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Voitume VII. AUGUST, 1891. Wuote No, 61.

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A popular monthly review and record for the Pacific Coast.

CONTENTS:

PAGE
A Cactus Corner in the Missouri Botanical Garden.—Illus-

PAREN sti soveat haben cane tome Dak ae Poet eS Bae C. R. Orcutt. 187
April Flowers in Northern California.................. Carl Purdy. 187
The Golovdrine Piantii2 bose eke ee giy se C..R. Orcutt. 190
MMOS AN WUT lhe hen ea isea aie lie sac fara seeds Ete s sn osy W. F. Parish. 195
New Bombylide from California................. D. W. Coquillett. 197
ANE Thistle PODDIES: 585) Nig seers~ thes From American Garden. 200
Bitelen (Am rer. civais.Seipasguecdis dip sm astak ccqtenetns Charles S. Sargeut. 201
The Olive! —Hlnstrateds fs 6c rier cis iecesvecghiscdeckac C. R. Orcutt. 203
Proceedings of Scientific Societies 3.050.) ci deecesecsnsdeckecewsdevsdeae 204,
Questions of Nomenclature........c..c. ec ccaseeeseseeeeees CLR. Orcutt.’ 206
CBnothera ovate Gace kssciiv cnn saee acs wlsenus Charles Howard Shinn. 208
Some Useful Plants of Southern California........ C. R. Orcutt. 209
Nuts of Commerce .......:3:........ From American Agriculturist. 211
Dhe Strawberry Gua vee iii. cs5 ih. claen aco cdecesdacann ie C.R: Orentt)\; 213
Cid setee Pict ettSs lacie. f)cecsoe seit kes oottey eon eoredan ones sutras aS 214
PACTS eal va ate sk var cek ean wh coerce Maeecgede Laduass tesnraae C. R. Orcutt. 214
BURY MEE SENOS. ids cul testes lee Ry afieteyal cntadaced wae eodnca kabpecahakaci ous) 215
EARIHOS WALA LORUE: S555, shoes ik ines etac pen i ppudas¥anttiosieypiakeoustepe 215

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Editorial and Mailing Rooms: Orcutt News a ig
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FRESNO, Cal., November 15, 1889.

Cot. A. B. Covalt, Resident Agent of the Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co. of California:

— es

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Adm’r of Estate of J. H. Hamilton.

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J. C. SPRIGG, JR. & CO., AGENTS.
Orrick, Cor. SIxTH AND F Svs.

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April Flowers in Northern California. 187

A CACTUS CORNER IN THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

The garden maintained for many years in the private grounds of
the late Henry Shaw, at St. Louis, is known to most people who
have passed through that city, and few people traveling for pleasure
have stopped there for a day without a visit to Shaw’s Garden. At
the death of Henry Shaw, in 1889, this garden was left in the care
of a board of trustees, to be maintained as a botanical garden, and
is endowed with practically the whole of his large fortune.

The accompanying view is from the first report on the garden
under the management of the trustees, and represents one of the sev-
eral groups of large cacti which are set out during the summer.
Many of the specimens of Opuntia and Cereus are large and old
plants, and possess historical interest for students of this group of
succulents, since they came originally from Prince Salm Dyck, one of
the greatest authorities on the cacti, and were closely observed by
Dr. Engelmann, whose studies laid the foundation for the knowl-
edge of our own species. The collection in this group is believed to
be one of the largest and most complete in existence, and the library
and herbarium of the garden are also very rich in material referring
to the cacti. The managers desire that every species of cactus grow-
ing in the United States, as well as Mexican species, shall be repre-
sented in the near future. For botanical study, as well as popular

observation, St. Louis is likely for some time to come to be the cac-
tus center of the country.

In Southern California, however, the cactus is more at home,
and the Arizona garden at Monterey famous among trav-
elers. A large private collection is at Pasadena, comprising about
two or three hundred species, and is in thriving condition. The
proprietors of the Hotel del Coronado planted about five hundred
varieties, furnished by the writer, who has personally collected, or
received from correspondents, more than half the varieties as yet
known to botanists. Nearly twelve hundred species have been de-
scribed, of which many will doubtless have to be, ultimately, re-
ferred to synonymy.

The writer has recently added nearly two hundred species to his
collections, including some new and many rare ones from Mexico
and other localities, and hopes ultimately to have the most com-
plete private collection in the world. C. R=» Orcutt.

APRIL FLOWERS IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA.
(From Garden and Forest, iv. 214.)
The middle of April, in California, north of San Francisco bay,
finds the wild flowers, in hundreds of species, and often in vast
quantities, covering acres on acres of ground. As yet the height of

188 April Flowers in Northern California.

the season is not reached. The San Joaquin valley and Monterey
are fully three weeks earlier, and Southern California earlier still.
A month ago our common Buttercups, Ranunculus macranthus,
were few in numbers; now the roadsides are yellow with them, and
pastures are covered with them by the acre. In wet places R.
Bloomeri takes its place with equal profusion. Yellow seems a
favorite color here, and it is always seen in masses. In places a
low-growing (Enothera, in profuse flower, shows the richest of
yellows for a long period. Then the Eschscholtzia fairly monopo-
lizes some vacant lots in this town where there is a deep gravelly
soil. These beautiful Poppies appear, not in dozens or thousands,
but turn whole acres into billowy masses of splendid orange; other
acres glow with the darker orange of Amsinckia or the purple-blue
of Lupines. The Eschscholtzia foliage is especially rich this season
in scarlets and bronzes, which, if they could be relied upon as per-
manent, would make it an interesting foliage plant.

Nemophilas are largely used by nature as bedding plants here.
N. insignis, Blue Eves we call it, is every where in single plants or in
beds, a few vards in extent, and occasionally by the solid acre.
Gilia tricolor is another plant which now covers entire hillsides.
Platystemon Californicus, another member of the poppy family, is
also a favorite with nature. The flowers are a creamy yellow, borne
separately on long stalks. In dry fields it covers large areas. White
is the rarest color in these natural parks. Several species of Eri-
trichium are here, with delicate, white flowers. Limnanthes Doug-
lasii, long in cultivation, forms large white masses in moist places.
Searlet does not yet appear in abundance, although Calandrinia
Menziesii, another cultivated species, is everywhere.

Mendocino county and the region around the base of Mount
Shasta have the richest flora in California. The Sierra Nevada
range is largely volcanic. In the coast range clays prevail, with
here and there volcanic projections. At Shasta these two ranges
meet, giving in a small space great variations in soil, altitude, ex-
posure and moisture. The rainiest spot in California is closely
adjacent to a lava desert, so at Mount Shasta the conifers have a
wonderful development in species, and the flora as a whole is very
rich. In Mendocino county the redwood forest furnishes shade and
moisture. The dry Chemisal region is close at hand, giving the
prevalent flora ot the coast range. Elevations of 5,000 to 6,000
feet give alpine conditions, while isolated voleanic points add yar-
iety to soil. Add to this narrow valleys and deep canyons, and the
variety of vegetation is not to be wondered at.

Among shrubs the various Ceanothus are common, going far to

April Flowers in Northern California. 189

make up the unbroken growth, from six to fifteen feet high, which,
in an almost impenetrable thicket, clothes many of the mountain
sides of the coast range, and gives them a smooth, Heath-like
appearance. The local name for this low growth is chemisal when
the shrub Adenostoma fasciculatum predominates; chapparal, if the
growth is largely mixed. In the aggregate vast areas are so
covered. One continuous belt is sixty miles long by eight or ten
wide, with very small breaks in timber or grazing land. Ceanothus
divaricatus is one of the commonest elements of chapparal, and is
now in bloom. In the open Redwood C. thyrsiflorus, a fine shrub,
often fifteen feet high, with flowers much like a lilac, and fully as
beautiful, covers large areas in an almost impenetrable thicket.

In my garden Erythronium grandiflorum is beginning to fade.
It gave fine satisfaction this season, planted in chip mold, and
rather shallow. E. giganteum, from Oregon, bloomed for the first
time this year. The bulbs were strong and produced large blossoms,
four to six to each, and several three inches across. Close observa-
tion shows some difference between this and E. grandiflorum, but
the distinction is not well enough defined to be satisfactory. The
yellow of the flowers of E. giganteum has a slight greenish shade,
while those of E. grandiflorum shade from light straw at tips to
rich yellow near the centre, and occasionally with markings from
light brown to very dark. E. Smithii lacks the elegance of form of
the two former, and is one-flowered. Its color, at first, is white,
with a pink tinge, and becomes pink-purple. E. Howellii has a
straw-colored flower with a peculiar pinkish orange centre. With
me it was quite small, but the bulbs may not have been strong.

Brodiza multiflora and B. congesta blossomed together, atid
very beautiful they were. They were planted in shallow boxes, the
top soil mold and clay with a light dressing of sand. The first
Calochortus to flower was the dainty little C. coeruleus. It was
closely followed by C. lilacinus. The first is doing well in a com-
mon ciay loam. Fritillaria lanceolata seems to runs to many forms,
which, to the gardener, would be good varieties. The prettiest I
had this year was a light yellow one. They were in shallow boxes
about three inches deep, in clay loam, and shaded in the afternoon.
Considering the quality of the bulb the flowers were as good as I
have seen in the very best natural wild growth. There is a variety
of F. recurva which is unusually fine. Some racemes were sent to
me with five to nine blossoms, and I have heard of one with
eighteen. Carl Purdy.

190 The Golondrina Plant.

THE GOLONDRINA PLANT.
(From the San Diego Union, revised by the author.)

The rattlesnake is the most abundant and the most dreaded of
the venomous reptiles of the United States. The Pacific coast is
free from any other variety of known poisonous serpents, but sev-
eral varieties of the rattlesnake abound in sufficient numbers to
make up for the lack of variety otherwise.
Our most venomous and ugly species is the black rattlesnake,
(Crotalus lucifer) found near the coast, from Oregon to Lower
California, smaller in size than the more common yellow rattler. It
is usually found in grassy valleys or canyons, and though smaller in
size is much livelier than the other form and not inclined to bear
insults without showing fight.
The yellow rattler, or diamond-back, as it is sometimes called,
(Crotalus enyo) is much larger, often five, more rarely six feet in
length, sluggish, and not inclined to fight if it can avoid conflict,
except at certain seasons when it also, is very pugnacious.
In April it is sometimes inclined to attack one, and will not
readily run from you, but by June it shows a desire to escape—prob-
ably because it is blind and knows itself to be at a disadvantage.
Some say it is then more dangerous, as it will strike without warn-
ing, which is probably true if it is disturbed. But the current belief
that the rattlesnake will always give warning is a dangerous pop-
ular fallacy, as such is not the case. It will rattle and strike simul-
taneously, and often will await your near approach before giving
warning. I will give a case to illustrate this point. In May, 1886,
near San Quintin bay, I started to climb a steep bank to reach a
certain plant growing above me. Just beside it was a large yellow
rattler, coiled ready to strike and waiting for its probably expected
prey. As I approached it made no motion, but the strong magnetic
influence of its eye, as it wickedly watched my approach, caused me
to look up just in season, when my head was nearly on a level with
its own, and to step back out of danger. Still it did not rattle
until a pistol shot gave it its quietus.
In June, 1889, while shaking the seed from the bush into a pan,
held near the ground and under the bush, I had the pleasure of see-
‘ing a large yellow rattler quietly move from under the bush out of
‘my way, without giving any indication of its presence beforehand.

Probably my movement of the bush above it had slightly disturbed
ithe good-natured fellow without arousing his resentment.

