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Vo.uMeE VII. JANUARY, 1891.

MAY 3 0 1989
LIBRAKiK

West + Kmerican + Scientist.

A popular monthly review and record for the Pacific Coast.

ese — a

CONTENTS.

PAGE.
Edwin Wortham Doran, (with portrait)...... F. W. Goding, M. D., Ph.D. 73
Rar TNS s8 cv.) db aceesielp panels pian 7 late es Gi2hule Ses thw eee Carl Purdy 75
Easter Island, (with Illustrations).........e+0+ cesses epeeeeeteeeeceen eee 76
Ancella-Bearing Strata of Oregon. ......6see20 ceeeee ceeees Aurelius Todd 83
A New Rhaphiomidas.............:esceceecseceeeee cues D. W. Coquillett 84
Ice Caves of Washington. ... 2.20. see i i e dece cece cece enee encore sess ncees 86
Forest Trees of Oregon.—I... 26... 2c cece e eee eee Prof. Thomas Condon 87
The Day Lily of the Desert... 00.6. c acess seen eceeee en sees C. R. Orcutt 88
CAPORTIATTIAESS tae tele Sire sie Ie Ses wein esa Riyehaiensalacte nie ¢ wele as emia miners a sag 89
California Flowers in England ........ 0... cece cece cee eee een eee enes 92
California Trees and Flowers.—I. (Illustrated.).......--65 ceeeee eee sees 93
AOA I Ss FO al he a ie aac e we ke Ree AE ela swine €i6e ion bh vy eis wisi oln «baie IOI
Piste Ai ING Wo Ue heck aol o wee ap ale E weltielge piece cele pas 'eKis y/obia wimae wales 102
Library Catalogue ss de lee is is piatainis a a dele eam ne dean eeens ba we 102
Get PEAPALUESY id vin bots ce cos bid Calc tei civ eniccwine a wo Meleld'a's\sns Webs a 00s ele ges 103

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S CMY [lei

EDWIN WORTHAM DORAN.

Well-directed and sustained effort is always followed by suc-
cess. Many times a varied preliminary preparation, with its
broadening educational influence, is necessary to enable one to
properly directed effort; but when one is blessed with a reason-
able amount of talent, a large quantity of tact,together with a good
education, such an one is expected to arrive at distinction.

Edwin Wortham Doran, son of Samuel C. and Eliza A.
Doran, first saw the light April 28, 1856, in Grayson county,
Kentucky. When Edwin was four years old his parents re-
moved to Coles county, Illinois, and purchased a farm five miles
north of Mattoon. His school life began at the age of eight, at-
tending the district school about three months each year until he
was nineteen, when his course as a teacher began. He taught
in the district schools of the vicinity winters, farming
during the summers, at the same time pursuing, inde-
pendently, the study of the natural sciences and reading
some Latin. In this manner he was enabied to obtain informa-
tion necessary to secure a first grade teacher’s certificate.

Mr. Doran began a course of study at Lincoln (IIl.) University
which was interrupted from lack of funds. Later he attended
Westfield (Ill.) College where he spent some time, and after-
wards he read law for some months. But a change having been
made in his religious views, after some preliminary preparation,
he began to preach, receiving a license to do so from the Vanda-
lia Presbytery of the C. P. Church. In that line of work he gave

74 Edwin Wortham Doran.

promise of ultimate success, and was encouraged to continue by
eminent divines. But he could not give up school work, though
he continued to preach occasionally, and is now regularly or-
dained. He attended normal institutes in various parts of the
State, usually being placed in charge of some department of in-
struction, and in every possible manner specially prepared him-
self for a higher sphere of educational labor.

In the early part of 1884 Prof. Doran was elected General Sec-
retary of the Y. M. C. A., at Mattoon, resigning later to accept
the principalship of the Ancona (Ill.) Public Schools. At this
time he occupied his leisure moments in the systematic study of
entomology under the direction of the writer, acquainting himself
with entomological literature and rearing and classifying insects.
The following year he was associated with a brother at Edwards
Academy, White Pine, Tennessee. Later he was placed at the
head of London (Tenn.) College, soon afterward becom-
ing a benedict. He was married December 31, 1885, to Miss F. E.
Beale, of Humboldt, Ill., an accomplished musician. During the
year he continued his entomological studies, prepared popular
articles for the press, and delivered addresses on economic ento-
mology before various agricultural gatherings. These labors
soon attracted public attention. November 18, 1885, he was ap-
pointed State Entomologist of Tennessee by Commissioner Mc-
Whirter, and during his incumbency of nearly three terms he has
formed a collection of the insects of the State, published one valu-
able report, many bulletins.a catalogue ot the Insects of the
State, and prepared a second report which is soon to be published.
These publications have been reviewed by various critics and
always mentioned with commendation.

While State Entomologist, Prof. Doran occupied the following
positions consecutively: Professor of Natural Sciences in Cum-
berland Female College, Monteagle Summer School ot Science,
and Bethel College. As an instructor his reputation has steadily
increased and the best positions in the State were open to him.

For a year he conducted a department of entomology in the
Spirit of the Farm in which he gave, weekly, the results of his
investigations in Tennessee entomology. In August, 1890, he
resigned his office to accept the professorship of Natural Sciences
in Pritchett Institute, Glasgow, Missouri, where he now resides.

In 1887 he received the degree of A. M., from Grant Memorial
University, Athens, Tenn., and of Ph. D. in 1890, from Cumber-
land University, Lebanon, Tenn.

In personal appearance Prof. Doran is rather under size, of
slight figure, medium complexion, and sharp penetrating brown
eyes. He is active, nervous, and rapid in his movements and
thoughts.

While State Entomologist of Tennessee, Prof Doran did some
grand good work in an almost unknown field, which will be
greatly appreciated by those who follow in his footsteps, and

,

Star Tulips. 7s

should the office be continued—and it now appears that Professor
H. E. Sommers, of Knoxville, Tenn., will succeed him—his suc-
cessor will find a good groundwork upon which to erect a sub-
stantial superstructure. F. W. Goding.

SLAK PULIS:

‘(From the Pacific Rural Press, XX XIX. 11.)

Though they belong to the same genus, Calochortus, the
Mariposa or Butterfly Tulips, and the Star Tulips are distinct
enough in general appearance to be thought quite separate. While
the Mariposa Tulips are marked by a stiff, erect stem, and erect
cups of flowers, brilliantly colored, the Star Tulips have a droop-
ing, flexuous habit, and flowers more delicate in form and color
than brilliant. In these attributes, delicacy of flower and grace of
form, the Star Tulips are excelled by no other flower in cultiva-
tion. The general appearance is similar to the well-known snow-
drop. They have only one leaf, a glossy green, lance-shaped
leaf, often a foot long, proceeding from the bulb. The flowering
stem is slender and drooping, branched in most species into
many flower pedicels, with no leaves, and the bracts often colored
like the flowers. The strongest growing species are as much as
a foot high, in good specimens, while some of the small species
are at perfection at three inches. | Most of the species find their
most congenial home in Woodland.

In describing the species they can best be grouped. __Calo-
chortus albus and C.pulchellus are strong growing species, bear-
ing numerous blossoms. The petals curve together and close,
forming a flattened globe, which hangs pendalous. On the ex-
posed edges of the petals is a fringe of silky hairs. The blossom
of C. albus is of a pearly white. The inside is filled with silky
white hair. It has sometimes been called the ‘ Lantern of the fair-
ies.’ A well-grown plant of this species will bear from ten to
twenty or thirty flowers, one to two inches in diameter.

Calochortus pulchellus differs from the preceding in its blos-
soms being a golden yellow and hardly so large. _ Both species
grow in dry, loose soils in open woods and are easily cultivated.

In another group can be placed C. Benthamii, C. maweannus,
C. elegans and C. coeruleus. In all of these the average speci-
men is quite low and the flowers wonderfully delicate. A well-
grown specimen is three to five inches high, but the single root
leat is often much longer. The slender flower stem bears a few
pendulous, open, bell-shaped flowers, filled with long silky hairs.
All are plants of the cool woodlands. CC, Benthamii is golden
oe the others white to blue, and filled with hairs of the same
color.

In my last group of Star Tulips I would place a few species of
plants growing in wet places, having the same long, glossy root
leaf, but a stouter, more erect stem, and open, cup-like flowers in

76 Easter Island.

solid colors, and but slightly hairy. These are C. Tolmii, with
lilac flowers, and stem atoot high; C. nudus, with white flowers, a
few to ten inches high; C. lilacinus, with pale lilac flowers, a
strong grower; and C. uniflorus, with lilac flowers, and low.

In cultivation most of the Star Tulips will do well in a clay or
sandy loam with a little mold, and dryness, shade or moisture,
as I have hereinbefore indicated. Carl Purdy.

EASTER ISLAND.

(From the Washington, D. C., Star, July 27, 1889.)

