 0.05 cm/yr. After 29,000 BP, debris fan deposits from adjacent valleys buried the site in nearly 5 in of pebbly colluvium. Plant macrofossil evidence indicates the study site had a Boreal type environment from >44,000 BP to 29,000 BP. The slopes of the valley were covered by a spruce/Jack- pine forest and the valley floor was a boggy area with standing water. The forest edges were dominated by the shrub Rubus parviJJorus (Thimble Berry). GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF AN ALLUVIAL FAN COMPLEX, WINTERGREEN, VIRGINA Melinda Youngblood* and G. R. Whittecar Prog, in Geol. Sci., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. Alluvial fans blanket many valley besoms along the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains. In a seven km2 fan omplex in the Rockfish Valley of Virginia, three mappable alluvial surfaces are distinguishable using soil and rock weathering criteria, and tqx)graphic position. Surfici^ fan sediments are clast-supported fluvial deposits that consist primarily of greenstone and chanokite cobbles. These are underlain by a discontinuous, saprolitized unit with similar compositiem and sedimentary structures that is recognized only in outcrops. This unit indicates a period of very prolonged or intense weadiering. The hi^iest surface remnants are the most weathacd with very high clay contents (70-80%), very red soil matrix colors (lOR to 2.5YR), and highly weathered clasts. Fan surfaces of intermediate elevation have high clay contents (60-75%), medium red-to-orange (2.5YR to 7.5YR) colas, and a mixture of rind types mid rock competencies. TTie lowest fan surfaces contain relatively little clay (15-30%), yellow-to-brown (lOYR) colors, and thin pale rinds. Rapid increases in color and clay between lower and higher surfaces may indicate rapid soU development or long periods of time between depositioa Data collected thus &r does not disagree with previous studies of fans on the opposite side of the Ridge that suggested one large tectonically influenced deposit that maybe as old as Miocene, followed by climatically influenced short episodic events. Although evidence from the present study may support these hypotheses, absolute ages of the fan surfaces will be needol for confirmation. PROCEEDINGS 131 Materials Science NANOSTRUCTURED Fe-xAl ALLOYS FORMED BY MECHANICAL PROCESSING. Rama Balasubramanian'. Desmond C. Cook', James C. Rawers^. ’Physics Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529. “U.S. Department of Energy, Albany Research Center, Albany, OR 97321. Blended Fe-xAl (where x = 0-20 wt.%) powders were mechanically processed in argon gas for times of 25, 50, 1 00 and 1 50 hours using an Attritor ball-mill. A study of the development of some of the nanocrystalline and microstructural properties as a function of different processing times was perfomied. Processing in an inert gas environment resulted in a continuous decrease in the grain size for aluminium concentrations up to 5 wt%. However, for aluminium concentration above 8' wt.%, the grain size decreased quickly for processing times less than 50 hours and then remained constant. For a processing time of 150 hours, the lattice parameter increased continuously as a function of aluminium concentration up to and including 10 Aluminium was present predominantly at the grain boundaries, and the lattice was highly strained. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR CLAMPING FORCE MEASUREMENTS ON ELECTROSTATIC CHUCKS. Jesus Noel Calata & Guo-Quan Lu*, Depl. of Materials Science and Engineering. Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 240614)237. Wafer handling equipment play an important role in semiconductor wafer processing. Electrostatic wafer chucks are intended to replace the mechanical chucks that are currently used and eliminate most of the problems associated with mechanical chucks such as temperature uniformity, wafer flatness and particle contamination. An inexpensive apparatus was designed and fabricated to quickly measure the clamping force developed in electrostatic chucks. A load cell attached to a flat electrode that is in direct contact with the dielectric coating of the chuck is used to measure the clamping force. The chuck is mounted on top of a disk heater to allow clamping force measurements to be made above room temperature. Measurements obtained using the set-up show that the clamping force is proportional to the square of the applied voltage as predicted by mathematical models. At present, the apparatus can only be used at moderately high temperatures due to limits on the operating temperature of the load cell. Modifications are also ncccssar>' for accurate determination of the dcchucking characteristics of electrostatic chucks. IRON-ZINC PHASE MODIFICATION IN GALV ANNEALED STEEL Trevor O. Coddington & Desmond C. Cook, Dept, of Physics, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. Galvanneal steel is widely used within the international automotive industry to increase corrosion resistance of automobile body paneling. By allowing steel to anneal after hot-dip galvanizing, iron-zinc intermetallic phases foim within the coating. Aluminum added to the galvanizing bath before annealing is believed to modify the formation of iron-zinc phases and to some extent control the coating characteristics of commercially produced galvanneal steel sheet. Our research is primarily concerned with the effect aluminum has on suppression or enhancement of the particular iron-zinc alloy phases present within the coating during galvannealing. The microstructure of commercially simulated galvanneal steel coatings was studied with aluminum contents of 0.1 1 and 0.15 weight percent, anneal temperatures of 482°C and 538®C, and varying anneal hold times between 0 and 25 seconds. Scattering Mossbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction were used to identify all iron-zinc phases in the approximately 10 pm thick coatings. Conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy was used to identify the outer surface layer of these coatings. Phase formation as a function of aluminum content in the galvanizing bath, anneal time, and anneal temperature will be presented. 132 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION IN MEXICC/. Desmond C. Cook'. Sei J, Oh', Ann C. Van Orden^ and Juan J. Carpio^. 'Department of Physics, “Department of Mechanical Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, and ^Programa de Corrosion del Golfo de Mexico, Universidad Autonoma de Campeche, Mexico. The regions surrounding the Gulf of Mexico have some of the harshest environmental conditions in the world. Recently, a collaborative research program was formulated to address the issues involving corrosion in Mexico with the aim of providing performance data on U.S. and Mexican produced structural steels which will be exposed at 12 sites between Mexico city and Campeche. The initial findings concerning the atmospheric parameters show that time-of-wetness, chloride and sulfide concentrations at many locations are far higher than at any location in the United States. The site corrosion classifications of the International Standards Organization (ISO) find nearly all the Gulf sites falling into class 5, the most aggressive. This shows an inadequacy in the classification scheme since the corrosivity at many sites, although very high, is different. Initial carbon steel corrosivity data shows that some sites promote nearly twice the coiTOsion rate (300 pm/year) than that observed at the most aggressive site in the U.S. (160 pm/year). This is most likely due to the high combined chloride and sulfide pollutants, a situation which does not exist in the U.S. ^ N.S.F. Awai'd: rNT-96-02990. INFLUENCE OF PLASMA COMPOSITION ON NIj AL FOIL QUALITY, Vincent H. Hammond. Dana M. Elzey, and Frank E. Wawner, Dept, of Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Va., Charlottesville, Va. 22903. Recently, interest in intermetallic matrix composites (IMC) has grown in response to demands for structural materials capable of operating at elevated temperatures. One such system currently under investigation is AI2O3 fiber-reinforced NisAl. NiaAl is attractive for use at elevated temperatures due to its good oxidation and corrosion resistance, its low density, and superior strength retention at higher temperatures. Traditionally, IMCs have been produced by the foil/fiber/foil process, in which alternating layers of foil and fibers are stacked together for subsequent consolidation. Plasma spray deposition ofiers an alternative approach in w'hich less expensive matrix powder is used. Molten droplets are created by injecting powder into a plasma torch. The droplets are then directed onto a substrate where they solidiiy to form a thin foil, or monotape, of material. Prior to manufacturing fiber- reinforced tapes, it is important to understand the influence that plasma gas composition has on the quality of deposited matrix foils. Tapes have been produced using both argon/hydrogen (Ar/H2) and argon/helium (Ar/He) plasmas. Brittleness and poor surface quality were significant problems with foils produced using the Ar/H2 plasma. The brittleness of the foil is attributed to the pickup of excess hydrogen during the deposition process. Microstructural studies revealed the cause of the poor surface quality to be the widespread distribution of micron sized particles on the foil surface. Both problems were eliminated when an Ar/He plasma was used in the deposition process. The improvement in foil ductility is explained by an approximate 7 fold reduction in hydrogen content. Examination of the foil surfaces revealed that the small particles present on the Ar/H2 foil were absent from the surface of the Ar/He deposit. INTERFACE ENGINEERING OF POWER ELECTRONIC MULTI-LAYERED DEVICES. Ashim Shatil Hague & Guo-Quan Lu*, Dept, of Materials Science and Engineering, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0237. Several issues related to first generation PEBB (Power Electronic Building Block) and the development of new PEBB structures with optimized materials selection and processing techniques is the main focus of this research. Various packaging technologies and substrate materials are being thoroughly examined for miniaturized power circuits including metals, ceramics, tape ceramics, laminated to high-performance ceramics, coppcr-clad ceramics, metal matrix composites and other state of the art engineered materials. Potential value of using new materials to replace the metal core, the heal spreader and the substrate in developing novel PEBB structures are also being investigated. Determination and evaluation of bonding techniques and the effects of interfaces and interlayers (based on the selected bonding techniques) on the properties of the assembled structure arc being studied for efficient packaging. The overall optimization of these aforementioned parameters will ensure a strongly bonded PEBB package with c.xccllcnt electrical and thermal management. PROCEEDINGS 133 TRANSPARENT ABRASION RESISTANT SOL-GEL COATINGS. Km Jordens and Garth Wilkes*, Dept, of Chem. Engr., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA. 24061- 0211. Using a modified sol-gel approach, highly abrasion resistant coatings can be made for metal substrates. Triethoxysilane ftinctionalized organics combined with metal alkoxides in the sol-gel reaction can co-condense to form direct covalent bonds between the inorganic and organic components in the resulting three dimensional network. Incorporation of organics can reduce shrinkage upon curing and also lend flexibility. Thermal curing at elevated temperatures (in the range of 175°C for one hour) produces a uniform, highly abrasion resistant coating of ca. 2 microns in thickness. Such a coating on polished aluminum exhibits excellent adhesion. Folding such a coated specimen back upon itself (“OT fold”) will not crack or debond the coating from the polished aluminum. Since mechanical interlocking likely plays little role in the adhesion to this substrate, we propose that the observed adhesion could be the result of direct covalent bonds between the aluminum surface and the coating. This is feasible through the reaction of alkoxysilane groups in the coating formulation with surface hydroxyls on the polished aluminum. Other substrates such as copper, brass, and stainless steel have been observed to benefit by such abrasion resistant coatings analogously. INFLUENCE OF DIETHANOL AMINE ON THE STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS OF MOLDED FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAMS. Bryan D. Kaushiva and Garth L. Wilkes, Chemical Engineering Dept., Va. Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0211. The addition of the cross-linking agent diethanol amine (DEOA) to molded flexible polyurethane foams is common. However, the effect that this has on structure-property relationships of the foams is not well understood. This was studied through the use of solvent extraction, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small and wide angle x-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS). Solvent extraction results indicate that DEOA does increase the covalent nature of the network. However, the DMA and DSC results show that DEOA does not increase the degree of phase mixing between the hard and soft segments in the foam. WAXS indicates that the addition of almost any significant amount of DEOA disrupts the “paracrystalline” ordering of the hard segments. Finally, SAXS reveals systematic increase of long spacing with DEOA addition, which, when considered with the data from the other tests, suggests an increasing size of the hard domains, These results indicate that DEOA largely resides in the hard domains and that the degree of phase separation is not affected. They also suggest that higher temperature physical properties rely more on the covalent network in contrast to the microphase texture of the hard domains. DETERMINATION OF THE CORROSIVE SOLUTION FORMED WITHIN AIRCRAFT LAP-SPLICE JOINTS. Karen S. Lewis & Dr. Robert G. Kelly *, Dept, of Materials Sci. & Eng., Univ. of Va., Charlottesville, VA 22903. As the aircraft fleet ages, the need for accurate predictive corrosion models increases. Occluded sites are important to model due to changes in local chemistry. The lap- splice joint formed at the junction of the aircraft skin suffers extensive corrosion in some cases. The first step is to understand the solutions that evolve during service. The goal of this project is to determine the corrosive species present and make predictions about the effects of these within the lap-splice. The solutions collected are analyzed with capillary electrophoresis (CE) . Common cations found are K'', Al^'", Mg^"", Na"", and Ca^"^ . Common anions are NO2”, Cl', S04^', NOs', F‘, HP04^', and HCOb'. These results cast doubt on use of neutral or acidified 3.5% NaCl as a simulant for conditions within lap-splice joints. The future goals are to obtain and analyze more joints and to refine the model solution. 134 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE MICROBUCKLING IN UNIDIRECTIONAL FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES IN END- LOADED BENDING. Celine Agnes Mahieux and K. L. Reifsnider*, Dcpts. of Materials Engineering and Science and Engineering Science and Mechanics, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ. Black.sburg, VA 24060. The effect of time and temperature on unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites under a quasi-static bending load has been investigated. These materials have been shown to exhibit a viscoelastic behavior. Stress rupture in compression bending at elevated temperatures has been observed for the first time. The matrix undergoes simultaneous creep and relaxation, allowing local buckling of the fibers. The overall failure process of the specimen was found to be driven by the nuclcation and propagation of microbuckles. Microscopic and macroscopic observations enabled a better understanding of the microbuckling process. Three different micromechanical models have been applied to analyze the time-to-failure versus strain behavior at two temperatures - one below and one above the glass transition. ITie first micromechanical model considers the nucleation of the microbuckles as the main cause of failure. In addition, the stiffness and stress distributions at any time before failure are calculated based upon the rotation of the fibers in the damaged regions. The second and last models, based upon a Paris Law and energy considerations, respectively, relate the limc-to-failurc to the propagation of the main microbuckle. For thi.s last model, a good correlation between experimental and theoretical data has been obtained. Finally the inlluence of the temperature on these models has been investigated. (Supported by AFOSR under Grant No. F49620-95-1-0217) MOSSBAUER AND RAMAN STUDIES ON WEATHERING STEELS EXPOSED FOR SIXTEEN YEARS. Sei Jin Oh. D.C. Cook and H.E. Townsend’, Dept, of Physics, Old Dominion Univ. Norfolk, VA 23529, 'Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, PA 18016. The corrosion products formed on six different weathering steels, have been investigated using Mossbauer and Micro-Raman spectroscopies. The coupons were exposed for sixteen years in an industrial environment. a-FeOOH, y-FeOOH, y-FejOj and Fe304 were identified in the corrosion products present on the coupons. The dominant oxide was a-FeOOH or Y"Fe203. The largest relative fractions of nano-sized Y-Fe203 appeared in the corrosion products present on coupons containing high amounts of Si and Cr in the steel substrate. By increasing P content, the relative fraction of a-FeOOH increased in the corrosion products. The corrosion layer generally consisted of an inner layer composed of the a-FeOOH and nano-sized Y-Fe203 phases and an outer layer composed of the a-FeOOH and y-FeOGH phases independent of the weathering steel type. The protective layer present in corrosion products corresponded to the inner layer. By increasing Si and Cr contents, the relative fraction of the protective layer increased, while the corrosion rate decreased. It is concluded that the corrosion resistance of weathering steel increases until increase Si and Cr contents. SEGMENTAL COOPERATIVITY IN GLASS-FORMING MISCIBLE POLYMER BLENDS AND THE INFLUENCE ON STRUCTURAL RELAXATION. Christopher Robertson and Garth Wilkes, Chemical Engineering Department, Polymer Materials and Interfaces Laboratory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0211. Structural relaxation rates for miscible polymer blends of atactic polystyrene (a-PS) and poly(2,6-dimethyl- 1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) were assessed for isothermal aging in the glassy state and compared to the pure polymer relaxation rates. Specifically, volume relaxation rates were measured via dilatometry at 30°C below the inflection glass transition temperature (Tg), and enthalpy relaxation rates were determined for aging at Tg-30°C. The compositional dependence was qualitatively similar for volume relaxation compared to enthalpy relaxation, and the trend featured the blend relaxation rates falling below weighted contributions from the structural relaxation rates of the pure components. The blends exhibited cooperative domains, for dynamic mechanical relaxation at Tg, which possessed greater numbers of segments than expected based upon the values of the neat materials. This indicates that the decreased structural relaxation rates for the blends aged at Tg-30°C were correlated with an increased degree of required segmental cooperativity between relaxing segments in the blends compared to the pure polymers. PROCEEDINGS 135 THE FORMATION OF DISPERSOIDS IN ALUMINUM VIA REACTION PROCESSING. M. T. Stawow. A. O. Aning* and S. L. Kampe*, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061. The use of aluminum alloys at high temperatures requires the use of dispersion strengthening as the primary strengthening mechanism. FBstorically, mechanical alloying (MA), followed by powder metallurgy consolidation techniques, has been used to produce dispersion strengthened aluminum alloys. Surface oxides or other oxides added to the powder mixture were responsible for any strengthening. Using a different approach, this study achieved in-situ formation of dispersoids via MA and displacement reactions. Mixtures of aluminum and Fe203 were produced using MA for various different milling times. The resulting powders were compacted and annealed to initiate a “thermite-type” displacement reaction which produced dispersoids of AI2O3 and Al3Fe. Product dispersoid size was strongly dependent on MA milling time. As MA milling time increased, reaction product size decreased. As a result of the decreased dispersoid size, hardness of the aluminum alloy was markedly increased. THE MEASURED STRESS/STRAIN RESPONSE OF AN ALUMINA FIBER BUNDLE. Paul Cantonwine and Havdn Wadlev. Dept. Mat. Sci. and Engr., University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va 22903. Oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are being developed for high temper¬ ature applications where environmental degradation is a major concern. An important aspect of this development is understanding when and why failure occurs. Our work has concentrated spe¬ cifically on how high temperature affects the reinforcing filaments of an oxide/oxide CMC. Alu¬ mina bundles made by 3M (Nextel 610) were heat treated from 1 100 to 1450 °C for 1 minute. The single filament strengths were measured and the Weibull parameters calculated. The single filament strength was about 3.3 GPa in the as-received condition and dropped to 2.7 GPa after heat treating at 1450 °C. The room temperature bundle stress/strain response was measured and compared to ideal bundle predictions. An ATS 1 100 series and an OPTRA laser extensometer 3000 were used to measure the load and strain directly. The alumina bundles behaved ideally until the heat treatment at 1400 °C. At 1400 and 1450 °C, the ideal bundle model over-predicted the strength significantly. From fractography analysis the lower than expected strengths were attributed to filament/filament sintering. Medical Science EVALUATION OF THE ADJUVANT ACTIVITY OF THE SILICONE COMPONENTS OF MEDICAL DEVICES IN FEMALE B6C3F1 MICE. David M. Barrett. Leon F. Butterworth*, and Kimber L. White, Jr., Dept, of Biomedical Engineering, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va., 23298. Silicone containing devices have long been used as mahcal in^lants. Re^ntly, however, concern has arisen over the ability of sihcone materials to contribute to autoimmune disease by way of their adjuvant properties. The purpose of this studb^ was to ^sess several silicone gels, small linear siloxanes and small q^clic siloxMies for adjuvant potential and investigate their mechanisms of action and thus provide insi^ into their potential to induce autoimmune diseases. The silicones studied included Dow Coming Mammary Gel, Dow Coming Testicular Gel, Mentor Testicular Gel, octamethyltrisiloxane (L3) and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). The silicwie materials were mixai wlh bovme senan albumin (BSA) and injected intramuscularly (i.nL) in female B6C3F 1 mice. Adjuvant activity was quantified by serum antigen-q>^ific IgG antibo C-males, PS-males > C-males; C-females > PS-females). Number of dendritic branches (C-females > C-males, C-females > PS-females). Apical dendritic branch number (C-females > PS-fcmales). Apical dendritic length (C-female > PS-female). Perimeter of perikaryon (C-male < PS-male; C-female > PS-female). PS, then, may induce fundamental alterations of neuronal populations in specific brain regions involved in sexual behavior. Changes in neuronal structure can modify the information-processing capacity of the neuron, thereby vastly altering the “downstream” behavioral outputs. (Supported by NSF & U. of R. research funds.) PROCEEDINGS 139 DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS EFFECTS OF GABA AGONISTS IN SQUIRREL MONKEYS TRAINED TO DISCRIMINATE FCP OR NPC 17742 FROM SALINE. Keith M Golden Jenny L. Wiley, and Robert L. Balster*, Dept, of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23298. Previous studies have shown an overlap in the profile of behavioral effects of GABA agonists and NMDA antagonists. In drug discrimination studies, competitive NMDA antagonists fully substitute for pentobarbital in rats and mice trained to discriminate this GABA agonist from saline. In contrast, non-competitive phencycli(iine(PCP)-like drugs do not substitute for pentobarbital. The present study investigated an array of GABA agonists in two groups of squirrel monkeys trained to discriminate either PCP (0. 1 mg/kg) or the competitive NMDA antagonist NPC 17742 (3 mg/kg) from saline in a standard two-lever drug discrimination procedure under a fixed ratio 30 schedule of food reinforcement. This procedure has been used to predict the subjective effects of novel psychoactive drugs in humans. In the NPC 17742 -trained group, the benzodiazepine diazepam elicited a slight increase in drug lever responding. Other GABA agonists, including muscimol, baclofen, pentobarbital, and valproic acid, failed to produce reliable substitution in either group of monkeys. Combined with the results of previous studies in which a GABA agonist was used as a training drug in drug discrimination, these results suggest that the subjective effects of 10,000 nM) is one of the most selective agents described to date. 142 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN THE MOUSE ANTERIOR PROSTATE; A HISTOLOGICAL VIEW. Roman J. Miller. Dept, of Biol., Eastern Mennonite Univ., Harrisonburg, Va. 22801. To advance our understanding of accessory sex gland growth and function, developmental changes were quantified fi-om Swiss mouse anterior prostates at postnatal ages of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, and 120 days. Tissue samples were processed for histological analysis and morphometrically quantified. Biochemical analyses of tissue DNA and RNA content were spectrophotometrically determined and compared with histological data. Histological and biochemical data revealed a biphasic growth period within the sampled time, where 20-40 days showed a rapid growth spurt, 40-60 days moderate growth, and post 60 days a growth plateau. Based on percent volume density values, stromal tissues were elevated during early development and then declined as glandular and lumen components rapidly increased in days 30-50. Day 40 was a pivotal day, when epithelial cells were the largest (day 40 cross- sectional area = 240 pm^; day 20 = 70 pm^; day 120 = 135 pm^), nuclei profiles were the largest (day 40 = 50 pm^; day 20 = 35 pm^; day 120 25 pm^), and lumen secretions were first seen. Based on these data, puberty onset occurs at day 30 and lasts through day 50, after which early sexual maturity is seen in these mice. Supported by D.B. Suter Endowment, LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS IN RAT MYOCARDIUM. B. MoIvneux & K.E. Loesser, Dept, of Biol. Sci., Mary Washington ColL, Fredericksburg, VA 22401. The induction of heat shock proteins following a period of myocardial ischemia has been shown to reduce the myocardial infarct size and result in increased post- ischemic recovery of the myocardial tissue. It has been shown that the small molecular weight heat shock protein ubiquitin plays a role in myocardial protection following heat shock by taking part in the ubiquitin-mediated pathway of protein turnover and degradation. The specific goals of this research project were to show that ubiquitin was present in the myocardial cells of heat shocked rats. In order to show this, rats were heat-shocked for 40 minutes and the hearts frozen at varying time intervals afterwards. The myocardial proteins were separated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, then the gels were blotted onto nitrocellulose filters and reacted with monoclonal ubiquitin antibodies to show the presence of ubiquitin. The results of this experiment showed that ubiquitin was present in all of the heat shocked samples, as well as in the non-heat shocked control sample. However, ubiquitin was found bound to some large molecular weight protein. The presence of ubiquitin in these myocardial tissues implies that ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation does occur in heat shocked myocardial cells. Impact of Sodium Selenite on Levels of Membrane Intrinsic Protein (MIP) in toe Nucleus AND Cortex of toe Rat Lens. Gregory D. Morishige and John L. Hess, Dept, of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University. Nuclear cataracts, induced in 10- to 14-day-old rats, 96 hours after a subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite, are accompanied by proteolysis. The membrane intrinsic protein (MIP26, aquaporin 0) is a member of the aquaporin family of transmembrane channels, and is present in fiber cells of the vertebrate lens. Our objective was to characterize how MIP content relates to cataract formation in lenses of selenite-treated rats. SDS-PAGE was used to analyze membrane fraction proteins and amounts of MIP in lenses from selenite-treated rats. Membrane fractions were isolated from lenses of control and treated rats, and dissolved directly in SDS-sample buffer. Dominant proteins, visualized by silver staining, were observed at 21kD and at 26kD. To observe changes in MIP more clearly, membrane fractions were washed in 0.5N NaOH to remove residual proteins, before dissolving in SDS. The 26kD protein, putative MIP, was less prevalent in the treated nucleus, while remaining unaffected in the cortex. These results suggested that MIP was cleaved selectively in the nucleus, which corresponds to the region of cataract. The 21kD protein was at least as dominant as MIP and did not appear to be affected by selenite treatment. Since membrane proteins are not uniformly affect^ by proteolysis, the specific effect on MIP26 may contribute to a loss of ion homeostasis in fiber cells of a cataractous lens. PROCEEDINGS 143 TAXOL ADMINISTRATION MODULATES NITRIC OXIDE BUT ENHANCES INTERLEUKIN-12 PRODUCTION BY TUMOR-DISTAL MACROPHAGES IN VIVO. David W Mullins and Klaus D. Eigert, Dept, of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406 Tumor-induced macrophages (M<|>s) mediate immunosuppression, in part, through overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and underproduction of Interleukin-12. Because taxol differentially regulates normal host and tumor-beaiing host (TBH) Mtjj NO in vitro, we assessed Mij) NO production following in vivo administration of taxol. Using a murine fibrosarcoma model, taxol was administered in doses approximating human antitumor chemotherapies (30-60 mg/kg). At intervals following administration of taxol, splenic (tumor-distal) M(|>s were harvested and cultured with various doses of interferon-y (IFN-y) and the triggering agent LPS. Taxol treatment enhanced normal host M4> NO production; in a clinically more¬ relevant scenario, taxol administration downregulated NO production by tumor-induced Mt^s, in agreement with our in vitro findings. Concurrently, taxol stimulated M(}> production of the proimmune cytokine interieukin-12. The success of taxol as an anticancer agent may partly derive from these immunotherapeutic activities that reverse tumor-induced MiJ) suppressor functions and stimulate cell-mediated antitumor immune responses. SYNTHESIS AND TESTING OF PYRIDYL DERIVATIVES OF BENZALDEHYDE AS POTENTIAL ANTISICKLING AGENTS. Ijeoma N. Nnamani^ Anne B. Criss^*, Eugene P. Orringer^*, & Donald J. Abraham' , 'Dept, of Medicinal Chemistry, Va. Commonwealth LJniv., Richmond, Va. 23298, & ‘Div. of Hematology, School of Medicine, Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel HiU, NC 27599. Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease caused by the substitution of glutamic acid by valine at the sixth position of the P chain of hemoglobin (Hb). Due to this mutation, deoxygenated sickle Hb (HbS) aggregates within the red cells into polymers and this leads to sickling of red cells. Sickled red cells block blood flow through the capillaries causing “painful crises,” ankle ulcers, and organ damage. With the aid of X-ray Crystallography, our group recently showed that introduction of small molecules with electronegative ions into the central water cavity of Hb stabilizes the deoxygenated (T -tense) state of hemoglobin thereby causing a decrease in oxygen affinity of Hb. This is because these negative ions form salt bridges with opposite subunit residues such as Arginine 141a in the central water cavity {Biochemistry’ 1995, 15006). Perutz {J. Mol. Biol. 1994, 239, 555) postulated that increasing the electropositivity of the water cavity will destabilize the T-state of Hb. Therefore we decided to explore Perutz’ s postulate in order to obtain compounds that will increase the oxygen affinity of Hb. Zaugg et al (./. BioL ('hem 1977, 252(23). 8542) reported that pyridoxal increases the oxygen affinity of Hb similar to vanillin but it modified Hb to a lesser degree than vanillin. This is because pyridoxal exists predominantly in a cyclic hemiacetal form that can not form a Schilf base with Hb. Thus, we decided to synthesize pyridyl derivatives of benzaldehydes such as vanillin. Oxygen equilibrium and ektacytometric results show that these compounds have potential antisickling and antipolymerization properties. These compounds are therefore promising agents for exploration in the treatment of sickle cell anemia. CHARACTERIZATION OF SPINAL AND SUPRASPINAL EFFECTS OF NICOTINE IN MICE. Gray S. Patrick, M. Imad Damaj, and Billy R. Martin, Dept, of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Medical College of Virginia- Virginia Commonw'ealth University', Richmond, VA 23298-0613. Nicotine has a wide range of pharmacological effects including hypothermia, decreased locomotor activity, and antinociception. Previous studies have shown interesting differences between subcutaneous and intrathecal administration of nicotine and nicotinic agonists, suggesting different nicotinic mechanisms in the spinal and supraspinal regions. Using male ICR mice, antinociception was measured using the tail-flick test following administration of nicotine both intrathecally (i.t.) and intracerebroventricularly (i.e.v.). Although the peak effect occurred 5 minutes following each type of administration, it took twice as long for i.e.v. nicotine to dissipate (60 minutes) than did the i t. nicotine (30 minutes). In addition, dose response curves showed i.t. nicotine to be slightly more potent than i.e.v. nicotine with ED50s of lOpg and 14pg/ammal, respectively. Furthermore, mecamylamine and DBE, classical nicotine antagonists, blocked antinociception in a dose dependent fashion. Finally, a rank order of affinity of several nicotinic agonists, such as epibatidine, lobeline, and nor-nicotine, exhibited differences between i.t. and i.e.v. administration. Our results suggest that nicotine receptors are functionally different in the spinal and supraspinal regions. (Supported by DA-0527) 144 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE BENZYLAMIDINES AS NOVEL 5-HTid SEROTONIN RECEPTOR LIGANDS I. Prisin- zano.^ H. Law,^ M. Dukat,^ D. Lee,** R. Kamboj,** R.A. Glennon,* ^Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, MCVA/CU, Richmond, VA 23298; *Allelix Biopharma¬ ceuticals, Ontario, Canada. Serotonin (5-HT) receptors are divided into major families (5- HTi - 5-HT7); several consist of subfamilies. For example, 5-HTi includes 5-HTia, 5-HTib, 5- HTid (5-HTiDa/ 5-HTiDp). 5-HTie and 5-HTif. The prototypical 5-HTid agonist, sumatriptan, was recently introduced for the treatment of migraine. Because sumatriptan lacks selectivity between 5-HTid receptor subpopulations, and because its 5-HTiQp agonist actions may account for some of its side effects, there is a need for newer agents. Novel entities are in clinical trials but nearly all bear structural resemblance to sumatriptan, and none show subtype selectivity. To achieve selectivity an entirely new class of agents may be required. A very early study identified the a-adrenergic agonist oxymetazoline as a 5-HTid agonist. We investigated the structure-affinity relationships of this agent to determine what is important for 5-HT1D binding, while attempting to remove those features that impart adrenoceptor affinity. Several novel agents (particularly ALX-1329, ALX-1417, ALX-1449, ALX-1465) have been developed that bind at 5-HTi oa / 5-HTi op receptors with modest to high affinity, and with up to 100-fold selectivity. HYALURONATE-CD44 INTERACTIONS CAN INDUCE MURINE B-CELL ACTIVATION. Asimah Rafi. Mitzi Nagarkatti and Prakash Nagarkatti, Dept, of Biol, and Dept, of Biomedical Sciences, VA Tech Blacksburg, VA 24060. CD44 is a widely distributed cell surface glycoprotein whose principal ligand has been identified as hyaluronic acid (HA), a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Recent studies have demonstrated that activation through CD44 leads to induction of effector function in T cells and macrophages. In the current study, we investigated whether HA or mAbs against CD44 would induce a proliferative response in mouse lymphocytes. Spleen cells from normal and nude but not severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, exhibited strong proliferative responsiveness to stimulation with soluble HA or anti-CD44 mAbs. Furthermore, purified B cells but not T cells were found to respond to HA. HA was unable to stimulate T cells even in the presence of antigen presenting cells (APC) and was unable to act as a costimulus in the presence of mitogenic or submitogenic concentrations of anti-CDS mAbs. In contrast, stimulation of B cells with HA in vitro, triggered increased expression of la and led to B cell differentiation as measured by production of IgM antibodies. The fact that the B cells were responding directly to HA through its binding to CD44 and not to any contaminants or endotoxins was demonstrated by the fact that F(ab)2 fragments of anti-CD44 mAbs could completely inhibit the HA-induced proliferation of B cells. Also, HA-induced proliferation of B cells was not affected by addition of polymixin B and B cells from EPS-unresponsive C3H/He.I strain responded strongly to stimulation with HA. Furthermore, HA but not chondroitin-sulfate, another major component of the ECM, induced B ceil activation. It was also noted that injection of HA intraperitoneally, triggered splenic B cell proliferation in vivo. Together, the current study demonstrates that interaction between HA and CD44 can regulate murine B cell effector functions and that such interactions may play a critical role during normal or autoimmune responsiveness of B cells. PHENYLISOPROPYLAMINES AS A NOVEL CLASS OF S-HTa SEROTONIN RECEPT¬ OR ANTAGONISTS. C. L- Schieck.* M. Dukat,* B. Roth,** R. A. Glennon.* ^Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, MCVA/CU; Richmond VA and *Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH. The neurotransmitter serotonin influences behavior through various receptors; 5-HT2A receptors are involved in psychotic behavior and hallucinosis. Hallucinogenic phenylisopropylamines such as DOI are 5-HT2A agonists; ketanserin (KET) is a S-HTaA antagonist. Site-directed mutagenisis studies suggest that phenylalanine (Phe) 340 is involved in the binding of DOI whereas Phe-339 is involved in the binding of antagonists such as KET. DOPP, a phenylisopropylamine analog, acts as a S-HTaA antagonist and raises the question: does DOPP bind in a manner resembling DOI-like agonists or KET-like antagonists. Syn¬ thetic studies and binding at Phe-mutant receptors were used to address this question. PROCEEDINGS 145 CoyPA ANALYSIS OF THE BINDING OF TRYPTAMINE AND RELATED ANALOGS AT 5-HTg serotonin RECEPTORS. Q, L= Schieck.'^ B. Roth,** R. A. Glennon.* ^Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, MCVA/CU; Richmond VA 23298; ^Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH. The neuro¬ transmitter serotonin (5“HT) is known to play a role in a variety of physiological and neuropsychiatric processes and its effects are mediated by different populations of 5-HT receptors. The functional role of a newly cloned population of 5-HT receptors — S-HTg receptors — remains to be fully elucidated. S-HTg receptors are somewhat unique in that they display high affinity for a structurally diverse group of agents, including typical and atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants. The present study investigates the binding of one class of agents, the tryptamines (n - 24); Ki values ranged from 1 to > 10,000 nM. CoMFA analysis resulted in a relating equation with high predictive value (q^ - 0.31); there is a significant correlation between calculated and observed receptor affinities (r^ = 0.94). It should now be possible to use the results of the CoMFA study to design novel S-HTe receptor agents. EFraCTS OF PRENATAL NICOTINE ON POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT. John J. Shacka and Susan E. Robinson*, Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology, MCV/VCU, Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that rats exposed prenatally to nicotine (N) exhibited increased fetal mortality, decreased postnatal weight gain and altered postnatal behavior. This study determined the effects of prenatal N exposure (2 mg/kg/day) in rats via s.c. osmotic minipumps, gestational days 7-22, on postnatal development of neuronal nicotinic receptor (nNR) a4, a7 and p2 subunit mRNA. Northern analysis of postnatal day (P)l, P7, P14 and P28 hippocampal/septal and cortical total RNA using a-32p- dCTP-labelled a4, al and p2 cDNA probes identified a single (5.7 kb) al mRNA, three (2.4, 3.8 and 8.0 kb) a4 mRNAs, and four (3.7, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kb) p2 mRNAs. In comparison to prenatal saline, prenatal N produced several significantly higher (age X treatment) mRNA levels (cortical 5.7 kb a7, 2.4, 3.8 and 8.0 kb a4, 10.0 kb p2; hippocampal/septal 2.4 and 8.0 kb a4); these increases occured mostly but not exclusively on P14 (Fisher's plsd, p < 0.025). Collapsing the data for sex and age, a significant effect of treatment indicated that prenatal N produced significantly higher hippocampal/septal and cortical 8.0 a4 kb mRNA and 10.0 kb p2 mRNA in comparison to prenatal saline (Fisher's plsd, p < 0.05). This is the first study indicating that prenatal N produces alterations in developing postnatal rat nNR mRNA levels, and further implicates the teratogenic potential of N in postnatal neuronal development. (Supported byNIDAT32DA07027) CLOZAPINE FAILS TO ATTENUATE PHENCYCLIDINE’S DISCRCvHNATP/E STIMULUS EFFECTS IN RATS. J.E. Slemmer, Dept. Of Psychology, Univ. Of Richmond, VA, 23173, J.M. Hyman, J.L. Wiley, A.D. Compton, & R.L. Balster, Dept, of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Med. Col. Of VA, VA Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA, 23284. Antipsychotics, commonly used for schizophrenia, are currently the only available treatment for phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication. Typical antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine, differ from the atypicals in their motor side effect profiles, and in their ability to treat certain treatment-resistant schizophrenics; their abilities to antagonize PCP induced behavior may also vary. The present study utilized the two lever drag discrimination paradigm with food reirforcement in order to measure the discriminative stimulus effects of PCP in rats using clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic. A PCP dose- response curve (doses: 0.5, 1, 2, 4 mg/kg) was determined, followed by a clozapine curve (doses: 0.3, 1, 3, 5,6 mg/kg) using PCP training dose (2 mg/kg). Results indicated that clozapine did not attenuate the PCP discriminate cue. Further study is required to indicate whether there are other atypical antipsychotics that may attenuate PCP’s discriminative stimulus effects. 146 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC CANNABINOID ADMINISTRATION ON NITRENDIPINE BINDING IN THE MOUSE SPINAL CORD. Anubha Tripathi. David J. Mason, and Sandra P. Welch, Dept, of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Va. Commonvk^ealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298. Dynorphin A is an endogenous ligand of the kappa-opioid receptor. Like CI977, a selective kappa agonist, it produces potent antinociception via a mechanism involving the L-type calcium channel. Delta 9-THC has been associated with an increase in spinal levels of Dynorphin A. The hypothesis tested was that A9-THC-induced acute and chronic effects involved modulation of L-type calcium channel number or affinity. To compare the effects of A9-THC with those of Ci977, male ICR mice were treated acutely with inu-athecal administration of saline, CI977, DMSO, or A9-THC. The effects of A9-THC and CI977 on ^H nitrendipine bin^ng were determined by performing radioligand binding assays to the L-type calcium channel. Acute administration of CI977 and A9-THC did not significantly alter L-type calcium channel site number or receptor affinity, although A9-THC exhibited a trend toward decreased receptor affinity. The effects of chronic administration of the drugs were also evaluated. Supported by grant # K02DA00186 and DA05274. TRANS-RESVERATROL: A NATURAL PHYTO-ANTIESTROGENIC AGENT, R.L. Williams and Mark Elliott, Old Dominion University Enological Research Facility, Dept, of Chem./Biochem., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va, 23529. Based on preliminary research in this labortaory, trans-res veratrol, can now been described as a natural phytoestrogen found in a variety of different plants including the skins of grapes and wine. It has recently been shown to have anti-estrogenic activity in human breast cancer cells in culture. The structural similarity of trans-resveratrol to trans-Tamoxifen will be explored. This paper will describe the relative cytotoxicity of trans-resveratrol and it’s geometric isomer cis-res veratrol in two human breast cancer cell lines in culture (MCF-7, estrogen receptor positive and MDA-231, estrogen receptor negative cells). Comparisons will be drawn regarding the cytotoxicity of the two resveratrol isomers to Tamoxifen and the phytoestrogen known as Genestein. Cis-resveratrol appears to exhibit some rather unusual activity compared to the trans isomer and the effect of these two compounds on cell growth of MCF-7, MDA-231 and human fibroblast cells in culture will described. Microbiology and Molecular Biology ANALYSIS OF MIA EXPRESSION IN STREPOMYCES COELI COLOR AND STREPTOMYCES LIVIDANS. Gary L. Brown. Jed Ross, Dept, of Bio!., Mary Washington Co!., Fredericksburg, Va. 22407, & Wendy Champness*, Dept, of Microbiology, Michigan State Univ. E. Lansing Michigan 48824. Streptomyces coelicolor and S. lividans both produce four known antibiotics. A fragment of S. coelicolor DNA {mia) has recently been isolated that in high copy number has the ability to block the synthesis of all four antibiotics in S. coelicolor and S. lividans. A deletion analysis has trimmed the active mia region to 120 bp and indicates that a 48 bp inverted repeat with in the region is required for mia activity. An analysis of strong mia expression from a low copy number vector implicates an RNA transcript in mia activity. PROCEEDINGS 147 RECOGNITION SITE DNA SCREENING OF XGTII EXPRESSION LIBRARIES OF VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF Dictyastelium. C. Chanchao. B. Col*, R. Favis* and C.L. Rutherford, Dept, of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Insi.&State Univ., VA 24061. A critical event during the life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum is glycogen turnover. This process is catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase-2 (gp-2). Since gp-2 expression is first induced during the transition from growth to differentiation, understanding how this gene is controlled may provide some insight into the process of differentiation. In order to iden'tily the rranr-acting factors responsible for activating gp-2 expression, three techniques are used: 1) in vitro footprint analysis to identify the cfr-acting elements; 2) generation of Igtll expression libraries for recognition site screening; and 3) southwestern analyses to confirm the feasibility of isolating developmentally regulated trans-acting factors from the expression libraries. For this approach to succeed, high quality cDNA libraries are essential. RNA quality and the fidelity of the time points were determined by RT-PCR using several marker genes. The cDNA was assessed for complexity and fttll-length synthesis by PCR and radioactive primer extension, respectively. We have generated cDNA for 3 stages of development: amoeba (when gp-2 is not transcribed), 8h (when gp-2 is first transcribed) and 12h (when gp-2 is highly transcribed). Xgtl 1 expression libraries were generated for amoeba (2.5X10^ and 2.75X10’ pfu/ml). The libraries will be next screened with cts-acting elements from the gp-2 promoter identified through footprint analysis. To date, we have identified a developmentally regulated footprint spanning two C-rich elements. When this region is used to probe a southwestern blot, three peptides (84, 78 and 62 kD) are recognized exclusively in nuclear extract derived from differentiated cells. This result indicates that recognition site screening may be a feasible approach for isolating the genes encoding these potential transcription factors. THE EFFECTS OF METHYLCELLULOSE ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF NAEGLERIA GRUBERI. Carol A. Ditmore. Kathryn Loesser, and Stephen Gallik, Dept, of Biol., Mary Washington Col., Fredericksburg, VA 22401. N. gruberi cells exhibit increased adhesion to tissue culture plastic following 7 days in culture media made hyperviscous through the addition of methylcellulose (MC). MC is a nonionic, water-soluble polymer that not only enhances the viscosity of solutions, but also exhibits surfactancy in aqueous solutions. Considering MC has surfactant characteristics, adsorption of MC to the cell surface might have some role in the increased adhesion of N. gruberi following 7 days of MC exposure. In the first of a series of electron microscopic investigations designed to study the surface features and adhesion structures of N. gruberi bathed in MC, we set out to examine whether MC could be detected on these cells with transmission electron microscopy and to study the basic effects of MC on the ultrastructure of these cells. Results show no structural differences among cells of the various experimental groups and no striking evidence of accumulation of anything extraordinary on the surface of or within the cells. The questionable ability of electron microscopic stains to detect MC prevents us from drawing any firm conclusions about the presence of adsorbed MC and any possible role adsorbed MC might play in the increased adhesiveness displayed by these cells. BACTERIOPHAGE ATTACHMENT TO BACILLUS SPHAERICUS S-LAYERS. Faith A. Love and Lynn O. Lewis, Dept, of Biol. Sci., Mary Washington Col., Fredericksburg, VA 22401 . Many bacteria have a layer of protein or glycoprotein outside their cell wall called a surface layer (S-layer). The protein subunits are arranged in lattices that cover the entire cell. The structure of these S-layers has been well characterized, but their function is still unknown. Members of the Bacillus stearothermophilus species exhibit an S-layer which has been shown to change its lattice and subunit molecular weight when oxygenation conditions change. Bacillus sphaericus also exhibits an S-layer. This heterogeneous species is strictly aerobic, and contains a group of strains that are pathogenic to mosquitos. Some of these strains have been shown to change the molecular weight of their S-layer proteins under oxygen limitation. It has also been shown that the S-layer of these strains provides a specific binding site for bacteriophages. Therefore, bacteriophage attachment studies can be used to assess deviations in the structure of S-layers. Molecular weights and bacteriophage attachment studies were done to determine if the S-layers of B. sphaericus strain 2362 were altered under oxygen limited conditions. Preliminary results showed differences in molecular weights and phage neutralization abilities of the protein under oxygen limitation. 148 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF CHLOHOBIUM UROPORPHYRINOGEN III SYNTHASE GENE IN BACILLUS SUBT/LIS. Victoria Ndivo & Debabrata Majumdar, Dept, of Biol., Norfolk St. Univ. .Norfolk, Va. 23504. We previously reported the DNA sequence and expression of the Chlorobium vibrioforme glutamyl-tRNA reductase gene (hemk) and recently identified (Curr. Microbiol., 258-263,1997) the porphobilinogen deaminase gene {hemC) downstream of hemA. This clone (pYAI) containing the hemA and hemC gene was introduced into the hemD auxotroph, Sz34, of Bacillus subtiHs, by protoplast transformation. Owing to hemD-Wke sequence downstream of hemC and complementation of the B. subtiHs auxotroph to fast-growing prototroph, the sequence was identified as the URO-S gene. Secretion, by Sz34 cells, of large amounts of uroporphyrin and resulting pink fluorescence under UV was reversed by transformation. URO-S enzyme assay with cell lysates revealed that the accumulation of uroporphyrin by Sz34 is significantly decreased by pYAI transformation. DETERMINING THE MINIMUM ZINC REQUIREMENTS TO PROVIDE OPTIMAL GROWTH FOR Cryptococcus neoformans. Judy H. Niehaus and Beth Chagaris. Dept of Biology. Radford Univ., Radford, Va. 24142. Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast cell which will cause serious infection for patients with weakened immune responses. Zinc is one requirement for growth of these ceUs. The purpose of this study was to determine zinc concentrations required to obtain optimal growth. This was accomplished by varying zinc concentration levels and measuring growth based on optical density. An initial experiment showed that at least 0.5mM zinc was needed for observable growth. The next experiment tested a more narrow range of zinc between 5 and 1 ImM. Rather than being proportional to zinc concentration, the maximum optical density was approximately the same for all zinc concentrations. Zinc, however, appeared to affect the rate of growA. To further test this hypothesis, growth rate was measured at zinc levels between 7 and 45mM. Again, the maximum optical density was similar for all zinc levels. 2^c concentration affected either the lag period or the growth rate. These data could be explained by some type of zinc upt^e mechanism that is triggered at low zinc concentrations. A RAPID SCREEN FOR THE DETECTION OF RANDOM POINT MUTATIONS IN SUBCLONED SINDBIS VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN GENES. Darcv Russell. Suzanne Wirth='=, Anne Van Auken='=, Elizabeth Bahn*, Amy Shaw'^ Jonathan SmalP= and Anthony Mazzarelli*, Dept, of Biol., Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, VA. 24450. In our laboratory we are interested in asking questions about the earliest interactions between Sindbis virus and the cells of its host, the neonatal mouse. The two viral glycoproteins involved in this interaction are El and E2. It has been shown that single mutations in either of these two proteins can affect the course of pathogenesis of this virus. The goal of this paper was to begin to construct a library of random point mutations throughout these genes. Once this library has been constructed we will use it to examine the effect(s) that these mutations have on the biology of the virus/host interaction. To date the genes encoding these proteins have been subcloned from a full-length cDNA clone of the viral RNA genome into a plasmid vector pGEM3Z-i- (Promega) by Elizabeth Bahn, Jon Small and Anthony Mazzarelli. One of these subclones (pGl228) was then transformed into mutator E. coli, reisolated and screened for mutation using a slightly modified protocol of the Ambion Mismatch Detect .system by Anne Van Auken, Amy Shaw, Elizabeth Bahn and Suzanne Wirth. To date, two mutations have been isolated and characterized, one in the E2 gene (Wirth) and one in the signal peptide for the El gene (Russell). Another of the clones (pG723) has been transformed into E. coli mutator cells and potential mutants are currently being screened (Small and Mazzarelli). PROCEEDINGS 149 mRNA CAP METHYLATION: SUBUNIT STRUCTURE OF THE GUANINE-7- METHYLTRANSFERASE. Gerald L. Snider, Charles E. Rose, Christy J. Morgan, and Thomas O. Sitz, Dept, of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. The methylation of the T-position in the guanine base in the cap structure found at the 5 ’-end of eucaryotic mRNAs is essential for ribosome binding and translation. When the enzyme that methylates this site (guanine-7-methyltransferase) was purified to homogeneity it was found to have a subunit molecular weight of 46,000. However, another enzyme preparation was found to have two subunits by active site labeling with radioactive RNA (46,000 and 38,000 molecular weight). This enzyme preparation had been stored at -20° for over one year as a crude tissue extract. We purified another batch of enzyme and characterized its subunit structure by active site labeling. The active site was radioactively labeled by binding a ^^P- labeled unmethylated capped RNA to the enzyme and covalently cross-linking the RNA to the protein by exposure to short-wave length UV light. Only a single band was found on the SDS-polyacrylamide gels with a molecular weight of 46,000. Therefore the 38,000 mw subunit was generated by protein degradation during storage or isolation. LIGAND BINDING STUDIES OF THE HEMOGLOBIN OF NOSTOC COMMUNE UTEX 584 (CYANOBACTERIA). M V. TTiorsteinsson. D. R Bevan, and M. Potts*, Dept, of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061 & R. F. Eich* and J. S. Olson*, Dept, of Biochemistry and Cell Biol., Rice Univ., Houston, TX, 77005. The diazotroph Nostoc commune UTEX 584 (Cyanobacteria) synthesizes a 12.5 kD hemoglobin, termed cyanoglobin, under reduced nitrogen and oxygen deplete conditions. Cyanoglobin accumulates at the inner membrane of nitrogen fixing heterocysts, but is not absolutely required for the active nitrogenase complex (Hill, et al. (1996) J. Baclenol ,\l%.65%l- 6598). Rates of gaseous ligand association to cyanoglobin are extraordinarily fast, whereas the rates of ligand dissociation are moderately fast when compared to sperm whale myoglobin and Iqjhemoglobin a The o?