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LiBRARIE?
VoLuME VI. NOVEMBER, 1889. WHoLE No. 49: |

a Bag St <2

West : American Scientist.

A popular monthly +eview and record for the Pacific Coast.
Official Organ of the San Diego Society of Natural History.

C.R. ORCUTT, - - EDITOR.

CONTENTS:
PAGE
Notes from the San Diego Biological Laboratory II..............

(nhs Cae tac ebce ac gS Nees s o's an OC. H. & Rk. S. Eigenmann 147
ORMMAIA TH Citnec ny cg os sho od cn cs se CURUe RA ceeu yee hee En dies Oh 151
Fauna and Flora of Colorado—III............. T. D. A, Cockerell 153
Preliminary. Notes on the Geology of the AnacapaS..........+.+:- 155
Briefer Articles—Earliest Americans; Communism in Ohio; Salt

Mountains of the Colorado; The Cable Circuit of Africa;

Modern Cave Dwellers in Germany; A Wonderful Lake;

PUES HIGCEINGS SAG eke oa: 'u' vnc v Cigele SRR BOT Dae) Caccig eh ine Fees OH 156
Proceedings .of Scientific Societies. ()shs.cssiaas. 0s eo ce wee pended cc 160
PEUHORTORNIN G cRe'« ie h, calor asc sss Sethe haradis ba hacnw cei gedeenes 160
BOUL aks sip deh nee Scipiai ado ngs x + 6 REM aah G Uae Oye e hake aby vee, BOA
Notes and News.....-..-- ee es Re whin Seiein dei cbk ea Dice web as 162

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VoL VI NOVEMBER, 183809. No. 49.

NOTES FROM THE SAN DIEGO BIOLOGICAL

LABORATORY...
Il.

ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF CORTEZ BANKS.

In a trip to the Cortez Banks, subsequent to the one on which
the fishes noted in the first part of these notes were collected,
Captain Carte: obtained the following species.

45. SPHYRNA ZYGAENA. (L.) August.

46. ECHENEIS REMORA. L. On Sphyrna zygaena.

47. DITREMA ATRIPES, Jordan &: Gilbert. A_ single spec-
imen of this species was caught with hook and line in 45 fathoms.
August, 1889.

It differs somewhat from the description of atripes. The lips
are black, a black spot at root of mandible. Pectorals hyaline,
a narrow black bar at their base, especially well defined on their
inner surtace. Ventrals dusky, most so at tip. Upper third of
first ten anal rays black. Caudal dark. Sides gray, lighter
below, the back being bluish.

D. X, 22; A. III, 28%. Scales 7-70-15.

From D. orthonotus, this species differs in its arched
back and less inclined anal basis.

48. CHROMIS PUNCTIPINNIS (Cooper)—A single specimen.
It is undoubtedly identical with Cooper’s Ayresia punctipinnis
It differs from the specimens described by Jordan and Gilbert.
(Syn. Fish. North Am. 611) in having the dorsal XIII, 11 instead
of XII, 11 and the depth 29 instead of 2%. Since writing this,
Dr. Jordan has examined a specimen in his collection with the
dorsal as above XIII, 11 and the depth 23.

OPHIODON ELONGATUS Girard—One specimen from the
Cortez Banks.

50. ZANIOLEPIS FRENATUS sp. ov. Type, one specimen,
.165 m. Cortez Banks, Capt. Carter, Coll.

This species is very closely related to Z. latipinnis of Girard.
It differs from that species in the less convex profile, the more
slender shoulder, lower dorsal spines and color.

D. XX, 1-12; A. III, 16%; head 4%; depth 634.

General form of Z. latipinnis, the body less compressed, the
dorsal outline less arched. Profile gently arched; nasal spines

148 The West American Scientist.

prominent. Eye longer than snout, 3 in the head. Mouth small,
lower jaw included, maxillary reaching to the anterior margin of
pupil. Three preopercular spines, the lowest flat, triangular, the
others conical.

Second and third dorsal spines highest, 1} in length of head,
the spines gradually shortened to the 20th. Ventrals reaching
front of anal; pectorals scarcely to tip of ventrals.

Color in alcohol, olivaceous; suborbital and preorbital black,
(the corresponding region in latipinnis, bluish silvery.) Dorsal
and anal with large blackish spots; posterior half of pectorals
dusky.

51. FIERASFER DuBIUS Putnam—A mass of larve and
eggs imbedded in a transparent jelly-like matrix may be provis-
ionally referred to this species.

ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO, WITH NOTES ON
SOME RARE SPECIES.

SPHYRNA ZYGAENA (L.)

MyctorpHum—Sp. A single specimen from the Cortez Banks
which was referred to M. townsendi differs from that species in
some respects. The occiput is more elevated, the preop-rcular
margin is less'‘inclined, agreeing with M. californiense. As far as
evident, the sphosphorescent organs agree with those of town-
sendi; there is, however, no light area along the base of the anal.
D. 13. A. 15. A single specimen of this species was taken out
of the mouth of a Rock Cod caught a few miles off Point Loma.

MENIDIA TENUIS (Ayres)—This species has not been ob-
served by us during the past year before Sept. 11th, when a
large number were brought into the market. All the specimens
examined by us have distinct bands of teeth and if the alleged
absence of teeth in this species is the only character, as stated by
Jordan and Gilbert., Syn., N. A. Fishes, 405, separating this
species generally from Menidia, it must be placed in that genus.

ECHENEIS REMORA L.—Found on every specimen of
Sphyrna zygaena.

XENISTIUS CALIFORNIENSIS (Steindachner)—Raspers.

This species has so far been very rarely found. Steindachner
found it in San Diego Bay, (Ichthyol. Beitr. III. 3. 1875) and
Streets at Cerros Island,(Bull U. S, Nat Mus., VII. 49),since then
the species has been noted but once, having been collected by
Rosa Smith in’85. The specimens collected by her are now in
the Museum of the Indiana University. On May 3d, ’89 we
procured a single specimen; the latter part of August and during
September of this year they were very abundant about the
wharfs in San Diego Bay, as many as twenty being caught in a
day by a single person with hook and line. When they are
pulled from the water they grate their pharyngeals together pro-
ducing a noise like that ot a rasp, Silvery below, steel blue
above, lateral stripes rust color. y

The West American Scientist. 149

RHACOCHILUS TOXOTES Agassiz—A single specimen. Octo-
ber 3d.

SEBASTICHTHYS MELANOPsS (Girard)—Not rare in the markets
in Summer and Fall.

SEBASTICHTHYS OVALIS Ayres—Not rare.

SEBASTICHTHYS RUBER (Ayres)—Not rare, usually large in-
dividuals brought to the market.

SEBASTICHTHYS LEVIS Eigenm and Eigenm—Equally abun-
dant as S. ruber, none but large individuals seen.

SEBASTICHTHYS ROSACEUS (Girard)—Common.

SEBASTICHTHYS ELONGATUS (Ayres)—Not rare.

SEBASTICHTHYS RUBROVINCTUS Jordan and Gilbert—The
rarest of the Rock Cods.

XYSTREURYS LIOLEPIS Jordan and Gilbert—Three speci-
mens, Sept. 30th and Oct. 3d.

FISHES OF AATNA SPRINGS, NAPA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

PHoxiNus (Tigoma)CLEVELANDI sp. nov.—Types,three spec-
imens .10-.12 m. to base of caudal. D. Cleveland, Coll.

Closely related to Ph. hydrophlox (Cope) associated with
Leucus bicolor (Girard)

D. 9%; A. 10%; head 4-41 ; depth 334-44; teeth 2, 4—5 or
5,2; scales 10-59-6.

Mouth oblique, jaws equal, maxillary reaching front of eye
or somewhat farther in the largestspecimen. Eye 4-44 in head,
1% in the interorbital space. Pectorals reaching ventrals in male,
much shorter in female.

