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75

THE CANTILLAS OF NORTHERN
LOWER CALIFORNIA.
LTHOUGH known to Cortes, who
spent a million of dollars in its
exploration in the fifteenth cen-
turv, Baja California is still largely a
“terra incognito.’’ Possessing the dis-
advantages of Mexican rule, a formerly
unpromising northern frontier and a bar-
ren coast, it offered few inducements for
its exploration or the development of its
agricultural and mineral wealth; yet
travel in this strange land becomes irre-
sistibly fascinating to the naturalist, as
every step gives new forms of animal and
vegetable life, till the productions of the
temperate zone merge into those of the
tropics about two hundred miles south of
San Diego.
Nearly one hundred miles southeast of
the city of San Diego lies the forest of
Parry’s graceful pinyone pine (Pinus

Parryana Engelm), bordered on the east.

by the broken peninsular range of moun-
tains, consisting of gigantic masses of
coarse granite devuid of vegetation other
than the pretty Ivesia Baileyi, ornament-
ing the crevices of the rocks with its
fern-like leaves, or occasional shrubs and
trees that find a precarious existence in
the scanty soil among the huge boulders
and in the crevices of rocks, formed
principally by the decomposing granite.

- These sierras were made famous with the

surrounding region by the botanical col-
lections of Dr. Edward Palmer in 1876
who called them the Tantillas-—a name
unrecognized by the Mexicans and In-
dians, who call them the Cantillas or
Castillo Blanco—the ‘‘precipices”’ or the
“‘white castle,’—and the great canyon
at their base the ‘‘Canyono de la Bajada.”’

These mountains are situated about
forty miles south of the United States
boundary and sixty miles west of the
Colorado river near its mouth. The ap-
proach from the boundary line at Campo

is over a natural wagon road: for thirty
miles through a rolling country of a sim-
ilar granitic formation, the soil largely
compcsed of the decomposed granite.
The sparse vegetation, mainly consisting
of Arctostaphylos, Adenostoma and other
similar shrubs, with now and then a
small cluster of Quercus agrifolia, is sim-
ilar to that of San Diego county ; toward
the end of the thirty miles, however, and
for the remainder of the distance, stran-
ger shrubs and trees make their appear-
ance. Among others, Quercus Palmeri,
Q. pungens and Q. Emoryi take the
place of Q. dumosa (the common shrub
oak of Southern California), and strag-
gling bushes of Juniperus Californicus
with Pinus Parryana, Nolina Palmeri
(the sotole of this district) and many
other less prominent plants, changes the
aspect of the country on entering the
region of the Cantillas.

The granitic rocky soil is here found
overlying a strata of gold-bearing clay
which yields to the patient miners of
Indian, Greek, Spanish, English and
American nationalities a scanty reward
for their labor. Dozens of log huts have
been erected throughout the forest, coy-
ered with shakes or thatched with Nolina
leaves and plastered with mud, and hun-
dreds of acres have been dug over, the
miners digging large pits, five or more
feet deep and eight or ten feet square,
and often hauling the dirt several miles
to water (or hauling the water tothe dirt)
to wash for the usually fine grains,
though the gold is sometimes found in
coarse grains or nuggets.

The forest of Parry’s pinyone, occupy-
ing the stretch of table lands to the west
of the Cantillas, extends northerly to the
United States, a few trees straggling
across the line, while on the east at the
broken Cantillas it is abruptly displaced
by Pinus monophylla that forms an ex-
tension of the pinyone forest to the hills
bordering the desert, where it is more

76

exposed. These nearly related species
are found side by side, yet neither spe-
cies invades on the territory of the other.

On the north, Parry’s pinyone extends
to the higher table lands of Santa Cata-
lina mountains of an altitude of 6,000 to
7,000 feet, where it is restricted to the
rocky hills, the pinyos or ‘‘bull pine’’ (P.
Jeffreysi) here forming a seemingly lim-
itless forest.