Another slim and exceedingly lively rattler, with alternate rings
of black and white, is found in our mountains, bordering the desert.

The Golondrina Plant. 191

After observing the rapid locomotion of a particularly long indi-
vidual one day, I considered discretion the better part of valor when
it turned upon me and showed fight, especially as I chanced to have
no weapon at hand. :

On the Colorado desert the rattlesnake closely imitates the
color of the sand that surrounds it. The larger one resembles the.
diamond-back in its markings and is the species known as Crotalus
pyrrhus.

The desert region possesses a smaller species (Crotalus cerastes)
scarcely a foot in length, white as the sands beneath it, as pug-
nacious as a terrier among rats, by no means sluggish in the hot
sun, but inclined to honorable warfare by giving warning to its
approaching enemy. One evening the operator at a station on the
Southern Pacific railway stepped into his office with slippers on his
feet and quickly stepped out again as he felt and heard one of these
reptiles under his foot. The sand-viper, or side-winder, as these
diminutive snakes are called by their acquaintances, kept his tail
employed in a lively manner until the young man put on his boots,
struck a light and dispatched him. On the Mojave desert this snake
is exceedingly abundant in some localities. Their nocturnal habits
render them especially dangerous where they abound. All the other
rattlers, I believe, travel only in the daytime as a rule, when, if one
is on the lookout, he can generally avoid unpleasant experiences
with them.

Dr. S. Wier Mitchell, of Philadelphia, who has made a special
study of venemous serpents, and has studied our rattlesnakes espe-
cially, claims there is no sure cure known for the virus of a rattle-
snake. There is a popular article in the Century Magazine (Vol.
38, pp. 513-514) by this Author. I will copy a few sentences.

‘When a man or an animal is bitten by a rattlesnake death
may take place in a few minutes. It has followed in man within a
minute, but unless the dose given is enormous, or by chance enters a
vein, this is very unlikely. The bite is, however, popularly believed
to be mortal, and therefore every case of recovery gives credit
to some remedy, for it is a maxim with physicians that the in-
curable and easily relievable maladies are those which have the
most remedies assigned to them. * * The deadly apothecary
does not succumb to his own drugs. * * * We have never
been able to poison plants with snake venom. * * * Itis
possible to feed a pigeon on crotalus (rattlesnake) venom day after
day and see it live unhurt. * * * A bite in the extremities rarely
causes death.’

From the above it will be seen that the bite of the rattlesnake is

192 The Golondrina Plant.

a

extremely dangerous but not always fatal. The poison itself has
no effect on the rattlesnake, though deadly to other snakes, yet by
biting itself in a vital part the snake has power to commit suicide.
This has frequently been witnessed and abundantly testified to and
given rise to the popular fallacy that it dies from its own poison.

Under normal conditions of health the venom is undoubtedly
harmless to the human system if taken internally. Yet such experi-
ments might prove fatal to some individuals or under unfavorable
conditions of health.

We will again quote Dr. Mitchell that a clearer view of the sub-
ject may be obtained: 7

‘Tf we mix any venom with a strong enough solution of potassa
or soda we destroy its power to kill. A solution of iodine or per-
chloride has a like but a lesser capacity and so also has bromo-
hydric acid; but by far the best of all is permanganate of potash.
If this agent be injected at once or soon through a hollow needle
into the fang wound wherever it touches venom it destroys it. It
also acts in like destructive fashion on the tissues, but, relatively
speaking, this is a small matter. If at once we can cut off the cireu-
lation by a ligature and thus delay absorption we certainly lessen
the chances of death; yet, as the bites occur usually when men are
far from help, it is but too often a futile aid, although it has cer-
tainly saved many lives. The first effect of venom is to lessen sud-
denly the pressure under which the blood is kept while in the
vessels. Death from this cause must be rare, as it is active for so
short a time. Any alcoholic stimulants at this period would be
useful; but, despite the popular creed, it is now pretty sure that
many men have been killed by the alcoholism to relieve them from
the snake bite, and it is a matter of record that men dead drunk
with whisky and then bitten had died of the bite. For the conse-
quences to the blood and to the nerve centers which follow an
injection of venom there is, so far as I am aware, no antidote; but
as to this I do not at all despair and see clearly that our way to
find relief is by competently learning what we havetodo. * * *
We may hope to find remedies which will stimulate and excite the
vital organs which venom enfeebles. In this direction lie our hopes
of future help. Anything which delays the fatal effect of the poison
is also a vast advantage in treatment.’

GOLONDRINA.

Several cases of rattlesnake bites have been recently described to
the writer, where five drops of ammonia taken in a glass of whisky
every five minutes several times in succession resulted in relief and a
cure. Ammonia and whisky, with sweet oil or any oily substance,

The Golondrina Plant. 193

butter or even lard, are the most general popular remedies credited
with curing the bites of venomous reptiles or insects. Other reme-
dies, like black ash bark, caustic and bluestone, gunpowder ignited
on the wound (in cases of horses or cattle bitten), and many others
are often reported as efficacious in the cases where they were ap-
plied.

The Euphorbiacez or spurge family contains plants and shrubs,
usually with a milky, acrid (poisonous) juice. In Euphorbia, the
principal genus in America, the flowers are monoecious, included in
a cup-shaped, four and five-lobed involucre resembling a calyx or
corolla, usually bearing large and thick glands at its sinuses.

In the species to which the name golondrina is usually applied
the leaves are small, all opposite and similar, furnished with awl-
shaped or scaly stipules; stems and branches usually forming a
broad, spreading mat on the ground; annual, usually in blossom
throughout the vear.

Messrs. Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit (WEsT AMERICAN SCIEN-
TIST, vol. vi., p. 84), say of these plants:

‘We find that several species of Euphorbia, mostly the E. albo-
marginata and the E. prostrata, have acquired a reputation as
antidotes for snake poisoning under the names of ‘golondrina’ and
‘ gollindrinera.’

In Southern California Euphorbia polycarpa is the common
golondrina of the Mexicans and Indians, and has the reputation of
being a sure cure for all cases of venom poisoning, in common with
other similar, nearly related species of this genus. It is abundant
from the seashore to the Colorado desert, where a larger variety
than ours is very abundant.

The Herald, of Banning, Cal., Louis Munson, editor, under date
of October 12, 1889, contained the following article on the varieties
of this plant, which I consider worthy of reproduction:

An article of Dr. S. Wier Mitchell, of Philadelphia, lately widely
copied, announced that no sure cure was known for the virus of a
rattlesnake. The doctor evidently had not consulted the lore of the
Indians of Southern California. Nobody hears of an Indian dying
from the bite of a rattlesnake, nor of his losing any stock from that
cause. On the authority of Mr. I. K. Fisher, of Santa Barbara, we
state that when a snake has bitten itself it resorts to the remedy
which the Indians use, from which we infer that their discovery of
the cure arose from observing the snake’s employment of the same
remedy.

Mr. Frank Smith, of Whitewater, speaks the Indian language,
and through that has come into possession of many secrets which

194 The Golondrina Plant.

their reticence hides from most white men. From him we learned
this remedy, and announce it with the assurance of Mr. Smith’s
entire responsibility and veracity. Indeed, so confident is he of the
power of the remedy that he is willing, in true California eloquence,
to wager Dr. Mitchell in any sum from $500 to $1000 that he can
cure any case of rattlesnake bite, Dr. Mitchell himself furnishing the
snake if he wants to be sure of its venomous character. The remedy
is this: There is a weed which grows wherever the rattlesnake
lives; it is green during snake season. When a creature is bitten the
green weed is bruised in a little urine, the skin about the bite is.
scarified with a knife, and the bruised weed is rubbed over the scari-
fied place for ten or fifteen minutes. A bunch of the bruised weed is
then bound-on the scarified surface and left. Within forty-eight
hours without fail all symptoms of the poison disappear.

‘The weed is a species of Euphorbia common in this country.
It is a little, vinelike plant, radiating from a center, usually clinging
close to the ground, with a light green round leaf shaped like a
clover leaf, but only a half or a third as large. When a stem is
broken, milk will drop out profusely. A few pieces of the weed
grow just south of where the road leads from San Gorgonio avenue,
in Banning, across the vineyard to the company’s barn north of.
town. There just at the edge of the road along the ditch it can be
found and recognized.

‘Mr. Smith gave us three accounts of this cure:

‘1. In 1878 a snake charmer in Prescott, Arizona, was bitten
by a rattlesnake on the back of the hand. Ten hours thereafter he
was unconscious, his arm and whole side swollen, and the physi-
cians gave him up to die. Mr. Smith then applied his remedy, and
the next morning the man was walking the streets well.

‘2. In 1862 a Mexican boy was herding sheep in this pass for
the Trujillos. He was bitten by a rattlesnake on the fiorefinger.
When seen by Mr. Smith the next day he was swollen enormously
all over, ‘as big as three boys,’ says Mr. Smith, and in great agony.
This remedy cured him.

‘3. A horse was bitten on the nose. When found its head was
swollen, and knots as big as nuts showed down its neck and on its
body. It had been bitten several hours, the fang marks showing on
its nose. He cured it and rode it fifty miles the third day without
injury.

‘The Mexicans call this weed golondrino.

‘If any one seeing this article knows Dr. S. Wier Mitchell’s ad-
dress, we would be obliged by having him see this article.’

In the first paragraph of the above article reference is made to

Yucca Whipplet. 195

the snake using the plant itself in case of its repentiny of suicidal
intentions. But this is open to doubt and it may be presumed that
the snake resorted to the use of the plant for some reason unknown
tous. That it is an infallible cure may also be doubted, notwith-
standing the numerous cases which have been described to me by
different and reliable observers where it proved efficacious in pre-
serving life. In Texas the plant is steeped in fresh milk and the tea
given internally in cases where children are bitten by the rattle-
snake. In Lower California the plant is first masticated and a por-
tion of the weed then applied to the scarified wound and a part
swallowed. In Mexico I am informed that among certain Indian
tribes the men carry a little of this herb—dried—on their person
constantly and say that where it is promptly applied a snake bite
never proves fatal.

All this cumulative evidence is not to be hastily discredited in a
matter of so great importance, for, while the mortality from this
cause in the United States is not great, yet in India and some por-
tions of tropical America, many thousands annually lose their lives
from venomous serpents. If this plant really possesses the qualities
ascribed to it its introduction in those countries afflicted in this
way would be of lasting benefit to the human race.

It should be borne in mind that the milky juice of the golon-
drina is in itself poisonous, whether taken internally, or with many
individuals, applied externally to the skin. A case of poisoning by
this plant was lately brought to my attention. Several ladies and
children thoughtlessly ornamented their hats with the pretty clus-
ters of leaves and white flowers, getting the juice on to their hands
and faces. In two or three of these individuals the effect was
similar to a case of poisoning from the poison oak, while the others
were not affected in the least. I have frequently had the milky juice
on my hands, when collecting specimens for my herbarium, without
any inconvenient results. Cy RAOLcuLe.

MUG CAS MH EE PILE:
(From Vick’s Magazine, xiv, 211.)

The persistent reader of florists’ catalogues will sometimes find
the name that heads this article at the tail end of the short list of
yuceas. It received its name from the zealous and talented Lieu-
tenant A. W. Whipple, who, in 1853-4, crossed the plains at the
head of an exploring expedition of the United States government.

