The Gift of Beatrix Farrand to the General Library University of California, Berkeley REEF POINT GARDENS LIBRARY WEST COAST BOTANY, AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FLORA OF THE PACIFIC COAST, IN 'WHICH ARE DESCRIBED OVER EIGHTEEN HUNDRED SPECIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS GROWING WEST OF THE SIERRA NEVADA AND CASCADE CRESTS, FROM SAN DIEGO TO PUGET SOUND. BY YOLNEY RATTAN, TEACHER OF BOTANY IN THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA. SAN FRANCISCO, THE WHITAKER & RAY CO., 1898. Copyrighted 1898, By THE WHITAKER & RAY CO., San Francisco, Cal. UANDSCAPE •R3 LANDSCAPE ARCH. LIBRARY PREFACE. The skeleton of this book has for eleven years formed a supplement to the " California Flora," which describes only the plants of the coast region between Monterey and Ukiah. Since it is not practicable to fill out this skeleton in the way originally intended, it has been put into the improved form here described. The "Flora" of the old manual has been replaced by descriptions of all the orders whose species on this coast have conspicuous flowers. This part of the book also contains descriptions of near two hundred and fifty species which are mostly new, and over fifty generic names which in Greene's "Botany of the San Francisco Bay Region" displace names used in this book. These synonyms will be very helpful to those who use the former manual with this or other floras. A complete glossary of the botanical terms and specific names found in this book, and a glossary of generic names in connection with the index will materially aid students. An analytical key leads the student to a description of the order to which the plant in hand belongs. At the close of that description he is referred to the page of the second part where keys lead to the genus and species. Return- ing to the first part, the' new matter there is consulted before making a final decision. This seemingly awkward prominence of addenda is perhaps advanta- geous to the student, who is thus led to realize the progress of botanical work. Moreover there is encouragement in the thought that the discovery of so many new plants in the ten years just ended proves that there are species yet unde- scribed which sharp-eyed seekers may find. Since the descriptions here given are for the most part abbreviations of the originals, their shortcomings should be charged to the compiler of this book. In some cases, particularly in difficult genera, new species have not been given. Many of Prof. Greene's new species are placed under generic names which he does not approve. Most of these, however, were described by him under the discarded names, and it is proper that his name should follow that of the species 4 PREFACE. as author. In the other cases his name, according to present usage, should appear in parenthesis. Since this is a matter of little importance to beginners and one difficult to manage it has not been attended to. Because of the unsettled condition of plant names the present time is unfavorable for the preparation of a flora of any country. More than ever before systematic botanists are investigating the history of names, and, like other historians, they do not agree. There are therefore added to the ever present questions concerning the limitations of genera and species, questions concerning the priority of names. The former never will be settled, and authorities are not likely to agree upon the latter for some years to come. Meanwhile we must learn several names for each of a score or more of the plants we yearly greet in our country rambles. For example : In the collections of plants made in the United States last year the shrub com- monly known as Nine-Bark doubtless bears five different names. Those using "Gray's Manual " or "Wood's Class Book'* have labeled it Spiraea opulifolia; according to " Bergen's Botany" and "Behr's Flora" it is Neillia opulifolia; in the " Key to West Coast Botany" it is Physocarpus opulifolia; in Greene's "Flora Franciscana" it is Ne.dlia capitata, and in the same author's " Botany of the Bay Kegion" it is called Opulaster capitatus. Five plants — so common that they may be found on one hillside — will, by those who use the "Bay Region Botany," be given each a separate generic name, yet most botanists call them all Gilias. A common wild cherry is Prunus emarginata in "Behr'fc Flora," Cerasus emar- ginata in " Bay Region Botany," and Cerasus California in "Flora Franciscana." Some idea of the number of plants known by more than one name may be gained from the fact that over two hundred of the thirteen hundred species described in the " Bay Region Botany" appear under generic and sometimes specific names different from those given them in the " Botany of the Geological Survey." But it must be remembered that, even in its present chaotic condition, botanical nomenclature is incomparably better than that of so-called common names. Most of our noticeable native plants are each known by a dozen or more locai names. V. R. SAN JOSE, Feb. 8, 1898. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. NAMES OF PLANTS: CLASSIFICATION. In a general way we designate the objects around us by single names. We speak of a stone, a wolf, or a pine; but to distinguish the kinds we naturally use two names, as lime stone, sand stone; grey wolf, prairie wolf; nut pine, yellow pine, etc. This is one step in classification, and the only one commonly taken. This natural plan of double names was adopted by the great naturalist, Linnseus, who gave names to most European plants, as well as to many of this continent. He wisely gave the Latin form to his names, since that language (being the base of most languages spoken in civilized countries) is the natural source of cosmopolitan names — those truly common to all people. Botanical names, then, differ from so-called common names principally iu form, and they have these decided advantages: they more exactly represent the rela- tions between kinds of plants, and they are names that are common to people of all languages. In short, they are the true common names. It is not true that botanical names are harder than local names. The most com- mon of our ornamental plants are well known by their scientific names. No one thinks of calling the following botanical names hard: Geranium, Aster, Verbena, Petunia, Portulaca, Crocus, Phlox, Fuchsia, Iris, Magnolia, Oxalis, Azalea, Dahlia, Lobelia, Arnica, etc. Most people talk familiarly of Camellias, Callas, Begonias, Acacias, etc.; while our beautiful California plants, Clarkia, Collinsia, Eschscholtzia, Nemophila, etc., are well known by their proper names — at least, in other countries. Generic names correspond to the second parts of the compound common names, as oak, pine, rose, etc. Some of these are the old Greek or Latin names of the plant. Most generic names are either derived from Greek or Latin words descriptive of some peculiarity of the plant, or they are commemorative of some botanist, as Thysanocarpus, from Greek words meaning fringe and pod; Kelloggia, in honor of Dr. A. Kellogg, a veteran botanist of this coast. Sometimes genera are named in honor of those who are not botanists, as Fremontia, Hollisteria, Stanfordia, etc. It will be seen that in the examples given a generic name in honor of a man is formed by adding "ia" to his name. Sometimes "a" only is added, asBolaudra. Specific names correspond to the first part of common names, but are written after the generic names. Thus Oregon Oxalis is labeled Oxalis Oregona. Most specific names are descriptive, as Gilia tricolor, Tricolored Gilia. Frequently a species is n^med for the discoverer, as Eriogonum Nortoni, Norton's Eriogonum; or in honor of some one, 8 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. cabbage, radish. But you can do nothing with double flowers. A sweet pea could be made to tell its proper or generic name in this way: The sepals and petals together more than six, and petals not all united, brings us again to Division 1. This time "A. STAMENS MORE THAN TEN" is wrong. We take "B. STAMENS TEN OB LESS." "Ovary or ovaries superior," etc., is right, but * "pistils, more than one, not united" is wrong. We therefore look under "* * Pistil only one, simple or compound." The line marked "a" is wrong; so, also, is "6," but "c. Herbs: leaves alternate" describes our plant. "Corolla regular (petals alike) or nearly so" is wrong, so we take the next long line " corolla irregular," etc. Reading under that the five lines beginning with the word "stamens, we have no doubt that the first one, leading to the order Leguminosse, is the right one. Turning to that order and onward, as before, we find a key in which the following leading lines are correct: "§ 2. Stamens all united or one above distinct: herbs (except some in 3 and 7). * * * * Leaves pinnate, finding in a bristle, imperfect leaflet or a tendril Style flattened, usually twisted half around, one side hairy, 13." Seven pages further on we find: "13. Lathyrus, Linnaeus." Since this plant is not a native of our country, we do not look further than to note that there are about a dozen kinds which are natives. When you think you have correctly determined the name of a plant, turn back to the description of the order, and read it carefully once more, so as to be doubly sure. Then if there is any new matter under the order heading read that also. If, for example, you have traced a very common plant to the genus Phacelia, § Euphacelia, and have concluded that it is the tenth species described on p. 150, turn back to the order Hydrophyllaceae, on page 54. Under the same genus and section there, near the bottom of page 55, you find statements which may change your first decision. What you have taken for Phacelia tanacetifolia may be Phacelia distans or Phacelia leptostachya. Your labels should be written on slips of paper three inches long, and half as wide. Let the name occupy the upper half, and on the lower half write in small letters where the specimen grew and when you collected it. The label should be fastened in the lower right-hand corner of the sheet on which you mount the plant. Only the left hand end should be pasted down. Paper 17 x 22, cut crosswise, and folded to the size S| x 11, is a suitable size fora school herbarium. The plant should be mounted on the third page of the folded half-sheet. KEY TO WEST COAST BOTANY. KEY TO THE ORDERS. *** Figures in the margin refer to pages. When names are not followed by figures the genus or order indicated is not elsewhere described in this book. Generic names are in italic. Calyx and corolla together of either more or less than six parts CLASS I, 9 Calyx and corolla together of just six parts: petals never five. Stamens six or three } Stamens many: sepals three, green. . . > CLASS II, 16 Stamens one or two united ~to the style: ovary inferior j Stamens many: flowers solitary on long peduncles Papaveracese, 19 Stamens ten: petal one: a shrub Leguminosae, 30 Stamens nine, flowers apetalous, small. An aromatic tree; flowers greenish Umbettularia. (Laurel.) 71 Herbs with several or many flowers in involucral cups Eriogonum, 70 Herbs with one to three flowers in awned involucral cups. Cliorizanthe, 70 CLASS I.— EXOGENS OB DICOTYLEDONS. Calyx and Corolla both present. Petals not all united (distinct) DIVISION 1, 9 Petals more or less united (cohering) .DIVISION 2, 13 Calyx and corolla one or both wanting DIVISION 3, 15 DIVISION l.-POLYPETAL^;. A. STAMENS MORE THAN 10. 1. Stamens not adhering to the sepals or petals (ovary not inferior). * Pistils few to many distinct carpels. Calyx deciduous, sepals 5: no stipules Ranunculaceae, 17 [9] 10 POLYPETAL^E. Calyx persistent, sepals 3 or 4: growing iu water Nymphaeaceae, 18 Calyx persistent, sepals 5 or 10: leaves with stipules Rosaceas, 35 Calyx of petal-like sepals: corolla often wanting Ranuneulaceae, 17 * Pistil compound, of % or more united carpels as shown by more than one stigma-lobe, stigma, style or cell in the ovary; or by its not being at all one-sided. Petals more numerous than the sepals: Indefinitely numerous, slender, persistent. Aquatic plants . Nymphaeaceae, 18 Just twice as many (4 or 6): sepals caducous Papaveraceae, 19 Five to sixteen: style 3-8 cleft: fleshy herbs Portulacaceae, 26 Petals of the same number (5) as the persistent sepals. Leaves opposite: sepals equal Hypericacese, 25 Leaves alternate: sepals unequal Cistaceae, 23 Leaves radical, hollow, 2-appendaged at hooded top Sarraceniaceae, 19 2. Stamens and petals on the free or adnate calyx. Leafless, thorny, fleshy plants: ovary prickly, inferior Cactaceae, 43 Leaves mostly opposite, very fleshy: ovary inferior Ficoideae, 43 Leaves opposite. Shrub: sepals and petals numerous Calycanthaceas, 36 Shrubs: sepals 4 to 7: flowers white Saxifragaceae, 36 Leaves alternate or radical: herbs (ovary not inferior) or shrubs Rosaceee, 35 Leaves alternate; no stipules: rough herbs: ovary inferior Loasaeeae, 42 3. Stamens on the claws of the petals. Stamens many, distinct, anthers long: calyx a conical cap: petals 4 . Papaveracese, 19 Stamens many, united into a tube: anthers small: petals 5 Malvaceae, 27 Stamens 10 to 16, united at base or half way: shrub Styracaceae, 50 B. STAMENS 10 O*B LESS. 1. Ovary or ovaries superior (i.e., free from the calyx) or mainly so, but sometimes included in the calyx-tube. * Pistils more than one, not united. Pistils of the same number as petals and sepals. Leaves simple, entire, fleshy Crassulaceae, 38 Leaves pinnate: styles united, globular ovaries distinct ... Geraniaceae, 28 POLYPETAL^E. 11 Pistils not of the same number as the sepals and petals. Two or three. Shrubs or trees: leaves opposite, compound. . .Sapindaceae, 30 Herbs; leaves simple Saxifragaceae, 36 Two to ten. Herbs; leaves pinnate: calyx 10-lobed ,Rosaceae, 35 Many. Stamens on the receptacle Ranunculaceae, 17 Stamens on the calyx: leaves compound, mostly radical.. Rosaceae, 35 * * Pistil only one, simple or compound. a. Shrubs, trees or woody climbers. Style and stigma one. Sepals, petals and stamens 6 each, opposite each other Berberidaceae, 18 Sepals, petals and stamens 4 or 5 each (or stamens 8 in 1st.) Strongly aromatic or heavy-scented Rutaceae, 29 Not aromatic; leaves simple, opposite Celastraceae, 29 A vine climbing by tendrils Vitaceae, 29 Calyx 2-lipped: petals unequal: stamens 5-8, exserted Sapindaceae, 30 Calyx 4-toothed: petals 2: stamens 2 to 4: fruit winged Oleaceae. 50 Calyx 4-cleft: petals 4: stamens 6: ovary long-stiped Capparidaceae, 23 Calyx 4-5 toothed: petals 5: unequal or 1: stamens 10 Leguminosae, 30 Calyx 5-lobed: petals 5, orbicular: stamens 10-15 Rosaceae, 35 Sepals 3 or 5, unequal: stamens 4 to 8, united below Poly galaceae, 24 Styles or Stigmas more than one. Styles 2 or 3: fruit: 2-wiuged or inflated: leaves opposite Sapindaceae, 30 Styles 3-cleft: stamens 5, opposite small petals Rhamnaceae. 29 Stigmas 3: leaves alternate, 3-foliolate or simple Anacardiaceae, 30 Stigmas 4 or 5: prostrate steins hardly woody Saxifragaceae, 3G Stigma 5-lobed: small shrub: leaves opposite or whorled Ericaceae, 48 b. Herbs: leave* mostly or all radical. Stamens 1 or 3: sepals 2: petals 2 to 5: stigmas 2 or 3 Portulacaceae, 26 Stamens 5, anthers united: lower petal spurred: style 1 Violaceae, 23 Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Sepals 2: style 3-cleft Portulacaceae, 26 Sepals colored, united: styles 5. . Plumbaginaceae, 49 Stamens, sepals and petals 5 each: styles 3 or 6: very glandular .Droseraceae, 38 Stamens 5 or 10, on the calyx: styles 2 or 3 Saxifragaceae, 36 Stamens 8 or 10, on the receptacle: stigma 5-lobed Ericaceae, 48 Stamens 10, styles 5: leaves 3 foliolate Oxalis in Geraniaceae, 28 Stamens 6 united in 3's: sepals 2: petals 4 in unequal pairs. . Fumariaceae, 20 Stamens 6: flowers nodding on a scape — Vancouveria in Berberidaceae, 18 12 POLYPETAL^E. c. Herbs: leaves alternate. Corolla regular (petals alike) or nearly so. Stigma 1, often 2-lobed: stamens 6 (2 and 4) rarely 4 Cruciferae, 21 stamens 6, equal: ovary on a stipe Capparidacese, 23 stamens 4 to 7 and as many petals on the calyx Lythracese, 38 Stigma 2-lobed: stamens 4: petals 2: sepals 2, white Liliaceae, 73 Stigmas 5: sepals 5: petals 5: stamens 10 Geraniaceae, 28 Styles 2 or 3: sepals 5: petals 5: stamens 5 or 10: leaves / « .,. „,, petioled ) Styles 2 to 5: sepals 5: petals 5: stamens 5: leaves sessile Innaceae, 28 Style 2-3 cleft: sepals 2: petals 5 (rarely 2 or 4) : fleshy leaves . Portulacaceae, 26 Corolla irregular (petals not all alike): style one. Stamens 10, included by the cohering lower pair of petals. . .Leguminosae, 30 Stamens 5, anthers united: lower petal spurred Violacese, 23 Stamens 6, united in 3's: petals 4 Fumariaceae, 20 Stamens 6, unequal, distinct or 2 united Cruciferae, 21 Stamens 6 to 8, united: ovary 2-celled: leaves entire Polygalaceae, 24 d. Herbs: leaves opposite, simple except in the last. Style 3-cleft: stamens 3 to 5: leaves a single pair Portulacaceae, 26 Style none, stigmas 3: stamens 10 to 12: petals 6: leaves in 3's . Papaveraceae, 19 Styles 3: flowers sessile; stamens 4 to 7: leaves revolute .. .Frankeniaceae. 24 Styles 3: flowers in axillary clusters: stamens 3 to 5 Ficoideae, 43 Styles or stigmas 2 to 5: capsule 1-celled: stamens 10 or 5 . Caryophyllaceae, 24 Styles 2: capsule 4-celled: stamens 5 Linaceae, 28 Styles 4 or 5: small white flowers in terminal clusters Saxifragaceae, 36 Style 1: stamens on the slightly cohering rotate petals Primulaceae, 49 Styles and other flower parts each 2 to 5 (stamens rarely ) ^, .• 2p twice as many) f Styles or stigmas 5: 5 akenes separating when ripe Geraniaceae, 28 2. Ovary and fruit inferior or mainly so. Shrubs: sepals, petals and stamens each 4 or 5: leaves simple. Stamens opposite the small clawed petals: style 3-cleft ..Bh.amna.ceae, 29 Sepals petaloid: ovary globose: styles or stigmas 2 Saxifragaceae, 36 Sepals, petals and stamens 4 each: the flowers in cymes or in Icornaceae 44 heads with a white involucre i Herbs. Sepals 5: petals 5: styles 2 to 5: leaves simple Saxifragaceae, 36 Flowers or flower clusters axillary Flower parts in 2'sor 4's, small: aquatic: leaves whorleJ.Halorageae, 38 GAMOPETAL.E. ] 3 Flower parts in 4's (rarely in 2's or 6's): style 1 Onagraceae, 39 Flowers monoecious: climbing by tendrils Cucurbitaceae, 43 Flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals: fleshy herbs Portulacaceae, 26 Flowers in umbels or heads not axillary Flowers in umbels or heads: petals 5: stamens 5. Styles 2: fruit dry Umbelliferse, 44 Styles 2 to 5: fruit juicy Araliaceae, 43 Flowers in a head with involucre of 4 white leaves Cornaceae, 44 DIVISION 2.-GAMOPETAL^E. A. OVARY INFERIOR (adherent to the calyx) or mainly so. Stamens 8 or 10: corolla-lobes 4 or 5: shrubs Ericaceae, 48 Stamens 10, those alternate with small corolla-lobes sterile, inflexed Samoht*, 142 Stamens 5 (rarely 4) united into a tube. Style 2-cleft: flowers in a flower-like head Compositae, 46 Style and stigma entire: flowers irregular Lobeliaceae, 47 Stamens 4 or 5, distinct, growing at the base of the corolla Campanulacees, 48 Stamens on the corolla-tube: leaves opposite or whorled. Leaves connate; corolla 4-lobed; stiff, prickly herbs Dipsacw, 46 Leaves opposite, corolla mostly 5-lobed Caprifoliaceae, 45 Leaves whorled or sometimes opposite: corolla 4-lobed ...... .Rubiaceae, 45 Leaves unequal: prostrate: calyx corolla-like Abronia, 69 Stamens only 3: corolla 5-6 lobed; calyx-lobes minute or none. Herbs. Leaves opposite; stamens distinct: erect herbs Valerianaceae, 46 Leaves palmately nerved, alternate: tendril-bearing vines. ..Cucurbitaceae, 43 Stamens apparently 1, really 3 united: flowers monoecious Cucurbitaceae, 43 B. OVARY SUPERIOR (free from the calyx) or nearly so. 1. Flowers regular or nearly so. * Stamens many, united, and adherent to the petals Malvaceae, 27 ** Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla. Corolla bell-shaped or inflated ovoid Ericaceae, 48 Corolla deeply 5-8 cleft, the base united with the filaments Styracaceae, 50 Corolla 5-cleft: pistils or styles 5; fleshy herbs ... . Crassulaceae, 38 14 GAMOPETAL^E. * * * Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. a. Style 1, stigma 1: leafless, root-parasite. Pholisma, 140 b. Style 1, stigma 1: leaves entire (lobed in thejirst and last.) Leaves mostly radical, reniform: stamens unequal Romanzoffia, 152 Leaves radical or crowned on roots tocks: flowers salverform. . . . Primulaceae, 49 Leaves all radical; flowers spicate, colorless, scarious Plantaginaceae, 67 corolla reflexed: anthers purple-black. Dodecatheon, 50 Leaves alternate. Spikes coiled: ovary in 4 parts Borraginaceae, 57 Flowers rotate to funnelform or tubular Solanaceae, 60 Tall shrub: 3 to 5 calyx-like bracts: flowers yellow. .Fremonlia, 100 Tall shrub: slightly irregular, nearly white or rose ) -« ;cac gg 40 flowers > Small herb: minute axillary flowers, the parts in ) .„. , >• or riiniiiaceaB, "ly fours ; ' Leaves opposite (at least below) entire: juice milky: ovaries 2; stigmas united. Flowers white or pinkish in terminal cymose clusters Apocynacese, 50 Flowers in umbels: sepals and petals reflexed or rotate Asclepiadaceae, 51 Leaves oppposite, ovate to lanceolate, sessile; flowers rotate, axillary . Primulaceae, 49 Leaves clustered at the top of the stem, bracts below: corolla rotate . Primulaceae, 49 e. Style one or none, stigmas two. Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, entire Gentianaceae, 51 Leaves opposite, lobed : flowers small in spikes Verbenaceae, 67 Leaves alternate or radical, 3-foliolate: corolla bearded Menyanthes, 145 Leaves alternate. Flowers not axillary Hydropyllaceae, 54 Flowers in a head with acerose bracts Gilia, 145 Flowers funnelform: twining or creeping vines Convolvulus. 156 Leaves radical: flowers solitary on scapes Hesperochiron, 152 d. Style 1, stigmas 3 Polemoniaceae, 51 e. Style 2 deft Hydrophyllaceae. 54 /. Styles 2: leaves simple and alternate or none (i. e. Parasite). Flowers solitary, axillary, white: leaves silky Cressa, 156 Flowers clustered on filiform, leafless orange or yellow twining stems Cuscuta, 156 Flowers 5 or 6 lines long: shrubs or wood-based herbs Hydropliyllaceae, 54 g. Styles 5: calyx not green, petals nearly distinct . , Plumbaginaceae, 49 * Stamens fewer than the lobes of the regular or slightly irregular corolla. Stamens 4: flowers in slender spikes: leaves opposite, lobed Verbenaceae, 67 Stamens 3: style 3-cleft: sepals 2: leaves opposite, entire Montia, 97 APETAL^E. 15 Stamens 2 or 4: ovary 2-celled Scrophulariaceae, 60 Stamens 2 or 3: scarious corolla, 4-lobed Plantaginaceae, 67 2. Flowers irregular: style 1; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves or scales not opposite. Corolla flattened, heart shaped: stamens 6, united in 3's Dicentra, 84 Corolla curved; leafless root- parasites: stamens 4 Orobanchaceae. 65 Corolla more or less 2-lipped: ovary 2-celled: stamens 2-5 . Scrophulariace®, 60 Ovary inferior, stemlike Lobeliaceae, 47 Corolla 2-lipped, spurred: ovary 1-celled: stamens 2: aquatic. . Lentibulariaceae, 65 Leaves opposite or whorled: stamens 2 or 4. Ovary 2-celled Scrophulariaceae, 60 Ovary 4-parted, forming 4 seed-like nutlets Labiatae, 65 Ovary 2-4 lobed: small flowers in spikes or heads Verbenacese, 67 DIVISION a-APETAL^E. , , i< A. OVARY INFERIOR (calyx adherent) or apparently so. Leaves cordate: calyx 3-lobed: ovury 6-celled Aristolochiacese, 68 Leaves palmately lobed: tendril-bearing vines Cucurbitaceae, 43 Leaves pinnate: calyx- tube 3-4 angled, prickly Rosaceae, 35 Leaves unequally pinnatifid: calyx-tube in fertile flowers 3-toothed Datisca, 43 Leaves glaucous: white flowers in clustered umbels Comandra. Leaves small, crenate: capsule axillary, obcordate Chrysosplenium, 121 Leaves opposite. Calyx salverform: capsule 1-seeded Nyctaginaceae, 68 Calyx 4-lobed: stamens 4: flowers axillary Ludwigia, 125 Calyx (corolla) tubular to rotate Caprifoliaceae, 45 Leaves in whorls. Calyx 4-lobed or entire. Aquatic Halorageae, 38 B. OVARY SUPERIOR (free from the calyx). a. Herbs: leaves alternate, radical or in a whorl. Sepals petaloid, persistent; akene 1, 3-sided or flat , Polygonaceaa, 69 persistent: fleshy root parasite, waxy- white bracts Allotropa, 139 deciduous: carpels several or many Rammculaceae, 17 Sepals green: racemes close: capsules flat: 1-2 celled Crucifereae, 21 minute flowers opposite the leaves A Ichemilla, 117 Sepals green, 3 larger, spine-tipped; short style, bifid Illecebraceae, 25 Sepals none: dense oblong spike with petaloid involucre Anemopsis, 71 spike naked: radical leaf, 3-foliate , Achlys, 82 16 ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS. b. Herbs: leaves opposite, entire: capsule 1-celled except in the last. Stems square: calyx 4-toothed, with smaller teeth between, axillary Ammania, 124 Involucre calyx-like or surrounding a head of flowers Nyctaginacese, 68 Flowers small, axillary, sessile, white: stigma 1 Glaux, 141 Flowers green, terminal: stigmas 3 to 5 Caryophyllaceae, 24 Flowers purplish, in axillary clusters, minute. . r Illecebracese, 25 Flowers axillary: capsule 3-5 celled Ficoideae, 43 c. Shrubs or trees: leaves alternate, entire (except in the laxt): flowers perfect. Calyx tubular, bearing the stamens: akene plumose-tailed Cerocarpus, 115 Calyx 6-parted, yellowish: leaves very aromatic Liauracese, 71 Calyx 4-5 cleft, greenish: fruit berry-like, 2-4 seeded Rhamnaceae, 29 Calyx 3-4 lobed, yellow: stamens 6 to 12, exserted Dirca pahistris. Calyx 5-cleft, large, yellow: stamens 5, united , Sterculiaceae, 28 d> Trees or woody climbers ivith opposite pinnate leaves. Trees: flowers dioacious, winged fruit in drooping panicles Oleaceas, 50 flowers perfect: fruit 2-winged, 2-seeded Sapindacese, 30 Climbers: sepals 4: stamens and pistils many, akenes tailed Clematis, 79 e. Diozcious shrubs with drooping silky grey aments Garrya, 131 CLASS II— ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS. A. OVARY SUPERIOR. Pistils 8 to many distinct or united carpels; flowers in whorls Alismaceae, 72 Pistil 3-carpeled, ovary 3-celled, or at least 3-sided, Liliaceee, 73 Pistil 2-celled: red flowers in an umbel J Clintonia, ] 88 small perianth, 4-parted: stamens 4 Maianthemum, 184 B. OVARY INFERIOR. Flowers irregular: anthers 1 or 2 on the pistil Orcliidacese, 72 Flowers regular: anthers 3, extrorse , , Iridaceae, 73 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORDERS OP WEST COAST PLANTS SPECIES ^AMED SEtfCE 1886. DIVISION I. POLYPETAL^E. R ANUNCUL, ACE JE . Herbs or shrubs, with colorless juice: foliage various: stipules none: organs of the flower free and distinct; sepals, petals and carpels, few or many, not united: stamens numerous: petals sometimes wanting, then the sepals are usually petaloiJ; anther5* short and adnate; seeds with minute embryos in fleshy albumen. Key to genera and species, p. 79. Anemone nemorosa of the Atlantic slope differs from the Pacitic form, which is considered worthy to be called a separate species by some botanists, viz: A. Grayi. Ranunculus maximus, Greene, has akenes, with nearly straight long beaks like those of R. orthorhyncus, of which species it may be a variety. Thalictrum hesperium, Greene, is distinguished from T. polycarpum by an ill-scented, not aromatic, odor. T. Csesium, Greene, of the Sierra Nevada foot-hills, is Delphinium nudtcaule. odorless. Botany —2 18 NYMPHS ACKffi. DELPHINIUM. D. hesperium, Gray. • Stem slender: herbage canescent: leaves small, much dis- sected into linear obtuse lobes: racemes long, dense: spur of the deep blue or pinkish flowers, stout, straight, about as long as the sepals: carpels hairy. Flowering in June. D. Hanseni. Greene. Distinguished by white burr-like seeds. D. Blochmanae, Greene. A foot high: large flowers in a strict short raceme, the inner light blue sepals, and the white petals with conspicuously crisped margins. San Luis Obispo Co. D. distichum, Geyer. Flowers somewhat 2-ranked: spur 9 lines long, straight, twice the length of the sepals. Northern Coast. D. ulignosum, Cnrran. Leaves fan-shaped, 3-cleft, the segments 3- toothed: the rather large deep blue flowers with straight spurs equaling the sepals. Wet ground^ Lake Co. COPTIS. C. laciniata, Gray. Leaves trifoliolate, ovate, nearly 3-parted, the. segments incised: sepals and petals linear-attenuate. Rare from Huinboldt Bay northward. BERBERID ACE^JE . Shrubs or herbs, with compound alternate exstipnlate leaves; flowers remarkable for having the bracts, sepals, petals and stamens before each other, instead of alternating. Key to genera and species, p. 82. Our species of Berberis are very different in appearance from the scarlet-fruited Barberry of Europe and the Atlantic States, which is often cultivated. Vancouveria parviflora, Greene, may be considered a variety of V. hexandra. Aquatic perennial herbs, with peltate or deeply cordate leaves; solitary axillary perfect flowers on long peduncles. Stamens numerous. Water- Shield (Brasenia peltata, Pursh.) May be found in ponds. . Its elliptical, peltate, floating leaves (green above and brownish-red beneath) and its jelly-coated stems characterize it quite well enough. The Yellow Pond Lily (NupJiar pofysepalum) Engl.) is more common. It is Nym- pb-sea polysepala, of the Bay-Reg. Bot. Key to genera and species, p. 82. PAPAVERACE.E. SARACENIACE^E. 19 A small order of bog plants, remarkable for their pitcher-shaped, tabular and hooded leaves which entrap insects. Key to genera and species, p. 83. On the left above is represented an opening bud of Eschscholtzia. The cap-like calyx has been split at the bottom and shoved upward by the expanding petals. Next to this bud is an open flower of Meconopsis and one of its nodding buds. Behind the flower, and projecting above it to the right, is a stem from which the petals have just fallen. The slender filaments bend- ing to one side, as they often do, show the curious pistil, which in time becomes the pretty fluted capsule seen below. To the right of the Meconopsis pod is the three sided capsule of Platystigma lineare. The stem should have a few hairs upon it. The two flowers with hairy steins, the nodding buds below, and the rough seed pod above, belong to Platystemon. Observe the three caducous sepals, just ready to drop from the opening bud. The smooth plant on the right is Platystigma Californicum. If you choose you may call this the Smooth Piatystigma, and the other species, with the tri- 20 FUMARIACE.E. angular pod, Hairy Platystigraa. The exceedingly prickly Bristly Argemone is repre- sented on the right, below, by a bud and a couple of bracts. A pistil with its whit^ prickles is imperfectly shown against one of the bracts. The Order Papaveracese is characterized by flowers with 2 or 3 caducous sepals, twice as many free petals in two sets, indefinite, usually numerous, free stamens, and a compound pistil. In Eschscholtzia the sepals are united, and the stamens adhere to the claws of the petals. This small but interesting order of plants, with the exception of one species, is con- fined to the northern hemisphere. Fifteen species, belonging to eleven genera, are natives of the United States, and several European species have become naturalized. Eschscholtzia and Platystemon are the most widely distributed of the California genera. Key to genera and species, p. 83. PAP AVER and MECONOPSIS. Our species of Meeonopsis is put by Greene with the true poppies in the genus Papaver. He thinks with Bentham that the small erect flowering form is a separate species, viz: P. crassifolium. Two more species of Papaver may be added. P. Californicum, Gray. 1-2^ feet high; leafy below: peduncles long: corolla 2 inches broad, brick red with green spots at the base: stigmas sessile and radiating. P. liemmoni, Greene. Larger: stigmas 7-10, their lower half sessile and radiant upon the pod, the upper half coherent and forming a conical apiculation. PLATYSTEMON, PLATYSTIGMA and ESCHSCHOLTZIA. Prof. Greene unites the genus Platystigma with Platystemon and adds a new species. P. Torreyi, Greene. Glabrous: the three carpels united to form a slender, twisted pod. Botanists will probably never agree about the number of species of Eschscholtzia. Tender herbs with dissected compound leaves, and irregular hypogynous flowers, the parts in twos, except the 6 diadelphous stamens. Key to genera and species, p. 84. Dicentra is Capnorchis in Greene's Bay Region Botany. CRUCIFERE^. CRUCIFER^E. 21 UPPER FIG. — a, iudehiscent pod of Raphanus Raphauistrum; 6, pod (silicic) of Capsella Bursa-pastoris; c, pod of Capsella divaricata; d, pod (silique) of Tropidocarpum, flattened contrary to the partition; e, pod of Cardamine paucisecta, flattened parallel with the partition (septum); f, two pods (silicle) of Lepidium nitidurn, and two partitions from which the valves have fallen, showing that there was one seed in each cell; g, pod of Lepidium latipes, showing the broad pedicel which suggested the specific name; /*, a branch of Thysanocarpns pnsillus, with four of its 1 -seeded pods; i, one of the pods magnified to show the hooked hairs; j, pod of Thys- anocarpus curvipes. RIGHT-HAND FIG. — Cardamine paucisecta. Herbs with pungent watery juice. Sepals 4. Petals 4, with blade narrowed into a claw, the lamina spreading to form a cross, sometimes unequal, rarely wanting. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down on the receptacle, and usually shorter 22 CRUCIFEILE. than the other four, rarely only 4 or 2. Ovary 2-celled by a thin partition, rarely 1- celled. Leaves alternate, and flowers usually in racemes without bracts. A careful examination of the fruit is usually necessary for a determination of the species in this difficult order. Key to genera and species, p. 84. In Tropidocarpum only are the flowers solitary and axillary. T. capparideum, Greene, is distinguished by inflated pods ranch shorter than represented at d in the figure, and opening from above. Perhaps only a variety. Under Thelypodium the following species may be added:— T. Hookeri, Greene. Distinguished from T. flavescens by broader sepals which with the pedicils are smooth; broader claw and narrower blade of petals and longer pods: perhaps only the Monte Diablo form of the latter species. T. rigidum, Greene. Stout and very rigid, 1-3 feet high; pods nearly sessile, 1| inch long, rigid, sharply tipped with the short style. Monte Diablo. The perennial species of Cardamine in Bay Region Botany may be considered forms of C. paucisecta. The species of Streptanthus are so variable that botanists differ widely as to their limits. Their irregular flowers make them worthy of the special attention of students who are interested in the relations between flowers and insects. What insects are accommodated by this irregularity? The flowers vary from white to nearly black in color. Are these forms — for they certainly were one form and color not long ago — found growing together? Are they visited by different insects? Prof. Greene adds in Bay- Reg. Bot. seven species, viz: S. barbigef. Stem leaves linear, entire; sepals equal, greenish, the acuminate tips whitish and recurved: petals white: filaments dark purple. Near St. Helena. S. suffrutescens. Perennial steins with a stout leafy persistent trunk, bearing longer flowering branches: stem-leaves cuneate-obovate, coarsely serrate; floral leaves, round cordate or narrower. Collected by Bioletti on Hood's Peak, Sonoma Co. S. albidus. Distinguished from S. niger by white not dark purple sepals, the anthers of the united pair of stamens bearing pollen. Found only on Oak Hills near San Jose. S. Mildredae. Slender, less than two feet high: small flowers, very dark metallic, purple: slender petals, white-margined. Mt. Hamilton. S. Biolettii. Similar to S. glandulosus: more slender racemes, not one-sided: sepals darker, smaller. Hood's Peak. S. pulchellus. A foot or less in height, much branched: slender leaves with a few coarse teeth: calyx lilac purple, the sepals nearly equal. Mt. Tamalpais, on south side. S. secundus. Lower leaves pinnately lobed or toothed: racemes of flesh -colored flowers, one-sided: lower sepal clawed. North side of Mt. Tamalpais. These, excepting possibly the first two, may be considered as forms of S. Glandu- losus. VIOLACE.E. 23 Common water-cress, naturalized everywhere, is Nasturtium oSficinale. The yellow-flowered species of that genus are put in Gesner's genus, Roripa, by Greene in his Bay-Reg. Bot., and one species is added, viz: R. dictyota. Two to four feet high: pods ovate lanceolate. Marshes of the lower Sacramento. R. lyrata may be a variety of N. curvisilequa. High authority enables us to shorten the- cumbrous name, Capsella Bursa-Pastoris into Bursa pastor i*, which exactly means shepherd's purse. Ch.eirautb.us asper, C. & S., is Erysimum asperum of Bay-Reg. Bot., but there confined to the tall form with usually orange flowers. According to Greene (Pittonia, Vol. Ill, Part 15, p, 131) the low perennial common, along the coast with cream-colored to sulphur-yellow flowers is C. capitatus, Douglas. C. angustatus, Greene. Slender perennial 2 feet high, or more; leaves narrow entire or nearly so. Corolla large, yellow, a little one-sided. San Joaquin River, C. Calfornicus, Greene. Stout, biennial, strongly angled; leaves runcinately toothed; pods sharply 4-angled. ' C. Occidentalis, Watson. A low annual with winged seeds. Or. and Washington. Our species of VE SIC ARIA may now bear the generic name LESQUERELLA. Caulanthus Iiemmoni, Wat., Glaucous, 1 or 2 feet high: sepals brownish purple, spreading or reflexed; narrow petals undulate 6 to 8 lines long, white, brown veined pods 2| to 5 inches long: stigmas spreading. CAPPARIDACEJE. Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves: differing from Cruciferse in equal stamens, pods on stipes and pedicils commonly bracteate. Plants of this order are mostly in the warm- temperate and tropical regions, while the Cruciferse are mostly found in the cool, temperate and polar regions. Key to genera and species, p. 90. CISTACEJE. Flowers perfect and regular. Sepals 5, persistent; and two of them smaller, wholly exterior, and bract-like. Petals 5, usually ephemeral. Stamens indefinite, with fili- form filaments; anthers short. Style one. Capsule 3- valved. Seep. 91. VIOLACE^E. Herbs distinguiohed by the irregular one-spurred corolla of five petals, 5 stamens, adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, which has a club-shaped style with a 24 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. one-aided stigma, a one-celled ovary, forming a capsule, which splits at maturity into three parts. Key to genera and species, p. 91. Add after the third species of Viola V. Howellii, Gray. A blue violet with a very short, thick spur. Oregon. POLYGALACE^E. Herbs or shrubs, with simple entire exstipulate leaves, remarkable for the flowers which appear like those of the Pea family, but the structure is very different. — Leaves simple, entire: stamens less than ten: pistil 2-carpelled. Key to genera and species, p. 91. FRANKENIACEJE. Sessile, small, opposite leaves: small flowers, sessile, in the axils of the numerous branches: ribbed calyx, tubular. See p. 92. CARYOPHYLLACEJE. Herbs with regular and mostly perfect flowers, persistent calyx, its parts and the petals 4 or 5 and imbricated, or the latter sometimes convolute in the bud, the distinct stamens commonly twice as many as the petals, ovary 1-celled with a free central placenta. Stems usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite, often united at the base by a transverse line, in one group, with interposed scarious stipules. Styles 2 to 5, mostly distinct. Fruit a capsule opening by valves, or by teeth at the summit. Flowers terminal, or in the forks, or in cymes. Key to genera and species, p. 92. SILENE. Silene racemosa, Otto, an annual, has deeply bifid white petals: fragrant. Intro- duced. Berkeley. 1 S. multinervis, Watson. Ovoid calyx conspicuously 20-25 nerved: small purplish petals, not appendaged. S. inflata, Smith. Slender perennial: calyx ovoid: large white petals, bifid. Nat- uralized. Vallejo. S. liuisana, Wat. Perennial, glandular-pubescent: calyx teeth, with membranous ciliate margin: white petals, bifid. San Luis Obispo, Monterey. S. Bernardina, Wat. Perennial, glandular-pubescent: petals greenish, cleft into 4 equal narrow lodes, appendages nearly half the length of the blade, 2-parted, the inner segment lacerate. Long Meadow, Tulare Co. HYPERICACE.E. 25 S. Suksdorfii, Robinson. Low, densely matted, alpine, stem leaves usually 2 pairs, linear, 3-7 lines long, a line wide: radical leaves, crowded: petals white, slightly bifid. POLYCARPON. Polycarpon tetraphyllum, Linn. Lower leaves nearly in whorls of 4: branches 3-7 inches long. Naturalized. LYCHNIS. Lychnis Githago, Lam. (Agrostemma Bay- Reg. Bot.) Corn-Cockle. Erect 2-4 feet high: slender leaves, united at base: calyx over an inch long, the slender lobes sur- passing the purple uuappendaged petals. A naturalized weed. Saponaria Vaccaria is Vaccaria vulgaris; Stellaria is Alsine; Sagina is Alsinella; and Lepigonum is Tissa in Bay-Reg. Bot. Prof. Greene describes nine species of the last growing in Bay region. All these, with Li. gracile, may be con- sidered varieties of two species, or even of one. Authorities have not decided whether Tissa or Buda shall take the place of Lepigonum as**the generic name of these interesting plants. ILLECEBRACE^E. Leaves opposite or alternate, pungent, small: flowers inconspicuous, axillary; petals wanting or rudimentary: style undivided or 2-cleft: fruit l-.seeded^. Key to genera and species, p. 96. Add: Paronychia Chilensis, D. C. Leaves opposite, on tough, short-jointed, suf- frutescent stems: purplish calyx, minute. Presidio, San Francisco. Herniaria cineria, D. C. Slender annual: ashy leaves and flowers, minute. Introduced. Monte Diablo. HYPERICACEJE. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite, entire, punctate leaves, no stipules and perfect flowers with 4 or 5 petals and numerous stamens, the fruit a septicidal many-seeded capsule. Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent sepals. Filaments mostly in 3 sets. Styles 2 to 5, usually distinct. Key to genera and species, p. 98. HYPEBICUM. Hypericum mutilum, Linn., has been found in Solano County by Jepson. Stamens only 5-12, distinct. 26 ELATINACE^E. P O RTUJL AC ACE^E . Succulent herbs, with simple and entire leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical perfect flowers; the sepals only 2, the petals 2 to 5 or more; the stamens opposite the petals when of the same number: the ovary 1-celled. Stamens sometimes indefinitely numerous, commonly adhering to the base of the petals, these sometimes united at the base. Style 2-8 cleft. Stipules none. Key to genera and species, p. 96. CALANDBINIA. Calandrinia Howellii, Wat., is distinguished from C. cotyledon by narrower leaves, with sca- rious margin crisped. ••' Calandrinia elegans, Spach., is the larger, stouter form of C. Menziesii, Hooker. Greene confines the latter to the very small-flowered dwarf form. CLAYTONIA. Claytonia spathulata is equivalent to C. gypsophiloides of Bay-Reg. Bot. It has rose- purple petals, three times as long as the calyx. C. exigua is probably C. spathulata of Prof. Greene's book. He adds C. nubigena, which is described as similar to C. perfoliata, but smaller, with linear radical leaves. C. Hallii. Gray, comes next to C. Chamissonis. Leaves, 2 or 3 pairs: seeds 1 or 2. For C. Nevadensis substitute C. asarifolia, Bongard. Perhaps Claytonia and Montia will be united under the latter (older) name. Spraguea, too, for a similar reason may be merged in Calyptrideum. C. tetra- petatum of Bay -Reg. Bot. is C. quadripetalum of this book. Montia parvifolia, Greene, has petioled leaves and larger flowers than M. fon- tana. Low annuals growing in water or wet ground, genera and species, p. 98. ELATINACEJE. Flowers minute, axillary. Key to MALVACE^:. 27 MALVACEAE. Herbs or shrubs with alternate stipulate leaves; dis- tinguished by the valvate calyx, convolute petals, their bases or short claws united with the base of a column of many united stamens, these with reniform anthers. Calyx 5-cleft or parted, persistent, with sometimes a calyx-like involucel of bracts. Petals 4, usually with- ering without falling off. Pistil usually either a ring of ovaries around a projecting receptacle or a 3-10 celled ovary: styles united at least at the base. Leaves usually palmately ribbed. Flowers axillary. Cotton is the most notable plant in this order. Key to genera and species, p. 98. LOWER FIG.— a. Fruit of Malva borealis. 6. Same, showing the bracts of the persistent calyx, c. Kellogg's Lav&tera. (L. assur- gentiflora.) MALVA. Malva parvifiora, Linn., is distinguished from M- borealis by the calyx lobes spreading away from the fruit and the smaller flowers. Malva r otundifolia , Linn., is distinguished from these two species by akenes rounded on the back, so as to make the fruit somewhat scalloped. The so-called Marsh mallow is not a Malva, and would better be called Marsh Holly- hock. It probably does not grow on this coast. SIDALCEA. S. Henderson!, Wat. Simple stems, 3-4 feet high, glabrous: flowers 9-12 lines long: carpels smooth and beaked. Oregon. S. Hickmanii, Greene. Rough with stellate hairs: stem leaves round fan-shaped: racemes numerous, axillary and terminal, few flowered: short pedicels, subtended by 3 slender bractlets, 5 lines long: corolla an inch broad: akenes nearly orbicular. Canyons, of Salinas Valley. S. secundiflora, Greene, is var. minor of S. diploscypha, in this book. MALVASTRTJM. M. Parryi, Greene. Annual: purplish and rough hairy branches, 1-2 feet long: hoary with stellate hairs: flowers mostly solitary on peduncles 1-4 inches long: involucel of 3 slender bracts: petals deep purple, 5-9 lines long: carpels 15-20. 28 GERANIACE^E, M. arcuatum, Greene, similar to M. Thurberi, but the leaves with rounded, not angular lobes, and only half as large. Malvastrum is put under Malveopsis in Bay-Reg. Bot. Malveopsis fascicula- tum of that book is Malvastrum Thurberi of this. Abutilon Theophrasti, Medic, a large weed, native of India, is reported as intro- duced about Santa Rosa. It has large velvety leaves and yellow flowers. MODIOLA. M. multifida, Moench. Calyx bracts 3: leaves deeply cleft, the lobes toothed: corolla a half inch broad, rose color. Streets of San Jose. Chas. Jared. STE BCUL.I A CEJE . Fremontia grows on Mt. St. Helena, near the Great Western mine. Specimens an I description furnished by Miss L. A. Martin show the form there to be smaller and much less beautiful than the Sierra Nevada form. See key to genera and species, p. 100. LJNACEJE. Parts of the flower 5, except sometimes in the pistil. Filaments united at the base, with commonly alternating teeth. Styles 5, or sometimes only 2 or 3, distinct or united. Stigmas capitate or oblong: ovary globose. Seeds twice as many as the styles. Herbs with sessile entire leaves without stipules, and cymose or panicled flowers. Key to genera and species, p, 100. Lin urn. perenne is It. Lewisii, in Bay- Reg. Bot. GERANIACEJE. Flowers perfect on axillary peduncles, regular (in our species) and symmetrical, the parts in fives. Stamens mostly in two sets, those alternate wfth the petals sometimes sterile. Ovary deeply lobed, with a prolonged axis, or 5-celled. Key to geuera and species, p. 101. According to Greene in Bay-Reg. Bot. the following geraniums of the Old World have become established. G. dissectum, Linn. Over a foot high, distinguished from G. Carolinianum by larger red-purple flowers, the petals more deeply emarginate. G. molle, Linn. Soft hairy, slender: flowers small, rose-red. G. retrorsum, L'Her. Perennial, very small flowers. VITACE.E. 29 Greene makes a new native species of Erodium (E. Californicum) distinguished from E. macrophyllum by deep rose-red flowers, instead of dull-white. Limnanthes is Fleer kea in Bay-Reg. Bot., and Oxalis is Oxys. Oxalis Oregana has usually solitary flowers on 2-bracteate scapes. O. trillifolia has flowers in bracteate umbels. RUTACEJE. Pellucid or glandular-dotted aromatic leaves, along with definite hypogynous stamens characterize this order, although some of the orange-tribe have many stamens. Shrubs or trees. Key to genera and species, p. 101 . CELASTRACE^E. Shrubs with simple undivided leaves and dull-colored or white flowers. Sepals, petals and stamens 4 or 5: stamens on a disk. Key to genera and species, p. 102. RHAMNACE^E. Shrubs or small trees, with simple undivided leaves, small and often caducous stipules, and small regular flowers, the stamens borne on the calyx aud alternate with its lobes: ovary 2 to 4-celled. Flowers often apetalous: a conspicuous disk adnate to the short tube of the calyx: petals often clawed: style or stigma 2-4 lobed: fruit berry-like or dry, containing 2 to 4 seed-like nutlets. Key to genera and species, p. 102. According to Greene, Bhamnus ilicifolia, Kellogg, may be distinguished from B. crocea by its greater size, the latter only 2 or 3 feet high, and the parts of the flower in 5's, not 4's. Bhamnus Purshiana is Cascara sagrada, by far the most notable medicinal plant of this coast. B. Californica is absurdly called California Coffee. VITACE^E. This small order is represented on this coast by one species, Vitis Californica, known as the California grape. In the Atlantic states there are half a dozen species. In Europe probably no native species. Virginia Creeper, Ampelopsis quinquefolia, com- monly cultivated, belongs to this order. Botanists think all the wine and raisin grapes cultivated in Europe are varieties of one or two species. Isabella, Catawba and other 30 LEGUMINOS^E. cultivated grapes, known as American grapes, are varieties of V. labrusca of the Atlantic States. In the figure a represents the fruit of Ac:r macrophyllum, b the wider spread ing samara of Acer cercinatum, and c the closer wings of Negundo Californi- cum. The first has hairy carpels; the second is smooth, and the last slightly hairy. SAPINDACE^E. Trees or shrubs with opposite, compound or palmately lobed leaves: sepals 5: petals 4 or 5: pistil 2-3 carpelled. The flowers and fruit of our common Buckeye are very interesting. A bunch of several hun- dred flowers usually produces but one fruit; and this, formed of three carpels containing six ovules, rarely ripens more than one seed. The genus Negundo is united wifh Acer in Bay-Reg. Bof., and -ffisculus is Hippocastanum. Key to genera and species, p. 103. ANARCARDIACEJE. Shrubs or trees with resinous and often poison- ous juice, alternate leaves and small flowers. Rhus diversiloba (Poison Oak) is the most com- mon species. A poisonous species in Japan fur- nishes the remarkable Japan varnish. Key to genera and species, p. 104. LEGUMINOS^E. The single and simple free pistil becoming a legume in fruit, the alternate leaves with stipules, and in our genera, the papilionaceous corolla with 10 stamens, mark this order, one of the largest and most important in the vegetable kingdom. Flowers irregular. Calyx 3-4 cleft or toothed, persistent. Corolla of 5 petals, the upper large and always external, covering the lateral pair in the bud, and these cover- ing the lower pair which are more or less united, forming a keel which incloses the stamens and pistil. Filaments 10, rarely 5, commonly united around the pistil, either all united or nine and the upper one free. Ovary forming a pod with a single row of seeds attached to one side: style usually inflexed or curved. In Cercis the upper petal ?s small and enclosed by the wings. In Amorpha there is but one petal. Suborder CaesalpinSB is marked by the upper petal enclosed and distinct stamens. Suborder Mimosese has regular flowers and usually many conspicuous stamens. LEGUMINOS.E. 31 Fie. A. On the left is Homckia siibpinnala, showing a full-grown pod and a flower as seen from above. On the right is a pod and flowers of Hosackia Purshiana. At a is a single flower with its bract as seen from the front. The lower leaves and bracts are larger. FIG. B. A head of Trifoliumfuca- A £im,with all but three of the flowers removed, showing the common receptacle and the involucre. FIG. C. An axillary spike of Astragalus didymocarpus, with ripe fruit. Below is one of the pods magnified. This order is remarkable for the number of useful and beautiful plants which belong to it. Pease, beans, lentils, peanuts, clover, alfalfa, etc., furnish food for man and domestic animals. Tropical plants of this order supply, among others, the following articles of commerce: Gum arabic, gum Senegal, gum copal, dragon's blood, indigo, logwood, brazil- wood, rosewood, tamarind. Many species have medical value, as senna, catchu, copaiba, etc. There are over 6,000 species of leguminous plants, mostly tropical. About 350 species are natives of the United States, more than half of which are found in California. Only 4 or 5 species are common to this coast and the Atlantic States, and these have forms peculiar to each coast. Our 180 species are grouped under 14 genera, while the 150 species of the East (/. ' . .u—***,-" •-*• — - -., «qj T. laciniatum, Greene. Upper leaves broad truncate, 3 dentate at apex, lacin- iately toothed or pinnatifid. HOSACKIA. In Bay- Reg. Bot. Lotus Americanus is H. Purshiana of this book; L. Wran- gelianus is H. subpinnata; L. humistratus, Greene, is H. brachycarpa; ~L. denticulatus, Greene, is H. subpinnata, var. major, which seems to be a good species; L. micranthus is H. parviflora; L. rubellus and L. nudiflorus are H. Strigosa — the former a coast form, the latter of the interior. L. hirtellus, Greene, is also probably only a form of the same species. It. formissimus, Greene, is H. gracilis; L. pinnatus is H. bicolor. L. eriophorus, Greene, is H. tomentosa. Ij. leucophseus, Greene, is distinguished from Bentham's H. grandiflora by velvety instead of nearly glabrous leaves and smaller flowers; perhaps better considered as Hosackia grandiflora, Benth., var. anthylloides. Gray. L. Benthami, Greene, is H. cytisoides. !L. Bioletti, Greene. Slender, wiry branches, 2 feet long, prostrate, canescent, with short oppressed hairs: leaflets usually 4, cuneate-obovate: umbels pedunculate, brac- teate, 6-10 flowered: calyx-teeth triangular, erect: corolla 2 lines long. , We would label this H. Bioletii (Greene). LATHYRUS. Ii. Jepsonii, Greene. Nearly or quite glabrous: stem 5-8 feet long, strongly winged: leaflets 8-12, linear lanceolate, acute, 2-3 inches long: stipules small, setaceously acuminate: peduncles about equaling leaves: flowers rose-purple: calyx teeth ovate lanceolate, nearly equal in length: pod 12-16 seeded. ROSACES. 35 Ij. puberulus, White. Low, or sometimes 8-15 feet high and shrubby at the base, soft, hairy, or nearly glabrous, the stems angled; leaflets 5-7 pairs, ovate-oblong to linear, cuspidate: flowers purplish. VICIA. V. Hassei, Watson. Like V. exigua, but leaflets deeply notched: pods 5-8 seeded. CEBCIS and PICKEBINGIA. Siliquastrum, in Bay-Reg. Bot., is Cercis, and Xylothermia is Pickeringia. AMORPHA. A. hispidula, Greene, differs from A. Calif ornica in more numerous leaflets (17- 25) which are retuse or emarginate. This, according to Greene, is the species from Monterey northward. ROSACES. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, usually evident stipules, mostly numer- ous stamens borne on the calyx; distinct free pistils from one to many, or in one sub- order few and coherent with each other and adherent to the calyx forming a 2-several celled inferior ovary. Nearly all the cultivated fruits of the temperate zones belong to this order. Key to genera and species, p. 113. In Bay Reg. Bot. all but two of the genus Prunus are put under Cerasus, with the same specific names. Osmaronia, Greene, is Nuttallia, Gray; Opulaster capita- tus, Greene, is Physocarpus opulifolia, Max. Malus in Greene's book is Pirus in this. Cercocarpus betulaefolius is C. parvifolius. Rubus parviflorus is R. Nutkanus; R. vitifolius is R. ursinus. HOLODISCUS. There are probably two species, as given in the Bay- Reg. Bot. : H. discolor, Max. Shrub, 2-6 feet high, branches ridged: leaves ovate, narrowed to a short petiole: panicles erect. H. ariaefolius, Greene. Shrub, 8-18 feet high, with spreading or recurved branches bearing drooping panicles 6-10 inches long; leaves pinnately shallow-lobed from base to apex. POTENTILLA. In Flora Franciscana and Bay-Reg. Bot., Prof. Greene has, with apparently good reason, united the genera Horkelia, Ivesia, Sibaldia and Potentilla under the latter name. 36 SAXIFRAGACEvE. P. millegrana, Englm. Next to P. glandulosa. Tall, flaccid, soft-hairy: leaves 3-foliolafce: minute flowers, numerous, yellow: stamens usually 10. Lower San Joaquin. P. biennis, Greene. Biennial: stems erect, purple: leaflets 3, fan-shaped, irregularly incised: cymes of small yellow flowers dense: stamens about 10. P. frondosa, Greene. 3 feet high, vtscidly hairy and heavy-scented: leaflets 5-9, doubly incised, thin: bractlets long as calyx lobes or longer, trifid: flowers white. Martinez. Frank Swett. P. Californica, Greene. Like the last, but leaves mostly radical: glandular, hairy, fragrant: leaflets 11-21, broadly wedge-form, and incised at apex: bractlets usually 3- toothed, exceeding the calyx-lobes: flowers white. P. Parryi, Greene: slender stems, 6-10 inches high: leaflets many, cleft scarcely to the middle: calyx rotate, lobes longer than the narrow bracts: petals 3 lines long, white. lone. P. laciflora, Drew. Leaflets divided into 2 or 3 segments, bractlets narrow and much shorter than the calyx-lobes: flowers white: filaments petaioid-dilated: achenes only 2 or 3. Hy-am-pum, Trinity River. P. Michneri, Greene. (Horkelia.) Leaflets about 15 pairs: all 10 stamens, with oblong-petaloid white filaments. Mt. Tamalpais. P. Kelloggii, in Bay-Reg. Bot. , is Horkelia Californica, var. sericia; P. tenui- loba is H. tenuiloba. Roses are sensitive to the influence of their homes, and prone to variation; hence botanists will never agree as to the number and limitation of species. The dwarf roses of Sonoma County and Mt. Tamalpais (R. Sonomensis, Greene) only a foot or less in height, with numerous small flowers, may be popularly known, at least, as the Sonoma Rose; and the dwarf rose (Rosa spithamia, Wat.), so abundant on the Trinity River and in the northern Sierra Nevada, may be called the Span-high Rose. R. gratissima, Greene, a form of R. Californica, distinguished by the fragrance of its leaves, may be called the Kern River Sweetbriar Rose. CALYCANTHACE^E. Fragrant shrubs, with opposite, entire, extipulate leaves, and solitary, terminal, large dull-red or purplish flowers: numerous sepals and petals, all colored alike: stamens many: pistils many. Butneria Occidentalis, Greene, is Calycanthus. See p. 118. SAXIFRAGACE^E. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, distinguished from Rosac.ece by albuminous seeds; usually by definite stamens, not more than twice the number of the calyx-lobes; commonly by SAXIFRAGACE^E. 37 the want of stipules; sometimes by the leaves being opposite; and in most by the par- tial or complete union of the 2 to 5 carpels into a compound ovary. Seeds usually indefinite or numerous. Petals and stamens on the calyx. Styles inclined to be distinct. Only the Hydrangiece have many stamens. Key to genera and species, p. 119. SAXIFRIGA. S. Marshall!!, Greene. Perennial. Leaves radical; oblong, dentate: scape about a foot high, loosely panniculate: white petals with a pair of green spots: filaments club-shaped. Hoopa Val., on Trinity Riv., C. C. Marshall. Rogue Riv., Howeil. S. Californica, Greene, is* S. Virginiensis, Michx. BOYKINIA. Therofon elatum, Greene, is Boykinia occidentalis, T. & G. TELLIMA. T. scabrella, Greene. A foot high, bearing bulblets: calyx with rounded base: petals entire, the two upper shorter and broader than the others: styles glabrous. Sierra Nevada. MITELL.A. M. diversifolia, Greene (Marshall's Mitella). Leaf margins ciliolate: scape a foot high: shallow calyx-lobes, whitish petals palmately trifid at the abruptly widened apex: stamens 5. Trinity Mts. BIBES. Ribes tenuiflorum, Lindley, is, 'according to Prof. Greene, our species of Golden Currant, not B. aureum. B. ambiguum, Wats. Glandular and hairy: spines short: flowers mostly solitary, 6 lines long or less, greenish: stamens about equaling the white petals: small anthers, obtuse: fruit densely spinose. Trinity River, northward. B. Marshall!!, Greene. Glabrous: flowers an inch long: calyx dark purple: petals 2-3 lines long, salmon color. Trinity Mts. May be a variety of the last. B. Victoria, Greene. (Chestnut's Gooseberry). 5 feet high: spines triple: leaves viscid: greenish flowers, 6 lines long: calyx-tube much exgeeding the lobes, petals white, acute, and toothed at the apex: anthers sub-sagittate, mucronate: ovary glan- dular, rough-hairy. Marin and Napa Cos. B. Calif or nicum, H. & A. Rigid, flexuose, glabrous branches: leaves small: petals thick, truncate, erose-toothed at the end: stout filaments, three times the length of the petals: berry prickly. B. subvestitum, H. & A. Taller, 5-10 feet high: leaves very viscid and heavy- scented: petals truncate, entire. 38 HALORAGE.E. R. amictum, Greene, is the Sierra Nevada variety of R. Menziesii, which Prof. Greene thinks is confined to the Coast Region. All these prickly-fruited Ribes may be considered varieties of Menzies' Gooseberry. CRASSULACEJE. Fleshy plants, with sepals, petals, stamens, and distinct carpels of the same number (3-12), or the stamens twice as many: polypetalous or gamopetalous. Key to genera and species, p. 122. T. Drummondii, T. & G. and T. Bolanderi, of Bay-Reg. Bot., may b-j considered varieties of T. angustifolia. Low bog herbs, purplish or brownish, with radical leaves, bristly with gland-tipped hairs which secrete a viscous fluid. Flowers in, usually, scorpioid racemes or spikes: calyx 5-parted: petals and stamens 5: styles mostly 3, each 2-parted. The most remarkable insectivorous plants belong to this order. Key to genera and species, p. 123. LYTHRACE^E. Our species, herbs with entire leaves. Flowers with tubular calyx, bearing the petals and stamens on its throat, and rather closely inclosing the superior ovary: style one. Key to genera and species, p. 124. AMMANTA. A. coccinea, in Bay -Reg. Bot., is A. latifolia, arid Botala ramosior is A. humilis. LYTHRUM. Ij. Sanfordi, Greene. Erect stem, acutely 5-6 angled: petals 6, bright purple. Much like 1L. Calif or nicum, of which it may be a variety. Ij. adsurgens, Greene. Branches 5- angled, 1-3 feet long, decumbent or assurgent, slightly succulent: calyx 2^ lines long, 12-striate: petals pale purple. Similar to !L. hyssopifolia, but perennial instead of annual, and much larger. HALORAGE^E. Aquatic herbs, with inconspicuous, often apetalous flowers, sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts: calyx adherent to the ovary in the fertile ones, and its lobes then short or obsolete. Flowers perfect, but apetalous, in Hippuris, and monoecious or perfect in Myriophyllum. Key to genera and species, p. 124. ONAGRACE.E. 39 . . Ovary* Calyx tube. Calyx lobes. Bifid petals. OXAGRACEJE. Herbs (shrubby exotics), with the parts of the flowers usually in fours, the calyx tube adnate to the ovary, the petals borne on its throat, and the stamens as many or twice as many. Style always single. In Jussiaea the FIG. A. Clarkia elegans ; a, inferior, sessile ovary of the axillary flower. Fig. B. Boisduvallia densi- flora; c, inferior ovary, sessile in the axil of a bract. Fig. C Capsule of Godetia; 6, cross section of the same. Fig. D. Epilobium paniculatum; h, infe- rior ovary ;/, a grown capsule; g, tube of calyx above the ovary; e, one of the bifid petals; i, one of the seeds bearing a tuft of silken hairs. The fig- flower parts vary in number from 4 to ure on tne left is a common form of Zauschneria. 6; in Circaea the parts are in twos. Many of our plants blossom late .in the dry season. These usually have hard stems from which a shedding, thin, outer bark hangs in shreds. Key to genera and species, p. 124. JUSSI^EA. J. repens, L., var. Californica, is J. diffusa, Forsk., in Bay-Reg. Bot. It grows in floating masses on stagnant water or along the edges of ponds. LUDWIGIA. L. palustris, Linn., is Isnardia palustris in Bay-Reg. Bot. Leaves oval or ovate, acute, 6-12 lines long: sessile flowers, solitary in the axils: petals when present, minute. Muddy borders of ponds or watercourses. ZAUSCHNERIA. Z. Californica, Presl. Decumbent stems, often many together, from a woody base, Branching, more or less hairy: leaves ovate to lanceolate. Blossoming from June to December. (See the figure on the left above.) Prof. Greene makes several species of this variable plant. 40 ONAGRACE^E. Epilooium paniculatum. EPILOBIUM. E. rigidum, Haus&knecht. Cespitose perennial, a span or two high: leaves lanceolate to obovate, acute, entire, often oblique, narrowed into short-winged petioles, very glaucous; flowers in the axils of the small upper leaves which are often adnate to the bases of the peduncles: ovary densely white-glan- dular: petals 7-10 lines long: stigma very large. S. W. Oregon, as is also the var. canescens. which is densely velvety-canes- cent. E. palustre, Linn. Perennial, a foot or less high, canescent above with incurved hairs: leaves mostly opposite, evidently veined, narrowly oblong, obtuse, or almost truncate: flowers small, the calyx-tube funnelform: stigma club-shaped. State of Washington. E. adenocaulon, Hausskn. Perennial. Branches upcurving, glandular-hairy above; leaves elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, slightly serrulate, rather pale green and glossy: flowers 2 or 3 lines broad: stigma club-shaped. E. Calif or nicum, Hausskn. Taller than the preceding, inflorescence and buds white, with long ascending hairs: leaves often 3 or 4 inches long, lanceolate, remotely serrulate: flowers few, 2 or 3 lines broad: slender fruiting peduncles sometimes equal- ing the leaves. E. brevistylum, Barbay. Slender* a foot high: leaves opposite, ovate or elliptical, an inch long or more: flowers 2 lines broad: pods 2 in. long. E. ursinum, Parish. A foot high or less, slender, hairy below, minutely glandular above: leaves mostly opposite, about an inch long, ovate to broadly lanceolate, serrate: flowers white or lavender, 2 lines broad: pods 15 lines long on peduncles half as long. E. Hornemanni, Reich. A span or two high, slightly hairy above; leaves an inch long, elliptical, ovate, obtuse: flower 3 or 4 lines broad, lilac to violet: pods about 2 inches long on peduncles equaling the subtending leaves. E. Oregonense, H;iusskn. A span high, with flowerless shoots at the base: leaves 8-12 lines long, crowded below, remote, and very small above, oblong to linear obtuse : flowers 3 lines broad, violet: pods 2 inches long on peduncles nearly as long. E. clavatum, Trelease. A span high, densely cespitose, glabrous: leaves divergent: 5- 10 lines long, broadly ovate, very obtuse: flowers 2 lines broad, rose color: pods an in. long. E. holosericeum, Trel. Rather woody, loosely branched, upper leaves and branches canescent, with sub-appressed hairs: leaves oblong lanceolate, remotely serrulate; flowers pale, 2 lines broad: pods 2^ inches long on peduncles 6 lines long. GAYOPTYUM. G. lasiospermum, Greene. Erect, very slender, 1 or 2 feet hiyh, with numerous dichotomous branches: corolla 1| lines long, rose color: seeds canescent, with appressed silky hairs (hence the name). San Diego Co., northward. ONAGRACE^. 41 EULOBUS. CEnothera leptocarpa, in Bay-Reg. Bot.t is Eulobus Californica. Southern Coast. CENOTHERA. CE. Hookeri, T. & G. Biennial: stem red, stout, angular, 3-6 feet high: petals nearly 1^ inches long, obcordate, pale yellow turning to rose color. Com- mon in the southern counties. Probably a variety of OS, biennis. CE. grandiflora, Ait. Differing from (E. biennis by its larger, almost scentless flowers, declined stamens, stigma lobes yellow, not green. This may be considered the cultivated form of (E. liennis. CE. arguta, Greene. Perennial, stems slender, about a foot high: leaves linear-lanceolate, dentate, 2-4 inches long, sessile: calyx tube 1^ inches long: petals as long, deeply obcordate, bright yellow turuing to orange. Moist ground near Monterey and southward. (E. nitida, Greene (§ 3). Decumbent branches, a foot long or less, very rigid: leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, rather fleshy, dark, lustrous green: petals 6 lines long: anthers linear-oblong, fixed, al- most in the middle: capsule 10 lines long, acutely angled. Monterey Bay, Abbott. CE. hirtella, Greene (§ 3). Erect, simple, or branches from the base, 6-10 inches high, purplish, short hairy: radical leaves, oblanceolate, denticu- late, 1| inches long: stem leaves ovate, sessile, \ inch long, coarsely toothed and more or less crisped: petals a line long or more: capsule hairy, attenuate upward, once or twice coiled. Interior hills. CE. spiralis, in Bay-Reg. Bot., is CE. cheiran- thifolia and (E. campestris is CE. dentata. CE. gaureefolia has white or pink flowers half an inch broad. CEnothera ovata. S— Surface of ground, r— Rootstock. 