HE hideous stone images and carvings in
stone and woodat the U. S. National Museum
= attract attention to the curious people who in-
— habit the Easter Island. The island was the
home of the image makers, and the products
of their skill and imagination are emblems of
“hideous idolatry. Paymaster Thompson
TB. gives an interesting description of these cu-
oz CX... rious people and their relics. It is doubtful, he
Cw Se says, whether the present race are descend-
gig? Wek ants of the image makers. He is inclined
to think that there was an earlier prehistoric race. One of the
most noteworthy facts discovered through their archeology is
that they had a written language.

NATIVES

The collection from Eas-
ter Island includes images,
stone and wood carvings,
stone spear heads, various
implements, weapons and
utensils of industry illustra-
tive of the ‘civilization’ of
the people. In his descrip-
tion of the relics of the
Easter. Island collection
;- Mr. Thompson states that
(Zit does not appear that the
ordinary stone and wooden
images, in which the island
abounds, were in any sense
idols. They seemed rather
to be erected as our bronze
is erected in the parks, to
commemorate individuals. ©

Easter Island. oF

as the idols of a heathen race. The wooden images are of com-
paratively recent date. They are divided into three classes—the
male, the female and the ribbed. The stone images are very
rudely carved and are of earlier date than those of wood.

There are three stone idols, however, of higher rank than
these—nothing less than that of stone gods. These are the fish
god, called by the natives ‘Mea Tku,’ the bonit’s god, called
° Vea Kahi,’ the fowl god, called ‘Mea Moa.’ These are all
ill-shaped and apparently without distinguishing characteristics,
but they are considered worthy of worship by the natives. While
the various other images were intended as effigies of chiefs or
other persons of importance, these received a profound religious
homage.

These gods were never
common and were pos-
sessed by communities or
clans, and never by indi-
viduals) The legends all
claim that they were
brought to the island by
the first settlers. An espe-
cial god being set apart
for the bonits, as distinct
from the other fish, is at-
tributed to the fact that
fish has always been abund-
ant and highly prized as
food. Fish always consti-
tuted an important article
of diet with the natives,
and the abundance in which

yEN
HEAD DRESSES

Oo : they were found is ascribed

bg SS to the faithful and constant

VSS adoration to the stone fish
AYA WS. ay

) gods. The fowl god was
wanobelieved to ward off evil
influences by being placed at night near where the chickens were
accustomed to roost. It was moved about from one house to
the other as the necessity for its services was felt. These stone
gods show no attempt at carving in their construction,

The primitive sinkers and fishing hooks of these islanders
shown in the collection are of stone. Some of the sinkers are
fastened in a network of twine, while others are attached to the
fishing line by means of a hole bored in the stone. The hook is
a crude sort of contrivance, forming about three-quarters of a-
circle, the security of the hold when a fish is caught depending
upon the inward turn at the point. The manufacture of one of
these hooks was an immense labor. Other hooks are made of a
man’s thigh bone. Tradition on the island describes how the

CHIEFS

78 Easter [sland.

first bone hook happened
to be made. In the pre-
historic period of the im-
age makers a youth named
Ureraius was apprenticed
to a fisherman of Hauga
Pico. After having mas-
tered the profession he ob-
tained a canoe and went
regularly into the business
for himself. Somehow he
was not successful. He
worshipped the fish gods
opsinian diligently, but his prayers
Spean and devotion failed to give
him luck. The finest fish
escaped him. Jha ka
and Mea Kahi seemed of-
fended at him. On one
occasion, after a period
of particularly bad luck,
She determined to pray all
night by the god Ava
Kah?. Atmidnight, while
still at his devotions, the spirit of an ancient fisherman named
Tirakaka appeared and told him that his ill-luck was due to the
imperfections of his hooks. The spirit told him to go to the
tomb and get apiece of thigh bone from the remains of his
father, and to construct a hook of this bone. The young fisher-
man was much frightened, but he went to the cave the next day
and got the thigh bone. For many days the time usual with him
for fishing was spent in labor on the construction of this ‘en-
chanted’ hook. His friends thought he was fishing, and they
_ used to ridicule him because he bronght home no fish. He took

this with more complacency than the modern fisherman receives
such taunts, for his moment of triumph was near.

When he finished his hook he sought a place distant from his
companions and in a few minutes had his canoe full of fine fish.
The extraordinary success of the youth caused many questions
to be asked of him and provoked jealousy, but he refused to im-
part his secret. His stubbornness led to serious quarrels and
finally an attack was made upon him to force the secret from
him, and in maintaining it he lost his life.

In the manufacture of these bone hooks the material used is in-
variably the thigh bone ot an old fisherman. They are provided
with barbs and are cunningly contrived.

The stone axes of the Easter Island are made of hard slate—

black, red and gray—called maca toke. Granite is used also
for axes. The hardest and finest stone implements are made of

g STONE
yg” FISH HOOK

Easter Island. 79

the flinty beach pebble, known as maca keng-rengo. The images
were constructed of a stone called maca matariki, and the obsid-
ian, from which the spear heads were made, is known as maca
mataa. The spear heads of obsidian were roughly chipped and
varied in form. Nine different forms are given by Mr. Thomp-
son, some of which ae strikingly like in shape to the old battle-
axes of our early ancestors. | These stone heads were lashed on
shafts eight feet long and formed the chief weapon of the ancient
islanders. They were thrown ata distance as well as used to
thrust with. These spear heads were got chjefly from old tombs
and caves. A few were found on old battle grounds. Tradition
imparts that the use of these stone spear heads was brought
about by an accident. The natives used to make ineffective
war armed with spears with heads of dried calabash. On account
of the character of the weapon they used to fight long
and desperately without much result. A man returning from a
hard and fruitless battle stepped on a stone that cut his foot.
He carried the stone home and discovered it to bea material
suited for spear heads. Weapons were at once made with points
CEREMONIAL. papote Ofthis material and the ene-
PADDLE mies of the clan were quick-

| (' ly routed. Clubs from
ry

CONJURERS
four to six feet long made

of heavy wood are another
class of weapon or baton
shown in the collection.
The points of the clubs of
one class are slightly wid-
ened, and the handles are
ornamented with double
faced images. These were
the batons or badges of of-
fice of the chiefs, and the
handles were supposed to
represent the effigy of the
owner of the club or one
ot his illustrious ancestors.
The clubs used as weapons
of defense were from 20 to
30 inches in length and
‘{! from the handle are wid-
Ki}, jened out into a broad
jy heavy blade. They were
~ used with great dexterity
in battle. A wand carried chiefly by the women in their dances
has upon its flattened side the effigy of some woman noted for
her grace and skill in dancing.

The hats of the Easter Islanders were crownless. They wore
headdresses of feathers for ornament and to shade the face, per-
haps. The collection shows six different styles. They are made

CARVING.

80 Easter Island.

of chicken feathers, secured by the quill end to a foundation of
knitted hemp, intended to fit around'the head closely. The hat
worn by the dancing women is small and narrow with fine feath-
ers of bright color overlapping all the way around. The hat
worn by married women upon the occasion of a ceremony con-
nected with a betrothal is large and broad, made of black feathers
about six inches long, clipped evenly all the way around. The
men at their food feasts wore a small hat of feathers with long tail
feathers hanging behind. The hat of the chief worn as an insig-
nia of office is very large and heavy, the front made of short feath-
ers set up on end and clipped evenly like a garden hedge, and
the back ornamented with the largest and finest tail feathers to
be had. The minor officials and chiefs ex-officio wear a lighter
hat, made of short black feathers, with four tail feathers on end
and tending outward at regular intervals. These headdresses
are highly regarded by the islanders.

aia From an early period the
natives of the Easter Island
have used large fish nets,
which are very well made
. of wild hemp. The nets
“used for fighting purposes
and the strong ropes used
in handling the gigantic
stone images were made of
this wild hemp. Wooden
needles, called hika, were
used in making the nets.
The paddles used by the
Easter Islanders for their
canoes were eight feet long,
made with double blades,
frequently decorated with
carving or painted heads,
and for superstitious rea-
sons made of drift wood

A

Lida
CARVINGS whenever it could be had.
Two curious relics are the fetish boards. The ‘¢mozka,’ or

ordinary fetish board, is a broad flat paddle made of bone, 14.
inches broad and 30 inches long. It is supposed to possess rare
powers in working a charm upon an enemy. The individual
working the charm performs a convulsive sort of dance, making
mysterious movements with the wand and muttering incautations
in amonotonous tone. Such a charm issupposed to bring speedy
death upon its victim.

A special potato fetish called ‘aha’ has ascribed to it the
power to protect the potato crop from insects, drought and evil
spirits that might be interested in the injury of the crop,

Easter [sland. 8I

These fetish paddles are only 24 inches long, with a blade at each
end, and are painted a bright red.

The baskets and mats of the Easter Islanders were made of
bullrushes. The mats are used to sleep upon.

