THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

Biology Library

BEQUEST OF

Theodore S. Palmer

• vj,

VJ,

Visitors' Guide

to the

Collection of Birds

Found within Fifty Miles of New York City

American Museum of Natural History

77th Street and 8th Avenue
Central Park, New York City

For Safe at the Museum
Price, Fifteen Cents.

i_

VISITORS' GUIDE

%ocal Collection of Biros

IN THE

American Museum of Natural History

NEW YORK CITY.

AN ANNOTATED LIST

OF THE

BIRDS KNOWN TO OCCUR WITHIN FIFTY MILES
OF NEW YORK CITY

BY

FRANK M. ^CHAPMAN, Assistant Curator

Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology

NEW YORK :
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

1894

BIOLOGI LI1B.

GIFT

'£/*/

INTRODUCTION.

The collection this Guide is intended to accompany has been
formed especially to aid students in identifying the birds found in
the vicinity of New York City. It occupies Cases S and T, in
the north wing, at the southwest corner of the gallery devoted
to North American birds. With a few exceptions all the speci-
mens contained in it were collected within 50 miles of New York
City. The species which we have as yet been unable to secure
within these limits are represented temporarily by specimens from
the North American collection. The collection of Water Birds is
for the present restricted to summer resident species. So large a
proportion of North American Water Birds are found near New
York City, that a local collection of them would to a great extent
duplicate the North American collection displayed on the opposite
side of the gallery. Species of accidental occurrence, or those
which have been found in this vicinity but once or twice, are also
excluded from the collection. Their presence would only tend
to confuse the student and be apt to give him an erroneous idea
of the bird's range.

The birds are labeled in accordance with the system of
nomenclature adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union.
The number preceding the name of each species is its permanent
number in the Union's 'Check-List' of North American birds.
In the Guide this number follows the name of the species. The
birds are placed in the cases in a continuous numerical series and
any desired specimen may thus be readily found by its number.
As a matter of local interest an asterisk (*) has been placed before
those species which have been observed in Central Park.

In the alcove between Cases B and C, in the main bird-hall, will
be found a local collection of the nests and eggs of the birds

389

which breed within 50 miles of New York City. It is labeled on
the same plan as the local collection of birds.

In order that the student may know the names of all the birds
which have been found here, the following annotated list of the
species known to occur within a radius of 50 miles of New York
City is presented. It is based on information derived for the
most part from three sources: (i) previously published records;
(2) the author's notes covering a period of ten years' intermittent
observation, mainly at Englewood, N. J.; (3) information received
from Mr. William Dutcher. For the past 15 years Mr. Dutcher
has made a specialty of the study of Long Island birds and has
brought together a vast amount of data concerning them. He
has kindly revised the manuscript of this Guide, thereby adding
largely to its accuracy.

The excellent cuts with which this Guide is illustrated are
from Coues's 'Key to North American Birds.' For their use the
Museum is indebted to Messrs. Estes and Lauriat the publishers
of that work. The full-page plates were used in Dr. Shufeldt's
recent memoir on 'Scientific Taxidermy'. They are printed from
electrotypes kindly furnished us by the United States National
Museum.

The region embraced within our limits possesses natural
advantages calculated to attract a great number of birds. Our
sea-coast, with its sandy beaches and shallow bays; our rivers,
creeks and ponds, with their surrounding grassy marshes; our
wooded hillsides and valleys; our rolling uplands (and fertile
meadows, offer haunts suited to the wants of most birds. Again,
our coast-line and the Hudson River Valley form natural highways
of migration regularly followed by birds in their journeys to and
from their summer homes.

But the exceptional abundance of birds in this vicinity is not
due alone to the varied character of the country, or to the fact
that twice each year streams of migrants pass along our coasts and
through our valleys. There are certain causes which tend to limit
the ranges of animals. Chief among these is temperature. A
study of the ranges or habitats of animals and plants shows that
the boundaries of the habitats of many species coincide with one
another and also to a greater or less extent with lines of equal
temperature. The ranges of these species being thus governed
by natural causes are taken as indices of the limits of faunas or
natural life-areas. The lines between these faunas cannot, of

^ 5 —

\

course, be sharply drawn. The change from one to another is
gradual, and thus between the two a neutral strip exists in which
will be found species characteristic of each. Just such a condition
is found in this vicinity; the northern boundary of the Carolinian
Fauna over-lapping the southern boundary of the Alleghanian
Fauna in the valleys of the Delaware, Hudson, and Connecticut.
In other words, we have here on the one hand a number of birds
which are found no farther north, and on the other certain species
which are found no farther south. That is, in the breeding
season; for among birds only the nesting ranges are of value in
determining the boundaries of faunas.

The southern limit of the Carolinian Fauna on the Atlantic
Coast is near Norfolk, Virginia; its northern limit, on the coast, as
said above, is in the vicinity of New York City. To be more exact,
a careful study of the nesting ranges of certain species shows that
the most northern points at which they are regularly found is Port
Jervis in the Delaware Valley, Fishkill in the Hudson River Valley,
and Portland in the Connecticut River Valley. These localities
then may be considered as defining the northern limits of the
Carolinian Fauna in the valleys in which they are placed. In the
more elevated country between these points it is doubtful if the
limits of the fauna reach quite as far north, for river valleys, both
because they offer a natural pathway for the extension of a bird's
range, and because of the higher temperature prevailing in them,
tend to carry northward the boundaries of faunas. Eastward,
along the Connecticut shore, the Carolinian Fauna may reach the
mouth of the Thames. Long Island, although farther south,
belongs for the most part in the Alleghanian rather than the
Carolinian Fauna. Numbers of species common and even abund-
ant in the Lower Hudson Valley are exceedingly rare on Long
Island, especially on the southern shore. But along the northern
shore, or older part of the island, where deciduous trees abound,
there is an evident trace of the Carolinian Fauna shown by the
regular occurrence of the Blue-winged Warbler and Acadian
Flycatcher.

The following Carolinian birds are found every summer within
50 miles of New York City, and all but two or three are known to
nest regularly here. Their occurrence northward beyond these
limits is rare and irregular, and but two or three have been known
to nest north of the 50 mile line.

Snowy Heron. Worm-eating Warbler.

Clapper Rail. Blue-winged Warbler.

King Rail. Louisiana Water-Thrush.

Turkey Vulture. Kentucky Warbler.

Barn Owl. Hooded Warbler.

Acadian Flycatcher. Mockingbird.

Fish Crow. Carolina Wren.

Cardinal. Tufted Titmouse.

Rough-winged Swallow. Carolina Chickadee.

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.

Not more than five of these, however, advance regularly to
the northern limits of the Fauna. The southern limits of the
Alleghanian Fauna on the coast is less clearly defined. It includes,
however, Long Island and northern New Jersey. Its boundaries
are in a measure defined by the presence in the breeding season
of the following species, none of which are known to nest south of
this vicinity at sea-level.

Carolina Rail. Nashville Warbler.

Purple Finch. Chestnut-sided Warbler.

Golden-winged Warbler. Black-throated Green Warbler.

Thus it will be seen that while the region south of our district
has the Carolinian species mentioned; and the region to the north-
ward has the Alleghanian species just given, we, in this inter-
mediate or neutral strip, have both Carolinian and Alleghanian
species.

It is evident therefore that from an ornithological standpoint
we are most favorably situated, and a comparison of the number
of birds found within our limits with the numbers recorded from
other districts shows that the causes mentioned have been effec-
tive in giving us an unusually rich avifauna. Due allowance must
of course be made for the much greater area included in all but
one of the regions used in comparison.

Recorded from within 50 Miles of New York City . . . 348
" District Columbia (Richmond, MS.) . 281

" Ontario, Canada, (Mcllwraith) .... 316

" Massachusetts (Allen) 349

Illinois (Ridgway) ...... 352

" Indiana (Butler) 305

" Michigan (Cook) ...... 332

" Kansas (Goss) ....... 343

During the course of a year the bird-life of our vicinity is
subject to great changes. Some birds are always with us, some
come for the summer, others pass us in the spring and fall in
traveling to and from their more northern homes, and others still

come only in the winter. Our birds may thus be arranged,
according to the season when they are present, in several more or
less well defined groups, for which the following names seem most
applicable.

/. Permanent Residents. — This class includes species which
are with us throughout the year. It does not follow that
the same individuals pass the entire year here. Comparatively
few of the species in this group are permanent residents in the
strict sense of the term. The Bob-white, Ruffed Grouse, and
several of the Owls are doubtless literally permanent residents,
that is, the same individuals pass their lives in one restricted
locality. But it is not probable that the Bluebirds, for example,
found here during the winter are the same birds which nested
with us in the summer. Doubtless our winter Bluebirds passed
the summer farther north, while our summer Bluebirds winter
farther south. Still as a species the Bluebird is a permanent
resident.

LIST OF PERMANENT RESIDENTS.

Bob-white. Blue Jay.

Ruffed grouse. American Crow.

Marsh Hawk. Fish Crow.

Sharp-shinned Hawk. Starling.

Cooper's Hawk. Meadowlark.

Red-tailed Hawk. House Sparrow.

Red-shouldered Hawk. Purple Finch.

Broad-winged Hawk. American Goldfinch.

Bald Eagle. European Goldfinch.

Duck Hawk. Song Sparrow.

Sparrow Hawk. Swamp Sparrow.

Long-eared Owl. Cardinal.

Barred Owl. Cedar Waxwing.

Screech Owl. Carolina Wren.

Great Horned Owl. White-breasted Nuthatch.

Hairy Woodpecker. Tufted Titmouse.

Downy Woodpecker. Chickadee.

Flicker. Robin.

Prairie Horned Lark. Bluebird.

//. Summer Residents. — Summer residents, as the name
implies, are birds found here during the summer. They may,
however, arrive early in March and remain until December, as do
the Blackbirds and Woodcock, or they may not come until May
and leave us in August. Summer residents then, are birds which
come to us at varying times in the spring and after nesting here,
return to their more southern winter resorts in the fall.

LIST OF SUMMER RESIDENTS.

Pied-billed Grebe.

Laughing Gull.

Common Tern.

Roseate Tern.

Black Duck.

Wood Duck.

American Bittern.

Least Bittern.

Great Blue Heron.

Snowy Heron.

Green Heron.

Black-crowned Night Heron.

King Rail.

Clapper Rail.

Virginia Rail.

Sora.

? Yellow Rail.

Black Rail.

Woodcock.

Bartramian Sandpiper.

Spotted Sandpiper.

Kildeer.

Piping Plover.

Mourning Dove.

Osprey.

Barn Owl.

Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

Black-billed Cuckoo.

Belted Kingfisher.

Red-headed Woodpecker.

Whip-poor-will.

Nighthawk.

Chimney Swift.

Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

Kingbird.

Crested Flycatcher.

Phoebe.

Wood Pewee-

Acadian Flycatcher.

Least Flycatcher.

Bobolink.

Cowbird.

Red-winged Blackbird.

Orchard Oriole.

Baltimore Oriole.

Purple Crackle.

Vesper Sparrow.
Savanna Sparrow.
Grasshopper Sparrow.
Henslow's Sparrow.
Sharp-tailed Sparrow.
Seaside Sparrow.
Chipping Sparrow.
Field Sparrow.
Towhee.

Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Indigo Bunting.
Scarlet Tanager.
Purple Martin.
Cliff Swallow.
Barn Swallow.
Tree Swallow.
Bank Swallow.
Rough-winged Swallow.
Red-eyed Vireo.
Warbling Vireo.
Yellow-throated Vireo.
White-eyed Vireo.
Black and White Warbler.
Worm-eating Warbler.
Blue-winged Warbler.
Golden-winged Warbler.
Parula Warbler.
Yellow Warbler:
Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Pine Warbler.
Prairie Warbler.
Ovenbird.

Louisiana Water-Thrush.
Kentucky Warbler.
Maryland Yellow-throat.
Yellow-breasted Chat.
Hooded Warbler.
Redstart.
Mockingbird.
Catbird.

Brown Thrasher.
House Wren.
Short-billed Marsh Wren.
Long-billed Marsh Wren.
Wood Thrush.
Wilson's Thrush.

///. Summer Visitants. — Comparatively few birds fall into
this group. As a rule the northern limit of their breeding range
is not far south of our southern boundaries and they sometimes
visit us in small numbers after their breeding season is over.
In this group may also be placed the Shearwaters and Petrels,
some of. which are known to nest in the Antarctic Regions during
our winter. In the spring they migrate northward and pass the
summer .off our coasts.

LIST OF SUMMER VISITANTS.

Gull-billed Tern. American Egret.

Royal Tern. Little Blue Heron.

Forster's Tern. Wilson's Plover.

Sooty Tern. Oyster-catcher.

Black Skimmer. Turkey Vulture.

Greater Shearwater. Red-bellied Woodpecker.

Audubon's Shearwater. Summer Tanager.

Sooty Shearwater. Carolina Chickadee.

Wilson's Petrel. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.

IV. Winter Residents. — Winter residents, like summer
residents, may arrive long before and remain long after the season
which gives them their name. Our Junco, or Snowbird, for
example, comes from the north in September and remains until
April, but is a typical winter resident. That is, it arrives in the
fall and after passing the entire winter with us returns to its more
northern summer home in the spring.

LIST OF WINTER RESIDENTS.

Holbcell's Grebe. Purple Sandpiper.

Horned Grebe. Rough-legged Hawk.

Loon. Saw-whet Owl.

Red-throated Loon Horned Lark.

Razor-billed Auk. American Crossbill.

Kittiwake Gull. Redpoll.

Glaucous Gull. Pine Siskin.

Great Black-backed Gull. Snowflake.

Herring Gull. Lapland Longspur.

Ring-billed Gull. Ipswich Sparrow.

Green-winged Teal. White-throated Sparrow.

American Golden-eye. Tree Sparrow.

Buffle-head. Junco.

Old-squaw. Northern Shrike.

King Eider. Winter Wren.

American Scoter. Brown Creeper.

White-winged Scoter. Canadian Nuthatch.

Surf Scoter. Golden-crowned Kinglet.

— 10 —

V. Winter Visitants. — Winter visitants are birds which may or
may not visit us during the winter. As a rule their presence depends
upon the severity of the winter. An unusually severe season some-
times forces boreal birds southward and they then may be found
in numbers south of the limits of their regular winter homes.

LIST OF WINTER VISITANTS.

Puffin. Black Gyrfalcon ?

Black Guillemot. Hawk Owl.

Brtinnich's Murre. Snowy Owl.

Dovekie. Evening Grosbeak.

Cormorant. Pine Grosbeak.

Harlequin Duck. White-winged Crossbill.

American Eider. Holbcell's Redpoll.

Goshawk. Bohemian Waxwing.

VI. Regular Transient Visitants. — The birds of this class are
found here only during the migrations. Their summer homes are
north of us, their winter homes are south of us, and we see them
only when they pass northward on their spring migration and
southward on their fall migration.

LIST OF REGULAR TRANSIENT VISITANTS.

Pomarine Jaeger. Dowitcher.

Parasitic Jaeger. Long-billed Dowitcher.

Long-tailed Jaeger. Stilt Sandpiper.

Bonaparte's Gull. Knot.

Caspian Tern. Pectoral Sandpiper.

Cory's Shearwater. White-rumped Sandpiper.

Leach's Petrel. Least Sandpiper.

Gannet. Red-backed Sandpiper.

Double-crested Cormorant. Semipalmated Sandpiper.

Red-breasted Merganser. Western Sandpiper.

Hooded Merganser. Sanded ing.

Blue-winged Teal. Greater Yellow-legs.

Pintail. Yellow-legs.

Red-head. Solitary Sandpiper.

American Scaup Duck. Willet.

Lesser Scaup Duck. Hudsonian Curlew.

Ruddy Duck. Eskimo Curlew.

Canada Goose. Black-bellied Plover.

Brant. Golden Plover.

Florida Gallinule. Semipalmated Plover.

Coot. Turnstone.

Red Phalarope. Pigeon Hawk.

Northern Phalarope. Short-eared Owl.

Wilson's Snipe. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.

— 11 —

Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.
Traill's Flycatcher.
Rusty Blackbird.
Bronzed Crackle.
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow.
Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow.
White-crowned Sparrow.
Lincoln's Sparrow.
Fox Sparrow.
Philadelphia Vireo.
Blue-headed Vireo.
Nashville Warbler.
Tennessee Warbler.
Cape May Warbler.
Black-throated Blue Warbler.
Myrtle Warbler.

Magnolia Warbler.
Bay-breasted WTarbler.
Black-poll Warbler.
Blackburnian Warbler.
Black-throated Green Warbler.
Yellow Palm Warbler.
Water-Thrush.
Connecticut W'arbler.
Mourning Warbler.
Wilson's Warbler.
Canadian Warbler.
Titlark.

Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Gray-cheeked Thrush.
Bicknell's Thrush.
Swainson's Thrush.
Hermit Thrush.

VII. Irregular Transient Visitants. — These birds occur irreg-
ularly during the migrations. With certain exceptions they are
birds of the interior and breed in the northern United States and
British Provinces. Their regular line of migration is down the
Mississippi Valley, and their occurrence on the Atlantic coast is
more or less infrequent. Here are also included species formerly
common near New York but now practically extinct within our
-limits, where, however, they are sometimes found.

LIST OF IRREGULAR TRANSIENT VISITANTS.

Least Tern.

Black Tern.

Mallard.

Gadwall.

American Widgeon.

Shoveller.

Canvas-back.

Ring-necked Duck.

Greater Snow Goose.

Blue Goose.

American White-fronted Goose.

Hutchins's Goose.

Black Brant.

Whistling Swan.

Wilson's Phalarope.

American Avocet.
Baird's Sandpiper.
Marbled Godwit.
Hudsonian Godwit.
Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
Long-billed Curlew.
Belted Piping Plover.
Passenger Pigeon.
Golden Eagle.
Pileated Woodpecker.
Raven.

Loggerhead Shrike.
Orange-crowned Warbler.
Palm Warbler.
Grinnell's Water-Thrush.

VIII. Accidental Visitants. — The homes of the birds included
'in this class are so far removed from our boundaries that their
presence here at any time can be considered only as purely acci-

dental. In most cases it is doubtless due to the agency of storms
or high winds which drive migrating birds from their course. One-
fourth the number given below are Old World birds, and about
one-half the total number have been found here but once.

LIST OF ACCIDENTAL VISITANTS.

Black-throated Loon.

Little Gull.

Sabine's Gull.

Fulmar.

Booby.

White Pelican.

Brown Pelican.

European Widgeon.

European Green-winged Teal.

Rufous-crested Duck.

Barnacle Goose.

White Ibis.

Glossy Ibis.

Yellow-crowned Night Heron.

Corn Crake.

Purple Gallinule.

Black-necked Stilt.

European Woodcock.

Curlew Sandpiper.

Wheatear.

SUMMARY.

Permanent Residents

Summer Residents ....

Summer Visitants

Winter Residents ....

Winter Visitants ....

Regular Transient Visitants

Irregular Transient Visitants

Accidental Visitants

Ruff.
Lapwing.
Ground Dove.
Black Vulture.
Swallow-tailed Kite.
Swainson's Hawk.
White Gyrfalcon.
Great Gray Owl.
Red-cockaded Woodpecker.
Arkansas Kingbird.
Chestnut-collared Longspur.
Lark Sparrow.
Blue Grosbeak.
Painted Bunting.
Dickcissel.
Louisiana Tanager.
Prothonotary Warbler.
Cerulean Warbler.
Yellow-throated Warbler.

35
92
18
36
16
82
30
39

Total,

348

— 13 —

LIST OF BIRDS FOUND WITHIN FIFTY MILES OF
NEW YOEK CITY.

Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds.

Family PODICIPID^E.— GREBES.

1. Colymbus.holboellii (Reinh.}. HOLBCELL'S GREBE. (2.) —
Breeds from Manitoba northward ; in winter migrates southward
as far as South Carolina. With us it is a rather uncommon spring
and fall migrant and less common winter resident.

2. Colymbus auritus (Linn.}. HORNED GREBE. (3.) — Breeds
from the northern United States northward and winters southward
to Florida. It is here a common spring and fall migrant and not
uncommon winter resident.

*3. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.}. PIED-BILLED GREBE ; DIE-
DAPPER; DABCHICK; HELL-DIVER. (6.) — Ranges from the Argentine
Republic northward to Great Slave Lake, breeding locally through-
out its range. In the vicinity of New York it occurs chiefly as a
migrant. In northern New Jersey and the Lower Hudson Valley
it is common but on Long Island is of "comparatively rare and
infrequent occurrence" (Dutcher, MS.). It breeds here rarely
and during favorable seasons a few pass the winter. (See Group,
main floor, opposite case C.)

Family URINATORID^E.— LOONS.

4. Urinator imber (Gunn.) LOON. (7.) — " Breeds from about
latitude 42° to within the Arctic Circle. During the winter it is
found. . . . from Maine to Florida." In this locality the Loon is a
common migrant and less common winter resident. (See Group,
main floor, opposite case B )

— 14 —

FIG. i. Loox.

5. Urinator arcticus (Linn.}. BLACK-THROATED LOON. (9.)—
Breeds in the far north, migrating southward to Southern Canada.
The only record of its occurrence near New York is based on an
adult male taken April 29, 1893, between Sands Point and Execution
Lighthouse, L. I. (Butcher * Auk, X, 1893, p. 265).

6. Urinator lumme (Gunn.). RED-THROATED LOON, (n )—
Breeds from New Brunswick northward ; in winter migrates
irregularly southward, occasionally to South Carolina. About
New York it is a not uncommon winter resident but is more
frequently found during the migrations.

Family ALCID^. — AUKS, MURRES, and PUFFINS.

7. Fratercula arctica (Linn ). PUFFIN. (13.)— Breeds from
the Bay of Fundy northward ; in winter migrates southward, coming
rarely as far as Long Island. There is but one recent record of
its occurrence, viz., December 15, 1882, Centre Moriches, L. I.
(Dutcher, Auk, V, 1888, p. 1.71).

8. Cepphus grylle (Linn.}. BLACK GUILLEMOT. (27.)—
Breeds from the Bay of Fundy northward ; in winter migrates
southward, regularly to Massachusetts. It has been found but
once in Connecticut (Stony Creek, Dec. 1887. — Sage, Auk, VII,
1890, p. 283), and the only Long Island record, given by Lawrence,
is apparently based on a specimen in the Lawrence Collection
labeled "Long Island".

Q. Uria lomvia (Linn.}. BRUNNICH'S MURRE. (31.) — Breeds
from the Magdalen Islands northward; in winter migrates south-
ward as far as New Jersey. On the western end of Long Island

— 15 —

it is as a rule uncommon ; at the eastern end it occurs more fre-
quently but is irregular (Dutcher, Auk, II, 1885, p. 38). During
some seasons, however, they become common in our waters
(Averill, Auk, VIII, 1891, p. 307). Giraud's record of "Uria troile"
doubtless refers to this species. Specimens in the Lawrence
Collection orginally labeled "U. troile" are U. lomvia.

10. Alca torda (Linn.}. RAZOR-BILLED AUK. (32.) — Breeds,
from the Magdalen Islands northward ; in winter migrates south-
ward, regularly to Long Island, and rarely to Virginia and North
Carolina.

