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Marine Biologrcal Laboratory Library
Whods Hole, Massachusetts

(VOYAGES - OF - EXPLORATION

Collected
by

Newcoms Thompson Montgomery

(1907-1986)

Philadelphia architect nephew of
Thomas Harrison M ontgomery (1873-1912 )
MBL mvestygator, and Priscilla Broslin

Montgomery (1874-1956), MBL Ibrarvan.

Gof of thar sons Hugh Montgomery, MD.
and Raymond B. Montgomery ~ 1987.

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SAPO .C ene Saree ction, Oona

TOWARDS

DER Ee) AN Op BSS Bic eG Tek

UNDERTAKEN

BY HIS MAJESTY’S coMMAND

NSS.

BY CONS TANT INE, JOURN PAPERS

LE 'On Do OFEN

PRINTED BY W. BOWYER, AND J. NICHOLS,
FOR J. NOURSE, BOOKSELLER TO HIS MAJESTY,

IN THE STRAND.
MDCCLXXIV.

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SIRE,

As a Sea Officer addreffing Your Majesty
on a profeflional fubject, I might juftly be

accufed of fingular ingratitude did I not avail

myitelf

Ew

myfelf of this opportunity of reminding the
World, that the Voyage to explore how far
Navigation was practicable towards the North
Pole, was undertaken at a Period peculiarly
diftinouifhed by Your Majesry’s gracious’
Attention to Your Navy.

In a Time of profound Peace Your
Majesty, by a liberal Addition to the Half
Pay of the Captains, relieved the Neceflities
of many, and gratified the Ambition of all,
at once demonftrating Your Majesty’s regard
to their Welfare, and Remembrance of their

Services.

The Armament which followed in a few
Months, and Your Majesty’s Review of that
Armament which by the Dhifpatch of its

Equipment

[ai wags |

Equipment had prevented a War, afforded
to Your Navy the moft flattering and diftin-
suifhed Mark of Royal Favour, and to Your
Majefty an additional Proof of that Alacrity
for Your Service which had fo recently re-
ceived both its Reward and Encouragement

from Your Mayjesty’s Protection.

Permit me, Srre, to add, that Your
Majesty’s gracious Approbation of my En-
deavours,. and the Permiflion I have been
honoured with, of infcribing the following
Account of them to Your Majesty, are
{trong Proofs of that Indulgence with which
Your Majesty receives every Attempt to
promote Your Service—An Indulgence which,
at the fame Time that it cannot fail of ani-
mating the Zeal of others more worthy of

Your

[ vii J

Your Mayjesty’s Notice, has added to the
moft devoted Attachment the warmeft Gra-

titude of,

SIRE,

Your Majesty’s moft dutiful

Subject and Servant,

CONSTANTINE JOHN PHIPPS.

ENG fh Re O:.D UG. 10. N,

HE idea of a paflage to the Eaft Indies by the

- North Pole was fuggefted as early as the year 1527,

by Robert Thorne, merchant, of Briftol, as appears from
two papers preferved by Hackluit; the one addreffed to
king Henry VIII; the other to Dr. Ley, the king’s am-
baflador to Charles V. In that addrefled to the king he
fays, ‘* Iknow it to be my bounden duty to manifeft this
“ fecret to your Grace, which hitherto, I fuppofe, has
“ been hid.” This fecret appears to be the honour and
advantage which would be derived from the difcovery of
a paflage by the North Pole. He reprefents in the
ftrongeft terms the glory which the kings of Spain and
Portugal had obtained by their difcoveries Eaft and Weft,
and exhorts the king to emulate their fame by under-
taking difcoveries towards the North. He ftates in a
very mafterly ftyle the reputation that muit attend
the attempt, and the great benefits, fhould it be
B crowned

I MGr AR Oh DRO earl Orn,
crowned with fuccefs, likely to accrue to the fubjects of
this country, from their advantageous fituation ; which,
he obferves, feems to make the exploring this, the
only hitherto undifcovered part, the King’s peculiar

duty.

To remove any objection to the undertaking which
might be drawn from the fuppofed danger, he infifts up-
on “ the great advantages of conftant day-light in feas,
“¢ that, men fay, without great danger, difficulty, and peril,
** yea, rather, it is impoflible to pafs; for they being paft
* this little way which they named fo dangerous (which
“ may be two or three leagues before they come to the
* Pole, and as much more after they pafs the Pole), it is
*¢ clear from thenceforth the feas and lands are as tem-
‘* perate as in thefe parts.”

In the paper addrefled to Dr, Ley he enters more
minutely into the advantages and pradticability of
the undertaking. Amongft many other arguments to
prove the value of the difcovery, he urges, that by fail-
ing northward and pafling the Pole, the navigation from
England to the Spice Iflands would be fhorter, by more
than two thoufand leagues, than either from Spain by the
Straits of Magellan, or Portugal by the Cape of Good
Hope; and to fhew the likelihood of fuccefs in the enter-
prize he fays, it is as probable that the cofmographers
fhould be miftaken in the opinion they entertain of the

polar

IoN <T [RrOoDy UECa Ts1 0 Ny -

polar regions being impaflable from extreme cold, as, it has
been found, they were, in fuppofing the countries under
the Line to be uninhabitable from exceflive heat. With
all the fpirit of a man convinced of the glory to be
gained, and the probability of fuccefs in the undertaking,
he adds,—** God knoweth, that though by it I fhould
‘* have no great intereft, yet I have had, and ftill have, no
<< little mind of this bufinefs: fo that if I had faculty to
“ my will, it fhould be the firft thing that I would un-
‘‘ derftand, even to attempt, zf our feas Northward be
“ navigable to the Pole or no.” Notwithitanding the
many good arguments, with which he fupported his pro-
pofition, and the offer of his own fervices, it does not
appear that he prevailed fo far as to procure an attempt to
be made. |

Borne, in his Regiment of the Sea, written about the
year 1577, mentions this as one of the five ways to
Cathay, and dwells chiefly on the mildnefs of climate
which he imagines mutt be found near the Pole, from the
conftant prefence of the fun during the fummer, Thefe
arguments, however, were foon after controverted by
Blundeville, in his Treatife on Univerfal Maps,

In 1578, George Beft, a gentleman who had been
with Sir Martin Frobifher in all his voyages for the dif-
covery of the North Weft paflage, wrote a very ingenious
difcourfe, to prove all parts of the world habitable.

B 2 No

G2

1 Sor CO DI UCoTA1 No IN,

No voyage, however, appears to have been undertaken
to explore the circumpolar feas, till the year 1607, when
“ Henry Hudfon was fet forth, at the charge of certain
“ worfhipful merchants of London, to difcover a paflage
“‘ by the North Pole to Japan and China.” He failed
from Gravefend on the firft of May, in a fhip called the
Hopewell, having with him ten men and a boy. I have
taken great pains to find his original journal, as well as
thofe of fome others of the adventurers who followed him;
but without fuccefs: the only account I have feen is an
imperfeé& abridgement in Purchas, by which it is not pof-
fible to lay down his track; from which, however, I
have drawn the following particulars:—He fell in with
the land to the Weftward in latitude 73°, on the
twenty-firft of June, which he named Hold-with-Hope.
The twenty-feventh, he fell in with Spitfbergen, and
met with much ice; he got to eighty degrees twenty-
three minutes, which was the Northernmoft latitude
he obferved in. Giving an account of the conclufion
of his difcoveries, he fays, ‘On the fixteenth of
“ Auguft I faw land, by reafon of the clearnefs of the
‘weather, /fretching far into eighty-twe degrees, and, by
“the bowing and fhewing of the fky, much farther ;
*€ which when I firft faw, I hoped to have had a free fea
“* between the land and the ice, and meant to have com-
** paffed this land by the North; but now finding it was
*impofhible, by means of the abundance of ice com-
“ paffing us about by the North, and joining to the

| “ land;

PACTS R OLD: U & TT T-O..N

“ land; and feeing God did blefs us with a wind, we re-
“turned, bearing up the helm.” He afterwards adds:
“ And this I can affure at this prefent, that between
“ feventy-eight degrees and an half, and eighty-two de-
“¢ orees, by this way there is no paflage.”’—In confequence
of this opinion, he was the next year employed on the
North Eaft difcovery.

In March 1609, old ftyle, “‘ A voyage was fet forth by the
‘* right worfhipful Sir Thomas Smith, and the reft of the
“© Mufcovy Company, to Cherry Ifland, and for a further
*< difcovery to be made towards the North Pole, for the like-
** jihood of a trade or a pafiage that way, in the (hip called
“the Amity, of burthen feventy tuns, in which Jonas
* Poole was mafter, having fourteen men and one boy.’’—
He weighed from Blackwall, March the firft, old ftyle; and
after great feverity of weather, and much difficulty from
the ice, he made the South part of Spitfbergen on the
16th of May. He failed along and founded the coatft,
giving names to feveral places, and making many very
accurate obfervations, On the 26th, being near Fair
Foreland, he fent his mate on fhore ;—and fpeaking of
the account he gave at his return, fays, ‘‘ Moreover, I was
“¢ certified that all the ponds and lakes were unfrozen, they
“ being frefh water; which putteth me in hope ofa mild
“‘ fummer here, after fo fharp a beginning as I have had;
«‘ and my opinion is fuch, and I aflure myfelf it is fo, that

‘* a paflage may be as foon attained this way by the Pole,
é¢ as

*

INor Re @ Di UW Gh leO“Ny
“<¢ as any unknown way whatfoever, by reafon the fun doth
“‘ give a great heat in this climate, and the ice (I mean
‘* that freezeth here) is nothing fo huge as I have feen in
“¢ feventy-three degrees.”’

Thefe hopes, however, he was foon obliged to relinquifh
for that year, having twice attempted in vain to get beyond
79° 50. Onthe 2rft of June, he ftood to the Southward,
to get a loading of fifh, and arrived in London the latt of
Auguft. He was employed the following year (1611) in a
{mall bark called the Elizabeth, of 50 tuns. The inftruc-
tions for this voyage, which may be found at length in Pur-
chas, are excellently drawn up: They direct him, after
having attended the fifhery for fome time, to attempt difco-
veries to the North Pole as long as the feafon will permit;
with a difcretionary claufe, to aét in unforefeen cafes as fhall
appear to him moft for the advancement of the difcovery,
and intereft of his employers. This however proved an unfor-
tunate voyage: for having ftaid in Crofs Road till the 16th of
June, on account of the bad weather, and great quantity
of ice, he failed from thence on that day, and fteered
W bN fourteen leagues, where he found a bank of ice:
he returned to Crofs Road; from whence when he failed,
he found the ice to lie clofe to the land about the lati-
tude of 80°, and that it was impoffible to pafs that way;
and the ftrong tides making it dangerous to deal with the
ice, he determined to ftand along it to the Southward, to
try if he could find the fea more open that way, and fo

2 get

CNTFRODOSOUGTION.
get to the Weftward, and proceed on his voyage. He
found the ice to lie nearef’ SW and SWbS and ran
along it about an hundred and twenty leagues. He had
no ground near the ice at 160, 180, or 200 fathoms: per-
ceiving the ice ftill to trend to the fouthward, he deter-
mined to return to Spitsbergen for the fifhery, where he

loft his fhip.

in the year 1614, another voyage was undertaken, in
which Baffin and Fotherby were employed. With much
difficulty, and after repeated attempts in vain with the
fhip, they got with their boats to the firm ice, which
joined to Red-Beach; they walked over the ice to that
place, in hopes of finding whale-fins, &c. in which they
were difappointed. Fotherby adds, in his account: ‘* Thus,
“as we could not find what we defired to fee, fo did we
“‘ behold that which we wifhed had not been there to be
“‘ feens which was great abundance of ice, that lay clofe
“to the fhore, and alfo off at fea as far as we could
“ difcern.” On the eleventh of Auguft they failed from
Fair-Haven, to try if the ice would let them pafs to the
Northward, or Northeaftward; they iteered from Cape
Barren, or Vogel Sang, NEDbE eight leagues, where
they met with the ice, which lay EbS and WDN.
The fifteenth of Auguft they faw ice frozen in the fea
of above the thicknefs of an halfcrown.

Fotherby

Vinee ROD 0 Gt ro N.

Fotherby was again fitted out the next year in a pinnace
of twenty tons, called the Richard, with ten men. In
this voyage he was prevented by the ice from getting
farther than in his laft. He refers toa chart, in which he
had traced the fhip’s courfeon every traverfe, to fhew how
far the ftate of that fea was difcovered between eighty and
feventy-one degrees of latitude, and for twenty-fix degrees
of longitude from Hackluit’s headland. He concludes the
account of his voyage in the following manner:

“‘ Now, if any demand my opinion concerning hope
** of a paflage to be found in thofe feas, I anfwer; that it
‘‘is true, that I both hoped and much defired to have
“ pafied further than [ did, but was hindered with ice;
“‘ wherein although I have not attained my defire, yet
“¢ forafmuch as it appears not yet to the contrary, but
‘« that there is a {pacious fea betwixt Groinland and king
«« James his new land [Spitsbergen] although much pefter-
“ed with ice; I will not feem to difwade this worfhip-
“‘ ful company from the yearly adventuring of 150 or 200
“« pounds at the moft, till fome further difcovery be made
“Cof the faid feas and Jands adjacent.” It appears that
the Ruffia:company, either fatisfied with his endeavours
and defpairing of further fuccefs, or tired of the expence
of the undertaking, never employed any more fhips on this
clifcovery.
All

iM, T, BR. OD, UC. T.T.o WN.

All thefe voyages having been fitted out by private ad-
venturers, for the double purpofe of difcovery and prefent
advantage ; it was natural to fuppofe, that the attention
of the navigators had been diverted from purfuing the
more remote and lefs profitable obje& of the two, with
all the attention that could have been wifhed. I am
happy, however, in an opportunity of doing juftice to
the memory of thefe men; which, without having
traced their fteps, and experienced their difficulties,
it would have been impoflible to have done. They
appear to have encountered dangers, which at that
period muft have been particularly alarming from their
novelty, with the greateft fortitude and perfeverance ; as
well as to have fhewn a degree of diligence and fkill, not
only in the ordinary and practical, but more {fcientific
parts of their profeflion, which might have done honour
to modern feamen, with all their advantages of later im-
provements. This, when compared with the accounts
given of the ftate of navigation, even within thefe forty
years, by the moft eminent foreign authors, affords the
moft flattering and. fatisfa@ory proof of the very early
exiftence of that decided fuperiority in naval affairs, which
has carried the power of this country to the height it has
now attained.

This great point of geography, perhaps the moft im-
portant in its confequences to a commercial nation and
C maritime

190

LNTRODUCHTION
maritime power, but the only one which had never yet
been the object of royal attention, was fuffered to remain
without further inveftigation, from the year 1615 till
1773, when the Earl of Sandwich, in confequence of an

application which had been made to him by the Royal

Society, laid before his Majefty, about the beginning of
February, a propofal for an expedition to try how far na-
vigation was practicable towards the North Pole; which
his Majefty was pleafed to direct fhould be immediately
undertaken, with every encouragement that could coun-
tenance {uch an enterprize, and every afliftance that could
contribute to its fuccefs.

As foon as I heard of the defign, I offered myfelf, and
had the honour of being entrufted with the condué& of
this undertaking, The nature of the voyage requiring
particular care in the choice and equipment of the fhips,
the Racehorfe and Carcafs bombs were fixed upon as the
ftrongeft, and therefore propereft for the purpofe. The
probability that fuch an expedition could not be carried
on without meeting with much ice, made fome additional
ftrengthening neceflary: they were therefore imme-
diately taken into dock, and fitted in the moft compleat
manner for the fervice. The complement for the Race-
horfe was fixed at ninety men, and the ordinary eftablifh-
ment departed from, by appointing an additional number
of officers, and entering effective men inftead of the
ufual number of boys.

3 I was

PONT IRTOVD IVS CCT 0 ON,

I was allowed to recommend the officers ; and was very
happy to find, during the courfe of the voyage, by the
great affiftance I received on many occafions from their
abilities and experience, that I had not been miftaken in
the characters of thofe upon whom fo much depended in
the performance of this fervice. Two mafters of Green-
landmen ‘were employed as pilots for each fhip. The
Racehorfe was alfo furnifhed with the new chain-pumps
made by Mr. Cole according to Captain Bentinck’s im-
provements, which were found to an{wer perfectly well.
We alfo made ufe of Dr. Irving’s apparatus for diftilling
frefh water from the fea, with the greateft fuccefs. Some
fall but ufeful alterations were made in the fpecies of
provifions ufually fupplied in the navy; an additional
quantity of fpirits was allowed for each fhip, to be iffued
at the difcretion of the commanders, when extraordinary
fatigue or feverity of weather might make it expedient.
A quantity of wine was alfo allotted for the ufe of the
fick. Additional clothing, adapted to that rigor of
climate, which from the relations of former navigators
we were taught to expect, was ordered to be.put on

board, to be given to the feamen when we arrived in the.

high latitudes. It was forefeen that one or both of the
{hips might be facrificed in the profecution of this under-
taking ; the boats for each fhip were therefore calculated,
in number and fize, to be fit, on any emergency, to

Cia tran{port

1Y

¥2

INT 2.0 DIU T LYON.
tranfport the whole crew. In fhort, every thing which
could tend to promote the fuccefs of the undertaking, or
contribute to the fecurity, health, and convenience of the
fhips’ companies, was granted.

The Board of Longitude agreed with Mr. Ifrael Lyons
to embark in this voyage, to make aftronomical obferva-
tions. His reputation for mathematical knowledge was
too well eftablifhed to receive any addition from the few
opportunities which a voyage in fuch unfavourable
climates could afford. The fame Board fupplied him with
fuch inftruments as they imagined might be ufeful for
making obfervations and experiments. The Royal So-
ciety favoured me with fuch information as they judged
might ferve to dire&t my enquiries, whenever the circum-
ftances of the voyage fhould afford me leifure and opportu-
nity for making obfervations. Befides thefe learned bodies,
I was obliged to many individuals for hints; amongft
whom it is with pleafure I mention Monfieur D’ Alembert,
who.communicated to me a fhort paper, which, from the
concifenefs and elegance with which it was drawn up, as
well as from the number of interefting obje@s that it re-
commended to my attention, would have done honour to
any perfon whofe reputation was not already eftablithed
upon fo folid a foundation as that learned philofopher’s.
To Mr. Banks I was indebted for very full inftructions in
the branch of natural hiftory, as I have fince been for his

affiftance

TON [RS OUD AW! Cok row,
affiftance in drawing up the account of the produ@tions of
that country ; which I acknowledge with particular fatis-
faGtion, as inftances of a very long friendfhip which I am
happy in an opportunity of mentioning,

As a voyage of this kind would probably afford many
opportunities of making experiments and obfervations in
matters relative to navigation, I took care to provide my-
felf with all the beft inftruments hitherto in ufe, as well
as others which had been imperfectly, or never, tried,

The length of the Second Pendulum in fo high a lati-
tude as I was likely to reach, appearing to me an experi-
ment too interefting to be neglected, I defired Mr. Cum-
ming to make me fuch an inftrument as he thought would
beft anfwer the purpofe, That modefty and candour which
always attend real merit, induced him to lend me the
identical pendulum with which Mr. Graham had made his
experiments, rather than furnifh me with one of his own
conftruction; but the judgment as well as fkill with
which the apparatus joined to it was contrived and exe-
cuted, notwithftanding the fhortnefs of the time, will, I
am fure, do him credit.

The Board of Longitude fent two watch machines for
keeping the longitude by difference of time; one con-

ftruged by Mr, Kendal, on Mr, Harrifon’s principles ;
the

¥3

14

LYN ieee OW DTU CNL TO: SN,
the other by Mr. Arnold. I had alfo a pocket watch
conftruéted by Mr. Arnold, by which I kept the longi-
tude to a degree of exaétitude much beyond what I could
have expected; the watch having varied from its rate of
going only 2 40° in 128 days.

_ In the Journal which follows, I mean to confine myfelf
to the occurrences of the voyage as they fucceeded in order
ef time; which, for the convenience of the generality
of readers, I have reduced from the nautical to the
civil computation: to this I fhall add, by way of Ap-
pendix, an account of all the experiments and obferva-
tions under their refpeétive heads, that thofe who in-
tereft themfelves in any particular branch, may find
whatever they want, unmixed with foreign matters ;.
while thofe who may wifh only to trace the whole pro-
grefs of the voyage, as well as thofe who may be fatif-
fied with the general refults of the experiments, will:
find the account unincumbered with that detail which
I with to fubmit to others, who may chufe to examine
more minutely, and compare the faéts with the con-
clufions, ;

A yoyage of a few months to an uninhabited extre-
mity of the world, the great obje& of which was to af-
certain a very interefting point in geography, cannot be
fuppofed to afford much matter for the gratification of

mere

Mane Rk OV BC kT: 1: oO ON,
mere curiofity. The experiments and obfervations may

poffibly from their novelty, and the peculiar circumftances _

of the climate in which they were made, afford fome
entertainment to philofophers ; and might perhaps have
been more numerous and fatisfa€tory, if the purfuit of
the great object of the voyage had not rendered them,
however interefting in themfelves, but a fecondary con-
fideration.

15

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[ 19 ]

Pall, ae a aM ae Nae es

uaa roth, 1773, I received my commiflion for
the Racehorfe, with an order to get her fitted
with the greateft difpatch for a voyage of difcovery to-
wards the North Pole, and to proceed to the Nore for
further orders.

23d. The fhip was hauled out of dock.

May 21ft. The fhip being manned and rigged, and
having got in all the provifions and ftores, except the
Gunner’s, we fell down to Galleons.

22d. We received on board the powder, with eight fix-
pounders, and all the gunner’s ftores. Lord Sandwich
gave us the laft mark of the obliging attention he had
fhewn during the whole progrefs of the equipment, by
coming on board to fatisfy himfelf, before our departure,
that the whole had been compleated to the with of thofe
who were embarked in the expedition. The Eafterly
D 2 winds

May.

May.

frou By ACL.

winds prevented our going down the river till the 26th,
when I received my inftruétions for the voyage, dated the
25th; directing me to fall down to the Nore in the
Racehorfe, and there taking under my command the
Carcafs, to make the beft of my way to the Northward,
and proceed up to the North Pole, or as far towards it as
poffible, and as nearly upon a meridian as the ice or other
obftruétions might admit; and, during the courfe of the
voyage, to make fuch obfervations of every kind as might
be ufeful to navigation, or tend to the promotion of na-
tural knowledge: in cafe of arriving at the Pole, and
even finding free navigation on the oppofite meridian,
not to proceed any farther; and at all events to fecure
my return to the Nore before the winter fhould fet in.
There was alfo a claufe authorizing me to proceed, in
unforefeen cafes, according to my own difcretion; and
another claufe dire&ting me to profecute the voyage on
board the Carcafs, in cafe the Racehorfe fhould be loft or
difabled.

27th. I anchored at the Nore, and was joined by
Captain Lutwidge, in the Carcafs, on the goth: her
equipment was to have been in all refpeéts the fame as that
of the Racehorfe, but when fitted, Captain Lutwidge find-
ing her too deep in the water to proceed to fea with fafety,
obtained leave of the Admiralty to put fix more guns on
fhore, to reduce the complement to eighty men, and re-
turn a quantity of provifions proportionable to that re-
4 du€tion.

mM Ch WORE NY AD Ei;
duétion. The officers were recommended by Captain
Lutwidge, and did juftice to his penetration by their
conduét in the courfe of the voyage. During our ftay
here, Mr. Lyons landed with the aftronomical quadrant
at Sheernefs fort, and found the latitude to be 51° 31’ 30”,
longitude 0° 30’ Eaft; The Eafterly winds prevented
our moving this day and the following.

June 2d. Having the wind to the Weftward of North,
at five in the morning I made the fignal to weigh; but
in lefs than half an hour, the wind fhifting to the Eaft-
ward and blowing frefh, I furled the topfails. The wind
came in the afternoon to N bE; we weighed, but did not

get far, the tide of flood making againit us.

gd. The wind blowing frefh all day Eafterly, we did

not move.

4th. The wind coming round to the Weftward at fix
in the morning, I weighed immediately, and fent the
boat for Captain Lutwidge, to deliver him his orders,
At 10 A.M. longitude by the watch 56 E. At noon the
latitude obferved was 51° 37 36° N. At eight in the
evening we had got as far 4s Balfey Cliff, between Orford
and Harwich. Little wind at night.

sth. Anchored in Hofeley Bay at half paft feven in
the evening, in five and an half fathom water. Orford
Caftle NEDN, Angle

pi

22
May.

June:

»

‘22

June.

Fyn OW Ue Rie NYOAD TE

Angle between Aldborough Church and Orford ”

Light Houfe. 38

Light Houfe and Orford Church, = - ie 18 16
-Orford Church and Caftle, “= i 2 20
Gaftle and Hofeley Church, - = - 3 100 59
Hofeley and Balfey Church, u w = 35 27

6th. At five in the morning, the wind at SSW,
weighed, and ftood out to fea, finding I might lofe two
tides by going through Yarmouth Roads. Examined the
log line, which was marked forty-nine feet; the glafs
was found, by comparing it with the time-keeper, to run
thirty feconds: at noon latitude obferved 52° 16° 54’,
longitude by the watch 1° 30° 15” E.
Angle between Southwold and Walderfwick, 10° 39
Walderfwick and Dunwich, - é ae, BiG ®
Dunwich and Aldborough, nes Sate (sie),
Southwold NW 2.N, fuppofed diftance three leagues.

“We concluded the latitude of Southwold to be 52° 22’,

and longitude 1° 18° 15” E. The dip was 73° 22’.

sth. The wind was Northerly all day, and blew frefh
in the morning. We had ftood far out in the night and
the day before, to clear the Lemon and Ower.

8th. Little wind moft part of the day, with a very
heavy fwell. Stood in for the land. At half paft ten lon-
gitude by the watch o° 41 15° E. At noon the latitude
was

a O:. G2 REIN) AOL
was 53° 38 37° We faw the high land near the Spurn,
in the evening.

gth. About noon Flamborough Head bore NWbN
diftant about fix miles: we were by obfervation in lati-
tude 54° 4° 54”, longitude 0° 27 15” E; which makes
Flamborough Head, in latitude 54° 9, longitude 0° 1¢
15 E. In the afternoon we were off Scarborough. _ Al-
moft calm in the evening.

roth. Anchored in the morning for the tide in Robin
Hood’s Bay, with little wind at NW: worked up to
Whitby Road next tide, and anchored there at four in
the afternoon, in fifteen fathom, with very little wind.

1th. Calm in the morning ; compleated our water,
live ftock and vegetables, At nine in the morning
longitude obferved by the watch 1° 55° 30° W;
Whitby Abbey bore S2 W. Weighed with the. wind
at S E, and fteered NEDN to get fo far into the mid-
channel as to make the wind fair Eafterly or Wefterly,
without being too near either fhore, before we were clear
of Shetland and the coaft of Norway. .

12th. The wind at SE, and the fhip well advanced,

I ordered the allowance of liquor to be altered, ferving the
fhip’s company one-fourth of their allowance in beer, and
the other three-fourths in brandy; by which means the
beer

23

June.

24

June.

Jl OF US RI NILA

beer was made to laft the whole voyage, and the water
confiderably faved. One half of this allowance was ferved
immediately after dinner, and the other half in the even-

ing. It was now light enough all night to read upon
deck. ;

13th. The weather ftill fine, but confiderably lef
wind than the day before, and in the afternoon more
Northerly. The longitude at ten in the morning was
found by my watch 0° 6& W. We took three obfervations
of the moon and fun for the longitude ; the extremes dif-
fered from one another near two degrees: the mean of
the three gave the longitude 1° 37° E. At noon the la+
titude obferved was 59° 32 31”. We found a difference
of 36° between the latitude by dead reckoning and obfer-
vation, the fhip being fo much more Northerly than the
reckoning. The diftance by this log was too fhort by
forty-three miles. A log marked forty-five feet, accord-
ing to the old method, would have agreed with the ob-
fervation within two miles in the two days’ run. The cir-
cumftance of fteering upon a meridian, which afforded me
fuch frequent opportunities of deteéting the errors of the
log, induced me to obferve with care the comparative ac-
curacy of the different methods of dividing the line, re-
commended by mathematicians, or praétifed by feamen.
In the afternoon I went on board the Carcafs to compare
the time-keepers by my watch. At fix in the evening
the longitude by my watch 0° 4’ E. This evening the fun
fet

ie QO; Ut Be; Ay L:
fet at twenty-four minutes paft nine, and bore about
NNW by the compafs.. The clouds made a beautiful
appearance long after to the Northward, from the re-
flection of the fun below the horizon. It was quite light
all night: the Carcafs made the fignal for feeing the land
in the evening.

t4th. Little wind, or calm, all day; but very clear
and fine weather. Made feveral different obfervations for
the longitude by the fun and moon, and by my watch.
The longitude of the fhip was found by my watch, at
ten in the morning, to be 1° 11° 45° W. ‘The longitude
by the lunar obfervations differed near two degrees from
one another. By the mean of them the fhip was in lon-
gitude 2° 57 45” W. Some Shetland boats came on
board with fifh, At noon the latitude by obfervation
was 60° 16’ 45’. At one in the afternoon the dip was
obferved to be 73° 30’; and at eight, 75° 18°: the even-
ing calm, and very fine; the appearance of the fky to th
Northward very beautiful. Variation, by the mean of
feveral obfervations, 22° 25° W.

rsth. By an obfervation at eight in the morning, the
longitude of the fhip was by the watch 0° 39° W: Dip 74°
52’.. At half paft ten in the morning, the longitude,
from feveral obfervations of the fun and moon, was o°
17 Ws; at noon being in latitude 60° 19 8’, by
obfervation, I took the diftance between the two fhips by
i the

25
June.
es

26

June.

j Of U' RENARD Le
the Megameter; and from that bafe determined the po-
fition of Hangcliff, which had never before been afcer-
tained, though it is a very remarkable point, and fre-
quently made by fhips. According to thefe obfervations
it is in latitude 60° 9’, and longitude 0° 56 30° W. In
the Appendix I fhall give an account of the manner of
taking furveys by this inftrument, which I believe never
to have been praétifed before. At one, obferved the dip
to be 75°. A thick fog came on in the afternoon,
with a flat calm; we could not fee the Carcafs, but
heard her anfwer the fignals for keeping company.
Variation, from the mean of feveral obfervations,

a5 x W.

16th. A very thick fog in the morning; latitude ob-

ferved at noon 60° 29 17”: the dip was obferved at

nine in the evening to be 76° 45°. In the afternoon, the
weather clear, and the wind fair, fteered NNE: fent
Captain Lutwidge his further orders and places of ren-
dezvous.

17th. Wind fair, and blowing frefh at SSW, con-
tinued the courfe N NE: ordered the people a part of
the additional clothing: faw an Englifh floop, but had
ho opportunity of fending letters on board, the fea run-
ning high. At ten in the morning, longitude by the
watch o° 19 45° W: at noon, the latitude obferved
was 62° 59 27". The fhip had out-run the reckoning
5 eleven

— OUR N AL.
eleven miles. I tried Bouguer’s log twice this day, and
found it give more than the common log. Variation
Ig 22 W.

18th, Little wind all day, but fair, from SS W to SE:
fill fteering N NE: latitude obferved at noon 65° 18’
17°. At three in the afternoon, founded with 300 fa-
thom of line, but got no ground. Longitude by the
watch 1° 0 30° W.

1gth, Wind tothe NW. Took the meridian ob-
fervation at midnight for the firft time: the fun’s lower
limb 0° 3.7 30” above the horizon ; from which the latitude
was found 66° 54’ 39" N: at four in the afternoon, lon-
gitude by the watch o? 58’ 45” W: at fix the variation
1g «1 W.

20th. Almoft calm all day. The water being per-
fectly fmooth, I took this opportunity of trying to get
foundings at much greater depths than I believe had ever
been attempted before. I founded with a very heavy
lead the depth of 780 fathom, without getting ground ;
and by a thermometer invented by lord Charles Cavendith
for this purpofe, found the temperature of the water at
that depth to be 26° of Fahrenheit’s thermometer; the
temperature of the air being 48° 3.

E 2 We

June.

June.

ji oe ue Re wi ad at,

We ‘began this day to make ufe of Dodor Irving's
apparatus for diftilling frefh water from the fea: repeated
trials gave us the moft fatisfa&tory proof of its utility : the
water produced from it was perfeétly free from falt, and
wholefome, being ufed for boiling the fhip’s provifions ;
which convenience would alone be a defirable objec in all
voyages, independent of the benefit of fo ufeful a refource
in cafe of diftrefs for water. The quantity produced every
day varied from accidental circumitances, but was gene-
rally from thirty-four to forty gallons, without any great
addition of fuel. Twice indeed the quantity produced

was only twenty-three gallons on each diftillation; this _
- amounts to more than a quart for each man, which,

though not a plentiful allowance, is much more than
what is neceflary for fubfiftence. In cafes of real neceflity *
I have no reafon to doubt that a much greater quantity
might be produced without an inconvenient expence of

fuel.

aft. A frefh gale at SE all day; fteered NN E-
At four in the morning we fpoke with a fnow from the
feal fifhery, bound to Hamburg, by which we fent fome
letters. At fix in the morning the variation, by the mean
of feveral obfervations, was 23° 18’ W. Longitude by the
watch at nine was o 34’ 30” W. Latitude obferved at
noon 68° 5’.

22d,

7 QW BN A i

22d. Calm moft part of the day; raimy and rather
cold in the evening, At noon obferved the dip to be

77 52+

23d. Very foggy all day; the wind fair; altered the
courfe and fteered N E and EN E, to get more into the
mid channel, and to avoid falling in with the Weftern
ice, which, from the increafing coldnefs of the weather,
we concluded to be near. At feven o'clock in the morn-
ing, being by our reckoning to the Northward of 72°, we
faw a piece of drift wood, and a {mall bird called a Red-
poll. Dip obferved at nine in the evening to be
81 30.

24th. Wery foggy all the morning; the wind came
round to the Northward. The dip obferved at noon
was 80° 35’. In the afternoon, the air much colder than
we had hitherto felt it; the thermometer at 34°. A fire
made in the cabin for the farft time, in latitude 73° 40’.

25th, Wind Northerly, with a great fwell; fome
{now, but in general clear. At eight in the morning,
the longitude obferved by the watch was 7° 15° E. Made
feveral obfervations on the variation, which we found, by
thofe taken at feven in the morning, to be 17° 9’ W;
by others at three in the afternoon, only 7° 47’ W. I
could not account for this very fudden and extraordinary
decreafe,

June.

39

June.

FOU Ww w.

decreafe, as there were feveral different obfervations
taken both in the morning and evening, which agreed
perfectly well with each other, without any apparent
caufe which could produce an error affecting all the ob-
fervations of either fet. At eight in the evening the lon-
gitude by the moon was 12° 57’ 30” E, which differed
2° 35’ from that by the watch, Little wind at night.

26th. Little wind all day; the weather very fine and

‘moderate. ‘The latitude obferved at noon was 74° 25".

The thermometer expofed to the fun, which fhone very
bright, rofe from 41° to 61° in twenty minutes. By each
of two lunar obfervations which I took with a fextant of
four inches radius, at half paft one, the longitude was
9 57 30” E; which agreed within thirty-feven minutes
with an obfervation made by the watch at half an hour
after three, when the longitude was 8° 52’ 30° E. Dip

70) 22.

27th. At midnight the latitude obferved was-74° 26’.
The wind came to the S W, and continued fo all day,
with a little rain and fnow. The cold did not increafe.
We fteered NbE. At feven in the morning the varia-
tion, by a mean of feveral obfervations, was found to be
20° 38’ W. We were in the evening, by all our reckon-
ings, in the latitude of the South part of Spitfbergen,
without any appearance of ice or fight of land, and with
a fair wind.

28th,

OF UF RT! AO 1

28th. Lefs wind in the morning than the day before,
* with rain and fleet: continued fteering to the Northward,
At five in the afternoon picked up a piece of drift wood,
which was fir, and not worm-eaten: founded in 290 fa-
thom; no ground. At fix the longitude by the watch
was 7° 50 E: between ten and eleven at night, faw the
land to the Eaftward at ten or twelve leagues diftance.
At midnight, dip 81° 7’. |

29th. The wind Northerly ; ftood clofe in with the
land. ‘The coaft appeared to be neither habitable nor
acceflible ; it was formed by high, barren, black rocks,
without the leaft marks of vegetation ; in many places bare
and pointed, in other parts covered with fhow, appear-
ing even above the clouds: the vallies between the high
cliffs were filled with fnow or ice, This profpe& would
have fuggefted the idea of perpetual winter, had not
the mildnefs of the weather, the fmooth water, bright
funfhine, and conftant day-light, given a chearfulnefs
and novelty to the whole of this ftriking and romantick:
fcene.

I had an opportunity of making many obfervations near
the Black Point. Latitude obferved at noon 77°59’ 11x”.
The difference of latitude, from the laft obfervation:
on the 27th at midnight to this day at noon, would
according to the old method.of marking the log have been:

bwoe

@

3F

June.

June.

[vOn, Ur Ra Nu Agila
two hundred and thirteen miles; which agrees exadly
with the obfervation. At three in the afternoon, brought
to. and founded r1o fathom; foft muddy ground:
hoifted out the boat and tried the ftream 3 found it, both
by the common and Bouguer’s log (which agreed exadtly)
to run half a knot North; Black Point bearing E.N E.
At four the longitude by the watch was 9° 31’ E: at
eight the variation, by the mean of nineteen obfervations,
11° 53’ W. I could not account from any apparent caufe
for this great change in the variation: the weather was
fine, the water fmooth, and every precaution we could
think of ufed to make the obfervations accurate. ‘The dip
was 80° 26’. Plying to the Northward.

goth. At midnight the latitude by obfervation was
78 0 50’. At four in the morning, by Lord Charles
Cavendith’s thermometer the temperature of the water at
the depth of 118 fathoms was 31° of Fahrenheit’s ;_ that
of the air was at the fame time 40°3.. At nine in the
morning we faw a fhip in the N W, ftanding in for the
land. Having little wind this morning, and that Nor-
therly, I ftood in for the land, with an intention to have
watered the fhip, and got out immediately, but was pre-
vented by the calm which followed. At noon the lati-
tude obferved was 78° 8’; the dip 79° 30. At two
in the afternoon we founded in 115 fathom; muddy
bottom: at the fame time we fent down Lord Charles
Cavend fh’s thermometer, by which we found the

te mperatu re

jo OF. UM RANG ACT)
temperature of the water at that depth to be 33°; that of
the water at the furface was at the fame time 40°, and in
the air 44°:. Fahrenheit’s thermometer p'unged in water
brought up from the fame depth, ftood at 38°3. This
evening the mafter of a Greenland Ship came on board,
who told me, that he was juft come out of the ice which
lay to the Weftward about fixteen leagues off, and that
three fhips had been loft this year, two Englifh, and one
Dutch. The weather fine, and rather warm. At fix in

the evening the longitude by my watch was g° 28’
45° E.

July 1ft. Little wind Northerly, or calm, all day: the
weather very fine, and fo warm that we fat without a
fire, and with one of the ports open in the cabin. At
noon ‘the latitude obferved was 78° 13’ 36”; Black Point
bearing S 78° E; which makes the latitude of that point
nearly the fame as that of the fhip, and agrees very well
with the chart of this coaft in Purchas.

2d, Little wind, and calms, all day ; the weather very
fine. At fix in the morning five fail of Greenlandmen in
fight. At noon the latitude obferved was 78° 22’ 41”.
I took a furvey of the coaft, as far as we could fee: I
took alfo with the megameter the altitudes of feveral of
the mountains: but as there is nothing particularly in-
terefting to navigators in this part of the coaft, I hall
only mention the height of one mountain, which was

Fr fifteen

Ka

June.

July.

34

July.
——

PO} Uy Re AD Ty
fifteen hundred and three yards. ‘This may ferve to give
fome idea of the appearance and feale of the coaft. At
half paft fix the longitude by the watch was 9° 8' 30” E:
Variation 14° 55° W.

3d. Latitude at midnight 78° 23’ 46”: Dip 80° 45’.
The weather fine, and the wind fair all day. Running
along by the coaft of Spitfbergen all day: feveral Green-
landmen in fight. Between nine and ten in the evening
we were abreaft of the North Foreland, bearing EbS:8,
diftance 1 4 mile. Sounded in twenty fathom; rocky
ground.

4th. Very little wind in the morning. At noon the
latitude by obfervation was 79° 31’. Magdalena Hook
bore N 39° E diftant about four miles; which gives the
latitude of that place 79° 34’; the fame as Fotherby ob-
ferved it to be in 1614. Stood in to a fmall bay to the
Southward of Magdalena and Hamburgher’s Bay: anchored
with the ftream anchor, and fent the boat for water. About
three in the afternoon, when the boat was fent on
fhore, it appeared to be high water, and ebbed about three
feet. This makes high water full and change at half
an hour paft one, or with a SSW moon; which agrees
exactly with Baffin’s obfervation in 1613. The flood comes
from the Southward. Went afhore with the aftrono-
mer, and inftruments, to obferve the variation. A thick
fog came on before we had completed the obfervations.
The

ji @ WRN Lt.

The fhip driving, 1 weighed and f{tood out to fea under an
eafy fail, firing guns frequently to fhew the Carcafs where
we were; and in lefs than two hours joined her. Soon
after (about four in the morning of the 5th) the Rock~
ingham Greenland Ship ran under our ftern, and the
matter told me he had juft {poke witn fome fhips from
which he learnt, that the ice was within ten leagues of
Hacluyt’s Head Land, to the North Weft. In confe-
quence of this intelligence, I gave orders for fteering in
towards the Head Land; and if it fhould clear up, to fteer
direGtly for it; intending to go North from thence, till
fome circumftance fhould oblige me to alter my courfe.

sth. At five the officer informed me, that we were
very near fome iflands off Dane’s Gat, and that the pilot
wifhed to ftand farther out; I ordered the fhip to be
kept Nb W, and hauled farther in, when clear of the
iflands. At noon I fteered North, feeing nothing of the
land; foon after I was told that they faw the ice:
I went upon deck, and perceived fomething white upon
the bow, and heard a noife like the furf upon the fhore;
I hauled down the ftudding fails, and hailed the Carcafs
to let them know that I fhould ftand for it to make what
it was, having all hands upon deck ready to haul up at a
moment’s warning: I defired that they would keep clofe
to us, the fog being fo thick, and have every body up
ready to follow our motions inftantaneoufly, determining
to ftand on under fuch fail as fhould enable us to keep
F 2 the

35
July.

36
July.

Sh: Oy Ur: Rap Ni ay kL:

the fhips under command, and not rifk parting com-
pany. Soon after two {mall pieces of ice not above three
feet fquare pafied us, which we fuppofed to have floated
from the fhore. It was not long before we faw fomething
on the bow, part black and_ part covered with fnow,
which from the appearance we took to be iflands, and
thought that we had not ftood far enough out; I hauled
up immediately to the N N W and was foon undeceived,
finding it to be ice which we could not clear upon that
tack; we tacked immediately, but the wind and fea
both fetting dire€tly upon it, we neared it very faft, and
were within little more than a cable’s length of the ice,
whilft in ftays. The wind blowing frefh, the fhips would
have been in danger on the lee ice, had not the officers
and men been very alert in working the fhip. The ice,
as far as we could then fee, lay nearly Eb N and WbS,
At half paft feven in the evening, the fhip running en-
tirely to the Southward, and the weather clearing a little,
L tacked, and ftood for the ice. When I faw it, I bore
down to make it plain; at ten the ice lay from NW
to Eaft, and no opening. Very foggy, and little wind,
all day ; but not cold. At eleven came ona thick fog.
At half paft midnight, heard the furge of the ice, and
hauled the wind to the Eaftward..

6th. Clear weather all day, and the wind Eafterly of
the ice. In the morning I flood in to make the land
plain. At fix, was within four miles of the ice, which
bore:

Ji OF U4 RAN Ab LA

bore from ENE to WNW: at ten near Vogel Sang:
at noon, latitude obferved 79° 56’ 39’; wind Eafterly.
Continued plying to windward between the land and the
ice: was within a quarter of a mile of the ice, which lay
from ENE to NN W, when I tacked at two in the
afternoon; and within half a cable’s length at midnight:
the Carcafs was a great way aftern and to leeward all
day. Being fo near the laft rendezvous, I did not chufe
to bring to for her, but was very anxious to avail myfelf
of this favourable opportunity, having the wind off the
ice and clear weather, to fee whether there was any
opening to the N E of the Head Land. By all the accounts
from the Greenlandmen this year, and particularly the laft
account from the Rockingham, as well as from what we
had feen ourfelves, the ice appeared to be quite clofe to
the N W. Wehad feen it from ESE toWN W.. It was
probable that the fea, if open any where, would be fo to
the Eaftward, where the Greenlandmen do not often ven-
ture, for fear of being prevented from returning by the
ice joining to Spitfbergen. I determined therefore, fhould
the wind continue in the fame quarter next day, to find
whether the ice joined to the land, or was fo detached as
to afford me an opportunity of pafling to the Eaftward..
In cafe of the ice being faft I could, with the wind Eafterly,
range clofe along the edge of it to the Weftward. The
weather exceedingly fine. At fix in the afternoon, the
longitude by the watch was 9° 43' 30" E..

©

¥:
7th3-

37
July.

38

July.

PROAU'RAINT ADL)

oth. At five in the morning the wind was Northerly,
and the weather remarkably clear. Being near the ice
I ranged along it. It appeared to be clofe all round;
but I was in hopes that fome opening might be
found to get through to a clear fea to the Northward. I
ran in amongtt the {mall ice, and kept as clofe as poffible
to the main body, not to mifs any opening. At noon,
Cloven Cliff W 4S feven leagues, At one in the after-
noon, being ftill amongtt the loofe ice, I fent the boat to
one of the large pieces to fill water. At four we fhoaled
the water very fuddenly to fourteen fathom: the outer
part of Cloven Cliff bore WN: Redchff, $$ E. The
loofe ice being open to the E N E, we hauled up, and im-
mediately deepened our water to twenty-eight fathom 5
muddy ground, with fhells. At half paft four, the ice
fetting very clofe, we ran between two pieces, and having
little wind were ftopped. ‘The Carcafs being very near,
and not anfwering her helm well, was almoft on board of

us. After getting clear of her, we ran to the Eaftward.

Finding the pieces increafe in number and fize, and
having got to a part lefs crowded with the drift ice, I
brought to, at fix in the evening, to fee whether we could
difcover the leaft appearance of an opening: but it being
my own opinion, as well as that of the pilots and officers,
that we could go no farther, nor even remain there with-
out danger of being befet, I fent the boat en board the
Carcafs for her pilots, to hear their opinion; they both

7 declared

J.tOu.UgeR gNYACL

declared that it appeared to them impraéticable to proceed
that way, and that it was probable we fhould foon be
befet where we were, and detained there. The ice fet
faft down, that before they got on board the Carcafs we
were faft. Captain Lutwidge hoifted our boat up, to
prevent her being ftove. We were obliged to heave the
fhip through for two hours, with ice anchors, from each
quarter; nor were we quite out of the ice till midnight.
This is about the place where moft of the old difcoverers
were ftopped. The people in both fhips being much fa-
tigued, and the Carcafs not able to keep up with
us, without carrying ftudding-fails, I fhortened fail as foon
as we were quite out, and left orders to ftand to the
Northward under an eafy fail: I intended, having failed
in this attempt, to range along the ice to the N W, in
hopes of an opening that way, the wind being fair, and
the weather clear; refolving, if I found it all folid, to
return to the Eaftward, where probably it might by that
time be broken up, which the very mild weather encau-
raged me to expedt.