Color in alcohol; chocolate above, bordered on the s des by a
darker stripe; a black band from tip of snout to base of middle
caudal running along the lateral line in front and on the tail,
above the lateral line along the abdominal region; a light band
from upper angle of eye between this and the dark of the back.
Sides below the dark lateral band silvery, more or less peppered
with black or chocolate. Dorsal and caudal dusky. Anal and
ventrals light. the rays chiefly dusky. Upper surface of pectorals
dusky, the color becoming more intense toward the outer ray
which is black; lower surface of pectorals white. All markings
most intense on male.

FISHES OF ALLEN SPRINGS, LAKE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

A few specimens were collected by Mr. D. Cleveland, at Allen
Springs, Lake County, California.

PTYCHOCHEILUS OREGONENSIS (Richardson. )

SALMO IRIDEUS (Gibbons. )

URANIDEA SEMISCABRA CENTROPLEURA var. nov.

Two specimens .072 and .o8 m. long

Head, 3%; depth 434 D. VIII, 1744; A. 14; V. I, 4. Pec-
torals 3-314 in length; ventrals 5, caudal 4.

Spinous dorsal pale at base and tip, the median region black.
A band of prickles along the median line of the body to near pos-

150 The West American Scientist.

terior margin of anal; the rest of the body without villi or
prickles. Lateral line complete. Ventrals reaching 3-% to Vent,
which is nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout, otherwise
as in semiscabra.

THE YOUNG STAGES OF SOME SELACHIANS.

SQUALUS ACANTHIAS L. Captain Carter of the Azalene ob-
tained the young of this species from its mother in August. They
were far along in their developement.

Total length .22 m; dimensions of the yolk. o2x.04m_ The
upper surfaces are blue, the lower white; a series of white spots
along the sides. A light streak cn sides above the ventrals. An-
terior portions of dorsals black, the posterior margin and tip
white. Upper margin of caudal and anterior margin of its lower
lobe white; tip of upper lobe black; a white and then a black band
between the black tip of the upper lobe and the anterior margin
of the lower lobe. Upper basal portion of ventals dark blue, the
remainder of the fin white. Pectorals largely blue above, the
posterior margin being white, their lower surfaces largely white
a median blue spot on its outer half. Snout broad and rounded.

TRIACIS SEMIFASCIATUS Girard. A female of this species
about 1.5 m. long, caught Sept. 6, 1889, contained a number of
young measuring .0g5-.105 m. Each embryo is surrounded by
a delicate membrane filled with a hyaline watery albumen. The
yolk is pyriform and measures .03 x. 07 m. In the smallest indi-
viduals the external gills are still present; the spiracular gills
have, however, disappeared. In the proportions, position of find
and coloration these embryos greatly resemble the adult. The
asperities of the skin are entirely wanting. The ventral surface
with the paired fins, the anal and lower lobe of the caudal are
plain. A dark cross bar between the spiracles; three cross bars
between this and the first dorsal fin, one on the middle of the first
dorsal, another at its posterior margin, two between the dorsals,
a dark cross bar on the anterior and posterior margins, of the
second dorsal, four behind the second dorsal fin. In the larger
specimens there is a spot on the middle of the lower caudal lobe
and two or three along the sides anteriorly. The remaining
color marks of the adult are not yet developed.

RHINOTRIACIS HENLEIGIll. A specimen of this species about
1.5 m. in length was caught off the wharf Sept. 7th, 1889. It
Contained six young, three in either uterus. They are .115 m.
long and possess most of the characters of the adult. The tips
of the caudal and dorsal fins and a median dorsal band behind
the second dorsal are dark blue, otherwise the embryos are color-
less. The external gills have disappeared. The umbilicus is
very long .14m. The yolk is bright yellow; it is intimately con-
nected with the walls of the uterus. As the young of this species
are attached bya placenta it may be generically distinguished
Triacis from in which the young are free,

The West American Scieniist. I5I

GALEORHINUS ZYOPTERUS Jordan and Gilbert. This spec-
ies is common in San Diego Bay, but, as with most sharks it is
most abundant in the latter part of Summer. Few males ar-
caught; all the specimens examined by us were females. Two
individuals taken August 30th, 1889, were with young which
average .o5 m.in the one,.o8 m. in the other. The yolk is alarge
spheroid measuring .05 x .08 m., and, as in the case of Triacis,
is surrounded with a loose, delicate membrane. The embryos
are colorless. The position of the fins agrees with the adult.
All the young, including the largest, have external gills still per-
sisting at the gill openings and spiracles. The head is compara-
tively shorter and broader than in the adult and the eye much
larger.

SCYLLIORHINUS VENTRIOSUS Garman. On _ January roth,
1885, Mrs. E. D. Buell hatched a shark from a flat egg case
which she gave to Rosa Smith. The shark may be said to have
been ‘‘hatched” although the embryo had not absorbed the vitel-
line sac and it may have been not quite matured as Mrs Buell
pried open the case to let out the shark which was still alive.
The shark was provisionally identified as Scylliorhinus ventriosus
and the egg case sent to Mr. S. Garman to be figured.

The young shark difters from the description of the adult sharks
in a few very prominent characters, i. e., the caudal is not con-
tinuous around the tail, the tip of the tail is margined by a series
of flat spines and there isa series of rather strong spinelets along
the sides of the back from in front of the second dorsal forward
to the head. The central portion of the dorsal fins, the anal and
the paired fins dark blue. Back and sides with dark blue double
cross bars which are more or less interrupted, those of the tail
extending upon both lobes of the caudal.

Length .085 m. Diam. of yolk about .o2 m. Greatest depth
.12 of total length; greatest width .14; length of head .17; width
of head .18; length of snout .06; length of branchial area .og;
width of mouth .14; distance from snout to first dorsal .49; length
of base of first dorsal 07; length of caudal .26; length of pectoral
.12; length of ventral . ro.

C.H. & R. S. Eigenmann.

OBSIDIAN CLIFF.*

Obsidian Cliff is at the northern end of Beaver Lake, in the
Yellowstone National Park, about eleven miles south of Mam.
moth Hot Springs. The cliff extends for half a mile, rising from
one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet above Obsidian creek
and falling away gradually to the north; the upper half is a ver-
tical face of rock, the lower portion a talus slope of the same
material.

The southern end is formed of nearly vertical columns of black

*) From the seventh annual report of the U. S. Geological Survey.

e

a HAMA

The West American Scientist. 153

obsidian, or volcanic glass, which has resulted from the rapid
cooling of a perfectly fused, igneous rock. From this, great
blocks have fallen and accumulated at its base in a talus slope,
over which has been built what is popularly known as the glass
road, the material of which it is made, being as true a glass as
any artificially produced. The colors and structure of this nat-
ural glass not only make it the most interesting rock the visitor
will find, but the phenomena of its occurrence in this locality are
of special scientific importance.

What was the original thickness of this lava sheet it is not
possible to say. The dense glass or obsidian forming the lower
portion is from seventy-five to one hundred feet thick; the porousand
pumiceous upper portion has suffered more or less erosion, which
was in part the result of ice action, the evidence of glaciation be-
ing more marked along the lower western slope of the plateau
than on the top of it. The surface of the plateau is mostly pum-
ice, with little, if any glacial debris scattered over it; but along
the western slope the rock has been worn down to the massive
obsidian, and the top of the cliff is covered with planed and
striated glacial drift from a great variety of sources.