11. Alle alle (Linn.}. DOVEKIE. (34.)— A species of the far
north, migrating southward in winter, more or less regularly to
New Jersey. With us its numbers vary during different winters.
It is considered by Butcher to be generally a rare bird on Long
Island (Abst. Linn. Soc. No. 4, 1892, p. 6), but is given by Scott
as a regular winter visitant on the New Jersey coast (Bull. Nutt»
Orn. Club, IV, 1879, P- 228).

Order LONGIPENNES. Long-winged
Swimmers.

Family STERCORARIID^.— SKUAS AND JAEGERS.

12. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.}. POMARINE JAEGER,
(36.) —Passes the nesting season chiefly within the Arctic Circle,,
and migrates southward from July to late October during which
period it is sometimes not uncommon off our coast; its presence
depending largely on the abundance of the small fish on which it.
feeds (Baird, Auk, IV, 1887, p. 71).

13. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linn}. PARASITIC JAEGER..
(37.) — Breeds in the Barren Grounds of Arctic America and in
southern Greenland ; migrates southward to the Great Lakes, and
along the Atlantic coast to South America ; winters from the:
Middle States southward. It occurs off the coast in this vicinity
as a regular migrant with the preceding species.

14. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill. LONG-TAILED JAEGER^
(38. — Breeds in about the same region as the preceding and
migrates southward to the Great Lakes and Gulf of Mexico.
During its migrations it is sometimes not uncommon off our coast.

— 16 —

Family LARIDJE — GULLS AND TERNS.

15. Rissa tridactyla (Linn.}. KITTIWAKE GULL. (40.) —
Breeds from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward, and winters on
the Great Lakes, and along the Atlantic coast as far south as Massa-
chusetts, occasionally reaching Virginia. With us it is a common
late fall transient visitant and a comparatively rare winter resident,
occuring generally some distance off-shore (Dutcher, MS.).

16. Larus glaucus Brunn. GLAUCOUS GULL; BURGO-
MASTER (42.) — Breeds from Labrador northward; found in winter
as far south as Long Island. Several specimens have been killed on
the Lower Hudson River, and on Long Island it is found regularly
in small numbers (Dutcher, MS.).

17. Larus marinus Linn. GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. (47.)
— Breeds from the Bay of Fundy northward, and migrates south-
ward in the winter to the Great Lakes and Virginia. In this
vicinity it is a regular, but not common, winter resident.

*i8. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Cones. HERRING
GULL. (5 1 a.) — " North America generally, breeding on the Atlantic
coast from Maine northward"; winters from Nova Scotia to Cuba.
This is the common winter Gull of our harbor and coast. It
arrives from the north in September, and is abundant until April.
The adults are pearl gray ; the immature birds, or young born the
previous summer, are grayish brown.

19. Larus delawarensis Ord. RING-BILLED GULL. (54.)—
Breeds from Newfoundland northward, and in the interior, where
it is more common, from Southern Minnesota northward ; winters
south to Cuba and Mexico. It is here a rather uncommon spring
and fall migrant and winter resident (Dutcher, MS.).

20. Larus atricilla Linn. LAUGHING GULL. (58.) — Breeds
from Florida to Maine, and winters from South Carolina to Brazil.
It was formerly a common summer resident on Long Island, but
now is known to nest only on Great South Bay, where it is rare.
(See Group, main floor, opp. case G.)

21. Larus Philadelphia (Ord). BONAPARTE'S GULL. (60.) —
Breeds in the interior from Manitoba northward (apparently no
record of its breeding on the Atlantic coast), and migrates south-
ward to the Gulf of Mexico. It is found here as a regular spring
and fall migrant, and is sometimes seen in winter.

22. Larus minutus Pall. LITTLE GULL. (60. i) — This is a
European species; the only satisfactory record of its occurrence
in North America is that of an immature bird taken on Fire Island,
Long Island, September 15, 1887 (Dutcher, Auk, V, 1888, p. 172).

23. Xema sabinii (Sab.}. SABINE'S GULL. (62.)— A circum-
polar species, breeding in the Far North and rarely coming as
far south as the northern United States. Giraud records a speci-
men shot at Raynor South, Long Island, "July, 1837".

24. Gelochelidon nilotica (Hasselq.\ GULL-BILLED TERN.
(63.) — A southern species, breeding as far north as southern New
Jersey, and wandering occasionally to Maine. There are several
Long Island records, the most recent being two specimens taken
at South Oyster Bay, July 4, 1882 (Dutcher, Auk, I, 1884, p. 34),
and one shot from a flock of five on Shinnec,ock Bay, July 8, 1884
(Dutcher, Auk, II, 1885, p. 38).

25. Sterna tschegrava Lepech. CASPIAN TERN. (64.) —
Breeds locally from Texas to Great Slave Lake. In this vicinity
it is found as a rather uncommon migrant.

26. Sterna maxima Bodd. ROYAL TERN. (65.)— A southern
species, breeding as far north as Virginia, and occasionally wander-
ing northward to Massachusetts. There is but one known instance
of its occurrence on Long Island, -- a specimen taken at Raynor
South, August 27, 1831, by J. F. Ward (Am. Mus. No. 46,008,
Lawrence Coll.).

27. Sterna forsteri Nutt. FORSTER'S TERN. (64.)— More
common in the interior than on the Atlantic coast, where it is not
known to breed north of Virginia. It wanders irregularly north-
ward, and is sometimes found in this vicinity.

28. Sterna hirundo Linn. COMMON TERN ; SEA SWALLOW.
(70.)— Inhabits the greater part of the Northern Hemisphere; in
North America breeds locally from the Arctic Regions to the Gulf
of Mexico. This was formerly an abundant bird along our coasts,
but the relentless persecutions of millinery collectors have so
reduced its numbers that it is now found in only a few isolated
localities. Not many years ago it bred more or less commonly
all along the Long Island coast, but almost the only surviving
colony (numbering about 1000 pairs) inhabits Big Gull Island.
Even in this remote locality it is constantly persecuted by nest-
robbing fishermen and self-styled oologists, who will doubtless

— 18 —

soon effect its complete extinction. (Since the above was written,
through the efforts of a number of bird-lovers who raised a sum
of money for the purpose, permission has been obtained from the
Lighthouse Board to have the liehtkeeper on Little Gull Island
appointed a special game-keeper whose duty it shall be to protect
the Terns on Big Gull Island.)

FIG. 2. TERN.

29. Sterna tlougalli Montag. ROSEATE TERN. (72.)— "Tem-
perate and tropical regions". In North America formerly breed-
ing along the Atlantic coast northward irregularly to Maine ; now
rare north of southern New Jersey. A few pairs live on Big Gull
Island with the colony of Common Terns above mentioned.

The Arctic Tern (Sterna par -adiscea] is included by Lawrence
without remark. I know of no record of its occurrence near New
York City, and Mr. Butcher has but one specimen from Long Is-
land, a male taken on Ram Island Shoals, July i, 1884.

30 Sterna antillarum (Less.). LEAST TERN. (74. — Northern
South America, northward to California, Dakota, and Massachu-
setts, breeding locally throughout its range. Formerly a common
summer resident in suitable places on the coasts in this vicinity,
but now occurs only as a rare migrant.

31. Sterna fuliginosa GmeL SOOTY TERN. (75.)— A southern
species, not breeding north of North Carolina, but occasionally
straying farther up the coast. It has been recorded from Lake
Ronkonkoma, L. I. (Dutcher, Auk, III, 1886, p. 433), and Highland
Falls, N. Y. (Mcarns, Bull. Essex. Inst., XII, 1879/87).

19

32. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmel.\ BLACK
TERN. (77.) — A species of the interior, breeding from Kansas and
Illinois to Alaska. Occurs on the Atlantic coast as an irregular
migrant, sometimes in considerable numbers.

Family RYNCHOPID^E.— SKIMMERS.

33. Rynchops nigra Z/Vz/z. BLACK SKIMMER. (80.) — A southern
species, not breeding north of southern New Jersey, but occasion-
ally wandering up the coast after the breeding season. There are
a number of records of its occurence during the summer on Long
Island.

Order TUBINARES. Tube-nosed
Swimmers.

Family PROCELLARIID^ -FULMARS AND SHEARWATERS.

34. Fulmarus glacialis (Linn.}. FULMAR. (86.)— An Arctic
species which sometimes wanders southward to Massachusetts.
One was found in an exhausted condition at Ridgewood, New Jersey,
December, 1892, after a storm (Hales, Orn. and Ool., XVII, 1892,
P- 39)-

35. Puffinus borealis Cory. CORY'S SHEARWATER. (88.) — A
pelagic species, sometimes not uncommon off our coasts from August
to November. It has been recorded from Amagansett, Long Is-
land (Dutcher, Auk, V, 1888, p. 5), to Cape Cod, Massachusetts,
but doubtless occurs along our coast to the southward.

36. Puffinus major Faber. GREATER SHEARWATER. (89.) —
A pelagic species, found on the Atlantic Ocean from Cape Horn to
Greenland. Its breeding place is unknown. It appears off our
coasts in early June, and is irregularly common until November.

37. Puffinus auduboni Finsch. AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER.
(92 ) — A southern species, breeding in the Bahamas and Bermudas,
and rarely wandering northward to Long Island (Dutcher, Auk, V,
1888, p. 173).

38. Puffinus stricklandi Ridgw. SOOTY SHEARWATER. (94.)
— Known from the North Atlantic southward to South Carolina.
It is found off our coasts associated with the Greater Shearwater,
but is much less common.

— 20 —

The Stormy Petrel (Procellariapelagica) is included by Lawrence
in his "Catalogue of Birds Observed on New York Island" etc.,
but the record is not accompanied by data, nor is there a specimen
of the bird from this vicinity in the Lawrence Collection.

39. Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieill.\ LEACH'S PETREL.
(106.) — Breeds from Maine northward, and in the winter ranges
southward to Virginia. It is rather uncommon in this vicinity.

40. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl\ WILSON'S PETREL. (109.)
— Nests in the islands of the Southern Seas (Kerguelen Island)
in January and February, and migrates northward after the
breeding season, reaching the waters off our coasts in May and
remaining until late September.

FIG. 3. PETREL.

Order STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate
Swimmers.

Family SULID^.— GANNETS.

41. Sula sula (Linn.]. BOOBY. (115.) — Coasts and islands of
tropical and sub-tropical America, north of Georgia. Accidental
on Moriches Bay, Long Island (Dutcher, Auk, X, 1893, p. 270).

42. Sula bassana (Linn.\ GANNET. (117.)— Nests from
Nova Scotia northward, and winters as far south as the Gulf of
Mexico. It occurs here as a spring and fall migrant.

Family PHALACROCORACID^E.— CORMORANTS.

43. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.}. CORMORANT. (119.)—
Breeds from Nova Scotia northward, and winters as far south as
the Carolinas. It is not common south of Maine, and is rare in
this vicinity.

— 21 —

44- Phalacrocorax dilophus (Sw. 6° Rich?}. DOUBLE-
CRESTED CORMORANT. (120.) — Breeds from Dakota, Minnesota, and
the Bay ofFundy northward, and winters from Illinois and Virginia
southward. It is here a common spring and fall migrant.

Family PELECANID^.— PELICANS.

45. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmel. WHITE PELICAN.
(125.) — North America ; now rare or accidental on the Atlantic
coast ; breeds from southern Minnesota northward and winters
along the Gulf coasts. Two specimens have been taken in this
vicinity, one at Carnarsie Bay, L. I. (Dutcher, Auk, X, 1893, p. 270),
the other, a male, at Roslyn, May n, 1885 (Forest and Stream,
XXIV, 1885, p. 328).

46. Pelecanus fuscus Linn. BROWN PELICAN. (126.)—
Breeds as far north as South Carolina, and occasionally strays up
the coast as far as Massachusetts. DeKay records a specimen
from Sandy Hook.

Order ANSERES. Lamellirostral Swimmers,

Family ANATID^E. — DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS.

47. Merganser americanus (Cass.\ AMERICAN MERGANSER ;
SHELLDRAKE. (129.) — Breeds from southern New Brunswick north-
ward, and winters from the southern limit of its breeding range
southward to the Carolinas. In this vicinity it is not common from
November to April.

48. Merganser serrator (Linn.). RED-BREASTED MERGAN-
SER ; SHELLDRAKE. (130.) — Breeds from New Brunswick northward
to the Arctic Regions and migrates southward to Cuba. On Long
Island it is a very common spring and fall migrant (Dutcher, MS.).

49. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linn). HOODED MERGANSER.
(131.) — North America generally, breeding locally throughout its
range. Near New York it is a not common migrant and occasional
winter visitant.

50. Anas bochas Linn. MALLARD. (132.) — Northern parts
of the Northern Hemisphere. In America it is more common in
the interior, and rarely breeds on the Atlantic coast south of La-
brador. It is here an irregular transient visitant, occurring in
spring, winter, and fall.

— 2'2 —

FIG. 4. MALLARDS.

*5I. Anas obscura Gmel. BLACK DUCK. (133.) — Breeds from
New Jersey to Labrador and winters from Massachusetts south-
ward. It formerly nested in this vicinity, but now is found chiefly
as a migrant, and less commonly in the winter. It still nests at
some points on the Jersey coast, and in a few localities on Long
Island (Dutcher, MS.). (See Group, main floor, opposite Case F.)

52. Anas strepera Linn. GADWALL. (135.) — Northern
Hemisphere ; in America more common in the interior, breeding
locally from Kansas northward. It is found only as a very rare
migrant in this vicinity.

53. Anas penelope Linn. EUROPEAN WIDGEON. (136.) —
An Old World species which occurs rarely on our coasts. It has
been taken at Leonia, New Jersey (Chapman, Auk, VI, 1889, p. 302).

54. Anasamericana Gmel. BALDPATE ; AMERICAN WIDGEON.
(137.) — Breeds in the interior, from Minnesota northward ; not
common on the Atlantic coast except from Virginia southward in
winter. In this vicinity it is an irregular transient visitant.

55. Anas crecca Linn. EUROPEAN GREEN-WINGED TEAL.
(138.) — An Old World species of rare occurrence on otrr coasts.
It is recorded from Trenton, N. J. (Abbott, Geology of New Jersey,
1868, p. 792), and Hartford, Conn. (Treat, Auk, VIII, 1891, p. 112).

o

5' "s

> E
§ *

— 23 —

56. Anas carolinensis GmeL GREEN-WINGED TEAL. (139.)
— Breeds from Minnesota and New Brunswick northward, and win-
ters thence southward to the West Indies. With us it is a rather
uncommon spring and fall migrant and winter resident.

57. Anas discors Linn. BLUE-WINGED TEAL. (140.) — Breeds-
from the northern Mississippi Valley and New Brunswick north-
ward and winters from Virginia to northern South America. It is
here a rare spring and common fall migrant.

58. Spatula clypeata (Linn.}. SHOVELLER; SPOONBILL.
(142 ) — Northern Hemisphere; in North America, breeding locally
in the interior, from Texas northward. In this vicinity the Shoveller
is a rare and irregular transient visitant.

59. Dafila acuta (Linn.}, PINTAIL; SPRIGTAIL. (143-) —
Northern Hemisphere ; in North America breeds in the interior from
Iowa and Illinois northward ; winters from the Middle States south-
ward to the West Indies. Near New York it is a common migrant.

*6o. Aix sponsa (Linn.}. WOOD DUCK ; SUMMER DUCK. (144.)
— "Temperate North America, breeding throughout its range."
The Wood Duck is a rare summer resident on some of our more
retired, wooded streams, and becomes more common during the.
migrations.

. 61. Netta rufina (Pall.}. RUFOUS-
CRESTED DUCK. (145.) — This is an Old
World species which is known as North
American only from one specimen found
in Fulton Market, New York City, and
supposed to have been shot on Long Island.

62. AythyaamericanaG£>/.)- RED-
HEAD. (146.) — North America, breeding
from California and Maine northward, and
wintering from Virginia southward. On FIG. 5. REDHEAD.

Long Island this species occurs as a re-
gular migrant, in varying numbers, and is
- occasionally found in the winter (Dutchery
MS.).

63 Aythya vallisneria (Wtls.\
CANVAS-BACK. (147.) — North America,
breeding only in the interior, from
Minnesota northward, and wintering
from the Chesapeake southward. It
FIG. 6. CANVAS-BACK. occurs here as a rare migrant.

— 24 —

64 Aythya marila nearctica Stejn. AMERICAN SCAUP
DUCK ; BROAD-BILL; BLUE-BILL ; BLACK-HEAD ; RAFT DUCK. (148.) —
North America, breeding in the interior from Manitoba northward-
It is the commonest Duck of our bays where it is sometimes seen
in great numbers. It appears from the north about October i,
and remains until its feeding grounds are frozen over, returning as
soon as the ice breaks in the early spring.

65. Aythya affinis (Eyt^). LESSER SCAUP DUCK ; LITTLE
BLUE-BILL ; CREEK BROAD-BILL ; RAFT DUCK. (149.) — Not so
common as the preceding, with which its range in the main agrees-

66. Aythya collaris (Donov.\ RING-NECKED DUCK. (150.)
— North America, breeding only in the interior, from Iowa north-
ward. It is here a very rare irregular transient visitant.

67. Glaucionetta clangula americana (JBonap.\ AMERICAN
GOLDEN-EYE; WHISTLER. (151.) — North America; breeding from
Manitoba and Maine northward, and wintering from the southern
limit of its breeding range to the West Indies. In favorable
localities within our limits the Whistler is a not uncommon migrant
and winter resident.

68 Charitonetta albeola (Linn .). BUFFLE-HEAD ; BUTTER-
BALL. (153.) — Breeds from Iowa and Maine northward, and winters
from near the southern limit of its breeding range to the West
Indies. It is a not uncommon migrant and winter resident in this
vicinity.

69. Clangula hyemalis (Linn.). OLD-SQUAW; OLD-WIFE;
SOUTH-SOUTHERLY. (154.)— Breeds in the far north and winters
southward to Virginia. With us it is a common winter resident.

70. Histrionicus histrionicus (Linn.). HARLEQUIN DUCK.
(155.) — Breeds from Newfoundland northward, and winters south-
ward to New Jersey. A very rare winter visitant off our coast.
(See Dutcher, Auk, III, 1886, p. 434; VI, 1889, p. 134.)

Camptolaimus labradorius (Gmel.\ LABRADOR DUCK.
(156.) — "Formerly Northern Atlantic coast, from New Jersey (in
winter) northward, breeding from Labrador northward." Doubt-
less now extinct. The Labrador Duck was apparently once a not
uncommon winter bird on Long Island. In a paper by Mr. William
Dutcher (Auk, VIII, 1891, p. 201), summarizing our knowledge of
its life-history and enumerating the extant specimens, Mr. George

N. Lawrence is quoted as saying: "I recollect that about forty or
more years ago it was not unusual to see them in Fulton Market,
and without doubt they were killed on Long Island ; at one time
I remember seeing six fine males, which hung in the market until
spoiled for want of a purchaser." Only forty-two of these Ducks
have been recorded as existing in collections. Of this number
seven are in the American Museum. (See Group, main floor, opp.
Case E.)

71. Somateria dresseri Sharpe. AMERICAN EIDER. (160.)
— Breeds from the Bay of Fundy to Labrador and winters south-
ward to the Delaware. It his here a rare winter visitant.

72. Somateria spectabilis (Linn.}. KING EIDER. (162.) —
Breeds from Labrador to the Arctic Regions, migrating southward
regularly as far as eastern Long Island (Dutchery Auk, V, 1888,
P- 175).

73. Oidemia americana Sw. & Rich. AMERICAN SCOTER ;
BLACK COOT. (163.) — Breeds from Labrador northward, and in
winter is found as far south as Virginia. In our waters it is a
more or less common migrant and winter resident.

74. Oidemia deglandi Bonap. WHITE- WINGED SCOTER ;
WHITE-WINGED COOT. (165.) — Breeds from Labrador northward,
and winters southward to Virginia. It is a common migrant and
winter visitant off our coasts.

75. Oidemia perspicillata (Linn}. SURF SCOTER. (166.)—
Breeds from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward, and winters
•southward to Virginia. It is found here with the preceding species.

76. Erismatura rubida (Wils}. RUDDY DUCK. (167.)—
Found from northern South America to the Fur Countries, breed-
ing locally throughout its range. With us it is a not uncommon
migrant, occurring in varying numbers.

77. Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst.\ GREATER SNOW
•GOOSE. (169^.) — Breeds in the far north and migrates southward,
•casually to Cuba. In this vicinity it is an irregular transient visitant.

78. Chen caerulescens (Linn}. BLUE GOOSE. (169.1.)—
Breeds in the Hudson's Bay region, and migrates chiefly through
the interior to Texas. It is a rare bird on the Atlantic coast. The
only record for this vicinity is based on a specimen killed on
Shinnecock Bay, L I. (Dutcher, Auk, X, 1893, p. 270).

- 26 --

79- Anser albifrons gambeli (Hart I.}. AMERICAN WHITE-
FRONTED GOOSE (1710.) — North America, breeding far northward >
in winter, south to Mexico and Cuba. Rare on the Atlantic coast.
It has been recorded on Long Island from Babylon (Giraud\ Great
South Bay, Islip, and Montauk (Dutcher, Auk, X, 1893, p. 271).

*8o. Branta canadensis (Linn.}. CANADA GOOSE. (172.) —
Breeds from Newfoundland and Minnesota northward, and migrates
southward to the West Indies and Mexico. It is here a common
migrant, appearing in November and remaining until our bays are
frozen. In the spring the last birds pass on their northward
journey as late as early May.

FJG. 7. CANADA GOOSE.

81. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Sw. o° Rich.}. HUT-
CHINS'S GOOSE. (1720.)— Breeds within the Arctic Circle and
migrates southward, chiefly through the Mississippi Valley. It
is a rare migrant in this vicinity.

82. Branta bernicla (Linn.}. BRANT. (173.)— Breeds within
the Arctic Circle ; in North America, migrates southward along the
Atlantic coast, reaching North Carolina in winter. It is here a.

— 27 —

common bird, appearing from the north in October and remaining
until our bays are frozen, when it retreats farther southward, la
April it returns and the migration is not concluded until May.

83. Branta nigricans (Lawr.\ BLACK BRANT. (174.) —
This is a western species which is occasionally found on our coasts
It has been recorded from Egg Harbor, N. J. (Lawrence], Babylon
and Islip, L. I. (Dutcher, Auk, 1893, pp. 266, 271).

84. Branta leucopsis (Bechst.). BARNACLE GOOSE. (175.) —
An Old World species, occurring accidentally on our coasts. A
specimen was killed on Jamaica Bay, L. I., in October, 1876 (Law-
rence, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, 1877, D. 18).

85. Olor columbianus (Ord.). WHISTLING SWAN. (180.) —
Breeds in the far north, and winters as far south as the Gulf of
Mexico. It is an exceedingly rare bird on the Atlantic coast
north of the Chesapeake.

Order HERODIONES. Herons, Storks,
Ibises, etc.

Family IBIDID^S.— IBISES^.

86. Guara alba (Linn.}. WHITE IBIS. (184.) — A bird of the
Southern States, which has been recorded twice from this vicinity,
(Raynor South and Moriches, L. I., Giraud).