One Indian employed as guide, calling
himself Jose Capitan of the Picos (or in
his own style Capitan ‘‘Jose Capitan
Pico’’) and seemingly a permanent resi-
dent of the country, worked in the mines
for 60 to 80c per day. The Indians met
in 1883 called themselves ‘‘La Costas,’’
and claimed to spend the winters on the
shores of Todos Santos bay, where they
are employed in getting abalones (Halio-
tis), moving to this region during the
pinyone season, the pinyone nuts form-
ing an important addition to their fare.
Huge piles of aiternate layers of the
cones and pine branches are burned,
when the seed is easily shaken out ready
roasted for eating. Several of the In-
dians met later called themselves Mari-
copas, and were seen to depart for the
Colorado river. A family of Cocopa In-
dians were found in the great canyon in
1883, but not seen later, who had not
adopted the cast-off garments of civiliza-
tion, aS the other Indians had mostly
done, but were in native dress~ The
costume of one of the La Costa Indians
at Todos Santos bay has been described
to-me as consisting of a pair of red mit-
tens !

The mescal plant (Agave deserti) forms
an important article of food with the In-
dians, and the fiber of the ieaves is util-
ized in making ropes, cord, sandals, and
other things. The wild Nicotiana is used
for tobacco; Sambucus glauca and Men-
tha Canadense furnishes their tea when
they cannot buy the genuine; the beau-
tiful golden lichen, Evernia vulpina, is

called as ‘‘good as sugar’’; the seed of a —

species of Mentzelia and of Echinocac-
tus are pronounced as “ very good to eat ”’
when inade into flour and cooked, and
the mesquite and tesoto beans are made
of use for food. An occasional attempt
is made at raising a few melons and a
little corn by the Indians, but ‘‘ Yankee
fare’’ is preferred, naturally, to their own
native productions, our sugar, salt and
flour being fully appreciated.

In leaving the Parry’s pinyone forest
and entering the district of Pinus mono-
phylla, a truly desert flora is met, other .
varieties of shrubs, cacti and porush gen-
erally abound, but Rhus ovata, Wats.,
Arctostaphylos pungens and a few others
follow along the old Fort Yuma trail,
besides the pretty lLoeselia, Fragera
Parryi, Argemone hispida and others
abundant among the pinyones. But
these disappear in descending several
thousand feet into the great canyon
_which has yielded suen a rich flora to
the world. Fouquiera splendens stands
guard along the trail, Echinocactus cyl-
indraceus stands erect, five to seven feet
high, and thousands of the ‘‘blue palm,”’
with their glaucous green tops, dot the
borders of the arrovo.

The beautiful ‘‘Chile de la agua’’
(Palmerella debilis, Gray) clusters
around the single spring near the base
of the trail, and a few ferns among the
rocks, Parry’s Notholena, Venus-hair
and a Woodsia, form exceptions to the
characteristically spiny plants.

The sides of the canyon are mostly of
granite, containing quantities of black
and white mica, garnets, tourmaline,
feldspar, with occasional stratas of slate,
usually perpendicular. A white rattle-
snake, about the color of the dark gran-
ite, was seen on the desert, but animal
life is scarce excepting a great variety of
insects and lizards.

A Succinea, Vertigo ovata, Planorbis
parvus, Physa and Limax sp. completes

77

the list of the known desert mollusks,
two of them distributed over the whole
United States and perhaps a third also.

A curious thing was noticed where the
clay from the gold washings had settled
in the holes, not forming level layers on
the bottom only, but instead settling on
the sides as well, and forming thick and
unequal layers. These remarkable for-
mations of strata were often exposed by
_other washings, showing the irregularly
curved and distinctly marked stratas of
clay (with other dirt), unequal in thick-
ness. The holes may have been made
by horses after the deposit, the layers
pending under the weight, as they were

unbroken. C. R. Orcurt.
—_—_—_—_+-@+—___—_
WATER ON THE COLORADO
DESERT.

HE Colorado river is one of the main
sources of water on the Colorado
Desert; the numerous sloughs,

lagoons and so-called wells, including
New river channel, Lake Maquata and
the Dry lake, are all dependent upon itS
annual overflow ,—and when the summer
freshet subsides without the Colorado
river having filled its own banks, as is
very frequently the case, all these places
are dry. In fact, of iate years an over-
flow is rather an exception than the rule.
In 1884 there was a great overflow which
filled everything to overflowing on the
desert, but from that year until the sum-
mer of 1890 no overflow of note has been
recorded. It will therefore be recognized
asa truism that New riverand its lagoons
cannot be relied upon as an unfailing
source of water, and the series of wells
that once existed along the old emigrant
frail are uo longer very useful to the
occasional traveler, and never were re-
lied upon for any large supply of water.
Sometimes rain on the desert will par-
tially fill the numerous holes, lagoons
and depressions, where it remains until

evaporated by the sun—the hard clay of
this region being nearly impervious to
water. .