In the early summer one may see the Indians of our San Ber-
nardino valley with bundles of some green vegetable substance

196 Yucca Whipplei.

which has been formed into balls of two to four inches in diameter-
This substance they eat green, by chewing and extracting the sweet
juice and ejecting the white fibrous ‘cud’ left after the operation,
or, to heighten the relish, they roast it over the coals, sometimes
merely warming it through. They will tell you this is mesqual
(mez-kal). A botanist would tell you that it is Yucca Whipplei-
What’s in a name after all?) Mesqual will taste just as sweet to the
‘uninterested savage. Still earlier in the season you may see little
bands of Indians on foot, and mounted on their wretched mustangs,
bound for the hills; they are going after mesqual too. They will
bring back with them many fibrous, spherical, sticky and dirty
looking masses about as large as a cocoanut, fiber and all. If you
have courage enough to taste it you will find it quite sweet, and the
Indian will tell you it is mesqual, and muy dulce.

When the mesqual is suitable for cooking they gather great
quantities of it, at some convenient spot near their camp. They
then make a slight depression in the soil, in which a fire is built and
maintained for some time, until the ground, and a quantity of.
stones also, which have been thrown in, become quite hot. When
this primitive oven is at the right temperature the mesqual, stripped
of its leaves, is thrown in, the embers having been first raked to one
side. When a thick layer of mesqual has been placed in the oven,
the hot stones, embers, ashes, soil and green grass are thrown over
the whole pile and a fire kept burning on top of it; this is kept going
till the chief cook deems the mesqual to be thoroughly cooked, when
the pile is pulled to pieces and the contents allowed to cool. In taste
it has a faint resemblance to a baked sweet apple, and is about of.
the same consistency. The whole mass is a mixture of this sweet,
soft pulp and coarse, white fibers, much like a manilla rope yarn..
Care must be taken not to eat much of it, for it has a medicinal
effect similar to castor oil, though the Indians do not seem to mind
this at all. I am told that the Indians on the desert north of us
knead up the fresh-baked mesqual into cakes, and these are dried in
the sun for future use. The Agave deserti is also called mesqual,
and is cooked the same way, and I have good season to believe sev-
eral other sorts of agave. In fact I believe that Yucca Whipplei is
the only yucca that is used in this manner. Mesqual seems to be the
general name for all plants that are prepared as I have stated,
hence Whipple’s yucca also becomes mesqual, because eatable in this
manner.

Should you wander along the sand washes and slopes of the
higher parts of our valley you cannot help noticing a curious looke
ing plant growing there in considerable numbers. From an upright

New Bombylide From California. 197

spike, solid and hard, growing directly out of the ground, radiate
in every direction long green leaves with sharp spikes at the ends—
a hemisphere of rigid, bristling leaves. As the plant approaches
maturity, and prepares to bloom, the base broadens and thickens
till it has quite a bulbous appearance; when in this condition it is
considered eatable by the Indians. Presently the central spike of
close-clustering leaves grows taller and thicker, and from the center
emerges the flower stalk, very tender and white, with the close-
clustered buds so minute as to be scarcely recognizable; at this
period of its growth it looks very much like a huge stalk of aspara-
gus. The growth of this flower stalk is exceedingly rapid. The
faster it grows the faster the flower buds develop, but it is not till
the stalk is some five or six feet high that it begins to branch out
from the central stem in every direction, and subdivides again into
many smaller stems, each terminating in a perfect flower., When
the plant is in full bloom there is a spike of creamy white flowers
two feet across and tapering upward three or four feet to the top,
where the delicate green buds are not yet open. The flowers are
some two inches across, generally of a delicate cream color, or pure
white, not infrequently with a line of green or purple down the
center of each petal; instances are not rare where the whole flower
is of a rich purple color. In texture the flower is thick and waxen
looking. This yucca has the peculiarity of dying as soon as it has
flowered, like the agaves. W. F. Parish.
[Yucca whipplei, common in Southern and Lower California, is
better known among the native Californians as the ciote plant

(pronounced ke-o-ty), and is also known as the mountain yucca.—
Epiror. }

NEW BOMBYLIDA: FROM CALIFORNIA.

‘

In ‘Entomologica Americana’ Volume I, pages 115 and 116, I
gave a synoptical table of the species of Lordotus known to inhabit
North America, and characterized three new species. Since the pub-
lication of that paper no new species from this region have, to my
knowledge, been described. I give below descriptions of two new
species which I collected in Southern California, and present a new
table of all the known species of Lordotus from North America:

lL. Seuteltum not orooved, counded. Déeltind )..2/. cecal. cnc eeeecnsoeke 2
Scutellum with a deep, longitudinal groove............. Canalis Coq.
2. Wings hyaline, destitute of brown clouds or spots.............:006 3

Wings with apical half of first basal cell (usually), and basal
half of marginal and of first submarginal cells brown, a
brown cloud on the small crossvein and another on the
crossvein at base of fourth posterior cell................. Gibbus Lwe

198 New Bombylide From California.

Wings hyaline except the brown clouds situated mostly on
EHE ;CLOSS WEISER cee sesccasatteretes cass ds cadens obewedeDernerancenense Planus O.S.
3. Pile of breast and of legs largely white or yellowish................ 4
Pile of face, antennz, breast, “legs and venter largely black......
s dup PeUeteanc a see eee tres aca Megara antag ts etc eave ccascsse ds tae seuinne ‘Apicula Coq.
4. Abdomen destitute of crossbands of white tomentum.............. 5
Abdomen with distinct crossbands of white tomentum...........
Miscellus Coq.

5. Abdomen destitute of a crossband of black pile............... warevenns 6
Abdomen with a crossband of black pile, costa of wings 1n the
male provided with teeth-like projections................. Zona Coq.

6. Second antennal joint scarcely longer than wide, costa of
wings in the male destitute of teeth-like projections, pile of
body yellowish-white in both sexes...................0.- Junceus n. sp.

Second antennal joint nearly twice as long as wide, costa of
wings in the male provided with teeth-like projections, pile
of body yellowish-white in the male, golden yellow in the
He tel cd eee eRe tee Se eS eaten eB Coueahs aenechaas eG catl. dws Diversus n. sp.

LORDOTUS JUNCEUS n. sp. Black, opaque. Front in the female
densely gray pollinose, yellowish and white pilose, covered with
minute black points; face in both sexes densely white pilose.
First joint of antennze scarcely two-thirds as long as the third,
second joint as wide as long; pile of upper side of first two joints
brownish, that on the lower side more dense and white. Pile and
tomentum of upper part of occiput in the male wholly vellowish-
white, in the female mixed white and yellowish-white, that on re-
maining part of occiput white. Thorax in the female grayish pol-
linose and covered with minute black points, in the male the pollen
and points are almost wanting; pile and tomentum of thorax
mixed white and yellowish-white, mostly of the latter color in the
male. Scutellum rounded behind, its covering like that of the
thorax. Pile and tomentum of pleura white, of the abdomen yel-
lowish-white, that on the venter white; hind margins of abdominal
segments two to five, sometimes yellowish in the female. Pile and
tomentum of legs white, bristles of tibiae and of tarsi black. Wings
wholly hyaline, costa in the male destitute of teeth-like projections.
Stalk of halteres brown and yellow, the knob sulphur-yellow.
Length, 5 to 9 mm. Los Angeles and San Diego counties, Cali-
fornia. 6 male and 3 female specimens, in May and June.

LORDOTUS DIVERSUS n.sp. Male black, opaque. Second antennal
joint twice as long as wide, but a trifle shorter than the first, the
two together about equaling the third in length; base of the third
joint yellowish; pile of upper side of first two joints short, sparse,
mixed yellow and black, of the lower side vellow, long and dense.
Pile of face yellow. Pile and sparse tomentum of occiput, thorax,
scutellum and abdomen wholly dirty-white, that on the pleura and

New Bombylide From California. 199.

venter purer white. Scutellum rounded behind. Apex of femora,
whole of tibiz and base of tarsi, vellow; pile and tomentum of
femora white, tomentum of tibiz and tarsi vellow, their bristles
black. Wings wholly hyaline, the costa beset with large, black
teeth-like projections. Stalk of halteres yellowish, the knob white.
Female differs from the male as follows: First two antennal
joints yellow, their pile wholly goldea yellow. Pile and tomentum
of front, face, occiput, thorax, scutellum, abdomen, pleura and
venter golden vellow. Femora wholly yellow, its pile and tomen-
tum vellowish. Length, 6.5 to 10.5 mm., the males, on an average,
the largest. San Diego county, California. 4 male and 9 female
specimens, in May.

These two forms, although differing so much in coloration, are
evidently the opposite sexes of the same species. I collected speci-
mens of both forms at the same time and place, and did not take at
the same time a single specimen of any other species of Lordotus
having the same form of second antennal joint as both of these
forms possess.

In the same volume of the periodical above referred to, on pages
221 and 222,1 gave a table of the known species of Toxophora
occurring in North America, and described two new species; I give
below a description of another new species, which makes it neces-
sary to somewhat modify and extend the previously published table
of species, as follows:
eo Witles with three Simmiemoiiral Cel Sis: sth. cata ceehecccedscccsdaccshepsoncd 2

Wings with only two submarginal cells; crossvein at apex of

discal cell not angular, destitute of a stump of a vein...........

bid sites waht AR aes Es pe SA CREE fe easlas tabs Cae AR cd Leucopyga Wied.
2. Crossvein at apex of discal cell angular, and bearing a stump
OF FVM prec eee ae eee Ma et AIST ces et Neca eae
Crossvein at apex of discal cell not angular, destitute of a
ecbatrin ps Of Me ria reg ea erence tert series Pe seca stones tes See bas snecn'si eee:
3. Wings hyaline, the costal half only slightly yellowish....... se

Disc’ kctgn'sn ne SN ssh Sats gee at os oan aa eee SS ene ine c= Pellucida Coq.

Wings smoky-brown, the costal half darker brown..................

A ER PEPE E NS PS eh ey ean et eee yer Sey ere Amphitea Walk.
4. Abdomen with a row of black tomentose spots each side of

1 Colm cans (a | Comme Seti Se, MEI 18S SITS «2h O28 G te teaae re eee ee basset
Abdomen with a black tomentose stripe each side of the

TEIUCAIG,.... . cdc pn scare ame eCoeRT Ree PR TER cae nace Ges oat eee ... Virgata O.S.

5. . With seven spots in each of these rows................... Maxima Coq.

With only three spots in each of these rows....... saan Vasta n. sp.

TOXOPHORA VASTA n. sp. Black. Tomentum of front and of
face white, cheeks whitish pollinose. Tomentum of first two
antennal joints white and black, the second joint densely silvery-
white pollinose on the inner side in the male; third joint one and

200 The Thistle Poppies.

three-fourths times as long as the second, tapering gradually to the
tip, the apical portion not bristle-like. Proboscis reaches apex of
second antennal joint. Pile and tomentum of occiput, thorax and
scutellum yellowish-white, bristles of the two latter black. Tomen-
tum of abdomen white, that at the base yellowish, a transverse
spot of black tomentum each side of the middle on bases of the sec-
ond, third and fourth segments; tomentum of venter, femora and
tibia white, that on front side of anterior and middle femora partly
black; spines of tibize black; hind femora in the male each with three
stout black bristles on the under side near the base; tomentum of
tarsi black. Wings wholly hyaline, vein at apex of discal cell evenly
curved and destitute of a stump of a vein; small crossvein at last
third of the discal cell. Stalk of halteres vellowish-brown, the knob
sulphur-yellow. Length, 5 to 11 mm. San Diego county, Cal-
ifornia. 6 male and 11 female specimens, in May.
D. W. Coquillett.

TAE LEIS TEE POPPIES.