Mr. Thompson secured two inscribed tablets of wood inscribed
with hieroglyphics. These give to the island an especial interest
as showing that the image and platform makers possessed a writ-
ten language. These tablets are in a good state of preservation,
and were supposed to be the only perfect ones to be found on the
island The larger one is believed, from its shape, to have
formed at one time a section of the side of a canoe. These tab-
lets were common on the island until a few years ago, when Cath-
olic missionaries, through excessive zeal, had them destroyed.
The characters carry their signification in the image they repre-
sent, and the manner of reading them is to begin at the left hand
lower corner on the particular side which will bring the figures
erect. Finishing the lower line with the figures turned toward the
reading, and going to the next line above, the reading is continued
from right to left. In order to have the images face the same
way it is necessary, in reading a new line, to turn successively
the right side of the tablet to the left. | Arriving at the top of the
first face of the tablet, the
reading is continued just
over the edge to the nearest
line at the top on the other
face. The tablets vary in
size from a few inches to
w.: four or five feet in length.
e* Thehieroglyphic characters
are about half an inch in
Y height, and are beautifully
).. engraved in regular lines.
v The engraving is supposed
# to have been done with
' Sharks’ teeth. The native
traditions about these tab-

vie lets are very doubtful, sim-
i. WW. ply asserting that the first

l king possessed the know-
ledge of this language, and
brought with him to the
island sixty-seven tablets
containing allegories prov-

—. erbs and traditions, relating
to the land from which he came. A certain number of youths
from each clan were instructed in the reading of these tablets,
and once a year the people assemble to hear them recited. This
was regarded as their most important fete day. These tablets
are of undoubted antiquity. Some of the oldest platforms and

<Zexcavatinc-— Nt)

82 Easter Island.

the door posts of some of the ancient stone houses are inscribed
with hieroglyphics that appear occasionally upon the tablets.
The tablets secured by Mr. Thompson were, one 9% inches by
3%, and the other 24% iches in length by 4% in width.
STONE JMAGES. The houses found on the
island were of the most
primitive style of architec-
ture, built close together in
parallel streets, facing the
sea, ‘They, are: built.
small slabs of stratified
rock, piled together with-
out cement. They are not
of uniform size. The aver-
age interior measurements
“.would be about 14 feet in
length by 6 in width, but a
few were found of double
} MIN he that size. The walls are
ZN yj RN te about 5 feet thick and the
VM ZN Wh. roofs are composed of long
\" A A Sy Wyss flat slabs of granite upon
. which mounds of earth
have been piled. They have no windows and the doorways are
on a level with the ground and so small that it is difficult for a
large man to gain an entrance. The distance between the floor
and roof is about 5 feet 2 inches, and the interiors are generally
lined with slabs, upon which are painted figures of birds and ani-
mals.

I)
MNF
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The natives who occupied these houses were small of stature
and the contracted entrances are believed to have been designed
as a protection against their enemies.

The most important sculptured rocks were found in the vicinity
of these houses. The hard rocks are cut to represent human
faces, figures, birds, fish, and animals. These sculptured rocks
are very much decayed by time and they are evidently more an-
cient than the houses.° One figure, reproduced upon almost
every rock, seemed to be half human and half beast, with bowed
back and long claw-like legs and arms. Some slabs taken from
one of the houses which was torn open represented some sort of
marine animal with a bird’s head and beak. Another represents
the same sort of an animal with another head. Another repre-
sents the animal with two heads, turned toward each other. The
natives say there is a significance in the position in which these
heads are placed. A number of roof and wall slabs were taken
from these houses carved with nondescript figures. Some ancient
skulls were found among the ruins with mystical figures carved
on them, These were supposed to have come from the king’s
platform. The workshops where the great stone images were

Easier Island. 83

made were in the craters of the volcanoes where the stone was

had.

“CARVER The present race upon
|} IMAGE- the island is almost extinct.
.———— It is said that at one time
| there were 20,000 people
| there. At present there
i are 155 natives on the

Ait 4. dey. island, who are supposed
| PPI
TE sy to bear relationship to the
\—AKg Ss Malays. = The interest of
& =3 S14) o Ae the place is in its relics of
MAN ‘ p
/

| antiquity, its tablets pre-
~. serving a written language
\in hieroglyphics, and in
the immense stone ‘ plat-
form’ and gigantic stone
j images, which are found in
/ great numbers and are of
te / greatantiquity. Mr. Thomp-
i ae yo b son found 1:3 of the-eplat-
Cys NR 2/0 forms, the largest of which
To cee RS ce was 150 feet long. These
are regarded as burial places. They are rude structures of stone,
varying in height, not above 9g feet and very long and narrow in
form. Upon these were placed the gigantic stone statues. On
the largest platform were found 15 of these images. This plat-
form was_ 150 feet long, 9 feet high and g feet wide. With the
original wings it would have been 540 feet long.

The images on these platforms are regarded as effigies of chiefs
or distinguished persons. Some 552 of these images were found
by Mr. Thompson and his party. The largest of these was 70
feet high.

ANCELLA-BEARING STRATA OF OREGON.

The genus Ancella belongs to the family Aviculideae. The
species have recently been discussed at considerable length and a
few notes at this time on the Ancella-bearing beds may be of in-
terest.

The genus is of wide distribution, extending in the northern
hemisphere from far within the Arctic circle to north forty-five
degrees north latitude in Asia, and as far south in California as
the thirty-fifth degree. The genus has also been recorded from
two localities in the southern hemisphere.

The distinguishing feature in the genus is the short and peculi-
arly infolded anterior ear. It somewhat resembles Lima and
Inoceramus, but lacks the transversely grooved hinge area and
prismatic structure of shell of the latter genus. The numerous

84 Ancella- Bearing Strata of Oregon.

described forms pass from one to another by such insensible gra-
dations as to render it doubtful whether we have in southern Ore-
gon more than one true species.

The Ancellas are generally distributed through the sandstone
and limestone in the vicinity of Riddle, Oregon, at an elevation
of about 2,500 feet—the lowest exposure known in this section.
The rock is extremely hard, with a metallic ring, sometimes al-
most wholly composed of fragments of these shells, none of which
are found entire. The exposures of these shell-bearing lime-
stones are water-worn in appearance. the beds full of pot-holes,
grooves and channels, like the bed of some mountain stream at a
low stage of water, where the rocks are unequal in hardness and
unequnally worn by the running water.

This exposure is about three miles west of Riddle, about three
hundred feet above Cowcreek valley, on the crest of a consider-
ble ridge with a deep gorge on either side. If running water
caused the erosion noted it must have been at a very ancient
- date. The sandstone for some distance around contains numer-
ous shells, imperfectly preserved.

Above these exposures are vast bodies and huge clifts of con-
glomerate, composed entirely of quartz pebbles. Adjoining and
usually above the conglomerate are the nickel mines and the
country rock known as olivine, with jarge masses of serpentine
and chromite in many places. Seven miles further west on the
top of Big Buck mountain beds of coarse, soft sandstone occur,
containing usually only the casts of these shells.

The Ancella- bearing strata of Alaska and British Columbia
are considered of the Cretaceousage. Some of the beds in Califor-
nia have been referred to the Jurassic. Riddleis about twenty miles
south of Roseburg, on the Oregon division of the Sonthern Pa-
cific Railroad. The shells in the exposure nearest Riddle, where
they are most abundant, resemble those from near Knoxville,
California. The shells from Big Buck mountain are allied to A.
erringtoni; some from the east of Riddle appear to be be A. pi-
ochii, while others look like A. pallassii.

Fine impressions of fern leaves occur in a shale of the carbon-
iferous (?) age not far beneath the shell-bearing sandstone.

Aurelius Todd.

A NEW RHAPHIOMIDAS FROM CALIFORNIA.

The Dipterous genus Raphiomidas was founded by the Baron
Osten Sacken (Western Diptera, page 281), who placed it in the
family Midaside. No mention of this genus is made by Dr.
Williston in his excellent ‘Synopsis of the Families and Genera
of North American Diptera;’ in his Table of Families (l.c.,
pages 9-15) it would fall into the division (26) which contains the
Asilidee and Midaside, agreeing nearest with the characters ac-
corded to the latter but differing in that the labella are not dis-
tinctly fleshy and the antenne lack the terminal lamella. From

A New Rhaphiomidas of California. 85

the characters accorded this latter family (1. c. page 33) the genus
Rhaphiomidas further differs in that the third antennal joint is no-
composed of several segments, and the ocelli are sometimes prest
ent. Still this genus has evidently more affinity with the Midasi-
dee than with any other family.

The only described species, Raphiomidas episcopus, Osten
Sacken, occurs sparingly in Los Angeles county in midsummer,
hovering over flowers like a humming-bird. Only the female
was known to Osten Sacken; the male agrees in all respects with
his description of the female (Western Diptera, page 282) except
that the last three abdominal segments are destitute of black pile;
in both sexes each abdominal segment is bordered posteriorly
with yellowish. In perfect specimens the proboscis is not cleft,
as stated in the generic diagnosis (1. c. page 282), and the mar-
ginal cross-vein between the end of the anal cell and the tip of
the wing is present in all of my examples.