A sample of water taken from the Col-
orado viver the 18th of September, 1890,
upon analysis by the California State
Mining Bureau shows upon filtration
a sediment in the ratio of 4.861 gra;nmes
to the liter. The water used by the rail-
road at Yuma, Arizona, is first pumped
into one of three tanks, each of a capac-
ity of 100,000 gallons, where the water
is allowed to settle. The tanks are about
seven and a half feet in depth and forty
by fifty feet on top, somewhat smaller
proportioned at the bottom. The result-
ing sediment after the water has stood
for a few days is very variable with the
season. In April, 1889, it varied from
eight to fifteen inches of mud; in May,
June and July, five to seven inches only;
in August, from nine inches on the 4th
to twenty-two inches on the 13th (the
water standing only three days for this
result) to six inches on the 28th; in Oc-
tober and November the minimum of
three inches of sediment was recorded,
while in December from nine to thirteen
inches were deposited. In August was
the season of the annual freshet when
the river was highest and most rapid and
the sediment was correspondingly great.
At high water the extraneous matter held
in solution may be considered to be ap-
proximately ten per cent.

The water of New river and its lagoons,
like the source in the Colorado river,
holds a very considerable quantity of
fine clay in suspension, and after long
standing in the sun becomes more or less
charged with organic impurities. It ap-
pears tolerably free from soluble salts,
not perceptible to the taste, but upon

evaporation it becomes brackish and

shows the presence of salt by a slight
incrustation on the shores of the lagoons.

The old emigrant trail from Yuma to
California, later known as the stage line,

78

possessed the following watering places
—Wwells in name only as we understand
that term. Traveling from San Diego,
the first station possessing desert char-
acteristics is in the Jacumba valley at
the hot springs or Larkin station. The
United States and Mexican boundary
line divides this valley near its centre. It
contains several thousand acres, useful
mainly for grazing, with cottonwood and
willow along the water, cat’s claw acacia,
desert willow and the like desert vegeta-
tion around the drier parts. Hot and
cold springs side by side were formerly
quite an attraction, but are no longer
kept in order.

Ten miles further, over the last rocky
divide, brings us to the Mountain Springs
—a solitary spring in a little ravine near
the Rock House or Summit House of the
old stage days. This is situated about
half way down the side of the mountain
and is good mountain water from out of
the solid granite. The canyon leading
from Mountain Springs to the sandy
plains of the desert, at the eastern base
of the mountains, in April, 1889, I found
gorgeous in a multitude of bright flowers
Mimulus, Gilias, Eschscholtzias and a
host of others. Echinocactus cylindra-
ceous stands on the sides of the rocky
canyon like sentinels guarding the pass.
The cat’s claw now and then asks you to
“wait a bit.”? The lively lizards invite
you to a game of tag—in which they are
gure of victory. Now and then a rattle-
snake may be found sunning himself in
your path. Six or eight miles of this
picturesque canyon road brings us to the
open plain of granitic sand and wash,
across which slow progress is made in
the hot rays of the sun. The general
direction now taken is nearly due east,
and after eight or ten more miles are
traversed we reach the first desert sta-
tion of Coyote wells.

At Coyote wells we first strike the allu-
vium of the Colorado river—or what
closely resembles it in character. The

‘‘wells’’ originally consisted of holes dug
in the clay by the coyotes, who cannot
long survive without water. Man has
improved them but little. The hole
which supplied the party of six or eight
men and as many mules in the spring of ©
1890, had been dug bya cattle man to
fair proportion; but the water emitted a
most repulsive stench during our entire
stay, though there was little unpleasant
taste to it, and it answered well for coffee
and cooking. Later in the season it be-
came so impure, and so thoroughly im-
bued with alkali as to be unfit for man
or beast, and perhaps would have been
fatal if any had ventured to use it. Near
one of the two mesquite trees at this
place another little hole was dug out
when I visited the place in the following
October, and tolerably pure water was,
and always can be, obtained. Scarcely
a trace of the old adobe station house
remains, and two small mesquite trees
are the only land marks to guide the
traveler to this place, and they cannot be
seen at adistance of more than half a
mile probably in any direction.
Twenty-two miles due east (some say
sixteen or eighteen miles only), is the
station house at Indian Wells—Los Posos
de los Indios. The only water is in la-
goons filled at rare intervals by rains or —
from New river’s channel, of which they
are said to form apart. The fine red-
dish-yellow clay is so thoroughly sus-
pended in the water that it does not
become deposited to an appreciable de-
gree until all the water has become eva-
porated. Without a guide one might
readily fail to find the water holes at
Indian Wells, as they are away from the
station buildings. For a good part of the
year they are credited with being dry,
and should never be depended upon for
a water supply. The banks of New river
at this place produce a dense growth of
mesquite and other vegetation, especially
rank after a heavy rain or overflow. Cru-
ciferous plants, only a few inches in

height. at,

Wells,
line, was New. River station, which I,

- Coloradorriver.