^genated form of cyanoglobin rapidly auto-oxidizes to the met-form. Cyanoglobin also coordinates the "bulky" ligands azide, imidazole, and nicotinate. The above data sugge^ that the heme moiety in cyanoglobin is highly accessible to ligands and supports the model that cyanoglobin binds oxygen and presents that oxygen to a microaerobically-induced terminal oxidase under diazotrophic, microaerobic growth conditions. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF THE GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE- 2 GENE DURING DEVELOPMENT IN DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM. Nikita Wartv. Ian McCaffery*, Wen Wu* and Charles L. Rutherford, Dept, of Biology, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Dictyostelium discoideum is a model system for the analysis of regulatory processes that control cellular differentiation and morphogenesis. These processes are known to be directed by the action of extracellular morphogens such as cAMP and DIF-1, which regulate prespore and prestalk differentiation respectively. Glycogen phosphorylase-2 (GP-2) plays an important role in Dictyostelium development by generating glucose precursors that are essential for cell differentiation. Transcription of the gene is non cell-type specific and is regulated by cAMP and DIF-1, suggesting that the gene is independently regulated in the two cell types. Using 5’ deletion analyses, several regions within the gp-2 promoter were identified that regulate expression of the gene during differentiation. This preliminary promoter analysis was used to design site directed mutagenesis experiments, and we present here the identification and definition of two cAMP regulatory sequence elements, CB-1 and CB-2. These elements contain a common C-rich motif that is found in regulatory regions of several cAMP-regulated genes. Mutation of either element results in a large drop in levels of transcription. In the case of the CB-2 mutation, the mutant promoter was no longer cAMP- responsive. Expression of the gene still occurred in the correct temporal manner during differentiation; this basal activity may be pre-stalk specific and we propose experiments to test this hypothesis. Additional regulatory and cAMP-responsive elements are being investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. The precise function of these elements in transcriptional regulation is not yet known and we aim to define these in future experiments. Of particular interest is the identification of a DIF-1-respon.sive element and other cell-type specific elements. (Supported by grants from the NIH to C.L.R. and VAS, SICB, Sigma Xi and GRDP to N.W.) 150 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Natural History & Biodiversity AQUATIC STUDIES BY THE GOVERNOR’S SCHOOL AT DABNEY S. LANCASTER COMMUNITY COLLEGE: 1994-1996. H. S. Adams. D. S. Lancaster Cmnty. CoL, Clifton Forge, VA 24422, E. J. DeGroot, Alleghany H. S., Low Moor, VA 24457, S. K. Evans, S. W. Hiner, and W. VanWart, Dept, of Entomology, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Three small aquatic studies of certain chemical, physical, and biotic factors were conducted by the 1994, 1995, and 1996 Governor’s School participants at DSLCC: (1) the Cowpasture River in Bath County, Virginia, several kilometers upstream from its confluence with the Jackson River; (2) the Jackson River in Bath and Alleghany Counties Immediately above and below Lake Mooniaw; and (3) any effect of leachate from the KimStan landfiil in Alleghany County on a small stream and the Jackson River. From these investigations, participants concluded: (1) the Cowpasture River is relatively unimpaired, appearing to be an average stream with good water quality for streams that have been assessed in the Central Appalachian Ridges and Valleys ecoregion; (2) Lake Moomaw has had a negative effect on the ecological balance of niacroinvertebrate populations in the Jackson River immediately below the Gathright Dam, although a reasonably well-balanced macroinvertebrate community has become re-established several kilometers further downstream; and (3) leachate from KimStan runoff has perturbed the niacroinvertebrate community in the unnamed sti’eam into which it drains, and possibly even on the Jackson River after it receives the leachate from that stream. (These studies were supported in part by grants from the: Cowpasture River Preservation Association, Virginia Environmental Endowment, Chesapeake Bay Restoration Fund, and Virginia Department of Education.) EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ON FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA. Braven B. Beatv and Richard J. Neves, Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Freshwater mussels (Unionidae) comprise one of the most imperiled faunal groups in the world. There are approximately 297 known species and subspecies of unionids, with over half of these identified as endangered, threatened, or special concern under the endangered species act. Of the 73 species occurring in the state of Virginia, there are 18 federally endangered mussels, with an additional 16 state endangered or threatened species. The majority of these occur in the Upper Tennessee River Basin in southwestern Virginia. Throughout the Tennessee River system, impoundments have had the largest impact on mussel communities, although few of these are in Virginia. Agricultural practices have also adversely affected mussel populations through alteration of habitat, sedimentation, and chemical run¬ off. Industrial impacts have included accidental spills and chronic inputs and have resulted in the loss of mussels from many river miles. Other activities that have resulted in the decline of mussels include logging, urban and residential development, and ineffective sewage treatment. Life history factors that make mussels especially susceptible to environmental perturbations include a complex life cycle, sedentary existence, and filter feeding. Mussels are also more sensitive to metals than most aquatic fauna and are limited in ability to metabolize some organic toxicants. Due to these factors, freshwater mussel populations are usually more severely affected than most otlier aquatic fauna. FORAGING ECOLOGY OF THE MADAGASCAR FISH-EAGLE, HAUAEETUS VOCIFEROIDES. James Berkelman & J. D. Fraser*, Dept, of Fisheries & Wildlife Sciences, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061, & R. T. Watson’, The Peregrine Fund, 566 W. Flying Hawk Ln., Boise, ID 83709. With fewer than 100 pairs remaining, the Madagascar fish-eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoides) is one of the world’s most endangered birds of prey. In an earlier study we determined that fish abundance and species di¬ versity are important predictors of habitat suitability for breeding fish-eagles. In this study, we examined prey preference and the relationship between foraging success and fish availability in the Madagascar fish-eagle. From May to August 1996, we observed resident fish-eagles foraging at nine lakes in western Madagascar. We observed eagles throughout daylight hours and recorded fish species captured, foraging rate, and foraging success. We also sampled the fish population at each lake using gill nets and recorded fish weights and spe¬ cies. We recorded 67 fish-eagle foraging events, including 60 instances when eagles caught fish over open water, 3 instances when eagles scavenged dead fish, and 4 instances of piracy from black kites {Milvus mi- grans). Male fish-eagle foraging success was positively correlated with number of fish {P = 0.05), total fish weight {P = 0.01), and number of fish species {P = 0.0007). The introduced cichlids Oreochromis spp. and Tilapia spp. made up the majority of both the gill net (66.3%) and fish-eagle catch (64.7%) in similar propor¬ tion. We conclude that, although the Madagascar fish-eagle does not appear to require native freshwater fish species in its diet, it is likely to be adversely affected by general declines in the fish population. PROCEEDINGS 151 SEASONAL ACTIVITY AND MOVEMENT PATTERNS BY BOG TURTLES, CLEMMYS MUHLENBERG!!, IN SOUTHWESTERN VA. Shawn L. Carter. Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife, Va. Polytechnic and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 24061; C. A. Haas, Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife, Va. Polytechnic and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 241^1 & J. C. Mitchell, Dept, of Biology and Sch. of Continuing Studies, Univ. of Richmond, Richmond, Va. 23173. Thirty adult bog turtles were monitored from May 1995 to December 1996 using radiotelemetry. We used consecutive distance measurements, scatterplots, and threadspooling to examine turtle activity and movement patterns. Consecutive distance measurements for 1995 and 1996 averaged 14 m and 23 m for males and 15 m and 20 m for females, respectively. Scatterplot techniques we employ suggest a random pattern of movement by bog turtles for up to 7 days between distance measurements. Threadspooled distances (n=13) averaged 6.4 times greater than consecutive distance measurements for the same individuals. Eighty-six percent of all consecutive distances (n=824) were less than 30 m, while only 2% were greater than 1(X) m. No sexual differences in activity or movement were observed. Results suggest large-scale movements by bog turtles are infrequent and consecutive distances may underestimate turtle activity. Consequently, extant populations may be prone to isolation if habitat loss continues at historic rates. TAIL LABILITY IN THE SMOKY SHREW {SOREX FUMEUS). leffrev D. Ferguson and John F. Pagels, Dept of Biol, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23284. During field collection, smoky shrews were observed to have variable tail characteristics including length and degree of hair. In order to verify these observations, ninety-four fluid preserved whole specimens were randomly sampled from the Mammal Collection at Va. Commonwealth Univ. External characteristics and measuremente, toothwear, and reproductive condition were investigated for each. Variance and covariance were analyzed for all characteristics to determine significance and contribution to tail variation. Results suggest that age classification is significant in predicting the ratio of tail to body length. Tail/ body ratios are lowest when individuals are immature and increase with aging. Additionally, tail hairiness significantly correlates with the age classification of the individual. The younger the individual, the greater amount of hair present on the tail. These patterns would account for the unverified variations noted in field observations. BEiD ARTISTS M VIRGINIA'S HISTORY. David W. Johnston. 5219 Concordia St., Fairfax, Va. 22032, 1585 John lilhite, accompanying Sir Walter Raleigh's voyage to ‘'Virginia," drew birds seen at or near the Roanoke Colony, as well as birds at sea. Soon thereafter illustrations of "Virginia birds" were found in the publications of Aldrovandus (1599) i Topsell (l6l4), Willughby (I676). Mark Catesby (1712-1719), William Bartram (1790), Alexander Wilson (I8O9), and John James Audubon (1840) all spent some time in the state, but w© have no record of their having painted birds in the state, Francis Lee Jaques painted birds at ^}/ke Marsh in the 1940s, and Roger Tory Peterson painted birds while stationed at Ft. Belvoir in the 1940s, Federal Duck Stamp paintings vjere made by Virginia bird artists including Walter Weber (1944), Jackson Abbott (1957) 1 and M Bierly (1970), while Bob Hines painted waterfowl for several books in the 1960s. 152 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT AND PHENOLOGY OF GALERUCELLA CALMARIENSIS (L.) AND G. PUSILLA (DUET.), COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS OF PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE, LYTHRUM SALICARIA L. (LYTHRACEAE), IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA. T. J. McAvoy and L. T. Kok, Dept. Entomol., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. 24061, Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla, released for the biological control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), have both been recovered for four consecutive years and are well established at Coebum, Virginia. The highest number of eggs per stem per year recorded was 8.3, 5.5, 11.7 and 14.9 in 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996, respectively. L. salicaria plants with one or more life stages of Galerucella spp. significantly increased from 43% in 1993 to 67% in 1995 but dropped to 39% in 1996. Dispersal, as measured by the area of L. salicaria infested with Galerucella spp., increased from 92 m in 1993 to 720 m in 1996. An equal number of G. calmariensis and G. pusilla were found in 1993. In 1994, 98% of the beetles were G. calmariensis while only 2% were G. pusilla. However in 1995 and 1996 approximately 30% of the beetles were G. calmariensis and 70% were G. pusilla. Both species have one generation per year. Overwintering adults begin feeding and ovipositing eggs in early May followed by egg hatch in late May and larval development through mid-June. The F adults emerged and fed briefly in late June and early July before going into diapause. WATERFOWL USE OF NATURAL SEASONAL PONDS IN YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA DURING A ‘WET” YEAR. Thomas J. Rawinski. Va. Dept, of Conservation and Recreation, Div. of Natural Heritage, Main Street Station, 1500 E. Main St., Suite 312, Richmond, Va. 23219. The rare plant and animal species occurring at Grafton Ponds have been the focus of considerable research, but waterfowl use of this area has received little attention. During 1995, ducks were scarce at Grafton because the ponds were dry for much of the year. In 1996, however, most ponds retained water throughout the year, which led to increased waterfowl use. This study documented the extent and distribution of waterfowl use, and sought to explain why some ponds were preferred over others. Counts were made at 35 ponds on seven occasions from October, 1996 to May, 1997. Ducks were observed at 21 of the ponds, and a total of 370 duck observations were made, consisting of 356 Wood Ducks, 13 Mallards, and one Black Duck. Two ponds were especially important, yielding 232 of the duck observations, and averaging 17.7 and 15.4 Wood Ducks per count. These two ponds were large, remote, relatively shallow, and supported a savanna-like growth of oak {Quercus spp.) trees. By April 3, most ducks departed the area, suggesting that these were primarily over-wintering individuals. A management plan of the Grafton Ponds Natural Area Preserve will recommend minimal disturbance to these ponds. EFFECTS OF PROLONGED FLOODING ON THE HERBACEOUS FLORA OF NATURAL SEASONAL PONDS IN YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA. Thomas J. Rawinski. Va. Dept, of Conservation and Recreation, Div. of Natural Heritage, Main Street Station, 1500 E. Main St., Suite 312, Richmond, Va. 23219. Resampling of 170 permanent vegetation plots at 35 seasonal ponds near Grafton revealed major changes in floristic composition, attributable to sustained high water levels in 1996. Mean vascular plant species richness per plot declined from 13.0 in 1995 to 9.5 in 1996. Most of the 26 herbaceous species absent in 1996 were annuals which require draw-down conditions for germination. Nine other herbaceous species had greatly reduced frequency in 1996. Three species appearing for the first time in 1996 w&rc Azolla caroliniana, Utricularia radiata, and Monotropa uniflora. Utricularia biflora increased from two plots in 1995 to 23 plots in 1996. Plots representing the temporarily flooded Pinus taeda - Quercus phellos / Ilex opaca / Chasmanthium laxum Association experienced a slight decline in species richness, from 15.1 to 14.6. In contrast, species richness in semipermanently flooded plots of the Lindemia dubia - Eragrostis hypnoides - Panicum dichotomiflorum Association declined dramatically, from 14.9 to 2.9. Understanding the dynamics of seasonal pond vegetation requires a research effort sustained over several years. Resampling is planned again for 1997. PROCEEDINGS 153 THE PINEY WOODS OF VIRGINIA, A VISION FOR A SELF-SUPPORTING BIOPRESERVE. Philip Sheridan and Bill Scholl, Meadowview Biological Research Station, 8390 Fredericksburg Tnpk., Woodford, VA 22580. Southeastern Virginia is characterized by a fire-dependent flora which has suffered significant degradation due to fire suppression, drainage of wetlands, and farm and timber practices. Several plant species have been extirpated while only a few populations are extant for a number of others. Botanical investigations of a fire-maintained quail plantation in south Georgia resulted in the discovery of healthy populations of several rare plant species which are experiencing serious population declines in surrounding regions. These results indicate that existing quail management practices in south Georgia may be consistent with preservation of rare and endangered plant species. Losses of bobwhite quail populations in Virginia have resulted in the Virginia Dept, of Game and Inland Fisheries producing a management plan which advocates increased use of prescribed burns to restore quail habitat. We recommend the establishment of a pilot quail plantation in southern Virginia based on the Georgia model and the reintroduction of historical, extirpated or rare plant species. We suggest that quail plantations may serve as financially self- supporting biopreserves for both quail and Virginia's fire-dependent flora . STATUS, ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF THE NILGIR TAHR IN THE MUKURTHI NATIONAL PARK, S. INDIA. Stephen Sumithran and James D. Fraser*, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321 . The Nilgiri tahr {Hemitragus hylocrius) is a rare and endangered mountain ungulate that is endemic to the Western Ghats in South India. We studied this species in the Mukurthi National Park in the Nilgiri District. We estimated the population size at 200 animals and this is lower than an 1976 estimate of 450 individuals. Microhistological analysis of tahr fecal pellet suggest that tahr consume 64% grasses, 15% forbs, 14& sedges and 7% shrubs. Tahr used areas that are closer to cliffs, further form human disturbance, commercial forestry plantations and shola forests. Loss of habitat due to extensive commercial plantations of wattle {Acacia sp.) and blue gum {Eucalyptus sp.) on the grasslands, hydroelectric projects, and human disturbance, especially from feature movie makers, threaten this tahr population. LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO FEDERALLY ENDANGERED FRESHWATER MUSSELS (FAMILY UNIONIDAEL Brian T. Watson and Richard J. Neves. Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321. Population assessments and fish host identifications were completed in 1996 for two federally endangered freshwater mussel species, tan riffleshell {Epioblasrna florentina walkeri) and purple bean {Villosa perpurpurea), in the Clinch River watershed, Virginia. Both species exhibited high degrees of host specificity in laboratory tests, with results similar to those of previously examined congeneric mussel species. Host fish for E. walkeri were limited to the banded and/or mottled sculpin (Cottus carolinae and/or bairdi) and several percids; grccnside darter {Etheostoma blennioides), redline darter (£. rufiUneatum), fantail darter (E. flabellare), and snubnose darter {E. simoterum). Fish hosts identified for V. perpurpurea were also the banded and/or mottled sculpin and two percids; the greenside darter and redline darter. The tan riffleshell population in Indian Creek, Clinch River system, is the largest and perhaps only reproducing population of this species. Size class structure of the population ranged from 19.9 mm to 53.3 mm (males) and 26.2 mm to 49.4 mm (females), with approximately 27% of the population below the mean reproductive age of five years. The purple bean population is considerably less abundant with limited evidence of reproduction. Size class structure of the population ranged from 22.9 mm to 66.7 mm, with approximately 16% of the population less than the mean reproductive age of five years. 154 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Psychology DELAYED NON-MATCH TO SAMPLE OLFACTORY DISCRIMINATION IN RATS. Berry Blankinshlp. Dept, of Psych., Washington and Lee Uniy., Lexington, Virginia 24450. Recent studies have shown that the hippocampal system may not necessarily be the initial site of short-term memory or long-term memory, bnt rather an intermediate-term memory. Because the exact hippocampal area involyed in diis intermediate-term memory is still uncertain, the present experiment has attempted to design an effective delayed non-match to sample task guided by olfactory stimuli in order to utilize this intermediate term memory and ultimately locate the exact hippof!ampal structure involyed. The results of this study show that the subjects are, in fact, capable of learning the non-match to sample task. However, because the subjects did not maintain the learning criterion of the non-match to sample task for a long enough period of time, the subjects did not necessarily perform the same in the DNMS task as they would have with a longer period of criterion maintenance. Additionally, due to time constraints, the delayed non-match to sample task was only run for a period of five days, hardly enough time to acquire data as impressive or accurate as that obtained from a longer duration of time. SUPERVISORY BEHAVIORS THAT INFLUENCE NEWCOMER RELATIONSHIP BUILDING. Victoria L. Cole. & Debra Major, Dept, of Psych., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA. 23517. This study examined how supervisory behaviors influence leader-member exchange (LMX) and friendships between supervisors and newcomers to organizations. It was hypothesized that there would be a positive correlstion between supervisory behaviors and LMX and between supervisory behaviors and friendship. Also, because the multidimensionality measure of LMX contains an affect scale, friendship was expected to be correlated with LMX. How supervisory behaviors might individually correlate with LMX and friendship was also examined. The participants of this study were 115 newcomers to two large organizations. The correlational analyses performed found support for the hypotheses regarding the global measures of supervisory behaviors, LMX, and frindship. In addition, the majority of the individual supervisory behaviors were found to be correlated with LMX and fiiendship. IMAGERY IN MNEMONIC DEVICES: THE EFFECT OF VISUALIZATION INSTRUCTIONS ON FREE RECALL OF MATCHED SERIAL WORDS AND PICTURES. Christine C. Cubitt. Richard L. Shortt. T. Scott Bennett, and James P. O’Brien, Social Sciences Div., Tidewater Cmnty. Col., Virginia Beach VA 23456. The relationship between verbal and pictorial memory was explored in a 2x2x2 design. Randomized stimuli were either 20 pictures (P) or their 20 word-names (W) drawn from Snodgrass & Vanderwart's (1980) lists such that all 20 pictures were perfect on name agreement measures (100% & H^O.OO) but 10 words were high in Image Agreement (HIAg) and 10 were low (LIAg). Half of the groups received a mnemonic instruction which included imagery (I) and half received a mnemonic instruction without imagery (X). While the picture superiority effect was demonstrated, the HIAGxWxI condition yielded free recall scores equivalent to those of P under any condition. Automatic processing appears to be similar to instructed processing for pictures but not for all types of words (XW'. No significant effects were found on a retention test given to all subjects one woek later. TOUCH DURING MOTHER-INFANT INTERACTIONS: THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STRESS, DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY. Emily L. Fergus and Jeffrey Pickens, Dept, of Psychology, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807. This study investigated non-verbal behavior during mother-infant play interactions, and its relationship to maternal reports of symptoms of depression, stress and anxiety. N " 65 mother-infant dyads (mothers’ M age = 30.2 yrs.: 36 male and 29 female infants, M age^ 164.1 days) were observed engaging in normal play for 3 minutes. Videotaped interactions were coded with a scale that rated both frequency and quality of touch. No relationship between touch scores and maternal stress or anxiety were observed. However, mothers in this sample who reported more depressive symptoms were observed to touch their infants more than non-depressed mothers. Depressive mothers appeared to be overstimulating their infants by engaging in higher rates of poking and tickling. This contrasts with prior reports that suggest that depressive mothers are typically withdrawn and understimulating with their infants. The present data suggests that analysis of non-verbal behaviors, such as the pattern of maternal touching, is useful for characterizing mother-infant interaction syles. CLASSIFYING LABORATORY TEAM TASKS: A DEMONSTRATION OF A METHOD. A, Fitzgibbons & R.M. McIntyre*, Dept, of Psyc., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. The current study attempted to trial test a method for classifying simulated and laboratory tasks so they can be compared to real world team tasks. This method was based on Yanuskefski’s (1995) team classification system. Using the TTDE^ task, seven teams of four completed 20 decision trials and completed an interview. This interview was the basis for the data analysis. The results indicate that laboratory tasks may be similar to environmental conditions of some teams yet the process (behavioral) variables are more similar to other types of teams. Therefore, there is only a limited set of conclusions researchers can make about real world teams based upon the findings of this laboratory setting. Questions pertaining to fiiture methodology are raised. Future research is called for to establish a comprehensive classification system of laboratory tasks. 156 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AN ANALYSIS OF NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR DURING PARENT-CHILD PLAY INTERACTIONS. Jennifer Floam and Jeffrey Pickens, Dept, of Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807. This study examined non¬ verbal behavior during parent-child play, and its relationship to parenting stress reported on the Parenting Stress Index (PSI). N = 48 parent-chUd dyads (39 mothers & 9 fathers, M age =36.5 yrs.: 26 male and 22 female children, range 3-14 years, M age=6.8 yrs) were observed engaging in a series of play tasks using the Marschak Interaction Method. Parent-child affect, proximity, as well as reinforcing, orienting and affectionate categories of touch were coded from videotapes. Dyads classified as “high stress” versus “low stress” (according to published cutoff scores for the PSI) differed in non-verbal interaction quality. Parents who scored high in parenting stress had less optimal interactions with their children, showing more negative affect and less touching. In contrast, low-stress dyads stayed in closer proximity and touched one another more during play. These results suggest that parenting stress negatively affects the quality of parent-child interactions as reflected in the pattern of nonverbal behavior exhibited during play. HIPPOCAMPAL HILAR AND CA3 CELLS: ANATOMY AND BEHAVIOR. T. J. GrandPre. K. S, Berland*, & L. E. Jarrard, Dept, of Psychol., Washington & Lee Univ. The role of the hippocampus in learning and memory was studied by investigating the effects of selective bilaterd lesions of the CA3 cell field and the hilus of the dentate gyrus. In Exp. 1, the behavior of 11 rats (five experimental, six controls) was monitored in an Activity, Eating, and Drinking System for 14 days. Analysis of the data revealed a significant difference in terms of frequency of eating but not drinking or activity. Further, there was no significant difference in amount of food or water consumed. In Exp. 2, a Morris Water Maze was used to test spatial learning and memory. The resulting data revealed a dramatic spatial memory impairment in the experimental animals that was greater that what is found when all of the hippocampus is removed. Examination of the histology revealed a complete loss of the hilar cells with slight sparing of the CA3 region in the ventral-posterior extent of that field. In the lesioned rats, cell loss was also found in the amygdala and entorhinal cortex; presumably, this loss was the result of seizure activity. This pattern of results seems to indicate that hilar and CA3 lesions could provide a good animal model to study the behavioral effects of seizure activity. DEPRESSION AND THE EMOTIONAL STROOP TASK: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SIGNIHCANCE OF ERRORS. Janice E. Halecki. Robin J. Lewis, Kathryn K. Drury, Dept, of Psych., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. The significance of errors made on an emotional Stroop task was investigated in this study. Ninety undergraduate students (44 male, 46 female, ages ranging from 18-25) from Old Dominion University participated. Participants performed a modified Stroop task using 16 letter string control words, 16 neutral words, 16 positive words, and 16 negative words as stimulus words. The task was administered on a 386SX personal computer using Micro Experimental Laboratory 2.0 software and a response box with voice key and microphone. An audio recording of the session was made to detect errors. Participants completed a series of surveys after completing the task, including two measures of dysphoria (BDI, and CES-D), and the Shipley Institute of Living Scale for measurement of intellectual impairment. Participants also completed a stimulus rating form (to rate the emotionality of the stimulus words), and a stimulus frequency form (to rate the frequency that events suggested by the words had occurred). The results of a 2 X 4 (dysphoria X word-type) ANOVA revealed no main effect; however the interaction was significant. The interaction revealed that, within word types, positive words resulted in a greater difference in errors across dysphoria groups. These results suggest a new model of depressive schemata, one in which the concepts of success and social approval are strongly linked with depressive neural networks. PROCEEDINGS 157 THE EFFECTS OF CD-ROM VERSUS TEXT-BASED INSTRUCTION ON RECALL AND COMPREHENSION IN YOUNG CHILDREN. Chelsv Harris and Jeffrey Pickens, Dept, of Psychology, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807. This study investigated the effects of computer vs. text-based instruction on recall and comprehension in children. Together with a teacher, 26 children (M age=5.7 yrs.. Range 4-9 yrs.) read a story-book, and worked with an interactive computer-based story, in a counterbalanced design. Following each story, children were asked a series of questions to determine their recall of story details. Although the text and CD-ROM stories were equated for length and content, children spent more time with the computerized format, and generally recalled more of computer-presented materials. There was no difference in recall between computer vs. text versions of a short/easy story, but there was a clear superiority of recall for computer presentation of a longer story. The results suggest that the graphic and interactive nature of computerized presentations can maintain children’s interest and contribute to better recall for some materials. This suggests that computer-assisted instruction may be helpful in homes and classrooms as instructional tools to enhance learning for young children. EFFECT OF COMBINATION OF EPFIEDRINE AND CAFFEINE ON SPONTANEOUS MOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE RAT. M. E. Jones. Jr,. M. C. Mann*, and P. M. Duncan, Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. Caffeine and ephedrine are relatively common drugs that are used by many people. The purpose of this experiment was to determine what effect caffeine and ephedrine have on locomotor activity in rats, and if there is any interaction between them when used in combination. Eight male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were given varying doses of caffeine and ephedrine. Their locomotor activity levels were. then measured. The hypothesis was that both caffeine and ephedrine would have an effect, and that there would also be an interaction. The data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. There was a dose-related increase in activity for both drugs. However, no interaction effect was observed. ACTIVITY, EATING, AND DRINKING FOLLOWING LESIONS OF HIPPOCAMPUS AND ENTORHINAL CORTEX. J. R, Leitch. E. W. Smitli, S. E. Schultz*, and L. E. Jarrard, Dept, of Psychology, Washington & Lee Univ., Le.xington, Va. 24450. The effects of excitotoxic lesion of the hippocampus and aspiration lesion of the entorhinal cortex on activity, eating, and drinking behavior in the rat were examined. Uiese behaviors were monitored by a computer that sampled at 5-second intervals throughout the 24-hour day for three days preoperatively and fourteen days postoperatively. Rats with hippocampal lesions were found to be significantly more active noctumally throughout the postoperative period and during the day for the first three postoperative days. Daytime activity in hippocampals was found to return to a level more consistent with entorhinal cortex lesioned and control rats following the third postoperative day. Hippocampal food and water consumption instances increased consistently and significantly postoperatively with respect to both entorliinal cortex lesions and controls. No significant differences were found between entorhinal cortex lesioned animals and controls. Since the entorhinal cortex provides the main cortical inputs into the hippocampus, it is interesting that these basic behaviors are not affected when the entorhinal cortex is removed. The results suggest that the reciprocal connections of the hippocampus to subcortical structures through the fimbria-fomix must be involved in the motivation of these behaviors. This finding has implications for all experiments in w hich hippocampus lesioned rats are tested in a task that could be influenced by significantly higher basic motivation. 158 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE IDENTIFYING AND SORTING KEY CONCEPTS: IMPROVING TEXT COMPREHENSION AND ASSESSING READER UNDERSTANDING. Stephanie A. Rosenacker & Danielle S. McNamara, Dept, of Psych., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. Undergraduates read a biology and a history text and either performed a keyword identification task or reread each text. They then performed a keyword sorting task and answered comprehension questions (i.e., textbased or situation model levels). Subjects comprehended the biology text better in the reread condition than those in the keyword identification condition. We suspect that there was an advantage for the reread condition because subjects did not process the text at a deep level when performing the keyword identification task. However, for the history text, there was no difference between the conditions. In general, subjects with a high level of background knowledge comprehended both texts better than those with a low level of background knowledge for the textbased questions, situation model questions, and situation model sorting task. For those who completed the keyword identification task, their level of knowledge did not have an effect on then- scores. We suspect that if subjects do not take situation model task seriously (i.e., keyword identification task), then their comprehension scores would be lower than those who completed textbased tasks (i.e., rereading the text). ON THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND CONTEXTUAL LEARNING. E. W. Smith. J. R. Leitch, S. E. Schultz*, and L. E. Jarrard, Dept, of Psychology, W & L. , Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, VA. 24450. The hippocampus has been continuously implicated as a mediator in contextual learning paradi^s. In the past, the primary means utilized to explore the role of the hippocampus in contextual conditioning has been aversive fear conditioning. In an attempt to further elucidate these data we examined hippocampectomized rats using simple appetitive Pavlovian training to remove confounding factors. Experiment 1 examined acquisition of contextual cues using the presentation of a Us, in this case, food. The results suggest that hippocampal rats demonstrate a significant difference in behavior manifested in increased activity within a novel environment. Experiment 2 consisted of two different trial settings involving spatial-dependent appetitive conditioning. Interpretation of these studies was inconclusive with regard to the rats’ ability to demonstrate a conditioned preference, however, it did reinforce previous findings that demonstrate hippocampals’ inability to extinguish in learning tasks. It can be suggested as a result of both experiments that the hippocampus plays a dynamic role in the inhibition of learned behaviors. DOES PARENTING STYLE PREDICT ANTISOCIAL AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN BOYS WITH AND WITHOUT ATTENTION-DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER? Kathleen M. Smith. Laurel S. Baker, LaShaun Y. Stubbs, Dawn M. Powers, & Michelle L. Kelley, Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529-0267. The purpose of the present research was to examine the degree to which mothers disciplinary practices and parenting styles predicted antisocial and prosocial behavior in ADHD and non- ADHD boys. Participants were 46 mother-ADHD son dyads and 53 mother/non-ADHD son dyads. A more authoritative parenting style negatively predicted children’s antisocial behavior, whereas permissive parenting positively predicted children’s antisocial behavior. More authoritative parenting during a videotaped interaction predicted children’s prosocial behavior. Additionally, authoritarian, permissive, and disengaged parenting were negatively related to children’s prosocial behavior. These findings provide some support that children’s behavior is dependent on the parent’s style of interaction with the child and that perhaps, some parents and children do engage in coercive interactions, however, these patterns appear to hold for both ADHD and non-ADHD mother-son dyads. PROCEEDINGS 159 ATTACHMENT, STRESS, ANXIETY, COPING AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION AS A FUNCTION OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION. Julie M. Stark & Michelle L. Kelley, Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relationship between attachment style and stress, anxiety, coping mechanisms and relationship satisfaction as a function of sexual orientation. Comparisons were made between 65 heterosexual males, 71 heterosexual females, 61 homosexual males, and 70 homosexual females based on self-report measures of attachment, stress, anxiety, coping and relationship satisfaction. The percentages of individuals endorsing each attachment type significantly differed as a fiinction of sexual orientation. Secure and dismissing individuals reported less stress and anxiety than either preoccupied or fearful attachment types. Individuals endorsing the secure style of attachment reported higher problem-focused coping and greater relationship satisfaction than insecure attachment types. Gays and lesbians reported significantly higher problem-focused coping than heterosexuals reported. Contrary to previous research, gays and lesbians reported greater relationship satisfaction than heterosexuals. THE RELATIONSHIP OF AGE, EDUCATION, AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE ELDERLY TO KNOWLEDGE OF AGING AMONG COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS. James P. Taormina. Richard W. Hardee. Leeann M. Patton, and James P. O'Brien, Social Sciences Div. Tidewater Cmnty. Col., Virginia Beach VA 23456. Community college students (N=189) were surveyed; more non-traditional students are included in this population so it is more likely to resemble the general public than previously reported samples. Palmore's (1990) FAQI items were used with the addition of a "Don't Know" response for each item as recommended by Courtenay & Weidemann (1985) to reduce effects of guessing. No significant correlations were found between knowledge of aging scores (% accurate & % correct) and age, educational level (sem. hr. taken), years of experience with the elderly in subjects' homes, years of volunteer or paid work or number of contacts with the elderly per week. Those who had resided with an elderly person were more accurate in responses than those who had not (t=2.36, P=.01); those who had volunteered or worked with the elderly scored higher than those who had not (t=l .72, P=.04). It appears that the typical American who will have to make decisions about the care of elderly loved ones is, in general, poorly informed about aging. Statistics STUDYING GROUP EFFECTS ON CIRCULAR-LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS. Christine M. Anderson-Cook. Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. 24061- 0439. Circular-Linear data are bivariate responses where one component is measured by an angle or a location on a unit circle, and the other is a linear or scalar quantity. Applications for this kind of data arise in a number of diverse disciplines including engineering, biology, and meteorology. Wind direction and velocity would be a common example of this type of response. A common interrelationship to consider between components is that a single cosine can adequately describe the conditional distribution of the linear response given the circular one. Two complementary approaches to extending the method to incorporate group effects are presented. One approach considers reducing the number of groups by determining which curves describing the relationship are significantly different for each other, while the other finds common parameters within the curve across all of the groups. An engineering example is shown to illustrate the results. 160 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE CANONICAL VARIATE ANALYSIS WITH LONGITUDINAL DATA. Michael Beaghen. Dept, of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. A method is described for performing canonical variate analysis with longitudinal data. Canonical variates that are stable over time are hypothesized and estimated using maximum likelihood methodology. A likelihood ratio test is presented to test the hypothesis of stable canonical variates over time. The positions of the group means on the canonical variates are also estimated, and a hypothesis test of their equality over time is introduced. An example is given where measurements relating to “math anxiety” are made on male and female students before and after an introductory calculus course. CAUSATION IN THE LAW: NECESSITUDE AND SUFFICITUDE, IJ. Good. Dept, of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 24061-0439. We can define a strict necessary or sufficient cause F of an event E in terms of logical implication. To generalize to tendency to cause, simply replace implication by weight of evidence W, the logarithm of a Bayes factor (which is the factor by which prior odds are multiplied to obtain posterior odds and is equal to a Bayesian likelihood ratio). We thus arrive at additive definitions of necessitude and sufficitude, Q„^ and Q^^f, in terms of the probabilities P(E|F&U) and P(E| F& U) where F denotes the negation of F and U denotes the state of the universe just before the occurrence of either F or F . Conversely these probabilities can be expressed in temis of and Q^^f. Thus probability and causality are seen to be two sides of the same coin. It took me 31 years to make that simple discovery! This unification of the two topics would be impossible without explicating both necessitude and sufficitude. Necessitude and sufficitude pertain directly to ethical responsibility when the physical probabilities are replaced by the actor’s subjective probabilities. More generally, in legal matters physical probabilities have to be estimated subjectively. (We are all Bayesians in the sense of using subjective probabilities, at least implicitly.) For example, an attempted murder might be ethically even worse than actual murder. But in human law, as distinct from “divine law”, an actual murder is regarded as more deserving of REVENGE, politely call retribution. There are degrees of responsibility. An interpretation of “legal responsibility” is mentioned and is a plausible meaning for the degree to which F actually (physically) was necessary or sufficient to cause E on a specific occasion. For more details and references see Tech. Rep. 97-1, Jan. 97 to be published in Machine Intelligence 15 (edited by F. Kurukawa, D. Michie, and S. Muggleton; Oxford Univ. Press). ANALYSIS OF FAMILIAL TYPE DATA UNDER CIRCULAR COVARIANCE. Andrew M. Hartley & Davanand N. Naik. Dept, of Mathematics and Statistics, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. Circular covariance matrices play an important role in modeling phenomena in numerous epidemiological, communications and physical contexts. In this article, we propose a parsimonious, “autoregressive” type of circular covariance structure which, similar to AR(1) time series models, involves only two parameters. We specify the ML estimator of these parameters, and implement two techniques for model selection between spherical, autoregressive circular, and general (unrestricted) circular covariance. We also derive an estimator for the autoregressive parameter which is superior to the MLE when the sample size is small, and present a comparison of the mean squared error of this estimator with that of the MLE using computer simulations. Finally, we discuss a case in which the measurements (which can be called “siblings’” scores) which have an autoregressive circular covariance structure, are equicorrelated with some other measurement (such as a “parent’s” score). We consider estimation of the parent-sibling interclass correlation. PROCEEDINGS 161 CONSTRUCTION OF LINEAR TREND-FREE FACTORIAL DESIGNS. Kiho Kim & Klaus Hinkelmann, Dept. of Stat., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. A sequential application of treatment combinations for a factorial design to experimental units over time and space is called a run order of that design. In some situations, the homogeneity assumption among experimental units may not be appropriate and hence a randomized run order may not be applicable. Wlien the experimental units have a linear trend over time or space and the responses may be affected by such a trend, a systematic run order instead of a randomized run order may be preferred in order to reduce the effect of the trend. Factorial designs which have a systematic run order so that the properties of the ordinary analysis of variance for treatments and block sums of squares are preserved from a linear trend, are called linear trend-free factorial designs. In some practical situations where minimizing the cost of conducting an experiment is important along with “linear trend-freeness”, systematic run orders which have small number of level changes may be preferred in order to reduce the cost incurred by changing the levels of factors. The generalized foldover scheme (GFS) introduced by Coster and Cheng (1988) is a construction method of systematic run orders for factorial designs. In the GFS, a unique run order is constructed by a given generator matrix. The intention is to find a generator matrix for a factorial design so that a systematic run order generated by the GFS with respect to that generator matrix provides the linear trend-freeness and then minimizes the number of level changes. A systematic construction method of generator matrix based on the selection of foldover vectors (SFV) is presented. DETECTING OUTLIERS WITH COOK’S D STATISTIC. Donald R. Jensen, Dept, of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va. 24061, & Donald E. Ramirez , Dept, of Mathematics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. 22903. We introduce a generalized F distribution, and we show how to compute numerically p-values for this family of distributions. Natural versions of Cook’s D statistic are distributed as such distributions. We apply these techniques to determine the statistical outliers (for single observations and joint observations) for the Intercountry Life-Cycle Savings Data from Belsley, Kuh, and Welsch. NEAR-SATURATED TWO-STAGE DESIGNS WITH DISPERSION EFFECTS. D’Arcv P. Mays. Dept, of Math. Sciences, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23284-2014. Many experimental processes are quite expensive, and traditional factorial or central composite design experiments are beyond the scope of the experimental budget. Situations in which calibrated equipment must be purch^ed or batches of material created are two examples. In situations like these, experimenters prefer to use saturated or near-saturated response surface designs, such as Koshal designs, hybrid designs, or small composite designs, to reduce the cost of the experimental process. Applications of such near-saturated designs are abundant, but most are applied to processes that assume homogeneous process variance throughout the desipi region. However, in many situations the skssumption of homogeneous process variance is violated, and instead a imknown heterogeneous variance structure must be considered. Traditional statistical procedures involve the application of weighted Iciist squeires to analyze the data from such an experiment. This analysis considers the application of a two-stage experimental design procedure developed by Mays and Myers (1993) to the near-saturated designs in cases in which heterogeneous variance exists. The Urst stage of the two-stage procedure involves an equal replicate design that produces data used to estimate the heterogeneous variance structure. This estimated variance structure is then used to determine a second stage design that augments the first stage design to create a highly efficient total design. A simulation analysis shows that there are situations in which one would want to use a near-saturated design and the two-stage experimental design procedure is superior to a one-stage equal replicate application of the near-saturated designs. 162 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE SMOOTHING CONSIDERATIONS IN NONPARAMETRIC AND SEMIPARAMETRIC REGRESSION. James E. Mays. Dept, of Math. Sciences, Va, Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23284-2014, & Jeffrey B. Birch, Dept, of Statistics, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0439. There are two classical approaches to fitting a regres¬ sion line to a scatter of points. If the form of the underlying model is considered known, then parametric procedures (such as least squares) are useful. With no information about the under¬ lying model, nonparametric procedures (such as kernel or local-linear regression) are needed. Considered here also are two new semiparametric (model-robust) techniques which combine parametric and nonparametric techniques when there is partial information present about the un¬ derlying model. The nonparametric portions of these procedures use the data itself to obtain the fitted values at particular locations, by giving more weight to locations close to the point being fit and less weight to points farther away. The rate at which these weights decrease is determined by the bandwidth (or smoothing parameter). Discussed are the underlying motivations behind bandwidth selection, several typical techniques, the problems with these techniques, and the development of a new criterion. Of special interest is observing how well this new selector maintains the beneficial mean squared error properties of the new semiparametric methods. USING COVARIATE INFORMATION TO INCREASE THE ACCURACY OF MARK-RECAPTURE ESTIMATES Steven R. Rein. Dept, of Math. Sciences, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23284- 2014. & Ray J. White, Trout Habitat Specialists, Edmonds, WA 98020*. In fisheries, size selectivity is a well known difficulty in mark-recapture experiments. Other variables, such as habitat conditions, may also influence sampling efficiency, thus biasing population and biomass estimates. Following the method of Anderson (1995), a method for incorporating covariate information into such estimates is suggested. An additive model relating the logit of the chance of capture to smooth functions of covariates is assumed. Once this model is fit, the chance of capture for each fish is estimated then used as a weighting factor for population and biomass estimates. This approach will be illustrated using data on brown trout Salmo trutta and habitat conditions in the Paintbranch stream system in suburban Maryland. Comparisons will be made with the standard Chapman-Petersen estimates via simulation. THE ANALYSIS OF SERIALLY CORRELATED DATA USING QUASI-LEAST SQUARES. Justine Shults, Ctr. for Pediatric Research, EVMS, Norfolk, VA 23510, and N. Rao Chaganty, Dept, of Stat., Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529. Quasi-least squares (QLS), a marginal statistical method first described in the balanced setting by Chaganty (1997, J. Stat. Plan. Inf., to appear), allows for application of a wide range of correlation structures. We propose a non-asymptotic criterion for correlation model selection that is based on the QLS approach. We then present the advantages of using QLS to analyze small samples of unbalanced and unequally spaced longitudinal data using three correlation models- the first order auto-regressive (AR(1)), the Markov, and the generalized Markov structure described by N'unez- Anton and Woodworth (1994, Biometrics 50, 445^56). The Markov and generalized Markov stnictures cannot be easily employed when using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach of Liang and Zeger (1986, Biometrika 73, 13-22) because GEE Markov correlation parameter estimates are often infeasible and it is difficult to obtain consistent moment estimates of the correlation parameters for the generalized Markov structure. We conduct simulations for the AR( 1 ) and Markov correlation structures to show that use of QLS can lead to reduced mean square error of the regression parameter estimates and to demonstrate the benefit of using QLS when the generalized Markov structure is correctly specified. An analysis of some medical data is also presented, to demonstrate the use of QLS in selecting a suitable working correlation structure and identifying important covariates. BEST STUDENT PAPER AWARDS 163 1997 BEST STUDENT PAPER AWARDS AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE SCIENCES: Mohamed A. Elseifi Dept, of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech Optimum Design of Stiffened Composite Panels with Realistic Imperfections AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND AQUACULTURE: Carla E. Hegeman Dept, of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech Purification and Characterization of Soybean Phytase ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS: Amanda McDaniel Dept, of Physics, University of Virginia Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy Studies of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells BIOLOGY: 1. E. Burbuhs Dept, of Biology, Virginia Tech Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis BOTANY: Rhonda Edwards Dept, of Biology, Virginia Tech The Reproductive Biology of Addison’s Leatherflower CHEMISTRY: V. Tersol Dept, of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University Use of Sohd Phase Microextraction Techniques in the Detection of Contraband Drugs COMPUTER SCIENCE: Daniel Werner Dept, of Computer Science, Randolph-Macon College Empirical Results from a Sonar Transducer Hardware Interface EDUCATION: Brenda Brand Dept, of Teaching and Learning, Virginia Tech Pre-Service Science Teachers’ Beliefs About Diversity 164 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: Matt A. Patterson Depts. of Biology and Fisheries and Wildlife, Virginia Tech Use of Glycogen Levels to Assess the General Health of Unionids from the Zebra Mussel Infested Ohio River and from Quarantine GEOLOGY: Ginger Vaughn Dept, of Geological Sciences, Virginia Tech Orientations and Magnitudes of Paleostress Recorded in Lower Paleozoic Carbon¬ ates from the Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province, Northern Virginia MATERIALS SCIENCE: Christopher Robertson Dept, of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech Segmental Cooperativity in Glass-Forming Miscible Polymer Blends and the Influence on Stmctural Relaxation MEDICAL SCIENCES: Kim Gerecke Dept, of Psychology, University of Richmond Are Some of the Sexual, Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Prenatal Stress Due to Alterations of Neuronal Morphology in Medial Preoptic Area (mPOA) Neurons? MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: M. V. Thorsteinsson Dept, of Biochemistiy, Virginia Tech Ligand Binding Studies of tlie Cytoplasmic Hemoglobin of Nostoc commune, UTEX 584 (Cyanobacteria) NATURAL HISTORY AND BIODIVERSITY: Stephen Sumithran Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech Status of Conservation of the Nilgiri Tahr, Hemitragus hylocrius, in the Mukurthi National Park, South India (Bovidae) PSYCHOLOGY: Emily L. Fergus Dept, of Psychology, James Madison University Touch During Mother-Infant Interactions: The Effects of Parenting Stress, Depres¬ sion and Anxiety BEST STUDENT PAPER AWARDS 165 STATISTICS (VAS Chapter, American Statistical Association): Kiho Kim Dept, of Statistics, Virginia Tech Linear Trend-Free Factorial Designs HONORABLE MENTION AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE SCIENCES: Christian Wenger Dept, of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech Wave Number Frequency Spectra of Turbulent Flows AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND AQUACULTURE: Doug N. Harpole Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech Effects of 7 Silvicultural Treatments on Terrestrial Salamanders in a Southern Appalachian Hardwood Forest G. Tasissa Dept, of Forestry, Virginia Tech Modehng Thinning Effects on Ring Specific Gravity of Loblolly Pine (Pirns taeda L.) ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS: Justin Voshell Dept, of Physics, James Madison University Development of a Remote Computer Control Calibration System for Photomulti- phers in the Hall B CLAS Detector at the Jefferson National Laboratory BIOLOGY: C. M. Wilson Dept, of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College and Dept, of Biology, Virginia Tech Thyroid Hormones in Avian Eggs: Presence, Manipulation, and Influence on Embryonic Development M. B. Lovem Dept, of Biology, Virginia Tech A Behavioral Profile of Free-Ranging Juvenile Male and Female Green Anoles, AnoUs carolinensis 166 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE CHEMISTRY: R. C. Watson Dept, of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry of Inorganic Complexes EDUCATION: Starhn D. Weaver Dept, of Teaching and Learning, Virginia Tech Using PortfoHos to Assess Learning in Chemistry: One School’s Story of Evolving Assessment Practices ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: Kimberly S. Barnes Dept, of Biology, George Mason University Phenotypic Characterization of an Extremely HalopWhc Archaebacterium M. J. Cyterski Dept, of Fisheries and Wildhfe Sciences, Virginia Tech Factors Affecting the Utilization of Gizzard Shad by Sportfishes in Two Virginia Reservoirs GEOLOGY: Rachael C. Davis Dept, of Geology and Environmental Studies, James Madison University Textural Analysis of a Periclagial (?) Surficial Deposit at Graves Mill, Madison County, Virginia Andrew M. Bush Dept, of Geological Sciences, Virginia Tech A Test of Evolutionary Stasis in Time-Averaged Assemblages of Mercenaria Clams MATERIALS SCIENCE: Karen S. Lewis Dept, of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia Determination of the Corrosive Solution Formed Within Aircraft Lap-Splice Joints C. A. Mahieux Dept, of Material Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech Microbuckling in Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in End- loaded Bending BEST STUDENT PAPER AWARDS 167 MEDICAL SCIENCES: David W. Mullins Dept, of Biology, Microbiology and Immunology Section, Virginia Tech Taxol Administration Modulates Nitric Oxide but Enhances Interleukin 12 Produc¬ tion by Tumor Distal Macrophages In Vivo Asimah Rafi Dept, of Biology, Virginia Tech CD44-Hyaluronic Acid Interactions Can Induce Murine B Cell Activation NATURAL HISTORY AND BIODIVERSITY: James Beikelman Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech Foraging Ecology of the Madagascar Fish-Eagle, Haliaeetus vociferoides Sean L. Carter Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech Movement and Activity Patterns of Bog Turtles, Clemmys muhlenbergii, in South¬ west Virginia PSYCHOLOGY: Julie M. Stark Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion University Attachment Style and its Relationship to Stress, Anxiety, Coping and Relationship Satisfaction as a Function of Sexual Orientation Janice E. Halecki Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion University Dysphoria and the Emotional Stroop Task: An Investigation of the Significance of Errors 168 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE J. Shelton Horsley Research Award The J. Shelton Horsley Research Award was given to Asimah Rafi, Mitzi Nagar- katti, and Prakash S. Nagarkatti for their paper entitled '’Hyaluronate-CD44 Inter¬ actions Can Induce Murine B Cell Activation”. The paper was presented in the Medical Sciences Section at the 75th annual meeting of the VAS and published in the journal Blood. A. Rafi is a graduate student and P. S. Nagarkatti is a faculty member in the Division of Microbiology and Immunology in the Department of Biology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. M. Nagarkatti is a faculty member in the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology of the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine at Virginia Polytech¬ nic Institute and State University. Horsley Cancer Research Fund Grants A total of tlu^ee proposals were funded. David M. Gardner, Department of Biology, Roanoke College was awarded $ 3970.00 to fund his proposal titled "Receptor-mediated cell aggregation and migration in TGF-beta induced differentiation of normal and src-transformed chick embryo cells". Julie A. Kerry, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eastern Virginia Medical School was awarded $ 2000.00 to fund her proposal titled "Regulation of cellular genes by human cytomegalovims". Thomas O. Sitz, Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech was awarded $ 4000.00 to fund his proposal titled "The paradox of metliylation and cancer". Small Project Research Funds A total of eight proposals were funded. Harold S. Adams, Division of Arts and Sciences, Dabney S. Lancaster Community College, was awarded $ 1,130.00 to fund his proposal titled "Diversity and abundance of salamanders in tire Laurel Fork area of Higliland County, Virginia". Christopher M. Bailey, Geology Department, College of William and Mary, was awarded $ 1,100.00 to fund Iris proposal titled "Petrologic and structural analysis of Grenvillian rocks in the Blue Ridge province, Madison and Greene Counties, Virginia". RESEARCH AWARDS 169 Barbara L, Bennett and E. F. Benfield, Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, were awarded $ 772.00 to fund their proposal titled "Role of headwaters in structuring downstream benthic invertebrate assemblages in agricultural streams". Robin Lee Davies, Biology Department, Sweet Briar College, was awarded $ 1,2 15.00 to fund her proposal titled "Generation of a physical map of human chromosome 12pl3 using non-radioactive DNA hybridization". Arati B. Kamath and Mitzi Nagaikatti, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maiyland Regional College of Veterinaiy Medicine, were awarded $ 1,050,00 to fund their proposal titled "Role of Fas in TCDD-mediated immunotoxicity". David W. Mullins and Klaus D. Elgert, Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Biology^, Virginia Tech, were awarded $1,200.00 to fund their proposal titled "Tumor-induced immunosuppression through modulation of macro- phage-derived Interleukin- 12". Asimah Rafi and Prakash S. Nagarkatti, Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, were awarded $ 1,100.00 to fund their proposal titled "Role of CD44 in the development of autoimmune disease". Judith H. Stiles and Robert H. Jones, Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, were awarded $ 997.00 to fund their proposal titled "Top-down control by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta: effects on early -successional plant commu¬ nities in tlie southeastern U. S.". 170 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AWARDS 1997 ANNUAL MEETING AGRICULTURAL AND ANIMAL SCIENCE Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Laura J. Herring Michelle E. Kunec Bonmyong Lee Brent J. Surber Sumeet Sarin Travis W. Hundley Clover Hill High School Bishop O’Connell High School Wash^gton-Lee High School Southwest Virginia Governor’s School Blacksburg High School Carroll County High School Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (ETHOLOGY) Roy B. Steinmann, Jr. J.R. Tucker High School Megan A. Jerrell Chickahominy Middle School Catherine 1. Shaw Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies Vincent C. Gomes, IV Gloucester High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: BOTANY ’A’ Amanda B. Brenmer Brandt R. Carr John R. Comthwait, Jr. Ehzabeth A. Bederka Jeremy R. Camden Aaron M. Bachmarm Chickahominy Middle School Tuckahoe Middle School Cave Spring High School Gloucester High School Roanoke Valley Governor’s School Clover Hill High School BOTANY ’B’ Honorable Mention: James G. Holder, II Third Place : Peter L. Grimaldi Second Place: Michael J. Eblan First Place: Forrest L. Frazier Roanoke Valley Governor’s School Swanson Middle School Bishop O’Connell High School Central Virginia Governor’s School BOTANY ’C’ Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Daniel A. Koski-Karell Martha K. Lucas Stephen J. Maney Meredith A. Meyer Yorktown High School Tuckahoe Middle School Gloucester High School Washington-Lee High School VJAS AWARDS 171 Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: BOTANY ’D’ Stepehn P. Ramaley Kristen J. Solada Carter A. Vaughan Amol K. Tripathi Gildersleeve Middle School Gloucester High School Central Virginia Governor’s School Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies CHEMISTRY ’A’ Salim H. Ahmed Caroline L. Burnet Joanne M, Cunningham Wilham J. Edwards Rebecca A. Brooks Maureen GramagUa Thomas Jefferson HS for Science and Technology Warwick High School Atlee High School Bishop O’Connell High School Menchville High School Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology CHEMISTRY ’B’ Faisal S. Malik Mary E. McAden Whitney T. McGhee Caroline C. Kuo Chi-yu Liang Curtis J, Layton Yorktown High School Cave Spring High School Atlee High School Yorktown High School Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology Cave Spring High School CHEMISTRY ’C’ Jennifer L. Payne Claire A. Salier-Hellendag Patrick W. Raiimey Mandy J. Warsaw Oliver M. Stroeh Leana Jean SiocW Mills E. Godwin High School Menchville High School Swanson Middle School Cave Spring High School Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology Gildersleeve Middle School COMPUTER SCIENCE Nadia Djafamia Tuckahoe Middle School David K. Click Central Shenandoah Valley Governor’s School Liem T. Ha Wakefield High School Charles C. Neeley Central Virginia Governor’s School 172 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: CONSUMER SCIENCE ’A’ Richard S. Amer Natlian J. Bliss Kevin R. Cahill Richard M. Bagby Matthew A. Canfield Lisa M. Coward Cave Spring High School Williamsburg Middle School Swanson Middle School Tuckahoe Middle School Cave Spring High School Lloyd C. Bird High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honrable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: CONSUMER SCIENCE ’B’ Brian S. Dean Tuckahoe Middle School Atira B. Goodwin Clover Hill High School Jared D. Heffron Gloucester High School Jerome T. Holman James River High School Caitlin R. F. Gray Yorktown High School Brian C. Gross Cave Spring High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: CONSUMER SCIENCE ’C’ Anna E. McClure Gregory C. Nightingale Danielle E. Parra Nichole D. Nardon Lindsey J. Rawls Jennifer E. Miller Wilhamsburg Middle School Wilhamsburg Middle School Atlee High School James River High School Gloucester High School Gloucester High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: CONSUMER SCIENCE ’D’ Jillian L. Silva ErinE. Waller Michele R. Williams Dexter R. Wood, lii Zsofia Varga Gabrielle A. Teschner Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies James River High School Dozier Middle School Lloyd C. Bird High School Harry F. Byrd Middle School Gloucester High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE Lindsey K. Check Cluistina R. A. Majer Shane C. Smitli Michael D. Barnett Ellen M. Michalik Travis M. Gray Chickahominy Middle School Magnet School for the Science and Health Professions Roanoke Valley Governor’s School Lloyd C. Bird High School Central Virginia Governor’s School Gloucester High School VJAS AWARDS 173 Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ENGINEERING ’A’ Charles M. Clay, II Brandon K. Harris Rachel A. Holloway Jonathan S. Cheek Nathalie C. Fassie JakeB. Harmon Central Shenandoah Valley Governor’s School Gloucester High School Harry F. Byrd Middle School Wilhamsburg Middle School Northside High School Atlee High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ENGINEERING ’B’ Michael G. Kolejka Andrew L. Koo Erin M. Spamon John R. Somero Shane J. Moses Roanoke Valley Governor’s School Thomas Jefferson HS for Science and Technology Yorktown High School Gloucester High School Southwest Virginia Governor’s School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ’A’ Jean E. Addison Megan M. Babcock James F. Cahoon, Jr. Ellen M. Davis Ehzabeth C. Carlson Wenya L. Bi Manchester Middle School Gloucester High School Maury High School Warwick High School Thomas Jefferson HS for Science and Technology New Horizons Governor’s School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ’B’ Annie T. Eure Nora E. Gray Joseph Krawczel Emily J. Fiaker Matthew W. King Alexander C. Heizick Roanoke Valley Governor’s School Wilhamsburg Middle School Roanoke Valley Governor’s School H. B. Woodlawn Gloucester High School Gloucester High School 174 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ’C’ William M. Nicholson Kathiyn M. Paulson Beth A. Reid Priscila S. Ribeiro Stephen M. Ng Eric C. Moore Central Shenandoah Valley Governor’s School Heritage High School Clover Hill High School Central Virginia Governor’s School Yorktown High School Gloucester High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ’D’ Sarah E. Stoneham Laura R. Wheny Christopher S. Wynne Jennifer K. Sharp Molly M. Siems Tyler L. St. Clair Short Pump Middle School Atlee High School Bishop O’Connell High School Southwest Virginia Governor’s School Yorktown High School Poquoson Middle School Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: GENETICS AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY Kristen S. Lindeman Janice E. Pour Jessica D. Kessler Racliael A. Schaffner E. C. Glass High School Atlee High School Mills E. Godwin High School Bishop O’Connell High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS Anthony G. Kirilusha William S. Knight Milan M. Patel Veronica Sikka Jennifer K. Murrill Konstantin P. Kakaes Woodbeny Forest School Woodbeny Forest School Woodbeny Forest School Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies Atlee High School Thomas Jefferson for Science and Technology Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: MEDICINE AND HEALTH ’A’ Shareef B. Ahmed Richmond Community High School William E. Brenzovich, Jr. Atlee High School Shaunak K. Deepak Poquoson Middle School Sarah P. Biyan Peasley Middle School Christopher S. Cmse Manchester Middle School VJAS AWARDS 175 Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Hnorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Hnorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: MEDICINE AND HEALTH ’B’ Adam D. Harber James River High School. Tiffany D. Kirkham Atlee High School Catherine R. Lewis Mills E. Godwin High School Heather S. Johnson Yorktown High School Nisha Nagaikatti Blacksburg High School Tom L. Harmon Atlee High School MEDICINE AND HEALTH ’C’ Robert B. Swanson Maury High School Laura A. Tessendorf Roanoke Valley Governor’s School Judith A. Topich James River High School Olanrewaju O. Omojokun Lloyd C. Bird High School Mehssa B. Weimer Atlee High School Sarah E. Shankman Yoiktown High School MICROBIOLOGY Susan E. Cocker Ann J. Elacate Eileen B. Flowers Sonja B. Horgen Ellie R. Gibberman Vinay Jain ’A’ Yorktown High School Roanoke Valley Governor’s School Washington-Lee High School Wakefield High School Menchville High School Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies MICROBIOLOGY ’B’ Alexander L. Miller Elizabeth G. Oesterling Andrew S. Oldham Rebecca A. Yurek Paula R. Katz Erin M. Walsh Peasley Middle School Gloucester High School Central Virginia Governor’s School Wakefield High School Roanoke Valley Governor’s School H. B. Woodlawn MULTIPLE AUTHORS ’A’ Lisa A. Bates, Lori E. Bates Yorktown High School BaihanGu Amir M. Abu-jaber Harry F. Byrd Middle School Claire A. Leduc Hannan 1. Ahmed Wakefield High School 176 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Third Place: Second Place: First Place: David B. Hauver Bany K. Bourne, li Jennifer L. Cunningham Amara L. Julian Lindsey D. Austin Adrianna N. Hancock Southwest Virginia Governor’s School Atlee High School Atlee High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: MULTIPLE AUTHORS ’B’ Jeffrey M. Prister Billy K. Le Angela N. Sounders Camille D. Wangsgard Pamela L. Sharpe Elizabeth A. Wooddy Derek T. Springer Titus C. Beasley, Jr. Kirk A. Andrews Sara K. Posey Sara R. Eckelbeny Arash Mostagliimi Azeem H. Sherali Clover Hill High School Fauquier High School Atlee High School Roanoke Valley Governor’s School Mauiy High School Blacksburg High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: PHYSICS ’A’ Heather L. Kraus Jason A. Ross Carol E. White Lauren M. Cocliard Czer A. Enriquez Aimee J. Li Isle of Wight Academy New Horizons Governor’s School Roanoke Valley Governor’s School Thomas Jefferson Middle School Tallwood High School Yorktown High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: PHYSICS ’B’ Justin W. Cross Emily V. Paarman Jonathan J. Fallone Tracy M. Baggette Sarah E. Bolger Bishop O’Connell High School Chickahominy Middle School Williamsburg Middle School Chickahominy Middle School Gloucester High School VJAS AWARDS 111 Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: PHYSICS ’C’ Virginia T. Brown TimD. Fu Daniel P. Harlan Shusuke Inoue Thomas B. Hagan Isaac T. Yonemoto Tanim S. Islam Warwick High School Wilhamsburg Middle School Swanson Middle School Clover Hill High School Harry F. Byrd Middle School H. B. Woodlawn Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: PSYCHOLOGY - GENERAL Jeffrey D. Chadwick Angela F. Martin Julia A. Siegel Emily C. Lillywhite Sarah S. Airey Stacy E. Graves Tuckahoe Middle School Central Virginia Governor’s School Tuckahoe Middle School Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies Roanoke Valley Governor’s School Roanoke Valley Governor’s School PSYCHOLOGY - LEARNING & PERCEPTION ’A’ Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Tliird Place: Second Place: First Place: Rachel C. Clarke SaraB. Roach Zachary A. Schendel Gena Kolin Kristen M. Moolhuyzen Sara N. Tsucliitani Atlee High School Tuckahoe Middle School Clover Hill High School Washington-Lee High School Atlee High School Yorktown High School PSYCHOLOGY - LEARNING & PERCEPTION ’B^ Honorable Mention: Sarah J. Bradley Honorable Mention: Sweta B. Patel Honorable Mention: Emily C. Schelstrate Third Place : B rianne L. Patchell Second Place: First Place: CliristopherB. Highly Ashesh N. Parikh J. R. Tucker High School Lloyd C. Bird High School Swanson Middle School Central Virginia Governor’s School Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies Central Virginia Governor’s School 178 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place : PSYCHOLOGY - SOCIAL Cory J. Jordan Sam C. Liinmer Matthew S. Emery Emily M. Westkaemper Brian D. Walsh Magnet School for the Science and Health Professions Yorktown High School Clover Hill High School James River High School Clover Hill High School Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ZOOLOGY ’A’ Katherine E. Berger Kathryn J. Bradley Jessica L. Burton Sarah M. Barden Joseph W. Los Robert J. Lockridge Gloucester High School Yorktown High School New Horizons Governor’s School Clover Hill High School Gloucester High School Central Virginia Governor’s School Honorable Mention: Third Place: Second Place: First Place: ZOOLOGY ’B’ Bethany B. Skelton Elaine M. Pour Alyssa E. Stewart Corinna J. Shapard Swanson Middle School Chickahominy Middle School Gloucester High School Washington-Lee High School SPECIAL AWARDS Major W. Catesby Jones Award is for the STS wirmer displaying the greatest sci¬ ence potential. Third Place($25): Second Place($50): First Place($75): Zachary Schindel Konstantin Kakaes Chi-Yu Liang Clover Hill High School Thomas Jefferson HS for Science and Technology Thomas Jefferson HS for Science and Technology Botany Section Award, given by the Botarty Section of the VAS, to the best paper on a botanical subject ($75.00) Amol K. Tripathi Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies VJAS AWARDS 179 VJAS Neuroscience Awards supported by the Auxiliary of the Virginia Neurologi¬ cal Society are given to three outstanding papers in the field of neurosci- ence.($50.00 each). Presented by Mrs. Peggy Harrellson, President of the Woman’s Auxilary of the VA Neurological Society. Teona Callaham Ashesh Parikh Briarme Patchell Catherine Lewis Central Virginia Governor’s School Central Virginia Governor’s School Central Virginia Governor’s School Mills E. Godwin High School Microbiology Award - Given to an outstanding paper in the field of Microbiology. This award is given by the Fralin Biotechnology Center (VA Tech) ($250) Vinay Jain Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies Erin M. Walsh H.B. Woodlawn Mathematics Award for the paper that evidences the most significant contribution in the field of Mathematics. ($100.00) Konstantin P. Kakaes Thomas Jefferson HS for Science and Technology Smith Shadomy Infectious Disease Award in honor and memory of Dr. Smith Shadomy given by the Virginia Chapter of the National Foundation of Infectious Diseases. ($50.00) Sabrina R. Kramer Southwest Virginia Governor’s School Roscoe Hughes Award for the best pap^r in the field of Genetcs ($100.00) Rachael A. Schaffner Bishop O’Connell High School Rodney C. Berry Chemistry Award for the paper that evidences the most significant contribution in the field of chemistry. ($100.00) Maureen Gramaglia Thomas Jefferson HS for Science and Technology 180 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE The Dr. and Mrs. Preston H. Leake Award in Applied Chemistry ($90.00 in 1995 and 1996 and then will increase to $200.00 in 1997) will be given to the author of a research paper which best exemplifies how chemicals, chemical principles, or chem¬ istry have been used, are used, or might be used to enhance or even to save life. Catherine R. Underwood Fieldale-Collinsville High School Russell J. Rowlett Award for the Best Research Paper of the Year. ($100.00) Tanim S. Islam Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies Tlie Virginia Psychological Foundation Meritorious Research Awards recognize out¬ standing presentations of research in the various fields of psychology. Each award includes a prize of $100.00. Stacy E. Graves Sara N. Tsuchitani Ashesh N. Parikh Brian D. Walsh Roanoke Valley Governor’s School Yorktown High School Central Virginia Governor’s School Clover Hill High School Virginia Sea Grant College Program Award is given by the Virginia Sea Grant Col¬ lege Program for outstanding marine or coastal research. ($100.00) Corinna J. Shapard Washington-Lee High School American Cancer Society Award - Tliis award is to recognize outstanding science papers related to cancer research. A certificate to each and to 1st place - $500, 2nd place $300, 3rd place $125, and honorable mention $75. There will be a ribbon with a pin for each winner. These awards are provided by the American Cancer So¬ ciety (Virginia Council). Honorable Mention ($75): Amol K. Tripatlii Tliird Place ($125: Sherwood Green, Jr. Second Place ($300): Elbe Gibberman First Place ($500): Jessica D. Kessler Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies Gloucester High School Menchville High School Mills E. Godwin High School VJAS AWARDS 181 The Gamma Sigma Delta Award (Agriculture). Presented by the VPI & SU Chap¬ ter of the Honor Society of Agriculture. This award of $100 is presented in recogni¬ tion of excellence in research dealing with apphcation of new technologies and/or concepts in agriculture forestry, or veterinaiy medicine. Travis W. Hundley Carroll County High School W. W. Berry Award. This award is given by VA Power in honor of Mr. W. W. Berry who was a past Chairman of the Board of VA Power. This award of a $500.00 Savings Bond will be presented to the best engineering paper. Jake B. Harmon Atlee High School The Joyce K. Peterson Award is presented for the outstanding paper by a middle school student. It is presented in honor of Mrs. Joyce K. Peterson who has been an outstanding teacher in the Arlington County Schools. Bethany Skelton Swanson Middle School Trip to AJAS - AAAS Meeting for two students and two alternates for presenting outstanding papers. The 1997 meeting will be held in February in Philadelphia Wiimer. Rachael Schaffner Bishop O’Cormell High School Winner. Arash Mostaghimi Alternate: Alternate: Azeem H. Sherali Jake Harmon Travis Hundley Blacksburg High School Atlee High School Carroll County High School Honorary Membership - AAAS given to two students. Adam Bronstein Yorktown High School Meredith Bailey Douglas Freeman High School Honorary Membership - VAS given to a student. Jacob Foster Woodberry Forest School 182 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Bethel High School Award-This $1,000 Scholarship Award comes from the inter¬ est earned from a $10,000 endowment contributed by the students of Bethel High School, Hampton, Va., over a two year period. Accompanying this scholarship is a rotating plaque to be displayed in the student’s school for the next year. This award is based on both the students presentation and paper. Curtis J. Layton Cave Spring High School Frances and Sydney Lewis Environmental Scholarship: A $14,000 scholarship ($3,250 per year for four years) for the best effort by a student in grades 9 to 12 in the field of environmental science. This scholarship is in the name of Frances and Sydney Lewis and is given by the Virginia Environmental Endowment. Amol K. Tripathi Governor’s School for Gov’t & Int’l Studies E.C.L. Miller Science Teacher of the Year Award is given to an outstanding science teacher. An all-expense-paid trip to next year’s AAAS which will be in Philadel¬ phia. Gayle Ross Cave Spring High School. AUTHOR INDEX 183 AUTHOR INDEX Abraham, Donald J. ...... 143 Ackeraiann,E . . 109 Adams, H.S . . 150 Adams, H, S. ..... . . 94 Adams, H. S. . . 93 Addington, A. K. ....... . 105 Alden,R. . . . 117 Aldrich, Jeremy . 101 Allen, Thomas . 122 Allen, Thomas R. ....... 121 Allen, Margaret L . 79 Anderson, Andrea H . 103 AndeiEon-Cook, Christine M. . 159 Angel, J . 104 Aning, A. 0 . 135 Armel, G. R. .......... . 94 Aster, Brian C. . . . 126 Atkinson, R. B. . . . 115 Bahn, Elizabeth . 148 Baker, Laurel S. . . . 158 Balasubramanian, Rama .... 131 Balster, R. L. . . . 145 Balster, Robert L. ....... 136 Balster, Robert L. . . 139 Bandaranayake, Hema ...... 94 Barber, Michael B . . . 74 Barfield, Eugene B . 74 Barnes, Kimberly S. ...... 114 Barra, Rosemary . . 86 Barra, Rosemary . 87 Barra, Rosemary . . . 82 Barrett, David M . . 135 Bartels, Bobbye H . . 110 Bass, M. L . 114 Bass, Michael L. ........ 121 Beaghen, Michael ....... 160 Beatson, Scott W . 122 Beaty, Braven B . . 150 Beaty, Myron H. . . 100 Bement, Laurence J . 63 Bermett, T. Scott ........ 154 Bentley, Michael ........ 110 Bentley, Michael L. ...... Ill Berkelman, James . 150 Berland, K. S. ......... 156 Bevan, D. R. . . . 149 Bhardwaj, Harbans L. . . . 66 Bhardwaj, Harbans L . . . 68 Bhargava, Alka . . 136 Birch, Jeffrey B . 162 Blanche, Robin . . 107 Blankinship, Berry . 154 Bloch, Christopher P. . . . 79 Bodurtha, Joarm . . 113 Bond, Jason E . . . 79 Bonds, C.C . .116 Booth, M. . . 88 Borrero-Yu, L. M . 114 Borrero-Yu, Luz M . . , 119 Bounds, Wilham J . 123 Bowen, Scott E. . . . 136 Bradie, Brian ........... 76 Brand, Brenda R . Ill Bright, Leslie N. ........ . 123 Brown, Gary L . 146 Brown, D. A. . . . . . 115 Bryant, R. G. ........... 65 Bryant, Robert G . 93 Buehlmann, Urs .......... 66 Bugas, P. A. ........... 116 Buikema, Jr., Arthur L . Ill BurbuUs, Ian . 80 Burkhart, Harold E. ........ 72 Bush, Andrew M . 123 Butterworth, Leon F . 135 Cairns, Jr. J . 83 Cairns, Jr., J . 80 Calata, Jesus Noel . .131 Canto nwine, Paul . . 135 Carpenter, K. E . ...117 Carpio, JuanJ . 132 Carter, Shawn L. . . . 151 Carter, Ivy N . 108 Castagnoli, Jr., Neal . . . 103 Castevens, C . 104 Chaganty, N. Rao . 162 Chagaris, Beth . 148 Champness, Wendy . 146 Chanchao, C. .......... 147 Cicek, Muzaffer .......... 95 184 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Cichewicz, Diana L . . . 136 Dukat^M . Clark, A. K . 105 Dukat, M . Clarke, Virginia Leontyne ... 115 Dukat, M . . . . Cochran, M. A. . 114 Dukat, M . Cochran, M. A . 121 Dukat, M . Coddington, Trevor Q . . 131 Dukat, M. . . . Coffey, Brian P. ........ 124 Duncan,?. M . Col, B . 147 Duvemell, David . . . Cole, Victoria L. ........ 154 Dye, John . Colmano, Germille . ...... 137 Eads, Micah . Combs, Vera . 137 Eckerlin, Ralph P. , . . Compton, A. D . 145 Edwards, Rhonda . . . Conway, Arthur F . 86 Eich, R. F . Conway, A. F. .......... 89 Eischeid, Todd M. . . . Cook, Desmond C. ....... 131 El-Zahaby, M . . Cook, Desmond C. ....... 131 Elgert, Klaus D . Cook, Desmond C. ....... 132 Eller-Meshreki, Rhonda Cook, D. C . 134 Elliott, James R. . . . . Cooney, S. J . . 80 Elliott, Mark ...... Cox, J. ............. 104 Elhott, Mark . Crariford, J. A . 90 Elliott, Jeanette .... Criss, AnneB . 143 Elmi, A. ........ Cromer, S . 115 Elseifi, Mohamed A. . Crosby, D. . . 67 Elzey, Dana M. .... Crouse, W. ........... 115 Escanio, Behnda O. . . Cubitt, Christine C . 154 Esen,Asim ...... Curtis, A. D. . . 80 Esen, Asim ...... Cutright, Rebecca J. . 67 Esen, Asim . Cyterski, M. J . 116 Esterhai, G . Cyterski, Michael J . 117 Evans, S.K. ...... Damaj, M. Imad . 143 Evans, N. H. ..... . Damaj, M. 1 . 138 Falls, Elsa Q. . . . . . Davies, R. L. ......... . 105 Fan, Y . Davis, Rachel C . 124 Faour, Sami . Deavours, B. E . 81 Favis, R. ........ DeGroot, E. J. . . 150 Fergus, Emily L . DeGroot, E. J . 94 Ferguson, Jeffrey D. . . Deshler, D. A . 88 Fisher, Brendon R. . . Dilsiz, Nursel . 107 Fitzgibbons, A . Ditmore, Carol A . 147 Flammia, D. ..... . Dolan, James D. . 81 Floam, Jennifer . . . . Dowd, M . 137 Forester, D. C . Dreelin, E. A . 81 Fradkin, Steve . . . . . Drury, Katluyn K . 156 Francis, K . . . . Dud^, Francis O . 126 Fraser, J. D. ...... Dudas, Francis O. . 125 Fraser, James D . Dud^, Francis O. ...... . 123 Friberg, Justin . 137 138 141 144 139 144 157 .82 .82 138 .82 .95 149 155 137 143 109 .63 108 146 .63 .70 .64 132 .83 .95 103 .94 140 150 129 .86 .64 104 147 155 151 124 155 138 156 120 123 104 150 153 122 AUTHOR mOEX 185 Frome, A. . ........... 114 Fuller, Stephen W . 98 Fuller, Stephen W . 97 Gabor, A. M. .......... . 77 Gallik, Stephen . . 147 Gallik, S . 140 Garcia, S. J. .......... 105 Garren,D. A . . . 116 Gatenby, Catherine M . 118 Gerecke, K. .......... . 140 Gerecke, K. . . 138 Giovanetti, Kevin . 78 Giovanetti, Kevin L. ....... 77 Gipson, T. A. . 68 Gipson, T. A. .......... . 67 Glasson, George E. ...... . Ill Glasson, George ........ 110 Glasson, George E. ...... . Ill Glennon,R. A. ........ . 141 Glennon, R. A . 139 Glennon, R. A . . 145 Glennon, R. A. ........ . 137 Glennon, R. A . 138 Glennon, R. A . . 144 Glennon, R. A. ........ . 144 Golden, Keith M. . . 139 Good, I. J . 160 Gordon, Andrew ......... 88 Gough, S.B . 117 Gough, S.B . 115 Gough, S.B. . . 119 Grabau, Ehzabeth A. . 69 GrandPie, T. J . 156 Graner, R. M. ......... 105 Granger, IN. . . 105 Grau, Harold I . . 83 Gregg, Michael H. . . . . 92 Grella, B . 139 Gurdal, Z . 64 Gwynn, E. S. ......... . 139 Haas, Carola A. . . 68 Haas, C. A. . . 151 Halecki, Janice E. ....... 156 Hamama, Anwar A . 68 Hammond, Vincent H. ..... 132 Haque, Shatil Ashim ...... 132 Hardee, Richard W . 159 Hardison, Joel C . 75 Haipin, M . 88 Harpole, Douglas N . 68 Harris, Winston K . 76 Harris, Chelsy . . 157 Harrison, Wilham P . . . 93 Hartley, Andrew M . 160 Hauser, Samantha . 116 Haverlack, E. G. . 94 Hayden, W. John . 96 Hayden, W. John . . 95 Hayden, W. John . 96 Hayes, B. C . 155 Heckman, J. R . 80 Heckman, J. R . 83 Hegeman, Carla E. . . 69 Hembree, L . 84 Hendricks, A. C. ......... 119 Henry, H. Keith . 63 Hepner, James M. . . . . 74 Herman, Stephen W . 125 Hess, I L . 106 Hess, John L. . . 142 Hess, I L. . 139 Hettler, Wilham . .84 Hilu,KhidirW . 97 Hilu,KhidirW . 96 Hilu,KhidirW . 98 Hilu,KhidirW . 103 Hiner, S. W . 150 Hinkelmann, Klaus . 161 Hipkins, P. L . 94 Hochella, Jr., Michael F. .... 127 Holland, Claire . 84 Holloway, Daniel M . 125 Homstead, Juhana . . . 105 Hoskin, Sumalee . 84 Hough, Brian G . 126 Houser, Susan . ...138 Hsu, J. W. P. . . 77 Hua, Peter H . 109 Hudson, Christy L. . . 126 Hudson, J . 88 Huynh, C . 140 Hyman, I M. . . .145 Islam, Saiftil . 117 Jarrard, L. E . 156 186 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Jarrard, L, E . . . . 158 Jarrard, L. E. . . . . . . 157 Jasnow, A . . . . 138 Jasnow, A . . . . 140 Jensen, Donald R . . . . 161 Jenssen, T. A . . . . . 90 Jenssen, T. A . . . . . 85 Johnston, David W. . . . . . . 151 Jones, R. H . . . . . 90 Jones, R. Christian .... . . . 117 Jones, Kerri L . . . . . 97 Jones, Robert H. ..... . . . . 92 Jones, Cynthia . . . . . 84 Jones, J . . . . . 73 Jones, Jr., M. E. ..... . . . 157 Jordens, Kurt . . . . 133 Kamath, A. B. . . . . . 140 Kamboj, R . . . . . 144 Kampe, S. L . . . . 135 Karabay, A. . . . . . 85 Kaushiva, Bryan D. . . . . . . 133 Kelley, Michelle L. . . . . . . 159 Kelley, Michelle L. ... . . . 158 Kelly, Robert G. ..... . . . 133 Kim,Kiho . . . . . . 161 Kincaid, Paula ...... . . . 116 Kinsley, C. H. ...... . . . 140 Kinsley, C. H. ...... . . . 138 Kishore, . . . . . 138 Kliman, Richard M. . . . . . . . 85 Kline, D. E . . . . . 66 Knipp, Peter A . . . . . 77 Knox, J. S . . . . . 99 Kok, L. T . . . . 152 Kraemer, M . . . . . 69 Kuhar, Thomas P. .... . . . . 69 Lambert, K. G . . . . 140 Lancaster, Edwin . . . . 105 Langston, Jr., D. B. ... . . . . 97 Lasher, Daniel P . . . . . 77 Laub, Curt . . . . . 69 Law, R. D . . . . . . 129 Law, H. . . . . . . 144 Lawless, Kenneth R. . . . . . . . 98 Lawwill, Ken . . . . 112 Lawwill, Ken ....... . . . 112 Lederman, Muriel .... . . . 112 Lee, Susan T . 98 Lee,D . . . 144 Leitch,J.R. . . . 157 Leitch,J.R. . . . 158 Lemieux, Aimee . 117 Lener, Edward F. ........ 126 Lewandowski, Jeffrey D, ..... 95 Lewis, Karen S . 133 Lewis, Lynn O. ......... 147 Lewis, Robin J . 156 Liang, Hongping . . . 98 Line, G. . . 88 Litchfield, C. D. . . . 114 Litchfield, Carol D . 118 Llewellyn, G. Craig . 141 Lobstein, Marion B . . . . 99 Loesser,K. E . 140 Loesser, Kathiyn . 147 Loesser, K. E . 142 Loftus, Krisha . . 86 Long, Gaiy L . 105 Love, Faith A . . . 147 Lovem, Matthew B . 86 Lowe, Kimberly N . 74 Lu, Guo-Quan .......... 131 Lu, Guo-Quan . 132 Luginbuhl, J. M . 73 Luong,T. . . 105 Lutze, F. H . 64 MacCord, Howard A . 75 Machut, Leonard S. ........ 96 Mahadevan, G . 104 Mahedevan, G. . 104 Mahieux, Celine Agnes . 133 Major, Debra . 154 Majumdar, Debabrata . 148 Mann, M. C . .157 Markos, Kristy . . 86 Marshall, H.G . 103 Marshall, Harold . . 99 Marshall, H.G . 102 Martin, Mark A. .......... 75 Martin, B.R . 138 Martin, Zachary L. ....... 136 Martin, Billy R . 143 Mason, David J . .141 Mason, David J. . . 146 AUTHOR INDEX 187 Mateja,G. B. . . 117 Mathew,!. ............ 87 Matkins, N. . . 87 Maurakis, Eugene ....... 113 Maurakis, Eugene G. . 112 Maurakis, Eugene G . 113 Mays, James E . 162 Mays, D’ArcyP . 161 Mazzarelli, Anthony ...... 148 McAvoy, T. J. . . 152 McCaffeily, E. . . 106 McCaffeiy, Ian ........ . 149 McConnell,!. .......... 69 McDaniel, A. A . . . 77 McElroy, M . 140 McIntyre, R. M. ........ 155 McKensie, Woody ....... 113 McMullin,S.L . 116 McNabb, F. M. A. ........ 92 McNabb, F. M. Anne . 91 McNamara, D. S . . 155 McNamara, Danielle S. .... 158 Mebrahtu, Tadesse ........ 70 Messmore, N. A. . . . . 99 Metwally, K . 141 Meyer, !r., Robert P. ....... 75 Middleton, June H. . . . 116 Milholen,n, WilhamE . 64 Miller, Roman !. . . 142 Mitchell,!. C . 151 Mohamed, Ah .......... 70 Mohamed, Ali .......... 70 Molyneux, B. . . . . . . 142 Momeni, Arash . 87 Morgan, Christy !. . 149 Morishige, Gregoiy D. . . . . . 142 Moritz, Carly . . 88 Morris, Gary . . . 107 Mossi, Karla . 65 Mueller, E. . . 140 Mullins, David W . 143 Musselman,L. ......... 102 Nagarkatti, M. . . 140 Nagarkatti, Mitzi . 144 Nagarkatti, Prakash . 144 Nagarkatti, P. S. . . . . 140 Naik, Dayanand N . 160 Ndivo, Victoria . . 148 Neely, C. John . .122 Nerrie, Brian L . 72 Nerrie, Brian L. . . . 71 Neves, Richard ! . 150 Neves, Richard ! . 72 Neves, Richard ! . 153 Newton, Scott H . 71 Newton, Scott H. ........ .71 Ney,!.! . 116 Ney,!.!. . 116 Ney, John! . 117 Niehaus, Judy H . 148 Nikolaidis, E. ........... 64 Nnamani, IjeomaN. ....... 143 Norris, M . 88 Nunez, S. C . 85 O’Beim, Francis X . 72 O’Brien, James P . 154 O’Brien, James P . 159 Oglesby, D. M . 66 Oh,SeiJin . .134 Oh,SeiJ. . . 132 Olson, IS . 149 Opaska, Walter P . 77 Opell, Brent D . 79 Orringer Eugene P . 143 Orzechowska, G. E. . . 106 Ottke, Jonathan D. . . . . 118 Overall, Christopher C. ...... 78 Owens, D. Bruce . . . 65 Pagels, JohnF . 151 Parker, Bruce C . 118 Parker, Bruce C . ....118 Parker, Bruce C. . 100 Parkhurst, James A . 119 Patrick, Gray S . 143 Patterson, Matthew A. . 118 Patterson, Matthew A . 118 Patton, Leeaim M . 159 Phipps, P. M. . . . 97 Pickens, Jeffrey . 155 Pickens, Jeffrey . 156 Pickens, Jeffrey . 157 Pingry, Richard E . 109 Plante, Sara ........... 113 Porter, Duncan . 95 188 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Porter, Duncan M . 100 Potts, M . 149 Powers, Dawn M . 158 Poziomek, Edward J . 105 Poziomek, E. J . 106 Prabhakaran, Ramamurthy .... 93 Prisinzano, T . 144 Quadros, P . . . 138 Quadros, P . . . 140 Rafi, Asimah . . 144 Ramirez, Donald E. ...... 161 Ramsey, Gwynn W . 100 Rawers, James C . 131 Rawinski, Thomas J . 152 Rawinski, Thomas J . 152 Reddy,A. S.N . 81 Reid, Albert O . 72 Reifsnider, K. L. . . 134 Rein, Steven R . 162 Reinecke, T. L. . 77 Renfroe, Michael H. . 101 Rhea,S . 115 Rhoades, Richard W . 101 Rhoades, Richard W . 101 Richardson, R. J . 94 Rickabaugh, Brian . 108 Rimstidt, J. Donald . 127 Robertson, Cliristopher .... 134 Robinson, Susan E . 145 Robinson, Andrea L . 119 Rockett, J . 115 Rohrer, Wendy L . 102 Rose, R. K . 81 Rose, Robert K . 91 Rose, Robert K . 81 Rose, Robert K . 79 Rose, Charles E . 149 Rosenacker, Stephanie A. . . . 158 Rosenzweig, M. S . 88 Ross, Jed . 146 Rosso, Jodi J . 127 Rosso, Kevin M . . 127 Roth, B . 144 Roth, B . 145 Rudmin, Joseph W . 78 Rupe, Christopher L . 127 Russell, Darcy . . 148 Rutherford, Charles L. ..... 149 Rutherford, C. L. ........ 147 Santamour, Jr., Frank S . 102 Santos, Michael . . 89 Saslowsky, David E . 89 Scanlon, P.F . 120 Scanlon, P.F . 121 Scanlon, Patrick F . 119 Scanlon, P.F . 114 Scanlon, Patrick F . 119 Schiavone, Michael V . 119 Schieck, C. L . . . 144 Schieck, C. L . . . 145 SchoU,Bill . . . 153 Schultheis, Alicia S . 119 Schultz, S.E . 157 Schultz, S. E . 158 Scott, Lisa A . 93 Scott, E.R . 89 Seaborn, David . 102 Seaton, William J . 128 Selby, Greg . 65 Serabian, E. A . 90 Sethi, Paivinder S. . . . 122 Sethi, Paivinder S. . . 128 Sethi, Paivinder S . 128 Sethi, Parvinder S . 127 Sethi, Parvinder S. . 130 Shacka, John J. ......... 145 Shahid, Mohammad . . . 103 Shaw, Amy . 148 Shelton, Jason B . 128 Shelton, Jason B. ........ 124 Shende, Anil M. . . . 108 Shende, Anil M. ........ . 109 Shende, Anil M . 109 Sheridan, Philip ......... 153 Sherwood, W. C. ........ 124 Shillady,D . 104 Shillady,D. ........... 104 Shirley, Brenda . . 80 Shirley, Brenda . . 89 Shirley, Brenda W. . . 89 Shortt, Richard L. . 154 Sho waiter, P . 73 Shults, Justine . 162 Simpson, Anne ......... 119 AUTHOR INDEX 189 Sitz, Thomas O. . . 149 Van Auken, Anne . . . Slemmer, J. E . 145 VanWait, W . Small, R. 0 . 116 Vaughn, Ginger L . Small, Jonathan ........ 148 Veilleux, Richard E. ...... . Smith, Julie M . 69 Voshell, Justin H. ....... . Smith, Forrest L. ........ 136 Wadley, Haydn . Smith, E.G. . 120 Walker, R. A . Smith, C. . . . . . . 139 Walker, R. A . Smith, E.W . . 157 Waller, D . Smith, E. W . 158 Waller, D. A . Smith, Kathleen M. ...... 158 Waller, D . Snare, Carolyn . 108 Waller, D . Snider, Gerald L. . . 149 Waller, D . Speer, William D. . . 103 WaUer,D . Spencer, E.W . 129 Ware,B.N . Spurlock, J . 115 Ware, S. A . Stalick, Wayne M. ....... 104 Warty, Nikita . . Stark, JuheM . 159 Watson, A. Michelle . Stawovy, M. T. ......... 135 Watson, R. Craig . . . Stephenson, S. L . 93 Watson, R. T . Stiles, Judith H. . . 90 Watson, Brian T . Stipes, R. J . . . 97 Watts, C. F . Stipes, R. Jay . . 101 Watts, C.F . Stipes, R. J. ...... . . 94 Wawner, Frank E . Stubbs, LaShaun Y. . 158 Welch, Sandra P . Sudderth, C . . 69 Welch, Sandra P . . . Sumithran, Stephen . 153 Welch, Sandra . Ta, T . 104 Welch, Sandra P . Taney, Kendall G . 90 Welch, Sandra P. . . Taormina, James P . 159 Welch, Sandra . . Tasissa, Gudaye . . 72 Wells, Deborah . Teitler, M . . . 139 Wenger, Christian W . Teisol, V. . . . . . 106 Werner, Dan . Thorsteinsson, M. V . 149 West, Lee . Tippett, John . . 114 West, Jeremy P . . Tissue, Brian M. . . . 107 Whisonant, Robert C . Titiz, B . 91 White, Jr., Kimber L . Tolley, George A . 76 White, Jr., Kimber L . Townsend, H. E. ....... . 134 White, Alec . Trainer, R. . . . . . 140 White, Ray J . Tran, S . 104 Whittecar, G. Richard . Tripathi, Anubha . . 146 Whittecar, G. R . Troyanskaya, Olga G. ...... 96 Whittecar, G. Richard . Turpin, Pamela C . 113 Whittecar, G. Richard . Twardock, Robert . 123 Wiedenbeck, J. K. . Upchurch, B. T. . . 66 Wightman, James P . Van Orden, Ann C . 132 Wightman, J. P . 148 150 129 .67 .78 135 .81 .85 .88 .80 .87 .91 .87 .84 106 .93 149 .91 107 150 153 124 123 132 138 136 137 136 146 141 113 .65 109 .92 .66 129 141 135 110 162 130 130 125 125 .66 107 106 1 90 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Wildeus, S. . . 73 Wildeus, S . 73 Wildeus, S . 73 Wiley, J. L . 145 Wiley, Jenny L . 139 Wiley, Jenny L . 136 Wilkes, Garth L . 133 Wilkes, Garth ......... 134 Wilkes, Garth . 133 Wilkes, G. P . 129 WiUiams, R. L. . 88 WiUiams, R. L . 108 Williams, Sheny . 88 Williams, R. L. . 146 Williams, R. L . 107 Wmis,V.L . 120 Willis, Jr., Robert A. . . 108 WiUis, Jr., Robert A . 110 Wilson,! A . 114 Wilson, M . 105 Wilson, C. M . 91 Wirth, Suzanne . 148 Wise, J. A. . . . . . 120 Wolf, A. E . 92 Wolny, Jennifer L. ....... 103 Woodard, Martin J . 130 Woods, R.L . 120 Woods, R.L. .......... 120 Wright, Stephen E . 122 Wu,Wen . 149 Wyatt, Laura. . . 121 Wynn, Thomas A . 130 Xu,H. . . . . . . 140 Young, Laura A. . . 113 Youngblood, Melinda . 130 Youngman, Roger R . 69 Zajac, A. M. ............ 67 Zohn,Jr.,!F . 121 notes. ■.., ^ l4l6Vv9/U)r’f>r ; '3 1'!- ‘ 'V: iTfM «;( ■ • ■ ; . . ' A , ■. .» ‘ I . '‘i” ■.'•■; ^’' ■ ^' ■ .; ;■ i'- , .V.lJ.'-.' ■• -Ir^-' ' . ■." .. :■ iti.r^-: " ■■^4-0 iAi,.i— , . :, .... ■ . . VJ-/.''''-' ■»J “’r. ■i : . ^.i■ . ;. . . , -1 '^U«orni4 mi rl^ , . JOiJcjiij,.; .1. .‘il!-. ',>: •. ...I , «l ...WiJf ‘.I. '*. * V ** Mr* * u. 'i ■ ;■ ijSrtf< t ■.l»rr::;t.i -i. r-: V*: .'tllrsl^ ! -: nisBf ?y r “.. • I -f :r ♦ 3i9S(i4<>Kru , .1 ., ^'^•AV9nHf»kR4*t^bS‘ ' cjjjJLjlU ••* CL B. Ui CO K> OJ to to O > o CO O SI CO O oi 2 ^ s d: - cd o o CO o cn 05 O tr* c 05! w CJli s ^ >-< Hp- > Q CO 1 CO iz CO CO ^ ^-1 < (-H O: Sj r ALL 1997 VOL. 48, No. 3 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENGE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 1923-1997 c ^ ^ ^ • r>0 o OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE THE VmGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDITOR/BUSINESS MANAGER: James H. Martin Dept, of Biology - PRC J. ^geant Reynolds Community College P.O. Box 85622 Richmond, VA 23285-5622 Phone: (804)371-3064 Copyright, 1997 by the Virginia Academy of Science. The Virginia Journal of Science (ISSN:0042-658X) is published four times a year (Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter) by the Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220-2054. The pages are electronically mastered in the Parham Road Cantus Biology Department of J. Sm*geant Reynolds Community College. 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For instructions to authors, see inside of back cover VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Vol. 48 No. 3 FALL, 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTICLES Description of Agonistic Behaviors in Two Species of Nocomis (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Eugene G. Maurakis, William S. Woolcott, and Elgin 5. Perry. 195 Environmental Effects on Yield and Agronomic Traits of Purslane {Portulaca spp.). A. A. Elmi, T. Mehrahtu, T. R. Omara-Alwala, and M. Ezekwe 203 Seasonal Abundance of Autotropliic Picoplankton in the Pagan River, a Nutrient Emiched Subestuary of the Janies River, Virginia. Lillian N. Davis, Karen A. Phillips, and H.G. Marshall. 211 Absentee Forest Landowners in Virginia. Robert M. Shaffer and 219 Gregory S. Meade. Maximum Size Revision and Chesapeake Bay Distribution for Striped Burrfish, Chilomycterus schoepfi. Richard Kimball Holmquist. 225 Abstracts of Papers for the Conference on Medicine and Science in the 21st Century rBioethical Issues. 231 Virginia Association of Biology Educators Meeting 235 NECROLOGY - Hubert J. Davis 236 ^\THS0?9^ NOV 0 3 1997 tiBRAmis I ■’ 'iji .. i- ' *,ii . ^'r . friT;- Mrr.:j[^tl..-nrAaf^^ . ■ .. ir-i ,'■ „. ' _. •'- •'' ' ■■■ ■■- * 'n*'- ' ^:' i ’l Ci 3 t"' ■ , ■ '■ ■ '^ »V»: ' f:;i ■^T-. I- •■ ' ■^'' 4 f U.: c; Virginia Journal of Science Volume 48, Number 3 Fall 1997 Description of Agonistic Behaviors in Two Species of Nocomis (Pisces: Cyprinidae) Eugene G. Maurakis, William S. Woolcott, and Elgin S. Perry Science Museum of Virginia, University of Richmond, and Perry Consultants ABSTRACT Direct observation and review of videotapes of breeding activities mNocomis leptocephalus and Nocomis micropogon (Cyprinidae) were used to describe agonistic beliavior that occurs between males in each species, and the sequential establishment of spawning territories by male N. leptocephalus aside a nest-building male on die upstream slope of a nest. Six agonistic behaviors (non-contact head displacement, non-contact body displacement, chasing, head/body butt displacement, circle swim, and lateral swim/head bobbing) observed between sexually ripe male Nocomis leptocephalus were like those occurring between sexually ripe male Nocomis micropogon. In N. leptocephalus, the nest-building activity (i.e., filling the central trough on the upstream slope of a nest with pebbles followed by the excavation of a spawning pit) after the three -stage process of nest-construction, and small territory size defended around the pit lead to the sequential establislunent of spawning territories by squatter males of die species. Whereas reduced aggression prevails among spawning male N. leptocephalus over a nest, a nest-building male N. micropogon reacts more aggressively towards the satellite male dian he does to intruders, indicating that by definition, nest-building male N. micropogon treat their respective satellite males as intruders. Keywords: Aggressive behavior, Nocomis leptocephalus , Nocomis micropogon, Cyprinidae INTRODUCTION Sexually dicliromatic and dimorpliic tuberculate males of Nocomis species con¬ struct pebble nests in a three stage process (i.e., excavating a concavity, fomiing a platfonn, and building a mound with a single, central trough parallel to the water current) for spawning during spring (Maurakis et al., 1991). A nest-building male Nocomis micropogon spawns in the single trough on the upstream slope of his nest (Sabaj, 1992). A nest-building male Nocomis leptocephalus fills the central trough widi pebbles, then excavates a pit on the upstream slope of the nest where he spawns (Maurakis et al, 1991; Sabaj, 1992). Later odier male N. leptocephalus excavate spawning pits on die same nest. Whereas nest-building and spawning activities liave been described for some species of Nocomis (Reigliart, 1943; Vives, 1990; Maurakis et al., 1991; Sabaj, 1992), there are few published accounts of agonistic behaviors tliat occur between sexually ripe males in each species. For example, the circle swim in Nocomis species where a male aligns head to tail with another male, resulting in a whorling motion of the two was not describef! until 1991 by Maurakis et al. 196 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE This paper addresses die agonistic behaviors in N. leptocephalus and N. micro- pogori, and die events that lead to die establislmient of spawning pit territories by male N. leptocephalus aside tliat of the nest-builder on the upstream slope of a nest. Included are analyses of differences in numbers of encounters for each type of agonistic behavior between pairs of spawning males, and pairs of spawning and intruder males in each species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Direct observations and videorecordings of N. leptocephalus and N. micropogon were made at the following sites (state, drainage, collection number, locality, and date): Nocomis leptocephalus . Nordi Carolina; Little Temiessee, EGM-NC-21L Macon Co., umiamed tributary of Cullasaja River at Jet. of Horse Cove Rd. and Leonard St. in Highlands, 7 June 1988. Virginia: Dan, EGM-VA-202 and EGM-VA-32L Pittsylvania Co., Pumpkin Cr., at St. Rt. 86 bridge at Danville City line, 11 May 1986 and 8 May 1993. Janies, EGM-VA-225 and EGM-VA-226, Craig Co. , Sinking Creek, St. Rt. 42, about 1.6 km S of Co. Rt. 626. 26 and 29 May 1989. respectively. EGM-VA-247, Goocldand Co.. Genito Creek, Co. Rt. 641, 8 May 1990. Nocomis micropogon. North Carolina: Littel Temiessee, EGM-NC-216, Jackson Co., Jackson Creek, Co. Rt. 1737, 1.4 km NE of St. Rt. 107 at East LaPorte, 10 June 1988. Virginia: Potomac, EGM-VA-254, EGM-VA-272, EGM-VA-273, EGM- VA-301, and EGM-VA-302, Loudoun Co., Catoctin Creek, Co. Rt. Jet. 663 and 665 at Taylorsville, 25 May 1990, 5 May 1991, 8 May 1991, 22 May 1992, and 23 May 1992, respectively. Descriptions of agonistic behaviors of male N. leptocephalus over five nests (60 min/each) and those of male N. micropogon over five nests (two nests at 60 min/each, and 3 nests at 30 min/each) follow metliods in Maurakis and Woolcott (1995). Individual males were identified by their physical appearance. Types of agonistic beliaviors, and numbers of encounters per type of agonistic behavior observed between pairs of males in each species were recorded. In N. leptocephalus , males spawning over a nest, in addition to the spawning nest-builder, are designated squatters. In N. micropogon , a satellite male is one diat deceptively mimics females and pairs simultaneously with true females and parental males (Gross, 1984) accom¬ panies the nest-builder. Males other than these in each species are considered intruders. Dmiensions of spawning pits {N. leptocephalus) and troughts {N. micropogon) measured according to methods in Maurakis et al. (1992) are used to calculate total territory area defended by a spawning male following Getty’s (1981) definition of territory size (2r). Territory area is expressed as percent of total area of available substrate on tlie upstream slope of a nest. Number of encounters between pairs of spawning males, and between spawning males and intruders, were totalled in each type of agonistic behavior for each species over each nest, and expressed as number/type/60 min. Total niuiiber of encounters per type of agonistic behavior between spawning males was compared to tliat between spawning and intruder males in each species with a t-test (Steel and Torrie, 1980; SAS, 1985; p > 0.05). TWO SPECIES OF Nocomis 197 TABLE 1. Agonistic behaviors between males in Nocomis leptocephalus and Nocomis micropogon. Behavior Male Activity Spawner Intruder Non-contact head displacement Rotates head toward intruder Yields position Non-contact body displacement Sinusoidal body swing toward intruder Yields position Head/body butt displacement Butts head or body of intruder Yields position or butts head or body of neighbor Chase * Pursuit of intruder beyond nest perimeter Yields position, flees Circle swim Aligns head to tail with intruder, whorls in a circle Aligns head to tail with neighbor, whorls in a circle Lateral swim/liead bobbing Aligns parallel with intruder, bobs head dorsoventrally against tliat of intruder Aligns parallel with neighbor, bobs head dorsoventrally against tliat of neighbor '“A. leptocephalus (x =5.4 sec: range = 3-7 sec: n. 7) N. micropogon (x =20.3 sec: range=6-46 sec: n. 9) RESULTS Agonistic Behavior. -Six agonistic beliaviors (non-contact head displacement, non-contact body displacement, cliasing, head/body butt displacement, circle swun, and lateral swini/head bobbing) were identified between pairs of males in each species (Table 1). Chases (averaging 5 sec/chase) by spawning male N. leptocephalus rarely extended beyond the permieter of tlie nest. In contrast, the nest-builder or satellite male N. micropogon chased intruder males several meters (e.g. 15 m; x thne/chase, 20 sec) from die nest (Table 1). Average number of spawning male A. leptocephalus over nests was 3.4 (2-6); intruder males averaged averaged 4.2 per nest (range, 3-5). Squatters and nest-build¬ ing males never were usurped by intruder males from their spawning pits. Average area (303 cm^; range, 154-530 cm^) defended by a spawning male was 16.7 % of the total average area (1786 cm^; range, 1608-1963 cm^) of spawning substrate (Table 2). Average distance between pit perimeters was 7.7 cm (range, 4-11.6 cm)(Table 3). In N. micropogon, an average of 4.2 intruder males (range, 2-7) challenged the nest-builder, and the satellite male (positioned about 1 m downstream of die nest) present at each of five nests. Nest-builder male A. micropogon were not usurped from nests by either intruder or satellite males. Only one satellite male A. micropogon 198 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 2. Average area (cm“) defended by spawning male Nocomis leptocephalus and Nocomis micropogou. Species Nest no. Defended Area Total Area upstream slope % Area Defended N. leptocephalus 1 300 1608 18.7 1 201 1608 12.5 1 243 1608 15.1 2 530 1963 27.5 2 380 1963 19.4 2 314 1963 16.0 2 154 1963 7.9 II GJ O GJ .T =1786 X =16.7 N. rnicropogon 1 3216 4125 78.0 2 2124 3094 68.7 3 3421 4526 75.6 A =2920 X =3915 X =74.1 TABLE 3. Distance (cm) between pit (P) perimeters in nests ot Nocomis leptocephalus . Nest 1 PI P2 P3 Nest 2 PI P2 P3 P4 PI 0 10 6 0 9 5.5 6 P2 0 8 0 10.6 11.6 P3 0 0 5 P4 0 was usurped by a larger intruder male. Average area (2920 cm range, 2124-3421 cm ) defended by a nest-builder male N. rnicropogon was 74. 