8th. Little wind in the morning, and a fwell fetting
on the ice, we were obliged to get the boats a-head, to
tow the fhip clear; which they effe@ed with difficulty.
A breeze {pringing up when we were within two cables
lengths of the main body of the ice, ftood in for the
land, and tacked at two, to ftand to the N W for the ice;
but the weather coming thick between five and fix, I

ftood

39
July.

40
July.

7-fo XU ''R AN Va OL.
ftood in again for the land. It clearing up foon after, I
bore away again N W for the ice. At ten, fpoke with
a Greenland Ship which had juft left the ice all clofe to
the NN W.. Between eleven and twelve the wind came
to the S W, with an heavy {well, and thick weather.
Double-reefed the topfails, and tacked at twelve, to ftand
in for Hacluyt’s Head Land, not thinking it proper to |
run in with the faft ice to leeward in thick weather,
without even the probability of an opening ; and propofing
if that weather continued, to complete the fhip’s water,
and be ready with the firft wind, off or along the ice, to
look out for an opening, and run in. To avoid any incon-
venience which from the experience of the preceding day |
I perceived might happen, from too many running to one
place on any fudden order, I divided the people into
gangs under the midfhipmen, and ftationed them to the
ice hooks, poles, crabs, and to go over upon the ice
when wanted.

oth. Having a fair opportunity, and S W wind, ftood
to the Weftward; intending, when the weather was clear,
to make the ice to the Northward, and run along it.
About twelve, clearer ; faw the faft ice to the Northward,
and the appearance of loofe ice to the N W: ftood di-
rectly for it, and got amongft it between two and three;
fteering as much to the Northward as the fituation of the
ice would permit. At fax obferved the dip 81° 52°. At
half paft feven, found the ice quite faft to the Weft, being

in

71.04 UE RANY AOL
in longitude 2° 2° E, by our reckoning, which was thé

fartheft to the Weftward of Spitfbergen that we got this:

voyage, At eight the fog was fo very thick, that we
could neither fee which way to puth for an opening, nor
where the Carcafs was, though very near us. That we
might not rifk parting company with her, Iwas obliged
to ply to windward under the toplfails, tacking every
quarter of an hour to keep in the opening in which we
were, and clear of the ice which furrounded us. At four
in the afternoon we were in 80° 36’.

roth. We loft the Carcafs twice in the night, from the
very thick fog, and were working all night amoneft the
ice, making very fhort tacks; the opening being fmall,
and the floating ice very thick about the fhip. The
fituation of the people from the very fatiguing work and
wet weather, made the moft minute precautions neceflary
for the prefervation of their health: we now found the ad-
vantage of the {pirits which had been allowed for extraor-
dinary occafions; as well as the additional cloathing
furnifhed by the Admiralty. Notwith{tanding every at-
tention, feveral of the men were confined with colds, which
affected them with pains in their bones; but, from the
careful attendance given them, few continued in the fick
lift above two days ata time. At nine in the morning,
when it cleared a little, we faw the Carcafs much to the
Southward of us. I took the opportunity of the clear
. G weather

AYE
July.
eee

A2

July.
—y—e

Jo Of Ue Re Ny Ag Bs

weather to. run tothe Weftward, and found the ice quite:
folid there; I then ftood through every opening to the’
Northward, but there alfo foon got to the edge of the
folid ice. I was forced to haul up to weather a point
which ran out from it. After I had weathered that, the
ice clofing faft upon me, obliged me to fet the forefail,
which, with the frefh wind and fmooth water, gave the

fhip fuch way as to force through it with a violent ftroke..
At one in the afternoon, immediately on getting out into:
the open fea, we found a heavy {well fetting to the North-
ward; though amongtft the ice, the minute before, the

water had been as {moothas a mill pond. The wind blew

ftrong at SSW. The ice, as far as we could fee from:
the maft head, lay ENE: we fteered that. courfe clofe:
to it, to look for an opening to the Northward. I now:
began to conceive that the ice was one compa& impene--
trable body, having run along it from Eaft to Weft above
ten degrees. I, purpofed however to ftand over to the
Eaftward, in order to afcertain whether the body of ice:
joined to Spitfbergen. ‘This the quantity of loofe ice had’
before rendered impracticable ; but thinking the Wefterly

winds might probably by this time have packed it all that

way, I flattered myfelf with the hopes of meeting with:
no obftruction till I fhould come to where it joined the

and; and in cafe of an opening, however fmall, I was

determined at all events to pufh through it. The weather

clearer, and the land in fight.

11th.

JU Ov. UFTRAING AS

rith. At half paft four in the morning the longitude
by the lunar obfervation was 9° 42° E. And at the fame
time by my watch g° 2° E. Cloven Cliff SSE, diftant
eight miles. This would make the longitude of Cloven
Cliff 9° 38° E; which is within twenty minutes of what
it was determined by the obfervations and furvey taken in
Fair Haven. At noon the latitude obferved was 80° 4 ;
Vogel Sang WS W. Little wind and a great {well in the
morning. Calm moft part of the day.

rath. Calm all day, with a great {well from the SW,
and the weather remarkably mild. At eight in the
evening longitude by the watch 10° 54’ 30” E: Cloven
Cliff SWbS. The Carcafs drove with the current fo
near the main body of the ice, as to be obliged to anchor;
{he came to in twenty-fix fathom water.

13th. Calm till noon, the fhip driving to the Weft-
ward with the current, which we obferved to be very irre-
gular, the Carcafs being driven at the fame time to the
Eaftward. Near the main body of the ice, the detached
pieces probably affect the currents, and occafion the
great irregularity which we remarked. We had found
an heavy {well from the S W thefe two days. At two in
the afternoon it came on very fuddenly to blow frefh from
that quarter, with foggy weather: we worked into Vogel
| S92 Sang,

July.

4A,

uly.
cay

RCON Ue! BO NE OD,
Sang, and anchored with the beft bower in eleven fathom,.
foft clay.

The place where we anchored is. a good road-ftead,
open from the NE to the NW. The Northeaiternmoft
point is the Cloven Cliff, a bare rock fo called from the
top of it refembling a cloven hoof, which appearance. it
has always worn, having been named-by fome of the firft
Dutch navigators who frequented thefe feas. This rock
being entirely detached from the other mountains, and
joined to the reft of the ifland by a low narrow ifthmus,
preferves in all fituations the fame form ; and being nearly
perpendicular, it is never difguifed by {fnow. Thefe circum-
{tances render it one of the moft remarkable points on the
coaft, The Northwefternmoft land is an high bluff point,
called by the Dutch, Vogel Sang. This found, though open

to the Northward, is not liable to any inconvenience from

that circumftance, the main body of the ice lying fo near as
to prevent any great fea; nor are fhips in any danger from
the loofe ice fetting in, as this: road communicates with
feveral others formed by different iflands, between all
which there are fafe paflages. To all the founds and
harbours formed by this knot of iflands, the o!d Englith
navigators had given the general name.of Fair Haven; of
which Fotherby took a p/at in 1614: that in which the
Racehorfe and Carcafs lay at this time they called the
North Harbour ; the harbour of Smeerenberg, diftantabout
eleven miles, (in which we anchoredin Auguit) they named

the

Ty Ob Ue Re Ne A. TS
the South Harbour. Befides thefe, there are feveral
others ; particularly two, called, Cook’s Hole, and the
Norways, in both which feveral Dutch fhips were lying
at this time. Here the fhore being fteep-to, we completed
our water with great eafe, from the ftreams which fall in
many places down the fides of the rocks, and are pro-
duced by the melting of the fnow. I fixed upon a {mall
flat ifland, or rock, about three miles from the fhip, and
almoft in the center of thofe iflands which form the
many good roads here, as the propereft place for ere@ing
a tent, and making. obfervations. The foggy weather
on the 14th prevented us from ufing the inftruments
that day. I regretted this circumftance much, fearing it

would deprive me of the only probable opportunity of —

making obfervations on fhore in thofe high latitudes, as
our. water. was nearly recruited: however, having little
wind, with the weather very fair from the 15th to the
18th in the morning, I made the beft ufe of that time.
Even: in the cleareft weather here, the fky was never
free from clouds, which prevented our feeing the moon
during the whole. of our flay, or even being fure of
eur folar obfervations, Mr. Lyons never having been able
to get equal altitudes for fettling the rates of going of the
time-keepers, . Once indeed. we were fortunate enough
to. abferve a revolution of the fun, of which I availed
myfelf to determine the going of the pendulum adjutted
to vibrate feconds at London,. During the courfe of -this
experiment, a particular and conftant attention was paid

to

45
July.

46

July.
Gay

FOU RN! Abt,

+o the ftate of the thermometer, which I was furprifed to

find differ fo little about noon and midnight; its greateft
height was 58°!, at eleven in the forenoon; at midnight

it was 51.

On the 16th, at noon, the weather was remarkably
fine and clear. The thermometer in the fhade being at

4g’, when expofed to the fun rofe in a few minutes to

89°3, and remained fo for fome time, till a fmall breeze
{pringing up, made it fall 10° almoft inftantly. The
weather at this time was rather hot ; fo that I imagine, if

a thermometer was to be graduated according to the feel-

ings of people in thefe latitudes, the point of temperature
would be about the 44th degree of Fahrenheit’s {cale.
From this ifland I took a furvey, to afcertain the fituation

of all the points and openings, and the height of the moft

remarkable mountains: the longeft bafe the ifland would
afford was only 618 feet, which I determined by a crofs
bafe, as well as a&tual meafurement, and found the refults
not to differ above three feet. To try how far the accu-
racy of this furvey might be depended upon, I took in a
boat, with a {mall Hadley’s fextant, the angles between
feven objects, which interfe&ted exaétly when laid down
upon the plan. I had a farther. proof of its accuracy
fome days after, by taking the bearings of Vogel Sang
and Hacluyt’s Head Land in one, which correfponded
exa@ly with their pofition on my chart.

On

moO) Uy RUN A: L

On the 17th, the weather being very clear, I went up
one of the hills, from which I could fee feveral leagues
to the NE: the ice appeared uniform and compaét, as
far as my view extended. During our ftay here, we
found the latitude of the ifland on which the obfervations
were made, to be 79° 50’; longitude 10° 2° 30” E;
variation 20° 38 W3; dip 82° 7: latitude of Cloven
Cliff 79° 53/; longitude 9” 59’ 30” E: Hacluyt’s
Head Land 79° 47’; longitude 9° 11 30° E. The tide
rofe about four feet, and flowed at half an hour after
one, full and change.. The tide fet irrregularly, from

the number of iflands between which it pafled; but.

the flood appeared. to come from the Southward.

18th. The calm weather fince the 14th had given us
full time to finifh the obfervations, and complete our
water: a breeze {pringing up in the morning, I went
afhore to get the inftruments on board. Between one and
two we weighed, with the wind Wefterly, and: ftood to
the Northward. Between eleven and twelve at night,
having run about eight leagues, we were prevented by

the ice from getting farther. We ftood along the edge _

of it to the Southward. At two in the morning, being
_ embayed by the ice, I tacked, and left orders to ftand to
the Eaftward along the edge of the ice,.as foon as we could

weather the point; hoping, if there fhould be no opening:

I between

47

July.

48>

July.
Nepean pees!

5.20 XU (°R SN UA OL.
between the land and the ice, that I fhould at leaft be

able ‘to afcertain where they joined, and perhaps to dif-

cover from the land, whether there was any profpect of a
paflage that way: At that time the ice was all folid as far
as we could fee, without the leaft appearance of water to
the Northward.

roth. At fix in the morning we had got te the Eaft-

ward ameng ‘the loofe ice which lay very thick in fhore,
the main body to the Northward and Eaftward: the

Jand near Deer Field not four miles off, and the water -

fhoaled to twenty fathoms. Here we found ourfelves

-nearly in the fame place where we had twice been ftopped,

the ice fituated as before, locked with the land, without
any paflage either to the Eaftward or Northward: I there-
fore ftood back to the Weftward. At noon the Northern-
moft part of Vogel Sang bore SWbS, diftant about
feven leagues. The weather being very fine, and the
wind to the Eaftward, we were enabled to coaft along the
ice to the Weftward, hauling into all the bays, going
round every point of ice in fearch of an opening, and
ftanding clofe along by the main body all day, cae
within a fhip’s length,

2oth. At halfafter three in the morning the land was out
of fight, and we imagined ourielves in rather more than
eighty degrees and an half; fome of the openings being

near

~

ins

dela

“A

13. al 10 P.M.

Cantey

Siew of the.

Sand round the Buy where lhe RaceMorse anchored tly 14 wtb PM

}] OL UM RA NU AC L:

near two leagues deep, had flattered us with hopes of
getting to the Northward; but thefe openings proved to
be no more than bays in the main body of the ice,
About one in the afternoon, we were by our reckoning
in about 80° 34’, nearly in the fame place where we
had been on the oth. About three we bore away for
what appeared like an opening to the SW; we found
the ice run far to the Southward.

21ft. We ftill continued to run along the edge of the
ice, which trended to the Southward. At noon we were
in the latitude of 79° 26, by obfervation, which was
twenty-five miles to the Southward of our reckoning.
Finding that the dire€tion of the ice led us to the South-
ward, and that the current fet the fame way, I ftood to
the Northward and Weftward clofe along the ice, to try
whether the fea was opened to the Northward by the
wind from that quarter. At nine in the evening we had
no ground with 200 fathom of line. At ten we got into
a ftream of loofe ice. ‘The weather fine, but cool all day,
and fometimes foggy.

22d, At two in the morning we bore away to the NE,
*for the main body of the ice; the weather became foggy
foon afterwards. At fix we faw the ice; and the weather
being ftill fogey, we hauled up to the SSE, to avoid:
being embayed in it. ‘The air very cold.

H 23d.

july.

50

July.
eee,

FbOg UR GN ALE.

23d. At midnight, tacked for the body of the ice.
Latitude obferved 80° 13' 38” Rainy in the morning;
fair in the afternoon: ftill working up to the Northward,
and Eaftward, with the wind Eafterly. At fix in the
evening, the Cloven Cliff bearing South about fix leagues,
founded in 200 fathom, muddy ground; the lead ap-
peared to have funk one third of its length. in. the mud.
At two in the morning, with little wind, and a fwell from
the South Weft, I ftood to the Northward amongft the
loofe ice: at half paft two the main body of the ice a
cable’s length off, and the loofe ice fo clofe that we wore
fhip, not having room or way enough to tack; ftruck
very hard againft the ice in getting the fhip round, and
got upon one piece, which lifted her in the water for near
a minute, before: her weight broke it. The fhips had been
fo well ftrengthened, that they received no damage from
thefe ftrokes; and I could with the more confidence pufh
through the loofe ice, to try for openings. Hacluyt’s
Head Land bore S 50° W diftant about feven leagues,

24th, By this fituation of the ice we were difappointed
of getting direétly to the Northward, without any profpe&

after fo many fruitlefs attempts of being able to fucceed to”
the Weftward; nor indeed, could 1 with an Eafterly wind
and heavy {well attempt it, as the wind from that quarter
would not only pack the loofe ice clofe to the Weitward,
but by fetting the fea on it, make it as improper to be
approached

yj) Of UT RAN? ASL

approached as a rocky lee fhore. To the Eaftward on the
contrary it would make fmooth water, and detach all the
loofe ice from the edges; perhaps break a ftream open, and
give us a fair trial to the Northward ; at all events, with an
Eafterly wind we could run out again, if we did not find
it practicable to proceed. Finding the ice fo faft to the
Northward and Weftward, it became a defirable obje& to
afcertain how far it was poffible to get to the Eaftward,
and by that means purfue the voyage to the Northward.
Thefe confiderations determined me to ply to the Eaft-
ward, and make another pufh to get through where I had
been three times repulfed. In working to the Eaftward,
we kept as near the body of the ice as poffible. At noon
the Cloven Cliff bore SWbS about feven leagues. At fix
we were working to the N E, and at nine we fteered to the
S E, the ice appearing more open that way : we had frefh
gales and cloudy weather. ‘The fhip ftruck very hard in
endeavouring to force through the loofe ice. At midnight
the wind frefhened, and we double reefed the topfails.
It was probably owing to the frefh gales this day, as well
as to the fummer being more advanced, that we were
enabled to get farther than in any of our former attempts
this way. We continued coafting the ice, and at two in
the morning the north part of Vogel Sang and Hacluyt’s
Head Land in one bore $ 65° W; Cloven Cliff S 52°
W ; the neareft part of the fhore about three leagues off.
When I left the deck, at four in the morning, we were
very near the fpot where the fhips had been faft in the ice

Fi 3 on

5t
July.

52
July.

JO, UP RaNYy Ap Li
on the 7th in the evening, but rather farther to the Eaft-
ward; we had paffed over the fame fhoal water we had
met with that day, and were now in twenty fathom,
rocky ground ; ftill amongtt loofe ice, but not fo clofe as
we had hitherto found it.

25th. At feven in the morning we had deepened our
water to fifty-five fathom, and were ftill amongft the loofe
ice. At noon we had deepened our water to feventy
fathom, with muddy bottom, at the diftance of about
three miles from the neareft land. By two in the after-
noon we had pafied Deer Field, which we had fo often
before attempted without fuccefs; and finding the fea
open to the NF, had the moft flattering profpe& of
getting to the Northward. From this part, all the way
to the Eaftward, the coaft wears a different face; the
mountains, though high, are neither fo fteep or fharp-
pointed, nor of fo black a colour as to the Weftward.
It was probably owing to this remarkable difference in the
appearance of the fhore, that the old navigators gave to
places hereabouts the names of Red Beach, Red Hill, and
Red Cliff. One of them, {peaking of this part, has de-
fcribed the whole country in a few words: “ Here (fays
he) I faw a more natural earth and clay than any that I
«have feen in all the country, but nothing growing
‘‘ thereupon more than in other places.’ At two in the
afternoon we had little wind, and were in fight of Moffen

Kand, which is very low and flat.
The

.
a

Ji OF U REN! AL.

The Carcafs being becalmed very near the ifland in the
evening, Captain Lutwidge took that opportunity of ob-
taining the following exact account of its extent, which
he communicated to me.

« At 10 PM, the body of Moffen Ifland bearing
“EbS diftant two miles; founded thirteen fathoms ;
‘* rocky ground, with light brown mud, and broken fhells.
““ Sent the mafter on fhore, who found the ifland to be
“ nearly of around form, about two miles in diameter,
** with a lake or large pond of water in the middle, all
*¢ frozen over, except thirty or forty yards round the edge
*€ of it, which was water, with loofe pieces of broken ice,
*‘ and fo {hallow they walked through it, and went over
** upon the firm folid ice. ‘The ground between the fea
*¢ and the pond is from half a cable’s length to a quarter
“© of a mile broad, and the whole ifland covered with
* oravel and {mall ftones, without the leaft verdure or
‘* vegetation of any kind. ‘They faw only one piece of
*¢ drift wood (about three fathom long, with a root on it,
“and as thick as the Carcafs’s mizen maft) which had
‘ been thrown, up over the high part of the land, and lay
*‘ upon the declivity towards the pond. They faw three
“‘ bears, and a number of wild ducks, gecfe, and other
“ fea fowls, with birds nefts all over the ifland. There
‘* was an infcription over the grave of a Dutchman, who
*¢ was buried there inJuly 1771. It was low waterat eleven
** o'clock’ when the boat landed, and: the tide appeared to
‘* flow eight or nine feet; at that time we found a current

2 “¢ carrying

July.

54
July.

ee OCU RICA Te

carrying the Ship to the N W from the ifland, which

‘¢ before carried us to the SE (at the rate of a mile an
“ hour) towards it. On the Weft fide is a fine white
‘‘ fandy bottom, from two fathoms, at a fhip’s length
“from the beach, to fave fathoms, at half a mile’s
<¢ diftance ‘off.”

The foundings all about this ifland, and to the
Eaftward, feem to partake of the nature of the coaft.
To the Weftward the rocks were high, and the fhores
bold and fteep to; here the land fhelved more, and the
foundings were fhoal, from thirty to ten fathom. It ap-
pears extraordinary that none of the old navigators, who
are fo accurate and minute in their defcriptions of the
coaft, have taken any notice of this ifland, fo remarkable
and different from every thing they hadfeen on the Weftern
coaft; unlefs we fhould fuppofe that it did not then exift,
and that the ftreams from the great ocean up the Weft
fide of Spitfbergen, and through the Waygat’s Straits,
meeting here, have raifed this bank, and occafioned the
quantity of ice that generally blocks up the coaft here-
abouts.—At four in the afternoon, hoifted out the boat,
and tried the current, which fet NEbE, at the rate of
three quarters of a mile an hour. At midnight, Moffen
Ifland bore from SEbS to Sb W, diftant about five
miles.

26th. About two m the morning, we had little
wind, with fog; made the fignals to the Carcafs for
keeping

T20. UA RAN ASL:
keeping company. At half an hour after three in the
afternoon, we were in longitude 12° 20’ 45" E; variation,
by the mean of five azimuths, 12° 47’ W. At nine we
faw land to the Eaftward; fteering to the Northward

with little wind, and no ice in fight, except what we.

had paffed.

27th. Working ftill..to the. NE, we met with fome

loofe ice ; however from the opennefs of the fea hitherto,
fince we had paffed Deer Field, I had great hopes of
getting far to the Northward; but about noon, being in
the latitude of eighty and forty-eight, by our reckoning,
we were {topped by the main body of the ice, which we
found lying ina line, nearly Eaft and. Weft, quite folid.
Having, tacked, I brought to, and founded clofe ta
the edge of the ice, in 79 fathom, muddy bottom.

The. wind. being ftill Eafterly, I worked up clofe to
the edge of the. ice, coafting it-all the way. At fix in
the evening we were in longitude 14° 59’ 30” E, by ob-
fervation. .

28th. At midnight the latitude obferved was 80° 37’.
The main body of the ice ftill lying in the fame direétion,
we continued working to the Eaftward, and found feveral
openings to the Northward, of two:or three miles deep;
into every one of which we ran, forcing the fhip,

wherever we could, by a prefs of fail, amongft the loofe ice
4 which

July.

56
July.

JO. UR“ NVAGC EI

which we found here in much larger pieces than to the
Weftward. At fix in the morning the variation, by the
mean of fix azimuths, was r1° 56’ W;; the horizon re-
markably clear. At noon, being clofe to the main body
of the ice, the latitude by obfervation was 80° 36’: we
founded in 101 fathom, muddy ground. In the after-
noon the wind blew frefh at NE, with a thick fog; the
ice hung much about the rigging. The loofe ice being
thick and clofe, we found ourfelves fo much engaged in
it, as to be obliged to run back a confiderable diftance to
the Weftward and Southward, before we could extricate
ourfelves: we afterwards had both the fea and the weather
clear, and worked up to the North Eaftward. At half
palt five the longitude of the fhip was 15° 16' 45” E. At
feven the Eafternmoft land bore E?N diftant about
feven or eight leagues, appearing like deep bays and
iflands, probably thofe called in the Dutch charts the
Seven Iflands; they feemed to be furrounded with ice.
I ftood to the Southward, in hopes of getting to the South-
eaftward round the ice, and between it and the land, where
the water appeared more open.

29th. At midnight the latitude by obfervation was
80° 21’. At four, tacked clofe to the ice, hauled up the
forefail and backed the mizen topfail, having too much
way amoneft the loofe ice. At noon, latitude obferved
80° 24’ 56°. An opening, which we fuppofed to be
the

T.WOR WORS No AO Li

the entrance of Waygat’s Straits, bore South; the.

Northernmoft land NEbE; the neareft fhore diftant
about four miles. In the afternoon the officer from the
deck came down to tell me, we were very near a {mall
rock even with the water’s edge; on. going up, I faw it
within little more than a fhip’s length on the lee bow,
and put the helm down: before the fhip got round, we
were clofe to it, and perceived it to be a very {mall piece
of ice, covered with gravel. In the evening, feeing the
Northern part of the iflands only over the ice, I was
anxious to get round it, in hopes of finding an opening
under the land. Being near a low flat ifland oppofite the
Waygat’s Straits, not higher, but much larger than Moffen
Ifland, we had an heavy {well from the Southward, with
little wind, and from ten to twenty fathom: having got
paft this ifland, approaching to the high land to the
Eaftward, we deepened our water very fuddenly to 117
fathom. Having little wind, and the weather very

clear, two of the officers went with a boat in purfuit |

of fome fea-horfes, and afterwards to the low ifland. At
midnight we found by obfervation the latitude 80° 27’ 3”;
and the dip 82° 2’. At four in the morning I found, by
Bouguer’s log, that the current fet two fathom to the Eaft-
ward. At fix in the morning the officers returned from
the ifland; in their way back they had fired at, and
wounded a fea-horfe, which dived immediately, and
brought up with it a number of others. They all joined
in an attack upon the boat, wrefted an oar from ene of the

I men,

SP
July.

58
July.

qi OF. Ue) RU NAD Ls

men, and were with difficulty prevented from ftaving
or overfetting her; but a boat from the Carcafs
joining ours, they difperfed. One of that fhip’s
boats had before been attacked in the fame manner
off Moffen Ifland. From Dr. Irving, who went on
this party, I had the following account of the low
ifland.

“¢ We found feveral large fir trees lying on the fhore,
“¢ fixteen or eighteen feet above the level of the fea: fome
* of thefe trees were feventy feet long, and had been torn
“up by the roots; others cut down by the axe, and
“ notched for twelve-feet lengths: this timber was no
‘* ways decayed, or the ftrokes of the hatchet in the leaft
“ effaced, ‘There were likewife fome pipe-ftaves, and wood
“¢ fafhioned for ufe. The beach was formed of old timber,
“ fand, and whale-bones.

‘The ifland is about feven miles long, flat, and
“‘ formed chiefly of {tones from eighteen to thirty inches
“over, many of them hexagons, and commodioufly
*‘ placed for walking on: the middle of the ifland is
* covered with mofs, fcurvy grafs, forrel, and a few
‘‘ranunculufes then in flower. Two rein-deer were
*¢ feeding on the mofs; one we killed, and found it fat,
‘Cand of high flavour. We faw a light grey-coloured
“‘ fox; and a creature fomewhat larger than a weafel,
“« with fhort ears, long tail, and fkin {potted white and
“‘ black. The ifland abounds with {mall fnipes, fimilar
** to the jack-fnipe in England. The Ducks were now

2 | “ hatching

Jc Ga UM RE NY AD 1;
“hatching their eggs, and many wild geefe feeding by
*‘ the water fide.”’

When I left the deck at fix in the morning, the weather
was remarkably clear, and quite calm. To the NE,
amoneft the iflands, I faw much ice, but alfo much water
between the pieces; which gave me hopes that when a
breeze {prung up, I fhould be able to get to the North-
ward by that way.

30th. Little winds, and calm all day; we got fome-
thing to the Northward and Eaftward. At noon we were
by obfervation in latitude 80° 31’. At three in the after-
noon we were in longitude 18° 48’ E, being amongft the
iflands, and in the ice, with no appearance of an opening
for the fhip. Between eleven and twelve at night I fent
the mafter, Mr. Crane, in the four-oared boat, amongft
the ice, to try whether he could get the boat through,
and find any opening for the fhip which might give us a
profpeét of getting farther ; with direétions if he could reach
the fhore to go up one of the mountains, in order to difcover
the ftate of the ice to the Eaftward and Northward. At
five in the morning, the ice being all round us, we got
out our ice-anchors, and moored along-fide a field. The
mafter returned between feven and eight, and with him
Captain Lutwidge, who had joined him on fhore. They
had afcended an high mountain, from whence they com-
manded a profpeét extending to the Eaft and North Eatt
Pe ten

July.
ees

60

July.
See

ROR U1 RP NOAG LT:
ten or twelve leagues, over one continued plain of {mooth
unbroken ice, bounded only by the horizon: they alfo
faw land ftretching to the S E, laid down in the Dutch
Charts as iflands. The main body of ice, which we had
traced from Weft to Eaft, they now perceived to join to

thefe iflands, and from them to what is called the North

Faft land. In returning, the ice having clofed much
fince they went, they were frequently forced to haul the
boat over it to other openings. The weather exceedingly
fine and mild, and unufually clear. The fcene was beau-
tiful and picturefque; the two fhips becalmed in a large
bay, with three apparent openings between the iflands
which formed it, but every-where furrounded with ice
as far as we could fee, with fome ftreams of water; not
a breath of air; the water perfe@tly fmooth; the ice
covered with fnow, low, and even, except a few broken
pieces near the edges: the pools of water in the middle
of the pieces were frozen over with young ice.

31ft. At nine in the morning, having a light breeze

to the Eaftward, we caft off, and endeavoured to force
through the ice. At noon the ice was fo clofe, that being
unable to proceed, we moored again to a field. In the
afternoon we filled our cafk with frefh water from the ice,
which we found very pure and foft. The Carcafs moved,
and made faft to the fame field with us. The ice meafured
eight yards ten inches in thicknefs at one end, and feven

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yards eleven inches at the other. At four in the after-
noon the variation was-12° 24’ W: at the fame time the
longitude 19° 0’ 15” E; by which we found that we had
hardly moved to the Eaftward fince the day before.
Calm moft part of the day ; the weather very fine; the ice
clofed faft, and was all round the fhips; no opening to
be feen any where, except an hole of about a mile and a
half, where the fhips lay faft to the ice with ice-anchors,
We completed the water, The fhip’s. company were
playing on the ice all day. The pilots being much farther
than they had ever been, and the feafon advancing, feemed
alarmed at being befet.

Aueuft 1ft. The ice prefled in faft; there was not
now the fmalleft opening; the two thips were within lefs
than two lengths of each other, feparated by ice, and
neither having room to turn. The ice, which had been
all flat the day before, and almoft level with the water’s
edge, was now in many places forced higher than the
main yard, by the pieces fqueezing together. Our lati-
tude this day at noon, by the double altitude, was
80° 37’.

ad. Thick foggy wet weather, blowing frefh to the
Weftward ; the ice immediately about the fhips rather
loofer than the day before, but yet hourly fetting in fo
faft upon us, that there feemed to be no probability of
getting the fhips out again, without a ftrong Eaft, or
North

61

July.
Ses

Auguft.

62

Auguft.
ee

FLO. UU! RT NUAD TL
North Eaft wind. There was not the fmalleft appearance
of open water, except a little towards the Weit point of
the North Eaft land. The feven iflands and North Eaft
land, with the frozen fea, formed almoft a bafon, leaving
but about four points opening for the ice to drift out,
in cafe of a change of wind.

3d. The weather very fine, clear, and calm; we per-
ceived that the fhips had been driven far to the Eaft-
ward; the ice was much clofer than before, and the
paflage by which we had come in from the Weftward
clofed up, no open water being in fight, either in that

or any other quarter. The pilots having expreffed a with -

to get if poflible farther out, the fhips companies were
fet to work at five in the morning, to cut a paffage through
the ice, and warp through the {mall openings to the
Weftward. We found the ice very deep, having fawed
fometimes through pieces twelve feet thick. This labour
was continued the whole day, but without any fuccefs ;
our utmoft efforts not having moved the fhips above three
hundred yards to the Weftward through the ice, at the
fame time that they had been driven (together with the
ice itfelf, to which they were faft) far to the NE and
Eaftward, by the current; which had alfo forced the loofe
ice from the Weftward, between the iflands, where it
became packed, and as firm as the main body.

4th.

j
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Apri.

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ITEWS of the LAND round the

SEVEN

ISLANDS BAY taken Augutt

Wwsw.

the G!"atio PM.

7 & UR Ww w x.
4th. Quite calm till evening, when we were flattered
with a light air to the Eaftward, which did not laft long,
and had no favourable effet. The wind was now at
N W, with a very thick fog, the fhip driving to the
Eaftward.” The pilots feemed to apprehend that the ice
extended very far to the Southward and Weftward.

5th. The probability of getting the fhips out appearing
every hour lefs, and the feafon being already far advanced,
fome fpeedy refolution became neceflary as to the fteps to
be taken for the prefervation of the people. As the fitua-
tion of the fhips prevented us from feeing the ftate of the
ice to the Weftward, by which our future proceedings
muft in a great meafure be determined, I fent Mr.
Walden, one of the midfhipmen, with two pilots, to an
ifland about twelve miles off, which I have diftinguifhed
in the charts by the name of Walden’s Ifland, to fee where
the open water lay.

6th. Mr. Walden and the pilots, who were fent the
day before to examine the flate of the ice from the ifland,
returned this morning with an account, that the ice,
though clofe all about us, was open to. the Weftward,
round the point by which we came in. They alfo told
me, that when upon the ifland they had the wind very
frefh to the Eaftward, though where the fhips lay it had been
almoft calm all day. This circumftance confiderably leffened
the

63

Augutt.
eee

64

Augutt.
——

Ji O WU; Ry N} Ay L.
the hopes we had hitherto entertained of the shane
effe& of an Eafterly wind in clearing the bay. We had but
one alternative; either patiently to wait the event of the
weather upon the {hips, .in hopes of getting them out,
or to betake ourfelves to the boats. The fhips had driven
into fhoal water, having but fourteen fathom. Should
they, or the ice to which they were faft, take the ground,
they muft be inevitably loft, and probably overfet. The
hopes of getting the fhips out was not haftily to be re- |
linquifhed, nor obftinately adhered to, till all other
means of retreat were cut off. Having no harbour to
lodge them in, it would be impoffible to winter them
here, with any probability of their being again fervice-
able ; our provifions would be very fhort for fuch an un-
dertaking, were it otherwife feafible ; and fuppofing, what
appeared impoflible, that we could get to the neareft rocks,
and make fome conveniences for wintering, being now in |
an unfrequented part, where fhips never even attempt to
come, we fhould have the fame difficulties to encounter the .
next year, without the fame refources ; the remains of the
fhip’s company, in all probability, not in health; no
provifions ; and the fea not fo open, this year having cer-
tainly been uncommonly clear. Indeed it could not
have been expeéted that more than a very {mall part fhould
furvive the hardfhips of fuch a winter with every
advantage; much lefs in our prefent fituation. On the
other hand, the undertaking to move fo large a body for
fo

7; Oh.UA RAN AD UD

fo confiderable a diftance by boats, was not without
very ferious difficulties. Should we remain much longer
here, the bad weather muft be expected to fet in,
The flay of the Dutchmen to the Northward is very
doubtful: if the Northern harbours keep clear, they
ftay till the beginning of September; but when the loofe
ice fets in, they quit them immediately. I thought
it proper to fend for the officers of both fhips, and
informed them of my intention of preparing the boats
for going away. I immediately hoifted out the boats,
and took every precaution in my power to make them
fecure and comfortable: the fitting would neceflarily take
up fome days. The water fhoaling, and the fhips driving
faft towards the rocks to the NE, I ordered canvafs
bread-bags to be made, in cafe it fhould be neceflary very
fuddenly to betake ourfelves to the boats: I alfo fenta man
with a lead and line to the Northward, and another from
the Carcafs to the Eaftward, to found wherever they found
cracks in the ice, that we might have notice before either
the fhips, or the ice to which they were faft, took the
ground; as in that cafe, they muft inftantly have been
crufhed or overfet. The weather bad; moft part of the
day foggy, and rather cold.

7th. In the morning I fet out with the Launch over
the ice; fhe hauled much eafier than I could have ex-
pected; we got her about two miles. I then returned
with the people for their dinner, Finding the ice rather
K more

65

Auguft.
———

66
Auguft.
eet

FLOs Uy) RON aor,

more open near the fhips, I was encouraged to attempt
moving them. ‘The wind being Eafterly, though but
little of it, we fet the fails, and get the fhips about
a mile to the Weftward. They moved indeed, but
very flowly, and were not now by a great deal fo
far to the Weftward as where they were befet.
However, I kept all the fail upon them, to force through
whenever the ice flacked the leaft. The people behaved
very well in hauling the boat; they feemed reconciled to
the idea of quitting the fhips, and to have the fulleft con-
fidence in their officers. ‘The boats could not with the
ereateft diligence be got to the water fide before the four.
teenth ; if the fituation of the fhips did not alter by that
time, I fhould not be juftified in ftaying longer by them.
In the mean time I refolved to carry on both attempts
together, moving the boats conftantly, but without omit-
ting any opportunity of getting the fhips through.

8th. At half paft four, fent two pilots with three men
to fee the ftate of the ice to the Weftward, that I might
judge of the probability of getting the fhips out. At nine
they returned, and reported the ice to be very heavy and
clofe, confifting chiefly of large fields. Between nine and
ten this morning, 1 fet out with the people, and got the
Launch above three miles, The weather being foggy, and
the people having worked hard, I thought it beft to re-
turn on board between fix and feven. The fhips had
in the mean time moved fomething through the ice, and

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JOURNAL
the ice itfelf had drifted ftill more to the Weftward. At
night there was little wind, and a thick fog, fo that I
could not judge precifely of the advantage we had gained;

but I {till feared that, however flattering, it was not fuch

as to juftify my giving up the idea of moving the boats,
the feafon advancing fo faft, the prefervation of the fhips
being fo uncertain, and the fituation of the people fo
critical, |

gth. A thick fog in the morning: we moved the fhip

a little through fome very {mall openings. In the after-
noon, upon its clearing up, we were agreeably fur-
prized to find the fhips had driven much more than we
could have expeéted to the Weftward. We worked hard
all day, and got them fomething more to the Weftward
through the ice; but nothing in comparifon to what the
ice itfelf had drifted. We got paft the Launches; I fent
a number of men for them, and got them on board.
Between three and four in the morning the wind was
Wefterly, and it fhowed faft. The people having been
much fatigued, we were obliged to defift from working
for a few hours. The progrefs which the fhips had made
through the ice was, however, a very favourable event:
the drift of the ice was an advantage that might be as
fuddenly loft, as it had been unexpe@edly gained, by a
change in the current: we had experienced the ineflicacy
of an Eafterly wind when far in the bay, and under the
high land; but having now got through fo much of the
K 2 ice,

67
Augult.

—

68

Augutft.
“sala

FO)U ANAL,
ice, we began again to conceive hopes that a brifk gale
from that quarter would foon effectually clear us.

roth. The wind fpringing up to the NNE in the
morning, we fet all the fail we could upon the fhip, and
forced her through a great deal of very heavy ice: fhe
ftruck often very hard, and with one ftroke broke the
fhank of the beft bower anchor. About noon we had got
her through all the ice, and out to fea. I ftood to the
N W to make the ice, and found the main body juft
where we left it. At three in the morning, with a good
breeze Eafterly, we were f{tanding to the Weftward, be-
tween the landand theice, both in fight; the weather hazey.

rith, Cameto an anchor in the harbour of Smeerenberg,

to refrefh the people after their fatigues. We found
here four of the Dutch fhips, which we had left in the
Norways when we failed from Vogel Sang, and upon
which I had depended for carrying the people home in
cafe we had been obliged to quit the fhips. In this Sound
there is good anchorage in thirteen fathom, fandy bottom,
not far from the fhore: it is well fheltered from all winds.
The ifland clofe to which we lay is called Amfterdam
Ifland, the Wefternmoft point of which is Hacluyt’s
Head Land: here the Dutch ufed formerly to boil their
whale-oil, ‘and the remains of fome conveniencies erected
by them for that purpofe are ftill vifible. Once they
attempted to make an eftablifhment, and left fome people
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ny

i ue a

May gaoaa, . 5
May 47774, F PC Camat sesh

j
? ? ?
y A th
Lee

She RACEHORSE anil CARCASS ONUNG Mhrough lhe TCH, lugs 10, W773.

*

NITED Pie SEROMA AN \TtHAD) olf
a eA Ra
Dayan hi WOR i

LP AS) 7 ' 4 1 ver
Lat } i) , . 7 > my . ; " '
id } i 2 Bs zy wer. at
; tah ; i ers} “all Hes ee Aur

ov 4 a | } , . r ;

a) Mgt ij
: tea at via
Mo ina) a patdle lt

TOL Bene! a> hi.
to winter here, who all perifhed. The Dutch fhips ftill

tefort to this place for the latter feafon of the whale
fithery.

rath. Got the inftruments on fhore, and the tent
pitched ; but could not make any obfervations this day or
the next, from the badnefs of the weather.

‘13th. Rain, and blowing hard : two of the Dutch hips
failed for Holland.

14th. The weather being fine and little wind, we
began our obfervations.

18th. Completed the obfervations; Calm all day.
During our ftay, I again fet up the pendulum, but was
not fo fortunate as before, never having been able to get
an obfervation of a revolution of the fun, or even equal
altitudes for the time. We had an opportunity of deter-
mining the refraction at midnight, which an{wered within
a few feconds to the calculation in Dr. Bradley’s table, al-
lowing for the barometer and thermometer. Being within
fight of Cloven Cliff, I took a furvey of this part of Fair
Haven, to connect it with the plan of the other part. Dr.
Irving climbed up a mountain, to take its height with the
barometer, which I determined at the fame time geome-
trically with great care. By repeated obfervations here we
found the latitude to be 79° 44’, which by the furvey
correfponded

69

Augutft.
eS ata

7°

Auguft.
ena

mW BON wo.

correfponded exaétly with the latitude of Cloven Cliff,
determined before; the longitude 9° 50’ 45” E; dip 82°
8'2 ; variation 18° 57’ W3 which agrees alfo with the
obfervation made on fhore in July. The tide flowed here
half paft one, the fame as in Vogel Sang harbour.

Oppofite to the place where the inftruments ftood, was
one of the moft remarkable Icebergs in this country.
Icebergs are large bodies of ice filling the vallies between
the high mountains ; the face towards the fea is nearly per-
pendicular, and of a very lively light green colour. That
reprefented in the engraving, from a fketch taken by Mr.
D’ Auvergne upon the fpot, was about three hundred feet
high, with a cafcade of water iffuing out of it. The
black mountains, white fnow, and beautiful colour of the
ice, make a very romantick and uncommon picture. Large
pieces frequently break off from the Icebergs, and fall
with great noife into the water: we obferved one piece
which had floated out into the bay, and grounded in twenty-
four fathom; it was fifty feet high above the furface of
the water, and of the fame beautiful colour as the Iceberg.

A particular defcription of all the plants and animals
will have a place in the Appendix. I fhall here men-
tion fuch general obfervations as my fhort ftay enabled
me to make. The ftone we found was chiefly a kind of
amarble, which diffolved eafily in the marine acid. We
perceived no marks of minerals of any kind, nor the leaft
appearance of prefent, or remains of former Volcanoes.

Neither did we meet with infe&ts, or any fpecies of
reptiles ;

| f
| part

Pie ’
Hci;
et

"

Ye >
ai
nay

4

-
in

he
Ph"

»

= —

VW Whi ==

7

Sin Of the hibong.

J. sO AU MR AN THA OL.

reptiles ; not even the common earthworm. We faw no
fprings or rivers, the water, which we found in great
plenty, being all produced by the melting of the fnow
from the mountains. During the whole time we were in
thefe latitudes, there was no thunder or lightning. I muft
alfo add, that I never found what is mentioned by Marten
(who is generally accurate in his obfervations, and faithful
in his accounts) of the fun at midnight refembling in ap-
pearance the moon; I faw no difference in clear weather
between the fun at midnight and any other time, but what
arofe from a different degree of altitude ; the brightnefs of
the light appearing there, as well as elfewhere, to depend
upon the obliquity of his rays. The fky was in general
loaded with hard white clouds; fo that I do not re-
member to have ever feen the fun and the horizon both
free from them even in the cleareft weather. We could
always perceive when we were approaching the ice, long
before we faw it, by a bright appearance near the horizon,
which the pilots called the dlink of the ice. Hudfon re-
marked, that the fea where he met with ice was blue; but
the green fea was free from it. I was particularly atten-
tive to obferve this difference, but could never difcern it.

The Driftwood in thefe feas has given rife to various
opinions and conjectures, both as to its nature and the
_place of its growth, All that which we faw (except the
pipe-ftaves taken notice of by Doétor Irving on the Low
Ifland) was fir, and not worm-eaten. The place of its

growth I had no opportunity of afcertaining,
The

7t
Augutt.

72
Auguft.

pao. Ay UR SN UA OL.

The nature of the ice was a principal obje@ of at-
tention in this climate. We found always a great {well
near the edge of it; but whenever we got within
the loofe ice, the water was conftantly {mooth. ‘The
loofe fields and flaws, as well as the interior part of the
fixed ice, were flat, and low: with the wind blowing on
the ice, the loofe parts were always, to ufe the phrafe
of the Greenlandmen, packed; the ice at the edges ap-
pearing rough, and piled up; this roughnefs and height
I imagine to proceed from the fmailer pieces being thrown
up by the force of the fea on the folid part. During the
time that we were faft amongft the Seven Iflands, we had
frequent opportunities of obferving the irrefiftible force of

~ the large bodies of floating ice. We have often feen a

piece of feveral acres fquare lifted up between two much
larger pieces, and as it were becoming one with them;
and afterwards this piece fo formed a@ting in the fame
manner upon a fecond and third; which would probably
have continued to be the effe@, till the whole bay had
been fo filled with ice that the different pieces could have
kad no motion, had not the ftream taken an unexpected
turn, and fet the ice out of the bay.

toth. Weighed in the morning with the wind at
NNE. Before we got out of the bay it fell calm. I ob-
ferved for thefe three or four days, about eleven in the
evening, an appearance of dufk.

20th.

PL AN
of

FAIR . aah N, Ae sya
heISLAND S aqucent,
On

the -Varth West Coatt
5 ey
SPITSBERGEN.
JSiom

an actual Survey taken

(773.

+
ty

& Hakluyts Headland,” -

_ TAuguit ni PM.
os Ae
Tie ol? es
25)
eae

BXPL ANATION.
The Figures shew the Depth of Waterin Fathoms.
The parts marked with X& are Lieber gs.
£ Anchor Ty pluces Where the Racehorse,and ¢ wacys aheored thediates are annerved.
A. Ltand where the observations on the Pendulum were made ti july — Latitude N79: 50D ongitude EL 10:02:30.
B. Place where the olservattons on the Pendulum were made th August LatiudeN 79°: 44. Longitude 9 55:46.

©. The Mountain whype Height was taken by the Barometer, and determined Geometrically.

Lheiyh tof he Mountains marked with finalllettersin Feet, taken from thelsand A

a.1991. €. 327. 2. 325. n. 865.
&.2208. J2400. #1869. 0.1050.
eC. $21. |gaaag. CE 7 eee Salona

A.1101.

Seale of Miles b0 ta a Degree.

PD Awearyne delin.— Way #7 1774.

Filings hs CME BPS, eine

' 9

1 lca fs sa fs ty ro eh

‘ abide
‘ Pa, Mya | eae
pin aN] te thi ictal tes Air
FN ny seh cha ‘es AE ea

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ah ah ee <H. a

20th. At midnight, being exa@ly in the latitude of Augutt.

Cloven Cliff, Mr. Harvey took an obfervation for the ree =<“
fraction; which we found to agree with the tables. The
wind Southerly all day, blowing frefh in the afternoon.
About noon fell in with a ftream of loofe ice, and about
four made the main ice near us. We ftood to the
WNW along it at night, and found it in the fame
fituation as when we faw it before; the wind frefhened
and the weather grew thick, fo that we loft fight of it,
and could not venture to ftand nearer, the wind being

5s WwW.

aift. At two in the morning we were clofe in with the
body of the Weft ice, and obliged to tack for it; blowing
frefh, with a very heavy fea from the Southward. The
wind abated in the afternoon, but the {well continued,
with a thick fog.

22d. The wind f{prung up Northerly, with a thick
fog; about noon moderate and clearer; but coming on to
blow frefh again in the evening, with a great fea, and

“thick fog, I was forced to haul more to the Eaftward,
left we fhould be embayed, or run upon lee ice.

The feafon was fo very far advanced, and fogs as well
as gales of wind fo much to be expected, that nothing
more could now have been done, had any thing been left
untried. The fummer appears to have been uncommonly

L favourable

Augutt.

September.

pO WORN) AVE.
favourable for our purpofe, and afforded us the fulleft op-
portunity of afcertaining repeatedly the fituation of that
wall of ice, extending for more than twenty degrees
between the latitudes of eighty and eighty-one, without
the {fmalleft appearance of any opening.

I fhould here conclude the account of the voyage, had
not fome obferyations and experiments occurred on the
paffage home.

In fteering to the Southward we foon found the
weather grow more mild, or rather to our feelings warm.
Auguft 24th, we faw Jupiter: the fight of a flar was
now become almoft as extraordinary a phenomenon, as the
fun at midnight when we firft got within the Ardtic circle.
The weather was very fine for fome part of the voyage;
on the 4th of September, the water being perfedly
{mooth with a dead calm, I repeated with fuccefs the
attempt I had made to get foundings in the main ocean at
great depths, and ftruck ground in fix hundred and eighty-
three fathoms, with cireumftances (which will be men-
tioned in the Appendix) that convince me I was not mift
taken in the depth; the bottom was a fine foft blue clay.
From the 7th of September, when we were off Shetland,
till the 24th, when we made Orfordnefs, we had very
hard gales of wind with little intermifffon, which were
conftantly indicated feveral hours before they came on by
the fall of the barometer, and rife of the manometer: this

5 proved

WOR UGK WNAFA «1.
proved to me the utility of thofe inftruments at fea. In
one of thefe gales, the hardeft, I think, Lever was in, and
with the greateft fea, we loft three of our boats, and were
obliged to heave two of our guns overboard, and bear
away for fome time, though near a lee fhore, to clear the
fhip of water. I cannot omit this opportunity of re-
peating, that I had the greateft reafon on this, as well
as every other critical occafion, to be fatisfied with the
behaviour both of the officers and feamen, In one of
thefe gales on the rath of September, Dr. Irving tried the
temperature of the fea in that ftate of agitation, and found
it confiderably warmer than that of the atmofphere. This
obfervation is the more interefting, as it agrees with a
paflage in Plutarch’s Natural Queftions, not (I believe)
before taken notice of, or confirmed by experiment, in
which he remarks, ‘* that the fea becomes warmer
“ by being agitated in waves.”