Half a mile southeast of Obsidian Cliff, on the plateau, about
five hundred feet above the level of Beaver Lake, is a circular pit
one hundred feet deep, the mouth of it being three hundred feet
wide by three hundred and fifty feet long; its sides stand at an an-
gle of thirty-five degrees and appear to be formed of pumiceous
obsidian, the angular masses in the bottom being pumice. The
rim of the pit does not rise above the level of the surrounding
surface, and one comes upon it quite unexpectedly in the timber.
The general appearance is that of a small crater which has been
but slightly affected by glaciation.

In the Solfatara Creek valley, the lava flow is exposed ina
cliff the iower portion of which is black and red obsidian.

CONTRIBUTIONS 'TOWAEDS, A LIST OF .. THE
FAUNA AND FLORA OF WET MOUNT-
AIN VALLE Ye COLORADO:

(Compiled for the Colorado Biological Association.)
III-ALGZ.

The locality cannot be said to be rich in forms, although the
irrigation ditches and creeks yield a certain number of species.
Most of the species are of general distribution elsewhere. For
identification we are greatly indebted to the Rev. F. Wolle,
while one species was kindly named by Dr. W. G. Farlow.

1. Conferva vulgaris, Rab., near Ula.

2. Cladophora glomerata, Kg., well distributed; also found in
Pueblo Co.

3. Mesocarpus scalaris, DeBy., near Ula.

4. Hyalotheca disilliens.

5. Draparnaldia plumosa, in Swift Creek, over 8,000 feet alt.

154 The West American Screntist.

6. Zygnema anomalum.
7. Spirogyra quinina, Ag., near Short Creek, 8,200 feet;
West Clift.
8. Spirogyra nitida, West Cliff.
g. Oscillaria froelichii, Kutz.
ae gracillima , Kg.
11. Vaucheria geminata, Short Creek.
12: a dichotoma, West Cliff.
13. Nostoc sphcericum.
: i interruptum.
15. Navicula viridis, Kutz, near Ula.
16. ce rhomboides, (Ehrenb), Greg, near Ula.
7: $ dactylus, West Cliff.
18. Nitzschia amphioxys, Sm., near Ula.
19. Epithemia turgida. Sm., near Ula.
20. if gibba, Kutz, Short Creek, 8,200 feet alt.
21. Synedra ulna, Ehrenb., near Ula and Short Creek.
22. Gomphonema acuminata, Ehrb.
Ba: F dichotomum.
24. Cocconeis pediculus,common, and also foundin Pueblo Co.
25. Fragilaria capucina, Sm., West Cliff and Short Creek.
26. Diatoma (Odontidium) hiemale, Kutz., Short Creek.
27. Closterium acerosum, Ehr., near Ula.
28. di leibleinii, Kutz. .
sd cucumis, Short Creek.
30. Cosmarium nitidulum, DeNot.
31, Euastrum ansatum, Ehr.

IV. PTERIDOPHYTA.

1. Botrychium lanceolatum, Angst., Willow Creek, 8,200
feet (M. E. Cusack.) A syrphid larva, about Io mill. long, pale,
the dorsum dull orange, was found on this plant.

2. Cryptogramme acrostichoides, ‘Spreng.) R. Br., Porter
and Coulter, FI., S. Colorado.

3 _, Woodsia oregana, Eaton, Porter and Coulter, “Fl. Color-
ado.

if Pteris aquilina, Linn., somewhat local at about 8,400 feet
alt. -

5. Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh., Porter and Coulter, ‘‘Fl. Col-
orado.”’

6. Equisetum pratense, Ehrh., West Cliff.

7. Equisteum lcevigatum, Braun, Grape creek (Demetrio),
Ellis and Everhart. This species has priority over E. loeviga-
tum, Lesqx, fossil at Golden. The fossil species may be amended
to E. perloevigatum, so as not to conflict with the recent one.

8. Equisetum arvense L , Willow creek and elsewhere. Some
of the specimens are not typical.

9g. Equisetum hiemale, L., Willow creek and elsewhere, com-
mon,

The West American Scientist. i55

V—GYMNOSPERM#.

I. Juniperus communis L., abundant at 8,200 feet and up-
wards. The berries form part of the food of robins (merula
migratoria),

2. Picea engelmanni (Parry) Eng., Short creek and Willow
creek.

3. Picea pungens, Eng.,Short Creek and Willow Creek.

4. Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum, Eng., abundant, Short
Creek, Willow Creek, etc. T. D. A. Cockerell.

West Cr iFF, October 7, 1889.

PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF
THE ANAGAPAS.

(Read before the Santa Barbara Society of Natural History, August, 1889.)

The group of islands known as the Anacapas are more exclu-
sively of volcanic origin than any other of the Channel
Islands, the base from the exposure above the level of the ocean
being composed of black vesicular basalt, capped in many places
by a trachytic rock of a more recent lava flow, and at some
points on the most elevated portions of the islands covered by a
drift formation, among which are found jasper, chalcedony, and
other fragmentary metamorphic rocks.

Where these metamorphic rocks are found there is abundant
evidence that the aborigines, who inhabited the islands, fre-
quented the place of deposit for the purpose of selecting rocks
suitable tor the manufacture of their arrow and spear points.

An unimportant deposit of limestone exists on the middle
island, anda vein of chalcedonic quartz was found near the east-
ern end of the larger island; this was also used for the manu-
facture of weapons and knives.

Amygdaloides of chalcedony are very abundant, filling the
almond-shaped cavities in the basalt.

» An article on the geology of the Channel Islands, including the
Anacapas, with geological sections, the result of the studies of the
islands during the past twelve years, is being prepared, and will
be presented to this society at its next meeting.

There are many things connected with the fauna and flora of
these islands which are of much interest to students of natural
history, and the scenery equals in variety and grandeur many of
the most noted localities of other countries, a fact which our
local artists are making known.

The land shells of the islands are peculiar; the only helicoid
land shell found on the Anacapas, Helix Ayresiana, heretofore
noted from San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz, is found
but sparingly on the Anacapas, but the writer brought a few liv-
ing specimens and planted a colony in the foothills of the Santa
Ynez Range, back of El Montecito, where it is hoped they may

156 The West American Scientist.

increase and furnish specimens of this beautiful snail for future
generations of conchologists.

~ Owing to the steep and rugged shores, and a lack of suitable
conditions, marine mollusks are not plentiful, except a few lit-
toral species, which attach themselves to the rugged surface of
the basalt rocks.

A list of the known mollusca of the islands is also in prepara-
tion.

We did not find any ferns upon the Anacapas, but, as adverse
circumstances prevented our landing upon the western extremity
of the group, where the conditions seem the most favorable for
their growth, we cannot state positively that no ferns grow there.
An article on the ferns of the Channel Island will shortly be pub-
lished. Lorenzo G. Yates.

BRIEFER ARHIICLES.
(FromgDemorest’s Monthly Magazine.)