1 % of the total average area (3915 cm^; range, 3094-4526 cm^) of spawning substrate of a nest (Table 2). In N. leptocephalus , mean number of encounters between spawning males was significantly lower tlian tliat between spawning and intruder males for each type of aggressive beliavior (Tables 4 and 6). Average number of encounters between spawning male N. rnicropogon was significantly higher than tliat between spawners and intruders for all aggressive behaviors except lateral swim/head bobbing (Tables 5 and 6). Sequential establislunent of spawning pit territories in N. leptocephalus.— Ai\ intruder male establishes a spawning pit territory on tlie upstream slope of a nest via persistent probes and extended combat with a spawning male N. leptocephalus . After about 30 minutes, an established (spawning) male yields an area aside or near his spawning pit to die intruder. Aggression towards die new squatter decreases, resulting in a stable relationship that allows a spawner to resume breeding activities, and the squatter to excavate and defend liis spawning pit. We observed tliis sequence TWO SPECIES OF Nocomis 199 TABLE 4. Numbers of encounters per agonistic behavior in Nocomis leptocephalus (S = spawning male: I = intruder male). Interaction S-S 1 S-I S-S 2 S-I Nest 3 S-S S-I S-S 4 S-1 S-S 5 S-I Behavior Non-contact head displacement 6 37 8 46 16 39 6 26 7 3 Non-contact body displacement 10 60 13 118 19 79 14 35 12 28 Head/body butt displacement 9 19 11 29 16 31 8 20 4 21 Chase 4 11 8 26 4 22 1 31 3 10 Circle swim 2 10 2 7 5 51 0 22 0 16 Lateral swim/ head bobbing 0 3 0 2 1 3 0 8 0 3 of activities (i.e., probing, combating, yielding, squatting) leads to tlie sequential establishment of squatters on the nest, and stable interrelationships among spawning males and as many as five squatters. In contrast, a nest-builder male N. micropogon neitlier surrenders liis spawning trough nor yields any area on a nest to an intruder or satellite male. A satellite male N. micropogon, which maintains a position about one meter downstream of a nest, attacks intruder males as they approach a nest. DISCUSSION The six types of aggressive behaviors identified between male N. leptocephalus occur between male N. micropogon. Nest-building behavior tliat follows after the platfonn stage, however, is different in the two species, allowing for sequential establishment of multiple males over nests of N. leptocephalus, but not over those of N. micropogon. Nest-building beliavior in male N. leptocephalus does not end with construction of a trough, but continues as he fills the trough with pebbles. Next he excavates a spawning pit near the center of the upstream slope of die nest. Compared to the total available substrate on die upstream slope of the nest, average size of die territory around the spawning pit tliat is defended by the nest-building male N. leptocephalus is smaller (x=21.6 %) than that (74.1 %) in nests of N. micropogon. This is conducive to excavation of additional spawning pits by squatting male N. leptocephalus. In contrast to the nest-building behavior in N. leptocephalus , intruder 200 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 5. Numbers of encounters per agonistic behavior in Nocomis micropogon (S = spawning male: I = intruder male). Interaction Behavior S-S 1 S-I 2 S-S S-I Nest 3 S-S S-I 4 S-S S-I 5 S-S Non-contact head 21 1 32 8 24 0 38 12 18 10 displacement Non-contact body 60 11 8 4 60 4 76 14 44 8 displacement Head/body butt 27 30 24 28 22 0 66 6 16 2 displacement Chase 10 10 16 14 13 4 30 16 10 6 Circle swim 2 0 2 0 1 0 6 0 2 0 Lateral swim/ 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 head bobbing TABLE 6. Results of t-tests for average number of enwunters per type of agonistic behavior betwen pairs of males Nocomis leptocep/ialus and Nocomis micropogon (S = spawning male; I = intruder male). N. lepwcephaliis N. micropogon X no. encounters x no. encounters Behavior S vs 1 S vs S P > I 'f 1 Ho xS vs 1 = xS vs S S vs I S vs S P> IT jHo X S vs I = xS vs Non-contact head displacement 12.07 4.04 0.0063 3.1 26.6 0.0020 Non-contact 19.63 body displacement 6.86 0.0802 4.1 49.6 0.0140 Head/body butt displacement 7.67 4.24 0.0172 6.6 31.0 0.0686 Chase 6.27 2.06 0.0486 5.0 15.8 0.0221 Circle swim 5.90 0.60 0.0206 0 2.6 0.0406 Lateral swim/ head bobbing 1.27 0.04 0.0404 0 0.8 0.1778 TWO SPECIES OF Nocomis 201 male N. micropogon camiot establish a spawning territory aside that of the nest-build¬ ing male as size of tlie territory around the single trough defended by a nest-builder N. micropogon occupies ahnost three fourths of the available substrate suitable for spawning. Consequently, space is not available for additional breeding troughs, which are requisite for spawning beliavior in the species (Maurakis, et ah, 1991). Reduced aggression exliibited by squatter male N. leptocephalus over a spawning nest compares favorably with die description for birds by Fisher (1954), who described the dear enemy phenomen as reduced aggression at mumally exclusive territorial borders. In contrast, a nest-building male N. micropogon reacts more aggressively towards the satellite male dian he does to intruders, indicating that by definition, nest-building male N. micropogon treat their respective satellite males as intruders. We propose that the occurrence of reduced aggression among spawning male N. leptocephalus is an adaptation to maximize spawning in small streams where pebble substrates may be limited. Our evidence confonns to the statements of Lachner ( 1 952) and Lee et al. (1980 et seq.) that the smaller species, N. leptocephalus (males average 1 38 imn SL; Lachner and Jenkins, 1971), typically occurs in smaller streams. Limited availability of suitable liabitats in small streams probably forces male N. leptocephalus to share the few areas that are available for nest construction, and subsequently for spawning. Larger N. micropogon (average male size, 165 nmi SL; Lachner and Jenkins, 1971) occur in large to medium sized streams where suitable pebble substrates are conmion (Laclmer, 1952; Lee et al., 1980 et seq.; pers. obs.), and hence no pressure to sliare space. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are especially grateful to T. Getty for his constructive critique of the original manuscript. E.G. Maurakis and W.S. Woolcot conducted field studies, reviewed video tapes and prepared the manuscript. E. S. Perry analyzed data. The research was funded in part by the Richard and Carolyn T. Gwatlmiey Memorial Trust, Higlilands Biological Station, University of Riclmiond Faculty Research Coimnittee, and Science Museum of Virginia. LITERATURE CITED Fisher, J. 1954. Evolution and Bird Sociality. In J. Huxley, A. C. Getty, T. 1981. Competitive collusion: The preemption of competition during the sequential establisliment of territories. Am. Nat. 118:426-431. Gross, M. R. 1984. Sneakers, satellites, and pare ntals: polymorpliic mating strate¬ gies in North American sunlishes. Zeitsclirift fuer Tierpsychologie 60: 1-26. Laclmer, E. A. 1952. Smdies of tlie biology of the cyprinid fishes of the chub genus Nocomis of northeastern United States. Am. Midi. Nat. 48(2):433-456. _ and R. E. Jenkins. 1971. Systematics, distribution, and evolution of die chub genus Nocomis Girard (Pisces, Cyprinidae) of eastern United States, widi descrip¬ tions of new species. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 85: 97 p. Lee, D. S., C. R. Gilbert, C. H. Hocutt, R. E. Jenkins, D. E. McAllister and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980 et seq. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. N.C. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., Raleigh, N.C. 202 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Maurakis, E. G. and W. S. Woolcott. 1995. Methods of videotaping fishes from above the surface of the water. Southeast. Fish. Comic. Proceedings 31:4-6. _ , _ , and M. H. Sabaj. 1992. Water currents in spawning areas of pebble nests of Nocomis leptocephalus (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Southeast. Fish. Counc. Proceedings 25:1-3. _ , _ , and _ . 1991. Reproductive-beliavioral phylogenetics of Nocomis species-groups. Am. Midi. Nat. 126:103-110. Reighard, J. 1943. The breeding habits of the river chub, Nocomis micropogon (Cope). Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci Arts Lett., 24:397-423. Sabaj, M. H. 1992. Spawning clasps and gamete deposition in pebble nest-building minnows (Pisces: Cyprinidae). M.S. diesis, Univ. Richmond. 85 p. SAS Institute, Inc. 1985. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics, version 5. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, N.C. Steel, R. G. D. and J. H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. New York, N.Y. Vives, S. P. 1990. Nesting ecology and behavior of hornyhead chub Nocomis biguttatus, a keystone species in Allequash Creek, Wisconsin. Am. Midi. Nat. 124:46-56. Virginia Journal of Science volume 48, Number 3 Fall 1997 Environmental Effects on Yield and Agronomic Traits of Purslane {Portulaca spp,)^ A, A. Elmi, T. Mebrahtu^, T. R. Omara-Alwala, and M. Ezekwe Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA ABSTRACT Eight purslane {Portulaca spp.) accessions collected from different geo¬ graphical locations were planted for yield and agronomic evaluation. Each accession was planted at two planting dates in a four -row plot, arranged in a split plot treatment. The planting dates were considered as die main plots and accessions as sub-plots. The accessions were: Portulaca oleracea, Portulaca sativa. Golden Gerber, Garden (Dutch), Golden (England), and three wild accessions (Greece, Beltsville, and Egyptian). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of planting date and year interaction on purslane yield and yield components. Planting date had no significant direct effect on yield and yield components of purslane. However, significant date X year and accession x year interactions were observed. Among the accessions tested, Portulaca sativa and G. Dutch had the highest fresh yields, and were the tallest Golden E, Golden G. and the Egyptian accessions were the shortest and Iiad the lowest fresh yields. All agronomic parameters studied were correlated to fresh yield. The data showed a positive linear relationship between plant height and fresh yield with a regression coefficient of = 0.52. Tliis study indicates tliat genetic variation exists among tlie tested accessions for agronomic traits and yield potential to domesticate purslane for human and animal consumption. Plant height is a parameter tliat can be used as a selection criteria for predicting purslane yield potential and the accessions tliat could adapt to Virginia soils and climate. Key words: Purslane, Portulaca oleracea, yield planting date, year, accession. INTRODUCTION Purslane is distributed widely, in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world including many parts of the United States of America, where it is considered as a weed. Many liigh-value crop producers consider purslane as a competitive weed. Purslane competitiveness is related in part to tlie succulent nature of growth which affords drought resistance and which contributes to adventitious root formation after plants are cut or broken (Hopen, 1972). Purslane {Portulaca oleracea L.) is reported to be the richest source of omega-three (3-3) fatty acids of many vegetables (Omara-Alwala et al., 1991). Omega-three fatty acids have beneficial effects on coronary heart diseases in humans (Simopoulos and Salem, 1986; Ezekwe et al., T Contribution of Virginia State University Agricultural Research Station. Journal series No. 203. The use of any trade names and/or vendors does not imply approval to the exclusion of the other products or vendors that may also be suitable. 2 Corresponding author. Agricultural Research Station. Virginia. State University. P.O. Box 9061. Petersburg. VA 23806. 204 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 1 995). Purslane contains up to 27 % protein and 6% total lipid content on dry weight basis ( Ezekwe et al. , 1994). The potential for purslane as an economically important crop for human and aiumal nutrition as well as for medicine are enormous. Reports have shown tliat purslane lias potential for phamiacological uses (Dolziel, 1937). It is used for medicinal purposes in West Africa, where both the leaves and stems of purslane liave been applied topically to swellings, bruises, abscesses and boils (Nyananyo and Okoli, 1987). Other researchers had demonstrated that topical application of an aqueous extract of the stems and leaves of purslane improved muscle tone in individuals suffering from spasticity (Parry et al., 1987). Yield potential and quality of many crops are affected by Genotype (G) x Environment (E) interactions, which are a concern to plant breeders. The interaction may reduce the correlation between phenotype and genotype (Comstock and Moll, 1963) and may contribute to the instability of accessions when grown in various environments, planting dates, and cultural practices. The introduction of a new crop such as purslane requires evaluation of several genotypes for yield potential and quality in a range of different environments, seasons and cultural practices before it is reconmiended to growers. The importance of G x E interactions lias been demonstrated for many crops such as sorghum \Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] ( M’kliaitir and Vanderlip, 1992), pearl millet [Permisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.J (Christensen et al., 1987), soybean \Glycuie max (L.) Merrill] (Mayhew and Caviness, 1994: Beatty et al., 1982: Carter and Boemia, 1979), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Campell and Lafever, 1977: Yang and Baker, 1991). However, die effect of G X E interaction on purslane has not been investigated. Also, little or no information is available on the effect of planting date on purslane yield and yield components. The objective of this expermient was to detemiine the effect of planting date and year interaction on purslane yield and yield components. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight purslane accessions received from different sources were planted in four- row split-plot design, replicated four tunes in two planting dates (April and May) in 1992. 1993 and 1994. The accessions were: Portulaca oleracea, Pormlaca sativcr Golden Gerber, Garden (Dutch), Golden (England), and three wild accessions (Greece. Beltsville and Egyptian). The planting date was considered as the main plot and accessions as sub-plot. The experiment was conducted on Abell Sandy loam (fine loamy mixed, tliemhc Aquatic Hapridults) soil, at Randolph Research Farm of Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia. Each four-row plot was 3 m long, witli a spacing of 75 cm between rows. The rows were rolled using a wheel barrow and seeds were planted at a rate of 33 seeds per one meter of row. The seedlings were thinned later to a spacing of 1 5 cm between plants in a row. After conventional tillage practice, fertilizers (P2O5) ^116 (K9O) were applied at the rate of 272 kg /ha. At flowering stage, five plants were selected at random from 1 111 lengtli of each of the two-center rows, and the following parameters were measured: plant height from the soil surface to the growing point, and number of branches per plant. The total number of nodes per plant from the same 5 plants was counted and the mean number of nodes per plant calculated. Number of days to flower and to harvest were also recorded. Fresh green yield liarvested from one meter of the two-center rows of each four-row plot was weighed and recorded as fresh yield in kg/ ha. Data were ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON Portulaca 205 TABLE 1 . Mean square analysis of variance for purslane yield and yield components at fresh green yield averaged over three years and planting dates. Source of Variation df Yield Kg/lia Height cm Branches Nodes per plant - - Flowering Date Year (Y) 2 489.0 ** 472.0 * 310.0 ** 268.0 ** 6508.0 ** Date (D) 1 213.0 ns 2110.0 ns 305.0 ns 219.0 ns 900.0 ns Date X Year 2 12.4 iis 569.4 ** 69.5 ** 47.2 ns 1537.0 ** Error (a) 9 17.2 52.3 8.1 21.1 4.4 Accession (A) 7 162.0 * 962.9 ** 307.0 ** 145.4 ** 90.7 * Y X A 14 62.4 ** 60.7 ** 6.9 ns 3.9 ns 34.7 ** D X A 7 43 4 ** 132.0 ** 12.4 ** 5.4 ** 32.4 ** Y X D X A 14 27.6 ** 62.3 ** 7.8 ns 6.6 ** 31.8 ** Error (b) 124 8.0 15.8 7.8 2.8 2.3 ** Significant at 5% and 1% levels of significance . ns = not significant analyzed by statistical analysis system (SAS for Windows-6.1, 1994) as a split plot design combined over tlie years. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of variance for accessions combined over years and planting dates is presented in Table 1 . Accessions differed significantly for all measured agronomic traits. Similarly, significant year effects were observed on all agronomic traits. Planting date had no direct significant effect on any of tlie agronomic parameters studied. However, planting date x year interaction was significant for all traits except for fresh yield, and number of nodes per plant. Accession x year interactions were significant also for all measured agronomic parameters, except number of branches per plant, and nodes per plant. These interactions suggest tliat accessions responded differently to each year for most of die smdied traits; and that planting date affected the accessions differently at different years. The fresh leaves and stems are the consumed parts, therefore fresh weight is an important component of yield as well as plant height wliich was positively correlated to fresh yield (Table 2). Average plant height ranged from 55.0 cm for Portulaca sativa in 1993, to 27.4 cm for Golden E in 1993 as well. Portulaca sativa and Garden Dutch were among the tallest accession in all diree years, while Golden E. and Golden G. were consistently the shortest (Table 3). Generally, the tallest two accessions {Portulaca sativa and Garden Dutch) had the liighest total fresh yields, while the shortest two (Golden E. and Golden G.) were among the lowest yielding accessions (Tables 3 and 4). The tested accessions had the highest yields in 1992 followed by 1993, and 1994. Average fresh yield over the years ranged from 70,003 kg /lia for Portulaca sativa in 1992 to 37,130 kg /ha for Egyptian in 1992 (Table 4). Portulaca sativa and Garden Dutch showed the highest fresh yields among the tested accessions, while. Golden 206 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 2. Simple linear correlation coefficient among five agronomic traits, of eight purslane accessions harvested at vegetative stage. Agronomic traits Yield Mt./ha* Height cm Number of - — branches nodes — — per plant Flower date Yield 1.0 0.72** 0.44** 0.42** 0.22** Height 1.0 0.54** 0.49** 0.11 ns Branches 1.0 0.85** -0.22** Nodes 1.0 -0.32** Flower Date 1.0 Mt. = metric tons ** Correlation coefficient significantly different from 0 at 0.01 probability levels. TABLE 3. Year effect on purslane plant height averaged over two planting dates and four replications. Plant heights given in centemeters. Accession 1992 Year 1993 1994 P. oleracea 46.4 41.8 42.4 P. sativa 55.0 43.6 44.1 Golden E. 34.4 27.4 31.6 Golden G. 34.9 29.7 30.1 G. Dutch 52.5 44.0 42.0 W. Greece 47.0 43.0 44.6 Beltsville 36.4 40.3 40.6 Egyptian 43.7 39.3 40.3 Grand mean 43.8 38.6 37.6 LSD (0.05) 4.4 2.0 4.1 E. and Egyptian liad the lowest, when averaged over tlie years. The highest yielding accession had about 50% more fresh yield compared to the lowest yielding accession when averaged over the three years (Table 4). The low yield of Egyptian could be attributed to its viney growth liabit, smaller leaves and very tliin stems. The otlier low yielding accessions Golden E. and Golden G. flowered earliest and had tlie lowest number of nodes per plant (Data not shown). The shnple linear correlation coefficients observed among the various agronomic traits are presented in Table 4. Significant and positive interrelationships were ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON Portulaca 207 TABLE 4. Year effect on purslane fresh yieid in metric tons (Mt./ha ) averaged, over two planting dates and four replications. Accessions 1992 Fresh yield 1993 1994 P. oleracea 92.6 69.7 38.8 P. sativa 113.9 57.3 39.7 Golden E. 41.9 33.1 30.7 Golden G. 54.2 35.3 26.7 G. Dutch 104.7 69.1 36.9 W. Greece 87.6 66.1 37.7 Beltsville 54.7 40.2 49.9 Egyptian 27.8 38.1 45.5 Grand mean 71.7 51.1 37.3 LSD (0.05) 22.3 13.4 12.5 detected among fresh yield, plant height, number of branches per plant, and number of nodes per plant. These correlations indicate tliat eitlier one or all of the studied traits could be used as selection parameter(s) in predicting accessions with fresh green yield potential. Plant height which showed the highest simple correlation (r = 0.72) to fresh yield (Table 2) and a significant linear regression coefficient (R^ = 0.52) (Fig L). This parameter is probably the most reliable agronomic trait to use as a selection tool to predict accessions with potential fresh yield. This study was limited to one location over tliree consecutive years. While more locations would be desirable to confirm our results, we do not feel tliat our results are unrepresentative of what may occur in other environments. The environmental effects on purslane we reported here are similar to those reported for many other established crops including soybean [Giycine max (L.)J, (Beatty, et al. 1982); pear millet {Pennisetim. glaucum (L.) R. Br.] (M’Khaitir and Vaiiderlip, 1992). CONCLUSIONS All agronomic parameters differed significantly from year to year. Planting date had no effect on purslane yield and yield components. However, significant date x year and accession x year interactions were observed for most of the studied parameters. This indicates that accessions responded differently to the different years and to planting dates at different years. Therefore, multiple year testing is required to make unbiased parameter selection. The tallest two accessions {Portulaca sativa and Garden Dutch) had the liigliest fresh yields, while tiie shortest two accessions (Golden E. and Golden G.) were among the lowest yielding. All agronomic traits studied were significantly correlated to fresh yield. The data showed a positive linear relationship between plant height and fresh yield. The most reliable agronomic trait to use as a selection criteria to predict purslane accessions with potential fresh yield is plant height. Plant height had a significant linear regression coefficient of = 0.52. Tiiis study indicates tliat the genetic variations 208 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Plant Height (cm) FIGURE 1. Regression of purslane fresh yield in metric tons/ha on plant height for combined data of 1992. 1993. and 1994 over two planting dates. observed among the tested accessions suggest tliat further genetic improvement can be made to domesticate purslane for human and animal consumption in the U. S. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by the United States Department of Agriculmre Capacity Building Grants Program (Program # 91-38814-6245). The Principle Investigator of this project was Dr. Tadesse Mebralitu who was responsible io designing and executing the field experiment. Dr Abdulkadir Ehni was a Post Doctoral Research Associate who assisted in data collection and statistical analysis. Drs Thomas Omara-Alwala and Michael Ezekwe were Co-Principle investigators and assisted in data collection and manuscript preparation. LITERATURE CITED Beatty, K.D., I.L. Eldridge, and A.M. Simpson, Jr. 1982. Soybean responses to different planting patterns and dates. Agron. J. 74:859-862. Campell. L.G., and H.N. Lafever. 1977. Cultivar x environment interactions in soft red winter wheat yield tests. Crop. Sci. 17:604-608. Christensen, N.B., R.L. Vanderlip, and G.A. Milliken. 1987. Response of pearl millet to grain sorghum environments. Field Crops Res. 16:337-348. Carter, T.E., Jr. and R. Boerma. 1979. Implications of genotype x planting date and row spacing interactions in double-cropped soybean cultivars development. Crop Sci. 19:607-610. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON Portulaca 209 Comstock, R.R., and R.H, Moll. 1963. Geiiotype-eiiviromiieiit interactions, p. 164- 196. In W.D. Hanson and H.F. Robinson (ed.) Statistical genetics of plant breeding. PubL982. NAS-NRC, Washington D.C. Dolziel, J. M, 1937. Useful plants of west tropical Africa. Crown Agents for Overseas Govermneiits and Adiniiiistratioii, London, p. 3 1-32. Eaton, S.B, , and Konner M. 1985. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 312: 283-289. Ezekwe, M.O, T.R, Omara-Alawal, and T. Mebralitu. 1995. The influence of planting date on nutritive quality of purslane genotypes. FASEB J. 8: A932. Ezekwe, M.O, T.R. Oiiiara-Alawal, andT. Mebralitu, A. Elini, and R. Hollowell. 1994. Purslane dietry supplement lowers plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in growing rats. FASEB J. 9: A997. Hopen, H.J. 1972. Growth of common purslane as influe iiciiig control and importance as a weed. Weed Sci, 20:20-23. Mayhew, W.L., and C.E. Cavins. 1994. Seed quality and yield of early-planted, short-season soybean accessions. Agron. J. 86:16-19. M’kliaitir, Y.O., andR.L. Vanderlip. 1992. Grain sorghum and pear millet response to date and rate of planting. Agron. J. 84:579-582. Nyaiianyo, B. L. and B.E. Okoli. 1987. Cytological and morphological studies on Nigerian species of Portulaca iPortulaceae) in relation to their taxonomy. Feddes Repert. 98:583-587. Oiiiara-Alwala, T. R., T. Mebralitu, D. Prior, and M. O. Ezekwe. 1991. Omega- tliree fatty acids in Purslane {Portulaca oleracea) tissues. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 68:198-199. Parry, O., F. Okwuasaba, and C. Ejike, J. EthenophamiacoL 1987. Preliminary clinical investigations into the mucsle relaxant actions of an acueous extract of portulaca oleracea applied topically. J. Ethiiopliamiaclo, 21: 99-106. Simopoulos, A. P. N. and N. Salem, Jr. 1986. Purslane: a territorial source of Omega-tliree fatty acids. N. Engl. J. of Med. 315-883. Yang, R.C. , and R. J. Baker. 1991 . Genotype x environment interactions in two wheat crosses. Crop Sci. 31:83-87. 210 .. VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE r m yrir. Mtv ■ " H f.iV 'M, f '' . liiVjHi i-y ' ^ f * ■. ',® J'i l.lvZ t " ■■■ •f t . A » < ■ ‘♦■r* ; •/. C*’ ;. . to ^ ^ ' ' v;^v > 5 Gi : .’:?4 'a t ^4 ^ n .Hi’ ‘ • ';,. /' ’a-Vj-A" , •'.. .A.'fr . I ' J J V i. |: .| ,/ •: Aw'. I ' .ii'ii:'.'Jft(5':''!sriA C-'S' ■ ' .F.'.i J< '-■, ; , '■'* V- ' h -■„/■:■■ ‘ sm ■ hi ^ 'if *i'0 •> .< 1, . ^ . ♦ ji ■ ... A ..; ..i.r® 'I'V* fV,- i ! ? ,.a:< ^ ■ \-ti’ o, I v;;i. .U ■“ •»» K .- .! : ' in ‘ n aj^ -A' ^ V.i ' Virginia Journal of Science Volume 48, Number 3 Fall 1997 Seasonal Abundance of Autotrophic Picoplankton in the Pagan River, a Nutrient Enriched Subestuary of the Janies River, Virginia Lillian N. Davis, Karen A. Phillips, and H.G. Marshall Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0266 ABSTRACT Autotrophic picoplankton had average monthly concentrations of 73.5 X 10^ cells/L in the Pagan River, with sunmier-early fall maxima of 10^ cells/L. The abundance peaks increased with rising water temperatures, declining to their least abundance in mid- winter (10^ cells/L). INTRODUCTION Picoplankton represent a ubiquitous component and major producer witliin marine and freshwater ecosystems (Johnson and Sieburdi, 1979; Waterbury et al., 1979). They are represented by heterotrophic and autotropliic cells diat by definition are 0. 2-2.0 microns in size (Sieburth et al., 1978). Stockner and Anita (1986) liave identified picoplankton cell concentrations in the North Atlantic as increasing pro¬ gressively from oceanic, slope, and coastal waters, at 10^, 10^, and 10^ cells/L respectively. The associated development of picoplankton with increased water temperature has been indicated by Waterbury et al. (1979), El Hag and Fogg (1986) and odiers. They are described as an essential food source for the microzooplankton and an miportant linkage witliin the tropliic network regarding carbon production and its utilization witliin various marine and freshwater habitats (Pomeroy, 1974; Stock¬ ner, 1988; Laval-Pluto et al. , 1986). Picoplankton were first recognized as an important productivity component in Chesapeake Bay by McCarthy et al. (1974) and Van Valkeiiburg and Flenier (1974). Ray et al. (1989) also found these cells abundant in a Chesapeake Bay esmary and tliat in summer, they represented 7 % of the autotropliic biomass. Marshall and Nesius (1993) noted sunmier maxmia of autotropliic picoplankton as 10^ to 10*^ cells/L in the James, York, and Rappaliamiock Rivers, in which these periods of high cell abundance were associated with increased productivity. Affronti and Marsliall (1993; 1994) reported cell concentrations in the southern Chesapeake Bay ranged from a winter low of 7.2 X 10^ to 9.2 x 10^ cells/L in suimiier. These cells were composed of mainly cyanobacteria, with chlorophytes present in lower concentrations. In anotlier Chesapeake Bay study, Marshall (1995) indicated sunmier maxima reached 10^ cells/L and these were dominated by cyanobacteria. The Pagan River is a shallow tidal estuary of the Janies River, 1 6.9 km in length, tliat bisects the town of Smithfield, Virginia. It is a shallow and well mixed estuary having no detectable pycnocline, with tidal amplimde and salinity decreasing up¬ stream. Smithfield lias a population of approximately 4,800, and is the location of meat-packing plants which together slaughter and process approximately 4.6 million VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE hogs aimually (The Times, 1991). It has been reported, tliat processing tliis many hogs lias resulted in 9.5 x 10^ liters of nitrogen and phosphorus enriched waste water being discharged into the Pagan River daily (VWCB, 1990). In a corresponding phytoplankton study in the Pagan River, Seaborn (1994) has reported liigh nutrient concentrations were present tliroughout the year, with total nitrogen and total phosphorus annual means of 1.8 and 0.8 mg/L respectively. The meat-packing companies are beginning the process of joining the Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) sewage system. This action is designed to eliminate this point source of nutrients to the Pagan River. Since higher concentrations of autotrophic picoplankton are generally associated with increased nutrient levels (Fogg, 1986), the major objective of tliis smdy is to establish the present baseline distribution and abundance pattern of autotropliic picoplankton in the Pagan River during this period of high nutrient concentrations. Tliis infomiation may then be used for comparative purposes regarding these cell concentrations after nutrients entering the Pagan River from the meat packing plants are reduced. METHODS Monthly water collections were taken at 3 stations in the Pagan River from October 1992 tlirough September 1994, and seasonally in Cypress Creek, a tributary of the Pagan River (Figure 1). Water was collected at each station from the upper meter of the water column using a 1 liter Kenmierer bottle. Replicate 125 ml sub-samples were then taken and preserved immediately with glutaraldehyde (1 % final concentra¬ tion), placed in an ice chest, and then stored in a refrigerator prior to analysis. Within 10 days after collection, 1-4 ml (based on cell density) of the sub-samples were filtered using a Millipore apparatus on a 0.2 micron Nuclepore filter previously stained with Irgalan black and backed with a separate 0.45 micron filter, at a vacuum pressure of 10 cm of Hg. The Nuclepore filter was examined using a Zeiss Axioskop epitluorescence microscope equipped with a 100 watt mercury bulb and a green filter set (G546, FT580, LP590). The picoplankton tliat fluoresced red or orange were counted as autotrophic cells (Davis and Sieburth, 1982). Twenty random fields and a minimum of 300 cells were counted at lOOOx magnification using an oil inmiersion objective (lOOx/1.30). Counts of the replicate samples were averaged for the representative concentrations. The ranges and mean values for the water quality parameters of the river stations are given in Table 1. Water quality infomiation on total nitrogen (TN), total phosphoms (TP), and silicon were obtained from the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality and represent average values between Eebruary 1988 and September 1994. This information was not available for the Cypress Creek station. Salinity, teniperamre, and dissolved oxygen readings were detemiined at each station during the collection period using a Hydrolab Surveyor 11 unit, in addition to detennining secchi depths. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The mean salinity for stations in the Pagan River decreased upstream from 9.99 to 4.46 ppt, with a maxmium reading of 19.5 ppt at Station 1 (Table 1). The mean salinity in Cypress Creek was 5.3 ppt. TP and TN levels both increased upstream. PICOPLANKTON IN THE PAGAN RIVER FIGURE 1. Station locations in the Pagan River and Cypress Creek (CC). TABLE 1. Mean water quality measurements, and Secclii depth ranges for stations in the Pagan River and Cypress Creek. Parameter Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Cypress Creek TP mg/L 0.3 0.85 0.9 __ TN mg/L 0.8 1.8 2.25 O2 mg/L 9.54 9.16 9.29 9.69 Salinity, ppt 9.99 6.01 4.46 5.33 Si mg/L 5.1 5.25 5.0 Secchi m 0.2-0. 8 0.4-0.6 0.2-0. 6 0.2-0. 8 and consistently were high tliroughout tlie river. The station ranges for TP and TN were 0.3-0. 9 and 0.8-2.25 mg/L respectively. These ranges are higher than 5 year mean values (1985-1990) for James River stations located upstream from the Pagan River and at the mouth of the James River (Marsliall and Nesius, 1 993). In the James River upstream to the moutli of the Pagan, TP and TN means were 0. 10 and 0.69 mg/L respectively; while at die moutli of the James River they were 0.06 and 0.55 mg/L for TP and TN. Although these records are for a different time period, they CELLS L-1 X 10-8 CELLS L-1 x lO'S VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ODFAJAODFAJA MONTHS o o 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ODFAJAODFAJA MONTHS O FIGURE 2. Autotropliic picoplaiiktoii concentrations ( _ ) and temperatures ( - ) between October 1992 and September 1994 at stations 1 and 2 in the Pagan River. PICOPLANKTON IN THE PAGAN RIVER CO i o X (/> in O MONTHS FIGURE 3. Autotropliic picoplankton concentrations { _ ) and temperatures ( - ) between October 1992 and September 1994 at station 3 in the Pagan River, and between January 1993 and September 1994 indicate tliat iiigher TP and TN concentrations characterize the Pagan River in comparison to the James River. The mean silicon values (5.0-5.25 mg/L) and oxygen levels (9.16-9.54 mg/L) for the Pagan stations were very sunilar. However, there were occasions each summer when oxygen concentrations at stations 2 and 3 dropped to 3-4 mg/L. There were low secclii depth readings tliat ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 m. 216 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 2. Monthly mean cell concentrations (x 10^/L) from all Pagan River stations from October 1992 through September 1 994. J F M A M J J A S 0 N D 2.5 2.3 4.4 6.6 71.6 148.6 201.4 84.5 134.7 163.5 56.4 5.6 The autotropliic picoplaiikton consisted of mainly single cell cyanobacteria. The baseline picoplaiikton concentrations from winter into mid-spring (December-April) were between 2.3 and 6.0 x 10^ cells/L. Cell concentrations then increased to summer-early fall maxima tliat persisted into September during 1993 and 1994 (Figures 2, 3). There was a remnant of a more extended development into fall with the October samples taken in 1992. Highest cell concentrations occurred during this month at stations 2 and 3, when numbers reached 3.8 and 4.5 x 10^ cells/L respectively. The suimiier picoplaiikton development in 1993 and 1994 was similar at stations 1 and 2, lagging the increase in water temperature by about one month. The highest concentrations witliin the Pagan River occurred in June and July, then decreased into August, before rising to another pulse in September. In contrast, at the upstream and less saline station 3, there was less development in June, with later pulses in September (1993) and July (1994). The Cypress Creek station gave a uniniodal seasonal pattern, with cell maxhna occurring in July of 1993 and 1994 (Figure 3). These maxima averaged 198.3 x 10^ cells/L compared to tlie monthly mean concentrations 148.6 and 201 .4 x 10^ cells/L in July and August for the stations in the Pagan River (Table 2). Cell abundance declined in November and into winter at all stations. Lowest concentrations occurred throughout the river and in Cypress Creek in January 1994, with water temperatures between 2.8 and 3.4 ^^C, and cell counts at 0.55 to 0.85 x 10^ cells/L. The mean montlily concentrations for the Pagan River over tliis two year sampling period was 73.5 x 10^ cells/L. These cell concentrations and sununer maxmia are comparable to those found in the Chesapeake Bay and regional rivers (Marsliall, 1995; Marshall and Nesius, 1993). Altliough these patterns were closely linked to temperature clianges in die water column, a variety of water quality variables would be expected to also influence the development of these cells (e.g. light, nutrients, predation, residency time, etc., Waterbury et al., 1979) and are not addressed here. In conclusion, the Pagan River has an abundant and ubiquitous autotropliic picoplaiikton component within its water column. The concentrations in die Bay and regional tributaries are generally similar to those found in die present study. There did not appear to be a more extended, or a considerably greater development of the autotropliic picoplaiikton populations in the Pagan River tliaii in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. The peak population levels which occurred in summer and early fall are compa¬ rable to concentrations tliat are conmion for other regional estuarine waters. Lower cell densities at odier times in the Pagan River coincided with conditions diat did not favor greater picoplaiikton development, e.g. reduced water temperatures. The high PICOPLANKTON IN THE PAGAN RIVER 217 concentrations of TN and TP in the river did not produce cell densities greater than those found in tire Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries that have lower concentrations of these nutrients. Although there may be a potential for a greater level of picoplankton abundance in tlie Pagan River, higher concentrations were not attained during this study period. Environmental factors that would influence this growth potential in the Pagan River would require further study. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Lillian Davis made the collections and analyzed the majority of the samples. She was assisted by Karen Phillips in the sample analysis. Both individuals were graduate students who conducted tliis study under the supervision and guidance of Harold Marshall, who provided materials and equipment. LITERATURE CITED Affronti, L.F. andH.G. Marshall. 1993. Diel abundance and productivity patterns of autotrophic picoplankton in the lower Chesapeake Bay. J. Plankton Res. 15: L8. Affronti, L.F. and H.G. Marshall. 1994. Using frequency of dividing cells in estimating autotropliic picoplankton growdi and productivity in the Chesapeake Bay. Hydrobiologie 284:193-203. Davis, P.G. and J.N. Sieburth. 1982. Differentiation of phototropliic and heterotro- pliic nanoplankton populations in marine waters by epitluorescence microscopy. Ann. Inst. Oceanogr. 58:249-260. El Hag. A. G.D. andG.E. Fogg. 1986. The distribution of coccoid blue -green algae (cyanobacteria) in the Menai Straits and tlie Irish Sea. Br. Phycol. J. 21:45-54. Fogg, G.E. 1986. Picoplankton. Proc. R. Soc. London 338: 1-30. Jolmsoii, P.W. andJ. McN. Sieburth. 1979. Chroococcoid cyanobacteria in tlie sea: a ubiquitous and diverse phototropliic biomass. Limiiol. Oceanogr. 24:928-935. Laval-Pluto, M., J. Heinbokel, O. Anderson, F. Rassoulzadegan, andB. Sherr. 1986. Role of micro- and nanozooplankton in marine food webs. Insect Sci. Applic. 7:387-395. Marshall, H.G. 1995. Autotrophic picoplankton distribution and abundance in the Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A. Marine Nature 4:333-42. Marshall, H.G. and K.K. Nesius. 1993. Seasonal relationships between phytoplank¬ ton composition, abundance, and pruiiary productivity in tliree rivers of the lower Chesapeake Bay. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 141-151. McCarthy, J., W. Taylor, and M. Loftus. 1974. Significance of nanoplankton in die Chesapeake Bay estuary and problems associated with the measurement of nanoplankton productivity. Marine Biology 24:7-16. Pomeroy, L.R. 1974. The ocean’s food web, a clianging paradigm. Bioscience 24:499-504. Ray, T., L. Haas, and M. Sieracki. 1989. Autotrophic picoplankton dynamics in a Chesapeake Bay sub-esmary. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 52:273-285. Seaborn, D. W. 1994. Seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in the Pagan River. Masters Thesis. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 66 pp. Sieburth, J. McN., V. Smetacek, and J. Lentz. 1978. Pelagic ecosystem structure: Heterotrophic components of die plankton and their relationship to plankton size-fractions. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23:1256-1263. 218 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Stockner, J. 1988. Phototrophic picoplaiikton: An overview from marine and fresh¬ water ecosystems. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33:165-115. Stockner, J. and N. Anita. 1986. Algal picoplankton from marine and freshwater ecosystems: a multidisciplinary perspective. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43:2472- 2502. The Times. 1991. Times Publishing Co. 228 Main Street, Smithfield, Va. May 8, p. 1. Van Valkenburg, S. and D. Flemer. 1974. The distribution and productivity of nanoplankton in a temperate estuarine area. Est. Coastal Mar. Sci. 2:311-322. VWCB. 1990. Commonwealth of Virginia State Water Control Board. Quality assessment. Infonnation Bull. No. 579. Va. St. Control Bd. Richmond, Va. Vol.l, 2, 3. Waterbury, J., S. Watson, R. Guillard, andL. Brand. 1979. Widespread occurrence of unicellular, marine, planktonic, cyanobacterium. Nature 277:293-294. Virginia Journal of Science Volume 48, Number 3 Fall 1997 Absentee Forest Landowners in Virginia Robert M, Shaffer, Department of Forestry, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061-0324 and Gregory S. Meade Champion International Corp., Roanoke Rapids, NC 27870 ABSTRACT Noiiiiidustrial private forest landowner demographics have ciiaiiged in Virginia, with farmer-owned forestland decreasing and “other individuals” forestland ownership increasing. Forestry community leaders are concerned tJiat the percentage of absentee forest landowners has increased and tliat these landowners may be more difficult to reach with forest iiiaiiageiiieiit infor¬ mation and assistance than resident forest landowners. To determine the current percentage of absentee forest landowners in Virginia, forest owner¬ ship was sampled in six counties. The authors concluded tliat approximately 16 percent of Virginia’s iioiiindustrial private forest landowners are consid¬ ered absentee, and previous studies indicate tliat absentee landowners (as a group) may be more likely than resident landowners to actively seek professional forestry inforaiatioii and assistance. INTRODUCTION Noiiiiidustrial private forest landowners (NIPF’s) own 77 percent of Virginia’s 15.4 million acres of timber land. Stewardsliip of these lands is critical to the long-temi sustainability of Virginia’s forest resource. Providing forest management information, education, and assistance to Virginia’s NIPF’s is key to miproving tlie heal til and productivity of tliese timberlands. Private forest landowner demographics liave ciianged in Virginia. From 1977 to 1992, farmer-owner tiiiiberlaiid decreased by 41 percent, wliile forestland owned by otlier individuals increased by 28 percent, and timberland owned by corporations tliat do not manufacture forest products increased by 30 percent (USD A Forest Service, 1992). There has been a growing concern among forestry leaders in Virginia that many of these other individuals may be “absentee” forest landowners who do not reside on or near tlieir forestland and who may be more difficult to reach witli forest maiiageiiient iiifomiation or assistance than the traditional fanner or resident land¬ owner. Unfortunately, USD A Forest Survey data do not identify absentee landowners as a separate group. Thus, this study was undertaken to detemiiiie the current percentage i)f absentee iioniiidustrial private forest landowners in Virginia. LITERATURE REVIEW Two recent studies provided some iiifomiation on absentee forest landowners in Virginia. Sandra Hodge (1993) mailed survey questionnaires to 1,206 NIPF's randomly chosen from the tax rolls in six Virginia counties. The primary purpose of tills survey questionnaire was to determine the landowner’s knowledge of forestry and forest inaiiagemeiit. Response rate was 52 percent. In the survey, landowners were asked if they lived more tlian 50 miles from die tract of timberland used to identify them for the survey. Tliirty-two percent responded tliat they did. However, 220 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE it should be noted that some of these respondents may have owned additional timberland (multiple-tract owners) not included in the question tliat may (or may not) have been located within 50 miles of their residence. Tom Birch (1995), of the USDA Forest Service, surveyed 313 Virginia NIPF’s as part of a larger nationwide study. Birch used Forest Survey inventory points to identify sample NIPF landowners across Virginia. Birch mailed c|uestiomiaires, followed by personal visits from forestry agency personnel, to landowners who failed to respond initially. In his survey, Birch asked landowners if they resided less than 50 miles from any tract of tmiberland that they owned. Using this methodology, Birch estimates that 43,500 NIPF landowners, approximately 14.5 percent of Vir¬ ginia’s estimated 300,000 NIPF’s, can be classified as absentee. Birch also found tliat 3 1 percent of liis respondents owned more tlian one tract of forestland. Both Hodge and Birch used a definition for absentee landowner as one who lives more tlian 50 miles from his or her forest ownership. Narrower definitions have been used in previous smdies, including: ( 1) a landowner who does not pemianently reside on their tract of forestland ownership, and (2) a landowner who does not reside in the same county in which their forestland is located. Of these three definitions, it could be argued that the 50-mile definition is most appropriate for this study, since an NIPF landowner living more tlian 50 miles away from his or her timberland may be less likely to be aware of local forestry programs or educational opportunities. Also, a landowner may not reside directly on the property or even in the same county but could still live only a few miles from the tract and not be absent from the local area. Earlier NIPF landowner studies providing absentee landowner infoniiation were conducted in other states. Birch (1978) reported 82 percent of NIPF landowners in the South resided in the same county as their forest ownership. Kingsley and Birch (1978) found that 11 percent of Maryland’s NIPF landowners lived more than 50 miles from their timberland. Birch and Powell (1978) found that only 3 percent of Kentucky’s NIPF landowners lived more than 50 miles from their forest ownership. A recent smdy in Wisconsin provides infoniiation that is of particular interest to this smdy. Morgan and Martin ( 1995) found that absentee forest landowners, defined as those who did not reside in the same county as their timberland, were twice as likely to respond to a mail offer to provide forest management infoniiation as resident owners. In the same smdy, non-resident landowners were also twice as likely to request direct contact with a professional forester. STUDY METHODS Forestland ownership data were gathered through a sampling procedure. Six representative Virginia counties were chosen for the sample (Figure 1). Two were in the mountaias (Patrick and Rockbridge), two were in the piedmont (Charlotte and Spotsylvania), and two were in the coastal plain (Richmond and Greensville). For each county, a sampling grid was superimposed over the Virginia Deparmient of Traasportation county road map. Grid parameters were set te) achieve 60-80 sample points per county. After the sample points were marked on the county road map, each point was precisely located on an aerial photograph in the local USDA Consolidated Fanii Services (CFS) office. CFS agency personnel had previously delineated ownership boundaries on these aerial photos. Thus, ownership of the ABSENTEE FOREST LANDOWNERS 0 ffl O y rt a. 221 FIGURE 1. Virginia Counties chosen for absentee NIPF landowner sample. 222 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 1. Percentage of absentee NIPF landowners in six Virginia counties. County (11) % > 50 Miles % Out of County Charlotte 54 15 30 Greensville 55 18 24 Patrick 46 20 28 Riclunond 65 12 21 Rockbridge 50 14 18 Spotsylvania 60 20 25 All counties 330 16* 25** 95% amfidence interval - 12 - 20% **95% coiitidence interval = 21 - 29% property on which tlie sample point fell could be detemiined. If the ownersliip contained 10 or more acres of forestland, the residence address of the owner was detennined from agency records. If the sample point fell on an ownersliip with less tlian 10 acres of forestland, or the property owner was other than a nonindustrial private landowner, (for example, a forest industry fimi or public agency) the data point was not included in the study. A comparison of the geographic location of the tract with the owner’s residence address made it possible to detemiine whether or not the owner lived more tlian 50 miles from the tunberland or resided in the same county as the timber land he or she owned. RESULTS The six-county sampling procedure generated 330 sample points tliat fell on NIPF landowner tracts. The results can be seen in Table 1 . Using the 50-mile definition, 53 landowners, or 16 percent, were detennined to be “absentee.” Re-defining an absentee landowner as one who does not live in the same county as his or her tunberland, the percentage increases to 25 percent. Individual counties ranged from 12 percent absentee in Riclunond County to 20 percent in Spotsylvania and Patrick counties. Examination of the residence addresses of the 53 sample absentee landowners in the study revealed tliat 32, or 60 percent, lived within the major metropolitan area of Richmond, Wasliington, DC, Norfolk/Hampton roads, or Tri-Cities (Greensboro, Winston-Salem, High Point). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The results of tliis study (16 percent absentee) are similar to the results of Birch’s 1995 landowner survey (14 percent absentee). Tliis is in contrast to Hodge’s 1993 study (32 percent absentee). We conclude that tlie 14-16 percent estimate is supported by stronger data. Our six-county survey metliodology was based on 330 randomly chosen sample points and did not depend on a voluntary questionnaire response. Birch’s survey methodology, wlule dependent upon a questiomiaire, used a personal ABSENTEE FOREST LANDOWNERS 223 hand-delivery system to assure a near 100 percent response rate. Hodge’s study depended on a voluntary response to a complex and lengthy questiomiaire and acliieved a respectable 52 percent response rate. Her study results may also indicate tliat absentee NIPF landowners are more likely to respond to a mail survey concerning their forestland tliaii resident NIPF landowners. RECOMMENDATIONS Is tliere an absentee forest landowner problem in Virginia? The results of this study indicate that there is not. While the number of absentee NIPF landowners may have increased during the past two decades, they still account for less tlian 20 percent of the current total NIPF landowner population. Additionally, other studies indicate tliat, as a group, they are perliaps more likely tlian resident NIPF landowners to seek professional forestry infonnation and assistance. Many of tlie absentee landowners live within the major metropolitan areas of the state. Making them aware of the availability of forestry infonnation and sources of professional assistance through appropriate media sources should result in improved forest stewardship for these lands. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Eunding for diis project was provided by the National Council of die Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement Inc. Robert M. Shaffer served as Principal Investigator and Gregory S. Meade as Graduate Research Assistant. Abstract LITERATURE CITED Birch, T.W. 1995. Personal communication. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Recently completed, unpublished study on the non- industrial private forest landowners of the United States. Birch, T.W. and D.S. Powell. 1978. The forest landowners of Kentucky. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station Resource Bulletin NE-57. 101pp. Birch, T.W., D.G. Lewis, and H.F. Kaiser. 1978. The private forest landowners of the United States. USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin WO-l. 61pp. Hodge, S.S. 1993. Beliefs, attitudes, demographics, and knowledge: the social dimensions of harvesting decisions made by private forest landowners in Virginia. Ph.D. dissertation, Micliigan State University, Lansing, MI. Jolmson, T.G. 1992. Forest statistics for Virginia. USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin SE~ 131. 66pp. Kingsley, P.K. and T.W. Birch. 1980. The forest landowners of Maryland. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Expermient Station Resource Bulletin NE-63. 78pp. Morgan, C.D. and A.J. Martin. 1995. Direct mail — ^aii effective way to educate woodland owners. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Forestry Research Notes No. 280. 4pp. Figure 1. Virginia counties chosen for absentee NIPF landowner sample. 224 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE V' (' SO) ■.;i' ■ ,■ . J.'. . » >Ht’/ '.r*: f'’, . 1 1 •'‘I. 'y* ':V lb’* ')LUUlv : . ' 'ijjo 'r^'t P'r ‘if' '•■'si ' '* P' ••ok' , viuyi :;r ..{''r'l.;’ 'h- .... ' ; ' . tc i'.r - 'I ., ',■■ M, Hi.-. ^.^■ ' ',:i , ■'.■ f ov. » i .' ■< i»j(y ' 1 !■ » : --i. . ■ .. 6 ■ n;» c ' 'i ■■ m. I*-' ■1 , , . ■.•.vv:‘A^^ •;• ^ ' ir ■ "rrtni’i'k-J!' „‘i.‘ ■ ■i-H.vi "yi ) * ' ' , ■;!(;,,. 4 . • ; .',<«nS;.: '. ' i^> ' '■“• ' •' ' '" '^nYtP, 1^:* ! '■ ■ W, ^ ‘ , i. ■ , C ? ; ■ ., •’■ ' :'r(yr;';t ’• ^ rl -i . / ■ ’ , ■ '" ) • v;;; ' \ • , ' ■ hj' n • C • I k '<■ S' '* v -i -'■•’■ ‘I’'-' V'-'MHi ■■'■..*,.■ i? . . #] ■‘i'L^iii j Virginia journal of Science Volume 48, Number 3 Fall 1997 Maximum Size Revision and Chesapeake Bay Distribution for Striped Burrfish, Chilomycterus schoepfi Richard KinibaU Holniquist, School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062-1346 ABSTRACT A 330-nmi TL striped burrfish, Chilomycterus schoepfi, was capmred on August 21, 1995 during otter-trawl sampling in sliallow-water eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds near Cape Charles, Virginia. The specmien was 30% larger tlian die previously recorded maxmium length of 254 mm. Records from specmiens captured between 1988 and 1996 indicated diat C. Schoepfi were found in the lower Chesapeake Bay between the niondis of May and October. Peak abundance of striped burrfish occurred in shallow- water eelgrass {Zostera marina) during August, followed by a peak in deeper Chesapeake Bay water in September and October. Individuals were most numerous in the eastern lialf of the Bay, in water of 14.3-30 oC and salinities of 17-28 ppt. INTRODUCTION Striped burrfish, Chilomycterus schoepfi (Fig. 1), have eluded much research because they lack conmiercial and recreational fisliing value. Consequently, infor¬ mation in the literature concerning maximum size and occurrence of C. schoepfi widiin Chesapeake Bay is wanting. Tliis paper updates zoogeographic al patterns within Chesapeake Bay and draws together life -history characteristics of C. schoepfi. C. Schoepfi extends from New England to Brazil (Robins, et ak, 1986; Murdy, et al. , 1997). It inliabits water of 6.9-47 ppt salinity and temperatures of 12.4 - 38.0 ^C (Martin and Drewry, 1978). Striped burrfish are conmion in die lower to middle Chesapeake Bay from late spring to autumn (Murdy, et al., 1997). Previous studies indicated diat diey occur in deep flats and chamiel edges (Hildebrand and Scliroeder, 1928; Musick, 1972), but also frequent the shallow-water eelgrass {Zostera marina) beds along the eastern and western Bay shores (Orth and Heck, 1980). Franks et al. (1972) found striped burrfish most conmionly associated widi seagrass beds around barrier islands in the Gulf of Mexico. Chesapeake occurrences extend into the upper Bay as far as Point Patience on the Patuxent River, where both adults and juveniles (38 mm) liave been reported (Schwartz, 1960). Hildebrand and Scliroeder (1928), Robins, et al. (1986), and Murdy, et al. (1997) cited tlie maximum total length as 254 mm. Striped burrfish occurrence within seagrass beds is not unusual since tliey consume a variety of liard-she lied invertebrates, including gastropods, bivalves, barnacles, and crabs (Motta et al. , 1993). Adams (1976) found that 95% of tlieir diet by weight was composed of bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, and the small gastropod, Bittium varium. The Chesapeake Bay no longer has a viable population ofH. irradians, but B. varium is found in the upper meso- and polyhaliiie regions (Wass, 1972). 