The frequent and very heavy gales at the latter end of
the year, confirmed me in the opinion, that the time of
our failing from England was the propereft that could
have been chofen. ‘Thefe gales are as common in the
Spring as in the Autumn: there is every reafon to {uppofe
therefore, that at an early feafon we fhould have met
with the fame bad weather in going out as we did on our
return. ‘The unavoidable neceffity of carrying a quantity
of additional ftores and provifions, rendered the fhips fo
deep in the water, that in heavy gales the boats, with
many of the ftores, muft probably have been thrown

Eyi2 overboard ;

»y #
ED,

September.
Ne | Pew

6 roo mer Ne.

September. overboard; as we experienced on our way home, though

7) (the fhips were then much lightened by the confumption of *
provifions, and expenditure of flores. Such accidents in
the outfet muft have defeated the voyage. At the time we |
failed, added to the fine weather, we had the further ad-
vantage of nearly reaching the latitude of eighty without
fecing ice, which the Greenlandmen generally fall in with

in the latitude of feventy-three or feventy-four. There was
alfo moft probability, if ever navigation fhould be praéti-

cable to the Pole, of finding the fea open to the Northward
after the folftice; the fun having then exerted the full
influence of his rays, though there was enough of the
fummer ftill remaining for the purpofe of exploring the
feas to the Northward and Weftward of Spitfbergen.

APPENDIX.

N
STRAITS

OR
HINLOPE

hat
‘<
. o.!
: <
= cs =
wee ate 5 és
i “alle : o

Ss

Se

<4

Mossern Bay
Zor

DEER FIELD

’
5
@

to August 22.

~

dy

Steered by

ede
v

Yhewing the

2

rome July 3:

2

CHART

website
Sat

an ee

Bee
le

Fee ho

x

j
Eafl Longitude from the Meridian of Greenwich fs
E 2
a =
Leatp

bese! ee
“S00 R 2° Det wa, ew
CO ee te eee

| Rufiell Lealp

vik choosaotankceofootaoksopacracHaotonxahoctoowontcchoogaoacochaoika Rohs Ofackic Hac HOCHooPIHIOHOOHIOHS

domme Ter Ole sa IN a POM OK

vaca oooifeckootocfooaogackoraosaokaokactoctockoc jackcotaotonootactiootectookootaokansaokenfasgooho fo

Ae Py Pl ENG D) 1 Xx.

Eftablifhment of Orricers and Men for the Raceuorse.

NE Commander.
Three Lieutenants.

One Matter.
One Boatfwain.
One Gunner.
One Carpenter,
One Purfer.
One Surgeon.
One Surgeon’s Mate.
One Cook.
Three Mafter’s Mates,
Six Midfhipmen.
One Captain’s Clerk.
Two Quarter Mafters.
One Quarter Matfter’s Mate.
Two Boatfwain’s Mates.
One Coxfwain.
One Mafter Sail-maker.
One Sail-maker’s Crew.
One Gunner’s Mate.
One Yeoman of the Powder Reom.
One Quarter Gunner.

One Armourer.
Two

865 AXP PO EMNADTIDXE

Two Carpenter's Mates.

Two Carpenter's Crew,

One Steward.

One Corporal.

Fifty Seamen.

Two Pilots.

In all Ninety-two.

Comparative Table of the Latitudes and Longitudes of fome remarkable Places.

By Sir Jonas*Moore. | agias Mari ims. ee in gbrinsead al (| SS uh voyage a
Places. — | ee = Taal —
Latitude. | Longitude. |] Latitude. | Longitude. |/ Latitude. | Longitude. |} Latitude. | Longitude,
Mee Wirittce / OP its ES ae? aa 2 ° / Ni Sein’
Queenborough, §1.30) 0.378 pF ON hte ie ie
Sheernefs, © 37E | .- 2) « sete o ustiidet dats i age pl Oo gor
Orfordnefs, 52°20] 1 11 E+) go Taha BON eee roid Lae ie ees
Southwold, Puma ME Prerearys (teens oh ei iam cee le eats t | 18E
Flamborough Head, 54 8| o 4gWi54 9] 0 10E 54 81. 0;n1E 154. 9) 0 19E
Whitby, $4 35| 1 14W] 54 28] 0 22W |i 54 30].0 soW]. «. | 55W
Hangcliff, Re Stare) bees ee Se fo ee TO” “See ae
Black Point, 7832113 10F 1-77 58] . = -iw78 Jolmolsokiii7s org jto gak
Hakluyt’s Head Land, }. «fo. = eo eo cea let ze Ok lap pe

TABLE

APPEN DE X.

Sr

Table of Days Works.

= ans, (aT nn ci rs a a ME MRC ((Milienrm) 0 Gls

Longitude,
Day of the! Courfe, | Diftance. |Latitude in $$$ —__-___—_—_
Month. By the Watch. | By Kendal. By Arnold.
mt. Mt 7) ee te Cie Se 7 ar ae, MRT
Jone 6h. . | : 52 By obl.| 1:30 15K | 1 59 oh ha gs. 15H
7|N 27° E To | 54° robliye. GPS jetta |e i ate Tee
8 |S 54 W 70 | 53 390bf.| 0 37 oF | & 19 45 Tae 5) ald
9| NW Be Age. greta RPS Se G. | bro l a =) Be
10o| NW 96. 9) 5A 27 . e he ince pci) SEM: 46
Bnet is ais “Hees 6 ll an Re GOW | @ 22 Zo Dees WF
fauna tea “peaks ee ah a
13 |N by E 190 | 59 320bf-) 0 3. OW} o 36. r5E | 0 27 15E
14.|N 29 W 48 | 60 17 0bf.| 0 56 45W} 0 25 OW} o17 OW
sty 5 bee aie . .| 60 19 obf.| o 39 OW} 0 10 T5W| o 15 45W
161N 27 E 27 60 29 obf. SiMe btehay|tre Pec] cS le
7 iIN 6 E 147. | 62 sgobl.| o 19 45W| o 26 45E | o 22 15E
i38 |N 4 W I4t 65 18o0bf.| 1 o 30W] o rt 45W) 0 15 r5W
19 |N 4 W 54 | 66 14 hE 7 OW] 0 19 45W| o 31 30W
20 |N jo E go G7. 8 Gres Bras ord aeleeme. <2hie
2u|N 5 W 60 +68 5o0bf.| o 37 aW] o 20 oF | o 22 oF
22 | North 161 70 45 eee) 8 . 6 Geo! c
23|N 2E 97 | 72 22 5c c a Mie 8
24 1N 41 E 81 73 22 Seat : : {eo
25 |N 68 E 116 |-74 sob.) Bong) oF | g 29.20 | Guz ©
26 |N 58 E 33 | 74 2g 0bL)-9 18 15 |10 44 45 |1L 1 ©
27 |N 21 W 51 Fike a) ; sh fe Se i ran « ee
28 |IN 10 Wi 137 | 77 36 8 o15 | 9 2945 | 9 53 45
29 |N 26 E 23 | 77°59 0bf.| 9 «1 o-- (rags) 30° 1D 4 Zo
30 |N 37 E 20 | 78 Sobf.| 9 18 a tio 57 3a |rr 28 o
July iN 7 .W Lt? | VienrqOnlel|n ements ay ak ee
2|N 31 W 15 |-78 23 0b) 9 35 30 |t1 57 45 1a 17 30
3 | North 12) | Foes 0 RE ule : e feo
ZN 2 bya FQ aa OWI: |) stem e de! e:|(Mia st .
BAN 3g WIP 32 179. 55 hse Pad As . > Gece
Gul ae > 79 57 0bL| 9 § O&O Na 50 30 ETMo 45
7 bail : Sate ae acacese 5. fo tc
9 |N 47 W 55 86) 2giobi! 2 5”. Shine 4 fe 5
1o | Weit 35 | 80 29 Belle : 5 Bere
II wo le y | 8a 4 obf. iia ois 5) Been re
12 : S sips TO! 94) ZO) ge 1s 15, Siar Cees

agnetic
Obfervations.
yr ae ms ERE Bearings and Diftances.
Obfervations. } Reckoning. Pe Wett.
a vw 2 a. Fe hee Fe rie
oe we ele ew © +f] 73°22]. ~ .|Southwold, WNW iN, diftance 3 leagues..
ithe = eR eyoja Salas es io - .|Southwold, S 27° W, diftance 36 leagues.
= ke! tote omOumO - - .|Southwold, S 10° 30’ EF, diftance 22 leagues,
See EO ne 6 - .{/Southwold, S 22° 10’ EF, diftance 35 leagues,
» 2 « «-{0 30 Wi. . ~|, ~ Southwold, S 27° so’ E, diftance 47 leagues,
hae Che dicr who ai + «+ «(In Whitby Road.
Gi ator (ollie -@ - «fe + .|Whitby, S 15° W, diftance 41 leagues.
139 15E|o10 FE]. . «|, . .|Whitby, S 12° 40’ W, diftance 103 leagues,
2 42 30E | o 40 W] 73 30| 28 53/Whitby, S 6°10’ W, diftance 122 Leagues. Hangcliff, S 59° W, 10 0r 11 miles.
0 26 oW). . « 4 75 ©| 23 46|Hangcliff, S 55° W, diftance 10 or 11 miles. :
et tcl ese |aeneeh: 76 45|. ~- .Hangcliff, S a7° W, diftance 9 leagues.
Son en Wee 82 ae 19 22|Hangclitt, S 9° 34’ W, diftance 56 leagues.
: SOME 7 Sins . .|Hangcliff, S 3° 30’ W,, diftance roz leagues.
C Ome 7 == 1g 11|Hangcliff, S 2° 52’ W, diftance 121 leagues..
oe ©) A IR . .|Hangcliff, S 6° 14’ W, diftance 138 leagues..
= is: Go, Wah Ong2 - « | 23 18|Hangcliff, S 3° 44’ W, diftance 157 leagues.
Gc a im OSH | 77° 52|. . .|Hangcliff, S 28’ W, diftance 211 leagues.
Aha mare °o 46 ne Fite * | Hangeliff, S 28’ W, diftance 243 leagues..
Ber Ore tree Ge! 81 30|. . .|Hangcliff, S 7° 59’ W, diftance 265 leagues.
Ir 11 30K | 9 44 79 30| 17 9|Hangcliff, S 16° 9’ W, diftance 289 leagues.
10 10 O |II 46 79 22| 7 47|Hangcliff, S 18° 38’ W, diftance 296 leagues..
: 9 43. : . .{Hangcliff, S 15° 17’ W, diftance 3r4 leagues,
oa | 8 5.2 She 7 .|Hangcliff, S 11° 6’ W, diftance 350 leagues..
Ae: 9 48 80 26). . .|Hangcliff, S 11° 24’ W, diftance 360 leagucs..
19 58 79 30] ¥1 38)Black Point, ENE 3 E,, diftance 9 miles..
10 53 . + «|,» .{Black Point, Eaft, diftance 18 miles.
3 TOF 15 aide boat . .|Black Point, S 61° E, diftanee 27 miles.
SLO tig 80 45] 14 §5|Black Point, S 42° E, diftance 11 leagues.
|) Oh sur NA) Set 1s . .|Magdalena Hook, N 25° E, diftance 4 miles..
lon . .{- . .|Magdalena Hook, S 33°E, diftance 17 miles.
. ats . {Vogel Sang Point, S 83° E, diftance 5 leagues.
ate pte . .{Cloven Cliff S 65° W, diftance 5 leagues,. ‘
Dae . . die. yl» .[Cloven Cliff $ 26° W. Vogel Sang Point, § 48° W, diftance 7 or 8 miles.
hag lsiyel net wiGE EO 81 52 . .|Vogel Sang Point, S 47° E, diftance is miles.
Roig peas er Sass .| Vogel Sang Point, S 63° 15’ E, diftance 84 miles.
O22) UE nap dete 4 . .| Vogel Sang Point, S 48° W, diftance 9 miles.
ere ‘ , . .|Vogel Sang Point, $ 25° W, diftance 6 miles.

TABLE

a - -~ Patt eee at bats rey EE, sit
ee Be esas) inte

3 . ‘
ae

+ : y wt . *. . bk | . ay
* + ‘
: DH Ge Oa: bl aerhige
e : ct Q Ve
i a vt oh ie
‘ - 7) . *. +58 *
MH ee Sea Wei Ree .
‘ $ ‘ mere “ . . toe. ‘ . He
| yer ay { ’ set ve
oe seat de) o Mi pga #f
{ at 14 4O°$ | ’ *
eid: TE xD al Vo goee & tig de as a 1s
a ; jo aaa TS 2 Po) Se
+4 she) | ie te ee i
’ bn "eye @ >” '
) i bho) |p all e+ Os 0/07 Ff! OF ie
vere CON ee sh M/E Wb
7 ' ‘awe
: p Ua 5, og | Wotage la all
Ks . - .\e fe .4es : ea oi’ v9
o 6 om oF.) We" seg’ i:
‘ 4) - . bs ‘ A fe) .
. ahh

Ligh ae tae
4 “ 7 . UES 15 OF: OS. oo

ay Is th ve Bre

: ;
ry ‘
4 4 “ : ey pana
ree . ee bt
. a\ ae is Aa pe Pee
hry” j oe Pra} ie Rate
aa) : ;
Aa Bi: at
i ;

:
. . ) i
i | eae ie off .
es “ ee . . a hs f rata > |
}
i

AV EP. NS bie

83

ere Sn nee ee eee
Table of Days Works. :

Magnetic “SS o ee aaaane
Day of the : Longitude, Obfervations.
FA i h Courfe. | Diftance. | Latitude in ee eee Seo eae Bearings and Diftances,
onth. | By the Watch. By Kendal. By Arnold. oe ene Dip. ee é
wa TOME a ee a | Bo Sah Sie Wee ae Uae soar ne eae Se
uly 23 i . 5 anti : ay
TAs 6 res SIE Vee ‘
DS sleeers Bete bee le otal ss eee ee BLAME cere : A 5G 2zileee eid
HO. haus | 79 53 1o- 2 30K |12 6 goBj13 55 oF : » + 82 4 20 38 In Vogel Sang.
Tei b F ; : J
hopes Mien icles ame Wek ‘ ; ; ons .|The North End of Vogel Sang, S 15° W, diftance 8 leagues.
20 |N 58 W 65 80 27 " 4 ; 452 Eh -|Cloven Cliff, $ 58° E, diftance 22 leagues.
a1 |S) 10 64 79 27 obf. : 5 AS 20S all -|Cloven Cliff, N 63° 18’ E, diftance 21 leagues.
22 |N 32 E 4o 80 1 c : 6 32 |. . «J+» .[Cloven Cliff, S 82° 15’ E, diftance 10 leagues.
23 IN 57 43 80 24 ; : ~ + fe « «fe - «| Vogel Sang, S 4° W, diftance 9 leagues. ‘
2 ESTEE Nal ois) me) MOO LO : : ~ e aie. ef) . «!Cloven Cliff, $ 15° W, 7 leagues.
Beica ct! a. Bea at ; 3 - eof, . .fe . «|The Wefternmoft Land off Cloven Cliff, S 88° W.
EXoyal |e ear, Ceol Pa 80 17 Asad! (hii ee : ; bP .|« . .Cloven Cliff, S 61° W, diftance 40 miles.
27 |N 23 E 34 80 48 1450? GO" 6 N56. 0 a 14 42 .|12 47 |Cloven Cliff, S 42° W, diftance 23 leagues.
28 IN 70 E 17 80 36 obf.|15 13 45 S -0) : 15 30 .|t1 56 |Cloven Cliff, S 58° 46’ W, diftance 26 leagues.
| Northernmoft Land, N 44° E, diftance 10 miles. The middle of the Opening,
29 |S 58 E 21 joy Arle is eee : 18 18 Res } fappoted the Waygat, 6 12° E, oe
30 |. Sora obiin8. 32.0 , |20 18 0 ; 80 25]. . .| The Wefternmoft of the Seven Iflands, N 3°. Table Ifland, N 14° E.
By al sade ehe sHNOW OMG! pulzondis, LO 5 5 1. 4 «le « .| The Wefternmoft of the Seven Iflands, N 60° W, diftance 7 miles.
Auguft 1 |. Be Briel wp Tet) : : : |. . .{12 24 |Black Point, S 75° W, ‘Table Ifland, N 45° E, diftance 7 miles,
2 |. st | rian Porm . 4 : |. . «|. . ~.{Black Point, N 80° W, diftance 4 leagues.
3 |. , : «lle .|Black Point, S 50° W, Great Table Ifland, N 23° W.
4 |- ; F alle .|Black Point, S 78° W, Great Table Ifland, N 19° W.
Ral ; 5 .|Great Table Ifland, N 27° W.
6 |. ; ; le .|Black Point, S61° W, Table Ifland, N 39° W.
7 \ : F .|Black Point, S 61° W, ‘Table Ifland, N 46° W.
8 |. . 6 ¥ ; .| Table Ifland, N 35° W, Black Point, N 62° W.
Dil : : .|A thick Fog. ; ,
* a Wefternmoft of the Seven Iflands, N 16° W. Black Point, S 32° E, diftance
j 2 leagues. :
II Hakluye’s Head Land, S 31° W, diftance 3 miles. The North End of
Vogel Sang, N 67° E.
12 . ’ sls ° . 7)
13 |. 5 . alla el omic
14 s . . . . ele e
15 . . ° extlis atl tie: pte lel . e ie Se Lae . . . . ele . ° | A S b
16 |. 79 44 9/5045 « 102) 46 15% ]% 6 ahs » 82 83/18 57 | FP aioe
17 |. o: Teoh ak GH] loeb we “ein St eet Oey RE hs . . a He feats
3 ° ° . . . . ° ele e . |
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AUP Pi SEaNe Do Lox

85

Fa en SR ER aaa iE EELS > ER, SS aT

Day of the Courfe.

Month.

Auguft 20 |N 34° W
21 |S 83 W
22 |S 14 W
23.9 315 E
24) (S12 B
Bias 25 WV
26.45 523° W
27 |S 28 W
28) |S, 61> W
agian, 5. &
30 |S 41 E
31 | South

Sept. 1 |S 64 W
2S arene:
Sid BW
A je: 8 'W
Soe 17, W
GUiSeee
zs levy NW
8 |S 59 E
9 |S: 32 E
io |S) 43 E
1p (Say 7 we
Te2pijope tay Es
13\ |S, 14 W
14 |S 66 W
isp ise 14 E
16. 1S).20 W
71S 59 W
Toalsi, 6 WN,
VON See 47 - NV.
20/|5 36 E
Die | Sue 240s
22 |W by N
23,15 50 EB
24 |N 80 W
ZI NS

Diftance. | Latitude in

*' pe SiC el es

By the Watch.

— aren:

By Kendal.

Longitude,

By Arnold.

7

UA

Magnetic
Obfervations.
: By th RRS
Choma. Reckoning Dip. Welle :
Seay 7p || oa cea neranres
Rie te 7 408 ec | eat
Ml hee hs 2 Gy jose
tHheis x 1 56 hi Tae
oe 4 58 fuees
nya) aa. 6 13 Saehe
Bn Te eae ciel fee Gy: Fe
Spewes ok 1 46 : a
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oe oe a i BONN : :
eee 1 28 , ‘A
ree ats o 18E Sem ialle ne
Sens o 18 AO A Aleta
ee On re by be) eel
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“Aas Fe o 8 - Ale
55 o-12W i. 2 14
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cae ToL aa
eens 2 35 :
° . I 9 ° e .
: : 6°37 aie
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sila et apo aA
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Ped EEE bai rg e . e
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nee AS a COm 7a sn e .
co al operr ‘ :
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Table of Days Works.

Bearings and Diftances.

.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, S 34° E, diftance ro leagues.
-|Hakluyt’s Head Land, S 74° E, diftance 70 miles.
-|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 74° 27’ E, diftance $2 miles.
-|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 16° 20’ E, diftance 188 miles,
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 9° 34’ E, diftance 232 miles.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 11° 30’ E, diftance 278 miles.
-|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 14° 39’ E, diftance 133 leagues,
-|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 15° 18’ E, diftance 151 leagues.
-|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 19° 21’ E, diftance 162 leagues.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 16° 24’ E, diftance 183 leagues.
-|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 14° 15’ E, diftance 195 leagues.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 11° 44’ E, diftance 225 leagues.

Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 12° 16’ E, diftance 227 leagues.

.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 10° 57’ E, diftance 237 leagues.
-|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 10° 14’ E, diftance 280 leagues.

Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 12° 51’ E, diftance 303 leagues. i
Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 10° 38’ E, diftance 321 leagues.

.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N ro° 12’ E, diftance 351 leagues.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N ro° 39’ E, diftance 394 leagues.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 9° 16’ E, diftance 403 leagues.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 8° 43’ E, diftance 413 leagues.

.| Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 6° 25’ E, diftance 435 leagues.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 5° 15’ H, diftance 446 leagues.
-|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 6° 3’ E, diftance 459 leagues.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 6° 15’ E,, diftance 477 leagues.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 7° 27’ E, diftance 456 leagues.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 6° 56 E, diftance 507 leagues.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 7° 2’ E,, diftance 535 league:.
-|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 7° 4’ E, diftance 537 leagues.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 7° 6’ E, diftance 543 leagues.
-|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 7° 5’ E, diftance 546 leagues.

Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 7° E, diftance 550 leagues.

.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 7° E, diftance 555 leagues.
.|Hakluyt’s Head Land, N 8° E, diftance 552 leagues.
.|Catwick, N 62° E, diftance 12 leagues.

.|Orfordnefs, SW by S, diftance 5 miles.

In Hofely Bay, Orfordnefs Lighthoufe N 36° 30’ E.
diftance from the fhore, 1 mile.

Hofely Church, S 82° W,

OBSERVATIONS

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OssERVATIONS on different Metuops of meafuring a
Suip’s Way.

LE HE degree of accuracy with which the diftancerun .

by a fhip can be meafured, is a thing of great im-
portance, but unfortunately not eafily to be afcertained,
from the great variety of circumftances which may oc-
cafion errors in the reckoning, and which, though not
depending upon the meafure of the fhip’s way, may in
voyages not nearly upon a meridian be confounded with
thofe that do. ‘The circumftances of the prefent voyage
gave me the faireft opportunity of trying this experiment,
the weather being fine, and the courfe very nearly upon
a meridian; fo that an error of one point could not make
more than the difference of one mile in fifty in the
diftance. When the difference of latitude is the fame as
the diftance, it gives frequent opportunities of comparing
the reckoning with the obfervation, and whatever error is
found muft be attributed to the imperfetions in the
manner of meafuring the diftance. Moft of the writers on
this fubjeé&t have attributed the errors to a faulty divifion
of the log-line.

Before Norwood meafured a degree, the length of a
minute had been erroneoufly fuppofed 5000 feet; in
| confequence

88

Ax PORT AE NY Do gist XE
confequence of which, the log line, from the firft ufe of that
inftrument about the year 1570, was invariably marked
forty-two feet to thirty feconds. Norwood, when he
publifhed his Seaman’s Praétice, ftated the true meafure to
be fifty-one feet to thirty feconds; but, as the fhip would
really run more than is given by the log, and it is right to
have the reckoning ahead of the fhip, he recommended
marking the log line fifty feet to thirty feconds. It does
not appear at what time an alteration either in the marking
the log, or the length of the glafs, took place in confequence
of thefe obfervations: Sir Jonas Moore in his Navigation
which was publifhed in the reign of Charles II. mentions,
that the feamen, having found the old log not to anfwer,
had fhortened the glafs to twenty-five feconds, which was
equal to a line marked fifty feet with a glafs of thirty
feconds; but he rather recommends reftoring the half
minute glafs, and making the correction on the line.
Since that time the feamen, whether from finding the
allowance of one foot in fifty not a fufhcient compenfa-
tion for the accidental errors to which the log is fubjeé,
or from a preference of a meafure nearly equal to the
ftatute mile, have ufed a line of forty-five feet to thirty
feconds, or a glafs of twenty-eight feconds to forty-two
feet.

All the writers I have met with, who have treated of
the log, except Wilfon, have complained of the feamen

not having adhered to Norwood’s meafure. Norwood
himfelf,

aN

EME ie ee eae a

peer

PELE (RE IN eb Ti xX,

himfelf, however, feems to have been aware of the
neceflity of fubmitting to the teft of experiment the ad-
vantages of a new meafurement derived from theory. In
the preface to his Seaman’s Praétice he fays, ‘* Becaufe I
*¢ am perfuaded we have at this day as many excellent navi-
“ gators in this kingdom, and as great voyages performed,
‘* as from any other place in the world, I fhould be glad
*¢ to hear of the experimental refolution of this problem by
‘* fome of them, though it were but running eight or ten
“* degrees near the meridian ; for fo I doubt not but what
“¢ T have here written thereof, would receive further con-
“¢ frmation and better entertainment than happily it will
“now, being fo much different from the common
** opinion.”

Had the errors in the diftance arifen only from a
fault in marking the line, nothing would have been
more eafy than to have removed that difhculty, by
comparing carefully the different meafures with the ob-
fervations, and adhering to that which had been found to
correfpond beft with them. But the diftance meafured by
the log being rendered uncertain by many accidental
circumftances, it becomes difficult, or rather impoffible, to
find any length of line which will fhew invariably the
diftance run by the fhip, or even to afcertain with precifion
that meafure which will at all times come neareft the
truth. Some of thefe circumitances are:

Pas 1. The

89

99

Pare oP NCD ee

1. The effets of currents.

- 2. The yawing of the fhip going with the wind aft,
or upon the quarter, when fhe is feldom fteered within a
point each way : this I mention as an error in the diftance,
and not in the courfe; fince, though the fhip by being
yawed equally each way may make the intended courfe
good upon the whole, yet the diftance will be fhortened
as the verfed fine of the angle between the line intended
and that iteered upon.

3, By the fhip being driven on by the {well, or the log
during the time of heaving being thrown up nearer the
fhip.

4. By the log coming home, or being drawn after the
fhip, by the fri€tion of the reel and the lightnefs of the
log. Norwood mentions thefe two laft, and fays, ‘* For
“ thefe caufes, it is like, there may fometimes be allowed
‘*¢ three or four fathoms more than is veered out; but this,
“(as a thing mutable and uncertain) being fometimes
“ more, fometimes lefs, cannot be brought to any certain
‘“‘ rule, but fuch allowance may be made as a man in his
“‘ experience and difcretion finds fit.”

5. By the log being only a mean taken every hour,
and confequently liable to error from the variations in the
force of the wind during the intervals, for which an arbi-
trary correction is made by the officer of the watch; and
though men of {kill and experience come near the truth,
yet this allowance muft, from its nature, be inaccu-
rate.

. Thefe

ae ee a ee

EE

Par LAA Be) Niet DE XE,

Thefe circumftances did not efcape M. Bouguer’s at-
tention, and his ingenuity fuggefted to him an improve-
ment of the common log, which would correé the errors
likely to arife from the moft material of thefe circum-
ftances: a defcription of this improvement he publithed at
large.in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences for the
year 17473 it has fince been abridged in the edition of his
Navigation by De la Caille. It appears extraordinary that
this log fhould never have been made ufe of by others ;—-
the great reputation of the author, as well as the very good
reafons he offers in favour of his improvement, were fuf-
ficient inducements to me to try the experiment.

In the log which I made ufe of,

The length of the cone was — 12 inches.
The diameter of the bafe — Bre.
The weight of the cone — 25 ounces.
The diagonal length of the diver — 14 inches.
The length of each fide — Q3.

The weight of the diver 26 2 ounces.
The length of line from the diver to the cone, 50 feet;

the log line 51 feet to a knot.

Whether M. Bouguer’s log will (as he expected) corre&
the errors arifing from currents in the common log, I had
no opportunity of difcovering in this voyage.

The fecond error, which no log will corre&, cannot
be attended with any bad effect, as it muft make the
reckoning,

gt

92

AP Pi EN DY Pas
reckoning, in whatever degree it takes place, ahead of

the fhip.

By obferving M. Bouguer’s rules in comparing it with
the common log, which for that purpofe muit be reck-
oned at fifty-one feet, it will, I think, very fully correé
the third and fourth, which are the moft material errors;
as the agitation of the fea from winds does not exceed the
depth to which the diver is let down, and the weight of
the whole machine prevents the friction of the reel from
having an effeét in any degree equal to that which it has
on the common log.

The fifth arifes from the imperfection it has in common
with the log generally ufed.

At firft, on the paflage out, I contented myfelf with
heaving Bouguer’s log occafionally, to obferve what pre-
cautions were necefiary to be taken to prevent errors, as
well as to find whether its variations from the common
log were on the fame fide as the meridian obfervation
required. I found that it was neceflary to take care that
the diver fhould be of fuch a weight as to let only the
top of the cone {wim; but not heavy enough to fink it,
as in that cafe it would be liable to an error in excefs, by
meafuring the depth that the diver would fink in addition
to the fhip’s way. It was neceflary to put a weight of
lead to the bottom of the diver, to fink it down to its

palce

AEP TPUE VIN ADA TX.
place before the ftray line was out. The line between the
diver and the cone fhould not be more than fifty feet,
that being as great a depth as it will fink to whilft the
{tray line is running off the reel when the fhip has much
way through the water.

On the paflage out, the longeft period of my trying this
log between two obfervations, was from the twenty-fifth
to the thirtieth; in which time the fhip had run four
degrees, and the reckoning by Bouguer’s log was eighteen
miles aftern of the fhip: but as it appears that the fhip
on the twenty-fixth, with the wind Northerly, and
making barely an Eaft courfe, was found by the ob-
fervation to be twenty miles to the Northward of her
reckoning, that diftance muft be attributed to a current ;
therefore if that current had not taken place, Bouguer’s log
would have been, inftead of eighteen miles aftern, two
miles ahead of the fhip.

On the paflage home it was tried from the latitude of
eighty degrees eleven minutes to fixty-cight degrees eleven
minutes; in which diftance, though the fhip was much
yawed from the fea being frequently upon the quarter,
this log was only thirty-one miles ahead of the fhip,
which might be owing entirely to that circumftance with-
out any other caufe.

The ftate of the common log on the paflage out, when
the weather was remarkably fine and water in general
{mooth, was, from the latitude of fixty degrees thirty-
feven minutes to feventy-eight degrees eight minutes, with

z the

93

94

AMPEPGE YN iD aA xX.

the line marked fifty-one feet to thirty feconds, one degree
fifty-eight minutes aftern of the fhip, with the line marked
forty-five feet to thirty feconds, four miles ahead of the
fhip. On the paffage home, the log at fifty-one feet to
thirty feconds, thirty-five miles aftern of the fhip; at
forty-five to thirty feconds, one degree feven minutes
ahead of the fhip. As far therefore as the experience of
this voyage extends, it appears that the errors of the log
marked forty-five feet are always on the fafe fide, and that
thofe of the longer marked line are always fhort of the
run; but that Bouguer’s is much more accurate than
either.

It is not to be expected that the obfervations of a fingle
voyage can be fufficient to determine the merit of any in-
ftrument, particularly one of fo much confequence as the
log. I thought it right, however, to give an account of
the trial I made of the different methods, and of fuch
remarks as occurred to me.

In the following table the courfe is put down, in the
firft column, for all the diftances and latitudes ; after the
diftance and latitude, according to each marking of the
log, there is a column for the difference between that la-
titude, and the latitude obferved. I thought it beft to
continue the reckonings without correétions, as if there
had been no obfervation, in order to fhew the difference
upon the whole run, as well as from one obfervation
to another.

TAB LE,

!
.
;

APP OB ND.

Fos) |. Be ee . fi: Se pre
m oe egg eg a aa

On the Voyage Out,

By the Common Log, || By the Common Log, || By the Common Log, ||By Bouguer’s ||Difference of the Bouguer’s Log,

increafed by
marked 49 Feet. marked 45 Feet. marked 51 Feet. Log, marked || Diftance bythe] 4 of the Difference of the
51 eet. rae and} Diftance by the Common
ouguer’sLog,} and Bouguer’s Log. Latitude
ge ——- Difference between Gk Sale . Ditterencebereen hay koe iipencebetvedd the E on manea Ga PRA Poel ka i by "
Diftance. a ne Latitude by Diftance. ee joe etnies Dittance.' me Sartoeig d Diftance. eee = Diftance, Haleige ‘the Latiande’ ty Obfervation.
Account. Guinan. Account. Obfervation. Account. Obfervation. Account Account. Cpe
eee rere ee ge VN aa Fo weir Th dao hy e|c mae eel (ag gee ee eR are rene oe ae
June 16|N 27 E ap Ww6org7| 048 29 | 60 39] 0-10 26 |.60 361 o 7 es p Ae Mel ant t 2 60 29
IFN: -97) El 196 62, g2|) 0 8 y Ava O30) a5|| enone 0 13 |fO204G|) ot rg eer c Heo caw ite c 62 59
18iN -7 WI) 13t | 65 2] © 16 MAST NO'S 1 21Gl| Ole 126° 64. 5u\ 7 O27 Ho cael 2 s 65 18
19/N 4 WI 54 | 65 56 - 58 | 66 23 B Otiae 521 65 43 ue 6 D PAG toe 5 p(k > Ss ean
201N 30 Efi 59 | 66 47]. cua Ot | pS 6 6 6 57 | 66 32 Ga : ine Precllch eee c 5 z
21iIN 5 Wil 60] 67 47} o 18 OG) 68) 2.2) Ory 58: (067) Zo) Fo) 35 meals A saereltaveee ope eh ae
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2siN 73 E |} 99} 73 15} 9 50 || 107 | 74 18) 0 13 95 | 72 42) 1 23 yi 4 . roale Sie i. eae
26) Batt 33: 1873" WS 2 10 36 | 74 18) 0 7 32. | 72 42] 1 43 333| 74 5 oe 34.174 5| © 20 || 74 2%
27|N 21 Wi 59 | 74 10 64 | 75 18). « By? JB 73) Soup 2s 6431 75 5 74 663| 75 7 : ce
28]|N ro Wj] 126 | 76 14) . Be a7 |||. spacer c thon2n |e7ige Buti. : 026) 771g 5 127%) 97 12 oS we
29|N 26 E || -28 | 76 39) “1 20 Foe 7. 50) SO eno 27 7S eG eam or 27 or 7eaa fo) 270 77 430lle tome 77. 59
30|N 52 E 20 | 76 51 17 22a Gwtai\h a Ol a4: 10) |) 760 10], ee 53 2 | 77 WAr 2 20h 77 50h OTe 755 8
On the Voyage Home.
Auguft 20)N 34 W o { 80 12 ( G2) (eo On UAlirei venir. 29 | 80 11 SS Ae Feary } Spa ; ae
21S 83 W . 80 5 Cy ko) “ 48 | 80 5 Paar Geli) Ble G 2 502/80 4k Beit
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279 37 Wi Ag |og2 40; o 10 Aon 2. Ol! 5o 423 43: |.72 58] | o*-28 46 | 72 30 3 Onl72 a4 Ones 72 29
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3015 41 E || §4 | 70 29} o 12 59 | 69 43) ©o 34 521 79 5a On 35, || 7 Ga 3 pe a oer fae yy
3 South 86 | 69 3 93 | 68 10 nas 83 | 69 29]. ous 86 | 68 45 3 Ale 34 pts oe Mean: Ol
September 1/5 64 W 7) 69 o 5 71808, <7 5 : 7 \Ggu27\", oth 4] 68 43 3 3% : 32 ae ‘a . ise
F Ze x2) al wee OO, nat, -o 243 49 | 67 19 52 49) |\"68) aa! jor 33 SY. | Ong 8 532/07 40 3 :
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I alfo tried two perpetual logs; one invented by Mr.
Ruffell, the other by Foxon, both conftruéted upon this
principle, that a Spiral, in proceeding its own length im the
direGtion of its axis through a refifting medium, makes
one revolution round the axis; if therefore the revolutions
of the fpiral are regiftered, the number of times it has gone
its own length through the water will be known. In both
thefe the motion of the {piral in the water is communicated
to the clock-work within board, by means of a {mall line,
faftened at one end to the fpiral, which tows it after the
_fhip, and at the other to a {pindle which fets the clock-
work in motion. That invented by Mr. Ruffell has a
half fpiral of two threads, made of copper, and a {mall
dial with clock-work, to regifter the number of turns of
the fpiral. Foxon’s has a whole {piral of wood with one
thread, and a larger piece of clock-work, with three dials,
two of them to mark the diftance, and the other divided
into knots and fathoms, to fhew the rate by the half
minute glafs, for the convenience of comparing it with

the log.

This log, like all others, is liable to the firft error, as
well as tothe fecond. The third it partakes of in a very
{mall degree, only affedting the reckoning by that quan-
tity which the {piral is thrown towards the {hip ; whereas
in the log the fame circumftance affe&s the whole rate
for the hour. The fourth it is entirely free from, as well
as the fifth. It will have the advantage of every other in

R {mooth

of

98

mee PBS Ne Bs BX,

fmooth water and moderate weather, when it is neceflary
to ftand on one courfe for any particular diftance, efpe-
cially in the night, or a fog, as it meafures exactly the
diftance run. It will alfo be very ufeful in finding the
trim of a fhip when alone ; as well as in furveying a coaft
in a fingle fhip, or in meafuring diftances in a boat be-
tween headlands or fhoals, when a bafe is not otherwife to
be obtained ; both which it will do with the greateft ac-
curacy in fmooth water, with a large wind, and no tide
or current. But notwithftanding thefe advantages, which
will make it very ufeful and worth having, I doubt much
whether it might ever be fubftituted entirely in the room
of the common log. Machines eafily repaired or replaced
have advantages at fea, which fhould not lightly be given
up for others more {pecious.

OxssERVATIONS

AYP TPGYEYNa De Io X.

OssERVATIONS on the Ufe of the MEcameTER in Marine
Surveying.

fh Ae greateft difficulty in marine furveying is that

of obtaining an accurate bafe, from the extremities
of which the angles may be taken with precifion, for
afcertaining the bearings and diftance of headlands and
fhoals, when either want of time or other circumftances
make it impracticable to land and meafure a bafe. The
_ufual way is, to eftimate the diftance by the log, and to
take the angles by the compafs. This method is liable to
many errors, and affords no means of correéting or dif-
covering them. ‘The Megameter, conftruéted upon the
principles of the objeét-glafs micrometer, defcribed by
M. de Charniere and applied by him to find the longi-
tude at fea, I thought might be ufefully applied to
marine furveying. That which I ufed was made by
Ramfden, with fome improvements. The advantages I
imagined might be derived from this inftrument were,
a more corre and expeditious manner of determining the

pofition of coafts, and the diftance of fhoals or the fhip _

from headlands, This inftrument being divided to ten
feconds, an angle may be taken by it with great ac-
curacy to five feconds. The height of a fhip’s maft-head
above the water being known, it is eafy to find with this
inftrument, by a fingle obfervation, the diftance between

Re two

99

ae. Aép pln ND! ix,

two fhips, and confequently to determine a bafe. The
angles being taken with an Hadley’s quadrant from each
of the fhips, to the objeéts whofe fituations are defigned
to be afcertained, the diftance may be found; and, con-
fequently, their relative fituations. If there is a mega-
meter in each fhip, the altitudes taken from both fhips
at one inftant, and the angles of the different parts
of the coaft intended to be furveyed obferved with an
Hadley’s quadrant at the fame time, will give the fitua—
tion with more accuracy and expedition than any method
of furveying from fhips hitherto practifed; with. the
farther advantage of the certain means of detecting any
error in the obfervation, fo as to judge whether it is of
fufhcient importance to be attended to. The only pre-
cautions neceflary are; to make the obfervations at the
fame inftant, to prevent their being affected by any. altera-
tion in the relative pofition of the fhips, as a very {mall
~one there would occafion a confiderable error in the
diftance; and to be careful in chufing objects fufficiently.
defined and remarkable. This method of furveying has the.
further advantage of giving the feale of a coaft; Seamen,
though they judge very accurately of their diftance from
places upon coafts well known to them, are very often
mifiaken when they fall in with land they have never feen
before; of which we had, at firft, fome inftances in this
voyage, the height of the mountains, before we knew the
fcale of the coaft, making us always think ourfelves nearer
the land than we really were. Where the coaft is at all
2 | high,

Ave?) PO Bee If TX,
high, the megameter affords a very accurate and expedi-
tious method of determining the height of all the points,.
when their diftances are found; and thence, the heights
being known, of afcertaining immediately by a fingle ob-
fervation the fituation of the fhip, or the latitude of any.
point by the bearings at the time of a meridian obferva-
tion: the dire&ion and rate of currents or tides may
alfo be found in this. manner with great accuracy. I
made feveral obfervations during this voyage with the
megameter, fome of which I fhall give as. examples;

they were fufficient to prove to me the, great accuracy that:

may be attained with this inftrument after fome praétice.
The utility of fuch a method. of obtaining a furvey on an.
enemy's or undefcribed coaft, as well as that of being able
to prove the truth of charts by a fingle obfervation, is
obvious.

June the fifteenth, the fhip being in latitude 60° 197,
Jongitude 0° 39° W, Hangcliff bore S 83° oo’ W;
Variation, 23°, W.

The altitude of the Carcafs’s maft, by the megameter,.
was 35) 48"; height of the maft,, 202,75 feet 34 hence.
the diftance ; between the- Racehorfe and Carcafs was
9861 feet: angle between the Carcafs and Hangcliff,,
85° 48';, between the Racehorfe and Hangcliff, 87° 00’;
From whence the difference of latitude was found 10’ $3,
difference of longitude 17’ W. Therefore, the latitude
of Hangcliff is 60° 9’; longitude o° 56’ W.

July

TOE

102

AST PO BUN (D4 Pax

July the fecond, to try how far the megameter could be’

depended upon, [ obferved the altitude of the Carcafs’s
maft 2° 23' 48”; the angle between the main-yard
and main-topfail yard, o° 44’ 26’; hence the dif-
tance between the main-yard and main-topfail yard
came out 31,750 feet.
By meafurement it was found — 34,125 feet.

Difference 2,375 feet.

—

The diftance between the two fhips, deduced from the
altitude of the maft, was
By the angle of the main and main-topfail yard,
the diftance between them being 34,125 feet, 2640 feet.

Difference 183 feet.

Which is not more than the fhips might have changed
their pofition in the time of reading off and fetting down
the firft obfervation before taking the fecond.

An error of ten feconds in the obfervation of the angle
fubtended by the maft at this diftance, would make an
error of two feet and three quarters in the diftance. At
the diftance of a nautical mile it would produce an error
of fixteen feet. At other diftances the error decreafes as
the {quares of the diftances decreafe ; and at other heights
it decreafes as the heights decreafe.

Whenever

2457 feet. :

my re wed Seay INT; OE OY,

Whenever the diftance of the obje&, whofe angle is
taken by the megameter, does not exceed that of the
vifible horizon, the very fmall portion of the earth’s
furface intercepted between the objeét and obferver, may
be confidered as a plane, to which the object is perpendi-
cular, and the diftance may be concluded by refolving the
right-angled triangle, formed by the upright objeé&t, and
lines drawn from the obferver’s ftation to the top and
bottom of it.

But in greater diftances, the bottom of the object being

concealed from the fight of the obferver, it becomes ne-.

ceflary to have recourfe to a different calculation.

The only cafes which can occur in practice are two;
the one when the height is given to find the diftance ;
the other when, the diftance being known, the height of
the obje& is to be deduced from the obfervation: both.
which are eafily folved by the following praétical rules.

To find the Diftance.

To the apparent altitude of the objeé above the fen-
fible horizon, add the complement of the dip’ anfwering
to the height of the obferver’s eye above the fea; the
fum. is the angle BAE (fig. 1:); and fay: As the femi-
diameter of the earth increafed by the height of the obje@,
is to the femidiameter increafed by the height of the

eye;

103

104

AGP PE Nid al: X.

eye; fo is the fine of BAE, to another fine, which is that
of the angle B; the difference between 180°, and the
{um of the two angles BAE andB, is the value, in de-
grees and minutes, of the arc GC of the earth’s furface
intercepted between the eye and obje&. Multiply the
number of minutes and decimal parts of a minute in this
arc by the value of one minute in miles, fathoms, or fuch
meafure as may be moft convenient, and you will have the
diftance in the like meafure.

BX ALM Be

The height of Snow Peak being 1503 yards, its appa-
rent altitude above the horizon of the fea was obferved

to be — -- — ‘one ¥y age 34
The height of the eye being 16 feet,
the complement of the dip is - - - 82° 56) x1”

The fam is EAB. Ol ag try

To the femidiameter -of the

earth in yards 6966382 - - - - - 6966382
Add the height Add the height

of the object 1503 of the eye 53
Semidiam.+height Semidiam.+height
of the obje& 6667885 of theeye 6.966387%

As

Ae PLPC EMNE DY It X3
As 6967885 Co. Ar. 3,1568990
To 6966387 6,84.30076
Sois Sine EAB 90° 43' 17" ~—-9,9998 040

To fine B 87 Range ¥9;9997106

oe ee

; LG SL AN]
Subtracted from 180 0 0

o 22 13 the diftance.

Therefore the diftance is 22,22 minutes, or nautical miles. _

This multiplied by ~ 2040 the number of yards in
one minute,
The product 45328,8 is the diftance in yards.

——

To find the Height.

To the apparent altitude of the object above the fen-
fible horizon, add the complement of the dip anfwering
to the height of the obferver’s eye above the fea, the fum
is the angle BA E; to this add the horizontal diftance of
the eye and object in degrees and minutes, and fubtract
the fum from 180°, the remainder is the angle B: then
fay, as the fine of B is to the fine of BAE, fo is the
femidiameter of the earth increafed by the height of the
eye to a fourth number; from which {ubtracting the
femidiameter of the earth, the remainder is the height of
the objedt.

5 . EXAMPLE.

105

106 APPENDIX,

BX: AM Pa fk.

July the fecond, the apparent altitude
of Snow Peak was obferved to be, at the

diftance of 37507 yards or 18’ 30”, a” Nga! .20°
The height of the eye being 53 yards,

the complement of the dipis - - 89 56 11

Hence the angle BA E 92 rin Pis3e

Horizontal diftance 18 30

as mae

Subtra&ted from 180
Angle B 87 32 59
Semidiameter of the earth 6966382 °
Height of the eye ¢

eH

Semidiameter + height of the eye 69663875

As, fine. B” - 87" 32. 59 -Co. Af.” 0,6003072
To fine BAE 92 8 31 939996965

So is femidiameter + height
of the eye= 69663874 yards 6,8430076

To 6967888 *6,8431013

—

Semidiameter 6966382

Height 1506 in yards,

DEMON-

DE M:O Nis TOR ACT DON.

Let G FC (plate I. fig. 1.) reprefent the furface of the
earth, E its center, BC the height of a hill or other obje&
rifing perpendicular from C; A is the place of the obferver’s
eye, whofe height above the level of the feais AG. Draw
AH perpendicular to AE, and AF touching the circle
GFC in F. Then HAF is the dip, EAF its com-
plement, DAB is the apparent altitude of the objeé&
above the fenfible horizon; to this add EAD, the fum
is EAB. In the triangle EAB, the fide EA is the
fum of the femidiameter E G and GA the height of the
obferver’s eye ; EB the fum of the femidiameter EC and
CB the height of the obje@; the angle AEB is mea-
fured by GC the horizontal diftance between the ob-
ferver and object. Now in the farft cafe there are given
in the triangle EA B, the fides EA, EB, and the angle
B AE, to find the angle AEB; and in the fecond there
are given the angles BAE, AEB and the fide E A, to
find the fide E B and confequently BC. The trigonome-
trical folutions of thefe cafes are the above praétical rules.

S 2 OxssERVATIONS

107

108

ax tee) Bo ND Ee. XY

OssrervaTions on the VARIATION.