While on a collecting trip in the northern part of this (Los An-
geles) county in July last, I captured a singe male specimen of a
species closely related to the above, but clearly distinct. As it
will be easiest recognized by showing in what respects it differs

trom episcopus, I give the following comparison between these
two species:

RHAPHIOMIDAS ACTON N. Sp. RHAPHIOMIDAS Episcopus,O. S.

Lower edge of third antennal
joint much less convex than
the upper edge.

Apex of third antennal joint
destitute of a tubercle.

No ocelli present, their places
occupied by sunken, not shin-
ing spots.

Bristles of posterior angles
of thorax and of. scutellum
yellow.
Abdomen shorter than the
wings.

Abdomen orange-yellow, base
of first two segments and a
medio-dorsal spot at the base
of the other segments black.

Segments 5, 6 and 7 together
not longer than the third.
Aypopygium two-fifths as
long as the abdomen.

Lower edge of third antennal
joint as convex as the upper
edge.

Apex of third antennal joint
provided with a distinct tu-
bercle.

Three convex, shining ocelli
present.

Bristles of posterior angles
of thorax and of scutellum
black.
Abdomen half the length of
the hypopygium longer than
wings,
Abdomen black, posterior
margin of each segment yel-
lowish.

Segments 5, 6 and 7 together
much longer than the third.
Hypopygium one-fourth as
long as the abdomen.

86 Ice Caves.

Macrochaeta of legs wholly Macrochaeta of legs largely

yellow. black.

Eyes in death deep green. Eyes in death dark brown,
with a purplish tinge.

Length, excluding the pro- Length, excluding the pro-

boscis, 22 mm. boscis, 27 mm.

Expanse, 40 mm. Expanse, 46 mm.

D. W. Coguitlett.

LOE MOCA TES.

¢ (Written for the Oregon Naturalist.)

Caverns in recent lava flows are often observed by travelers.
In the neighborhood of Mt. Adams, in Washington, there are
some singular caves in basalt which were lately described to the
writer by a friend who has visited them and who offers the fol-
lowing explanation of their formation. One of these possessed
the unusual features of a fine supply of the purest ice, hanging in
great pillars from the roof of the cave, and swelling out in great
masses from the sides. | These caves are quite numerous in the
region drained by the upper waters of the White Salmon river.
Viears ago sufficient ice was obtained from one of these to supply
the city of Portland, Oregon, the ice being packed on mules to
the Columbia river, and thence by steamer.

A curious fact was observed, that the ice was formed in the
spring and not in the winter season. These caverns are long pas-
sages through which lava once flowed in diminished volume after
an eruption. Insome of these passages the opening through
which the lava entered the chamber would become choked up,
or the flow otherwise interrupted or diverted into another chan-
nel, and the liquid portion remaining would then flow out, leav-
ing an empty chamber. Some of these passages extended from
the crater above to the plains below, and such are the ice caves
according to the following evidence

First, the unquestionably volcanic character of the cave ex-
amined, with its ropy masses of hardened lava, all trailing in the
direction of the lava flow.

Second, a cold, freezing wind escaping from the mouth of the
cave, cold enough at night in August to freeze.

Third, the observed tact that the ice cut away was replaced in
spring and early summer, through April, May and June

The lower opening being in a warmer atmosphere than the up-
per opening, causes a downward draft through the passage of cold
air, which, it is obvious, freezes the water trickling from the sides
and roof of the passage as it passes.

The forest Trees of Oregon. . 87
tie LOREST TREES OFF OREGON —T.

(From Res: urces of Oregon )

There are two directions in which economical botany may find
with the public special interest: One, the need of timber for com-
merce and in manufacture; the other, the home demand for
shade trecs and landscape gardening. For both of these lines of
demand, that Oregon is well endowed may be seen in even a
brief enumeiation of the native trees suitable for these objects.

Beginning with the demands of our market, we place first on
our list of timber the pines. The principal of these is the Sugar
Pine (Pinus lambertiana.) It is at home along the northern
slopes of the Siskiyous, is fairly abundant along the line of the
Oregon & California railroad near Grant’s Pass. It is also
very fine and very abundant on the foothills of the Cascades
that overlook Klamath Marsh. The timber is not inferior to
that of the white pine of the eastern slope of the continent. The
tree is large, often growing to the height of 150 to 175 feet. It
bears a large cone, often 15 to 17 inches in length, suspended
from the extremities of the limbs and therefore scattering. The
timber of this sugar pine is highly prized for finishing, scarcely
distinguishable from the best eastern white pine.

Another pine, the Pinus ponderosa (Oregon yellow pine), flour-
ishes in many regions, a good marketable timber in and out of
Oregon. It is abundant in central Oregon from the Dalles along
the eastern slopes and foothills of the Cascade mountains and
southward into Lake county. It is met with seldom in the
Willamette valley and is there of inferior quality for timber
Farther south one meets it more frequently. It is quite abundant
on the eastern slopes of the Cascades throughout Oregon and
Washington, and in many places is so finea timber that its boards
are often equal to the best of any market. The supply of this
timber in Eastern Oregon is very great.

The black pine (Pinus contorta) is abundant along the coast,
along the eastern slopes of the Cascades and on the more ele-
vated of the plains beyond. _ It is a Small tree, used for fuel, but
is of very little value for timber or for dressed lumber.

The tuberculated pine (Pinus tuberculata) is only found on the
mountains and is a small tree of but little economic value. It is
remarkable for its habit of retaining all of its old cones attached
to the body of the tree. Small groves of this tree may be seen
on the upper slopes of the Siskiyous and many places on the
Gascades. It rarely reaches the height of 60 feet; its cones, six
inches long, never open of their own accord to show their seeds
as do other pine cones.

Pinus Muricata and Pinus Sabiniana are rarely found in Ore-
gon.

A good deal of confusion of names has fallen on this group
of trees, not only in the popular names they have received but

88 The Forest Trees of Oregon.

in the scientific as well. The American R. R. surveys in their
reports of our forestry named the trees of this group having pen-
dant cones, Adies, and those bearing upright cones, Picea. The
popular names are spruce and fir. The popular maintenance ot
this distinction became easy, and inasmuch as a popular descrip-
tion of their place in economic botany is what is here attempted,
we will retain this distinction of the R. R. surveys and call those
bearing pendant cones, spruce; all bearing upright cones fir;—
the tormer Aézes, the latter Picea.

Abies Douglasii—Pseudotsuga Douglasii. Popularly and es-
pecially in the lumber market this ought to be called Douglas’
spruce. In Oregon and Washington we have it in two varie-
ties—‘red fir’ and ‘yellow fir.’ The yellow is a fine grained
wood, and its boards are often as smooth as pine, while the red
variety is more stiff and splintery. But red or yellow, this fir is
one of the grandest trees of the continent and one of the most
important to commerce. _ For spars, for bridges or for framing
for buildings, its strength and great length make it the first in
the market. Its great abundance and rapid growth ensure a
long continued supply. | Douglas’ spruce will raise more com-
mercial timber to the acre than any other tree on the continent.

Abies Menziesi—Menzies’ or Tideland Spruce. This fine for-
est tree is seen in its best condition along the coast, where it often
reaches the height of 100 feet or more. Its lumber is soft and
heavy and coarse, but is so tasteless and odorless that it is found
to be the best material for barrels and boxes for packing, and for
these purposes is now finding a wide market. It is a handsome
ornamental tree and easily transplanted.

Abies Canadensis—Tsuga Canadense—Hemlock Spruce. In
any country less favored in commercial timber the hemlock of
our mountains or that of our coast would rank well. It reaches
its tinest growth in Tillamook county. The young trees are
graceful ornaments in landscape gardening and are easily trans-
planted.

Abies Williamsonii—Williamson’s Spruce. A handsome tree
of elevated mountain habits and so out of reach of present com-
mercial demands, All these spruces have pendant cones

Thonas Condon.

THE DAVLILY OF THE DESART,

(From Garden and Forest, III, 128.)

One of the most beautiful and characteristic plants of the des-
ert region of California is the Day Lily (Hesperocallis undulata).
Its flower stems rise from one to two feet above the sand, and bear
from a few to thirty or more fragrant flowers, in color, I should
judge, of a pearly or greenish white, with greenish stripes. I
have seen only one in blossom, and that was too far gone to
show the genuine tint.

This interesting species is one of the most promising novelties

The Day Lily of the Desert. 89

of the present season, not only for its promise of furnishing us
with another lovely garden flower, but also for its probable eco-
nomic value in the arid regions of the west. It produces a large
edible bulb, varying from one to four inches in diameter, nearly
round, with firm flesh. The bulb hasa pleasant taste, eaten
either raw or cooked like onions. Our party of seven have had
them cooked at nearly every meal since we first tested their quali-
ties, and in the lack of other vegetables find them acceptable.

The bulb is found from six to eighteen inches below the sur-
face of the sand or fine gravelly soil, in which the plant thrives
best, and is usually found resting on moist gravel or a clay sub-
soil.