226 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Figure 1. A 330 mm striped burrfish captured August 21. 1995 in eelgrass {Zostera marina) near Cape Charles. Virginia. Photograph by author. Hildebrand and Scliroeder ( 1 928) found the stomachs of six striped burrfish specimens filled witli hermit crabs. METHODS Intbnnation about striped burrfish was obtained from two projects conducted by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS). The first survey used an otter trawl to sample sites with depths greater tlian 3.7 m. The stations were randomly chosen from three latitudinally-equal regions, each divided into four deptli strata. The survey made two to four trawls per stratum, per month, with tlie exception that since 1991 a single cruise was made between the months of January-March. Cumulative histograms of length-frequency and montlily abundance were produced for the period from 1988-96, and all capture locations were plotted. A second project provided infomiation about maximum C Schoepfi size and evaluated montlis of residency in a sliallow- water, vegetated liabitat. This otter trawl survey was perfomied monthly from February to September 1995 in seagrass beds (< 1.5 m depth) near Cape Cliarles, Virginia (Fig. 2). RESULTS Thirty-two C. Schoepfi were caught in water deeper dian 3.7 m between the years 1 988 and 1996. Most were found in the eastern half of the Bay (Fig. 2), and salinities STRIPED BURRFISH SIZE REVISION 227 Figure 2. Map of the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake Bay. Filled circles represent all C. Schoepfi captured from 1988 through 1996 in depths greater than 3.7 m. Straight lines delineate the three latidude-based strata sampled, and the location of the Cape Charles project is indicated. varied from 17 to 28 ppt. The total length mean was 191 nun, range 63 to 274 imn (Fig. 3). Abundance was bimodal, with a minor peak in July and a major peak in September and October (Fig. 4). Eleven striped burrfish were captured during the 1995 sliallow-water project in a temperature range of 23 to 30 oC. Data from Cape Cliarles eelgrass beds generally agreed with the 1988 to 1996 data from deeper water, but abundance in die seagrass peaked in August, between the July and October modes observed in deeper water (Fig. 4). One sizable burrfish specimen was captured at Cape Charles on August 21 , 1995 (Fig. 1). The individual measured 330 nun TL, 76 nun larger tlian die maximum size listed in the literature (Flildebrand and Schroeder, 1928; Robins, et al., 1986; Murdy, et al., 1997). The fish was measured, photographed, and released. DISCUSSION The accepted maxunum size of C. schoepfi is revised, as two fishes (330 imn, 274 mm) were captured tliat exceeded the previously-published maximum of 254 nun. The enviromnental parameters in which all specimens were captured fell well witliin the recognized lunits for diis species. Most striped burrfish were caught near the main bay chaiuiel in the eastern half of Chesapeake Bay. Tliis distribution may be shaped by salinity, which is higher in the eastern portion of the Bay, influenced by the Coriolus effect and freshwater river flow from the west. Evidence suggests tliat striped burrfish enter the Bay from May 228 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE - ! - 1 - 1 - 1 - ^ ^ - 1 - 1 - 1 - ' 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 Length (mm) Figure 3. Length- frequency histogram for 32 striped burrfish captured from 1988 through 1996. 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1- ■ J FMAMJ JASOND Month Hi Chesapeake Bay {>3.7 m)Q]Cape Charles {<1.5 m) F'igure 4. Frequency of occurrence, by month, for C. schoepfi captured from the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake Bay (1988-1996). and Cape Charles. Virginia (March-September 1995). STRIPED BURRFISH SIZE REVISION 229 to July via the more saline water of the main cliannel before moving into sliallow-water eelgrass beds along the eastern and western shores. Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928) reported capturing fish with nearly mature gonads in October, but the 38 nun juveniles captured in late July by Schwartz (1960) suggest that spawning occurs in the spring or early sunuiier. As temperatures cool in September and October, striped burrfish appear to migrate out of seagrass beds into deeper water in the middle to lower Chesapeake Bay prior to departure into tlie Atlantic Ocean. The conclusions of tliis study in regard to C Schoepfi liabitat and distribution in Chesapeake Bay may not apply to southern populations of tliis species. Striped burrfish are quite common south of Virginia, but they clearly occupy different habitats since large beds ofZostera marina are rare. Further research is warranted to delineate C. schoepfi habitat, detemiine the tuning and location of spawning, understand life-liistory cliaracteristics, and explore significant interspecific interactions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank H. Austin, P. Geer, and G. Wliite for their help with review of the manuscript, data analysis, and data collection. Funding for this project was provided, in part, by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Wallop-Breaux Project (F-104), the Virginia Marine Resources Conunission (VMRC), and the VMRC Virginia Recreational Fishing Development Fund (RF 95-3). This is VIMS contri¬ bution #2077. LITERATURE CITED Adams, S.M. 1976. Feeding ecology of eelgrass fish conununities. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 4: 5 14-5 19. Franks, J.S., J.Y. Christmas, W.L. Siler, R. Combs, R. Walker, and C. Burns. 1972. A study of nektonic and bentliic faunas of the shallow Gulf of Mexico off the state of Mississippi, as related to some physical, chemical and geographical factors. Gulf Res. Rept. 4(1): 1-147. Hildebrand, S.F. and W.C. Sclu-oeder. 1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 43(1): 1-366. Martin, F.D. and G.E. Drewry. 1978. Development of fishes of the Mid- Atlantic Bight. Fish and Wildlife Service. FWS/OBS-78/12. Vol. VI: 306-307. Motta, P.J., K.B. Clifton, P. Hernandez, B.T. Eggold, S.D. Giordano, and R. Wilcox. 1993. Feeding relationships among nine species of seagrass fishes of Tampa Bay, FL. Bull. Mar. Sci. 56(1): 185-200. Murdy, E.O., R.S. Birdsong, andJ.A. Musick. 1997. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smitlisonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 324 p. Musick, J.A. 1972. Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay and the adjacent coastal plain. Pages 175-212 in (M.L. Wass, ed.) A checklist of tlie biota of lower Chesapeake Bay. Spec. Sci. Rept. No. 65, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, USA. Orth, R.J. and K.L. Heck, Jr. 1980. Structural components of eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows in the lower Chesapeake Bay - Fishes. Estuaries. 3(4): 278-288. 230 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Robins, C.R., G.C. Ray, and J. Douglass. 1986. Atlantic Coast Fishes. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 354 p. Schwartz, F.J. 1960. Recent additions to the upper Chesapeake Bay lish fauna. Chesapeake Sci. 1(3/4): 210-212. Wass, M.L. 1972. Free-living invertebrates. Pages 95-174 in (M.L. Wass, ed.) A checklist of the biota of lower Chesapeake Bay. Spec. Sci. Rept. No. 65, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, USA. BIOETHICS CONFERENCE 231 Abstracts of Papers for the Conference on Medicine and Science in the 21st Century: Bioethical Issues Eugene G. Maurakis, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 West Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220-2054 and H. Myron Kauffman, United Network for Organ Sharing, 1100 Boulders Parkway, Suite 500, Richmond, Virginia 23225-8770 PREFACE The conference, Medicine and Science in the 21st Century: Bioethical Issues, codiosted by the Science Museum of Virginia, United Network for Organ Sharing, Virginia Biotechnology Research Park, and Virginia Commonweal tli University, will be held at the Virginia Biotechnology Research Park in Richmond, Virginia on November 1 , 1997. Presented here are abstracts of papers by speakers (in alpliabetical order) who will discuss the bioethics of defining death, organ transplantation, genetic counseling, clinical research, reproductive medicine, economic issues in health care, and uses of biotecluiology in the food industry. The conference is supported by Science Museum of Virginia, United Network for Organ Sharing, Virginia Biotechnology Research Park, Virginia Commonwealth University, The C. F. Sauer Company, and Jefferson Hotel. We tliank the Virginia Academy of Science for publication and reprint costs. Ethical Challenges Face to Face: Genetic Connseling. Joann Bodurtlia, M.D., Department of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Obstetric s^Gyiiecology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Riclunoiid, VA 23298. The provision of clinical services to individuals and families deepens our appre™ ciatioii of personal similarities and uniqueness. Moral problems become evident when mles are broken, appearances do not seem right, or etliical principles are in direct conflict. Rapidly evolving genetic technological breaktliroughs occur in a sodoeco- iioiiiic landscape tliat may attempt to simplify the facts. If good ethical decisiommafo ing starts with good factual information and self-assessment, how do we apply the principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice in genetic counseling? Exemplary patient situations across the lifespan will be discussed. Decisions about cliildbearing, resource allocation, and cancer genetic testing we all potentially encounter will be reviewed. Ethical Issues in Xenotransplantation. R. Randal Bollinger, M.D., Ph.D., Fuqua. School of Business, Duke University, Durham, NC 27706. Transplantation of organs and tissues between disparate species, particularly from animals to humans raises many moral, religious, etiiicai, biological and medical questions. Our recently developed abilities to modify the genomes of potential donor species to make their organs more biologically acceptable to imniaiis have intensified the debate. Among the etliical issues raised by xenotransplantation of transgenic organs into iioii-liumaii primates and eventually human beings are genetic engineering, 232 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE cloning of individuals, animal rights and animal use, risk of zoonoses, human expermientation, infomied consent and patient rights. Transplantation has proved in the past to be a fertile testing ground for new and deeper understandings of medical etliics. The development of xenotransplantation promises to continue tliis tradition. Past failures of cross species transplants have often led to broad condemnation of the entire approach as lias been the case frequently for other developing but unproven medical therapies. When xenotransplant successes increase in number and duration tlie huge unmet demand for transplantable organs will alter irrevocably the frame of the ethical debate. Treatments diat are today unetliical, may tomorrow be etliical and even required. Such was the evolution of successful living, unrelated renal transplantation and such is likely to be tlie course of effective xenotransplantation. Now is the time for thoughtful consideration of etliical issues tliat transcend short term progress in biology and medicine. Defining Death Based on Neurologic Criteria. Michael Diringer, M.D., Director, Neurology /Neurosurgery, Intensive Care, Wasliington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110. Until recently death was defined exclusively based on cessation of cardiovascular and pulmonary function. Advances in technology that enable artificial maintenance of these functions have forced re-evaluation of how death is defined. Since the 1968 publication of the Harvard criteria for defining brain death there has been considerable evolution in how death is conceptually, operationally, and legally defined. This presentation traces tlie evolution of thinking about these various definitions of brain death and review the current guidelines for its diagnosis. Some of the inconsistencies across these tliree approaches will be identified and the resulting ethical dilenunas discussed. Having a Baby. Things My Parents Never Told Me: Ethical Issues in Reproductive Medicine. Cathy James, R.N.C., M.S., W.H.N.P. Deparunent of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Conmionwealth University 23298. Beginning with the birth of Louise Brow, the world’s first “test tube” baby in July 1978, the field of reproductive medicine has mushroomed. Since that time numerous babies liave been born as a result of assisted reproductive teclmologies. Society, however, is lagging beliind the teclmology in deciding wliat is acceptable and what is not. Begimiing with a brief overview of various procedures (in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, assisted hatcliing, donor oocytes, traditional surrogacy, gestational carrier, and embryo cryopreservation) that a couple may choose to build a tamily, discussions then focus on ethical issues of each technology relative to access to these options by single women, unmarried couples, lesbian couples, and older women. If donor oocytes, spemi or embryos are needed should the donor remain anonymity'.^ What can be done with cryopreserved embryos that are unclaimed? You are challenged to tliink about these teclmologies in terms of family building, mipacts on children, friends, and extended family, as well as their ramifications to society at large. Only by thought provoking, continual dialogue will we be able to address these concerns, and provide support and guidance for professionals in reproductive medicine and couples faced with such difficult choices. BIOETHICS CONFERENCE 233 The Ethics of Cancer Research: Clinician vs. Scientist. Laurie LycMiolin, M.D., Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology /Oncology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Comiiioiiwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298. While clinical cancer research is tremendously important to the advancement of cancer treatment, it is charged with many etliical predicaments. It is problematic in that it often involves tlie use of toxic therapy in hmiian subjects whose judgment and insight may already be challenged by the profound impact of cancer on dieir lives. True informed consent may be impossible to obtain. Clinicians perfomiing research are caught in a conflict of interest between scientist and healer. Attempts to perform rigorous, statistically correct research may result in a less individualized, more utilitarian approach to human subjects. These ethical dilemmas and others discussed may be applied to other areas of clinical research. Mutual Interests, Mutual Concerns: Transplantation in a Managed Care Environment, Gwen Mayes, M.M.Sc., Chief, Operations and Analysis Branch, Human Health Services Division of Transplantation. The escalating cost of health care in the past two decades has led to an ever-increasing iimnber of Americans enrolling in managed health care plans. Health maintenance organizations and preferred provider organizations are the two dominant types of managed care organizations in the United States; by 1995 over 50 million Americans were enrolled in one or the otlier. Managed care supporters, including many physicians and patients, argue tliat managed care plans provide higher quality of care tliaii any individual physician can offer because the plans coordinate each individual patient’s medical care, promote prevention medicine and wellness, and meticulously monitor quality. Their opponents, however, say tliat managed care constitutes a grave threat to the quality of traditional medicine and undeniiines tlie patient-physician relationsliip. Transplantation is especially vulnerable in a managed care environment because of the complex and unpredictable clinical course that transplant patients face, especially as waiting times to transplant lengthen. This presentation will provide a general overview of the trends of managed care, discuss advantages and disadvantages of “managing” patients at centers of excellence, and identify the areas of mutual interest and mutual concern facing the transplantation community in a managed care environment. Ethical Issues in Food Science and Technology. Susan Sumner, Ph.D. Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060. A growing demand for a more abundant and a safer food supply confronts food scientists every day. Throughout the food industry and at universities, food scientists are conducting research to address these two needs. New ingredients and processing technologies are being developed to improve the safety and quality of our food system. Some of the more recent imiovations include bioengineered tomatoes, bioengineered plants, food irradiation, lowfat products, and improved nutritional quality of food products. One challenge of the world food supply is that enough quality food is produced but it is not produced in the right locations to feed all of the world’s people. In most countries there are strict labeling guidelines for t()od products. A new ingredient or technology must be proven safe, and meet all federal requirements before it can be used by the food industry. Consumers play a major role in the acceptance 234 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE of tliis new technology. In the case of food irradiation, scientific research has proven the technology to be safe, but consumer acceptance is only starting. Therefore, tlie food industry has not widely adopted the practice of food irradiation. Consumers also have concerns about tlie use of new food ingredients that might cause an allergic reaction. All of these concerns are valid and need to be addressed by die food industry. This presentation will deal with the consumer concerns and give examples of how the food industry is dealing widi ediical issues. Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation. James S. Wolf, M.D., Director of Medical Affairs, United Network for Organ Sharing. 1100 Boulders Parkway, Suite 500, Riclimond, VA 23225. Surgical procedures of organ replacement and the modification of the recipient to maintain these organs long term are one of die most notable acliievements of modern medicine. Medical techniques are well-developed and successful long-tenn results currently can be expected in 75-80 % of patients undergoing organ transplantation. However, as in no other aspect of medical treatment, transplantation requires that a viable human organ be obtained in order to treat die patient with end-stage organ failure. Ediical problems of organ transplantation today include methods to ensure tliat every member of society accept organ and tissue donation as a fundamental huniaii responsibility and make plans to donate upon dieir death, legislative and medical methods for obtaining these organs, and methods by wliich a scarce resource can be distributed to all potential organ recipients in an equitable manner. It is these tliree aspects of clinical transplantation which occupy an ordinate amount of time for die professional transplant coimnunity. Current methods to resolve these inliibitions to transplantation involve die combined efforts of transplant professionals, government, and citizens of the country. VABE Virginia Association of Biology Educators Fall Meeting "25 Years and Still Teaching" Past““Present"“Future October 17 and 18, 1997 Virginia Western Community College Socializing, Dinner, talkihistory of VABE, prsentations, field trips Contact: Ellen Holtman Division of Science and Math vwcc P.O. Box 14007 Roanoke, VA 24038 Office 540-857-6303 VWHOLTE@VW.CC.VA.US 236 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE HUBERT J. DAVIS 1904-1997 Hubert J. Davis, retired educator with an outstanding professional career in teaching, as a supervisor in science education, an honorary life member of the Virginia Academy of Science and first director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science (VJAS) died August 1997. Davis was a pioneer in many efforts to promote science in Virginia, particularly in it’s schools. As chairman of die Virginia Junior Academy of Science Committee of the Virginia Academy of Science (1938-48), the first meetings were organized and held by die Junior Academy. These were among the first in die nation. He was die first science supervisor in the state in 1945. While on die staff of die deparmient of biology at the College of William and Mary during World War II, Davis helped promote and plan the educational program for the Virginia Marine Laboratory. This was die first and oidy service where exliibits and educational programs were carried into the schools. The NASA Spacemobile and Atomic Energy Commission’s programs have been developed along die lines initiated by Davis and his colleagues in the early 1940’s. As the science supervisor for Norfolk County Public Schools in 1946, he pioneered the idea of distributing teaching kits widi live animals to schools; he held the first workshop for teachers on atomic energy in Portsmouth in 1948 at Wilson High School; and, with Bob Kelly, he helped develop the first Tidewater Science Fair. A native of Richlands, Va., Davis earned his undergraduate degree from Emory & Henry (1926), and obtained his master’s in 1940 from George Peabody College for Teachers in Nashville, Tennessee. He was high school teacher in Wise and NECROLOGY - HUBERT J. DAVIS 237 Tazewel I counties acting as head of the science department at Coeburn High, principal at Cedar Bluff Jr. High. He then served as head of die deparunent of science and assistant principal at Pocaliontas High School (1932-40) and as deparunent head at Matthew Wlialey High School in Williamsburg (1940-43). Wliile at Pocliahontas, in 1937, he was among the first to integrate sex education with high school biology. After he moved east to head die science program at Madiew Whaley High School in Williamsburg, he went to work at the College of William & Mary, where he began to develop science programs and materials for public schools, an idea later adopted by other agencies. Davis rose to the position of assistant professor in biology at William and Mary (1943-45). At the college he was director of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory Educational Program. He left Virginia for the first time in liis educational career to become assistant professor of education at Mississippi State College in Starkville, where he taught courses in education, science, and audio-visual education (1951-53). The U.S, State Department called for Davis’ services for 100 days as special representative in Germany. Upon his return he assumed the position of educational and training assistant at Indiantown Gap Military Reservation in Pemisylvania. There followed a tliree-year stint as general supervisor with the Fredericksburg city schools and then a return to Portsmouth as general supervisor of the public schools, widi Ms work primarily in the area of science (1956-67). In 1967 he became staff science consultant for die Hampton Roads Educational Television Association- WHRO-TV, Chamiel 15. He retired from diis full-time position in 1969. Davis earned distinguished service awards from the Virginia Junior Academy in 1969, and from Emory & Henry in 1979. He was named a Fellow of the Virginia Academy of Science in 1982 in recognition of his inspirational teacliing of science. He conducted summer workshops at numerous universities and colleges and at the marine laboratories in Biloxi, Mississippi and Yorktown, Va. He taught extension classes in the Tidewater area for William and Mary and die University of Virginia. He was the recipient of a Shell Oil Co. fellowsliip in 1961 for summer study at Cornell University and an NSF fellowship in 1963 for a sunmier seminar in sciences at the University of Colorado. Davis lias been a prolific writer in the fields of science, marine life, education, and audio-visual education. One of Ms top published works is die book. The Great Dismal Swamp: Its Histoiy, Science and Folklore, 1962. Working with the State Departtiient of Education, he developed educational motion pictures on The Field Trip, The Virginia Oyster, Teaching Materials Center, and The Great Dismal Swamp. His books reflect not only his interest in science, but also in folklore, with titles such as, A January Fog Will Freez.e A Hog, Legends & Myths of the Great Dismal Swamp, and The Multi-Lingual Mule and Other Ghost Stories. He was a member of VEA, NEA, National Science Teachers Association, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, and Virgima Academy of Sciences. Hubert Davis is survived by his wife, the fomier Ruby Spicer of Fredericksburg, Va. and his son (by Ms first wife, Beulali Lily), Hubert J. Davis Jr., an aeronautical engineer. llll.J'"' / ... ... . ■ it j‘l'. .'•'i '■ ,•> ‘ .i' »‘.^V (S’\ ' • ■ ’ «, , f,CVl i II !E ■ ■ ■ l ■' >'■ ^ V!‘'l '.-t:' ''■ ■ - f. ’ /ujf.i 3* ... . ft a / I •■ !*t A' r"- tj''. ' .if? 1*4 V^I.I ■A ■ t”. »• . jVj -fj ■ . ^'■ ^ a: > - i'' , ( ' xh^hv •* Jj',* 'i: v 'V,nif’i» ■ ■• -i*- *i’* » .?. -I V.’ ‘ j- ,.: •'■tV /J . / 5 T U « ; '; < ^!v?4w4 tiviij l-)v. *'■1 ' jtj'Kl-''' • •; '»**- ■i’. ’?U. ^ •'" ■' ' 'V'"' I' irT V . 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All correspondence relating to remittmice, subscrip¬ tions, missing issues and other business aftaiis should be addressed to the Business Manager. For instructions to authors, see inside of back cover VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VoL 48 No. 4 WINTER, 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ARTICLES Potential of Mungbean as a New Summer Crop in Virginia. H. L. Bhardwaj, M. Rangappa and A. Ham am a. 243 Soil Amendment with Humic acid and Phosphate to Promote Sorption and Retard Mobility of Zinc. Wing H. Leung and A. Kim aw. 251 U se of a Powerline Corridor by Breeding and Wintering Birds in Giles County, Virginia. AmyL. Meehan and CawlaA. Haas. 259 Seasonal Phytoplankton Composition in the Pagan River, Virginia: A Nutrient Enriched River. David W. Seaborn. 265 NECROLOGY - Robert Forte Smart 275 IVEY F. LEWIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD 276 Robert Beverly Orndorff FUNSTEN SCIENCE LECTURE SERIES Science Museum of Virginia 278 APR 0 2 1998 , 'jv..t;*l., ,ii‘> ,;?■ t''' ) .>: ■•? Vti')^’>|, ' . 'i S'.*.'/. m... „l;;,:.. <^ V v: :iJC. ’ ■ .■ ,’- i ■■ • ^/.,^} 5- : . . ij ■ ■' o '''';• i.*, ’'■''^'*.''0 -,,^r , -'h ‘‘V'- .,. , ^ ' ■ ." ^ r ./"■■ i^?iv ■/.•■■.: '■■ : ,. •''V*'-. ‘■■■, ■’^ ><}.{■ ' '■•' ’t"; /If, ■• ^. if ■ . ,'(■ ' ' ';, ■■■ ' •. *,!. ■: ;• , . : ■ "^ '■' ■' ' Vi.'t '■ '??*. ^ ‘ .'■*. ' ‘.'jj- ^ /' 4- VA>K,i ',vj!-/‘ j s V .^.^■.KWIj^.:■rV-^. ■ ;• ■?,; ' '■•■ ■‘ 'fv *• ' IK-,' .^'ii,f-> 4l(t ' 'i ' ;1 .' ^ '4 ■ .,.'.■1 \ • I'-.i,' O, ,0 ,, ^ . , ■ V ‘ • - i J t ’ • V. j A’’ 4 .-■^' -;v; \ \ ,,; ir .:- ,» t : jf‘\. ,f.,'. .jf^ '^ ‘i " Ii i'r» ;.. ■ < , i<; .■:^m - fcS ..'■ ,. 1 .-.S , •> Virginia Journal of Science Volume 48, Number 4 Winter 1997 Potential of Mungbean as a New Summer Crop in Virginia^ H.L* Bhardwaj , M. Mangappa, and A.A. Hamama^ Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Box 9061, Petersburg, VA 23806 ABSTRACT Mungbean (Fi^wa radiata (L.) Wilczek) is a leguminous species crop, grown principally for its protein-rich edible seeds in many parts of the world. In the U.S.A., mungbean are currently produced in Oklahoma, Texas and California. However, enhanced domestic production is needed to offset annual imports of approximately 5-7 million kilograms of mungbean. Present studies were conducted to determine if mungbean can be produced in Virginia. Results from five replicated field trials, conducted during 1993 and 1994, indicated considerable potential for mungbean production in Virginia. These trials were conducted with seven entries (Berken, Johnston’s California, LSB 8205, Lincoln, M-12, Oklahoma 12, and TexSprout). Mean seed yields for 1993 were 1567 and 1475 kg ha”\ respectively for trials planted on June 9 and July 7 and harvested on October 6. The mean seed yields during 1994 were 2706, 1975, and 902 kg ha“^ from trials planted/harvested on May 17/October 21, June 16/October 21, and July 21 /November 29, respectively. These results indicate that mungbean production in rotation with wheat may be possible in Virginia since wheat is generally harvested in mid- June. INTRODUCTION Mungbean {Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), native to northeastern India-Burma (Mayanmar) region of Asia, is a leguminous species or pulse crop, grown principally for its protein-rich edible seeds. It is also called mung, moong, and greengram in India and mungo in The Philippines (Poehlman, 1991). Mungbean seeds are high in protein and are easily digested when consumed as food. Cupka and Edwards (1988) estimated that the area planted in USA to mungbean is in excess of 50,000 ha with about 90% in the state of Oklahoma and the remainder in Texas and California. Approximately 7 to 9 million kilograms of mungbean are consumed annually in the USA and nearly 75% of this amount is imported (Oplinger et al 1990), Enhanced domestic production can help offset annual imports of approxi¬ mately 5-7 million kilograms of mungbean. The objective of present investigations was to determine if mungbean can be produced in Virginia. 1 Contribution of Virginia State University, Agricultural Research Station. Journal Article No. 198. The use of trade names or vendors does not imply approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable. 2 Send correspondence to: Harbans L. Bhardwaj, Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Box 9061, Petersburg, VA 23806. Phone: 804=524-6723; Fax: 804=524=5950; E=Mail: hbhardwj@vsu.edu 244 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE MATERIAL AND METHODS Seven mungbean entries (Berken, Johnston’s California, LSB 8205, Lincoln, M- 12, Oklahoma 12, and TexSprout) were evaluated in replicated trials during 1993 and 1994 at Virginia State University’s Randolph farm (37° 15' N and 77° 30.8' W), located in Ettrick, Virginia. The soil type was an Abell sandy loam (fine loamy mixed, thermic aquatic Hapridults). During 1993, two trials were planted on June 9 and July 7. In each experiment, three replications of a split plot design with seven entries in main plots and three seeding rates (100, 200, and 300 seeds/3m of row length) in sub-plots were used. These trials were harvested on October 6. The 1994 evaluations consisted of three planting time trials with same 7 entries and a seeding rate of 100 seeds/3m of row length. Since three seeding rates did not affect mungbean yield in 1993, it was decided to only use 100 seeds/3m of row length in 1994. The planting/harvesting dates during 1994 were: May 17/October 21, June 16/October 21, and July 21/November 29. Each experiment consisted of three replications in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots consisted of three 3 m long rows spaced 75 cm apart. In all trials, TRIFLURALIN (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine) was ap¬ plied as pre-plant-incorporated to control weeds, at the rate recommended for soybean production in Virginia. These trials were not irrigated and did not receive any fertilizer applications. At harvest, all plants from one meter row length from the middle row were harvested manually and dried at room temperature for three weeks after which they were threshed with a stationary Vogel plant thresher. Data on plant height, plant dry weight, and seed dry weight were recorded. Seed yield (kg ha'^) was calculated from plot seed yield. Harvest index was calculated as a ratio between seed dry weight and plant dry weight and expressed as a percentage. Data were recorded visually for shattering. Seeds from three replications of an entry within a planting date during 1994 were composited for protein content determinations which were conducted at the Forage Testing Laboratory of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia. Since only 2 1 observations were available for protein content (seven entries at three planting dates), the signifi¬ cance of entries and planting dates, as sources of variation, was determined by using entry x planting time mean squares as the error term. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and other procedures in version 6.10 of SAS (SAS, 1994). Both entries and planting times were considered fixed effects. The data were analyzed separately for each year. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The general vigor and growth/development of mungbean plants in all five trials were excellent. The appearance of mungbean plants was somewhat similar to that of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Significant variation existed among the seven mungbean varieties for seed yield, harvest index, biomass, and plant height during 1 993 and 1994 (Tables 1 and 2). Seed Yield During both years, significant variation existed among seven entries for seed yield (Tables 1 and 2). Planting date effects on seed yield were significant only during 1994 when effects of planting in May, June, and July were evaluated (Tables 3 and 4). POTENTIAL OF MUNGBEAN 245 TABLE 1. Performance of mungbean varieties during 1993 at Petersburg, Virginia. Entry Yield Harvest Green Pods Biomass Plant (Kg /ha) Index(%) (#m) (KgAia) Height (cm) PTi> PT2 PTl PT2 PTl PT2 PTl PT2 PTl PT2 LSB-8205 2068 1799 41.4 38.4 5.1 4.3 4978 4694 45.6 43.7 JC^ 1758 1651 41.1 41.6 2.7 2.6 4302 3992 45.8 43.4 TexSprout 1535 1338 43.2 43.9 2.7 4.2 3496 3016 39.3 36.1 Lincoln 1522 1737 21.2 27.7 3.8 2.9 7322 6338 66.7 69.7 Berken 1516 1265 38.5 40.2 1.8 1.2 3931 3155 42.4 40.1 M-12 1382 1469 35.7 37.8 0.7 0.6 3858 3921 40.2 42.3 OK- 12 1189 1065 38.9 36.0 1.2 1.7 3052 3018 38.8 34.0 Mean 1567 1475 37.1 37.9 2.6 2.5 4420 4019 45.5 44.2 LSD(.05) 414 298 5.7 6.5 1.6 2.0 864 692 4.2 4.4 * PTl : Experiment planted June 9, 1993 and harvested October 6, 1993, PT2: Experiment planted July 7, 1993 and harvested October 6, 1993. ^ Johnston’s California Mean seed yields during 1993 were 1567 and 1475 kg ha'\ respectively for trials planted on June 9 and July 7 (Table 1). The interaction between planting dates and entries was non-significant. A yield reduction of 6%, associated with delay in planting from June 9 to July 7, was not significant (Table 3). The combined analysis of data from two trials conducted during 1993 indicated that LSB 8205 and Johnston’s California were the highest yielding entries with 1934 and 1704 kg ha’\ respectively (Data not presented). The seed yield of Berken, a popular variety in Oklahoma, was 1390 kg ha'^ The lowest yield was recorded for OK- 12. Mean seed yields during 1994 were 2706, 1975, and 902 kg ha"^ for trials planted May 17, June 16, and July 21, respectively (Table 2). Significant interaction existed between planting dates and entries. Differences among entry mean yields were not significant when entry x planting time mean squares were used as the error term. However, differences due to planting dates were highly significant. Planting on June 16 resulted in yield of 1975 kg ha’^ which was 27% less than the yield of 2706 kg ha"^ from May 17 planting. A reduction of 54% was associated with delay in planting from June 16 to July 21 (Table 4). A combined analysis of data from three trials of 1994 indicated that seed yield ranged from 1484 to 2131 kg ha”^ with a mean of 1861 kg ha“^ Cupka (1 987) reported that seed yields rarely exceed 636 kg ha'^ in Oklahoma even though yields of 999 kg ha’^ are possible. Oplinger et al. (1990) reported that mungbean seed yields can range from 336 to 2243 kg ha‘^ The seed yields obtained from five trials conducted during 1993 and 1994 in Virginia, especially when planted during May or June, compared favorably with those reported from other areas. 246 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 2. Performance of mungbean varieties during 1994 at Petersburg, Virginia. Entry Yield (Kg/ ha) Harvest Index(%) 100-Seed Wt. (g) PTL PT2 PT3 PTl PT2 PT3 PTl PT2 PT3 OK- 12 3287 2258 848 39.2 32.4 29.9 6.6 3.8 4.4 Berken 3263 991 805 42.8 17.2 27.9 6.4 5.5 7.1 JC^ 2794 2516 888 33.1 33.0 29.5 6.7 5.9 6.9 Lincoln 2663 1892 927 23.7 28.6 26.1 6.0 4.9 6.2 M-12 2621 1885 669 35.5 22.9 25.5 6.4 5.8 6.8 TexSprout 2362 3025 936 41.5 35.1 33.1 5.9 6.5 6.7 LSB-8205 1955 1257 1242 38.8 23.7 31.8 6.5 6.3 6.5 Mean 2706 1975 902 36.4 27.6 29.1 6.4 5.5 6.4 LSD(.05) 745 1118 ns 15.8 9.3 ns ns 0.4 0.4 Entry Biomass (Kg/ ha) Plant Height (cm) Protein^ PTl PT2 PT3 PTl PT2 PT3 OK- 12 8426 6940 2765 67 86 32 22.6 Berken 7874 5847 2910 59 74 31 22.3 JC^ 8883 7468 2980 66 82 31 22.6 Lincoln 11304 6349 3481 100 96 37 20.8 M-12 7370 8210 2596 62 72 30 21.8 TexSprout 5913 8536 2830 43 85 27 23.9 LSB-8205 5072 5029 3957 56 73 34 22.7 Mean 7791 6911 3074 65 81 31 22.4 LSD(.05) 2043 2630 ns 18 15 ns 1.6 ^ PTl: Experiment planted May 17 and harvested October 21, 1994. PT2: Experiment planted June 16 and harvested October 21, 1994. PT3: Experiment planted July 21 and harvested November 29, 1994 ^ Johnston’s California ^ Protein content (%, dry weight basis). Means over three planting trials. indicating that there is potential for mungbean production in Virginia and other states in southern U.S.A. However, a delayed planting seems to result in reduced seed yields. Biomass and Harvest Index The mungbean biomass at maturity varied from 4019 to 4420 kg ha"^ during 1993 and from 3074 to 7791 kg ha”^ during 1994 depending upon planting date (Tables 1 and 2). These values are lower than those of soybean where a biomass yield of 1 1,000 kg ha"^ was reported by Bhardwaj and Bhagsari (1989). However, Lincoln mungbean had a biomass comparable to that of soybean when planted early during 1993 (Table 1) indicating that mungbean are capable of producing acceptable biomass under Virginia conditions. POTENTIAL OF MUNGBEAN 247 TABLE 3. Effects of planting date on mungbean performance during 1993 at Petersburg, Virginia. Characteristic Planting Date June 9, 1993 July 7, 1993 Seed Yield (kg/ ha) *1567 A 1475 A Biomass (kg / ha) 4420 A 4019 B Harvest Index (%) 37.1 A 37.9 A Green Pods (#/ m) 2.6 A 2.5 A Plant Height (cm) 45.5 A 44.2 A * Entry x planting date interaction was non-significant. Means followed by similar letters, within rows, are not different according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P=0.05). Delayed plantings during both 1993 and 1994 significantly reduced biomass (Tables 3 and 4). Delay in planting from June 9 to July 7 during 1993 resulted in a 9% reduction in biomass whereas a delay in planting from May 1 7 or June 1 6 to July 2 1 during 1 994 reduced the biomass by 6 1 and 56 percent, respectively. Effects of delayed plantings on harvest index during 1993 were not significant. However, harvest index was significantly reduced during 1994 (Table 4) by a delay in planting from May 17 to either June 16 or July 21 (24 and 20 percent reduction, respectively). In general, harvest index of mungbean, when grown in Virginia, was low as compared to that of soybean and cereals where values approaching 50% are possible (Bhardwaj and Bhagsari, 1991 ; Austin et al. 1980). These results along with existence of significant variation among 7 entries included in these trials indicate that breeding mungbean for increased harvest index might provide a tool for yield improvements. Other Characteristics Mungbean plants were slightly taller during 1994 as compared to 1993 (Tables 1 and 2). In general, plant height at maturity was suitable for combine harvesting. Planting date effects on plant height were inconsistent. During 1993, plant height differences between the two planting dates were non-significant (Table 3); whereas plant heights in the experiment planted on June 16, 1994 exceeded those from trials planted on May 17 and July 21 (Table 4). Seed size (grams per 100 seeds) did not differ significantly between May 17 and June 21 planting dates during 1994 (Table 4), but differences existed among entries when planted on June 16 and July 21 (Table 2). Overall seed size in these trials was lower than that reported from other areas, but lower seed size may be of little concern since a negative correlation exists between seed size and sprout weight to seed weight ratio (Matlock and Oswalt, 1962). We did not evaluate mungbean seed produced in these trials for sprout characteristics. Visual observation of plants at maturity indicated a complete lack of shattering in all five trials. This was surprising given the indeterminate growth habit of mungbean plants and considerable age difference between early and late pods. The number of 248 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 4. Effects of planting date on mungbean performance during 1994 at Petersburg, Virginia. Characteristic Planting Date May 17, 1994 June 16, 1994 July 21, 1994 Seed Yield(kg ha“^) *2706 A 1975 B 902 C Biomass (kg ha'^) 7792 A 6911 A 3074 B Harvest Index(%) 36.4 A 27.6 B 29.1 B 100-Seed Weight(g) 6.4 A 5.5 B 6.4 A Plant Height (cm) 65 B 81 A 31 C Protein Content (%) 22.2 A 22.3 A 22.6 A * Entry x planting date interaction was significant (P=0.05). Entry x planting date mean squares were used as error term. Means followed by similar letters, within rows, are not dif¬ ferent according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P=0.05). green pods, which may lead to immature seed being harvested and mixed with mature seed, were recorded on the day of harvesting during 1993. Mungbean harvests during 1 994 were delayed until all pods had matured to observe shattering. Mungbean entries differed significantly for number of green pods during 1993 (Table 1). LSB 8205 had a significantly higher number of green pods as compared to other entries. However, the overall number of green pods was comparatively low with a mean of 2.6 m"^ (Table 1). The protein content during 1994 (Table 2) varied from 20.8 (Lincoln) to 23.9% (TexSprout). Planting dates did not affect protein content (Table 4). Protein levels from three trials during 1994 were similar to those reported by Haytowitz and Mathews (1986). It has been reported that the protein content of mungbean can range from 19 to 28% (Poehlman, 1991). Correlations Significant positive correlation existed between seed yield and harvest index during both years (Table 5). Seed yield was also positively associated with plant height and biomass; whereas harvest index was negatively associated with plant height and biomass in 1993. The association of biomass production and harvest index with seed yield is important when considering the potential of mungbean as a new crop. Mean values for both of these characteristics were acceptable. The results also indicate a possible means for increasing mungbean yields in the future. The two commonly suggested approaches for increasing yields of grain crops: increased harvest index (Austin et al., 1980) or increased biomass production (Hays and Walker, 1984) can provide a tool for increasing mungbean seed yields in the future. Even though mungbean is a good human food, potential exists to use it also for livestock feed. Research conducted in Oklahoma (Cupka, 1987) has indicated that 1 .5 tons of mungbean meal is equivalent in protein content to 1 .0 ton of soybean meal Therefore, it may be economical for some farmers to produce mungbean as a protein POTENTIAL OF MUNGBEAN 249 TABLE 5. Correlations (Pearson’s coefficients) between various traits of mungbean grown at Petersburg, Virginia. Harvest Plant Seed Biomass Protein Index Height Weight Content Seed Yield 1993 0.36** 0.34** 0.56** 1994 0.61** 0.52** -0.02 0.84** -.06 Harvest Index 1993 -0.53** -0.52** 1994 -0.10 0.15 0.11 0.39 Seed Weight 1993 1994 -0.13 0.19 Biomass 1993 1994 -0.32 ** Significant at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. supplement for livestock feeding as compared to buying soybean meal. Maxwell et al. (1986) estimated that up to 50% of the supplemental lysine from soybean meal can be replaced in a finishing ration with raw mungbean, and that 25% of the supplemental lysine can be replaced with raw mungbean during the growing phase. Moreover, they concluded that mungbean varieties with low trypsin inhibitor levels could allow raw mungbean to completely replace soybean meal as the source of lysine. The trypsin inhibitor content is relatively low in mungbean, averaging 1.52 units mg’^ protein (Rosario et al, 1980) compared to about 30 units mg'^ in soybean. A combined analysis of data from 1993 and 1994, using June and July plantings in each year, indicated significant variation due to entries and planting dates for all characteristics except harvest index. Mean mungbean yields varied from 1234 to 1763 kg ha"^ with a mean of 1500 kg ha"^ The highest yielding entries were LSB 8205, Johnston’s California, and TexSprout. Delayed planting resulted in reduced yield, plant height, and biomass. These yield levels were better than average yields summa¬ rized by Poehlman (1991, page 140) which varied from 307 kg/ha"^in Kenya to 890 kg/ha" ^ in Korea and those expected by Cupka (1987) and Oplinger et al. (1990). Mungbean yielded 1475 to 1 567 kg ha“^ during 1993 and 902 to 2706 kg ha“^ during 1994 when planted in June which makes it suitable for double cropping following wheat and other small grains. In general, wheat producers in southern Virginia follow wheat with double-crop soybeans with an average soybean yield of about 1200 kg ha’^ In the northern Virginia areas where winter wheat is, generally, produced in a monocul¬ ture system, the wheat crop is harvested by the first week of July and the following wheat crop is planted to coincide with average frost date which is around October 20. This time frame seems to be suitable for mungbean production in rotation with wheat. 250 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Moreover, it has been well established that mungbean planting and harvest can be accomplished using soybean machinery. Based on these studies, mungbean seems to hold considerable potential as a new alternative crop for Virginia. This potential may be enhanced if nitrogen fixing ability of mungbean is taken into account. Mungbean have the potential to fix up to 100 pounds N per acre depending upon soil conditions, genotype, and inoculum (Poehlman, 1991). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS H.L. Bhardwaj and M. Rangappa collaborated for conduct of field trials. All authors contributed to data collection, interpretation, and manuscript preparation. The data were analyzed by H.L. Bhardwaj. LITERATURE CITED Austin, R.B., J. Bingham, R.D. Blackwell, L.T. Evans, M.A. Ford, C.L. Morgan, and M. Taylor. 1980. Genetic improvement in winter wheat yields since 1900 and associated physiological changes. J. Agric. Sci. 94:675-689. Bhardwaj, H.L. and A.S. Bhagsari. 1989. Harvest index, yield, and physiological characteristics of soybean as related to seed size. Soybean Genetics Newsletter 16:133-136. Bhardwaj, H.L. and A.S. Bhagsari. 1991. Harvest index as related to yield, plant architecture, and economic value. Soybean Genetics Newsletter, 18:314-316. Cupka, T.B. 1987. Mung Bean. Grain Legumes as Alternative Crops. Proceedings of the Symposium, July 23-24, 1987. The Center for Alternative Crops and Products, University of Minnesota. Cupka, T.B. and L.H. Edwards. 1988. Production and breeding of mungbean in the U.S.A. Mungbean. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. Hays, R.K.M. and A.J. Walker. 1 984. An Introduction to the Physiology of Crop Yield. Longman Scientific and Technical Publishers. Haytowitz, D.B. and R.H. Mathews. 1986. Composition of Foods:Legumes and Legume Products. U.S. Dep. of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 8-16. Matlock, R.S. and R.M. Oswalt. 1962. Mungbean varieties for Oklahoma. Coopera¬ tive Extension Service, Division of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University. Ex¬ tension Fact Sheet No. 1044. Maxwell, C.V., D.S. Buchanan, W.G. Luce, S.A. Norton, and R. Vend. 1986. Mungbean as a protein source for growing-finishing swine. Oklahoma Agri. Exp. Stn., Animal Science Research Report. Oplinger, E.S., L.L. Hardman, A.R. Kaminski, S.M. Combs, and J.D. Doll. 1990. Mungbean. In, Alternative Field Crops Manual, University of Wisconsin-Exten- sion. Cooperative Extension, Madison, WI. Poehlman, J.M. 1991. The Mungbean. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. Rosario, R.R.D., Y. Lozano, S. Pamorasamit, and M.G. Noel. 1980. The trypsin inhibitor activity of legume seeds. Philippine Agriculturalist 63:339-344. SAS. 1994. SAS System for Windows. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. Virginia Journal of Science Volume 48, Number 4 Winter 1997 Soil Amendment with Humic acid and Phosphate to Promote Sorption and Retard Mobility of Zinc Wing H. Leung and A. Kimaro, Department of Chemistry, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668 ABSTRACT This research investigated the effectiveness of soil amendment with phos¬ phate and/or humic acid in immobilizing Zn from soil The soil treatment involved different amounts of phosphate (0.0075, 0.015, 0.030M) and humic acid (10, 30, and 60 mg/L) and was incubated for a week before being studied by batch and column extractions with (1) DTPA (diethylenetriaminepen- taacetic acid) and (2) deionized water. The results show that both humic acid and phosphate are effective in reducing the solubility of Zn from soil. The attenuation of extracted Zn was magnified with increasing concentration of phosphate and humic acid during treatment. The primary mechanism was postulated as surface complexation due to formation of the new functional groups created during treatment. Our results suggest that phosphate and humic acid may provide a cost-effective way to remediate Zn-contaminated soils and wastes. INTRODUCTION Spills, leaks, or subsurface disposal of industrial wastes are known to have con¬ taminated soil and groundwater. Contaminants releases into the subsurface are perva¬ sive environmental problems that have proven to be extremely difficult to remediate. Predicting the mobility of contaminants in the subsurface and remediation of contami¬ nated soils and groundwater has proven to be extremely challenging. Recently, increas¬ ing attention has been given to in situ remediation of metal-contaminated soils (Czupyma et al, 1989). Numerous field studies have demonstrated that sorption processes recognized as a natural retardation for the migration of metals are important in natural environments. The capacity of a soil to remove metals from solution is one estimate of the effect of that soil on metal availability to plants. Natural organic matter in which humic and fulvic acid are the major components is a very influential factor affecting the properties of soil. Hunter ( 1 980) argued that the adsorbed organic material could mask the properties of the underlying solid and present a surface with very different physicochemical properties. Humic acid, a component of soil organic matter is made of structural units including carboxylic, hydroxylic, phenolic, and aliphatic groups stabilized into aggregates, and may enhance the removal or retard the mobility of contaminants from soil. Also, it has been shown that the geochemical behavior of lead indicates that phosphate, when present in sufficient amount, immobilizes lead (Nriagu, 1974) even at low pH. It has been shown in this laboratory (Gragg, 1984; Samba, 1989; Eshete, 1995; and Kimaro, 1 997), that the adsorption of trace metals (Cd, Ni, Zn) on oxides was facilitated by some anions such as phosphate, sulfate, and humic acid and impeded by calcium ions. It was also interesting to note (Graag, 1984; Eshete, 1995) that adsorption of Cd and Ni could be either enhanced or hindered depending on the concentration of the 252 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE anion (phosphate or humic acid). Since solubility, mobility, bioavailability and toxicity are all closely linked (Channey et al, 1989), it was planned in this laboratory to study the feasibility and mechanism of immobilizing zinc as a model metal in soil by the treatment of soil with phosphate or humic acid which would make zinc (and other trace metals as well) less soluble (and so less mobile and less bioavailable). Zn was chosen as a model metal for this study due to its ubiquitous nature and the fact that it is one of the commonly encountered metals of concern. In sludge-amended soil, Cu, Zn, and Ni are the metals mostly likely to cause toxicities in crops (CAST Rep, 1976). Sims et al (1986) reported many in-place treatment technologies such as soil flushing, immobi¬ lization (sorption, ion exchange, and precipitation), chemical degradation, biodegra¬ dation, and attenuation for contaminated surface soils. Among them, immobilization is a promising technology for cleaning up contaminated soils and wastes. Chemical extraction techniques, used either to estimate trace element bioavailabil¬ ity or trace element associations in sediments and soils, have been extensively applied in environmental studies, agronomy, and exploration geochemistry. In this study, the chemical extraction method which aims at understanding the mobility and/or bioavail- ability of zinc involved the used of (1) a modified DTPA (diethylenetriaminepen- taacetic acid) sediment extraction procedure (Lee et al, 1978) and also (2) deionized water. All of the trace metals such as lead (Freeman et al, 1992) etc in soil are not in one chemical or physical form and thus may not be uniformly soluble and bioavailable. The rationale for our approach is that the mobility and the bioavailable portion of soil metal can be approximated by the soluble and/or exchangeable fraction, because metal must first be dissolved to be absorbed. Water soluble trace metals usually are used for predicting toxic conditions. Exchangeable soil trace metals have been shown to be related closely to their plant uptake. Chelating agents, e.g., EDTA (ethyle- nediaminetetraacetic acid) and DTPA have become more popular in recent years. The use of DTPA as a soil test extractant for diagnosing Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu-deficient soils was reported (Linsay and Norvell, 1978). Various chemical extraction procedures have been studied (Lee et al, 1978) at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES), aiming at predicting plant uptake of toxic metals from sediments. Of these, the DTPA method was the only extraction procedure to show good potential for predicting marsh plant uptake of Zn, Cd, Cu, and to a lesser extent Pb and Cr. Lee et al ( 1 982) argued that total nitric acid digests of sediments indicated the amount of heavy metals present but did not indicate the bioavailability of the heavy metals. In order to get an indication of the mobility and bioavailability of sediment heavy metals, a DTPA extraction procedure should be used. MATERIALS AND METHODS Humic acid was obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI). Before it was used in any experiment, the humic acid was dissolved in water, and then filtered through a 0.45 m filter (Gelman Sciences, GN-6) to remove any particulate material. All other chemicals used were reagent grade supplied by Fisher Scientific. Soil was obtained from south east of site 3 of Craney Island which is a 2500-acre confined disposal site in Virginia, developed in the early 1940’s, initiated in 1954, and completed in 1957 by the Army Crops of Engineers to provide a long-term disposal area for material dredged from channels and ports in the Hampton Roads area. Soils were air dried, crushed, and then sieved through a 1.0 mm pore size and collected SOIL AMENDMENT 253 between LO and 0.71 mm pore size. Soils thus prepared were treated with deionized water (and then used as control), phosphate (0.0075, 0.015, and 0.030 M) and humic acid (10, 30, and 60 mg/L), and incubated for seven days, then filtered, dried and sieved. The sieved soils were now subjected to batch and column extraction and then analyzed for indigenous zinc using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (A AS) - a Varian spectrophotometer, SpectrAA-20. DTPA extraction solution was prepared by (i) dissolving DTPA (1.9668 g/L) in triethanolamine (14.9 199 g/L) and diluting to near the proper dilution, (ii) adding CaCl2 (1.1099 g/L) to the solution, (iii) buffering the solution to pH 7.3 using HCl or NaOH, and (iv) completing the dilution with deionized water to 1 L. The resulting solution is 0.005 M DTPA. Batch Method For batch extraction of zinc, a 2g portion of soil was placed in a polycarbonate flask and 20 mL of extractant was added. The suspension was shaken in a shaker at 200 revolutions per minute for 24 hours and then filtered. The filtrate was retained for metal analysis using a Varian spectrophotometer. Column Method The column extraction procedure employed a polycarbonate tube (1 cm diameter X 37 cm height), A cork at the bottom provided a conduit for liquid. A 5.0 g sample was placed into the leaching column to a height of 1 1 cm. The packed column was leached with distilled deionized water or DTPA at a rate of 2.0 mL per minute. Two columns were constructed to allow leaching of two duplicate soil samples simultane¬ ously. Deionized water of DTPA was pumped into the soil through a buret that hung above the column. 