87. Piegadis autumnalis (Hasselq.\ GLOSSY IBIS. (186.)—
An Old World species of "irregular distribution in America." It
has been recorded once from Southampton, L. I., and once from
Carnarsie Bay, L. I. (Dutcher, Auk, X, 1893, p. 271).

Family ARDEID^E. — HERONS, EGRETS, BITTERNS, ETC.

*88. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.\ AMERICAN BITTERN.
(190.) —"Temperate North America, south to Guatemala and the
West Indies"; breeds but rarely south of Virginia. In this vicinity
it is not common during the summer.

89. Ardetta exilis (Gmel.). LEAST BITTERN. (191.)—
Temperate and tropical America, breeding as far north as Maine.
It is here a locally common summer resident.

— 28 —

90. Ardea herodias Linn. GREAT BLUE HERON. (194.) —
" North America, from the Arctic Regions southward to the West
Indies and Northern South America." With us it is a common
migrant, and in a few localities is found as a summer resident. It
is generally known by the name of "Crane" or "Sandhill Crane."

91. Ardea egretta Gmel. AMERICAN EGRET (i96-)—
A southern species, breeding as far north as Virginia, and after the
breeding season wandering northward in small numbers. It is
here a rare but apparently regular summer visitant, arriving about
August i, and remaining until the last of September (Dutcher,
Auk, X, 1884, p. 32).

92. Ardea candidissima Gmel. SNOWY HERON. (197.)—
Has much the same range as the preceding species, and like it
strays northward after the breeding season. It occurs in small
numbers, but regularly, in some localities in this vicinity. One
of three individuals seen near Sayville, L. I., May 30, 1885, by
Messrs. William Butcher and L. S. Foster was "carrying a long
stick in its bill " (Dutcher, Auk, III, 1886, p. 435), and it is possible
was preparing to breed.

93. Ardea caerulea Linn. LITTLE BLUE HERON. (200.)—
This southern species, like the preceding, wanders northward in
small numbers after the breeding season, and a few are sometimes
found near New York. (See Group, main floor, opposite Case D.)

*94. Ardea virescens Linn GREEN HERON. (201.) — Breeds
from the Bay of Fundy southward. It is one of our commonest
Herons and is known under a great variety of names. It haunts
the banks of streams and ponds, and places its nest of sticks in a
bush or the lower branch of a tree.

*95 Nycticorax nycticorax nsevius (Bodd.\ BLACK-CROWN-
ED NIGHT HERON ; QUAWK. (202.) — Breeds from New Brunswick
southward. It nests in colonies, placing a small platform-like nest
in the upper branches of trees. There is a colony containing about
1000 pairs not far from New York City. The popular name
"Quawk", is derived from the call of the bird.

96. Nycticorax violaceus (£/>?«.). YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT
HERON. (203.) — Breeds from South Carolina southward and
occasionally strays up the coast as far as Massachusetts. There
is but one definite record for this region, that of a sp'ecimen taken
in April, near Freeport, Queens County, L. I. (Dutcher, Auk, X,
1893, p. 286).

— 29

Order PALUDICOLE Cranes, Rails, etc.

Family RALLID^E. — RAILS, GALLINULES, AND COOTS.

97. Rallus elegans Aud. KING RAIL. (208.)— Breeds as
far north as Connecticut, and has been known to stray to Maine.
It is a rare summer resident of our fresh-water marshes (Dutcher,
Auk, V, 1888, p. 176).

98. Rallus longirostris crepitans (Gmel.). CLAPPER RAIL;
MEADOW HEN ; MARSH HEN. (211.) — Salt-water marshes of eastern
North America, breeding from Connecticut to the Gulf of Mexico.
This is an exceedingly common summer resident, and is occasionally
found in winter in the salt marshes of our coasts. The nest is
placed on the ground among the meadow grasses. (See Group,
main floor, between Cases O and P.)

99. Rallus virginianus Linn. VIRGINIA RAIL. (212 ) —
Breeds from Pennsylvania northward. In this vicinity it is a
locally common summer resident, and a few remain during the
winter.

100. Porzana Carolina (Linn.). SORA ; CAROLINA RAIL;
RAIL-BIRD. (214.) — Breeds from Long Island northward, and
winters from South Carolina to northern South America. It is a
rather rare summer resident in this vicinity, but in the fall becomes
common, feeding on the wild rice of our marshes where, however,
it is yearly becoming less numerous.

101. Porzana noveboracensis (£/««?/.). YELLOW RAIL. (215.)
— " Eastern North America, from Nova Scotia and Hudson's Bay
west to Utah and Nevada." Little is known about the nesting
habits of this bird. It haunts grassy marshes and seeks safety by
hiding or running, and for this reason is rarely seen. Several have
been taken during the fall migration in this vicinity, and it is
doubtless more common than is generally supposed.

102. Porzana jamaicensis (Gmel.). BLACK RAIL. (216.) —
Temperate North America, north to Massachusetts, probably
breeding throughout its range. This bird, though much rarer,
has, as far as known, the same habits as the preceding species, and

— 30 —

like it is very difficult to observe. It has been taken in the spring
at Jamaica Bay, and doubtless breeds in this vicinity, as its nest
has been found at Saybrook, Conn. (Clark, Auk, I, 1884, p. 394).

103. Crex crex (Linn.} CORN CRAKE. " (217.) — This is an
Old World species, which sometimes strays to Greenland and our
Atlantic coast. In this vicinity there are records for Sag Harbor,
L. I. (Butcher, Auk, III, 1886, p. 435), Oakdale, L. I. (ibid., Auk,
V, 1888, p. 177), and Saybrook, Conn. (Clark, Orn. and Ool.,
XIII, 1888, p. 45).

104. lonornis martinica (Linn}. PURPLE GALLINULE. (218.)
—Tropical America, breeding as far north as South Carolina, and

straying casually to Maine. There are but two definite records
for this region, — Middle Island, L. I. (Helme, Orn. and Ool., VII,
1882, p. 118), and Indian Pond, near Flatlands, L. I. (Dutcher,
Auk, X, 1893, p. 272).

105. Gallinula galeata (Licht.}. FLORIDA GALLINULE. (219.)
—Temperate and tropical America, breeding as far north as Maine,

and wintering from Florida southward. It breeds only locally in
the northeastern part of its range, frequenting the borders of
ponds or streams surrounded by marshy grounds. Its nest has not
been found in the immediate vicinity of New York City, where it
is known only as a rare migrant.

*io6. Fulica americana Gmel. COOT ; MUD-HEN ; CROW-
DUCK (221.)— "North America, from Greenland and Alaska south-
ward to the West Indies and Central America", breeding locally
throughout its range. The Mud-hen is a not uncommon bird
during the migration, but it is recorded as breeding only near
Morristown, N. J. (Thurber, True Democratic Banner, newspaper,
Nov. 10, 1887).

Order LIMICOLE. Shore Birds.

Family PHALAROPODID^E.— PHALAROPES.

107. Crymophilus fulicarius (Linn}. RED PHALAROPE.
•(222.) — Breeds in the Arctic regions, and migrates southward to
the Middle States. The Phalaropes are pelagic birds, not often
coming to our coasts unless driven shoreward by storms. There
are both August and May records for this species on Long Island.

— 31 —

108. Phalaropus lobatus (Linn.). NORTHERN PALHAROPE.
(223.) — " Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere, breeding
in Arctic latitudes ; south in winter to the tropics." This bird
occurs with us as a regular migrant, and after severe storms is
sometimes common in flocks. (See Dutcher, Auk, 1884, p. 33.)

109. Phalaropus tricolor (Vidll). WILSON'S PHALAROPE.
(224.) — Interior of North America, breeding from northern Illinois
northward. With us it is a very rare and irregular migrant.

Family RECURVIROSTRID^E.— AVOCETS AND STILTS.

HO. Recurvirostraamericana(6V^/.). AMERICAN AVOCET.
(225.)— A bird of the interior, breeding from Texas to the Saskatche-
wan. Giraud mentions it as casual on Long Island, and says that a
few breed at Egg Harbor, N. J. Mr. William Dutcher records
four individuals seen by Col. Nicolas Pike on Long Island as
follows: Ponquogue, 1844; Carnarsie Bay, 1847; Southampton,
two, no date (Auk, X, 1893, p. 272).

in. Himantopusmexicanus (Mull.). BLACK-NECKED STILT.
(226.) — A southern species, breeding in the Gulf States and locally
in the Mississippi Valley ; rare on the Atlantic coast. Giraud
mentions it as "unfrequent", and Mr. Dutcher records two speci-
mens taken by Col. Pike on Great South Bay, one of them in 1843
(Auk, X, 1893, p. 272).

Family SCOLOPACID^.— SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC.

112. Scolopax rusticola Linn. EUROPEAN WOODCOCK. (227.)
— The occurrence of this species in North America is of course
accidental. The only record for this vicinity is based on a
specimen found in Washington Market, December 6, 1859, which
was said to have been killed near Shrewsbury, N. J. (Lawrence,
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, VIII, 1866, p. 223).

113. Philohela minor (Gmel.). WOODCOCK. (228.) — Eastern
North America, north to Labrador and Manitoba, breeding through-
out its range, and wintering from southern Illinois and Virginia
southward. The Woodcock is a common summer resident in the
vicinity of New York, and doubtless will remain so as long as it is
protected by law during the summer. It arrives early in March,
and does not leave us until the ground is frozen. (See Group,
main floor, between Cases A and B.)

— 32 —

FIG. 8. WOODCOCK.

114. Gallinago delicata (Ord). WILSON'S SNIPE; ENGLISH
SNIPE. (230.) — North America, breeding from Connecticut and
northern Illinois northward to Labrador, and wintering from
southern Illinois and South Carolina to northern South America.
In this vicinity it is a not uncommon migrant, and crippled
birds are said to have nested on several occasions near Chatham,
N. J. (Herrick, Forest and Stream, XII, 1879, p. 165). During
mild seasons a few pass the winter here (Dutcher, MS.).

115. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.). DOWITCHER (231.)
— North America, breeding in the Arctic Regions, and wintering
from Florida southward. With us it is a common migrant, arriving
from the south about May i, and returning from the north between
July 10 and August 15.

Migrating Snipe, Sandpipers, and Plovers fly, as a rule, some
distance off the land and if the weather- is calm and clear, very few
birds occur on our shores If, however, during their migrations
storms from the right quarter, or fogs occur, many birds are driven
shoreward and there results what among sportsmen is known as a
'flight'.

116. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (Say). LONG-BILLED
DOWITCHER. (232 ) — Western North America, breeding in Alaska.

This western representative of our common Dowitcher is a
rare but regular late fall migrant along the Atlantic coast.

— 33 —

117- Micropalama himantopus (Bonap.\ STILT SAND-
PIPER. (233.) — Breeds within the Arctic Circle and migrates south-
ward in winter to South America. It is here a not common but
by no means rare migrant, occurring chiefly during the fall migration
from the middle of July to the middle of September.

118. Tringa canutus Linn. KNOT; ROBIN SNIPE. (234.)—
Breeds within the Arctic Circle and winters from Florida south-
ward. In this vicinity it is a common migrant, passing northward
during May, and returning from the middle of July to the first of
October.

119. Tringa maritima Brilnn. PURPLE SANDPIPER. (235.^
— Breeds within the Arctic Circle, and migrates southward, reach--
ing Long Island, where it is a rare but regular winter resident..

120. Tringa maculata Vieill. PECTORAL SANDPIPER ; KRIE-
KER. (239.) — Breeds in the Arctic Regions, and migrates in winter
to South America. The Krieker, as it is locally known, is a common
and sometimes abundant fall migrant in this vicinity but is less
frequently seen in the spring. It returns from the north in early
August, and its migration is concluded about the last of October.

121. Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.
(240.) — Breeds in the Arctic Regions and migrates as far south as
Patagonia. It is here a not uncommon spring and fall migrant.

122. Tringa bairdii (Coues). BAIRD'S SANDPIPER. (241.)—
This is a bird of the interior of North America, breeding withim
the Arctic Regions and migrating southward to South America..
It is rare or casual on the Atlantic coast. There are several
records for this vicinity as follows : Rockaway, L. I., August, two-
specimens, and September, two specimens (N. T. Lawrence, Forest
and Stream, X, 1878, p. 235), and Far Rockaway, L. I., August, one
specimen (N. T. Lawrence, Auk, II, 1885, p. 273).

123. Tringa minutilla Vieill. LEAST SANDPIPER; PEEP;
MEADOW OXEYE. (242.) — Breeds in the Arctic Regions and winters,
from the Gulf States to Patagonia. This is one of our commonest
Sandpipers, and with the Semipalmated Sandpiper, is the little
"Peep" or uOxeye" seen in small flocks running along our shores
and beaches. It passes northward during May and returns about
July 10, the fall migration being concluded about September i.

— 34 —

124- Tringa alpina pacifica (Coues). RED-BACKED SAND-
PIPER ; LEAD-BACK. (2430.) — Breeds in the Arctic Regions and
winters from Florida southward. This is a very common migrant
on our coasts, but is less common in the spring than in the fall.
It migrates northward in early May and returns about September i,
remaining until November.

The Dunlin (Tringa alpina), the European representative of
the preceding, from which it differs only slightly, has been taken
once at Shinnecock Bay, L. I. (Young, Auk, X, 1893, p. 78).

125. Tringa ferruginea Brilnn. CURLEW SANDPIPER. (244.)
— "Old World in general, occasional in eastern North America."
There are several records of its occurrence on Long Island.

126. Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.}. SEMIPALMATED SAND-
PIPER; PEEP; SAND-OXEVE. (246.) — Breeds in the Arctic Regions,
and winters from Florida to South America. This is our most
common Sandpiper, and during its fall migration is abundant along
our shores in small flocks. It migrates northward during May,
returns about July 10, and the fall migration is not concluded until
about October i.

127. Ereunetes occidentalis Lawr. WESTERN SANDPIPER.
("247.)— This is the western representative of the preceding. It is
not infrequently found on our coast, generally associated with E.
pusillus.

128. Calidris arenaria (Linn.}. SANDERLING ; SURF SNIPE.
(248. ) — Breeds in the Arctic Regions, and in America migrates as far
south as Patagonia. It is an abundant migrant along our coasts,
where, as a rule, it is found on the outer beaches. It passes north-
ward during May, and returns on its southward journey about
July 10, from which date until October it is more or less numerous.

129. Limosa fedoa (Linn.}. MARBLED GODWIT ; BROWN
MARLIX. (249.) — Breeds chiefly in the interior, from Minnesota
northward, and winters as far south as Central America and Cuba.
This is a rare bird on the Atlantic coast, where it occurs only as
an irregular fall visitant.

130. Limosa haemastica (Linn}. HUDSONIAN GODWIT;
RING-TAILED MARLIN. (251.) — Eastern North America, breeding
in the Arctic Regions and migrating as far south as Patagonia:

— 35 —

In this vicinity the Ring-tail Marlin is an irregular fall migrant
(Dutcher, Auk, III, 1889, p. 437).

*I3I. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmel.). GREATER YELLOW-
LEGS. (254.) — Breeds from Labrador northward, and winters from
the Gulf States to Patagonia. It is a common migrant, arriving
in the spring about the latter half of April, and returning in the
latter half of July, the migration not being concluded until No-
vember.

132. Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). YELLOW-LEGS; SUMMER
YELLOW-LEGS. (255.) — Breeds chiefly in the interior, from the
Northern States northward, and winters from the Gulf States to
Patagonia. With us it is very rare in the spring but is abundant
during its southward migration, which begins about July 15 and
ends in September.

133. Totanus solitarius (Wits.}. SOLITARY SANDPIPER.
(256.) — Breeds from the Northern States northward, and winters in
South America It passes northward in May and returns in July.
It is not a true shore-bird, but is more frequently found near fresh-
water ponds and streams.

134. Symphemia semipalmata (Gmel.). WILLET. (258.) —
Eastern North America, breeding regularly from Florida to south-
ern New Jersey, and locally and rarely as far as Nova Scotia. In
this vicinity it occurs only as a fall migrant. It is probable that
the Western Willet (S. s. inornata] is also occasionally found on
•our coasts.

135. Pavoncella pugnax (Linn.). RUFF. (260.) — u North-
ern parts of the Old World, straying occasionally to eastern North
America." There are three specimens of this bird in the American
Museum from North America, two of which, in the Lawrence
Collection, are labeled " Long Island ", while the third is in the Elliot
Collection and is labeled "Barnegat, N. J."

136. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst^. BARTRAMIAN SAND-
PIPER ; UPLAND PLOVER; FIELD PLOVER. (261.) — Breeds from
Virginia and Kansas to Nova Scotia aud Alaska, and winters in
South America. In the vicinity of New York City it is found as a
rather rare migrant and still rarer summer resident. It arrives about
the middle of April and frequents fields and pastures.

— 36 —

137- Tryngitessubruficoliis(F/>///.). BUFF-BREASTED SAND-
PIPER. (262.) — A bird of the interior, breeding in the far north and
wintering in South America. It is very rare on the Atlantic coast.
Giraud records "a party of five" as seen in August on Gowanus
Bay ; four specimens have been taken at Rockaway in August and
September (JV .T. Lawrence, Forest and Stream, X, 1879, p. 235);
one was taken in August at Montauk Point (Berier, Bull. N. O. C,
VI, 1880, p 126); and Mr. Butcher mentions an August specimen
from Suffolk County and a midsummer bird from Shinnecock Bay
(Auk, VI, 1889, p. 136).

*I38. Actitismacularia (£//"/.)• SPOTTED SANDPIPER; TIP-UP.
(263.) — South America, and North America to Labrador, breeding
throughout its North American range. This is the common
summer Sandpiper so frequently seen on our ponds, streams, and
beaches.

139. Numenius longirostris Wils. LONG-BILLED CURLEW \
SICKLE-BILL. (264/1 — Breeds in the interior as far north as Mani-
toba, and on the Atlantic coast as far as North Carolina. It is
here a rare and irregular fall visitant.

140. Numenius hudsonicus Lath. HUDSONIAN CURLEW ;
JACK CURLEW. (265.) — Breeds in the Arctic Regions, and winters
from the Gulf States to Patagonia. The "Jack Curlew", as it is
locally known, is a not uncommon migrant in this vicinity. It
passes northward in May, and the southern migration occurs
between the middle of July and the first of October.

141. Numenius borealis (Forst.). ESKIMO CURLEW ; DOUGH-
BIRD ; FUTE. (266.) — Breeds in the Arctic Regions and winters in
South America. Mr. Butcher is of the opinion that this bird
migrates some distance off the coasts ; it is found on our shores
only after heavy storms.

Family CHARADRIID^E.— PLOVERS.

142. Vanellus vanellus (Linn.}. LAPWING. (269.)— An Old
World species, of accidental occurrence in America. The only
record for Eastern North America south of Greenland is that of a
specimen shot at Merrick, L. I., December, 1883 (Dutcher, Auk>
III, 1886, p. 438).

143. Charadrius squatarola (Linn.}. BLACK-BELLIED PLO-
VER ; BEETLE-HEAD. (270.) — Breeds in the Arctic Regions and ia

— 37 —

America winters as far south as Brazil. With us it is a common
migrant, more numerous in the fall. It passes northward from
about April 15 to June i, and the return migration occurs between
August i and November i.

144. Charadrius dominicus Mull. GOLDEN PLOVER ; GREEN-
BACK. (272.) — Breeds in the Arctic Regions, and winters from
Florida to Patagonia. In this vicinity it is a rare spring and
common fall migrant, occurring chiefly in September.

*I45. -^Egialitis vocifera (Linn'}. KILDEER. (273.) — Breeds
from Florida to Manitoba, and winters from Virginia to South
America. In the neighborhood of New York City the Kildeer is a
rare summer resident and not uncommon migrant. It arrives in
March and remains with us until November.

146. ^Egialitis semipalmata Bonap. SEMIPALMATED PLO-
VER; RING-NECK. (274.) — Breeds from Labrador northward, and
winters from the Gulf States to Brazil. The Ring-neck is one of
our commonest shore-birds. It passes northward in May and
returns about July 15, the fall migration not being concluded until
October i.

147. ^Egialitis meloda (Ord). PIPING PLOVER. (277.) —
Eastern North America, breeding from Virginia to Newfoundland,
and wintering from Florida southward. It is here a rare summer
resident, arriving in April and remaining until September.

148. -^Egialitis meloda circumcincta Ridgw. BELTED PIP-
ING PLOVER. (277^.) — This is a representative of the preceding,
which sometimes occurs on our coasts. There is but one record
for this vicinity. (Rockaway, L. I., April 30, 1873, adult male,
Eagle, Bull. N. O. C., Ill, 1878, p. 94.)

149. ^Egialitis wilsonia (Ord). WILSON'S PLOVER. (280.)
— Breeds as far north as Virginia, and strays casually to Nova
Scotia. There are several records for Long Island (Dutcher, Bull.
N. O. C., IV, 1879, p. 242; Auk, III, 1886, p. 438 — Shinnecock Bay),
and one for Bridgeport, Conn. (Averill, List of Birds found in the
Vicinity of Bridgeport, 1892, p. 9).

Family APHRIZIDJE. — SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES.

150. Arenaria interpres (Linn). TURNSTONE; BRANT
BIRD ; CALICO-BACK. (283.) — Breeds in the Arctic Regions, and

— 38 —

migrates as far south as Patagonia. With us it is a common
migrant, passing northward in May, returning about August i, and
remaining until September.

Family H^EMATOPODID^.— OYSTER-CATCHERS.

151. Haematopuspalliatus Temm. OYSTER-CATCHER. (286.)
— Breeds as far north as southern New Jersey and occasionally
strays to Nova Scotia. It is here of rare and irregular occurrence
(Dutcher, Auk, X, 1893, p. 272).

Order GALLING. Gallinaceous Birds.

Family TETRAONID^E.— GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC

*I52. Colinus virginianus (Linn.}. BOB-WHITE; QUAIL.
(289.) — Eastern North America, from southern Maine and Minne-
sota southward to the Gulf of Mexico ; resident wherever found.
Quail are not uncommon in the vicinity of New York, but they
are so eagerly hunted that, as the country becomes more thickly
settled, only the most rigid enforcement of the game-laws will
preserve them from extermination.

*I53 Bonasa umbellus (Linn.). RUFFED GROUSE ; PART-
RIDGE. (300.) — Eastern United States, from Vermont to Virginia,
and along the Alleghanies to northern Georgia. Partridges are
much less common with us than Quails. They are birds of the
woods, and for this reason disappear with the forests, while Quails,
on the contrary, become more numerous as the country is cleared.
(See Group, main floor, opposite Case I.)

In the early part of this century Pinnated Grouse or Prairie
Hens (Tympanuchus cupido] were abundant in some parts of Long
Island, but they have been extinct for about sixty years (Giraud,
Birds of Long Island, p. 195, and Dutcher, Auk, X, 1893, p. 272).

Order COLUMB£. Pigeons.

Family COLUMBID^E.— DOVES AND PIGEONS.

154. Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.}. PASSENGER PIGEON;
WILD PIGEON. (315.) — Eastern North America, northward in the
interior to Hudsons Bay, breeding locally throughout the more

— 39 —

northern part of its range. Fifty years ago the Wild Pigeon was
an abundant bird in the vicinity of New York, but here, as else-
where throughout its range, it has become very rare. In place of
the thousands that used to visit us it is now observed irregularly
and rarely. (Lawrence, Auk, VI, 1889, p. 196, and Dutcher, Auk, X,
1893, p. 274.)