(From the American Garden, xii. 54.)

The Papaveraceze or Poppy family furnishes many beautiful
flowers for us to cultivate and admire. The order includes near
twenty genera, of which nine or ten are represented in California.
Among these genera is Argemone, a genus of some six or eight
species of free-flowering border plants, with large, showy, white or
yellow short-pedicelled flowers. They are stout, glaucescent hardy
annuals, with sinuately pinnatified, prickly-toothed leaves, from
which they have become known as thistle-poppies.
growing two feet in

‘

Argemone grandiflora is described as
height, and producing numerous large white flowers.’

Argemone Mexicana, a native of Texas and Mexico, grows to
about the same height, and produces conspicuous yellow flowers in
profusion. Asa weed, this plant ‘has spread to almost all warm
countries,’ but I believe it has not as yet been recorded from Cali-
fornia. The leaves are blotched with white and less hispid than in
the following species.

Argemone hispida, the chicalote or thistle poppy of Southern
California, in the beauty of its flowers almost rivals the magnificent
Romneya Coulteri. It forms an erect branching bush, one to three
feet or more in height, producing a profusion of its large, pure white
flowers, closely set among pale green, bristly-armed leaves.

The large white flowers render it very conspicuous on a lawn,
by day or night, but the delicate texture of its petals, and unpleas-

Ptelea Aptera. 201

antly hispid character of its stems and foliage, will not render it a
favorite with florists.

When seen growing luxuriantly on its native, dry and otherwise
almost barren hillsides in California, or in equally dry valleys, its
beauty is not likely to be easily overlooked. It extends eastward
through Colorado and New Mexico, and has gained a permanent
place in the catalogues of American seedsmen.

PTELEA APTERA.
(From Garden and Forest, iii, 332.)

This plant, a native of Lower California, is interesting from the
structure of the fruit, which differs from that of the other species of
this small North American genus. In other Pteleas the indehiscent
fruit is surrounded by a broad reticulate-veined wing, while in
Ptelea aptera it is turgid, nut-like and glandular, and quite wing-
less, or with a narrow rudimentary wing only.

Ptelea aptera is a densely branched, pungently aromatic shrub,
with slender stems growing to a height of five to fifteen feet and
forming dense clusters. It is quite similar in habit and in general
appearance to the common Ptelea angustifolia of the southern and
southwestern States, and, except for the fruit, might be almost mis-
taken for that species.

The fruit is broadly ovate, lenticular, and slightly keeled; it is
wingless or nearly so, a quarter to half an inch long, and a quarter
of an inch broad; slightly emarginate at the base, tipped with the
remnants of the persistent stigmas, and conspicuously glandular.
It is two or rarely three-celled [more rarely four-celled]. The seeds
are oblong and corrugated, with a shining black testa.

Ptelea aptera was discovered in January, 1883, on dry gravelly
slopes near the shore at Punta Banda, at the southern end of Todos
Santos Bay, by a party of botanists under the leadership of the late
Dr. C. C. Parry. Flowers and remnants of the fruit of the pre-
ceding year were found at this time. Dr. Parry read an excellent
account of the plant with diagnostic characters before the Daven-
port Academy of Sciences in December, 1883. This was afterward
published in the proceedings of the society (iv., 39), the ripe fruit, in
the meantime, having been collected by Mr. C. R. Orcutt, of San
Diego. Charles S. Sargent.

Bites: pes Ber

The Olive. 208

THE OLIVE.

“

The Olive tree (Olea Europea) forms the basis of one of the
oldest industries in West America. The oldest olive trees planted in
the United States are those at the mission of San Diego, California.
These are credited with an age exceeding one hundred years and are
still in good bearing condition, notwithstanding the ill-usage to
which they have been subjected.

The accompanying view of these trees is of historic interest, and
is taken from a report of the secretary of the California state board
of horticulture. The variety planted at the old Californian mis-
sions is the one which has until late years been planted almost
exclusively, and is still favorably known as the Mission olive. Other
varieties have of late years been tried in Southern California with
variable success. Horticultural varieties are as numerous in the
olive as in the peach or apple, over a hundred named forms having
been described under a perplexing nomenclature.

In the Alpes Maritimes, a province in France, we learn from a
special consular report that the olive covers 70,000 acres in that
province, yielding an annual income of $2,000,000—the only rev-
enue of many families.

The olive prospers in calcareous or gravelly or dry soils where
no vegetable or cereal crop could be obtained.

In Lower California the olive comes into bearing at seven years.
In more northern or cooler climates, ten to twelve years is the usual
time for the tree to arrive at maturity. It remains fruitful for cen-
tunes, and a tree in Europe, near Nice, was famous for its old age in
1515, and measures forty-two feet in circumference. The average
yield of this tree at present is nearly 320 pounds of oil per year. A
well cultivated olive tree will easily yield fifteen gallons of oil, or
about 1500 gallons per acre, if planted 100 trees to the acre; but in
Europe a less number is usually planted, more seldom even as many
as 75 trees to the acre.

For oil the fruit is picked about a month before ripe, but for
pickling for table use they are gathered when fully ripe usually.

The northern limit of the olive for fruiting is believed to be near
42° north latitude, on the Pacific coast, but it may be grown
farther northward as an ornamental tree, blossoming but not ma-
turing fruit. It is a handsome forest tree, well adapted for hillsides
too sterile for scarcely anything else of value to thrive. Lands once
abandoned for sterility in Africa and portions of Southern Europe
are now a source of wealth, and thousands of acres of arid lands

204 Proceedings of Scientific Societies.

in the west, may likewise be made to yield a revenue at no distant
period sufficient for the needs of large communities.

The best varieties, culture, pickling, and manufacture of olive
oil, will be the subjects of future papers. C.R. 1Oreutt:

PROCEEDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.
SAN FRANCISCO MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY, June 4, 1891.

The society celebrated its twenty-first anniversary at its new
rooms, 432 Montgomery street, June 17, 1891. The cabinet was
enriched by a quantity of diatomaceous earth, very rich in fossil
diatoms, found near Lompoc, Santa Barbara county, presented by
Henry G. Hanks. Henry C. Hyde presented a caterpillar from New
Zealand, with a curious fungus grown from the head. The cater-
pillar is known by the common name of the ‘bulrush caterpillar,’
and to science as Sphoeria Robertsia. The natives, however, call it
‘aweto.’ The plant, or fungus, in every case fills the body of the
caterpillar, which in well-grown specimens reaches a length of three
and a half inches. The fungus rises from the head and attains a
length of six to ten inches. When found the body of the caterpillar
is buried beneath the surface of the soil or leaf-mold, and the greater
portion of the stalk as well. The apex of the plant, when in fructi-
fication, resembles the club-headed bulrush. There is every prob-
ability that the seeds or spores of the plant find a lodgment in the
folds of the caterpillar’s skin, where the temperature and moisture
soon cause them to germinate, and the growth soon causes the
death of the animal, its tissues supplying food for the plant.

William Norris presented to the society two photographs of
diatoms, made by B. W. Thomas of Chicago, one a species of
Eunotia from Ellensburgh, Washington, and the other a species of
Asterolampra from Fisherman’s Cove, California. This latter, Mr.
Thomas writes, seems to be a new species, as it does not conform to
the known species of that genus.

The paper of the evening was read by Harold Sidebotham,
M.R.C.S., L. R. C. P., late of London, on the subject of ‘Cell Di-
vision.’ He alluded to the various theories held at different times
by biologists on this subject, illustrating the same by drawings on
the blackboard. The later and more general accepted theories were
also fully exemplified. A series of carefully stained preparations
showed the various stages of the animal cell, and it was remarked
that his staining of the extremely delicate tissues of the infusorian,

‘aramecium, were worthy of more than passing notice.

Proceedings of Scientific Societies. 205

Dr. Gray read a paper on the anatomy of the insect trachea,
largely made up of references to the early literature of the subject.

July 1, 1891, C. W. Woodworth, of the Agricultural Experiment
Station at Berkeley, was present and exhibited some slides, showing
the scale insect infesting the leaves of the olive. He called attention
to the fact that certain closely alhed species of scale insect were
invested with an outer covering produced by exuvia, or by harden-
ing of the skin, while in the species under consideration this outer
covering seemed almost entirely composed of the stellate hairs
accumulated from the under side of the leaf of the olive on which it
feeds. As the larva grows it insinuates itself beneath these stellate
hairs, which become broken from the leaf and attached to the skin
of the developing insect. Mr. Woodworth exhibited two slides last
evening, one the young larval skin, of about one-fourth the adult
size, and the other the complete adult form.

Henry G. Hanks was present and exhibited some curious so-
called lava, recently obtained from Butte county. In November
last Mr. Hanks read a paper before this society on ‘Certain Mag-
netic Rocks,’ in which he assumed that the rocks at Tucson were
nearly identical with the Table Mountain capping, which overlies
the deep good placers of this State, protecting them from denuda-
tion and dispersion. During a recent visit to Butte county for the
study of this formation he made two important discoveries bearing
on this subject, which at least afford strong evidence in favor of the
opinion stated in the paper referred to, that the rocks were not of
igneous, but of aqueous origin.

The first discovery was at the mouth of Chico canyon, where
William Proud showed him some cylindrical natural tubes in the
so-called lava, which Mr. Hanks believes to be solfataric steam
pipes. These varied from the size of a quill to three inches or more,
and some of them are at least four feet deep. They are not rare,
but common, and it is believed may be found elsewhere. The infer-
ence drawn from this discovery is that these rocks, supposed to be
igneous, are really overflows of solfataric mud; otherwise it would
be impossible to account for the steam pipes, for the rock must have
been at one time soft and permeable.

The second discovery was a fragment of the same rock obtained
from Mrs. Caroline H. Church of the Aurora drift mine, near Maga-
lia, in which there is a cast of a pine cone, so perfect that when
liquid plaster of paris is poured in a model of a cone is obtained
showing every detail of structure. Mr Hanks has examined the
cast closely with the microscope, and could find no trace of charcoal.
Nor can it be possible that the rock was hot, for had the cone

206 Questions of Nomenclature.

been burned the fine striations could not have been so perfectly pre-
served It is Mr. Hank’s intention to study these rocks microscopi-
cally and report to the society the results of his further researches.
In view of the prominence given to the question of the discovery
of the microscope, and the celebration of the three hundreth anniver-
sary soon to take place in Antwerp, Mr. Riedy exhibited an old
book by Petro Barrello, published at The Hague in 1655, entitled
‘A History of the Telescope and Microscope.’ This old book is re-
markable as being the first published work treating of the discovery.
William E. Loy, Recording Secretary.

QUESTIONS OF NOMENCLATURE.

(From Science, xvii. 67.)

Professor C. S. Sargent, author of the ‘Silva of North America,’
says, in the first volume of that work, ‘I have adopted the method
which imposes upon a plant the oldest generic name applied to it by
Linneus in the first edition of the ‘Genera Plantarum,’ published in
1737, or by any subsequent author, and the oldest specific name
used by Linnzeus in the first edition of ‘Species Plantarum,’ pub-
lished in 1753, or by any subsequent author, without regard to the
fact that such a specific name may have been associated at first
with a generic name improperly employed.’

To secure stability in nomenclature, it is obvious that the
method adopted by Professor Sargent is the one which should
universally be adopted by botanists. Other questions relating to
botanical nomenclature are not so well settled as might be desired,
and a few of these may be briefly stated, with the writer’s present
views concerning them.