42 LOASACE^. GODETIA. G. micropetala, Greene. Erect, 1-3 feet high: spike rather short: calyx tube 2 lines long, segments 4 lines, the slender tips twisted in the bud: petals linear-lanceolate, 3 lines long: stigma purple: capsule sessile. Contra Costa Co. G. rubicunda, of the Bay -Reg. Bot., may be a variety of Q. Amo&na. CLARKIA and EUCHABIDIUM. In Bay-Reg. Bot., Eucharidium is put under Clarkia. C. grandiflora is proba- bly a more branching and larger flowered form of Eucliaridiuxn concinnum. E. Breweri is the rarest and most beautiful of the genus. It was discovered on Mt. Oso in Stanislaus Co., and has been collected at the Geysers and on Mt. Hamilton. The flowers have air almost perfectly square outline, the long middle lobes of the petals forming the angles. BOISDUVAUA. B. glabella, Walp. A span or two high: leaves ovate- lanceolate, serrulate, bluish, densely soft-hairy to glabrous, 5 lines long: flowers in a terminal, leafy spike, or some in the lower axils, about a line long. LOASACE^E. Herbaceous plants with either stinging or jointed and rough-barbed hairs; no stipules, calyx tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Stamens usually very numerous. Key to genera and species, p. 128. MENTZELIA. Calyx cylindrical to ovoid; the persistent limb 5-toothed. Petals 5 or 10: stamens numerous, inserted below the petals on the throat of the calyx: filaments free or in clusters opposite the petals, filiform or the outer petaloid. Style 3-cleft, the lobes often twisted. The leaves are alternate, mostly coarsely toothed or piunatifid; flowers white to yellow or orange. M. affinis, Greene. Similar to M. dispersa, but stouter, often 2 feet high, simple and leafy below, widely branching above: leaves lanceolate, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid: flowers 6 lines broad: capsule an inch long, slender. M. pectinata, Kell. Stem usually simple, 4-8 inches high, clothed like the leaves with barbed hairs: flowers deep yellow, an inch broad: petals mostly obcordate, with a minute cusp in the sinus: stamens numerous, half as long as the petals. Marysville Buttes southward. Li. Isevicaulis is perhaps always found on the flood beds of streams. Its flowers have narrow petals, lacking the satiny luster which marks the other large flowered species. ARALIACE.E. 43 CUCURBITACE.33. Tendril-bearing, trailing, or climbing herbs, usually rough and rather succulent. Flowers axillary to alternate leaves, solitary or clustered, mouoacious. Calyx adherent to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed. Corolla with united petals. Stamens usually 3, united. Pistil 2-3 carpeled. Squashes and pumpkins, natives of America, with melons, cucumbers and gourds, natives of the Eastern Continent, are the common cultivated plants of this order. Key to genera and species, p. 129. DATISCACEJE. In our genus, stout, glabrous, dioecious, perennial herbs, with laciniate-pinnatifid leaves, the greenish flowers clustered in the axils. Key to genera and species, p. 129. CACTACEJE. Green, fleshy, and thickened, persistent (though mostly herb-like), usually leafless plants; globular or columnar, or jointed and often flattened, usually armed with bundles of spines from the axils of absent leaves. Flowers with numerous sepals, petals, and stamens, the cohering bases of all coating the inferior 1 -celled ovary, and forming above it a tube or cup: style 1 with several stigmas. Key to genera and species, p. 129. FICOIDE^E. Usually very succulent plants with opposite leaves. (In our plants Mollugo is not succulent, and Tetragonia has alternate leaves.) Petals and stamens various, the former often wanting: carpels 2 to many. Key to genera and species, p. 130 TETRAGONIA. T. expansa, Murr., a native of New Zealand, and cultivated under the name of New Zealand Spinach, is apparently a native of our coast, growing on the shore of San Francisco Bay. It is described as follows in Bay-Reg. Bot. Perennial, with alternate, plane, fleshy leaves, and axillary, greenish, apetalous flowers: fruit 4-horned, about \ inch long, scarcely as broad. ARALIACE^E. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with mostly stout, hollow stems, and alternate lobed or compound leaves. Flowers in simple umbels, which are often arranged paniculately or 44 CORNACE^. racemose!}7- calyx adhering to the ovary, petals 5-10: stamens as many or twice as many: ovary more than 2-celled. A tall herb: leaves bipinnate or pinnate, very large: pedicels jointed 1 Stem woody, prickly, 6-12 feet high: leaves palmately lobed: pedicels not jointed. . . 2 1. ARALIA, Linnaeus. 1. A. Californica, Watson. Root large, aromatic, used medicinally. (Spikenard.) 2. FATSIA, Bentham & Hooker. 1. F. horrida, B. & H. Common in the forests of Oregon and northward. UMBELLIFER^E. Herbs with small flowers in umbels, stamens and petals 5, borne on a 2-celled ovary which in fruit splits into a pair of dry, usually flat, indehiscent carpels. Since the generic distinctions depend upon characters of fruit and seed difficult of determination, the plants of this order are not here described. CORNACE^E. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with simple entire mainly opposite leaves, no stipules, and flowers in cymes, capitate clusters or spikes; the petals and stamens 4, epigynous; calyx adnate to the 1-2 celled ovary, which becomes a drupe or berry. Key to genera and species, p. 131. CORNUS. C. stolonifera, Michx. Stems numerous, clustered, decumbent, forming a low thicket: twigs nearly glabrous, red- purple: leaves mostly oval or oblong, acute: cymes small, flat-topped: fruit white, globose, stone furrowed on the edges. Trinity Mts., C. C. Marshall. C. Baileyi, C. & E. Stone twice as long as high, flattened edge, furrowed. Castle Rock, Columbia River. DIVISION 2. GAMOPETAL.E. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. Shrubs, trees, woody climber or trailing plants. Leaves opposite: calyx adherent to the ovary, the limb 5-toothed or obsolete: corolla 4-5 lobed or cleft: ovary 2-5 celled: fruit a berry. Key to genera and species, p. 131. SAMBUCUS. S. maritima, of the Bay-Reg. Bot., seems to be only a form of S. glauca; and S. callicarpa, Greene, is S. racemosa of this book, an Old World species, probably distinct from ours, making Greene's the better name for the Red-fruited Elder. SYMPHOBICABPOS. S. ciliatus, Nutt., is the name given, in Bay-Reg. Bot., to the small Snowberry of the Oakland Hills, which is perhaps only a variety of S. racemosus, the most common species, or, perhaps, the only one of the Coast Ranges. LONICEBA. (CAPBIFOLIUM, in Bay- Beg. Bot.) Li. interrupta, Benth., is distinguished from !L. hispidula (in Bay-Reg. Bot.) by erect bushy habit, white bark of branches, and glabrous yellow flowers, smaller. L. Ledebourii, Esch., is distinguished in Flora Frandscana from L. involucrata by larger size, often 10-15 feet high, while the latter is only 2 or 3 feet high: more gibbous corolla, salverform rather than funnelform, and orange to scarlet, instead of yellowish. Named Distegia LedebQurii in Bay-Reg. Bot. Li. subspicata, H. & A. Bushy, many branched, densely glandular-hairy, except on the upper side of the leaves, which are small, narrowly oblong, tapering to a petiole, none of them stipulate or connate: corolla 6 lines long, yellowish. Usually considered a variety of L. hispidula. KUBIACE^B. Known by having opposite entire leaves with intervening stipules, or whorled leaves without stipules, along with an inferior ovary and regular 4-5 merous flowers; the teeth of the calyx sometimes wanting. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla and borne on its tube, distinct. Key to genera and species, p. 133. [45] 46 COMPOSITE. Sherardia arvensis, Lian., an introduced weed, called in England Field Madder, has been found at Berkeley by Professor Greene. A small annual, about 6 inches high, bearing leaves in whorls of 6: flowers small, blue or pink, in little terminal heads sur- rounded by a broad, deeply lobed involucre. GALIUM. G. spurium, Linn. Distinguished from G. aparine by pale green flowers and pedicels recurved in fruit. G. Anglicuxn, Huds. Distinguished from these by greenish flowers followed by fruit, not rough, with hooked hairs. All three introduced from the Old World. Perhaps better considered varieties of G. Aparine. VALERIANACEJE. Herbs with opposite leaves, no stipules: the distinct stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and borne on its tube: the inferior ovary with two empty cells, and one con- taining a solitary ovule, ripening into a kind of akene. Key to genera and species, p. 133. DIPS AC ACE JE. Herbs with opposite leaves and flowers in dense involucrate heads, each flower inclosed in a tubular in volucel, and subtended by a bract. Calyx adherent to the ovary: corolla 4-5 lobed, bearing stamens alternate with the lobes: fruit crowned with the calyx limb, 1 seeded. Key to genera and species, p. 134. Scabiosa atropurpurea, Linn., has run wild in some localities. It may be known by its pinnate leaves and heads of black-purple or lighter colored flowers, even white, the outer circles larger, and the calyx in fruit stem-like above the akenes, with 5 spreading bristle-like lobes. Commonly called Mourning Bride. COMPOSITES. Flowers, usually many in a dense head, sessile, on a common receptacle, surrounded by a calyx-like involucre: the calyx reduced to hairs or scales, or obsolete: the corolla tubular, equally lobed, ligulate or bilabiate, the 5 stamens united by their anthers into a tube inclosing the 2-parted style: the ovary inferior, forming in fruit an akene which is usually crowned with the persistent calyx (pappus). Sunflowers, marigolds, thistles, and dandelions are types of the conspicuous plants in this order. This, the largest of all the orders, is represented in California by over 500 species. Although the flower heads are frequently large, the separate flowers, with LOBELIACE^E. 47 but few exceptions, are too small to be examined without the aid of a microscope skill- fully used. The order is, therefore, far too difficult for the beginner. LOBELIACEJE. Herbs, mostly with milky juice, alternate simple leaves, scattered or racemose flowers: the calyx adherent to all or half of the ovary: the corolla more or less irregular: the stamens united into a tube closely inclosing the style: stigma commonly SMobed. Key to genera and species, p. 134. HOWELLIA, Gray. H. aquatilis, Gr. Aquatic: submersed leaves, slender, mostly alternate, entire; those above water broader and shorter, sometimes 1-2 toothed: flowers short- peduncled, axillary: corolla lobes nearly equal, not surpassing the calyx. Ponds on Sauvies Island, Columbia River. H. limosa, Greene. Weak procumbent branches, 6-12 inches long, leafy and florif- erous throughout: leaves lanceolate, entire, sessile, 6 lines long: corolla white, the wedge-shaped divisions a line long, the two upper narrower. On the margins of pools near Suisun. DOWNINGIA. In Bay-Reg. BoL, the following species are described under the generic name Bolelia: D. insign^, Greene. Erect, mostly simple, stems, few flowered: lower lip of the corolla 6 lines broad, obovate, 3-lobed, the lobes and sides sky blue, darker veined, the main portion white, bearing in the middle two oblong green spots: upper lip merely bifid, the lobes ascending and parallel: throat of corolla with a pair of yellow folds in a field of dark violet. D. tricolor, Greene. Branches weak and reclining: lower lip of corolla parted into 3 equal, broadly obovate, truncate, and slightly cuspidate lobes, these deep blue at tip, white below, the undivided part with a transverse, somewhat quadrate spot of dark maroon: upper lip of two small segments slightly recurved, parallel. D. concolor, Greene. Numerous branches, forming a dense tuft: corolla all violet, but base of lower lip very dark, bordered by lighter blue, the lobes slightly unequal, very obtuse and somewhat cuspidate, upper lip cleft to the middle only. D. ornatissima, Greene. Taller than the preceding, 6-10 inches high: corolla pale, 4 fold-like protuberances partly filling the throat: segments of the upper lip coiled backward into a ring, the corolla tube at base of these segments abruptly raised into a sharp protuberance. D. humilis, Greene. Only an inch high: segments of the calyx unequal, exceeding the minute white corolla. 48 D. cuspidata (Greene). [Determined since the publication of Bay-Reg. Bot.] Erect, slender, 6 inches high or more, with few and small leaves and few remote flowers: lower lip of corolla nearly 6 lines broad, only 4 lines deep, the lobes broadly ovate, retuse, or obcordate with a cusp, the terminal half violet, the base white; the undivided part of the lip yellow, without folds, protuberances or depressions: lobes of the upper lip 1^ lines long, cuspidate, straight, violet. Sonoma and Napa Go's. CAMPANULACEJE. Herbs with alternate leaves without stipules and regular flowers, having the calyx adnate to the ovary, distinct stamens (5, rarely 4) inserted with the corolla, alternate with its lobes: calyx persistent. Stamens with introrse anthers, opening in the bud. Style single, its upper portion beset with hairs which collect the pollen, its summit 2-5- lobed or cleft. Key to genera and species, p. 135. Specular ia is Triodanis, in Bay-Reg. Bot. GITHOPSIS. Gr. diffusa, Gray. Slender, diffusely branching, glabrous: calyx-lobes subulate- lanceolate, half the length of the slender sessile pod. Vaca Mts. and southward. ERICACEAE. « Woody plants or perennial herbs, with symmetrical and mostly regular flowers: the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla, and inserted with but rarely upon it: the anthers 2-celled, and the cells opening by a terminal pore; the ovary with as many cells as the divisions of the corolla or calyx: the seeds small. Corolla generally gamopetalous, sometimes of distinct petals, the insertion and that of the stamens hypogynous, or when the calyx is adnate epigynous around an annular disk. Style single. Leaves simple. Key to genera and species, p. 136. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. A. myrtifolia, Parry. Widely branching from the base, 1-3 feet high: leaves entire, ovate, 4-10 lines long, 3-4 lines wide, acute at both ends with a thickened margin. Growing in patches on gravelly ridges east of lone, Amador Co. A. manzanita, Parry. Varying in size from a small shrub to a tree, 25 feet high, with a trunk a foot in diameter: leaves petiolate from narrowly to broadly ovate, usually obtuse: pedicels smooth: calyx lobes orbicular: corolla broad: filaments slightly hairy: fruit 4-6 lines broad, 3 lines high, changing from dull white to red-brown: early PRIMULACEJE. 49 lowering, often in bloom in the Bay counties 011 Christmas. According to Parry, this is the species which has heretofore been called A. pungens which is a Mexican species. A. viscida, Parry. Distinguished from A. glauca by very viscid pedicels which are four or five times as long as the bracts which are also viscid: flowers light pink: fruit flattened, 3 lines broad, 2 lines high. Foothills of the Sierra Nevada from Central California northward. A. Stanfordiana, Parry. Low, branching, 3-5 feet high: leaves bright green on both sides, narrowly ovate to oblanceolate, tapering into a narrowly winged petiole: inflorescence smooth: calyx deep red: corolla pink: style becoming exserted. Near Calistoga, Napa Co. Named for Leland Stanford, Jr. RHODODENDRON. R. Somonense, Greene. Shrub 2-5 feet high; leaves nearly elliptical, 1 in. long or less, the margin serrulate and ciliolate: flowers rose-color, an inch long or more. (Per- haps a var. of R. occidentale.) Sonoma Co. (Hence the name.) Gaultheria is Brossaea, in Bay-Reg. Bot. NEWBERRYA. According to rules of nomenclature likely to prevail this generic name must give place to Hemitotes, which Gray first gave to the plant discovered by Newberry. H. pumilum, described by Greene, is exactly N. congesta of this Key. (Collected in Mendocino Co. by W. G. Wright.) ' LENNOACE^E, Fleshy root-parasites. Parts of the flower almost always more than 5: stamens ad- herent up to the throat of the tubular corolla. Key to genera and species, p. 140. PLUMBAGINACEJE . Seashore herbs, with radical leaves. .Flowers regular, all the parts in fives: calyx 5-plaited, 5- toothed, persistent: petals with long claws united into a ring at the base: Stamens opposite the petals. Key to genera and species, p. 140. Statice Limonium, var. Californica, is Limonium commune, var. Californi- cum, in Bay-Reg. Bot., and Armeria vulgaris is Statice Armeria. PKIMULACE^E . Herbs, with perfect, regular flowers, well marked, by having the stamens as long as the lobes of the corolla, and opposite to them, inserted on its tube: a single entire style Botany — 4 50 APOCYNACE.E. and stigma, a one-celled ovary, and capsular fruit. Calyx 4-8 cleft, commonly 5-cleft, hypogynous: leaves simple: stipules none. In Glaux the corolla is wanting: stamens on the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Key to genera and species, p. 141. DODECATHEON. Species of this genus are described under the generic name Meadia. in Bay-Reg. Bot. and the variety with cream-colored flowers is there named Meadia patula. The many, forms of this genus may well bear one specific name. ANDROSACE, Matthiolus. A. acuta, Greene. Very slender, 1-4 inches high, rough-hairy: leaves radical, linear-lanceolate, entire, 6-9 lines long: flowers in an involucrate umbel on a scape: corolla salverform, white. Trientalis is Alsinanthexnum in Bay-Reg. Bot STYRACACE^E. Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple leaves, a calyx adherent at least to the base of the ovary: stamens usually at least twice the number of corolla lobes and more or less united to each other and to the corolla. In our species the white downy flowers are about an inch broad, and the filaments are united nearly half their length. Key to genera and species, p. 142. This, the Olive Family, is represented on the Pacific Coast by two ash trees, which may be known by opposite pinnate leaves, leaflets 5-9, oval to oblong, the fruit a winged akene. Key to genera and species, p. 142. APOCYNACE^E. Herbs with milky juice, opposite entire leaves, and regular 5-merous flowers. Ovaries 2, but stigmas united and the anthers adherent. Seeds in our species bearing a tuft of silky down at the end. Key to genera and species, p. 142. APOCYNUM. A. pumilum, Greene. Commonly hairy: lowest leaves subreniform to round-ovate, ovate, the others cordate-ovate and oval, rarely more than an inch long: corolla sub- POLEMONIACE^. 51 • cylindrical, 3-4 lines long, the segments scarcely spreading. Monte Diablo Range and northward. ASCLEPIADACEJE. Herbs with milky juice, no stipules, and regular flowers, with the parts in fives, except that there are two carpels with distinct ovaries and a common stigma to which the stamens are attached; the latter (in our genera) with hood-like appendages: leaves entire, generally opposite, sometimes whorled: flowers usually in simple umbels: fruit a pair of follicles. Seeds almost always with a coma of silky down. Key to genera and species, p. 142. ASCLEPIAS. In Bay -Reg. Bot., A. Californica, Greene, is Gomphocarpus tomentosus, of this book, A. ecornuta is Gomphocarpus cordifolius, and instead of Schiznotus, Greene writes Solanoa. The latter plant grows near the Geysers of Sonoma Co. — where it was first collected by G. B. Towle — and on the mountains north of Clear Lake. Its ved flowers and often prostrate habit make it a noticeable plant in the order. It may well be called Towle's Milkweed. GENTIANACE^E. Glabrous herbs, with colorless, bitter juice, entire, opposite and sessile leaves: no stipules, perfect and regular flowers: stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on the tube, the anthers free from the stigma: ovary 1 -celled: style one or none: the stigmas commonly two. Calyx persistent. Key to genera and species, p. 143. POLEMONIACE^E. Chiefly herbs with simple or divided leaves, and no stipules: all the parts of the regu- lar flower five, except the pistil, which has a 3-celled ovary and a 3-lobed style. Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent: corolla convolute in the bud: stamens on the corolla alternate with its lobes, distinct: anthers introrse. In Gilia the cells of the ovary arid the stigmas are occasionally reduced to two. Key to genera and species, p. 145. It is very difficult to define the genera of this order. If we arrange all our species in groups according to their affinities these groups interlace more or less deeply. In other words, one or more species are common to two or more groups. Therefore, when we separate these groups under generic names there are species that might as well be put in one as the other of adjacent genera. Before many of these troublesome inter- mediate species (connecting links) were known, botanists easily made out a dozen or 52 POLEMONIACE^E. • more genera. When the first edition of this Key was published in 188G, Dr. Asa Gray reduced the genera to three. Since then Prof. Greene has grouped our species under six genera in his Manual of Bay Region Botany. GILIA. In Bay-Reg. Bit., sections Dactylophyllum, Linanthus and Leptosiphon of this book form the genus Linanthus, in which Ii. fllipes is G. pusilla, var. Californica; L. grandiflorus is G. densiflora; L. bicolor is G. tenella, and three, perhaps good species, forms that have usually been put with G. androsacea, viz: L. parviflorus, L. acicularis, and L. rosaceus; the first a common slender form with pale yellow or white corolla, tinged outside with red or brown; the second with golden yellow flowers, and the third, the rather stout short' form with rose-red flowers, so common on the San Francisco peninsula. The following new species, not of the Bay Region, should appear under Gilia, as follows: G. serrulata, Greene. Freely and almost diffusely branched, 6 or 8 inches high: leaf-segments and floral bracts all linear- acerose, the margins spinulose-serrate: calyx segments more than twice the length of the tube: corolla with slender, dark-purple, not far exserted tube, and narrowly funnelform throat, the limb of oblong-spatulate white segments, 9 lines broad. G. montana, Greene. Habit of G. ciliata, but larger, less hispid: corolla much larger, nearly 2 inches long, the tube widening to a broadly funnelform purple throat: segments of the limb cuueate-obovate, truncate whitish. G. nudata, Greene. Slender, 3-10 inches high, branches few: leaves 8 lines long, distant: flowers in dense clusters: corolla tube long, exserted, short yellow throat, and white or purplish limb, 6 lines broad. Lake Co. In Bay-Reg. Bot., the species of § Navarretia are put in the genus Navarritia, to which are added two new species — N. parvula, Greene, and N. mellita, Greene These would here be described under Gilia, viz: G. parvula, Greene. Branching, 2-4 inches high, very viscid and aromatic: lowest leaves linear, entire: the upper broader, with teeth or segments: corolla about 4 lines long, broadly tubular-funnelform, light blue: stamens very unequal, the 2 posterior included, the 3 anterior long exserted and declined. G. mellita, Greene. Slender, 2-5 inches high, very viscid and honey-scented (hence the name): lowest leaves pinnately divided into spine-like segme»ts, those of the upper broader but spine-tipped: corolla minute, not exceeding the calyx, bluish: stamens included. Belmont, San Mateo Co. Summer blooming. To the preceding may be added the following, published under the name Navarretia, not in Bay Reg. Bot. : POLEMONIACE.E. 53 G. nigellaeformis, Greene. Habit of G. cotulaefolia: flower clusters conspicuously involucrate, the bracts broad and divided into bristle-like segments: 2 larger calyx-lobes bristly pinnatifid, the others 3, with puugeut teeth: corolla deep yellow, with 5 purple or crimson spots in the funnelform throat. Near Visalia, Dr. T. J. Patterson. G. mitracarpa, Greene. Depressed and diffuse, hairy, .the inflorescence glandular, leaves rigid and pungent, with about 2 pairs of 2-parted basal segments, and a lanceo- late toothed terminal one: 2 calyx-lobes with a spinulose tooth on each side, 3 entire and shorter: pod 1 -seeded. Lake Co. G. prolifera, Greene. Erect, spreading, a span to a foot high, with rather large capitate flower clusters, the slender, naked, wiry branches radiating from beneath the earlier clusters and ending in similar heads: leaves an inch long, glabrous, linear-fili- form, entire, or with one or two pairs of segments at the base: calyx and pungent bracts whitish with a viscid wool: calyx-tubes thin-membranous, longer than the teeth: corolla almost salyerform, purplish or blue with a yellow throat. G. tagetina, Greene. Stems mostly strict and simple, a foot or more high, spar- ingly leafy, glabrous, glandless: leaves pinnately parted into 7-9 linear segments which are spinulose- toothed or pinnatifid: bracts divided into rigid pungent lobes, whitish hairy below: calyx segments very unequal, the 2 larger pinnately, the 3 smaller nearly palmately parted into ridged filiform divisions: corolla very slender, 9 lines long: ovules many. G. foliacea, Greene. Similar to G. atractyloides, but odorless, more diffuse and leafy, less spinose, the calyx-lobes very unequal: corolla white, little surpassing the calyx. Under Navarretia Greene describes G. cotulaefolia of this book, as "rigid, 4-8 inches high, somewhat glandular: leaves twice pinnatifid into slender, herbaceous, soft and innocuous segments, the uppermost ones and the bracts decidedly spinescent: flowers white, 4-merous. A peculiar soft-leaved and scentless species." Greene also decides that G. pubescens, Benth., which has been confounded with G. cotulaefolia, Benth., is a good species, which may be distinguished by leaf segments, all with sharp and stiff teeth or lobes: calyx teeth all pungent, 3 small and entire, 2 twice as large and toothed: corolla deep blue or purple, 9 lines long: stamens exserted:- odor strong, goat- like. G. viscidula, Gr., var. heterodoxa, Gr., is considered a good species by Greene, and is thus distinguished. Extremely viscid, the odor like that of a skunk: stamens exserted and declined. Gilia in Bay-Reg. Bot. contains only species found in this book under § 7, Hugelia, and § 9, Eugelia. G. gilioides is G. glutinosa of this book. Collomia includes one each of § 11, Courtoisia, and § 12, Collomia. G. graciles of the last section is Phlox gracilis in Greene's book. G. leptalea, Greene. Distinguished from G. capillaris by being less glandular, less leafy and the leaves narrower, more slender and divergent branches and a much 54 HYDROPHYLLACE^E. larger corolla, fully 6 lines long of a rich red-purple, while that of the latter species with which it has been confused is barely 2 lines, long and white or pale purple. These species were first clearly distinguished by Prof. Greene in Erythea, Mar. 1896. G. millefoliata, Fisch & Mey., is according to Greene distinguished from G. multi- caulis most obviously by the corolla, that of the latter dark violet throughout and much larger than the 2- colored corolla of the former, which has white or bluish lobes, the throat with 5 dark spots. G. abrotanifolia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 1-2 ft. high, simple or a few branches, these and the upper main stem naked and pedunculiform bearing a terminal dense cymose cluster of large blue flowers: calyx membranous except the midribs: stameus scarcely exserted. Santa Inez Mts. G. Chamissonis, Greene, should, if the author of the name is correct, displace G. achillaefolia of this book and Bay-Reg. Rot., because the latter name was given by Bentham to a large form of G. multicaulis, while the plant heretofore known under that name was named Polemonium capitatum by Eschscholtz. G. staminea, Greene must according to the above take the place of G. capitata. G. Rawsoniana, (Greene) stems clustered from a perennial root, a foot high or more, sparingly branched, soft-hairy, viscid: leaves broadly lanceolate, coarsely serrate above: flowers glomerate at the ends of the branches: corolla bright salmon-color to orange, 18 lines long, tubular-funnel-form, segments acute. High valleys Fresno Co. Mrs. L. A. Peckenpah (nee Rawson). HYDROPHYLLACEJE. Inflorescence usually scorpioid; flowers perfect, regular, 5-androus, the two styles distinct at least at the apex, except in Romanzoffia which has the stigmas as well as the styles united. Ovary commonly hispid or hirsute, at least at the top. Mostly herbs, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves and no stipules. In one of our genera the plants are shrubs, and in another they are more or less woody at the base. Key to genera and species p. 149. ELLISIA. Ellisia membranacea is in Ray-Reg. Bot. Nemophila membranacea ; and E. chrysanthemifolia is Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia. NEMOPHILA. N. pedunculata, Benth. Only 2-4 inches high: corolla 2 lines or less in width, white with purple veinlets. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 55 N. racemosa, Nutt. More slender than N. aurita, leaves shorter, nearly ovate in outline with fewer divisions and petiole not winged or with clasping base: flowers half as large.— San Diego. PHACELIA. § 1. Euphacelia. P. Circinata is P. Californica in Ray-Reg. Bot. Probably the correct name. P. imbricata, Greene. (Next to P. circinata). Densely leafy at base: panicle of racemes in pairs, long and lax, the branches widely spreading: fruiting calyces com- pressed and closely imbricated; sepals .unequal, the outer and larger deltoid-ovate, the others ovate oblong and ciliate. P. nemoralis, Greene. Stout, erect, rather widely branching, 2-4 feet high, rough with stinging hairs, leaves simple or with a pair (rarely 2 pairs) of small leaflets at the base: pods 2-seeded. P. sauveolans, Greene. Annual, branching from the base: soft, hairy and viscid, sweet scented: stem leaves oval, coarsely-toothed an inch long on slender petioles of nearly equal length, the lower leaves with some lyrate lobes at the base of the blade, corolla bright blue funnel-form, 6 lines long, 3 lines broad: sepals spatulate, 3 lines long. — Sonoma Co. P. Eisenii, Brandegee. Annual, short, hairy, branching from the base 3-5 inches high: leaves 6-10 lines long on petioles as long, elliptic-oblo.ng, simple or with a few basal lobes; flowers on slender pedicels twice their length: corolla about three lines long: stamens included: styles distinct. — Fresno Co. Dr. Gustav Eisen. P. virgata, Greene. Stout, strictly erect. 2-3 feet high, leafy at base and to the middle, thence virgate-racemose: stem covered with a dense plushy coat of short hairs, with a sparse growth of bristly hairs: leaves pinnately divided into 2-3 pairs of lobes, a third the length of the terminal elliptic-lanceolate segment, appressed hairy: corolla small, dull yellowish: pod 2-seeded. P. leptostachya, Greene. Annual, stout, widely branching, the branches often 2 feet long, roughish with a sparse growth of brownish hairs, slightly viscid: leaves ample, the lowest tripinnatifid: spikes usually solitary at intervals throughout the plant, in fruit 5-6 inches long: sepals spatulate, one much longer and twice as wide at the tip as the others: corolla small, little surpassing the calyx, dingy greenish white: stamens much exserted. — This species has heretofore been called P. distans or P. tanacetifolia. Prof. Greene in Erythea. Vol. II. p. 191, thus distinguishes these two species: "True P. distans is one of the commonest and most widely dispersed of Calif ornian Phacelias. Its stern is more densely and quite retrorsely hispid. Its spikes are short and collected at or near the ends of the many branches in pairs or several together. Its corolla is 56 HYDROPHYLLACE^:. very broad and open, and of a lavender color. Its calyx is less unequal than that of P. leptostachya. " (In P. tanacetifolia the sepals are equal.) § 4. Eutoca. P. verna, Howell. Annual, softly ashy with soft hairs, 4-10 inches high, branching from the base and decumbent: leaves obovate to spatulate, entire or rarely the lower most incisely toothed, abruptly contracted into a winged petiole or the upper sessile: corolla pale blue but little exceeding the calyx: calyx lobes linear-lanecolate, 2-3 lines long: seeds 8 to 12. Umpqua Val., Or. P. leucantha, Lemmon. Annual, viscid, 1-2 feet high: leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid, the segments entire or coarsely toothed: racemes ternate, dense: corolla limb rotate nearly an inch broad pure white, the short throat and tube yellow: stamens very short: seeds 20 to 25. Del Mar, San Diego Co., and with smaller flowers in San Luis Obispo Co. § 5. Micro genet es. P. Cooperse, Gray. Branched from the base 5-15 inches high, densely hairy viscid: leaves oblong obtuse, crenately sub-pinnatifid, petiolate: corolla narrow, funnelform 2- 3 times longer than the calyx, the limb pink or violet, the throat and tube yellow: ovules 7 or 8. — Flood beds of streams, Santa Barbara and Ventura Go's. Under § 3 of the Key to Genera in this order belongs, LEMMONIA, Gray. L. Californica, Gr. A depressed annual, hairy: stem branched from the base dichotomously: leaves rosulate at the base and crowded at the ends of the branches, entire, spatulate, 3-5 lines long: flowers sessile, solitary in the forks, closely cymose at the ends of branches: calyx white-hairy: corolla white or whitish, a line long: styles distinct. Mojave River. Recently found on Uncle Sam Mt., Lake Co., by Jepson. EBIODICTYON. E. Calif ornicum, Greene, is E. glutinosum of this book. NAMA. N. stenocarpum, Gray. Annual (our other species perennial), hairy and slightly viscid: diffusely branched, at length procumbent: leaves oblong or narrower, sessile, entire. Los Angeles. N. Liobbi, Gr. Woolly-hairy, resinous-viscous. This alpine species appears to be near Eriodictyon, and is placed in that genus by Greene. BORRAGINACEJE. 57 BORRAGUNACE^E. Mostly roughly pubescent herbs, with alternate entire leaves without stipules, scorpioid inflores- cence, and perfectly regular 5-androus flowers; the ovary of 4 lobes or divisions around a central style, ripening into seed-like nutlets. Calyx free, 5-parted or 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla with a 5-lobed limb, commonly imbricated in the bud. Stamens dis- tinct, inserted in the tube or throat of the corolla alternate with its lobes. The one-sided and coiled apparent spikes or racemes straighten as the blos- soms develop. Key to genera and species, p. 152. Borrago officinalis has escaped from gardens in Santa Cruz. It is a very rough herb with clus- ters of nodding deep blue flowers, the rotate corollas and connivent anthers reminding one of potato blossoms. LITHOSPERMUM. !L. arvense, Linn. Annual, a foot high, hoary with appressed hairs: leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear: flowers small white, sessile in leafy ter- minal cymes: nutlets conical, wrinkled. An Old Amsinckia lycopsoides. a. Calyx World weed now apparently established in San spread apart to show the ripe akenes. AMSINCKIA. A. campestris, Greene. Rather stout, 1-2 feet high, the short and rather dense spikes aggregated at the top of the stem: leaves linear-oblanceolate: sepals hardly twice the length of the nutlets: corolla inconspicuous: nutlets very dark brown, irregularly transverse-rugose and echinate-muricate. Byron Springs. A. echinata, Gray. Erect, 1-2 feet high, very hispid with white spreading bristles: leaves linear Janceolate: sepals narrow, yellow-hispid: corolla small and very slender: nutlets almost prickly-muricate, not rugose. Perhaps not within our limits. A. collina, Greene. Near A. tessellata, but slender and not branched: leaves nar- rowly linear-lanceolate, acute: calyx intensely gray-brown: corolla without folds in the throat: nutlets marked with few and sharp transverse ridges and intervening low tes- sellated granulations. Hills east of Livermore. 