*I55. Zenaidura macroura (Linn.). MOURNING DOVE. (316 .)
— Breeds throughout temperate North America, from southern
Canada to the Gulf. It is here a common summer resident, and
under favorable circumstances passes the winter.

156. Columbigallina passerina terrestris Chapm, GROUND
DOVE. (320.) — This is a species of the South Atlantic and Gulf
States. It has been once taken in this vicinity (Grinnell, Bull. N.
O. C., Ill, 1878, p. 147), but its occurrence is purely accidental and
it is possible the specimen captured may have been an escaped
cage-bird.

Order RAPTORES. Birds of Prey.

Family CATHARTID^B.— AMERICAN VULTURES.

157. Cathartes aura (Linn.) TURKEY VULTURE; TURKEY
BUZZARD. (325.) — Temperate North America, from New Jersey
southward to Patagonia. Of more or less regular occurrence in New
Jersey as far north as Princeton in the interior and Sandy Hook
on the coast. It is also occasionally seen on Long Island. A
recent record notes the occurrence of a flock of eight birds of this
species in Orange County, N. Y. (Reynolds, Forest and Stream,
XVIII, 1894, p. 181).

158. Catharista atrata (Bartr^. BLACK VULTURE. (326.)
— Breeds from North Carolina southward, and occasionally strays
as far north as Maine. There are records for Sandy Hook, N J.
(Robt. B. Lawrence,, Bull. N. O. C., V, 1880, p. 116), and Coney
Island, L. I. (Eerier, Bull. N. O. C., VI, 1881, p. 126).

Family FALCONID^. — FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, ETC.

159. Elanoides forficatus (Linn.\ SWALLOW-TAILED KITE.
(327.) — Southern United States north to Pennsylvania and casually
to Massachusetts, south to South America. In this vicinity it has
been recorded from Raynor South, L. I. (Giraud, Birds of Long

- 40 —

Island, p. 13), "South shore of Long Island" (Eerier, Bull. N. O. C.,
VI, 1881, p 126), and Chatham, N. J. (Herrick, Forest and Stream,
XII, 1879, p. 165).

160. Circus hudsonius (Linn.}. MARSH HAWK. (331.)—
— North America in general, south to Panama. This species
remains with us throughout the year and is one of our most common
Hawks.

*l6i. Accipiter velox (IVils.}. SHARP-SHINNED HAWK. (332.)
— Breeds throughout the United States and winters from Connecti-
cut to Central America. It is here a common summer and rare
winter resident.

162. Accipiter cooperi (Bonap.}. COOPER'S HAWK. (333.)—
Breeds from Newfoundland to the Gulf of Mexico, and winters
from Pennsylvania to Mexico. With us it is a not uncommon sum-
mer, and rare winter resident. This bird, the Sharp-shinned, and
the rare Duck Hawk and Goshawk, are the only species of our
Hawks which habitually live on birds. The others feed largely on
insects and small field-mice, and being thus actually beneficial
should be protected by law.

163. Accipiter atricapillus (Wits.}. GOSHAWK. (334.)—
Breeds from the northern United States northward and winters as
far south as Virginia. It is here a rare winter visitant.

*i64. Buteo borealis (Gmel.}. RED-TAILED HAWK (337.)—
Eastern North America, breeding throughout its range. The Red-
tail is one of our commonest Hawks and is resident throughout
the year.

165. Buteo lineatus (Gmel.}. RED-SHOULDERED HAWK. (339.)
— Eastern North America, resident nearly throughout its range.
It is probably our most common Hawk and with the Red-tail is
the one to which the name Chicken, or Hen Hawk, is generally
applied.

166. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. SWAINSON'S HAWK. (342.)
— A western species of rare occurrence on the Atlantic coast. There
is apparently but one record of its capture near New York City,
viz , that of a specimen shot near Cornwall, N. Y. , October 14,
1892 (Dutcher, Auk, X, p. 83).

167. Buteo latissimus(?F//^.). BROAD-WINGED HAWK. (343.)
— Breeds throughout eastern North America, from New Brunswick
southward. With us it is a rather uncommon resident.

— 41 —

168. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.). ROUGH-
LEGGED HAWK. (3470.)-— North America, breeding north of the
United States and wintering as far south as Virginia. It is here
a rather rare winter resident.

169. Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.). GOLDEN EAGLE. (349.) —
North America ; of rare occurrence east of the Mississippi. It
has been recorded from Islip, L. I. (Giraud\ Carnarsie, L. \.(Dut-
cher), Gravesend, L. I. (Johnson], and Highland Falls, N. Y.,
where, Dr. Mearns states, it is occasionally observed and was
formerly known to nest.

*I70. Haliaetusleucocephalus (Linn.). BALD EAGLE. (352.)
— North America, breeding throughout its range. This Eagle is
here a rather rare bird ; it is said by Dr. Mearns to nest in the
Highlands of the Hudson. On Long Island it is a not uncommon
resident and breeds in several localities (Dutcher, MS.).

171. Falco islandus JBrUnn. WHITE GYRFALCON. (353.) —
An arctic species, rarely visiting the United States. The only
record for this vicinity is that of a specimen killed on Long Island
in the winter of 1856 (Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., New York,
VIII, 1866, p. 280).

172 Falco rusticolus obsoletus (Gmel). BLACK GYRFAL-
CON. (354^.)—" Labrador, south in winter to Maine and New York."
There is but one record of its occurrence in this vicinity, viz., a
specimen shot in the fall of 1875, near Flushing, L. I. (fierier,
Bull. N. O. C , VI, 1881, pp. 126, 247). I have not seen the spe-
cimens upon which these records are based. Our Gyrfalcons are
difficult birds to identify and it is quite possible that the species
here recorded may have been wrongly named.

173. Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.\ DUCK HAWK.
(356.) — North America and the greater part of South America,
breeding from our Southern States northward. This Falcon, the
" noble Peregrine" of Falconry, is a not uncommon migrant,
especially along our coast, and is a rare summer resident along the
Palisades and Highlands of the Hudson, where it is known to breed.

174. Falco columbarius Linn. PIGEON HAWK. (257.) —
Breeds from the northern United States northward, and winters
from the Southern States southward. It is here a common migrant,
occurring chiefly an our coasts.

— 42 —

*I75- Falco sparverius Linn. AMERICAN SPARROW HAWK.
(360.) — Breeds from Florida to Hudson Bay, and winters from
New Jersey southward. With us it is a not common resident but
abundant migrant on our coasts (Dutcher, MS.)

*I76. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel.). AMERICAN
OSPREY ; FISH HAWK. (364.) — Breeds from Florida to Labrador,
and winters from South Carolina to northern South America. At
certain localities along our coasts the Fish Hawk is found nesting
in colonies.

FIG. 9. AMERICAN OSPREY.

Family STRIGID^.— BARN OWLS.

177. Strix pratincola Bonap. AMERICAN BARN OWL. (365.)
— Occasionally found as far north as Massachusetts, and breeds
from Long Island southward through Mexico. The Barn Owl is
here a rare but regular summer resident.

— 43 —

Family BUBONID^.— HORNED OWLS, ETC.

178. Asio wilsonianus (Less.). AMERICAN LONG-EARED
OWL. (366.) — Breeds from Nova Scotia and Manitoba southward
to the Gulf States. It is here a rather uncommon resident.

179. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.). SHORT-EARED OWL. (367.)
— Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in the United States from Vir-
ginia northward. With us it is common during the migrations,
and while a few probably breed, there is no definite record of their
doing so.

FIG. 10. SHORT-EARED OWL. '

*i8o. Syrnium nebulosum (Forst.). BARRED OWL. (368.)—
Eastern North America, northward to Nova Scotia and Manitoba ;
resident, except at the northern limit of its range. Next to the
Screech Owl this is our commonest Owl. Its loud, sonorous
hooting, whoo, whoo, whoo, too-whoo, too w/wo-ah, is most frequently
heard in the spring, and is familiar to many who are not acquainted
with its author.

— 44 —

i8i. Scotiaptex cinerea (Gmel.}. GREAT GRAY OWL. (370.)
— Breeds from Hudson Bay northward, and wanders southward in
winter to the northern border of the United States. An individual
shot near Mendham, N. J., is the only one which has been recorded
from near New York City. (Thurber^ True .Democratic Banner,
newspaper, Morristown, N. J., Nov. 10, 1887.)

*l82. Nyctala acadica (Gmel}. SAW-WHET OWL, (372.)--
Breeds from northern New York northward, and migrates south-
ward in winter as far as Virginia. With us a regular, and, in some
localities, a not uncommon winter resident.

*i83. Megascops asio (Linn.). SCREECH OWL (373.) -
Eastern North America, northward to New Brunswick and Minne-
sota ; generally resident throughout its range. The Screech Owl
is the commonest and best known of our Owls. (See Group, main
floor, between Cases L and M.)

184. Bubo virginianus (Gmel.). GREAT HORNED OWL.
(375-) — Eastern North America, northward to Labrador and south-
ward to Costa Rica ; resident throughout its range. With us a
rather rare resident. This is the only one of our Owls which
habitually preys upon poultry ; the others feed almost exclusively
on small field-mice and shrews.

*i85. Nyctea nyctea (Linn.). SNOWY OWL. (376.)— Breeds
from Labrador northward and wanders southward in winter regu-
larly to the northern United States and occasionally to Texas. It
is here an irregular winter visitant, sometimes occurring in con-
siderable numbers.

186. Surnia ulula caparoch (M'tlll). HAWK OWL. (3770.)

— Breeds from Newfoundland northward, and occasionally wanders
southward in winter as far as Pennsylvania. There is apparently
but one record of its capture in this vicinity, — that of a specimen
shot near Bay Ridge, L. I. (Dutcher, Auk, X, 1893, p. 275).

— 45 —

Order COCCYGES. Cuckoos, etc.

Family CUCULID^E.— CUCKOOS, ANIS, ETC.

*i87. Coccyzusamericanus(Z//2/2.)- YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.
(387-) — Breeds from Florida to New Brunswick and winters in
Central and South America. It is here a common summer resi-
dent, arriving about May 10, and departing the last of September.
(See Group. Gallery, between Cases B and C.)

*i88. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wtls.\ BLACK-BILLED
CUCKOO. (380.) — Breeds as far north as Labrador, and winters in
Central and South America. With us it is a common summer re-
sident arriving and departing at about the same time as the
preceding species.

Family ALCEDINID^E.— KINGFISHERS.

*l8p. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.]. BELTED KINGFISHER. (390.) —
Breeds from Florida to Labrador, and winters from Virginia to
South America. It is here a common summer resident, arriving
the latter part of March and remaining until the streams and ponds,
from which it obtains its food, are frozen.

Order PICI. Woodpeckers.

Family PICID^E.— WOODPECKERS.

*ipO. Dryobates villosus (Linn.). HAIRY WOODPECKER.
(393.) — Eastern United States, from the northern border south to
Virginia and the higher summits of North Carolina. In this vicinity
it is a rather uncommon resident.

*I9I. Dryobates pubescens (Linn.). DOWNY WOODPECKER.
(394.)— Eastern North America, from Labrador to Florida ; resi-
dent throughout its range. It is one of our commonest Wood-
peckers.

*IQ2. Dryobates borealis (Vieill.). RED-COCKADED WOOD-
PECKER. (395.) — Southern United States, westward to Indian Terri-
tory, and northward to Tennessee and Virginia. This bird is
accidental near New York, the only record of its occurrence being

46

based on a specimen taken at Hoboken, N. J. (Lawrence, Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist., VIII, 1866, p. 291).

*ip3. Sphyrapicus varius (Linn ). YELLOW-BELLIED WOOD-
PECKER. (402.)— Breeds from Massachusetts northward, and win-
ters from Virginia to Central America. It is here a common
spring and fall migrant.

194. Ceophlceus pileatus (Linn.}. PILEATED WOODPECKER.
(405.) — "Formerly whole wooded region of North America ; now
rare or extirpated in the more thickly settled parts of the Eastern
States." This large Woodpecker occurs near New York only as a
rare straggler.

*I95. Melanerpes erythrocepha-

lus (Linn.}. RED-HEADEDWOODPECKER.
(406.)— Eastern North America, breed-
ing from Florida to northern New York
and Manitoba, and wintering from Vir-
ginia southward, and occasionally far-
ther north. With us a summer resi-
dent of local distribution and a not
uncommon, and sometimes abundant
migrant.

196. Melanerpes carolinus

(Linn.}. RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER.
(409.)— Eastern United States, breed-
ing from Florida to Virginia and, in
the interior, to Ontario and southern
Dakota, occasionally strays to Massa-
chusetts ; winters from southern Ohio
southward.

Giraud speaks of this bird as breeding on Long Island but
it now occurs here only rarely and irregularly.

*I97. Colaptes auratus (Linn}. FLICKER ; HIGH-HOLE ;
CLAPE. (412.) — North America, west to the eastern slope of the
Rocky Mountains and Alaska ; breeds throughout its range, and
winters from Illinois and southern New York southward. Our
commonest Woodpecker. It is resident, but is much more com-
mon in the summer than in the winter.

FIG. ii. RED-HEADED
WOODPECKER.

— 47 —

Order MACROCHRIES. Goatsuckers,
Swifts, etc.

Family CAPRIMULGID^E.— GOATSUCKERS.

*ip8. Antrostomus vociferus (IVils.). WHIP-POOR-WILL.
(417.) — Eastern North America, north to New Brunswick and Ma-
nitoba ; winters from Florida southward. In some localities near
New York City the Whip-poor-will is a common summer resident.
It arrives about May i, and leaves about October i.

*I99. Chordeiles virginianus

(Gmel.\ NIGHTHAWK. (420.)— Eastern
North America, breeding from the Gulf
States to Labrador, and wintering in
South America. The Nighthawk is
here a more or less common summer
resident. Even in New York City,
where it has been known to lay its eggs
on the house-top, its characteristic
note, peent, peent, uttered while it is
coursing for food, fs~not infrequently
heard. It arrives early in May and
migrates southward in September and
October, sometimes occurring at this

FIG. 12. NIGHTHAWK. season in lar£e flocks-

*200. Chaetura pelagica (Linn.\ CHIMNEY SWIFT. (423.)—
Eastern North America, breeding from Florida to Labrador, and
wintering in Central America. With us it is an abundant summer
resident, arriving the latter part of April and remaining until
October. (See Group, main floor, opposite Case H.)

Family TROCHILID^E.— HUMMINGBIRDS.

*2oi. Trochilus colubris Linn. RUBY-THROATED HUMMING-
BIRD. (428.) — Eastern North America, breeding from Florida to
Labrabor, and wintering from southern Florida to Central America.
This, the only species of Hummingbird found in eastern North
America, is here a common summer resident, arriving early in
May and remaining until October.

— 48 —

FIG. 13. RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRDS AND NEST

Order PASSERES. Perching Birds.

Family TYRANNID^.— TYRANT FLYCATCHERS.

*202. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.}. KINGBIRD. (444.)^
North America north to New Brunswick and Manitoba, rare west
of the Rocky Mountains : winters in Central and South America.
The Kingbird is here a common summer resident, arriving early
in May and remaining until October. (See Group, Gallery, between
Cases K and L.)

203. Tyrannus verticalis Say. ARKANSAS KINGBIRD. (447.)
— A western species ; the only record for this vicinity is that of a
young male taken at Riverdale, N. Y., October 19, 1875 (Bicknell,
Bull. N. O. C., IV, 1879, p. 60).

*204. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.). GREAT-CRESTED FLY-
CATCHER. (432.) — Breeds from Florida to New Brunswick, and
winters from southern Florida to Central America. With us a not
uncommon summer resident, arriving early in May and remaining
until September.

— 49 —

*205- Sayornis phcebe (Lath.}. PHCEBE. (456.) — Eastern
North America, breeding from South Carolina to Newfoundland
and Manitoba, and wintering from North Carolina to Cuba and
Mexico. In this vicinity it is a common summer resident, arriving
about March 20, and leaving early in November.

206. Contopus borealis (Swains.}. OLIVE-SIDED FLYCAT-
CHER. (459.) — Breeds from Massachusetts and Minnesota north-
ward, and winters in Central and South America. With us it
occurs as a migrant, passing north in May, when it is apparently
rare, and returning in the latter part of August when it is locally
not uncommon.

*207. Contopus virens (Linn.}. WOOD PEWEE. (461.) — Breeds
from Florida to Newfoundland, and winters in Central America. It
is a common summer resident of our woods, arriving about May 15
and remaining until the latter part of September.

*208. Empidonax flaviventris Baird. YELLOW-BELLIEI>
FLYCATCHER. (463.)— Breeds from Berkshire County, Mass., to
Labrador, and winters in Central America. It is here a rather
rare spring, and not uncommon fall migrant, arriving in May and
returning from its northern home early in August.

*20p. Empidonax acadicus (Gmel.}. ACADIAN FLYCATCHER,
(465.) — Eastern United States, breeding from Florida to southern
Connecticut and Manitoba, and wintering in Central America. A
common summer resident of the Lower Hudson River Valley as
far north as Sing Sing. On Long Island it apparently breeds only
on the north shore, while there are but two records for Connecti-
cut, — an adult taken at Suffield, June 24, 1874 (Merriam, Birds
Conn., p. 58), and a nest with young at Greenwich, June 25, 1893
(Voorhees, Auk, XI, 1894, p. 259). (See Group, Gallery, between
Cases I and J.)

210. Empidonax pusillus traillii (Aud.} TRAILL'S FLY-
CATCHER. (466^.) — Eastern North America, breeding from southern
Illinois and Connecticut north to New Brunswick and Manitoba,
and wintering in Central America. With us Traill's Flycatcher is
a rather rare migrant and probably a rare summer resident. A
nest and eggs, not fully identified, but with little doubt that of this
species, was found by Mr. C. L Brownell at Nyack.

*2H. Empidonax minimus Baird. LEAST FLYCATCHER.
(467.) — Eastern United States, breeding from Pennsylvania to

— 50 —

Quebec, and wintering in Central America. This species is a
common summer resident in this vicinity; it arrives about May i
and remains until late in September.

Family ALAUDID/E.— LARKS.

Skylarks (Alaada arvensis] have from time to time been liberated
near New York City. In 1887 a small colony had become establi-
shed near Flatbush, L. I., where a nest containing young was
found, but they have since disappeared (Dutcher, Auk, V, 1888, p.
180). At the present time the bird is not known to occur in this
vicinity.

212. Otocoris alpestris

(Linn.). HORNED LARK ; SHORE
LARK. (474.)— Breeds in " North-
ernEurope, Greenland, Newfound-
land, Labrador, and Hudson's
Bay region ; southward in winter
into eastern United States to
about Lat. 35°" (Dwight}. This
bird is a common winter resident.
It is found at this season in most
FIG. 14. HORNED LARK. parts of Long Island but is in-

frequent in the Lower Hudson Valley.

213. Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. PRAIRIE HOR-
NED LARK. (474/7 ) — Breeds in the Upper Mississippi Valley east-
ward through New York to western Massachusetts and Long Is-
land. This small race of the Horned Lark is of rather rare
occurrence in this vicinity. It is apparently extending its range
eastward and there is one record of its having probably bred on
Long Island (Dutcher, Auk, V, 1888, p. 180), where it also occurs
during the winter.

Family CORVID^E. — CROWS, JAYS, MAGPIES, ETC.

*2I4. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn). BLUE JAY. (477.)—
Eastern North America, breeding from Florida to Newfoundland ;
generally resident throughout its range. Here a common resi-
dent, more numerous during the fall migration than at other times
of the year.

— 51 —

FIG. 15. BLUE JAY.

The Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis}, a northern species
which has only once been taken in Massachusetts (Brewster, Auk,
VII, 1891, p. 91), is included by Mr. Lawrence in his "Catalogue of
Birds" on the basis of an individual killed in July near Mahattan-
ville, New York City. This specimen is now in the American
Museum (No. 42,253). Its plumage is much worn and its toe-
nails are abnormally long, facts which, taken in connection with
the place and date of the bird's capture, induce me to believe that
it had escaped from confinement.

215. Corvus corax principalis (WagL). AMERICAN RAVEN.
(4860!.) — United States, south to Guatemala ; rare east of the
Mississippi Now of very rare occurrence in this vicinity. It is
said to have been formerly common on the northern New Jersey
coast (Lawrence), and is still not uncommon along the southern
coast of the State (Stone, Auk, XI, 1894, p. 137).

*2i6. Corvus americanus Aud. AMERICAN CROW. (488.) —
" North America, from the Fur Countries to Mexico", wintering
from the northern United States southward. The Crow is here an
abundant resident, but, as in the case of other species which are
present the year around, it is probable that the individuals which
summer with us pass the winter farther south, while our winter
birds come to us from the north.

*2I7. Corvus ossifragus Wils. FISH CROW. (490.)— Gulf

— 52 —

and Atlantic coast, as far north as Long Island ; resident through-
out its range. A common inhabitant of the Lower Hudson River
Valley as far north as Sing Sing and occasionally reaches High-
land Falls. In Connecticut it is of regular occurrence as far east
as Stratford (Eames, Auk, VI, 1889, p. 338), while on Long Island
its exact status appears to be unknown, though it is probably not
uncommon.

Family STURNID^.- -STARLINGS.

*Sturnus vulgaris Linn. STARLING. (493 ) — This Old World
species has been introduced into this country on several occasions,
but only the last importation appears to have been successful. The
birds included in this lot were imported, and released in Central
Park, under the direction of Mr. Eugene Schiefflin of this city.
They seem to have left the Park and to have established themselves
in various places in the upper part of the city A pair have bred
for three successive seasons in the roof of this Museum. Mr. S.
H. Chubb reports a pair nesting in a church at 1226. st. and Lenox
avenue, and they have also nested at looth st. and Riverside Drive.
Mr. C. B. Isham tells me he has found their nest at Kingsbridge,
New York City, and that he repeatedly observed a flock of fifty birds
in the same locality during the late summer and fall of 1893 and
1894.

Family ICTERID^E. — BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC.

*2l8. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.). BOBOLINK; REED-
BIRD. (494.) — Breeds from southern New Jersey northward to Nova
Scotia, westward to Utah and northern Montana ; leaves the United
States by way of Florida and winters in South America. A locally
distributed summer resident, arriving in early May and remaining
until October. About the middle of July the males assume the
Reed-bird plumage and resort to our wild-rice marshes, where
they are joined by large numbers from the north, which pause to
feed on the wild-rice.

Fifteen years ago the Bobolink was an abundant and generally
distributed summer resident in this vicinity. Since that date it
has rapidly decreased in numbers and is now entirely wanting in
localities where it was formerly of regular occurrence.

53 —

BOBOLINK.

*2ig. Molothrus ater (Bodd.\ COWBIRD. (495.)— Breeds
from Texas to New Brunswick and Manitoba, and winters from
southern Illinois southward. Here a common summer resident,
arriving late in March and remaining until November. It has been
recorded as occurring in winter (Foster, Abst. Proc. Linn. Soc.,
No. 5, 1893, p. 2).

*220. Agelaius phceniceus (Linn.). RED-WINGED BLACK-
BIRD. (498.) — Eastern North America, breeding from the Gulf of
Mexico to New Brunswick and Manitoba, and wintering from Vir-
ginia southward. With us it is a common summer resident, abun-
dant during the migrations when it occurs in large flocks. It is
one of the first birds to reach us in the spring, frequently arriving
before March i, and it remains until December.