It is not rare on the Colorado and Mohave deserts, and
usually blossoms on the Mohave in the month of May. Near the
boundary line it bloomed in 1889 as early as February, and was
in seed in April. This year (18g0) only a few plants are found
showing as yet any signs of a flower stem, but a few weeks of
warm weather will doubless bring them forward.

The Indians are said to obtain both food and drink from this
plant when crossing the plains. |For eighty or a hundred miles
along our southern border one may travel at certain seasons with-
out finding water. The traveler, is safe, however, if he knows
how to search successfully for this important vegetable, and once
found he need not fear either hunger or thirst.

Should it prove susceptible of easy cultivation in the arid
regions of the west, it will prove a valuable addition to our list of
vegetables. It will certainly prove a welcome addition to the gar-
den, if not an acquisition to the farm. C. R. Orcutt.

CALIFORNIAN LILIES.

(From the California Florist and Gardner, II, 66)

Eight distinct species of lilies are natives of California, besides
varieties. They are Lilium Columbianum, L. Humboldtii, L.
pardalinum, L. parvum, L. Parryi, L. maritimum, L. Washing-
tonianum, and L. rubescens. No other country in the world is
so rich in these floral beauties, except Japan. Their range is
from the sea-coast of Mendocino. county to the edge of perpetual
snow in the Sierras. Old Shasta’s sides are the home of several
species. I have found L. Humboldtii in the rich alluvium of the
upper Sacramento valley, and L. Parryi, one of the most beauti-
ful, is a native of the high mountains of San Bernardino and San
Diego counties.

Asa collector I have taken many thousands of the bulbs of
six of these species from their native homes, and I have grown
all but L. Parryi. In the soil in which they flourish and in the
manner of root growth they vary greatly. Briefly, it may be
said that L. maritimum, L. pardalinum, L. parvum and _ L. Par-

go Californian Lilies.

ryi are bog lilies with running or rhizomatous roots; that L.
Humboldtii and L. Columbianum are native to rich clayey soils.
and that L. Washingtonianum and L. rubescens rot easily in cold
or wet soils, that they are true bulbs, and that they thrive in well
drained soil of leaf mold mixed with disintegrated sandstone or
gravel.

Lilium pardalinum, often called tiger lily by the country peo-
ple, is the most easily grown of all. It has an erect stem with
many long, lanceolate, pale green leaves, in whorls. The flower
is large and showy; the petals, bright crimson at tips, orange
dotted or blotched with black at center,and recurved to the stem.
There are few more brilliant sights than a well bloomed plant of
this lily. The root is hardy and little subject to rot. It prefers
a rich sandy mold, but adapts itself to varying conditions. Ina
shaded pond I saw fine specimens on the mold of old logs, the
fibrous roots running down into the water. They were six to
seven teet high with the finest of blossoms. In the rich mold be-
low mountain springs, or in the alluvium on the banks of small
streams, they grow to perfection. I have seen them doing well
in a sandy soil which in midsummer was as dry asa brick. In
cultivation I have seen the best results from planting in a sunken
barrel filled with sand well mixed with leaf mold or bog soil. It
should be kept moist, not wet, and is better in the shade. The
bulbs should be planted about four inches deep. | Under such
conditions I have seen strong plants grown five to seven feet
high, with an abundance of bloom. Once planted, the roots
should be undisturbed. They spread rapidly in gedmetrical
ratio. The bulb of this year throws out two glowing roots this
fall, each of these throws out two next fall, etc. When the clump
gets too thick, the soil can be taken off it and the smaller roots
removed without disturbing the ones to be left. I have seen
clumps of four or five hundred in the wild state, the product of
one bulb. Both leaf and flower of L. pardalinum have wide varia-
tions, and three or four varieties are named, but it is hard to lay
down a dividing line, as the varieties run into each other.

L. Californicum is a variety with narrow leaves, and a brilliant
flower; the tips of the petals a rich crimson and the dots small.
Variety puberulum has paler flowers and broad leaves. The
English florists have found a clear yellow torm which they call
L. Wareii, but I have never been able to secure a specimen

Lilium maritimum is one of the rarest in cultivation; this is for
a double reason, The bulb is difficult to handle, being particu-
larly liable to decay in handling. Then, too, its range of growth
is limited. It grows in and around peat bogs, on the coast of
Mendocino county—rarely farther north or south. It is seldom
seen farther than two miles from the ocean. The surface of these
bogs is dotted with clumps of ferns and azaleas. Around the
bogs is a waste of gray, ashy looking sand, densely covered with
heath, cypress and pines. On the edges of the bogs the lily is a

Californian Liltes. oI

dwart, often blooming at three or four inches. In the bogs it
roots itself in the tufts and grows a lovely plant, five feet high
with ten or fifteen fine blossoms. The leaves are dark glossy
green, and the blossom crimson. At Ukiah, Calif, I have grown
it easily in a reclaimed swamp in the shade. The soil is of vege-
table matter and sand, and always moist. In the same situation
L. parvum, L. pardalinum, L. Columbianum and L. Humboldtii,
as well as the Japanese L. auratum, make a vigorous growth,
and what is not usual for the latter, strong bulbs. At Ukiah there
is little fog, and there are days in the summer when the thermom-
eter will register above 100° F.

Lilium Parryi is similar to L. pardalinum in leat and bulb, but
the bloom is lemon yellow and very fragrant. Of its cultivation
I cannot speak, but believe it easy of culture under the same con-
ditions as L. pardalinum.

Lilium Columbianum is L. Humboldtii in miniature. The
bulb is small and compact. The stalk is two feet or so high,
and the flowers true lily-shaped, the petals recurved. In color it
is a light orange-yellow, dotted with dark spots. This lily has
for its native home the plains of the Columbia river. It is easy
to grow in cultivation, only needing a well-drained loam and or-
dinary moisture.

The bulb of Lilium Humboldtii is often a pound in weight, and
is very compact. The stalk is strong and stiff. The leaves are
arranged in circles or whorls and are many in number. Eight
or ten blossoms to the stalk are not unusual. These
are of a reddish orange with round dark spots. Ordinarily this
lily will grow to a height of three or four feet. The finest speci-
men it has been my fortune to meet grew in the debris by the
side of a Sierra stream. It was over eight feet high and had
an enormous bulb. This lily increases by seeds only, in its na-
tive state, and where the natural conditions happen to be ex-
actly suitable is found in great numbers. I took over eight:
thousand good bulbs from one place some years ago. It was
on a hillside in volcanic soil, where years ago the gold miners
had cut the timber. I had spent the previous week in hard
traveling to find five hundred.

I once found fine bulbs in an oak grove near Chico. They
were doing splendidly in the black adobe of that section. In
cultivation I find it will thrive in clay loam or sandy soil. In
hot sections it does better planted in the shade. It needs to be
planted six inches to a foot deep, and will give the grower value
received.

High up in the Sierras above the pine timber on those grand
slopes crowned with a mixed growth of wild cherry, manzanita
and ceanothus, Lilium Washingtonianum finds its most congenial
home. The soil is loose decomposed granite and mold. The
snow lies very deep in the winter and is late in melting. It keeps
the bulbs moist in their early growth, and when it is gone they
make a very rapid growth, often blooming six or eight weeks

92 Californian Lilies.

after the snow has melted. The stalk grows up from three to five
feet, densely leaved in whorls, and with from a few to twenty-five
flowers, pure white and with a mosi delicious fragrance. I have
seen places fairly white with this lily and the air heavy with per-
fume. The bulb is large. I have bloomed it at Ukiah, but find
it rather harder to bloom than any of the other native lilies. I
believe, however, that it is quite successfully grown in England.
It should be given a loose soil and abundant moisture during the
growing season.

Lilium rubescens is like L, Washingtonianum in every particu-
lar excepting that the flower blooms out pure white, blotched
with purple, and gradually gets darker till itis of rich ruby color,
hence its name. Similar as the two lilies are in habit, their native
homes are very different. L. Washingtonianum is a lily of the
high Sierras, L. rubescens of the Coast Range. It is found in the
redwoods close to the coast, on shaded hillsides in sandstone
gravel, and on high ridges in the chapparal. The finest I have
ever seen in numbers were ona chapparal ridge in a soil of gravel
mixed with mold, of the ordinary chapparal soil. The bulb
grows deep and has abundant moisture in winter and spring, but
in the summer such places get very dry. A friend grows and
blooms them readily in half barrels filled with sand and mold
and placed in the shade. The first essentials with them are per-
fect drainage anda loose, porous soil. Of all our California lilies
it is the most beautiful, and of all lilies the most deliciously fra-
grant. Ai flower will perfume the leaves of a book for months,
and a well grown plant is the admiration of all beholders.

Carl Purcy.

CALIFORNIA FLOWERS IN ENGLAND.