58 BORRAGINACE.E. A. grandiflora, Kleeberger. Simple up to the terminal spikes, hispid: lower leaves oblanceolate, the upper lanceolate, all acute: sepals broad, often 4 or 3 only, tawny- hairv: corolla an inch long, deep yellow; the funnelform throat 6 lines long above the short proper tube which bears the nearly sessile anthers: nutlets light gray, sharply triangular, perfectly smooth and shining, the back straight or even concave. Antioch, hills east of Livermore, and north of Tulare Lake. This is A. vernicosa var. grandi- flora of this book, but is undoubtedly a distinct species, and may well be called Klee. berger's Amsinckia, since (while a student in Yale College) he was the first to describe it. KBYNITZKIA. Sections 1 and 2 of this genus (species 1 to 6) aud Echinospermum Greenei form the genus Allocarya, in Bay Reg. Bot. The following new species may be added to § 2. K. stricta, Greene. Slender, erect and somewhat succulent: stem simple, or nearly so, 6 inches or less high, glabrous or nearly so, all except the floral leaves opposite: flowers very small: calyx lobes closed over the growing fruit: nutlets light gray, shin- ing, numerous close transverse ridges. Calistoga. K. diffusa, Greene. Procumbent, a foot or less long, loosely branching from the base; racemes leafy for half their length; lowest pedicel 6 lines long, the others hardly a line: calyx widely spreading: flowers small, nutlets dark brown, broadly ovoid, in- curved, the back with rather sharp granulations and ridges. K. humistrata, Greene. Stout and succulent, the branches mostly prostrate, a foot long: pedicels short and thick, often diflexed: calyx lobes in fruit becoming 4-6 lines long, turned to one side so as to stand vertically in a row: nutlets with minute muric- ulabions and sharp transverse wrinkles which have tufts of minute bristles. This is K. CaVfornica, var. subglochidiala. Probably a good species. K. myriantha, Greene. A diffuse, slender, prostrate or trailing annual a foot or more long: lower flowers on short, slender pedicels, the others forming close spikes: nutlets distinguished from those of K. Chorisiana by narrower outline, greater length, a more glossy surface and more prominent ridges on the back. Perhaps the more florifer- ous form of the latter species. Monterey. K. vestita, Greene. Distinguished from K. mollis by stout, nearly erect annual steins 2 feet or more high/rather rough pubescence and dark nutlets reticulated, the scar surrounded by a ridge. Petaluma. K. plebeia, Gr. Depressed branches a span or more long: floral leaves liuear- oblong: nutlets ovoid a line long, the back rugose-reticulate glabrous, not granulate or muricutate. Humboldt Bay, C. C. Marshall. K. Austinae, Greene. Erect, slender, simple or a few branches, about a span high, nearly glabrous, except the calyx: leaves narrowly linear 1^-3 inches long: nutlet ovate- acuminate, strongly keeled on both sides, the dorsal keel and margins with stout prickles, the uppermost barbed. Butte Co. BORRAGINACE^E. 59 K. stipitata, Greene, Ten to 18 inches high, erect and simple or with ascending branches from the base, light green, nearly glabrous: calyx nearly sessile, segments spreading foliaceous, in fruit often 6 lines long: corolla short-funnelform, 3-6 lines broad: nutlets slender-ovoid, the back covered with blunt tubercles and transverse wrinkles, divergent, stipitate. This, according to Greene, is one of the most common species in Central California. Moist land. K. Hickmanii, Greene. Very slender, diffuse, the filiform racemose branches 6-10 inches long: calyx a line long, on filiform pedicels: corolla a line or more broad: nutlets dark colored, tuberculate. Monterey Co. K. hirta, Greene. Annual, more than a foot high, erect, flaccid, simple below with many pairs of connate-sheathing linear leaves, loosely racemose above, bristly hairy: racemes in pairs: pedicels slender, a line long: calyx lobes erect, very hairy: corolla 3 lines broad: ovoid nutlets dark colored, the back granulate aud obscurely wrinkled. Umpqua Valley, Or. K. scripta, Greene. Somewhat succulent strigose-hairy: branches prostrate, 6-10 inches long: pedicels stout in the axils of leafy bracts: sepals oblanceolate at length, standing vertically in row: nutlets a line long, the back dark and smooth, marked by a sharp irregular flexuose with white ridges, these beset with tufts of short spreading bristles. Section 3 is equivalent to Cryptanthe in Bay-Reg. Bot. The following species are to be added: C. flaccida, Greene, is K. oxycarya of this book. K. Cleveland!, Greene. A foot or more high with few ascending branches rough with bristly hairs: calyx slender, appressed to the rachis: nutlets 2 or 1, shining. K. hispidissima, Greene. Size of the last, but more branching, more densely hispid with softer hairs, and the inflorescence more elongated: corolla conspicuous: nutlets 4, similar to those of K. leiocarya, much surpassed by the slender calyx lobes. San Luis Obispo Co. K. nemaclada, Greene. Slender, very diffusely branching, a foot high, sparsely bristly-hairy: spikes very loose, almost filiform: calyx a line long appressed to the rachis, bristly: nutlets 4, ovoid-acuminate \ a line long, shining. Colusa Co. K. Rattani, Greene. Hispid with slender hairs and slightly canescent, about a foot high, slender but rigid: leaves linear: spikes in 3s on an elongated naked common peduncle, rather densely flowered: calyx appressed to the rachis, its bristles spreading and straight: nutlets (3 maturing) lance-ovoid 1| lines long, brownish and smooth but not shining. First collected by Hickman in Monterey Co. K. crinita, Greene. Annual, slender 8-12 inches high, somewhat fastigiately branched from the base, rather stiffly hirsute: leaves linear: dense spikes elongated : 60 SCROPHULARIACE.E. calyx about 4 lines long, densely white-hairy; nutlet solitary ovoid, the dull brown sur- face smooth but not polished. Shasta Co. SOLANACE^E. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers on bractless pedicels, a single style and a 2-celled ovary; the fruit a many-seeded berry or capsule. Key to genera and species, p. 157. This small order of, perhaps, not more than twenty species west of the Sierra Nevada, and less than 70 in North America, is remarkable for the diversity of properties exhib- ited by its members, and the almost universal use by man of several of its species. At first view, the classification seems absurd which puts fiery cayenne pepper and insipid egg plants, the wholesome tomato and deadly nightshade, nutritious potatoes and poi- sonous tobacco together in one family. A careful examination shows that these seem- ingly very different plants are much alike after all. The four most important plants of this order — potato, tobacco, red or Cayenne pepper, and tomato — are natives of tropical America, and were consequently not used in the Old World before the sixteenth cen- tury. The following ornamental plants of the order are common in cultivation: Jeru- saleum Cherry (Solanum Pseudo-Capsicum, a small shrub with red berries; Jasmine Solanum (S. jasminoides), a shrubby climber, with a profusion of nearly white blossoms a little smaller than those of the potato; the well-known Matrimony Vine (Lycium vulgare) ; Tree Datura or Stramonium (Datura arborea), with hanging flowers six or seven inches in length; Oestrum, a shrub with drooping tubular red flowers in terminal bunches; and Petunia, with funnel- form corollas of various colors. SOLANUM. S. elaeagnifolium, Sav. A low perennial, silvery, whitened by a dense coat of stellate hairs, often with small prickles: calyx 5-angled, lobes slender: corolla violet, an inch or less broad. Tulare Co. S. villosum, Lam. Annual, hairy: leaves an inch long or more, sinuate-dentate: corolla white^minute. Introduced. S. alatum, Moennh. Similar but with angular stem and red berries. Introduced. S. cupuliferum, Greene. Distinguished from S. umbelliferum by leaves trans- versely rugose, margin crisped, hairs with pustulate base and flat corolla. SCROPHULARIACE^E . A corolla more or less bilabiate, with the lobes imbricated in the bud; didynamous or diandrous stamens; a single style and a 2-celled ovary and capsule mark this large order. In Pentstemon there is a fifth rudimentary stamen. Verbascum has five perfect stamens. Key to genera and species, p. 158. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 61 a. Ripe capsule of Mi- mulus luteus. b. The same seen edgwise burst- ing open. c. A cross section of the same, show- ing the placentae and seeds, d. Pistil of Mi- mulus luteus. e. Front view of one of the an- Miinulus glutinosus. thers. f. Back view of the same. Above these are the stamens of Mi- mulus glutinosus united in pairs. a. Single flower and bract of Pedicularis densi- flora (galea flattened laterally, the pistil protrud- ing; the lower lip of 3 small lobes, 2 of which are shown.) b. A single flower of Castilleia. c. Single flower of Orthocarpus purpurascens. d. Front view of the same, with calyx removed. The lower lip (anterior or front part of the flower) 3-lobed, the galea beaked and surpassing the stigma. This large order, numbering nearly 2,000 species, is remarkable for the great beauty of its flowers, and for the impartial distribution of its species over the whole world. Over 375 species, belonging to 37 genera, are natives of the United States. About 75 species grow east of the Mississippi, and about 175 west of the Sierra Nevada in this State. LIN ARIA. L. vulgaris, Mill. Is occasionally found by roadsides. Stems very leafy: flowers yellow, au inch or more long, in a dense raceme. A native of Europe, often called 62 SCROPHULARIACE.E. COLLINSIA. C. concolor, Greene. Near C. bicolor and probably only a variety distinguished by fewer red-purple flowers half as large, hairy calyx and more slender, revolute leaves. San Diego Co. C. Franciscana, Bioletti. Is a form described as intermediate between C. bicolor and C. sparsiflora: slender with thinnish foliage: leaves ovate or narrowed: pedicels 1-8 in the axils of upper leaves, from shorter, to 2 or 3 times as long as the calyx: corolla 9 lines long, bluish dotted with purple, throat closed at the mouth. San Fran- cisco Bay region. C. arvensis, Greene. Erect, simple or with several nearly erect branches from the base, 10-18 inches high, glabrous except the very sparsely bristly-hairy leaf-margins: lowest leaves oval or oblong on petioles equaling the blade, 6 lines long, coarsely toothed or nearly lobed; stem leaves lanceolate to linear, sessile, revolute: flowers loosely racemose, deep violet, 9 lines long: calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, twice the length of the tube: corolla with compressed throat 3 lines long and broad, upper lip half the length of the lower and paler: filaments slightly hairy below. This lias usually been referred to C. sparsiflora, which species Greene restricts to a small flowered form. C. Wrightii, Watson. Divaricately branched, 3 or 4 inches high, glandular-hairy, viscid: leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate, entire: flowers pedicellate, 1 or 2 in the axils, the uppermost in a naked umbel: calyx 2 lines long: corolla but a little longer, throat and tube shorter than the broad lobes; lower lip blue, upper yellowish: pod 2-seeded. Near C. Torreyi. Alpine» in Kern Co. TONELLA. In Bay-Reg. Bot. this genus is united with Collinsia, and our species is there called €. tenella, Benth. PENTSTEMON. P. leucanthus, Greene. Erect, 4-6 feet high, pallid, glaucous: leaves linear-lanceo- late, entire: sepals ovate. with acuminate tips: corolla white, 12-18 lines long, limb with short spreading lobes: anthers horseshoe-shape, filaments naked. Santa Barbara Co., John Spence. P. Sonomensis, Greene. Suffrutescent, evergreen, very leafy, 5-10 Inches high, slightly puberulent: leaves rather light green, coriaceous, denticulate, 6-9 lines long, short-petiolate, the uppermost round-ovate acutish, lower nearly orbicular and retuse: corolla 1 inch long, deep red, segments nearly equal, not widely spreading: anther slightly exserted, white, wooly. Better considered a variety of P. Menziesii, Hook., of which the type belongs on the North Coast. SCUOPHULARIACE^. 63 MIMULUS. M. glutinosus is Diplacus glutinosus in Bay-Reg. Bo* # 2, § 3, and § 4 make the genus Eunanus in Bay-Reg. Bot., and M. exilis is Mimetanthe pilosa, Greene. § 3. Eunanus. Miniulus Austinae, Greene. Near M. mephiticus, but odorless and scarcely viscid, 1-3 inches high, much branched, leaves spatulate 6 lines long or more, entire with 3-5 parallel veins: calyx teeth nearly equal: corolla yellow, throat purple dotted, tube long and slender, limb broad: pod attenuate, greatly surpassing the calyx. Modoc Co. M.Cusickii, Greene. A foot high or less, simple or branched; leaves broadly-ovate, very acute, entire sessile, 1 inch long or longer: calyx teeth very unequal, acute: corolla red-purple, tube slender, limb rotate, nearly regular, 6-10 lines broad. Or. and Wash. § 5. Eumimulus. According to Greene Mimulus luteus is a South American species quite distinct from our species which has borne this name, and should be known by the name given to it long ago by an eminent French botanist; viz. M. guttatus, D. C. A very variable species, of which two varieties described by Greene are the most common; var. grandis, Greene, a stout perennial 2-5 feet high with round stems, usually simple above the decumbent base; the stem leaves orbicular to round-ovate, and those from the base petiolate and sometimes lyrate; the flowers an inch or more long, light yellow with red dotted throat, in racemes a foot or more in length: var. insignis, Greene, probably always annual, less than 2 feet high, the flowers with red dotted calyx and corolla with large, dark red spots. But there are too many intermediate forms to make these names worth much. M. arvensis, Greene. Annual, erect, simple, quadrangular sterns, 1-2 feet high or more: lower leaves coarsely toothed and pastate or lyrate, the floral soft-hairy beneath: calyx 3-4 lines long, purple dotted, nearly truncate, becoming in fruit 6-8 lines long: pod compressed, nearly orbicular. M. subreniformis, Greene. Slender, 2-6 inches high: leaves 2-5 lines long, reni. form, with remote teeth, purplish beneath, roughish above, with short white hairs: corolla little exceeding the calyx, yellow with dark dots. Shasta Co. M. marmoratus, Greene. Decumbent, annual, 4-8 inches long, sparsely hairy: stem acutely angled: leaves ovate, reniform, toothed, red beneath, 6-9 lines long: calyx mottled, 4-5 lines long: corolla an inch or less in length, with slender tube and ample limb, the middle lobe large, hairy, with a red spot and dots. Knight's Ferry. F. W. Bancroft. M. deflexus, Wat. Slender, 2-3 inches high: leaves linear or broader, entire, less than 6 lines long: pedicels longer, spreading or reflexed: calyx slightly angled, nearly equally toothed, less than 3 lines long: corolla 6-8 lines long, upper lip deep purple, 64 CONVOLVULACE^E. lower deep yellow, with bifid lobes, somewhat hairy and spotted below. Near M- bicolor. Mts. of Tulare. M. latidens, Greene. Annual, slender, much branched from the base, 3-10 inches high, glandular, soft-downy, leaves ovate or narrower, 6-12 lines long, 3-5 nerved, entire or sparingly toothed: calyx 3-6 lines long: corolla 3-5 lines long, nearly regular but limb very small, white. § 6. Mimuloides. Greene, in Bay -Reg. Bot., makes a genus of this section, M. exilis being there called Mimetanthe pilosa, Greene. CASTILLEIA. C. parviflora, Bong., is C. Douglasii, Benth., in Bay-Meg. Bot. ORTHOCARPUS. O. versicolor, Greene. Slender, slightly reddish, mostly simple, 6 inches high or less: corolla with a shorter tube, and the sacs much larger than in O. erianthus, white fading pinkish, throat densely bearded. This was considered a form of O. erianthus by Gray. Greene puts the var. roseus here. Plantaginella, in Bay-Reg. Bot., is Limosella in this book, Wulfenia is Syn- thyris, and Adenostegia is Cordylanthus (the species rigida is C. filifolius). BELLARDIA, Allioui. B. Trixago, All. Stout, rigid, erect, 1 foot high or more: leaves lanceolate, cre- nate-serrate: spike thick, dense, 4-sided, several inches long: corolla 6-12 lines long, rose color and white, strongly bilabiate: upper lip enclosing in its concavity the 4 stamens surpassed by the 3-lobed lower lip. Escape from gardens near Martinez. CONVOLVTJLACE^E. Herbs, usually twining or trailing, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular per- fect flowers; the stamens as many as the lobes or angles of the corolla and alternate with them (5, rarely 4); the free persistent calyx of mostly distinct imbricated sepals; ovary 2-3 celled; capsules generally globular; seeds 1 to 6. Inflorescence axillary. Key to genera and species, *p. 156. DICHONDRA. D. repens, Forster. Prostrate: leaves round-reniform: small flowers axillary; corolla deeply 5-lobed, yellow: carpels 2, distinct, hairy. Presidio, San Francisco. CONVOLVULUS. C. Binghaxnse, Greene. Perennial from creeping root stocks, the stems 3-6 feet long: leaves glabrous, oval or oblong acute, the base with a pair of obtuse hastate lobes: bracts oval to narrowly oblong, 4 lines long closely embracing the calyx which is twice as long- corolla white. In marshy places, Santa Barbara. Mrs. R. F. Bingham. LABIATE. 65 C. occidentalis. According to Greene this species is distinguished by broad keeled bracts which completely cover the calyx, and flowers a third larger than those of C. luteolus, which has small braets growing 6 lines or more below the flower. The former grows south of Monterey, and the latter north. But Gray considered the latter as a form of C. occidentalis. C. subacaulis of Bay-Reg. Bot. is C. Californicus, Choisy. OROBANCHACE^E. Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of leaves and green color. ulariacece by the 1-celled ovary: the p lacentse parietal. p. 169. Distinguished from Scroph- Key to genera and species, Aquatic herbs. Upper lip of corolla interior in the bud: lower lip with a palate pro- jecting into the throat and a spur, 3-lobed. Key to genera and species, p. 169. CL RIGHT-HAND FIG. — a. Flower of Sphacele calycina. 6. Same With corolla cut to show stamens, pistil, and bairy ring inside, e. Fruit (4 globular akenes) of tbe same, lying in the bottom of the calyx, c. Flower and buds, showing inflorescence of Tri- chostema lanceolatum. d. Ripe fruit of the same (4 triangular akenes in the persistent calyx). LABI AT JE. Chiefly aromatic herbs with square stems, opposite simple leaves, and no stipules, bilabiate corolla, didy- namous or diandrous stamens, and a 4-lobed ovary with a single style, forming seed-like nutlets in the bottom of the persistent calyx. Flowers perfect, axillary. Calyx 3-5 toothed or cleft, or bilabiate. Stamens on the tubes of the corolla. Style, 2-cleft at the apex, often un- equally so, or one of the lobes obsolete: stigmas minute. Key to genera and species, p. 170. MENTHA. The following mints have run wild in moist places: M. viridis, L. (Spearmint.) Green and glabrous, erect: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate, or nearly so: flowers crowded in terminal spikes. M. piperita, Huds. (Peppermint.) Darker green: leaves petiolate, ovate to lanceolate: flowers in shorter, thicker spikes. M. Pulegium, L. (Pennyroyal.) Prostrate, much- branched: leaves smaller than those of the preceding, usually less than an inch long: calyx with a hairy ring. MONARDELLA. M. Sheltonii, Torr, in Bay-Reg. Bot. is a variety of M. villosa, Benth. Botany — 5 66 LABIAT.E. PYCNANTHEMUM. P. Californicum, Torr, is Koellia Californica in Bay-Reg. Bot. Whitish with soft hairs: leaves ovate or narrower, sessile: flowers white. MICROMERIA. M. purpurea, Gr. Greene thinks this is the common garden pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium, L.), but the description of the former in the Synoptical Flora of North America does not fit the latter plant. MELISSA, Tourn. M. officinalis, L. , Common Balm, may be found outside of gardens occasionally. Its lemon-like odor distinguishes it from other mints. AUDIBERTIA and SAL VIA. These genera are joined under the latter name in Bay-Reg. Bot., and a species of the former (A. polystachia) is the basis of a new genus Ramona, Greene, to which is also added A. humilis, which is the species described in Bay-Reg. Bot. NEPETA, Linn. N. cataria, L. (Catnip) and N. Glechoma, Benth, (Ground Ivy) are found occasion- ally. The former is erect, 2 feet high or more, somewhat hoary with minute downy hairs; the leave petiolate, ovate-cordate, coarsely toothed; the small flowers in short. dense spikes: calyx downy, 1-5 ribbed, teeth nearly equal; corolla bluish or nearly white; the upper pair of stamens projecting above the lower pair. The latter is a creeping plant with orbicular-reniform, crenate leaves; the blue flowers 9 lines long, usually six in a whorl in the axils of leaves on short, ascending branches. LAMIUM, Tourn. L. amplexicaule, L., is another European herb fairly established in San Jose and some other localities. Stems weak, leaves distant, the lower petioled, the upper sessile or clasping, crenately lobed and incised: slender purple corolla with spotted lower lip: anthers hairy. STACHYS. S. velutina, Greene. Stout, 2-6 feet high, soft-hairy: leaves rugose, short-petioled, cor date -ovate, 3-6 inches long: calyx-teeth spreading, corolla small, white with red dots and lines; upper lip deeply concave concealing the stamens. Too near S. albens. S. stricta, Greene. More slender than the last and smaller, less hairy, resinous- glandular: leaves narrower and thinner: corolla white, the upper lip sub-orbicular, PLANTAGINACE.E. 67 slightly concave, and not concealing the stamens, the back hairy; the lower lip with side lobes mere deflexed teeth. S. Californica, Bentham. Distinguished from S. bullata by larger size (3-6 feet high), aromatic odor, ovate-cordate leaves and corolla darker. Perhaps only a moist ground v?riety of the latter. VERBENACEJE. Herbs or shrubs differing from Labiatce mainly in the ovary and fruit, which is undivided and 2-4-celled, at maturity either dry and splitting into as many 1-seeded nutlets, or drupaceous, containing as many little stones. Key to genera and species, p. 170. LIPPIA. L. cuneifolia, Steud. Diffusely branched from a woody base, procumbent, canescent: leaves rigid, cuneate-linear sessile, incisely toothed above the middle: peduncles short, bearing cylindrical heads 4 or 5 lines thick. River banks and subsaline plains of the Central Val., Greene. PLANTAGINACEJE. This order is represented in North America by 1. PLANTAGO, L. PLANTAIN. Flowers in spikes or heads, bracteate. Calyx of 4 persistent sepals free from the ovary. Corolla scarious, apparently dry, colorless, 2-lobed. Stamens 2 or 4 on the corolla alternate with its lobes, anthers versatile. Style filiform, bearded above. Stemless herbs with Verbena hastata (spikes and nerved or ribbed radical leaves and naked scapes of bracts), a. Ripe fruit removed small greenish or colorless flowers. Key to genera and from the calyx (natural size and species, p. 174. magnified). a DIVISIONS. APETAL^E. ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. Twining shrubs or low herbs with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid calyx valvate in the bud and coherent with the 6-celled ovary, which forms a. many-seeded 6-celled pod or berry in fruit. Stamens 6-12, more or less united with the style; anthers adnate, extrorse. Leaves petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Gray's Manual. ARISTOLOCHIA. Calyx tubular, inflated above the ovary. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers adnate to the short stigma. A. Californica, Gr. (Pipe-Vine.) A twining shrub with large cordate leaves, flowers curved like a Dutch pipe, greenish, marked with brown or purple. 2. AS ARUM. Tourn. Calyx regular, 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point. Stemless herbs with creep- ing rootstocks, bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one or two leaves, and terminated by a short peduncled flower close to the ground. A. caudatum, Lindl. (Wild Ginger.) The smooth, broadly cordate leaves usually mottled with white; calyx bell-shaped, the acuminate lobes spreading, brownish purple. Common in forests; the flowers likely to be hidden under leaves. A. Hartwegi, Watson. Stouter than the last: leaves cordate, mottled margin ciliate: peduncle stout, 6 lines long: calyx-lobes ovate, narrowed to a linear apex 1-1J inches long: anther shorter tnan the appendage or produced filament above. A. Liemmoni, Watson. Leaves rounded at apex, flat: calyx lobes 4-6 lines long. Plumas Co. NYCTAGINACEJE. Herbs with mostly opposite and entire leaves, stems swollen at the joints, the tubular calyx corolla-like, its persistent base contracted, inclosing the 1-celled, 1-seeded ovary, and becoming a sort of indehiscent pod. Flowers with an involucre encasing from one to many flowers. [68] POLYGONACE^:. 69 MIRABALIS, Linn. Involucre calyx-like, 5-cleft, 1-12-flowered: perianth (corolla-like calyx) tubular or funnelform with a spreading limb: stigma capitate: ovary globose to oblong, smooth or ribbed. Perennial herbs with leaves nearly equal in the pairs. M. Frcebelii (Behr), Greene. Stout, spreading stems 2-3 feet long, viscid-hairy: leaves broadly ovate or narrower, the lower cordate often 4 inches long: involucre an inch long, usually 6-flowered: perianth broadly funnelform, about 1^ inches long, purple. Southern Cal. M. Greenei, Watson. Similar to the last with thicker, larger leaves, the involucre 7-10 flowered. Northern Cal. M. laevis (Benth), Curran. Viscid-hairy, yellowish green: leaves rounded ovate to cordate, 6-15 lines long: involucre 2-3 lines long; perianth 5 lines long. Southern Cal. M. Jalapa is the cultivated Four-o'clock or Marvel-of-Pei*u. ALLIONIA, L. A. incarnata, L. Slender, prostrate, woolly-hairy, viscid: leaves unequal pairs: involucre 3-flowered, 2-3 lines long: perianth 2-4 lines long, one lobe much shorter than the others, purple or white. Monterey S. ABBONIA, Juss. Calyx salverform, with obcordate lobes. Stamens 5, included, adnate to the tube. Style included; stigma, capitate or clavate. Fruit 2-5' winged. Embryo by abortion monocotyledonous, enfolding mealy albumen. Low herbs, with the opposite thick petioled leaves unequal, and the flowers in involucrate heads. Common on sandy sea beaches. A viscid exudation causes sand to stick to every part of the plants. A. latifolia. Esch. (Yellow Sand- Verbena.) Root perennial; stems procumbent; leaves very thick, sub-cordate to reniform, on thick petioles; flowers orange-yellow, fragrant. "*• A. umbellata, Lamb. (Pink Sand- Verbena.) Annual; stems decumbent, leaves oblong or ovate, attenuate at base into slender petioles; flowers pink. A. maritixna, Nutt. (Red Sand- Verbena. ) Stouter than the last; leaves broader with shorter petioles; involucral bracts ovate; flowers bright red. From Santa Barbara southward. A. fragrans, Nutt., of the Columbia River, has white flowers. POLYGONACE^B. Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and stipnles in the form of sheaths, or obsolete, above the swollen joints of the stem; the flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less 70 POLYGON AC E^E. persistent calyx, a 1 -celled ovary, bearing 2 or 4 styles or stigmas, and a single seed. Stamens 4-12 inserted on the base of.the 3-6-cleft calyx. Rhubarb and buckwheat are the only wellknown plants of this order in cultivation. POLYGONUM. Calyx 5 parted; the divisions petal-like, persistent in fruit, and surrounding the usually 3-angled akene. Stamens 3 to 8. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Herbs with small flowers on jointed pedicels. Knot-weed or Yard-grass and Smart-weed belong to this genus. About 25 species are found in California, of which 2 or 3 are introduced weeds. Two or three species are useful forage plants (Saccaline, Knotgrass.) RUMEX, L. Calyx of 6 sepals; the three outer herbaceous, spreading in fruit; the three inner larger, somewhat petaloid, covering the akene in fruit (then called valves), and often bearing grainlike appendages on the outside. Stamens 6. Styles 3; stigmas tufted. Introduced weeds with small greenish flowers crowded and whorled in panicled racemes. The Docks and Sheep-sorrel are examples of this genus. Of the dozen species on this coast, half are introduced weeds. Canaigre, cultivated for the use of tanners, is a kind of Dock, native of this coast (B. hymenosepalus). EBIOGONUM, Michx. Flowers borne in a many-to-few-flowered calyx-like involucre of united bracts: the pedicels exserted, jointed to the flower, with bractlets at the base: calyx corolla-like, 6-parted or deeply 6-cleft: stamens 9: akene triangular. Herbaceous or somewhat woody plants, usually with a woolly or scurfy pubescence: the entire leaves without stipules and mostly radical: juice frequently acid. Over 80 species grow west of the Mississippi, of which over 50 are Californian, mostly Alpine. CHOBIZANTHE, R. Br. Flowers borne in 1-3 flowered involucres, which have 3-6 awned segments or teeth, the tube ribbed or angled. Stamens 9 (rarely 6 or 3): akene triangular. Annuals branch- ing dichotomously, the leaves few and mostly basal, ternate bracts at the joints. More than 20 species on this coast. OXYTHECA, Nutt. Flowers borne in few-flowered, pedicellate, awn-tipped or unarmed involucres, Perianth 6-parted: stamens 6: akene commonly lenticular. Slender annuals, branch- ing dichotomously, the leaves in a rosulate tuft at the base, bracts united at the bas? and leaf-like. Halt a dozen species on this coast. APET'ALOUS TREES. 71 PIPER AC E^E. Herbs with joinfed stems, alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers in spikes, en- tirely destitute of floral envelopes. ANEMOPSIS, Hook, Flowers in a simple conical spadix, which is surrounded by a 5-8-leaved persistent colored involucre, each flower subtended by a free colored bract. Stamens 6 to 8, free, growing upon the immersed ovary. A, Californica, Hook. Stem simple, erect, 3 to 15 inches high, with a single broad, clasping leaf in the middle, and an axillary branchlet reduced to 1 or more petioled leaves; radical leaves oblong-oval, cordate at base, 2 to 6 inches long; involucre 1 to 1£ inches broad, white, becoming brown. Used medicinally by the Mexicans, who call it Yerba Mama. APETALOUS TREES. The Order Betulaceae (Birch Family) is represented in California by two Birches, which scarcely attain to the dignity of trees, and are confined to the high Sierras, and four Alders, two of which grow in the central part of the state, viz. : Alnus rubra, Bong. (Red Alder), and the more common Alnus rhombifolia, Nutt. (White Alder), which may be distinguished by its thinner leaves, not rusty beneath, and more slender branches not so distinctly dotted with white. Myrica Californica, Cham. (Bayberry) representing the Order Myricacese, grows in moist places, and may be known by its thick oblanceolate serrate evergreen leaves and dense clusters of small fruit, whitened by a coat of wax. Umbellularia Californica, Nutt. (Order Lauraceae), is the well-known Laurel. Platanus racemosa, Nutt, is the California Sycamore. The Order Salicaceae is represented by 4 or 5 Willows, large enough to be called trees, and 3 Poplars, viz. : Populus tremuloides, Michx. (Quaking Asp), a small tree, with whitish bark and round ovate leaves. In the high Sierra. The only Calif ornian tree, except one of two willows, found east of the Rocky Mountains. P. trichacarpa. Torr & Gr. (Cotton wood.) Petioles round; young bark brownish. P. Fremonti, Wat. (Fremont's cottonwood.) Petioles flattened; young bark yellowish. The WALNUT FAMILY is represented by Juglans Californica, the California Black Walnut. About a dozen kinds of Oak Trees, and several shrubs of the same genus, with the chestnut-like Chinquapin, represent the Order Cupuliferae. 72 ORCHIDACE.E. CLASS II-ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS. Stems consisting of woody tissue and cellular tissue (pith) intermixed. Embryo mono- cotyledonous. ALJSMACEJE. Marsh herbs, with leaves all radical, scape-like flowering sterns, and (in our species) perfect flowers. Sepals and petals each three and distinct. Ovaries 3 to many; dis- tinct, or, at least, separating at maturity, forming 1-2-seeded pods. Stamens from 6 to many; anthers extrorse, 2-celled. Key to genera and species, p. 174. ORCHIDACEJE. Herbs with irregular 6-merous perianth adnate to the 1-celled ovary; the ovules innu- merable on 3 parietal placentae, becoming fine sawdust-like seeds. One petal, called the lip, is unlike the other two. Stamens consolidated with the style forming the Column. This remarkable family of plants is chiefly tropical, one only — Calypso borealis — reaches the limits of the Arctic Circle. Most of the tropical species are epiphytes. These cling to other plants, usually trees, by means of aerial roots, which, however, take no nourishment from the supporting plants. More than 2,500 kinds of epiphytal orchids are known, mostly South American. These are often remarkable for the beauty as well as oddity of their flowers, characters which make them the most admired of hot- house plants. But the wonderful mechanism of the flowers, by means of which insects effect cross-fertilization, is more interesting to the naturalist than perfume and beauty, which are the more common agents used by higher plants to ensure this aid of insects in the production of good seed. The only plant production of this order well known in commerce is vanilla, the fleshy pods of several creeping or climbing species of the genus Vanilla, all natives of Mexico, Colombia and Guiana. Key to genera and species, p. 175. •:;.*-• HABENAB-IA. H. maritima, Greene, is more robust than H. elegans, with a short, thick spike of whiter, larger flowers; the lip pure white. H. Michaeli, Greene. Still more robust, the fleshy stem bearing many triangular or ovate acute, thin appressed bracts, the spike of greenish flowers 3 inches long; sepals and petals longer, 3 lines long: spur a third longer than the ovary. These two species may be forms of H. elegans. H. saccata, Greene. Two or more feet high, with a slender, leafy bracted raceme of green flowers; the side petals falcate, the linear lip much larger than the saccate spur. May be a form of H. gracilis. SPIBANTHES Liixnodorum. LILIACEJE. 73 OBCHIASTBUM in Bay. Reg. Bot., and Epipactis is IRIDACE^E. Herbs with 2-ranked leaves, the flower buds inclosed by bracts. Perianth adherent to the ovary, segments in two, often unequal sets. Stamens 3. anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-celled, style 1, stigma 3, often petaloid. Key to genera and species, p. 177. SISYBINCHIUM. This genus is Bermudiana in Bay-Reg. Bot. S. sarmentosum, Suksdorf. Stem and leaves very slender: segments of the small light blue perianth, all abruptly acuminate. Washington. Flower and buds of Calochortus albus, and the three- winged fruit outlined. LILIACE^E. Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical flowers; the perianth free from the chiefly 3-celled ovary, with the divisions all petaloid (except in Trillium and Calochortus), the stamens opposite the divisions of the perianth, usually 6 (rarely 3 of them, nat pollenifrous), sometimes only 3, and in one genus the parts of the flower in 2's. The antherless stamens in about a dozen of our species are not rudimentary, as in Collinsia, but well developed, as in Pentstemon, and probably as in that genus, assist insects in cross-fertilization. These stamens are called staminodia. Key to genera and species, p. 178« 74 LILIACE.E. ALLIUM. A. dichlamydeum, Green Leaves few, shorter than the scape, which is about a foot high: perianth deep rose color 5 lines long, outer segment spreading, inner erect, entire: ovary crested. Resembling A. serratum, which has smaller flowers with serru- late segments. A. crispum, Greene. Scape 5-8 inches high, thickened upward: spathe 1-valved pedicels 12-25, 1 inch long: perianth light purple, 3-4 lines long, the outer segments oblong-ovate plane, entire, the inner lanceolate, the margins undulate: ovary not crested. Near A. serratum. Paso Robles. A. monospermum, Jepson. Size and habit of A. attenuif olium, but 3 or 4 scapes from the red bulb: pedicels 50-80: perianth pale purple: filaments with broadly deltoid united bases; pod maturing but one seed. Vac- Mts. BBODI2RA. Prof. Green has again elaborated this genus and its allies, but we shall retain the names of his first revision. In Bay-Reg Bot. Dichelostemma re- places Brodiaea and Brevoortia is added, becom- ing D. Ida-Maia, while B. volubis becomes D Californicum. The other species retain the old specific names with the final ostexnma is neuter. a" changed to "urn, "since Dichel- Brodicea capitata. Hookera terrestris. HOOKERA. H. leptandra, Greene. Scape slender, a foot or less high: umbel 2-flowered: perianth purple, an inch long; segments linear, spreading above free portion of the filaments 3 lines long: anthers linear, 3 lines long; staminodia thin, involute, retuse. TRITELEIA. The yellow flowered species of this genus ap- pear in Bay-Reg. Bot, under the generie name Caliprora, and the white flowered /me is Hes- peroscordum. T. Henderson!, Watson. Near T. Bridges!!. Scape and leaves about a foot long: leaves 3-5 lines broad: perianth salmon-color with brown- purple nerves, 6-9 lines long, the segments about LILIACLE. 75 Triteleia Hya. cinthina. Triteleia laxa. as long as the tube: stamens in one row, the filaments equal. Oregon. T. scabra, Greene. Scape 6-3 inches high, scabrous, the leaves scabrous — serrulate: perianth segments broad, ob- tuse or retuse: forks of the filaments slender, erect; anthers white. T. Henderson!, Greene. Scape and leaves about 10 inches high: pedicels 6-8, slender, 1-2 inches long: perianth funnel-form, 9 lines long cleft to the middle, yellowish with purple veins: filaments equal, free above the perianth tube: anthers less than a line long, blue, obtuse. Or. T. hyacinthina, Greene, is in Bay-Keg. Bot. Hesperoscordum lacteum, Lindl. BREVOORTIA. B. coccinea in the key should be B. Ida-Maia, Wood. In Bay-Reg. Bot. it is Dichelostemma Ida-Maia, (Wood) Greene. It was named by Prof. Alfonso Wood for the stage driver's little daughter who was with him when he first saw the flowers, (1866). No matter what generic name is finally fastened upon it by botanists the chil- dren of California will call it Ida May's Fire-crackers. Smilacina is Vagnera in Bay-Reg. Bot. Maianthemum is Unifolium, and Prosartes is Disporum, the specific names unchanged in the first and last; M. bi- folium of this book is U. dilatatum in Greene's manual. FRITILLARIA. F. coccinea, Greene. Stems 8-18 inches high: leaves in 2 or 3 whorls, linear-lan- ceolate: flowers 1-4, an inch longer: segments not recurved at tip, yellow and scarlet, checkered: styles distinct above, stigmas linear: pod obtusely angled. Sonoma and Napa Co's. F. biflora. var. agrestis, Greene. Stem 1-2 feet high from an ovoid cluster of sub-cylindraceous bulb-scales: leaves a whorl of 3 below the upper alternate ones: flow- ers 3-6, nodding-campanulate, greenish, an inch long, odor bad: Stamens shorter than the pistil: style cleft nearly to the base. Interior Coast Range. . F. glauca, Greene. Stems 6-8 inches high: leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, glaucous: flowers 1-2, very broadly campanulate, greenish or purplish, the segments an inch long. Near Waldo, Or. F. mutica in Bay-Reg. Bot. is F. lanceolata, Pursh., var. floribunda, Benth., of this book. 76 LILIACEJE. F. pudica, Sprengel. Bulb of 2 or 3 large, rounded scales and many smaller ones: stem 3-8 inches high: leaves 3-8 narrowly oblanceolate or linear, scattered or nearly verticillate, 2-4 inches long, flowers often solitary (1-6), nodding, yellow or orange, often purple-tinged, 5-9 lines long, scarcely spreading. Yreka, Cal., Miss Lillian Vivian. EBYTHBONIUM. E. giganteum, Lindl. Leaves 6-10 inches long, narrowed to a short margined petiole; scape 10-15 inches high, 1-6-flowered: perianth cream-color tinged with pink, yellow at base; segments broadly lanceolate, 12—18 lines long, recurved. This is under E. grandiflorum in the key (var. Smithii) but considered a distinct species by Greene. E. Hartwegi, Wats. Described by Greene in Bay-Reg. Bot. as having pale yellow flowers with orange center and segments scarcely recurved, is, according to him, the species growing about Healdsburg on the Russian River and northward. E. Henderson!, Wat. Leaves mottled: scape 1-2 flowered, perianth recurved, 18 lines long, pale purple with darker base fringed with pale yellow; petals auriculate above the short claw, the auricles sub-saccate with globose-inflated scales: slender fila- ments purple: style clavate, short-lobed stigma cupulate. Oregon. E. citrinum, Wat. Similar, flowers smaller, lemon-color with broad orange spots at the base, tips purple-tinged, the filaments yellow or white. Oregon. E. Howellii, Wat. Distinguished from the preceding two by pale pink perianth segments with basal orange spots and petals without auricles and scales. CALOCHOKTUS. C. collinus, Lemmon. Glaucous, 3-10 inches high, simple or branching: flowers 2-6 on pedicils 3-6 inches long: sepals elliptical, greenish yellow: petals creamy white ob- ovate, slightly concave 6-9 lines long; gland cuneate, ciliate, purplish: stamens longer than the pistils: obtuse oblong anthers a line or less long: pods nodding. Near C. Maweanus. C. liyoni, Wat. Branching stem 1-2 feet high, usually several flowers: sepals naked, acute: petals 12-20 lines long, lilac or purplish, the oblong hairy gland in a larger dark spot: anthers obtuse, 2 lines long or less. Los Angeles. C. albus, Dougl, Var. rubellus, Greene. Flowers longer and narrower than the type, rose-colored. Monterey. ANALYTICAL KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF WEST COAST PLANTS. CLASS I.-EXOGKEISTS OR DICOTYLEDONS. [77] RANUNCULACE26. 79 DIVISION I. POLYPETALuE. RANUNCULACEJE. * Petals and sepals similarly colored, Sepals and petals slender: carpels 3 to 8 on stipes: smooth; evergreen 8 Petals 5 spur-like sacs: follicles 5: flowers nodding: leaves compound 10 Upper sepal with a spur enclosing spurs of two petals: petals 4 11 Upper sepal a hood enclosing spurs of two petals 12 Minute white flowers in dense capitate racemes: pistil single 1& Flowers pinkish or whitish on scapes 6 Flowers solitary on scapes: receptacle elongated: leaves slender, entire 5 * * Petals and sepals not similarly colored, Petals yellow white or pinkish: akenes small, beaked 6 Petals fleshy, dull purple: follicles large: leaves glaucous 14 * * * Petals wanting : sepals petaloid. Woody climbers: leaves opposite: sepals 4: akenes plumose 1 A whorl of leaves below the flower: akenes many 2 Leaves cordate: sepals greenish, large: follicles 5 to 12 7 Leavei 2-3-ternately compound: follicles pointed . . 9 flowers small, greenish, in panicles: leaves 2-3 ternate 3 Flowers small, white; panicles corymbose, akenes 4 -angled, inflated 4 1. CLEMATIS, Linneu*. 1. 0. lignsticifolia, Nnttall. Leaves 5-foliolate: sepals white, dlky. 2. 0. lasiantka, Nutt. Leaves 3-foliolate: peduncles l-2-braotoato. 3. 0. pauciflora, Nutt. Leaves fascicled: akenes smooth. 4. O. verticillaris, DO. Flowers bluish purple, large, solitary. 2. ANEMONE, Linnaeus. 1. A. occidentalis, Watson, Akenea plumose- tailed: alpine. 2. A. multifida, DC. Akenes densely woolly : sepals villova 3. A. nemorosa, Linn. Leaves 3, petioled, ternate, incisely lobed. 4. A. deltoid ea, Hooker. Leaves usually entire, serrate. 80 RANUNCULACB2B. 3. TTTAT.TnT-R.TnW, Tournefort. 1. T. polycarpuxn, Watson. Akenes in dense heads, 2 or 3 linea long. 2. T. occidentalis, Gray. Akenes 1 to 6, 3 or 4 lines long, narrower. 3. T. eparsiflorum, Tnrcz. Anthers obtuse; fruit heads nodding. 4. TBAT7T VETTEBI A, Fischer & Meyer. 1. T. grandis, Nutt Slender: leaves few, 5-7-lobed, laciniate-toothed. 6. MYOSTJBTJS, Linnaeus. 1. M. minimus, Linn. Receptacle in fruit 1 or 2 inches long. 2. 1C. aristatus, Benth. Receptacle shorter, akenes beaked. 3. M. sessilis, Watson. Flowers sessile: fruit heads 2 to 6 lines long. 6. BANTJNCTJLUS, Linn. • Aquatic; leaves round-rcniform and lobed or, token submerged, filiform-dissected. Petals white: akenes wrinkled crosswise 1, 2 Petals yellow: akenes not wrinkled 6 * * Not aquatic : leaves all radical : scape* naked or 1-S bracteate, mostly 1- flowered: sepals petaloid. Sepals white: petals minute: leaves cordate or reniform 3 Sepals pinkish, persistent petals pink: leaves compound 4 * * * Usually growing in wtt places. Leaves all entire, oval or narrower 7, 8, 0, 10 Leaves rather fleshy, simple or 3-foliolate; lobes rounded 6, 19 * * * * Not aquatic but some species growing in wet places: leaves variously divided or lobed. Alpine, tufted: leaves round-renifonn to cuneate, small 11 Some or all the leaves ternately compound: stems branching. Petals usually more than 6 15 Petals usually 6 13, 16, 17, 18, 19 1. B. aquatilis, Linn. var. heterophyllus. Sepals deciduous: receptacle hairy. 2. B. Lobbiij Hiern. Sepals persistent enclosing the few akenes. 3. B. hystriculu «, Gray. Akenes 2 or 3 lines long, tapering ; beak hooked. 4. B. Anderson!, Gr. Akenes bladdery, 4 or 5 lines long. 6. B, Cymbalaria, Pursh. Akenes enlarging upward; beak oblique. 6. B. multifidus, Pursh. Petals 5 to 8 with a large scale; beak straight 7. B. pusillus, var. landheixneri, Gr. Akenes granulate. a. B. Flammu] a, Linn. var. reptans, Gr. Akenes subglobose. RANUNCULACE-dB. • 81 9. R. alismeefoliug, Geyer. Smooth: akenes in globose head. 10. R Lemmoni, Gr. Sepals villons: akenes pubescent. 11. R oxynotus, Gr. Leaves small: sepals hairy: heads oblong. 12. B. Bloomeri, Watson. Akenes straight- beaked. 13. R. occidentals. Akenes flat, often rough ; beak curved. 14. R. canus, Benth. Densely soft villous when young. 15. R. Californicus, Benth. Petals narrowly obovate, 6 to 20. 16. R. hispidus, Michx. Hispid: calyx scarcely reflexed. 17. R. orthorhynchus, Hooker. Akenes nearly 2 lines long. 18. R. hebecarpus, Hook. & Arn. Flowers minute: akenes bristly. 19. R. muricatus, Linn. Akenes prickly, large, strong- beaked. 7. CALTHA, Linnaeus. 1. 0. leptosepala, D C. Scape-like stems 1 -flowered. 8. COPTIS, Salisbury. 1, 0. asplenifolia. Sails. Small petals pouched: sepals slender. 2. O. occidental!*, T. & G. Petals not pouched, linear. Or. 0. ISOPYRUM, Linnaeus. I I. occidentalis, Hook. & Arn. Several flowers: follicles 6 lines long. 2. I. stipitatum, Gray. One flower: follicles stipitate, 3 lines long, obtnsa 3. I. Hallii, Gray. Large: 7 to 9 flowers: follicles smaller, acuminate. 10. AQUELEGIA, Tournetort. 1. A. truncata, F. & M. Petals truncate, red, yellow-tinged, CaL 2. A. formosa, Fischer. Similar: petals longer outside. Oregon. 3. A. caeruloa, James. Flowers blue to white: spurs very slender. 11. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. Flowers blue, purple or white, in terminal racemes. Capsule pubescent 1, 2, 8, 0 Capsule glabrous „ 4, 6, 7, 8 Flowers red or yellowish in loose racemes. 0, 10 1. D. simplex, Douglas. Stem and raceme strict: sepals 4 or 5 lines long. 2. D. varieg-atum, T. & G. More hairy raceme loose: sepals 6 to 10 lines long. 3. D. Menziesii, DC. A longer spur: upper petals purple- veined. 4. D. decorum, F & M. Usually smooth: flowers like the last. 5. D. depauperatum, Nuttall. Smaller: possibly variety of the last. 82 •-. NYMPH jEACE.®. 1. D. Calif or nicum, T. & G. Dull blue flowers velvety: raceme close. T D. glaucum, Watson. Glaucous: pale blue flowers: raceme narrow. 1 D. trollifolium, Gray. Smooth: leaves shining: flowers large. ). D. nudicaule, T. & G. Follicles narrowed at base: G to 12 lines long. \0. D. cardinale, Hooker. Follicles broader at base, shorter: flowers larger. 12. ACONITUM, Tournefort. I. A. Columbianum, Nutt. Blue flowers or rarely white: hood beaked. 13. ACTJEA, Linnaeus. 1. A. spicata, var. arguta, Torrey. Leaves 2-3-ternate: berries red. 14. P2EONIA, Linn. i. P. Brownii, Dougl. Leathery sepals persistent: seeds 5 or 6 lines long. BERBEKIDACEJS. Low shrubs with spiny -toothed pinnate leaves: flowers yellow 1 Herb: leaves radical, temately compound: flowers nodding, white 2 Herb: radical 3-foliolate leaf solitary: sepals and petals wanting 8 1. HERBERTS, Linnaeus. 1. B. repens, Lindley. Leaflets 3 to 7, ovate, not shiny: not A foot high, 2. B. Aquifolium, Pursh. Leaflets 7 or more, shiny: berries globose. 3. B. pinnata, Lag. Petiole short or leaflets at the base: fruit long-ovoid. 4. B. nervosa, Pursh. Leaflets palraately nerved, 11 to 17. 2. VANCOUVERIA, Morren & Decaisne. 1. V. hexandra, M. & D. Panicle of white flowers on a scapa. Var. aurea. Flowers yellow, larger. S. W. Or. ( V. aurta, Greene.) 3. ACHLYS, De Candolle. 1. A< triphylla, DO. Scape ending iu a slender spike of minute flowers. NYMPH^ACEJE. Leaves elliptic-peltate, floating: stems jelly -coated 1 Leaves oblong -cordate, large: flowers large, globose, yellow 2 PAPAVERACE^S. 83 / 1. BRASENIA, Schreber. I. B. peltata, Pursh. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long: white or purplish flowers. 1. NTJPHAR, Smith. 1. N. polysepalum, Engelm. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long: stigma broad. SARKACENIACE2E. Darlingtonia Calif ornica, Torrey. Hooded tubular leaves with a pair of mus- tache-like appendages above the opening: solitary flower nodding on a bracteate scape, PAPAYERACEJE. * Herbs with entire narrow leave* ; the uppermost whorled or opposite: sepals 5, caducous: petals 6 in 2 rows, white or yellowish, Filiform atigmas 6 to many; ovaries forming a cylinder .' 1 Stigmaa 3; capsule triangular-ovoid to obovoid or linear 9 * Herbs with divided or lobed alternate leaw*. Sepals 3, winged on the back: half shrubby 8 Sepals 3 or 2, sharp-horned: bristly with stiff prickles 4 Sepals 2: stigma slightly 4-8-lobed: slender purplish filaments 6 Sepals united into a conical cap: slender stigmas unequal 6 * * * Shrubs or woody based perennials. Sepals 2: buds globular: stigmas 2: leaves entire 7 Sepals 3: petals 6, very large, white: leaves pinnatifid 8 1. PLATYSTEMON, Bentham, I. P. Caltfornicus, Benth. Hirsute: peduncles long, axillary. 2. PLATYSTIGMA, Bentham. 1. P. lineare, Benth. Hirsute: stems short: peduncles long: stamens many. 2. P. Calif ornicum, B. & H. Capsule 9 to 15 lines long: stamens 10 to 12. 3. P. Oreganum, B. & H. Capsule shorter: stamens 4 to 6: smaller. 4. P. denticulatum, Greene. Leaves denticulate: stamens 6 to 9. 3. ROMNEYA, Harvey 1. B.. Coulteri, Harv. White flowers 3 or more inches broad: glaucous learns 4. ARGEHONE, Linnaeus. 1. A. hispida, Gray. Densely prickly, petals and stamens only excepted. g4 FUMARIACBJ5. 6. MECONOPSIS, Vigoier. ; . M. heterophylla, Benth. Capsule truncate, ribbed, beaked. 6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Chamisso. [Cup-like torus enclosing the ovary 2-margined; the inner membranous, the outer and lower usually thicker (First shown by E. L. Greene)]. * Outer margin of the obconical torus a broad green or reddish rim. 1. E. Califomica, Cham. Smooth, perennial, often decumbent. * Torus without conspicuous rim, cylindrical or nearly so. 2. E. Austin®, Greene. Erect, branching, hairy below. 3. E. tenuifolia, Benth. Scape-like peduncles square, very slender. 4. E. rhombipetala, Greene. Square peduncles rough, stout: petals fugacious. 7. DENDROMECON, Bentham. 1. D. rigidunx, Benth. Leaves ovate or narrower, rigid, vertical. FUMARIACE.E. Corolla flattened heartshaped or 2-spurrei at base .......................... „ ..... 1 Corolla 1 -spurred at base, deciduous ....................................... ....... 2 1. DICENTRA, Borkhausen. * Flowers drooping on a scape : filaments lightly united. 1. D. formosa, DC. Raceme com'pd: persistent petals united, rose color. 2. D. uniflor a, Kellogg. Flower solitary, ^ inch long: capsule short. 3. D. pauciflora, Watson. Flowers 1 to 3, 8 to 12 lines long: capsule exserted. 4. D. cucullaria, DC. Raceme simple: spurs divergent. * Flowers narrow, erect, in panicles on leafy stems. 6. D. ckrysantha, H. &, A. Petals yellow, 6-9 lines long, tips widely divergent. 6. D. ochroleuca, Engelmann. Petals yellowish, longer, tips less divergent. 2. CORYDAIJS, Ventenat. 1. C. aurea, Willd. *ar. occidentalis, Gr. Flowers golden yellow. 2. 0. Scouleri, Hook. Flowers rose-colored in spreading racemes. 3. 0. Caseana, Gr. Flowers white or cream-color, bluish tipped. > C. Bidwelliaa, Watson. Similar, but crest entire, spur curved, I 1. Pods splitting when ripe, the sides (valves) separating from a central pai rib» (placenta) which bear the seeds and usually frame a transparent partition. CRUCIFEILE. 85 • Pods flattened parallel with the partition, the placentalrdbs forming the margin: radicle Of the bent embryo lying against one edge of the cotyledons (accumbent). Pods orbicular, nerveless: flowers small, white or yellowish. Pods large, flat: seeds orbicular, flat, thin -margined: scapes 1-flowered 1 Pods less than 2 Hues broad: flowers in racemes: leaves spatulate, entire 2 Pods ovate or lanceolate to linear or oblong not an inch long 8 Pods narrowly linear, valves nerveless, partition thickened. Pods long-beaked: stem leaves few, close together near the top 4 Pods short-beaked: leaves scattered: racemes longer 5 Pods linear or narrower, an inch or more long, 1 -nerved: seeds flat. Anthers short: petals white, purple or rose-color: claw narrow, blade flat. 6 Anthers sagittate at base: petals usually unequal and crispate or twisted 7 Sepals broad, not colored, the outer gibbous: petals broad, blade flat 8 * * Pods terete or scarcely flattened, often 4-anglcd: radicle lying against the side of the cotyledons or embracing them (incumbent), or turned partly to one side (oblique}. t Pods slender, 1 to 4 inches long; valves 1-nerved: seeds oblong, slightly flattened; cotyledons often oblique. Flowers white to purple: anthers sagittate. Petals undulately crisped, little exceeding the large sepals: claw broad ~ 9 Petals with flat limb much exceeding the narrow sepals 10 Flowers yellow, large: stem leaves narrow, mostly entire. Anthers linear, at length coiled: pods on long stipes, curved , 11 Anthers sagittate: stigma 2-lobed: pod 4-angled ; no stipe Id 1 1 Pods linear, often less than an inch long: seeds in one row (except in 1st sp's. of No. 16 and in No. 16): at least the lower leaves pinnatifld. Seeds globose: cotyledons infolding the radicle: anthers sagittate 13 Seeds oblong: anthera oblong: leaves lyrately pinna tifid, smooth 14 Seeds oblong, small: anthers sagittate: petals 1 to 3 lines long 15 Seeds in two rows: pods 4 to 6 lines long; valves nerveless 16 1 1 1 Pods oblong-ovoid to globose, beaked with the slender style. Densely stellate- pubescent: leaves mostly entire: flowers yellow 17 * * * Pods flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Pods linear, £ to 2£ inches long, on slender axillary peduncles 18 Pods ovoid, scarcely flattened, on slender scapes. Aquatic 19 Pods linear, nearly terete: cotyledons 3-parted : petals included c 20 Pods angular-obcordate or oblong-obovate, many-seeded 21 Pods oblanceolate to obovate or cuneate-oblong, 4-8-seeded 22 Pods orbicular to obovate, 2-winged above, 2-seeded 23 § 2. Pods not splitting open when ripe: petals minute or wanting except in the last. Pods with 2 small globular seed-like cells, rough,, 24 86 CKUCIFER-B. Pocia elliptical, twisted, flat, 2 lines long, 6-10-seeded 25 Pods minute, orbicular, bristly with hooked hairs, 1 -seeded 26 Pods orbicular or obovate, broadly margined, plano-convez, 1-seeded. 27 Pods terete, spongy-inflated, tapering above, an inch or more long 28 1. PLATYSPEBMUM, Hooker. 1. P. scapigenun, Hook. Glabrous; leaves mostly runcinately lobed. S. N. Mta. 2. ALYSSUM, Tonrnefort. L A. calycinum, L. Petals white or yellowish: sepals persiatent: pods 4-seeded. 2. A. maritimum, L. Petals white: pods 2-seeded (known as Sweet Alyssum). 3. DRAB A, Linnaeus. Stems leafy. Nos. 1 to 4. Stems scape-like, few-flowered, not annuals. Nos. 5 to 10 1. D. cuneifolia, Nutt. Hirsute, 1 to 6 inches high: petals white, 1 or 2 lines long. 2. D. steuoloba, Ledeb. Larger, montane or alpine: petals yellow, obtuse. 3. D. aureola, Watsou. Densely stellate- hairy: raceme dense: petals yellow. 4. D. corrugata, Watson. Pubescence coarser: racemes looser: pod contorted. 5. D. crassifolia, Graham. Glabrous: yellow petals a line long: pods acute. 6. D. Douglasii, Gr. Glaucous: scapes 6 to 18 lines long: petals white. 7. D. Lemmoni, Wats. Stout caudex branching: scapes an inch high: petals yellow 8. D. eurycarpa, Gr. Pod ovate, beaked, 5 to 10 lines long. Sonora Pass. 9. D. alpina, L. Petals yellow, 1^ to 2£ lines long. Alpine, 10. D. Howellii, Watson. Similar: petals 3 or 4 lines long: pods often one-sided, N.W. Cal. 4. DENTAHIA, Linnaeus. 1. D. tenella, Pursh. Leaves 1 to 3, 2-5-parted: flowers 3 to 6 lines long. 2. D. Californica, Watson. Leaves 2 to 4, toothed, rarely 3-lobed: petals rose-color. 5. CABDAMINE, Linnaeus. Leaves pinnate with several* pairs of small leaflets 1, 2, 3 Leaves pinnate with larger leaflets, or simple. Radical leaves 5-7-foliolate; stem leaves with 5 to 9 entire leaflets. , 4 Radical leaves mostly simple; stem leaves 3-5-foliolate 6, 6 Leaves all ternate, the leaflets 3-5-lobed or toothed : tall 7 Leaves all simple; margin sinuate or entire 8, 9 1. C. Qambelii, Watson. Leaflets 9 to 13, sessile, acute: petals 4 lines long. 2. 0. oligosperma, Nutt. Leaflets 7 to 11, petiolulate: petals 1 to 1£ lines long, 3. C. hirsuta, L. Stouter: leaflets sessile: flowers larger in longer racemes. CRUCIFERjE. 87 4. C. cuneata, Greene. Tuberiferous like the next: leaflets petiolulate. 5. C. paucisecta, Benth. Petals 6 to 9 lines long, white or pinkish. 6. C. Breweri, Watson. Terminal leaflet much the largest: petals 2 lines long. 7. C. angulata, Hook. Flowers few, 3 to 4 lines long: pods short. Oregon. 8. C. cordifolia, Gr. Stout: leaves cordate-orbicular or narrower. 9. G. belli d if olia, L. Alpine, tufted, 2 or 3 in. high: leaves entire. 6. ARABIS, Linnaeus. Pods straight, strictly erect or ascending. Flowers white, 2 or 3 lines long, in dense elongated racemes 1, 2 Flowers light pink or rose color, 2 or 3 lines long. Alpine 8, 4 Flowers rose-purple, 6 to 9 lines long: leaves dark green, ciiiate 6 Pods curved and usually (except No. 6) more or ICES reflexed. Pods 3 in. long, ascending: stout, 2 ft. high, branching 6 Pods 1 to 4 in. long, strongly reflexed: stem erect, £ to 2 ft. high 7, 8 Pods 3 or 4 in. long, scarcely a line wide, spreading, recurved 9 Pods similar, shorter: stem simple, 2 to 10 in. high, villous 10 1. A. perfoliata, Lam. Glaucous, stout, 2-4 ft. high: leaves crowded clasping. 2. A. hirsuta, Scop. Smaller, more hairy: pods half as long, 1-2 in. Or. 3. A. Lyaliii, Watson. Bright green or glaucous, slender: leaves clasping. 4. A. platysperma, Gr. Canescent with stellate hairs: pods 2 lines wide. 5. A. blepharophylla, H. & A. Smooth, often tufted. Coast. Monterey to 8. F. 6. A. repanda, Watson. Leaves 3-4 in. long, sinuate toothed: petals 2-3 lines long. 7. A. Holboellii, Hornern. Petals 3-4 lines long, white to purple, reflexed. 8. A. subpinnatiiida, Watson. Leaves coarsely toothed: petals pinkish. 9. A. arcuata, Gr. Canescent, hairs branching: petals violet 4-6 lines long. 10. A. Breweri, Watson. Petals deep rose, 1-4 lines long: sepals purplish. 7. STBEPTANTHTJS, Nuttall. Glabrous or glaucous: stem-leaves clasping by cordate or sagittate base. Stem-leaves thick, usually toothed, cordate to narrowly ovate 1 Stem-leaves rounded cordate, often crowded, entire: pods curved 2 Stem-leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute: pods nearly straight, slender 3 Stem-leaves spatulate: sepals broad, 3 lines long: petal-blades purple 4 Stem-leaves very narrow, pinnatifid; or some entire, small and cordate 5 Stem-leaves very slender, margins involute: outer larger sepals subcordmte 6 Glaucous: racemes zigzag: calyx subglobose, black purple 7 More or less hispid with simple hairs: flowers purple or red. Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping, toothed: racemes one-sided 8, 9 Stein-leaves scarcely clasping: raceme short: flowers often recurved 10 88 CRUCIFERjE. Stem-leaves an inch or less long, not clasping: flowers and pods erect 11 1. S. cordatus, Nutt. Petals 4-6 lines long, yellowish to purple. 2. S. tortuosus, Kellogg. Petals similar: pods narrower (a line wide). 3. S. Breweri, Gr. Petals 3-5 lines long, purple: pods 1£ to 2^ in. long. 4. S. Howellii, Watson. Collected in S.W. Or. by Thos. flowell in 1884. 5. 8. diversifolius, Watson. Pods strongly reflexed, slender. Cosumnes River. 6. S. polygaloides, Gr. Sepals yellow: petals purple scarcely exserted. 7. S. niger, Greene. Petals with purple claw and minute veinles white blade. 8. S. peramsenus, Greene, calyx magenta: blade cf petals white, purple-veined 9. S. glandulosus, Hook. Petals red-purple, 6 to 8 lines long. 10. S. hispidus, Gr. Hirsute, 2-5 in. high: red -purple petals 4-6 lines long. 11. S. flavescens, Hook. Petals yellowish, linear: sepals half as long, acute. 8. CHEIRANTHUS, Linnaeus. 1. C. Menziesii, B. r 3 lines long, 20. H. prostrata, Nutt. Leaflets obovate, acute: flowers 2 or 3 lines long. 21. H. micrantha, Nutt. Flowers smaller: peduncle naked: style hairy. * Very silky or tomentose', herbaceous stems terete: pod hairy: mostly 1 -seeded: leaflets 6 to 7 (usually 3 in 22). 22. ID sericea, Benth. Densely white-silky: umbels loosely few-flowered. 23. H. argophylla, Gr. Umbels 6-10-flowered: flowers orange or yellow. Sierras. 24. H. decumbens, Benth. Villous and tomentose: stems diffuse: Ivs and fls crowded. 25. H. tomentosa, H. & A. Very tomentose, prostrate: flowers 3 or 4 lines long. 26. H. Heerxnaxmii, D. & H. Less tomentose more branched: leaflets and fl's smaller. 8. PS ORACLE A, Linnaeus. Leaflets 3, orbicular on long petioles from creeping stem _ 1 Leaflets 3, rombic-ovate to narrowly ovate: stems erect 2, 3, 4 Leaflets 5, rarely 7: clustered stems very short 5 1. P. obicularis, Lindl. Peduncles a foot or two long. In wet ground. Cal. 2. P. strobilina, H. & A. Stems 2-3 ft. high: peduncles shorter than the leaves. Cal. 3. P. macrostachya*, DC. Often 6 ft. high or more: peduncles exceeding the leaves. 4. P. physodes, Dougl. Stems numerous, 1 or 2 ft. high: flowers greenish. Coast. 5. P. Californica, Watson. Silky-gray: leaves exceeding the close racemes. Rare. 9. AMORPHA, Linnaeus. I. A. Californica, Nutt. Glandular, 3 to 10 ft. high: standard exceed by stamens.. 10. GLYCYBRHIZA, Linnaeus. 1. G. lepidota, Nutt. var. glutinosa, Watson. Flowers white or pinkish, 6 lines long LEGUMINOS2E. Ill 11. ASTRAGALUS, Tournefort. " Annuals: pods 2-celled. Poda 1 or 2 lines long, 2-seeded, wrinkled: spikes short 1, 2 Pod linear, straight, 5 to many seeds: flowers capitate 3, 4 Pods 3 to 5 lines long: spikes of small white flowers very long 5 Poda ovoid, long-beaked, gray-silky : flowers capitate, white 6 * * Perennials: pods 1-celled, with thin walls, inflated, bladder-like. Pods on stipes equaling or little exceeding the calyx 7, 8, 9 Pods on filiform, stipes much exceeding the calyx: stem erect 10, 11, 12 Pods sessile in the calyx, 1-2 inches long: many seeds 13 to 17 5 to 8 lines long: stems low: flowers 3 lines long 18, 19 * Perennials: pods turgid, not bladder-like, coriaceous, densely long-woolly or downy, incurved 20, 21, 22 * Perennials: pods often turgid, not bladder-like, not long-hairy or woolly. Pods stipitate, 1-celled, sutures not inflexed 23 to 26 2-celled: cross section obcordately 2-lobed 27 Pods not stipitate, 1 or 2 inches long, 1-celled 28, 29 2 or 3 lines long, 2-celled 30 2 lines long, hoary, cylindric-oval 31 3 lines long, 1-celled: leaflets spiny-tipped 32 1. A. didymocarpus, H. & A. Calyx equaling the erect pod, black -hairy. 2. A . nigrescens, Nutt. Calyx & as long as the pendulous lightly wrinkled pods. 3. A. tener, Or. Violet and white flowers: pods 5-7 lines long, drooping. 4. A. Hattani, Gr. Flowers larger, violet: pods slender, 1-1^ inches long, erect. 5. A. Cleveland!!, Greene. Tall: leaflets J-f in. long, mucronate. 6. A. Brewer!, Gr. Similar in habit to No. 4: pods 3-4 lines long, beaks longer. 7. A. Hookerianus, Dietr. Diffuse, silky, a span high: pod obovoid, obtuse. 8. A. oxyphysus, Gr. Erect, 2 or 3 ft. high, silky: pod slender -obovoid, acuminate. 9. A. curtipes, Gr. Lower, not silky: stipules united: pod ovoid or oval, acute. 10. A. leucophyllus, T. & G. Oval pod one-sided, filiform hairy stipe very long. 11. A. leucopsis, T. & G. Similar pod tapering into a smooth stipe half as long. 12. A. trichopodus, Gr. Pods smaller, 6 lines long or more, stipe 3 lines long. 13. A. oocarpus, Gr. Straggling stems 3-6 ft. long: green stipules mostly deflexed. 14. A. Crotalariee, Gr. Scarious stipules distinct: ovoid pod 1-1£ inches long. 15. A. Menziesii, Gr. Similar: upper stipules united: pod larger, more bladdery. 16. A. macrodon, Gr. Like the preceding: flowers smaller: peduncles short. . 17. A. Douglas!!, Gr. Spike an inch long or less: pod ovoid l£-2 inches long. 18. A. Horn!!, Gr. Pods in a dense head or short spike, ovoid, acuminate, hairy, 19. A. Pulsiferee, Gr. White hairy: pods few ovoid, curved, 3-8-seeded. hairy. .20 A. Purskii, DougL Tufted, silky: peduncles 5-6-flowered: pod ovoid. 112 LKGUMINO82E. 21. A. Anderson!, Gr. Densely white-hairy: leaflets 13-25 pairs: pods falcate. 22. A. Congdoni, Watson. Less hairy: leaflets 8-10 pairs: pod narrower. 23. A. Gibbsii, Kellogg. Soft-hairy: pod much curved, an inch or more long. 24. A. collinus, Dougl. Hoary: pod slightly curved, erect, less than 1 inch long. 25. A. Californicus, Greene. Stouter: pod straight, purple-bloched, 1£ inches long. 26. A. Antiselli, Gr. Ashy-hairy; leaflets 21-29: straight pod, 8-9 lines long. 27. A. Bolanderi, Gr. Scarious stipules united: pcd ovoid, curved, veiny. 28. A. Webberi, Gr. Silvery-silky: pods thick- walled, glabrous, sutures prominent. 29. A. pychnostachyus, Gr. Stout, hoary: pods reticulated, thin- walled, acute. 30. A. Lemmoni, Gr. Slender, procumbent, green: leaflets 9-11, mucronate. 31. A. Austin®, Gr. Tufted, silvery-silky: flowers in a close head, whitish. 32. A. Kentrophyta, Gr. Flowers 1-3 on very short peduncles, 2 lines long. 12. VICIA, Tournefort. Perennials: peduncles 4-18-flowered 1, 2 Annuals: peduncles short, 1-2-flowered 3, 4 1. V. gigantea, Hooker. Stout, 5-10 ft. high: petals dull-purplish. 2. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous, 1-4 ft. high: leaflets 8-16, variable. Var. truncata, Brewer. Leaflets truncate or toothed at apex, somewhat hairy. Var. linearis, Watson. Leaflets linear: mostly low and slender. 3. V. exig-ua, Mutt. Mostly low: leaflets about 8: flowers 3 lines long, purplish. 4. V. sativa, Linn. Stouter: flowers nearly sessile, 1 inch long, violet 13. LATHYBUS, Linnaeus. Leave* with tendrils: racemes several — many-flowered. Pod not on a stipe. Stipules large: glabrous 1, 2, 3 Stipules narrow: more or less pubescent. 7, 8 Pod on a short stipe. Stems stout, tall 4, 5, 6 Leaves without tendrils, or rarely with them: pods on short stipes 9, 10, 11 1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. Leaflets 3-5 pairs, close flowers purple. 2. L. polyphyllus, Nutt. Similar: leaflets 6-10 pairs, thin, not sessile. 3. L. sulphurous, Brewer. Flowers sulphur or dull yellow, 5-7 lines long. 4. L. Nuttallii, Watson. Loosely woolly -hairy: petals red-purple, 6-8 lines long. 5. L. Californicus, Watson. Stem winged: leaflets soft-pubescent: petals 7-9 lines long, yellowish or pinkish. This and next under I*, venosus, in Bot. CaL, etc. 6. L. Bolanderi, Watson. Stems wingless: glabrous: flowers purple. 7. I«. vestitus, Nutt. Slender: stems wingless: flowers pale rose or violet. 8. L. palustris, L. Leaflets 2-4 pairs, linear: flowers few, purplish, small 9. I*, litoralis, Endl. Densely silky: a small terminal leaflet: pod hairy. 10. I«. Nevadensis, Watson. Slender: standard purplish; wings and keel yellowish. ROSACEA 113 11. L. Torreyi, Or. Acute leaflets 6 lines long: purplish flowers solitary. 14. CEB.CIS, Linnseus. 0. OCCidentalis, Torr. Small standard enclosed by the wings: pods red. ROSACES. * Shrubs or Trees. a. Flowers white, 3 lints or more across: carpels 1-6, distinct. Carpel 1, becoming a drupe (like a cherry or plum) 1 Carpels 5 (or often wanting), stamens 15: racemes drooping: cherry-like 2 Carpels 2-5, becoming inflated, usually reddening: stamens 20 or more 7 Carpels 5, hairy: leaves bipinnate, leaflets minute: panicles leafy S Carpel 1, becoming an akene: low shrub: leaves tripinnate 9 b. Flowers white, 2 lines broad or less, in dense panicles: carpels 1 to 12. Stamens 20 or more: flowers in plumose panicles: leaves large, lobed 6 Stamens 10-15: evergreen leaves 2-4 lines long: panicles erect 18 c. Flowers rose-color or pale purple, small: carpels 6, distinct 8 d. Flowers S lines or more across: carpels 2-5, enclosed by the fleshy calyx-tube forming an inferior ovary (partly inferior in 24)* Evergreen leaves serrate: carpels 2: stamens 10: berries scarlet 24 Deciduous leaves simple: flowers corymbose. Fruit red or yellow: uo spines or thorns 25 Fruit black or purple: spinose 26 Deciduous leaves simple: flowers racemose: petals oblong 27 «. Flowers 6 lines broad or more: stamens and carpels numerous: fruit like a blackberry or raspberry. 10 /. Flowers solitary, axillary, small', petals none: calyx white, the limb deciduous: carpel 1 (rarely 2), long plumose tailed 11 g. Flowers rose-colored an inch or more across: stamens many: ovary apparently inferior: stems slender, prickly: leaves pinnate 23 * Herbs. a. Flowers 6 lines broad or more: alcenes forming a berry 10 b. Flowers very small (except 1 sp. in S), white: calyx kibes 6 (no intermediate lobes or bract- lets): stamens SO or more: carpels S-10. Leaves very large, tripinnate: spikes in large panicles 4 Leaves twice or thrice 3-cleft: raceme shuix 6 Leaves entire, rosulate, silky: scape low 3d sp. in 3 Leaves 5-7-lobed with small basal leaflets: petals 2-3 lines long 4th sp. in 8 8 114 ROSACBJE. c. Flowers yellow, white or purple: calyx appendaged between the lobes, or apparently un- equally 10-lobed. Stamens 20 or more: carpels very numerous: receptacle conical to clavate Akenea with hooked or plumose tails ................................. . ..... 12 Akenes seed-like on a juicy receptacle: leaves 3-foliolate ..................... 13 Akenes seed-like on a dry receptacle. (Try No. 16 and 17. ) .................. 14 Stamens 20 or less: carpels few or many on a dry receptacle. Stamens 10 (or 20 and corolla pink): corolla white: receptacle nearly naked ---- 16 Stamens 5 to 20; filaments slender: carpels few or 1: receptacle hairy .......... 17 Stamens 5: carpels 5 to 10: leaflets 3, cuneate, 3-5-toothed .................... 15 d. Flowers small: carpels 1 to S becoming akenes enclosed by the firm calyx-tube forming a apparently inferior ovary. Leaves pinnate flowers in heads or spikes. Calyx with barbed prickles: petals none: anthers purple ...................... 