20 mL aliquots of the eluant were collected for analysis of Zn using a Varian spectrophotometer. Total Zn Content extracted by HNO3/H2O2 The total amount of zinc in the treated soil was studied by digesting 1 g of soil sample in 15 mL of 3M nitric acid and 2.5 mL 30% hydrogen peroxide on a hot plate in a temperature range of 85-96®C. Additional 30% hydrogen peroxide, if needed, was added until the digestion was complete as seen by the lightening of the sample’s color. After filtering, the solution was analyzed for Zn using a Varian spectrophotometer. The total zinc content in the soil extracted by this method was 24900 pg/g. RESULTS The results showing the amount of zinc in pg per gram extracted fi-om soils with and without treatment are summarized and illustrated in Figures 1-4. As shown in these figures, the result of these studies indicated that the extracted amount of zinc was decreased with soil amendment and the extent of attenuating zinc in the extract was fiirther enhanced with increasing concentration of either phosphate or humic acid during treatment. Results of Phosphate Treatment: From batch extraction (Figure 1) with deionized water as the extractant, the concentration of extracted zinc decreased as compared with control (soil without treatment) by 69.7, 90.1 and 92.5% for the soil treated with phosphate of 0.0075, 0.015 and 0,030 M respectively. With DTPA as extractant, the extracted zinc concentration decreased by 1 1.9, 18.3 and 24.4% respectively. In column 254 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Concentration of phosphate, M FIGURE 1. Plot for the batch extraction of Zn from soil treated with phosphate using distilled deionized water (o) and DTP A (A ) as extractants. ■§ o Concentration of humic acid, mg/L FIGURE 2. Plot for the batch extraction of Zn from soil treated with humic acid using distilled deionized water (o) and DTPA (A ) as extractants. SOIL AMENDMENT 255 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 ConccFitration of phosphate, M FIGURE 3. Plot for the column extraction of Zn from soil treated with phosphate using distilled deionized water (o) and DTP A (A ) extractants. I N Concentration of humic acid, mg/L FIGURE 4. Plot for the column extraction of Zn from soil treated with humic acid using distilled deionized water (o) and DTP A (A ) as extractants. 256 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE extraction (Figure 3) with deionized water as the extractant, concentration of extracted zinc decreased as compared with the control by 77.0, 86.8 and 87.4% for the soil treated with phosphate of 0.0075, 0.015 and 0.030 M respectively. With DTPA as extractant, the extracted zinc concentration decreased by 43.4, 56.4 and 69.7% respectively. Results of Humic acid Treatment: For the soil treated with humic acid (10, 30, and 60 mg/L), in batch extraction (Figure 2) with deionized water as the extractant, the concentration of extracted zinc decreased as compared with the control by 25.1, 68.6 and 69.3% respectively. With DTPA as the extractant, the extracted zinc concentration decreased by 28.7, 32.5 and 34.5% for the soil treatment with 1 0, 30 and 60 mg/L humic acid respectively. In column extraction (Figure 4), the decrease in concentration of extracted zinc was 23.3, 63.7 and 75.4% respectively when deionized water was used as an extractant. When DTPA was used the decrease in concentration of extracted zinc was 12.9, 44.1 and 46.2 respectively. DISCUSSION The fate of trace metals in soils and in natural systems is largely controlled by adsorption/desorption processes (Spoito, 1984; Sigg, 1987). Transformations such as Particulate metal dissolved metal are of fundamental relevance for the mobility of the involved metal ions in the particular reservoir. In soil, desorption leads to mobilization and to transfer from soil to the ground water system. The above results in this work on the extraction of Zn from soils indicate that soil properties can be modified by amendment to reduce mobility and thus plant availabillity of zinc, and that both phosphate and humic acid on association with soils have potential ability to hold zinc on soil. As a result of recent studies (Kimaro, 1997) in this laboratory, of the treatment of silica with phosphate solution, the sorptive capabilities for lead were greatly enhanced and increased with increasing concentration of phosphate used in treatment. This provides useful results for comparison with soil amendment. It has been known that both humic acid and phosphate are readily adsorbed by oxides (Gragg, 1984; Samba, 1889; Eshete, 1995; Kimaro, 1997; Tipping, 1982; and Stumm et al, 1979) and soil (Barrow, 1983). Adsorption occurs by complex formation between surface hydroxyls and the acidic functional groups of the organic molecules and phosphate anion. The association with phosphate and/or humic acid is expected to have a great influence on subsequent sorption of inorganic cations and anions. Adsorption of humic acid covers surface hydroxyls and provides new func¬ tional groups (Davis, 1982) for further complexation reactions with metal ions. Since humic acids are large adsorbing molecules, not all their anionic groups can be involved in the ligand exchange interactions on adsorption. The excess anionic groups (e.g., carboxylic and phenolic) are still available for complexation with metal ions, thus providing new functional groups for complexation reactions with Zn, and affecting the fate of zinc and other metal ions as well in solution. Addition of phosphate as well as humic acid to the system reduced the pH of the zero point of charge (zpc), and thus also increased Zn sorption. Therefore, the enhancement of sorption capability for zinc can be attributed to the presence of the newly created carboxylic and phenolic and phosphate chelating groups at the surface. Complexation of Zn with the functional groups of adsorbed organic matter and phosphate is expected to be stronger and SOIL AMENDMENT 257 therefore more effective to immobilize the metal than complexation with uncovered surface hydroxyls. A batch extraction method involves the mechanical mixing of a unit volume of water or an alternative extractant with a unit mass of soil. In Column extraction method there is a continuous flow of extractant through a fixed bed of soil. While the batch extraction method is easy to operate and has low experimental variation, leachate generated by the column method is more representative of the leachate derived from the disposal site than is the leachate from the batch method. The column method is more realistic in simulating leaching processes which occur under field conditions. Thus we can conclude, based on the above information, that either humic acid or phosphate adsorbed on soil can interact with Zn, possibly forming surface complexes and are important factors controlling the mobility and fixation of Zn in soils, thus reducing Zn solubility as well as bioavailability. It is suggested that such soil amend¬ ment with phosphate or humic acid may be used to improve the retardation capabilities of soils and aquifer materials and also to enhance the containment capabilities of clay landfill liners and slurry walls. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial support was obtained through grants from HBCU-MI Environmental Technology and Education Consortium, grant number DE-FC04-90AL66158. Dr. Wing H. Leung, Department of Chemistry, Hampton University, initiated and oversaw the project. He also participated in experimental design, interpretation of data, and writing the manuscript. A Kimaro conducted the soil sampling and analysis of data as part of a master’s thesis in the Department of Chemistry, Hampton University. Special appreciation is given to Dr. 1. T. Urasa, who graciously provided helpful comments on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Barrow, N. J. 1983. A mechanistic model for describing the sorption and desorption of phosphate by soil. J. Soil Sci. 34:733-750. Channey, R., Mielke H., Sterrett, S. 1989. Speciation, mobility, and bioavailability of soil lead. Environ Geochem Hlth. SuppL 9: 105-129. Council of Agricultural Science and Technology. 1976. Application of sewage sludge to cropland: Appraisal of potential hazards of the heavy metals to plants and animals. CAST Rep., no. 64. Iowa State Univ., Ames. Czupyma, G,; Levy, R. D.; Maclean, A. L; Gold, H. 1989. In situ immobilization of heavy-metal-contaminated soils; Noyes Data Corporation: Park Ridge, N.J., vol. 173. Davis, J. A. 1982. Adsorption of natural dissolved organic matter at the oxide/water interface. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46: 2381-2393. Eshete, Matthewos. Sorption at the oxide-water interface. M.S. Thesis, Hampton University, 1995. Freeman, G., Johnson, J., Killinger, J., Liao, S., Feder, P., Davis, A., Ruby, M., Channey, R., Louvre, S., Bergstrom, P. 1992. Relative bioavailability of lead from mining waste soil in rats: Fung Appl Toxic 19: 388-398. 258 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Gragg, John, Jr. The adsorption of humic acid and cadmium at the interface of hydrous iron oxide. M.S. Thesis, Hampton University, 1984. Hunter, K. A. 1980. Microelectrophoretic properties of natural surface-active organic matter in coastal seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25: 807-822. Kimaro, Anael. Sorption at the oxide-solution interface and soil amendment. M.S. Thesis, Hampton University, 1997. Lee, C. R., Smart, R. M., Sturgis, T. C., Gordon, Sr., R. N., and Landin, M. C. 1978. Prediction of metal uptake by marsh plants based on chemical extraction of heavy metals from dredged material: Technical Report D-78-6. Environmental Labora¬ tory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksbury, Mississippi. Lee, C. R., Folsom, Jr., B. L., and Engler, R. M. 1982. Availability and plant uptake of heavy metals from contaminated dredged material placed in flooded and upland disposal environments: Environment International. 7: 65-71. Linsay, W. L. and Norvell, W. A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 421-428. Nriagu, J. 1 974. Lead orthophosphates -IV ; formation and stability in the environment. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 38: 887-898. Samba, Marie-Rose. Humic acid and cadmium adsorption on model substrates and natural sediment. M.S. thesis, Hampton University, 1989. Sigg, L. 1987. Surface chemical aspects of the distribution and the fate of metal ions in lakes. In: Stumm, W., ed.. Aquatic Surface Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Sims, R., Sorensen, D., Sims, J., McLean, J., Mahmond, R., Dupont, R., Jurinak, J., Wagner, K. 1 986. Contaminated surface soils in-place treatment techniques; Noyrs Publications: Park Ridge. Sposito, G. 1984. The surface chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press, New York. 234 pp. Stumm, W., Kummert, R. and Sigg, L. 1980. A ligand exchange model for the adsorption of inorganic and organic ligands at hydrous oxide interfaces. Croatica Chemica Acta 53: 291-312. Tipping, E. and David Cooke. 1982. The effects of adsorbed humic substances on the surface change of geothite (a-FeOOH) in freshwaters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46: 75-80. Virginia Journal of Science Volume 48, Number 4 Winter 1997 Use of a Powerline Corridor by Breeding and Wintering Birds in Giles County, Virginia Amy L. Meehan and Carola A, Haas, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0321 ABSTRACT Powerline corridors can provide an opportunity to create shrubland habitat for early successional bird species. In March 1994, the Forest Service planted 1.5 meter tall crabapple and doogwood shrubs {Malus spp., Cornus sericia) in 3 patches approximately 300 meters long within a powerline corridor in the George Washington- Jefferson National Forest near the White Rocks campground, Giles County, Virginia. We monitored the use of the powerline corridor by breeding and wintering birds during 1994 and 1995 and deter¬ mined levels of nest success and predation during the breeding season. Nest success for both years was 57% (12/21) (% of nests from which at least one young fledged). One nest was parasitized by a Brown-headed Cowbird {Molothrus ater), giving frequency of parasitism of 4.7%. Six of the 21 nests were depredated, giving a frequency of predation of 28.5%. Most bird activity was observed along the edge of the powerline corridor. Bird use of the corridor itself was limited because of a lack of shrub growth within the corridor. Further monitoring of bird use of the planted shrubs is recom¬ mended. INTRODUCTION Recently, much attention has been focused on the decline of populations of forest dwelling Nearctic-Neotropical migrant songbirds. However, there is a more dramatic and clear decline in birds associated with early successional habitat in eastern North America, the majority of which are short distance migrants (Hagan et al., 1 992; Askins, 1993). Results from the Breeding Bird Survey show that 16 out of 19 grassland or savanna species had declining population trends between 1966 and 1991, 11 of which were significant (Askins, 1993; Johnson and Schwartz, 1993; Knopf 1995). Of 16 shrubland species 12 declined in this same time period (6 significantly), while only 4 increased (Askins, 1993). These declines may reflect the loss of grassland and shrubland habitat with the growth of forest on abandoned farmland, increased effi¬ ciency of agriculture and increases in rural residential areas (Witham and Hunter, 1 992; Askins, 1993). Many of these grassland and shrubland bird species have a high degree of habitat specialization and are dependent on habitats that are transient in the absence of continual management or disturbance (Askins, 1993). Concerns over the effects of edges on avian nest success (Gates and Gysel, 1978) have led to further concerns over the fragmentation of forested habitat by development, roads and powerline corridors. Yet powerline corridors can provide an opportunity to provide shrubland habitat for early successional bird species. Bird community density and diversity within powerline corridors varies depending on shrub density and 260 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE patchiness, corridor width, and number of years following vegetation maintenance by cutting (Kroodsma, 1982). Our objectives were to determine the nesting density and success of early succes- sional bird species breeding within a powerline right-of-way, and to determine if there is a greater diversity of species nesting in areas planted with shrubs as compared to areas dominated by grass and ferns. We also wished to determine levels of cowbird parasitism and levels of predation in both areas. Finally, we attempted to assess the value of the habitat improvement to wintering birds. METHODS In March 1994, the Forest Service planted 1.5 meter tall crabapple and doogwood shrubs (Malus spp., Cornus sericia) in 3 patches approximately 300 meters long within the powerline corridor in the George Washington- Jefferson National Forest near the White Rocks campground, Giles County, Virginia (37° 26' 6", 80° 30' 36"). The patches of shrubs were alternated with similarly sized patches left in grass/fems. This powerline corridor is approximately 12 meters wide and intersects mixed hardwood forest (approximately 80 years old). It is maintained through low volume foliar spray using glyphosate. Group selection harvesting was conducted to the north of the powerline in 1990 and to the south in 1993. Skid trails (designated travel lanes used to drag logs to the landings) bisect and at times parallel the right-of-way. We monitored the use of the powerline by breeding birds, determined levels of nest success, brood parasitism and nest predation. We also monitored use of the powerline by wintering and migrating birds. The powerline was visited once per week from mid May through July 1994 and 1995. In addition, it was visited once per month from October through April 1994 and September through November 1995. During the summer, we set up 6 to 8 mist nets during the morning hours from approximately 0700-1200. This provided from 24 to 37 net hours each week. Nets were placed in both the corridor itself and on the edge. Nets were never set more than 20 meters from the edge of the corridor. Nets were placed in a different section of the corridor each visit to ensure coverage of the entire study area. Any birds caught were banded, sexed, weighed and measured, and aged if possible. During the fall and winter, we attempted to mist net birds. However, our success was minimal, with 0 captures during the winter months. A species list of all birds heard or seen during each visit (4-6 hours/week) was also recorded. Between net checks, we walked the powerline corridor and searched for nests in the corridor and along the edge. Any nests found were identified and marked with flagging on a nearby tree or shrub. Nests were then monitored at each subsequent visit to the powerline. RESULTS A total of 17 species were banded during the two years (Table 1). One male indigo bunting (refer to Table 1 and 3 for scientific names) was caught in June of 1994 and was recaptured during June of 1995. Many of the birds caught in early spring were in breeding condition (i.e. a vascularized brood patch or an enlarged cloacal protuber¬ ance), indicating some breeding activity. We were able to find a total of 2 1 nests of 7 species. The greatest number of nests found belonged to indigo buntings, followed by red-eyed vireos (Table 2). Most of USE OF POWERLINE CORRIDOR BY BIRDS 261 TABLE 1. Species caught in or near the White Rocks powerline corridor (1994 and 1995), Giles County, Virginia. SPECIES NUMBER A CAUGHT SEASON* red-eyed vireo (Vireo oiivaceus) 12 summer indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) 11 summer chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica) 7 spring, summer american redstart {Setophaga ruticilla) 5 summer eastern wood pewee (Contopus virens) 4 summer ruby-crowned kinglet (Regulus calendula) 4 fall eastern towhee {Pipilo erythrophthalmus) 3 summer dark-eyed j unco (Junco hyemalis) 3 fall, summer golden-crowned kinglet {Regulus satrapa) 3 fall wood thrush {Hylocichla mustelina) 2 summer solitary vireo {Vireo solitarius) 2 spring scarlet tanager {Piranga olivacea) 2 summer hairy woodpecker {Picoides villosus) 1 summer swainson’s thrush {Catharus ustulatus) 1 fail acadian flycatcher {Empidonax virescens) 1 summer black-throated blue warbler {Dendroica caerulescens) 1 summer, fall ovenbird {Seiurus aurocapillus) 1 summer *seasons: spring (March- April) summer (May-August) fall (September-November) these nests were in the forest on the edge of the powerline corridor. The nest success for both years for all species was 57% (% of nests from which at least one young fledged). One chestnut-sided warblemest was parasitized by a brown-headed cowbird {Molothrus ater), giving a frequency of parasitism of 4.7% (Table 2). Six of the 21 nests were depredated, giving a frequency of predation of 28.5% (Table 2). Two nests were deserted during the incubation stage. Many birds were observed using the shrubs and trees that had regenerated in and along skid trails. Twenty-eight percent (6/2 1 ) of nests found were within the powerline corridor itself Only one nest (indigo bunting) was found in the planted shrubs in the corridor. Several species of forest birds which we did not catch in mist nets were observed or heard along the edges of the powerline corridor or in the nearby forest (Table 3). We did not search for nests for these species and therefore do not have any information on reproductive success for these birds. 262 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 2. Nesting success for bird species nesting in or near the White Rocks powerline corridor (1994 and 1995), Giles County, Virginia. Species % Success* % Depredation % Parasitism all 57% (12/21) 28.5% (6/21) 4.7% (1/21) indigo bunting 60% (6/10) 40% (4/10) 0 red-eyed vireo 50% (2/4) 50% (2/4) 0 * success = % of nests which fledged at least one young List of species for which nests were found: indigo bunting {Passerina cyanea) (n = 10) chestnut-sided warbler {Dendroica pensylvanica) (n = 2) wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelind) (n = 2) red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus) (n = 4) dark-eyed junco {Junco hyemalis) (n = 1) ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus) ( n = 1) yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) (n = 1 ) DISCUSSION The powerline corridor itself was used little by breeding birds, perhaps because of a lack of dense shrubs for nesting, perching and foraging. We observed much more bird use in the areas that had once been skid trails and had now grown over to shrub cover. These habitats had a much greater amount of shrub growth than was observed within the corridor itself This growth consisted mainly of stump sprouts of red maple {Acer rubrum), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum) and oak (Quercus spp.) saplings. The corridor itself was kept clear of most tree growth and consisted mainly of grasses and ferns. There were however, scattered oak, maple, hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and pine (Pinus strobus) saplings, as well as one area of hawthorn {Crataegus spp.). Several studies have shown that it is possible to create relatively stable shrublands on rights-of-way that are resistant to tree seedling invasion and are beneficial to wildlife. Huckleberry {Gaylussacia baccata) and low blueberry ( Vaccinium vacillans) can become communities resistant to tree invasion when developed by a selective herbicide approach (Bramble and Byrnes, 1972; Niering and Goodwin, 1974). In addition, mountain laurel {Kalmia latifolia), great laurel {Rhododendron maximum) and scrub oak {Quercus ilicifolia) are also known to resist tree establishment (Niering and Goodwin, 1974). In Pennsylvania, blueberry {Vaccinium spp.), scrub oak, gold- enrod {Solidago rugosa) and bracken fern {Pteridium acquilinum) were the most highly resistant species (Bramble et al., 1990). Selective basal application of herbicide was the best method to produce a shrub-herb-grass cover type. Niering and Goodwin (1974) also found pure stands of little bluestem {Andropogon scoparius) to be resistant USE OF POWERLINE CORRIDOR BY BIRDS 263 TABLE 3. Additional bird species seen or heard during the breeding season (May-July) in or near the White Rocks powerline corridor (1994 and 1995), Giles County, Virginia. black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varid) black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens) blackbumian warbler {Dendroica fused) chickadee {Parus sp.) downy woodpecker {Picoides pubescens) northern cardinal (Cardinal is cardinal is) northern flicker (Colaptes auratus) pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicanius) tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor) veery (Catharus fuscescens) white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) yellow-throated vireo (Vireo flavifrons) brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) to tree invasion; however Rich et aL (1994) found that cowbirds exhibit significantly greater abundances associated with the presence of mowed grass in corridors. The creation of a stable shrubland depends on which plant species are present and which species will grow well on the soil type in the right-of-way. The cover type chosen should also benefit wildlife as well. Shrubs should be chosen that not only provide food, but nesting or wintering cover. Huckleberry and blueberry both provide food sources for songbirds including chickadees (Parus spp.), towhees (Pipilo spp.), eastern phoebes (Sayornis phoebe), and several thrush species (Hylocichla spp.) (Martin et al, 1951). The shrubs planted in this study were chosen to provide a food source for songbirds. Birds nesting near the right-of-way used plant species such as chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and red oak (Quercus rubra). However these are all tree species which could not be left in the right-of-way. We found solitary vireos (Vireo solitarius alticola) in some nearby areas nesting in mountain laurel (pers. obs.), which has been found to resist tree establishment (Niering and Goodwin, 1974). As our results have shown, few birds were found nesting in the powerline corridor itself The planted shrubs had not acquired enough growth over the duration of this study to be beneficial to birds or other wildlife. The shrubs were planted in rows, approximately one meter apart and had very little horizontal growth. In addition, we observed only one of the shrubs produce finit over the duration of the study. Therefore we recommend that further monitoring be conducted at a later date to determine if these shrubs are of benefit to songbirds. Yet evidence from the use of skid trails in this study, as well as evidence from other studies, indicates that the creation of a stable shrubland within the right-of-way would provide food and nesting cover for songbirds, and make the right-of-way a higher quality habitat for shrubland birds. 264 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The United States Forest Service, Blacksburg Ranger District, provided fiinding for monitoring the effects of shrub plantings on birds. Special thanks go to Jesse L. Overcash for providing information about the right-of-way, for help with field work, and for his help in getting the project off the ground. We thank the many volunteers, particularly Shay Garriock, who assisted with field work. Amy L. Meehan conducted field work and data analyses for the project. Carola A. Haas was the Principal Investigator at Virginia Tech and provided guidance on both study design and writing of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Askins, R. A. 1 993 . Population trends in grassland, shrubland, and forest birds in eastern North America. Current Ornithology. 11: 1-34. Bramble, W.C. and W.R. Byrnes. 1972. A long term ecological study of game food and cover on a sprayed utility right-of-way. Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 885: 1-20. Bramble, W.C., W.R. Byrnes, and R.J. Hutnik. 1990. Resistance of plant cover types to tree seedling invasion on an electric transmission right-of-way. J. Arboriculture. 16(5): 130-135. Gates, J.E. and L.W. Gysel. 1978. Avian nest dispersion and fledging success in field-forest ecotones. Ecology. 59(5):871-883. Hagan, J.M. Ill, T.L. Lloyd-Evans, J.L. Atwood and D.S. Wood. 1992. Long term changes in migratory landbirds in the northeastern United States. Evidence from migration capture data, in J.M. Hagan and D.W. Johnson (eds.) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds, Smithsonian Inst. Press, Wash¬ ington, D.C., pp. 115-130. Johnson, D.H. and M.D. Schwartz. 1993. The Conservation Reserve Program and grassland birds. Cons. Biol. 7(4):934-937. Knopf, F.L. 1995. Declining grassland birds, in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E., Puckett, P.D. Doran and M.J. Mac (eds.) Our Living Resources, Washington, D.C. National Biological Service, pp. 296-298. Kroodsma, R.L. 1982. Bird community ecology on power-line corridors in east Tennessee. Biol. Conserv. 23:79-94. Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim and A.L. Nelson. 1951. American wildlife and plants: A guide to wildlife food habits. Dover Publications, Inc. New York, New York. Niering, W.A. and R.H. Goodwin. 1974. Creation of relatively stable shmblands with herbicides: arresting "succession" on rights-of-way and pastureland. Ecology. 55:784-795. Rich, A.C., D. S. Dobkin, and L.J. Niles. 1994. Defining forest fragmentation by corridor width: the influence of narrow forest-dividing corridors on forest-nesting birds in southern New Jersey. Conserv. Biol. 8(4): 1 109-1 121. Witham, J.W. and M.L. Hunter, Jr.. 1992. Population trends of Neotropical migrant landbirds in northern coastal New England, in J.M. Hagan and D.W. Johnson, (eds.) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds, Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 85-95. Virginia Journal of Science Volume 48, Number 4 Winter 1997 Seasonal Phytoplankton Composition in the Pagan River, Virginia: A Nutrient Enriched River David W. Seaborn, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0266 ABSTRACT This river is characterized as a nutrient enriched system with annual mean levels of total nitrogen and phosphorus at 1.8 and 0.8 mg L’^ respectively. Three phytoplankton maxima occurred during the year at concentrations of 10^ to 10^ cells L“^ Other algal populations had distinct periods of abun¬ dance, which varied seasonally in magnitude and time of development. Turbidity levels were high, with a mean secchi depth of 0.4 m. When compared to other regional rivers within the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin, the Pagan River had similar, but greater phytoplankton abundance, in addition to higher nutrient levels and lower secchi depths. INTRODUCTION The Pagan River is a 16.9 km long tributary of the James River in southeastern Virginia (Figure 1). It is a nutrient enriched river, with a drainage basin of approxi¬ mately 148 to 172 km^ (Kuo et al., 1976; Rosenbaum and Neilson, 1977). A largely agricultural area is within the river basin, with more than 1 ,000 hectares of marsh along its route. The town of Smithfield, with a population of approximately 4,800 is located 8 km upstream. The river receives nutrients from a variety of sources that include two meat processing plants, the Smithfield Sewage Treatment facility, agricultural drain¬ age, and street storm sewer runoff from the town of Smithfield. Kuo et al. (1976) found the Pagan River well mixed, having little vertical stratifi¬ cation occurring seasonally, with tidal currents up to 30.5 cm sec'^ and little freshwater runoff into the river basin ( <0.28 m^ sec'^). Rosenbaum and Neilson (1977) conducted a short term study of the Pagan River. They noted chlorophyll "a" levels were high, with some readings approaching 140 pg L'\ and the highest concentrations upstream. The dissolved oxygen was low during the pre-dawn slack tide, often below 3-4 mg L'^ However, at other times the surface water was supersaturated with dissolved oxygen. They reported fecal coliform levels increasing upstream, reaching an excess of 200 MPN/1 00 mL. Rosenbaum and Nielson ( 1 977) associated poor water quality problems in the Pagan to discharge from the local sewage treatment plant and two meat packing plants in Smithfield. These two plants discharged approximately 5,447 kg of 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and about 13,200 kg of nitrogenous BOD daily in 1976. The loads from non-point sources were also large, but intermittent. Some of the increased oxygen demand may also be due to a high benthic oxygen demand (Rosenbaum and Neilson, 1977). This occurs when various organic materials from different discharges, and from dead phytoplankton, coat the benthic substrate of the river. As this material decomposes, it places an additional oxygen demand on the surrounding water. No phytoplankton studies have been conducted in the Pagan River, however, phytoplankton populations in the James River have been reported by Woodson (1959, 266 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 76°35' 1960), Marshall (1967a, 1967b, 1968), and Filardo and Dunstan (1985). These studies have characterized the James river flora as dominated by diatoms and a variety of phytoflagellates, with spring population peaks of 3 x 10^ cells L'^ The objectives of the study were to identify the seasonal phytoplankton composi¬ tion and seasonal abundance patterns in this nutrient enriched river, and to identify relationships between the flora and nutrient levels in this estuary. METHODS Monthly replicate samples (500 mL) were collected at the surface ( <1 m) from September 1992 through October 1993 at three stations in the Pagan River (Figure 1). Station PG 1 is downstream of both the meat packing and sewage treatment plants which are located adjacent to the river. Station PG2 is between these two sites, with station PG3 farther upstream. The samples were fixed with five mL of Lugofs solution PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE PAGAN RIVER 267 TABLE 1. Results of a one-factor, model II analysis of variances on surface water salinity from the three monthly sampling sites on the Pagan River from October 1 992 to September 1 993 . (DF= degrees of freedom, SS= sum of squares, MS= mean sum of squares, F= F-calculated statistic, P= probability of chance). Salinity Source DF SS MS F P Among Stations 2 217.4 108.7 5.39 <0.01 Within Station 33 666.1 20.18 (Verduin, 1962) when collected. These samples were later processed in the laboratory using a series of settling and siphoning procedures over a 72 hour period, with 10% buffered formalin (4 mL) added as a preservative. The samples were examined using a modified Utermohl method and procedures described by Marshall (1984), using a Zeiss Opton inverted plankton microcsope. On station, measurements of water temperature, salinity, pH, and conductivity were determined with a Hydrolab® Surveyor 11. Water transparency was recorded on station using a Secchi disk ( 1 8 cm diam.). Supplementary water quality data of nutrient levels were provided by the Virginia Department of Environmental Qualtiy (VDEQ, 1990). Multiple analyses of variances (MANOVA) were conducted on the physical water parameters to determine if significant temporal and spatial differences existed. A one-factor analyses of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on phytoplankton abun¬ dances to determine if these values differed significantly between station locations. A non-hierarchal cluster analysis (Gauch, 1979) was used to group VDEQ stations based on similarities in the physical water parameters. The SPSS version of Discriminant Function Analysis (Nie et al, 1975) was performed on the data to determine whether clusters found were statistically distinct from one another. RESULTS Water Parameters Surface water temperatures in the Pagan River ranged from 4.33 to 29.19 °C (Seaborn, 1994). The temperature decreased from a peak in October to a 12 month low in February, then increased rapidly into spring (March). A MANOVA indicated no statistically significant temperature differences between the stations (P > 0.01). Average salinity in the Pagan River ranged from 0.8 ppt in January and March to 12. 1 ppt in September. The mean station salinities were statistically significant (P < 0.01), ranging from 3.3 to 9.0 ppt (Table 1). Secchi depth readings were low at all stations, averaging 0.4 m, with a range from 0.2 (April) to 0.8 m (December). The 12 month low was associated with the spring diatom pulse. Values for pH remained stable throughout the study. The river was slightly alkaline with an average pH of 7.36, with pH increasing upstream (Table 2). Dissolved oxygen was measured during midday sampling and ranged from 13.07 mg L"^ in April to 4.78 mg L’^ in July. Levels were high during fall and winter and decreased into spring and summer. A marked reduction occurred between April and 268 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 2. Monthly means for physical water parameters at three Pagan River Stations between October 1992 and September 1993. Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 SALINITY (ppt) 9.0 4.4 3.3 pH DISSOLVED Oj (mg L ‘) TOTAL N (mg L'') 7.15 7.41 7.53 9.50 8.97 9.46 1.217 1.913 2.227 TOTAL P (mg L"') 0.478 0.826 0.891 SECCHI DEPTH (m) 0.4 0.4 0.4 May at station PG2, located between the meat and sewage treatment plants, having the lowest oxygen values (Table 2). Total nitrogen and phosphorus levels had mean concentrations of 1 .79 and 0.73 mg L"\ respectively. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus maxima were highest upstream (PG3), and lowest downstream (PGl) (Table 2). These differences between stations were statistically significant for both nitrogen and phosphorus. Seasonally, the highest levels (TN 3.5, TP 1.3 mg L'^) occurred in summer for both nitrogen and phosphorus. These nutrient concentrations were much higher than those in other regional rivers. For instance, in the Nansemond River the total mean nitrogen and total phosphorus, for the same time period, were 0.94 and 0.19 mg L~\ respectively (Shomers, 1988). Additional water quality parameters were provided by VDEQ from 1 1 stations in the Pagan River. These parameters and their means over the sampling period included the following: ammonia (0.249 mg L"^), nitrite (0.137 mg L"^), nitrate (0.486 mg L"^), BOD (3.71 mg L"^), total suspended solids (TSS) (9137.69). A cluster analysis grouped 1 1 VDEQ stations in the Pagan according to these parameters, as well as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The three monthly phytoplankton stations of this study corresponded to three of the 1 1 VDEQ stations (Stations PGl . 1 , PG5.4, PG7.4). The results indicated the Pagan River has three distinct water quality regions; one located below the meat and sewage treatment plants, one between these plants, and one upstream from these plants (Seaborn, 1994). The specific differences of these three regions are seen in Figure 2. They indicate increased salinity and TSS are associated with PGl, whereas, these values decrease upstream at stations PG2 and PG3 . At these stations there are increased levels of TN, TP, DfN, and BOD. Phytoplankton Patterns A total of 15 1 taxa were identified in the study (Seaborn, 1994). These represented 9 classes of phytoplankton: 65 Bacillariophyceae, 27 Dinophyceae, 23 Chlorophyceae, 1 7 Cyanobacteria, 7 Cryptophyceae, 5 Euglenophyceae, 5 Chrysophyceae, 1 Prasino- phyceae, and 1 Prymnesiophyceae. Another category not mentioned here, is the PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE PAGAN RIVER 269 DF2 1.0 #■ SAL, TSS BOD, TN, TD, DIN ^ FIGURE 2. Confidence ellipses for canonical discriminant relationships between the three stations (Station 1 = PGl, etc.) regarding water quality parameters in the Pagan River. TABLE 3. Results of a one-factor, model II analysis of variances on phytoplankton abundance by station location for the three monthly sampling sites on the Pagan River. (DF=degrees of freedom, SS= sum of squares, MS= mean sum of squares, F= F-calculated statistic, P= probability of chance). Phytoplankton Abundance Source DF SS MS F P Among Stations 2 9.5xl0'^ 4.8xl0‘^ 2.24 0.10 0 0.25 Within Station 33 l.Oxlo’® 2.1xl0‘^ - autotrophic picoplankton, with cells that were ubiquitous in the samples and are discussed by Seaborn (1994) and Davis et al. (1997). The overall abundance of phytoplankton was tested with one-way ANOVAS, but they did not identify significant differences in concentrations for station locations (Table 3). Although variation in phytoplankton abundance among stations was not significant, stations PG3 and PGl consistently had the highest and lowest abundances, respectively (Figure 3). The total cell concentrations exhibited a trimodal pattern of abundance. There was an initial peak in October (1.3 x 10^ cells L'^) which decreased in winter to a March low (2.9 X 10^ cells L“^). A second major peak (2.6 x 10^ cells L"^) occurred in April, 270 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TABLE 4. Average monthly values of total phytoplankton in the Pagan River and other regional rivers (James and Elizabeth data from CBMP; Nansemond from Shomers, 1988; Lafayette from Purcell, 1973), in numbers of cells per liter. Group Pagan James Elizabeth Nansemond Lafayette Diatom 1.25x10'' 9.90x10*^ 4.03x10® 6.63x10® 6.67x10® Dinoflagellate 6.48x10^ 4.20x1 O'* 4.92x10® 1.59x10® 1.63x10® 6.60x10'* 2.77x10® Cyanobacteria 1.37x10' 9.81x10^ 7.67x10^ 2.53x10^ 1.42x10^ Chlorophyte 6.18x10*’ 2.66x10^ 1.88x10® Cryptomonad 1.39x10*’ 8.22x10^ 7.34x10® 2.67x10® 0.89x10® 4.78x10® 3.41x10® Euglenoid 6.24x10^ 4.00x10^ 2.49x10-^ 3.17x10^ 1.44x10^ Chrysophyte 3.42x10^ 2.61x10® 0 Miscellaneous 1.31x10^ 1.49x10^ 7.19x10® 3.73x10® 1.46x10'* Totals 3.06x10’' 2.48x1 o’ 6.30x10® 5.02x10® 1.33x10® and was mainly due to the spring diatom pulse. This was followed by a third pulse in August (4.2 X 10^ cells L'^). The mean abundance of phytoplankton in the Pagan River was higher than that reported from other regional rivers (Table 4). Their average monthly concentrations in the Pagan were more than in other local rivers. The assemblages in the Pagan were dominated by cyanobacteria, diatoms, and crypto¬ monads. Whereas, in the other four rivers, diatoms and cryptomonads were the dominant flora. MAJOR PHYTOPLANKTON COMPONENTS Bacillariophyceae The diatoms were the most abundant phytoplankton during the study (excluding the autotrophic picoplankton component). They were also the most diverse phyto¬ plankton category, composing 41% of the taxa identified. The most abundant species included Cyclotella choctowhatcheeana (C. caspia), Leptocylindricus minimus, Skele- tonema costatum, and Skeletonema potamos. The diatoms exhibited three distinct peaks during the study period. The largest was in fall, followed by others in spring and late summer (Figure 3). Cell concentrations were highest in October with a mean concentration of 4.9 x 10^ cells L“^ and greatest upstream at station 3, with a concentration of 1.1 x 10^ cells L"^ Cell numbers then decreased into in March, at a level of 1.8 X 10 cells L" , with Leptocylindricus minimus the most abundant species. Following the winter low, there was a second pulse in April which was associated with a marked increase in water temperature. Concentrations were at levels of 2.1 x 10^ cells L'^ Diatom levels were highest upstream (Station PG3) and lowest down¬ stream (Station PGl). Common species at this time were Cyclotella choc¬ towhatcheeana, Cyclotella striata, Navicula spp., Skeletonema potamos, and Synedra spp. During summer months the diatom abundance gradually increased until reaching a third peak in August of 8.9 x 10^ cells L’^ There was no statistical difference in diatom concentration according to station location during this peak. Prominent species PHYTOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE PHYTOPLANKTON BiOVOLUME PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE PAGAN RIVER 271 jain/siiso 43l!-|/s||ao |~ J Station 1 Q Station 2 Station 3 FIGURE 3. Phytoplankton abundance and biovolume comaprisons for stations in the Pagan River. 272 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE included Cyclotella choctowhateeana, Cyclotella striata^ Cylindrotheca closterium, Leptocylindricus minimus, Skeletonema costatum, Skeletonema potamos and Thalas- siosira spp. Dinophyceae The dinoflagellate concentrations ranged from a mean abundance of 2.9 x 10^ cells L’^ (June), to 1.1 x 10^ cells L’^ (March). The concentration of dinoflagellates was widely variable throughout the sampling period. A major development occurred at station PGl in February when a bloom of Heterocapsa triquetra reached 1 .2 x 10^ cells L"^ This species was not found in any appreciable abundance at the other stations indicating a possible salinity barrier for the organism. The dominant species during the summer and fall was Gymnodinium danicans. In general, dinoflagellates were a major component of the phytoplankton throughout the year, with highest concentra¬ tions occurring in late spring and summer. Other Categories The chlorophytes were a common and diverse component of the phytoplankton throughout the study. They were represented by a variety of species which included Chlorella spp., Dictyosphaerium pulchellum, and Selenastrum minutum. Three peaks occurred, the largest was in late fall (October and November). This development was mainly upstream, with an average concentration of 3.3 x 10^ cells L’^ A second smaller peak was in April during the spring diatom pulse. A third larger peak occurred in late summer (July and August) of 2.6 x 10^ cells L'^ at the upstream station (PG3). The cyanobacteria concentrations exhibited a pattern that generally followed the water temperature, with lowest numbers in winter and highest in summer. Prominent species included Chroococcus spp., Dactylococcopsis raphidioides, Merismopedia tenuissima, Merismopedia elegans, Microcystis aeruginosa. Microcystis incerta, and Phormidium spp. The 12 month maxima occurred in October and was predominantly composed of Microcystis incerta at 6.8 x 10^ cells L’^ The cryptomonads were ubiquitous and had concentrations that were never lower than 1.0 X 10^ cells L’^ They produced two small peaks at the upstream stations in October and May. The common species were Chroomonas amphioxeia, Chroomonas pusilla, Cryptomonas erosa, and Cryptomonas erosa var. reflexa. Other phytoplankton categories included the Euglenophyceae , Prasinophyceae, and the Prymnesiophyceae. However, these groups all contributed less than 10% to the total cell counts throughout the year. Biovolume Phytoplankton biovolume in the Pagan River mimicked the phytoplankton abun¬ dance pattern (Figure 3). This is mainly due to diatoms being the most abundant phytoplankton group and possessing relatively large cell volumes when compared to other phytoplankton. The second most abundant contributor to biomass was the dinoflagellates, especially during spring and summer. There were three periods of biovolume maxima, with the largest in fall at a mean station value of 5.1 x 10^ L"\ with PG3 having the highest values (9.4 x 10^ L’^). This was followed by a second peak in early spring, mainly due to the diatoms. A third and smaller peak occurred in late summer with combined means of 2.8 x 10^ p^ L’^ PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE PAGAN RIVER 273 DISCUSSION The Pagan River represents a highly nutrified river having high concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorous, with the mean annual TN:TP station ratios of 2.4:1 and 2.5:1. Phytoplankton concentrations are higher in the Pagan River than in other regional rivers, (e.g. Elizabeth, James, Lafayette, and Nansemond rivers). Al¬ though many environmental parameters (e.g. rainfall, sunlight, temperature) were similar for these rivers, the differing factor appears to be the higher level of nutrients in the Pagan River. The phytoplankton community is exposed to comparatively higher levels of niti'ogen and phosphorus than in these other rivers. The two main causes of the increased nutrient levels appear to be agricultural runoff and outflow from meat packing and sewage treatment plants in the local watershed. Marshall and Lacouture (1986) reviewed long term patterns of phytoplankton populations in the Chesapeake Bay and indicated an increasingly abundant number and diversity of species have occurred in recent times. They concluded this trend was a result of increasing eutrophication, through nutrient addition, within the Bay. This rate of eutrophication in the Chesapeake Bay is enhanced by inputs from many smaller sites, such as the Pagan River. It is not known whether the future reduction of nutrient (TN,TP) effluents into the Pagan River by the two meat packing plants and the sewage treatment plant will reduce the abundance of phytoplankton. Sufficient amounts of nutrient enhancement may be delivered to the Pagan River from various agricultural sources within its watershed and continue to support high phytoplankton concentrations. This influence is noted in the present results, which indicate station PG3, located above the three plants and their effluent entry into the river, has the highest phytoplankton concentration. Although some nutrient enhancement into the station PG3 area may occur from downstream commercial and industrial sources during tidal action, it appears additional enrichment to these waters comes from the surrounding watershed, including the adjacent wetlands and agricultural lands upland to station PG3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Special thanks is given to the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality for access to the nutrient data for the Pagan River, to Lillian Davis for boat transportation, and to Dr. Harold Marshall for financial support and the use of laboratory facilities. LITERATURE CITED Davis, L. N., K. A. Phillips and H. G. Marshall. 1997. Seasonal abundance of autotrophic picoplankton in the Pagan River, a nutrient enriched subestuary of the James River, Virginia. Va. J. Sci. 48: 211-218. Filardo, M. J. and W. M, Dunstan. 1985. Hydrodynamic control of phytoplankton in low salinity waters of the James River Estuary, Virginia. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 21:653-667. Gauch, H. G., Jr. 1979. COMPCLUS -- A fortran program for rapid initial clustering of large data sets. Cornell University. Ithaca, New york. 59 pp. Kuo, A. Y., J. K. Lewis and C. S. Fang. 1976. Mathematical model studies of water quality of the Pagan River estuary. Spec. Rep. No. 107, Appl. Mar. Sci. on a Ocean Eng. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 78 pp. 274 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Marshall, H. G. 1967a. Phytoplankton in the Janies River Estuary, Virginia I. Phytoplankton in Willoughby Bay and Hampton Roads. Ches. Sci. 8: 90-101. Marshall, H. G. 1967b. Phytoplankton in the James River Estuary, Virginia, II. Phytoplankton in the Elizabeth River. Va. J. Sci. 18: 105-109. Marshall, H. G. 1968. Phytoplankton in the James River Estuary, Virginia, III. Phytoplankton in the Lafayette and Elizabeth Rivers (western and eastern branches). Castanea 33: 255-258. Marshall, H. G. 1984. Seasonal phytoplankton composition and concentrations in the lower Chesapeake Bay and vicinity. Final Report Prepared for Army Corps of Engineers under Research Grant DACW 65-81-C-0051. 42 pp. Marshall, H. G. and R. Lacouture. 1986. Seasonal pattern of growth and composition of phytoplankton in the lower Chesapeake Bay and vicinity. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 23: 115-130. Nie, N. H., C. H. Hull, J. G. Jenkins, K. Steinbrenner, and D. H. Brent. 1975. SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 675 pp. Purcell, T. W. III. 1973. Phytoplankton Species Composition in the Lafayette River Estuary, Norfolk, Virginia, 1971-1972. Va. J. Sci. 26: 147-152. Rosenbaum, A. and B. Neilson. 1977. Water Quality in the Pagan River. Spec. Rep. No. 132. Appl. Mar. Sci. and Ocean Eng. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 62 pp. Seaborn, D. W. 1994. Phytoplankton population dynamics in the Pagan River, a nutrient enriched river. Masters Thesis, Dept. Of Biology, Old Dominion Univer¬ sity, Norfolk, Virginia. 90 pp. Shomers, C. E. 1988. Seasonal phytoplankton assemblages in the Nansemond River, Virginia. Masters Thesis, Dept. Of Biology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. 90 pp. VDEQ. 1990. Commonwealth of Virginia State Water Control Board Quality Assess¬ ment. 1990. Information Bulletin No. 579. Virginia State Water Control Board. Richmond, VA. Vol. 1, 2, 3. 43 pp. Verduin, J. 1962. In: H. J. Pincus, (ed.) Great Lakes Basin, The Hom-Shafer Company, Baltimore, p. 107-121. Woodson, B. R. 1959. Part I. Collection points and species list. A study of the chlorophyta of the James River basin, Virginia. Va. J. Sci. 10: 70-82. Woodson, B. R. 1960. Part II. Ecology-the chlorophyta of the James River basin, Virginia. Va. J. Sci. 11:27-36. 275 NECROLOGY Robert Forte Smart 1905 - 1997 Academy Fellow, former Academy President, distinguished educator, college Dean and Provost and community leader, Dr. Robert Forte Smart, died August 25, 1997. After earning his Master’s from Harvard, and newly married, he started a teaching career at the University of Richmond which continues until his retirement in 1972. An expert on fungi and slime molds, he received his Ph.D from Harvard in 1935. During his distinguished teaching and research career at the University of Richmond, he took on administrative duties such as department Chair, Dean and the Provost. Dr. Smart was the 1944-45 president of the Academy and one of the major driving forces in the growth and development of the Academy. He was also one of the trustee’s of the Virginia Institute of Scientific Research and, in 1974, was elected Fellow. As community leader, Dr. Smart was a 19 year member of the Henrico County School Board (five years as chairman), president of the Robert E. Lee Council of the Boy Scouts of America, and Board member of J. S. Reynolds Community College. Dr. Smart also served as a deacon and on the Board of Administration at River Road Baptist Church. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Omicron Delta Kappa and Beta Beta Beta Biological Society. Dr. Smart’ s wife, Eleanor Ferguson Smart died in 1992, a son, Robert, died in 1984. He is survived by his daughter, Tucker Smart Paxton, a brother, C. Murray Smart, and seven grandchildren. 276 DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD Ivey F. Lewis Distinguished Service Award May 22 1997 Robert Beverly Orndorff The 1997 recipient of the Ivey F. Lewis Distinguished Service Award given by the Virginia Academy of Science goes to, Robert Beverly Orndorff, an individual whose early life remains somewhat a mystery as colleagues could provide little information. However, this individual has been listed at least three times in "Who’s Who of American Women", no small accomplishment. Mr Orndorff is also a life member of The Virginia Academy of Science. He graduated from the University of Virginia with a degree in physics. Upon graduation an opportunity developed to stay in Charlottesville to report science news. After a few years this new science reporter was afforded the chance to move to Richmond to be the science writer for the Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper. After ^ forty years of writing about science events, this now not so young reporter recently retired. As someone trained in the area of physics, there were many areas of science that were not very familiar to this reporter. However, through diligent research every article written was scientifically correct. They were also written in a style that was entertaining and easily understood by the average reader. This ability to communicate highly technical information to the general public soon became Beverly’s hallmark. VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 111 When one looks back at the past forty years and examines what has gone on in the area of science, it almost boggles the mind to think that one person could effectively write about advances in medicine, the human genome project, the environment, the advances in space with its many spin-offs, and the more mundane, yet still important, things like fall coloration. How exciting it must have been to be able to delve into all the breakthroughs in science for forty years and top all that off with insight into the everyday world. In particular, Beverly has faithfiilly reported the activities of The Academy. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science consistently received coverage along with issues supported by the VAS. It is for the many years of outstanding service to science, and in particular, to the Virginia Academy of Science, that the Ivey F. Lewis Distinguished Service Award is given this day. May 22, 1997 to Beverly Omdorff. 