EARLIEST AMERICANS.—The knowledge that America was in-
habited by a highly civilized people many cezturies before its
occupancy by the race of red men which the earliest European
settlers found here, is not new. Yet it was not until lately that
actual records of information concerning this people were found,
and for more than four hundred years all that we have known of
them was gathered froma careful study of the relics of their
greatness, —the ruins of their edifices, which have been found
scattered over the entire western hemisphere. But the earthen
tablets found in Peru, Central America, and Mexico, engraved
on plastic clay in perfect Phoenician characters, and afterwards
burned to render them imperishable, extend back nearly two
thousand years before Christ. Accordng to these records, these
people, the Toltecs, came from some remote country and settled
in South America. They were an eminently civilized and re-
ligious people, vesting the laws of their government and their
theology in the same persons, and believing in one God, the cre-
atorand ruler of all, and in a mediator (Tzuma) who was to come
to guide and teach them aright. Two distinct classes existed
among them, the ‘‘Olptecs,’’ or workers, and the ‘‘Orptecs,” or
thinkers, the latter including not only their priests and rulers, but
their architects, artisans, engineers, andnobility. The ‘‘Olptecs”’
were serfs with no voice at all in the government or public affairs.
These people rapidly increased, and by the year 4oo B. C. had
settled nearly the entire South American continent and spread
over Mexico, where they found an aboriginal race dwelling on the
banks of the streams and living upon the natural produce of the
soil and upon fish and game. For over a thousand years the
Toltecs occupied the land, until in the last century before Christ,
the Aztec invaders sailed up the Amazon, claiming to have come
from an Oriental country which they called “Aztlan.” The Az-
tecs soon overruled the Toltec government, and in the course of
two or three centuries the Aztecs were the dominant people.

The West American Scientist. Fy7

Their supremacy lasted for seven centuries, and then, through
luxurious abundance, their commerce and industries became less
active and extensive, and their power commenced to wane. In
800 A. D. a savage horde from the north and west came down
upon the Aztecs, and wiped out the primeval civilization in a sav-
age war of extermination, lasting for years. The remnants of the
stricken people fled to the mountains, where they became cliff
and cave dwellers, and others became amalgamated with the de-
stroying race, the Chicimecs. This is but a sketch of the
wonderful history these long-hidden records relate. _ It was re-
served for the progressive and enduring Indo-European branch
of the Aryan race to open the pages and read for us the instruct-
ive history of these thirty forgotten centuries during which Amer-
ica was peopled in turn by the Hamitic branch of the Semite
race, then by the Semites proper, and these finally exterminated
by the flerce Turaneans from Chinese Tartary, until to-day nearly
every vestige of their existence is being crushed out of the world’s
history by the rapid paces of an advancing civilization.

ComMUNISM IN Ou10.—In Tuscarawas county, Ohio, about
eighty miles south of Cleveland, in a quaint little village called
Zoar, is an obscure communistic colony of about three hundred
inhabitants. It was founded in 1817, by two Germans, who se-
lected this location, comprising some of the richest land in Ohio,
and called their settlement Zoar, because it was to be to them a
place of refuge from the world. The people, descendants of the
pioneers who first settled there, are frugal and industrious,
strongly attached to their beautiful home, and work for the com-
munity, which owns and controls not only the village proper
but thousands ot acres outside. The money is received into one
common treasury, and the necessaries of life, including food and
clothing, are furnished by the officials, consisting of three trus-
tees and a committeee of five, who are annually elected by bal-
lot. They are Christians, accepting the Old and New Testa-
ments, but they have no minister or ceremonies of any kind, and
their place of worship is not called a church, but a ‘congregation-
house.’ In marriage, the contracting parties procure a license, °
according to the laws of the State, and the marriages are solem-
nized by a Justice of the Peace, who is a member of the com-
munity. Years ago their rules were very strict, and the members
all dressed alike; but now, although simplicity is the rule, they
are not uniformly attired. They manufacture their own wool
garments, and boots and shoes, and each family raises its own
produce. Ifany need money for any reason, they make applica-
tion for it. They runa flouring mill, two grist mills, two woolen
mills, anda tannery. They have two good schools, and keep
a large hotel accommodating many summer boarders. _ Alto-
gether they are a happy, independent people, content to live
apart from the world. Every person in the community knows
his place, is assigned to his duty, and performs his work accord-
ing to his ability. | Nearly all the present members were born in

i58 The West American Scientist,

Zoar, although outsiders may join if they can pass satisfactorily
the year’s probation which is demanded. Yet this quiet, secluded
life does not seem to accord with the desires of most men and
women, although the Zoarites profess to be perfectly satisfied,

THE SALT MOUNTAINS OF THE COLoRADO.—Upon a tributary
of the Colorado River, the Virgin, are situated the salt mountains
which are destined to be the source of great wealth to someone.
They cover a stretch of about twenty-five miles on both sides of
the Virgin River, seven miles up from the Colorado. The salt
they contain is pure and white, and clearer than glass, and it is
said that a piece of it seven or eight inches thick is sometimes
clear enough to see through to read a newspaper. Over the salt
is a layer of sandstone from two to eight feet thick, and when
this is torn away the sait appears like a huge snowdrift. How
deep it is has not yet been ascertained; but a single blast of giant
powder will blow out tons of it. | Under the cap-rock have been
discovered charred wood and charcoal, and matting made of
cedar bark, which the salt had preserved, evidently the camp be-
longings of prehistoric men. |The rocks toward the salt moun-
tains are painted and carved with hieroglyphics, the meaning of
which is known only to the Mojave, Yuma, Piute and other In-
dians. From the reports of recent explorers it seems that there
are stretches of hundreds of miles on the Colorado River as lit-
tle known as the heart of Central Africa. The walls of the El
Dorado Canyon, where the river is three hundred and fifty feet
wide, are so high that neither the sun nor the moon can shine in.
The Colorado is the greatest field for explorers on the North
American Continent beside the Arctic regions, and the wonders
yet to be unearthed there will probably much more richly re-
ward the attention of the scientist than even the unknown spaces

of the frigid North.

THE CABLE CIRCUIT OF AFRICA.—The report of the United
States Vice-Consul to St. Paul de Loando, concerning the dis-
trict of Mossamedes, on the West Coast of Africa, practically an
unknown country to Americans, includes the important informa-
tion that a cable has just been laid between the Cape of Good
Hope and Mossamedes, touching at Port Nolluth, and contin-
ued from Mossamedes to Loando, completing the telegraphic
circuit of Africa. It is expected, since the completion of this new
line, that a message can be sent wza the West Coast more expe-
ditiously than by the old route to the Cape vza the Red Sea
and Zanzibar. The district of Mossamedes, of which a consider-
able portion of territory has been lately ceded by Portugal to
Germany, is situated between 13° 50’ and 17° 25’ south latitude.
The principal port and town is called Mossamedes. It has an-
chorage for any number of vessels, and good pier facilities. —_ Its
commerce chiefly consists of the exchange of cattle, dried and
salted fish, dried beef. and agricultural products tor goods and
provisions that come from Europe, A line of railway from Mos-

The West American Scientist. - 159

samedes to two hundred miles into the interior has been pro-
jected. It will cross the Schella Mountains at a distance of one
hundred and twenty miles from the coast, beyond which the
country is said to be magnificent, and salubrious for Europeans,
who are ableto work in the fields.

MODERN CAVE-DWELLERS IN GERMANY.—Cave-dwellers in
civilized Europe? It seems incredible; and yet, just above the
thriving village of Langenstein, in the Hartz Mountains, and
forming a part of it, are about ten dwellings hewn in the rocks.
They are calledthe “Burg,” or ‘‘castle,” and here some forty per-
sons have their home. In the face of the solid rock is to be seen
a row of regular-shaped doors and windows, one door and one
window belonging to each dwelling. The most ancient of these
dwellings is the work of a young married couple whose extreme
poverty gave them no other choice than to seek a home in the
rugged mountain-side. Their work must be held deserving ot
respect, for it was no light task to pick away the rock bit by bit,
as one workman must with no tool but his pick-ax. Through
the doorway one enters a narrow, straight hallway, at the right
of which another doorway leads into a good-sized room witha
window, the only one in the dwelling, | Opposite this doorway,
at the left of the entry, is a shell-shaped hollow, which serves as
a sleeping-room, in which, however, straw supplies the place of
a bed. Back of this, at the lett, is a store-room; opposite it, ad-
joining the living or sitting-room, is the kitchen, with fireplace
and chimney; and back of the kitchen is another sleeping-room.
The latter has no opening for light, yet, as the house-door is usu-
ally open the greater part of the year, there is light enough to see
by. The walls are of the natural rock, and the apartments are
perfectly dry, and not badly ventilated with the door, window,
and chimney, which create a slight draft through the dwelling at
all times. The place is warm in winter and cool in summer, and
the inmates are rosy and healthy. Some of the cave-dwellers
have whitewashed their houses, and made little gardens outside,
so that the exterior does not display a forbidding appearance.
At any rate, these cave-dwellings are quite as comfortable (and
certainly more sanitary) habitations as the cellars of our cities,
which are leased to wretched inmates, and are only caves of ma-
sonry.