21 Calyx with a margin of hooked prickles: petals yellow ....................... 20 Calyx 4-angled, naked, limb petaloid: petals none ......................... ..22 Leaves palmately lobed: greenish apetalous flowers axillary ........................ 19 1. PBUNUS, Tournefort Flowert white: scraggy or spiny: leaves ovate, an inch long or less ............... 1, 8 branches slender: leaves 1 to 4 inches long. ...................... 2, 4 low: leaves spatulate, entire, 6 lines long, sessile .................... 7 evergreen leaves, shining, prickly toothed, broad. .................. 5 Flowers rose-color: low, spiny: leaves oblanceolate, 6 to 12 lines long. ............... 6 [The first species is a small plum, the others scarcely edible cherries.] 1. P. subcordata, Benth. Bark ashy gray: flowers in small lateral clusters. 2. P. exnarginata, Walpers. Bark chestnut brown: corymbs 6-12-flowered. Var. mollis, Brewer. Taller, becoming 25 ft. high, woolly. Oregon. 3. P. Fremonti, Walp. Flowers solitary or few together: ovary densely hairy. 4. P. demissa, Walp. Dense racemes 3-4 inches long, erect: leaves large. 5. P. ilicifolia, Walp. Racemes small, axillary: fruit ripening in November. 6. P. Andersoni, Grl Low, diffuse: leaves oblanceolate, acute: fruit velvety. 7. P. fasciculata, Gr. Similar: slender petals recurved: stamens 10-15: 2. NTJTTAT.LIA, Gray. 1. N. cerasifonnis, T. & G. Dioecious: 1 to 4 of the carpels maturing drapes. 3. SPIBJBA, * Shrubs with rose-colored or purplish flowers: carpels 5. 1. S. betulaefolia: Pallas. Pale purple flowers in corymbs. Alpine, UOSACEJB. / 115 2. S. Doug-lasii, Hooker. Darker flowers in dense panicles. Wet places. * * Herbaceous with a woody base: flowers white. 3. 8. caespitosa, Nutt. Tufted: flowers in dense spikes on leafy scapes. 4. 8. occidentalis, Watson. Simple glabrous stems 2-6 ft. high: panicle cymose. 4. ABUNCUS. Linnaeus. 1. A. Sylvester, Kost. Smooth, 3-5 ft. high: flowers dioecious: stamens exserted. 5. EBIOGYNIA, Hooker. 1. E. pectinate, Hook. Cespitose, creeping; branches erect: stamens included. 6. HOLODISCUS, Maximowicz. 1. H. discolor, Max. Flowers mostly dull white or light buff: carpels hairy. 7. PHYSOCABPUS, Maximowicz. i. P. opulifolia, Max. Bark shreddy: leaves 3-lobed: corymbs 2 inches broad. 8. nTTATVTJg-RATTATfcTA Maximowicz. 1. C. Blillefolium, Max. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 inches long. 9. GHAMJ9SBATIA, Bentham. i. C. foliolosa, Benth. Strong scented, viscid: leaves ovate to oblong. 1O. BUBTJS. Linnaeus. Stems woody: leaves simple, palmately lobed: no prickles .............. . .......... 1 Steins woody: leaves mostly 3-foliolate: more or less prickly .................. 2t 3, 4 Steins herbaceous, trailing, not prickly : carpels few ............................. 5, 6 1. R. Nutkanus, Mocino. Large leaves: large rose-like flowers. 2. B. leucodermis, Dougl. Leaves white below, veins pricky. (Raspberry.) 3. R. epectabilis, Pursh. Flowers large, red-purple: fruit yellow or crimson. 4. H. ur sinus, C. & S. Stems weak, often long- trailing: very prickly. (Blackberry.) 5. B pedatus, Smith. Leaves 3-foliolate or nearly 5-foliolate: fruit red. 6. B. lasiococcus, Gr. Stouter: leaves mostly 3-5 -lobed: fruit tomentose. 11. CEBCOCABPUS, HBK. 1. C. parvifolius, Nutt. Evergreen: leaves veiny, serrate above: wood hard. 2. O. ledif olius, Nutt. Leaves narrow, entire margins revolute. (Mt. Mahogony . ; 116 ROSACBJL 12. GETTM, Linnaeus. 1. G. macrophyllum, Wild. Flowers yellow: style jointed: akene-tails hooked. 2. O. triflorum, Pnrsh. Flowers purplish: styles plumose: akene-tails feathery. 13. FRAGARIA, Tournefort. * Akenes deeply pitted in the depressed-globose fruit. 1. F. Chilensis, Ehrh, Leaves thick, dark green, shining: flowers large. Coast. 2. F. Virginiana, Ehrh. Similar: flowers smaller: fruit darker. * * Akenes on tlve, surface of the, ovoid fruit. 3. F. Calif ornlca, 0. & 8. Light green thin leaves: petioles not silky. 4."^ F. vesca, L. Similar: larger. Perhaps No. 3 is only a variety of this. 14. POTENTILL.A, Linnaeus. * Style, attached at or below the middle of the ovary. A foot or two high: leaflets 5-9, coarsely serrate: petals yellow or white 1 Creeping: leaves and peduncles radical: leaflets 7 to many: petals yellow 2 Stems stout, rooting at the joints: flowers dark lurid-purple 3 Shrubby leaflets entire, silky, margins revolute 4 * Style attached at or near the top of the ovary: stamens SO. Alpine or subalpine (altitude 7,000 ft. or more) leaflets an inch long or less. Densely white tomentose: leaflets 7 to 13: carpels stipitate 5 Silky- villous: leaflets closely pinnate or palmate 8, 9 Glabrous: leaflets 3, broadly cuneiform, 7-9- toothed. 11 In the mountains but mostly lower than 7,000 ft. . Leaflets 5-15, deeply serrate or pinnatifid. ., 6, 7 Leaflets 3, toothed above 10, 11 1. P. glandulosa, Lindley. Petals usually shorter than the calyx. Var. Nevadensis, Watson. More slender: stamens sometimes only 20. 2. P. Anserina, L. Long runners: leaflets with smaller ones between. Wet places. 3. P. palustris, Scop. JMany fibrous roots: leaves palmate: leaflets serrate. Swamps P. fmticosa, L. Much branched: stamens 30: carpels very villous. 5. P. Breweri, Watson. Leaflets nearly equal, 3-6 lines long: petals large. 6. P. Plattensis, Nutt. Slender stems 3-12 inches long: leaflets pinnatifid. 7. P. gracilis, Dougl. Taller, more hairy: leaflets and flowers larger. Var. rigida, Watson. Tall and stout, not tomentose. The common form. 8. P. dissecta, Pursh. Leaflets pinnatifid or coarsely serrate: tufted -hairy. 9. P. Wheeleri, Watson. Leaflets cuneate, 3 -5 -toothed, 6 lines long or less. 10. P. Grayi, Watson. Low stems 3-6-flowered: leaflets 5-7- toothed. 11. P. gelida, C. A. Meyer. Leaflets larger, broader, end one nearly sessile. • 117 KOSACJKA. 15. SLBALDIA, Linnaeus. 1. 8. procumbens, L Steins creeping: calyx lobes exceeding the minute petals. 16. HOBKELIA, 0. & S. Styles thickened at the base: leaflets incised 6-12 lines long. 1 Calyx-bracts nearly as broad as the lobes: leaflets 3-8 lines long 9 Calyx-bracts mnch narrower than the lobes. Leaflets deeply incised or lobed 3, 4, 5, 6 Leaflets few-toothed at the truncate apex 7 Leaflets bifid, 2 or 3 lines long, silky..... 8 1. H. fusca, Lindl, Cymes dense: petals 2 lines long, sepals longer. 2. H. Californica, C. & S. Glandular: sepals and petals 3-6 lines long. Var . sericea, Gr. Stouter: leaflets larger: canescent with silky hairs. 5. H. congesta, Hook. Sparsely stiff-hairy: leaflets 6-9 lines long. 4. H. tenuiloba, Gr. White-hairy: leaflets 8-12 pairs, 2-3 lines long. 5 H. Bo lander i, Gr. Densely hoary, pubescent, tufted, 3-4 inches high. 6. H. purpurascens, Watson. Purplish calyx 3-4 lines long: petals rose-color. 7. H. tridentata, Torr. Silky: leaflets 2-5 pairs, mostly 3-toothed at apex. 8. EL sericata, Wataon. Tufted: some stem leaflets entire: petals notched. 17. IVESIA, Torrey & Gray. Flowers in rather close panlcled cymes: stems mostly leafy 1, 3, 3 Flowers yellow, in cymes on nearly naked stems. Alpine 4, 5 Flowers white, in diffuse panicles upon leafy stems 6 1. I. Pickeringii, Torr. Densely white-silky: petals yellowish, spatulate. 2. I. unguiculata, Gr. Similar: petals white, clawed, orbicular: carpels 5-8. 3. I. Webberi, Gr. Low, loosely villous: petals yellow: stamens 5-10. 4. I. G-ordoni, T. & G. Viscid: 3-10 inches high: stem leaves pinnatifid. Var. pygmaea, Watson. An inch or two high: stamens sometimes 10. Var. lycopsoides, Watson. Nearly glabrous: leaflets thick, rounded, imbricated. 5. I. Muirii, Gr. Densely silky, an inch high: leaves terete: carpels 2. 6. I. santalinoides, Gr. Stems 6-18 inches high: leaves silky: terete: carpel L 18. ADENOSTOMA, H. & A. 1. A. fasciculatum, H. & A. Bark becoming shreddy: leaves subulate, acute. 2. A. sparsifolium, Torr. Resinous: leaves scattered, obtuse. San Diego, 19. ATXmTE'MTT.T. A ? Tournefort. 1. Ar arvensis, Scopoli. An obscure under- herb: stipules enclosing the floweM. 118 ROSACE2E. 20. AGBIMONIA. Tournefort. *.- A. Eupitoria, L. Hairy: 2-4 ft. high: racemes spicate: akene subglobose. 81. AC.ZENA, Limueos. i. A. trifida, R. & P. Leaves crowded at base: green flowers in terminal spike. 22. POTEBIUM, Linnaeus. 1. P. offlcixxale, B. & H. Flowers deep purple or red in a short spike. 2. P. annuum, Nntt. Smaller: leaflets pinnatifid: flowers greenish. 23. ROSA, Tournefort. 1. B. Nntkana, PresL Spines stout: stipules broad; flowers 2 or 3 inches broad. 2. B. pisocarpa, Gr. Globose fruit smaller, with a neck. 3. B. Calif ornica, C. & S. Often tall: fruit ovoid, with a neck. 4. B. spithamea, Watson. A span high or less: globose fruit glandular-prickly. 6. B. gymnocarpa, Nutt. Slender: calyx-lobes deciduous, leaving fruit naked. • 24. HETEBOMELES, J. Earner. 1. H. arbutifolia, Boem. Panicles terminal: fruit ripe in December. (Toyon.} 25. PIBUS, Linnaeus. 1. P. rivularis, Dougl. Leaves simple, woolly: fruit ovoid. 2. P. sambucifolia, C. & S. Leaves pinnate: fruit globose, red. 26. CBAT2EGT7S, Linnaeus. 1. 0. rivularis, Nutt. Leaves ovate, serrate, rarely lobed. (Hawthorn. ) 2. 0. Douglasii, LindL A large tree: leaves often incised: fruit 6 lines thick. 27. AMELiANCHIEB, Medicns. i. A. alnifolia» Nntt. Flowers in short racemes: petals not ovate. (Shad-berry.) CALYCANTHACEJE. 1. CALYCANTHTJS, Linnaeus. 0. oceidentalis, H. & A Inner sepals and outer petals lurid purple or red, inch or more long, slender, leathery: inner petals shorter, incurved. 8AXIFRAQACEA 119 SAXIFRAGACEJE. 9 1. Herb a with leaves alternate or all radical (except No. 2 in 7): styles 2 or 3 (sessile Rtigm*A 3 or 4 in 11): carpels united or rarely distinct, the tips divergent (flattened* obcordate in 19.). Stamens apparently many in clusters, only 6 perfect 11 Stamen* 8-10: petals none: flowers minute, axillary, solitary 19 Stamens 10 (rarely more or less in No. 1): flowers in terminal racemose or cymoee clusters. Petals broad, entire : ovary 2-celled or carpels distinct 1 Petals pinnatifid, 3-7 lobed or entire: ovary 1 -celled: racemes simple 7 Petals entire, very slender: styles slender; carpels unequal. 8 Stamens 5: petioles expanded stipule-like, or bristly at base. Petals deciduous, entire, broad: radical leaves 3 -parted No. 2 In 1 leaves 3-9-lobed or cleft: ovary inferior. 2 Petals deciduous, often crenate, white: seeds winged 6 pinnatifid or 3-cleft; lobes filiform-: ovary globular. 9 entire or wanting, small: ovary 1-ceiled 10 Petals persistent, entire or 3 -lobed, spatulate, violet: ovary inferior 8 entire, slender, purple: ovary superior 4 Stamens 3: petals entire, filiform, recurved persistent 6 I 2. Shrubs with large white flower* or woody -bated herbs: leave* opposite. Shrubs: stamens 20 or more: petals 4 or 5: stigmas distinct 18 petals 5 toT: stigmas united 14 Herbaceous: branches terminated by capitate clusters of small flowers. 15 | 3. Slender shrub*: leave* alternate: flower* mottly in drooping clusters: ovary inferior, globose* calyx-lobe* larger than the erect petal*, utually petaloid 16 I. SAXTFRAGA, Linnaeus. * Stemle**, or rarely a leaf or two on the scape below. Leaves large, peltate, cupped in the center: flowers pink, 1 Leaves an inch or less broad, short petioled: scape 2 to 4 inches high 2 Leaves rounded-cordate, long petioled: filaments broadest above: calyx soon reflexed 8, G Leaves not cordate, contracted at base into a margined petiole or nearly sessile. Calyx-lobes erect or spreading 8, 6 Calyx-lobes reflexed in fruit or sooner. 4, 6, 7 * • Stem* leafy, tufted (except No. IS): petiole* thort. Leaves small, evergreen, entire, crowded. Alpine, 10 Leaves like strawberry leaflets: flowers greenish 11 Leaves few on the stem: stamens 5 1Q I. 8. peltata, Torr. Scape stout, 1-3 ft. high: carpels distinct. Streams. & 8. Parryi, Torr. Calyx and white petals brown or purple-veined. 120 8AZIFRAGACE2K. 3. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Petals obovate, twice the length of 4. S. reflexa, Hook. Calyx rcllexed: filaments often thick above. 5. S. nivalis, L. Flowers fewer, more crowded; petals narrow, small. 6. 3. integrifolia, Hook. Scape 1-3 ft. high, viscid: seeds large. 7. S. bryophora, Or. Leaves slender, entire: many pedicels bulb-bearing. 8. S. Mertensiana, Bong. Leaves many-lobed: pedicels often bulbifernoR. 9. S. punctata, L. Leaves coarsely toothed: panicle not bulbiferous. 10. S. Tolxniei, T. & G. Peduncles 2 inches long: carpels often 3 or 4. 11. S. fragarioides, Greene. Woody caudex branched: petals persistent. 12. S. ranunculifolia, Hook. Slender, a foot high or less: flowers corymbose, 2. BOYKINIA, NuttalL 1. B. occid entails, T. & G. Leaves thin, 1-3 inches broad, incisely toothed. 2. B, major, Gr. Stouter, larger: leaves 4-8 inches broad, 5-9-cleft. 8. SUKSDORFIA, Gray. \ S. violacea, Gr. Weak, viscid: flower parts rarely in 7'a. Or. Wash. 4. BOLANDBA, Gray. 1. B. Calif ornica, Gr. Sterna slender: petals dull purple. Yoeexnite. 2. B. Oregana, Watson. Stouter: petals deep purple: pedicels reflexed in fruit* 5. SULIVANTIA, Torrey&Gray. 1. 8. Oregana, Watson. Scape nearly leafless: leaves an inch or less broad. 6. TOLMIEA, Torrey&Gray. 1. T. Menziesii, T. & G. Calyx gibbous, finally splitting down one side. 7. TELLIMA, Hobt. Brown. Petals laciniately pinnatifid, reflexed, rose-color or greenish 1 Petals entire, spatula te-obovate, white or pinkish: calyx-base acute, adnate S Petals entire or with small side-teeth, obovate or oval, white: calyx-base broad. 8 Petals 3-lobed, nearly cuneate, white or pinkish: calyx-base broad: styles smooth 4 calyx-base turbinate, styles rough. . . 6 Petals deeply 3-cleft, pink or white: ovary half inferior: bulblet-bearing 6 Petals palmately 3-7-parted, mostly pink: ovary nearly free: bulblet-bearing 7 1. T. grandiflora, R. Br. Stout, 1-3 ft. high: calyx inflated. Monterey to Alaska. 2. T. Cymbalaria, Walp. Stem aliform, usually a pair of leaves. S. CaL 3. T Bolanderi, Bol. Stems often branching: styles smooth. Cunt. CaL 8AXIFRAGACE2B. 121 4. T. heterophylla, H. & A. Similar, very slender: petals acute. Cent. OaL 5. T. affinis, Bolander. Stouter: calyx-tube rough, partly adnate. Cal. 6. T. parviflora, Hook. Calyx obconical: ovary half inferior. Or. Wash. 7. T. tenella, Walp. Slender, 2-9 in. high: ovary nearly free. N. E. CaL 8. TTA-R.TgT.TA, Linnams. 1. T. unifoliata, Hook. Leaves 3-5-lobed, crenately toothed. S. F. Bay, N. 2. T. trifoliata, L. Most of the leaves 3-f oliolate. Or. to Alaska. 0. MTTELLA, Tournefort. 1. M. Breweri, Gr. Leaves 2-3 in. broad: scape naked: petals } in. long. 8.N. Mte. 2. M. trifida, Grab. Petals smaller, 3-5-parted. In shade. Coast Ranges. S. M. caulescens, Nutt Stouter: 1 or more leaves on scape. Elamath River, N. 10. BLEU CHER A, Linnaeus. 1. EL glabra, Willd. Leaves acutely lobed, incised: panicle loose. Or., N. 2. H. rubescens, Torr. Leaves crenately lobed £-1 in. broad. S. N. Mts., N. A K. 8. H. xnicrantha, Dongl. Leaves obtusely lobed, crenate, 2-4 in. broad. 4. H. pilosissima, F. & M. Very villous, viscid: calyx-base rounded. Cal. Coast. 5. H. cylindrica, Dougl. Flowers nearly spicate, £-& in. long: petals minute. 11. PABNASSIA, Tournefort. 1. P. palustris, L. Leaves ovate to ovate-cordate &. 1 in. long: petals $-$ ia. long. Var. Califomica, Gr. Larger in every way. In wet places, mountains. 2. P. fiznbriata, Banks. Leaves reniform to cordate: appendages few cr a scola, 12. CHBYSOSPLENITJM, Linnaus. 1. O. glecboxnCBfolium, Nutt. Decumbent in wet places: leaves }-£ in. long, 13. PTTTT^ A T>ET^'PH US^ T.innmn* 1. P. Lewisii, Purah. Spreading, 3-5 ft. high: stigmas narrow. S. N. Mta. 2. P. Gordonianus, LindL Larger in every way: leaves mostly toothed. Ooanfc. 14. OABPENTEBIA, Torrey. L 0. Califomica, Torr. Leaves narrowly lanceolate. King's River, Cat 15. WHIPPUEA, Torrey. L W. modesta, Torr. Stems slender, spreading: calyx and corolla whita 122 8AXIFRAGACEJB 16. KIBES, Linnaeus. § 1. More or less thorny and prickly: leaves 3-5-lobed, parted or divided: peduncle* 1-5 flowered (5-9-flowered in No. 10), (Gooseberries.) Calyx bright red: fruit bristly or prickly I, 2, 4 Calyx yellow : leaves very small: fruit smooth 5, 7 Calyx white or pinkish, lobes erect: ovary white- villous; fruit veivety 6 Calyx greenish, villous: stamens short: fruit spiny-prickly 8 Calyx greenish or dull-purplish: ovary and fruit smooch 8, 8 Calyx greenish white, limb saucer-shaped, 3 lines broad: stamens short. 10 § 2. Thornless, no prickles: stamens short: berry not prickly. (Currants.) Calyx greenish white, rotate above the ovary: berry £-1 in. long, black 11 Calyx waxy- white, greenish or pinkish; tube cylindrical, £-£ in. long 12 Calyx dull white, greenish or purplish; tube cylindrical-campanulate 13 Calyx rose- red to nearly white; tube short, broad t racemes dense: fruit dry 14 Calyx golden yellow, salverform; tube £-£ in; long: spicy-fragrant 15 1. B. epeciosum, Fursh. Tall: Flowers nearly an inch long, parts often in 4's. 2. B. Menziesii, Pursh. Very thorny: anthers sharp-sagittate. 3. B. ambiguum, Watson. Glandular, villous: white petals nearly as long as the stamens. 4. B. Lobbii, Gr. Flowers 9 lines long: anthers oval: very obtuse, white. 5. B. leptanthum, Gr. Rigid, much branched: style undivided, smooth. 6. B. velutinuxn, Greene. Rigid recurved branches: stout thorns solitary 7. B. quercetorum, Greene. Calyx-lobes ciliate, reflexed, bright yellow. 8. B. divaricatum, Dongl. Stems widely spreading: stamens exserted. 9. B. oxycanthoides, L. Similar: flowers smaller; stamens little exserted. 10. B. lacustre, Pciret. var. molle, Gr. Low: leaves downy: berry light red. 11. B. bracteosum, Dougl. Leaves 6-7-cleft, lobes acute, 5-9 in. wide. 12. B. ceroum, Dougl. Leaves 3-lobed, an inch broad or less, crenate. 13. B. viscosissimum, Pursh. Viscid: leaves moderately lobed. 14. B. sangruineum, Pursh. Leaves obtusely 3-5-lobed: petals often white: variable. 15. B. aureum, Pursh. Glabrous or nearly so: racemes 5-10-flowered. CRASS CLACE.E. Obscure under herbs: minute greenish flowers in the axils of minute leaves. 1 Very fleshy herbs: leaves entire (serrate in 1st sp. No. 2): petals distinct 8 petals more or less united. . . 8 1. TILU32A, Linnaeus. ,. T. minima, Mien. Flowers clustered in the axils: leaves ovate, a line long. CKASSDLACE2E. 123 2. T. ang-ustifolia, Nutt. Stems rooting, 1 in. long: leaves 1-2 lines long. Var. Bolanderi, Watson. Stems 3-4 in. high: flower-parts in 3's or 4's. 3 T. peduncularis, Smith. Pedicels 4-6 lines long in fruit: carpels purplish. 2. SEDUM, Linnaeus. Flowers dioecious, deep purple, parts mostly in 4V 1 Leaves narrowed toward the base, obtuse 2, 8, 4 Leaves broadest near the base, acute 6, 6, 7 1. 8. Rhodiola, DC. Stems simple: leaves acute, rarely entire. Alpine. 2. 8. spathulifolium, Hook. Glaucous: petals yellow, 3 lines long, acute. 3. 8. Oreg-anum, Nutt. Not glaucous: petals pale rose, much exceeding the stamens. 4. 8. obtusatum, Gr. Similar to 2 & 3: flowers pedicel! ed; petals pale yellow, broader. 5. 8. variegatuzn, Watson. Radical leaves slender : petals yellow, often purple-veined. 6. 8. radiatuxn, Watson. Carpels broad, the beaks horizontal, star-like: petals yel. 7. 8. pumiltun, Benth. Annual; 1*3 inches high: leaves 1-2 lines long: carpels 1- seeded. 3. COTYLEDON, Linnaeus. Leaves cylindrical and somewhat 3-sided 1, 2 Leaves flattened: carpels nearly distinct, erect Petals united to the middle, red 8 Petals united & the length, pale yellow, 4 lines long 4 Petals united only at the base, yellow or orange. Leaves glaucous, white dusty or mealy. . . 5, 6, 7, 8 Leaves not glaucous or mealy, reddish 0, 10 1. C. edulis, Brewer. Petals widely spreading, yellowish. San Diego. 2. 0. viscida, Watson. Leaves numerous, very viscid: corolla reddish. S. Cal. 3. 0. pulverulenta, B. & H. Densely white-dusty: leaves 2 or 3 inches broad. 4. 0. Oregonensis, Watson. Leaves spatulate, obtuse: racemes axillary. 5. C. ianceolata, B. & H. Petals orange, mid- vein glaucous: calyx-base broad. 6. C. farinosa, B. & H. Usually densely mealy: petals lemon yellow. 7. C. caespitosa, Haworth. Sepals ovate, *2 lines long or less: petals yellow. 8. C. laxa, B. & H. Petals orange-yellow, keeled, prominent mid-vein glaucous. 9. 0. Palnxeri, Watson. Flowering stem red: petals pale yellow. S. Cal. coaafc, 10. 0. Lingula, Watson. Leaves an inch broad, 2 or 3 inches long, acute. DROSEEACE.3E. 1. DROSERA, Linnaeus. 1. D. rotundifolia, L. Leaf -blade rounded, 26 line* broad: petals 2 lines long. 124 LYTHRACEJE •1. D. Anglica, Hudson. Leaf -blade cuneate: petals much exceeding the »epalii LYTHRACEJS. Calyx slightly 4-angle J, short: petals none: capsule globular 2 Petals 4: capsule striate under microscope, splitting into 3 or 4 raises. 2 Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 to 7 teeth with smaller ones between: petals 4 to 7 (usually 6): stamens as many or twice as many: capsule 2-celled. 8 1. ATVTlvrATJTAt Linnaus, 1 . A. latifolia, L. Stems square: leaves opposite, eared at base, slender. 2. ROTAI*A, Kcehne. 1. B. ramosior, Keen. Capsule not bursting irregularly. 3. LYTHBTTM, Linnaeu*. 1. I*, hyssopifolia, L. Petals very small: stamens usually 4 to 6, included. 2. L. album, HBE. Calyx 3 or 4 lines long. 3. L. Californicum, Watson. Calyx 6 to 9 lines long: rose-purple petals longet HALORAGEJE. Leaves linear or broader in whorls of 4 to 12: flowers sessile, axillary 1 Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, mostly pinnate, segments filiform: flowers axillary ......... 2 1. HIPPURIS, Linnaeus. 1. EL vulgaris, L. Style filiform, stamen 1: calyx globular, limb entire. In ponds. 2. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Linnaras. 1. M. spicatum; L. Stamens 8: flowers spicate: petals ovate, greenish. 2. M. hippurioides, Nutt. Stamens 4: petals white, obovate: toothed bracts 3 to 6 lines long. Both species aquatic. ONAGRACEJ2. Calyx divided to the ovary, lobes persistent: aquatic or creeping marsh herbs: solitary A0***9 in axils of entire leaves. Petals 4 to 6, yellow: stamens 8 to 12 : leaves alternate 1 ONAGRACK2B. 125 Petals none or 4, reddish: stamens 4: leaves opposite , .,. 2 • • Calyx deciduous above the ovary: parts of thcfiotoers in fa. t Anther? versatile (attached near the middle to the filament). a. Seeds with a tuft of silky hairs, stamens 8: lower leaves often opposite. Calyx- tube long-funnelf onn above the ovary, scarlet: petals 2-lobed .,..„..... 8 Oalyx-limb 4-parted : anthers elliptical or roundish 4 4. Seeds not tufted with hairs: leaves all alternate: calyx-lobes reflexed. Calyx divided nearly or quite to the ovary: anthers of two forms (or only 4). Leaves entire: small or minute flowers: capsules not an inch long 6 Leaves pinnatifidly lobed: capsules 3 or 4 inches long 6 Calyx forming a cup or tube (often long and slender) above the ovary 7 ft Anthers erect, attached at or near the base to the filaments; those opposite the petals shorter or sterile, rarely wanting: calyx-lobes reflexed, except in No. 11: annuals. Calyx- tube obconical above the ovary: petals not long-clawed 8 petals long-clawed 0 Calyx -tube filiform above the ovary: petals long-clawed, lobed 10 Calyx-lobes erect: petals not clawed, 2-lobed: stigma lobes short 11 Calyx-lobes spreading: petals clawed, entire: stigma discoid, entire 12 * * * Minute white flowers in bractless racemes, the parts in 2's 13 1. JUSSLZBA, Linnaeus. 1. J. repens, L. Stems a foot or more long, rooting at base: style stout, hairy. Var. Calif ornica, Watson. Smaller flowers 6 to 8 lines broad: style slender, glabrous. 2. LTTDWIGIA, Linnaeus. 1. I*, palustrifl, Ellis. Smooth, creeping or floating: flowers sessile: capsule smalL 3. ZATTSCHNEBIA, Presl. 1. Z. California, Presl. Villous or tomentose: calyx 10-16 lines long above ovary. 4. EPILOBIUM, Linnams. • Flowers large: stamens and style declined: stigma lobes finally spreading or recurved: perennial. Stem erect, simple: petals clawed, obovate, lilac-purple 1, 2 Stem decumbent, 5 to 3 inches long: leaves opposite, glaucous. S Flowers yellow 4 * * Flowers small, parts all erect: stigma club-shaped or cylindrical. Perennial: petioles present but short: in wet places: not alpine 5, 6 Perennial: stems with 2 pubescent lines: leaves mostly opposite: alpine 7, 8 Perennial ; leaves sessile: hoary or glaucous: leaves mostly opposite: not alpine. 9, 10, 11 126 ON AG RACE.fi. Annual: stems round: leaves mostly alternate: petals obcordate 12, 13, 14 1. E. spicatum, Lam. Simple stem often 5 or 6 ft. high: flowers spicate. 2. E. latifolium, Linn. Shorter, leas erect, often branching: style glabrous. 3. E. obc or datum, Gr. Petals obcordate, spreading, rose-color. Alpine. 4. E. luteum, Pursh. Oregon to Alaska. 5. E. Watsoni, Barbey. Hoary-pubescent, branching: petals narrow, obcordate. 6. E. coloratura, Muhl. Erect, branched, pubemlent: leaves mostly opposite. 7. E. alpinum, L. Creeping, 2 to 6 inches high: flower-buds ovoid: anthers globose. 8. E. origunifolium, Lane. Taller: large petals obcordate, purple to white. 9. E. Franciscanum, Barb. Stems 2 to 4 ridged: petals purple, emarginate. 10. E. brevistylum, Barb. Similar: petals smaller, obcordate, pinkish. S. N. Mts. 11. E. glaberimum, Barb. Glaucous: leaves connected at base: petals notched.. 12. E. paniculatum, Nutt. Often tall, very slender: leaves slender, often fascicled. 13. E. jocundum, Gr. Similar: panicles crowded: petals larger, 6 lines long, deep purple. 14. E. minutum, T,,fodL Less than a ft. high: petals minute. 5. GAYOPH YTUM, A. Jussieu. 1. G. ramosissimum, T. & G. Diffuse, 6 to 18 inches high: capsule 3-5-seeded. 2. G. racemosum, T. & G. Less branched, more flowers, capsule 8 to 10 lines long. 3. G. pumilum, Watson. Smaller: capsule 6 lines long, the many seeds oblique. 4» G. difiusum, T. & G. Flowers 1£ to 3 lines broad, usually pink: capsules on pedicels. 6. EULOBUS, NuttalL 1. B. Californicus, Nutt Stout, 1 to 3 ft. high: petals 4 or 5 linen broad, yellow. 7. (ENOTHERA, Linnsens. § Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary: stigma-lobes slender. Tall: flowers yellow, erect in bud: seeds in 2 rows in each cell 1 Stems white: flowers white or purplish, 1£ or 2 inches broad: buds nodding 2, 3, 4 Stemless: calyx-tube 2 to 4 inches long: capsule wing-angled t 6 § 2. Calyx-tube JHtform, stem-like above the ovary: stigma capitate: flowers yellow, sessile on the top of a rootstock in the axils of radical leaves. Nearly glabrous: leaves lanceolate to ovate: perennial 6, 7 Canescently villous: leaves linear: capsule 4- winged: annual 8 § 3. Calyx-tube obconic or short-funnel form: stigma capitate: capsules narrow, sessile or nearly so, often contorted. Flowers axillary, yellow: capsule sharply 4-angled, usually contorted. 9, 10, 11 Flowers axillary, small, yellow: capsule obtusely angled, curved. 12. 13 ONAGRACE^E. 127 ] lowers small, in a nodding spike, white or rose-color: capsule contorted 14, 15 1. CE. biennis, L. Stout, 1 to 5 ft. high: calyx-tube 1 to 1\ inches long. Var. grandifiora, Lindl. Capsule hirsute: petals as long as calyx-tube. Var. hirsutissimus, Gr. Similar: ovary more hirsute. The common form. 2. ..»*». 9 Shrubs; leaves thick, toothed: cymes terminal ..*. . .... „ 10 1. HYDROPHYLXUM, Tournofort L H. capitatum, Dougl. Leaves 6-7-parted, lobes 2-3-claft. 2. H. occidentale, Gr. Leaves 7-15-parted, lobes cleft, obtuse, Var. Watsoni, Gr. Almost stemless, softer hairy. 3. H. Virginicum, L. Leaves bright green, nearly smooth, 3-5-parfced. 150 HTDROPHYLLACEJE. 2. NEMOPHIL^, NuttalL Leaves all or nearly all opposite, seeds 5 or more 1, 2, 8 Leaves all or many alternate: stems weak: seeds 4 or less 4, 6 1. N. znaculata, Benth. CoroHa white with 5 violet spots. 2. N. insignis, Dougl. Leaves 7-13-lobed: corolla bright blue. 3. N. Menziesii, H. & A. Corola blue to white, dark dotted in center. 4. N. aurita, Lindl. Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, lobes and prickles retrorse: limb violet 5. 1ST. parviflora, Dougl. Leaves variable: white, dotted corolla 2 to 6 lines long. 8. EULISIA, Linn»us. 1. E. membranacea, Benth. Leaves 3-9-divided: lobes mostly entire. 2. E. chrysanthemifolia, Benth Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid. 4. DBAPERIA, Torrey. 1. D. aystyla, Torr. Silky viscid: leaves opposite, entire: stamens unequal. 6. PHACELIA, Jusaien. * Leaves simple and entire or some of the lower ones with small entire lobes at the base. All simple and entire, narrow, the lower (and the branches) opposite 1) 2 Mostly simple and entire, ovate or oblong: spikes long 20 Simple and entire or with 2 or 3 slender basal lobes, narrow 25 Often simple and entire but lower ones usually with 1 to 3 pairs of basal lobes, all lanceo- late or ovate: veins simple, distinct. Ovules 4 8, 4, 5 Ovules 8 or more 28, 29, 80 * * Leave* simple and more or leu notched or lobed, or lower ones with small basal lobes, ovate or cordate. Hispid with spreading stinging hairs, annual. , • 6, 7 Hispid, viscid: leaves often pinnatifidly lobed 21 Viscid: flowers large in loose racemes, blue, violet or white. Very viscid: style 2-parted 14, 15 Less viscid: style 2-cleft; corolla blue or violet 16, 17 Leaves doubly toothed or some pinnately parted. 18 Leaves small, shorter than the petioles 19 Lower leaves with small basal divisions. Leaves and flowers large, viscid 22 Leaves silky: somewhat hispid and glandular 23 * * * Leave* 1-3-pinnately divided and indeed, Calyx not hispid, 2 lines long in fruit: seed mostly solitary . 8 Calyx hispid or ciliate: style 2-parted 9,10,11, IS, \R HYDKOPHYLLACEJE. Style cleft to near the middle, leaves simply pinnate. | Tall perennial, soft pubescent; leaves large 84 Leaves with 7 to 15 entire or few-toothed obtuse lobes. 96 Leaves mostly at base: flowers on pedicels 6 to 12 lines long 27 Style deft at apex: corolla nearly tubular, 5 to 7 lines long . ... , 81 § 1. Euphacelia, Or. Ovule* 4. 1. P. namatoides, Gr. A span high: corolla blue, 1 or 2 lines long. 2. P. Pringlei, Gr. Taller: corolla more broadly campanulate. N. CaL 3. P. circinata, Jacq. f. Hispid: grayish leaves strigose: spikes dense. Var. calycosa, Gr. Calyx-lobes broader, veiny: stamens as much exserted. 4. P. Breweri, Gr. Similar but annual, smaller: hairless filaments not exserted. 5. P. humilis, T. & G. Diffuse: a span high: corolla deep blue, 2 or 3 lines long, 6. P. malvaefolia, Cham. Corolla white, 3 or 4 lines broad: stamens exserted. 7. P. Kattani, Gr. More slender: corolla 2 lines long: stamens included. 8. P. platyloba, Gr. Corolla nearly rotate, bluish, little exceeding calyx. 9. P. distans, Benth. Corolla dull- white to violet: stamens scarcely exserted. 10. P. tanacetifolia, Benth. Similar but stamens much exserted: capsule oval 11. P. hispida, Gr. White-hispid: sepals very slender, much exceeding globose capsule. 12. P, ramosissima, Dougl. Perennial: stems weak: leaves rather coarsely lobed. 13. P. ciliata, Benth. Calyx much enlarged in fruit, lobes ovate, ciliate, veiny. § 2. Gymnobathus, Or. Ovule* and teed* numerous: no appendages to rotate campafr ulate corolla. 14. P. viscida. Torr. Corolla deep blue with lighter center, 6 to 12 lines broad. Var. albiflora, Gr. Flowers white. With next species. Santa Barbara, S. 15. P. grandiflora, Gr. Similar: light blue to white corolla much larger. § 3. Whit la via ,Gr. Ovule* 8 to many, flowers showy. 16. P. Whit la via, Gr. Corolla- tube cylindrical, spreading lobes much shorter. 17. P. campanularia, Gr. Corolla campanulate, 8 to 10 lines long. San Diego. 18. P. Parryi, Torr. Corolla cleft below the middle, violet, often 5 spots in throat. 19. P. longipes, Torr. Slender: corolla 5 or 6 lines long, white. Los Angeles, 8. § 4. Eutoca, Or. Ovule* 10 to many: capsule ovoid or oblong. 20. P. grisea, Gr. Corolla whitish: filaments retrorsely hairy, exserted. 21. P. loassBfolia, Torr. Corolla 3 lines long: naked filaments much exserted. 22. P. Bolanderi, Gr. Corolla nearly rotate, 10 or 12 lines broad, violet to white. 23. P. hydrophylloides, Torr. Corolla 3 or 4 lines broad: naked filaments mnoh oxserted. 152 HYDROPHYLLACEJE. 24. P. procera, Gr. Leaf -lofces acute: filaments much exserted. 26. P. Menziesii, Torr. Corolla violet or white, 6 to 10 lines broad. 26. P. brachyloba, Gr. Corolla small, whitish: stamens not exserted. 27. P. Douglasii, Torr. Diffuse: corolla campanulate, 5 to 10 lines broad. 28. P. Davidson!, Gr. Hoary: leaves strigose: pedicels equaling calyx. 29. P. circinatiformis, Gr. Spikes dense: stamens included: seeds 6 or more. 30. P. divaricata, Gr. Corolla broadly campanulate, blue, 7 to 10 lines broad. § 5. Microgenetes, Or. Style deft only at apex: stamens unequal, included. 31. P. tricolor, Torr. Diffuse: racemes loose: corolla-tube yellowish. 6. EMMENANTHE, Bentham. 1. E. parviflora, Gr. Very viscid: corolla not exceeding calyx. 2. E. penduliflora, Benth. Less viscid: corolla exceeding calyx. 7. ROMANZOFFIA, Chamisso. 1. R. Unalaskensis, Cham. Calyx-lobes little shorter than the corolla. 2. R. Sitcheasis, Bong. Pedicels, funnelform corolla and style longer. 8. HESPEROCHIRON, Watson. 1. H. Californicus, Wat. Corolla-lobes shorter than the tube. 2. H. pumilus, Porter. Corolla nearly rotate, tube bearded within. 9. NAMA, Linnams. 1. N. Lobbi, Gr. Silky- woolly: leaves entire: flowers nearly sessile. 2. N. Rothrockii, Gr. Leaves almost pinnatifid: flowers in terminal heads. 3. N. Parryi, Gr. Cymes scorpioid: leaves linear, undulate, viilous. 10. ERIODICTYON, Bentham. 1. E. tomentosum, Benth. Whitened or rusty with dense pubescence. S. CaL 1 E. glutinosum, Benth. Sticky, resinous coated: corolla 6 lines long. CaL BORRAGINACE3). § 1. Ovary merely 4-lobed: stigma broad, sessile: glabrous: succulent ....%*....- 1 § 2. Ovary 4-parted into seed-like nutlets; style conspicuous; stigma small. * Nutlets fixed by the base to a fiat receptacle* smooth and shining. Flowers leaf y-bracted: corolla imbricated, yellow: soft-hairy 8 Flowers bractleas: corolla convolute, blue or white 8 BORRAOIXACEJE. 153 * * Nuiltt* fixed to a prominent base (gynobase) by gome part of the inner angle or /own: corolla imbricated. Nutlets not armed with prickles, not appendaged. Corolla blue or whitish: smooth glaucous perennials. 4 Corolla yellow: hispid annuals 6 Corolla white, mostly yellow-crested in the throat: hirsute or hispid. Nutlets erect and straight: calyx in fruit not rotate 6 Nutlets oblique or incurved on a rounded base 7 Corolla blue, rotate: a dwarf alpine tufted perennial ....... 8 Nutlets armed with hooked or barbed prickles, or flat and wing-margined. Corolla blue, purple or white; throat with a ring of 2-lobed crests. Racemes bract eat e at base: nutlets erect, prickles barbed 0 Racemes on naked peduncles : nutlets globose 10 Corolla minute, white: flowers scattered along leafy branches. Nutlets flattened, forming an x-shaped or star-like bur. 11 1. HELIOTBOPIUM, Tournefort. 1. H. Curassavicum, L. Nearly or quite prostrate: corolla bluish or white. 2, LITHOSPERMUM, Tournefort 1. L. Calif orrucum, Gr. Corolla 9 or 10 lines long: throat exceeding lobes. 2. I*, pilosum, Nntt. Corolla greenish yellow, silky, 5 or 6 lines long. 3. MTTOSOTIS, Linnaeus. 1. M. verna, Nutt. Hispid calyx unequal: corolla white, small. Oregon. 2. M. sylvatica, Hoffm. var. alpestris, Koch. Corolla blue, 3 or 4 lines broad. 4. MEBTENSIA, Roth. 1. M. maritima, Don. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long, tube shorter than calyx. 