278 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Virginia’s Marine Environments: Past, Present, and Future Funsten Science Lecture Series SPRING 1998 Sundays 3 - 4p.m. Science Museum of Virginia 2500 West Brood Street Richmond, Virginia Free of Charge Information (804) 367-6552 Special appreciation to: Dr. and Mrs. Herbert 0. Funsten Endowment The Jefferson Hotei FUNSTEN SCIENCE LECTURE SERIES 279 In support of the United Nations “International Year of the Oceans," this spring’s series will focus on Virginia’s marine environments. Topics range from the continuing geological and physical processes that shape our estuaries and shorelines to the status of various marine species. we enter the 21st cen¬ tury, population shifts, development and demands for quality protein worldwide will place unprecedented demands on the resources of the coastal zone. The series will provide an overview of current scientific research to address these is¬ sues and promote sustainable marine resources. January 11, 1998 Natural History of the Chesapeake Bay Dr. William J. Hargis Jr. Professor Emeritus Virginia Institute of Marine Science/Schoot of Marine Science The College of William and Mary February 15, 1998 Oysters... yesterday, today and tomorrow Dr. Gene Burreson Professor of Marine Science and Director of Research and Advisory Services Virginia Institute of Marine Science/School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary March 1, 1998 The Coastal Zones Habitat for Humanity Dr. Don Wright Chancellor Professor of Marine Science Dean and Director Virginia Institute of Marine Science/School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary March 29, 1998 What is an "Endangered Species?" Dr. Jack Musick Professor of Marine Science Deportment of Fisheries Science Virginia Institute of Marine Science/School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary Science Museum of Virginia 2500 WEST BROAD STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA 23220-2054 http://www.smv.mus.va.us Membership in the Academy is organized into sections representing various scientific disciplines as follows: 1. Agriculture, Forestry & 10. Psychology Aquaculture 11. Education 2. Astronomy, Mathe 12. Statistics matics & Physics 13. Aeronautical 3. Microbiology & Aerospace Scienc( & Molecular Biology 14. Botany 4. Biology 15. Environmental Science 5. Chemistry 16. Archaeology 6. Materials Sciences 17. Computer Science 7. Biomedical & General 18. Geography Engineering 19. Natural History & 8. 9. Geology Medical Sciences Biodiversity Annual Membership Dues - Includes subscription to Virginia Journal of Science Student . . $ 10.00 Regular - Individual . 25.00 Contributing - Individual .... 30.00 Sustaining - Individual ..... 50.00 Life - Individual . 500.00 Sustaining - Institution . .... 100.00 Business - Regular ...... 100.00 Business - Contributing .... 300.00 Business - Sustaining . 500.00 Patron . 1000.00 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE SSSR APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Date Name (Please Print) Phone ( ) E-mail FAX( ) Address _ City. State Zip Institution or Business Position — Title Fields of Interest — Section No.(s) First No. indicates major interest Class of Membership Desired Contacted by: _ _ _ Make check payable to Virginia Academy of Science and send to: VAS, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220-2054. Instructions to Authors All manuscripts and correspondence should be addressed to the Editor. The Virginia Journal of Science welcomes for consideration original articles and short notes in the various disciplines of engineering and science. Cross-disciplinary papers dealing with advancements in science and technology and the impact of these on man and society are particularly welcome. Submission of an article implies that the article has not been published elsewhere while under consideration by the Journal. Three complete copies of each manuscript an figures are required. It is also suggested that authors inclede a 5.25 diskette in IBM compatible format containing a te5d file (ASCII) of the manuscript. Original figures need not be sent at this time. Authors should submit names of three potential reviewers. All manuscripts must be double-spaced. Do not use special effects such as bold or large print. The title, author’s name, affiliation, and address should be placed on a cover page. An abstract (not to exceed 2CM) words) summarizing the text, particularly the results and conclusions, is required. The text should follow the general format used by professional journals in the author’s discipline. Literature cited in the text should follow the name-year format: (McCaffrey and Dueser, 1990) or (Williams et al, 1990). In the Literature Cited section at the end of the article, each reference should include the full name of the author(s), year, title of article, title of journal (using standard abbreviations), volume number and first and last page of the article. For a book, include author(s), year, title, pages or number of pages, publisher and city of publication. Examples: McCaffrey, Cheryl A. and Raymond D. Dueser. 1990. Plant associations of the Virginia barrier islands. Va. J. Sci. 41:282-299. Spry, A. 1969. Metamorphic Textures. Pergamon Press, New York. 350 pp. Each figure and table should be mentioned specifically in the text. All tables, figures and figure legends should be on a separate pages at the end of the text. Multiple author papers are required to have a statement in the acknow¬ ledgements indicating the participation and contribution of each author. After revision and final acceptance of an article, the author will be required to furnish two error-free copies of the manuscript: 1) typed copy, single spaced, with tables and figure captions at the end of the document, and one set of original figures, each identified on the back by figure number and author’s name; 2) a 5.25 diskette in an IBM compatible format containing the text file, tables and figure legends. Authors will be allowed 15 printed pages (including figures) free, but payment of $50 per page wili be charged for the 16th and subsequent pages. i s> O' :s s: \ i i r : o • 3 < D- C < s (TQ C UJ ^ K) NJ O > in. ix: (—( :2: o O CD cn cn o *4^ o O CO o cn O) o > O C/3 40 S c, hh in O in X c/3 o s: I — I > CO IS S CO hh ^ < t-^ X •-3 I— t O s; THE~VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE SUPPLEMENT TO VOLUME 48 THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF § SCIENCE 1923-1997 1997-98 DIRECTORY I The Virginia Academy of Science is affiliated with The American Association for the Advancement of Science The National Association of Academies of Science The American Junior Academy of Science TBDE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE America’s Fifth Largest State or City Science Academy Founded 1923 THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Circulation in 47 States and 50 Countries Overseas Volume I, Issue 1... January 1940 (Succeeds CL AYTONIA... 1934-39) THE VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Named a National Model and Ranked Among the Top 3 Junior Academies in the U.S. for over 25 Years by the American Junior Academy of Science Serving Over 14,000 Junior and Senior High School Students in Virginia Each Year Founded 1941 VISITING SCIENTISTS PROGRAM Providing E?q)ertise to Virginia’s Schools in AUiance With Virginia’s Colleges and Universities Over 500 Volunteer Scientists on More Than 1200 Topics Estabhshed 1985 VIRGINIA SCIENTISTS Circulation of 1700 includes Le^slators and Presidents of Virginia’s Institutions of Higher Education Volume I, Issue 1... August 1990 As a direct result of Academy leadership, the state park service was established; the Virginia Institute for Scientific Research, regarded by many as a precursor to the Virginia Center for Innovative Technology, was built; and the Science Mu¬ seum of Virginia was founded due to our effort to establish a statewide network of science museums. The Academy conducted the first comprehensive multidis¬ ciplinary study of the James River Basin, a publication supported by funding from the General Assembly, and assisted state agencies in responding effec¬ tively to the kepone disaster. Since the Scopes Trial, we have fought for excel¬ lence in Virginia’s science classrooms and, from our inception, have worked to ensure the quality of Virginia’s environment and economic resources. \Ne are committed to fostering the civic, academic, agricultural, industrial, and commer¬ cial welfare of The People of Virginia. Live the Legacy of Commitment, Leadership, and Action Support The Mrginia Academy of Science Join The Virginia Academy of Science i ACADEMYPUBLIC SERVICE OPPORTUNITIES To promote science education in Virginia’s schoois, the Visiting Scientists Pro¬ gram Director asks the Commonwealth’s university and coilege Presidents every two years to request their Facuities to volunteer to speak in the schools (Be on the lookout for this.). The Director distributes the VSP Directory of indi¬ viduals who are willing to speak to science classes and groups, listing their topic titles, to Virginia science teachers. To assist governmental offices, the Science Advisory Committee prepares an in¬ ventory of scientific/technological expertise in Virginia as a public service to state agencies and legislative bodies. This Information can also be used to as¬ sist Virginia’s civic, agricultural, industrial, and commercial enterprizes on a lim¬ ited basis and to ensure scientific/technological accuracy in the media. For example, the topical listing of expertise could help a science correspondent con¬ tact a knowledgeable Academy Member for comment as stories break on vari¬ ous sci/tech issues. If you want to help Virginia in either or both of these efforts, fill in the form below and send one copy to each responsible party you check off. Kindly note your affiliation with The Academy should you be called to serve in these efforts. Please list me in: Visiting Scientists Program Directory Send copy to: Jack Cranford, 2113B Derring-Biolo©^, VPI&SU, Blacksburg 24061 Title(s) of my presentation(s) are: Science Advisory Committee Inventory of Expertise Send copy to : William L. Dewey, Research and Graduate Affairs, MCVA'^CU, Box 568, Richmond, VA 23298 Topics or areas of my expertise include: ■5t3\iTHSO/^ N ZIP E-MAIL FAX PHONE(S) The Virginia Academy of Science enjoys a distinguished history and tradition of ensuring the vitality and excellence of scientific research and science educa¬ tion in The Commonwealth of Virginia. In an increasingly complex world of global market competitiveness, threats to ecology and health, and the demand¬ ing issues of social intolerance and illiteracy; it is our con\4ction that the solu¬ tions necessary to resolve such challenges depend on the effective and efficacious research, teaching, and discipline of thought and action inherent in the sciences and technologies. V\fe, therefore, rededicate ourselves to the prin¬ ciple reason for our existence.. .the pursuit of our purposes for the benefit of the people of Virginia. The Virginia Academy of Science acknowledges our sincere appreciation to those individual, institutional, and corporate citizens who have allied themselves with our cause. V\^thout their constant and ready support, we would be unable to execute our outstanding nationally recognized research and educational pro¬ grams in service to The People of Virginia. In particular, we recognize here The Patrons of The Academy who have generously contributed $1 ,000 or more in 1996-1997. Virginia Power The Virginia Environmental Endowment Mrs. George W. Jeffers Bethel High School VJAS Science Club Blanton M. Bruner Vera B. Rems burg The Family of Major W Cates by Jones D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. Virginia Marine Science Consortium, Virginia Sea Grant Pro¬ gram Virginia Division, American Cancer Society The Fellows of The Virginia Academy of Science James Madison University Tidewater Section of American Society of Naval Engineers Arthur W Burke, Jr. Mrginia Association of Science Teachers J. S. Reynolds Community College V\fe also note for the reader’s attention those pages hereinafter listing our Individ¬ ual and Institutional Sustaining Members, Business Members, Contributing Busi¬ ness Members, and Sustaining Business Members... CONTENTS CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS 1 CO-CHAIRS, 1997 LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS COMMITTEE ...... 21 FUTURE MEETINGS ............................... 21 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 22 ACADEMY COUNCIL .............................. 23 ELECTED OFFICERS 22 EXECUTIVE SECRETARY-TREASURER ................ 22 DIRECTOR VJAS ............................... 22 PAST PRESIDENTS (3) ............................ 23 EDITOR OF VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ............ 23 DIRECTOR OF THE VISITING SCIENTISTS PROGRAM. ...... 24 A A AS/NAAS REPRESENTATIVE ..................... 24 SCIENCE MUSEUM OF VIRGINIA TRUSTEE ............. 24 EDITOR OF VIRGINIA SCIENTISTS ................... 23 GWATHMEY/JEFFRESS TRUSTS REPRESENTATIVE . ....... 23 SECTIONS AND SECTION OFFICERS AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE SCIENCES SECTION .... 41 AGRICULTURE,FORESTRY& AQUACULTURE SECTION .... 41 ARCHAEOLOGY SECTION ......................... 42 ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS SECTION ..... 42 BIOLOGY SECTION ............................. 42 BIOMEDICAL AND GENERAL ENGINEERING SECTION ..... 43 BOTANY SECTION .............................. 44 CHEMISTRY SECTION ........................... 44 COMPUTER SCIENCE SECTION ..................... 45 EDUCATION SECTION ........................... 45 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SECTION ................. 46 GEOGRAPHY ................................. 46 GEOLOGY SECTION ............................. 46 MATERIALS SCIENCE SECTION ..................... 47 MEDICAL SCIENCES SECTION ...................... 47 MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY SECTION .... 48 NATURAL HISTORY AND BIODIVERSITY .............. 48 PSYCHOLOGY SECTION .......................... 49 STATISTICS SECTION ............................ 49 STANDING COMMITTEES ........................... 25 ARCHIVES COMMITTEE .......................... 25 AWARDS COMMITTEE ........................... 25 COMMITTEE ONTHE ENVIRONMENT ................. 26 CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS COMMITTEE . . . 26 FINANCE AND ENDOWMENT COMMITTEE . 27 FUND RAISING COMMITTEE . . 27 JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE COMMITTEE . 30 VJAS OFFICERS . 34 LONG RANGE PLANNING COMMITTEE ................ 34 MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE . 36 NOMINATIONS AND ELECTIONS COMMITTEE . . 37 PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE . 37 RESEARCH COMMITTEE . . . 37 SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE . . . 38 SCIENCE EDUCATION COMMITTEE . . . . . 38 TRUST COMMITTEE . 39 VIRGINIA FLORA COMMITTEE . 40 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE PRESIDENTS . 51 VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE DIRECTORS ....... 52 VJASDISTINGUISED SERVICE AWARD . 52 RECIPIENTS OF J. SHELTON HORSLEY RESEARCH AWARD .... 53 IVEY F. LEWIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS . 54 FELLOWSOFTHE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE . 55 MEMBERSHIP LIST HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS . . 56 REGULAR MEMBERS . 57 STUDENT MEMBERS . 81 LIFE MEMBERS . . 92 EMERITUS MEMBERS . 93 CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS . 94 SUSTAINING MEMBERS . 97 BUSINESS MEMBERS . 98 INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS . 99 4m’i:;r:a... . , , . ■ -i .’(' KlfO rll — /.<■ • " ** ...■• .' ^ ,\ 4Sa/ »«. ' J ■: -V’J:.*, * •■■ -I . 9fW .'Vv'. v ' **'. ' ■ .*-. .i SSRXnCI! aSV''| ;'.5-i;j-bjurof‘'Sits;)!-: ■M. Vltvfn?;>, ACAt*KKf'' 'j:O>.0 - X ‘y.r'* •■' V / )TTry . . ■ Rrnisfiff ■ ' Rtr^JS^Tl , ; : . , . s;-wCf,^ ■ ’ : ■ : rr.ttltl" ■ : ';' “■■ . , ■ ' ■ ; : ■ \ ,•!«,: , Hm . CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ARTICLE I: NAME The name of this organization shall be the Virginia Academy of Science. ARTICLE II: PURPOSE The purpose of this organization shall be to establish and maintain in Virginia for scientific and educational purposes an association of persons and organizations interested in science and scientific research in all of its branches; to solicit financial and other support; to cooperate with educational institutions, industries, and state agencies in fostering an interest in scientific matters, in promoting scientific investigations and in spreading knowledge of the sciences; to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of papers on scientific subjects and facilities for their publication; to provide opportunities for the cooperation and fellowship among its members; and generally, in doing these things, to benefit not only its own members, but to promote the civic, agricuL turai, academic, industrial, and commercial welfare of the people of Virginia. ARTICLE ill: ORGANIZATION Section 1. Membership Membership in this organization shall be open to professional scientists of all branches of science and others who are interested in the purpose of the organization. Types of membership and dues for each shall be specified in Academy Bylaws. The membership, through the Academy Conference, provided by Section 2 of Article VIII, shall have ultimate authority over the affairs of this organization. Section 2. Sections The Academy shall be organized into Sections according to the various scientific disciplines. A person may belong to one or more Sections in accord¬ ance with his or her interests. Section 3. Council The governing body of this organization shall be the Academy Council. Its composition and responsibilities are specified in Article Vli. 2 Section 4. Officers The elected officers of this organization shall be a President, a President- Elect, a Vice President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer. Duties of each shall be specified in Academy Bylaws. Section 5. Executive Committee The elected officers, the immediate past president and the Director of the Junior Academy of Science shall comprise the Executive Committee of the Academy Council. Section 6. Standing Committees The primary activities of this organization shall be implemented by Stand¬ ing Committees as follows: the Research Committee, the Long Range Planning Committee, the Junior Academy of Science Committee, the Membership Com¬ mittee, the Finance and Endowment Committee, the Trust Committee, the Publications Committee, the Awards Committee, the Fund Raising Committee, the Nominations and Elections Committee, the Virginia Flora Committee, the Science Advisory Committee, the Science Education Committee, the Archives Committee, the Committee on the Environment, and the duties of the Standing Committees not specified hereafter, shall be as specified In the Academy Bylaws, and as may be further enumerated by Council from time to time. ARTICLE IV: THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE The Virginia Journal of Science shall be the official publication of the Virginia Academy of Science. All Academy members shall receive copies of this publication. ARTICLE V: FELLOWS From active membership, there shall be a body of scholars known as "Fellows of the Virginia Academy of Science" selected because of their con¬ tribution to science in one or more of the following ways: (a) outstanding scientific research, (b) inspirational teaching of science, (c) significant leader¬ ship in the Academy. Rules and procedures for selection of Fellows shall be specified In the Academy Bylaws. ARTICLE VI: ACCREDITATION OF MEMBERSHIP Membership of the Academy shall be accredited by the Secretary and the Treasurer. The membership list shall be published periodically according to types, as directed by Council. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 3 ARTICLE Vll: COMPOSITION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF COUNCIL Section 1 . Council shall be composed of the President, the President-Elect, the Vice President, the Secretary, the Treasurer, the three most recent Past Presi¬ dents and one member elected by each Section of the Virginia Academy of Science. Members from the Sections shall be elected for three year terms on a rotational basis among the Sections, provided the initial term of a member from a newly established Section shall be specified by Council. In addition to the foregoing, the Chairs of the Standing Committees, the Editor of The Virginia Journai of Science, the Editor of Virginia Scientists, the official Academy Representative to the Board of Trustees of the Science Museum of Virginia, the official representative of the Academy to the American Association for Advan¬ cement of Science and National Association of Academies of Science, the Director of the Visiting Scientists Program, and the Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science shall be members of Council. In event of vacancies, the President shall make interim appointments until the next election is held; provided however, vacancies of elected officers shall be filled as hereafter provided. Section 2. Council shall meet each year preceding the annual meeting and at least once in the fall at a time and place designated by the President. Section 3. Twelve members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business by Council. Section 4. Council shall establish the policies of this organization and shall be responsible for the administration of all Academy funds. Section 5. Council shall consider and recommend to the membership from time to time appropriate changes In the Constitution, and shall promulgate bylaws appropriate to the implementation of the Constitution. Section 6. Council may establish appropriate administrative positions and employ such personnel as may be required. Terms of office, the duties and remuneration of such personnel shall be prescribed by Council. Section 7. Through appropriate Bylaws, Council shall provide for the publica¬ tion of The Virginia Journal of Science and the Virginia Scientists. Section 8. The Executive Committee of Council shall be empowered to act for Council on an interim basis between meetings of Council and shall report to Council at its regular meetings. A meeting of Council may be called at any time upon concurrence of any four members of the Executive Committee. 4 ARTICLE VIII: MEETINGS AND BUSINESS Section 1. The annual meeting of this organization shall be arranged in accordance with procedures to be established by Council in appropriate Academy Bylaws. Section 2. All business requiring action by the membership shall be transacted at an Academy Conference, which shall be scheduled by Council during the annual meeting. A meeting of the Academy Conference may be called between Annual Meetings by concurrence of a majority of the members of Council; provided, however, that the membership shall be notified of such called meeting no less than thirty (30) days prior to the date that such meeting is to be held. Forty accredited members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business by an Academy Conference. Section 3. Each Section shall annually arrange a program oriented to its area of scientific interest; provided, however, such programs shall be compatible with the purpose of the Academy and scheduled within the framework of the general meeting program of the Academy. Section 4. The fiscal year of the Academy shall be from January 1 through December 31. Section 5. The parliamentary procedure for all meetings of this organization shall be governed by Robert’s Rules of Order Revised, and Council shall provide for a Parliamentarian. ARTICLE IX: ESTABLISHMENT OF SECTIONS Section 1. Sections as defined in Article III with the approval of Council, may be organized by an accredited group of members. Each Section shall annually arrange a scientific program related to its area of interest. Section 2. Such a Section may become accredited and established after it has conducted one successful program at an annual meeting of the Academy. Section 3. Any Constitution and Bylaws changes proposed by a Section must conform to the provisions of the Academy Constitution and Bylaws and shall be submitted to Council for review and approval prior to adoption by Section. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 5 Section 4. Any Section which fails to conduct a program at two successive Academy annual meetings, may be dropped as a Section by action of Council; but, may be reinstated after subsequently conducting one successful program. Section 5. When established, all Section names shall be enumerated in the Academy Bylaws, and thereby subject to provisions of Article XIII, Section 1. ARTICLE X: ELECTION OF ACADEMY AND SECTION OFFICERS Section 1 . A "Nominations and Elections Committee" consisting of three recent Past Presidents, appointed by the President, shall establish a slate of nomina¬ tions for the positions of President-Elect, Vice President, Secretary, and Treasurer and conduct an election for same In accordance with procedures specified by Academy Bylaws. Section 2. Upon election, officers shall serve one-year terms commencing at the annual meeting at which their election is announced and continuing until the next annual meeting; provided, however, the President-Elect shall automat¬ ically ascend to the position of President at the end of this scheduled term of office and at any prior time that the office of President may be vacated ; however, such person shall not serve as President beyond the term that such person was originally scheduled to serve as President. Section 3. All interim vacancies in Academy offices, other than President, occurring between annual Academy Conferences, shall be filled by Council from names of persons recommended by the Executive Committee. Persons so selected shall serve until the next Academy Conference. Section 4. Each Section shall elect from their members: A. A Chair and a Secretary for one-year terms of office. B. A Representative to Council in accordance with the provisions of Article VII. C. Other officers desired. Section 5. Persons to fill vacancies in Section offices which occur between Annual Meetings shall be designated by the Council Representative from that Section. Section 6. All Elected officers shall serve without remuneration, but, at the discretion of Council, may be reimbursed for certain expenses incurred in conducting the business of the Academy. 6 ARTICLE XI: COMMITTEE STRUCTURE, APPOINTMENTS, TERMS, ETC. Section 1 . Except as provided otherwise, all Standing Committees shall be composed of three (3) or more members, and the President shall designate Committee Chairs, and appoint approximately one-third of the members of each Committee for terms of three (3) years, and shall subsequently appoint members to fill unexpired terms that occur periodically. Section 2. The Research Committee shall be composed of five (5) members, each appointed for a term of five (5) years. One new member shall be appointed each year by the President to replace the member whose term expires; unexpired terms shall also be filled by appointment by the President. The senior member of the Committee shall be Chair. Section 3. A Trust Committee, composed of three (3) accredited members, shall be elected by Council, to serve for terms of three (3) years on a rotational basis. The members of this Committee shall place in trust and supervise the management of Academy investments subject to annual review by Council. The Committee shall elect its own Chair; provided, however, that should it be unable to do so, the President shall name the Chair. Section 4. The President and Council shall assign operational matters to appropriate Standing Committees; however, the President and/or Council may establish Special Committees as the need arises. ARTICLE XII: JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE The Academy shall provide financial support, leadership, and supervision to a Junior Academy of Science. Effective working relationships shall be maintained with such Junior Academy of Science, through the Junior Academy of Science Committee. ARTICLE XIII: BYLAWS AND AMENDMENTS Section 1 . Council shall promulgate appropriate Bylaws to implement orfurther clarify the Articles of this Constitution. The establishment or amendment of such Bylaws shall require an affirmative vote of a majority of the total member¬ ship of Council; provided, that all proposed Bylaws or amendments shall be distributed to the membership or published in an Issue of The Virginia Journal of Science at least thirty (30) days prior to action by Council. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 7 Section 2. This Constitution may be changed or amended, after the recom¬ mendation of a majority of the total membership of Council, by a two-thirds majority of an Academy Conference, provided all proposed changes shall be submitted to members of Council in writing no less than fifteen (15) days prior to the Council Meeting at which such proposals are to be considered and further provided that subsequent to approval by Council, all proposed amendments shall be published In The Virginia Journai of Science or distributed In writing to the membership no less than twenty five (25) days nor more than fifty (50) days prior to presentation to an Academy Conference for adoption. Section 3. All provisions of the Constitution and Bylaws in effect prior to the adoption of this Constitution, except the provisions of this Article, shall rule until new Bylaws are duly established in accordance with Section 1 of this Article. ARTICLE XIV: ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION The Articles of Incorporation of this organization (Charter) shall conform to the provisions of this Constitution and all amendments hereafter adopted. The Constitution and Bylaws Committee shall review and coordinate all neces¬ sary appropriate revisions of both documents and be responsible for the submission of ail required reports to the State Corporation Commission and other governmental entities, annually or as otherwise required by law. ARTICLE XV: DISSOLUTION OR LIQUIDATION Section 1 . In the event of dissolution or liquidation, all liabilities and obligations of the Academy shall be paid, satisfied and discharged. Section 2. All assets remaining, including those received and held for scientific and educational purposes, shall be transferred to one or more societies or organizations engaged in activities substantially similar to those of the Academy; provided however, that no assets shall accrue to the benefit of any officer or member of the Academy. 8 BYLAWS OF VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ARTICLE I: TYPES OF MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Section 1 . There shall be nine types of members: regular, student, contributing, sustaining, life, patron, honorary life, business, and emeritus. Section 2. Dues of the first four types of members shall be as follows: A. Regular members shall pay annual dues of twenty-five dollars ($25.00). B. Student members shall pay annual dues of ten dollars ($10.00). C. Contributing members shall be individuals who elect to pay annual dues of thirty dollars ($30.00). D. Sustaining members shall be individuals who elect to pay annual dues of fifty dollars ($50.00) or more, and institutions which shall pay annual dues of one hundred dollars ($100.00) or more. E. To be in good standing the foregoing types of members must pay the specified dues by July 1. Section 3. Life members shall be individuals who elect to pay to the Academy the sum of five hundred dollars ($500.00) and thereby become exempt from further payment of dues. Section 4. Patrons shall be those persons who have given to this organization the sum of one thousand dollars ($1 ,000.00) or its equivalent in property. They shall have all the rights and privileges of membership for one year. An institution may also become a Patron by meeting the above requirement. Its repre¬ sentative shall have all the rights and privileges of regular members. Section 5. Honorary Life members shall be persons elected by the Council for long and distinguished service to science. They shall have all the rights and privileges of Regular Members and shall be exempt from dues. Previous active membership in this organization shall not be a requirement of eligibility. Section 6. Business or industrial organizations, which elect to pay dues of one hundred dollars ($100.00) annually, shall be Regular Business Members of the Academy, or may elect to: A. Pay annual dues of three hundred dollars ($300.00) and be designated Contributing Business Members, or B. Pay annual dues of five hundred dollars ($500.00) and be designated Sustaining Business Members. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 9 Section 7. Emeritus Members shall be persons who have been active Academy members for at least ten years and retired from full-time employment. These Members shall have all rights and privileges of regular membership but will be exempt from dues. Eligibility for Emeritus membership status will be deter¬ mined by requests to the Membership Committee. ARTICLE 11: DUTIES OF OFFICERS Section 1. The President shall be the directing head of the Academy, shall preside at business meetings and general sessions of the organization, and shall appoint the members of the standing committees and of new committees authorized by the Council, in accordance with Article XI of the Constitution. Section 2. The President-Elect shall assist the President as mutually agreed between them and shall serve as President in the latter’s absence. The President-Elect shall furnish the Editor of The Virginia Journal of Science, in time for publication with the Summer issue of The Virginia Journal of Science, a list of committee memberships which he or she has set up to assist him or her during his or her year as President . The President-Elect shall distribute that list to Council at the Annual Meeting at which he or she automatically ascends to President. The President-Elect begins a three year term serving as a member of the Finance and Endowment Committee. Section 3. The Vice President shall be responsible for coordinating the scientific programs of the Annual Meeting. The Vice President shall serve as a member of the Membership Committee. Section 4. The Secretary shall be responsible for keeping complete records of the Academy Conference and all meetings of the Council and Executive Committee. Section 5. The Treasurer shall: A. Account for the Income and disbursements through one Academy General Fund Account. B. Keep the membership lists of the Academy up-to-date. C. Upon request, supply the Secretary and others a list of all members in good standing. D. Receive and disburse all funds as approved by Council and directed by the President or Chair of the Finance Committee and Endowment Committee. E. Submit to Council annually a written report of all receipts and disbur¬ sements, accompanied by a statement of audit from a certified public accountant. 10 F. Furnish quarterly financial summaries to the Executive Committee, members of Council, and to members of the Finance Committee. G. Prepare annually and present to the Finance and Endowment Commit¬ tee for review a proposed budget for Academy operations. Section 6. The Treasurer and ail administrative employees engaged in the receipt and disbursement of funds shall be adequately bonded. Section 7. All officers shall be ex-officio members of all Academy Committees. ARTICLE III; DUTIES OF STANDING COMMITTEES Section 1. The Research Committee shall: A. Review and award Academy Research Grants. B. Arrange for and present the J. Shelton Horsley Research Award. Section 2. The Long Range Planning Committee shall: A. Develop and advise Council on broad policies which will affect the Academy in the future. B. Solicit and study suggestions from the membership for the improve¬ ment of Academy activities. C. Investigate and evaluate proposed projects, publications and other factors that may relate to the long-range effectiveness of the Academy. D. Advise and consult with other Academy Committees relative to the aforegoing and make recommendations to such committees concern¬ ing the effectiveness of their various activities. Section 3. The Junior Academy of Science Committee of the Virginia Academy of Science shall: A. Assist the Executive Committee in selecting a Director and an As¬ sociate Director for the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. B. Coordinate with the Director activities of The Virginia Junior Academy of Science including development, expansion, and the annual meet¬ ings. C. Review funding proposals for the Virginia Junior Academy of Science and submit appropriate recommendations to the Executive Committee or other designated committees in a timely manner. D. Publish and distribute Proceedings of Virginia Junior Academy of Science. E. Select student representatives and alternates to attend The American Junior Academy of Science. F. Solicit membership and participation in Virginia Junior Academy of Science programs and projects. G. Support and participate in all other programs and activities related to the work of Virginia Junior Academy of Science. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 11 H. Set up procedures for selecting the top students and declare and announce them to be State Winners in the Virginia Science Talent Search, and all other contestants as runners-up. I. Carry out other duties that support the development of science in education as approved by Council. Section 4. The Membership Committee shall: A. Make recommendations to Council, the Executive Committee and officers relative to policies on general membership. B. Promote membership growth and seek adequate representation from all scientific disciplines. C. Sponsor a Business Advisory Committee for the purpose of creating understanding between science and business, and to solicit business memberships to the Academy. Section 5. The Finance and Endowment Committee shall: A. Monitor and appraise income and expenditures, and make appropriate recommendations to the President, Executive Committee and Council. B. Estimate annually the anticipated income of the Academy and prepare a proposed budget for consideration by Council at its Fall meeting. C. Seek and encourage the establishment of endowments to the benefit of Academy activities. D. Have at least one member of this Committee be a member of the T rust Committee. Section 6. The Trust Committee shall: A. Place in trust and supervise the management of funds of the Academy designated by Council or otherwise for investment. B. Review all Academy investments annually and make appropriate ad¬ justments subject to approval of Council. Section 7. The Publications Committee shall: A. Develop and implement a continuing policy of review and evaluation of Academy publications. B. Present to Council annually through the Finance Committee the budgetary needs of the several Academy periodical publications. C. Make recommendations to Council relative to priority, publication, finance and distribution of non-recurring publications. D. Select and recommend to Council, as necessary; an Editor for the Virginia Journal of Science, and members of the editorial Board. E. Enlist the interest of all groups in worthwhile publications by the Academy. 12 Section 8. The Awards Committee shall: A. Select recipients of the Ivey F. Lewis Distinguished Service Award to be presented periodically to a member who has made significant contributions toward the activities of the Virginia Academy of Science. B. Select recipients of Special Awards periodically as directed by Council. C. Accept and submit to Council nominations for fellows in accordance to Article V of the Constitution and Article V of the Bylaws. Section 9. The Fund Raising Committee shall: A. From time to time at the direction of Council, plan, organize, and coordinate appropriate fund raising campaigns in support of Academy activities or projects contingent to the purposes of the Academy. Section 10. The Nominations and Elections Committee shall: A. Mail to the membership on or about January 1 each year a request for nominations of persons to fill the offices of President-Elect, Vice Presi¬ dent, Secretary and Treasurer. B. Nominate a slate of one person for each of the aforenamed offices and present report to Council for Informational purposes. C. Mall slate of nominees to members advising that names may be added to the slate by 25 members petitioning the committee on behalf of each name to be added. D. Prepare ballots with or without additional nominees as the case may be and mail to membership with registration and other information relative to annual meeting Indicating deadline and address for return of ballot to committee. E. Count ballots and announce results at the Academy Conference. Should a tie vote result for any office, the Academy Conference shall vote on the nominees. In all cases, the nominee receiving the largest number of favorable votes shall be elected; provided, however, that only members in good standing may cast ballots. Section 1 1 . The Constitution and Bylaws Committee shall: A. Periodically receive and prepare drafts of all proposed changes in constitution as the occasion arises and present same to Council and membership for consideration as set forth in the constitution. B. Draft all Bylaw changes as directed by Council and notify membership of such changes. C. Update articles of Incorporation (Charter) as required. D. Provide a Parliamentarian for all Council meetings and Academy Con¬ ferences. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 13 Section 12. The Virginia Flora Committee shall: A. Promote the study of and publications of the flora and vegetation of Virginia. B. Sponsor symposia and conferences on the ecology, conservation, and preservation of the plant life of Virginia. C. Disseminate botanical Information to all who are interested in the flora and ecology of Virginia. D. Serve as liaison between the Academy, government bodies, and in¬ stitutions in matters pertaining to the plant life of Virginia. Section 13. The Science Advisory Committee Shall: A. Provide scientific and technical information and advice requested by the Executive, Legislative, and other governmental bodies and agen¬ cies of the Commonwealth of Virginia. B. Serve as liaison for the collection and transfer of scientific information and/or advice solicited in (A). C. Collect and evaluate suggestions and opinions regarding topics of general public interest wherein science and technology may provide assistance, but where such assistance has not been requested. The Science Advisory Committee will make recommendations to the Academy, to the Executive Committee, and/or the Council of the Academy for review and approval. The Science Advisory Committee, upon direction of Council or Executive Committee, shall serve as a conduit for placement of such information before the appropriate Executive, Legislative, or other governmental body or agency. D. Maintain an inventory of scientific interests and expertise of individuals within the Academy who are willing to serve in an advisory and/or consultant capacity to state government. E. At no time operate beyond constraints considered as proper conduct for a non-profit organization. F. Append all reports and recommendations with a statement as follows; "The Virginia Academy of Science assumes no legal or financial respon¬ sibility for the utilization or dispersal of scientific and technical data or advice provided by the science Advisory Committee, further, the Academy assumes no responsibility, financial or other-wise, to governmental agents or agencies, institutions, individuals or commit¬ tee members pursuant to the conduct and activities of this Committee." Section 14. The Science Education Committee shall: A. Promote science education in the State of Virginia. B. Disseminate information about scientific matters and scientific topics of current interest. C. Respond to requests for assistance in matters dealing with education in the areas of mathematics and science, such as are embraced by the 14 various Academy Sections and as directed by the President and Council of the Academy. D. Assist and cooperate with the Virginia State Department of Education in planning and conducting the annual State Science Teachers Con¬ ference, K-12. Delegated members of the Committee may hold and be responsible for funds generated by the activities of the State Science T eachers Conference, solely for the purpose of funding the Conference meetings. These funds shall remain separate from other funds of the Academy. Section 15. The Archives Committee shall: A. Address the business of collection, assembly, organization, catalogu¬ ing and storage of records, documents, awards and paraphernalia associated with the history and development of the Academy. B. Secure an institutional repository for storage of the inactive records of the Academy. C. Secure the services of a qualified individual to establish and maintain the aforementioned records, as the official Archivist of the Academy; and such person shall be extended honorary membership In the Academy. D. Assist, and cooperate, with the Archivist in securing and screening of records and documents destined for permanent storage in the Ar¬ chives. Section 16. The Committee on the Environment shall; A. Maintain close liaison with organizations and agencies involved in environmental study and management. B. Keep informed of the status of Virginia’s environment, noting particular¬ ly those problems and issues amenable to scientific research. C. Cooperate with the Science Advisory Committee in advising and providing information to private and public environmental agencies and bodies. ARTICLE IV: THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Section 1 . The Academy shall publish The Virginia Journal of Science quarterly. Section 2. The staff of The Virginia Journal of Science shall be composed of: A. An editor recommended by the Publications Committee and appointed by Council for a three-year term. B. Such Associate Editors, Assistant Editors, or Editorial Board Members, appointed by the President, as are recommended by the Editor and the Publications Committee. C. Editors designated by individual Sections. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 15 Section 3. All members of the Academy shall receive The Virginia Journal of Science. Section 4. Subscriptions may be sold to non-members at a rate established by the Publications Committee and approved by Council. ARTICLE V: RULES AND PROCEDURES FOR SELECTING FELLOWS Section 1. A Fellow must be nominated by at least three members of the Academy. The Academy Council must approve each Fellow by a majority vote. It will be the usual procedure to announce new Fellows at an Annual Meeting. Section 2. Nominations for Fellows with appropriate biographical information shall be sent directly to the Executive Secretary-Treasurer annually prior to October 1 . Ail information received shall be forwarded to the Chair of the Awards Committee for review and recommendations to Council prior to the subsequent Annual Meeting. All nominees not recommended by the Commit¬ tee or not acted upon favorably by Council shall remain in consideration for one additional year. Section 3. No more than twenty-five fellowships will be approved the first year. After the first year, no more than one-half of one percent of the total active membership shall be selected in any one year. The limiting number of Fellows shall not exceed five percent of the total active membership of the Academy. However, nothing In this section shall preclude the election of one Fellow each year. Section 4. All Fellows shall be presented with a suitably inscribed scroll. Section 5. Appropriate announcement of new Fellows shall be made in The Virginia Journal of Science. 16 ARTICLE VI: THE DULY ORGANIZED SECTIONS OF THE ACADEMY The duly organized scientific sections of the Academy are: (1) Agriculture, Forestry, and Aquaculture (2) Astronomy, Mathematics, and Physics (3) Microbiology and Molecular Biology (4) Biology (5) Chemistry (6) Materials Science (7) Biomedical and General Engineering (8) Geology (9) Medical Sciences (10) Psychology (11) Education (12) Statistics (13) Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences (14) Botany (15) Environmental Science (16) Archaeology (17) Computer Science (18) Geography (19) Natural History and Biodiversity ARTICLE VII: OFFICIAL REPRESENTATION OF THE ACADEMY Section 1. Where official representation of the Academy Is desirable, the President, the President’s designees, or an official representative appointed by Council shall represent The Academy. Section 2. No Officer or Academy Member shall receive reimbursement from Academy funds for such purposes except as included in the annual budget of the Academy or separately approved by Council from available funds. Section 3. The official representative to serve as delegate to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) shall be appointed by Council for a term designated by the AAAS. Actual expenses of the official representative in attending the Annual Meeting of AAAS may be paid if the funds are included in the budget or separately approved by Council. Section 4. The official representative to serve on the Board of Trustees of the Science Museum of Virginia shall be recommended by Council and serve as an ex officio member of Council. Actual expenses of the official representative may be paid if the funds are included in the budget or separately approved by Council. Expenses payable by the Board or Science Museum of Virginia shall not be reimbursed by the Academy. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 17 ARTICLE VIII: MEETINGS AND BUSINESS The annual meeting of this organization shall be held in the Spring of each year at a time and place selected by Council, which shall arrange for all appropriate sessions. ARTICLE IX: EXECUTIVE SECRETARY-TREASURER Section 1 . The position of Executive Secretary-Treasurer is hereby established for the purpose of providing administrative assistance to the officers and committee chairs. Section 2. The Executive Committee shall select a qualified person for this position, specify his or her duties, and set appropriate remuneration which shall be approved by Council. Section 3. The incumbent of this position shall serve at the pleasure of the Executive Committee, subject to review by Council. Section 4. The incumbent of this position shall attend all Council and Executive Committee Meetings and may participate in all deliberations as circumstances dictate, but, shall not have a vote in either body. ARTICLE X: VISITING SCIENTISTS PROGRAM DIRECTOR Section 1. The position of Visiting Scientists Program Director is hereby established for the purpose of implementing a Visiting Scientists Program in cooperation with the State Board of Education. Section 2. The Executive Committee upon recommendation of the President shall select a qualified person for this position and approve guidelines for the conduct of the program. Section 3. The Incumbent of this position shall serve at the pleasure of the Executive Committee, subject to review by Council. 18 ARTICLE XI: THE DIRECTOR OF THE VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Section 1 . The position of Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science is hereby established for the purpose of providing leadership, supervision, and administrative support to the Virginia Junior Academy of Science and the Junior Academy of Science Committee. Section 2. The Executive Committee, subject to the approval of Council, shall select a qualified volunteer for this position. Section 3. The incumbent of this position shall serve at the pleasure of the Executive Committee subject to review by Council. Section 4. Duties of the Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. A. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall provide leader¬ ship, supervision and administrative support to the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. B. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall be a member of The Virginia Academy of Science, shall attend all Council and Executive Committee meetings and may participate in all deliberations. C. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall prepare an annual budget for the Virginia Junior Academy of Science and submit the Virginia Junior Academy of Science budget with Virginia Junior Academy of Science Committee recommendations to the Academy Finance and Endowment Committee by September 1 . D. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall coordinate all fund raising by the Virginia Junior Academy of Science with the Fund Raising Committee, The Trust Committee, and The Finance and En¬ dowment Committee. E. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall be responsible for the program of Virginia Junior Academy of Science at the annual meeting of the Academy and coordinate Virginia Junior Academy of Science activities with the Virginia Academy of Science Program Chair. F. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall be responsible for the development and expansion of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science as approved by Council. G. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall serve as Chair the Junior Academy of Science Committee with the approval of the President. H. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall carry out other duties specified by the Virginia Junior Academy of Science Committee or the Executive Committee as approved by Council. CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS 19 ARTICLE Xlf: ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF THE VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Section 1 . The position of Associate Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science is hereby established for the purpose of providing administrative assbtance to the Junior Academy of Science Committee, the Chair of the Junior Academy of Science Committee and the Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. Section 2. The Executive Committee, subject to the approval of Council, shall select a qualified person for the position, specify his or her duties, and set appropriate remuneration, if any. Section 3. The incumbent of this position shall serve at the pleasure of the Executive Committee, subject to annual review by Council and by the Junior Academy of Science Committee. Section 4. The incumbent of this position shall be a member of the Virginia Academy of Science, attend all Council meetings and all Virginia Junior Academy of Science Committee meetings, and may participate in all delibera¬ tions as circumstances dictate, but shall not have a vote in either body. ARTICLE XIII: VIRGINIA SCIENTISTS NEWSLETTER Section 1. The Virginia Academy of Science shall publish periodically the Virginia Scientists as its newsletter. Section 2. The staff of the Virginia Scientists shall be composed of: A. An Editor recommended by the Publications Committee and appointed by Council for a three-year term. B. Such Associate Editors, Assistant Editors, or Editorial board Members, appointed by the President, as are recommended by the Editor. Section 3. The Editor shall serve on the Publications Committee and on Council. Section 4. All members of the Virginia Academy of Science shall receive the Virginia Scientists. 20 ARTICLE XIV: OFFICIAL ABBREVIATIONS Section 1 . The official abbreviation for the Virginia Academy of Science shall be VAS. Section 2. The official abbreviation for the Virginia Junior Academy of Science shall be VJAS. 21 FUTURE MEETINGS AND CHAIRS OF LOCALARRANGEMENT COMMITTEES 76th VAS (May 27-29) 57th VJAS (May 26-28) 1998 George Mason University Wayne M. Stalick, Department of Chemistry, George Mason University, 4000 University Dr. Fairfa^^ Vir^nia 22030 703-993-1078 (-1070) FAX: 703-993-1055 WSTALICK@OSFLGMU.EDU 77th VAS...58th VJAS...May 1999 Old Dominion University Thomas H. Collins, Continuing Education, College of Sciences Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529 757-683-5100 FAX: 757-683-5163 the 100f@ludwick.ocean.odu.edu 78th VAS...59th VJAS...May 2000 Radford University, Radford, Virginia 22 COUNCIL 1997-1998 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE COUNCIL MEMBERS (♦Members of Executive Committee) President* Harold G. Marshall, Dept, of Biological Sciences Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0266 757-683-4204 (3595), FAX: 757-683-5283 HMARSHAL@ODU.EDU President-Elect* Thomas W. Haas, School of Engineering, P.O. Box 842009 Vir^nia Commonwealth U niversity, Richmond, VA 23284 804-828-0266 FAX: 804-828-4269 THAAS@CABELL.VCU.EDU Mce-President* Rosemary Barra, Biological Sciences Dept. Maiy Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401 540-654-1414 FAX: 540-654-1081 RBARRA@MWC.EDU Secretary* Judy H. Niehaus, Box 6931, Dept, of Biology Radford University, Radford, VA 24142 540-831-5146 FAX: 540-831-6615 JNIEHAUS@RUNET.EDU Treasurer* Robert Wilhs, Computer Science Dept. Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668 757-7275835 FAX: 757-728-6809 RWILLlS@CS.HAMPTONU.EDU Executive Secretary-Treasurer (Non-Voting* Arthur W. Burke, Jr., Science Museum of Virginia 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220 804-367-8971 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) FAX: 804-367-9345 Co-Directors, Virginia Junior Academy of Science* Donald R. Cottingham 910 Greenway Court # 1, Norfolk, VA 23507 757-622-6239 (H) FAX: 757-622-4412 donvjas@vwc.edu COUNCIL 23 R. Dean Decker 1010 Borden Rd., Richmond, VA 23229-6716 804-282-1631 (H) DDECKER@R1CHM0ND.EDU Immediate Past President* R. Dean Decker 1010 Borden Rd., Richmond, VA 23229-6716 804-282-1631 (H) DDECKER@RICHMOND.EDU Editor, TTie Virginia Journal of Science James H. Martin, Department of Biology-PRC, J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Box 85622, Richmond, VA 23285-5622 804-371-3064 (O) FAX: 804-371-3311 SRMARTJ@JSR.CC.VA.US Editor, Mrginia Scientists William Cunningham (1999) Psychology - VBC, Tidewater Community College 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach, VA 23456 757-822-7207 (Secy) FAX: 757-822-7326 Immediate Past Presidents (3) 1996-97: R. Dean Decker 1010 Borden Rd., Richmond, VA 23229-6716 804-282-1631 (H) DDECKER@RICHMOND.EDU 1995-96: Tom Sitz, Department of Biochemistry Vir^nia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0308 540-231-4970 (O) (-6315) 540-951-7332 (H) FAX: 540-231-9070 TOSITZ@VT.EDU 1994-95: Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005 804-752-7203 (O) FAX: 804-752-723 1 EFALLS@RMC.EDU Gwathmey and Jeffress Trusts Allocation Committee Representative (Non-Vot¬ ing) Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005 804-752-7203 (O) 804-740-1492 (H) EFALLS@RMC.EDU FAX: 804-752-7231 24 COUNCIL Science Museum of \1rginia Trustee D. Rae Carpenter, Jr,,(1999) Department of Physics & Astronomy Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450 540-464-7225 (O) 540-463-4948 (H) Msiting Scientists Program, Director Jack Cranford, Department of Biology Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 540-231-5371 (O) CRANFORD@VT.EDU AAAS/NAAS Representative Ertle Thompson, RufFner Hall University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 804-924-0840 (O) 804-293-7330 (H) Council also includes: Committee Chairs and Council Representatives from each Section STAJ^DING COMMITTEES 25 STANDING COMMITTEES (Committee Chairs are members of Council) i^CHIWS COMMITTEE Chair: Golde I. Holtzman, Department of Statistics VPI & SU, Blacksburg, 24061-0439. 540-23 1-8356 FAX 540-23 1-3863 HOLTZMAN@VT.EDU Christine Anderson-Cook, Dept. Statistics VPI &SU, Blacksburg 24061-0218 540-23 1-8583 FAX: 540-23 1-3863 CANDCOOK@VT.EDU Wilham P. Harrison, Engineering Fundamentals, VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0218 540-23 1-6555 (O) 540-552-2427 (H) Vera Remsburg 236 Barter Drive, Box 1230, Abingdon 24210 540-628-6236 (H) Academy Archivist, Stephen Zietz (Ex officio) Head, Special Collections, 1020 Newman Library, VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0434 540-23 1-9205 FAX: 540-23 1-9263 ZIETZ@VTVMLCC.VT.EDU AWARDS COMMITTEE Chair: Carolyn M. Conway, Department of Biology, Box 842012, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284-2012 804-828-1562 FAX: 804-828-0503 CCONWAY@SATURN.VCU .EDU J. Rex Baird, Department of Biology, Clinch Valley college, Wise, Va 24293 540-328-0201 (O) 540-328-6540 (H) JRB@CLINCH.EDU Robert E. Johnson, Department of Mathematical Sciences Virginia Commonwealth U niversity, Richmond 23284-2014 804-828-1301 (ext. 125) FAX: 804-828-8785 RJOHNSON@SATURN.VCU .EDU (1999) (2000) (1998) (2000) (2000) (2000) (1998) 26 STANDING COMMITTEES Jane C. Webb, Department of Physics and Computer Science (2000) Christopher Newport U niversity, Newport News, Va. 23606 804-594-7082 FAX: 804-594-7919 JWEBB@PCS.CNU .EDU COMMITTEE ON THE ENVIRONMENT Chair: Michael L. Bass, Department of Enwonmental (1998) Sciences and Geology, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg 22401 540-654-1424 (O) 540-972-2453 (H) FAX: 540-654-1081 J. J. Murray, Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903-2477 804-982-5771 (-5474) 804-973-6693 (H) David J. Moore, Biology Department, Radford University, Radford 24142 540-831-5658 Robert K. Rose, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0266 804-683-3595 FAX: 804-683-5283 BROSE@ODU.EDU Fred Stemple, Department of Biology Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach 23456 804-427-7191 (O) 804-498-8068 (H) FAX: 804-427-7326 James H . Martin, Department of Biology-PRC (1998) J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Box 85622, Richmond 23285-5622 804-371-3064 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311 SRMART@JSR.CC.VA.US CONSTITUTION iyVD BYLAWS COMMITITE (Co-Chairs) Co-Chair: Michael L. Bass, Department of Environmental (1998) Sciences and Geology, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg 22401 540-654-1424 (O) 540-972-2453 (H) FAX: 540-654-1081 Co-Chair: Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Department of Physics, James Madison U niversity, Harrisonburg 22807 540-568-6109 (-6328) (O) 540-433-1251 (H) TALORGR@JMU.EDU (1998) (2000) (2000) (2000) (1998) STANDEVG COMMIITEES 27 Lisa T. Alty, Department of Chemistry, (1998) Washington and Lee U niversity, Lexington 24450 540-463-8927 ALTY.1@FS.SCIENCES.WLU.EDU Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry MCVA^CU,Box614, Richmond 23298 804-786-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H) BRANDT@VCUVAX R. Dean Decker (1998) 1010 Borden Road, Richmond 23229-6716 804-282-1631 (H) DDECKER@RICHMOND.EDU Thomas W. H aas. School of E ngineering (2000) Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 842009, Richmond, Va 23284-2009 804-828-0266 FAX: 804-828-4269 THAAS@CABELL.VCU.EDU FINANCE AND ENDOWMENT COMMITTEE (According to Bylaw Article III, Section 5, Paragraph D, one member of the Trust Committee is a member of the Finance and Endowment Committee). Chair: Paul J. Homsher, Dean’s Office, College of Sciences, (2000) Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529 804-683-3274 (O) 804-497-6833 (H) HOMSHER@CS.ODU.EDU Arthur W. Burke, Jr. 9699 Shady Grove Road, Mechanicsville 23111 804-287-4340 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) Golde 1. Holtzman, Department of Statistics VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0439 540-231-8356 (O) FAX: 540-231-3863 HOLTZMAN@VT.EDU (1998) (2000) (2000) FAX: 804-786-0104 FUND RAISING COMMITTEE Chair: James P. O’Brien, (1998) Psychology- VBC, Tidewater Community College 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach 23456 804-427-7171, 7207 (O) 804-423-4113 (H) FAX: 804-427-7326 28 STANDING COMMITTEES Rosemary Barra, Department of Biological Sciences (1998) Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg 22401 540-654-1414 (O) FAX: 540-654-1081 RBARRA@MWC.EDU Robert A. Berquist, Psychology Tidewater Community College, 1428 Cedar Road Chesapeake, Va. 23320 804-549-5213 (O) 804-490-8058 (H) TCBERQR@VCCSCENT Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry MCVA^CU, Box 614, Richmond 23298 804-786-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H) BRANDT@VCUVAX Donald R. Cottingham (1998) 910 Greenway Court # 1, Norfolk 23507 804-622-6239 (H) FAX: 804-622-4412 donvjas@vwc.edu R. Dean Decker (1998) 1010 Borden Road, Richmond 23229-6716 804-282-1631 (H) DDECKER@RICHMOND.EDU Ann M. Fabirkiewicz, Department of Chemistry (1998) Randolph-Macon Woman’s College, Lynchburg 24503 804-947-8495 (O) FAX: 804-947-8138 AFAB@MAIN.RMWC.EDU (1998) FAX: 804-786-0104 (1998) FAX: 804-549-5173 Donald FaUs (1998) 1515 Helmsdale Drive, Richmond 23233 800-488-9888 (O) 804-740-1492 (H) FAX: 804-644-1 1 1 1 Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005 804-752-7203 (O) 804-740-1492 (H) EFALLS@RMC,EDU Golde I. Holtzman, Department of Statistics VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0439 540-231-8356 (O) 540-951-7259 (H) HOLTZMAN@VT.EDU (1998) FAX: 804-752-7345 (1998) FAX: 540-231-3863 STANDING COMMITTEES 29 Gerald H . Johnson, Department of Geology (1998) College of William and Mary, Williamsburg 23185 804-221-2444 (O) FAX: 804-221-3540 GHJOHN@EDUC.WM Kenneth R. Lawless, Department of Materials Science (1998) U niversity of Virginia, Charlottes\ille 22903 804-982-5645 (O) FAX: 804-982-5660 KRL@VIRGINIA.EDU C. Anthony Macera 1444 Maharis Road, Virginia Beach 23455 804-683-4462 (O) 804-460-1533 (H) Ah 1. Mohamed (Agriculture Research Station) Division of Agriculture, Virginia State University P.O.Box 9259, Petersburg 23806 804-524-6715 (O) 804-539-5099 (H) NUTAGBIO@AOLCOM Douglas C. Mose, Department of Chemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax 22030 703-993-1068 (O) 703-273-2282 (H) RCJONES@GMUVAX James L. Poland, Department of Physiology, MCVA^CU, Box 980551, Richmond 23298-0551 804-828-9557 (O) 804-272-6374 (H) POLAND@GEMS.VCU.EDU Maurice B. Rowe 4121 Southaven Road, Richmond 23235 804-272-2494 (H) Robert A. Willis, Jr., Department of Computer Science (1998) H ampton U niversity, H ampton 23668 804-727-5082 (O); or (Secy: -5552) FAX: 804-727-5390 R WILLIS@CS.H AMPTONU .EDU David L. Winters, Department of Chemistry, (1998) Tidewater Community College-VBC, 1700 College Crescent, Vir^nia Beach 23456 804-427-7278 (O) FAX: 804-427-7326 Arthur W. Burke, Jr. (Advisor to the Committee) %99 Shady Grove Road, Mechanicsville 23111 804-287-4340 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) (1998) (1998) FAX: 804-524-5186 (1998) FAX: 703-273-2282 (1998) FAX: 804-828-7382 (1998) 30 STANDING COMMITTEES D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. (Advisor to the Committee) Department of Physics and Astronomy, Virginia Mihtary Institute, Lexington 24450 540-464-7225 (O) 540-463-4948 (H) Paul J. Homsher (Advisor to the Committee) Dean’s Office, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0163 757-683-3319 FAX: 804-683-5303 or 3034 HOMSHER@CS.ODU.EDU JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE COMMITTEE (Co-Chairs) Co-Chair: Donald R. Cottingham (VJAS Co-Director) (1998) 901 Greenway Ct., # 1, Norfolk, 23507 757-622-6239 (H) FAX:757-622-4412 donvjas@vwc.edu Co-Chair: R. Dean Decker (VJAS Co-Director) (1998) 1010 Borden Road, Richmond, 23229-6716 804-282-1631 (H) DDECKER@RICHMOND.EDU Jeannie Bishop, Liberty Middle School (1999) 134% Liberty School Road, Ashland 23005 804-752-6020 (O) 804-262-0339 (H) Susan Booth, Kecoughtan High School (1999) 522 Woodlawn Road, Hampton, 23669 757-892-5173 (O) 757-874-9301 (H) FAX: 757-892-5138 Richard Brandt (1998) 3309 Gloucester Road, Richmond, 23227 804-788-3698 BRANDT@GEMS.VCU .EDU Martha Chew, Turner-Ashby H igh School (1998) 46 Cantrell Avenue, Harrisonburg, 22801 540-828-2008 (O) 540-434-7535 (H) FAX: 540-828-4764 Eric J. Collins, Wytheville Community College (2000) 100 Main Street, Wytheville, 24382 540-223-4815 (O) 540-228-3066 (H) WCCOLLE@VCCS.CENT STANDING COMMITTEES 31 Pat Coltrane (2000) 411 woodbrook Run, Newport News, 23606 757-591-4700 (O) 757-249-4387 pbcoltra@erols.com Jeff Davidsson, Woodberry Forest School (2000) Woodberry Forest, VA 22989 540-672-6049 (O) FAX: 540-672-0928 davidsson@ns.gemlink.com Kathleen Frame (1998) 13112 Nestlewood Court, Herndon, 22071 703-471-1 134 (O) 703-467-6464 (H) Pamela Gentry (1998) 9444 Apple Blossom Drive, Mechanicsville, 23116 804-752-6023 (O) 804-550-1208 (H) pam23 1 1 l@aoLcom Meg Gilman-King, Atlee High School (1999) 8104 Crown Colony Parkway, Mechanicsville 23116 804-730-3395 (O) 804-730-8959 (H) Calvin C. Green (1999) 5135 New Kent Highway, Quinton, 23141-2519 804-932-4310 (H) D avid H agan. Science Museum of Virginia (2000) 2500 W. Broad St. Richmond, 23320 804-741-2412 (H) dhagan@vapen.kl2.va.us Mary Frances Hobbs, Mat/Sci Ctr, Richmond (1999) 6296 Kennedy Court, Mechanicsville, 23111 804-343-6525 (O) 804-730-0913 (H) FAX: 804-343-6529 mhobbs@pen.va.us W. George Jones, Danville Community College (1999) 1008 S. Main Street, Danville, 24541 804-797-8485 (O) 804-792-3440 (H) FAX: 804-797-8449 JoanH. Jones 1810 Poplar Green Drive, Richond, 23233 804-740-7606 (H) JOANJNONES@AOL.COM (1998) 32 STANDmG COMMITTEES Amy Kadner, Yorktown High School, Arlington 4121 W Street, NW, # 101, Washington, D.C.,20007 703-358-5378 (O) Cheryl Kayes, Open High School 8031 Whittington Drive, Richmond, 23235 804-285-1015 (O) 804-272-4310 (H) TEDKAYES@RICHMOND.INFI.NET • Sandra Keefe, Booker T. Washington, Middle School 404 Pin Oak Road, Newport News, 23601 757-928-6860 (O) 757-595-5864 (H) Dorothy S. Knowlton, Sci. Supr., Arlington 1426 N. Quincy Street, Arlington, 22207 703-358-6166 (O) 703-536-3495 (H) John Kowalsky, Roanoke Valley Governor’s School 2104 Brandin Road, Roanoke, 24015 540-981-2116 Richard Krieg, VCU/MCV Dept, of Anatomy, Box 980-709, Richmond, 23278-0709 804-828-9540 (O) 804-740-7471 (H) KRIEG@GEMI.VCU.EDU (2000) 202-338-2448 (H) (1999) (1999) FAX 757-247-1119 (2000) FAX: 703-358-6295 (1999) (1998) Lee Larkin, Virginia Institute of Marine Science VIMS, Gloucester, 23062 757-642-7170 (O) 757-693-6274 (H) LARKIN@VIMS.EDU (1999) FAX: 757-642-7079 John Liebermann, Thomas Jefferson H.S. for Sci. & Tech. 6560 Braddock Road, Alexandria, 23212-2297 703-750-8971 (O) 703-585-1163 (H) (1998) Lisa L. Martin. Administrative Asst., VJAS 2404 Penniman Court, Richmond, 23228 804-367-8971 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) Tom Miller Rte. 1 Box 732, Riner 24149 540-763-2103 (H) tlmiller@swva.nct (1998) FAX: 804-367-6541 (2000) Branson ’Buz” Murrill, VCU Department of Mathematics, 1015 Main St. Richmond, 23223 804-828-1301 (O) bmurrill@atlas.vcu.edu (2000) STANDING COMMITTEES 33 Dallas O. Pinton 17500 Wilkinson RoadJ)inwiddie, 23841 g04-469-4644 (O) 804-469-4644 (H) DPINTON@POP.EROLS.COM Gale Ross, Cave Springs High School Rte 2, Box 160 DC, Buchanon, 24066 540-772-7550 (O) 540-473-2437 (H) Susan Steward, Arlington Public Schools 5208 N. 30th Street, Arlington, 22207 703-358-5450 (O) 703-237-8427 (H) James R. ’Bobby" Surry, Principle, Gildersleeve M.S. 36 Newport Avenue, Newport News, 23601 757-591-4862 (O) 757-596-3301 (H) Thomas Teates 4712 Brush Creek Road, Riner, 24149-3416 540-382-0542(H) TEATES@VT.EDU Ertle Thompson, Rufiher Hall University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22903 804-924-0840 (O) 804-293-7330 (H) Sarah Ward-Petroske, Magnet School For Health Professions, 518 Fairfax Avenue, Norfolk, 23507 757-446-5975 (O) 757-627-2293 (H) Tom Watson, New Kent High School P.O. Box 130, New Kent, Va. 23124 804-966-9761 (O) 804-261-6814 (H) Joyce Weeks, Science Supervisor, Hampton 1819 Nickerson Avenue, Hampton, Va. 23663 757-850-5259 (O) 757-826-2778 (H) Jane Westbrook, Hermitage High School 1307 Ware Road, Richmond, 23229 804-756-3000 (O) 804-258-4281 (H) (2000) FAX: 804-469-4128 (2000) FAX: 540-772-5108 (1999) (2000) FAX: 757-596-2059 (2000) (1999) (1998) (2000) FAX: 804-966-2773 (1998) FAX: 757-850-5138 (1999) FAX: 804-672-1501 Barbara Whittier, Wakefield High School 2424B South Walter Reed Drive, Arlington, 22206-1159 703-358-6700 (O) 703-820-6067 (H) (2000) 34 STANDING COMMITTEES Thomasena Woods, Science Supervisor, Newport News (1998) 12465 Warwick Boulevard, Newport News, 23606 757-591-4586 (O) 757-838-3722 (H) 1997-1998 VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OFFICERS President: Meredith Bailey 9012 Brieryle Road, Richmond, 23229 804-741-9522 (H) ACKHAPPENS@AOL.COM Vice-Pres: Tom Harmon 9149 Chartwell Ct., Mechanicsville, 23116 804-730-3719 wharmon@erols.com Secretary: Eleanor Wenger 1215 Manchester Avenue, Norfolk, 23508 757-423-3550 AENIZ16@AOL.COM LONG RANGE PLANNING COMMITTEE (Co-Chairs) Co-Chair: Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry Box980614,MCVA^CU, Richmond 23298 804-828-0104 (0) 804-355-0436 (H) FAX: 804-828-1473 BRANDT@VCUVAX Co-Chair: Thomas O. Sitz, Department of Biochemistry & Anaerobic Microbiology, VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0308 540-23 1-4970 (-63 15) FAX: 540-23 1-9070 TOSITZ@VT.EDU Arthur W. Burke, Jr. VAS Exec. Sec.-Treasurer Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 Broad St. Richmond, Va. 23220 804-367-8971 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311 Paula A. Corner (1999) RR# 1, Box 1845A, Crew, VA 23930 804-645-1095 FAX: 804-645-1998 D. Rae Carpenter, Jr., (1999) Department of Physics and Astronomy, Virginia Mihtary Institute, Lexington 24450 540-464-7225 (O) 540-463-4948 (H) (1998) (1998) (1999) STANDING COMMITTEES 35 Carolyn M. Conway, Department of Biology, Box 842012, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284-2012 804-828-1562 FAX: 804-828-0503 CCONWAY@SATURN.VCU .EDU Donald R. Cottingham 910 Greenway Court # 1 Norfolk, Va. 23507 757-622-6239 FAX: 757-622-4412 donyjas@vwc.edu Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005 804-752-7203 (O) 804-740-1492 (H) EFALLS@RMC.EDU R. Dean Decker 1010 Borden Rd., Richmond, 23229-6716 804-282-1631 (H) DDECKER@RlCHMOND.EDU Mary Frances Hobbs, Atlee High School 6296 Kennedy Court, Mechanicsville 23111 804-343-6525 (O) 804-730-0913 (H) (1999) (1999) (1998) FAX: 804-752-7231 (1999) (1999) FAX: 804-343-6529 Harold G. Marshall, Department of Biological Sciences (1999) Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529-0266 757-683-4204 FAX: 757-683-5283 HMARSHAL@ODU.EDU James H. Martin, Dept, of Biology J. Sargeant Reynolds Community Box 85622, Richmond 23285-5622 804-371-3064 (O) SRMARTJ@JSR.CC.VA.US Lisa L. Martin. Administrative Asst., VJAS (1999) 2404 Penniman Court, Richmond, 23228 804-367-8971 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) FAX: 804-367-6541 (1999) FAX:804-371-3311 Judy H. Niehaus, Box 6931 Dept. Biolo©^ (1999) Radford University, Radford, Va. 24142 540-831-5146 FAX: 540-831-6615 JNIEH AU S@RUNET.EDU 36 STANDING COMMITTEES James O’Brien, Psycho logy- VBC, Tidewater Community College 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach 23456 757-427-7171 (or 7207) FAX 757-427-7326 Vera Remsburg 236 Barter Drive, Box 1230 Abingdon, Va. 24210 540-628-6236 Ertle Thompson, Ruffner Hall University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. 22903 804-924-0840 (O 804-293-7330 (H) MEMBERSBBP COMMITTEE (Co-Chairs) Co-Chair: Joseph W. Rudmin, Department of Physics James Madison University, Harrisonburg 22807 540-568-6548 RUDMINJ W@JMU .EDU Co-Chair: Ralph P. Eckerlin, Natural Sciences Division Northern Virginia Community College Annandale, Va 22003 703-323-3234 (O) FAX: 703-323-3215 Eleni Achilleos, Civil Engineering Technologies, Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach 23456 804-427-7311 FAX: 804-427-7326 Kathryn E. Strozak, CEBAF, Mail Stop 16C, 12000 Jefferson Avenue, Newport News 23606 804-255-2408 (O) FAX: 804-249-7352 STROZAK@CEBAF.GOV Patricia L. Dementi, Biology Department Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005 804-752-7255 (O) 804-262-3312 (H) George C. Grant, Chemistry Department, Norfolk State U niversity, Norfolk 23504 804-683-8909 Ah Mohamed Box 9259, Virginia State University Petersburg, Va. 23806 804-524-6715 (1999) (1999) (1999) (1999) (2000) (2000) (2000) (2000) (2000) (1998) STANDING COMMITTEES 37 NOMINATIONS AND ELECTIONS COMMITTEE Chair: Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology (1998) Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005 804-752-7203 (O) 804-740-1492 (H) FAX: 804-752-723 1 EFALLS@RMC.EDU Thomas O. Sitz, Department of Biochemistry (1999) & Anaerobic Microbiology, VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0308 540-231-4970 (-6315) (O) FAX: 540-231-9070 TOSlTZ@VT.EDU R . D ean D ecker, (2000) 1010 Borden Rd., Richmond, 23229-6716 804-282-1631 (H) DDECKER@RICHMOND.EDU PUBLICATIONS COMMUTEE Chair: James H. Martin, Department of Biology (1999) J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Box 85622, Richmond 23285-5622 804-371-3064 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311 SRMARTJ@jsr.cc.va.us Arthur F. Conway, Biology Department, (1999) Randolph-Macon College, AsWand 23005 804-752-7293 (O) 804-746-2475 (H ) Nancy Patterson, Creative Services (1998) Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach 23456 804-427-7295 FAX: 804-427-7326 RESEARCH COMMITTEE Chair: Arthur F. Conway, Biology Department (1999) Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005 804-752-7293 (O) 804-746-2475 (H) ACONWAY@RMC.EDU W. John Hayden, Biology Department (1999) University of Richmond, Richmond, Va 23173 804-289-8232 (O) 804-794-2473 (H) FAX: 804-289-8233 HAYDEN@URVAX.UR1CH.EDU Marvin W. Scott, Department of Natural Sciences Longwood College, Farmville 23901 804-395-2569 (O) (1999) 38 STANDmG COMMITTEES Ali Mohamed, VA State U niversity, (1998) P.O. Box 9259, Petersburg 23806 804-524-6715 SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chair: William L. Dewey, Research and Graduate Affairs (2000) MCVA^CU, Box 568, Richmond 23298 804-828-0732 (O) FAX: 804-786-1664 Robert L. Ash, Acadeimic Affairs (2000) Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529 757-683-3460 R. Gerald Bass, Department of Chemistry (1998) Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23284 804-828-1298 Gene Block, U niversity of Virginia (2000) Charlottsville, Va. 804-924-3885 Gary Krepps, College of Wilhan and Mary (2000) Wilhamsburg, Va. 757-221-1283 Lynn Peters, Research and Graduate Studies, VPI &SU (2000) Blacksburg, Va. 24061-0244 540-231-9359 FAX: 540-231-4384 SCIENCE EDUCATION COMMITTEE Chair: Ertle Thompson, Ruffner Hall, (1998) U niversity of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903 804-924-0840 (O) 804-293-7330 (H) Arthur W. Burke, Jr. (1999) 9699 Shady Grove Road, Mechanicsville 23111 804-287-4340 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) R. Dean Decker, (1999) 1010 Borden Rd., Richmond, 23229-6716 804-282-1631 (H) DDECKER@RICHMOND.EDU STANDING COMMITTEES 39 James Firebaugh, EL/Middle Education-Science (2000) Virginia Department of Education P.O. Box 2120 Richmond 23218-2120 804-225-2651 Alvin M. Pettus, Department of Secondary Ed. (2000) James Madison U niversity, Harrisonburg 540-568-6486 FAX: 540-568-3780 Rebecca L. Riester, NVCC-Loudoun (1998) 1000 HFB Highway, Sterling 20164 540-328-0201 (O) 540-328-6540 Thomasena H. Woods, Science Supervisor, (2000) Newport News Pubhc Schools, 12465 Warwick Blvd., Newport News 23606 804-591-4586 (O) 804-838-3722 (H) TRUST COMMITTEE (According to Constitution Article XI, Section 3, the Trust Committee is com¬ posed of three accredited Members and shall elect its own Chair. According to Bylaw Article III, Section 5, Paragraph D, one member of the Trust Committee is a member of the Finance and Endowment Committee). Chair: D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. (1999) Department of Physics and Astronomy, Virginia Mihtary Institute, Lexington 24450 540^64-7225 (O) 540-463-4948 (H) Maurice B. Rowe (1998) 4121 Southaven Road, Richmond 23235 804-272-2494 (H) Paul J. Homsher, Dean’s Office, College of Sciences (2000) Old Dominion U niversity, Norfolk 23529-0163 804-683-3274 (O) 804-497-6833 (H) HOMSHER@CS.ODU.EDU Paula A. Collier, Compulife Investor Services, (Advisor) P.O. Box 1950, Midlothian 23113-5900 804-744-5900 40 STANDING COMMIITEES VIRGINIA FLORA COMMUTEE Chair: J. Rex Baird, Department of Biology (1998) Clinch Valley College, Wise 24293 540-328-0201 (O) 540-328-6540 (H) jrb@clinch.edu H. Stephen Adams, Department of Biology (2000) Dabney S. Lancaster Community College Clifton Forge, Va 23185 540-862-4246 (O) 540-862-1251 (H) FAX: 540-862-2398 dladams@vccscent.bitnet Marion B. Lobstein, NVCC - Manassas Campus (1998) 6901 SudleyRd., Manassas 22110 703-257-6643 (O) 703-536-7150 (H) FAX: 703-368-1069 mblobst@mnsinc.com J. Christopher Lugwig, Division of Natural Heritage (1998) 203 Governor Street, Suite 402, Richmond 23219 804-786-7951 (O) Leonard Morrow (1998) P.O. Box 7447, Richmond 23221 804-358-7355 (H) Michael H . Renfroe, Department of Biology (2000) James Madison U niversity Harrisonburg, Va 22807 renfromh@jmu.edu Donna M. E. Ware, Department of Biology College of WiUiam and Mary, WiUiamsburg 23185 804-221-2213 (O) FAX: 804-221-6483 (2000) SECTIONS & SECTION OFFICERS 41 SECTIONS AND SECTION OFFICERS AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE SCIENCES Chair: Bruce Owens, NASA Langley Research Center 757-864-8450 FAX: 757-864-3553 d.b.owens@larc.nasa.gov Secretary: Leroy Spearman, NASA Langley Research Center, MS 248 Hampton, VA 23666 757-864-5226 FAX: 757-864-3553 M.L.SPEARMAN@LARC.NASA.GOV Council Representative: Fred H. Lutze, Jr. Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, VPI&SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061 540-231-6409 Vice-Chair: Leroy Spearman, NASA Langley Research Center, MS 248 Hampton, VA 23666 757-864-5226 FAX: 757-864-3553 M.L.SPEARMAN@LARC.NASA.GOV AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND AQUACULTURE Chair: Ali Mohamed, Virginia State U niversity, P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, Va. 23806 804-524-6715 FAX: 804-524-5950 AMOHAMED@VSU.EDU Secretary: David Crosby, Virginia State University, P.O .Box 8091, Petersburg, Va. 23806 804-524-5620 FAX: 804-524-5588 wormyfish@aol.com Council Representative : Scott H . Newton Virginia State University, P.O. Box 8091, Petersburg, Va. 23806 804-524-5493 FAX: 804-524-5245 SNE WTON@VSU .EDU Editor: Scott H. Newton Virginia State University, P.O. Box 8091, Petersburg, Va. 23806 804-524-5493 FAX: 804-524-5245 SNE WTON@VSU .EDU 42 SECTIONS & SECTION OFFICERS ARCHAEOLOGY Chair: Mike Klein, Center for Historic Preservation Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Va. 22408-5358 540-654-1371 mklein@niwcgw.niwx.edu Secretary: Mark Martin, GW & JNF 5162 VaUey Pointe Parkway, Roanoke, Va. 24019 540-265-5211 FAX: 540-265-5145 Council Representative: Eugene B. Barfield GW & JNF 5162 Valley Pointe Parkway, Roanoke, Va. 24109 540-265-52 1 1 FAX: 540-265-5245 Editor: Andrew Veech, Department of Archaeology Torpedo Factory, Alexandria, VA 22310 703-950-2941 ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS, AND PHYSICS Chair: Peter Knipp, Department of Physics/Computer Science Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Va. 23606-2998 757-594-7827 FAX: 757-594-7919 pknipp@cnu.edu Secretary: Brian Bradie, Mathematics Department, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Va. 23606 804-594-7944 FAX: 804-594-7919 BBRADIE@PSC.CNU.EDU Council Representative: Gerald R.Taylor, Jr. Physics Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 540-568-6328 FAX: 540-568-2800 TAYLORGR@JMUVAXl Editor: Joseph Rudmin, Physics Department James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. 22807 540-568-6548 FAX: 540-568-2800 RUDMINJW@JMU.EDU BIOLOGY Chair: Michael T. Mengak, Box 2383 Ferrum College, FerrumVA 24088 540-365-4373 (O) 540-365-0092 (H) FAX 540-365-4375 MMENGAK@FERRUM.EDU SECTIONS & SECTION OFFICERS Secretaiy: Harold J. Grau, Dept. BCES Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Va. 23606 757-594-7946 FAX: 757-594-7919 hgrau@cnu.edu Council Representative: Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology Randolph-Macon College, P.O. Box 5005, Ashland, Va. 23005-5505 804-752-7203 FAX: 804-752-723 1 efalls@rmc.edu Editor: Arthur F. Conway, Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, P.O. Box 5005, Ashland, VA 23005-5505 804-752-3720 FAX: 804-752-723 1 ACONWAY@RMC.EDU Vice Chair: Gerald Meier 16092 Deer Park Drive, Montclair, Va. 22026 703-670-3 1 15 FAX: 703-670-3 1 15 GEMINTPAN@AOL.COM BIOMEDICAL AND GENERAL ENGINEERING Chair: Michael H. Gregg, Engineering Fundamentals Division, VPI&SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0218 540-231-9544 FAX: 540-231-6903 GREGGMH@VTVMLCC.VT.EDU Secretary: Aimee L. McCarthy, School of Engineering Vir^nia Commonwealth University, Box 843068 Richmond, Va. 23284-3068 804-828-0030 FAX: 804-828-4269 almccart@saturn.vcu.edu Council Representative: Lisa Scott 2101 Mystic Cove Drive Virginia Beach, Va. 23455 757-460-0626 l.a.scott@larc.nasa.gov Editor: William Harrison, Engineering Fundamentals Division Virginia Tech, Blackburg, Va. 24061-0218 804-371-3692 FAX: 804-556-2092 bil-nel@vtvml.cc.vt.edu 44 SECTIONS & SECTION OFFICERS BOTANY Chair: J. Rex Baird, Department of Natural Sciences Clinch Valley CoUege, Wise, VA 24293 540-328-0201 FAX: 540-328-0247 JRB@CLINCH.EDU Secretary: R. Jay Stipes, Dept, of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0331 540-321-7479 FAX: 540-231-7477 TREEDR@VT.EDU Council Representative: Marion Bio is Lobstein NVCC-Manassas Campus, 6901 Sudley Rd., Manassas, VA 22110 703-257-6643 (O) FAX: 703-534-5713 MBLOBST@MNSINC.COM Editor: Harold S. Adams, Dabney S. Lancaster C.C. Clifton Forge, VA 24422 540-862-4246 FAX: 540-862-2398 DLADAMS@VCCSCENT.BITNET Vice Chair: Stephen W. Fuller, Bio lo^ Department Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Va. 22401 540-654-1421 FAX: 540-654-1081 SFULLER@MWC.EDU CHEMISTRY Chair: George C. Grant, Chemistry Department Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Va. 23504 804-683-8909 Secretary: Robert V. Honeychuck, Department of Chemistry George Mason University, Fairfax, Va. 703-993-1076 rhoneych@gmu.edu Council Representative: James Wightman Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. Editor: Albert T. Sneden, Department of Chemistry, Box 2006, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006 804-367-1298 FAX: 804-367-8599 ASNEDEN@SATURN.VCU.EDU SECTIONS & SECTION OFFICERS 45 COMPUTER SCIENCE Chair: Rhonda Eller-Meshreki, Department of Computer Science, Randolph-Macon College, P.O. Box 5005, Ashland, VA 23005-5505 804-752-7272 ELLER@CS.RMC.EDU Secretary: Larry Morell, Department of Computer Science, Hampton U niversity, Hampton, VA 23668 804-727-5556 FAX: 804-727-5390 MORELL@CS.HAMPTONU.EDU Council Representative: Robert A. Willis, Jr. Department of Computer Science, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668 804-727-5082 FAX: 804-727-5390 RWILLIS@CS.HAMPTON.EDU Section Editor: Rita D’Arcangehs, Department of Computer Science, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401-5358 540-654-1321 540-654-1068 RMD@MWC.EDU EDUCATION Chair: Bea L. Taylor, 4413 Woods Edge Ct., Chantmy,VA 22021 703-378-8810 703-63 1-5590 BLTAYLOR@PEN.K12.VA.EDU Secretary: Richard T. Strauss, Maury H.S., 322 Shirley Ave., Norfolk, VA 23517 804-441-2611 FAX: 804-441-128 RSTRAUSS@PEN.K12.VA.EDU Council Representative: Pamela C. Turpin 1120 Woodcreast Dr., Bedford, VA 24523 540-586-8067 (H) PTURPIN@ACC.ROANOKE.EDU Editor: Alvin M. Pettus, Department of Secondary Education, James Madison U niversity, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 540-568-6486 or 3887 FAX: 540-568-3780 PETTU SAM@JMU .EDU 46 SECTIONS & SECTION OFFICERS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Chair: Douglas Mose, Department of Chemistry George Mason U niversity, Fairfa?^ VA 22030 703-993-1068 FAX: 703-273-2282 DMOSE@GMU.EDU Secretary: James Wise, Department of Biological Sciences Hampton University, Hampton Va. 23668 757-727-5016 FAX: 757-727-5084 mystic@infi.net Council Representative: Michael L. Bass Department of Environmental Science and Geology, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401 540-654-1424 FAX: 540-654-1081 Editor: Patrick F. Scanlon, Fisheries and Wildlife Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061-0321 540-231-4586 FAX: 540-231-7580 pscanlon@vt.edu GEOGRAPHY Chair: Thomas R. Allen, Jr., Department of Political Science and Geography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529-0088 757-683-3841 FAX: 757-683-4763 tra 100f@hamlet.bal.odu.edu Secretary: Stephen E. Wright, Center for Geographic Information Service, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. 22807 540-568-6199 FAX: 540-568-7938 WRIGHTSE@JMU.EDU Council Representative: Thomas R. Allen, Jr., Department of Political Science and Geography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529-0088 757-683-3841 FAX: 757^83-4763 tralOOf@hamlet.bal.odu.edu Vice-Chair: C. John Neely 7325 Glenrose Ave. Norfolk, Va. 757-489-4213 GEOLOGY Chair: Bruce Goodwin, Department of Geology College of William and Mary, Williamsburg 23187 SECTIONS & SECTION OFFICERS 47 Secretary: Gerald Wilkes, Virgmia Division of Natural Resources, Box 3667, Charlottsville, Va. 22903 804-963-2323 Council Representative: Bruce Goodwin, Department of Geology College of William and Mary, Williamsburg 23 187 Editor: Gerald Wilkes, Virginia Division of Natural Resources, Box 3667, Charlottsville, Va. 22903 804-963-2323 Vice-Chair: Chester Watts, Department of Geology Radford University, Radford, Va. 24142 540-831-5637 cwatts@runet.edu MATERIAUS SCIENCE Chair: Vince Hammond, 1912B Cedar Hill Road, Charlottsville, Va. 22901 804-982-5796 FAX: 804-982-5799 vhh4m@virginia.edu Secretary: Desmond Cook, Department of Physics Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529 757-683-4695 FAX: 757-683-5676 dec 100f@oduvm.cc.odu.edu Council Representative: Edward Barker, Jr., Materials Science and Engineer¬ ing, U niversity of Virginia, Charlottsville, Va. 22903 804-982-5655 FAX: 804-982-5660 reb@virgmia.edu Editor: Desmond Cook, Department of Physics Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529 757-683-4695 FAX: 757-683-5676 dec 100f@oduvm.cc.odu.edu Vice -Chair: Thomas Kuhr, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. 24061-0237 MEDICAL SCIENCES Chair: Craig Kinsley, Department of Psychology University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173 804-289-8132 FAX: 804-289-8943 KINSLEY@URVAX.URICH.EDU 48 SECTIONS & SECTION OFFICERS Secretary: Jenny Wiley, Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, MCVA^CU, Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613 804-828-2067 FAX: 804-828-2117 JW1LEY@GEMS.VCU .EDU Council Representative: Amelia Compton, Dept, of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173 804-289-8123 FAX: 804-289-8943 COMPTON@UR VAX.URICH .EDU Editor: Jenny Wiley, Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, MCVA^CU, Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613 804-828-2067 FAX: 804-828-21 17 JW1LEY@GEMS.VCU .EDU Vice Chair: Roman J. Miller, Department of Biology, Eastern Mennonite College, Harrisonburg, VA 22801 540-432-4412 FAX: 540-432-4488 MILLERR J@EMU .EDU MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Chair: J. Keith McClung, Department of Biolo©', P.O.Box 6931, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142-6931 540-831-5358 FAX: 540-831-6615 MCCLUNG2QMAlL.BIOLOGY.RUNET.EDU Secretary: Debabrata Majumdar, Department of Biology Norfolk State U niversity, Norfolk, Va. 23504 757-683-2543 FAX: 757-683-8306 dm@vger.nsu.edu Council Representative: Judy H. Niehaus, Department of Biology Box 6931, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142 540-831-5146 FAX: 540-831-6615 JN1EHAUS@RUNET.EDU NATURAL HISTORY AND BIODIVERSITY Chair: Thomas J. Rawiaski, 12040 South Anna Drive, RockviUe, Va. 23146 804-749-3417 FAX: 804-371-2674 SECTIONS & SECTION OFFICERS 49 Secretary: Werner Wieland, Dept, of Biological Sciences, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401-5358 540-654-1426 FAX:540-654-1081 WWIELAND@MWCGW.MWC.EDU Council Representative: Michael Kosztarab, Dept, of Entomology, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0319 540-231-6773 (O) Editor: Joseph C. Mitchell, Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173 804-740-7086 MITCHELL@URVAX.URICH.EDU PSYCHOLOGY Chair: W. George Jones, Department of Psycholo©^, Danville Community College, 1008 S. Main Street, Danville, VA 24541 804-797-8485, -3553 FAX: 804-792-6810 DCJONEG@DC.CC.VA.US Secretary: Perry M. Duncan, Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 804-683-4447 FAX: 804-683-5087 PDUNCAN@ODU .EDU Council Representative: Robert A. Berquist, Department of Psychology, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Va. 757-527-7329 (H) Editor: Jeffrey Pickens, Department of Psychology James Madison U niversity, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 540-568-7900 FAX: 540-568-3322 JP1CKENS@VAX 1 . ACS. JMU .EDU STATISTICS (VAS Chapter, American Statistical Association) Chair: Shyamal D. Peddada, Division of Statistics U niversity of Virginia 804-924-4933 Secretary: Robert E. Johnson, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23284-2014 804-828-1301 FAX: 804-828-8785 R JOHNSON@VCU .EDU 50 SECTIONS & SECTION OFFICERS Council Representative: John P. Morgan, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Old Dominion University, Nofolk, Virginia 23529 757-683-3900 Editor: Dayanand N. Naik, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529 757-683-3894 Vice-Chair: N. Rao Chaganty, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529 757-683-3897 PRESIDENTS 51 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE PRESIDENTS Ivey F. Lewis 00 . . 1923-24 James Lewis Rowe qo . . . 1924-25 Robert E. Loving 00 .... 1925-26 J. Shelton Horsley 00 . . . 1926-27 Donald W. Davis oD .... 1927-28 WiUiam Moseley Brown oo 1928-29 Garnet Ryland 00 . 1929-30 L.G.Hoxtonoo . 1930-31 I.D. Wilson 00 ....... 1931-32 T. McN. Simpson, Jr. ... 1932-33 William A Kepner 00 . . . 1933-34 William T. Sanger oo . . . . 1934-35 IdaSitler . 1935-36 H.E. Jordan . . . 1936-37 D. Maurice Allan . 1937-38 Earl B. Norris . 1938-39 Ruskin S. Freer 00 ..... 1939-40 WortleyR.Ruddoo .... 1940-41 George W. Jeffers 00 . . . 1941-42 MarceUusH. Stowoo . . . 1942-43 W. Catesby Jones oo . . . . 1943-44 Robert F. Smart oo . . . . . 1944-45 Hiram R. Hanmer . 1945-46 Arthur Bevan ........ 1946-47 Jesse W. Beams qo . 1947-48 Sidney S. Negus 00 ..... 1948-49 Boyd Harshbarger . 1949-50 Guy W. Horsley . 1950-51 Paul Patterson . 1951-52 Lloyd C. Bird 00 ...... 1952-53 Allan T. Gwathney oo . . . 1953-54 Irving G. Foster . 1954-55 Walter S. Flory, Jr . 1955-56 E. S. Harlow . 1956-57 WilhamG.Guyoo ..... 1957-58 John C. Forbes 00 . 1958-59 William M. Hinton . 1959-60 Wilson B.BeU 00 ...... 1960-61 Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. 00 . . 1961-62 00 Deceased Jackson J. Taylor . . 1962-63 Foley F. Smith 00 . 1963-64 S. S. Obenshain ...... 1964-65 Roscoe D. Hughes qo . . . 1965-66 Stanley E. Wilhams 00 . . . 1966-67 James W. Cole, Jr. .... . 1967-68 PaulB.Seigel . 1968-69 D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. . . . 1969-70 Maurice B. Rowe . 1970-71 Edward F. Turner, Jr. oo . 1971-72 Franklin F. Flint 00 . 1972-73 Stanley Ragone 00 . 1973-74 E. L. Wisman . 1974-75 Arthur W. Burke . 1975-76 W. Allan PoweU . 1976-77 Ralph A. Lowry ...... 1977-78 Dale V. Ulrich ....... 1978-79 Vera B. Remsburg ..... 1979-80 Kenneth R. Lawless .... 1980-81 Donald G. Cochran .... 1981-82 Ertle Thompson . 1982-83 Harold M. Bell ...... . 1983-84 Frank B. Leftwich . 1984-85 R. Gerald Bass . . 1985-86 J. J. Murray . 1986-87 WiUiam L. Banks, Jr. . . . 1987-88 Stewart A. Ware . 1988-89 Michael Bass . . . 1989-90 Richard B. Brandt . 1990-91 Gerald R. Taylor, Jr. . . . 1991-92 Golde 1. Holtzman . 1992-93 James P. O’Brien . 1993-94 Elsa Q. Falls . 1994-95 TomSitz . 1995-96 R. Dean Decker ...... 1996-97 Harold G. Marshall .... 1997-98 52 VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE DIRECTORS Hubert J. Davis 00 . 1941-47 F. G. Lankford 00 . 1947-49 Boyd Harshbarger . 1949-50 Floyd S. Andrews oo . 1950 B. W. Cooper oo . 1950 Grover Everett 00 ....... 1951 Thelma C. Heatwole 00 . . 1952-60 W.W. Scott . 1960-64 E.L.Wisman . 1964-72 Lee Anthony . 1972-75 John L. Hess . 1975-78 A. B. Neimeyer . 1978-80 R. Dean Decker . 1980-91 Donald R. Cottingham . . . 1991- VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD Virginia C. Ellet and Susie Floyd oo and Blanton M. Bruner .... . 1976 George W. Jeffers 00 . . . . 1968 Lee S. Anthony . . 1977 Hubert J. Davis 00 ...... . 1%9 John L. Hess . . 1978 Thelma C. Heatwole oo . . . . 1970 A. B. Niemeyer, Jr . . 1980 Martha Lipscomb Walsh oo . . 1971 Dawn Campbelloo . . 1983 Loyde C. Byrd oo and Bernie J. Kozakowski .... . 1984 Rodney C. Berry . . 1972 Dallas W. Cockeoo . . 1985 Edgar V. Russell, Jr. and Eleanor Lewis Tenney 00 . . . 1988 James W. Cole, Jr. .... . 1973 F. Lee Larkin and Vera B. Remsburg and Lisa L. Martin . . . 1992 E.L. "Chick” Wisman . . . 1974 R. Dean Decker . . 1995 00 Deceased 53 HORSLEY RESEARCH AWARD Carl C. Speidel oo ....... 1927 JohnH.Yoeoo . . 1928 J.C. Street . 1929 H.E. Jordan and Carl C. Speidel ........ 1930 E. C. Stevenson ........ 1931 James H. Smith . 1932 S.A.Wingard ......... 1933 E. P. Johnson . 1934 Margaret Hess . . 1935 Alfred Chanutin . 1936 R. G. Henderson . 1937 S. G. Bedell . 1938 M. J. Murray and Forrest F. Cleveland . 1939 Walter C. Gregory ....... 1940 Charles Ray . 1941 No Award . 1942 J.B. Meyer . 1943 J. Gerbert Taylor . . . 1944 No Award . . 1945 Boyd Harshbarger . 1946 D.B.DeJury . . 1947 Henry Leidheiser, Jr. ..... 1948 Walter S. Flory . 1949 Erling S. Hegre . 1950 D.B. Duncan. . . . 1951 D.R.H.Gourley. . 1952 Stephen Burko and Frank L. Hereford . 1953 Lynn D. Abbott, Jr. and Mary J. Dodson . 1954 Albert W. Lutz, Jr. and A.E.B.Reid . . . 1955 M. C. K. Tweedie ....... 1956 R. A. Bradley, D.E.W. Schumann, and W.H. Lewis . 1957 C. Tyler Miller, Jr. and K.R. Lawless . . . 1958 Dorothy L. Crandall . 1959 Lawrence 1. Miller, . 1960 Irving R. King, Billy W. Sloope, and Calvin O. Tiller . 1961 Claude P. Talley and Gerald. R. Taylor, Jr. ..... 1%2 H. A. David . 1963 E.RaeHarcum . 1964 D.Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf . . . . 1%5 Frank A. Vingiello . 1966 O. R. Rodigand GalalZanati . 1967 H. H. Hobbs, P. C. Holt 00, and Margaret Walton 00 . . . 1968 A. J. McCaffery, P. N. Schatz, and T. E. Lester . 1969 I. Gordon Pels ......... 1970 L. R. Durden, L. H. Slack, and P. R. Eusner . 1971 1. J. Good and R. A. Gaskins . 1972 Larry Taylor, J. C. Dillard, and J. H.Burness . 1973 Kuldip P. Chopra . 1974 Roddy V. Amenta ....... 1975 Douglas W. Ogle and Peter Mazzeo . 1976 Henry W. Gould . . . 1977 K. L. Reifsnider and K. D. O’Brien . 1978 William L. Dewey . 1979 C. R. Terman and R. J. Huggett . 1980 L. E.Jarrard . 1981 Joyce G. Foster, . 1982 Harold E. Burkhart, and Peter T. Sprinz . 1983 R. W. Berhen, G. Colmano, and G. Nunn ............ 1984 Milton M. Sholley, Gilda P. Ferguson, Hugo R. Seibel, James L. Montour, and John D. Wilson . 1985 Robert F. Johnson ....... 1986 Richard B. Brandt . 1987 Muriel Lederman . 1988 54 George W. Mushrush and Douglas G. Mose ..... 1989 R. Bruce Martin . . 1990 W.JohnHayden ........ 1991 No Award . 1992 W. Peter Trower . 1993 William P. Harrison ...... 1994 Peter Knipp . . 1995 KhidirH.Hilu and Hongping Liang ..... 19% Asimah Rafi, Mitzi Nagarkatti, and Prakash S. Nagarkatti . . 1997 IVEYF. LEWIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS Boyd Harshbarger . . . 1966 Russell J. Rowlett, Jr . 1967 George W. Jeffers 00 ..... 1%8 Walter S. Flory, Jr . 1%9 Roscoe D. Hu^es oo . 1970 HortonH.Hobbs,Jr.oo .... 1971 No Award . 1972 No Award . 1973 Lynn D. Abbott, Jr. ...... 1974 Edward S. Harlow ....... 1975 D. Rae Carpenter, Jr . 1976 No Award . 1977 Rodney C. Berry oo . 1978 Edward F. Turner, Jr. 00 . . . 1979 Ruskin S. Freer 00 . 1980 Philip Morris, Inc. (Presented to Bernard Kosakowski) .... 1981 Carolina Biological Supply Company ....... 1982 No Award . . 1984 Arthur W. Burke, Jr . 1985 Virginia C. EUett . 1985 Vera B. Remsburg . 1986 No Award . . 1987 No Award . 1988 Ertle Thompson . 1989 Dale V. Ulrich . 1990 R. Dean Decker . 1991 Blanton M. Bruner . 1992 Harold M. BeU . 1993 Virginia Power ......... 1994 James H. Martin . . . 1995 No Award Beverly Orndorfif . 1997 00 Deceased 55 FELLOWS OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 1970 Jesse Wakefield Beams oo John Campbell Forbes oo Thomas E. Gilmer oo Boyd Harshbarger Roscoe D. Hughes qo Clyde Young Kramer qo J. Dougjas Reid qo William T. Sanger oo 1971 Robert C. Carter oo Edward S. Harlow Wilbert Harnsberger, Jr. qo Alton M. Har\dlle, Jr. Sterling M. Heflin oo George W. Jeffers qo Harry G. M. Jopson Everett L. Wisman 1972 Lynn De Forrest Abbot Rodney C. Berry oo Lloyd C. Bird oo Robert P. Carroll oo James W. Cole, Jr. Walter S. Flory, Jr. MaryE. Kapp oo Paul B. Siegel 1973 D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. Virginia C. Ellett Susie V. Floyd oo A. B. Niemeyer, Jr. Edgar V. Russell, Jr. oo Raymond L. Taylor 1974 Perry C. Holt William T. Ham, Jr. Leonard O. Morrow Robert F, Smart oo 1975 Franklin F. Flint oo Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. oo Michael Kosztarab Vera B. Remsburg William E. Trout, Jr. oo W. Peter Trower Edward F. Turner, Jr. oo 1976 Miles E. Hench Franklin D. Kizer Russell J. Rowlett, Jr. 1977 Bernard R. Woodson, Jr. 1978 Blanton M. Bruner A. W. Burke, Jr. Herbert McKennis, Jr. qo W. Allan PoweU Stanley Ragone oo 1979 S. Gaylen Bradley Addison D. Campbell William M. Hinton oo Wilham L. Mengebier Maurice B. Rowe Jackson J. Taylor Ertle Thompson 1980 Dorothy Bliss Elizabeth Jackson Ralph A. Lowry James W. Midyette Helmut R. Wakeham oo Deceased 56 1981 Hubert J. Davis oo Frank L. Hereford Peter M. Mazzeo Warwick R. West, Jr. 1982 Dale V. Ulrich 1983 Donald G. Cochran Dallas W. Cocke oo R. Dean Decker Mario R. Escobar oo Charles O’Neal Martha L. Walsh qo 1984 Dawn Campbell oo Frank Leftwich J, J. Murray Stewart Ware 1985 Edward A. Crawford 1986 No Fellows Elected 1987 No Fellows Elected 1988 No Fellows Elected 1989 Kenneth R. Lawless 1990 James H. Martin 1991 Martha K. Roane oo 1992 Richard B. Brandt 1993 1. J. Good 1994 No Fellows Elected 1995 Golde I. Holtzman Gerald R. Taylor 1996 No Fellows Elected 1997 Donald R. Cottingham James P.OBrien HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS Rodney C.Berry Loyd C.Byrd Blanton M.Bruner Walter S. Flory J. C. Forbes Edward S. Harlow Boyd Harshbarger Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. George W. Jeffers MaryE. Knapp Arthur H. Livermore A. B. Massey Herbert McKennis, Jr, Glenn McMullen Beverly Orndorff Russell J. Rowlett Myron Shear Robert F. Smart I. D. Wilson Hubert J. Davis Martha L. Walsh 00 Deceased REGULAR MEMBERS 57 REGUALR MEMBERS ADAMS, IRMA B. 09 1234 WESTMINSTER AVE RICHMOND, VA 23227 ADAMS, HAROLD S. 14 1021 CLIFTWOOD CIRCLE CLIFTON FORGE, VA 24422 AITKEN, WILLIAM C. JR. 10 4809 BOXFORD RD VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 ALLEN, THOMAS R. JR. 18 DEPT POLI SCI & GEOGRAPHY OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23529-0088 ALLEN, VIVIEN G. 2302 SLIDE RD UNIT 40 LUBBOCK, TX 79407-2252 ALTY, LISA TREVEY 09 CHEMISTRY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450-0303 AMENTA, RODDY V. 08 RR2BOX 851 MCGAHEYSVILLE, VA 22840-9727 AMENTA, DONNA S. 05 RR2BOX 851 MCGAHEYSVILLE, VA 22840-9727 AMMERMAN, DON J. 02 8384 CEDAR LANE KING GEORGE, VA 22485 ANDERSON-COOK, CHRISTINE 12 STATISTICS DEPT VPI & SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0439 ANDERSON, BRUCE M. 05 1013 HIGHLAND CIRCLE BLACKSBURG, VA 24060 ANDERSON, JOHN E. 04 HC 2 BOX 180D SAINT STEPHENS CHURCH, VA 23148- 9625 ANYIWO, JOSHUA C. 17 PO BOX 6376 CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIV. 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ALLAN 05 HCR 01 BOX 395H DELTA VILLE, VA 23043 SCHECKLER, STEPHEN E. 14 BIOLOGY DEPT VPI & SU BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 SCHWING, JAMES L. 02 COMPUTER SCIENCES DEPT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY NORFOLK, VA 23508-8508 SCOTT, MARVIN W. 03 STEVENS HALL LONGWOOD COLLEGE FARMVILLE,VA 23909 SINGER, FRED 04 708 NOBLIN ST RADFORD, VA 24141 STRONACH, CAREY E. 02 2241 BUCKNER ST PETERSBURG, VA 23805 STUSNICK,ERIC 02 7124 H AMOR LANE SPRINGFIELD, VA 22153 SZNYTER, EDWARD W. JR 11 PO BOX 5736 VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455-0736 TAYLOR, JANE B. 04 8605 ARDFOUR LANE ANNANDALE,VA 22003 TAYLOR, JACKSON J. 2431 SWATH MO RE RD RICHMOND, VA 23235 THORNTON, STEPHEN T. 02 PHYSICS DEPT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 ULRICH, DALE V. 02 BRIDGEWATER COLLEGE BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812 96 CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS VALLARINO, LIDIA M. 05 1009 WEST AVE RICHMOND, VA 23220 WEBB, JANE CARTER 01 12 BRIAR PATCH PLACE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 WEBB, GEORGE R. 02 12 BRIAR PATCH PLACE NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606 WILSDORF, DORIS 02 PHYSICS DEPT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 WILSON, R.T. 05 CHEMISTRY DEPT VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE LEXINGTON, VA 24450 WINGFIELD, WILLIAM R. PO BOX 11643 RICHMOND, VA 23230 05 SUSTAINING MEMBERS 97 INDIVIDUAL SUSTAINING MEMBERS ANTHONY, LEE S. 02 3779 GARVINS COVE RD SALEM, VA 24153 BASS, ROBERT G. 05 CHEMISTRY DEPT, BOX 2006 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV. RICHMOND, VA 23284 BENNECHE,PAULE. 07 NUCLEAR ENG DEPT REACTOR FACILITY-THORNTON HALL UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903-2442 BORZELLECA, JOSEPH F. 09 PO BOX 980613 RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613 COCHRAN, DONALD G. 04 1205 KING’S LANDING ROAD HAMPSTEAD, NC 28443 COLE, JAMES W. JR. 05 900 ROSSER LANE CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 COTTINGHAM, DONALD R. 05 910 GREENWAY CT # 1 NORFOLK, VA 23507 FALLS, ELSA Q. 04 1515 HELMSDALE DR RICHMOND, VA 23233 FAULCONER, ROBERT JAMIESON 1507 BUCKINGHAM AVE NORFOLK, VA 23508 FLOWERS, GEORGE H. 11 334 ALBEMARLE AVE RICHMOND, VA 23226 GILLESPIE, J. SAMUEL JR. 303 HILLWOOD RD RICHMOND, VA 23226 HAAS, THOMAS W. 07 PO BOX 842009 RICHMOND, VA 23284-2009 HARRISON, WILLIAM P. JR 06 807 DRAPER RD BLACKSBURG, V A 24060 JOYNER, W. T. 02 PHYSICS DEPT HAMPDEN-SYDNEY COLLEGE HAMPDEN-SYDNEY, VA 23943 LYNCH, MAURICE P. 04 VIMS GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062 MARTIN, JAMES H. 04 2404 PENNIM AN CT RICHMOND, VA 23228-3047 MORROW, LEONARD 14 P.O. BOX 7447 RICHMOND, VA 23221 O’BRIEN, JAMES P.B, 10 PSYCHOLOGY DEPT TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE 1700 COLLEGE CRESCENT VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456 OATES, KAREN 04 4400 UNIVERSITY DR MSN 5D3 JOHNSON CENTER RM 213 GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 PUGH, JEAN E. 04 6640 FIELDS LANDING RD HAYES, VA 23072-9777 REMSBURG, VERA B. 04 P.O. BOX 1230 ABINGDON, VA 24212-1230 ROWE, MAURICE B. Ill 01 4121 SOUTHAVEN RD RICHMOND, VA 23235 SEMMES, OLIVER JOHN 03 3212 TRILLIUM PL GLEN ALLEN, VA 23060 TENNEY, WILTON R. 03 1507CUTSHAW PLACE RICHMOND, VA 23226 WATT, WILLIAM J. 05 CHEMISTRY DEPT WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 WOOD, TOM 04 4400 UNIVERSITY DR MSN 5D3 JOHNSON CENTER ROOM 213 GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FAIRFAX, VA 22030 98 BUSINESS ]\UEMBERS REGULAR BUSINESS MEMBERS EXCELSIS RESEARCH GROUP, INC. JOHN PRIMIANO, PRESIDENT PO BOX 1160 DANVILLE, VA 24541 VIRGINIA POWER COMPANY ATTN: JOE LONCOSKI 5000 DOMINION BLVD GLEN ALLEN, VA 23060 UNIVERSAL LEAF TOBACCO CO. INC ATTN: MRS. 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ZEDDIE BOWEN UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF ACADEMIC PSYCH ATT: MS JOAN SMALLWOOD 109 AMHERST ST WINCHESTER, VA 22601 VIRGINIA BLUE RIDGE SECTION 05 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY VERNON MILLER, ROANOKE COL¬ LEGE SALEM, VA 24153 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV. OFFICE OF ACADEMIC AFFAIRS 901 W FRANKLIN ST, BOX 2527 RICHMOND, VA 23284-0001 VIRGINIA SPACE GRANT CONSOR¬ TIUM ATTN: MARY SANDY 2713D MAGRUDER BLVD HAMPTON, VA 23666 VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE DEAN, ACADEMIC AFFAIRS LEXINGTON, VA 24451 100 INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY STEPHEN J. PIKE 1001 DOUGLAS AVE MARTINSVILLE, VA 24112 VPI & SU ATTN: MINNIS E. RIDENOUR BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY JAMES G. LEYBURN LIBRARY LEXINGTON, VA 24450 THE JAMES RIVER BASIN: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE ...is a MUST for college, corporate, museum, and government agency libraries; as well as the personal collections of scientists, historians, and educators. Published in 1950 by The Virginia Academy of Science, this compendium rep¬ resents the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary in-depth treatment of Virginia’s most important river. A decade in the making, the combined work of dozens of Virginia’s top scholars is contained in this 843-page hard-bound document with 5 fold-out maps and scores of photographic plates. It Is the seminal study for serious investigatorB of The James" as well as those responsible for pubic and corporate policy. Teachers will find it a valuable living resource for helping their students understand the complex interplay between people and nature. It will be appreciated, as well, by all Virginians with an inter¬ est in and affection for the natural history of 'The James" and the many essential environmental, commercial, and development Issues of significance to the Com¬ monwealth. A partial listing of topics addressed includes; ....agriculture....air,rail, and highway transportation .... astronomy and mathematics.. ..birds and mammals ....conservation. ...economic botany.. .engineering ....entomology.... forestry.. ..geologic development ....industrles....marine fishes and Invertebrates ....medical resources... .minerals....mollusks....organic chemistry ...plant pathology.. ..recreation. ...reptiles and amphibia ...thermal and mineral springs . . Copies of The James River Basin may be ordered by contacting VAS Trust Committee Chair D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. at Department of Physics and Astron¬ omy, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington VA77824450...703-464-7225. Make checks payable to: Virginia Academy of Science in the amount of $25.00. Membership in the Academy is organized into sections representing various scientific disciplines as follows: 1. Agriculture, Forestry & 10. Psychology Aquaculture 11. Education 2. Astronomy, Mathe 12. Statistics matics & Physics 13. Aeronautical 3. Microbiology & Aerospace Science & Molecular Biology 14. Botany 4. Biology 15. Environmental Science 5. Chemistry 16. Archaeology 6. Materials Sciences 17. Computer Science 7. Biomedical & General 18. Geography Engineering 19. Natural History & 8. 9. Geology Medical Sciences Biodiversity Annual Membership Dues - Includes subscription to Virginia Journal of Science Student . . . $ 10.00 Regular- Individual . 25.00 Contributing - Individual .... 30.00 Sustaining - Individual ..... 50.00 Life - Individual ........ 500.00 Sustaining - Institution ..... 100.00 Business - Regular ...... 100.00 Business - Contributing .... 300.00 Business - Sustaining . 500.00 Patron . . 1000.00 VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Date Name (Please Print) _ _ Phone ( ) E-mail FAX( ) ___ Address _ _ _ _ Citv State Zip ________ Institution or Business _____________________ Position — Title _ _ _ _ Fields of Interest — Section No.(s) _ First No. indicates major interest Class of Membership Desired _ _ _ Contacted by: __________________________ Make check payable to Virginia Academy of Science and send to: VAS, Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220-2054. CENTRAL OFFICE Arthur W. Burke, Jr. Executive Secretary-Treasurer Lisa Martin, Executive Assistant Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of N^rginia 2500 West Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220 OFFICE: 804-367-8971 FAX: 804-367-9348 at the Science Museum of Virginia FAX: 804-371-3311 at J. S. Reynolds Comm. Col. WEB PAGE http://NTHSRV1JSR.CC.VA.US/STAFF/SRMARTJ/vacadscLhtm The Virginia Journal of Science James H. Martin, Editor, Department of Biology-PRC, J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Box 85622, Richmond Virginia 23285-5622 804-371-3064 (O) srmartj@jsr.cc.va.us Non-member subscriptions: $27.00/year ($35.00-overseas). Selected back issues available for purchase. Instructions to authors: inside back cover of issues. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Donald R. Cottingham, Director, 910 Greenway Court #1, Norfolk Virginia 23507 757-622-6239 (and FAX) e-mail: donyjas@vwc.edu To sponsor/organize a science club, donate funds/expertise, assist in student paper competition. The Visiting Scientists Program (and VSP Directory) Jack Cranford, Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061; 703-231-5371 CRANFORD@Vr.EDU Virginia Scientists (Academy Newsletter) V\Alliam Cunningham (1999) Psychology - VBC, Tidewater Community College 1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach, VA 23456 822-427-7207 (Secy) FAX: 822-427-7326 VAS Research Grants Programs (applications/information) Dr. Arthur F. Conway, Chairman Virginia Academy of Science Research Committee Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College Ashland, VA 23005; (804)752-7293 aconway@rmc.edu To Create an Endowment and or Make a Donation or To Become a Member, Institutional Member or Business Member Arthur W. Burke, Jr.,9699 Shady Grove Road, Mechanicsville, VA23111 804-367-8971 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) > o CQ O l-H ^21 tS2 Q Cm O O o 00 o Ol a> o tr^ c l-H 0^ W CD ?D Oi !> cn 3 ^ k; > O CQ 2 ^ C, hh H-( ^ C/3 X •-H CQ ^ o ^ 12; O l-H 2; > CQ 12: S c/3 t-g < HH -- *-3 c: o I HECKMAN ° BINDERY INC. m MAR 99 V