//>

FIG. 17. RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.

— 54 —

*22i. Sturnella magna (Linn.). MEADOW LARK. (501.)—
Eastern North America, breeding from the Gulf States to New Bruns-
wick and Minnesota, and wintering from Massachusetts and Illinois
southward. With us it is a common summer resident, occurring
in reduced numbers during the winter, when it is largely confined
to the extensive marshes near the coast.

*222. Icterus spurius (Linn). ORCHARD ORIOLE. (506.) —
Eastern North America, breeding from the Gulf States to Massachu-
setts and Ontario ; winters in Central America. In this vicinity
it is a common summer resident, arriving early in May and remain-
ing until September. (See Group, Gallery, between Cases F and G.)

^223. Icterus galbula (Linn ). BALTIMORE ORIOLE. (507.) —
Eastern North America, breeding from the Gulf States to New
Brunswick, and wintering in Central America. It is here a some-
what more common summer resident than the preceding species.
It arrives early in May and remains until September. (See Group,
Gallery, between Cases D and E.)

*224. Scolecophagus carolinus(^/&//.) RUSTY BLACKBIRD.
(5°9-) — Breeds from New Brunswick and Manitoba northward to
Labrador and Alaska ; winters from Virginia southward. It is
here a common migrant, passing northward in March, returning
in September, and sometimes remaining until late in December.

*225. Quiscalus quiscula (Linn.). PURPLE GRACKLE ; CROW
BLACKBIRD. (511 ) — Breeds in the Lower Mississippi Valley, and
east of the Alleghanies from Georgia to Massachusetts ; winters in
the Southern States. It is here a common summer resident of
local distribution, nesting in colonies. It is one of our earliest
migrants, arriving from the south with the Red-winged Blackbird,
about March i. During the breeding season it is not seen far
from the vicinity of its nest, but about July i, when the young are
on the wing, they gather in small flocks and wander over the
country, pausing wherever they find an abundance of food These
flocks gradually coalesce, and in October and November form
enormous gatherings numbering thousands of birds.

226. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus (Ridgw.). BRONZED
GRACKLE (511^.) — Breeds from Texas to Great Slave Lake, east
to the Alleghanies, as far north as Pennsylvania, and north of this
eastward to Connecticut and northward to Labrador, wintering

— 55 —

largely in the Lower Mississippi Valley. With us it is apparently
found only as a spring and fall migrant, sometimes not un-
common.

Family FRINGILLID^E.— FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC.

227. Coccothraustes vespertina (Coop.}. EVENING GROS-
BEAK. (514.) — Interior of North America, from Manitoba north-
ward ; southeastward in winter to the Upper Mississippi Valley
and casually to the northern Atlantic States.

During the winter and early spring of 1890 there was a
phenomenal incursion of Evening Grosbeaks into the northern
United States, The most southern record of their occurrence in
the Atlantic States was at Summ'it, N. J., where, on March 6, Mr.
W. O. Raymond observed a flock of eight birds (Orn. and Ool. ,
XV, 1890, p. 46). No specimens were collected, but Mr. Raymond
watched the birds for some time at a distance of about eight feet,
and he has since examined skins of the species in this Museum,
thus confirming his identification.

FIG. 1 8. PINE GROSBEAK.

228. Pinicola enucleator (Linn.). PINE GROSBEAK. (515.)
— "Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere, breeding far
north ; in winter south, in North America, irregularly to the north-
ern United States." This species occurs here in the winter and
then only at long and irregular intervals.

— 56 —

* Passer domesticus (Linn.). HOUSE SPARROW ; ENGLISH
SPARROW. — From the report of the Division of Economic Ornitho-
logy of the Department of Agriculture (Washington, 1889), we learn
that English Sparrows were first introduced into New York City
in 1860, when twelve birds were released in Madison Square. In
1864 they were introduced in Central Park, and in 1866 two hundred
were set free in Union Park. From these, and one or two other
small additional importations of a few pairs each, have descended
the countless numbers of Sparrows which to-day inhabit our streets
and parks. In this latitude the English Sparrow has been known
to rear six broods in a season, and their marvellous rate of increase
is graphically given in a table in the Report already mentioned,
which shows that in ten years the progeny of a single pair might
amount to 275, 716, 983, 698!

With the discordant notes of these ubiquitous little pests
constantly in our ears we may read with mixed humor and regret
the following quotation from Mr. Lawrence's Catalogue of New
York Birds (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, VIII, 1866, p. 287): "I first
observed them in the spring of 1865. A friend, conversant with
our local native birds, informed me that he had seen a species in
the shrubbery around the church on the corner of 5th avenue and
29th street, with which he was not familiar; on going to ascertain
what they were, to my surprise I found them to be House Sparrows ;
they were domiciled in the ivy which grew on the walls of the
church, and were quite gentle and fearless, some alighting in the
street and dusting themselves quite near to where I stood."

The European Chaffinch (Fri/igilla Calebs), several pairs of
which were released in Central Park under the direction of Mr.
Eugene Schiefflin in 1890, appears not to have survived.

*22p. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmel.). PURPLE FINCH. (517.)
—Eastern North America, breeding from northern Minnesota
and Long Island northward, and wintering from the Northern
States to the Gulf. In the vicinity of New York City the Purple
Finch is a rather rare summer resident, a very common migrant,
and not common winter resident. It is apparently increasing in
numbers during the summer on Long Island (Dutcher, MS.).

*230. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehrn). AMERICAN CROSS-
BILL. (521.) — Breeds from the Northern States northward and, in
the Alleghanies, southward to the Carolinas ; in winter wanders
irregularly southward, sometimes reaching the Gulf. It is here
a regular winter visitant. This erratic species has on several
occasions been found breeding south of its regular breeding range.

— 57 —

Such" an instance occurred at Riverdale, N. Y., where it was found
nesting on April 22, 1874 (Bicknell, Bull. N. O. C., IV, 1880, p. 7).

FIG. 19. AiMiiuiCAN CKUSSKILL.

231. Loxia leucoptera Gmel. WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.
(522.) — This species has much the same distribution as the preced-
ing but does not wander so far south. It is here of more rare and
irregular occurrence in winter than the preceding species.

232. Acanthis linaria (Linn.}. REDPOLL. (528.)— "Northern
portions of the Northern Hemisphere, south irregularly in winter,
in North America, to the Middle States." This species is here an
irregular winter visitant, sometimes occurring in considerable
numbers.

233. Acanthis linaria rostrata (Brehm}. HOLBCELL'S RED-
POLL. (528^.) — "Southern Greenland in summer, migrating south,
in winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern border
of the United States (New England, lower Hudson Valley, north-
ern Illinois, etc.), and west to Manitoba" (Ridgw.). Two speci-
mens taken at Sing Sing, N. Y., are the only individuals of this
species which have been recorded from this vicinity (Fisher, Bull«
N. O. C, VIII, 1883, p. 121).

*234. Spinus tristis (Linn}. AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. (529.)
• — Eastern North America, breeding from South Carolina to south-
ern Labrador, and wintering from the northern United States to
the Gulf. The Goldfinch, Yellowbird, or Thistlebird, is here a
common resident.

— 5'S —

FIG. 20. AMERICAN GOLDFINCH.

*Carduelis carduelis (Linn.}. EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH.—
A European species which was introduced into this country at.
Hoboken, N. J., in 1878. The following year it appeared in Central
Park and has since spread over the upper parts of the city where
in favorable localities it is not uncommon. It is with us through-
out the year. (Adney, Auk, III, 1886, p 409).

*235. Spinus pinus(7F/7y.). PINE SISKIN ; PINE FINCH. (533.)
— North America generally, breeding mostly north of the United
States, and wintering as far south as the Gulf. It is here a more
or less common fall and winter visitant, and on two occasions has

FIG. 21. PINK FINCH,

— 59 —

been found nesting in the Lower Hudson Valley, at Sing Sing,
May 25, 1883 (Fisher, Bull. N. O. C., VIII, 1883), and at Cornwall-
on-Hudson, May 12, 1887 (Allen, Auk, IV, 1887, p. 284). (See
Group, Gallery, between Cases P and Q.)

236. Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.}. SNOWFLAKE; SNOW
BUNTING. (534.) — "Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere,
breeding in the Arctic Regions ; in North America south in winter
into the northern United States, irregularly to Georgia, southern
Illinois, and Kansas." Oh Long Island this bird is an abundant
winter resident on the sand-flats near the ocean (Dutcher, MS.).
In the Lower Hudson Valley it is much less common.

237. Calcarius lapponicus (Linn}. LAPLAND LONGSPUR.
(536.) — "Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere, breeding
far north ; in North America, south in winter to the northern
United States, irregularly to the Middle States, accidentally to
South Carolina". In this vicinity it is a rare winter resident, and
is sometimes found with flocks of the preceding, but is more
frequently associated with Horned Larks.

238. Calcarius ornatus (Towns.}. CHESTNUT-COLLARED
LONGSPUR. (538.) — "Interior of North America, from the Sas-
katchewan Plains south to Texas". A specimen of this western
species was taken at Long Island City, February 16, 1889 (Hen-
drickson, Auk, VI, 1889, p. 190).

*23p. Poocaetes gramineus (Gmel.\ VESPER SPARROW;
GRASS FINCH; BAY-WINGED BUNTING. (540.) — North America;
breeds from southern Illinois and Virginia northward to New
Brunswick and Manitoba, and winters on the Atlantic coast from
Virginia southward. This species is here a common summer resi-
dent, arriving about April i, and remaining until the latter part of
November.

240. Ammodramus princeps (Mayn.\ IPSWICH SPARROW.
(541.) — Breeds probably on the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia
(Sable Island) northward, winters southward along the coast
regularly to Virginia and rarely to Georgia ( Worthington, Auk,
VIII, 1890, p. 21 1). This species is a common winter resident,
confined strictly to the immediate vicinity of the coasts, where it
is found from the middle of October to the first of April (Dutcher,
Auk, III, 1886, p. 441)

— 60 —

*24i. Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.\ SA-
VANNA SPARROW. (542*2.) — Eastern North America, breeding'from
Missouri and northern New Jersey north to Labrador and Hudson
Bay, and wintering from southern Illinois and Virginia southward
to Cuba and Mexico. This species is here a rare summer resident
and abundant migrant, arriving about April i and departing in
November and December. It breeds at Morristown, N. J. (Thur-
ber\ and is said to remain throughout the winter in the salt-marshes
at Bridgeport, Conn. (Areril/}.

FIG. 22. SAVANNA SPARROW.

242. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus (lVtls.\
GRASSHOPPER SPARROW; YELLOW-WINGED SPARROW. (546.) —
Eastern North America, breeding from the Gulf States northward to
Massachusetts and Minnesota, and wintering from North Carolina
to Cuba. In this vicinity it is a common summer resident, arriving
about May i and remaining until October.

243. Ammodramus henslowii (Atid.}. HENSLOW'S SPARROW.
(547 ) — Eastern North America, breeding locally from Missouri
and Virginia northward to New Hampshire and southern Ontario,
and wintering from about the southern limit of its breeding range
to the Gulf. In this vicinity Henslow's Sparrow has been found
in but few localities where, however, it is apparently not uncom-
mon. It is recorded as breeding at Morristown, N. J. (Thurber).

244. Ammodramus caudacutus (G?nel.). SHARP-TAILED
SPARROW. (549.) — Atlantic coast, breeding from South Carolina
to New Hampshire, and wintering from North Carolina to Florida.
This species is here an abundant resident and, with the exception

— 61 —

of a colony on the Hudson at Piermont, is, so far as known, con-
fined entirely to the salt marshes of our coasts. (See Group,
Gallery, between Cases H and I.)

245. Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni Allen. NELSON'S
SHARP-TAILED SPARROW. (5490.) — Breeds in the marshes of the
interior from northern Illinois northward to Dakota and Manitoba ;
occurs as a migrant on the Atlantic coast, and winters from South
Carolina to Texas. This species is known here only as a rather
rare fall migrant in the Hudson River Valley, occurring from the
latter part of September to the latter part of October.

246. Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwight.
ACADIAN SHARP-TAILED SPARROW. (549^.) — u Marshes of southern
New Brunswick, Prince Edwards Island and probably Nova Scotia,
and southward in migration along the Atlantic coast" (Dwight).
This bird occurs with the preceding.

247. Ammodramus maritimus (IVils.}. SEASIDE SPARROW.
(550.) — Atlantic coast, breeding from North Carolina to Massachu-
setts, and wintering from Virginia to Georgia. This is an even
more abundant summer resident than the Sharp-tailed Finch and,
like it, is confined exclusively to our coasts, with the exception of a
colony in the Piermont marshes. (See Group, Gallery, between
Cases H and I.)

FIG. 23. SEASIDE SPARROW.

248. Chondestesgrammacus^tfy). LARK SPARROW. (552.)
-Interior of North America, eastward to Illinois, breeding from

— 62 —

Texas to Manitoba ; accidental on the Atlantic coast. There are
two records for this vicinity, Sayville, L. I., August 20, 1879 (Earle,
Bull. N. O. C., VI, 1881, p. 58) and Schraalenburg, N. J., Novem-
ber 26, 1885 (Chapman, Auk, III, 1886, p. 136).

*24Q. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.\ WHITE-CROWNED
SPARROW. (554.) — "Breeding from higher mountain ranges of
western United States, Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains, and east-
ward, north of the Great Lakes, to Labrador ; in winter, over
whole United States, and south into Mexico" (Ridgw.}. This
species occurs here as a rather rare migrant, passing northward in
May and returning in October.

FIG. 24. WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.

*250. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.\ WHITE-THROATED
SPARROW. (558.) — Eastern North America, breeding from northern
Michigan, and occasionally Massachusetts, northward to Labrador,
and wintering from Connecticut to Florida. This species is here
an abundant migrant and locally common winter resident. It
arrives from the north the latter part of September and remains
with us until May.

*25i. Spizella monticola (Gmel.}. TREE SPARROW. (559.)—
Eastern North America, breeding in Labrabor and the region
about Hudson Bay ; south in winter, through eastern United
States, west to the edge of the Great Plains. With us this bird

FIG. 25. WHITE- i HROATED SPARROW. -

is an abundant winter resident, arriving from the north about
November i and remaining until April.

*252. Spizella socialis ( Wils^). CHIPPING SPARROW ; CHIPPY.
{560.) — Eastern North America, breeding from the Gulf States to
Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake, and wintering in the Gulf States
and Mexico. The Chippy is here an abundant summer resident,
•arriving from the south about April i and remaining until No-
vember.

*253. Spizella pusilla (Wils.). FIELD SPARROW. (563.)—
Eastern North America, breeding from southern Illinois and South
Carolina to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from Illinois and Vir-
ginia southward. With us it is an abundant summer resident,
appearing in the spring about April i and not departing southward
until November and even December. (See Group, Gallery, between
Cases C and D.)

*254. Junco hyemalis (Linn.}. JUNCO; SNOWBIRD. (567.)—
North America, breeding from northern Minnesota and northern
New York northward, and southward along the summits of the
Alleghanies to Virginia ; winters southward to the Gulf States.
The Junco is our most abundant winter bird. It comes to us from
the north late in September and remains until May.

*255. Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.). SONG SPARROW. (581.)
—Eastern North America, breeding from northern Illinois and
Virginia north to Quebec and Manitoba, and wintering from south-

FIG. 26. JUNCO.

ern Illinois and Massachusetts to the Gulf. This species is here
an abundant summer and common winter resident. (See Group,
Gallery, between Cases O and P.)

256. Melospiza lincolni (Aud.). LINCOLN'S SPARROW. (583.)
— Eastern North America, breeding from northern Illinois and
northern New York northward, and wintering from southern
Illinois to Mexico ; rare east of the Alleghanies. In this vicinity
Lincoln's Sparrow is a rare but regular migrant, passing north-
ward in May and southward in September and October (Dutcher^
MS.).

*257. Melospiza georgiana (Lath.). SWAMP SPARROW. (584.)
— Eastern North America, breeding from northern Illinois and
Pennsylvania northward to Labrador; winters from southern
Illinois and northern New Jersey to the Gulf. This bird is an
abundant summer resident, especially in the great marshes of the
Hackensack, and a rare winter resident. (See Group, Gallery,
between Cases O and P.)

*258. Passerella iliaca (Merr.). Fox SPARROW. (585 )—
Breeds from the Magdalen Islands and Manitoba to Alaska, and
winters from Virginia southward. This Sparrow occurs as a
common spring and fall migrant, passing northward in March and
April and southward in October and November.

— 65 —

*259- Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.}. TOWHEE ; CHEWINK.
(587.) -Eastern North America, breeding from the Lower Mississippi
Valley and Georgia northward to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba.
The Chewink is here an abundant summer resident, arriving about
April 20 and remaining until late October. (See Group, main
floor, opposite Case P.)

*26o. Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.}. CARDINAL. (593.)—
Eastern United States, breeding from Florida to Iowa and south-
ern New York ; resident throughout its range. The vicinity of
New York City is about the northern limit of the Cardinal's range
on the Atlantic coast. It is here a not uncommon resident of local
distribution. In the Hudson Valley it is not found north of
Hastings ; it is very rare eastward along the sound, and also on
Long Island, but is common in Central Park, New York City,
where I have seen nine individuals at one time. (See Group, main,
floor, opp. Case N.)

*26i. Habia ludoviciana (Linn.}. ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK.
(593 ) — Eastern North America, breeding from eastern Kansas,.
Virginia and the higher altitudes of North Carolina, northward to
Maine and Manitoba, wintering in Central and South America.
This bird is a common summer resident in the Hudson River
Valley, arriving about May i and remaining until October. On
Long Island it is a rare summer resident (Dutcher, MS.). (See
Group, main floor, Alcove N.)

*262. Guiraca caerulea (Linn.}. BLUE*GROSBEAK. (597.)

United States, breeding from about latitude 38° southward into
Mexico, and wintering south of our limits. There are several
records of this bird's occurrence in this vicinity where, of course,
it is only an accidental visitor. It has been taken at Carnarsie,
(L. I., May, 1843 (Dutcher, Auk, V, 1893, p 276); Morristown, N. J.
(Thurber, True Democratic Banner, newspaper, Nov. 17, 1889);
Snake Hill, N. J. (Bicknell, Bull. N. O. C, III, 1878, p 132), and
Manhattan Island (DeKay, Birds, N. Y., p. 146).

Passerina ciris (Linn}. PAINTED BUNTING. (601.)— Breeds
from the Gulf States northward to Kansas, southern Illinois and
North Carolina. The capture of several specimens of this bird
in this vicinity has been recorded (Bicknell, Bull. N. O. C., III,.
1878, p. 132). It is probable that they were escaped cage-birds.

^263. Passerina cyanea (Linn.}. INDIGO BUNTING. (598.) —

— 66 —

Eastern United States, breeding as far north as Minnesota and
Nova Scotia, and wintering in Central America. This species is
a common summer resident in this vicinity, arriving about May i
and remaining until October i.

264. Spizaamericana(6!;;^/.). DICKCISSEL; BLACK-THROAT-
ED BUNTING. (604.) — Eastern United States, mostly in the
Mississippi Valley, breeding from Texas to Minnesota, and wint-
ering in Central and South America ; breeds east of the Alleghanies
now only rarely and locally. About forty years ago this bird was
evidently a regular and not uncommon summer resident in this
vicinity (see Giraud, Chapman, apud Galbraith, Auk, VIII, 1891, p.
395), but it occurs now only rarely and irregularly. Recent records
are : Miller's Place, L. I , September 29 and October 10 (Dutcher,
Auk, VI, 1889, p. 13), and Blithewood, L. I., August 25 (Johnson,
Auk, VIII, 1891, p. 116).

Family TANAGRID^.— TANAGERS.

265. Piranga ludoviciana (Wils\ LOUISIANA TANAGER.
(607.) -Western North America north to British Columbia. The
only record of the occurrence of this western species in this vicinity
is that of a young male taken at Fort Montgomery, N. Y , Decem-
ber 21, 1 88 1 (Mear/is, Auk, VII, 1890, p. 55).

*266. Piranga erythromelas Vieill. SCARLET TANAGER.
(608.) — Eastern North America, breeding from southern Illinois
and Virginia to anitoba and New Brunswick, and wintering in
Central and northern South America. With us it is a common
summer resident, arriving early in May and remaining until about
October i. (See Group, Gallery, between Cases S and T.)

*26y. Piranga rubra (Linn.}. SUMMER TANAGER. (610.) —
Eastern United States, breeding from Florida to southern New
Jersey, wandering casually to Nova Scotia, and wintering in Cen-
tral and South America. This species is of rare and irregular
occurrence in this vicinity. (Hendrickson, Auk, I, 1885, p 290;
Dutcher, ibid, III, 1886, p 412; V, 1888, p. 181 ; M earns, ibid.,
VII, 1890, p. 55.)

Family HIRUNDINID^. — SWALLOWS.

268. Progne subis (Linn}. PURPLE MARTIN. (611 ) —
North America, north to Newfoundland and the Saskatchewan,
breeding throughout its range, and wintering in Central and South

— 67 —

America. This bird breeds in colonies and is of local distribution
during the breeding season. It was formerly not uncommon in
the vicinity of New York City but the English Sparrows have
taken possession of its nesting-houses and at present it is found in
but few places.

269. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). CLIFF SWALLOW ;
EAVE SWALLOW. (612.)— North America, north to Labrador and,
in the interior, to the Arctic Ocean, breeding throughout its range
and wintering in the tropics. Like most of the Swallows it nests
in colonies, and in this region generally places its mud nests
beneath the projecting eaves of a barn. It appears to be less
common during the summer than it was ten or more years ago,
but is a common migrant, particularly in the fall. According to
Dr. Mearns, it arrives as early as April 16. (See Group, main floor,
between Cases Q and R.)

*27o. Chelidon erythrogaster (Bodd.}. BARN SWALLOW.
(613.) — North America, north to Greenland and Alaska, breeding
throughout the greater part of its range, and wintering as far south
as southern Brazil. With us the Barn Swallow is a common sum-
mer and an abundant fall migrant. It arrives about April 20 and
remains until October i.

*27i. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.). TREE SWALLOW. (614.)
— North America, north to Labrador and Alaska, breeding locally
throughout its range, and wintering from South Carolina south-
ward. In this vicinity it arrives from the south early in April.
There are a few recorded instances of its breeding near New York
City but, generally speaking, the species passes onward to more
•distant nesting grounds. July i they begin to return from the
north, making their home in the marshes of the Hackensack,
where, by. July 20, they may be found in countless numbers. In
the morning they leave their roosts in the 'cat-tails' and fly out
over the adjoining country to feed. At night they return. Their
numbers increase until about September i, then decrease, and by
October 20 only a few stragglers remain.

*272. Clivicola riparia (Linn.). BANK SWALLOW. (616.) —
North America, north to Labrador and Alaska, breeding locally
throughout its range, and wintering as far south as Brazil. It is
here a common summer resident, breeding in colonies where the
•conditions are favorable. It arrives about May i and remains
until October. (See Group, main floor, between Cases R and S.)

273- Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.\ ROUGH-WINGED
SWALLOW. (617.) — North America, breeding as far north as British
Columbia, Minnesota and Connecticut, and wintering in the tropics.
This Swallow is locally common in the Lower Hudson River Valley,,
at Riverdale (Hicknell), Hastings-on-the-Hudson \Rowley\ Sing
Sing (Fisher] ; at Highland Falls, which seems to be near
the northern limit of its range in the Hudson Valley, it is a
rare summer resident (Mearns). I have seen it near Ramapo,
N. Y., and with Dr. J. Dwight, Jr., found a small colony breeding
at Port Jervis, N. Y. It breeds near New Haven, Connecticut,,
in small numbers, and is rare as far north as Hartford (Sage). On
Long Island it is of rare and irregular occurrence (Dutcher).

Family AM PELID^E.— WAX WINGS, ETC.

274. Ampelis garrulus Linn. BOHEMIAN WAXWING. (618.)
— Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere ; in North America,,
south in winter, irregularly, to the northern United States. This
species occurs here only as an exceedingly rare and irregular
winter visitant. There are no recent records.

*275. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.}. CEDAR WAXWING ; CEDAR-
BIRD. (619.) — North America, breeding from Virginia and the
Highlands of South Carolina north to Labrador; winters from the
northern United States to Central America. This bird is here a
common summer resident and, in favorable localities, a not un-
common winter resident

Family LANIID^E.— SHRIKES.

*276. Lanius borealis VieilL NORTHERN SHRIKE ; BUTCHER-
BIRD. (621.) — Breeds in the interior in the far north (Fort Ander-
son, Macfarlane), and migrates southward in winter as far as Kan-

FIG. 27. NORTHERN SHRIKE.

— 69 —

sas and Washington, D. C. This species is here a more or less
regular but rather uncommon winter resident.

277 Lanius ludovicianus Linn. LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE.
(622.)— Eastern North America west to the edge of the Plains ;
breeds, east of the Alleghanies, as far north as Virginia, west of
the Alleghanies breeds northward to the Great Lakes and eastward
through Centra] New York to Vermont and Maine. The Logger-
head Shrike is found here as a very rare migrant during the
latter part of August and in September. It has been known to
breed but once, at Sing Sing, N. Y., where a fledgeling was taken
June 16, 1877 (Fisher, Bull. N. O. C., IV, 1879, p. 61).

Family VIREONID^.— ViREOS.

*278. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.}. RED-EYED VIREO. (624.) —
Eastern North America, westward to British Columbia, breeding
from the Gulf States to Labrador and Manitoba, and wintering in
Central and South America. This is one of our abundant summer
residents. It arrives from the south about May 8, and remains
until October. (See Group, Gallery, between Cases R and S.)

279. Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.}. PHILADELPHIA VIREO.
(626.) — Eastern North America, breeding in Manitoba, Maine, and
probably north to Labrador, and wintering in the tropics. With
us this Vireo occurs only as a very rare migrant.

*28o. Vireo gilvus (Vieill^. WARBLING VIREO. (627.) —
North America, breeding as far north as the Hudson Bay region
and wintering in the tropics. It is here a common summer resi-
dent of local distribution, arriving early in May. (See Group,
Gallery, between Cases L and M.)

*28i. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. YELLOW-THROATED VIREO

(628.)— Eastern North America, breeding from Florida to New-
foundland and Manitoba, and wintering in the tropics. Here a
common summer resident, arriving about May 7 and remaining
until the latter part of September.

282. Vireo solitarius (Wils.). BLUE-HEADED VIREO. (629.)
—Eastern North America, breeding from Connecticut (and south,
ward along the crests of the Alleghanies) northward to New
Brunswick and Manitoba, and wintering from Florida southward.
It is here a not uncommon migrant, passing northward during the

— 70 —

latter part of April and first part of May, and returning late in
September.

^283. Vireo noveboracensis (Gtnel.). WHITE-EYED VIREO.
(631.) — Eastern United States, breeding from Florida to New
Hampshire and Minnesota, and wintering from Florida south-
ward. This species is a common summer resident about New York
City. It reaches us from the south about May 7, and remains
until early October. (See Group, Gallery, between Cases RandS.)

Family MNIOTILTID^E.— WOOD-WARBLERS.

^284. Mniotilta varia (Linn.). BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER.
(636.) — Eastern North America, breeding from the Southern States
north to Fort Simpson, and wintering from Florida southward.
The Black and White Warbler, or, as it is sometimes called, the
Black and White Creeper, is here a tolerably common summer
resident and common migrant. It appears the latter part of April
and is with us until the first part of October. (See Group, Gallery^
between Cases M and N.)

285. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd}. PROTHONOTARY WARB-
LER. (637.) — Eastern North America, breeding from the Gulf States
to southern Illinois and Virginia, and wintering in the tropics.
Its occurrence near New York City is accidental ; there is but one
record, viz., a male shot at Jamaica, L. I. (Dutcher, Auk, X, 1893,
p. 276). The same author has recorded a specimen which struck
the Montauk Point Lighthouse, August 27, 1886 (ibid., V, 1888,
p. 182).

*286. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel}. WORM-EATING
WARBLER. (639 ) — Eastern United States, breeding from the Gulf
States north to southern Illinois and southern Connecticut, and
wintering in the tropics. This bird is one of our rarer summer
residents, though it is not uncommon some years in the early fall
migration. In the Hudson River Valley it is regularly found as
far north as Highland Falls (Af earns) and occurs at Fishkill (Stearns).
In Connecticut it breeds at Saybrook and New Haven, but is not
common, and at Portland it has been taken only twice (Sage). On
Long Island it is considered exceedingly rare (Dutcher).

*287. Helminthophila pinus (Linn}. BLUE-WINGED WARB-
LER. (641.) — Eastern United States, breeding as far north as
southern Minnesota and Connecticut, and wintering in the tropics.

This species arrives early in May and remains until September i.
It is a common summer resident of the Lower Hudson Valley, at
least as far north as Highland Falls (Mearns). In Connecticut it
is common at Saybrook and New Haven, but is rare as far north
as Portland where but one or two pairs breed each season (Sage).
On Long Island it is known to breed only along the north shore,
where it is probably not uncommon in favorable localities. (See
Group, Gallery, between Cases M and N.)

Brewster's Warbler (Helminthophila leucobronchialis) with us is
a rare but regular summer resident in northern New Jersey, the
Lower Hudson Valley and southern Connecticut, but has been
taken only once on Long Island (Howell). Specimens have been
recorded from Morristown (Thurber}, Maplewood (Riker), and
Englewood, N. J., where it has been found nesting (Chapman,
Auk, IV, 1887, p. 348; IX, 1892, p. 302). Farther north in the
Hudson Valley it has been found at Nyack (Bicknell\ and at Sing
Sing five specimens have been secured (Fisher, Bull. N. O. C , IV,
1879, p. 234; VI, 1881, p. 245; Auk, II, 1885, p.. 378). In the
Lower Connecticut Valley this bird seems to be more frequent
than in any other part of its range. It has been found at Saybrook,
Seymour, New Haven, Portland, and other localities, the principal
records being as follows: Eames, Auk, V, 1888, p. 427 ; VI, 1889,
p. 305 ; Bishop, ibid., VI, 1889, p. 192 ; Sage, ibid., X, 1893, p. 208.
Probably not more than one-third of all the specimens recorded
are typical leucobronchialis, the remaining two-thirds presenting
every stage of intergradation between this bird and typical H.pinus.

Lawrence's Warbler (Helminthophila lawrencet) is a much rarer
bird than the preceding. There are records for only three typical
specimens from the immediate vicinity of New York City, viz.,
Chatham, N. J. (HerricK), Hoboken, N. J. (Lawrence), and Rye,
N. Y. (Vorhees, Auk, V, 1888, p. 427).

Five specimens have been recorded from Connecticut, the
details of their capture being given under the references cited for
H. leucobronchialis.

The status of both Brewster's and Lawrence's Warbler is still
unsettled. They are generally considered to be hybrids between
H. pinus and H. chrysoptera, and it has also been suggested that
dichromatism may play a part in producing their coloration. Their
relationship will be found discussed under the following references :
Brewster, Bull. N. O. C., VI, i88i,p. 218; Ridgway, Auk, II, 1885,
p. 359; Manual N. A. Birds, 1887, p. 486.

— 72 —

*2%8. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linn ). GOLDEN-WINGED
WARBLER. (642.) — Eastern North America, breeding from Indiana
and northern New Jersey north to Michigan, southern Ontario,
and Vermont, south along the coast of the Alleghanies to South
Carolina ; winters in Central America. In the immediate vicinity
of New York City this bird occurs as a rather rare spring migrant
but in the early southward migration, in August, it is sometimes
not uncommon. It has been found nesting at Nyack, N. Y.
(Brownell\ and probably breeds regularly from that point north-
ward.

*28p. Helminthophila runcapilla^F/Zr.). NASHVILLE WARB-
LER. (645.)— Eastern North America, breeding from northern
Illinois and Connecticut northward to Labrador and the Fur
Countries. This species is here a tolerably common migrant and
a rare summer resident as far south as Highland Falls. It arrives
about May 10 and returns on its southward journey during late
August, the last migrants being seen about September 25.

290. Helminthophila celata (Say']. ORANGE-CROWNED
WARBLER. (646.) — Breeds in the interior of British Columbia, as
far north as the "Yukon and Mackenzie River districts, and south-
ward through the Rocky Mountains, wintering in the South Atlantic
and Gulf States and Mexico". This Warbler occurs here as an
exceedingly rare migrant. There are records of only six speci-
mens, all but one of which occurred in the fall. (See Hoivell, Auk,
X, 1893, p. 91.)

291. Helminthophila peregrina (Wih.\ TENNESSEE
WARBLER. (647.) — Eastern North America, breeding from Minne-
sota, northern New York and New Brunswick northward, and
wintering in Central America. With us this bird is a rather rare
spring migrant, but is sometimes not uncommon in the fall. It
passes northward early in May and returns on its southern journey
in September.

*292. Compsothlypisamericana (Linn.}. PARULA WARBLER.
(648.) — Eastern North America, breeding from the Gulf States
northward to Anticosti, and wintering from Florida southward.
The Parula Warbler is here a more or less abundant migrant, and
locally common summer resident. It arrives from the south about
May 7 and the last individuals are observed in early October.

Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.\ CAPE MAY WARBLER. (650.)

— 73 —

' — Eastern North America, breeding from northern New England
north to Hudson Bay, and wintering in the tropics. This is one
of our rarest spring migrants, passing northward about May 15.
In the fall migration immature birds are sometimes not uncommon.

*2p4. Dendroica aestiva (Gmel.\ YELLOW WARBLER. (652.)
—North America, except southwestern States, breeding northward
to the Arctic Regions and wintering as far south as northern South
America. This bird is one of our common summer residents. It
arrives from the south about May 5 and remains until September.
(See Group, Gallery, between Cases N and O.)

*295. Dendroica caerulescens (Gmel.\ BLACK-THROATED
BLUE WARBLER. (654.) — Eastern North America, breeding from
northern Minnesota (probably) and Connecticut (rarely) northward
to Labrador, and south along the crest of the Alleghanies to Ge-
orgia. It is one of our common migrant Warblers, passing north-
ward early in May and returning in September.

*296. Dendroica coronata (Linn.).
MYRTLE WARBLER; YELLOW-RUMPED
WARBLER, (655.) — Eastern North Ame-
rica, breeding from northern Minnesota
and northern New England northward,
and wintering from the Middle States
southward. This species is an abundant
FIG. 28. MYRTLE WARBLER, migrant in our vicinity and in favorable
localities where food is abundant, it passes the whole winter.
Migrants begin to arrive in early April, and the southward migration
takes place during the latter part of September and October.

*297. Dendroica maculosa (GmelJ). MAGNOLIA WARBLER.
(657.) — Eastern North America, breeding from northern Michigan
and northern New England to Hudson Bay, and southward along
the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania, and wintering in Central America.
In this vicinity it is a common migrant, passing northward early
in May and returning late in August and in September.

298. Dendroica caerulea (Wils.). CERULEAN WARBLER,
(658.) — Breeds in the Mississippi Valley as far north as Minnesota,
and eastward as far as Lockport, N. Y. (Davisori), and winters in
the tropics. Its occurrence here is accidental and there are but
two records of its capture, one of a male taken in Kings County,
L. I. (Dutcher, Auk, X, 1893, p. 277), and one of a male taken at

— 74 —

Highland Falls, May 17, 1875 (Mearns, Birds Hudson Highlands
P- J54).

*2pp. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.}. CHESTNUT-SIDED
WARBLER. (659.) — Eastern North America, breeding from central
Illinois and northern New Jersey north to Manitoba and New-
foundland, and southward along the crest of the Alleghanies to
South Carolina. With us it is a common migrant, and, in northern
New Jersey, a rare summer resident. It arrives early in May, and
the return migration occurs between August 10 and October i.

*300. Dendroica castanea (IVils.}. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER.
(660. ;— Eastern Northern America, breeding from northern Michi-
gan and northern New England northward to Hudson Bay and
Labrador, and wintering in Central America. As a rule the Bay-
breasted is one of our rarest transient Warblers but during some
seasons it is found in numbers. It passes northward about the
middle of May and returns in September.

*30i. Dendroica striata (Forst.).
BLACKPOLL WARBLER. (66 1.) — "Eastern
North America to the Rocky Mountains,
north to Greenland, the Barren Grounds,
and Alaska, breeding from northern New
England northward. South in winter to
northern South America." The Blackpoll

is one of our most abundant migrants, FlG 2 BLACKPOLL
and is the last of the Warblers to reach WARBLER.

us in the spring. It passes northward from May 20 to 30 and
returns on its southern journey in September.

*302. Dendroica blackburniae (Gmel.\ BLACKBURNIAN
WARBLER. (662.) — Eastern North America, breeding from northern
Minnesota and southern Maine northward to Labrador, and south-
ward along the Alleghanies to South Carolina, and wintering in
the tropics In this vicinity it is a rather uncommon spring
migrant, passing northwaid during the first half of May, but is not
uncommon some years during its return migration in September.
303. Dendroica dominica (Linn.}. YELLOW-THROATED
WARBLER. (663.) — Southern United States, breeding as far north
as Virginia, and wintering from Florida southward. There is but
one record of the occurrence of this southern species near New
York City. It is based on the capture of a male in Kings County,.
L. I. (Dutcher, Auk, X, 1893, p. 277)

— 75 —

*3°4. Dendroica virens (Gmel.). BLACK-THROATED GREEN
WARBLER. (667.) — Eastern North America, breeding from northern
Illinois and Connecticut northward to Hudson Bay and southward
along the Alleghanies to South Carolina. In the immediate
vicinity of New York City this bird is found only as a migrant,
arriving from the south late in April and returning about the
middle of August. It is known to breed at Highland Falls, N. Y.
(Afearns), Bridgeport, Conn. (Averill), and Millers Place, L. I.
(Dutcher, MS.).

*305- Dendroica vigorsii (Aud.). PINE WARBLER. (671.) —
Eastern North America, breeding from Hayti (?), the Bahamas and
Florida north to Manitoba and Maine, and wintering from southern
Illinois and North Carolina southward. This Warbler is of local
distribution in this vicinity. In northern New Jersey, the Lower
Hudson Valley and southern Connecticut it occurs only as a rare
migrant, but on certain parts of Long Island, where the scrub
pines afford it congenial surroundings, it is not uncommon and
breeds.

306. Dendroica palmarum (Gmel.). PALM WARBLER. (672.)
—Breeds in the interior of British America north of Manitoba
and west of Hudson Bay, migrates southward through the Mississippi
Valley, and winters in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, West
Indies, and Mexico ; casual in the North Atlantic States. This,
species is of rare occurrence here. One specimen was taken at
Sing Sing, N. Y., April 29, 1882 (Fisher, Bull. N. O. C, VII, 1882,
p. 249), two at Riverdale, N. Y., in the spring of 1877 (Bicknell^
Bull. N. O. C., V, 1880, p. 182), and one struck the Fire Island
Lighthouse September 23, 1887 (Dutcher, Auk, V, 1888, p. 182).

^307. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgiv. YELLOW
PALM WARBLER; YELLOW REDPOLL. (6720.) — Breeds from Nova
Scotia northward east of Hudson Bay and migrates southward
through the Atlantic States to winter in the Gulf States. This
bird is here a common migrant arriving from the south about April
10, and returning late in September and in October.

308. Dendroica discolor (Vie ill.). PRAIRIE WARBLER. (673.)
— Breeds from Florida to Michigan and Massachusetts and winters
from southern Florida southward. The distribution of the Prairie
Warbler in this vicinity is much like that of the Pine Warbler.
It is rare in northern New Jersey and the Lower Hudson Valley>

where, however, it has been found breeding once (Highland Falls,
Mearns), but is not uncommon on some parts of Long Island. At
Bridgeport, Conn., it is a common migrant and may breed
(Averill). (See Group, Gallery, between Cases E and F.)

*30p Seiurus aurocapillus

(Linn.). OVENBIRD. (674.) — Eastern
North America, breeding from Kan-
sas and Virginia northward to Mani-
toba and Labrador, southward along
the Alleghanies to South Carolina ;
winters from Florida southward.
The Ovenbird is one of our abundant FIG. 30. OVENBIRD.

summer residents arriving about May i and remaining until the
middle of October. (See Group, Gallery, between Cases G and H.)

*3IO. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.). WATER-THRUSH.

(675-) — Eastern United States, breeding from northern Illinois
and Massachusetts northward and wintering from the Gulf States
to northern South America. With us this species is a common
migrant, passing northward during May and returning about
September i.

311. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis(6!r/;^.). GRINNELL'S

WATER-THRUSH. (6750.) — "United States, from Illinois westward
to California, and north into British America"; eastward during
the migrations to Virginia and the South Atlantic States, and
wintering from the Gulf States to northern South America. This
western species is of a casual occurrence here It has been record-
ed only from Raritan, N. J., May 30, 1889 (Southwick, Auk, IX,
1892, p. 303).

*3I2 Seiurus motacilla(F/>///.). LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH.
(676.) — Eastern United States, breeding as far north as Minnesota
and Connecticut and wintering in the tropics. It is a common
summer resident in the Lower Hudson Valley, has been found as
far north as Lake George (Fisher), and is not uncommon in the
Lower Connecticut Valley. There are two records for Massachu-
setts and two for Rhode Island. On Long Island it is very rare
(Dutcher). (See Group, Gallery, between Cases Q and R).

^313. Geothlypis formosa (Wits.). KENTUCKY WARBLER.
(677.) — Eastern United States, breeding from the Gulf States to
Iowa and Connecticut, and wintering in Central America. This

PLATE 111. LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH.
(From Group in American Museum of Natural History.)

— -77 -

is a common summer resident on the
banks of the Lower Hudson River and
has been recorded from Fort Lee and
Rtverdale (Bicknell\ Englewood (Chap-
man), and Sing Sing (.Fisher), beyond
which point it is as yet unknown. In
Connecticut there are but three records,
viz., at Suffield where a male was taken
FIG. 31. KENTUCKY WARBLER. August 16, 1876 (Merriam}, at Green-
wich, where a pair and a fledgeling were seen and the male taken
July 10, 1892 (Vorhees, Auk, X, 1893, p. 86), and at West Stratford,
where a male was shot May 30, 1888 (Lucas, Orn. and Ool., XIV,
1889, p. 62). On Long Island it is very rare, there being but one
recent record of its occurrence (Dutcher}.

314. Geothlypis agilis (Wils.\ CONNECTICUT WARBLER.
(678.) — Eastern North America, nesting, as far as known, in Mani-
toba and wintering in northern South America. This species is an
exceedingly rare spring migrant east of the Alleghanies, and I
know of no record of its occurrence here at that season ; in the
fall, however, it is not uncommon, .and sometimes is abundant,
arriving as early as September 3 and remaining until the latter
part of the month.

. 315. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.\ MOURNING WARBLER.
(679.) — Eastern North America, breeding from eastern Nebraska,
northern New York and Nova Scotia northward, and southward
along the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania. This species is one of our
rarest Warblers ; it passes northward during the latter half of May.

*3l6. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.}. MARYLAND YELLOW-
THROAT. (681.) — Eastern North America, west to the Plains,
breeding from the Gulf States to Manitoba and Labrador, and
wintering from the Gulf States southward. This is one of our
most abundant summer residents. It arrives about May 5 and
remains until October. (See Group, Gallery, between Cases N
and O.)

*3i7- Icteria virens (Linn.). YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. (683.)
— Eastern United States, breeding as far north as southern Minne-
sota and Massachusetts, and wintering in Central America. The
Chat is here a common summer resident, arriving about May 5,
and remaining until September.

— 78 —

*3l8. Sylvania mitrata (Gmel.). HOODED WARBLER. (684.)
• — Eastern United States, breeding as far north as southern Michi-
gan and southern Connecticut, and wintering in Central America.
The Hooded Warbler is here near the northern limit of its range.
At Englewood, N. J., it is an abundant summer resident, arriving
about May 5 and remaining until the middle of September. At
Riverdale, N. J., it is locally common (Bicknell\ at Sing Sing it is
not common (Fisher), but at Highland Falls it is "very common"
(Mearns). It has been taken at Fishkill, the most northern point
in the Hudson River Valley from which it has been recorded. In
Connecticut it is common at Saybrook and New Haven but is rare
north of these points (Sage.} In Massachusetts it has been found
only twice. On Long Island it is, as far as known, very rare.

*3I9. Sylvania pusilla (IVils}. WILSON'S WARBLER. (685.)
— North America, breeding from British Columbia, Minnesota and
Nova Scotia northward and wintering in Central America, This
bird is here a rare spring migrant, passing north ward from the i2th
to the 3oth of May, but is not uncommon at times during its return
journey, which takes place between August 15 and September 15.

*320. Sylvania canadensis (Linn ). CANADIAN WARBLER.
(686.)— Eastern North America, breeding from northern Michigan
and Massachusetts to Manitoba and Labrador, and wintering in
Central and South America. This is one of our common migrants,
passing north from May 10 to June 10 and returning between
August 5 and September 10.

*32I. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.} AMERICAN REDSTART.
(687.) — North America, breeding from Kansas and North Carolina
north to Labrador and Fort Simpson, and wintering in the West
Indies, Central America and northern South America. The Red-
start is a common summer resident of our woodland ; it arrives
about May 5 and remains until early October. (See Group, Gallery,
between Cases N and O.)

Family MOTACILLID^E.— WAGTAILS.
*322. Anthus pensilvanicus (Lath.). AMERICAN PIPIT;
TITLARK (697.) — " North America at large, breeding in the higher
parts of the Rocky Mountains and sub-arctic districts and winter-
ing in the Gulf States, Mexico and Central America". The Titlark
is a generally common, and along our coasts, an abundant migrant.
It travels northward from the latter part of March to early May
and returns on its southern journey during October and November.

— 79 —

Family TROGLODYTID^.— WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC.

*323. Mimus polyglottos (Linn\ MOCKINGBIRD. (703 ) —
Breeds from the Bahamas and Mexico to southern Illinois and
northern New Jersey, rarely to Massachusetts, and winters from
North Carolina southward. The Mockingbird is of exceedingly
rare occurrence in this vicinity and doubtless many of the. speci-
mens reported are escaped cage-birds. It has, however, been
found breeding at a number of localities, and at Tenafly, N. J., a
pair returned to the same locality for a number of years (Auk, VI,
1889, p. 305). On several occasions Mockingbirds have been found
here during the winter and have shown their ability to withstand
our coldest weather as long as they could obtain an abundance of
food. Probably these birds were escaped cage-birds in which the
instinct of migration had never been developed.