1 HE Variation of the compafs, always an interefting
object to navigators and philofophers, became pecu-
liarly fo in this voyage from the near approach to the
Pole. Many of the theories that had been propofed on
this fubje&, were to be brought to the teft of obferva-
tions made in high latitudes, by which alone their
fallacy or utility could be difcovered. They of courfe
engaged much of my attention, and gave me the fulleft
opportunity of experiencing, with regret, the many im-
perfections of what is called the Azimuth compafs. This.
inftrument, though fufficiently accurate to enable us to
obferve the variations fo as to fteer the fhip without any
material error, with the precaution of always ufing the
fame compafs by which they are taken, is far from being
of fuch a conftruétion as to give the variation with that
degree of precifion, which fhould attend experiments on
which a theory is to be founded, or by which it is to be
tried. The obfervations taken in this voyage will fully
evince this, by their great variations from one another in
very fhort intervals of time ; nor is this difagreement of
fucceffive obfervations peculiar to the higher latitudes,
and to be imputed to a near approach to the Pole, as I
found it to take place even upon the Englith coaft.
As to the obfervations themfelves, they were taken

with the greateft care, and the moft {crupulous attention
to

Ae Par: Bic Ne Dri] xX.

to remove every circumftance which might be fuppofed to
ereate an accidental error; the obfervations being taken
fometimes by different people with the fame compafs, in
the fame and different places; fometimes. with different
compafies, changing the places and the obfervers re-
peatedly, to try whether there was any error to be im-
puted to local attraGtion, or the different mode of obfer-
vation by different perfons. I have fince my return tried
the compaffes by a meridian as well as by taking azimuths,
and find them to agree with one another, though the fame
compafs fometimes differs from itfelf a degree in. fucceflive
obfervations.

That every perfon may (as far as is poffible without
having been prefent at the time) be enabled to judge of
the degree of accuracy to be expeéted in fuch obfervations,,
as well as the degree of attention paid to thofe made by
us, I have fet down. every circumftance that I thought
material, giving every part of each obiervation, with each
feparate refult, and the mean of every fet, with the
weather at the time. Whenever I mention its blowing
frefh, it was only comparatively with refpect to the reft
of the voyage, no obfervation having been made in any
weather which might not generally fpeaking be called

fine.

Having faid fo much of the inaccuracy of the inftrur
ment, I muft add, that I think fome general and rather
curlous inferences may fafely be drawn from thefe

a4 obfervations,

ASP EPCE ND? IX

obfervations. One is, that the variation near the latitude of
eighty, if it alters at all with time, does not alter in any
degree as it does in thefe latitudes: the variation having
tabi found oy Poole in 1610 to be 22° 30’ W in lati-
tude 78° 37 3 ; 18° 16’ W inCrofs Road in latitude 79° 1S
N; and 17° oo’ within the foreland in latitude 78° 24’.
By Baffin in 1613, in Horne Sound, latitude 76° 55", the
variation from the meridian was 12° 14’ W3; but by
his compafs 17°: his compafs ** was touched 5% Eafterly,”
that being the variation in London at that time: in
Green Harbour, latitude 77° 40’, he obferved the varia-
tion 13° 11’ W. Fotherby in 1614, made the variation
in Magdalena Bay, latitude 79° 34’ N, 25° 00’ W;
and in latitude 79° 8’, two points. Neither Poole nor
Fotherby mention whether their variations are reckoned
from the meridian, or whether their compafles, like
Baffin’s, were fitted to the variation at that time in London.
If Fotherby’s were taken with a compafs in which a cor-
rection was made for the variation at London, his obfer-
vation agrees exactly with thofe made by me in Vogel
Sang and Smeerenberg; and thofe of Poole and Bafhn
ilies fo little from mine, that the difference need not be
regarded. But the variation in London now differs from
ie. it was at that time above twenty-fix degrees.

The other inference is, that in going to the Eaft-
ward in the latitude of eighty, the Wefterly varia-
tion decreafes very confiderably from a difference in the
longitude.

5 Table

ALP PE ON DT xX.

Table of the Obfervations of the Variation.

Day of the] Latitude | Longitude |Altitude of the)Sun’s Magnetic/Sun’s true Azi-|Weft Variation|Mean of the Remarks
Month. in in Sun’s Lower] Azimuth. muth from} from each | Obfervations.

Limb. the North. | Obfervation.
te hin eo) CHM Eg ce ee eo el eae ea Ba re fa
36 50 5) 62 05 8 100 42 17
; EWA Zz! 62 20 TOW 2 16 3 16
June pes 52 20 37 39 pd 101 54 17 f } 55 The Weather very fine, and the
at 7 37 56 61 30 102 19 a aes \ : Water {mooth. :
38 20 60 30 102 55 16 34 a0.
3144 |S 59 30E 98 44 21 46 a:
; 2 ee 58 45 99 17 ai 58 e
a 32 1 57 30 99 44 22 4 e Weather very fine, and
at 7 AM Gene) th Vas 32 36 57 30 100 22 a2 18 a 3 § Water este ae
2'2 Tis 56 50 101 36 21 34
2385 56 35 102 16 29 :
Wi N 44 5W 67 16 PIB, AT
14" 60 20 | o 39 W 11g eas Aa 66 30 23° 05 22 58
at 6 PM 1:3 ea 43 0 65 30 22) 30
29 48 N17 50E 95 6 22 44 e '. boge <2 Lee
30 29 120 30 96 20 24 10 23 41
enh 31 50 122 30 98 50 23 40
es A 60 20} 0 39 W 31 56 WO Te 99 2 23 50
Sey Uy) ery UC 99 45 mash <6) 14 2
32 34 124 15 100 14 Aa
22,52 125 40 100 48 24 52
PhS WwW 6 | ee me
at1 PM i 70 Ks 2b..16
32) 8 Ni20 30E IOI 20 1g Io i Ae
ee Bae 32 50 122 19 102 48 “19 27
at8 AM ei Sof Fea) 33 16 123 10 103 44 19 26 Bo Aa Some Sea.
33 45 124 10 104 46 1g 24

19 11 Freth Breezes, and fome {well.

5.4 Table

orrwns et ries i ae ten mb te J aeons

;
‘ Ba Ae Pe be mf

ibis ho i Ne; 33; ny i

‘alaelt teva bid ' Ne
; : * Ohi s
r be bd Le i
gt! iv k a % hd a's t 5 4 ,
© ey eed tka a sim peti mentite teehee

a ‘ ¥

Ay PoP EW Dade ee 113

Table of the Obfervations of the Variation.

Longitude |Altitude of the|Sun’s Magnetic|Sun’s true Azi-|Weft Variation] Mean of the
in. Sun’s Lower] Azimuth. muth from} from each | Obfervations.
Limb. the North. | Obfervation.

Day of the Latitude
Month. in.

— and

° l ° / ° / ° ig ° 7 ° y
17 20 N 95 30E 70 20 25 10
17 43 95 30 71 18 24 12
18 47 97 5° 74.0 23 se
ft 19 0 g® 30 74 32 21
June AM. © 37 W i er 98 = 75 0 23 Hs 23 18 ~|Frefh Breezes, not much Sea.
1g 30 98 o 75 48 BR Se
19 55 100 0 76 50 23 10
y.10) A) 99 30 Vie 22 28
ae 28 12 Besa 305 103 36 20 een ny
Api al B40 107 22 16 38
th 29 34 36 30 IIo 26 TON oA é
ee 73-58.| 7 158 29 57 38 30 110 56 17 34 175 Blowing frefh, a good deal of Sea.
30 6 37 30 IIt 30 16 0
30 16 37 3° 114 46 15 44
ory 19 36 N 6s 30 W 73 46 ee VRE (oo 5
aaa i s ‘
1 f e = oe . 5 ae owe Blowing frefh, with fome Sea;
ast rig 6'\ Se 17 12 57 40 64.57 717 but not enough, in my opinion,
at 3 PM. 17 0 56 30 64 16 7 46 to have occafioned fo great a
16 58 55 40 63 49 8 9g 7 47 difference,
16 45 55 28 63 24 7 56
ea 25 40 E24 °395 95 25 19 -5 nade Joe BSE Css
i 25 26 22 30 96 24 16 1 ae
208 2 23 20 96 45 RO BS
ay 16 25 320 97 36 z 54 :
zih eh) 25ese eke eS 1S
at 7 AM. 74 20 | 9 43 26 55 26 0 ri(ojoy 15 53
27 29 30 I0O 50 18 40
27 36 28 40 102 36 16 4 } eee
28 35 35035) 106 20 19 15
28 50 S00 iG 107 20 18 46 \ TORS

ing nee
55 Table

ps
ip
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9 .
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nt
we) .
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A,
n¥ { By ri
1
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= =
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‘ ‘
t ~
’
:
‘
ij .
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- - J
t ¥
%,
at F
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at he
5 re
5 ‘
4 1
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7 ?
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¥y
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t
v

ee

a ioe RO. karate f boaay a t eee

a Sa

anne

‘4
iy hy fob
Peed ; 4 J UES
2 ree ‘ te oe C8 hy ee ed
“a ie Cy ag WP ya .
\ ees one 3) 4

j Barina ores apy meseeiy penne es | 5 pas
iver 8 & MUM Hid eLraitiay oh :

west h

x Ne

ae | ake Pie
i , Miko) heh
be ~ i A 14
) a be ’ i as . Dear
4 "+ Re Were wr rh) 1 AL
Ronee, nee at ‘ 4
eae 1 :

Pikes “4 bar } ete PS
- - et tm pine ie sed rea '

ra

ACP PE FS Pee
115
Table of the Obfervations of the Variation. .

Day of the | Latitude Longitude Altitude of the]Sun’s Magnetic|Sun’s true Azi-| Weft Variation|Mean of the

Month. in. in, Sun’s Lower} Azimuth. muth from] from the Obfervations. ae
Limb. the North. | Obfervation,
“a= Mie ies 27. S|, See yen | | ote a eee eee ag Lf
27 52 IE 35 40S 103 36 22510)
une 27% : 28-02 36 33 104. 14 22 16
a 7 AM. 74 20 | 9 435 28 14 35 30 105 0 20 30 at
28 22 35 20 105 30 19 50 “S
Tet ia ao E 46 oS it ae 58 a Ste mae
-
74 20 9 43 30 17 47 20 Ty aie 7) 24 19 22 8
at 7 AM. 30 41 46 I 114 47 21 13 :
fais 8 Poe dp aie N 70 30W 79 50 9 20 a ‘vs
at) AG, 67 30 78 41 5 a } TOS
at 68 30 77 48 9 II
20 50 67 40 Wi 9 20 9 34
oat 20 42 66 20 76 24 TO
# PM 78 2| 7 50 17 13 i a 59 2 11 57 Light winds, the water {mooth.
: 17 10 45 45 58 46 13) i 12 36
| 17 45 30 58 20 12 50
eee ee 44 15 57 42 13 27
| obs MO) 55 44 35 57 26 12 51 12 57 :
16 SI 44 30 57 4 12 54
pia mae 16 41 N 43 40 W 56 10 12 30 a a
16 38 43 30 56 52 12 22
16 30 43.0 Rae 12 8 12 16
29" 16 29 43 0 55 4 12 4 . :
at § PM 78.) 2.1 3 $0 16 a ans $4 35 13 13 Light winds, the water {mooth.
16 20 41 0 BAe 13) 12 6
16 14 4l 15 53 38 12 23 ae
TiOn cA! 40 30 52 42 2512
July OPM 48 22\\'g 8 By the Mean of Three Obfervations. 14 55 |Light winds, the water {mooth.
Slag soso a |) ~~” the land, = oe ae
ea Pais 22 37 S 84 oW 3b 14 “13 14 ee
6th 2i2i 38 84 10 108. 48 12 58
Ls PM 80 18 | 12 12 22 2G 84 25 107 57 12 22 12 47 |Light airs, the water fmooth.
a4, ; 22, Big 84 40 107 46 12 26 .
2220) 85 10 107 45 12 25

S 6 ; Table

oR ae arid
aiid

ar
a
?
oa
ed

=! : rE 3

ft ives anee SOF

08 oy a

nf, t oF
1

vi ji
es

+
meer

‘
*.

Fed pon

ope

, 1. iu} { f 7 ' -
ad , | at i Ht ' Lb * em on

* tit en atin epatautdesies . ial

ine eee OE
; ia ' Ba bee “FPN BM wel ioe ae

Se
ik Mi et PRE
os ~ 2 fy
Te Aes De ala
™ T io
a els Ss

i F
iy deh Re
f Uae
)

i

A oP PBS aN: ah ee rr7

Table of the Obfervations of the Variation. :

Psy eh TED TT ac Cl ed ald nT KUTCH TEN ERECT > co CSUR GI Sa areca cia EL oT Saud 2S TEFEN BUEN vey TONNER EDN Serra TTA coe Sev
Day of the] Latitude Longitude Altitude of the}Sun’s Magnetic|Sun’s true Azi-|Weit Variation|Mean of the Kemarks.

Sun’s Lower} Azimuth. muth from] from each Obfervations.

Month. in.
Limb. ; the North. | Obfervation.
ae ee Se nn ELD ER Seatac Ge a; iki
Il 28
; A
une 28% yy yh Light Breezes d th
ee AM. Gouge Il 24 my56 eben ne Water
11 56
12 30
July 31 The Weather very fine, and th
at 4 PM. age a Water quite ftill. :
ae 79 44°|° 9 51 ae At Smeerenberg. 18 foes TO 3) <i
“Avg. 31" an Ct ieee ae, rae ae
ata PM. | 68 46} 3 24 16-3 | N87 59 W le e707! 92 19 33
#95. | N 53.45 W). 79.49 25 4
: 3" 53 30 ee) 25 7
3). ; age) 53) 35) Tie acs 24 ;
at @ PM. 68 47 | 3.24 a2 33 15 77 19 Sian 24197 Calm, and the Water very {mooth.
g| 5 ae 53 3° 76 51 23 21
3 44. 52 30 76 30 24 0
17 13 N 86 25 W 111 48 25 23
16 42 84 30 110 34 26 4
Sept. 15 82 109 2 26 :
EY Sar 65 47 | 2 27 a vy 28 Pr a7 a 28 6 26 55 Light Breezes, not much {well
13 42 75 3° 103 34 28 4
138 0 73 45 100 34 26 49
18 33 S 43308 114 56 21 31
mo} 2 wait ©) 116 12 22 48
4th 19 2 49 30 Tana: 22 16 Light Breezes, and the Water
at 8 AM Coe aes ae 19 56 39 15 118 32 22g aaa very {mooth.
AS) Eh 37 45 Mefey 1) aS eh)
20 45 Ban40 123 38 232
Gre 63°45) 2 16 Moon’s true Amplitude 25 16 25 46 Frefh Breezes, and {ome Sea.
Sg 6 eee reuuloan "Sis ee i) ae ak eee ie a em, aia
20% 52 57 212) ae OMT Mr in mere math! | oo es et) Cie pac we 6 20 47

S 7 ; ACCOUNT

4 '
Es
4

of

ACP UPA EW NYD! IX,

Account of the Osservations made with the Marrtne
Dipr1nc Neepre, conftruéted for the Board of Longi-
tude by Mr. Nairne, from whom I received the following
defcription of the inftrument.

iy Bre figure (plate g.) is a reprefentation of the
S in{trument, hanging by an univerfal joint on a
“ triangular fland. It is adjufted fo as to hang in a plane
“* perpendicular to the horizon, by means of a plumb line,
‘which is to be fufpended on a pin above the divided
** circle, and the dovetail work, which alters the pofition
*¢ of the inftrument, by turning the button A. The two
** go” on the divided circle, are adjufted fo as to be per-
‘* pendicular to the horizon, by the fame plumb line and
“ the adjufting {crew B: and at the loweft go°, when
* it is adjufted, the pointer C is fixed. The length of the
** magnetic needle is twelve inches, and its axis (the ends
** of which were of gold alloyed with copper) refted on
‘¢ friction wheels of four inches diameter, each end on two
‘¢ fri€tion wheels ; which wheels were balanced with great
“care. The ends of the axes of the fri@ion wheels were
¢ likewife of gold alloyed with copper, and moved in fmal]
“¢ holes made in bell metal; and oppofite the ends of the
“¢ axes of the needle and the friction wheels, were flat
“ agates finely polifhed. The magnetic needle vibrated

S 8 “¢ within

keae)

meer 0)

AciPaePOLE VON 2 DSI xX,

« within a circle of bell metal, divided from the lower 90°
“< each way, as far as fixty-five degrees, into degrees and
< half-degree s: the other divifions were two degrees anda
‘ half$ the needle being very nearly balanced before it was
“¢ made magnetical: but by means of the crofs D, fixed
« on the axis of the needle (on the arms of which were cut
“< very fine fcrews, to receive the fmall buttons dd, that
“might be {crewed nearer or farther from the axis) the
“¢ needle could be adjufted both ways to a great nicety,
‘¢ after it was made magnetical, by changing the fides of
“¢ the needle, and reverfing the Poles. As this needle at
fea could feldom remain at reft; to remedy in a great
« meafure this inconvenience, the divided circle is made
“ moveable by turning the button E; fo that when it is
“ ufed at fea, the divided circle is moved till fome prin-
“ cipal divifion is the mean of the vibrations: then that.
“* number of degrees and half-degrees diftant from the
<‘ pointer, fubtracted from ninety, gives the dip, if the
“ needle is properly balanced: but left it fhould be fome-
«‘ what out of balance, the moft certain way is, firft, to
«« take the dip with the face of thedivided circle to the Eaft,
<‘ and afterwards to the Weft, and then changing the ends
«¢ of the needle by reverfing the Poles, and taking the dip
‘¢ as before, with the divided circle fronting the Eaft and
“ Weft: and the mean of thofe four dips will be the moft
“accurate. In each cafe, when the dip is taken, the in-
<¢ ftrument muft be fo placed that the needle vibrates in
‘the magnetic meridian.”

2 The

: Bip ws Pe Ie Dee TX,

The obfervations on the dip of the needle, during this
voyage, were made with great care: firft the dip was ob-
ferved with the divided arch to the Eaft, the inftrument
being placed as near as poflible in the magnetic meridian ;
it was then turned, and the obfervation made with
the divided arch to the Weft: the poles being changed,
the obfervation was repeated in the fame manner. The
actual obfervations are expreffed in the fecond, third,
fourth, and fifth columns; and the mean refult in the
fixth. It appears by thefe obfervations that the dip in-
creafes in going North.

There is no reafon at prefent to fuppofe that the dip is
liable to any variation in the fame place at different periods
of time, it having been obferved in London by Norman,
who firft difcovered it in 1592, to be 71° 50’; and by
Mr. Nairne, in .1772, about. 72°. The difference
between thefe obfervations, taken at fuch diftant
periods, is fmaller than that found between feveral of
Mr. Nairne’s obfervations compared with each other;
and therefore we have no reafon to conclude that the dip
has altered fince Norman’s time: the care with which his
inftrument was conftructed, and his obfervations made,
leaves no room to doubt of their accuracy.

A TA BLE

12f

122 A) BAPE PEN SDT xX:

TABLE of the OsservaTions made Soe the Marine
Diprpinc-NEEDLE.

Day of the
Month. Dip.

° / ° / ° / ° 7 ° / = /

June 2 P.M. 173 9/73 15173 20/74 30/73 31 lana 51 35 near the

2 P.M. |74 30/73 0/73 20173 39173 35 Buoy of the Upper Middle.
5 P. M. }70 20/73 0/73 15|72 15/72 12 | Off Harwich.
6 P.M. {72 0/75 0/72 074 30/73 22 | In Southwold Bay.
14 P. M. |72 30/73 39/74 9174 9/73 30
BP. M. I75 1575 30174 0/76 30|75 18 ‘i aa pe
iS pHaNae A 39174 39175. EIS: Solas soe i
* Pe 74 30175 30l75 ol75 ols Latitude 60 18
16 P. M. 177. 0/76 30176 30177. 0176 45
22 Noon {78 0/77 30|78 078. 0|77 52 | Latitude 70 45

23,9 P.M. [81 30/80 0/83 0/81 30/81 30 | Latitude 72 40

24 Noon |82 30/79 30|81 30|79 0/80 35 | Latitude 73 22

P. M. 177 50/77 30/81 0/82 o}79 30 | Latitude 73 36

26,2P. M. 177 30/80 0|82 0o|78 olf79 22 | Latitude 74.30

28 Mid. |83 30/80 0/82 of79 o/81 7 | Latitude 77 48

29,2P.M. {79 15|81 0/78 30/83 0/80 26 | Latitude 78 2

30 Noon |76 45/79 30/82 30179 45179 30 | Latitude 78 8

July 2, Mid. |80 30/82 30/80 30]79 30/80 45 | Latitude 78 24

9,6 P. M. |82 45/81 45/83 0/80 o/81 52 | Latitude 80 12

81 45/81 15/82 of82 30/81 523 efi Shore.

13 |82 45/81 15|82 50/81 10|82 74|J Latitude 79 50

29 Mid. }83 15/83 0/80 go/81 15}82 24{ Latitude 80 27
Auguit 14 [83 0/83 0/81 15/81 20/82 83) At Smeerenberg. Latitude

79° 44/ on thane.
31 P.M. {79 30/77 45|80 0179 0|79 4 | Latitude 69° 2’

Account

gia Ein ithe ei ten a nll

eee

—

5 ae

Oe ee ees ee ae ee ee es

AveBURe SeetiN [OD ie) 2X.

t

Account of the INsrruMENTs made ule of for keeping the
METEOROLOGICAL JouRNAL.

ya) Marine Barometer was made by Mr. Nairne,
from whom I received the following defcription:

‘© The bore of the upper part of the glafs tube of this ba-
“¢ rometer, is about three-tenths of an inch in diameter, and
‘* four inches long. To this is joined a glafs tube, with a
“ bore about one-twentieth of an inch in diameter. The
** two glafs tubes being joined together, form the tube of
*¢ this barometer ; and being filled with mercury, and in-
*< verted into a ciftern of the fame, the mercury falls down
** in the tube till it is counterbalanced by the atmofphere.

“Ina common barometer, the motion ofthe mercury up
“and down in the tube is fo great at fea, that it is not
“¢ poflible to meafure its perpendicular height ; confequently,
“* cannot fhew any alteration in the weight of the atmo-
*¢ {phere : but in this marine barometer, that defeé& is reme-
‘¢ died. The inftrument is fixed in gimmals, and kept in a
“ perpendicular pofition by a weight faftened to the bottom
Or it.

' T 2 6 The

123

104

AVP PPE aN, DX.
“ The perpendicular rifing or falling of the mercury is
‘* meafured by divifions, on a plate divided into inches and

* tenths, and by a Vernier divifion into hundredths of an
«inch, which is fixed to the fide of the tube.”

The Hycromerer I was favoured with by M. De Luc;
and the following account is a literal tranflation of that
which he gave me in French.

Tue part of M. De Luc’s Hygrometer which is affe@ted
by the impreffions of the moifture of the air, is a hollow
cylinder of ivory, two inches eight lines long, and inter-
nally two lines and a half in diameter. It is open only
at one end; and the thicknefs of its fides, for the length
of two inches fix lines from the bottom, is but three-
fixteenths of a line. It is this thin part which does the
office of an hygrometer; the remaining part of the
cylinder, towards its orifice, muft be kept a little thicker,
being deftined for joining it to a tube of glafs, thirteen or
fourteen inches long. ‘This junétion is effe&ed by means
of a piece of brafs, and the whole is cemented together
with gum lac.

M. De Luc’s reafon for chufing ivory as the hygro-
meter, is, that this matter appeared to him more proper
than any other for receiving the impreffions of the moifture
of the air, without fuffering thereby any effential change.

3 The

Ar RRB N: BD. 1X,

The cylinder made of it becomes more capacious, in pro-
portion as it grows moifter. This is the fundamental prin-
ciple of the inftrument: M. De Luc has fince found,
that upon letting this cylinder lie fome time in water of
an uniform temperature, it {wells to a certain point, after
which it dilates no further, This circumftance furnifhed
him with a maximum of humidity ; and, confequently, with
one point of comparifon in the {cale of the hygrometer ;
and this point he has fixed at the temperature of melting
ice. For meafuring the differences in the capacity of
this ivory cylinder, and thereby difcovering its different
degrees of moifture, M. De Luc makes ufe of quickfilver,
with which he fills the cylinder, and a part of the com-
municating glafs tube. The more capacious this cylinder
is, or, which is the fame, the moifter it is, the lower does
the mercury ftand in the glafs tube; and vice ver/z. Now
M. De Luc has found, that the loweft point to which it
can fink, is that where it flands when the ivory cylinder is
foaked in melting ice: he therefore names this point zero,
in the feale of his hygrometer ; and confequently, the de-
grees of this feale are degrees of dryne/s, counted from
below upwards, as the quickfilver rifes in the glafs tube.

To give thefe degrees a determinate length, and thus
render the hygrometers capable of being compared with
each other, M. De Luc employs in conftru@ing them
fuch glafs tubes as have been previoufly prepared, by being

made into thermometers, and filled with mercury, fo as.
to

125

126

Aira Bs Nie Dy AX,

to afcertain upon them the points of melting ice and
boiling water, and to take exaétly the diftance between
thofe points by any fcale at pleafure. That done, the
bulb of this preparatory thermometer muft be broken, and.
the quickfilver it contains exaétly weighed. It is by
knowing the weight of this, together with the diftance
between the fixed points of the thermometer, that the
{cale of the hygrometer is determined. For inftance, let
the weight of the quickfilver be one ounce, and the
diftance between the two abovementioned points, one
thoufand parts of a certain fcale: then fuppofe that the
quickfilver in the hygrometer, to which this tube is to
be applied, weighs only half an ounce; this will give a
fundamental line, confifting of five hundred parts of the
fame fcale. The fundamental line, thus found, is applied
to the fcale of the hygrometer, beginning at zero, and
meafuring it off about four times over, that the whole
variation of the inftrument may be comprehended. Each
of thofe {paces being afterwards divided into forty equal
parts, gives fuch degrees as M. De Luc has found moft
convenient. In general terms, the length of the funda-
mental line of the hygrometer, muft be to the interval be-
tween the two fixed points of the preparatory thermo-
meter, as the weight of the quickfilver in the hygrometer,

is to the weight of the quickfilver in that thermometer.
This proportion between the fcale of the hygrometer
and that of the preparatory thermometer, furnifhes an
ealy

Perret iw 3 DT; 1X,
eafy method of correcting in this inflrument the effets of
heat upon the mercury it contains.

It will eafily be conceived, from the conftru&ion of the
{cale of this hygrometer, that if its cylinder of ivory was
fuddenly changed into glafs, the inftrument would become
a true thermometer, in which the interval between the
points, anfwering to melting ice and boiling water, would
be divided into forty parts. If, therefore, a thermometer,
with a fcale fimilarly divided into forty parts between the
fixed points, be placed near the hygrometer, it will fhew
immediately the correétion to be made on that inftrument
for its variation as a thermometer; with fome reftrictions,
however ; of which M. De Luc has given an account in
the paper he fent to the Royal Society on the fubje& of this
hygrometer.

That part of the frame of the inftrument on which the
{cale is marked, 1s moveable; fo that, before obferving
the points at which the mercury ftands, it may be pufhed
upwards or downwards, according as the thermometer has
rifen or fallen with refpect to the point of melting ice: and
thus the indications of the hygrometer can at once be
freed from the errors which would arife from the difference
in the volume of the quickfilver, on account of the

different degrees of heat.

Defcri ption.

227

128

Arar ee SE ON SD I EX.

Defcription of the Manometer, conftruéted by Mr.
Ramf{den.

Tue Manometer ufed in this voyage was compofed of
a tube of a fmall bore, with a ball at the end; the baro-
meter being at 29,7, a {mall quantity of quickfilver was
put into the tube to take off the communication between
the external air, and that confined in the ball and the part
of the tube below this quickfilver. A fcale is placed on
the fide of the tube, which marks the degrees of dilata-
tion arifing from the increafe of heat in this ftate of the
weight of the air, and has the fame graduation as that of
Fahrenheit’s thermometer, the point of freezing being
marked 32. In this ftate therefore it will fhew the
degrees of heat in the fame manner as a thermometer.
But if the air becomes lighter, the bubble inclofed in the
ball, being lefs compreffed, will dilate itfelf, and take up a
{pace as much larger, as the comprefling force is lefs ;
therefore the changes arifing from the increafe of heat will
be proportionably larger; and the inftrument will fhew
the differences in the denfity of the air, arifing from the
changes in its weight and heat. Mr. Ramfden found, that
a heat, equal to that of boiling water, increafed the mag-
nitude of the air from what it was at the freezing
paint sc of the whole. From this it follows, that the
ball and the part of the tube below the beginning of the

{cale

Aaa Oe OR is Me
fcale is of a magnitude equal to almoft 414 degrees of
the fcale.

If we have the height of both the manometer and ther-
mometer, the height of the barometer may be thence de-
duced by this rule; as the height of the manometer in-
creafed by 414, 1s to the height of the thermometer in-
creafed by 414; fo 1s 29,7, to the height of the barometer.

This inftrument, though far from complete, having
been conftruéted in a hurry for the purpofe of a firft expe-
riment, and liable to fome inaccuracies in the obfervations
from not having the thermometer with which it was com-
pared attached to it, feldom differed’ from the marine
barometer ;’. of an inch. Should. it be improved to that
degree of accuracy of which it feems capable, it will be of

great ufe in determining refractions for aftronomical obfer- -
vations, as well as indicating an approaching gale of wind |

at-fea..

U Meteorological

129

130

Day of | Time. *

the
Month.
6A.M.
Noon.
June 4''4 P. M.
6 P. M.
Midnight.
6 A.M.
ete Noon.
6 P. M.
6A.M.
6th Noon.
6 P. M.

7% | Noon.

4 Noon.
8" 16 P.M
ts Noon.
9 6 P.M.

io" Noon.

| pith Noon.

Noon.

6 A. M.
Noon.
6P. M.

Noon.

Noon.

6A. M.
Noon.

Noon.
Midnight.

V7

6 A.M.
Noon.
6P. M.
Midnight.

18th

1gt Noon.

Fahren-
heit’s
Thermo-
mecer.

SoBe & No Fw

Baro-
meter.

In. dec.
"20,99

29:95

Meteorological Journal.

Ma-
no-
me-
ter.

°

Lari- | Longi- | Winds and Weather, Remarks, &c.
tude. tude.
°o / ° ‘

NNW, hazy weather.
. (NW,
- NW,
_ NNW, cloudy,

E byN, ;

- + |N by W, cloudy,
oie) UNE, h
F NE by E, f. "77:

ori) euraliaate ont | OONVautairs re
57 17| 1 30 E |SW,
SiGe eo SW ee Se peer

53 59| 2 39 N by E, hazy.
6] o 56 NNE
33 A 5 sok,’ hazy.

4.2), 0°12 SSE, ‘
ele att IS by BBY"

54 27] 9 31 W|NNE, cloudy.

O 31 SE, cloudy.

56 28} 1 o SE, hazy.

—— ——___ _ $$

fh 59 si4 ° 10 E ts, clear weather.

60 21] 0 40 WIN, clear weather.

60 19} © 48 NE, foggy.

——— ee

BL) Fel hed xo) Fee | SOW hazy:
Go 37] 2 31 SW, foggy.

SSE, cloudy.

a |

SSE, cloudy.

apesiec aa } sz, foygy.

66 14] 0 27 SE, cloudy.

Meteorological

APPENDIX, exgt

Meteorological Journal.

Lati- | Longi- | Winds and Weather.

tude, tude,

Time. | Fahren- Baro- |Hy-
heit’s meter. |gro-

Remarks, &c.

Month. Thermo- me-
meter. ter.
°o In, dec. oe ° / oo /
4 A.M. 43 N, fair weather,

Calm, - cloudy,

June 20'}Noon. 452 29,go | 62
SSW, tair.

Midnight.| 444 6 aH

ait Noon. 50 29,85 | 65 68 4] 0 32 SSE, frefh, cloudy.
Midnight.) 414 or eermnni mens wwmefoe « « 1S, cloudy.
Thermometer in the
air being 43°, in the
6 A.M. 4! aiabepetellie been We ete |e furface water of the
224 Noon. 422 29,80 | 66 70 45] 0 3 Wsw, } cloudy. fea it was 31°.
> Midnight.| 374 ents Niel lve Beran erelll forte EB, At 6 A. M. Thermo-
meter expofed to the
Sun 5’ :ofe 12°.
6 A.M. 38 owaends Seta yesslfn engi SE, :
Noon. ° 29,7 61 2 22:0 SSW,
Beene ites Aealasl cae tues ce ae foggy
Midnight.; 37 -|. - oe 2. +[ ee). 1SE by E,
6 A.M. 373 pent ee Sealine - |SE by E
th |Noon. 40. 30,03 | 63 73 2s. 53 WSW, ” p foggy.
“as 6 P. M. 37 Foil) |e » « «| ¢. +. |N, clear weather.
Midnight.| 34 ae ee eve: all ew - |NNE, cloudy.
2 A. M. 41 seatelite Bee c NNE, h
3 A.M. | 35 Stocet ea Fe Ss Pep ied NED by Ns a7;
4 A.M. 36 reed centre fate mts . seems lin :
25 lb AwM.-|" 36 otal od . . |N by E, \ gloudy.
N, fqually, hail
Noon. 36 30,13 | 67 74 5|.9 44 { and Aka? i:
8 P.M. 37% ore “4 c . NNE, cloudy.
26th Noon. 40% 30,33 | 82} 7425/11 46 NE by N, fair weather.
i 8 Pp. M. AU ope cerueesllicts Wile 3 avis almott calm, cloudy.
Noon. 40 30,00 | 87 W521, 9.43 WSW., cloudy and fhow
pp 6.P..M. 39 Spode es i + + + |WSW, cloudy.
Midnight.| 39 eat : - |SSW, ra‘n.
6A. M. 38 apy ')cn ei ligsaad HL “Mpilic: Bechet cileyeee ta SSW, rain.
28th) |Noon. 39 29,65 |. * «| 7736]. 8 52 S, hazy and rain,
Midnight.) 384 earls. Val wah ee Bie - »« » |ENE,, cloudy,
bee ie cols Janae FVSis SE
2h Noon. 39. he re rh by E, hazy. meter expofed to the
Midnight. 37% abe tte nae weds ALS SS cere ake NNE, fair. Sun 30’ rofe 20°,

Meteorclogical

132

Z 2 fe DD FX.

{
|

Day ot | Time. |Fahren- | Baro- |Hy- |Ma- | La- | Longi- |-Windsand Weather. Remarks, &c.
the heit’s meter. |gro- |no- | tude. | tude.
Month. Thermo- ine- |me-
meter. ter. | \tere
° In. rE 2 £ Seoul ava of
: The rifé of the Hy-
Noon. 42 29,57 |106 78 8)10 58 E |Calm and cloudy. grometer was occa-
June 30" Midnight Variable winds and honed by a fire being
idnight.]| 42 6 ute lis fiat Be ia Siohecd-sigeantione
bin,
re Noon. 44 29,63 | 84 | 50 | 78 18l1o 5 WSW, hazy weather. |At Noon, Thermome-
July 1 |8 P.M. 50 SO On laced + ORL) Chak ec . Calm and fair, ter expofed to the
Midnight.| 49 ‘ Z et : N, fine weather. fun rofe ro° in 10’.
1 __|Noon. 432 29,71 | 79 | 50 | 78 22110 15 _|SSW, fair weather. ee eat eer |
Midnight.| 45 onal STE al” Patel ettd deeush ls Calm and cloudy. the Sun zble to 6%
a _|Noon.- Cy i Ce = 78 36}10 15 |S, hazy.
3 Midnight.| 404 eben is 3 : : SE, cloudy:
Noon. 442 29,94 : al 79-31 9°57 Calm and fair.
Ab AIGEPL MI. 40 wie ay tell <e « « {Calm and clear. i
- |Midnight.| 40 Sores - |Variable-and foggy. .
th |Noon. I 29-94 ~ +! 79°55) 9 17
5 Midnight.| 374 + ie outsole ata. 8
E Noon. . gt 29;80 | . ; 79 67} -8> 37 SE, fair.
6th 6 P. M. 4l 5 fs . ae , 4
8P.M. | 38: BAe Dated Jo se, poms
by Thermometer © placed
ei sa 39% te by, rainy. clofe to a piece of
7 - ivi. ets 29,9 . 1 r or
Midnight.| 394 ; . |N by E, cloudy. mates from 39°%
6 A. M. 40 . N by E, Near the dace.
gth Noon. 394 29,33 W byS, } cloudy.
~~ 46-P-M, 37 = SE, foggy.
Midnight.} 39 aE A SW, cloudy.
oe FE eA | ST PRRS | FEET? | PRIS SSE SAN aes EES
At 3 P.M. Thermo-
t-Av-Me-|-. 29;78-|>. fit, +22. ISW, cloudy, meter expofed to the
Noon. ° 29,8 80 wind blowing from
h 4 > . ‘
9 6 P.M. 39 ta 7 i ee ; a : \sw by cloudy, the ice, fell in: rs
. : . S by W, thick fog. from 42° to 39°.
Midnight.} -38 Near the ice.
th {Noon 395 29,86 80 22] 2 12 SSW, thick fog. Among the ice.
10" ‘efMiidnight.| 138! |... ty SSW, cloudy.

Meteorological

eRe ae DP Tt &

133

Day.of | ‘ime. |Fahren-
1: the | heit’s
Month. ‘Thermo=
| meter.
3 -AY MER) 41
A. M.
July a1 alee w
Midnight. 44
Noon. 45
rath 8-P. M. 45
Midnight.| 44
Noon. 46
13" -\gP. ML | 42
Noon. 36
14" |Midnight.| 38
Noon. cl
is IBlidnighe| 142
-|Noon.
16 Midnight. ‘3
Noon. 4
17 |Midnight| 4¢
Noon. ft om
18% |Midnigho| 4a"
th |Noon. 2
WW, Midnight. 39
Noon. 37
20" |Midnight| 33%
4 A.M. 33
ced M. 334
Noon. 34
eee Mo | se
10 P. M. | 324
Midnight.) 324

Meteorological Journal.

—— Oo OOS OE |

Baro- |Hy- |Ma- | Lati- | Longi- | Winds and Weather.
meter. |gro- |no- | tude.. tude.
me- |me-
ter, ter.
In. dec. “eo | 9 3; ha on. ©
oes We oh alee abe A . SSW, with rain,
29,66 | . + jel OL. 4 . + |Calm and fair.
at Ae Peat amie ites - « {Light airs and fair.
29 555i0 pe i . ENE, cloudy.
oe sees Cae ha « . |Calm, cloudy.
Saute kommen loss Ox lice veaes « » |Calm and fair.
ZO-O3 ie se alter re at IG Calm and cloudy.
: SW by S, {qually
and cloudy.
7 & : -|.» «' « |ENE, fogoy.
. . . os ENE, cloudy.
LIGA. scan teled hk. ip eee
; ‘ aes i Light airs and clear,
NEM meres vale ie } Light airs and clear.
Roe hs Pe Nw ep WW, cloudy.
29,60 ieee . . |SE, foggy.
siete a” 3 - . |E, cloudy.
cic by ae 373| 80 30) 3 26.E hie } fhow and ileet.
Sy Pali avee.cl) Choa : At lime hazy and fnow.
Sh eA 344 etal SS Wearl Peer
2 azy.
29:74 | 73 | 34 27| 42 NW, f
A coaeis|| Pena a -| WNW, cloudy.
piledte sol Nae Suet gobs » -. {SW, hazy.
ZG 77 N73 ". . |SW by S, cloudy,

ele
a an

SoS | es eee

Remarks, &c.

At 10 A. M. Thermo-
meter expofed to the
Sun 30’ role 26°.

At 7 P.M.Thermome-
ter fell fuddenly to
37°, then rofe again
about 8°.

Light winds.

ees re

Thermometer expofed
to the Sun rofe to
86°!

Thermometer expofed
to the Sun roie to
89°.

ee

Among the loofe ice.

Thermometer expofed
to the Sun jo’ rofe
to 89°.

Near the ice.

The rifing of the Hy-
grometer was occa-
fioned by a fire
lighted in the ca-
bin.

tofe to the ice.

Meteorological

134

I

Meteorological Journal.

Day ot | ‘Time. |Fahren- | Baro- Hy- |Ma- | Lati- Lene Winds and Weather. Remarks, &c.
the heit’s meter. |gro- |no- | tude. tude.
Month, Thermo- me- |me-
meter. ter. |ter.
c Enadecs|i eC iu ete tes olae One
6A.M. a} Salt Ses. 43Osj|( 00 ve - « « {SW by S, cloudy.

; «|Noon. oe 29,76 |. «| 33 | 80 1| 632 (SW, y y Thermometer placed
July 224 > ow. 305 ayelcye rie? tech gees His ogyy. near the frozen ropes
Midnight! 3ef Jo. |e fe afet step’ ls [EB by Ny hazy. pepeyclsi 2

4 A.M. 37 shot eal 136°] 6 «of ey >» [Eby N, hazy.
234 en 36 | 29,74 | 48 40 80 24] 9 59 E Er vain; Hygrometer placed in
P.M. | 362 stoaballl <oteatels43.9 sila bee-ol setae ons Bittacle,
Midnight.) 374 = AA | eel, 6 :, + « |E,,cloudy.
Noon. spieuealors te E, pats
24t Midaight. 2 a R ae ; i | 6 A RAL 55: \ cloudy. Near the floating ice.
Noon. 393 29,64 | 39 | 41 |] - «| - « « [NW byN, hazy. i
25% |4 P.M. 38 mL steal ADC Nodes ot fs N, cloudy.
Midnight.) 392 sane 392|-- «|* . . . {Light airs and foggy.
i | a | se |
Noon. 2 3 4) 801 NNW, fc
, 39 99° | 39 | 32 7|13 22 opgy.
26% [Midnight 39 Sid SCN gs do's: [a7 sie (988, cloady.
4A.M. | 39 aise cp Wal AOS iss § ove ell protbwe B, cloudy,
agi a 38 30,t7 |. oa] + «| 801484) a2 ENE, hazy.
. M. 39 Ripendstats Heevanat| ceF.2 | Pauley teil eesti uy
Midnight). . ZOTO Meda seh es Seeley ay: E by N, cloudy,
4A. M. 36 F . aelel, 2OX pec 2 .<)|\Elazy.
8A.M. | 37 aba teil yok whl 2 7e were » « |Foggy. 6 A. M. Thermome-
2gth_ | Noon. 37 30,35 | 62 | 33 | 80 36|15 30 |Eby N, foggy. ter expofed to the
ly P. M. 35% oats 5 263} 0) te. Ae Sun 15’ role 9°,
h P. M. 36 aout é 27 5 oe ae } SE, hazy. Among the ice.
Midnight.| 40 . =e Lh ae
ee A ee | | |
th |Noon. 42 30,43.| » «| 33 | 80 25|18 18 ESE, clear.
Soe MGR al Lic eta teeaieeicts. (sta?) ato cloud fe seat e dean:
30! Noon. 48 30,43 | 862) 27 | 80 31 - NE by N, clear.
Midnight.} 44 mena ae| eae rie a ie x Calm and fair.
grt Noon, 48 30,43 | 92] 40 - . {Light airs at E, fair.
Midnight.| 48 B0541G BiG ¢ 74 - |Caim and fair.
outt pt} Noon: 48 mas 73 | 364 tan 37) . . {Light airs atE, hazy.
Poe raheem a cic izes dist ace the ck “| _ | INNW, foggy.
a Noon. 44 ZONA Liked |i relic ot ie 5 NW. ab
ar TS IMidusaheee Bueaicthed-a3tl" abel «, (ct etke ne ION } fogey.
Noon. 3 6 | 38 Light airs and fair if
4 47 0,17 | 9 : ight air fai
3 Gok IM ene ats Zo. Hf } ~ weather.

Meteorological

Day of Time.
the
Month,
Auguft 4th|Noon.
jth |Midnight.
; 8 A.M.
8 |g P.M.
4 A.M.
gh Noon.
Midnight.
Noon.
10th 8 P. M.
Midnight.
7
|e p, M.
p2% |Noon.
Noon.
13" |g P.M.
Sie
" Noon.
x5 3 P.M.
Pe ri Noon. 1
10" Ig A.M.
fp Noon.
1gth Noon.
bs Noon.
19° |Midnight.
th Noon.
20 8 P.M.
4 A.M.
8 A.M,
2ut Noon.
cule MME
Midnight.

Fahren-
heit’s
‘Thermo-
meter.

fo}

46

ae 2‘ EN Dh ®

NE hE I EO EE ane EES PE TT SITS? SET NTT I a
Meteorological Journal.

Hy-
gro-
me-
ter.

Baro-
meter.

Ma-
no-
me-
ter.

es | | |

Lati- | Longi-
tude, tude.
eee eae nn one
fe} / °o f
° ° e .
e e . .
. . .

In. dec.} °
oe ke 88
30,02 | 47
29,87 | 53
29,70 | 46
29,60 | 46
29,68 | 46
29,68 | 47
2935 | 43
TOYA || ea
29,80 | 54
29,78 | 45
29,79 | 35
29,50 | 35
29,06 ; 29 ;

At Smeeren-
berg, Latitude

Winds and Weather.

——

ENE, foggy.

W, foggy.

os

} Calm and fogey.

SE, foggy.

Variable and foggy.
NE, cloudy.

NNE, cloudy and fhow.
ENE,
NE,

on

cloudy.

NE, fnow.

NE, cloudy, fnow
and fleet.

Calm, and fair.

N, hazy.

NE, hazy.
Variable and cloudy.

ENE, hazy.
E, cloudy.

a

NE, clear.

NNW, rain.
ESE, cloudy.

ee

SW, cloudy.
SSW, rain.

SE, hazy and rain.

135

Remarks, &c.

—_—_————-

—_—— SS

SE by 8,
SE, } foggy.
SE,

Meteorological

a

Meteorological Journal.

Day of | Time. |Fahren- Baro- |Hy- \Ma- | Lati- } Longi- | Winds and Weather. Remarks, &c.
the heit’s meter. | gro- |no- | tude. | tude.
Month. Thermo- me- |me-
meter. ter. |ter.
eS In. dec.| ° o oe rle i a
Noon. 37 ote « sli’ I 79 24\1° 56 © INE, hazy:
Aug. 224 Midnight.| 362 5 5 Fae paar ieh 13 1D jae NNE, rain.
2AM g2E ere vr tele Veugieiftet ok fe NE, rain and fleet.
ye Noon. 37 29,98 | 30 | 31 | 77 101 4 58
3 4P.M 354 reer) eric) Ley See Cinaecte Ed eon mice } W by N, cloudy.
Midnight.) 35 . J orale :
Senalbes toed! 35 oe ; ZIz}. «© «| > «© » "ISW, cloudy.
is Noon 42 29,79 | 31 | 33 | 75 59| © 13. Calm and cloudy.
4 A.M. 36% Sty. . oPeteleh iat sh te mba Ti os f
25th |Noon. 42 29579 | 31 | 403| 75 12] 4 51 S by E, cloudy.
Midnight.} 37 °'% sree Beste, & items ve SE, rain and fleet.
Noon. 42 29.71 | 26 |'42 | 73 19} 1 46 |SE byS, rainy.
264 |6 P. M. 45 29,71 | 25 |) 41 «| et IS hazyre
Midnight.) 42 29,78 | 253) - . «| « + + 1S, cloudy.
4 A.M 43 seye cll 47ale) fe clita: te OWES
27h {|Noon. 45 29,79 | 23 | 42 | 72 40] 0 14 SSW, Vay.
Midwiight.} 4 es 5 Plies bo pellicoe 6 SEMA
4 A.M. gt eet sh fame 2 valli. |.) eh SSW; ifovey.
Noon 46 29,93 | 25 | 42 | 72 19| 1 49 W/W byS, fog and rain.
2g 14 P. M 45 peters AZE beds cele debs
8 P.M 41F fe . fe alae! Whey Me \ NW, hazy.
Midnight. 2 ‘ re ereets 1"
29 |Noon 40% 30,00°| 28 | 35 [71 of 1 28 ~, (SW, fair.
4A.M 44 35% «| ell os them te TW DY IS:
8 A.M 44 A Beale) i al) ethos ea | WR 19.
30" Noon 53 30,28 | 33 39 7o 29] 0 18 E |W byS, cloudy.
8P.M 48 ° fs, elsuite. seh co dhety tee | WANPWY
A.M 44 mee relbiss Ptsll@r star ote “eect :
grt PACMOL ag, | OMe ball a2: "1.1 | ¢ WNW, cloudy.
Noon 55 30,23 | 39°| 38 [69 3/0 18 Variable and fair.
| st = Re ———————e
. st | Noone 50 30323) nal 30 | (69° PO! O) 72 S, er
Sept. tt tepame 76 feos aps gst SW, ploy
INoon. 57 30,09 | 323] 49 | 68 14] © 38 E, cloudy.
2a 6 P.M. 2 3 4421 39 oj kell cl foe | Bois aay
BP. Ms 522 402| 393); =. ¥ « .6 | ESE, fogey.