A WONDERFUL LAKkE.—'The ‘Walled Lake,’ as it is called, is
the greatest wonder in the State of Iowa. It is situated in
Wright county, twelve miles north of the Dubuque and Pacific
Railway, and one hundred and fifty miles west of Dubuque City,
and occupies a surface of two thousand eight hundred acres, with
a depth of twenty-five feet insome places The lake is from two
to three feet higher than the earth’s surface, and in some places
the wall surrounding it, which gives it its name, is ten feet high.
The stones used in its construction vary in weight from one
hundred pounds to three tons, and the wall is fifteen feet wide

160 The West American Scientist.

at the bottom and five feet wide on top. The mystery about
the lake is that no one knows who built these massive walls
that inclose it, or where the stone was obtained from, unless
they were taken trom the immediate vicinity; for surrounding
the lake, to the extent of five or ten miles, there are no stones,
although everywhere else in Wright county there are plenty of
them. Another singular fact is that, although the water in the
lake is always clear and fresh, no one has been able to ascertain
where it comes from or where it goes.

AN Evectric PLAnt.—In the forests of India there has been
discovered a very strange plant, which manifests a most aston-
ishing magnetic power. Anyone who breaks a leat from it re-
ceives immediately a shock equal to that which is produced by
the conductor of an induction coil. A magnetic needle at a dis-
tance of twenty feet is affected by it, and near by becomes very
much deranged. The intensity of this singular influence is very
variable. It is most powerful about two o’clock in the after-
noon, and almost without force at night or during rain. No
bird or insect is ever seen to alight on the electric plant; some
instinct seems to warn them of the danger of sudden death.
None of the magnetic metals, iron, cobalt, or nickel, are found
where this plant grows, so that the electric force undeniably be-
longs exclusively to the plant. The mysteries of light and heat,
magnetism and electricity, make the leaf and blossom of this
wonderful Indian plant a rare botanical problem.

PROCEEDINGS OF S@GRINTIFIC” SOCIZTe.

(San Diego Society of Natural History, October 4. 1889.)

The meeting was held at the residence of the Vice-President,
Rev. B. F. McDaniel. Dr. C. H. Eigenmann made some re-
marks on his trip in the Azalene to the Cortez Banks, describing
the embryology of the rock cods and the surf perches, both of
which bring forth their young alive. The vice-president
presented fine specimens of Indian relics from El Cajon valley,
describing the locality whence they came. Tourmaline in quartz
was scattered over the hillside and it was evident the Indians had
mined there for flints for arrow heads. j

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

MatvA RotTunpiIFoLiA, The occurrence of this imported
weed in a pasture at Trinidad, Colorado, is announced in Field
and Farm, September 21, 1889. It is exceedingly abundant in
some localities in the East, as at Niagara Falls, but we had not
definite news of it before in Colorado. TAD Fe:

JosepH P. Nunn. The Fertility and Coloring of Birds’ Eggs.
Science Gossip, September, 1889, p. 204. Statistics are given of

The West American Scientist, 161

various clutches of Merula merula, and the author concludes that
‘the greater the fertility, the darker the color of the eggs,”’

THE Mammotu Nor Extinct. In Science Gossip, Septem-
ber, 1889, p. 214, is quoted a clipping from the Sa/u;day Journal,
to the effect that the mammoth (4/ephas primigenius) still exists
in Alaska! A certain Mr. Fowler, it seems, has interviewed a
man who killed two of them. But the public unkindly scoffs
and makes mention of the horse marines!

DIORCHIDIUM TRACYI, DE Tonr. Journ. of Mycol., June,
1889, vol. 5, p. 95 and pl. x. Good figures are given of this
species from New Mexico, which is the only North American
species of its genus known. We confess, however. that we do not
quite see on what grounds it is called D.tracyi, since it was appa-
rently first described by Tracy and Galloway as Puccinia verti-
septa, last year. The name ought surely to be Diorchidium verti-
septa, (T. & G.), verti-septa not being preoccupied or otherwise
inappropriate. Dr. De Toni’s ideas of priority are, we hope, not
those of most other mycologists. The same number of the Jour. of
mycol, that contains the description of P. verti-septa has anarticle
on Doassansia by him in which he proposes to alter D. puncti-
formis (Niessl, 1872) to D. Niesslii,De Toni, because an Austra-
lian species was named D. punctiformis by Winter in 1887, D.
punctiformis Niess] not being at that time recognized as belong-
ing to the genus! It is the Australian D. punctiformis, Wint.,
that must be changed—say to D. Lythri, as it was found on
Lythrum. eB Aa.

R. K. MacapaM. North American Agarics. /. of MZycol.,
June, 1889, p. 58. Descriptions and localities are given for 11
species of Russula, only three of which are quoted from any-
where on the Pacific Slope. There is probably a great deal yet
to be done amomg the Western Agarics. TDA, Se:

H. J. Etwes. Notes on genus Erebia. Trans. Entomological
Society of London, 1889, p.317. This very interesting paper
deals with this genus of butterflies at considerable length, and
gives a list of the species. There are also remarks on the geo-
graphical distribution of the genus, which number altogether 57
species. A new var. brucei of E. epipsodea is described from
Colorado. It is smaller, without ocelli, and the red band is
almost obsolete. It is possibly a distinct species. T.D. A.C.

D. W. CoguiLLeTT. The Imported Australian Ladybird,
(Vedolia cardinalis). /zsect Life,Sept. 1889, p. 70. Of this article
on the imported Australian Coccinellid, and the wonderful work
it is doing in destroying that pest, the Iccrya, in California, we
need only say that it is of the greatest interest, and ought to be
read by all who care for the welfare of agriculture on the Pacific
Slope. Thea DA. G

162 The West American Scientist.

EDITORAL.

The development of asystem for the utilization of the arid
lands of the west is one of the most promising of numerous pro-
jects now under consideration for the material improvement of
the condition of mankind. Not only is the west interested in the
numerous discussions and actions taken on this subject, but the
whole nation is becoming awakened to the necessity of rendering
this vast area capable of sustaining human life.

It has been estimated that within historic times some seven
millions of square miles along the shores of the Mediterranean,
once highly fertile, have been changed into worthless deserts, and
for nearly 2,000 years the inhabitable portion of the earth has
decreased at the average rate of 3,500 square miles. This has
been produced by the direct agency of man, the evil being chiefly
due to river floods caused almost exclusively by the destruction
of land-protecting forests.

It is right that America should set the example of reclaiming
desert lands and thus increase earth’s capacity for supporting the
human race. “77gation and tree-culture must go hand and hand
in this work.

The value of irrigation has been abundantly proved by the
past experience of the human race and is to-day sufficiently
demonstrated in Southern California to convince the most
skeptic. Not only is irrigation recognized in the west as the
solution of the arid lands question, but agricultural papers are
already pointing out the desirability of the system for the eastern
States, where it is much less vital and was long considered need-
less.