*324. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn] CATBIRD (704)
— North America, breeding in the eastern United States from the
Gulf States to New Brunswick and northwestward to the Saskat-
chewan and British Columbia ; winters from Florida southward.
This species is an abundant summer resident, arriving about May
3 and remaining until October 20. (See Group, Gallery, between
Cases C and D.)

*325. Harporhynchus rufus (Linn.}. BROWN THRASHER.
(705.) — Eastern North America, breeding from the Gulf States to
Manitoba, Maine and Montreal, and wintering from the Gulf States
southward. The Brown Thrasher or Brown "Thrush", as it is
generally but incorrectly called, is a common summer resident,
appearing about April 20 and remaining until the middle of Octo-
ber. (See Group, main floor, between Cases K and L.)

*326. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Lath.). CAROLINA WREN.
(718.) — Eastern United States, breeding from the Gulf States to
southern Iowa, northern Illinois, and southern Connecticut; re-
sident, except at the northern limit of its range. Generally speak-
ing the Carolina Wren is a rather rare bird in this vicinity but on
the eastern slope of the Palisades, as far north as Piermont, it is
common during the summer (Chapman, Auk, X, 1893. p. 87).
It has been found on Long Island in the winter (Dutcher, MS.).

*327. Troglodytes aedon (VieilL). HOUSE WREN. (72^)—
Eastern North America, breeding as far north as Manitoba, Mon-

F

FIG. 32. CAROLINA WREN.

treal and Maine, and wintering from South Carolina southward.
This common and familiar species comes to us about May i and
remains until October.

*328. Troglodytes hiemalis (Vieill.\ WINTER WREN. (722.)
—Eastern North America, breeding from the Northern States
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies to North Carolina ;
winters from Massachusetts and Illinois to Florida. Just before
the House Wren leaves us, or about October i, the Winter Wren
comes from the north and is not uncommon until the House Wren
returns in May.

FIG. 33. WINTER WREN.

— -81 —

329. Cistothorus stellaris (Lie/it.). SHORT-BILLED MARSH
WREN. (624.) — Eastern North America, breeding as far north as
Manitoba and Massachusetts, and wintering from the Gulf States
southward. This species is here a rare summer resident of local
distribution.

330. Cistothorus palustris (Wils.\ LONG-BILLED MARSH
WREN. (625 )— Eastern North America, breeding from the Gulf
States to Manitoba and Massachusetts, and wintering from the
Gulf States southward. This abundant inhabitant of our reedy
marshes arrives in May and remains until October.

Family CERTHIID^.— CREEPERS.

*33i. Certhia familiaris americana (Bonap •.). BROWN
CREEPER. (726. ) — Eastern North America, breeding from Minnesota
and Maine northward, migrating south in winter as far as the Gulf
States. The Creeper is here a tolerably common winter resident,
arriving from the north about October i and remaining until April.

Family PARID^.— NUTHATCHES AND TITS.

*332. Sitta carolinensis Lath. WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH.
(727.) — Eastern North America, breeding from the Gulf States to
Minnesota and New Brunswick ; generally resident throughout its
range. This species is here a common resident.

*333- Sitta canadensis Linn.
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH. (728.) —
North America, breeding from Mani<
toba and Maine northward, and south-
ward along the Alleghanies to Virginia ;

winters from about the southern FlG 34 RED-BREASTED
limit of its breeding range to the Gulf NUTHATCH.

States. This bird is sometimes common from the later part of
August to October and is also a rare winter resident.

334. Parus bicolor (Linn ). TUFTED TITMOUSE. (731.) —
Eastern United States, breeding from the Gulf States to southern
Iowa and northern New Jersey ; resident throughout its breeding
range. This bird is resident and breeds as far north as Orange,
N. J. (Riker), and Staten Island, N. Y. (Hollick). Beyond these
points it occurs only irregularly and rarely. It has been observed
on several occasions at Englewood, N. }. (Chapman], and at River-
dale, N. Y. (Bicknell), the most northern records, I believe, for the

Hudson River Valley. There are few records for Connecticut,
and although Giraud leads us to believe it was not uncommon and
bred on Long Island when he wrote, it is now unknown there.

*335- Parus atricapillus (Linn. ).

CHICKADEE. (735 ) — Eastern North
America, breeding from southern
Illinois and Pennsylvania northward
to Labrador, and southward along
the Alleghanies to North Carolina;
in winter migrates a short distance
below the southern limit of its breed-
ing range. The Chickadee is here a
common resident, but is more nu-
merous during its migration in Oc-
tober than at other times.

336. Parus carolinensis

CAROLINA CHICKADEE. (736.) —

"Southeastern United States, north

to New Jersey and Illinois"; resi-

dent from Washington southward.

This species reaches the southern FIG. 35. CHICKADEE.

limit of our district at Princeton, N. J., where, according to Mr.

W. E. D. Scott, it is a regular surnmei resident, while P. atricapillus

is found there only in the winter (Scott, TheCountry, I, 1878, p. 354).

Family SYLVIID^E.— KINGLETS AND GNATCATCHERS.

*337- Regulus satrapa Licht. GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.
(748.) — North America, breeding from the northern United States
northward, and southward along the Rockies into Mexico, and in
the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters from the southern
limit of its breeding range to the Gulf States. This species is a
common winter resident in favorable localities; it arrives from the
north about October i and remains until May.

*338. Regulus calendula (LmnJ). RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.
(749.) — North America; breeds from the northern border of the
United States northward, and winters from South Carolina south-
ward into Mexico. This species is with us a common spring, and
an abundant fall migrant, arriving from the south about the middle
of April and returning late in September.

— 83 —

FIG. 36. GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

339. Polioptila caerulea(Z/««.). BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER.
(751.) — Eastern United States, breeding from the Gulf States to
northern Illinois, southern Ontario, and northern New Jersey, and
wandering rarely to Minnesota and Maine ; winters from Florida
southward. There are numerous records of capture of this south-
ern species in the vicinity of New York City, but it is not known
to occur regularly nearer than Princeton, N. J., where it arrives
from "April 25 to May i" (Scott, The Country, I, 1878, p. 354).

Family TURDID^E.— THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC.

*340. Turdus mustelinus Gmd. WOOD THRUSH. (755.)—
Eastern United States, breeding as far north as Minnesota and
northern Maine, and wintering in Central America. The Wood
Thrush is an abundant summer resident, arriving about May i and
remaining until early October. It may rightly claim the rank of
the most gifted of our summer songsters. (See Group, main floor,
between Cases M and N.)

*34I. Turdus fuscescens Steph. WILSON'S THRUSH. (756 )—
Eastern North America, breeding from northern Illinois and Penn-
sylvania to Manitoba and Newfoundland, and southward along the
Alleghanies to North Carolina. Wilson's Thrush, or the Veery,
as it is better called, is a common summer resident, arriving about
May i and remaining until September. (See Group, Gallery,
between Cases L and M.)

- 84 —

342. Turdus aliciae Baird. GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH. (757.) —
North America, breeding in Labrador and northwestward to-
Alaska, and migrating through eastern North America to Central
America. This bird is a common migrant, passing northward in
May and southward in September and October.

343. Turdus aliciae bicknelli (Ridgw.). BICKNELL'S THRUSH.
(7570-) — Breeds in the higher parts of the Catskitls and northward
to the White Mountains and Nova Scotia; winters in the tropics.
So far as records go, this is a rather rare migrant, occurring in
May and September and October, but careful search will
doubtless show it is more common than is generally supposed.

*344. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (Cab.). OLIVE-BACKED-
THRUSH. (758.) — Breeds from Manitoba and New Brunswick to
Alaska and Labrador, and southward in the Rocky Mountains,,
and along the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania. The Olive-backed
Thrush is a common migrant in this vicinity. It passes northward
in May and southward in September and October.

*345- Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii (C^.). HERMIT THRUSH.
(759^.) — Eastern North America, breeding from northern Michigan
and Massachusetts northward, and southward along the Alleghanies
to Pennsylvania; winters from southern Illinois and Pennsyl-
vania to the Gulf States. This species is an abundant migrant and
occasionally is found in small numbers during the winter. In the
spring it reaches us about April 10 and has passed by May i;
its fall migration takes place between October i and November i.
There is a record of its probable breeding at Lake Ronkonkoma,.
L. I. (Dutcher, Auk, III, 1886, p. 443).

*346. Merula migratoria (Linn.). AMERICAN ROBIN. (761.)
— "Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains, including
eastern Mexico and Alaska. Breeds from near the southern border
of the United States northward to the Arctic Coast ; winters from
southern Canada and the Northern States (irregularly) southward".
The Robin is our most abundant summer resident, and in favorable
localities a few may be found in the winter. Migrants begin to
arrive toward the last of February and the species is abundant
until December. (See Group, Gallery, between Cases A and B.)

347. Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.}. WHEATEAR. (765.)—
'Europe, North Africa, Asia, Alaska, Greenland, and Labrador^
straggling south to Nova Scotia, Maine, Long Island and the

II

< s
u

— 85 —

Bermudas." This northern species is of accidental occurrence in
this vicinity ; it has been twice recorded from Long Island
{Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1866, p. 282 ; Dutcher,
Auk, X, 1893, p. 277).

*348. Sialia sialis (Linn.). BLUEBIRD. (766.)— Eastern
United States, breeding from the Gulf States to Manitoba and
Nova Scotia, and wintering from southern Illinois and southern
New York southward. The Bluebird is here a common summer
resident, an abundant migrant, and a not infrequent winter resi-
dent. Migrants begin to arrive from the south early in March.

ERRATA.

p. 31, line i, for Palharope read Phalarope.

p. 47, insert Family Micropodidae.— Swifts, before No. 200,
Chaetura pelagica.

p. 50, line 5, for Alaada read Alauda.

p. 58, Fig. 21, for Pine Finch read Redpoll.

p. 60, Fig. 22, for Savanna Sparrow read Vesper Sparrow.

LIST OF

PRINCIPAL PAPERS RELATING TO THE BIRDS
OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY.

1844. DE KAY, J. E. Zoology of New York, or the New York
Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals
hitherto observed within the State of New York, with brief
notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and
accompanied by appropriate illustrations. Part II, Birds.
Albany: i Vol , 4to, pp. xii, 380, pll. col'd, 141.

Treats of 308 species. " Though still constantly quoted — and properly
to be referred to — it has ceased to be regarded as an authority " (Coues).

1844. GIRAUD, J. P., JR. The Birds of Long Island New

York: published by Wiley & Putnam, 161 Broadway....
i Vol., 8vo., pp. i-xxiv, 1-397.

Treats of 286 species, giving descriptions and extended annotations.
Only 200 copies of this work are supposed to have been placed in circulation.

1866. LAWRENCE, G. N. Catalogue of Birds observed on New
York, Long, and Staten Island and the adjacent parts of
New Jersey. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, New York, VIII, pp.
279-300.

A partially annotated list of 327 species.

1868. ABBOTT, C. C. Catalogue of Vertebrate Animals of New
Jersey. Cooke's Geology of New Jersey. Appendix E.
J3irds, pp. 761-798.

An annotated list of 301 species, abounding in errors and only to be
used with discrimination.

1876. BICKNELL, E. P. Field Notes at Riverdale. Forest and
Stream, VI, p. 233; also pp. 133, 148, 386, 402.
Winter and spring notes on numerous species.

— 88 —

1876. STEVENS, W. G. Bird arrivals on the Harlem. Forest and
Stream, VI, p. 215.

Notes on 40 species.

1877. MERRIAM, C. HART. A Review of the Birds of Connecticut
with Remarks on their Habits. Trans. Conn. Acad., IV,
pp. 1-165.

A fully annotated list of 292 species.

1877. STEVENS, W. B. [Arrivals of Birds at West Farms, N. Y.,
during the springs of 1874, 1875, and 1876.] Forest and
Stream, VIII, p. 400.

Dates of arrival of 32 species.

1878. BENNER, F. Bird Notes from Long Island. Forest and
Stream, X, pp. 174, 215.

Notes from Astoria on a number of species.

1878. BICKNELL, E. P. Evidences of the Carolinian Fauna in the
Lower Hudson Valley, Principally from Observations taken
at Riverdale, N. Y. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club !, III, pp. 128
-132.

On 13 Carolinian species. (See also Allen, J. A. ibid., pp. 149, 150.)

1878. HUYLER, A. I. Winter Birds on the Hackensack. The
Country, I, p. 149.

1878. LAWRENCE, N. T. Notes on several rare Birds taken on
Long Island. Forest and Stream, X, p. 235.
Notes on 24 species.

1878. WINKLE, N. [Spring Birds at Summit, N. J.] The Country,
II, P. 57.

1879. COUES, G. H. List of Birds observed in the Naval Hospital
Grounds, in Brooklyn City. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, IV,

PP- 3I-33-

Brief notes on 60 species.

1879. HERRICK, H Notes on some Birds of Chatham, N. J.
Forest and Stream, XII, p. 165.

1879-80. MEARNS, E. A. A List of the Birds of the Hudson
Highlands. Bull. Essex (Mass.) Inst., X, pp. 166 — 179;

1 Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club of Cambridge, Mass. (Vols. I
—VIII, 1876—1883, continued as 'The Auk' (address, C. F. Batchelder, Treas.,
Cambridge, Mass.).

-^-89 —

XI, 43~52> 154-168, 189-204; XII, 11-25, 109-128; XIII,
75-93-

The best and most complete of our local papers, treating fully of 209
species. (See also an Addendum adding 5 species, in The Auk !, VII,
1890, pp. 55, 56; also reviews in Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V, 1880, p. 175 ;
VI, 1881, p. 172.)

1879. NICHOLS, G. N. Migration of some Warblers through
Summit, N. J., during the last Spring. Forest and Stream,

XII, p. 464.

Notes on 18 species.

1879. ROOSEVELT, T. Notes on some of the Birds of Oyster Bay,
Long Island. One page leaflet, published by the author.
Notes on 17 species.

1879. SCOTT, W. E. D. Late Fall and Winter Notes on some Birds
Observed in the Vicinity of Princeton, N. J., 1878-79.
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, IV, pp. 81-85.

Notes on 35 species.

1879—85. FISHER, A. K. Occurrence of Several rare Birds near
Sing Sing, N. Y. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, IV, pp. 61, 62.

Notes on 5 species. For additional notes by the same author on the
rarer birds of Sing Sing, see ibid., Ill, 1878, pp. iqi, 192; IV, 1879,
p, 234; VI, 1881, p. 245 ; VII, 1882, p. 249, 251 ; VIII, 1883, pp. 121,
180; Auk1, II, 1885, pp. 306, 378.

1880. LAWRENCE, R. Notes on some of the Rarer Birds of Long
Island, N. Y. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V, pp. 116-117.

Notes on 8 species.

1880. STEARNS, W. A. List of Birds of Fishkill-on-Hudson, N. Y.
8vo., pp. 16. Published by the author.

A briefly annotated list of 138 species. (Review in Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, V, 1880, p. 233.)

1881. EERIER, DE L. Notes on a few Birds Observed at Fort
Hamilton, Long Island, N. Y. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI,
pp. 11-13.

Brief notes on 10 species.

1881. BERIER, DE L. Notes on Birds Rare or Accidental on Long
Island, N. Y. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI, pp. 125, 126.

Notes on 1 1 species.

1 The Auk, A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology. Edited by J. A. Allen.
Published for the American Ornithologists' Union by L. S. Foster, 35 Pine St.,
New York City.

— 90 —

1882. TOWNSEND, A. L. [Arrival of Birds in Spring at Bay Ridge,
L. I ] Forest and Stream, XVIII, pp. 305, 346, see also

p. 427.

Notes on some 30 species.

1884. BARRELL, H. F. Arrivals of Birds in [New Providence,]
N. J., in 1883. Orn. and Ool , IX, p. 45.
A chronological list of 73 species.

1884. DUTCHER, W. Bird Notes from Long Island, N. Y. Auk,

I, PP- I74-I79-

On birds striking the Fire Island and Shinnecock Bay Lighthouses.

1884-5. BICKNELL, E. P. A Study of the Singing of our Birds.
Auk, I, pp. 60-71, 126-140, 209-218, 322-332 ; II, 1885, pp.
144-154, 249-262.

On the song-seasons of about 100 species from observations made
principally at Riverdale, N. Y.

1884 — 89. DUTCHER, W. Bird Notes from Long Island. Auk, I,
PP- 3!-35 ; II, 1885, pp. 36-39; III, 1886, pp. 432-444; V,
1888, pp. 169-183; VI, 1889, pp. 131-139; X, 1893, pp.
265, 266.

A series of papers on the rarer birds of Long Island, treating of, in
all, 71 species.

1885. BARRELL, H. F. Birds of the Upper Passaic Valley, New
Jersey. Orn. and Ool., X, pp. 21-23, 42> 43-

A briefly annotated list of 149 species.

1885. HOLLICK, A. Preliminary List of the Birds known to breed
on Staten Island. Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc., Staten Island.
Extra No. 4, December.
A nominal list of 67 species.

1885. LAWRENCE, N. T. Long Island, N. Y., Bird Notes. Auk,

II, pp. 272-274.
Notes on 1 8 species.

1886. PAINE, A. G , JR. Dates of the Arrival of Migratory Birds
in the Spring of 1886, Central Park, New York City. Orn.
and Ool., XI, pp. 109, 125.

A chronological list of 64 species.

1886. WOODRUFF, L. B., AND PAINE, A. G., JR. Birds of Central
Park, New York [City]. A Preliminary List. Forest and
Stream, XXVI, pp. 386, 387 ; see also p. 487.

A briefly annotated list of 121 species.

— 91 —

1887. THURBER, E. C. A List of Birds of Morris County, New
Jersey. True Democratic Banner (newspaper), Morristown,
N. J., Nov. TO, 17, 24.

An annotated list of 205 species. (Review in Auk, V, 1888, pp. 421, 422.)

1888. HALES, H. Bird Notes of Northern New Jersey. Orn. and
O61., XIII, p. 158.

Notes on the spring migration at Ridge wood, N. J.

1889. CHAPMAN, F. M. Notes on Birds Observed in the Vicinity
of Englewood, N. J. Auk, VI, pp. 302-305.

Notes on 19 species.

1889. CHAPMAN, F. M. Notes on the Mniotiltidae of Englewood,
N. J. Abst. Proc. Linnaean Society [No. i], for the official
year 1888-89, P- 3- (See also Auk, VI, 1889, p. 198.)
A synopsis mentioning 8 species.

1889. CHAPMAN, F. M. Remarks on the Northern Limit of the
Carolinian Fauna on the Atlantic Coast. Abst. Proc*
Linnaean Society [No. i], for the official year 1888-89, p. 4.
(See also Auk, VI, 1888, p. 199.)

1889. BUTCHER, W. Long Island Birds. Forest and Stream,
XXX, p. 444.

A call for information on the occurrence of 52 species.

1889. FOSTER, L. S. Some Nyack Birds. Nyack Evening Jour-
nal, Aug. 19.

1889. LAWRENCE, G. N. An account of the Former Abundance of
some species of Birds on New York Island, at the time of their
Migration to the South. Abst. Proc. Linnaean Society [No.
i], for the official year 1888-89, pp. 6-8. (See also Auk,
VI, 1889, pp. 201-204.)

Notes on 13 species, from 1820 to 1850.

1890. NELSON, J. Descriptive Catalogue of the Vertebrates of
New Jersey. Geological Survey of New Jersey. Final
Report of the State Geologist. Vol. II, Part II. Birds,
pp. 518-636.

Based on Abbott's list of 1868 and containing numerous additional errors.

1892. AVERILL, C. K., JR. List of Birds found in the Vicinity of

Bridgeport, Connecticut. Prepared for the Bridgeport

Scientific Society. Bridgeport, Conn. : Buckingham &

Brewer, Printers. 8vo., pp. 1-19.

A briefly annotated list of 246 species. (See review in Auk, X, 1893, p. 352.)

— 92 —

1892. CHAPMAN, F. M. [Birds of Central Park, New York City.J
New York Evening Post, Supplement, June 18, 25, July 2,
Oct. 15, Dec. 31.

Popular account of some species.

1892. HOWELL, A. H. Brief notes from Long Island. Auk, IX,
PP. 306, 307.

Notes on 5 species.

1893. BUTCHER, W. Notes on some Rare Birds in the Collection
of the Long Island Historical Society. Auk, X, pp. 267-277.

Notes on 44 species.

1893 EAMES, E. H. Notes from Connecticut. Auk, X, pp. 89,
90, 209.

Notes from Bridgeport on n species.

1893. FOSTER, L. S. The Winter Birds of the Vicinity of New
York City. Abst. Proc. Linnaean Society, No. 5, pp. 1-3.
A synopsis mentioning 14 of a list of 127 species.

1893. HOWELL, A. H. On the Occurrence of three Rare Birds on
Long Island, New York. Auk, X, 1893, pp. 90, 91.

Barn Owl, Orange-crowned Warbler, and Bicknell's Thrush.

1894. CHAPMAN, F. M. The Nocturnal Migration of Birds.
Popular Science Monthly, XLV, pp. 506-511.

Contains an account of observations made at the Statue of Liberty,
Bedloe's Island.

INDEX.

ACANTHIS LINARIA, 57.

" linaria rostrata, 57.
Accidental Visitants, list of, 12.
Accipiter atricapillus, 40.
" cooperi, 40.
" velox, 40.
Actitis macularia, 36.
^Egialitis meloda, 37.

" meloda circumcincta, 37.
" semipalmata, 37.
" vocifera, 37.
wilsoni, 37.

Agelaius phceniceus, 53.
Aix sponsa, 23.
Alauda arvensis, 50.
Alaudidae, 50.
Alca torda, 15.
Alcedinidae, 45.
Alcidse, 14.
Alle alle, 15.
Ammodramus caudacutus, 60.

caudacutus nelsoni, 61.
caudacutus subvirgatus, 61.
henslowi, 60.
maritimus, 61.
princeps, 59.

sandwichensis savanna, 60.
savannarum passerinus, 60.
Ampelidse, 68.
Ampelis cedrorum, 68.

" garrulus, 68.
Anas americana, 22.
boschas, 21.
carolinensis, 23.
crecca, 22.
discors, 23.
obscura, 22.
penelope, 22.
strepera, 22.
Anatidae, 21.

Anser albifrons gambeli, 26.
Anseres, 21.
Anthus pensilvanicus, 78.

Antrostomus vociferus, 47.
Aphrizidse, 37.
Aquila chrysaetos, 41.
Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis,4i,
Ardea candidissima, 28.
ccerulea, 28.

" egretta, 28.

" herodias, 28.
virescens, 28.
Ardeidse, 27.
Ardetta, 89.
Arenaria interpres, 37.
Asio accipitrinus, 43.
" wilsonianus, 43.
Auk, Razor-billed, 15.
Avocet, American, 31.
Aythya affinis, 24.

americana, 23.

" collaris, 24.

" marila nearcfica, 24.

" vallisneria, 23.