I Meteorological

A

PR) eS NUD OE! BS

137

Day of | Time.
the
Month.
A.M.
4.A.M.
Sept. 34 |Noon.
8 P. M.
Midnight.
th 8 A. M.
4 Noon.
4A. M.
8A.M
ee Noon
Midnight.
2.A. M.
4 A.M.
6% —|Noon.
8 P.M.
Midnight.
th 3 A.M.
7 Noon.
4A.M
gth 8 A.M
Noon
gt Noon
10th 4 A
rit Noon
y2th Noon
rath Noon

|Fahren- ) Baro- |Hy- |Ma- | Lati- | Longi- | Winds and Weather, Remarks, &c.
heit’s meter. |gro- |no-. | tude. | tude.
Thermo- me- |me-
meter, ter. |ter.
° In. dec.| ° eb) Pica OW
524 cate ZEN ZOE Ge. t's ds ESE, foggy.
jah nei 234 40 ws 5 ESE, jie
65 30,06| 344] 59 | 65 57| 0 8 E|SE, ye
56 . 322) 482}. . . : SSE, cloudy.
53 . 39 | 483 . ESE, clear.
62 ° 29 | 51 c . . |ESE, clear,
58 30,00] 37 | 51 | 64 58) o 12 W Calm and cloudy.
56 ome eho] BIE oy se brafee pe SE, cloudy.
58 we 2 SI Ye SE, clear.
SEb
57 | 2981] 30 | 52 | 63 58] 0 54 i a a
56 are AAD) GL te 0 hare » |SE by E, cloudy.
BS UP eis I oo.
PEs tbat nis NECA eek lee SE by E, cloudy.
59 29,13] 39 | 60 | 62 27 1 12
56 |e 4a ieee . E by S, hazy.
56k - +| 58 :
58 ° ao] OF eas
61 29,02| 36 | 64 | 60 1] 2 35 } SE, hazy.
54. ° 333| 65 . SW, finall rain.
54% : 33) 642|e =~ : Squally and rain.
50 28,71 | 36 | 66 | 59 35} 1 9 SW by S, hazy. Frefh gales.
56 28,70] 41 | 662] 59 9] © 37 WSW, hazy. Frefh gales,

The weather was fo
bad, and the fhip had}
fo much motion, that

: : ; Fe ie ee * m Z the arometer could
not be obferved this
day. ;

58 29,20] at | 59 | 57 25| 1 32 E |SW, hazy Freth gales
57 29:39| 39 | 61 | 56 57] 1 55 NW, {qually
Att A.M. avery hard
56 29,70] 30 | 53 | 56 4) 431 SSW, rain. gale of wind.
Squally weather.
} NW, ditto. \ Hard gales.

Meteorological Journal.

Meteorological

538

AD RPP OND WW Pixs

Meteorological Journal.

Day of | Time. |Pahren- Baro- |Hy- ,Ma- ; Lati- | Longi-
the heit’s meter. |gro- |no- | tude. tude.
Month. Thermo- me- |me-
meter. fete) ters
ern tai In. dec.| ° "o |e rile.
15" |Noon. 57 29,59| 32 | 53 | 54 33/0
Noon. 57 29,90| 40 | 53 | 53 13) 0 1
HW fo) TEA NG fe 29; 790i se Cel) on ele Pe bl se
10'P. MM.) « -s 29,00 oh leh! We
17% ~— |Noon 55 293501 37 | 54 | 53,12|.0 «7
18t —|Noon 57 29,77 | 44 62) 53| oer W:
1g ~—|Noon. 61 30,08 | 50 -| 52 42| 0 29
goth | Noon. 61 30,00] 48]. «| 52 31] 0 16
Midnight.) . . ZOsOG |i lei Chel 'sm vellivel ve peel) de A oe
10A.M.| 61 a da ARIAT ose Olbs* opievalh tai Les We
21* |Noon. 63 29,88] 44 |... »| $2 17/0 5
HOM. | al vet si ol 2Onz3Nt te Nile ve a is
pF Noon. 60 29,23] 45 52 28] 1 35
6P.M. |. . 29543 cimitei tea ate! ea
Noon. sr 29,91 | 50 +| 52 2)| 0 49
23° 6B. MRRP a7 et «> | 025,70). alle top hel) wheels
24% |Noon 57 29,501 45 |- «| 52 16| 2 33
8 A.M «, :0!4[ 2Q;0RN el Pte
25% 44

29 E |WSW, rain.

Winds and Weather. Remarks, dc.

Very hard gales,

Moderate.

W, cloudy.
\ Squally.

Rain.

WNW, bazy and rain.

W by S, cloudy.
W by S, cloudy.

SW by W, hazy.

Frefh gales.

W by S, cloudy. Moderate.
SW by W, cloudy. Frefh gales.

SW by S, inoderate.

S, hazy.

{ SW by S, hard gales
| and fqually.

WNW, rain.

W, cloudy.

SW by W, ditto.

—

Frefh gales.

Squally.

Strong gales.

—

——___.

} Moderate.

—_

————___

SSW, cloudy.

\ cloudy.

SW,
SW by W,
wsw,

MISCELLANEOUS

A PIMEso RN DCI Ax, 899

MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS,

OsservaTions for determining the reftaétion in high
latitudes.

ae the thirtieth, at midnight, the diftance of the

two oppofite horizons, taken by me with Ramfden’s
fextant, was 179° 54’; the height of the eye being
fixteen feet above the level of the fea.

Auguft the fifteenth, at midnight, by the aftro-
nomical Quadrant, the altitude of the fun’s
upper limb 4° 16’ 55” lower limb 3° 46’ o

Error of the Quadrant — 32 - u — 32
4 16 23 - =) Ona ee
Semidiameter —I5 51 * al snk FEE

a ae ee

App. Alt. Sun’s

center == eae 'O\r signer ee pmo i |
Co: Meclint', '/=") 75 $6) 13 Se Peet ty ae tees Pa.
App. Latin 070) 56 ag 6 ay os ba ae
Trae deat. eon kaa ig = =) 99 * Bar ih3
RefraGtion - - EDA a = 13 29
By Dr. Bradley’s tables 11 18 = # I2 27
Allowing forthetherm.11 53 = 4 13 2

Barometer, 29,4. ‘Thermometer, 37°
5 Auguft

A Tey ae. Wt NID FT M

Auguft the twentieth, at midnight, the fun’s meridian
altitude by Mr. Harvey, 2° 25’ 00”
Dip — 3 49

140

BB var
Semidiameter + 15 52

ere ce Se

Altitude of the Sun’s center 2 37 3
| Co. Declin. 77. 31 26

App. Latitude 80 8. 29
Refr. by the tables 16 44

True Latitude 79 51 45

Hakluyt’s Head-land SBE
Cloven Cliff -"_.- EBS25
Variation - - - - 19 30° 5.

It may not be improper to mention here that Baffin, in
1613, made an obfervation of the refra&tion when the fun
was in the horizon, in latitude 78° 46’, which alfo agrees
exactly with Dr. Bradley’s tables. It may therefore be
prefumed that the refraétions in the higher latitudes follow
the fame law as in thefe.

Specific

Ag? PB oN D: I -X,

Specific Gravity of Ice, tried by Dr. Irving,

A piece of the moft denfe ice he could find, being im.
amerfed in fnow water, thermometer thirty-four degrees, —
fourteen fifteenth parts funk under the furface of the
‘water.

In brandy juft proof, it barely floated: in reétified
{pirits of wine it fell to the bottom at.once, and diflolved
immediately.

September thefourth, at two in the afternoon, we founded
with all the lines, above eight hundred fathom. Some
time before the laft line was out, we perceived a flack,
and that it-did not rur off near fo quick as‘before. When
we got the lines in again, the firft coil came'in very eafily,
and twenty fathom of the next, after which it took a
great ftrain to move the lead; a mark was put on at the
place where the weight was perceived, and the line
meafured, by which the depth was found to be fix hun-
dred and eighty-three fathoms. The lead weighed above
one hundred and fifty pounds, and had funk, as appeared
by the line, near ten feet into the ground, which was
a very fine blue foft clay. A bottle fitted properly by

Y Dr.

ee Pt:

A®@P* PEN’ DI X.
Dr. Irving (none of thofe fent out having given fatisfaGtion)
was let down, faftened to the line, about two fathom
from the lead. A thermometer plunged into the water
from the bottom ftood at forty degrees:—in water from
the furface at fifty-five degrees ;—-in the fhade, the heat
of the air was fixty-fix degrees.

Experiments to. find the Temperature of the Water at different Depths,
made with Lord Charles Cavendith’s Thermometer.

ee — eee ne ne ee er ae
Day of the |Depth in Fathoms|Temperature of {Correction for|Temperature of} Heat of the

Month. to which it was|, the Water as| Compreffion] the Sea at the Air.
funk. fhewn by the} and unequal] greateft Depth
Inftrument, Expanfionof| to which it was
Spirits. funk, corrected
for Compreffion

and Expanfion.

es RE I | TS | NS

June 20 780 15 ree 26 48%
30°A.M. 118 30 I 31 408.
P.M. 115 33 ° 33 443
Auguft 3: 673 22, 10 32 594

It appears from the Experiment of July 1ft, in which the
Inftrument was compared with Fahrenheit’s Thermometer at:
different Heats, that the Experiment cannot be depended on
to lefs than two or three Degrees, as the Refults drawn from
the different Comparifons would differ by about five Degrees.

Experiments

gee TPE YN: SD ex? 143

Experiments to determine the Temperature of the Water at different Depths of the
Sea, and Quantity of Salt it contains; made with the Bottle fitted by ‘Dr. Irving.
A Meafure, containing 29 Ounces 59 Grains of pure Snow-water, was ufed as a
Standard; Thermometer 59°, Barometer 30,06.

Day of the |Weight of] Depth in|Thermometer |Thermometer Thermometer Weight Latitude, &c.
onth, the Fathoms. at the in Water] in the Air. of the
Water. Surface. from the Salt.
Bottom,
1773 Oz. Grs. = 5 2 Grs. f
June 1 |29 404 59 393 |f 51 31 Nore
Sates 2M (31 8 Off Flam-
9 \3 5 borough Head.
me s 3c 57 49 55
29 440|Surface 50 50 490 }
12{ 29 442| 65 44 ie 60 Off Shetland.
26 |29 462 PAE RS 496 | 74 At Sea.
July 3 |29 454 40 44 500 | 78
19 |29 369 44 476 | 80 Near the Ice.
Aug. 4:|30 -15| 650 36 39 32 510 | 80 30 Under the Ice.
31 |t2 360} 80 I 48 220
Sept. +f 12 365) 683 55 40 664 192} 75 At Sea.
12 305 216
7 56 57 50 60 60 14

Sea water taken up at the back of Yarmouth Sands, was
in the following ratio to diftilled water-:

oz. dwts. grs.

Sea-water - + = 21 16 13,7]
Diftilled water 21 4 16 J
which is, as 10192: 10477,73 Of, as 1: 7,02803.
The quantity of dry falt produced from the above water,
was 13 dwts. 1 5 gtss it appears, therefore, that fea-water

contains more air than diftilled water.
XY °9 The

Thermometer, 53°3

144

BaP GP Se VINE DT OX,

The refults of the experiments made with Lord Charles.
Cavendifli’s thermometer, and thofe withthe bottle fitted
by Dr..Irving, differ materially as to the temperature of
the fea at. great depths; I fhall give an account, there-
fore, of the precautions ufed by. Dr.. Irving to prevent the
temperature from being altered, as well-as.of the allowance
made by Mr. Cavendifh for compreffion, as.they commu-.
nicated them to me.

The following is the account of the precautions taken.
by Dr. Irving to prevent the temperature of the water:
being changed in bringing up from the bottom:.

“ The bottle had a coating of wool, three inches thick,
‘¢ which was wrapped up in an oiled fkin, and Jet into a
“ leather purfe, and the whole inclofed in a well-pitched
* canvafs-bag, firmly tied to the mouth of the bottle, fo-
‘ that not a drop of water could penetrate to its furface.
* A bit of lead fhaped like a cone, with its bafe downwards.
*‘ and a cord fixed to its {mall end, was put into the bottle;
*€ and a piece of valve leather, with half a dozen flips of
*‘ thin bladder, were ftrung on the cord, which, when

* pulled, effectually corked the bottle in the infide.”’

The

Ae PS BUC INE : DUR YK.

The following is Mr. Cavendifh’s account of the cor-.
reGtions to be made for Lord Charles Cavendith’s. ther-
mometer.

“ The Thermometer. ufed in thefe experiments is fully
®¢ defcribed in the Philofophical TranfaGions, Vol. L. Page
“-308; fo that I imagine it is unneceflary.to mention it
*¢ here. But fince the publication of that volume, the late
‘* Mr. Canton difcovered, that fpirits of wine and other
*¢ fluidsare compreffible; which muft make the thermometer
“¢ appear to have been colder than it really was, and renders
*¢ a corretion neceffary on that account. There is another
‘< fmaller correction neceflary, owing to the expanfion of
“ fpirits of wine by. any given number of degrees of
‘‘ Fahrenheit’s thermometer being greater in the higher
“ deorees than the lower. As the method of computing
“‘ thefe two correétions is not explained in that paper, it
‘‘ may be proper juft to mention the rule which was made.
“ ufe of in doing it.

“ In adjufting the degrees on the feale of this thermo.

“ meter, the tube was intirely full of Mercury, or the
‘© Mercury ftood at no degrees onthe {cale, when its real heat
‘¢ was 65° of Fahrenheit. Let the bulk of the Mercury con-
‘¢ tained at that time in the cylinder be called M, and that
of the fpirits, S; let the expantion of {pirits of wine by
‘6 4° of Fahrenheit, about the heat of 65°, be to its whole

“ bulk.

145

146

AUP @ B¢NoD 4d %& |
« bulk at that heat, as s to 13 and let its expanfion by one
‘¢ degree at any other heat, as 65°—w, be to its bulk at 65°,
“ as sx%1—d.x to 1; let the expanfion of Mercury by one
‘* degree of heat be to its bulk at 65°, as to 13 and let
‘ = be called G; let the compreflion of fpirits of
“ wine by the preffure of 100 fathom of fea-water,
“when the heat of the fpirits is nearly the fame as
“that of the fea at the depth to which the thermo-
“ meter was let down, be to its bulk at 65°, as Cto 1;
“ the compreffion of the Mercury is fo {mall that it may
‘be neglected; let the thermometer be let down N
‘¢ hundred fathom, and when brought upand put into water

“< of 65°—F degrees of heat let the Mercury in the tube

“* ftand at E degrees; confequently the heat, as fhewn by
“‘ the thermometer, is 65°—F—-E: and let the real heat of
* the fea at the depth to which it was funk be 65 —x degrees;

— __ Edxk+ +x CNdxr+ x
“6 priv: ea
then 65°—«=65°'—F—E+— FOLLETT

“¢ In this thermometer S=11 Sth ; M=97; the expanfion of
«« the fpirits ufed in making it by 1° at the heat of 65°, was

‘6¢ found to be at of their bulk at that heat; that is 5s =

I —
“ ans = ss 5 therefore G= 1,013. From M. DeLuc’s
“ experiments * it appears, that the expanfion of fpirits of
*¢ wine by 1° at-any degree of heat, as 65°— x, is to its
“¢ expanfion by 1° at 65°, nearly as 1 = to rs there.

“ fore, d= ae . The compreflibility of the fpirits ufed for
€ this eee i at the heat of 58°, was found :to be
* Modifications de ]’Atmofphere, vol: I, page 252, .

56 exaly

& FS EN BD ft MR
“¢ exaétly the fame as Mr. Canton determines it to be at that
‘* heat; and therefore its compreflibility at all other degrees

“¢ of heat is fuppofed to be the fame as he makes it. Ac-.

“ cording to his experiments *, the compreffion of fpirits of

“‘ wine by the preflure of 293 inches of Mercury at the
“ heat of 32°, 7d eff, nearly the heat of the fea in thefe ex-.
‘¢ periments, is 593 millionth parts of its bulk at that heat ; .

“ therefore “. = 1, 9 and 65 —x=65—F—E+.N.x.

ExE+F+se, Nx19xF+2

SDRC clare Sarre ono A

OsservaTions made by Dr. Irving of the heat of the fea
agitated by a gale of wind, and that of the atmofphere.

September: the twelfth, the thermometer plunged
into a wave of the. fea, rofe to 62°; the. heat of the
atmofphere 50°.

This experiment was frequently. repeated during the
gale, and it gave nearly the fame difference. At. night,
when the weather became moderate, the heat of water
30 fathoms below the furface was 55°3 the. furface and
the atmofphere were 54°.

September the twenty-fecond. The fea-water was 60°;
the atmofphere, 59°: the wind at SW, a frefh gale.

* ® Philofophical. Tranfacions, Vol. LIV. page 261.

OpgsERVATIONS

147

£48

a F PE WN DT Ss.

OssErvaTions for determining the height of a Mountain
in Latitude 79° 44’; by the Barometer, and Geome-
trical Meafurement.

Obfervations taken by the Barometer, by Dr. Irving.

pe GUST the eighteenth, the day remarkably
clear :
At 6° in the morning, the barometer by the fea —tnehes.
fide ftood at - = - - - 30,040
The thermometer 50°
On the fummit of the mountain, about an hour
and three quarters later than the firft obfer-
vation below, - = - ~ - 28,266
‘Thermometer 42°
About an hour later at the fame place - - 28,258
Thermometer 42°
By the fea fide, where the firft obfervation was
made, and about three hours later - - 30,032

“Thermometer 44°

Height of the mountain calculated by M. De Luc from

the firft obfervation - - = 1585 feet
From the fecond obfervation = =: F502
Mean “ = - ~ - 1588 feet

4 Means

ASP iP GE UN aD al xX,

Means ufed to afcertain the Height of the Mountain
Geometrically.

A point was fixed upon, in the moft convenient place
the ground would admit of between the fummit of the
mountain (a well-defined object) and the fea fide; from
hence, in aright line from the mountain, a ftaf¥ was placed
at the fea fide, by a Theodolite made by Ramfden, with
two telefcopes and double Vernier divifions. The inftru-
ment was carefully adjufted; firft, by levelling the ftand
with a circular level, and afterwards the whole inftrument
by the crofs levels. From hence (A) at right angles to
the ftation at the fea fide (C) and the top of the mountain
(E), a bafe was meafured each way to (B) and (D) of
eight lines of feventeen fathom each ; in all, five hundred
and forty-four yards. ‘The divifions of both the Verniers
were carefully examined, both at fetting off the ftation by
the fea fide, and thofe at the extremities of each bafe,
the fixed telefcope being kept dire&ted to the fummit of
the mountain, and the moveable one direéted at right
angles each way, both divifions of the Vernier coinciding
exactly. Station ftaves were fixed perpendicular by the
vertical hair of the telefcope, ‘The altitude of the mountain
was then taken with the vertical arch, as a means of de-
teéting any error in the obfervation, and was found to be

Z On igor

149

150

Aig? oP HE ON 4D al XxX.

-8° co’. The diftance not enabling me to take the de-

preffion of any particular part of the flaff by the fea fide
under the land on the other fide accurately, I fent a man
to ftand clofe before it, and took the depreffion nearly to
his eye, which was found to be 1° 54’. The inftrument
was then removed to the ftation on the right (B). The
inftrument being adjufted with the fame precautions as
before, and the fixed telefcope pointing to the center
ftation (A); the angle to the mountain was 84° 58’, the
angle to the ftation by the water fide (C) 294° 44'. The
inftrument was then removed to the ftation by the fea fide
(C), the fame precautions ufed in adjufting, and the fixed
telefcope pointing to the center (A) in one with the
mountain, the angle to the ftaff on the mght (B) was
24° 44’. Intending to make the triangle BC D ifofceles,
and imagining there might be fome little error from the
unevennefs of the ground, I fet off on the theodolite an:
angle equal to the laft, having a perfon ready with a
ftaff on the bafe line to fix it where that angle fhould
interfeét on looking through the telefcope; I found it cut
exactly at the ftaff D 335° 16’, and from thence concluded.
the meafure of the bafe to be exaét. I then took the alti-
tude of the mountain by the vertical arch 7° 44’. I then
semoved the inftrument to the ftation (D) to take the third
angle ; but from the badnefs of the ground, I could not
place the inftrument exactly over the fpot where the ftaff
ftood ; from hence I took the third angle of the triangle;
the fixed telefcope pointing to. (A) and the fame precau-

7 tions

ee bee bei INL) ed SX;
tions of adjuftment being obferved, the angle to C came
out 65° 15’; lefs by one minute than it fhould have been.
I then took from the fame place the angle to the moun-
tain (E) 275° 1’; more by one minute than the corre-
fponding angle at the oppofite ftation (B): but the errors
correcting each other, the whole angle CD E=150° r4'=
the whole angle CBE,
By the triangle ABC, AC comes out 1771,4 feet:
By the triangle ABE, AE comes out 9265,0 feet:
Therefore the diflance CE is - 11036,4 feet.
Angle of the mountain’s elevation feen from C 7° 44’:
Height of the mountain above C - 1498,8 feet:
+ height of C aboye the water’s edge ite
Height of the mountain above the water's edge 1503,8 feet.
I prefer this obfervation to the others, becaufe the three
angles of the triangle ABC came out exaétly 180 degrees
by the obfervation. The diftance A C found by the com-
putation, differed only four feet from that by the meafure;
but, the ground being uneven, I did not depend upon the
meafure, but took it merely as a check upon the operation,
to deteét an error, in cafe of any great difference.
The diftance found by the fimilar triangles
BCE and CDE comes out - T1037 ‘fects
The angle of the mountain’s elevation feen
from A was - = BP NG GIs
Hence the height of the mountain above
A was found - . ~ 14.39,8 feet:
Depreffion of C feen from A was 1° 54’;
“2 Hence

151

152.

A GP onP GE AN AD al oX.
Hence the height of A above C is - BB Tdeet,s
Height of the mountain above C 1498,5 feet:
-+ height of C above water’s edge . is
Height of mountain above the level of the fea 1503,5 feet;
which differs from that found by the fingle angle three
tenths of a foot.

I cannot account for the great difference between the
geometrical meafure and the barometrical one according
to M. De Luc’s calculation, which amounts to 84,7 feet.
I have no reafon to doubt the accuracy of Dr. Irving’s ob-
fervations, which were taken with great care. As to the
geometrical meafure, the agreement of fo many triangles,
each of which muft have detected even the {malleft error,
is the moft fatisfa€tory proof of its correétnefs. Since my
return, I have tried both the theodolite and barometer,
to difcover whether there was any fault in either, and find
them upon trial, as I had always done before, very
accurate,

OBSERVATIONS

howe * oeere tie he

Pee ee oN “DD. ST a

OsservaTions for determining the Acceleration of the
PENDULUM.

Defcription of the Pendulum with which the Obfervations
were made, by Mr. Cumming.

se Bikes apparatus with which the following experi-
i ments were made, was prepared for the voyage
“ with all the care which the fhortnefs of the time
“ would admit, and particular attention was paid to its
* fimplicity. The pendulum was that which the late Mr.
** George Graham had conftruéted, to afcertain the exaé
*¢ diftance between the center of motion and center of
*¢ ofcillation of a pendulum to vibrate feconds at London.

‘¢ The ball is a {phere of folid brafs, whofe diameter is
“¢ three inches and ninety two hundredth parts of an inch;
*“* and whofe weight is nine pounds and one quarter.

“ The rod is a round fteel wire, one tenth of an inch
“ thick, and is fo firmly {crewed into the ball, that it
“cannot be unfcrewed by hand, nor the length of the
“ pendulum altered without the application of propez
*< inftruments for that purpofe, there being no adjufting

“¢ {crew as in clock-pendulums.
“© The

as,

IPP EN DD at IK.
*¢ The axis of the pendulum is of hard-tempered ftegl,

“ nearly two inches long, and moves on angular or knife-
“* pivots, whofe edges are formed with great care, fo as to
* lie exadtly in the fame right line; the pivots are formed
‘* nearly to an angle of thirty-eight degrees from the edge
“to the back; the fharpnefs of the edges is taken off,
“ and they are carefully rounded, fo that the lower parts
of both (on which the pendulum moves) form parts of -
“one continued cylinder, whofe diameter is rather lefs
“ than the two hundredth part of an inch.

“ Thofe pivots move in angular notches made in two
“ pieces of hardened fteel, each a quarter of an inch thick ;
“the notches are formed to an angle of one hundred
“and twenty degrees, with their bottoms fomewhat
“rounding, and formed fo that the whole length of the
** pivot hasan equal bearing in them ; the ends or extremi-
‘ ties of the pivots are floped from the edges on which
“‘ they move, towards the backs, or upper fide; and
“ two plates of hardened fteel are fcrewed againft the
*¢ angular notches in which the pivots move, fo as to
‘“‘ confine them always to the fame place in the notches,
“ and prevent fuch irregularities as might otherwife happen
“if the fhoulders of the pivots fhould chance to touch.

*< Towards one end of the axis is pierced an oblong
‘fquare hole, from the upper to the under fide, into
** which the upper end of the pendulum rod (having its

“¢ fides

é¢

(7

ce

ce

ce

ce

ce

c¢

¢

o

ce

¢

nw

cc

«ce

Aer By Pes Ee Nes By de X,

fides fomewhat flattened) is fitted, without fhake, but
in fuch manner that it moves freely therein from back
to front, round a fteel pin which paffes horizontally
through it and the axis, that both the pivots may
have an equal bearing, and the pendulum may hang
truely perpendicular, without any tendency to bend its
rod, and by that means alter its time of vibration, even
though the axis be not accurately adjufted to a level
pofition: The error which might arife from accidental
fridion on the above fuppofition, of an inaccurate
levelling of the axis, is obviated by means of the fteel
plates againft which the very central point of the lowett
pivot muft in fuch cafe ad.

“¢ To the other end of the axis, is ferewed a pair of
pallets, conftrucéted nearly on Mr. Graham's. principle
of the dead-beat, but differing from it in haying a
degree of recoil which tends to render the longer vibra-
tions of the pendulum as quick as the fhorter: but
this precaution is the lefs necefiary, becaufe the weight
which keeps the machine in motion is fo adjufted, as
to make the angle of conftant vibrations as. nearly as
poffible the fame with the angle of fcapement ; that is,
to make the vibrations the fhorteft, that will admit
of the wheel to efcape the pallets: by this means,

if the oil applied fhould become glutinous, fo as to
diminifh the ation of the wheel on the pendulum, or

if any other circumftance fhould happen to fhorten the
anc:

553

Al) PPMP Ee UNH: Ds. 16 XS.
‘© arc of vibration of the pendulum, the weight which
“ keeps it in motion muit be increafed, till it is found juft
“¢ fufficient to keep the machine going; by which means
‘¢ there is a certainty that the pendulum vibrates fimilar
<¢ arcs in each experiment, even if the obferver fhould not
“attend to that circumftance. —

“* The {wing-wheel is made of tempered fteel, and the
points of its teeth are left much thicker than they
ufually are in clocks, in order to avoid accidents; it
has thirty teeth, and carries with it a divided circle

6

Cal

¢

Lal

re

n

Lal
-

which fhews feconds.

“© On the axis of the fwing-wheel there is a pinion, on
which another wheel aé&ts: and in the axis of this laft,
there is a {mall pulley, in the groove of which is applied
« the line which keeps the machine going, by means of
“a weight and counter-weight, in the manner defcribed
“ by Huygens in the eighth and eighteenth pages of his
Horologium ofcillatorium : this method is the fimpletft
of any for keeping the wheels in motion while the
“ weight is winding up, and is peculiarly advantageous
“in fuch machines as this, which require frequent
winding: the weight applied to this machine was fix
“ ounces Troy, which with a defcent of thirty-two inches
“ kept it going for three hours, with a vibration of three

wn
.

“~
n

n
n

wv"
o

a

¢

o

“* degrees.

5 coThe

Ae EArt NS TY SE AX,

“The whole is contained in a ftrong brafs frame,
‘€ {crewed on the top of a three-legged wooden ftand,
‘* three feet four inches high: the front legs extend three
“¢ feet eight inches in the direction of the vibration, and

*¢ the back leg extends three feet four inches from each of

‘‘ the front legs, at which diftance the three legs are
“* fo conneéed at bottom, by horizontal rods, that
*‘ they cannot poffibly alter their relative pofition; by
“‘ thefe means the point of fufpenfion of the pendulum
“6 is rendered much more immovable than could be
*‘ done in any portable clock having a cafe of the ufual
‘‘ dimenfions, without great trouble, and an apparatus ill
fuited for experiments of this nature.

“ In the middle of the horizontal bar that conneéts the
“‘ front legs is fixed a piece of filvered-glafs, by means of
‘© which the whole machine is readily adjufted to its
‘“‘ proper pofition: the lower part of the pendulum-
“ball hangs directly over this mirror, on which is drawn
‘a line from back to front; and when the image of a
‘‘ {mall pin, which is {crewed into the lower part of the
¢ pendulum, is feen bifeéted by this line viewed direétly in
‘‘ front, the pofition of the machine is properly adjufted.

“¢ On the back leg of the ftand, immediately behind the
“pendulum, is a hook to hang a thermometer on, for
‘“¢ making frequent obfervations of the temperature of the
“air. In order to prepare for an experiment, the pendulum

Avia cots

157

158

AUP PBS ING es Be Xi
‘¢ is made to vibrate till 60 on the fecond-circle comes to
“ the index, and is then to be held at the extremity of
‘¢ its vibration by a trigger; on prefling which with the
“ finger, the pendulum is difengaged in an inftant: hence
‘“‘ the vibrations muft be of equal extent in every experi-
“ ment.

“© The wooden ftand which fupports the pendulum is
** fo conftruéted, that it forms an oblong fquare box, in
“ which the pendulum, with every part of its apparatus,
** is with great facility and expedition packed ; fo fecurely
‘“‘ that no part can receive damage; and the whole is fo
“ portable, that it may with eafe be carried on a man’s
“< fhoulder to any acceffible place.

“ This pendulum immediately before the voyage was
‘* compared with a well-regulated eight-day clock, and in
“ twelve hours its beat did not differ fenfibly from that of
“ the clock; Fahrenheit’s thermometer being then at 60°.”

July the fixteenth the Pendulum and the Equatorial In--
ftrument were landed on a {mall rocky ifland in latitude
79° 50’ N; and the pendulum being carefully fet up in
a {mall tent erected for that purpofe, and its pofition truly
adjufted, a thermometer was fufpended on the hook
behind the pendulum-red ; and the pendulum being re-~

2 peatedly

Bee PSB IN DD se

peatedly put in motion, it was found to ftop, till a mufket
bullet and a half was added to the weight, which was
found fufficient to keep it in motion; when it was thus
found to continue its vibration, it wasglocked by the
trigger at 60". The equatorial inftrument was fet up
on a bafis of folid rock, and being in this cafe to be ufed
only as a tranfit inftrument, no attempt was made to adjuft
it either to the latitude or meridian of the place; but the
azimuth and equatorial circles being truely levelled, the
telefcope was directed towards the fun, and fo elevated
that it fhould pafs as near as poffible through the middle
of the field. The inftrument being thus prepared, the
Weft limb of the fun was obferved to touch the Eaft fide
of the vertical wire in the telefcope at 5° 19’ 28” in the
afternoon, by the watch; and at the fame inftant the pen-
dulum was unlocked, and kept vibrating till after the fun
had completed its revolution, and its Weft limb was
again feen to touch the fame fide of the vertical wire.
From the vertical pofition of the wire and the
time of the day, the fun’s motion had a degree of
obliquity with refpeét to the wire, which muft occafion
its diameter to take a longer time in pafling than if it
crofled the wire at right angles: this pofition of the
wire, together with the change of the fun’s declina-
tion, prolong the time of the fun’s coming again to the
wire; fo that there was an interval of twenty-four hours,
forty-nine feconds and a half, from the time that the fun’s
limb touched the wire on the fixteenth day of July, to
Aaa the

16d

Ae a IN a ee
the time of its return to the fame wire on the feventeenth

day*.

During thegime of this revolution of the fun, an account
was kept of the thermometer, and feveral comparifons made
of the rate of the going of the pendulum with my fecond-
watch: in making which, I always took the time by
the watch, when the pendulum fhewed 60": thefe
comparifons were chiefly intended to prevent a miftake of
a whole minute in eftimating the acceleration of the pen-
dulum, which only fhewed feconds, having no index for

minutes:
Zi

* July the fixteenth P. M. at 5" 19’ 28” by the watch : the angle
S between the vertical and circle of declination was 10° 49: the Pp
fun’s altitude 20°; its declination 21° 8’: the change in the fun’s
declination in 245, was 10’ 11: hence the time of the fun’s:

coming to the fame vertical hair of a telefcope, will be retarded
44”,1: for (by Cotes, Afimatio Errorum, Theor. 35.)

S

As fine Z P or cofine latitude, _— — Comp. Ar. 0,75322°
Ts to tang. S. 10° 49’; — = 9,28117

So is the change in declin. 10’ 11” fine, _ — 7547161

To 11’ x” the change in the hor. angle fine, a 7,50600

Which turned into time, gives a be teas 44!

The change in the equation of time is ash eS is es tS 554

Therefore the interval between the two tranfits is — 24" of (49,5

It was obferved — as 24 (2) 4,5

The difference is the gain of the pendulum _ — (1) 15

To

Ag Pa Bo EM NeDl 1¢ xX

minutes; and as a candid inveftigation of a matter that
had fo much engaged the attention of the beft philofo-
phers and mathematicians was the only obje@ of my with,.
I judged it beft, in the firft place, to give the obferva-
tions juft as they were made, regularly numbered, that:
they may be readily referred to from the following tables,
in which the order of the original obfervations is varied,
according to the periods of time between each pair of ob--
fervations. By thus giving-the foundations on which the.
conclufions. depend, all perfons, who chufe it, may trace
and examine every ftep towards the conclufion, and by.
that means be enabled to dete& any error that may have:
crept into the operation;. or draw fuch further conclu-.
fions as their ingenuity may fuggeft, and the materials
here given may warrant.

To -find the time of the fun’s diameter pafling a vertical hair. (Cotes, Z/lim.
Error. Theor. 21.)

As. the produdt of Cofine declination — _ Comp. Ar. 0,03024.
Cofine S.. —_—- — Comp. Ar. 0,00778
Isto the produ& of Radius and Cof. Altitude ; — — 19,97298
So is the fun’s diameter in time 135”’,6, — =a 2513226
To the time fought —_—- 139751 =2' 19,1 _ 2514326
Tt was obferved = 2’ 21°, ve

Difference 149

Although the obfervation of the fun’s diameter paffing the wire has no immediate
eonneGion with our conclufion; yet the agreement between the calculated and the
dbferved ‘time. of its paffing, ferves to {how that the proper allowance was made for.
the obliquity of the direétion in which it pafled the wire. .

Day.

16m

r62 APA Pe Ey NOD e TK

Day of the| N° |Time by the|Time by the] Thermo-| Remarks.
Month. Watch. | Pendulum. | meter.

em sf ms rf ee + + |

h t ” “7

ye jt | se 28] | seg | Pag
2 | 6 30 00 49}
3 | 7-00 00 50
4 8 oo 00 49
5 | 8 30 00 49
6 | 9g 00 00 45
71 9 39 00 . 45
8 | 10 00 00 45
9 | -II 00 09 45
10 | II 30 00 48%
ii. | 12.00/00 48k
12 | 12 30 00 46
13] 12 39 14 60 51
r7th A. M.| 14 1 00 00 Hi ais 50%
BS 21 SG9 60 49
16 5 00 00 arias 45
17 6 00 CO 44
LB) | FFO6'.00 49%
19 | 8 00 00 47
‘20 9 00 00 aaah 49%
BR Ul 0229 60 583
22 | 12 00 20 60 56
P. M.| 23°) 1 00 00 : 54
24 2 30 00 5 523
25 3 30 00 Soe 56
26 4 09 00 NT Os 55%
27 | 4 46 103 60 52%

the Sun’s

Tranfit of,
{ Weft limb.

Tranfit of
29 25 { the Sun’s

Eaft limb.
90: |. 5 124.9 60 51

It

Ae Py Ee Na Dr Te! Xs

Tt has already been faid that the watch was ufed only to
prevent an error of whole minutes, in eftimating the time
gained by the pendulum in twenty-four hours; the exa&
period of twenty-four hours being determined by the revo-
lution of the fun.

In order to obtain the acceleration of the pendulum,
the original obfervations are transferred from the foregoing
table, to that which follows, for the convenience of ar-
ranging them according to the length of the intervals,
beginning with thofe of the fhorteft duration :. fo that the
conclufion from each period becomes a check upon thofe
that follow.

In this table the fir? column refers to the original obfer-
vations, from which a conclufion is here to be drawn;
thus, in the firft line, we find 27 — 30, by which is meant
that a conclufion is to be drawn in this line from obfer-
vations 27 and 30, that is, from the acceleration of the
pendulum from four hours, forty-fix minutes, ten feconds
and a half, to five hours, twenty-four minutes nine feconds
in the afternoon, July 17.

The fecond column exprefles the interval of time by the
watch, between each pair of obfervations referred to in
the firft.

The third column fhews how much the pendulum
gained on the watch, in each period exprefled in the
fecond.

The fourth column fhews the mean height of the Ther-
mometer for each period.

The

163

m64

A PI Pt Eo N! (DT
The fifth column exprefles the difference between this

mean height, and 60°, the height of the thermometer at

London when the pendulum was adjufted.
The fixth column thews the contraction of the pendulum

rod by the degree of cold expreffed in the fifth column,

according to Mr. Smeaton’s experiments, publifhed in
N° 79 of the Philofophical Tranfa@ions for the year

1754-
The feventh column fhews how much this contra@ion

would make the pendulum gain during each period of the
fecond column.

The eighth column fhews how much the pendulum

would have gained on the watch in each period, if the
thermometer had remained at 60°, and therefore no con-

traction of the pendulum-rod had taken place.

The ninth column fhews how much the watch ought to
have loft in each period, allowing it to have loft uniformly
at the rate of four feconds in twenty-four hours, as was
obferved by the tranfit.

The tenth column fhews how much the pendulum would
have gained on the watch, in each period; allowing for
its lofing at the rate of four feconds in twenty-four hours,
and fuppofing the thermometer to have remained conftantly
a6O: «

The eleventh column fhews how much the pendulum
would gain per hour according to the rate of acceleration
given in the tenth column for each period. )

dee, Bk, 3G

ee eee

I fi 2
Obfervations | Duration in | Seconds
referred to, Time “by | gained
the Watch, by the
Pendu-
Jum,on
the
Watch.
H a " aye
27——30| 0 37 583) 13
21——22] 0 57 57 | 3
13——15, 215 55 | 5
22——-27| 4 45 503) 94
22 Bol 23 404 Art
21 27| § 43.472| 122
21 30| 6 21 46 14
1—13| 7.19 46 | 14
15 28. 7 eTiAcleed6
pe 2: ee?
I—15] 9 35 41 | 19
13 21/10 23 g 51

15 30\14 29 0 60
13 27/16 6 563) 63%
1330/16 44 55 | 65
I——21|17 42 55 | 65
i 22118 40 52 68
I 27\23 26 423| 774
I——30|24 4 41 79

Mean | Difference

Height
of the
Ther-
mome-
ter,

A ron

TA bee

the Height of the
Thermometer at
the Time of adjuft-
ment at London,
and at the Time of
Obfervation.

PIN bw

—
Wr NNNnr ROW C o

BI BIN BP BIN In

12

E

6

the Pexdulum
rod by the
cold, in parts
of an Inch,

N D

the Watch by
the contraction
of the Pendulum
rod.

[4]

Obfervations with the Pendulum from the 16th to the 18th of July, 1773, in Latitude 79° 50’ N.

8

the Pendulum on
the Watch, cor-
rected for the
‘Thermometer.

Watch, accord-
ing to its Rate
of going, as de-
termined by the
tranfit.

Io

Pendulum on the
Mean Time, al-
lowing for the
Thermometer,
and Rate of the
Watch’s lofing.

4

1,34
2,82
4535 '
8,37
9,66

11,18
12,54
11573
43,61
46,51
16,07
48,02
50,81
54:92
56,21
59271
61,00
59276
62,56
71,02

2,2

II

I65>

i
between|Contraction of|Time gained on}Time gained by|Time loft by the|Time gained by the] Ratio of Acce-

leration per

Hour.

if

a Nene 5 lane sepgn ies te vo ae Ny

ag abel se Dua tai f Ale rq + Hm

=e it ‘aa

‘anon Diiiates
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4 4 amy : i ‘ Le . 4 ; e ‘i
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Ap iP>-Py Ex Nr Ds Ir Xx

It appears by the original obfervations that the pendu-
lum began its vibrations at 60”, the inftant in which the
firft limb of the fun was obferved to touch the fide of the
vertical wire in the telefcope of the Equatorial, that
is, at five hours, nineteen minutes, twenty-eight feconds
in the afternoon by the watch, on the 16th of July; and
by every comparifon of the pendulum with the watch,
that the pendulum was conftantly gaining on the watch,
and in a period of twenty-four hours, four minutes,
forty-one feconds, had gained on the watch feventy-
nine feconds; and when the revolution of the fun was
completed, it appeared, that the watch had loft four
feconds in the exact period of twenty-four hours; there-
fore, if four feconds loft by the watch, be fubtra&ted from
feventy-nine, the time gained by the pendulum on the
watch, it will leave feventy-five feconds for the time
gained by the pendulum on the mean, or true time, no
deduion being here made for the contraction of the pen-

dulum-rod by the cold.

The odd fifteen feconds are determined by obferving,
that the pendulum fhewed four feconds and a half exadly
when the fun had again returned to the vertical wire; fo
that this period is determined wholly by the fun, and
totally independent of the watch; but as the watch is
found by the fame obfervation to have loft only four
feconds, recourfe is had to the intermediate comparifons
of it with the pendulum, which clearly fhow that the

Gre pendulum

167

168

AP ORY UN De Te Xe
pendulum had gained ove whole minute, together with the
fifteen feconds determined by the pendulum and the revo-
lution of the fun: and although it appears by the
eleventh column of the foregoing table that the watch did
not lofe uniformly at the rate of four feconds in twenty-
four hours, yet its mean rate leaves as little doubt with
regard to the whole minute gained by the pendulum, as if
its going had been perfectly uniform during the whole
time. For, if from the fum of all the periods in the
fecond column, and of all the accelerations in the tenth, a
mean rate be taken, it makes the acceleration of the pen-

. dulum on the watch to be 80,79 in twenty-four hours,

which differs from the acceleration obferved by the revo-
lution of the fun only 5§’,75; and from the rate of going |
of the watch, determined by the revolution of the fun,
only 1%,79: hence there can be no poffible room to
fuppofe an error of a whole minute.

Although the period of twenty-four hours, and the
rate of going of the watch for that time, are very accu-
rately determined by the revolution of the fun; it may
not be improper here to take notice, that from a mean of
fix altitudes of the fun, taken by a very good aftrono-
mical quadrant of eighteen inches radius, the watch was
computed to have loft 5”, in twenty-four hours, which
differs from the rate given by the revolution of the fun
only 1”:; this may ferve to fhew how far the mean of
a great number of obfervations by the fame obferver and

2 inftrument

Agee Pe Ba-Ne: De Tx: X:
inftrument may be relied on, when there is no other
obfervation to check or corroborate.

It may alfo be proper here to mention, that the time
by the watch was not obferved at the inftant that the fun
had returned to the vertical wire, and at which the pen-
dulum was obferved to fhow 42 feconds, my attention
being wholly engaged in obferving the pendulum. The
watch was found to have loft 77": by the pendulum, in
twenty-three hours, twenty-fix minutes, forty-two feconds
and a half. An allowance according to this rate for
34 4° (the fupplement of the laft obfervation by the
watch to the time of the fun’s paflage when the pendulum
fhewed 4”) amounts to 1”z,

From whence it follows, that the Weft limb of the fun
touched the Eaft fide of the vertical hair at five hours,
twenty minutes, thirteen feconds and a half, by the
watch; which had therefore loft four feconds in twenty-
four hours.

As the comparifon of the watch and the pendulum in
this one inftance is not from aétual obfervation, at the in-
frant, but fuppofes that the watch had kept for thirty-
four minntes to the fame rate of lofing at which it had
been obferved to lofe for nearly twenty-four hours
immediately preceding; the time by the watch hus
found is inferted in the table of obfervations within

Cic'2 haoks

170

ASP PTE ND TX

hooks to diftinguifh it, that every perfon may have an
opportunity of judging how far it ought to be admitted.
Upon the whole it appears, that by the revolution of
the fun, correéted for the oblique dire@tion in which it
pafled the vertical wire in the telefcope, the change of
declination and the equation from the time of its Weft limb
touching the wire on the 16th, to the time of its touching
the fame wire on the 17th of July, that the pendulum
gained feventy-five feconds intwenty-four hours. But as the
mean height of the thermometer for the time of this ex-
periment was 9°: lower than 60°, the height at which it
was at London when the pendulum was compared with
the clock; the pendulum ought on this account,
according to Mr. Smeaton’s experiments, to have been
contracted ,..%4., of an inch, and to have gained on that
account 2,'723; fo that the acceleration of the pendulum
arifing only from the difference between the latitude of
London and 79° 50 N, is 72”,28.

The pendulum was continued in motion, and the com-
parifons between it and the watch made as before, with:
intention to take a fecond revolution of the fun: but at
eleven o'clock next morning, the wind being fair, and

the weather cloudy fo as to aftord no profpeét of feeing the.

fun in the afternoon, the inftruments were taken on board,

and the thips failed immediately.

Auguft.

Pee ot eee IN DT ax,

Auguft the fourteenth, we landed the Pendulum,
Equatorial Inftrument, and aftronomical Quadrant on
Smeerenberg Point, latitude 79° 44’N; and fet up
the pendulum in every refpeét as formerly defcribed.
The equatorial and quadrant were alfo fet up, and pre-
pared for obfervation.

The pendulum was fet a going when it was exadlly
64 o o” P.M. by my watch, from which time it was fre-
quently compared with the watch, till 55 50’ A. M. the
15th; when the pendulum ftopped. It was again fet
a going with the additional weight which had formerly
been ufed, when the watch was exa@ly 62 00’ 00’, and
continued going from that time till after five in the
morning of the 18th, in which time the thermometer was
obferved, and the watch and pendulum compared, as in the
following table: many altitudes of the fun were taken
with the quadrant, on the 15th A.M. but without any

further opportunity till the 18th A. M. when they were:

repeated to afcertain the rate of the watch’s lofing..

Day

171

172

Day of the | N° |Time by the/Time by the|Thermo-

Month.

Aug. ime
15th, A. M.
| eae

16th, A. M.

Noon
P.M:

ALNBNES aes Ne) X.

oe | ae

Watch. | Pendulum.
h / wt eT THe
6 00 00 60
7 29 533 60
12 13 307 60
5 00 09 60
6 00 00 60
209 222 60
8 59 49 60
2 00 00
3,00 00
4 00 00 4
5 00 00
6 00 00
7 00 00
8 00 co :
9 00 00 ’
10 00 00
II 00 00
I2 00 00
I 00 OO :
2 01 30% 60
piven tee 60

meter.

°

44
43
40

Remarks.

/

The Pendulum
fetagoing with
the additional
Weight.

Day of the) N° |Time by thelTime by the| Thermo-
Pendulum.

Month.

re SSE a

Midnight,

Aug. 17th,
A.M. j :

Noon
P.M.

Between five and

22

23

41
42

Aor PrP Bon D Ie

Watch.

h /
has
g 00
10 00
{1 00

I2 00

_

feje)

fefe)

feje)

[ole)

fete)

fete)

o9

fete)

leje)

0 MO ON An FF W RN

oOo
Li OS
I2 00
I 0O0
2 02
4 23
10 00

4}
16
foe)
role)
57
rele)
fete)
rere)
role)
rete)
fete)
09
foe)
fete)
fete)
fete)
ete)
fete)
role)
58
45.
19%

uw

60

60

60

173

Remarks.

meter.

°

39

fix in the morning of the eighteenth, it blew hard,
andthe Pendulum ftopped.

The

Ay BeBe Ee No De iy X%

The following table is conftruéted in every refped the
fame as that defcribed page 163, and differs from
it only in having an additional column, in which is given
the rate of acceleration of the Pendulum in twenty-four
hours, according to the time by the watch, corrected by
a mean of fixteen altitudes of the fun taken on the 15th,
anda mean of thirty-nine altitudes on the 18th of Auguft,
from which the watch appears to have loft, during the in-
terval of the three days, at the rate of 23,7 perday. The
rate of acceleration of the pendulum in twenty-four hours
being thus determined, agreeable to the acceleration ob-
ferved in each of the laft eight periods, being thofe of the
longeft duration; and thefe obfervations being already
corre@ted for the thermometer ; a mean is taken from the
whole as the true rate of acceleration of the pendulum on
mean time in twenty-four hours.