79

my. visit, and. in flower, were
evidently identical in species with dry

stalks of previous year’s growth, in which
| Tiaight have

played hide and seek.

Fifteen miles. due south of Indian
just below the United
But the water

have not seen. at New.

River station, from descriptions, is found.

under identical conditions and is equally

unreliable. Fifteen miles further due east:
from New River station was Alamo, or
Alamo Mocha...
said to have been eighteen feet deep and
_imperfectiy curbed.., during the old emi-
_ grant days, but for years has been caved

The well at Alimo: is

in and furnishes no water to travelers.

_ The water was brackish and said to be
_ exceptionably bad.
Cook’s' well and the Mesquite well.

were muddy holes in the clay nearer the
Los Siete Posos, or Seven
Wells, I bave iearned but little.
were about. nine miles
(nearly east) of Alamo. Mocho.

miles still further due east.
The distances may be recapitulated

(with such slight. variations as result.

from information from different, parties),
with. additional. notes on the water, as
follows
Carrizo Creek: Water in spring at
source, 68 dey. to 75 deg. F., containing
sulphate, of lime, magnesia and chlorite
of sodium. (Fraser, Emory’s Rep. 102.)
_Lypran Weuts: Thirty-six miles from
Carrizo-creek ; ‘‘ excellent water can be
had ’”’ ! — or none.

Atamos: Alamo or Alamo Mucho:
thirty miles from Indian Wells, sixteen
tiles from New Kiver. Water bad, well
eighteen feet deep, caved in; no water
now to be had..

Burkrn’s Weis (formerly called, Gar-
dener’s Wells): . Hight miles from Ala-
mo; water brackish, four feet. from the
surface in a ravine fronting the station
house.

States:

They,
south. of east.
Garden-.
_er’s or Burke’s wells were about eleven

~Spven Weuis: Nine miles from Burke’s
Wells; ‘‘ water somewhat salty.’

Coox’s Wriis: Nine miles from Seven
Wells; good water.

Hanion’s Ferry:
from Cook’s Wells,
orado River.

Forr Yuma:
lon’s Ferry.

Total distance, Carrizo Creek to Fort.
Yuma, 118 miles.

In the most of the larger canyons in.
the Peninsula Mountains that open into
the desert water may be obtained. A>
notable instance is the famous Cantillas
Canyon, in Lower California, where Dr.
Edward Palmer found the type of his
Palmerella and:the beautiful blue palm
(Hrythea armata) in 1876. This canyon
is known under various designations,
but best as the Horse-thief Ganyon, since
iu early days it was a noted rendezvous’
tor the desperadoes of the two Californias
and of Arizona.and Sonora, who found it
a favorite practice to steal om the coast
and cross the desert via this canyon, or
vice versa. 8

The. Mountain Springs canyon is the
first, | believe, north of the line where
water can be depended upon. About
half-way on the road fromy Mountain.
Springs to Coyote Wells, before leaving:
the canyon, a left-hand road may now be
detected, leading up a side canyon and
over a divide and back in the same: di-
rection as lies Mountain Springs. This
leads to a curious spot known as Dos
Cabesas or Haydon’sCamp, and excel-
lent water in abundance has: been devel- °
oped in the precipitous granite walls
which almost enclose the little nook.
Rhus ovata grows almost to the propor-
tions and ferm of a tree here, and has
been considered asia fair indication of
water when ian growing on the desert
borders.

Dos Cabesas is one of the best’ stations
for desert work that I have yet found.
From there one can travel in several diree-

(ce

Seventeen miles
on west bank of Col-

Nine miles from Han-

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80

tions. The good water enhances its value.

The next canyon is that of Carrizo
Creek, which drains a large area of terri-
tory from the summit of the Laguna
and Cuyamaca mountains with the oak
and pine forests to the pinyone forests in
Lower California. The large Vallecito
valley and the Jacumba valley drain
into it and fair storage reservoirs could
be secured in its upper portions sufficient
tor the irrigation of large portions of the
alluvial plains below.