(Extracts from correspondence,)

Phacelia Parryi, with dark violet purple flowers, is now well-
known. It has been in cultivation here several years and seed is
cheap. Itis lower in price and much less in request than P.
campanularia, which I introduced through Messrs. Parish. The
latter is more delicate. If the season happens to be wet, the
plants die off.

If the Californian seeds like the European climate they soon get
cheapened, through the competition which prevails here. But
they are not all at home, in England at least. _I failed to do any
good with Gilia aurea, which Messrs. Parish once sent me. But
G. dianthoides, G. dichotoma, and others do very well.

Mimulus glutinosus has long been grown here under its early
name of Diplacus (Nuttall’s), also a form with red flowers (puni-
ceus); they outlive mild winters, but perish in severe ones. I
may make the same remark of Dicentra chrysantha. It is only
seen to advantage in a climate like yours—which would suit me
well, but I am too old to transplant.

California Trees and Flowers. 93

I have also grown Mimulus brevipes. Monardella lanceolata
is grown on the continent of Europe by some of the large seed
growers.

Dodecatheon Clevelandi has grown well, and much more
quickly than the eastern forms usually do. The eastern forms do
not usually grow until after a considerable interval, but the seed
of D. Clevelandi germinated in a few days. The plants do not
get beyond the seed leaf the first season in any of the varieties.

Wm. Thompson.

A fine red lynx (Lynx rufus) was recently caught in a steel
trap at Coburg, Oregon. It was eighteen inches in height at the
shoulders, two feet and three inches long from the nose to the
root of the tail, and the tail was seven inches long.

CALIFORNIA TREES AND FLOWERS.

‘In all parts of the civilized world, the refinement, innocence
and happiness of the people may be measured by the flowers they
cultivate,’ says an elogu:nt author. I would add, that the wild
flowers of a country must furnish a truthful index to the adapta-
bility of that land as a home for the human race, for, where they
abound, there too man may seek for fruitful toil, pleasure and
rest.

Where may lovelier flowers, more brilliant tints, or more deli-
cate coloring be found in greater profusion than on the mountains
and mesas, in canyon and meadow, throughout the length and
breadth of California! And where may a more perfect abiding
place be found for man!

It is to the beautiful annuals which in springtime cover the hills
and mesas, that California owes her just fame as a land of flowers.
Perhaps in no country in the world do the early spring flowers so
change the face of the earth from a desolate waste to a beautiful
garden, as on the Pacific coast—hills, mesas, mountains and val-
leys, and the arid plains of the desert, alike, quickly responding
to the vivifying rain. California has probably already furnished
to the horticulturist a greater variety of beautiful flowers and
stately trees than any other State in the Union. Yet many
others are awaiting the appreciation of man, or wasting their
sweetness on the desert air.

In this essay it is intended to give brief descriptions of those
already introduced into cultivation, with reference to the varieties
produced by cultivation, together with notes on many that are
well worthy of introduction. A few trees and plants, not natives
of California, but now closely identified with our flora, either by
cultivation or naturalization, are also noticed.

*) An asterisk indicates that the colors have been carefully determined by comparison
with Ridgway’s ‘Nomenclature of Colors.’

94 _ California Trees and Flowers.

ABIES.

The firs are magnificent trees, of pyramidal form and rapid
growth.

A. BRACTEATA Wutfall. A tall,slender, strictiy pyramidal tree,
100 to 150 feet high and one to two feet in diameter. Unknown
in cultivation.

A. CoNCOLOR Lindi. The Silver Fir is a very ornamental
tree, growing from 80 to 150 feet high, attaining a diameter of
three or four feet. Foliage of a pale silvery green, whence its
name,

A. GRANDIS Lindl. The White Fir attains a height of 200 to
300 feet, with a diameter of three or four feet, and is distinguished
by the glossy, green upper surface of the leaves.

A. MAGNIFICA Murray. The Red Fir exceeds 200 feet
in height, and reaches a diameter of ten feet. Foliage rigid,
bark thick of a reddish brown color, from which it receives its
vernacular name in common with the following species.

A. NopILis Lind/. Red Fir, scarcely distinguishable from the
preceding species.

ABRONIA.

The Abronias are charming trailing plants, sometimes called
wild verbenas from the resemblance between the verbena and
their showy umbels of brilliant flowers, which are of great fra-
grance, and produced abundantly.

A. LATIFOLIA Fschscholtz, Waxy lemon yellow flowers, pos-
sessing the odor of orange blossoms. A hardy ennual in culti-
vation, perennial in its wild state, like the following species.

A. UMBELLATA Lam. The .finest species, producing a pro-
fusion of large umbels of bright rose-purple flowers. *

A. viLLosa Watson. A slightly smaller plant, but producing
equally large umbels of bright rose-purple flowers.*

ABUTILON.

The Abutilons are highly prized green-house plants, of elegant
habit. California offers one of the most beautiful species, as yet
unknown in cultivation.

A. AURANTIACUM Watson, A low compact shrub,a foot high,
with large, velvety, light green leaves and showy ‘golden flow-
ers. Found near the southern border of the state, in Lower

California.
ACACIA.

5

Several Australian species of Acacia have been extensively
grown in California, either for their beauty or utility. Only one
species is a native, and that, A. Greggii, or Cat’s Claw, cannot be
recommended for trial. These are mostly small trees or shrubs
of rapid growth.

California Trees and Flowers. 95

A. DECURRENS Wildenow. The Black Wattle is one of the
most prized, and is largely planted for forest culture, because of
its oN growth, the value of its timber, its beauty and the bark
which is rich in tannin.

A. DEALBATA Link. Silver Wattle. Very ornamental.

A. FARNESIANA Wildenow. Oppopanax is prized for its deli-
cate, delicious and wonderfully persistent perfume, for which it
is often grown. It is valued for other reasons, and is of especial
historic interest, since it is credited with having {furnished the
crown of thorns with which the Savior was crowned.

A. MELONOXYLON. Make one of the finest of sidewalk trees,
sturdy and symmetrical in form.

A. PYCNANTHA Bentham. The Golden Wattle is second only
to A. decurrens in importance for its yield of tanner’s bark.

ACANTHOMINTHA.

A. ILICIFOLIA Gray. A showy mint-like annual, abundant
on the mesas near San Diego, and well worth attention. A span
high, with white flowers marked with purple.

ACTINOLEPIS.

A. CORONARIA Gray. A low annual bearing numerous yel-

low flowers.
ADENOSTOMA.

Evergreen shrubs, belonging to the rose family, two to ten
feet high, which produce an effect upon the landscape similar to
that of the heaths of the Old World. By studying the natural
blending and contrasts of our wild shrubs and trees in their na-
tive haunts, the landscape artist could gather some useful hints,
and the species of this genus would prove useful in his work.

A. FASCICULATUM ffooker G? Arn. This Chamisal often
covers large areas of country so densely as to be almost inpene-
trable. The foliage is very dark green.

A. SPARSIFOLIUM Torrey. Foliage light pea green; flowers
in large terminal panicles, white and fragrant.

AGAVE.

The so-called Century Plants are among the best known of the
succulent ornamental plants that are in cultivation. California
{furnishes several beautiful species.

A. DESERTI Exge/mann. A glaucous-leaved species, peculiar
to the Colorado Desert. [lower stalk seven to ten feet high, sur-
mounted with a large panicle of flowcrs of a chrome yellow.*
These plants, also known as Mescal or Maguey, from which the
alcoholic liquor mesca/ is made, are useful for their strong fibre.

A. PRINGLEI Angelmann. A mountain form of A. deserti,
rare and beautiful.

96 California Trees and Flowers.

A. SHawit Engelmann. One of the most striking and orna-
mental species of the genus, prized for its compact dark green
leaves.

_ A. Parryi Engelmann. Native of Arizona,as also the follow-
ing species.

A. PALMERI Engelmann.

A. ScHotti Engelmann.

ALFILARIA.

Erodium cicutarium and E. moschatum are about equally well
known by the name Alfilaria, and are valuable forage plants.
The foliage is finely divided like a fern leaf,and the rose-purple*
flowers are half an inch across. The two generally grow together
so that the seed is generally mixed. A considerable demand has
sprung up, and Alfilaria is being extensively sown in arid local-
ities fur forage

ALLIUM

A large genus, including the onion of the vegetable garden.
Some of the wild forms native to California are very pretty, but
mostly with small flowers and worthless for cutting. — Inter-
esting garden plants.

A. ACUMINATUM /fook. Usually a low plant, six inches high,
with a good sized umbel of pretty rose-purple flowers.

A. cusicK! Watson. A dwarf vernal form, with white flowers
commonly tinged with purple.

A FALCIFOLIUM Hook G& Arn. Flowers rose colored.

A FIMBRIATUM Watson. <A pretty plant, abundant in the
mountains of Southern and Lower California, bordering the Col-
orado Desert. It sends up a stout scape afew inches high,—
rarely more than three inches—bearing twenty-five or thirty
flowers of a deep rose purple*, sometimes of a light shade. Its
Mexican name is Lavina.