2. M. Siberica, Don. Corolla-tube much exserted: calyx lobes obtuse. 6. AMSINCKIA, Lehmann. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, straight, smooth, shining 1 Nutlets broad; the back nearly flat, wavy -wrinkled cross- wise 2 Nutlets incurved, convex and ridged on the back, rough 3,4, 5 1. A. vernicosa, H. & A. Sparingly hispid: corolla-tube a little exserted. Var. grandiflora, Gr. Very bristly -hispid: corolla-tube longer, limb broader. 2. A. tessellata, Or. Coarsely hispid: leaves mostly obtuse: calyx rusty. 3. A. intermedia, F. & M. Calyx whitish or tawny hispid: corolla 2 or 3 linea 4. A. spectabilis. F. & M. Corolla bright orange much exserted. BOR&AGINACBJE. S. A lycopsoides, Lehm. Stiff bristles with pimple-like base: leaf margins often undulate: often branching: very variable. 6. KEYNTTZKIA, Fischer & Meyer. § 1. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, shining, a ridge down the back, a groove down the inner side, attached to the gynobase one quarter the length 1 | 2. Nutlets ovoid, somewhat rugose, a ridge down the inner side, fixed by the base of the inner angle. Entire plant light green. * Mostly diffuse: lower leave* often opposite: corolla 1 or 2 lines broad 2, 3 4 * Flowers numerous: limb ofcoroUa nearly rotate, S to 5 lines broad: yellow crests in the throat conspicuous: lower leaves mostly opposite (except in No. 6) 4, 5, 0 | S. Nutlets never rugose; inner angle furrowed from less than half to all the way; back convex; side angles mostly obtuse, never margined: calyx in fruit erect or closed: corolla small, throat naked or the crests not exserted: numerous flowers sessile in scorpioid spikes. * Fruiting calyx often falling with the enclosed nutlets, these smooth, shining, acute: sepaU narrow, hispid, slender. Nutlets solitary, rarely 2, acuminate, fixed below the middle 7, 8, 9 Nutlets usually all maturing scarcely a line long 10, 11 Nutlets unequal, one much larger than the others 13 Nutlets 3-angled-ovoid, papillose, sharply muricate or scabrous, attached nearly or quite up to the apex: usually erect and hispid; spikes bractless: calyx pungent-bristly. Calyx very villous-hispid, In fruit 3-5 lines long, mid-rib strong 18 Calyx 3 lines long or less; bristles pungent, whitish or yellowish. In fruit double the lengjbh of the nutlets not connivent 14, 15 In fruit 1 or 2 lines long, more or less connivent over the angular nutlets.. 16, 17, 18 * * Fruiting calyx deciduous above a persistent basal cup: nutlets ovate-deltoid, S -angled, usually very smooth, groove forked. Much branched, with flowers almost from base, hispid , 19 1. K. lithocarya, Greene. Corolla not surpassing the rusty calyx: spike simple. 2. K. Calif ornica, Gr. Leaves small, narrow: flowering from near the base. Var. flrubglochidiata, Gr. Succulent: nutlets minute-bristly with barbed hairs. 3. X. trachycarpa, Gr. More lower leaves opposite: nutlets broader, granulate. 4. K t Chorisiana, Gr. Some pedicels 2 to 12 lines long: leaves large. 5. K. Scouleri, Gr. Slender: spikes often branching mostly bractless. 5. K. mollis, Gr. Perennial stems creeping, soft-hairy. Wet borders of ponds. 7. X. spar siflora, Greene. Sepals with stiff hooked bristles: nutlet flattened. 8. K. oxycarya, Gr. Strigulose: leaves linear: calyx in fruit deflexed-bristly at base 9. X. microstachys, Greene. Smaller, hispidulous: calyx bristles not deflexed. 10. K. leiocarpa, F. & M. Nutlets attached for nearly the whole length. 11. X. Torreyana, Gr. Nutlets attached half way up, groove forked. BORBAGINACBJ&. 155 V Var, oalyoosa, Gr. Flowers crowded, somewhat capitate: calyx longer. 12. E. dumetorum, Greene. Almost climbing: papillose-hispid: 2 sepals united. 13. E. barbigera, Gr. Nutlets gray, very rough, rarely all fertile. 14. E. intermedia, Gr. Nutlets thickly muricate, groove with open basal BOAT. 15. E, ambigua, Gr. Nutlets minutely muricate, groove widely forked. 16. E. muriculata, Gr. Stout: spikes 2-3-radiate: nutlets triangular-ovate. 17. E. Jonesii, Gr. Slender: spikes more numerous, paniculate: calyx smaller. 18. EL micromeres, Gr. Hispid, diffuse: spikes filiform: flowers minute. 19. E. micrantha, Gr. var. lepida, Gr. Hoots red: hispid: corolla 2& Unea long. 7. PLAGIOBOTHBYS, Fischer & Meyer. 9 Nutlets not on stipe-like attachments: calyx more or less vittous with yellowish or nuty hairs, sometimes deciduous above the base (circumscissile). Sepals nearly distinct; in fruit 3 lines long, lax: nutlets broadly ovate ............... 1 Calyx deeply 5-clef t: giving a violet stain to paper ........................... 2, 3, 4 Calyx cleft nearly to the base, 2-3 lines long in fruit not cbnnivent .................. 5 Calyx cleft half way, silky, in fruit conni vent, soon circumscissile ................... 0 * • Nutlets on stipe-like attachments: hispidulous ........................... ......... 7 1. P. rufescens, F. & M. Stems slender from rosulate tuft of radical leaves. 2. P. tenellus, Gr. Radical leaves rosulate: nutlets 4-lobed or cross-like, shining. 3. P. Shastensis, Greene. Similar, with larger flowers and nutlets. Mt. Shasta. 4. P. Torreyi, Gr. Diffusely procumbent, hispidulous: leaves oblong. . 6. P. canescens, Benth. Villous: spikes, as in the last, often leafy below. 6. P. nothofulvus, Gr. Rosulate leaves thin: corolla 2 or 3 lines broad. 7, P. Oooperi, Gr. Diffuse: corolla 2 or 3 lines broad, throat closed. ^ 8. OMPHALODES, Tournefort. O. Howard!, Gr. Silky, silvery: flowers few: corolla 4-5 lines broad. Or. 9. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lehmann. Prickles of the fruit barbed at apex only : calyx in fruit reflexed. .............. !,«, 8 Prickles barbed to the base: crests of small white corolla small ..................... .4 1. E. Calif ornicum, Gr. Corolla short-funnelform, blue, 2-6 lines broad. 2. E. floribundum, Lehm. Corolla rotate, blue or often white, 2-3 lines broad. 3. E. diffusum, Lehm. Similar corolla 4-9 lines broad: back of nutlet naked. 4 B. Qreenei, Gr. Diffuse: nutlets triangular-ovoid: prickles terete. N. Gat 10. OYNOG-LOSSUM, Lehmann. 1. 0. Occident ale, Gr. Hispidulous: upper leaves sessile; lower, spatulate. 2. 0. grande, Dougl. Soft-viUous becoming glabrate: leaves all petioled. Var. Iseve, Gr. Smooth: corolla smaller, lobes shorter than tube. 156 CONVOLVULACKJB. 11. PECTOCABYA, De CaadoUe. Nutlets forming an x-shaped bur, the wings undulate or laciniate 1, S Nutlets forming a flat +- shaped bur, the thin margins entire 3, 4 1. P. linearis, DC. Wings of nutlets toothed, the teeth bristle-tipped. 2. P. penicillata, A. DC. More diffuse: nutlets fiddle-shaped; apex bristly. 3. P. setosa, Gr. Hispid, stouter: calyx -lobes with 3 or 4 very large bristles, 4. P. pusilla, Gr. Strigulose: nutlets angular, flat, wingless, with a midnerve. CONTOLVCLACE.E. Twining or trailing: corolla fnnnelform, large, limb entire: stigmas 2.. Not twining: corolla 2-3 lines long, 5-cleft, white: styles 2 Corolla i in. long, 5-cleft, purplish: stigmas 2 Sp. 7 in No. Twining leafless thread-like orange or yellowish stems: parasitic. 1. CONVOLVULUS, Linnams. Solitary flower with a pair of broad bracts enclosing the calyx. Stems very short and erect or prostrate, trailing (See var. No, 5). 1, 3, Stems twining freely: bracts cordate-ovate or sagittate (See 5) Flowers often 2-3 together with small bracts; stems often woody Flowers with a pair of subulate bracts at base of pedicel: stamens slender Flowers 3 lines long, deeply 5-cleft: not twining 1. C. Soldanella, L. Glabrous, fleshy: leaves renifonn: flowers pinkish. 2. C. sepium, L., var. Americanus, Gr. Leaves acute: corolla rose, 3. 0. Californicus, Choisy. Short, erect, or at length prostrate; pubescent. 4. C. villosus, Gr. Densely white- velvety: leaves an inch long or less. Var. fulcratus, Gr. Bracts similar to the leaves (hastate): corolla yellowish. D. C. occidentalis, Gr. Bracts variable: stems often very long: corolla white. Var. tenuissimus, Gr. Only a ft. or a yd. high: leaves slender-hastate. 6. C. arvensis, L. Creeping in moist places: corolla an inch long or leas* 7. C. pentapetaloides, L. A diffusely branched slender annual with spatnlate - lanceolate mostly entire leaves. This with No. 6 naturalized from En. 2. CRESSA, Linnaeus. 1. 0. Cretica, L. Gray silky leaves numerous, small, entire: flowers axillary. 3. CUSCUTA, Tournefort Ovary and capsule depressed glabose: stamens low, very slender ....,.-...„ 1, Ovary and capsule pointed; corolla withering-persistent: scales fringed. 80LANACEA 157 Stems slender, low, growing on salt-marsh plants & Stems coarser: corolla much exceeding the calyx, 2£ to 4 lines long 4 Stems coarse: corolla lobes acute, usually inflexed 6, 6 1. C. arvensis, Bey rich. Flowers scarcely a line long iu dense clusters. 2. C. California a, Choisy. Calyx lobes acute: corolla lobes slender. 3. 0. salina, Eugelm. Delicate white flowers l£-2£ lines long, 4. 0. subinclusa, D. & H. Flower clusters globose, 6 to 12 lines thick. 5. 0. decora, Choisy. Flowers fleshy and papillose: clusters close. 6. 0. racemosa, Martina, var. Chiliana, Engelm. Corolla thin. From Chili. SOL AN ICE JE. Corolla rotate: anthers connivont around the style: fruit a berry 1 Corolla rotate-campanula te: anthers not connivent: berry enclosed in the loose inflated calyx. May appear in cultivated ground. Physalia. Corolla tubular-funnelfonn, £ in. long or less: spiny shrubs 2 Corolla funnelform, large: fruit large, covered with spines 3 Corolla funnelform or tubular: capsule small, smooth 4 Corolla funnelform, 3-5-lines long: limb purple: stamens unequal 5 1. SOTiANTTM, Tournefort. Corolla deeply 5-cleft, white or bluish : berries black or red 1, 3 Corolla only 5-angled or slightly lobed, violet or blue 8, 4 1. 8. nigruxn, L. Herbaceous: leaves mostly ovate, sinuate-toothed, acute. 2. 3. Douglasii, Dunal. Woody-stemmed: flowers 5-8 lines broad, often bluish. 3. 8. Xanti, Or. Woody at base: hairs jointed: leaves mostly obtuse at base. 4. 8. umbelliferum, Each. More woody: hairs branched: leaf -base mostly narrow. 2. LYCIUM, Linnaeus. 1. 3L. Calif ornicum, Nutt. Leaves fleshy, 1-3 lines long: flower parts in 4's. L X<. Anderson!, Gr. Leaves larger: flowers largei , 5-6 lines long. San Diego. 3. DATURA. Linnaeus. Qftlyx acutely 5-angled: fruit erect, ovoid 1, 2, 3 Fruit nodding, globose T. ."".... 4 Ualyx scarcely angled: corolla 5 or 6 in. long: fruit nodding globose 6 1. D. Stramonium, L. Smooth: corolla white: lower prickles of capsule shorter. L D. Tatula, L. Similar: Stems usually purple: corolla pale violet. L D. quercifolia, HBK. Leaves sinuate pinnatifid: prickles unequal, flat 158 8CROPHULARIACE.K 4. D. discolor, Bernh. Corolla purplish: capsule and stout prickles pubescent ft. D. meteloides, DC. Leaves entire or repand, one-sided: capsule large. S. CaL 4. NICOTIANA, Tournefort. Vary viscid, ill-scented herbs: flowers soon closing in sunshine. Corolla salverform, the limb 4 or 6 lines broad 1, 9 Corolla tubular-funnelform, white; stamens unequally inserted 3, 4 Very smooth glaucous shrub: corolla tubular, greenish yellow 5; 1. N. Cleveland!, Gr. Corolla greenish white, violet tinged, an inch long. S. CaL 2. N. attenuate, Torr. Calyx shorter: corolla longer, limb white. 3. N. Bigelovii, Watson. Corolla 1-2 inches long, nearly as broad. Var. Wallace!, Gr. Corolla smaller: leaves often nearly clasping. S. CaL 4. N. quadrivalis, Pursk. Corolla broader than long: capsule globular. Or. E. Var, multivalis, Gr. Corolla often 2 in. broad, 5-8-lobed: capsule large. Or. 6. MT. glauca, Graham. Leaves long-petioled, subcordate. Naturalized. S. CaL 5. PETUNIA, Juss. 1. P. parviflora, Juss. Spreading or prostrate on the sea shore. SCROPHULARIACEJ3. A. LEAVES all or all but the lower ones alternate, rarely all radical. * Leaves simple, and entire (except in No. 1 and 16): corotta sometime* nearly regular, upper j lip not beak-like. Corolla 6-lobed, rotate: stamens 5; filaments woolly 11 Corolla bilabiate, throat nearly closed: stamens 4. Base of corolla prolonged into a slender spur on lower aide. m Base of corolla swollen or saccate on lower side 3 Corolla large, open bilabiate with dentate lobes: stamens 2 4 Corolla nearly regular: stamens 4: leaves narrow, mostly radical 14| Corolla large, campanulate-bilabiate, 4-lobed : stamens 4. 15 Corolla and calyx 4-lobed: flowers small: stamens 2. Leaves cordate-orbicular, all radical, scapes slender 16 Leaves on the stem: corolla rotate, 4-lobed 17 * " Leaves or at least the bracts incisely lobed or pinnate: corotta tubular-bilabiate, closed upper lip beak-like or compressed on the sides. Leaves or lobes not serrate: anther cells unequal or only one. Upper corolla-lip much surpassing the 3-toothed obscure lower lip Upper lip erect, much smaller than the 3-saccate, 3-toothed lower lip 19 Lips of club-shaped corolla nearly equal: calyx 1-3-leaved 20 8CBOPHULA.RIACE.fi. 159 Leaves or lobes serrate: anthers equally 2-celled. Upper lip or its beak exceeding the 3- toothed lower lip (except Bp. 7)~ 81 B. LBATXS all opposite or whorled (rarely alternate above in No. 9). * Stamens 4 with anthers; sterile filament often rudimentary or none. Corolla declined: stamens and style infolded bj lower lip 5 Corolla small, lobes spreading: tipper leaves 3-lobed or parted 6 Corolla erect, front lobe reflexed: scale in throat on upper side 7 Corolla etc. as in No. 9, but the seeds winged: odor rank 1 ... 8 Corolla open: sterile filament conspicuous: stigma entire 9 Corolla-throat open or closed: no eter'le filament: calyx 5-angled (except 1 sp.) 10 Corolla blue or white, tube short, li, « spreading, the upper emarginate 11 * * Stamens 2 with anthers: flowers small: growing in wet ground. Calyx 5- parted into narrow, nearly equal divisions: corolla bilabiate. Sterile filaments simple or none: corolla small, whitish 12 Sterile filaments forked: corolla violet or bluish 13 Calyx 4- parted: corolla rotate, 4-lobed. 17 1. VERBASCUM, Linnaeus. 1. V. Thapsus, L. Densely velvety- woolly, leaves decnrrent: corolla yellow. 2. V. virgattun, With. Slender, green: filaments violet bearded or woolly, 8. V. Blattaria, L. Similar but pedicels solitary and longer than calyx, 2. LIN ARIA, Tournefort. 1. I* Ganadensia, Dtunont. Straight, smooth: leaves narrow: flowers blue. 3. ANTIRRHINUM, Tournefort. * Ertet, 9 to 7 Jt. high, leafy: flowers in a dense spike, light rose colon filaments broadest at the top. Stems many from a perennial base, simple, glabrous, light green 1 Stem stout, branching, very viscid-pubescent, 3-5 ft. high 9 * * Branching with filiform axillary branchlets which coil around objects: sepals unequal. Flowers in a more or less villous- viscid spike: bracts minute 5, 6, 7 Flowers scattered along the stem and slender branches. Leaves on the main stem, orate or subcordate 8, 9 Leaves on main stem mostly narrow: corolla purple 10, 11 * * * • Erect, nearly simple stems: peduncles slender, twisting around objects 19 1. A. virga, Or. Deflexed lower lip of corolla upward indexed from middle. 2. A glandulostun, Liudley. Corolla with yellowish palate. Monterey S. 3. A. cornutuxn, Benth. Filaments all broadest at top. Sac. Val., rare. 4. A. leptaleum, Gr. Leaves rarely linear: style shorter than pod. Sac. Valley 8, 160 SCROPHULARIACEJfi. 6. A. Cbulterianum, Benth. Leaves linear to oval, distinct: spike dense. 6. A. Orcuttianum, Gr. More slender: spike loose: corolla smaller, 4 lines long. 7. -A . Nevinianum, Gr. Similar, but seeds ribbed not honeycomb-pitted. 8. A. subcordatum, Gr. Leaves sessile, each subtending a flower and branchlet. 9. A. Nuttalianum, Benth. Leaves petioled: pedicels often long as violet corolla. 10. A. vagans, Gr. Very diffuse: broad upper sepal equaling corolla- tube. Var. Bolanderi, Gr. Leaves orbicular on branchlet s: upper sepal broader. 11. A. Breweri, Gr. Similar: slender corolla-tube exceeding upper sepal. N. CaL 12. A. strictum, Gr. Corolla violet-purple, palate hairy. Santa Barbara. 4. MOHAVEA, Gray. L M. Viscida, Gr. Very viscid: lower leaves opposite: corolla yellow, purple dotted 5. COLUNSIA, Nuttall. * Flowers on short pedicels or sessik in axillary v>horl», 6-8 lines long. Corolla strongly declined, the throat as broad as long, nearly or quite at right angles with the short tube: gland sessile . . 1, 2 Corolla less declined, throat narrower, leaves obtuse 3, 4, 6 * Flowers but little longer or not as long as the pedicels. Corolla usually more than 5 lines long, strongly declined sepals acute 6, 7, 8 Corolla mostly less than 4 lines long: lips nearly equal: stems slender 9 to 12 1. 0. bicolor, Benth. Upper corolla lip recurved, paler than the violet lower lip. 2. 0. tinctoria, Hartweg. Stains brown: corolla purple-striped, upper lip very short. 3. 0. bartsieefolia, Benth. Leaves crenate, obtuse: calyx often white-hairy. 4. 0. corymb osa, Herder. Branching: flower clusters nearly capitate. N. Cal C'st. 5. O. Greenei, Gr. Corolla rich violet or lavender; upper lip short; side lobes small 6. 0. grandiflora, Dongl. Flowers in whorls of 3 to 9: lower lip deep blue or violet. Var. pusilla, Gr. Small form: corolla only 4 or 5 lines long, deeply colored. 7. C. sparsiflora, F. & M. Slender: only upper flowers in 3's, &-| in. long. Var. divaricata. Only 2 or 3 in. high: flowers smaller, solitary. S. F. Bay. 8. 0. linearis, Gr. Paniculately branched: leaves very slender: pale corolla dark- dotted. N. CaL 9. O. parviflora, Dougl. Often diffuse: corolla little exserted, 2 or 3 lines long. 10. C. Battani, Gr. Stem strict, mostly simple: corolla lips violet, 1-2 lines long, 11. O. Childii, Parry. Stem similar: corolla light blue. In forests S. CaL 12. 0. Torreyi, Gr. Much branched: flowers in 3's and 6's, blue or violet. 6. TONELLA, Nuttall. 1. T. collinsioides, Nutt. Diffuse: flowers on slender pedicels, a line long. BCROPnULARIACEJB. 161 7. SCROPHTJL ARIA, Tournefort. L 8. Calif Oinica, Cham. Stems square: flowers dull purple, 3-4 lines long. 8. CHELONE, Linnaeus. L O. nemoTOsa. Dougl. Corolla violet-purple. In woods. Or., northward. 9. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell 5 1. Anther-cells soon widely separating at base, united more or leas completely at top* splitting open nearly or quite the whole length. * Anthers densely toooGy, becoming shield-shaped after shedding pollen 1 * * Anthers glabrous, splitting through the apex and spreading out: stems branching and shrubby, at least below: leaves leathery or parchment-like, mostly small, and short' petioled: filaments all hairy at base. Corolla scarlet, marrow- tubular, its upper lip erect and the lower more or less spreading: sterile filament bearded down one side. Leaves subcordate or ovate acutely toothed, 1 in. long or less. 8 Leaves oblong or oval £ to 2 in. long, often canescent 3 Leaves slender, rigid, acutely toothed, glaucous 4 Corolla yellow or yellowish, purple-tinged, not an inch long, the gaping limb longer than the tube (except No. 7): upper lip concave, lower recurved. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate , 0 Leaves similar, yellowish green, remotely serrate 6 Leaves spatulate or oval, entire, 6 lines long or less 7 * * * Anthers with spreading distinct cells splitting from base nearly to the topi corolla scarcely bilabiate, blue or purple. Leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, glaucous 8 * * * * Anthers splitting open from base through the united apex. Glaucous or pale and glabrous: leaves leathery or thick: corolla 9-12 lines long. Stems thick, 1 to 3 ft. high: leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate, entire 0 Taller: leaves thinner; upper pairs acuminate, united, acutely dentate 10 Similar but leaves thicker: corolla crimson, 9 lines long, throat .narrow 11 Leaves 1^ to 4 in. long, the upper often united: corolla cream-white, pinkish. . 19 Corolla 8 lines long or less (more in 13): thyrsus viscid in 13, 14, 16, 18. Corolla somewhat bilabiate lower lip and sterile filament hairy. . . 13, 14, 15, 16 Corolla funnelform or tubular: sterile filament nearly or quite naked 17, 18 | 2. Anthers sagittate or horse-shoe shaped, the cells opening by a continuous cleft around the apex which reaches about half way to the bases of the cells, these remain- ing closed and saccate, sometimes hairy but never woolly: corolla some shade of purple and blue, from rose purple to lavender (scarlet red in the last). * Soft-pubescent, viscid, stout: radical leaves 6-8 inches long 10 11 162 8CROPHULARIACKJB. * * Glabrous* orinftortscenscpuberuknt or viscid: leaves toothed or pinnatifid: tterile filament hairy: corolla funmlform, moderately bilibiate. Corolla over an inch long, lobes and all the stamens sparsely hairy 20 Corolla an inch long or usually less 21, 22, 23 * * * Glabrous orpuberknt: leaves all entire. Corolla 6 lines long, slender: sterile filaments bearded 24 Corolla abort bilabiate, 8 to 18 lines long: sterile filament naked. Calyx glandular or viscid: leaves lanceolate to spatulate 25, 26 Calyx not glandular or viscid: thyrsus usually narrow 27, 28, 29 1. P. Menziesii, Hooker. Leaves 3-12 lines long: corolla violet to pink. Cal. N. Var. Newberryi, Gr. Corolla rose-purple or pink. Southern Sierras. 2. P. cordifolius, Benth. Climbing over bushes, very leafy. San Luis Obiapo. 8. 3. P. corymbosus, Benth. Erect, 1 or 2 ft. high, leafy: cyme corymbose. 4. P. ternatus, Torr. Branches slender: upper leaves in 3's. Kern Co. S. 5. P. breviflorus, Lindl. Sterile filament naked. Sierra Nevada. 6. P. Lemmoni, Gr. Paniculate: sterile filament yellow bearded. N. Cent. CaL 7. P. antirrhinoides, Benth. Branched, leafy, paniculate: corolla pale yellow. 8. P. glaber, Pursh. Wide corolla 1 to 14 in. long. Sierras eastward. 9. P. centranthifolius, Benth. Very glaucous: corolla tubular, bright scarlet. 10. P. spectabilis, Thurber. Corolla roae-purple or lilac, the limb violet. 11. P. Cleveland!, Gr. Corolla crimson, 9 lines long: sterile filaments bearded. 12. P. Palxneri, Gr. Corolla 8-9 lines broad: sterile fil. densely yellow-bearded. 13. P. Rattan!, Gr. Leaves 3-8 in. long, denticulate: corolla pale purple. N. W.G& Var. minor, Gr. Smaller: corolla 6-7 lines long. Klamath and Trinity H. Var. KLeei, Gr. Between the foregoing in size. High peak near Santa Cruz, 14. P. pruinosus, Dougl. Pubescent: corolla deep blue, hairy. Or. Wash. 15. P. ovatus, Dougl. Pubescent: leaves ovate, serrate, green: corolla purple blue. 16. P. confertus, Dougl. Thyrsus in 2-5 dense whorls: corolla yellowish, small. 17. P. deustus, Dougl. Tufted, woody at base: corolla yellow to dull white. 18. P. heterodoxos, Gr. Leaves obtuse, entire. Near Conner Pass, CaL 19. P. glandulosus, Lindl. Corolla lilac: sterile filaments naked. Or. Wash. 20. P. venustus, DdugL Leaves closely serrate: sepals small. Or. 21. P. diffusus, Dougl. Often diffuse: leaves unequally serrate. Or. Wash. 22. P. Richardson!, Dougl. Leaves incised or laciniate-pinnatifid. Or. 23. P. triphyllus, Dougl. Leaves lonceolate or linear, rigid, often laciniate. 24. P. gracilentus, Gr. Peduncles and calyx viscid. Mts. N. Cal., Or. 25. P. laetus, Gr. Ashy-pubescent: corolla an inch long blue. Mts. CaL 26. P. Boezli, Hegel. Smaller: corolla smaller, paler. Sierra Nev. to Or. 27. P. azureus, Benth. Glaucous; leaves ovate or narrower: corolla broad. Var. Jaffrayanus, Gr. Low broad-leaved form in the Sierras. Var. parvulus, Gr. Broad leaves an Inch or less long: corolla 9 lines long. Alpine. 8CROPHULARIACEJB. Igg Var. angTLstissimus, Or. Leaves very slender. Yoeemite Valley, etc. 28. P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Similar: bnda often yellowish. W. O&L 20. P. Bridgesii, Or. Thyrsus one-sided: corolla lips long. 8. Sierras. 10. BirttTOXUS, Linnaeus. * Corottabuff, salmon-color or orange, large: a viscid shrub. 1 * * Corolla-limb rose or crimson-purple (scarlet in No. 17): sticky viscid or slimy (lete to *• gt 10, 17, 18, S8); often ill scented. a. Style pubescent above; stigma unequally lobed or entire, usually peltate- funnelfontu flowers sessile or nearly so. Corolla-tube long, slender; lower lip very short; upper lip erect , 6 Corolla scarcely exserted, 3-4 lines long: capsule much exserted ._ 6 Corolla exceeding £ inch; lower lip shorter; throat dark or yellow , 8 Corolla trumpet shape, 6-9 lines broad, crimson: calyx hardly oblique 10 Corolla similar, 6 lines long, 4-5 lines broad, deep red: calyx oblique 11 Corolla nearly fnnnelform, 2-6 lines long, crimson: calyx-teeth spreading 19 Corolla 6-9 lines long: calyx-teeth obtuse, nearly equal 13 Corolla often an inch long: calyx-teeth very unequal, acute: very viscid 14 Corolla oblique-salverform, white, crimson-veined 16 b. Style smooth; stigma of 2 equal flat lobes which upon irritation close: flown* on long or short peduncles. Corolla oblique-bilabiate, exceeding 1 inch, lobes reflexed, scarlet 17 Corolla open-bilabiate, 1 J-2 inches long, lobes spreading, rose-color 18 Corolla little surpassing calyx; very slimy-villous , 84 Corolla 2-3 lines long; lower lip entire, upper 2 lobed 88 * * * Corolla-limb rose or crimson-purple: not viscid, or very slightly so. a. Almost stemless: corolla-tube long and slender: style pubescent. Flowers erect, sessile, surpassing the leaves, 1-2 inches long 9, 8, 4 b. Stems much longer than the flowers: style smooth; stigma equally 2-lobed, lobes flat and often closed. 18, 80, 38, 80 * * * * Corolla yellow, often spotted: viscid or slimy. Corolla-throat often purple-tinged or dotted: odor strong, fetid. 7 Corolla 1 inch long or longer, nearly as broad, lobes subequal 15 Corolla 3-9 lines long: peduncles scape-like: leaves rosulate-crowded 10 Corolla £-1 inch long: slimy, musky, spreading and creeping fiO Corolla fc-f inch long: fruiting calyx & inch long, mouth closed 87 Corolla $-& inch long: fruiting calyx on long peduncle, lower teeth shortest 89 Corolla light yellow, limb often pinkish: petioles margined 81 Corolla as broad as long (& inch) : peduncles much exceeding oval leaves. 38 Corolla narrower, £-£ inch long: peduncles little exceeding the leave*. 83 164 8CBOPHULARIACE2BL Corolla-tube narrow, exaerted; throat and bearded lip spotted 30 Corolla 3-4 lines long, lobes nearly equal, often a pair of spots. 40 ***** Corolla yellow, often spotted, not viscid. Leaves orate to oblong: rootstocks tuber bearing: corolla £ inch broad 21 Leaves similar, coarsely serrate, acute: corolla orange-yellow, 1 inch broad 22 Lower leaves broad, acutely and irregularly dentate or laciniate 23 Lower leaves narrow, petioled, thick, shining, denticulate, email. 24 Lower leaves clasping, the others orbicular-perfoliate, glaucous 25 Leaves mostly basal: stem wing-angled: upper calyx- tooth prominent 26 Leaves very small, often purplish : diffuse : peduncles spreading 27 Leaves narrow, laciniately lobed: corolla pale, 24 lines long: diffuse 28 Leaves narrow, entire: corolla £ in. broad, purple dotted; lip bearded 36 Leaves narrow, entire: corolla 2-3 lines long: lobes all notched , 37 Leaves entire, soft-hairy: diffuse: corolla with 2 brownish spots. » 40 * * CoroUa white or white and yellow, often purple-marked. White or yellowish, throat with 8 or 10 purple stripes. 9 White purple or yellowish, 3-6 lines long: calyx-teeth very short 30 White, veined with crimson, oblique salverform 16 Yellow with white or pinkish border, £ in. long: viscidnlous 31 Upper lip white, lower yellow, purple dotted: viscid. 35 f 1. DXPLACUS, Gr. Shrubs 3-5 ft. high: glutinous- viscid. 1. X. glutinosus, Wendl. Variable. Common in Central and W. CaL | 2. O3NOE, Gr. Corolla 1-2 in. long; tube long exserted, slender: capsule 1-sided. 2. M. tricolor, Lindl. Corolla limb with 5 crimson, spots, palate yellow. 3. M. angustatus, Gr. Similar: corolla tube 3-8 times as long as the short throat. 4. M. Donglasii, Gr. Upper corolla lip erect, lower almost none: stemless. ft, ML Kelloggii, Cnrran. Becoming a span or a ft. high: lower lip larger. CaL 8 3. EUNANUS, Gr. Style glandular: capsule not 1 -aided. flu M, Battanl, Gr. A span high: calyx very viscid. Mt. Tamalpai* and Lake Co., CaL 7. 1C. mephiticus, Greene. Corolla 6-8 lines long. Sierra Nevada. 8. M. nanus, H. &; A. A span high or less, blossoming from near base. CaL, N. 9. M, Whitney i, Gr. Dwarf, 1 or 2 in. high: corolla & in. long. Alpine, CaL 10. M. Fremont i, Gr. Leaves narrow: corolla rarely white. Common in 8. CaL 11. M. aubsecundus, Gr. Diffuse: flowers spicate, turned to one side. CaL 12. M. leptaleus, Gr. A span or less high, often depauperate. Mts., CaL 13. M. Torreyi, Gr. A span or more high, simple or branching. S. N. Mts. 14. ML Bolanderi, Gr. Very viscid, strong scented, 1-3 ft high, simple. Cent. CaL 8OBOPHULABIACEA. 165 15. M. brevipes, Benth, Very viscid, 1-2 ft. high: leaves slender. Monterey, a | 4. MIMUI*ASraUM, Or. Corolla throat contracted at mouth: limb rotate. 18. M. pictua, Or. Simple sterna or basal branches erect Tehachapi, CaL f 6. EUBLUBLUJUUS, Or. Calyx plicately angled: style smooth; stigma-lobes flat. 17. M. cardinalis, Dongl. Viscid- villous, 2-4 ft. high: leaves ovate, erose, 18. M. Lewisii, Porsh. More slender, greener. Snbalpine. Cal.-Or. 19. K. priinnloides, Benth. Scapes 1-4 in. long: light green. S. N. Mta. 20. M. moschatus, Dongl. Stems 1-3 ft long: leaves oblong-ovate, 1-2 in. long, Var. longiflorus, Or. Less viscid, corolla longer. Var. sessilifolius, Gr. Leaves sessile: corolla 1 in. long. M. inodorous, Greene. 21. ML moniliformi*, Greene. Leaves sparingly denticulate. S. N. Mta. 22. M. dentatus, Nutt, Simple stems a foot high or less. Humboldt Bay, N. 23. M. luteus, L. Erect, i to 4 ft. high: corolla large; palate prominent. 24. M. Scouleri, Hook. Erect, 1-2 ft. high: flowers smaller. Colombia B. 25. M. glauceacena, Greene. Corolla 1 in. long and broad, not dotted. S. N. Mts, 26. M. nasutus, Greene. Corolla short, often with a spot. Common. 27. M. nudatus, Curran. Corolla i-f in. long, deep yellow. CaL 28. M. laciniatus, Gr. Slender: }-l ft high. Merced R., CaL 29. M. alsinoidea, BongL Slender, branching, 3-12 in. high. Moist rock*. 30. M. incoaspicuiLB, Gr. Leaves ovate or narrower, entire, } in. long or leak Var. acutidens, Gr. Calyx-teeth subulate: leaves denticulate. King's R. Var. latidens, Gr. Calyx-teeth triangular ovate. Monte Diablo, S. 31. M. Pulsifersa, Gr. Branching, 6-8 in. high: leaves 3-nerved. N. CaL to W. 32. M. peduacularis, DongL Erect, slender: leaves £-& in. long. Columbia B. 33. M. floribtmdus, Dongl. Similar, slimy, musky. Common. 34. M. Parish!!, Greene. Stout, erect, 1-2 ft. high, leafy. Los Angeles, 8. 35. X. tricolor, Hartweg. Leaves small: calyx ribbed. Foot-hills, S. N. Mts. 36. M. xnontioides, Gr. Branching from base or simple: leaves slender. S. N. Mts. 37. M. Suksdorfli, Gr. Leaves often reddish, H i°- long. Cascade and 8. N. Nta, 38. M. rubellus, Gr. Leaves lanceolate, }-!} i&- long. Cascade and S. N. Mta. 39. M. Palmeri, Gr. Leaves narrow: corolla-limb nearly rotate. S. E. CaL Var. androsaceus, Gr. M. andnuaccu*, Cnrran. Much branched: leaves broaden oorolla smaller, 3-6 lines long. S. E. CaL $ 6. MUffULOIDES, Gr. Calyx deeply cleft, almost nerveless. 40. K. esilis, Durand. M. pUomu, Watson, Much branched, leafy, very Common in Gal. IQQ BCROPHULAKIACEjE. 11. HERPESTIS, C. T. Gseertner. 1. H. rotundifolia, Pnrsh. Creeping in wet places: leaves obovate. Fresno, Oal 12. GBATIOLA, Lianaus. 1. Q. ebracteata, Benth. Leaves lanceolate: sepals eqnaling corolla. 2. CK Virginiana, L. More viscid: leaves broader: calyx much shorter. 13. ILYSANTHES, Rafinesque. L X. gratioloides, Benth. Diffuse: leaves ovate or oblong: corolla ± In. long. 14. UMOSEULA, litmams. L I*, aquatica, L. Tufts 1-2 in. high: leaves fleshy, slenders semi.aqustitf, 15. DIGITALIS, Linnams. L D. pnrpurea, L. Tall stems with terminal spike of rose or white flowers mostly •potted. The common foxglove now naturalized. Hnmboldt Bay to Or. 16. SYNTHYBIS, Bentham. 1. 8. rotundifolia; Gr. Scapes naked 3-4 in. high, not exceeding leaves. Or. Var. cordata, Gr. Leaves smaller, cordate, simply crenate. N. W. Col. 2. S. reniformia, Benth. Scapes bracteate, surpassing leaves, pedicels shorter. Or. 17. VERONICA, Linnaeus. * Perennial* subaquatic: raceme* in the axil* of opposite leave*: corolla blue. 1. V. Anagallis, L. Leaves sessile oblong-lanceolate, subclasping. 2. V. Americana, Schweinitz. Leaves often petioled, broader. Common. 8. V. scutellata, L. Slender: leaves sessile, linear or lanceolate, acute. * Perennial*: racemes terminal: leave* broad, an inch long or less. 4. V, Cusickii, Gr. Stems erect 3-4 in. high, leafy: naked peduncle 3-9-flow«red. 5. V. alpina, L. Not so leafy: racemes dense: corolla smaller, 2-3 lines broad. 6. V. serpyllifolia, L. Stums creeping and branching: spike-like raceme leafy. * * " Lower annuals: Jlower* in the axils of mostly alternate leaves. 7. V. peregrina, L. Nearly glabrous, erect, branching: flowers small. 8. V. arvensis, L. Pubescent, soon spreading: lower leaves crenate. 9. V. Buxbaumii. Tenore. Very pubescent decumbent; pedicels long. & F, Bay 18. CA3TTLLEIA, Mutis. Leaves and bracts all linear-lanceolate and entire: calyx nil green. 1 Leaves mostly entire, narrow: calyx deeper cleft before than behind, mostly red: corolla li-2 in. long; upper lip (galea) 8-1 in. long J8, 8 SCROPHULARIACEA 167 Calyx about equally cleft before and behind: floral bracts more or less dilated, red vary- ing to yellow or whitish. Galea (upper lip) as long or longer than the tube, lip very short 4, 5, 6 Galea hardly as long as tube: leaves linear, entire, white- woolly 7 Galea much shorter than tube, about twice as long as the lip , . . 8, 9 1. 0. Btenantha, Gr. Slender: corolla 1-1£ in. long. Cent, to S. Cat 2. 0. afflnis, H. University of California. 7. BBEVOOBTIA, Wood, 1. B. coccinea, Wats. Flowers pendulous, 1-1J in. long. N. CaL (Firecracker*.) 8. LEUCOCRINUM, Nuttall. 1. L. montanum, Nutt. White flowers surpassed by the leaves. Cal. E. 9. CAMASSIA, Lindley. 1. C. esculent a, Lindl. Flowers irregular, lower segment deflexed: segments cot cocnivent in age, persistent: seeds shining. N. Cal., N & E to Montana. 2. C.Leiclitlinii, Watson. Nearly regular flowers larger; segments broader, con- nivent and twisted, at length deciduous: seeds obovcid, dull. S. F. Bay, N. to Wash. 10. HASTINGSIA, Watson. 1. H. alba, Wats. Flowers in dense close raceme, 2-3 lines long. N. Cal., Or. 2. H. bracteosa, Wats. Flowers 3-6 lines long, nearly equaled by bracts: stamens short. Coll. by Thos. Howell in Curry Co., Or., May, 1884. 11. CHLOBOGALUM, Kunth. Perianth-segments very slender, §-$ in. long: pedicels longer than the bracts 1 Perianth-segments obloug-oblauceolate, |-^ in. long: bulb-coats, not ribrous 2, 3 184 LILIACEJ&. 1. 0. poxneridianum, Kunth. Bulbs densely fibrous: leaves cri spate-undulate, mostly radical: flowers white, purplish-veined. Cal. (Soap-root.) 2. 0. parviflorum, Watson. Leaves grass-like: flowers pinkish. San Diego. 3. O. angustifoliuro, Kellogg. Leaves not undulate: white flowers. N. Cal. 12. ODONTOSTOMTJM, Torrey. 1. O. Hartwegd, Torr. Numerous flowers 4-6 lines long. S. N. Foot-hills. Hare. 13. SMILACINA, Desfontaines. 1. 8. axnplexicaulis, Nutt. Panicle close: segments and filaments similar: fragrant 2. S. sessilifolia, Nutt. Simple zigzag raceme few-flowered: berries blue-black. 14. MAIANTHEMUM, Weber. 1. M. bifolium, DC. Var. (?) Zigzag stem 3-12 in. high, a F. Bay to Alaska. 