The San Felipe canyon and the Coyote
creek, which joins it from near Borregio
Springs, also drain a large area of the
eastern slope of the Peninsula mountains
—and the remarks about storage reser-
voirs may be here repeated. The San
Felipe and Carrizo creeks, it will be ob-
served in consulting a good map, become
one soon after emerging from the moun-
tains, and their surplus waters flow
united into Dry Lake.

The San Felipe for a good portion of
the length of the canyvun is usually dry,
and neither it nor the Carrizo creek ever
flow with any regularity after leaving the
canyons.

Borregio or Sheep Springs are situated
in a low marshy meadow where water in
a few spots may be obtained by digging

a foot or two below the turf. A few spe-

cies of grass, including, of course, Dis-
tichlis maritima, which is the most
abundant of all. Whenever even a few
plants of this grass are found water may
be found within a few feet of the surface
that usually no man need to fear to drink.
The turf is crisp asif frozen, and every
bare piece of earth carries the illusion
still further by its snowy whiteness —
denoting the presence of alkali in the
soil.

On the northern slope of the Supersti-
tious mountain, in a little cienega, there
is said to exist a pleasant and healthful
sulphur spring. ;

A group of soda springs lie ‘‘ directly
west of Salt Creek,’’ but I have not vis-

ited the locality, the location of Salt
Creek not being very clear in my mind,
They have heen visited by several par-
ties, who report the supply of water as
abundant and verv agreeable to the
taste. Carbonate of lime and carbonic
acid gas are supposed products of these
springs, though the water I believe has
never been analyzed.

The Dos Palmas springs are saline and
have a temperature of 80 deg. F., accord-
ing to Dr. W. F. McNutt. Reference
will probably be made to the locality
azain, as it is one of great interest.

The springs at the Cahuilla Indian
villages ‘‘ contain soluble salts in small
quantities ’’ At Palm Springs the water
in the hot springs appears to be very
pure and free from solid impurities.
‘“‘The unpleasant odor of sulphuretted
hydrogen is removed by boiling.”’

Another source of water well known
to travellers are the tanks or natural
cavities in rocks which catch and hold
rain water for long periods of time. Such
a tank exists on the eastern point of
Carrizo Mountain, and small ones are
not rare in any of the mountains. To
the north of the Southern Pacific railway
in the mountains there is a large natu-
ral reservoir which gave its name to
the nearest railway station — Mammoth
Tank. Between Canyon and Chucka-
walla springs these tanks are abundant,
and each, or each group of tanks, receives
some appropriate or fanciful name.

These tanks will retain the water in a
pure state for a long period of time, and
if large enough become coated over with
slime and dead matter, which renders
evaporation slower. Beneath the filth
the water is found to be cool and to retain
its purity. Often they are filled with
sand or entirely obliterated, with only a
moist circle of sand to denote the pres-
ence of water. Such a find bas proved a
blessing to many a solitary prospector in
the arid mountains of this desert and in
Arizona, New Mexico and Sonora.

SI

WINDS AND THEIR EFFECTS
THE COLORADO DESERT.

ON

The prevailing winds at Fort Yuma
are from the north and northwest, but
southerly winds blow from June to Oc-
tober. The winds from the north are
very dry and violent. At Seven Palms,
on the Southern Pacific railway, the
winds are almost constant through the
year, sweeping down from the San Gor-
gonio pass, keeping the air filled with
clouds of fine dust and sand, and heap-
ing up the loose sand against the barren
hills. With such force and constancy is
this wind at Seven Palms, that the glass
in the windows of the station house ap-
pears as if subjected to an artificial sand
blast. A gang of men is kept engaged
the larger part of the vear shoveling the
sand off the railroad tracks, which are
often covered in a single night. The

workmen wear cloth masks, with a piece

of glass in front. to protect their heads
from the driving, cutting sand. The
rocks are curiously affected by this natu-

ral sand blast, quartz receiving a fine
' polish asa rule, but often quartz, lime-
_ stone and other rocks will be beautifully

sculptured in the most artistic way.
The pebbles on the mesa formations of
the desert are peculiarly polished and

brilliant, as if they had been viled or

varnished—a result no doubt accom-
plished by the constant action of loose
sand upon the surface, driven by the
winds. By this constant attrition of the
sand, in some places, each grain has be-
come a perfect sphere, instead of retain-
ing its usual angularity.