The necessity for tree-culture is equally imperative with irriga-
tion, and the arid lands question will never be satisfactorily set-
tled without the recognition of this principle in its solution. The
men who advocate the construction of a vast svstem of storage
reservoirs for irrigation purposes, refuse to recognize the value
of mountain forests as natural storage reservoirs and
distributors of the water supply, and hold that it would be
just as well to destroy them entirely, are not the men needed
in this exigency of our country. The system of irrigation pro-
posed is well, but if left to their own devices in the latter respect,
the country will have reason for regret. America can ill afford to
ignore the experience of other nations in this respect and
forestry should receive equal consideration with irrigation,

NOTES AND NEWS:

An event anticipated in Plymouth for more than fifty years took
place there on the rst of August. It was the dedication of the

The West American Scientist. 163

monument in honor of the Pilgrims, by the Masonic Grand
Lodge. which laid the corner-stone thirty years ago.

The four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America
by Columbus will be celebrated by a World’s Fair in 1892. New
York city is confident of being selected as a site for this great ex-
position, but Chicago and St. Louis are both rivals for this honor,
St. Louis claims to be more centrally located than any other city
of its size in the United States, and to possess a greater population
and two and a half times as many miles of railroad within a
radius of 500 miles, than either New York or Chicago.

Rev. M. J. Berkeley, a distinguished English cryptoga:nic
botanist, is dead.

Prof. F. H. Knowlton is collecting fossil plants in Western
New Mexico, Arizona and California, according to the Botanical
Gazette.

Prof. E. L. Greene spent the summer months in an explora-
tion of the torests of Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Washington
and California.

Dr. George Vasey has returned to Washington, D. C., from
his tour through the West.

There are about 100 species of mosquitoes in the world, occur-
ring in all climes. Eight or ten species have been known to in-
habit England for more than fifty years—in fact since they were
first studied—and no new species have been recorded in Britain
in that time. One well-known British species has been recorded
from Mexico; though no tropical species has ever visited England

Dr. Field, a celebrated physician, is reported to have used
nothing but common flour of sulphur, a teaspoonful mixed with
the finger in a wineglassful of water, and given as a gargle, when
diphtheria was raging a few years ago. In ten minutes the pa-
tient was out of danger, and he never lost a case of this disease.
Sulphur destroys the fungus in man and beast. In extreme cases
dry sulphur was blown down the throat through a quill, and sul-
phur burned in a shovel so that the patient could inhale it, when
a gargle could not be used.

About 150 colors are obtained from coal tar, which has
now almost entirely supplanted vegetable and animal dyes.

The

West American

Sczentzisi.

IM PORTANT NOTICE.
Botanists, Nurserymen,

SEEDS MEN AND FLORISTS.

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Cycas revoluta, C. circinalis (tree ferns), Al ophila,
crinata, A. gigantea, Cythea hemiti'ia, Dendrobium
maccarthese, D. Aureum, D. cruminatum, D. macro,
stachys, Vanda spathulata, Vanilla phalarnopsis,
Eria bicolor, Cleistoma maculosum, and over 40 of
the best varieties of Lycopopiums, Ferns, Palms,
Pandanus, Euphorbia, Opuntia, anil other varieties
of seeds and plants supplied.

We will pack aud deliver free at any
sea-port:

A case of 250 Orchids, 20 varieties............$100
‘4 500 ee 3U SES Be Toc ats eaters os 150
4 204 Cycas cirtinalis, stems 6 inches.. 100
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A case of 1,0U0 Bulbs, 10 different varieties,
such as Crium Oranatum, ©. Asiaticum, Pan-
cartium, Gloriosa, Methonica, Alocasias, &c. 175

Coffea arabica, ©, Liberica, Thea Asamica, T. Hy-
brida, T, insigenians, Cichona, Legeriana, Cardamo-
num pinernigram, Myristica, Clove of Commerce,
Caselpinia sappan, C. Davidivi, E. ceca, Theobroma
cooa, Cocoas mucifera, Vanilla planifolia, Sarcinia
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TREES. Price list of seeds and plants can be had on
application to C. R. ORCUTT, Seedsman, San
Diego, California, to whom all orders should be
addressed.

Also, Bird Skins and Eggs, Shells
upplied from Ceylon and elsewhere.

J. P. ABRAHAM,
Grand Pass, Colombo, Ceylo.
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Address, H. A. MUMAW, M.D., ORR-

| VILLE, ONTO.

Br... KORYEA’S

NEW HAMMAM

For LADIES AND GENTLEMEN.
218 POST STREET,

Bet. Dupont and Stockton,

The Finest Turkish, Russian, Electric, and
Medicated Baths in the City.

Single Bath, 81. Six Tickets. 85.

Open for Gentlemen, Dav and Night, Siwmdays includ-
ed. For Ladies, from 8 A. M. té6 P.M.

—THE NAUTILUS :—

For CONCHOLOGISTS.

SAN FRANCISCO.

(Formerly “The Corchologists’ Exchange.’’)
IMPROVED! ENLARGED! ILLUSTRATED!
Issued monthly. Subscription $1.00 per annum

H. A. Pi_ssBeEy, Editor,
W. D. AVERELL, Manager.
Mt. Airy, Philadelphia Pa.

Address

BIRDS, SKINS AND EGGS.

EW PRICE LIST OF FRESH SOUTHERN CAL-
ifornia Bird Skins sent for stamp. Charles H.
Marsh, Dulzura, Cal

Our A, B, C’s—Accuracy, Brevity, Completeness.
WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST
“ Decidedly the best of its class.”

An illustrated monthly magazine of popular science—
the only one in the West.
$1.00 year; 10 cents a copy.

For shells, fossils, plants, bulbs, ferns, cacti,
seeds, etc., address the editor, Chas, Russell Orcutt,
San Diego, California.

The West American Scientist

- The Acme No. 3 Microscope,
FOR FINEST WORK:

With 3-5 inch and 1-5 inch objectives, 2 eye-

pieces power 60 to 7UO), glass slides and

COVETS IN CABG.... <.). 5 deceiale + nw cates ais'sieies $ 83.00
With same outfit, but with addition of the

1-15 oil immersion objective and substage

condenser (power 50 to 1600) 150.00

The Acme

No. 4
Miroscopes,

As illustrated, a
thorough instrument
for professional or
educational use:

With 1 in. & 1-5
in. objectives,
two ey e-pieces
(power 40 to
600), glass
slides and cov-
ers in case .$55.00

The Acme No. 5 Microscope,

An instrument of simple but thorough construction,
with good lenses, and at a mipimum cost:
With 1 inch and 1-5 inch objectives, 1 eye-_

piece (power 40 to 360), in case........-. $28.00
fa7Send for complete catalogue of Microscopes, sam-
ple copy of the Microscopical Bulletin, and ciearance-
sale list.

In the Acme Microscopes, we especially pride our-
selves on the accurate sitting and sinooth working of
the focal adjustinents, which are vital points in a
microscope. Our rack and pinion is unexcelled for
perfect action.

JAMES W. QUEEN & CO.,

Manufacturing Opticians,

924 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.

ae 2 OO fee aA

THR, COSMOPOLITAN,

That Bright, Sparkling Young Magazine.

The Cheapest Illustrated Monthly in the World.

25 Cents a Number.

$2.40 per Year.

THE COSMOPOLITAN is literally what the press universally calls it, “‘The Best and Cheapest
Illustrated »tagazine” in the Worla,

Subscribe—-AN UNUSUAL OPPORTUNIT Y—NSubscribe

The Cosmopolitan, per year.......2i:ta.le0i20).i.4.0: $2 4o
THE WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST, per year...........- I 00
mice. price ofthe two publications / 4)... .n.bs,. «sites soe $3 4o
We will furnish both for only........00.. 02 ceeeee 3 dias 66a TF

The Cosmopolitan’ furnishes, for the first time in magazine iterature, a plendidy /lustrated Periodical,
at a Price hitherto deemed impvssibe,
ase TRY IT FOR A YEAR.