TABLE

175

ee

Obfervations with the Pendulum from the 14th to the 16th of Auguft, 1773, in Latitude 79° 44’ N.

I 2 6 i 8 9 10 II 12
Obfervations | Duration ‘in | Seconds | Mean] Ditference of the {Contraction of/Time gained on Time giined by|Time loft by the}Time gained by|Ratio of Acce-|Ratio of acceleration o'
referred to Time by} gained |/Height{| ‘Thermometer at the Pendulum| the Watch by| the Pexdulumor| Watch accord-| the Pendulum on| leration per| the Pendulum on the

the Watch. | bythe fof the] the Time of rod by the| the contraétior! theWatch, cor} ing to its Rate} the Mean Time,} Hour.

Mean TimeinTwenty-

Pendu- |Ther- | adjuftment in cold, in parts} of the Pendu-| rected for thc] of going, as de-| allowing for the Four Hours.
lum on |mome-| London, and at of an Inch. lum rod. Thermometer. | termined bythe} Thermometer
the tere theTime of Ob- Altitudes of the} and rate of the
Watch. fervation. Sun. Watch’s lofing.
h an " °. ° ii ” uw " " "
20——21/0 59 55| § | 37 23 70057 0,26 4974 2399 375 | 3975
I—— 2| I 30 00 i | 433 162 30042 0,25 6,25 147 . 4,78 3219
40——41| 2 20 472] 12% | 40 20 30050 0,54. 11,96 2,31 9:65 4,11
41——42] 5 36 34 | 26 } 40 20 30050 a2) 5 24575 5363 19,12 3,41
1—— 3] 6 13 30 | 291 | 403 19} 30049 1,41 28,09 6,14 21,95 3052

a7=: Ana 24 30060 2,26 35524 8,04 27520.. |" gyaA.
51 383 212 30054 2,70 48,30 10,86 37544 3.41 “s
60 | 36 24. 30260 4,17 55183 14,79 41,04 2,73

25 A222 59 2221 972 | 38% a1. 30054. 5375 91575 22,71 69,04. 3,00 ou or eyo
21 40\23 OF 23 | 96: | 38 22 30055 5,86 90,64 22573 67,91 2,95 s |. F070
6 20\23 52 17 | 103 | 36 24 30060 6,60 96,40 23555 72,85 3205 Face hoe!
20 40\24 or 18 | 101+ | 383 21: 30054 6,00 95,50 23572 71,78 2599 rn ne.. Seal
6 21/24 52 12 | 108 | 363 234 30057 6,75 101,25 24559 76,66 3,08 oo. Rh ale
21 Atle 22°01 | 109 . |.38 22 30055 6,49 102,51 24543 78,08 3,07 i aN
6 40147 53 353| 2041 | 38 22 30055 12,20 192,30 45549 146,81 3,06 oie dee Sih
5—42)64 00 19%] 280: | 37% 22} 30056 16,67 263,83 63,20 200,63 203 a. ee 75328
Mean 73,06

Which gives the Accele-

ration of the Pendulum

on true Time from the
change of Latitude,

Dd From

a 1H Be

¥ ‘| >) tH eee if by il Lh
| erpsrnemebhnterenie: Giatsheht a9 Tey : ta

f hk i saibeheh igi Weve

yl the aL

; bint ,

ip
A 6
et
\
‘pt k Dae
Pry a ji
= i J :
a se é ae
ri } i j ih
ar i
sr ) & J
Aiton fi J
. d 7
x ust,
pe rr made
: phe) RY rhe ts ' Ody
See j
i
ung i Gales
i) 1 inh -
rT ‘e 8
‘ i ' ay i
7 i ' Ag A
} i d i
i ¢ 7 .
1 3 ( i
i j | ; id
a, 4 |
" a :
q ‘ ane 2 iT.
AINE an |
‘\
bay, ” Pie
i ie & -_
ar; ‘ fy)
‘
a 4 A,

we
~

aa) oe

bon
‘ pe . « ee.

4

-

=)
in

ot
2
a

‘
a
. he
‘ r [tye |
=)
‘
ay ; ~
h 4 bd
‘ 'y
I
,
. = » x
7
‘ ‘ i
7
* et i
!
\etr
+. wy
.
» i
; i =

MPT PI EYVUNG DS Io xX,

From the refult of this table, the time gained by the
pendulum in twenty-four hours of mean time, after de-
duéting the acceleration on account of the contraétion of
its rod by the cold, is feventy-three feconds, and fix hun-
dredths of a fecond; which is one fecond, and two hun-
dredths of a fecond more than by the refult of the obfer-
vations of the 16th and 17th of July. But although the
rate of going of the watch from the 15th to the 18th
days of Auguft, was afcertained by a mean of fifty-five al-
titudes of the fun, I am inclined to give the preference
to the obfervations of July, where the exa& period of
twenty-four hours was determined by a revolution of the
fun, obferved with a telefcope whofe magnifying power
was fixty. And notwithftanding that the height of the
thermometer during the time of obfervation in Auguft
was remarkably uniform, and that the watch was found by
the comparifons with the pendulum to have loft during
the whole time as uniformly as could reafonably be ex-
pected ; yet a {mall irregularity in its rate of going near
the beginning or end of the obfervation, might occafion
the difference of this refult from the former.

As the time corrected by the mean of fix altitudes of
the fun taken on the 16th and 37th July, differed
only one fecond and a half from that obferved by the

Ee revolution

lee)

AEP PTE ANA DE TX.
revolution of the fun, there is reafon to believe that the
period of three days, determined’ by a mean of fifty-five
altitudes, taken on the 15th and 18th of Auguft, might
be relied on to one fecond at moft: and that, although
the conclufion from the obfervations of Auguft are not fo
decifive, on account of its depending in fome fmall degree
on the regularity of the watch, it ftrongly corroborates the
conclifion from the obfervations in July, as it proves that
the acceleration of the pendulum proceeded from an uni-
form caufe, which produced equal effeéts in each cafe.
This is yet further proved, by comparing the pen-
duluni when it returned to London with the fame clock
with which it had been compared before the voyage, the
thermometer being at this time alfo at 60°, and the addi-
tional weight of a mufket bullet and a half being applied

~ to the weight which kept it going; the pendulum and

the clock were found to agree fo well, that no fenfible
difference could be diftinguifhed in their beats for the

{pace of twelve hours.

From all which circumftances it may fairly be con-
cluded, that a pendulum. which vibrates feconds at
London, will gain from feventy-twoto feventy-three

feconds in twenty-four hours, in latitude 79° 50’;

allowing the temperature of the air to be the fame at
both places.

4 Thefe

|

Ary Pi Be Be NS Dey Ths Xe

Thefe obfervations give a figure of the earth nearer to
Sir Ifaac Newton’s computation than any others which
have hitherto been made. ‘i
According to Sir Ifaac Newton the Pen-

dulum gains in latitude 79° 50’, 66',93
In which cafe the equatorial diameter

would be to the polar as - - 230t0 229:
According to Mr. Bradley’s computation,

from Mr. Campbell's obfervations, 76,6;

Equatorial diameter to the polar as - 201 to200:
According to Maupertuis, gm eg xs ira
Equatorial diameter to the polar as - 178to179:
According to my obfervations, - {Bee
73306 5 |
eee a 12,9 to 211
Equatorial diameter to the polar as - | A aity 9
| 210,7to 209,7:

The mean of which is very nearly as - 212 to 211.

>

Hie 4 REFERENCE.

Te

180

AoP BpEs Nr De in X

REFERENCE ro +h .A Gabi Sk

Fig. 1. Is a general view of the apparatus when fitted up;
the pendulum being locked by the trigger, and
ready for an experiment:

Fig. 2. The upper part of fig. 1, on a larger feale, in
order to fhew the feveral parts more diftin@ly.

Fig. 3. Reprefents the whole frame and apparatus when
packed for carriage.

Fig. 4. Is the cap which covers the wheels and _ pallets,
detached from fig. 3.

A. Fig. 1, The pendulum-ball.

B. B. The pendulum-rod.
C.C, Fig. 2. The axis of the pendulum.
a lee An oblong hole in the axis, into which the

end of the pendulum-rod is fitted, and
fecured by means of the fteel pin d.

E.E. - The upper part of the wooden frame; to
which the three legs are ftrongly fixed by
hinges and table-joints, and on which is
{crewed

FL F,F.F.. A ftrong brafs frame which fupports the
pendulum and wheels.

G.G.

A PP RE NSD oT A,

G.G. Fig. 1. A flat board that forms one of the fides of

Fi;
i -
K.
L-L..E,
M.

the box, fig. 3, and has two fmall mortifes
near its ends, which receive the points of the
fore-legs of the ftand; two {mall fteel rods,
which are jointed near the lower end of the
back-leg hook into the ends of this board,
fo as to preferve the relative pofition of the
three legs unalterable: and near the middle
of it is fitted
A piece of filvered elafs, with a diamond
line on it from back to front, for adjufting
the pofition of the ftand: and
The trigger for locking the pendulum.
A wooden wedge which is occafionally put
under either end of the board G, G. to adjuft
the ftand to its proper pofition; and when
packed, is put in its place, as reprefented in:
the figure.
Pieces of wood fcrewed to the legs, having
cavities in them which embrace the pen-
dulum-ball when the legs of the ftand are
brought together in order to be packed, as
in fig. 3.
A flat piece of wood, under the ends of which:
are confined the fteel rods that conne& the
back leg of the ftands to the board G. G:
when the ftand is packed.

N. A turne

18f

182

en ©

AC) Brees iE EN aD dX:
A turn-button, under which the line which
carries the weights is sai when packed for

carriage. :
A-pin on which the weights are put when
packed.

The pulley and ratchet by means of which the
machine is kept going whilft it is winding up.
The weight that keeps the pendulum in
motion.

The counter-weight. |
The index which fhows the feconds on a
divided circle fixed on the axis of the {wing-
wheel.

The thermometer fufpended on a hook im-
mediately behind the pendulum wire.

Two leather ftraps that fecure the whole
when packed, as in fig. 3.

NATURAL

y ran Ss

Si

TTT Hi

i PoP Ee NDE xX:

Ie A Uo Ik: Aull Be CER: Sat OR: -¥:

st ic bee the fhortnefs of my ftay at Spitfbergen,
and the multiplicity of occupations, in which I
was necefflarily employed, during the greateft part of that

time, rendered it impoffible for me to make-many ob-.
fervations on its natural produétions; yet as there are

among thofe few fome which have not before been made
public, I am in. hopes that this article will not be found
wholly unprofitable. The following catalogue, imperfect
as it is, may ferve to. give a general idea- of the {paring
productions of that inhofpitable climate.

As modern naturalifts have formed the technical terms
of their fcience out of the Latin, it becomes neceflary
to make fome ufe of that language, in order to render
the defcriptions of fuch things, as are new, intelligible to
thofe for whofe ufe they are intended: I fhall always,
however, annex Englifh names to. the fcientifick ones,
when fuch are to be found. .

MAMMALIA,

183

184.

A PPEN DI
_

Ma * A: VE eM os An aan Dols

Tricnecuus Rofmarus, Linn, Syft. Nat. 49. 1:
Arétick Walrus. Penn. Syn. Quadr.
P- 335:

This animal, which is called by the Ruilians Morfe,
from thence by our feamen corruptly Sea Horfe, and in
the Gulph of St. Lawrence Sea Cow, is found every where
about the coaft of Spitfbergen, and generally where-ever
there is ice, though at a diftance from the land. It is a
gregarious animal, not inclined to attack, but dangerous
if attacked, as the whole herd join their forces to revenge
any injury received by an individual.

Puoca Vitulina. Linn. Syft. Nat. 56. 3.
Common Seal. Penn. Syn. Quadr. p. 339.

Found on the coaft of Spitfbergen.

Canis Lagopus. Linn. Syft. Nat. 95. 63.
Arétick Fox. Penn. Syn, Quadr. p. 155.

Found on the main land of Spitfbergen and iflands ad-
jacent, though not in any abundance. It differs from
our Fox, befides its colour, in having its ears much more
rounded. It fmells very little. We ate of the fleth of
one, and found it good meat.

5 Ursus

Aa Pe & EDP a &.
Ursus Maritimus. Linn. Syft. Nat. 70. 1.

Polar Bear. Penn. Syn. Quad. p.192.T. 20. Fit.
Found in great numbers on the main land of Spitfbergen;
as alfo on the iflands and ice fields adjacent. We killed
feveral with our mufquets, and the feamen ate of their
flefh, though exceeding coarfe. This animal is much
larger than the black bear; the dimenfions of one were
as follows:

Length from the fnout to the tail, - ee or
Length from the {nout to the fhoulder-bone, ee ie
Height at the fhoulder, - - - 4. 3
Circumference near the fore legs, Spe Gee:
Circumference of the neck clofe to the ear, 2 I
Breadth of the fore paw, - E Ry air
Weight of the carcafs without par: fkin

or entrails, - - - 610 lb.

Cervus Zarandus. Linn. Syft. Nat. 93. 4.
Rein Deer. Penn. Syn. Quadr. p. 46. T. 8.
Ea
Found every where on Spitfbergen.
We ate the flefh of one which we killed, and found
it excellent venifon.

BataEna My/flicetus. Linn. Syft. Nat. 105. 1.
Common Whale. Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 85.

teh This

185

186

AVP Chae D tx,
This fpecies, which is fought after by the fifhermen in
preference to all other whales, is found generally near
the ice. We faw but few of them during our ftay.

Baraena Phy/alus. Linn. Syft. Nat. 106. 2.
Fin Fifth. Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 41.
Found in the ocean near Spitfbergen.

A V E S.

Anas mollifima. Linn. Syft. Nat. 198. 15.
Eider Duck. Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 454.
Found on the coaft of Spitfbergen.

Auca arética. Linn. Syft. Nat. 211. 4.
The Puffin. Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 405.
Found on the coaft of Spitfbergen.

Aca Alle. Linn. Syft. Nat. 211. 5.

Found on the coaft of Spitfbergen in great abundance.

Procetxaria glacialis. Linn. Syft. Mat. 213. 3.
The Fulmar. Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 431.
Found on the coaft of Spitfbergen.

Cotymsus Grylle. Linn. Syft. Nat. 220, I.
Found on the coatt of Spitfbergen.

5 CoLyMBUS

Ae Pt RO EVONS DY TS x: 187

Couymaus Troile. Linn. Syft. Nat. 220. 2.
Found on the coaft of Spitibergen.

Cotymsus glacialis. Linn. Syft. Nat, 221. 5.
The great Northern Diver. Penn, Brit.
Zool, p. 413.
Found on the coaft of Spitfbergen.

Larus Riffa. Linn. Syft. Nat. 224. 1.
Found on the coaft of Spitfbergen.

Larus Parafiticus. Linn. Syft. Nat. 226. 10.
The Ar@ick Gull. Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 420.

Found on the coaft of Spitfbergen.

Larus Eburneus niveus, immaculatus edibus
b] 3
plumbeo-cinereis.

Found on the coaft of Spitfbergen.

This beautiful bird is not defcribed by Linneus, nor, I
believe, by any other author ; it is nearly related indeed
to the Rathfher, defcribed by Marten in his voyage to
Spitfbergen, (See page 77 of the Englifh tranflation) bur,
unlefs that author is much miftaken in his defcription,
differs effentially from it. Its place in the Sy/ema
NVature feems to be next after the Larus nevius, where
the fpecifick difference given above, which will diftinguifh

a eae it

(188

AYP POE. ND) FX.
it from all the fpecies defcribed by Linneus, may be
inferted.

DESCRIPTION.

Tota avis (quoad pennas) nivea, immaculata,
Roftrum plumbeum,

Orbite oculorum crocee.

Pedes cinereo-plumbei. Ongwes nigri.
Digitus Pofticus articulatus, unguiculatus.
Ale cauda longiores.

Cauda xqualis, pedibus longior.

Longitudo totius avis, ab apice roftri ad

finem caude,; Uncias 16
Longitudo inter apices alarum expanfarum, = ge
Roftri,. - - - ~ 2

Sterna Hirundo. Linn. Syft. Nat. 227. 2.
The greater Tern. Pena. Brit. Zool. p. 428.

Found on the coaft of Spitfbergen,

Emperiza nivalis. Linn. Syf. Nat. 308. 1s
The greater Brambling. Penn. Brit.
Zool, 32%.
Found not only on the land of Spitfbergen, but alfo
upon the ice adjacent to it, in large flocks: what its food
can be is difficult to determine; to all appearance it is a
granivorous

AP P EN DF EX
granivorous bird, and the only one of that kind found in
thefe climates,, but how that one can procure food in
a country which produces fo few vegetables, is not eafy
to guefs,

Ad “MigoP JH Wy, Buk: 2a

Cycitoprerus Liparis. Linn, Syfi. Nat. 414. 3.
Sea Snail. Penn. Brit. Zool. UI. p. 105.

Two only of thefe were taken in a trawl near Seven Ifland »

Bay.
I EGPOPRRL RY SOU bys Sf2 se OTe agl 2P Uy 8

Gavus carbonarius. Linn. Syft. Nat. 438. 9..

The Coal Fith. Penn. Brit. Zool. III. p. 152.-

Though we trawled feveral times on the North fide of

Spitfbergen, and the feamen frequently tried their hooks -

and lines, yet nothing was taken except a few individuals
of this and the foregoing f{pecies. .

YR ORG MEY Sa A ale! LO

Cancer Squilla. Linn, Syft. Nate 1051, 66.
The Prawn. Merr. Pin. 192,

Found

189

190

AP Poe oN Dy ok
Found in the ftomach of a feal, caught near the coaft of
Spitfbergen.

Cancer Boreas, macrourus, thorace carinato aculeato,

manibus levibus, pollice fubulato incurvo.

Tab. XII. Fig. 1.

This fingular fpecies of Crab, which has not before
been defcribed, was found with the former in the ftomach
of a Seal; its place in the Sy/fema Nature feems to be
next after Cancer Morwegicus.

DESCRIPTION.

Thorax ovatus, tricarinatus: Carine Jaterales tuber-
culofe, antice fpina acuta terminate; Carina dor/alis
{pinis tribus vel quatuor validis armata; antice produéta
in roftrum porrectum, acutum, breve, Thorace guintuplo
brevius ; prater {pinas carinarum, anguli Jaterales thoracis
antice in fpinas terminantur.

Antenne* due, thorace fere triplo breviores, bifide:
Ramulus fuperior craffiufculus, filiformis, obtufus ;
Inferior gracilis, fubulatus.

Palpi duo, duplicati; Ramus fuperior foliatus, feu

explanatus in /aminam ovalem, obtufam, longitudine
antennarum, intus et antice villis ciliatam ; Razus interior

antenniformis, fubulatus, multiarticulatus, antennis triplo
longior.

Paraftatides

;

Ax Pi PA EW Ne DE IX:

Paraftatides decem, anteriores parvi; poftremi magni,
pediformes articulo ultimo expianato in laminam ovali-
oblongam.

Pedes decem, duo primores cheliferi, carpis incraflatis,
reliqui fimplices; pares fecundi et tertii filiformes, graciles ;
quarti et quinti craffiufeuli.

Cauda thorace longior, fexarticulata ; articulis quinque
antertoribus carinatis, carinis fpina antrorfum vergente

armatis; articulus fextus fupra bicarinatus, muticus, ter=

minatus folio/is quinque, articulis caude longioribus; in-
termedio lanceolato, acuto, porrecto, craflo, fupra pla-
niufculo, quadricarinato carinis interioribus obfoletis,
fubtus concavo 3. lateralibus ovali-oblongis, obtufis.

Neufteri decem (nulli fub articulo ultimo) duplicati:

Foliolis lanceolatis,. ciliatis.
O4/. Specimina magnitudine variant, alia triuncialia,
alia feptem. uncias longa..

Cancer Ampulla, macrourus, articularis, corpore ovali,

pedibus quatuordecim fimplicibus, laminis-

femorum poftici paris ovato-fubrotundis.
Tab. XID Fig. 3.
Phis fingular animal was alfo:'taken out of the ftomach:
of the fame feal in which the two former were found:

Its place in the Sy/ema Mature is next to Cancer
Pulex,

DEscrRIPTION,

191

a"

AvP) PQEAN De TtX!

DESCRIPTION,

‘Infe€tum ex ovali-oblongum, glabrum, pundulatum,
articulis quatuordecim compofitum, quorum primus
capitis eft, feptem thoracem mentiuntur, et fex caudam
tegunt.

Capitis clypeus antice inter antennas in proceffum.
conicum, acutum defcendit. " .

Antenne quatuor, fubulate, articulate, fimplices, cor-
pore decuplo breviores.

Pedes quatuordecim, fimplices, unguiculati; femora
poftremi paris poftice acuta, lamina dimidiato-fubrotunda,

integra, magna, quatuor lineas longa.

Cauda foliata, foliolo unico brevi bifido: Lacinia lan-
ceolate, acutz.

WVeufferi duodecim, duplicati, fubulati, pilis longis
ciliati, pofteriores retrorfum porreét. :

Od/. Specimina magnitudine variant, uncialia et biun-
cialia erant.

Cancer zugax, macrourus, articularis, pedibus quatuor-
decim fimplicibus, laminis femorum fex pofteriorum dila-
tatis fubiotundo-cordatis.

Tab. XII. Fig. 2.

This animal, which has not before been defcribed,
fhould be inferted in the Sy/ema Nature near Cancer
Pulex ; it was taken in the trawl near Moffen Hand.

4 DEscRIPTION.

AS ee ee PE IN iD SIT ACK,

DESCRIPTION.

Infe&tum oblongum, compreffum, dorfo rotundatum,
glabrum, {efquiunciale, articulis quatuordecim compo-
fitum, quorum primus capitis eft, feptem thoracem men-~
tiuntur, et fex caudam efficiunt.

Capitis Clypeus finu obtufo antice pro antennis emar-
ginatus. *

Antenne quatuor, fubulate, multiarticulate ; /uperiores
corpore fextuplo breviores, bifide: articulo bafeos com-
muni, magno; Razuulus interior exteriori duplo brevior.

Inferiores fimplices, fuperioribus duplo longiores.

Pedes quatuordecim, fimplices, unguiculati, unguibus
parum incurvis. Femora {ex pofteriora poftice aucta.

Lamina foliacea, fubrotundo-cordata, dimidiata, margine
integra, magna, (tres lineas longa.) 3
Cauda apice foliata. Folio/is duobus, oblongis, obtufis,
parvis.

Neufteri duodecim, duplicati, lineari-lanceolati, pofte-
riores retrorfum porrecti, ut facile pro appendicibus caudz
fumantur.

Cancer Pulex. Linn. Syft. Nat. p. 1055. 81.
Taken up in the trawl along with the former.

G VERMES.

Lox
co)

193

194

A MP ERY TAIN De ST XE

VE “RoE iis,

StpuncuLus Lendix, corpore nudo cylindraceo, apertura
fubterminali. Tab. XIII. Fig. 1.

Found adhering, by its {mall fnout, to the infide of
the inteftines of an Eider Duck. Mr. Hunter, who at
my requeft diffeéted it, informed me that he had feen the
fame fpecies of animal adhering to the inteftines of
whales.

DESCRIPTION.

Corpus croceum, fubcylindraceum, tres lineas longum,
craffitie penne pafferine, utraque extremitate parum at-
tenuatum, apice terminatum in Ro/irum anguftum corpore
quintuplo brevius, quo tunicis internis inteftinorum fefe
affigit; prope alteram extremitatem 4fertura fimplex,

pro lubitu extenfibilis.
A. A piece of the inteftine, with the animals adhering

thereto.
B. One of the animals magnified.
C. The fame cut open.

Ascrpra gelatinofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. 1087. 2.
Taken

oon

Barnes delin

felahaldon le

=a

Ae = )
Fig. 1. Cancer (PD0rtttd .

2. Caner MMAR.

3. Cancer Ainpullt.

I Caled all Soule

72

ROUT

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2
*
al 4.

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i) i sail BX Lei
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Bilt s ne, 2 , u
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thy Sil ite viii ‘tcp sit

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ath? tty VRE Le |
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Taken up in the trawl, on the North fide of
Spitfbergen.

Ascipia rujfica. Linn. Syft. Nat. 1087. 5.

Taken up likewife in the trawl, on the North fide
of Spitfbergen.

Lernea branchialis. Linn, Syft. Nat. 1092. 1.
Found in the gills of the Sea {nail mentioned before.

Cuio 4ehicina nuda corpore fpirali.
Martens Spithergen Englifh, p. 141. t. Q.
fic. e. Snail flime fifh.
Found in innumerable quantities throughout the
Ar@tick feas.

DESCRIPTION.
Corpus magnitudine pifi, in fpiram ad inftar helicis
involutum.

Ale ovate, obtufe, expanfe, corpore majores.

C110 /imacina nuda, corpore obconico.
The Sea May Fly. Marzen’s Spitfbergen
Englifh, p. 169. Tab, P, f. 5.

Geg2 ‘This

195

£96

Mo BD BANG EN pF
This little animal is found where the laft is, in equal
abundance, peopling as it were this almoft. uninhabited
ocean. Marten fays that they are the chief food of the
whale-bone whale; and our fifhermen, who call them by
the name of whale food, are of the fame op:nion,

Mepusa capillata. Linn. Syfi. Nat. 1097. 6.
Sea Blubber. |

Taken up on the pafflage home, about the latitude 65°.

Astertas pappofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. 1098. 2.
‘Faken up on the North fide of Spitfbergen.

Asrerias rubens, Linn. Syfi. Nat. 1099. 3.-

Sea Star.

Alfo taken up in the trawl] on the North fide of
Spitfbergen.

Astrerias Ophiura. Linn. Syf?. Nat. 1100: ¥1.

We likewife took this up in the trawl, on the North
fide of Spitfbergen.

Astrerias pettinata. Linn. Syft. Nat. rror: 14,
This, as well as all the reft of this genus, was taken up
in the trawl on the North fide of Spitfbergen.

CuiTon

ANE 2 nS or xe 197

Carron ruber. Linn. Syf?, Nat. 1107. 7.
Coat of Mai! Shell.

Taken in the trawl, on the North fide of Spitfbergen.

Lepas Tintinnabulum, Linn. Syft. Nat. 1168. 12.
Acorn Shell.

Was picked up on the beach of Smeerenberg harbour ;
but as it is much worn and broken, it is impoffible to be
certain, whether it is a native of thofe feas, or has been
brought there by accident.

Mya truncata. Linn. Syft. Nat. 1112. 26.

Likewife found on the beach in Smeerenberg harbour.

Myrixus rugofus. Linn. Syft. Nat. 1156. 249.

Was found with the former onthe beach at Smeerenberg,

Buccinum carinatum, tefta oblongo-conica tranf-
verfim ftriata 5 anfraétibus fuperioribus oblique obtufeque
multangulis; inferioribus unicarinatis.

Tab. XIII. Fig. 2.

Found on the beach at Smeerenberg harbour.

N. B. The fhell has been reverfed by a miftake of the

engraver.

TurRsBo

198

A’ AP OE eB 6X.

Turso Aelicinus, tefta-umbilicata convexa obtufa: an-
fraGibus quatuor lavibus.

Taken up in the trawl, on the North fide of
Spitfbergen.

Serruta /pirorbis. Syft. Mat. 1265. 794.
Found in plenty fticking to the ftones and dead fhells in
Smeerenberg harbour.

Serruta triguetra. Linn. Syft. Nat. 1265. 795.
Found with the laft adhering to dead fhells.

Sasztta frujiulofa, tefta folitaria libera fimplici
curvata: fragmentis conchaceis fabulofifque.

Taken up in the trawl on the North fide of

Spitfbergen.

DEscRIPTION.

Vagina {pithamea vel longior, craffitie penn anferine,
undique teéta fragmentis conchaceis fepe magnitudine
unguis, et fabulis magnitudine feminum cannabis,

Mixerora polymorpha. Linn, Syft. Nat. 1285. 53.

Varietas rubra.

Found thrown up on the beach at Smeerenberg harbour.

CELLEPORA

Airs Bi Ee Ne Db XG
Cexierora pumicofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. 1286. 56.
Found on the beach at Smeerenberg.

Synoicum turgens. Tab. XIII. Fig. 3.
Taken up in the trawl, on the North fide of Spitfbergen.

This animal is quite new to the Natural Hiftorians, and’

fo different from the Zoophytes which have been hitherto
defcribed, that it may be confidered as a diftin@ genus,

whofe chara&ers are the following :

Animatia nonnulla, ex apice finguli ftirpis fefe ape-

rientia.

| Stirpes plures, radicatz, carnofo-ftupofe, e bafi com-
muni erecte, cylindracee, apice regulariter pro anima-
libus pertufze..

It fhould be inferted- next to the: Alcyonium, with
which it in fome particulars agrees, but differs from it
materially in having the openings for the animals only at
the top, and the animals themfelves not exferted like
polypes (Hydra) which is the cafe in the Alcyonium.

DESCRIPTION.

Stirpes plures, radicate, carnofo-ftupofe, digitiformes,
cylindracee, fuperne paulo craffiores, obtufe, magni-
tudine digiti infantis, fubere&e, apice orificiis nonnullis
perforate, inferne dilatate feu explanate in bafin com-
munew lapidibus adherentem,

Orificia

SS,

AY PD RENT DE FL xe

Orificia fex ad novem, ordine circulari plerumque dif-
pofita; fub fingulo orificio cavitas longitudinalis, forfitan
fingulo animali propria, in qua

amo Faux angufta, brevis.

2% Inteftinum inftar ftomachi dilatatum, oblongo-
ovatum, inferne foraminibus duobus pertufum ; inter illa
foramina aliud defcendit inteftinum, valde anguftum,
filaforme, arcum brevem formans.

Cavitas, que per totam ftirpem longitudinaliter pro fin-
gulo animali deorfum tendit, fuperne ab inteftinis vix dif-
tinéta, infra illa autem cylindrum exhibet granulis parvis
(forfitan ovulis) repletam.

A. Shews the animals adhering to a ftone.

B. One of the animals feparate, a little magnified. -
€, ‘The fame cut open lengthways.

D. The fame cut open acrofs.

Friustra pilofa, Linn. Syft. Nat. 1301. 3.

Found adhering to ftones in Smeerenberg harbour.

Fiustra membranacea. Linn. Syft. Nat. 1301. 5.
Found with the laft mentioned fpecies.

P “Besa Nee Poe:

Acrostis algida panicula mutica contraéta, calycibus
breviflimis inequalibus,

2 Seay

Barnes

deline

Fig /.

‘ Nipuneultes SHUM.

a g 4
2. (Pucunum curmats.

? i 3
3. Synotcune Mig CHA,
bd 4

J. Caldmals. Sout

73

‘
aga inlnnts

ae EP Bee Ne DE i XS
This fmall grafs, which has not before been known to
botanifts, may be inferted among the fpecies of Agroffis
next to the minima.

DESCRIPTION.

Gramen in cefpitibus nafcens.

Radix fibrofa, perennis.

fola plurima radicalia, pauciflima caulina, glabra,
latiufcula, longitudine culmi, patula, bafi dilatata in
vaginas laxas.

Culmi ad{cendentes, glabri, fefquiunciales.

Panicula \ineari-oblonga, contraa, ftri&a, multiflora.

Calycis Glume membranacez, albide, glabre, mutice,
ineequales: exzerior minutiflima, ovata, obtufa; interior
oblonga, acuta, corolla quintuplo brevior.

Corolle Glume oblonge, acute, carinate, mutica,
glabra, femilineares: exterior paulo longior.

Stamina tria.

Stigmata duo.

Semen unicum, oblongum, utrinque acuminatum, a
corolla liberum.

Tit,£a aguatica. Linn, Spec. Plant. 186. 2.

Juncus campeftris, Linn. Spec. Plant. 468.17.

H h SAXIFRAGA

20f

202

‘cal Saag ae ae ae Ga
SaxirRaca oppofitifolia. Linn. Spec. Plant. 575. 18.

SaxirraGa cernua. Linn. Spec. Plant. sa 26.
Saxirraca rivularis. Linn. Spec. Plant. 577. 28.
SaxirraGA ca/pitofa. Linn. Spec. Plant. 578. 34.
Cerastium alpinum. Linn. Spec. Plant. 628. 8.

Ranuncutus /ulphureus, calycibus hirfutis, caule fub-
bifloro, petalis rotundatis, integerrimis, foliis. inferioribus
fublobatis, {upremis multipartitis.

Ranunculus quartus. Mart. Spitz. Engl. p. 58.
TTF. a

O6/. Primo intuitu Ranunculo glacial fimillimus, differt
autem, quod Peta/a rotundata, integerrima, intenfe lutea,
fulgida; et Folia minus fubdivifa; /uperiora fiffa, laci-
niis oblongo-lanceolatis integerrimis; 7feriora caulina
lata, plana, leviter triloba vel quadriloba.

This new plant fhould be inferted next to Ranunculus
glacialis.

Cocuiearta Danica. Linn. Spec. Plant. 903: 3-
Cocuiearia Groenlandica. Linn. Spec. Plant. 904. 4.
Sauix herbacea, Linn. Spec. Plant. 1445. 16.

Potytricnum commune. Linn. Spec. Plant. 1573. 1-

Bryum

APE # @ FX
Bryum Llypnordes. Linn. Spec. Plant. 1584. 21.

Befides thefe, there were two other kinds of Bryum,
the {pecies of which could not be determined, for want of
the fruétification ; the one refembled Bryum trichoides
lete virens, &c. Dill, Mufc. 391, t. 50, f. 613; and the
other Bryum hypnoides pendulum, Dill, Muf 394,
t. 50, F645) G:

Hyenum aduncum, Linn. Spec. Plant. 1592. 23.

Juncermanntia julacea. Linn. Spec. Plant. 1601. 20.

Another f{pecies of Jungermannia was alfo found, but
without fructification ; it is not much unlike Lichenaftrum
ramofius foliis trifidis. Di//. Mu/c. 489, t. 70, f. 15.

Licuen ericetorum. Linn. Spec. Plant. 1608. 12.
Licuen Jflandicus. Linn. Spec. Plant. 1611. 29.
LicuEen nivalis. Linn, Spec. Plant. 1612. 30.
Licuen caninus. Linn. Spec. Plant. 1616.48.
Licuen polyrrbizos. Linn, Spec. Plant. 1618. 57.
Licuen pyxidatus. Linn, Spec. Plant. 1619. 60.

Licuen cornutus. Linn. Spee. Plant, 1620. 64.

Hh 2 LIcHEN

203

204

AUP- P EN’ DP X.
LicnEn rangiferinus. Linn. Spec. Plant. 1620. 66,
Licuen globiferus. Linn. Mant. 133.

Licuen pafchalis. Linn. Spec. Plant. 1621. 69.

LicHEN chalybeiformis. Linn. Spec. Plant. 1623. 77+

AccouNT

aA Bn EM Be me

Account of Doétor Irvine’s Method of obtaining frefh.

Water from the Sea by Diftillation.

S the method of rendering falt water frefh, by
diftillation, introduced by Doétor Irving into the

Royal Navy in the year 1770, and pra¢tifed in this voyage, .

is an object of the higheit importance to all navigators,
and has not hitherto been generally known, I have added

the following very full account of its principles, apparatus, .
and advantages, with which I was favoured by Doéor.

Irving himfelf.

*¢ Previous to an account of this method of renderings
‘¢ fea water frefh by diftillation, it. may. not be improper
‘¢ to give'a fhort ‘detail. of: the experiments which have
** been formerly made: by others on this fubje@ ;_ pointing
‘* out at the fame time the feveral difadvantages attending
*¢ their proceffes, and the general -caufes which obftiructed
‘6 the defired fuccefs. .

‘* Without entering into an account of the earlier expe-
‘© riments, it will be fufficient to take a view of fuch as
*¢ have been profecuted . with moft. attention, for. the

laft forty years. .
ée Ee

205

AO Pi Bi Ne Ss ‘bh

«“ The firft of thefe was the procefs of Mr. Appleby,
‘¢ publifhed by order of the Lords of the Admiralty, in the
“ Gazette of June 22d, 1734. By the account of that
‘¢ procefs it appears, that Mr. Appleby mixed with the
“‘ fea water to be diftilled, a confiderable quantity of the
“ Lapis Infernalis and calcined bones. The highly un-
« palatable tafte of the water, however, exclufive of the
“ extreme difficulty, if not impoffibility, of reducing the
“¢ procefs into practice, prevented the further profecution
“¢ of this method.

“ Another procefs for procuring frefh water at fea,
“¢ was afterwards publifhed by Doétor Butler. Inftead of
“* the Lapis Infernalis and calcined bones, he propofed the
“ ufe of foap leys; but though the ingredients were fome-
“‘ what varied, the water was liable to the fame objections
“as in the preceding experiment. | Doétor Stephen
“ Hales ufed powdered chalk ; and introduced ventila-
“tion, by blowing fhowers of air up through the diftil-
“ ling water, by means of a double pair of bellows. It
«was found by this method, that the quantity of frefh
‘water obtained in a given time, was fomewhat greater
« than what had been procured by-:the procefs of Mr.
«© Appleby. This invention, however, was fubjeét to
* feveral difadvantages. The air box which lay on the
“ bottom of the ftill, as well as the chalk, much ob-
< ftru@ted the ation of the fire upon the water, at the
“fame time that the boiling heat of the latter was

“¢ diminifhed

A ieee mee ee ee IN St ATES XX
« diminifhed by the ventilation: fo that more than double
“ the ufual quantity of fuel was neceflary to produce the
*< fame effeét. Befides this method by no means improved
“ the tafte of the water.

“ The next who attempted any improvement was the
“‘ Jearned Doétor Lind, of Portfmouth, He dittilled fea
“‘ water without the addition of any ingredients; but as
‘* the experiment he made was performed in a vefiel con-

** taining only two quarts, with a glafs receiver, in his:
*‘ ftudy, nothing conclufive can be drawn from it for

*‘ the ufe of fhipping. Indeed experiments of the like
“‘ kind had been made by the chemifts in their labora-
*“ tories, for at leaft a century before.

“ In the year1765, Mr. Hoffman introduced a Still of a
“ new conftruation, with a /ecret ingredient; but the large
“ {pace which this machine occupied, being feven’ feet
“‘ five inches by five feet eight inches, and, with its ap-
“ paratus, fix feet feven inches high, made it extremely
“© inconvenient: at the fame time that, on account of its
“ fhallow form, the ufe of it was impracticable during
* any confiderable motion of the fhip. The water ob-
‘¢ tained, likewife, poffeffed all the difadvantages common
“* to the preceding methods.

« About

207

208

AB BR: Bo NigD: da XX
«‘ About the fame time experiments were made with a
< (till of the common conftruétion, and Mr. Dove’s zz-
“ gredient. ‘This method was attended with no advan-
“¢ tage over any that had been formerly ufed; the diftilled
‘¢ water was moft unpalatable; and the enormous fize of
“the apparatus, which occupied a {pace of thirteen feet

-« feyen inches by fix feet one inch, and fix feet five inches
y

‘in height, rendered it impracticable on board fhips.
«¢ An experiment was immediately afterwards made with
“ the fame ftill without any ingredient ; the refult, how-
“ever, was uniformly a moft unpalatable tafte of the
‘¢ water.

“¢ About this period, alfo, M. Poiffonnier of Paris intro-
«© duced into the French marine a ftill, three feet fix
‘inches long, two feet wide, and eighteen inches deep.
“A portion of the chimney pafied through the upper
‘‘ part of the ftill, much in the fame manner as that of
“« Mr. Hoffman: thefe gentlemen fuppofed that by this
“means they fhould fave fuel. The mouth of M.
<¢ Poiffonnier’s ftill was thirteen inches wide, on which he
“ placed a tin plate, pierced like a cullender, with thirty-
‘‘ feven holes of fix lines diameter each; to thefe were
“ fixed tin pipes, of the fame bore and feven inches long,
“ terminating within the ftill-head. The intention of
“‘ this contrivance is to prevent any of the water in the
‘¢ fill from paffing over into the worm, while the fhip
is in confiderable motion.
4 ‘In

— —_

Ag. PE-PO Et Niet DY X:

‘In every other refpet M. Poiffonnier employs
“a ftill-head, worm-pipe, and worm-tub, with all its
‘ufual apparatus; and he directs fix ounces of ofl
“ gleali to be mixed with the fea water at each dittilla-

an

“tion, to prevent the acid of the Magnefia falt from

an

‘rifing with the vapour, when falt begins to form on the

“‘ bottom of the ftill, It is probable that in M.

“ Poiffonnier’s ftill, which was even more fhallow in its
‘* form than Mr. Hoftman’s, fome of the water might be
*‘ thrown up toward the worm; in which cafe the pierced
“ plate with pipes might be of fome fervice in breaking the
“« direction of the water. But by Doétor Irving’s tube
‘¢ this inconvenience is entirely prevented, as experience
** fully evinces, viz. in a voyage to Falkland’s Iflands,
*‘ where it has becn ufed in diftillation every day; in
“ feveral voyages to the Eaft Indies ; and in this voyage, as
“* is mentioned in the Journal.

‘© M. _Poiffonnier, in corre@ting this error in the
“ conftruction of his {till, has introduced another of the
‘* moft capital nature in diftillation. For by means of
“the pipe-cullender, the vapour will meet with the
“ oreateft refiftance to its afcent, which will retard the
“ progrefs of diftillation in a very high degree, and
“‘ increafe the Empyreuma.

“From all the experiments abovementioned, it
‘cis. evident, that no method had hitherto been
“invented of making fea-water frefh, which was

Ley “* not

Pe

A gp: C6 UE, BIN ED* aT "HEX

“not attended with fuch inconveniences as rendered

(4

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66

ba

the feveral proceffes of fcarce any utility. The defeéts
of the various methods above enumerated, may be re-
duced to the following heads:

“7. The fmall quantity of water produced by the
ordinary methods of diftillation with a ftill-head, and
worm, could never be adequate to the purpofes of
fhipping, though the apparatus fhould be kept in con-

ftant ufe; and at the fame time, this mode of diftilla-
tion required a quantity of fuel, which would occupy

greater {pace than might be fufficient for the flowage
of water.
“2. A /fill-burnt tatte, which always accompanies this
method of diftillation, and renders the water extremely
unpalatable, exciting heat and thirft, if drank when
recently dittilled.
‘¢ 3, A total ignorance with refpe& to the proper time
of flopping the diftillation, whereby falt was permitted
to form on the bottom of the boiler; which burning,
and corroding the copper, decompoled the felenitic and
magnefia falts, caufing their acids to afcend with the
vapour, and act on the ftill-head and worm pipe, im-
pregnating the water with metallic falts of the moft per-
nicious quality.
«¢ 4, The {pace occupied by the fill, ftill-head, and
worm-tub, renders the ufe of them in moft cafes totally
impraéticable on board fhips. Add to this, their wearing
out fo faft on account of the caufes above mentioned,
the

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the great expence of the apparatus, with the hazard of
the ftill-head being blown off, and the inconveniences
thence arifing.
“5. The ufe of ingredients, which though onritted in
fome experiments in fmall, were neverthelefs erro-
neoufly confidered as effential to the making fea-water
{weet and palatable by diftillation.
“6. The inconvenience of a cumberfome apparatus,
calculated only to be eventually ufeful in unexpected
diftrefs for water, but conftantly occupying a great deal
of room in a fhip, too neceflary for the ordinary pur-
pofes to be {pared for that obje&.

‘¢ Having fpecified the principal defeéts of the feveral
methods hitherto propofed for making fea water frefh,
it will be proper before ftating the advantages of Doéor
Irving’s method, to confider briefly the principles of
diftillation in general, and the chemical analyfis of
fea water. |

“ Water, in an exhaufted receiver, rifes in vapour more
copioufly at 180° of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, than in
the open air at 212°, which may be confidered as its
boiling point.
“* Tt therefore follows, that any compreffion upon the
boiling fluid checks the vapour in rifing, and confe-
quently diminifhes the quantity of water obtained. This
is clearly examplified in the fleam-engine, where the
Live * confumption

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‘Ase PPE NAD aX.
confumption of water in the boiler is very inconfider-
able,. in comparifon to what would happen if the
compreffion arifing from the throat-pipe and valve of
that machine was taken off, and the prefiure of the
atmofphere only admitted. But by the reftraint of that
valve, the vapour becomes hotter, and increafes in
rarity and elafticity ; qualities eflential to the purpofes
of the engine, although the reverfe of thofe which
ought to take place in common diftillation. For the
columns of vapour fhould be removed from the boiling
fluid as faft as they afcend, without fuffering any other
refiftance than that: of the atmofphere, which, in the
ordinary bufinefs of diftillation, cannot be prevented.

‘© The impropriety of the common procefs of diftillation,
will appear evident by comparing it with the above
principles and faéts.

“Tn the common method of diftillation, the whole
column of vapour from a ftill of whatever fize, after
afcending to the ftill-head, muft not only find its paffage
through a pipe of fcarce an inch and half diameter ; but
defcend contrary to its fpecific gravity through air
which is fifteen times its weight, in {piral convolutions:
a courfe fo extremely il adapted to the progrefs of an
elaftic vapour, that frequently the ftill-head is blown off
with: incredible violence, owing to the increafed heat

3 | saad

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1 EI i Aa I Ms i Si

and elafticity of the vapour confined by this conftru@ion.
In the mean time, the external furface of the pipe
communicates heat to the water in conta& with it,
which, inftead of being entirely carried off, mixes with
the furrounding fluid, and heats the whole, rendering
it unfit for condenfing the vapour within; efpecially
when it is confidered that the fubftance of the pipe is at
leaft a quarter of an inch thick.

‘From what has been faid, it is plain, that the quan-
tity of diftilled water will be leffened: in proportion to
the refiftance made to the afcent of the vapour, while
the difficulty of condenfation will be greatly augmented,
in confequence of the increafed heat and elafticity of
the vapour. But thefe difadvantages, however great,
re(pecting the mode of dittillation, give rife to another
evil of a ftill more important nature, as affecting the
diftilled fluid with a noxious burnt taffe or empyreuma;
occafioned by the vapour, highly heated, pafling over
fo much furface of metal, viz. the ftill-head, crane-neck,
and a pipe of fix or feven feet in length, before it reaches

the water in the worm tub.

“© Having difcuffed the fubje& of diftillation, we come
now to treat of the chemical analyfis of fea water.

e<Sea-water,

219

BS AR SAR 2D Se AE,

*¢ Sea-water contains chiefly a neutral falt, compofed of
“© foffil alcali and marine acid. It likewife contains a falt |
“¢ which has magnefia for its bafis, and the fame acid.
‘¢ Thefe two falts are blended together in our common
‘fale in Engiand, which is prepared by quick boiling
“ down fea water.. But when the procefs is carried on by
‘the fun, or a flow heat, they may be collected fepa-
“rately; that which has the foffil alcali for its bafis
“ cryftallizing firft ; and this is of a vaftly fuperior quality
‘¢ for preferving meat, and for the other culinary pur-
“ pofes. The mother liquor now remaining, being
evaporated, affords a vitriolic magnefia falt, which in
England is manufaétured in large quantities, under the

214

a
n

-
n

Cal
.

name of Epfom falt.

*¢ Befides thefe falts, which are objeéts of trade, fea-
‘¢ water contains a felenitic falt, a little true Glauber’s falt,
‘* often a little nitre, and always a quantity of gypfeous
earth fufpended by means of fixed air.

n

an

‘‘ The fpecific gravity of fea-water to that of pure dif-
tilled water, is at the Nore as 1000 to 1024,6; in the
North fea as 1000 to 1028,02.

v4

an

£

n

“¢ The quantity of falt obtained by boiling fea-water in °
“ different latitudes, from 51° 30’ to 80°,43 N. L. is in-
*< ferted ina table in the former part of this Appendix.

‘¢ Sea-water,

A Babs Boe Ne Di lo X

*¢ Sea-water, when boiled down toa flrong brine, admits
* with difficulty the feparation of frefh water from it; the
*¢ diftillation becoming flower as the ftrength of the brine
** increafes, fo that a greater quantity of fuel is confumed
‘* in procuring a {maller portion of water, and this like-
** wife of a bad quality. From this effential circumflance
** arifes the neceflity of letting out the brine by the cock
“ of the boiler, when the diftillation is advanced to a
‘* certain degree; and of adding more fea-water to con-
“tinue the procefs if required.

“* The defedts of the feveral {chemes formerly propofed for
“ rendering fea-water frefh being pointed out, the general
* principles of diftillation explained, and the component
‘parts of fea-water analytically examined; the advan-
“ tages of the method invented by Do@or Irving remain
*‘ to be ftated, which may be reduced to the following:

“© 1, The abolifhing all ftills, ftill heads, worm pipes,
“and their tubs, which occupy fo much fpace as to
‘© render them totally incompatible with the neceflary
“ bufinefs of the fhip; and ufing in the room of thefe,
“ the fhip’s kettle or boiler, to the top whereof may oc-
“¢ cafionally be applied.a fimple tube, which can be eafily
‘6 made on board a vefiel at fea, of iron plate, ftove
“ funnel, or tin fheet; fo that no fituation can prevent a

“ fhip from being completely fupplied with the means of:

6 diftilling fea-water.