The vegetation at Seven Palms is re-
stricted to a few species on account of
the drifting sand. Larrea and other
bushes I found frequently retaining a
hold upon life by aslender stem—the
side exposed to the wind blackened as
by fire and cut through to the heart by
the cutting sand blast. It seemed almost

incredible to believe that veyetation
could actually be subjected to such a test
and still retain vitality.

Old tin cans were polished and black-
ened in the sandstorm as if treated to an
application of stove polish. Bottles were
eroded in asimilar way tothe glass in
the windows.

The mountain slopes west of the Colo-
rado jesert are frequently subjected to
heavy winds which give the traveler little
comfort. But no damage has ever been
reported, and the violence of the winds
does not seem to approach in intensity
the cyclones of other sections of the
country—possibly because there is little
to be damaged or no one exposed to their
violence to report.

The sand storms on the plains occa-
sionally are severe on the transient trav-
eler. It is impossible to face them at
times, and one needs to adopt the Arab’s
method of lying prone on the ground
until the storm passes by. The air is
sometimes so filled with fine dust that
one cannot see distinctly a hundred feet
away, but if remote from the sand hills
and the driving, cutting sand, no serious
inconvenience results.

—_——_+ oO —_————_

LOVE EXPRESSED.

So sweet, within my arms to hold,
A baby fresh from heaven,

And wrap it round with love fourfold,
Ere it 2 smile has given.

So aweet, its presence warm to feel,
Just breathing on my breast,

{ must in spirit thankful kneel
‘To God, for love expressed.

Dy Wp
san Diego, Cal., Aug. 19, 1893.
—__+ o+—————-
The island of Matanzas shows a

shrinkage this year in its sugar crop of
22 per cent. Lack of rain is cited as the
cause.

The demand for flour in Chinese ports
increases every year, and there is a fine
future for the Pacific coast if her mer-
chants improve the field.

OS yi es.

SSS _ ee oe

IF YOU WANT INFORMATION ABOUT

INGERERE a letter or postal card t
THE PRESS CLAEMS COMPANY,
Onn WEDDEREERS - - Managing Attorney,
Box 463) WASHINGTON, D.C.

ps. PROCURED Ww

SOLDIE WIDOWS,
CHILDREN, PARENTS.

Also, for Soldiers and Gailors disabled in the line of’
duty in the regujar Army or Navy simee the war.
Survivors of- the Indian wars of 18382 to 1842, and
their widows, mow entitled. Oldand rejected claims
a‘specialty. - ‘Thousands entitled to higher rates.
Send for new laws. N o charge for advice. Nofee
until isuccessful.

“Steel Pens.

FOR ARTISTIC USE’ in fine drawings,
Nos. 659 (Crow-quill), 290 and 201.
FOR FINE WRITING, -
No. 303, and. Ladies’, 170.
FOR BROAD WRITING,

Nos. 294, 389 and Stub Point, 849.
FOR GENERAL WRITING,
Nos. 404, 332, 390 and 604.

THE MOST PERFECT OF PENS.

Gold Medal Paris Exposition.
Joreph Gitfott & Sons, mee aan St., New York. :

Caveats, Trade-marks, Design Patents, Copyrights,
And all Patent business conducted for
MODERATE FEES.
Information and advice given to Inventors without

PHATE Ss Address_ Be

PRESS CLAIMS CO.,
JOHN WEDDERBURNA,

i pease tle Attorney,
P. O. Box 463. ‘WASHINGTON, D.C.

&@-This Company is managed by a combination of

he largest and most influential newspapers in the

United States, for the express purpose of protect
img their subseribers against unscrupulous
id. incompetent Patent Agents, and each paper
winting this advertisement vouches for the responsi-
ay and high. standing of the Press a Company.

W. D. BROCKWAY.

P.O. Box -3-4, GUADALAHARA, MEX.
NOLLECTOR OF INSECT SPECI-

/) mens, shells, Aztec relies, minerals and
opals.

CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED.

Scientific American
fied?) for

CAVEATS,
‘TRADE MARKS,
DESICN PATENTS,.
COPYRIGHTS, etc.