Do you want a first-class Magazine, giving annually 1300 pages by the ablest writers and cleverest
artists—as readable a Magazine as money can make—a Magazine that
makes a specialty of live subjects ?

Send $2.75 to Samuel Carson & Co., 208 Post St., San Francisco, and se-
cure both “The Cosmopolitan” and ‘“‘The West American Scientist.”

The West American Scientist.

orstonds

ACID PHOSPHATE

Prepared according to the directions of Pror. E. N, HorsForpD,

ESPECIALLY RECOMMENDED FOR

‘Dyspepsia, Nervousness, Exhaus-
tion, Headache, Tired Hrain,

And all Diseases arising from Indigestion and
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Oo

f@This is not a compound “patent medicine,” but a prepara-
tion of the phosphates and phosphoric acid in the form re-
buired by the system.

It aids digestion without injury, and is a beneficial food and
tonic for the brain and nerves.

It makes a delicious drink with water and sugar only, and
agrees with such stimulants as are necessary to take.

Dr. E. W. Hitt, Glens Falls, N. Y., says: ‘An excellent
remedy for a tonic Dyspepsia, nervous and general debility,
or any low state of the system.”

Dr. D. A. Stewart, Winona, Minn, says: “Entire satis-
faction in cases of perverted digestion, loss of nerve-power,
mal-nutrition and kindred ailments,”

Dr. G, H. Leacu, Cairo, Ill, says: “Of great power in
dyspepsia and nervous prostration.”’

¥e=> Descriptive Pamphlet Free.
Rumford Chemical Works Providence, R. I.

Beware of Substitutes and Imitations

«am Be sure the word ‘“‘HorsForp’s” is printed on the label.—All others are
spurious. —Never sold in bulk.

The West American Scientist.

yosePt GILLOTrg
Steel Plens

FOR ARTISTIC USE in fine drawing,
Nos. 659 (Crowquill), 290 and aor.
FOR FINE WRITING,

Nos. 303 and Ladies’, 170.
FOR BROAD WRITING,
Nos. 294, 389 and Stub Point, 849.
FOR GENERAL WRITING,

Nos. 332, 404, 390 and 604.

Joseph Gillott & Sons, 91 John St., N.Y.
HENRY HOE, Sore AGENT,
Sold iy ALL DEALERS throughout the World.

Gold Medal Paris Exposition, 1878.

A. WENTSCHER,
GENERAL COMMISSION

FORWARDING AND SHIPPING.

San Diego, Cal.

RE YOU FOND OF USING TOOLS OR
Tinkering? If So send One Dollar for THE
UNIVERSAL TINKER AND AMATEUR’S ASSIS'T-
ANT. Tells Amateurs about turning and lathe-work,
Painting, Staining, Book Binding, French Polishing,
Wood Finishing, Fretwork, Amateur Printing, the
Magic Lantern, etc. Single copies 10 cts. Address
HODGSON & BARWOOD, 294 Broadway, New
York, N.Y.

tbh ebb y phe eet tyes

@ Sin" Cut This Out! tous

with only ten cents, (silver or stamps) &
we will send you for six months, ‘THE &
YOUNG IDEA, the brightest and best juv- >

ae enile magazine published. Itis handsomely
S% illustrated and contains the most delightful &
of stories. We make this offer to introduce, &
only, GRANT C. WHITNEY, Pup &
Belvidere, Ill.

ec!)

COLLECTORS

Who wish to obtain first-class European

chad ae ee ae 4) o PPD v

|
|
|

or African Natural History Specimens |
will oblige by sending class of desiderata |

to

DR REED; Jr.,
Ryhope, Sunderland, England.

Sold for $2 OO, until lately.

Best $55 watch in the world.

Berfect timekeeper. War-

ranted. Heavy Solid Gold
fA Hunting Cases. Both ladies’
and gents’ sizes, with works
and .cases of ‘equal value.
‘One Person in each lo-
caltiy can secure one free,
together with our large and val-
uadle line of Household
Samples. These samples, as
well as the watch, we send
Free, and after you have kept
them in your home for @ months and shown them to those
who may have called, they become your own property. Those
who write at once can be sure of receiving the ateh
and Samples. We pay all express, freight, etc, Address
Stinson & Co., Box 812. Portland, Maine.

$85 Solid Gold ap

Consolidated National Bank.

CAPITAL PAID IN,

=- $250,000.
SURPLUS FUND, - - 50,000.
Undivided Profits - - 79,961
BRYANT HOWARD, - - - President.
J. H, BARBOUR, : - - Vice-President.
JOHN GINTY, - - - - - - Cashier.

W. R. RUGE.S, Assistant Cashier.
— DIRECTORS.--—

O. S. Witherby, John Ginty,
James McCoy,
Bryant Howard.

Hiram Mabury,
E. W. Morse,
J. H. Parbour,

&@ Exchange on all the Principal Cities of America
and Europe bought and sold.

The Savings Bank

OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY.

In the Consolidated Bank Building, corner of Hand
t ifth streets,

CAPITAL,

$100,000.
: 1OFFICERS:-:

E. W. Morse, - - - : :

J. H. Barbour, -

John Ginty, < :

Presid ent
Vice-Presid ent
Secretary and Treas urer

: :DIRECTORS:-:
O.S. Witherby, H. Mabury,
James McCoy,

E. W. Morse
Bryant Howard,

Interest Allowed on Deposits.
Loaned on Real Estate,

ORCHIDS, CYCADS,

Bulbs, Seeds and Roots.

Money

Denarobium maccarthee; D. aureum; D, crumin-
atum; 9. macrotachyum; Vanda spathulata, etc., etc.:
each cluster, 5U cents—by mail, 75 cents. Cycas
revoluta and Cycas circinalis stems of all sizes from
$5.00 to 50 cents. Lilies—Pancartium, Gloriosa
methonica, each, 50 cents, by mail. Price list on ap-
plication.

NATURAL HISTORY.

Biri skins of over 4U species peculiar to Ceylon,
mounted or unmounted. Curiositic-, bird’s eggs,
shells, bones, etc., ete. An assorted collection of 24
species of bird skins by mail for $45. All orders
should be be sent to C. R. ORCUTT, Editor
The West American Scientist, San Diego, Cal-
cfornia, of whom nurserymen and florists can obtain
circular on application. Coffe-, Thea, Cocoa, Cin-
nhona, Peppers, Palms, etc., etc. Fresh seed always
in stock. ‘I'ree Ferns and Lycopods,

J. P. ABRAHAM, Nurseryman & Florist

Grand Pass, Colombo, Ceylon.

IT IS IMPORTANT

For collectors to know where they can purchase spec-
mens the cheapest. We invite ali to send for our
illustrated price lists, etc.