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215

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«2, In confequence of the principles of diftillation
being fully afcertained, the contrivance of the fimpleft
means of obtaining the greateft quantity of diftilled
water, by making the tube fufficiently large, to receive
the whole column of vapour; and placing it nearly in a
horozontal direction to prevent any compreflion of the
fluid, which takes place fo much with the common
worm.

“© 3. The adopting the fimpleft and moft efficacious
means of condenfing vapour; for nothing more is tfe-
quired in the diftillation but keeping the furface of the
tube always wet ; which is done by having fome {fea-
water at hand, and a perfon to dip a mop or f{wab into
this water, and pafs it along the upper furface of the
tube. By this operation the vapour contained in the
tube will be entirely condenfed with the greateft rapi-
dity imaginable ; for by the application of the wet mop
thin fheets of water are uniformly fpread, and mechani-
cally preffed upon the furface of the hot tube; which
being converted into vapour, make way for a fucceffion
of frefh fheets; and thus both by the evaporation and

clofe contaé&t of the cold water conftantly repeated, the
heat is carried off more effe€tually than by any other

method yet known.

«© 4, The carrying on the diftillation without any addi-
tion, a correét chemical analyfis of fea water having
evinced the futility of mixing ingredients with it, either
to prevent an acid from rifing with the vapour, or to

“© deftroy

Bp weer oe WN PD “AX.

‘¢ deftroy any bituminous oil fuppofed to exift in fea
‘¢ water, and to contaminate the diftilled water, giving it
“ that fiery unpalatable tafte infeparable from the former
*¢ procefies.

“5. The afcertaining the proper quantity of fea water
‘¢ that ought to be diftilled, whereby the frefh water is
** prevented from contraéting a noxious impregnation of
* metallic falts, and the veflel from being corroded and
“ otherwife damaged by the falts caking on the bottom
“ of it.

“ 6, The producing a quantity of {weet and wholefome
“ water, perfectly agreeable to the tafte, and fufficient
‘¢ for all the purpofes of fhipping.

‘67, The taking advantage of the drefling the fhip’s
*¢ provifions, fo as to diftil a very confiderable quantity
“‘ of water from the vapour which would otherwife be
“ loft, without any addition of fuel.

‘To fum up the merits of this method in a few
“* words:

“ The ufe of a fimple tube, of the moft eafy con-

“¢ ftruction, applicable to any fhip’s kettle. The rejecting
‘¢ all ingredients. Afcertaining the proportion of water to
‘be diftilled, with every advantage of quality, faving of
‘¢ fuel, and prefervation of boilers. ‘The obtaining frefh
“‘ water, wholefome, palatable, and in fufficient quantities.
| Taking

Seay

218

Ay: APUCP «FE IN cBD io SPs UK
“ Taking advantage of the vapour which afcends in the
“ kettle while the fhips provifions are boiling.

“© All thefe advantages are obtained by the abovemen-
‘‘ tioned fimple addition to the common fhip’s kettles.
«But Doétor Irving propofes to introduce two further
“« improvements.

“ The farft is a hearth, or ftove, fo conftru@ted, that the
“ fire which is kept up the whole day for the common
‘‘ bufinefs of the fhip, ferves likewife for diftillation ;
‘‘ whereby a fufficient quantity of water for all the econo-
‘‘ mical purpofes of the fhip may be obtained, with a very
‘* inconfiderable addition to the expence of fuel.

*« The other improvement is that of fubftituting, even
‘Cin the largeft fhips, caft-iron boilers, of a new con-
* ftru€tion, in the place of coppers.”

Directions for DistittrnG SEA-WATER.

“ As foon as fea-water is put into the boiler, the tube
“is to be fitted either into the top or lid, round which,
“if neceflary, a bit of wet linen may be applied, to
“© make it fat clofe to the mouth of the veffel; there will

66 be

AP Eo Pr; Ee NG Di 14 38
* be no occafion for luting, as the tube aéts like a funnel
‘¢ in carrying off the vapour.

“ When the water begins to boil, the vapour fhould
“‘ be allowed to pafs freely for a minute, which will
“ effectually clean the tube and upper part of the boiler.
“ The tube is afterwards to be kept conftantly wet, by
‘* paffing a mop or fwab, dipped in fea-water, along its
“ upper furface. The wafte water running from the mop,
‘© may be carried off by means of a board, made like a
‘‘ fpout, and placed beneath the tube.

“ The diftillation may be continued till three fourths of
* the water be drawn off, and no further. This may be
‘¢ afcertained either by a gauge-rod put into the boiler,
‘‘ or by meafuring the water diftilled. The brine is then
“to be let out.

“* Water may be diftilled in the fame manner while the
< provifions are boiling.

“© When the tube is made on fhore, the beft fubftance
“ for the purpofe is thin copper well tinned, this being
“‘ more durable in long voyages than tin plates.

_ © Inftead of mopping, the tube, if required, may have
‘© a cafe made allo of copper, fo much larger in diameter
“as to admit athin fheet of water to circulate between

Kk 2 © them

219

Aes P SPS HE MUN MDs TAX,
“them, by means of a fpiral copper thread, with a pipe
“of an inch diameter at each end of the cafe; the
“lower for receiving cold water, and the upper for
“ carrying it of when heated.

«© When only a very {mall portion of room can be
« conveniently allowed for diftillation, the machine
«© (N° 2. in the Plate), which is only twenty-feven inches
“ long, may be fubftituted, as was done in this voyage.
“The principal intention of this machine, however, is to
<¢ diftil rum and other liquors; for which purpofe it has
“ been employed with extraordinary fuccefs, in preventing
“an empyreuma, or fiery tafte.”

Explanation of Plate XIV.

‘“‘ Figure 1, reprefents in perfpeétive a fection of the
“two boilers taken out of the frame. In the back
“ part at D, E, are feen openings for the cocks, On
“ the top is a diftilling tube A, B, C, five inches dia-
“¢ meter at A, and decreafing in fize to three inches at C;
“ the length from B to Cis fave feet. Near C is a ring
“to prevent the water which is applied to the furface
“‘ from mixing with the diftilled water. In the infide of
«‘ the tube, below B, is a {mall lip or ledging, to hinder
“ the diftilled water from returning into the boiler by the
“ rolling of the fhip.

‘« In

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AA PT PREMNY DY 14 XxX.

‘In figure 2, A, B, C, D, reprefent a vertical fection
of a copper box, twenty-feven inches long, feven inches
wide, and eleven in height, tinned on the infide. In
the bottom F, is an aperture about fix inches in diameter,
having a ring to fit on the ftill or boiler. The dotted
lines which run nearly horizontal, are veffels of thin
copper, tinned on the outfide, two feet long, feven
inches wide, and three quarters of an inch deep. At
G isa funnel to receive cold water, which is conveyed
into the veffels by communicating pipes, contrived in
fuch a manner as to form a complete and quick circu-
lation of the water through their whole extent. When
the water is become hot by the aétion of the feam, it
is difcharged by the horizontal pipe at A. E is a pipe
from which the diftilled water or {pirits run, and is bent
in fuch a form, that the liquor, running from it, aéts
as a valve, and hinders any fteam from efcaping that
way. On the top of the box, at H, is a fafety-valve,
which prevents any danger from a great accumulation
of vapour, not condenfed for want of a proper fupply
of cold water.”

ACCOUNT

222

AV PP PLB VN DIT x,

Account of the AsTRoNoMICAL OssERVATIONS and

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Time-Keerers, by Mr. Lyons.

paee obfervations for finding the time at fea, were

taken with a brafs Hadley’s Sextant of eighteen
inches radius, made by Dollond; and fometimes by
Captain Phipps, with a fmaller of four inches radius,
made by Ramfden, which commonly agreed with the
other within a minute. ‘The error of the fextant
was generally found by obferving the diameter of the
Sun; which if the fame as double the femidiameter
fet down in the Nautical Almanac, fhewed that the
inftrument was perfectly adjufted; if it differed, the
difference was the error of the fextant. It was necef-
fary to know this error of adjuftment very exaély,
and therefore I generally repeated the obfervation of
the Sun’s diameter feveral times, and from the mean
of the refult found the error of the fextant. This error
will equally affe& all the obfervations taken near
the fame time, and therefore cannot be difcovered
from the comparifon of feveral obfervations. Under
the equator, an error of one minute in altitude, near
the prime vertical, will only produce an error of
four feconds in the apparent time; but in the latitude

of

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of eighty degrees it will caufe an error of twenty-three

feconds. As we generally took feveral fucceffive ob- .

fervations, any error in the obfervation itfelf will be
generally independent of the reft; and as I have calcu-
lated each feparately; the conclufions will fhew which

are erroneous, by their differing much from the mean

of all, which. cannot but be very near the truth,

“In calculating thefe obfervations, I found by the

logboard how much we had altered our latitude fince
the laft obfervation; and’ fometimes, when we had
an obfervation the noon following the obfervation
for the time, the latitude of the fhip at the time
the altitudes were taken was inferred from it. As moft

-of our altitudes were obferved when the fun was near

the: prime vertical, a fmall error in the latitude will
not produce any confiderable change in the time;

indeed, if it is exactly in the prime vertical, it will not.

make any change at all.

‘To find the Longitude from thefe obfervations: to
the apparent time found by calculation, apply the
equation of time according: to its fign, which will
give the mean time; the difference between which and

that marked by the watch, will fhew how much it is:

too flow or too faft for mean time.

ee Captain:

224

A BR PEN, D 1.%

“ Captain Phipps’s pocket watch, made by Mr.
«¢ Arnold, when compared with the regulator at Green-
“wich, May 26th, was twenty-four feconds too flow;
‘© i¢ was there found to lofe twelve feconds and a quarter
«© day on mean time. From this it is eafy to find
«¢ what time it is at Greenwich at any moment fhewn by
«¢ the watch.

‘© The watch was compared every day about noon
‘< with the two time-keepers made by Meff. Arnold and
‘«¢ Kendal; and from this comparifon, and their rates of -
‘‘ going previoufly fettled at Greenwich, together with
«‘ knowing how much they differed from mean time at
<‘ Greenwich before we fet out, was calculated the table
“which fhews what the mean time is at Greenwich
“* according to each time-keeper, when the watch is at
‘¢ twelve hours.

« By the help of this table, we may eafily find the
‘longitude of the fhip, as deduced from the going
«‘ of each time-keeper. Having found how much the
« watch is too faft or too flow for mean time at the
« fhip, we know what the mean time is at the fthip
‘¢ when the watch is at twelve hours; and by the table
«‘ we can find what is the mean time at Greenwich at
“the fame time, fuppofing each time-keeper had kept
<‘ the fame rate of going as it had before our departure:

4 the

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the difference of thefe mean times will give the longi-

tude of the thip.

‘‘For example, June roth, in the afternoon, the
watch was 1’ 24” too flow for mean time at the place
where we obferved; therefore, when the watch fhews
twelve hours, the mean time at this place was 125 1’ 24”,
At this time I find by the table, that according to
Kendal’s time-keeper, the mean time at Greenwich was
12h 9/4”: from this fubtraéting 125 1’ 24”, the mean
time at the {hip, the remainder, o' 43” is the difference
of meridians ; which, converted into parts of a degree,
giveso° 10' 45” for the longitude of the fhip according
to Kendal, which is to the Weftward, becaufe the mean
time at the fhip is lefs than that at Greenwich.

‘“ When we were on fhore, the obfervations were
made with an Aftronomical Quadrant, divided by Mr.
Ramfden, of eighteen inches radius, which was
placed on a folid rock of marble; the error of the line
of collimation was found by inverting the quadrant,
which was adjufted by a fpirit level. The weather did
not permit us to take correfponding altitudes of the
Sun, fo that we determined the apparent time by com-

putation from altitudes of the Sun’s limb; having before |

fettled the latitude of the place of obfervation, from
meridian altitudes of the Sun’s limbs taken with
the fame inftrument.

el > Sea

5)

an

226

ACP pa ale ee Tox:

<¢ The Latitudes of the fhip were determined moft com--
“¢ monly by the meridian altitude of the Sun’s lower limb;
“ ina few inftances, by that of his upper limb, when the
“ Jower was not fo diftiné, or was hid by clouds. The
“ height of the eye above the level of the fea, in all thefe
‘ obfervations, was fixteen feet. When we could not get
‘6a meridian obfervation, we made ufe of the method
‘© defcribed in the Nautical Almanac for 1771, from two
‘‘ altitudes taken about noon, and at a little diftance from it.

“ Tt fometimes happens that we can only take fome
“ altitudes very near the time of noon. If we have
‘© obferved any altitudes of the Sun near the prime vertical,
“ we may thence determine how much the watch is too
“© faft or too flow for apparent time; and confequently,
“how much the time when the altitudes were taken, is
« diftant from noon; it therefore remains to find how
‘© much thefe altitudes are different from the meridian
“ altitude. This may eafily be found by the following
«“ Rule:

“To the logarithm of the rifing, taken out of the
tables in the Nautical Almanac for 1771, add the com-
‘¢ plement arithmetical of the logarithmic cofine of the
“ fuppofed meridian altitude; from the fum (the index
“ being increafed by five) fubtrac&t the logarithm ratio
“ (found by the rules in the abovementioned Ephemeris)
“ the remainder is the logarithmic fine of the change in
«¢ altitude.

“Ex AM PLE.

EP & wb a x.

CO es eA Ml Be I Be. I.

“¢ June the twenty-firft, the altitude of the Sun’s center

*¢ was obferved to be 46° 6’ at 16’ 45” after apparent noon ;

~ ** the latitude by account was 67° 17’; theSun’s declination

“ being then 23° 28’ N, the fuppofed meridian altitude
SSAGe. ies

Ge
“ Suppofed Latitude 67° 17’ Co. Ar. Cof. 0,41322. Rifing r6/ 45” < : 2,42643

“ Sun’s declination 23 28 Co, Ar. Cof. 0,03749. Suppofed Mer. Alt. Ar, Co. Cof. 0,15967

; 7,58610
* Log. Ratio 0,45071 - - . 0,4.5071
‘© The change in Altitude is +-0° 5’ - . Sine 7,13539

**Obferved Altitude 46 6

ea

“¢ Meridian Altitude 46 11
“ Declination 23 28

‘¢ Altitude of the Equator 22 43
“ Latitude 67 17 N

‘* As the altitudes for determining how much the watch
“‘ differs from apparent time were taken near the prime
‘¢ vertical, a great error in the fuppofed latitude will make
“<a very infenfible change in the apparent time; nor will
“ it create any great difference in the variation of altitude
“© near noon ina given time; as will appear by the following
‘© computation:

aes *¢ Suppofe

~™I

228 APP? BEND? ES
| “ Suppofe the latitude by account was 68° 17’, a degree
‘¢ greater than before.

3.

“ Suppofed Latitude 68° 17’ Cof. Co. Ar. 0,43178 Rifing 16’ 45” - - 2442043
® Declination 23 28 —————_-0,03749 Suppofed Mer. Alt. 45. 11. Cof.Co.Ar.o, 15191
7957834

Log, Ratio 0,46927 et - - 0,46927

s¢ The change in the Sun’s Altitude is 0° 4f 25 . ~ Sine 7,19907

*© Obferved Altitude 46 6

“ Meridian Altitude 46 10 25
“ Declination 23 28
“ Altitude of the Equator 22 42 25 ;
“ Latitude 67 17 35 which only differs thirty-five feconds
* from the true latitude we found before.

“Eo xo Sere If.

“¢ June the twentieth, the altitude of the Sun’s center
“© was obferved of 28’ 38” after midnight, to be 1° 13’, the
«* latitude by account being 67° 40’ N.

5

« Suppofed Latitude 67° 40’ Cof. Co. Ar. 0,42022 Rifing 28’ 38” . 2,89380
“ Declination 23 28 ———-—— 0,03749 Suppofed Mer. Alt. 1° §’ Cof.Co, Ar.o,o0001
7:89381
** Log. Ratio 0,45771 - = - 9.45771
* Change in the Altitude —o°® of ~ - - : Sine 7,43610

“* Obferved Altitude 1 13

“ Meridian Altitude 1 4

Co-Declination 66 32

* Latitude 67 36 N
<* There

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“

Awe BP Xb a DT x.

“ There were two time-keepers fent out for trial by the
Beard of Longitude ; one made by Mr. Kendal after Mr.
Harrifon’s principles; the other, by Mr. Arnold: this
laft was fufpended in gimmals, but Mr. Kendal’s was
** Jaid between two cufhions which quite filled up the box.
They were both kept in boxes fcrewed down to the
fhelves of the cabin, and had each three locks; the key
of one of which was kept by the captain, of another by
the firft lieutenant, and of the third by mytelf; they
were wound up each day foon afternoon, and compared
with each other and with Captain Phipps’s watch. They
{topped twice in the voyage, owing to their being run
down; they were fet a-going again, and as they had been
“ daily compared together, it was eafy to know how
long each had ftopped, from the others that were {till
going; this time is allowed for in the table of the mean
time at Greenwich by each time-keeper.

“© When we were on fhore at the ifland where we ob-
ferved July 15th, we found how much the watch was too
flow for mean time. When we returned from the ice to
Smeerenberg, and again compared the watch with the
mean time, allowing the {mall difference of longitude
between the ifland and Smeerenberg, we found that it
went very nearly at the fame rate, as it did when tried
at Greenwich: fo that its rate of going was nearly the
fame in our run from England to the ifland, from thence
to the ice and back again to Smeerenberg, and in our

2 ** voyage:

4230

A iP PCAN sD)
“« voyage from thence to England, as we found on our
“return. By this means we were induced to give the
“‘ preference to the watch, and to conclude that the
‘longitude found by it was not very different from the
«© truth.

‘* The principles on which this watch is conftruéted, as
«* Tam informed by the maker, Mr. Arnold, are thefe: the
“ balance is unconneéted with the wheel-work, except at
‘‘ the time it receives the impulfe to make it continue its
‘© motion, which is only while it vibrates 10° out of 380”,
‘© which is the whole vibration; and during this {mall
“ interval it has little or no fri€tion, but what is on the
“ pivots, which work in ruby holes on diamonds : it has
“but one pallet, which is a plane furface formed out of
‘a ruby, and has no oil on it.

“¢ Watches of this conftru€ion go whilft they are wound
‘up; they keep the fame rate of going in every pofition,
‘¢ and are not affected by the different forces of the fpring:
*‘ the compenfation for heat and cold is abfolutely ad-
“* juftable.

* Time-keepers of this fize are more convenient than
‘‘ larger, on feveral accounts; they are equally portable
*‘ with a pocket watch, and by being kept nearly in the
*« fame degree of heat, fuffer very little or no change from
s¢ the viciflitudes of the weather.

“< This

AMP SPOE BND 21 SX:

“© This watch was exceedingly ufeful to us in our obfer-
“ vations on land, as the other time-keepers could not
“¢ fafely be moved: and indeed, in the prefent voyage,
“‘ where they were on trial, it was contrary to the intent
“¢ for which they were put on board, and might have been
“ attended with accidents by which the rate of their going
‘“* might have been greatly affected.

“The longitudes by Mr. Arnold’s larger time-keeper
“ are very different from thofe by the watch in our voyage
*¢ back from Spitfbergen to England; owing, probably, to
*‘ the balance-{pring being rufted, as we found when it
“ was opened at the Royal Obfervatory at Greenwich,
‘6 on our return.

“¢ The longitudes found by the Moon are deduced from

« diftances of the Moon from the Sun’s limbs, or from:

* Stars, taken with the fextant; whilft the altitudes of
“: the Moon and Sun, or Star, were taken by two other
“. obfervers.

“In one inftance (June 26th) the obfervations were all’

“ made by Captain Phipps with the fmall fextant fuc-

“ ceflively 5 and the altitudes of the Moon and Sun at the

“very inftant. the diftances were obferved, are deduced
* from the changes: in thefe altitudes during the interval
of obfervation.

“ T have

235

232

AsAP, UEKI AGNED PLO,

«J have calculated the longitude from each fet ‘of —

‘€ obfervations feparately, to fhew how near they agree’

“ with each other, and what degree of precifion one
“‘ may expect in fimilar cafes.

<¢ Obfervations of the diftances of the Moon and Sun, or
‘* Stars, may be ufeful to inform us if the time-keepers
‘‘ have fuffered any confiderable change in their rate of
“ going. For if the longitude deduced from the moon
“ differs above two degrees from that found by the
“« watches, it is reafonable to imagine, that this difference
“‘is owing to fome fault in the watch, as the longitude
<“found by lunar obfervations can hardly vary this
‘‘ quantity from the truth: but if the difference is much
“¢ Jefs, as about half a degree, it is more probable that the
“* watch is right, fince a {mall error in the diftance will
“ produce this difference.

“ The diftances of the Moon from Jupiter were ob-

** ferved, becaufe Jupiter is a very bright object; and the
“ obfervations are eafier and lefs fallacious, particularly
“* that of the altitude, than thofe of a fixed flar, whofe
“‘ light is much fainter. This method, however, requires
“¢ a different form of calculation, from that of the obferved
“¢ diftance of the Moon from a fixed ftar, whofe diftances
“‘ are computed for every three hours, in the Nautical
“Almanac. The principal difficulty in the calculation
** is to find the Moon’s longitude from the obfervation of
“ the

A Ee Vee Bet) Nee Ts eS
“‘ the diftance. This I have endeavoured to facilitate by
** the following problem, which may be applied to any
“¢ zodiacal ftar, and will be of ufe when the ftar fet down
** in the Ephemeris cannot be obferved.

Pern: OY sles Ber Me

“‘ Having given the diftance of two objeéts near the
* ecliptic, with their latitudes, to find their difference of
* longitude.

ES) OF LeU T tl Orie

*‘ Find an arc A, whofe logarithmic fine is the fum of
*¢ the logarithms of the fines of the two latitudes and the
** logarithmic tangent of half the diftance, rejecting twenty
© from the index of the fum.

“¢ Find an arc B, whofe logarithmic fine is the fum of
“ the logarithmic verfed fine of the difference of latitude,
“ and the logarithmic cotangent of the diftance, rejecting
*¢ ten from the index of the fum. |

‘¢ Then A added to the obferved diftance, and B fub-
** tracted from the fum, leaves the difference of longitude,

“< Tf one of the latitudes is South, and the other North,
“¢the fum of the two arcs A and B fubtra@ed from the
“* diftance, leaves the difference of longitude.

M m “EXAMPLE.

33

234

AR Pee a Ba? ge

soot! AS, Vanna RIG MR caer Byaat .

“ Auouft the thirty-firft, the obferved diftance of the
“© Moon’s center from Jupiter, cleared of refra&tion and
‘ parallax, was 32° 35’ 52”, the Moon’s latitude being
“1° 47’ N, and that of Jupiter 1° 36’ 5.

Latitude ) 1° 47% Sine 8,4930 Difference of Latitude, 3° 23’ Vers. Sin. 7,241 3.
“Tat. Y = 1 36 Sine 8,4459

“ Half diftance 16 18 Tang. 9,4660 Diitance 32 36 Cotang. 10,1941
“ Arc A. of 52% - - Sine 46,4049 Are Bo gf ai = | = = | Sine'r7,4354
“ The fum of thefe Arcs —10°17% Subtracted from
“the diftlance - 32° 35 §a

“leaves 32 25 35 the difference of Longitude between the Moon and Jupiter.

‘‘ Knowing the longitude of Jupiter from the Ephe-
*“ meris, and the difference between it and that of the
“Moon, we may infer the longitude of the Moon by
“ obfervation: and from the longitudes fet down for
“noon and midnight of each day in the Nautical
« Almanac, find the apparent time at Greenwich when
“ the Moon had that longitude, which compared with
‘the apparent time at the Ship, will give the difference
‘© of meridians.

A Table

A POS BM DPI «x. 24s

A Table fhewing what the Mean Time is at Greenwich, by each
Time-keeper, when the Pocket Watch made by Arnold is at 12°.

Day of | Arnold. ] Kendal. | Watch, Day of } Arnold. | Kendal. | Watch.
the the
Month. Month.
RT ANY Gee eee ey AA ie hl 77 tt (0S PNT ae cl daly 7 I -tealialy aae 77
June 2/12 © 38/11 59 56/12 1 49 July 27}11\50 34)12 § 27/12 13 5
3) 12g tlre, | Osi men, 2; 2 28/11 49 §9]12 § 48}12 13 17
4/12" 1 16) rz) jo, 25 en2 2p 15 29{11 49 31}12, 6 12] 12 13 2
5|1z2 2 36/12 © 45/12, 2 27 30/11 48 57}12 6 4oliz 13 42
Gina) 81 sa) n24 ous V2 082139 Bits) Nor2 (6) 52 nzers cal
TA Zz OL 2a oT at) lea E ei Aug. 1}1i 47 24/12 7 o|12 14 6
Sijrz 2 Sie fa Toles 1 9 2|it 46 34;12 7 12])12 14 19g
Q|iz 1 So}1z © 53/12 3 16 3\Il 45 Soyl2 7 32112 14 31
MO) | M2 2) hail aes meena |) 12) ni 8 4|IL 44 39|'2 7 34]12 14 43
LrT2. 2 00) te, 1 2802 3) 40 SILL 43 43412 7 38)12 14 55
te) t2) 2: T6lirz Oregair2 3.58 Ojir 42 36/12 7 3r}12z 15
EZ{1a 2° 4ht2 -1. 28) 12-45 beth Geet: eet Caer eee wow He
TA |itz 9 28 10) tas) 0 FS) say 7 EZ Dt FOe3z |. = « By eae
a ee do) ib a cay 11 ey We Xe) TE)ET 55 16|12 5 21172 16 4c
TOW 02) TIF Ok 2) L, e35 el zie Aiea I5|Il 54 3/12 § 38|12 16 58
U7 022 2eNONk2 Bia dee as. 1G}UE §2 46/12 § §3}12 17 10
Ail e-3" MELE S| eS NS Meri Mitt sr 27}tz 6 10/12 17 23
Fil FEE ME wal es) Wy NRA NS IB] so 8i12 6 33}12 17 35
BOWE? 02) ait. 2 it 2 Theo rg]tt 48 41/12 6 38]rz2 17 47
21 Maer Se {5 Taha DOMM Tea ye ei a Ole linz +18) vO
2212) T Agi ty 28 al Men arlicg 21,{11 45 23/12 6 58\rz 18 x2
2g) l2e Derg the !T= 30); wiz sO 22/11 43 34/12 6 47]12 13 24
ZANI2 9%) (2 P20 ol ZO ti2e (Oy 20 23 TL 4i5rjt2 6 Ssli2 18 36
Z5lEZ © 24lr2 1 17| 12 6 32 24{It 39 51/12 6 58)}12 18 45
20|11 59 52|/12 © 59/12 6 44 25/1t 37 66)12 6 66)12 19 1
29\I59 44txe © -4|pr2° 6 57 26/11 35 56/12 6 58}12 19 13
ZBL 6) 2012" r= a 27 ro 27/11 34 7|12 7 I5}1z 19 25
PO) TIO -Vik2 by 93) R27 21 280i 22, n7im2 7 32h ie 19 38
BOj}It 58 55/12 O 59) 312 7 34 2Q/1I 30 17/12 7 32112 19 50
July 1jir 58 45/12 21 “7/12 7 46 g0}lt 28 Qg)/t2_7 43}12-20 2
2|1r 68 29/12 1 1rol1z 7 58 gr{tr 26 14/12 7 57|12 20 15
3\1r 58 20/c2 1 21/12 8 10 Sept. I|tt 24 §{1z2 8 13/12 20 27
Alencar 2) lege, 2) aa 2/11 21 46}12 8 13/12 20 39
Sire 58 t2in2 Vz9/12 8 35 3/11 19 43/12 8 38]}12 20 51
Olin 57 solm2 1 47 02! 8 47 4|t1 17 2g}12 8 53/12 21 4
Z\II 57 42|12 1 59/12 8 59 SM 4 cole O 4iir2 21 16
OIL 67. 202 2) 10) Fah 5o) 12 OW T1162 )22 22 9 22 Ia 2p 28
Q|{I 57 20/12 2 25/12 9 24 7)I1 g 38|12 9 22/12 21 4o
IO]II §6 59/12 2 33/12 9g 36 O}tL 3 53/12 9 44a)r2 22
TI{IT 56 47/12 2 45/12 g 49 11/10 $7 16112 9g 46] 12 22 30
P21 (56 Qe 2 ahi ta TO se 13]10 $0 45/12 10 16/12 22 G4
W3|tr 56 13112 2 58] 12 10 13 14/10 35 'oO|rz 10 3r{tz2 23 ,
W4jIT 55 33/12 2 44/12 10 2 1510 42 31 }12 10 47]|12 23 19
TG [isk Sh nis r2) 10) 38 16/10 39 36|12 11 4}12 23 31
IO{II 55 20}12 2 34/12 10 50 17|10 35 Sg|t2 tr 31/12 23 43
L 7 rem PR Gee 2) aah eh 2 ge LY 1 18]10 31 53412 11 47|12 23 56
1Sdair 54 56;12 3 18/12 11 14 19|10 27 Itj{1z 11 §2|+2 24 8
TO jit F4s2uin2 2 2221 27 20}/10 23 o|1z 12 16|12 24 20
20|II 54 4/12 3 32}12 11 39 z1}10 18 38}12 12 4o}i2 24 32
21/11 §3 39/12 3 §9)12 IF 51 23}10 8 54}12 13 39]12 24 57
2a R sakes qe Onn Zena 24/10 4 13/12 14 lo}Iz 25 9g
23|L1 52 solr12 4 3812 12 16 25] 9 58 s2}12 14 37/12 26 21
24 EG 2 URI TZ. ay aziz, 20 26] 9 53 54/12 14 59/12 25 34
26/11 §t 48{12 § g|12 12 40 27; 948 812 15 35|12 25 46
26,11 §1 1ojr2 6 16{12 12 53

Mm 2 Obfervations

Bas": y Pie 2 MW Dy

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Time-keepers.

May 30, P. M. off Sheernefs.

‘Time by | Alt. of the | Alt.of the} Apparent | Mean Watch

the Sun’s lower} Sun’s ‘Time. Time. too
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow. .
bh 7 “4 °o / 4 o 4 “ h ta “ / “t + WwW

h
5 48 46] 17 46 0 417 55 ©} 5 53 47] 5 50 57) 2 11 Mean of the Caan 2'—s0"
5 5t 12] 17 14 © 117 23 O} 5 57 25) 5 54 35] 3 23 two latt,

5 53 121 16 57 9 bt17 © Ol § 59 101 5 56 201 3 8 Ee GM

h ‘Mee 4 ib & OW h a
At 12" by the Watch, mean Time atthe Ship, 12 3.15. - « ~ 12 3 Tigine Wet “e\ Ye Ws? 3) TG
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 1 13 by Arnold, 12 0 27 by Kendal, 11 59 49
Difference of Meridians, Qo 2 2 o 2 48 Oo 3 26
Longitude of the Ship, 0° 30’ 30” E 0° 42’ o” 0? 51’ 30%

June 4, A. M.

Time by| Alt. of the |Alt.of the; Apparent) Mean | Watch

the Sun’s lower} — Sun’s ‘Time. Time. too:
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
he u ° t “ ones in hw u" a / “" ye on
9 44 5] 51 47 30 |5t 56 30] 9 52 44] 9 50 37| 6 22 Ate: Eq. Time» 2/—7”
9 47 30] 52 8 9 |52 17 91 9 55 32) 9 53 25 5 55 |Mean 6’ 9
9 50 Of 52 27 30 l52 36 30 9 58 161 9 56 9] & 9g

h , u” h , “" h t mM.

At 125 by the Watch, mean Time atthe Ship, 12 6 gg... .12 6 g. ~~. .12 6 Qf.
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 1z 215 by Arnold, 12 1 16 by pe) a2 Iz 0 25
Difference of Meridians Oo 3 54 © 45 © 4
Longitude of the Ship, 0° 58’ 30” E 1° 43’ ash 1° oe or

June 6, A. M.

mn

‘Lime by | Alt. of the , Alt. of they Apparent; Mean | Watch

the Sun’s lower| Sun’s ‘Lime, ‘Time. too.
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
h UT ue ° , ” a / ” ae ‘ wih / i | 4 Eq. Time. 1/—48"
949 15| $2 25 © | 52 33 50] 9 59 43] 9 57 55| 8 40
Q 51 10] 52 38 45 152 46 35}10 18 4t| 9 59 53| 8 43 | Mean8’ 51”
O52 45 S25 SO hs TO ZOULO! Sra STO 2) Seno
bh i u" h a ee h Mf uw
At 125 by the Watch, mean Time atthe Ship, 12 8 51. . - «12 8 §r. . . . tz 8 51
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 2 39 by Arnold, 12 1 50 byKendal, 12 0 55
Difference of Meridians, ©) {6712 o7 °o 7 56
ongitude of the Ship, 1° 33'0%E pee el To 1° 59/0”

Obfervations

&# PP EN D } X. 237
ce
Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Time-keepers.

|

June 8, A. M.

Time by | Alt. of the | Alt. ofthe] Apparent} Mean | Watch
the Sun’s lower} Sun’s Time. Tune. too |-
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.

—

h U N ° , u“ ° U u h , Mih , ‘ | eee

g 28 o| 48 48 0 | 48 56 45) 9 35 11] 9 33 45) 5 45 Mean 5 49'{20: Time 1/=-26"

LOSE ONS 7, LO OR Sig On OC ITO CRE ONSET S 5h 1'—25/"

. h UF h COUR h Tn OF
At 12 bythe Watch, mean Time-at the Ship, 12 5 49... « .12 549... 212 5 4¢
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 3 4 by Amold, r2) 2 8 by Kendal,rz 1 10

Difference of Meridians, o 245 ° 3 41 oun
Longitude of the Ship, o® 41 15” E OP 5 cne’ 12 9/ 45”

eae ee ee See
June 8, P. M:

‘Time by ; Alt. of the |Alt.of the} Apparent | Mean | Watch

the Sun’s lower] Sun’s Time. Time. too
Watch. Limb. Center. flow.
/ “a ° ) VL fo Pama! RF; VL bh / “ h , 4 / Ww
zZ O| 19 53 © |20 © of 5 48 12] § 46 56) 4 56 Eq. Time. 1/—16/’

h
Dit Q , /
5 44 35} 19,32 9 |19 38 50} § 50 38) 5 49 22] 4 47 | Mean 4’ 51”
5 46 50] 19-12 0 [19 18 Sol § $2 56] 5 St 401 4 50

inp kth atl hel pa JE A Re

At 124 bythe Watch, mean Time attheShip, 12 4 $1... . 12. 4 Glee ex ws IRS ACE

At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 3 «4 byArnold,12. 2. 8 by.Kendal, 12 1 to
Difference of Meridians, 0. 247 O24 38 © 3 41h
Longitude of the Ship, 07 267 45” coh Cover id © 557 16”

June 11, A. M.

Time by | Alt. of the | Alt. ofthe} Apparent; Mean ) Watch

the Sun’s lower} Sun's Tine, Time. too
Watch. Limb. Center. fait.

Bp ill pees acts bales. tn ea eetedienn ody da aiedltag se Eq. Time o/—51”
9 4:35) 44 41 © T4449 40] 921977) 9) 9 25) 4). 9 Mean
g 6 10] 4455 9 }45 3.40) 9 3. 1) G 2.10) 4 0 4/2”
9 7 5°] 45 9 © 145 17 401 9. 4-45) 9 3 54) 3 56
10-12 49) 52 30.0 |52 44 golio. 5 19/10 4 23] 8 21
At 124 by the Watch, mean Time at the Ship, 11 55 58. . . . 40.55 69... so. rt 55 58
At Greenwich, by the Watch, ¥2 3°40 by Arnold, 12 2 11 by Kendal, 12 + 28}.
Difference of Meridians, Oye ype ie} °o 6 13 Oo § 30
Longitude of the Ship, ° To hago NV: 19 23° 707 1° 22/ 30!

Obfervations

as kee EW DP Foe

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Time-keepers.

June 13, A. M.

Time by] Alt. of the }Alt.of the/ Apparent] Mean {Arnold

Arnold. | Sun’s lower} Sun’s ‘Time. Time. too
Limb. Center. flow.
th , “ut oO uv ° / wih / “ih , Gwe A

10 16 17] 49 39 .0 |49 50 10/10 20 37/10 20 11! 3
10 20 i7] 49 55 © |50 6 1o|10 24 8) 10 23 42) 3
10 25 35| 50 18 oO 150 2g 10)10 29 27/10 29 1) 3

4 Lat. 59° 24/
5 Mean | Eq. Time o—26”
5 3 267 :

‘ h Mes h ha SEF h Lath,
{At 10° by Arnold, mean Time at the Ship, 10 3 26... .10 326... 10 3 26
At Greenwich, by the Watch, ro 3 50 by Arnold, 10 1 49 byKendal,1o 1 13
{Difference of Meridians, Qo 0 24 Oueteay Onnzuta
| Longitude of the Ship, 0° 6 0” W 0° 24 15” E 0°33’ 16" By

Mean {Arnold

Time by | Alt. of the | Alt. of the] Apparent

Arnold. | Sun’s lower] Sun’s Time. Time. too
Limb. Center. flow.
Ai ted fol te |o 7 wl om Ge aba meu oy og)
4 5 36 22] 22 10 30/22 18 o| 5 4t 6] 5 40 44| 4 22 | & Lat. 59° 46’ a’
| 5 38 55] 21 52 o}2t 59 30] § 43 18] 5 42 56) 4 1 | & Eq. Time o—22
5 39-57| 21 44 301/21 64 10] 5 44 20] 5 43 58] 4 1 | * Mean of
5 41 17] 21 35 O]21 42 30] 5 46 26) 5 46 3| 4 46 the five
5 43 3) 21 20 oj21 27 30] 5 48 8] 5 47 46) 4 43 marked
545 9] 21 6 30]21 13 Sol § 49 43] § 49 21] 4.12") = 4’ 8”
Bag dee Ore op tee ah aoe S|
20 47 0120 54 20) 5 52 531 § 52 31) 4 51 '*
te aio th, hy choo h t ©
At 6% by Arnold, mean Time at the Ship, Gree (Be eben 0 10 cA NE DIcoMley te wel Al mee
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 6 3 52 by Arnold,6 1 49 byKendal,6 1x 14
Difference of Meridians, o 0 16 oO} 2.19 ‘Or 2g
{Longitude of the Ship, 0° 4’ Oo” E 0° 34’ 45 0° 43/ 30”

June 14, A.M.

Time by | Alt. of the | Alt. of the} Apparent Mean |Arnold

Arnold. | Sun’slower} Sun’s | Time. Time. too
Limb. Center. | ~ 4) fait.
h if A ° ‘ au ° ‘ “ h / “ h / ae , i ara
19 44 321 45.57 0146 8 0} 9 43 56) 9 43 43] 0 49 Lat. == 60° i7’
9g 48 41) 46 21 © 146 32 0} 9g 48 20] g 48 7] © 34 |Meano’ 48”\Eq. Time o’—13”
1 9 52 531 46 41 0 146 52 0] 9 52 41 9 51 5t, 1 2

h ‘ “ h - te h eri té

At 10% by Arnold, mean Time at the Ship, 9 §9 12.

: eeiie: Har Gy FOUR Rae keek sane) 50) 22
At Greenwich, by the Waich, 10 3 $9 by Arnold, 10 1 52 byKendel, io 1 20
Difference of Meridians, © 447 © 2 40 } oye RE
Longitude of the Ship, 1° 11’ 45” W 0° 40! o” O73 2004

Obfervations

Appa fiecnlee a NG ih a. We 239

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Time-keepers.

June 15, A. M.

Time by | Alt. of the | Alt. of the; Apparent Mean fArnold
Arnold, | Sun’slower| Sun’s Time. Time. too

Limb. Center. flow.
eae 7 a ats “" Ob TL Heer antes We tee eer tae ere a
8 26 48} 38 3 o 138 13 go] 8 28 16} 8 28 13} x 35 Lat. 60°17’
8 28 5] 38 11 30 |38 22 10] 8 29 40} 8 29 37/ 1 32 |Mean 1/33”! Eq. Time o— 3”
8 29 81 38 20 o }38 30 40] 8 30 53] 8 30 sol 1 42

bee 28 Bf h «+ fe arm te
At 8 by Arnold, mean Time at the Ship, SEMIS Fe <b cleo 3S, (ER IGS fe MS. ES Oral aig
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 8 4 y by Amold,8 1 56 by Kendal,8 1 28}
Difference of Meridians, Oo 2 36 Oo 0 23 @ fo «sh
Longitude of the Ship, 0° 39/ o” W 0° 6/457 W Pa! 15H:
June 17, A. M.
Time by} Alt. of the |Alt.of the |Apparent { Mean {Arnold |
Arnold. | Sun’s lower] Sun’s Time. Time. too
Limb. \Center, flow.
Toenail cnaod nucle iene tae elon
9 33 11] 43.41 0 143 52 0| 9 35 29] 9 35 53) 2 42 Lat. 62° 43” 30”
9 34 58) 43 51 © |44 2 Of 9 38 35) 9 39 0] 4 2 sity a Decke:. 23 25 20
9° 30 45) 44 2° 0 [44 13 Of 9 39-361 9 40° oO} 3 15 | Mean 3°31”! Eq. Time of24
9 37 40] 44 © 30 144 17 30] 9 40 31) 9 41 55) 4 15
9 42 41 4430 0 '44 41 0] 9 45.13! 9 45 371 3 33
h by h t.AB h iw) )

At ro by Arnold, mean Timeat'the Ship, 10 3°91. « » » 12 3 3h «+ + «© 10> 3 32

At Greenwich, by the Waich, ro. 4.50 by Arnold, 10 2 2 byKendal,ro 1 44
ifference of Meridians, oO F IQ ® 12 Oo 1-47

Longitude of the Ship, 0° 19/45" W 0° 22) 16/"E 07 26 45” E

June 18, P. M.

Time by | Alt. of the ; Alt. of the | Apparent} Mean | Watch
the Sun’s lower} Sun’s }-Time. Time. too

Watch.. | Limb. Center. flow.

Fae / aw ° / “ Q t? in h / “e h é “ / ul

3 32 43| 35 58 30 |36 9 10) 3 33 5/3 33 45] F 4 vp (oe 65° 25/ o"t

Begawednsic Sout 0 1/36 O Ao 3-34 actos aie reiorra | Meant 4. Decl. 23. 26 10

3 37 381 35 29 2135-39 401 3 38 I5| 3 38 55] 1 37 Eq. ‘Pime o-+40
h é fA h / uv h / "

At 12" by the Watch, mean Time at theShip, 12. 1 4. + + +12 ET 4+ + + -12 1 a

At Greenwich, by the Watch, 2 5 6 by Arhold,rz2 2 5 Sy Kendal,i2 1 5

Difference of Meridians, ey ele Orn 0 04

Longitude of the Ship, 1° of 30/’ Wi OoG ine! 0° 11’ 45

Obfervations

240 ACPL A EA NAO! 1G Re

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the 'Time-keepers.

June 19, P. M.

Time by} Alt. of the | Alt. of the{Apparent ] Mean | Watch

the Sun’s lower} Sun’s ‘Time, Tine. too
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
yi) 77'| G MOLL HORE PAIRED aL | Mee em | rates ;
3 55 38) 33 33 © |33 43 30] 3 54 St] 3 55.45) 0 7 | * Lat. 66° 27’ 0”
3 56 39] 33 20 © 133 30 30] 3 57 9] 3 58 3] © 2 Decl. 23 27 10
3 68 1/8) 33 12 ,0.133 22.30] 3. 58 331/63 FO 27) 1.219 aq. Time O+541°
4 »5 28| 32 30 © |32 40 30/4 § 55| 4 6 49] 1 21 |Mean of all
4 6 8) 32 25 © 32 35 30] 4 6 47) 4 7 41] 1 33 | but thetwo
4 7 57} 32 ¥6 © 132 26 30] 4 8 20] 4 9g 14] 1 17 | marked
4%) B30) 32 12 Jo 132 23 a0} 4° 857] 4. gyn] I 2r | 1’ 24”
6 4 34| 20 44 30 [20 54 0] 6 5 19] 6 6 14} rt 40 Lat. 66° 35’ 0”
6 § 27) 20 4r © {20 50 30] 6 5 54) 6 6 4g} x 22 Decl. 2322750
6 g 9] 20 9 © /20 18 20} 6 11 25{ 6 12 20] 3.11 | & Eq. Time o+55
h 2 ONE h LAY ai h EOE,
At 12'by the Watch, mean Time at the Ship, 12 3 24. . . «12 1244 6 6 c12 1 24
t Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 § 19 by Arnold, 12 2 14 byKendal,iz 3 7
Difference of Meridians, On Biacr o 0 50 ‘ o 0o4
Longitude of the Ship, 0° 58/45” W 0° 12' 30” 0° 10! 457”
June 21, A.M.
Time by | Alt. of the {Alt. of the} Apparent| Mean { Watch
the Sun’s lower} Sun’s Time. Time. too
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
h / “a ° / at o ‘ “ h , u” h ‘ “ ah “ meet
8 50 33] 37 14 © |37 24 40] 8 52 41] 8 53 56] 3 23 Mean | Lat. 67° 35’ 0”
8 54 ©} 37 30 30 137 4t 10] 8 56 12] 8 57 27| 3 27 325” Decl 23 27 55
8 59 221 37 53 0138 3 40! 9 o s7l 9g 2 12! 2 50 Eq. Time I+15
j h eo yt h 7 “ h rd Ww
At 12" by the Watch, mean Time at theShip,r2 3 25. « «© 812 325+ 6 « «12 3 25
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 § 43 byArnold, 12 1 57 byKendal, 12 2 5
Difference of Meridians, o 218 Oo F725: 0) s120
Longitude of the Ship, 0° 34’ 30” W 0° 22/0” E 0° 20’ o” E.

Obfervations

AR PEP BE Ne De 1 Xe 24

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Time-keepers.

June 25, A. M.

Mean |Arnold
Time. too
flow.

Time by | Alt. of the | Ait. of the] Apparent
Arnold. | Sun’s lower} Sun’s Time.
Limb. Center.

| Oey OM re) ‘ us ° ¢ a hk “ had Z wie us
7 68 27] 32°31 © |32 41 30] 8 34 25] 8 36 32138 5 Lat. 73059"
8 o 40] 32 36 15 |32 46 45} 8 35 56] 8 38 3/37 23 Decl. 23 24 25
8 2 58] 32 42 30 132 53 of 8 37 41] 8 39 48/36 50 Mean Eq. Time 247
8 3 §2| 32 46 15 132 56 45} 8 39 28] 8 41 35/37 43 | 37°30” :
8 4 58! 32 50 30 33 1 0) 8 4o 0] 8 42 7/37 9
8 5 42] 32 54 0133 4 301 8 41 0! 8 43° 7)37 25 :
[Vise es Canied hy ws “ ger LeiGe7
At 8° by Arnold, mean Time at the Ship, SrB7 WGOr a ae et OPO eg Ole ne 6) 68-39) 3G
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 8 8 36 by Arnold, 8 2 28 by Kendal, 8 3 2,
Difference of Meridians, 029 0 735. 68 © 34 16
Longitude of the Ship, 7° 15/0 E 8° 477 of 8° 33! 4 s/h
June 26, P. M. :
Time by, Alt. of the )Alt.of the] Apparent; Mean ) Watch
the Sun’s lower} Sun’s Time. Time. too
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
h ie “" ° / “ut Pa la “ h ‘ “ h f “ / “uw i
3 31 36) 29 17. O [29 27 15] 4 10 25]. 4 12 4g} 4t 13 Lat. Fala eeio”
3 34 55] 29 3 O ]29 13 15| 4 14 10] 4 16 34/41 35 Decl. 23 25 950
3 35 31) 28 58 30 J2g 8 45] 4 15 21] 4 17 45)42 14 Eq, ‘Time 224
3°36 55] 28 55 O 129° 5 15) -4 16 52] 4 19 16) 42 21 Mean
3 38 14| 28 49 © 128 59 15] 4 17 52] 4 20 16)/42 2 42! 14”
3 39 10| 28 44 30 128 54 451 4.19 6] 4 21 30]42 20
; Le I RL ay ar Tt Seagal |
At 12> by the Watch, mean Time at the Ships mia lane ty ok ot be 2) Uta, |. liz eq aA
At Greenwich, by the W, atch, i 12 6 44 by Arnold, 11 59 52 by Kendal, L2 0 S9h4
Difference of Meridians, ' : © 35 30 Ovgiz 22 2s O41 16
Longitude of the Ship, | 82:5 2/307 E ro? 36' 30% 10° 18/-45/

?