¥or information and free Handbook write to
MUNN & , 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORE.
Oldest pureau for securing patents in America.
Hyvery patent taken. out by us is brought before
the public by a notice given free'of charge in the

Sentitic American

Largest circulation of any oa paperin the
world. Splendidly illustrated. No intelligent
man should be without it. Weekly, $3. 00. a
vear;- $1.50 six months. Address MUNN &.CO., ...
PUBLISHERS, 361 Broadway, pu, York City.

i EY LON, JAVA, BORNEO ann NEW

Guinea insects, especially lepidopt-
era and coleoptera, single or in lots. Also
orthoptera and dragon flies, and land and
fresh water shells. Prices low. Addres:
H. Fruhstorfer, care of German consu-
late, Soerabaia, Java

(AR. MATIC.

“We take this opportunity of informing our
subscribers that the new Commissioner of Pen-
sions has been appointed. He is an old soldier,
and we believe that soldiers and their heirs will
receive justice at his hands. We do not antici-
pate that there will be any radical changes in
the administration of pension affairs under the
new regime.

We would advise, however, that U.S: soldiers,
sailors, and their heirs, take steps to make, ap-
plication at once, if they have not already done
so, in order to secure the benefitof the early fil-
ing of their Glaimsin case there should be any.
future pension legislation. Such legislation: is
seldom retroactive. . Therefore it is of great,im-
portance that applications be’ filed in the De
partment at the earliest possible date.

If U. S. Soldiers, Sailors, or their Widows,
Children, or Parents desire information in re- >
gard to pension matters, they should. write to
the Press Claims Company, at Washington, D.
C.,and they will prepare and send the necessary
application, if they find them entitled under
the numerous laws enacted for their benefit:

ADDRBSS

PRESS GLAIMS COMPANY,
John Wedderburn, Managing Attorney,

WASHINGTON, D.C.
POL Box, 0.

; ~ PRIZES ON PATENTS.

i HOW TO GET TWENTY-FIVE HUNDRED
DOLLARS - NOTHING.

be

pid

The Winner has a Clear Gift of a
Small Fortune, and the Losers
ie Have Patents that may

i Bring them in

Still More.

’ Would you like to make twenty-five hundred
‘dollars? If you would, read carefully what fol-
lows and you may see a way to do it.

_ The Press Claims Company devotes much at-
ention to patents It has handled thousands of
applications for inventions, but it would like to
handle thousands more. There is plenty of in-
ventive talent at large in this country, needing
othing but encouragement to produce practical
esults. That encouragement the Press Claims
Company proposes to give.

NOT SO HARD AS IT SEEMS.

_ A patent strikes most people as an appallingly
formidable thing, The idea is that an inventor
must be a natural genius, like Edison or Bell;
t] hat he must devote years to delving in compli-
cated mechanical problems and that he must

; Pporfection. This delusion the company de-
esto dispel. It desires to get into the head of
€ public a clear comprehension of the fact
at it is not the great, complex, and expensive

withors, but the little, simple, and cheap ones—
he things that seem so absurdly trivial that the

bringing them to the attention of the Patent
fice,
Edison says that the profits he has received
‘om the patents on all his marvelous inventions
pee not been sufficient to pay the cost of his
experiments. But the man who conceived the
idea of fastening a bit of rubber cord to a child's
“bali, 80 that it would come beck to the hand
_ when thrown, made a fortune out of his scheme.
, fs he modern sewing-machine is a miracle of in-
'genuity—the prodict of the toil of hundreds of
usy brains through a hundred and fifty years,
hu the whole brilliant result rests upon the

ih th ped Pe A

simple device of putting the eye of the needle
at the point instead of at the other end,

THE LITTLE THINGS THE MOST
VALUABLE.

Comparatively few people regard themselves
as inventors, but almost everybody has been
struck, at one time or another, with ideas that
seemed calculated to reduce some of the little
frictions of life. Usually such ideas are dis-
missed without further thought.

“Why don’t the railroad company make its
car windows so that they can be slid up and
down without breaking the passengers’ backs ?”’
exclaims the traveler. ‘‘If I were running the
road I would make them in such a way.”’

“What was the man that made this saucepan
thinking of?’ grumbles the cook. ‘‘He never
had to work over a stove, or he would have >
known how it ought to have been fixed.’’

“Hang such a collar button!”: growls the man
who is late for breakfast. ‘If I were in the
business I’d make buttons that would’nt slip
out, or break off, or gouge out the back of my
neck,”

And then the various sufferers forget about
their grievances and begin to think of some-
thing else. Ifthey would sit down at the next
convenient opportunity, put their ideas about
car windows, saucepans, and collar buttons into
practical shape, and then apply for patents, they
might find themselves as independently wealthy
as the man who invented the iron umbrella
ring, or the one who patented the fifteen puzzle.