BALDPATE, 22.
Bartramia longicauda, 35.
Beetle-head, 36.
Birds, Diving, 13.

" Perching, 48.

" Shore, 30.
Bittern, American, 27.

" Least, 27.
Blackbird, Crow, 54.

Red-winged, 53.
" Rusty, 54.
Bluebird, 85.
Bobolink, 52.
Bob-white, 38.
Bonasa umbellus, 38.
Booby, 20.

Botaurus lentiginosus,. 27.
Brant, 26.

" Black, 27.
Brantbird, 37.

— 94 —

Branta bernicla, 26.

canadensis, 26.
canadensis hutchinsii, 26.
leucopsis, 27.
" nigricans, 27.
Bubo virginianus, 44.
Bubonidae, 43.
Bufflehead, 24.
Bunting, Bay-winged, 59.

Black-throated, 66.
" Indigo, 65.
Painted, 65.
'" Snow, 59.
Butcher-bird, 68.
Buteo borealis, 40.

latissimus, 40.
lineattis, 40
swainsoni, 40.
Butterball, 24.
Buzzard, Turkey, 39.

CALCARIUS I.APPONICUS, 59

" ornatus, 59.
Calico-back, 37.
Calidris arenaria, 34.
Camptolaimus labradorius, 24.
Canvasback, 23.
Caprhnulgidse. 47.
Cardinal, 65.
Cardinalis cardinalis, 65.
Carduelis carduelis, 58.
Carpodacus purpureus, 56.
Catbird, 79.
Catharista atrata, 39.
Cathartes aura, 39.
Cathartidae, 39.
Cedar-bird, 68.
Ceophlceus pileatus, 46.
Cepphus grylle, 14.
Certhia familiaris americana, Si,
Certhiidae, 81.
Ceryle alcyon, 45.
Chaetura pelagica, 47.
Charadriidae, 36.
Charadrius dominicus, 37.
squatarola, 36.
Charitonetta albeola, 24.
Chat, Yellow-breasted, 77.
Chelidon erythrogaster, 67.
Chen caerulescens, 25.

" hyperborea nivalis, 25
Chewink, 65.
Chickadee, 82.

" Carolina, 82.
Chondestes grammacus, 61.
Chordeiles virginianus, 47.
Circus hudsonius, 40.
Cistothorus palustris, 8 1.
" stellaris. 81.

Clangula hyemalis, 24. j

CUipe, 46.

Clivicola riparia, 67.

Coccothraustes vespertina, 55.

Coccyges, 45.

Coccygus americanus, 45.

" erythrophthalmus, 45.
Colaptes auratus, 46.
Colinus virginianus, 38.
Columbae, 38.
Columbidae, 38.

Columbigallina passerina terrestris, 39.
Colymbus auritus, 13.

" holbosllii, 13.
Compsothlypis americana, 72.
Contopus borealis, 49.

virens, 49.
Coot, American, 30.

" Black, 25.

" White-winged, 25.
Cormorant, 20.

" Double-crested, 21.
Corvidae, 50.
Corvus americanus, 51.

" corax principalis, 51.

" ossifragus, 51.
Cowbird, 53.
Crake, Corn, 30.
Crane, 28.
Creeper, Brown, Si.
Crex crex, 30.
Crossbill, American, 56.

" White-winged, 57.
Crow, American, 51.

" Fish, 51.

Crymophilus fulicarius, 31.
Cuckoo, Black-billed, 45.

Yellow-billed, 45.
Cuculidae, 45.
Curlew, Eskimo, 36.

" Hudsonian, 36.

" Jack, 36.

" Long-billed, 36.
Cyanocitta cristata, 50.

DABCHICK, 13.
Dafila acuta, 23.
Dendroica sestiva, 73.

blackburnise, 74.

caerulea, 73.

caerulescens, 73

castanea, 74.

coronata, 73.

discolor, 75.

dominica, 74.

maculosa, 73.

palmarum, 75.

palmarum hypochrysea, 75.

pensylvanica, 74.

striata, 74.

— 95 —

Dendroica tigrina, 72.
" vigorsii, 75.
" virens, 75.
Dickcissel, 66.
Die-Dapper, 13.
Dolichonyx, 52.
Doughbird, 36.
Dove, Ground, 39.

" Mourning, 39.
Dovekie, 15.
Dowitcher, 32.

" Long-billed, 32.
Dryobates boreilis, 45.

pubesceris, 45.
" villosus, 45.
Duck, American Scaup, 24.
Black, 22.
Crow, 30.
Harlequin, 24.
Labrador, 24.
Lesser Scaup, 24.
Raft, 24.

Ring-necked, -24.
Rudely. 25.
Rufous-crested, 23.
Summer, 23.
Wood, 23.
Dunlin, 34.

EAGLE, BALD, 41.

" Golden, 41.
Ectopistes migratorius, 38.
Eggs, local collection of, 3.
Egret, American, 28.
Eider, American, 25.

" King, 25.
Elanoides forficatus, 39.
Empidonax acadicus. 49.
flaviventris, 49.
minimus, 49.

" pusillus traillii, 49.

Ereunetes occidentalis, 34.

" pusillus, 34.
Erismatura rubida, 25.

FALCO COLUMBARIUS, 41.

" islandus, 41.

" peregrinus anatum, 41.

" rusticolus obsoletus, 41.

" sparverius, 42.
Falconidae, 39.
Fauna, Alleghanian, southern limits

of, 5-

' Carolinian, northern limits of, 5.
Finch, Grass, 59.

" Pine, 58.

" Purple, 59.
Flicker, 46.
Flycatcher, Acadian, 49.

Flycatcher, Crested, 48.

" Least, 49.

Olive-sided, 49.

" Traill's, 49.

Yellow-bellied, 49.
Fratercula arctica, 14.
Fringillidse, 55.
Fulica americana, 30.
P'ulmar, 19.
Fulmarus glacialis, 19.
Fute, 36.

GADWALL, 22.
Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 79.
Gallinse, 38.
Gallinago clelicata, 32.
Gallinula galeata, 30.
Gallinule, Florida, 30.
" Purple, 30.
Gannet, 20.

Gelochelidon nilotica, 17.
Geothlypis agilis, 77.
" formosa, 76.

Philadelphia, 77.
" trichas, 76.

Glaucionetta clangula americana, 24.
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 83.
Godwit, Hudsonian, 34.

" Marbled, 34.
Golden-eye, American, 24.
Goldfinch, American, 57.
" European, 58

Goose, American White-fronted, 26.
Barnacle, 27.
Blue, 25.
Canada, 26.
Greater Snow, 25.
Hutchins's, 26.
Goshawk, American, 40.
Crackle, Bronzed, 54.

" Purple, 54.
Grebe, Hoiboell's, 13.
" Horned, 13.
" Pied-billed, 13.
Grosbeak, Blue, 65.

" Evening, 55.
Pine, 55.

Rose-breasted, 65.
Grouse, Pinnated, 38.

Ruffed, 38.
Guara alba, 27
Guillemot, Black, 14.
Guiraca caerulea, 65.
Gull, Bonaparte's, 16.
" Burgomaster, 16.
" Glaucous, 16.
" Great Black-backed, 16.
" Herring, 16
"' Kittiwake, 16.

— 96 —

Gull, Laughing, 16.

" Little, 17.

" Ring-billed, 16.

" Sabiue's, 17.
Gyrfalcon, Black, 41.
" White, 41.

HABIA LUDOVICIANA, 65.
Hsematopodidae, 38.
Haematopus palliatus, 38.
Haliaeetus leucocephalus, 70.
Harporhynchus rufus, 79.
Hawk, American Rough-legged, 41.
American Sparrow, 42.
Broad-winged, 40.
Chicken, 40.
Cooper's, 40.
Duck, 41.
Hen, 40.
Marsh, 40.
Pigeon, 4.1.
Red-shouldered, 40.
Red-tailed, 40.
Sharp-shinned, 40.
Swainson's, 40.
Hell-diver, 13.
Helminthophila celata, 72.

chrysoptera, 71, 72
lawrencei, 71.
leucobronchialis, 71.
peregrina, 72.
pinus, 70.
luficapilla, 72.

Helmitherus vermivorus, 70.
Hen, Marsh, 29.
" Meadow, 29.
" Mud, 29.
" Prairie, 38.
Herodiones, 27.

Heron, Black-crowned Night, 28.
' Great Blue, 28.
' Green, 28.

Little Blue, 28.
' Snowy, 28.

' Yellow-crowned Night, 28.
High-hole, 46.
Himantopus mexicanus, 31.
Hirundinidse, 66.
Histrionicus histrionicus, 24.
Hummingbird, Ruby-throated, 47.
Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis, 19.

IBIDID/E, 27.
Ibis, Glossy, 27.
" White, 27.
Icteria virens, 77.
Icteridse, 52.
Icterus galbula, 54.
" spurius, 54.
lonornis martin ica, 30.

JAEGER, Parasitic, 15.

" Pomarine, 15.

" Long-tailed, 15.
Jay, Blue, 50.

" Canada, 50.
Junco, 63.
Junco hyemalis, 63.

KILDEER, 37.
Kingbird, 48.

" Arkansas, 48.
Kingfisher, Belted, 45.
Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 82.

Ruby-crowned, 82.
Kite, Swallow-tailed, 39.
Kittiwake, 16.
Knot, 33.

LANIID/E. 68.
Lanius borealis, 68.

ludovicianus, 68.
Lapwing, 36.
Laridae, 16.
Lark, Horned, 50.

" Prairie Horned, 50.

" Shore, 50.

Larus argentatus smithsonianus, 16.
' atricilla, 16.

" delawarensis, 16.

" glaucus, 1 6.

" marinus, 16.
' minutus, 17.

" Philadelphia, 16.
Limicolae, 30.
Limosa fedoa, 34.

" haemastica, 34.
Longipennes, 15.
Longspur, Chestnut-collared, 59.

Lapland, 59.
Loon, 13.

" Black-throated, 14.

" Red-throated, 14.
Lophodytes cucullatus, 21.
Loxia curvirostra minor, 56.

" leucoptera, 57.

MACROCHIRES, 47.
Macrorhamphus griseus, 32.

" scolopaceus, 32.

Mallard, 21.
Marlin, Brown, 34.

" Ring-tailed, 34.
Martin, Purple, 66.
Meadowlark, 54.
Megascops asio, 44.
Melanerpes carolinus, 46.

" erythrocephalus, 46.

Melospiza fasciata, 63.

" georgiana, 64.

" lincolni, 64.

-r 97 —

Merganser americanus, 21.

serrator, 21.
Merganser, American, 21.

Hooded, 21.
" Red-breasted, 21.
Merula migratoria, 84.
Micropalama himantopus, 33.
Micropodidse, 86.
Mimus polyglottos, 79.
Mniotilta varia, 70.
Mniotiltidse, 70.
Mockingbird, 79.
Molothrus ater. 53.
Motacillidoe, 78."
Murre, Brilnnich's, 14.
Myarchus crinitus, 48.

NETTA RUFINA, 23.
Nighthawk, 47.
Numenius borealis, 36.

hudscnicus, 36,

longirostris, 36.
Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 81.

White-breasted, 81.
Nyctala acadica, 44.
Nyctea nyctea, 44.
Nycticorax nycticorax nsevius, 28.

violaceus, 28.

OCEANITES OCEANICUS, 2O.

Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 20.
Oidemia americana, 25.
deglandi, 25.
perspicillata, 25.
Old-Squaw, 24..
Old-Wife, 24.
Olor columbianus, 27.
Oriole, Baltimore, 54.

" Orchard, 54.
Osprey, American, 42.
Otocoris alpestris, 50.

" alpestris praticola, 50.
Ovenbird, 76.
Owl, American Barn, 42.

American Long-eared, 43.

Barred, 43.

Great Gray, 44.

Great Horned, 44.

Hawk, 44.

Saw-whet, 44.

Screech, 44.

Short-eared, 43.

Snowy, 44.
Oxeye, Meadow, 33.

" Sand, 34.
Oyster-catcher, 38.

PALUDICOL^, 29.

Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, 42.

Paridse. 81.
Partridge, 38.
Parus atricapillus, 82.
" bicolor, 8 1.
" carolinensis, 82.
Passerella iliaca, 64.
Passer domesticus, 56.
Passeres, 48.
Passerina ciris, 65.

" cyanea, 65.
Pavoncella pugnax, 35.
Peep, 33, 34.
Pelecanida?, 21.
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, 21.

*' fuscus, 21.
Pelican, Brown, 21.
" White, 21.
Perisoreus canadensis, 51,
Permanent Residents, list of, 7.
Petrel Leach's, 20.
'• Stormy, 20.
" Wilson's, 20.
Petrochelidon lunifrons, 67.
Pewee, Wood. 49.
Phalacrocoracidge, 20.
Phalacrocorax carbo, 20.

" dilophus, 21.

Phalarope, Northern, 31.
Red, 30.
Wilson's, 31.
Phalaropodidae, 30.
Phalaropus lobatus, 31.
" tricolor, 31.

Philohela minor, 31.
Phcebe, 49.
Pici, 45.
Picidse, 45.
Pigeon, Passenger, 38.

" Wild, 39.
Pinicola enucleator, 55.
Pintail, 23.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 65.
Pipit, American, 78.
Piranga erythromelas, 66.
" ludoviciana, 66.
" rubra, 66.
Plectrophenax nivalis, 59.
Plegadis autumnalis, 27.
Plover, American Golden, 37.
" Belted Piping, 37.
" Black-bellied, 36.
" Field, 35-
Piping, 37.
Semipalmated, 37.
Upland, 35.
Wilson's, 37.
Podicipidae, 13.
Podilymbus podiceps, 13.
Polioptila caerulea, 83.

Poocnstes gramineus, 59.
Porzana Carolina, 29.

" jamaicensis, 29.

" noveboracensis, 29.
Procellaria pelagica, 20.
Pfocellariidre, 19.
Progne subis 66.
Protonotaria citrea, 70.
Puffin, 14.
Puffinus auduboni, 19.

" borealis, 19.

" major, 19.

" Strickland!, 19.
Pygopodes, 13.

QUAIL, 38.

Quiscalus quiscula, 54.

" quiscula reneus, 54.

RAIL, Black, 29.

" Carolina, 29.

" Clapper, 29.

" King, 29.

;' Virginia, 29.

" Yellow, 29.
Rallidse, 29.
Kallus elegans, 29.

" longirostris crepitans, 29.

" virginianus, 29.
Raptores, 39.
Raven, American, 51.
Recurvirostra americana, 31.
Recurvirostridae, 31.
Redhead, 23.
Redpoll, 57.

" Holbcell's, 57.
Redstart, American, 78.
Reedbird, 52.
Regulus calendula, 82.

" satrapa, 82.
Rissa tridactyla, 16.
Robin, American, 84.
Ruff, 35.
Rynchopidse, 19.
Rynchops nigra, 19.

SANDERLING, 34.
Sandpiper, Baird's, 33.

Bartramian, 35.

Buff-breasted, 36.

Curlew, 34.

Least, 33.

Pectoral, 33.

Purple, 33.

Red-backed, 34.

Semipalmated, 34.

Solitary, 35.

Spotted, 36.

Stilt, 33-

Sandpiper, Western, 34.

White-rumped, 33.
Sapsncker, Yellow-bellied, 46,
Saxicola cenanthe, 84.
Sayornis phoebe, 49.
Scoleophagus carolinus, 54.
Scolopacidae, 31.
Scolopax rusticola, 31.
Scoter, American, 25.

" Surf, 25.
, " White-winged, 25.
Scotiaptex cinerea, 44.
Seiurus aurocapillus, 76.
" motacilla, 76.
" noveboracensis, 76.
" noveboracensis notabilis, 76.
Setophaga ruticilla, 78.
Shearwater, Audubon's, 19.
" Cory's, 19.

Greater, 19
" Sooty, 19.

Shelldrake, 21.
Shoveller, 23.
Shrike, Loggerhead, 69.

*' Northern, 68.
Sialia sialis, 85.
Sickle-bill, 36.
Siskin, Pine, 58.
Sitta canadensis.Si.

" carolinensis, Sr.
Skimmer, Black, 19.
Skylark, 50.
Snipe, English, 32.
"• Surf, 34.
" Wilson's, 32.
Snowbird, 63.
Snowflake, 59.
Somateria dresseri, 25.

" spectabilis, 25.
Sora, 29.

South-Southerly, 24.
Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed, 61.
' Chipping, 63.

' English, 56.

Field, 63.
Fox, 64.
' Grasshopper, 60.

Henslow's, 60.
' House, 56.

Ipswich, 59.
Lark, 61.
Lincoln's, 64.
Nelson's. 61.
Savanna, 6c.
Seaside, 61.
' Sharp-tailed, 60.

Song, 63.
Swamp, 64.
Tree, 62.

— 99 -

Sparrow, Vesper, 59.

" White-crowned. 62.
" White-throated, 62.
" Yellow-winged, 60.
Spatula clypeata, 23.
Sphyrapicus varius, 46.
Spinus pinus, 58.
" tristis, 57.
Spiza americana, 66.
Spizella montlcola, 62.
" pusilla, 63.
" socialis, 63.
Spoonbill, 23.
Sprigtail, 23.
Starling-, 52.
Steganopodts, 20.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 68.
Stercorariidae, 15.
Stercorarius longicaudus, 15.
parasitictis, 15.
pomarinus, 15.
Sterna antillarum, 18.
'• dougalli, 1 8.
" forsteri, 17.
" fuliginosa, 18.
" hirundo. 17.
" maxima, 17.
" paradisaea, 18.
tschegrava, 17.
Stilt, Black-necked, 31.
Strigidae, 42.
Strix pratincola, 42.
Sturnella magna, 54.
Sturnidae, 52
Sturnus vulgaris, 52.
Sula bassana, 20.

" sula, 20,
Sulidae. 20.

Summer Residents, list of, 8.
" Visitants, list of, 9.
Surnia ulula caparoch, 44.
Swallow, Bank, 67.
" Barn, 67. '

Cliff, 67.

" Rough-winged, 68.
Sea, 17.
Tree, 67.

Swan, Whistling, 27.
Swift, Chimney, 47.
Swimmers, Lamellirostral, 2r.
Long- winged, 15.
Totipalmate, 20. •
" Tube-nosed. 19.
Sylvania canadensis, 78.
" mitrata, 78.
'* pusilla, '78.
Sylviidae, 82.
Symphemia semipalmata, 35.

" semipalmata inorata, 35.

Syrnium nebulosum, 43.

TACHYCINETA BICOLOR, 67.
Tanager, Louisiana, 66.
" Scarlet, 66.

Summer, 66.
Tanagridae, 66.
Teal, Blue-winged, 23.

European Green-winged, 22.
Green-winged, 23.
Tern, Arctic, 18.
Black, 19.
Caspian, 17.
Common, 17.
" Forster's, 17.

Gull-billed, 17.
" Least, 1 8.

Roseate, 18.
" Royal, 17.
" Sooty, 18.
Tetraonidae, 38.
Thrasher, Brown, 79.
Thrush, Bicknell's, 84.

Gray-cheeked, 84.
Hermit, 84.
Olive-backed, 84.
Wilson's, 83.
Wood 83.

Thryothorus ludovicianus, 79.
Tip-up, 36.
Titlark, 78.
Titmouse, Tufted, 81.
Totanus flavipes, 35.

melanoleucus, 35.
" solitarius, 35.
Towhee, 65.

TransientVisitants, Irregular, list of , 1 1.
" Regular, list of, 10.
Tringa alpina, 34.

alpina pacifica, 34.
" bairdii, 33.
" canutus, 33.

ferruginea, 34.
" fuscicollis, 33.
maculata, 33.
maritima, 33.
" minutilla, 33.
Trochilidse, 47.
Trochilus colubris, 47.
Troglodytes aedon, 80.

hiemalis, 80.
Troglodytidas, 79.
Tryngites subruficollis, 36.
Tubinares, 19.
Turdidae, 83.
Turdus aliciae, 84.

" aliciae bicknelli, 84.

aonalaschkae pallasii, 83.
" fuscescens, 83.
mustelinus, 83.
" ' ustulatus swainsohii, 84.
Turnstone, 37.

— 100 —

Tympanuchus cupido, 38.
Tyrannidse, 48.
Tyrannus tyfannus, 48
" verticalis, 48.

URIA LOMVIA, 14.
Urinator arcticus, 14.

•' imber, 13.

" lumme, 14.
Urinatoridse, 13,

VANELLUS VANELLUS, 36.
Veery, 83.
Vireo flavifrons, 69.
'• gilvus, 69.

noveboracensis, 70.
olivaceus, 69.
philadelphicus, 69.
solitarius, 69.
Vireo, Black-headed, 69.
Philadelphia, 69.
Red-eyed, 69.
Warbling, 69.
"White-eyed, 70.
Yellow-throated, 69.
Vireonidse, 69.
Vulture, Black, 39.
Turkey, 39.

WARBLER, Bay-breasted, 74.

Black and White, 70.
" Blackburnian, 74.

Black-poll, 74.

" Black-throated Blue, 73.
" Black-throated Green, 75.
" Blue-winged, 70.
" Brewster's, 71.

Canadian, 78.
" Cape May, 72.
" Cerulean, 73.

Chestnut-sided, 74.

Connecticut, 77.

Golden-winged, 72.

Hooded, 78.

Kentucky, 76.

Lawrence's, 71.

Magnolia, 73.

Mourning, 77.

Myrtle, 73.

Nashville, 72.

Orange-crowned, 72.

Warbler, Palm, 75.
Parula, 72.
Pine, 75.
Prairie, 75.
Prothonotary, 70.
Tennessee, 72.
Wilson's, 78.
Worm-eating, 70.
Yellow, 73.
Yellow-palm, 75.
Yellow-rumped, 73.
Yellow-throated, 74.
Wa er-Thrush, 76.

Grinnell's, 76.
Louisiana, 76.
Waxwing, Bohemian, 68.

Cedar, 68.
Wheatear, 84.
Whip-poor-will, 47.
Whistler, 24.
Widgeon, American, 22.
" European, 22.
Willett, 35.

" Western, 35.
Winter Residents, list of, 9.
" Visitants, list of, 10.
Woodcock, American, 31.
European, 31.
Woodpecker, Downy, 45.
Hairy, 45.
Pileated, 46.
Red-bellied, 46.
Red-cockaded, 45.
Red-headed, 46.
Yellow-bellied, 46.
Wren, Carolina, 79.
" House, 80.
" Long-billed, 81.
" Short-billed, 81.
" Winter, 80.

XEMA sabinii, 17.

YELLOW-LEGS, 35.

" Greater, 35.

" Summer, 35.
Yellow-throat, Maryland, 77.

ZENAIDURA MACROURA, 39.
Zonotrichia albicollis, 62.
" leucophrys, 62.

MARIAN KOSH LAN D BIOSCIENCE AND

NATURAL RESOURCES LIBRARY

2101 Valley Life Sciences Bldg. • 642-2531

LOAN PERIOD

;

4j)

ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALL AFER 7 DAYS

DUE AS STAMPED BELOW

DU£

I AN L. 0 tUUU

w r»ll

SUBJECT IU RECA
IMMEDIATELY

.u

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
FORM NO. DDO, 50m, 1/99 BERKELEY, CA 94720-6000

(B139s22)476' LJmverSBe7rJe1e^llfOrma