The first in importance, perhaps, is the use of the names of forms
at first described as varieties of other species, and later raised to
specific rank, or vice versa. It would seem that the varietal name
as first used should be adopted for the specific name when raised
to specific rank, though many botanists have felt at liberty to
rechristen them at pleasure. A varietal or subspecific name would,
if this rule were followed, receive precedence over later names. Pro-
fessor E. L. Greene, in ‘West American Oaks,’ has adopted the name
Quercus Palmeri Engelm. in preference to Q. Dunnii Kell., although
first published as a species under the latter name, Q. Palmeri having
first been published as a subspecies by Dr. Engelmann, and later as a
species. One is led to infer by Professor Greene’s remarks, that, had
Q. Palmeri been published as a variety instead of as a subspecies, he

Questions of Nomenclature. 207

would have adopted Kellogg’s name for the species, though why
such a distinction is made is not very evident.

Bentham, in fact, held that the earliest published name, whether
applied as a specific or varietal, belonged inalienably to that indi-
vidual form, whether subsequently redescribed and raised to specific,
or degraded to varietal rank.

‘Once a synonyme always a synonyme,’ is a rule which I be-
lieve obtains among zoologists in general, and should, if tenable
with them, be adopted by botanists as well. This would necessitate
some important changes if adopted; and as an instance may be
noted the name Washingtonia, now in use for our Californian fan
palms, a synonym of Sequoia, having been unfortunately applied to
our Californian giant before its application by Wendland to our
palm.

If the facts permitted, some enterprising botanist might see fit
to reinstate the coniferous genus, in which case the genus of palms
would of necessity have to be renamed. Still, it seems like creating
needless synonymy in this case to rechristen Wendland’s genus,
though strict adherence to the rule would render it imperative.

Uniformity in the method of citing the authors of species is
another desideratum in botanical nomenclature. The most explicit
custom is that adopted in general by zoologists,—the enclosing in
parentheses the name of the author of the species or variety, where
originally given wrong rank, or referred to a genus incorrectly.
While this is often cumbersome, yet it greatly facilitates subsequent
work beyond question, and is preferable to the citing of the name of
the author who has referred the plant in question to a different
genus, or considered it as of different rank. The existing confusion
in the manner of citations renders it impossible for a writer to do
strict justice to the founders of species, unless he is favored with
access to large botanical libraries, and blessed with abundant
leisure for consulting original descriptions. The author of the
species (or variety), it seems to the writer, is the one to be cited (if
the system of double citation is discarded as inconvenient) in prefer-
ence to the authority for its transference from one genus to another.

Another point upon which botanists are not fully agreed is the
citation of names adopted in manuscripts or herbaria, and receiving
earliest publication by others than their authors. It is the custom
in America (and a sensible custom it is) to cite the real author’s
name, even when first described and published by another author
(unless published by that author as of his own authorship). Thus,
Nuttall is credited with the authorship of many genera and species

208 (Enothera Ovata.

first described by Torrey & Gray in the ‘Synoptical Flora,’ or by
DeCandolle or others elsewhere.

It is now generally conceded that an author, after publishing a
name, has no longer any right to substitute another name therefor
in subsequent publications, even though the first name he finds to
be a misnomer. This right, claimed by many of the older botanists
of a past generation, is no longer contended for. It is also an open
question as to how far published names may be changed or cor-
rected by their own or subsequent authors.

A common Californian cactus is published by Prince Salm in
*“Cactee Horto Dyckensi,’ p. 91, as Mamillara Goodrichii Scheer,
named in honor of Mr. Goodrich, Professor Sereno Watson informs
me that Seeman says in the Botany of the ‘Herald’ that it was a
‘Mr. J. Goodridge, surgeon,’ whom the plant was intended to com-
memorate in its name as its discoverer. The name, therefore, has
been written M. Goodridgii by many subsequent authors. Gray
(Botanical Gazette, ix. 53) inadvertently publishes Antirrhinum
Nivenianum, and repeats this spelling on the following passage.
This was collected by Rev. J. C. Nevin, and it is obviously proper to
write A. Nevinianum, as the former spelling was mere inadvertence
ora typographical error. But in the instance of Mamillaria Good-
richii, as originally written there is less cause for change, since the
man may not have been clear in his own mind as to the correct
spelling of his name,—like Shakspeare, spelling it differently at
different times. C..R.Orcutt:

CG2NOTHERA OVATA.
(From Garden and Forest, iv. 285.)

There is a glowing California field flower that possesses many
charms, and well deserves introduction to the garden. In its season
this lovely California CEnothera, with its dwarf growth and com-
pact clusters of golden bloom, appears as distinct and as striking a
feature of the landscape as the great flame-red Eschscholtzias.

The other day—it was May 10th—I walked up the long sea-
ward slopes of Berkeley. Every vacant lot and the very streets
were golden with little plats of shining blossoms. I began to
remember that for three or four months this brilliant display con-
tinues. I counted the flowers and yet unopened buds on the nearest
plant. The circle of its outer leaves was about a foot in diameter;
they rested upon the turf, hardly rising four inches above it at any
point. Fifteen open flowers rose well above the foliage, and no less
than thirty-six buds could be counted without pulling the erown

Some Useful Plants of Southern California. 209

apart and descending to the microscopic sizes. Each of the four-
petaled flowers was fully as large as a fifty-cent piece; one almost
covered a silver dollar. The rich, clear yellow hue, and the regu-
larity of the petals and stamens, with the golden ball of the erect
pistils, formed a charming whole. Charles Howard Shinn.

SOME USEFUL PLANTS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
(From Garden and Forest, i, 414.)

ROMNEYA COULTERI.—Few will ask why this magnificent flower
was made, after once seeing it in full bloom—for the delight of their
eyes will satisfy them. The Romneya poppy is one of the most
regal of our native flowers, and no flower yet introduced in our gar-
dens excels it. Growing along the water courses on our southern
border, southward to near San Quintin bay, in Lower California, it
wastes its sweetness and pure white loveliness unseen and un-
known, except by a few. The wax-like flowers often exceed six
inches across, the white petals set off to advantage by a center of
golden stamens. The stems grow from four to fifteen feet in height,
rising above the surrounding brush, and when seen covering large
areas and in full bloom the plant is not readily forgotten. Not con-
tent to occupy the fertile valleys, it seeks the more secluded canyons
as well, and often dots the hillsides, climbing far up the mountain-
sides away from the reach of any but the most enthusiastic botan-
ists. It seems to delight in these high, sterile locations, where it is
thoroughly protected from the winds and is not likely to be dis-
turbed. In cultivation the flowers become much larger and more
wax-like, and it has been in demand in Europe, where it was very
early introduced. In addition to its horticultural attractions it
possesses strong qualities of great medicinal value, which may
secure for it a place in the materia medica when they are more fully
investigated. It has long occupied a place among the medicinal
herbs of the Indians of Lower California.

SIMMONDsIA CALIFORNICA.—This is a very common shrub in the
southern part of the State, extending southward in the peninsula of
Lower California. It was found by Dr. Veatch, on Cerros island,
and was figured from that locality in one of the bulletins of the
California Academy of Sciences. It forms low, oval bushes along
the sea coast, often less than a foot in height when exposed to the
ocean winds, and with its stiff leaves and branches and dense
foliage forms impenetrable thickets in less exposed situations. The
foliage is of a glaucous hue, blending harmoniously with the reddish

210 Some Useful Plants of Southern California.

soil on our hills and mesas, and in sharp contrast with the dark,
olive-green foliage of the common Rhus, with which it is often asso-
ciated. It rarely attains a height of fifteen feet, with a trunk diam-
eter of four or five inches. Sometimes one standing alone forms a
very symmetrically shaped tree, but it usually forms an oval mass
with its dense foliage. The Simmondsia, as an ornamental shrub, is
likely to meet with popular favor. Growing in fertile valleys and
on barren hills, along exposed sea-cliffs and on the brink of the
great Colorado desert, and equally tenacious of life whether ina
situation of perpetual summer or where exposed to the snows of
winter, it may be presumed that it will prove both hardy and easy
of cultivation. The Simmondsia is a prolific bearer of an edible nut
resembling an acorn both in size and shape. The resemblance is
still further increased by the persistent calyx which forms a cup for
the fruit. When ripe the outer envelope splits open and liberates the
nut or nuts enclosed. They have a pleasant nutty flavor, and I
have frequently enjoyed eating them without any injurious effects.
Iam not aware that they were eaten by the Indians, but probably
they formed an important article of food with them.

PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA.—The Oak-leaf cherry is one of the character-
istic shrubs of San Diego county, and might, with nearly equal
appropriateness, be termed the Holly-leaved cherry, as the foliage is
somewhat between that of our shrub oaks and the holly. It is not
rare both near the sea coast and on the higher mountains bordering
the sterile Colorado basin, and some seasons it proves to be a very
prolific bearer. Near the coast, I think it is oftener barren than in
the interior, but it grows rather more luxuriantly in some of the
sheltered and fertile canyons near the ocean. As an ornamental
shrub it is highly appreciated, especially for hedges, and is exten-
sively planted for that purpose near Los Angeles, I am informed.
The glossy, dark evergreen foliage is always pleasing, and its dense,
prickly character is an excellent feature. The fruit is of a dull erim-
son when mature, oval in shape, often rather blunt at the ends, and
an inch in length. A bush loaded with the fruit is a tempting sight,
but it is rather aggravating to find the pulp scarce an eighth of an
inch thick. The stone forms the larger part of the fruit; but it is.
still worthy of notice, and finds its champions among our country
people, who calmly state that they prefer it to the grape! A basket-
ful may be quickly gathered at the proper time (September and
early October) if the season has been favorable, and possibly were
not other fruits so abundant it might become of use for the table.
I think I have seen it stated that the experiment of grafting culti-
rated cherries on to this species has proved a success. If true, it

Nuts of Commerce. ZT!

certainly is of great value for cultivation where it would be difficult
to make other trees or shrubs grow successfully. Had we an agri-
cultural experiment station in this section of the state it would be a
proper subject to investigate. Crk. Oreret,

NUTS OF COMMERCE.
(From the American Agriculturist, 1, 337.)

The Liche nut is an interesting Chinese production, probably
first introduced into this country by immigrants from China, but
now to be found on sale at many of our fruit stores. The nuts have
a delicate russet-colored shell, more easily broken than the soft-shell
almond, inclosing a rich-flavored, date-like pulp, surrounding a
smooth seed with irregular depressions and about the size of a date
stone; hence the name of ‘Chinese dates’ sometimes given these
nuts. No information in regard to their cultivation is obtainable,
but they could, no doubt, be raised in certain localities in this
country, and probably yield profitable crops.

Some American plants seem to thrive better away from home
than in their native land, and so what we have been accustomed to
call the English or European walnut (Juglans regia) is now grown
in the greatest perfection and over a very wide range of territory in
this country. This nut flourishes and bears annual crops as far
north as Narragansett Bay on the Atlantic Coast, but, like most
fruits which require a long season, it reaches its greatest perfection
in an equable and medium temperature, that allows of a steady,
uniform growth, such as it, secures on the Pacific Coast and in
some of our Southern States. Under such conditions the shells are
thinner, the nuts larger, smoother, and better filled than elsewhere.

As an illustration of the influence of popular taste, we may say
that a variety of the English filbert, which is much larger than our
native hazelnut, sells better when offered in the husks. There seems
to be no good reason for it except that it is supposed to be an Eng-
lish custom to serve them in this form. Other varieties of the filbert
and nuts in general are usually most carefully divested of their
outer coverings, assorted to uniform sizes, and even polished and
oiled to give them an attractive appearance.