A. HAEMATOCHITON Watson. A small species, six or eight
inches high, bearing an umbel of six to twelve small white
flowers with greenish stripes and a reddish brown centre. It isa
tender plant.

_ A. SERRATUM Watson. A showy little plant, about ten inches
high, with a naked stem and a many-flowered umbel of dark,
bright rose-purple* flowers half an inch wide.

A. UNIFOLIUM Ke//. A unique little species, with white to
rose-purple flowers. Three inches to a foot high.

ANTIRRHINUM.

A. ORCUTTIANUM Gray. A tall, slender annual, with long
spikes of either white or violet flowers, discovered in 1882. Per-
haps the prettiest of the wild Snapdragons of California.

California Trees ana flowers 97

AQUILEGIA.

Graceful perennial plants, hardy and very ornamental.
Columbine.

A. CAERULEA /ames. Two feet high, with large showy blue
or white flowers.

A. CAERULEA FLORE PLENO. Double flowers.

A. CHRYSANTHA. AQ fine species, with long yellow spurred
flowers. The most graceful and beautiful for cultivation.

A. TRUNCATA /. G AZ The form in cultivation is a hybrid,
with large yellow flowers, the sepals and spurs of a deep orange
red.

ARBUTUS.

A. MEnzIEsI1 Pursh, The Madroiia is a handsome tree, some
times a hundred feet high, with reddish bark and lovely white
flowers.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.

The Manzanitas are handsome shrubs, with reddish exfoli-
ating bark, evergreen—usually light colored—foliage, and lovely
clusters of bell-shaped snow-white or rosy blossoms, which often
appear even before the snow is off the ground, If these could be
coaxed into the same graceful habits of growing under man’s
care as obtain with them in their wiJd state, they would be among
the most popular of the ornamental shrubs of the Pacific Coast.

A. BICOLOR Gray. A coast species, a few feet high.

A. GLAUCA Lindl. A fine but variable mountain torm.

A. Manzanita Parry. The Manzanita, one of the largest
and most beautiful species, peculiar to the Pacific Coast.

A. opposiITIFOLia Parry. A willow-leaved species from Lower
California.

A. PrincLer Parry. A peculiar mountain form. Very
beautiful.

A. Uva-urs! Spreng. Bear berry.

ARGEMONE.

A HISPIDA Gray. Thistle Poppy A stout prickly annual
three to six fect high, producing numerous large, showy, white
flowers, four to five inches in diameter, almost rivaling the Rom-
neya in beauty, and conspicous by night or day. Foliage bright
green. A very decorative plant, recommended for large grounds.

A. Mexicana Z. Flowers yellow. Otherwise similar.
ASTER.

A beautiful perennial species, a foot high, with large conspicu-
ous flowers, two inches across, and of a delicate mauve or laven-
der, has lately been discovered on the Colorado Desert. It is
likely to prove an acquisition to horticulture.

98 California Trees and Flowers.

BAERIA.

The Baerias (named in honor of Prof. Baer of the University
of Dorpat) are very pretty annuals, of easy culture in ordinary
soil.

B. GRACILIS Gray. A span or more high, producing many
small heads of small, yellow flowers,

BLOOMERIA.

Bloomeria is a genus of beautiful liliaceous plants related to
Brodiza, and peculiar to California.

B. AUREA Kellogg. The broad glossy leaf three or four feet
long. The large bulb, an inch in diameter, grows six inches
deep in the soil, producing a tall scape bearing a large umbel of
showy orange colored flowers.

B. CLEVELANDI Watson. A smaller plant, seldom over six
inches high, with umbels of bright yellow flowers. Named in
~ honor of Mr. D. Cleveland, of San Diego,

BREVOORTIA.

B coccINEA Watson. Vegetable Firecracker. A showy
plant, producing a tall grass-like stem two to three feet high,
bearing a pendant umbel of richly colored flowers, blood crim-
son tipped with white, one to three inches in length.

BRODIAA.

The Brodizeas have narrow grass-like leaves and slender stems
bearing an umbel of bright colored flowers. Allare easily grown
and forced, doing well in clayey, rather moist soils, but should
be dried off at time of blooming.

I.—BRODIAA.

B. cAPITATA Benth. Flower stalks slender, a foot high,
bearing a dense head of purple flowers. Sometimes called Wild
Hyacinth.

B. CAPITATA ALBA. A pure white form, prized in cultivation.

B conGEsTA Smith. Twoto four feet high, with deeper, bril-
liant purple flowers

B. MULTIFLORA Benth. Low, six inches high, bulb produc-
ing several slender stalks, bearing umbels of purple flowers.

II.—HOOKERA.

The following species are considered by some botanists to
form a distinct genus named Hookera.

H. GRANDIFLORA Smith. Produces a few very large glossy
purple flowers.

H. minor Jaton. Bears a loose, spreading umbel of large
royal purple flowers from a short stem. A general favorite.

California Trees and Flowers. 99

H. Orcutt Greene. A foot or two high, with large laven-
der to royal purple flowers, discovered in 1882. One of the
choicest species.

H. sTELLARIS Gr en*. Flowers rich purple with white center,
in a star-like cluster.

H. TERRESTRIS A-//ogg. Flowers red-purple.

III.—TRITELEIA

The following species are included by Prof. Greene in the
genus Triteleia, but they are best known in cultivation under the
old classification.

T. HYACINTHINA Greene. Flowers milky white, banded with
green.

T. 1x101IDEs Watson. Low, bearing numerous light yellow
flowers banded with gr2en. Very pretty

T. LAxA Benth. Tall, with umbel of 15 to 30 large blue flow-
ers.

T, PEDUNCULARIS ZLind/. Flowers glossy purple on long
stems. Rare.

CALANDRINIA.

C. Menziesit Hook. A low, succulent annual, very variable,
with pretty red or purple flowers.

C. MENZIEsII ALBA. Flowers pure white.

C. RosEA. A form in cultivation, presumed to have originated

in California.
CALOCHORTUS.

I.—MARIPOSA TULIPS.

These Tulips, excepting the true lilies, are the finest of the
beautiful liliaceous plants of the Pacific Coast. The Mariposa or
Butterfly Tulips are highly recommended for winter flowering
and are gaining great popularity in the East and in Europe.
Each species varies greatly in color, and the erect, cup-like flow-
ers are of large size, and of the richest and most brilliant color-
ing. The stout, slender flower stalks vary from eight inches to
two or three feet in height, each bearing from a few to fifteen or
twenty flowers.

C. AUREUS Watson. Three to six inches high, flowers clear
yellow, or with a narrow crescent of purple above the well-de-
fined roundish gland, which is densely covered with reflexed
hairs.

C. GuNNISONI Watson. Petals light lilac, yellowish green be-
low the middle, banded and lined with purple.

C KENNEDYI Porter. A rare species only known in the Mo-
jave Desert where it is very difficult of access. The large flow-
ers two inches across, of a deep orange vermilion,* produced on
short stout scapes. A maguzificeni species

JOO

California Trees and Flowers.

as, | mu“

Hi

Sill

CALOCHORTUS.

L:ditorial. Ior

EDIT ORTAL.

There is a wide field on the Pacific Coast for the ScIENTIST. The
botanist, the zoologist and the geologist may each keep his
hands well employed, discovering and recording new facts, each
in his special division. Inseparably connected with the sciences,
pure and applied, are all the industries of the human race. The
stockman and farme- may glean many items of interest and prac-
tical value to him from the note-book of the zvologist. The
miner and the manufacturer will be well repaid in a fund of use-
ful information if he but consults the field notes and general con-
clusions arrived at by the geologist; in the laboratory of the
chemist or mineralogist other useful intormation will be found.

Still more intimately connected with the science of botany are
the many industries embraced in the general terms, agriculture
and horticulture. And those dependent upon these, the most
important of the industries of the world, must also give attention
to many related branches of knowledge if they would reap the
greatest returns.

Recent investigations have led to a better realization of the in-
timate relations between the sciences, and pointed out how, by
studying one froma standpoint of investigation, we may better ap-
ply our knowlege of another science in industrial enterprises.

We refer especially to the biological survey of the San Fran-
cisco mountain region, in Arizona, by Dr. C. Hart Merriam,
chief of the division of mammalogy of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. In North American Fauna, No. 3, Dr.
Merriam publishes the results of this exploration and presents im-
portant facts bearing on the geograpical distribution of plants
and animals, Instead of the usual outline of faunal districts he
conclusively shows that distribution of species is more intimately
connected with altitude than upon the geographical location. He
points out how the horticulturist may materially profit by study:
ing the natural vegetation around him; how the stockman may
know what breeds of animals are best adapted to a given region,
by noting the existing conditions of soil and climate, the wild ani-
mals which abound, and in instituting comparison between differ-
ent sections of country.

This magazine will devote a considerable number of its page
during the coming year toward arriving at a better acquaintance
with the fauna and flora and other natural resources of the Pacific
Coast. It will be our aim each month to present something of
interest and practical value not only to the naturalist—amateur or
professional—to the botanist and horticulturist, but to all who are
interested in attaining to a truly liberal education.