Nn Obfervations:

242 Ay Be Bp Ba N@ DY 12%,

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Time-keepers,

June 28, P. M.
| Time by | Alt. of the |Alt. of the} Apparent} Mean) Watch

the Sun’s lower} Sun’s ‘Time. Time. too
| Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
Rohwere Wiest ie! te LO. thy mile th Viney) mi Wen) eae a7 al hor Yee
15 56 so| 20 45 © }20 54 30] 6 33 21] 6 36 5/39 15 Lat, 77° 30" of
5 58 40 20 42 © |20 51 30) 6 34 18) 6 37 2/38 22 |] Mean | Decl. 23 16 10
15 59 21 20 40 © 120 49 30] 6 34 551 6 37 39! 38 37 |f 38! 29 \Eq. Time ~ 2444
h bo Prae ime A 7
At 12" by the Watch, mean Time at the Ship, 12 3 2Q) 01> at» L245 206. @ Us © (ha ao 28
At Greenwich, by the Watch, #2" 7g 12 $9 26 2) 2
Difference of Meridians, © 31 20 0 39 3 © 37 271
Longitude of the Ship, 2° sof of” E 9° 45/457 9° 21! 45”)

June 29, P. M.
Time by { Alt. of the |Alt. of the; Apparent | Mean | Watch

the Sun’s lower} Sun’s Time. | ‘Time. too

Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
Forge oo) Calon Maen Seen etial re ie
(341 37) 27 29 © |27 39 10) 4 22 41] 4 25 444 4 Lat. 78° 1 40”
3 43.25| 27 20 © |27 30 10] 425 11 4 28 1144 36 Decl, 25 FF rg}
3.40 30] 27 If © {27 21 10) 4 23 47] 4 31 47/45 17 Mean Eq. Time 3+0
347 441 27 © © |27 16 10] 4 30 23] 4 33 23/45 44 | 45/25”

3 43 63| 27 © © [27 10 10) 4 32 36] 4 35 36}46 43

450 241 26 57 © 127 7 10] 4 33 291 4 36 29146 5

h ‘ a” h ‘ “ ih 4 “

At 12° by the Watch, mean Time at the Ship, 12 45 25. «© © © 1245 256 6 « . 45 25
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 7 21 by Arnold, 11 59 11 by Kendal, . P31)
ifference of Meridians, °o 38 4 © 46 14 © 44 22
Longitude of the Ship, 9°31 o E 11° 33 30” nr? 6! 30!

June jo, P. M.

Alt. of the |Alt. of they Apparent) Mean 4 Watch
the Sun’s lower} Sun’s Time. |; Time. too
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.

ag ag See Raat ahd tak ey 7

§ 58. 43| 20 27 © |20 36 25
6

bee. de h 4) Mh a “ *

6

Oo 4}).20 29 O |20.29 25] 6
6
6

40 1} 6 43 14/44 31 Lat. aie i
42 28] © 45° 34145 30 } Mean | Decl. 23 9 20
43 521 © 47 5)45 28 | J 45°29" | Bq. Time 3-413
44.1746 47 30145 2

» 1 37, 20 1G 30 120 2m 55
0. 2 23], 20 14 15 hao 23 40

hse# hnsew# (aT Bel / 2

{At 12" by the Watch, mean Time at the Ship, 12 4529... - oo 0 B25A5 20

At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 7 34 by Rea re Lone rs by Kendal, 12. 0 59
Difference of Meridians, ing mY 55 o 46 34 © 44 40
Longitude of the Ship, 45 E HI? 55% 30" Mow 407

Obfervations

Ape Me ie tp “yy 4 243

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the ‘Time-keepers.

July 2, P.M.
Time by | Alt. of the | Alt. of the {Apparent Mean {| Watch

the Sun’s lower} Sun's Time. Time. too

Watch. { Limb, Center. flow.

ey ae ° f “ ° a ” Bd iF ho ake | f uw
46) f4if 20) sig 2m 4 30 28 59 32 34/46 30 Mesa Lat. 78° 23 50
47 44] 20 52 2s WF BOT D 2959) BBS BE GOT, Ls A sete Decl. 23 ‘© 50
49 59] 20 47 z0 56 30 3L 16/45 17 + Eq. Time 3435

37 22/44 25
38 46/44 51 Jof the four

>
ADNADAN =
&e
Ww

° 6
fe) 6
° 6
52 57} 20 41 0 |20 50 30} 6 33 47
53 55] 20 37 9 |20 46 30) 6
5 ° 6
5 ) 6

5
5
5
5
5
5
5

4 49] 20 3 20 44 39] 6 35 47) 6 39 22/44 33 | laft 44° 32”
6 354 20 30 30 120 go ol 6 37 20! 6 40 §5\44 20 ee
hh 2. NE ho4 4
At 125 by the Watch, mean Time at the Ship, ¥2 44 32. . .-.12 4432. . . 0.12 44 32
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 7 §8 by Arnold, rr 68 29 by Kendal, t2 1 10
Difference of Meridians, © 36 34 o 45 3 © 43 22
Longitude of the Ship, 9° 8 30” E Wie BOA Ce 10° 50! 30%

eae II, clan RR ERE 8: Fi arnt WR ea ini ish cath Nee ae
July 6, P.M. |

Time by ; Alt. of the jAlt. ofthe|/Apparent ) Mean | Watch
the Sun’s lower} Sun’s Time. Time. too

Watch. {| Limb. Center. flow.

1 Zamwae 77 ° ¢ “ ° f vt he 4% “ hi Ak “ier “

6 32 12] 19 26 0 119 3 40 15 59] 7 20 16/48 4 Lat. 79°57’ 0”

7
6 36 o| 19 18 oO {18 55 40] 7 19 Iy}] 7 23 36/47 36 Mein Decl. 22 28 20
6 38 35] 19 13. 0 $18 50 40] 7 41 24} 97 25 4ri47 6 taal Eq. Time 4+17
6 39 23] 19 9 © [18 46 40] 7 23 4| 7 27 21/47 58 | 4 4
6 40 571 19 § 30 [18 43 10] 7 24 201 7 28 37147 40
Le en Ler ganar / LP, uv

At 12" by the Watch, mean Time at theShip, 12 47 41. . . . 1247 41. - 5 2.1247 41

At Greenwich, by the Watch, rz 8 47 by ArnoM, 11 67 50 by Kendal, 12 5 47
Difference of Meridians, ° 38 54 © 49 sf

Longitude of the Ship, 9° 43’ 30” E mec z 9% aKts 11
July 11, A.M.

Time by | Alt. of the { Alt. of the|Apparence | Mean {Arnold
Arnold, | Sun’s lower] Sun’s Time. Time. too
| Limb. Center. flow.
rs te “t ° / “ 3° la “ - ov or h ¢ “ut / “ Lat. 80° 4 of!
3.32 22). « - «|1% 39.20] 4 39 46] 4.24 45/52 2 Mean Decl. | 22), 7 20
398 481. . . «Itz 54 30! 4 26 31! 4.31 27| 52 39! 52°31” | Eq. Time 4+56
: fie fs AF LN ERB 2 hi ey Orn
At 3" by Arnold, mean Time at the Ship, BANGS Barve otis han gl thaugh ss: i aicuials
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 3 16 23 by Arnold, 3 3 21 by Kendal, 3 9 19),
Difference of Meridians, °o 36 8 ° 49 10 © 43.12

Longitude of the Ship, go 2/0” E W2o ego 10° 46! 0”
io

Nn 2 Obfervations

244 ACHP Pgh dD ial)

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Time-keepers.

: i
July 12, P.M.

Correction for Error of Sextant, —4’ 30”

Time by } Alt. of the | Alt. of the|Apparent | Mean | Watch

the -Sun’s lower} Sun’s Time. Time. too
Watch. | Limb. B@onter sn flow.

He Gs ne: OR OR 7 ATT Ain AND Tie Sie, Ne Bo Bee
7 26 25| 16 § 0 |16 g-10} 816 9g} 8 20 18) 53 53 Lat. foe 4’ 0”
7 27 58| 16 3 0 |16 7 10] 8.16 8} 8 21 17) §3 19 Mean} Decl. 21.53/10
7 28 44] 16 2 15 }16+6 25] 8 16 30) 8 21 39/52 55 | 53’ 38” | Eq. Time 5+9
7 29 48( 15 59 0 (16 3 101 8 1g 3l 8 24 121 54 24

h é “ h / “ h / “

At 12" by the Watch, mean Time at the Ship, 12 53 38. « . . 1253 38. . . « 12 53 38
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 10 1 by Arnold, 11 56 25 by Kendal, 12 2 45
Difference of Meridians, Cua ag | 0) 57, 3 © 50.c8
Longitude of the Ship, 10° 54’ 15% E 14° 18/ 15” 29g" se .

On Shore on an Ifland near Vogel Sang, Latitude 79° 50’
Correction for Error of the Aftronomical Quadrant, ++ 7”

Day of | Time by | Alt. of the |Alt. ofthe] Apparent) Eq. Mean ,Watch; Means,

the the Sun’s lower} Sun’s Time. | Time. | Time. too Co. Decl.
Month. | Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
h i aoe o ‘ “ ° ‘ “ 4 / “t / “ h / “ ie “ ‘ “ ° ‘ e
July 15 } 3 30 53} 25 21 50 |25 35 29] 4 16 31] 5429] 4 22 Olst 7 68 33 2
P.M. | 3 32 57| 25 17 © |25 30 39] 4 18 23 4 23 5§2)50 55 | U5t oO
3 34 22) 25 13 20 |25 26 $9) 4 19 52 4 25 21/50 59
A.M.| 3 9 59] 15 39 47 |15 52 ©) 3 54 59) 5431) 4 9 30/50 40 68 37 39
16 P.M. | 5 55 25| 18 65 12 {tg 8 8) 6 41 1! 5-435) 6 46 36/51 rt 1 21/98 43 44
5 59 Of 18 46 10 {18 59 6] 6 44 25 6 50 of51 o 57 52
17 P.M.] 5 31 45] 19 46 40 |19 59 43] 6 17 17] 5+40] 6 22 S7ig1 12 68 54 0
18 A.M.) 8-28 3) 13. 8 20113 20 Of 8 52 53) 5+4r! 8 58 34\50 31 68 55 0
beside ue hy & AUR iene, Pas,

July 16, at 12" by the Watch, mean Time |

Seda ililands M2 ET LO Soith olanaig deel 2ulh iO. Sitka tet beng. 2 2G MeO
At Greenwich, bythe Watch, _ 12 10 50 by Arnold, 11 55 20 byKendal, 12 2 34
Difference of Meridians, © 40 10 © 55 40 o 48 26
Longitude of the Ifland, 10° 2’ 30” E TPE! T2461 30%

Obfervations

Pe Pt ie NT ee 245

1 Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Time-keepers.

July 26, P. M.
Mean Watch

Time by | Alt. of the | Alt. of the} Apparent

the Sun’s lower} Sun’s Time. Time. | too flow.
Watch, | Limb. Center.
ih On Sh ORS “ OL S64 wt tg Lan nT Bes SAL LYE) of sie’ i,
3.29 25| 22-46 © |22° 55 4ol>4 25141] 4 31 43|\ 1 2-18 Mean | 3’ 80° 20’ 0%
3 31 14] 22.42 0 |22 $1 go] 4 27 23] 4 33 25] § 2 11] Coy 2’ 16" Co. Decl. 70 40 40
3 33 35] 22 36 0 [22 45 go]. 4 29 53] 4 35 55| 1 2 20 Eq. Time 642
3 35 34] 22 33 30 |22 43 10)/4 31 4/ 4 37 6} tr 32
3 30:-50|-221 41.0) //22) 40 goltay sie colmaesee miPx 1 14
3 38 47| 22 29 0 122 38 40| 4 32 51] 4 38 53]/:1 O
h Oe TE h POSH h &
‘At t2" by the Watch, mean Time attheShip, 1 2 16. meg ye 2. LOM viet 2) 16
fAt Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 12 53 by Arnold, TCT NS by Kendal, 12 ce 6
Difference of Meridians, O 49 23 yeeage me) G57, 50
Longitude of the Ship, 727201 4.6/0E 17° 46/ 30” 14° 756 of!

July 27, P. M.
pemeee 2 5 e s S Oe RE oe
Time by | Alt. of the )Alt. of the}Apparent-| Mean Watch

the Sun’s lower| Sun’s ‘Time. Time. | too flow.
Watch. | Limb. Center.
DP tse yey es wu o 4 “ his ee, ite WV uw ae Ale a Ae
Gste rOlerO: To) (OO 2204 (Once. gin ede eee air Lar. 80° 234 0!
Gi 53.22) 10.10), 30, (TO) Top TS |) We Onoda = Gna re regia Mean Co. Decl. 70 55 45
G Roe ZO 16 Feagh TO 4 SsOl ee 24 7 Oech Lz fate” Eq. Time 641
5 5S) 35 15) 58) OG 6 Ago Ree4olk oer re Ani seo 3 3
Ce airs we HIS, BdoN OUD! I ircinlly reap el WERE SS:

lel Ye “ Nee weee Vd" hye 2A)

At 125 by the Watch, mean Time atthe Ship, 113 3. Ee ae . NET Pas
At Greenwich, by the Watch, Teng) ny, Amold, II vais 34 by Kendal, Wes wee
Ditference of Meridians, o 59 58 I 22/29 1 a7 36
Longitude of the Ship, 14° 59/ 30E ZoPzyfns! E162) G4’ of

July 28, P. M.

Time by) Alt. of the |Alt. of the) Apparent | Mean Watch

the Sun’s lower] Sun’s Time, ‘Time. | too flow.
Watch. | Limb. Center.
Rea ueCAlli Ga Ware Neh LANE iw Sig Di VOM Aa" Lat. 80° 29" 10!

§ 22 34| 17 10 © |t7 18 50} 6 30 ‘6 6 36 46| 1 14 12 Mean Co. Decl.71 9g 10
5 28 58{ 16 64 30 [17 3 20] 6 37 341 6 43 34] 1 14 36] 1° 14’ 24/ ra: Time 6+0

ape cr ‘eu
At 125 by the Watch, mean Time at the Ship, 1 14 24 Te rae 2a
At Greenwich, by the Watch, UZ cay by Kend: ul, 12 5 48
Difference of Meridians, Diy see 7) I 8 36
Longitude of the Ship, 156° 16°46 E WesOuerg

Obfervations

246 BOW BP RT NE DY x

De a a Raa a

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Time -keepers,

July 30, P. M.

Alt. of the

Time by Alt. of the] Apparent » Mean | Watch
the Sun’s lower} Sun’s Time. Time. too
Watch. | Limb Center. ; flow.
Py A Ld Pb “ Ofer” WF Ba t- 16 D, 6: Ab ees
314 40] 21 17 © j2I- 26 30] 4 37 24} 4 43 20] 1 28 40 Lat. 8a7%377) at!
3.22 6| 2059 q-j2t 8 301'4 45 31 4 50-57] 1 28 S14 Co. Decl. 71 38 50
3 26 34! 20 48 45 120 68 15] 4 49 21] 4 55 17) « 23 43 Mean Eq. Time 6+56 |
3 29 11 20 41 30 j20.5t' 0] 4 52 211 4 §8 17) t 29 O] 28" 54/”
3 30 $4] 20 37 30 (23 47,°0) 4 $4 1) 4 59:57) 8 29 93
3 32 45 29 33 30 |20 43 2} 455 33] 5 1 29] 1 28 43
3, 34 43! 20 28-0 120 37 301 4 57 59) 5. 3 55! 1 29 12
hy Sf case ‘ La
At 12" by the Watch, mean Time at theShip, 1 28 54 - « + «© § 28 54
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 13 42 by Kendal, 12 6 40
Difference of Meridians, I Eg k2 ie ae
Longitude of the Ship, 18° 48 o” E 20° 33’ 30”

July 31, P.M.

Time by } Alt. of the /Alt.of the; Apparent | Mean ) Watch

the Sun’s lower} Sun’s | Time. Time. too
Watch, | Limb. Center. flow.
Libs 2). we tinon vo. Map ad cele ands Senin lst Panen tite eom
3 53°30] 19126) O° fi9g"F5 TO) 5 19 9 eee x) ee 3051 Lat. 80° 37’ o”
3 55 46] 19 21 30 |19 30 40) § 19 55] 5 25 49] 1 30 3 Co, Decl. 71 52 10
3.58 30f 19 17. 0 Trg 26 To} § 21 45] § 27 39] 1 29 9 Eq.Time 5+54
4 Q 2] 19 12 30 }¥9 21 40] § 23 29] 5 29 23] 1 29 2:
4 © 50] 19 8 oO |19 07 YO] 5 25 28| § 33 22] I 30 32
4 1571 19 7 © |19 16 10} § 26 29) 5 32 23} § 30 26] nay
4 2 50| 19 6 30 {19 15 40] 5 26 56 5 32 50 130 Of ph a9 co”
4. 4.291 19.. 3. 0/19) 12.10}45)374 92} 633° 25 +x 29-- 6 5
4 5 36) 18 59 0 19 8 10) § 29 9] 5 35 3] 1 292
4 6 35| 18 56 © [19 5§ 10} 5 30 231 5 3617] 1 2g 42
a 726) 18 52 Ouro rer Ole 32 ) Wear eg nego 2g
4 8 14] 18 50 30 |18 59 40] 5 32 39] 5 38 33] 1 30 19
4 9 231 18 49 0 143 58 10] § 33 151 § 39 9) 1 29 46
h 45 Bl 4+) Gf
At 12" by the Watch, mean Time at the Ship, 1 29 55 » . - - I 2955
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 13 54 by Kendal, 12 6 52
Difference of Meridians, r16 1 Ti 2a 33
Longitude of the Ship, 19° 0 15” E 20° 45/45”

Obfervations

Pe BaP. Tee Mia Die Bu, dee

247

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Time-keepers.

At Smeerenberg, Lar. 79° 44/
By. the Aftronomical Quadrant, Correétion for Error of Quadrant — 32”

Day of the
Month.

Augutt 14
p. M.

1s, A.M.

18, A.M.

Time by

the

Watch.

RAMMAAMAAM AANA AMAA POAM AANA MAMNMAMN EP AWNABDHAAAAADAAAON F

~
~
>

Fw

Oo LY An nN HN OC
co

Alt. of the
Sun’s lower

Li

mb.

loo om ole ola odn oes oon odoici os - ol ola ool oi ol oom oo oll oom om oll ol ola ola ole of of ool oll oJ “Ill ol oll oll of el oo} of of © of oc)

Alt. ofthe } Apparent
Time.

Sun’s
Center.

/

35
II
34
31
25
22
19
16

AAADAABAAGGAADMMIAMAMAAOAAKADHBBADHROMMMAIAnAVwwsNyINnnrn4nrn AgQARARHA sz

Mean
Time.

DANDAARAAAGCAGAOMrAaIs DANDANDAANAADAVAAMIM HAITI INS AaND

Watch
|. too
flow.
‘ “
56 1
56 4
56 19
56 30
55 2
56 6
sé 1
55 3°
55 55
55 4°
55 48
55 9
56 12
59 7
56 7
$5 53
55 40
SOS
56 5
S56
55 50
55 59
59 9
56 5
59 4
50 3
59 4
55 59
s6 0
56 0
55 0
57 tt
57 10
LY hs}
57 6
57 6
5718
§7 10
57 ut
geet
57 13
57 4
57 4
Cy ane,
57 10
Griz
Sehiee
57 4
57 14
$7 9

Eq. J} Co. Decl.
Time. }

ON SM a veh 7,

4410] 75 50 30

795° 52

4+ 9

3+57175 59 20

75 59 30

75 §9 4°

3+28] 76 56 50

76 57 0

76 57 10

Obfervations

248 APPENDIX

‘ Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the ‘Time-keepers.
|Day of the Time by | Alt. of thé Alt. of the | Apparent Mean Watch Eq. , Co. Decl.
‘| Month. » the . Sun’s lower} Sun’s Time. Time. too Tiine.
Watch. | Limb. Center, flow.
Say h , i ol ¢ “ to) oe ot dl herder hoe a ‘ u" Wel by Mee
Augut:8 | 5 37 53; 14 3 O |14 14 40] 6 3t 44] 6 35 11 | 57 13] 3427176 57 20
A, M.+ | 5 4u 23) 14 12 © |14 23 40] 6 35 44] 6 39 Ir | 57 48
6.42 28| 14 ay © |r4 26 40] 6 35 19} 6 39 46) 57 18
5 43 39) 1418 © {14 29 40]. 6 37 27] 6 40 54] 57 35 76 57 30
$45.49) 14 24 © |14 35 40] © 39 1] 6 42 28) 55 39
5.47 4! 14 27 °0 114 38 40] 6 40 49! 6 44 16] 57' 12
5 48 131 14 30.0 |14 fr'40]-6°42' <1) 6 45 28] 67 45
5 49 21] 14 33 © |14 44 40] 6 43 9) 6 46 56] 57 15 76 57 40
5 59 39, 15 © © |15 tr 50) 6 53 27] 6 56 54) 57 15
6 0 $3) 15 3 © 115 14 50 (Sod hie J Ik DECAY el el ie
6 1 §8) 15 © © 15 17 50) 6 55 45] 6 Sq 12 | 57 14
O¥3.°8l=n5 %9 Yo [15°20%0)} 6756793) 7 ~o 20.) *57 ‘2
6 4 17| 15 12 © [15 2350) 6 §8 3) 7 1 30] 57 13
6 5 29| 5 15 0 }15 26 50) 6 5912) 7 2 39 | 57 10 76 57 50
6 6 36) rs. 18: 0. |} 5.29 feo.) FB Ol2 LF 35 || ors :
6 7:42) 1520 Of ey gs FOE Ta tod ag bed ty
6. 11/19) 36530 “O° Wig reroll goey ar 7 28] 57 9 i
6 13 32] 15°36 9 |15 47 50| 7 7 19] 7 10 46) 57 14
6 14 49] 15 39 0 /15 $1 O| 7 8 33] 7 12 °O] 57 11
616 1] 15 42 0 |15 $4 ©] 7 9 43] 7 13 19] 57 9
18, P.M. | 5 10 49] 12 18 0 |12 29 Of] 6 4 21] 6 7 42] 5653] 3421/77 6 50
§ 12h5 | i2er2 oO. hia wagevOGrtargs | 6) "9 CO) 7eer
§ 14.) 36 "12. OQ) %O fue -zomo | Gls 74g) |G) Trot 4) [GO 68
5 lo ial|-12z, 0 ‘Ondine ty Opole et Gr ta) 12) crs §
§ 20) 76|%¥20 83) Sol ne we MONG “OreBpN6 2g 19 5717 3 ;
§ 07.22) t2\"0 "o fra Th "OG TL S546 14°26 |g y® 4 4
5 18 40] 11 67 © |12 8 oOo} 6 12°13} °6 15 34) 56 54 {
619135) In jgt “Owl ta eo GMugdan POM rO4zs icy By
§ 20148) 1tigh Jo liz “Aso G4 27) "G27 48 h77) Fe
§ 2tier| 1 |48 0 lira 58 ol, Gi rs 40! *G 19 “1 |'57) To
1
I, Aug. 14, P. M.| II. Aug. 15, A. M.| HI. Aug. 18, A.M. | IV. Aug. 18, P.M.
Ati2" by the Watch, mean | Pe iar bere ae He. 5 ;
Time at Smeecrenberg, [ tas i rays o9 aah 57° 14 1257’ 1
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 16 45 12 16 45 1207535 ae 57, 35
Difference of Meridians, © 39 17 9 39 15 © 39 36 © 39 26
Longitude of Smecrenberg, —_ 9° 49 15” 9° 48' 45” 9° 54/ 0” 9° 51’ 30”
Mean or the firit, fecond, and fourth, 9° 49’ 40”; of all, 9° 50’ 45” E.
At 12" by the Watch, mean | on gr ou anys -Aabesi ne ee a a
‘Time cf Smeerenberg, 12" 56 2 12056" © TZ, 12 67’ 1
At Greenwich, by Kendal, re Star 125 p20 Bp Ab) 31 12.6138
| pees of Meridians, O50 41 © 59 39 © §0 40 ° 50 28
Longitude of Smeerenberg, 12° 40" 15” 12° 309! 45/7 12° 40’ o” Pea EI yd

Mean 12° 39/ 15” E.

|
" Vu
From comparing the 1ft with the 3d, the Watch lofes in a Day, 19,7
Mthje Shoes oe re Rien Ms SUomReqeS
2djb ist Ge. te. Behe oie he seeeeony,
thor, -Ch- ee ae, ole fo) fot Mie
|

——

IMi¢aniob sllifours ademas ieee rh oinnersnne ok mo EA erent s Ime a RLCEO,

Obfervations

APP EN DY xX 249

-Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Time-keepers.

Auguft 31, P. M.

Time by ] Alt. of the | Alt. of the{Apparent | Mean {Watch

the Sun’s lower] Sun’s Time. Time, too
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
h / “ ce) ! “re fe} / i h ‘ w/ hoe u“ ‘ "
6 1 54) 4.35 © | 4 36 10] 6 35 43)-6 35 31/33 37 Lat. 68° 46’ 0”
6 4 31| 423 O| 4 23 50] 6 38 .1| 6 37 49]/33 18 ~ [Co. Decl. 81 37 10
6 6 20] 410 0] 4 10 30] 6 40 33]°6 40 21/34 I Mean Eq. Time o—12
6 7 40] 4 2 O| 4 2 10] 6 42 7] 6 4r 55/34 15 | 33 51”
610 1} 3 51 O| 3 50 50) 6 44 16) 6 44 4134 3
6 11 331 3.44 O91! 3.43 30! 6 45 39! 6 45 27133 54
h / “a h ‘ a
At 12" by the Watch, mean Time atthe Ship, 12 33 51. . . - 12 33 gr
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 20:15 by Kendal, 12 7 57
Differenee of Meridians, © 13 36 © 25 54
Longitude of the Ship, 3° 24! 0” E 6° 28 30”

Sept. 3, P. M.

Time by | Alt. of the ]Alt.of the} Apparent; Mean | Watch

the Sun’s lower] Sun’s Time. Time. too
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
hi ai ¥. ° / wio OG Se, ht as A bop. Z “u te tee eerie a
514 0} 750 ©] 7 55 30) 5 46 31) 5 45 25/31 2 Lat, 65° 31’ o”
5 16 30] 7 30 © | 7 35 20] § 48 52) 5 47 46) 31 16 Co. Decl. 82 41 20
5-17 7] 7 24 30 | 7 29 30) 5 49 34] 5 48 28/31 21 Eq. Time 1— 6
5 18 20] 7 20 0} 7 25 0] § 50 5) 5.48 59] 30 39 Mean
5 18 55} 7 16 30 | 7 21 30] 5 50 30] § 49 24/30 29 | 30° 41”
5 19 40} 713 © | 7 18 Oo} 5 5055) 5 49 49/30 9
5 20 50] 7 430] 7 9 20].5 52 16) § 51 10)30 20
521 sol 6 58 oO | 7 2 Sol 5 52 43) § 5t 37129 47
h 7 “a A , ”
At 12 bythe Watch, mean Time-at the Ship, 12 30 41... . 12 30 41
At. Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 20 61. by Kendal, 12 “8 38
Difference of Meridians, © 9 50 022 3
Longitude of the Ship, 2° 27! 30” E 5230’ 45”

Sept. 6, A. M.
Time by | Alt. of the | Alt. ofthe | Apparent} Mean | Watch

the Sun’s lower} Sun’s ‘Time. Time. too
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
il / uw t “ / wv / Ml / / Pag | yA
Les . 8 B h i Lat. BOO” 0%

8 56 25] 26,50 © |27 © 10} 9 22 57] 9 20 59] 24 34 Mean Co. Decl. 83 47 30

8 58 27| 26 58 0 (27 8 10] g 24 36] 9 22 38l24 11 24'22" (Eq. Time I—58
h Ph f h ore
At. 12" bythe Watch, mean Time atthe Ship, 12 24 22... < 12 24 22
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 21 28 by Kendal, rz 9g 22
Difference of Meridians, 0) J2u54: ORTCE
Longitude of the Ship, 0° 43' 30” E EW Wel toyld

Oo Obfervations

250 ARBRE N DY ¥

a4

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Time-keepers.

Sept. 6, P. M.
Time by | Alt. of the | Alt. ofthe) Apparent} Mean | Watch

the Sun’s lower] Sun’s | Time. }| Time, too
Watch. | Limb. | Center. flow.
h / a“ ° t a fe} eee h Tin ght h Yee 2 a “ut | =o a
4 44) Id't0 35 (O.[TO 42 10) G25. 021 65 23 14) 29.0 | Lat. 61° 57’ of
4.45 54| 10 26 0 |10 33 Of} § 16 35) 5 14 32/28 38 Co. Decl. 83 49 0
4 47 29| 10 13 0 |10 20 0} § 18 27} 5 16 24/28 S¢ Mean ‘| Eq. Fime 2-3
448 59| 10 4 © |10 10 50] § 19 45] 5 17 42/28 43 | 28’ 49” ; 3
450° 0| 9 56 O|10 1 So} § 21 2} 5 18 59/28 59 Sat
4 52 361 9 39 919 45 401 5 23 20! 5 21 17/28 41
4 h oe Teh h Arie df
At 12" by. the Watch, mean Time at theShip, 12 28 49... . . 12 28 49
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 21 28 by Kendal, 12 g 22
Difference of Meridians, D7 20 © 19 27
Longitude of the Ship, 1Ko 16" BE 4° 61/457
Sept. 14, P. M.
Time by , Alt. of the } Alt.of the};Apparent} Mean ; Watch
the Sun’s lower Sun’s Time. Time. too
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
h ‘ " ° , “ ° / “ h / “ h / “ ‘ “
2 64.41| 22 39 © | 22 48 50] 3 30 55] 3 26 8,32 247 Lat. rE? sat walt
255 40} 22 36 0 | 22 45 50) 3 31 21| 3 26 34'30 54 Co. Decl. 86 50 ©
2 56.34| 22 29 0 | 22 38 50] 3 32 17| 3 27 30 30 56 Mean Eq. Time 447
z 57 41| 22 18 o | 22 27 50] 3 33 48] 3 29 1131 20 gpa
2 68 52] 22 10 O | 22 19. 50) 3 34°$2) 3 39 5.31 13
3 2 24] 21 43 © 422 52 sol 3 38 31! 3 33 44.31 20
h / vu h / w
At 12h bythe Watch, mean Time at theShip, 12 31 12- - « « 12 31 12
At Greenwich, by the Watch, 12 23 6 by Kendal, 12 10 31
Difference of Meridians, o 86 © 20 4I
Longitude of the Ship, ' 2°21; 307 E Ro Oe mine
Sept. 25, A. M. in Hofely Bay.
Time by | Alt. of the | Alt. of the{ Apparent Mean 4 Watch
the Sun’s lower} Suh’s Time. Time. too
Watch. | Limb. Center. flow.
| h / “ ° / 4“ °o / “ h / “ h ‘ “ / “wt Lat. 52P 6! °”
9 22 47| 30 54 0 }31 4 40] 9 58 47| 9 50 17/28 30 Mean |N. Pol. dift.gr 1 10
9 24 171 31 5 O|31 15 40110 O 491 9 52 ig}28 2 28’ 16” |£q. Time 8—30 |.
h ‘ “7 h / ut
At 12" by the Watch, mean Time at the Ship, 12 2816. . - . 12 28 16
At Greenwich, by the Warch, E2 25 2& by Kendal, 12 14 37
Difference of Meridians, o iannr “© 13 39 }
Longitude of the Ship, 0° 43 45" E 3° 2A Ane

Obfervations

AS Bi Th Bu Nie De Ij, Ky 251

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Moon.

June 13, A. M.

Time by Alt of the | Alt. of the |Diftance of the] True Diftance | Apparent Apparent (Diff. off Longitude

Arnold. | Sun’s lower] Moon’s |SunandMoon’s of the Time at Time at | Meri- lof the Ship.
Limb. lower Limb.|neareft Limbs.] Centers. Greenwich.|the Ship. | dians.
1 laa dima 27 On, 7 Clee) MWY Cyas Varemadd! CR MT h we pee ey ae A ee 7? Can An a If;
10 16 17| 49 39 O | 21 17 0 74. 37. © 74.39 53 22 717 122" 20n37103)-20 | a. Go. .0kk
LO 20° P7549 55. 10 | 20 54. -0 14 Bi. 9 74 3239 2217 47 |22 24 8/ 6 21 | 1 35 15
10 2h) 3/5 go 13! No} || 20200 14.372.9 74 30 22 2218123) || 22029 27h 24 ees, oO
Mean 1 43 45

June 14, A. M.
Correétion for Error of the Sextant, — 3/ 46”

Time by |Alr. of the | Alt. of the |Diftance of the| True Diftance | Apparent — | Apparent | Diff. of] Longitude
Arnold. | Sun’s lower} Moon’s {Sunand Moon’s of the Time at Time at | Meri- jof the Ship.
Limb. lower Limb. |nearett Limbs. Centers. |Greenwich. |the Ship. | dians.

h 7 “u Oo / lA fo) / iA re) / Ua ° y a h / Mw h i i“ , “ ° ta “ut

9 44° 32].45 57 © | 30.42 0 | 63 47 30° | 63 45 46 | 24 52 12 |21 43 56] 81612 4 oW

9 48 41] 46 21 0 | 30 26 oO 63 44. 0 63 41 54 22.0 42 |21 48 20/12 22 | 3 5 30

9 52 531 46 41 O | 30 10 O | 63 41 30 63 39 3 122, 659 )zr 52. glass | 3 43 45,
Mean 2 57 45W|

June.1g, A. M.

Time by | Alt. of the | Alt. of the |Diftance of the} ‘rue Diftance | Apparent ] Apparen |Dith. off Longirude

Arnold. | Sun’s lowe Moon’s |Sunand Moon’s of the Time az lime Meri- lof the Ship.
Limb. ower Limb, earch Limbs. Centers. Greenwich. |the chip | dians. |
h , ww ° U " ° U an ° 4 ” ° , a” h / uv "| / , Phar oe DEC ers
10 30 36| 49 so O | 3420 0 | $2 35 9 52 37 41 32S (22g? we oF oh] of 276 B
ro 32 4] 49 Sf 9 | 34 20 O | 52 34 45 52 37 23 34.56 |22 33 4c] 1 16 | 0 1g 30W
10 34 33| 50 3 O | 34 10 0} $2 32 0 52 34 26 39,17 |22 30 «13° 8 log, a
ro 36 23} 50 9 © | 34 4 0 | 52320 52 34 18 39.35 |22 37 5c] 1 36 | 024 0
10 39 $4} 50 18 O | 33 51 O 52S LS 52 33-20 41/44 |22 ar 3c] 0 14 | © 3 go
10. 41 34] 50 28 © |°33 40 O eae Ep ate) 2 32 51 22 42) 47 |22 42 ‘1c | 0 37) t Oo 9G 16
Mean 017 OW

June 25, P.M.

Time by jAlt. of the 1 Alt. of the |Distance of the) True Ditlance ) Apparent JApparent ;Dif of } Longitude
the Sun’s lower} Moon’s | Sunand Moon’s of the Time at | ‘Vimeat |’ Meri- lag the Ship.
Watch. Lim) lower Limb.} neareit Limbs. Centers. Greenwich. |the Ship. | dians.
bh t “ fo} , " ° / u” ° / uw ° / “ h Ul “a h PME, / a ie / “wt
7 49 2\ 12 54 O}] 1140 © 65 53 oO 66 21 55 7 30 23." 8 zz 13/61 50 |12z 57 30 E
F ©

I Obfervations

Saat AP PEND 1 xX:

Obfervations for finding the Longitude by the Moon.

June 26, P. M.

Time by |Alt. of the Sun’s|Alt. of the Moon’s{Diftance of the{True Dif-] Apparent .JApparent [Diff. of | Longitude
the ee m—_ [SunandMoon’s} tance of} Time at | Timeat | Meri- fof the Ship.
Watch. | lower |Cenier.| lower {Center. jneareft Limbs. | the Cen-} Greenwich. |the Ship. | dians.
Limb. Limb. ters.

_———— —EEEEE EEE ——
‘ uw ° / ° 7\|a / “ ° “ ° ‘ a ° ‘ “ | “ be?ow U3 WN tO TF au

h

Vizgsanhe. F |1g6 18). os . r2 51] 75°39-30 [75 41 30] °r 25 1 f.2 4 15) 39-50] 9 57 30 E
1 28.14} 35 50). : é

1 29°48} . . |. «© «2 50 -o

132 5] - -| 36 1) - « «1 13.6) 7543 © |75 45 13] 1 32 5 | 2 11 55} 39 501 9 57 30
Weegee s| ot) oye. ne. wibeene. go

1 36 9! 35.41

July 11, A. M.
Arnold too flow for Apparent Time 47’ 35”. : Correction for Error of the Sextant, -+ 4’ 24”

Time by] Alt. of the Sun’s| Alt. of the | Diftance of the; True Dif-| Apparent ) Apparent] Diff. of |} Longitude

Arnold. Moon’s |SunandMoon’s| tance of| Time at | Time at| Meri-|of the Ship.
lower’] Center. |lower Limb. | neareft Limbs. | the Cen-| Greenwich. | the Ship. dians.

Limb. ters.

— ——_—_
° sto / “ ° / “7. ° ¢ “ ° ta “ h v. “wt h / “wir ” ro ta “uw

h

r 17 20 10113 6 ©} 95 44 © |96 3 35] 15 32 47 |16 15 50/45 3 10 45 45
3 30 12| 17 25

3 32 22 17 39 201 13 9 Of 95 49 © 195 59 20) 15 41 58 J16 19 57\37 59 | 9 29 45
3 34 7) i7 34

3 38 48 17 $4 30] 13.13 of 95 36 0 j95 55 8| 15 51 3 [nO 26 23135 20] 8 co Oo
3 40. 241 17 50

Mean 9 42 oF

Sept. 1, P. M. Moon’s Dittance obferved from Aldebaran.

Time by {| Computed | Alt. of the | Diftance of the | True Dif- {| Apparent |Apparent {Dit of ) Longitude
the Alt. ot Al- Moon’s {Moon from Aldeba-|tance of the| Time at Tame at | Meri- lof the Ship.
Watch. | debaran. —|lower Limb. ran. Centers. | Greenwich.} the Ship.} dians.

———_$ | __
=F
h v7 “a °o ] a re) / a ° la °o fi “ h EPO, h 9 PUT

° / a“
tr 45 15) 1749 ©}17 3 © {76 57 neareft Limb] 77 0 59,| rt 5627 |12.22 44/2637 | 6.39 15 E
12 7.43] 20,45 ©] 17 10 © |77 18 fartheft Limb] 76 48 53 | 12 19 29 |12 45 12|25 43 | 6 25 30
12 22 441 22 8 0] 17 6 © 176 44 nearelt Limb| 76 44 15 | 12 27 33 13. © 13)32 40] 810 ©

Sept. 3, P. M. Moon’s Dittance-obferved from Aldebaran.

Time by } Computed | Alt. of the {Diftance of the;TrueDift. ofthe] Apparent: Apparent 1 Diff. of ; Longitude
; the Alt. of Al- Moon’s |Moon’sW.limb| Moon’s Cent.}| Time at Time at | Meri- jot the Ship.
Watch. | debaran. |lower Limb.|from Aldeb. from Aldeb. |Greenwich. | the Ship.} dians.

—=-

aces 2-2
et Aes £2 ol7 ” ei Quek “u Oy UF u Gis “ Be 0) OW a at irs

“ Oe a“

11,20 361 °17,47. 0.) 24.47 40:1 39 39.0 39 57° 5 |} 11-30 43 $11 65 47/25 4:1 6.16 .oE

Obfervations

ALP PBN OD she

Obfervations of the Moon and Jupiter.

—_————— — ——-— ss, avrvwnwROOOOOO eee
Auguft 31, P. M.

Time by ) Alt. of |Alt, of the| Diftance of Ju-) True Dif- | Difference between| Difference of} Longitude | Latitude ) Latitude {Longitude of | Longitude of| Difference| Apparent Apparent Ditference | Longitude

the Jupi- | Moon’s| piter and the|tance of the) the Diitance and] Longitude. | of Jupiter. | of the of the Moon by/the Moon by| from Time at | Time at | of Meri-| of the
Watch. | ter. lower | Moon’sfarther} Centers. | Difference of Lon- Moon. | Jupiter. | Obfervation.| Ephemeris. | Longitude Green- | the Ship.] dians. Ship.
Limb. | Limb. gitude. wich.
ee ee eee ed Soe Se ——— | a ee
: at 65 at 64
1 We 7 dee Ah? a o 4 “ Oe, “ ° ’ “ ‘ “ 50.0). 7 wis Oi ke EO mo. CY. s OCP Ase tO 72 On fe Sate he eee tee “w sa. ° ray)

I 23 29] 8 33 22] 9 25 37] 52 15 |13 3 45}

8 51 33| 10 25) 9 9 0} 3255 9 | 32 35 52 10 17 I 226 350 729 0] 1 47N
At I 31 29] 8 48 ro} g 37 31| 49 21 12 20 15

_ TagONSi|\iresr snag
9 3 27| 10 59] 9 36 9] 3247 9 32 27 47 — 10 10 TemaeL7 tga e «ok leilliie .

wy MS aeiag tee oe

at 9" at gi
9 32 45] 13 19/19 55 O| 3229 9 32 7 33 — 10 10 Rest G7) 2231) now of) lev |l tol) ed” wail vs, wren mnail | Rimes Lear, It 5 17 57 © 13 49} 9 25 71/10 6 49] 4r 42 |10 25 30
9 51 54] 14 40|1t 36 of 32 22 0 31 59 18 — 10 10 Med 49-8 ser os) wl LAS es « HIE §.39 52 O 21 55) 9 40 17/10 25 58] 45 41 |rt 25 15| Mean 11° Tp
10 38 25] 17 45|12 49 O} 31 58 0 Bta3r 27. — 1910 eete2E 1710. 17/190 40) "vo in Oe roe On| lites (oh lyf iy) © 49 46/10 31 29/11 12 29} 41 © |10 15, o|*
11 43 18] 20 52/13 6& of 31 28 oO 30 57 24 — 10 10 i feaviyp VAI ieee pi peecs Ol [fete ce cl us. (2) 20 AMG) at 125 1 23 49/11 50 34/12 17 22] 4648 |1r 42 0

116 55 45] ati2®
I 35 37) 22 45'9 55 Ol 3033 0 | 29 54 38 — 10 10 © 29 44 28}. . . -1 1 38 <p te) ee SET ge Aan o 48 17113 29 40]14 9 4tl 4o 1 [10 0 15

September 1, P. M.

Latitude | Latitude | Longitude of Longitude of; Difference

Apparent | Apparent Difference |Longitude

Time by ] Alt. of ; Alt. of the) Diftance of Ju-) True Dif | Difference between [Difference of} Longitude

the Jupi-| Moon’s} piter and the}tance of the| the Diftance and] Longitude. | of Jupiter. | of the of the Moon by |the Moon by|iromLon-] Time at | Time at | of Meri-! of the
Watch. ter. lower | Moon’s farther] Centers. | Ditlerence of Lon- Moon, | Jupiter. | Obfervation, |Ephemeris, |gitude at} Green- the Ship.| dians. Ship.
Limb. | Limb. gitude. at Midnight. | Midnight.] wich.
h v7 “ ° “ ° ¢ “ve °o / “ ° / “ ‘ ¥ “ s ° / “is ° / “4 ° ¢ o / s ° a “ s ° / “ ° / “ h ‘ “ ° ‘ “” / “ ° ‘ “ aaa
Ir 59 20] 21 55/17 8 of 18 8 oO 17 38 22 — 121 pry 26 arlo 7 23 30), 8. 4Ni| 1 30.0) | tr 19) 57 911 19 48 © 8 16/12 15 30/12 36 49] 21 10 | § 17 30
12 16 14] 22 8117 8 o] 18 4 0 7] 4h LON ON Soeceemm |(5)°25/ =e) art lioemcn ll] GenObcowletee remot Ctekaogt oF 94°53) 9 13 alia 24 4olr2 53 43 Toy ep re els) Ja

September 3, P. M. withthe Megameter, Correction for Error of Adjuftment, + 2/ 52’.

Time by |Alt. of the|Alt. of |Diftance of Ju-) True Dif? , Parallax } Parallax , Parallax | Latitude | Apparent |Ditference between| Difference) Apparent |Longitude of /Apparent )Apparent ;Difference

the Moon’s| Jupi-} piter and the/tance,of the} in Lon-| in Latie{ in Alti-| of the | Latitude | the Diftance and jot Longi- |Longi:ude of | the Moon cor-| Time at }| Time at | of Me-
Watch. lower ter. Moon’s Wef-| Centers. gitude. tude, tude, Moon. | of the Difference oi Lon-|tude. the Moon. | rected by Pa-| theShip.| Green- ridians
Limb. tern Limb. Moon. gitude. rallax. wich.
HO? SCH EO? fa gs) Ola, Sy FO ee Da” 7h / a te Uh ou ° / ov Gu Lt Ea enim ied IH) 8) ODEN Ls, Icom ay he iy ree | Sean 72 ira
9 30 53|15 27 O} 15 33 640 0 6 57 58 j— 10 37/+ 52 9| 52 13 EN) 1595 — 22 6 57 36/0 14 1 36] 013 52 59 J10 6G §|10 8 43) 2 38 W/|Latitude of Jupiter, 1937/5
9 45 20;)16 47 0 16 50 6 52 44 7 10 42 |— 11 48/4 51 31 Pays ga] I 59 — 22 7 10 20/0 14 14 20] O 14 2 32 |10 20 32'10 31 14/10 42 Longitude, o° 7° 4’
FOU ateesO" 70) 18.67 7 a 50 719 8 |— 13° g/+ 50 44 2 28 To 1 59 — 21 7 18 47/0 14 22 47] O 14 9g 38 |10 36 16 10 45 4) 8 48 Watch too flow for], _,
10 26 7/20 14 ©} 20 12 Hf vi 7 26 2 |—= 15 16/+ 49 29] 51 47 se 13) I 58 — 21 7 25 41/0 14 29 4t] © 14 £4 29 [11 1 19 10 $4 24) 6 55 E Apparent 'Fime, p35 12
12 49 54121 30 O) 21 54 7 16 10 7 34 “8 |= 16 §1]/-- 48 30] 51 21 19 I 538 — iI 7 33 47(9 14 37 471 © 14 zo 56 |1z 16 OG 11 7 13] 8 53
The Elements of the above Calculation.
Apparent |Right Af-Longitudey Declina- )Alt. of the;Angle between the; Alt. of the) Longitude| Longitude) Diftance of
Time. |cenfion of] of Mid-| tion of |culminat- | Meridian and the] Nonage-jof the No-| of the | the Moon
Mid-hea- | heaven. Mid- jing Point.| Secondary to the| fimal. |nagefimal.| Moon. jand the No-
ven. heaven. Eecliptic, nagefimal,
h i ° of f / pe eee ac t Pan s| Mea oe meh a
19 0) || 313° 2 |Moy to! 35) 17 -36°S) 74 15 46 177 418 § 4) 013 47) 4 8 43
IL o | 328 4 |'0 25 48) 12 56 11 44 19 45 225 | 8.27 22 ol1g27)) qo wGusir }
12-10 1343 6 |r TE qo] 7 12 17 28 AED 28 7 | 9 21 14] 0 14 481 4 23 34
' pi

DIRECTIONS to thee BOOKBINDER.

N° I. Chart fhewing the Track of the Racehorfe and
Carcafs during the Expedition towards the North

Pole. To face the Title.
II. View of the Land from Cloven Cliff to Hakluyt’s
Headland, taken July 18. To face page 48

III. View of the Racehorfe and Carcafs July 31. 60

IV. Views of Land round the Seven Iflands Bay, 63
V. View of the Racehorfe and Carcafs Auguft 7th. 66

VI. The Racehorfe and Carcafs forcing through the

Ice Auguft roth. 68
VII. View of an Iceberg. 70
VIII. Plan of Fair Haven, &c. 72
XV. Chart fhewing the different Courfe fteered by the
Racehorfe, from July 3d to Auguft 22d, 76
IX. The Dipping Needle. 11g
X. Diagrams. 152
XI. The Pendulum. 182
XII. Natural Hiftory. 194.
XIII. Natural Hiftory. 200
XIV. Diftillation. 222

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