Cashew nuts are brought from the West Indies, and may, per-
haps, thrive in some of the warmer parts of the Pacific Coast. The
cashew tree bears an edible fruit, from which hangs the smooth and
curiously-shaped nut. The kernel or meat is very palatable, while
the surrounding skin is bitter and astringent.

There is a steady but not a large demand for pistachia nuts, best

212 Nuts of Commerce.

known to Americans from the beautiful green color which they im-
part to ices and confectionery. They are much used by oriental
nations. Most of the pistachia nuts used in Europe and America
are grown on the shores of the Mediterranean, and although
slightly larger it is said that they are not equal in flavor to the
smaller native variety brought from Persia. The nuts are covered
with a delicate husk, which rubs off, and is blotched with brilliant
red and purple, while the kernel is bright green. These nuts grow
in clusters on small trees.

No description of the common peanut is necessary, but there are
occasionally new varieties introduced worthy of some attention as,
for instance, the so-called Spanish peanut, although raised in Vir-
ginia. The kernels are rounder and more delicate than those of the
common variety, consequently more highly esteemed, by confec-
tioners; but the habitual ‘ peanut eaters’ like the others best. Cuba
peanuts are occasionally seen in our markets, and they are three or
four times as large as the home-grown, and of a reddish color, sup-
posed to be due to the reddish soil in which they are grown.

The so-called Chinese chestnut (Trapa) is not a chestnut at all,
but the seed of an aquatic plant found in swamps and ponds. The
nuts have a curious resemblance to the horns of cattle, and are of a
dark brown or black color, but filled with a white, sweet meat or
kernel. They are imported and sold in this country as curiosities,
and not for eating. When fresh, or not too dry, they may be
sprouted by placing them in a jar of water, but they have rarely
been cultivated here, although it is said that they are grown in
France. Street venders often have these nuts for sale, with a sprig
of watercress—which somewhat resembles the true leaves—stuck
into them for the purpose of deceiving purchasers.

The following named nuts are also worthy of consideration,
and some of them if not all may prove to be of considerable value.
The Japan chestnut is said to be as large as the Spanish, and some
persons claim that it is as sweet as the American. It has not as yet
appeared in our markets, although many nurserymen offer the trees
for sale. They come into bearing when quite young, and the trees
are said to be quite as hardy as the American chestnut.

The extensive use of nuts by cooks and caterers has given rise
to a new branch of trade; that is shelled nuts, and now nearly all
kinds can be bought shelled and ready for use. The shelled kernels,
if kept in tight glass jars, do not deteriorate in flavor, and in some
cases, as in that of the black walnut (Juglans nigra), it is claimed
that they keep much longer and better than im the shells. The

The Strawherry Guava. 213

white walnut or butternut is a greater favorite than the black
walnut, the latter having a strong flavor not generally relished.

Salted and well-roasted almonds are now considered almost
indispensable among the accessories of a well served dinner in our
larger cities. Hazelnuts, walnuts, and often other kinds, are served
in the same way, but the almond is the general favorite. The Texas
peca n-nut is exceedingly popular, and the trade in this nut is now
immense, although it was scarcely known commercially twenty
years ago. The trees which produce these nuts were in years past
cut down for firewood, or even to get a bag of nuts, but they are
now carefully preserved, and not only the old trees cherished, but
new ones planted in large numbers, and yet the demand for pecans
is far ahead ot the supply. The kernels or meat of the pecan is
highly valued by confectioners, and in no form are they better liked
than in ‘plarines,’ a Mexican confection made by dropping the
shelled kernels into melted sugar, clean brown and unrefined, as it is
found at its best on Southern plantations. An enterprising con-
fectioner has taken out a patent for their manutacture, and is said
to be doing a flourishing business.

THE STRAWBERRY GUAVA.
(From the American Agriculturist, 1. 3Al.)

The Cattley Guava (Psidium Cattleyanum), better known as
the strawherry guava, is rapidly gaining in popular favor through-
out Florida and Southern California, and has been highly recom-
mended for cultivation in Arizona and New Mexico. It is unques-
tionably the most desirable and useful of the many varieties of
fruits known under the name of guava. It is a shrub or small tree
that adapts itself to a dwarfish habit when grown in the house in
cold climates, but in a congenial clime attains a maximum growth
of fifteen to twenty feet in height, of compact form, and with dense,
glossy evergreen foliage, which makes it a very ornamental tree,
especially when loaded with its rich colored fruit.

It produces early, bearing fruit when less than a year old, and
producing in abundance at two and three years. Every branch will
be heavily loaded with the luscious ripe fruit, green fruit in various
stages of growth, together with ever present clusters of fragrant
flowers. The thick, dark green leaves protect the fruit partially
from the sun, but at a temperature of 140° F. there is a tendency to
burn. It is called hardy in England, but requires protection in the
northern United States, where it is gaining in favor as an orna-
mental greenhouse plant. The fruit is of a dark red or purplish

214 Pzonies.

ruby red color in the common variety, but a highly valued form as
yet rare in cultivation has fruit of a delicate shade of yellow. The
red variety will probably always be first choice with growers, how-
ever. It varies from one to two inches in diameter, is of firm.
texture, capable of bearing transportation well, and always meets
with a ready sale, either for table use in its fresh state, or for the
manufacture of delicately flavored jelly.

It can be made to produce its fruit the year round. It is a
naturally heavy bearer, and the fruit may be found in the market
for fully six months out of the twelve. When loaded with its
tempting fruit thickly set among its glossy dark green leaves it
forms a striking and beautiful object, especially if pot grown and
dwarfed in habit; but to be fully appreciated it should be seen as
planted out in orchards and groves in sub-tropical regions where
soil and other conditions are favorable. CoR) Orcutt:

CAMASSIA ESCULENTA.

Quamash or Camass of the Indians is common throughout the
northern Rocky Mountains and on the Pacific Coast. In the early
spring the handsome violet blue flowers may be found dotted
thickly over hundreds of acres of mountain meadows, resplendent
in all their native beauty.

The flowers are borne on a straight stem, one or two feet high,
and each of the numerous flowers is an inch or more in diameter.
The narrow leaves, sent out from the large onion-like bulb in early
spring, are about a foot long. The bulb is edible, and once formed
an important article of food among the Indians, who would gather
the bulbs just after flowering and dry them for winter use. After
the bulbs are dried, by sun or fire, they are beaten into a flour or
paste and more thoroughly dried for longer preservation. The
plant is quite hardy, and extensively cultivated in Europe on ac-
count of its showy hyacinth-like spikes of flowers, which should be
more familiar in American gardens.

PAVONIAS.

The genus Peonia contains several oriental species or varieties in
common cultivation for their ornamental flowers. The Peony is a
coarse perennial plant, and has two representatives on the Pacific
coast.

P#ontA Brownil.—This species inhabits the subalpine regions
of the snowy mountains, from middle California northward through
Oregon and Washington, flowering in June and July, often near

Library Catalogue. 215

banks of melting snow, according to Prof. Greene (Garden and
Forest, ii, 356). Herbage glabrous and glaucous. The dull, dark
red petals scarcely larger than the green sepals, thick and leathery
in both species. :

PONIA CALIFORNICA.—Restricted in its distribution (Greene,
l.c.), to Southern and Lower California. ‘Glabrous but not glau-
cous; leaves twice or thrice as large, of rounded and pedate general
outline.’ The northern plant I have not seen. The southern form
(both are considered as belonging to one species by many botanists)
is without floral beauty, though the luxuriant foliage makes it use-
ful in some situations. Grows in dry, rocky soil, from a few hun-
dred, to two or three thousand feet altitude, where it is subjected to
a light fall of snow in winter. C.K. Oreitt:

NOTES AND NEWS.

A colored portrait of Lathyrus splendens appears in Vick’s
Magazine for July, 1891.

One who has had experience in the care of caged birds and gold
fish writes: Never give anything greasy or salt to birds or fish. I
give seeds and bread, apple and baked potato to my birds, and to
the gold fish, angle worms, raw beef, baked potato and a kind of
bread made of eggs and flour, without salt, the same that is best
for birds.

The poisoning of plants having proved ineffectual has been en-
tirely abandoned at the Gray herbarium. The tightness of cases
and the handling of sheets are relied upon to preserve the specimens.
Any which become infested may be treated to a stay in CS, vapor,
or some other insecticide.— Botanical Gazette.

Meehan’s Monthly, conducted by the veteran horticulturist,
Thomas Meehan, contains in its first issue a handsome colored
sketch of Rhododendron maximum.

LIBRARY CATALOGUE.
(Scientific books and periodicals may be ordered through our Book and Subscription
Department.)

Recent accessions to the library of the West American Museum
of Nature and Art will be catalogued monthly.

4096. Taxidermy and Zoological Collecting. A complete hand-
book for the amateur taxidermist, collector, osteologist, museum
builder, sportsman, and traveller. By Wm. T. Hornaday. With
chapters on collecting and preserving insects, by W. J. Holland.

216 Library Catalogue.

Illustrated by C. B. Hudson and other artists. New York: Charles
Scribner's sons. 1891. 362 octavo pages. Price, $2.50 net

A book that will be especially useful to an amateur, and one
worthy of a place in every working naturalists’ library.

4097. Report upon United States Geographical Surveys west of
the one hundredth meridian, in charge of Capt. Geo. M. Wheeler,.
Vol. I. Geographical report. 1889. From the Chief of Engineers’
U.S. A.

4098. The Natural history of folk-lore. By Otis T. Mason.
From the Jour of Am. Folk-Lore, iv. 97-105. From the author.

‘4099. A provisional host-index of the fungi of the United
States. By W. G. Farlow, and A. B. Seymour. Part HI. June,
1891. From the authors.

4100. New California fishes. By Mrs. R. S. Eigenmann. Ex-
tract Amer. Naturalist, February, 1891. From the author.

A new genus (Perkinsia), and several species are described.

4101. Subalpine mollusca of the Sierra Nevada. By W. J. Ray-
mond. Additional notes and descriptions of new species. By J. G.
Cooper. Extract Proc. Cal. Acad. II. i. 61-91. From Dr.
Cooper.

4102. Fresh water mollusca of San Francisco county. By. J. G.
Cooper. Reprint from Zoe, i, 196-97. From the author.

4103. Agricultural experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama.
Bulletin No. 25 (new series): Effects on butter by feeding cotton
seed and cotton seed meal.

4104. Same. No. 26. Commercial fertilizers.

4105. Same. No. 27. Black rust of cotton.

4106. Agricultural experiment station, Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y. Bulletin No.1. Experimental dairy house.

4107. Same, No. 3: The insectary; on preventing the ravages
of wire worms; on the destruction of the plum curculio by poisons.

4108. Same, No. 6: On the determination of hygroscopic
water in air-dried fodders; the determination of nitrogen by the azo-
tometic treatment of the solution resulting from the Kjeldahl di-
gestion; fodders and feeding stufts.

4109. Same, No.12: A new apparatus for drying substances
in hydrogen and for the extraction of fat.

4110. Same, No. 13: On the deterioration of farmyard ma-
nure by leaching and fermentation; on the effect of a grain ration
for cows at pasture.

4111. Same, No. 27; The production and care of farmyard
manures.

———————————

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JOE POHEIM’S

Ete AFATeORS.