A TEMPTING OFFER.

To induce people to keep track of their bright
ideas and see what there is in them, the Press
Claims Company has resolved to offer a prize.

To the person who submits to it the
simplest and most promising inven-
tion, from a commercial point of
view, the company will give twenty-
five hundred dollars in cash, in addi-
tion to refunding the fees for secur-
ing the patent.

It will also advertise the invention
free of charge.

This offer is subject to the fol!owing condi-
tions:

Every competitor must obtain a patent for his
invention through the company. He must first
apply. for a preliminary search, the cost of
which will be five dollars Should this search
show his invention to be unpatentable, he can
withdraw without further expense. Otherwise
he will be expected to complete his application

Dah icuati aa AD

Wee

and take out a patent in the regular way. The
total expense, including Government and Bu-
reau fees, will be seventy dollars. For this,
whether he secures the prize or not, the inventor
will have a patent that ought to be a valuable
property to him. The prize will be awarded by
a jury consisting of three reputable patent at-
torneys of Washington. Intending competitors

j should fill out the following blanx, and forward

a it with their application:.

ts “ ih eee eg

“‘T submit the within described invention in

competition for the Twenty-five hnndred Dollar
Prize offered by the Press Claims Company.

66 3
.

NO BLANKS IN THIS COMPETITION.

Y. P. BROUNERY
This is a competition of rather an unusual '

nature. It iscommon to offer prizes forthe best . NOTARY PUBLIC, j a
story, or picture, or architectural plan, all the CONVEYANCER OF DEEDS: ETC. i

competitors risking the loss of their Jabor and With WELLS, FARGO & CO,,

the successful ohe merely selling his for the SIXTH and FEF STREETS

amount of the prize. But the Press Claims
San Diego, California.

Company’s offer is something entirely different.
Each person is asked merely to help himself,
A. E, DODSON, |
GENERAL INSURANCE AGENT,

and the one who helps himself to the best ad-
vantage is to be rewarded for doing it. The
prize is only a stimulus to do something that
wonld be well worth doing without it. The COMPANIES REPRESENTED.
Royal of Liverpool. Oakland Home. Orient
Hartford. Traders of Chicago. Union Ce
tral Life. Pacifie Surety Co. Travelers, Li

-sEGGSi:

NEW LIST, REDUCED PRIG i |
Send for Catalogue to——_ a
Naturalists’ Supply
Depot, :
FRANK BLAKE WEBSTER CC )
' Hyde Park, Mass.

architect whose competitive plan for a club
and Accident.

house on a certain corner is not accepted has
NOTARY PUBLIC

spent his labor on something of very little use
Government Lands and Pension

tohim. But the person who patents a simple
and useful device in the Press Claims Com-

Claims Promptly Attended to.
915 Firrs St., Bet. D & E,

pany’s competition, need not worry if he fail to
SAN DIEGO, CA

secure the prize. He has a substantial result to
Theo, Fintzelberg,

show for his work—one that will command its
value in the market at any time.
REAL ESTATE, INSURANCE
~ AND COMMISSION.

NOTARY PUBLIC. 4a
Ojfite: 759 Sixth St,
- EXPRESS BLOOK,
P. O. Box 986. San Diego, Cal,

Creamery and Dairy, |

WATERLOO, IOWA, 4
IS THE PAPER for the Creamery, Dairy and

The plain man who uses any article in his
daily work ought to know better how to im-
prove it than the mechanical expert who studies
it only from the theoretical point of view. Get
rid of the idea that an improvement can be too
simple to be worth patenting. The simpler the
better. .The person who best succeeds in com-
bining simplicity and popularity, will get the .
Press Claims Company’s twenty-five hundred
dollars.

The responsibility of this company may be
judged from the fact that its stock is held by
about three hundred of the leading newspapers
of the United States.

Address the Press Claims Company, John

Wedderburn, managing attorney, 618 F street,
N. W., Washington, D.C.

LORA OF SOUTHERN AND LOWER CAL-
H ifornia. A Check List of the flowering
plants, ferns, lichens and marine alge. By

C. R. ORcuTT. Price, 25 cents.

Cheese Factory. Itis the handsomest publit
cation of its class. Excellent advertising.
medium. Monthly; $1.00 per year. Send for
FREE sample copy. a

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