There is a recognized field for a journal of the character we
have roughly outlined. True literature—instructive and enter-
taining—on any branch of science is comparatively rare and diffi-
cult of production. We hope through industry and perseverance
to attain the end in view with the assistance of those whom we
are well pleased to call friends.

Io2 Notes and News.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Aspidiotus rapax, a scale-like insect, has recently been re-
ported for the first time as occurring on the fruits of the orange
and the lemon in Southern California.

A fine specimen of a Cycad was discovered in some gravel from
the bed of the North Umpqua river, near Roseburg, Oregon, by
Mr. Russell, of Yoncalla, Oregon.

The Oregon Alpine Club has for its objects the acquirement of
information about the rivers and mountains of the northwest
coast, and relating to the geological tormation, mineral resources,
and the fauna and flora of that region, together with the forma-
tion of amuseum. Its membership already includes hundreds
of the best learned men and women in the State, and other lo-
calities may profit by its example. We hope to publish the pro-
ceedings of this and other societies as they may be furnished.

The hop crop of Oregon and Washington for 1890 was nearly
60,000 bales, valued at $1,800,000, while the loss sustained by
this crop from the hop louse (Phorodon humuli) is estimated as
fully one-fifth of that amount. The ability to destroy $360,000
worth of crops in a single season renders this eastern pest, ap-
parently so insignificant in itself, worthy of careful study and in-
vestigation as to methods for its destruction.

Coloradia pandora, the large moth which was attracted the
past season by the electric lights in southern Oregon in such vast
numbers, was originally described from Colorado (whence the
name) by Chas. A. Blake, one of the older members of the
American entomological society of Philadelphia. The larva
(presumed to be of this species) has lately been described as fol-
lows, from a specimen found feeding on sage brush in Montana
_by Mr. Wiley: Mature larva all black, with shiny spines which
sting the hand like Hyperchiria io. | Pupa somewhat resembles
that of H. io, but smaller, and less robust, nearly black.

LIBRARY GATALOGUCE.

(Scientific books and periodicals may be ordered through our Book and Subscription
Department.)

Recent accessions to the library of the West American Muse-
um of Nature and Art will be catalogued monthly.

4051. Descriptions of two new species of mammals from Mt.
Kilima-Njaro, East Africa. By Frederick W. True.

4052. Osteological characteristics of the family Muraenesoci-
dae. By TheodorejGill am

4053. On the family Ranicipitidae. By Theodore Gill.

4054. The osteological characteristics of the family Simen-
chelydae. By Theodore Gill.

4055. The characteristics of the Dactylopteriodea. By Theo-
dore Gill.

4056. Notes on the birds observed during the cruise of the U.

Library Catalogue. I03

S. Fish Commissioner schooner Grampus in the summer of 1887.
By William Palmer.

4057. Description of new forms of upper Cambrian fossils.
By Charles D. Walcott.

(Nos. 4036-4057 inclusive are extracts from the Proc. tS:
Nat. Mus., XIII (1890) and received from the Smithsonian In-
stitution. )

4058. American Journal of Numismatics and bulletin of
American Numismatic and Archaeological societies, XXIV, No.
4, April, 18go.

4059. Same, XXV., No. 1, July, 1890. Contributions of
alchemy to numismatics. By Henry Carrington Bolton, Ph. D.,
forms the leading article in this and the preceding number.
From the author.

4060. Bibliotheca Polytechnica. Directory of technical litera-
ture. A classified catalogue of all books, annuals, and journals
published in America, England, France and Germany including
their relations to legislation, hygiene and daily life. By Fritz
von Szczepanski. First annual issue, 1889. Price 75 cents. The
author, St. Petersburg and Leipzig. The International News
Coney:

The catch-words are given in English, French and German;
a compact, handy little book, which will be very useful to those
having to consult technical literature. 8vo. 80 pp.

4061. Annual report of the State Board of Horticulture of the
State of California. for 1890. 8vo. 522 pp.

A most useful volume with invaluable information relating to
the olive. orange, lemon, fig and other fruits, handsomely embel-
lished with colored plates and numerous engravings. The Mis-
sion olive is thus illustrated, and numerous injurious and benefi-
cial insects. are figured.

4062. Le Nov Latin, international scientific lingua supernat-
ural bases. By Dr. Daniel Rosa, Royal Zoologic Museum,
Torino, Italy, 1890. From the author.

COOD LItkRAL ORE,

The publishers of Zhe Youth's Companion have sent us a
handsome souvenir with the announcements of authors and arti-
cles for the next year’s volume. It has seven illuminated pages,
one for each day in the week, very quaint in style, the whole
forming a ‘Book of Days,’ and each page illustrating a line of
the old rhyme:

’ Monday for Health,
Tuesday for Wealth,
Wednesday the Best Day of all,
Thursday for Losses,
Friday for Crosses,
Saturday No Luck at all;
Sunday the Day that is Blest
With Heavenly Peace and Rest.’

Tog Good Literature.

This novel and unique Calendar is sent free to all new sub-
scribers to Zhe Companion who send $1.75 for a year’s subscrip-
tion and request it at the time they subscribe.

The most beautiful frontispiece ever produced in an American
magazine, appears in the January number of the Cosmopolitan.
It is a reproduction in colors of Francoise Flameng’s famous pic-
ture ‘*‘ The Cake Seller,’’ and can scarcely be distinzuished from
the imported photogravure which is exhibited in the dealers’ win-
dows, at the price ot $7 acopy. It is one ot the most charming of
subjects, and is well worth framing and preservation. The Cos-
mopolitan has become noted of late for its frontispieces and this
very much excels its previous efforts.

The first installment of the selections from Talleyrand’s long-
expected Memoirs is the mest striking feature of the January
Century. _Asketch of Talleyrand by Minister Whitelaw Reid
prefaces this installment. The opening pages tell of Talleyrand’s
neglected childhood, and his entry into Parisian society. They
also give his views of La Fayette, and the effect of the American
on the French Revolution; some account of the beginnings of
the latter; a very contemptuous opinion of the Duke of Orleans;
a sketch of the author’s stay in England and the United States,
and a highly interesting conversation between himself and Alex-
ander Hamilton on Free Trade and Protection.

Outing for January is a superb Holiday number, seasonable in
matter and elegant in illustration. ‘The Mystery of a Christmas
Hunt’ is a story pervaded by such sportsmanlike spirit and do-
mestic felicity as to lend a charm to the well-drawn pictures that
follow in rapid succession from the first page to the last. No
better Christmas story has appeared in any magazine for years.
‘Lost in. the Rockies,’ a midwinter adventure, stirringly and
powerfully told, follows, and ‘ Honeymooning Under Difficulties,’
a true story of the snow-swept plains of Manitoba, completes a
trilogy of fact and fiction hard to beat; and just now, when
cross-country running is a pastime supported with all the enthu-
siasm of its devotees, ‘The Last Paper Chase,’ by Wm. Earle
Baldwin, enriches the incidents of the field with ae interest of a
most excellent bit of social fiction.

In the January .S¢. Micholas—the second of the Holiday num-
bers of this magazine—Charles Dudley Warner calls up the
thousands of its readers to hear ‘A Talk About Reading,’ which
is delivered with all the earnestness of a true humorist when talk-
ing of graver matters. The Pratt Institute, Brooklyn’s Great
Industrial School,’ is fully described by a well-informed writer,
and explained by the artistic illustrations of Mr. Wiles, and the
young people will marvel at this wonderful school wherein are
taught al] things teachable, from high art to dusting a room.

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The West American Scientist.

When Brown-Sequard was in America the Vitalized Phosphites was
presented to him. His remarks were much to the effect that the giving of
the active principle of the brain of animals to man should be conclusive of
the most happy results and he had no'doubt would largely improve brain
and nerve power. He then made the observation, ‘‘I do not think the
principle need end here.

There has been much jeering at the results which Brown-Sequard’s
discovery produced, but those who have studied the matter, (our chemist
amongst others) say that there are wonderful results yet unwritten about.

It is nearly thirty years since the Vitalized Phosphites were first used
and now physicians accept the fact that this brain material is the most
perfect rejuvenator of the tired human brain. While the ‘‘Elixir’’ from
the glands of animals was expected only to increase Virility, the Vitalized
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When the brain of an active man is tired it is a common observation
Do nothing for awhile and rest.’’ In most instances this is an impossi-
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But when the brain is using a large amount of Vital Phosphites and the
food does not, nay cannot, supply all that is needed, then, if recourse is
had to

GROSBY’S VITALIZED PHOSPHITES

the brain and nervous system will be fed and brain work can easily be
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It cured and is highly recommended by Bishops Peter, Stevens and

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All Phosphates are inert, this is a vital nutrient Phosphite from the
brain of the ox, and the embroyo of wheat.

EK. CROSBY CO.

56 W. 25th Street, New York. i
For Sale by Druggists, or sent by Mail, $1.00

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