Just received a large line of the latest
spring suitings and trouserings Will make

to order at prices within the reach of all:

Seotch Tweed and Cassimere Suitings. $25 00
Blue and Black Cheviot Suitings . 25 00
English Serge Cheviot Suitings. . Pe URUO
| Fancy Silk-mixed Cassimere Suitings.. 32 50
|} English Clog Worsted Suitings -. Wee Boy!)
! French Pique Suitings 35 00

Me ton and Kersey Overcoats, siik-lined
Pants to order 5rom $6 up.

| Colland examine our stock. No trouble to

| show goods. JOE PoHEIM,

The Tailor, 916 Fifth street.

Connecticut Mutual!

fe {nsurance G0.

OF HARTFORD, CONN.

‘Assets, - - $58,747,707.44.

With this company’s weil-Known econ-
omical management ant the unequaled
security offered, it furnishes the safest and
cheapest insurance in the world.

JEFF WILLIAMS, Agent.
SAN DIEGO, CAL.

922 Fifth Street,

Don’t BUY FENCIN

Untilyou get our Price List of Or- =
namentaland Farm Fences, Gates
Iron Posts,Tree Guards, Barbed and =
A plain Wire, Nettings, Wire-work, &c 3%
© Hulbert Wield I.oom for both Picket, ¥

and Netting Fences only $ 5. *
Galvanized Steel fence lasts furever.
Donations for churches and ceme-
teries. Your name on gates.

op ee FDR GRAVE Lore,

IRE CO.0

LIVEST.

Advertisements.

OUCH OTGSS THs hance oes
Our telephone is.

—WE ARE DEALERS IN—

Hay, Grain, Coal, Wood, Charcoal

CHICKEN FEED, EGG FOOD, ETC.

We guarantee to give satisfaction. So when
you are in need of anything in our line come
in and get acquainted with us and eur prices ;

DAVIDSON & CO.
JOSEPH RODES, M. D.

General Medicine and Surgery.

Special Attention to Diseases of the
Eye Ear, Nose and Throat.

OFFICE: Southwest corner Sixth and D
streets, Bon Ton bleck; Rooms 3, 4,5 and 6.
OFFICE HOURS: 9 to 12a. m., 2 to 5:30
p.m.; Sundays. 9 to ll a.m.
TELEPHONES: Office,
House, 141, three rings.
RESIDENCE: Fifth street, above Spruce.

141, one ring;

Telephone 189. *

DR. W. S. READ.
DENTIST

Pierce-Morse Block, Rooms 7 to 10,

F Street, Cor. Sixth. San Diego.

Frandzen, Bumgardner & Co.
PRINTERS. |

BINDING AND RULING,
BLANK BOOKS, |

LITHOGRAPHING,
ENGRAVING, ETC.

|
832-36 FOURTH STREET. |
|

Telephone 180.

The Great American

Importers and dealers in

Pure Teas, Coffees and Spices,
969 Fifth Street, Near D,

SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA.

Forty Branch Stores in successful operation.

For Good Barber Work,
MARK'S oe:

1333 D Street, SAN DIEGO, CAL.
Bootblack Stand in Front.

Electrical Supplies.

BELLS, BATTERIES, WIRE,
ANNUNCIATORS, ETC

Incandescent Light Wiring a Specialty.

[es pos EAAC Ee VY ae en

ELECTRICIAN,

924 6th St.,

California.

=

San Diego,

TUESDAY, 9th June.

Chapter XXIV.

When you buy life insurance you try hard
to select the line that will give you the great-
est return. Why not use the same discretion
when you buy shoes?

Some shoes make you spend more money
for their kind, in one year, than others do
in two

Some shoes help to pay for the next pair
you buy.

If you are not already wearing ‘‘ H. & R.”

| dependable shoes, you ought to be.

Make your money earn money.
(Signed),

Havermale & Rossier,

THE SHOEMEN.

1427 D St., bet. Fifth & Sixth, Bon Ton block.

PHILIPS & HARBISON,

DENTISTS.

Office cor. Sixth & D Sts., SAN DIEGO, CAL.

We guarantee first-cluss work.

Advertisements.

Telephone 201 for Drugs.

Prompt Free Delivery to any part of the city.
KNOX & VAN HAREN,
Prescription Druggists.
Cor. Sixth and D Sts., SAN DIEGO.

We have in stock everything usually found

in a first-class drug store.

Pa oO: Box to

aie REFLECTOR

Published by the Laurean and Eutaxian
Societies of the STATE UNIVERSITY OF
OREGON. Issued monthly during the school
year. Address

E. H. LAUER, - Business. Manager.

EUGENE, OREGON.

M.A. WORTHEIMER & CO

STATIONERS,

Booksellers, Paper Dealers

And School Furnishers.

(G2 seen e MSaieeses es.

Ss Rape oe DIEGO.

LLEWELYN'S SHOE STORE

Is the best place in San Diego to buy your

i= (|@) OSE =

NE

SHOES!

All kinds and qualities at Eastern prices.

LLEWELYN,

728 Fifth St., _ Between F and G.

SCHILLER & MURTHA.

THE LEADING

Dry Goops

—AND—
CLOTHING HOUSE.
San Diego, Corner Fifth and H,
600 TO 612.

Mr& M. B. Avealk M. Be:

romépathi Piiteate
946 Sixth Street, - SAN DIEGO.

RESIDENCE:
1934 F STREET,

Between Tenth and Eleventh.

Gives special attention to office practice,
and diseases of women and children.

RANKIN & CO.

Artis

se Photography

HUGENEH, OREGON.

Old and faded pictures enlarged to life-size and finished in India Ink, Water Colors or
Crayon equal to the best done anywhere and at reasonable rates
Instantaneous Pictures of children a successful specialty.

Advertisements.

CLASSIFIED.

ONE LINE, ONE TIME. ONE DIME.
ONE LINE, TEN TIMES, TEN DIMES.

ART.

'

1% Bagpes M. E. GOVER, CASCADE, COL-
orado. Illustrator, copper plate etchings
of western scenery.

BOOKS.

TWO VOL-
Orcutt, Cal

OTANY OF CAL ae
umes, price, sl2 ys - Re! Ore utt,

OMPLETE VOLUMES anp ODD NUM-
bers of the following periodicals for ex-
change:
+London Garden.
+Gardener’ s Chronicle.
Magazine.
American Florist.
Agriculturist.
Garden.
Gardener’s Monthly (also full set, 27 vols.)
Horticulturist.
+Florist and Fruitist, bound and
ie Pomologist, bound.
Ww est American Se ientist, etc., etc.
I desire numbers and volumes marked
7); also Hovey’s Magazine of Horticul-
‘E: S. Miller, Floral Park, L. I, N. Y

unbound.

HE KANSAS CITY SCIENTIST,

merly the Naturalist. Established in 1885.
Now published by the Academy of Science
Pub. Co. at $1.00 per year. Sample to prospect-
ive subscriber free. Official organ of the IX. C.
Academy of Science. Devoted to Science, Art
and Literature. Its readers will be kept
abreast with the leading topics of the day.

being used than are
Shall we count you
Vol. V?

absolutely
among the

HE WISCONSIN NATURALIST, MAD-

ison, Wisconsin. A monthly magazine,
devoted to the numerous branches of natural
history. Fifty cents a year; sample copy, five
cents.

(Qi eal FRUITS AND HOW TO
Grow Them. A manual of methods, with
lists of varieties best adapted to the different
districts, by Edward J. Wickson, A.M. Prac-
tical, explicit, comprehensive, embodying the
experience of hundreds of growers. Large oc-
tayo—575 pages. fully illustrated. Price, $3.00,
post paid. C. R. Oreutt, San Diego, Cal.

SCIENTIFIC

R. ORCUTT, BOOKS,

¢ Orcutt, Cal.

M. KINNE, KNOXVILLE, IOWA, OF-
e fers geological specimens, scientific
books, minerals, mound and Indian relics,
Confederate money, shells, oological speci-
mens, and supplies. Illustrated list for stamp.

F.CARR, NATURAL HISTORY STORE

e 126 State St., Madison, Wis. Send stamp
for catalogue. Marine and fresh water shells,
corals, pird skins, eggs, minerals, etc. Sup-
plies for taxidermists, entomologists, oolo-
gists, botanists, ete.

jy Repco AGASCAR NATURAL HISTORY
Specimens of all kinds. Prices low. Send
F. Sikora, nat-

postage stamps for price lists.
via Mar-

uralist, Annanarivo, Madagascar,
seilles, France.

Of |
a popular character, no more technical terms }
necessary. |
readers’ of

|

und ELS

| dreds of illustrations.
a |} you will receive will be worth
FOR- |

BOOKS
ONEY IN T HE BAC KYARD.—ALL
our readers who live on a farm
or have a backyard in the vilage
want to make money, and can do it if

they go at it right. There is ee ueb Ly nothing
else on which so much money can be made
with asmall space of ground than by atten-
tion to poultry, and it don’t need to interfere
with your other business. In asmall town in
New Jersey (Hammonton) thousands of dol-
jars are annually laid by from the sale of
poultry. One man, with less than an eighth
of an acre of ground, annually clears over
$1000; but, of course, he makes it his only
business. There are 40 broiler farms there,
the whole work being inaugurated by P. H.

Jacobs, editor of the PoULTRY KEEPER, who
lives at Hammonton. Now, to do ‘these
things, you must study the question n all its
phases and know what others have done and
are doing, and to do this there is probably no
better or complete way than to read the
PouULTRY KEEPER, which is acknowledged
to be the leading poultry paper of the world,

being read by many thousands of people. I:
is published monthiy, at only 5) cents a year,

by the Poultry Keeper Co., Parkersburg,
Chester Co., Pa., and you can get a sample
copy free, by writing a costal card to them.
It is filled tall up with the experiences of

those who are making the business a success.
Yells how to make and manage incubators
and brooders; how to build poultry houses;
how to take care of poultry, how to cure dis-
eases; how to preserve eggs; and has special
articlet on ducks, geese, turkeys, with hun-
Even the sample copy
a dollar. Try
it. Sample copy free to all by addressing as
above.

ALIFORNIA TREES AND FLOWERS.

An illustrated 32-page book of descriptive
notes. Prepaid for ten cents. Orcutt Seed and
Plant Co., San Diego, Cal.

BUSINESS CHANCES.

OOD CHANCE FOR MAN OR WOMAN,
atown home, to engage in profitable bus-

iness. Small capital required; fair education
needed. Address, with references, C. R. Or-
cutt, San Diego, Cal.

CONTRACTORS.

KELLY, ¢ 1ON CRAC TORS.
bituminous walks, con-
Sewer

FKIN &
for excavations,
Good rich soil cheap.

j ag

crete work, ete.

pipes laid Give us a call. Satistaction
guar: pico Office. Fifth street, between C
and I), San Diego, Calif. :

Exe! Ls | ae

YOOKS WANTE 1D IN N
seeds and plants. ©.
Cal.

EXCHANGE FOR
R. Oreutt, Oreutt,

FIN: aes te

OW IS tHE TIME TO INVEST IN SAN
Diego But remember, good counsel
always saves more than it costs. Investment
of funds for clients a specialty. Hosmer P.
Mekoon, San Diego, Cal.

JOB PRINTING

ILDRETH’S BOOK AND JOB PRINT-
ing House, 930 Sixth street, between D

Siu Diego, Cal.

Advertisements.
MINERALS. PLANTS.
F. CARR, 12 STATE ST., MADISON, RCUTL SEED AND PLANT CO., SAN

« Wisconsib.

HE WORLD'S FAIR COLLECTION OF
Minerals and Curiosities mailed by us is
highly spoken of. New California Bulletin
and lists, with box of curios, only ten cents.
Naturalists’ supplies. U. L. Hertz & Co., Napa

City, Cal.