STEARNS’ CURIO SHOP,
Headquarters for Low Prices,
ELKADOR, IOWA,

The West American Scientist.

| (| Co-operation Reduces Cost

| JA Watch 2$38

AlFully EQUAL for
Accuracy,
bility, Appearance
stand Rane) ag
r an 75 atch.
Ss { Phid®phia’s
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much _ toward
building it up|:
and making Its
thecityofhomes.
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of co-operation

14-Karat Gold Karat Gold

Filled CHA Filed CHAIN N
unranteed to wear
Years, and is 33%

ia-Karat Solid Gold

eGo EN,

I eine 0 a
re Cee and buy the BEST. ;
aged,has builtup Zhe Keystone Watch}
Club Co. until they are now selling ore
Watches to consumers than all others|
combined. ‘They handle only the

Keystone Dust-proof Watch i”),

which is deservedly regarded as theRiih
crown and climax of Pennsylvania’s
manufactures. This Watch containssme
every essential to an accurate time-|ff
keeper, and many important improve-
ments patented by the Company. They
are Dust and Damp Proof,
= 2 quality possessed by nol
24 SA} other movementin theworld.
Die | Jeweled with genuine rubies .|/Rim
Patent Stem Wind & Set, Ieee
strongest and simplest. Sold
through authorized agents at/ia=
al 898.00. Either all cash downlfz
LE r $1.00 per week. B
i An Ajax Watch Insulator given

Sree with each Watch,

eee, Watch Club Til |

Main Office in Company’ si
Own Building, YZ
| 904 Walnut St. (~~
PHILADELPHIA,PA i
: peewee ie | :
£ against magnetism. cau
j\j Fitany watch. Sent
by mail on receipt of price.

We refer to any Commercial Agen

ON
oF WATCHES

Comm) -:- Come)

Watch “insulator,

A rere epieetion

James I’. Whittle. bD. F. Jones

JONES & WHITTLE
HOUSE AND SIGN PAINTING,

Paper Hanging and Decorating,
Kalsomining and Oil Finishing
Graining and Marbling a “specialty.

821 Seventh St., San Diego, Cal.
The Califormia Voice.

A weekly 28 column Journal, devoted to
the cause of Prohibition and Politi-
cal and Social Reform.

Takes the clean and right side of all

the labor and other questions that con-
cern the public welfare.

Address, CALIFORNIA VOICE,

328 Pacific Street, San Francisco, Cal-

ALL FOR 25 CENTS.

A fine Indian Arrew-head, Piece of Pottery, Star-
fish, Sea-urchin, Shark’s Egg, 8 minerals, Chinese
Coins, 14-page price-list of curiosities, etc., copy of
COMMON SENSE, a 16-page magazine for collectors,
35c per year. F. A. THOMAS, Publisher,

Mexia, New York.

ROYAL PALM NURSERIES

The finest anil most extensive collection of Tropi-
cat and Semi-Tropical Plants in America. Many
adayted to Southern California. More than 20 varie-
ties of bananas. 150,00U one year old palms, Fruit,
ornamental and economical plants from Australia,
Japan, Hong-Kong, India, South Africa, South Ameri-
ca and all parts of the tropical world. New and valu-
able descriptive catalogue of 100 pages, mailed to
any address, upon receipt of 10 cts. Address,

REASONER BROS.,

Manatee, Florida.

Geological and Archeological Specimens

———_ AND

Scientific Books.

——_-o-—_-

Corals from the falls of the Ohio a
specialty. Can furnish from a single ex-
ample to one hundred thousand. e Cor-
respondence with advanced coll ctors
and professors of colleges solicited. Best
of reference given and satisfaction guar-
anteed or money refunded.

G. K. GREENE;
170 East Third St., New | Albany, Ind.

PORTRAITS.

YOUR HOME MADE BEAUTIFUL
By aiorning them with the
FACES OF LOVED ONES.

The New York Artists’ Union is the only organiza-
tion doing genuine Crayon, Pastels and Oil Portraits
of friends living or dead, from photographs, tin-types
or any correct likeness. They can fill, and therefore
solicit orders from all parts of the United States. Con-
scientious work on the smallest as well as the largest
contracts ix their rule. Satisfaction guaranteed or
no pay required. All work done by Graduated
Artists, Now zs the time to send your order. Send
or our illustrated circular of prices, etc., to

The New York Artists’ Union,
Mention this paper] 10 East 14th St , New York,

Shells, Minerals and Fossils

—ALSO—

SHEDS AND PLANTS:

OR: OR GUA

Editor “West American Scientist.”
San D1ikEGo, CALIF.

ees ES EY ay Se Se

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The West American Scientist.

Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk-Tales,

With the Notes of the Origin. Customs and Character of the
Pawnee People. By Groran BIRD GRINNBLL.

CLOTH, 417 PAGES, ILLUSTRATED. PRICE, $2,00.

These tales are as unique as the “Uncle Remus” stories and quite
as original, ingenuous, characteristic and full of human nature. The
race here pictures itself with unconscious fidelity. No such absolutely
“% faithful portrayal of the Indians has ever before been given. For
¥f this quality, apart from the popular interest of the stories, the book
is destined to make a more profound and lasting impression than
even that created by “Ramona,”

LOG CABINS. How to Build and Furnish them.

By WILLIAM S. WICKS.

—_— =

The book is thoroughly practical, Every step in the process of construction is ex-
plained. The authorisan architect who has himself built log cabins, and very handsome
ones, too, as shown in the plates. The designs are numerous aud varied, Plans are
given for cabins, large andsmall, with details of exterior and interior finish; and there
are also some yery useful directions for constructing temporary shelters—the Indian
camp, brush house and bark camp. The furnishing consisis of tables, chairs, bedsteads
and other articles, all made of the material at hand, and all in keeping with the style of
the house. The illustrations are numerous and helpful. Price $1.50.

Canoe and Boat Building.

A Complete Manual for Amateurs. Containing plain and comprehensive directions
for the construction of Canoes, Rowing aud Sailing Boats and Hunting Craft.

By W. P. Sreruens, Canoeing Editor of Forest and Stream,

Cloth. Fourth and enlarged edition, 264 pages, numerous illustrations and fifty
plates in envelope. Price $2.00.

611 Hints and Points for Sportsmen.

CoMPILED BY SENECA. Prick $1.50.

Of this book the New York Herald says: “If there are any sportsmen so wise that
they cannot learn something from this little book, their modesty prevents their fellow men
knowing it. The compiler seems to haye thought of everything from managing fine
guns to snelling hooks, tying knots and skinning eels. He has chapters on rifles and
shotguns, hunting and,trapping, fishing, camping, dogs, boating, yachting, camp making,
cooking, surgery and medicine, and one headed “miscellaneous” seems to include every-
thing which the others have omitted.”

ANY OF THE ABOVE SENT POST PAID BY THE PUBLISHERS.

The West American Scienirst.

‘*‘My Soul, I mean that bit of Phosphorus that takes its place,’’
Jas. RussELL LOWELL.

The conception of Brown Sequards’ “Eiixir of Life”
was borrowed from Crosby's Vitalized Phosphites,
which for over twenty years has been made from the

Brain of the Ox.

Physicians have accepted the fact that this vital
nutrient from the Brain of animals is the true restorer
of vigor to the human system.

The “Elixir” from the glands of animals was in-
tended only to increase virility; whereas Witalized
Phosphites restores vitality and renovates all the
weakened functions of both brain and body. It is the
true Elixir of Youth.

— VITALIZED PHOSPHITES 3

is carefully prepared from the nerve giving principles
of the Ox brain, and the embryo of the wheat and oat;
it for more than twenty years has been the standard
remedy with physicians who treat mental and nervous
disorders.

It has been, of great benefit of those suffering from
Nervous Exhaustion, Brain Fatigue, Los
of Memory, Nervous Dyspepsia, and all men-
tal and bodily weaknesses.

It is a vital nutrient Phosphite, not an inert acid
phosphate,

It aids in the bodily, and wonderfully in the mental
growth of children.

‘Every one speaks well of VITALIZED Phosphites’’

—Christian at Work.

56 West 25th Street, New York.
For Sale by Druggists. Or sent by mail, $1

c's an 4
Oe Piers ee

aa lage

a4

—

“KIM

01425 0823