N. FUL i ER, LOCK BOX 63, LAW-
ie rence, Kansas, offers choice minerals.
Unsurpassed in quality and beauty, 300 varie-
ties from all over the world. Very Low prices.
Catologue free. Fine specimens from Pacific
Slope wanted in exchange, or for cash.

G. K. GREENE, DEALER IN FOSSILS,
minerals, mound and Indian relics,
marine shells and corals, U. S. and foreign
postage and revenue stamps, coins, medals
and badges, old arms and curiosities of all
kinds. 62 South Illinois st., Indianapolis, Ind.

NATURAL HISTORY.

EYLON, JAVA, BORNEO AND NEW

Guinea insects, especially lepidoptera and
coleoptera, single or in lots. Also orthoptera
and dragon flies,and land and fresh water
shells. Prices low. H. Fruhstorfer, care of
German consulate, Soerabaia, Java.

R. EDWARD GRAY, BENICIA, CAL,
sole Pacific Coast agent of Gundlach Op-
tical Co. Microscopic objectives of this com-
any on hand and to order. Send for price
ists. Gundlach photograph lenses to order.
Agent of Queen & Co’s Acme microscopes.
URELIUS TODD, TAXIDERMIST, EU-
gene, Oregon, offers the following shells
and curios:

Lucapina ecrenulata Sby . Seer OULU:
Glyphis aspera Esch Sisters 05
Acmea mitra Esch... .... UB

by spectrum Nutt. 2P eh 100 $150 02

Diego, Cal., offer choice novelties, es-
pecially in Cacti, wholesale and retail.

SEEDS,

WELVE VARIETIES OF
nia Wild Bower seeds, 50 cents.
Seed and Plant Co., San Diego. Cal.

CALIFOR-
Orcutt

SHELLS.

ISS IDA M.SHHPARD, LONG BEACH,
Los Angeles County, California, makes
a specialty of West American Moliusea.

Att Store

944 SiIxtH STREET,

Between Dand FE, - - SAN DIEGO, CAL.

Manufacturer of and dealer in—
rere Eee 5
Mirrors, Mouldings,
PICTURES AND FRAMES.

Peewee ee (omic ae sen |

PEOPLE'S ONE PRICE STORE

| Boyd Block, Main St., between 7th and 8th,

RIVERSIDE, CAL.
GLOTHIN

Gents,’ Ladies’ and Children’s

apt Gents’ Furnishings, Hats,

Boots, Trunks, Valises, Blankets ete. My
Motto: Quick Sales and Small Profits.

| JULIUS BERNSTEIN.

F. P. BRUNER.
NOTARY PUBLIC

se patina Esch ; I a0e 02

us pelta Esch . ear nO 103

af persona Esch Lo i (De 0?
Nacella instabilis Gld. ......... Bee ook Pens
Mytilus Californica Conr....... , Oa to, 20
Cardium corbis Mart. ..... 3-05 to 30
Saxidomus nuttallii Conr Sgyet yegen 5)

. squalidus Desh. . 25 |

Tapes staminea CONTA terre. Be OS
- Var. ruderata Desh... 08
Machaera patula, Dixon 2d class See 10
Schizothzerus nuttallii Conr shee a0 bOm 40
Starfish eG SEL eee eee eee O GON LLe
S@a Go ON seer ner 05 to 20
Sea asters or sand dollars.................. 10

In addition to the above, we have about fifty
sets of eggs and a few skins of the Tufted Puf-
fin, which we offer at the remarkably low
price of 75 cents each for the former and $1.50
each for the latter (postage extra.)

The whole lot of eggs we will sell at a spe-
cial bargain.

Ten per cent. discount on orders of $5.00;
and twenty per cent. on orders of $10.00 or
more.

Postage on shells will not be prepaid unless
orders amount. to $5.00 or over.

IN AL ISTS’ SUPPLY DEPOT, ES-

tablished by Brewster & Knowlton, Bos-
ton; Arldrich & Capen, Boston; A. L. Ellis &
Co., Pawtucket. Consolidated, "1884, by Ellis
& Webster, succeeded, Sept. 1, 1885, by Frank
B. Webster, Boston. Dealers in all articles
required by Naturalists, Oologists and Tax-
idermists; also, bird-skins, birds’ eggs curios-
ities, and stuffed specimens. Sole agent in
the United Stutes for Thomas Hurst’s arti-
ficial glass eyes. Publisher of the Ornitholo-
gist and Oologist. Send 10 cents for sample
copy and catalogues. Frank B. Webster,
409 Washington St., Boston Mass.

Conveyancer of Deeds, Ete.
With Wells, Fargo & Co.
Sixth and es Sts., San Diego, Cal.

J. D. BURGH & CO:

Wholesale and retail dealers in

ete AMULY GPOCETIBS

829-801 Fifth Street.

You will find bargains in our store. Call
and see us.

—

Advertisements.

THE FIFTH AVENUE GROCERY.

ESTABLISHED 1877.

THE MODERN STORE OF THE CITY.

Carry a large and complete assortment of
cheaper on prices, quality considered, than any store in the city.

HORACE BRADT, -

goods.

Besides being second to none, we are

Come and trade.

[240- 1248 Fifth Street.

©. K. Barber Shop,

411 E St.,

between 5th and 6th, SAN DIEGO.

Sharp Razors, Cleau Towels, and Satisfaction Guaranteed.

Call and give me a trial.

TOM REED, Proprietor.

FINDLEY BROS.,

The Leading: Grocers.

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

1318 and 1320 0 St

M. E. Chureh Block

DIEGO, CAL.

799

Telephone 33. AN

oe Pic I
the Reliable Clothiers

Headquarters for Reliable

MEN’S AND BOYS’

WEARING APPAREL |prsiwope

945 and 947 Fifth St.
SAN DIHGO, - - CAL.

THE WORLD

Mell and Gurie Co.

—DEALER IN—

Marine and Land Shells, Mosses, Ferns

AND ALL KINDS OF
SPECIMENS AND CuRIOS.

1045 Fifth Street, between D and €,

SAN DIEGO, CAL.

Particular attention given to supplying Col-
lectors and Museums.

Jd, By. BUCKS

—-IMPORTER AND DEALER IN—

SEWER Fle

Terra Cotta Chimneys, Stoneware, Ready
Roofing and Building Papers.

STORE,

POTTERY
Cor. Fifth and K Streets,

SACN DiBiGoy err

“SHEP, The Hatter.”

Hats Cleaned, Pressed, Trimmed and Dyed.
Also Silk Hats Cleaned.and Ironed.

TS SS RS Ss HS Oo
911 FIFTH STREET.

HOME FOR INV ALIDS.

1421 Columbia street. between Ash and Beech.
This Institution is under the sapervision of
professional nurses. Country patients can
find plenasant rooms and ¢ aretul attention
during sickness, Terms moderate, All cor-
respondence strictly confidential.

Advertisements.

C. R. DAUER, President. _
C. N. FLATTERY, Secretary.

Particular.

758 and 760 FOURTH STREET,

F. A. SCHUEBEL, Vice-Pres.

San Diego Undertaking Company,

Funeral Directors and Embalmers.
Night Bell at Office.

R. BREESE, Manager.
T. P. SIMPSON.

Satisfaction Guaranteed in Every
Telephone 139.

SAN DIEGO, CAL.

UNDERTAKERS

TOEINSONM '& Gen

(Successors to Witherby & Johnson)

AND EMBALMERS

COR. SIXTH AND E STREETS.

Satisfaction guaranteed in every particular.

Telephone 158. Night bell at office.

Vose & Sons Pianos.

Established 1851.
Among their numerous advantages,we take
occasion to mention the following important
patents:

The Repeating Action which will compare
favorably with the Concert Grand Pianos.

The Capo D’Astro Bar which gives that beau-
tiful singing quality so wanting in other up-
right Pianos.

The Mouse Proof Pedal which is an abso-
lute protection against mice getting into
Pianos and making sad havoc with the felts.

GEO. J, BIRKEL,

Largest Piano House in the South.

Agent for San Diego
County, Cal.

Warerooms, Chadbourne Bldg, 4th St. near C.

1D .. dD. \OGALW eg;

DENTIST

Office, Cor. Fifth and E Sts., upstairs,

SAN DIEGO.

J. H. NEIMAN, Proprietor.

Brewster © Pharmacy,

Brewster Notel.
Southeast Corner of Fourth and C Streets,
SAN DIEGO, CAL.

Physicians’ Prescriptions

Filled.

RB. V. Van Norway, i. oD.

PHYSICIAN - : :

SURGEON.

OFFICE, 927 SIxTH STREET.

Office Hours—l0 to 12 a. m., 1 to 3 p. m., and
Evenings. Residence, Corner 5th and Maple
Streets.

Carefully

Telephone 174.

SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA.

(CALIFORNIA SAvInes BANK,

OF SAN DIEGO.

C2AUrT hk

S. G. Havermale, Pres.

$250,000.
I’. T. Hill Cashier:

DIRECTORS: J. W. Collins, S. G. Havermale, Wm. Collier, D. D. Dare and F. T. Hill.

Money loaned on real estate. Open Saturday evenings from7 to8 p.m. 6 per cent inter-

est allowed on term deposits.

or year. Special rates to depositors.

Safety deposit boxes in fire proof vaults for rent by the month

ae ae

Se

_

|
|
|

—_ > 4 — ss

Advertisements.

eee) Ulern Callrui

RAILWAY COMPANY.

‘Phe’ :Most Direct

And Comfortable route between the Pacific Coast and the East, because
it is many miles shorter and runs the finest trains through from San
Diego and Los Angeles to Chicago every day in the year.

Excursions Personally Conducted.

The Pullman Tourist Sleeping Cars carrying these parties are run

_ through in both directions.

Our Special Conductors accompanying these parties care for the
passengers, look after their baggage, assist ladies, children, the aged
and the infirm, and do all in their power to relieve passengers from
anxiety in regard to the details of the journey. Second-class tickets
are honored on these Excursions, and as the rates are much less than
in the Pullman Palace Sleeping Cars for sleeping accommodations, a
considerable saving in expense is made possible.

The Southern California Railway

With its numerous lines and branches reaches all the principal points
of interest in Southern California, including the Coast Resorts.

It is the only line between LOS ANGELES and SAN DIEGO, LOS
ANGELES and RIVERSIDE, and LOS ANGELES and SAN BER-
NARDINO, and runs through trains between the above points with re-
clining chair cars between Los Angeles and San Diego.

K. 42 WADE, General Manager.': 3.5). .6. 6 Los ANGELES, Cat.
W. F. WHITE, Passenger Traffic Manager............ Cuicago, Inxs.
S. B. HYNES, General Passenger Agent.......... Los ANGELEs, CaL,
H. K. GREGORY, Assistant Gen’l Passenger Ag’t..Los ANGELEs, Cau

, Vicw-Paest ENT.

CoM

8. @. HAVERMALE, 2a 1 Vice Pass, wi
E. F, PULSIFER, Rha teat se
Ss Ww. BURNS,

The most elegantly furished nd cadi past ots! in CReueneane f
The only hotel in San Diego having a passenger fae baggage | Pie to:

Strictly First Clas

SPECIAL ACCOMMODATIONS FOR connmnenst me
RATES FROM 82.50 UP. phn DAY

c fe y
orner an hee Streets ; Hotel Brews

4

p 7 J O'BRIEN, Manager, ,

-
a
a
-

gw;

JAN INSTITUTION LI I

SMITHSONIAN | BRARIES

3 9088 01425 0906