15. YUCCA, Linnaeus. 1. Y. baccata, Torr. Leaf -margins thread-bearing: perianth campanulate. 8. CaL 2. Y. Wbipplei, Torr. Leaf-margins serrulate: perianth rotate spreading. S. Cal. 13. LILITJM, Linnaeus. Flowers horizontal to erect, spotless or finely dotted, white, purplish or pale yellow; segments tapering into long narrow claws, spreading. Flowers becoming purple or purplish: bulb-scales not jointed 1, 2 Flowers pale yellow, 3 in. long or more: bulb-scales jointed 3 Flowers orange-yellow to red, spotted; segments oblanceolate to lanceolate. Flowers erect or horizontal, less than 2 in. long 4, 5, 6 Flowers nodding, segments revolute ( Tiger Lilies) 7, 8, 0 1. L. Wafihingtonianum, Kellogg. Bulbs becoming 6-8 in. long, the scales thin, lanceolate, 2-3 in. long; stems 2-5 ft. high: leaves in several whorls (some scattered), f -1 in. broad, undulate: flowers white becoming purplish, often dotted, horizontal on erect pedicels; segments 34 in. long, £•§ in. wide: yellow anthers 5-6 lines long. 2. I*, rubescens, Watson. Similar: bulb smaller, thicker, broader scales an Inch long: stems 1-7 ft. high: flowers nearly white to lilac, becoming rose-purple, l£-2 in. long: anthers 2-3 lines long. Coast Mts., S. F. Bay to Klamath R. 3. L. Parryi, Wats. Stem 2-5 ft. high: leaves mostly scattered, slender. S. CaL 4. I*, parvum, Kell. Flowers few to many, erect or nearly so: anthers 1-2 lines long: capsule sub-spherical, $-£ in. long. S. N. Mts. 4-8,000 ft. alt., N. to Or. 5. It. maritimum, Kell. Flowers horizontal, deep reddish orange. S. F. to Hum'dt. ft. I*. Bolanderi, Wats. Stems 1-2-flowered: leaves mostly in whorls, 1-2 in. long: flowers nearly horizontal, brownish or dull purple. Hum'dt to S. W. Or. LILIACE.fi. 185 7. I*, pardalinum, KeBL Root stock a thick and branching, forming mat-like masnec of bulbs: stems 3-7 ft. high: perianth segments 2-3 in. long, bright orange red with large purple spots below: anthers red, 4-5 lines long. Cent. Cal. to Or. Var. angustifolium, Kell. Slender, small: leaves 3-4 lines broad, scattered. 8. L. Eumboldtii, Roezl & Leichtlin. Bulbs 2-6 in. thick, often purplish, the fleshy ovate-lanceolate acute scales 2-3 in. long: stems purplish, 4-8 ft. high: leaves un- dulate in 4-6 whorls of 10-20 each: pedicels mostly 3-6 in. long: perianth-segmenti 3-4 in. long, £-1 wide, papillose-ridged near base: anthers red, £-§ in. long. Cal. 9. L. Colnmbiaxram, Hanson. Perianth-segments li-2 in. long: yellow anthers 2-3 lines long. Wash, to Cent Cal. 17. FRITrLLARIA, Linnseus. Styles distinct above; stigmaa linear: cnpsule obtusely angled. 1, 2, 8 capsule acutely angled or winged. 4, 6, 6 Styles united: fltigma 3-lobod: flowers not spotted: stamens unequal 7 1. F. rocurva, Benth. Segments narrow, scarlet and yellow, spotted. Cal., Or. 2. F. liliacea, Lindl, Leaves near base: flowers greenish white. San Francisco Bay. 3. F. bifiora, Lindl. Leaven near base: flowers dark brown, pnrple, green-tinged; segments widely spreading: mncronat* anthers 2 lines long. Coast, San Diego to Mendocino. 4. F. lanceolata, Pursh. Bulb* with a few largu scales and many like rice grains: leaves in 1-3 whorls: flovanj dark purple mottlod with groenish yellow; segments not spreading. Var. floribunda, Benth. Flowers 1-8, lighter colored, blotched with brownish pnrple; segments acute, J-i in. broad, finely crenulate. Var. gracilis, Wats. Flowers emaller with narrower acuminate segments. 5. F. parviflora, Torr. Flowers 3-20, with spreading segments i-J in. long, lighter colored than the last. Cent. S. N. Mts. 6. F. atropurpurea, Nutt. Capsule not winged, acutely 6-angled. S. N. Mts. 7* F. plTXriflora, Torr. Stems leafy: flowers reddish purple, f-1 in. long. Cent. CaL 18. ERYTHRONTUM, Linnaeus, 1. E. grandifloruxn, Pursh. Leaves not mottled: flowers 1-6 or more, yellow, or cream color with darker center; segments recurved 1-2 in. long. Wash, to N. CaL Var. Smithii, Hook. Large flowers purple-tinged. Cent. Cal. Coast. 2. E. Hartwegi, Watson. Bulb £-§ in. long: leaves mottled: flowers 1-3 on scape- like pedicels, light yellow and orange; segments scarcely recurved. S. N. Mts. 8. E. purpurascens, Watson. Leaves undulate: peduncle racemosely or subumbel- lately 4-8-flowered or more; pedicels very unequal: flowers light yellow, purple-tinged, orange center. S. N. Mts. 186 LILIACEJF. 19. CALOCHORTUS, Pursh. § 1. Pedicels recurred In frnit: capsule broadly 3-winged. Flowers on branching stems, nodding: concave petals closely connivent, hairy within, ciliate 1, 3 Flowers on rather weak stems, erect or nearly so: fruit nodding or not stiffly erect. Flowers yellow, 6-8 lines long, densely hairy within, 8 Flowers white to lilac or blue. Petals covered with hairs 4 to 7 Petals hairy below only, or naked 8, 9, 10 § 2. Flowers and fruit erect on stout pedicels: capsules not winged (except in 11 & 12): petals aud sepals often with spots. (Maripotcu or Butterfly Tulips.) Flowers lilac or purplish, 1-1 J in. long: capsules 3-winged 11, 19 Flowers yellow, more or less marked with brown or purple 13 to 10 Flowers white or lilac 17 to 20 1. C. albus, Dougl. Petals white: sepals green, not spreading. Cal. 2. 0. pulchellus, Dougl. Petals yellow or orange: sepals yellow or greenish, spread- ing. Coast Mts., Monterey to Mendocino. 3. C. Benthami, Baker. Slender, 3-6 in. high: leaves longer: anthers acute. S. N. Mts. 4. C. Maweanus, Leiohtlin. Stem flexuose: petals covered above with white or blue-purplo hairs, acute: anthers acuminate. N. Cent. Cal. 5 C. caeruleus, Wats. Very slender, 3-6 in. high: flowers 2-5 in an umbel: petals lilac dotted or lined with darker blue: anthers oblong, obtuse: capsule nearly orbicular. 8. N. Mts, 5. 0. elegans, Pursh. Similar: petals greenish white, scarcely ciliate: anthers long acuminate. Var. namis, Wood, has acute more hairy petals, smaller. N. Cal. N. 7. C. Tolmiei, H. & A. Stouter, about a foot high: petals f-l£ in. long, lilac-tinged: anthers lanceolate, acuminate. Mt. Shasta to Or. 8. C. nudua, Wats. Flowers 1-6, usually in an umbel, white or lilac: sepals about equaling the broadly fan-shaped hairless petals: anthers obtuse. Cent. S. N. Mts. 9. C. lilacinus, Kellogg. Leaves rather broad: flowers 3-10, on long zigzag pedicels: petals ^-1 in. long, pale lilac, slightly hairy below: anthers much shorter than the filaments, obtuse. S. F. Bay, Geysers. 10. 0. uniflorus, H. & A. Similar: flowers 1 or 2: gland densely hairy. W. C&l. 11. 0. Greenei, Wats. Stout, 1-2 ft. high: sepals with yellowish hairy spot: peteli densely yellow-hairy below: anthers £ in. long. N. Cal. to Or. 12. C. Lyoni, Wats. Sepals naked: anthers 1J-2 lines long. Los Angeles. 13. C. clavatus, Wats. Petals covered with club. shaped hairs at base: gland orbic- ular, deep: anthers purple, 4-5 lines long, obtuse. S. Cal. Coast. 14. C. Weedii, Wood. Stem zigzag: petals deep yellow, dotted, covered with slonder hairs: gland small, densely hairy: anthers mostly acute. Cal. Coast. LILIACEJE. 187 Var, purpurascens, Wats. Petals purple or purple-blotched. St. Barbara. 16. O. Obispoensis, Lemmon. Sepals longer than the rotate or recurved, long-nairy, often bifid petals. San Luia Obiapo. 18. O. luteuB, DougL Petals 1-2 in. long, from yellow to deep orange, with more or less brownish purple inside: gland broad, rounded or somewhat crescent-shaped, densely hairy: anthers yellow, obtuse. Very variable. San Diego to Mendocino andS. M. Mta. Var. oculatus, Wats. Petals white lilac or yellowish with a dark central spot: gland usually a narrow crescent. Var. citrinus, Wats. Petals deep or lemon yellow with central spot. 17. 0. venustus, Benth. Like the last: petals white or pale lilac above, with a red- dish spot near the top, a brownish spot in the center bordered with yellow and a brownish base: gland large, oblong, hairy. Monte Diablo, 8. Var. purpurascens, Wats. Deep lilao or purple form. Kern Co. 18. 0. splendens, Dongl. Like the preceding: petals clear libw, paler La center, claw darker: anthers purple, H **• long. Monterey, S. 19. 0. maorocarpos, Dougl. Sepals about equaling the obovate acute or acuminate purple-lilac petals, H-2 in. long: anthers H in. long. N. Cal. N. 30. O. Nuttallii, T. & G. Slender: a single stem-leaf, or rarely 2 or 3: petals cuneato- obovate, usually white above, with a purplish band above the yellow base, sometime* deep lilao. S. N. Mta, 20. STBEPTOPUS, MiohanT. 1. 8. ampleadfoliua, DO. Stem 2-3 ft high: peduncles twisted beneath the deeply cordate clasping leaves, usually forked or kneed: perianth greenish white, J-i in. long, recurved above: anthers tapering into a single awn. N. Cat N. 2. S. roseua, Miohx. Smaller: flowers rose-purple: anthers 2-pointed. Or., N. 21. PBOSABTES, D. Don. Style slightly 3-cleft: fro it triangular, £ in. long, bright salmon-color. 1 Style entire: fruit ovoid or obovoid: leaves mostly cordate and clasping. Filaments longer than the anthers 8, 8, 4 Filaments much shorter than the nearly sessile anthers 6 1. P. Menziesii, Don. Perianth-segments &-1 in. long, acute. 8. F. Bay, N. 2. P. Hookeri, Torr. Stamens nearly equaling or a little exceeding the periaoth. ^-^ in. long: ovary hairy: style exserted. Russian Riv. to Monterey. 3. P. trachyandra, Torr. Similar: stamens shorter: ovary smooth. 8. N. Mte. 4. P. Greg-ana, Wats. Flowers often purplish- veined: stamens exserted. Or. 9, P. parvifolia, Wats. Woolly: leaves 1-1$ in. long. Siakiyou Mta. 188 LILIACEJS. 22. CLINTONIA, Rafinesque 1. 0. uniflora, Knnth. Nearly stemless: peduncle shorter than the leaves, 1-2-ftow- ered: perianth white, J-l in. long, pubescent. S. N. Mts. and Humboldt Bay, N. 2. O. Andrewsiana, Torr. Flowers rose-red in a globose umbel on a stout peduncle, often one or more smaller clusters below: fruit rich blue. In the redwoods. 23. SCOLIOPUS, Torrey. 1. 8. Bigelovii, Torr. Perianth £-f in. long: sepals lanceolate, spreading, striped; petals erect, very slender, dark: style branches 2-3 lines long. Redwood*. 2. S. Halli, Wats. Smaller: style-branches a line long. Cascade Mts. 24. TRILLIUM, Linnaeus. Flower sessile. Leaves sessile or nearly so, large 1 Leaves long-petioled: stem 3-4 in. high 2 Flower pedunoled. Leaves sessile or nearly so, rhombic-ovate 8 Leaves on petioles 1-15 lines long, lanceolate 4 1. T. sessile, L., var. Calif ornicum, Wats. Very variable: petals lurid-purple or rose-red to white, 1-4 in. long. San Diego to Or. 2. T. petiolatum, Pursh. Petioles exceeding or equaling the blade. Or. & Wash. S. T. ovatum, Pursh. Flowers white becoming rose, fragrant. Santa Crux, N. 4. T. rivale, Wats. Slender: leaves 1-2 in. long. N. W. CaL & &. W. Or. 25. VERATRUM, Touraefort. Perianth-segments entire or serrulate, oblanceolate, thickened on the sides at base .,1,2 Perianth-segments fringed rhombic-ovate, the riged base divided by a narrow furrow. . 8 1. V. Californicuxn, Durand. Stout, 3-7 ft. high: leaves L-12 in. long, sheathing: panicle 1-2 ft. long: perianth-segments whitish with a greener brown-edged base. 2. V. viride, Ait. Flowers green in slender panicles. Oregon, N. 8. V. flmbriatum, Qr. Leaves lanceolate, 6-18 in. long, narrowed at base. CaL 26. ZYGADENUS, Michaux. Flowers all perfect; segments longer than the stamens, the outer ones not clawed. .... 1 Flowers smaller: stamens equaling or exceeding the perianth, 2 or S lines long 2, 8 1. Z. Fremont!, Torr. From a few inches to 3 or 4 ft. high: raceme simple or com- pound: perianth rotate; segments £-§ in. long, rather obtuse. San Diego to Humbt. 2. Z. venenosus, Wats. Leaves rarely over 2 or 3 lines broad, usually folded: raceme simple or nearly so. Cent. CaL, N. (Death Camau.) 3 Z. paniculatus, Wats. Similar, stouter: raceme compound: lower flowers often sterile, short pedioeled; segments 2 lines long, triangular, acute. CaL, E. LILIACEJE. 189 97. STENANTHH7M, Gray. L & occidentalo, Or. Slender, 1-2 ft. high: perianth 4-7 line* long; segmente Unear-lanooolate, tips recurved: linear seeds winged. Or., N. 28. TOUTELDIA, Hudson. L T. occidantalia, Wats. Viscid-pubescent: involucre 3-lobed often reddish. fc. T. glutinoso, Willd. Involucre scarcely lobed, near the flower. Or., N. A E. 29. NABTHECIUM, Moehring. L V. Oalifornicum, Baker. Raceme loose, 3-5 in. long: perianth 3-4 lines longs capsule bright salmon-color; seeds with tails at both ends. N. CaL 80. XEBOPKYIiLUM, Michauz. L 2L tenax, Nutt. Stem 2-5 ft. high: perianth-segments H ^ long- CfeL, K. S. X. Zkraglasii, W&ta. Smaller in every way. Colombia River. GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC KAMES AOT) BOTANICAL TEBMS. All the specific names found in this work are here defined except a few of obscure or unknown meaning, and some which have undoubtedly been overlooked. Commemo- rative names are followed by the names — when known to me — of those thus honored. Specific names are given sometimes in one gender, sometimes in another. The learner must know that, as a rule, if a specific name ends in us, a, or urn, it may end in either of the other two to correspond with the gender of the generic name; as, Convolvulus Calif ornicus (Masculine), Poly gala California (Feminine), Oalium Californicum (Neuter.) Or, the specific name may end in is or e, the former agreeing with masculine and femi- nine generic names, the latter with neuter names. The meaning of each name, where possible, is given in a form suitable for a common or English name of the plant. Botanical terms are given in italic letters. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of times the name is used in this book. Abortion, imperfect growth, or failure of an organ. Abrotanifolia, abrotanus-leaved. Abrupt, suddenly ending. Acaulescent, stemless above ground. Acerose, needle-shaped. Achilleaefolia, yarrow-leaved. Acicularis, Acicular, slender-acerose Acuminata, Acuminate, tapering to a point. Acuta, Acute, angle at the apex, less than 90 and greater than 25 degrees. Acutangula, acute-angled. Adenocaulon, glandular-stemmed Adenophylla, glandular-leaved. Adnate, adherent from the first (adnate anthers adhere to the filament by the back side.) Adsurgens (2), upward-turning. Adventitious, not in the usual place. Affinis (5), closely related to other species. Aggregata, aggregated. Agrestis, field. Ajugoides, ajuga-like; like bugle, Alcene, a seed-like fruit. Alata, winged. Alba (5), Albens, white. Albescens, whitish, whitening. Albicaulis (3), white-stemmed. Albidus, whitish. Albiflora (2), white-flowered. Alismaefolia, alisma-leaved. Alnifolia, alder-leaved. Alpestre (2), mountain, growing on high mountains. Alpina (2), Alpine, on the summits of loft}7 mountains. Alsinanthemum, old generic name. Alsinoides, alsine-like, like sandwort. Alternate, one after another, not opposite. Altissima, highest, growing on mountains higher than other species. Alyssoides, alyssum-like. (191) 192 GLOSSARY OP SPECIFIC NAMIiS AND BOTANICAL TERMS. Amarella, old generic name. Ambigeia (3), doubtful, too much like oilier species. Amarieasm, (6), American. Amictum, clothed, covered. Amcena (2), charming. Amplectans. twining. Ample^icaule (2), stem-embraced (by leaves. ) Amplexifolius, embracing leaves. Anagaliis, oid generic name. Anagalloides, anagallis-like, like pim- pernel. Anderson!, Dr. C. L. Anderson of Santa Cruz, who has specially studied sea- weeds and willows. Andrewsiana, Andrews!!, Dr. T. L. Andrews, Monterey, 1850. Andromedia (meaning not significant.) Androsacea (2), like androsace. Androseemifolia, androssemon - leaved, leaves like St. John's wort. Androus, in composition, means stamens; diaudrous, or 2-androus, meaning sta- mens two. Anglica (2), English. Angustata, slender or narrow. Angustifoiia (7), narrow-leaved. Annua, annual. Anomala, anomalous, peculiar. Anserina, old generic name of goose- weed. Anterior, next to the observer, not toward the stem. Anthylloides, anthylla-like, like musk- ivy. Antirrliinoides (2), snapdragon-like. Antiselli, Dr. Thos. Antisell. Aparine, old generic name. Apendiculata, appendaged. Apetalous, without petals. Aphanoptera, wingless. Aphylla, leafless. Apiculate, having a short abrupt point. Appreascd, lying or pressed close, as leaves to branches. Aquatica. aquatic, living in water. Arborea (3), tree-like. Arbutifolia, arbutus-leaved. Arcuata (4), curved, or jaundiced, ?. e., yellowish. Arenaria, sand, growing in sand. Argophyila, spotted leaf. Arguta, aggressive. Arisefclms, aria-leaved. Arida, dry, growing in dry places. Aristatus, awned, bearded. Aristella, small-awned. Armeria, generic name. Arnottii, L)r. Arnott, 1830-40. Aromatica, aromatic. Arvense (11), field. Asarifolia, asarum-leaved. Ascending, rising obliquely upward. Asper (Aspera, Asperurn) (2), rough. Asperima. very rough. Asplenifolia. asplenium leaved. Asprella, rough. Assurgentiflora,upward-turning flowers Atractyloides, thistle like. Atropurpurea (2), dark or black-purple. Attenuata (2), attenuate, very slender and tapering. Attenuifolium, attenuate-leaved. Attollens, high-growing. Aurea (5), golden. Auriculfte, Aurita, eared ; bearing pro- jecting lobes at the base. Austinse (4), Mrs. R. M. Austin, of Sierra Co. Aquatilis, Aquatica, Aquatic, living in water. Aquifolium, holly-leaved. Axil, between the base of a leaf and the stem. Azureus, azure, blue. Baccata, berry-like. Baileyi, W. W. Bailey. Barbiger (Barbigera, Barbigerum) (3), bearded. Bartsisefolia, Bartsia-leaved. Beckwithii (2), Lieut. E. G. Beckwith who commanded a Government expe- dition. Bellidifolia, daisy-leaved. Bellum (2). beautiful, Benthami (2), Geo. Bentham, a great English botanist. Bernardina, San Bernardino Co. Betulsefolia, birch -leaved. . Biceptrum, two-stemmed (wands). GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 193 Bicolor (6), two-colored. Bicornuta, two-horned. Bidwelliae (2), Mrs. Bidwell of Chico. Biennis (2), Biennial, living two seasons. Bifid um, Bifid; that is, cut to the middle. Biflora (3), two-flowered. Bifolium (2), two-leaved. Bigelovii (4), Dr. J. M. Bigelow. Bilabiate, two-lipped. Biloba, two-lobed. Binghamae, Mrs. R. F. Bingham. Bioletti (2), F. T. Bioletti. Bipinnate, twice pinnate. Blade, the broad upper part of a petal. Blauda, bland, pleasant. Blattaria, the old generic name. Blepharophylla, eyelash-leaved. Blochmanae, Mrs. Ida Blockman. Bloomeri, H. G. Bloomer. (See Index.) Bolanderi (15). Henry N. Bolander. See Index.) Boreale (6), northern or boreal. Botrys, an old generic name. Bottae, P. E. Botta, a French collector. Brachy calyx, short calyx. Brachyloba. short-lobed. Brachycarpuxn (2), short-podded. Brachysperma, short-seeded. Bract, Bractlet, reduced leaves of a flower cluster. Bracteata (2), Bracteosa (4), bracted. Breviflorus, short-flowered. Brevipes, short-peduncled. Brevistyla (2), short-styled. Breweri (16), W. H. Brewer, of Yale, who was chief of the botanical depart- ment of the California State Geologi- cal Survey, 1860-4. Bridges!! (3), Thos. Bridges, who botan- ized mostly in South America. Brown!!, Brown, an English botanist. Bryophora, moss-bearing or mossy. Bulbifera, Bulbiferous, producing" bulbs. Bullata, blistered. Bursa-pastoris, shepherd's purse. Buxbaumii, I. 0. Buxbaum, a German botanist. Buxifolia, boxwood-leaved. Caducous, falling soon, as the calyx of a poppy. Cserulea (3) cerulean, dark- blue. Caesium, bluish-gray. Caespitosa (4), Cespitose, growing in tufts. Californica (78), California. Callicarpa, beautiful pods. Calycina, pertaining to the calyx (large in this species). Calycosa (4), large-calyx. Campanularia, bell-bearing. Campanulata (2), Campanulate, bell- Campestre (5), field, growing in level fields. Candicans, whitening, becoming white. Candida, pure white. Canadense (4), Canada. Canescens (3), Canescent, gray, hoary. Canina, dog. • Cannabinum, hemp. Canus, ash-colored. Capillaris (2), Capillary, hair-like, Capitata (3), Capitate, in a head (the flowers). Capparideum, caper. Capsule, a dry fruit (pod) of more than one carpel. Cardinale (2), chief, principal. Carduacea, thistle-like. Carneum, flesh -like. Carnosula (2), flesh-colored. Caroliniana (2), Carolina. Carpel, one of the leaves forming a pistil. Caseana, E. L. Case. Cataria, cat. Castilleioides, castilleia-like. Caudata, Caudate, tailed. Caudex, an erect rootstock or a stem ris- ing but little above the ground. Caulescens, Caulescent, stem-producing, having a stem. Cauline, on the stem, as cauline leaves, not radical. Centranthifolius, centranthus-leaved. Cerasiformis, cherry-like. Cereus, waxen. Chamissonis, Adelbert von Chamisso, a German poet and botanist who, with Eschscholtz, Choris, an artist, and their commander, Kotzebue, visited Sail Francisco, Oct. 1816. 194 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. Cheiranthifolius, wall-flower leaved. Childii, H. S. Child. Chilensis, Chile. Chloranthus, green-flowered. Chorisiana, Choris (see Chamissonis.) Chrysantha, yellow-flowered. Chrysanthemifolius, chrysanthemum- leaved. Cicutarius, cicuta-like. Ciliata, Ciliate, fringed with parallel hairs. Ciliosa, ciliate. Cineria, ashy-gray. Circinata (2), Circinate, coiled down- ward. Circinatiformis, circular. Citrinus (3), lemon-yellow. Clavata (2), Clavate, club-shaped. Claw, the slender basal part of some petals. Cleft, cut about half way down. Cleistogama, Cleistogamous, having flow- ers which do not open, but are fertil- ized in the bud. Cleveland! (7), D. Cleveland, San Diego. Coccinea (4), scarlet. Coerulea, cerulean, blue. Cohesion, the union of similar organs. Gollina (3), hill, growing on hills. Collinsioides, collinsia-like. Coloratum, colored. Columbarise, dove (doves eat the seeds of this Salvia). Columbianum (2), Columbia Columbinum (2), dove-like (color). Commune, common. Comosa (2), Comose, bearing tufts of hairs. Concinna (3), beautiful. Concolor (3), of one color. Confertum (3), dense, crowded together. Conftuc.nt, running together, joined. Congdoni, J. W. Congdon, Mariposa. Congesta (8), congested, bunched. Conjugialis, conjugal; the fruit in pairs. Connate, joined together ; as opposite leaves. Connective, that which joins anther cells. Connivent, coming together. Contorta, twisted. Convalarioides, con val aria-like, like lily-of-the- valley. Convolute, rolled up. (In flower buds, one edge of a leaf in and the other out all around). Cooperse, Mrs. Elwood Cooper, Santa Barbara. Cooperi (2), Dr. J. G. Cooper, a noted California zoologist. Cordata (3), Cordate, heart-shaped (leaves). Cordifolia (4), cordate leaves. Coriaceous, leathery. Corniculata, small-horned. Cornuta, horned. Coronaria, crowned. Corrugata, corrugate. Corymbosa (2), Corymbose, like a Corymb which is a flat topped inflor- escence ; the lower branches as tall as the upper ones and the main stem. Costate, ribbed. Cotulaefolia, cotula-leaved, like may- weed leaves. Cotyledon, a generic name. Coulteri, Coulteriana, Dr. Thos. Coulter, who collected on this coast 1831-3. Crassifolia (4), coarse or thick leaved. Creeping, lying on the ground and rooting. Crenate, edges with rounded teeth. Ctgtica, Cretan. Crinita, bearded. Crispa, Crispate. Crista-galli, cock's-comb. Crocea (2), saffron-yellow. Crotaiariae, Crotalaria, rattle. Crystalina, crystaliiie. Cucullaria, hood-like. Cucullata (2), hooded. Cuneata (3), Cuneate, wedge-like (leaves). Cuneifolia (2), wedge-leaved. Cupuliferum, cup-bearing. Curassavicum, old generic name. Curvisiliqua, curved-pod. Curtipes, short-pediceled. Cusickii (2), W. C. Cusick. Cuspidate, armed with a cusp. GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 195 Cylindrica, cylindrical. Cymbalaria (2), old generic name. Cyme, a flat topped cluster with the oldest flower in the center. Cyathiferum, cup- bearing. Cytisoides, cytisus-like, like golden- chain. Davisae, Miss N. J. Davis. Debilis (2), weak, tender. Deciduous, leafless in winter. Declined, bending downward. Decora (3), pretty. Decumbens (2), Decumbent. Deflexa, Deflexed. Dehixcence, the opening of a pod or anther which is Dehiscent, i.e. does not remain closed as does a pea-nut. Deltoidea, triangular. Demissa, low, dwarfed. Densiflora (6), dense-flowering. Densifolia, densely-leaved. Dentata (3), Dentate, toothed with erect teeth. Denticulata (3), Denticulate, finely toothed. Depauperata (2), small as if not well nourished. Depressa, Depressed, pressed down. Deustus, burnt (application not obvious). Diadelphous, stamens in two sets. Dianthoides, dianthus-like, pink-like. Dichlamydeum, having both calyx and corolla. Dichotoma (3), Dichotomous, forking, stems and brandies dividing. Dictyota (2), netted (leaves). Didyma. Didymous, double (the fruit). Didymocarpus, double-pod. Diffusa (7), Diffuxe, loosely spreading. Digitate, palmate, leaflets on the end of petiole. Digynum, two carpeled, or two-styled. Dilatum, spreading, broad. Dioecious, bearing staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants. Dipetala, two-petaled. Diploscypha, double-cupped. Discolor (2), two-colored. (The sides of the leaf unlike in color). Dispersa, dispersed, scattered. Dissecta (2), Dissected, cut in many lobes. Distans, standing apart. Distichum, two-ranked. Distinct, not united. Divaricata (7), Divaricate, separating widely. Divergent, separating. Diversifolius (2), variously leaved. Diversiloba, variously lobed. Douglasii (15), Douglasiana (2), David Douglas, a Scotch botanist, who collected in 1825 and 1831-2-3. Draba, a generic name. Drummondii, Mr. Drummond, who bot- anized on the plains and this coast before 1840. Drupe, fruit like a plum or cherry. Drymarioides, drymaria-like. Dumetorium, of the thickets. Dumosa (4) bushy. Ebracteata, bractless. Echinata, spiny, like a hedge-hog. Ecornuta, hornless. Edulis, edible. Eiseni (2), Dr. Gustav Eisen, naturalist and viticulturalist. Elseaginifolia (2), elseaginus-leaved. Elatum, tall. Elegans (5), elegant. Elliptica (4), Elliptical, in the form of an ellipse twice as long as broad. Emarginata, Emarginate. Eminens, high, tall ; or growing in high places. Emoryi, Major W. H. Emory, who com- manded an exploring expedition in 1846. Empetriformis, empetrum-like, like (crow-berry). Engelmanni, Dr. Geo. Engelmann, St. Louis, author of many monographs upon difficult genera. Epiyynous, growing upon the pistil. Epilobioid.es, epilobium-like, resembling willow-herb. Equilaterale, equal-sided (the leaves). 196 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. Erianthus, woolly-flower. Eriocarpa, woolly -pod. Eriocephalum, woolly-head. Eriopoda, woolly feet (the base of the plant). Eriophorus, wool-bearing. Erosa, Erose, ragged-edged as though gnawed. Esculenta, esculent, edible. Europaea, European. Eupatoria, old generic name. Eurycarpa, broad-podded. Exigua (3), dwarf, small. Exilis (2), slender, feeble. Exserted, projecting beyond the other organs. Extipulaf.e, without stipules. Extrorse. facing outward. Falcifolium, falchion-leaved. Farinosa, starchy. Fascicle, a close bunch of rather long- stemmed flowers of equal height. Fasciculata (4), fascicled, fascicle-bearing. Fastigiate, close, parallel and erect branches. Ferruginea, rusty. Fertile, fruitful. (Fertile anthers pro- duce pollen). Ficus-Indica, Indian-fig (the old name). Filament, the stem of a stamen, a thread. Filicaulis, thread-like stems. Filiform, thread-like. Filifolia (2), thread-leaved. Filipes, thread-stemmed flower (the ped- icel thread-like). Fimbriata (3), Fimbriate, fringed. Fimbriolate, bearing a fringe. Flaccida. flaccid. Flaminula, the old geqeric name. Flavescens (2), turning yellow. Flavulum, yellowish. Flextiose, bending in a zigzag way. Floccosa, Floccose, bearing tufts of woolly hairs. Floribunda (7), many-flowered. Foliacea, Foliaceous, leafy. Follicle, a simple pod opening along the ventral suture only. Foliolate, pertaining to leaves (3-foliolate, having 3 leaflets, etc.) Foliolosa (3), leafy. Fontana, fountain, growing around springs. Formicissimus, beautifully-formed. Formosa (4), beautiful (in form). Fragarioides, strawberry, like fra- garia. Fragrans, fragrant. Franciscana (2), San Francisco. Franklinii, Franklin, an early botan- ist. Free, not adherent to other organs. Fremont! (6), Gen. John C. Fremont. Frigidum, frigid, growing in cold places. Froebelli, Julius Froebel, 1855. Frondosa, leafy. Fruit, the ripened pistil and all that adheres to it. Fruticosa (2), Fruticose, shrubby. Fucatum, painted. Fugacious, soon disappearing. Fulcratus, spurred. Fullonum, fuller's (used by fullers in dressing cloth). Fusca, dusky, dark-colored. Fusiform, spindle-shaped. Gallica, Gallic, French. Galioides, galium-like. Gambelii (2), Dr. Wm. Gambel, an ornithologist. Gauraefolia, gaura-leaved. Gelida, frost-loving. Gibbous, swollen out. sack- like. Gibbsii, G. W. Gibbs. Gigantea (3), gigantic. Gilioides, gilia-like, Githago, old generic name. Glabella (4), nearly smooth or hairless. Glaber (Glabra, Glabrum) (5), hairless. Glaberima, very smooth or hairless. Glabrata, Glabrate, becoming smooth in age. Glandulosa (5), glandular. Glauca (6), Glaucous, covered with a white powder. Glaucescens (2), bluish-gray, slightly glaucous. Glechoma, generic name. Glechomsefolia, glechoma-leaved. Glomerata, densely-clustered. GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 19T Glomerule, a dense head-like cluster of cy mules. Glutinosa (3), glutinous. Goodrichii Gordon!, Gordonianus, Gordon, an English botanist. Gracile (9), slender. Graciliflora, slender-flowered. Gracilenta (3), slender-growing. Grande (2), grand. Grandinora (15), large-flowering. Grandifolia, large-leaved. Gratissima, rnost-pleasing. Grayi (5), Dr. Asa Gray, the greatest American botanist of the 19th Cent- ury. Greenei (4), Edward L. Greene, Pro- fessor of Botany in the Catholic Uni- versity of America. Greggii , Dr. Gregg. Grisea, bluish-gray. Groenlandica, Greenland. Gratioloides, gratiola-like. Guttatus, spotted. Gymnocarpa, naked-fruited. Gypsophiloides, gypsopila-like. Hsematochiton, red-coated (the bulbs.) Hallii (4), E. Hall, who collected iii Oregon, in 1871. Hanseni, Geo. Hansen. Harknessii, Dr. H. W. Harkness, a student of fungi. Hartwegi (6), Theodore Hartweg, a German who collected in Cal. in 1846-7. Hassei, Dr. Hasse. Hastata, Hastate, spear-shaped. Hebecarpus, blunt-podded. Hederacea, ivy-like. Heermannii, Dr. A. L. Heermann, who collected in Sacramento Val., 1853-6. Henderson! (4), L. F. Henderson, an Oregon teacher and botanist. Hesperium (2), evening or western Heterantha, variable-flowered. Heterodbn, variously-toothed. Heterodoxa (2), heterodox, unlike others of its kind. Heterophylla (6), variously-leaved. Hexandra, six-anthered. Hickmani (2), J. B. Hickman, Mon- terey. Hiemale, winter. Hippurioides, htopuris-like. Hirsuta (4), HWiutey hairy, with rather coarse hairs. Hirsutissima (2), most-hirsute. Hirta, shaggy, rough. Hirtella (3), roughish-hairy. Hispida (5), Hispid, bristly, with stiff hairs. Hispidissima, most-hispid. Hispidula (3), slightly-hispid. Humilis (5), low. Humistrata (2), spreading on the ground, Humboldtii, Baron von Humboldt, the great naturalist. Holboellii Holosericens, wholly-silky. Hookori (5), Hookerianus, Sir Joseph Hooker. Hornemanni. Hornii, Dr. Geo. H. Horn, U. S. Army, 1862-4. Horrida, horrid. Howellii (9), Thos. Howell (see index). Howard!, W. J. Howard. Hyacintnina, hyacinth-like. Hyalinum, thin, membranous (the perianth). Hydrophylloides, like Hydrophyl- luni, which means water-leaf. Hypoyynous, growing below the pistil ; i. e., upon the receptacle. Hymenosepalus, skinny-sepaled . Hypoleuca, white below (the leaves). Hypopitis, generic name. Hyssopifolia, hyssop-leaved. Ida-Maia, (see page 75). Ilicifolia (3), hoily-leaved. Imbricata (2), Imbricate, overlapping like shingles. Incana (3), hoary, ashy-gray. Incarnata, flesh-colored, fleshy. Incisa, Incise, Incisely, cut into sharp lobes with sharp sinuses. Incompta, plain, unadorned. Inconspicua (2), inconspicuous. 198 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL. TERMS. Inferior, below (an inferior ovary is cov- ered by the adherent calyx). Inflata, inflated. Innata, Inn-tte, with the anthers attached by the base. A Insignis (2), marked,^pticeal>le. Integerrimus, perfectly entire. Integrifolia (2), entire-leaved. Intermedia (3), intermediate. Interrupta, broken between (the spike with naked so ices). Intertexta, interwoven. Introrse, facing in (anthers). Involucrata (2), Involucrate, having an Involucre, a whorl of calyx-like leaves. Involucel, a little involucre. Involute, rolled inward. Irregular, organs of a set (particularly the petals) unlike. Ixioides, ixia-like. Jalapa Jaffrayanus Jamesi£ Dr. Edwin James. Jaredi, Lorenzo Jared, San Luis Obispo. Jasminoides, Jasmine-like. Jeffrey!, John Jeffrey, a Scotch gardener. Jepsoni, Willis L. Jepson, California State University. Jocundum, Jocundus (3), pleasing. Jonesii, Marcus E. Jones, who has spe- cially studied the flora of Utah and adjacent regions. Juliflora ' Junceum, rush-like. Kamtsckatica, Kamtschatka. Keel, the lower pair of petals in a legumi- nous flower. Kelloggii, Dr. Albert Kellogg. (See In- dex.) King! (2), Clarence King, geologist and author. Kleei, W. C. Klee. Kentropbyta, generic name. Liacerus, lacerated, torn. X*aciflpra, torn-flower. Xiaciniata (6), Ladniate, slashed, cut into narrow lobes. Lacteuxn, milky white. Lacunosum, full of holes or hollows. Lacustre, Lake. Leetus, pleasing, agreeable. Laeve (3), smooth. Ii33vicaulis, smooth-stemmed. Lamina, blade, as of a leat. Liauatum, woolly. Lanceolata (5), Lanceolate, lance-shape. Lasiantlia, hairy-flowered. Lasiocarpnm, hairy-podded. Lasiococeus, hairy berry. Lasiophyllum, hairy-leaved. Lasiosperma, hairy-seeded. Lateral, on the side of a stem. Laterifiora, lateral-flowered. Latidens, broad-toothed. Latifolia, broad-leaved. Latipes, broad, i. e., flat-pediceled. Laurina, laurel-like, Laxa (3), loose. Laxiflorus, loose-flowered. Leaiia, L. W. Lee, Oregon. Ledebourii Liedifolius, ledum-leaved. Legume, a pod like that of pease. Ueiclitlinii Leiocarpa, smooth-podded. Lemmoni (ll),J.G.Lemmon. (See Index.) Lepida (2), charming. Lepidota, scaly, covered with scurf. Leptalea (2), very slender. ILeptandra, slender anther. Leptantha, slender-flowered. Leptocarpa, slender-podded. Iieptophyllus, slender-leaved. Leptosepala, slender- sepaled. Lep tost achy a, slender-spiked. ILeucanttia (2), white-flowere'd. Leucocepkala (2), white-headed. Leucoderinis, white-skinned. JjQ ucoph.se us, ash-colored. Ijeucopliylla (2), wbite-leaved. Leucopsis, white. Leucostaehys, white-spiked. Uewisi (3), M. Lewis. (See index.) Iiigusticifolia, Hgusticum-leaveti, Liliacea, Lilicina, lily-like. Limb, the border or spreading part of a calyx or corolla of united leaves. GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 199 Iiimonium, generic name. liimosa, swamp. Lindheimeri (2), Dr. F. Lindheimer. Lindleyi, John Lindley, an eminent English botanist, 1799-1865. Line, a twelfth of an inch. Lineare (6), Linear, leaves several times longer than wide, with parallel edges. Ijinearifolia (2), linear-leaved, Linearilobus, linear-lobed. Liiigula, generic name. Liiniflora, flax-flowered. Iiinnaefolia, linnsea-leaved. Linnsei, Linnaeus (see Index). Linoides, flax-like. Lithocarya, stone-nut. Litiiospermoides, lithospermum-like, (see Index). Litoralis (3), seashore,, Loasaefolia, loose-leaved. Lobata, lobed. Lobbi (4), Wm. Lobb, who collected in 1850-4. Loculidical, dehiscence of compound pod (capsules) by splitting along the mid- rib (dorsal suture) of each carpel. Longifiora (2), long-flowered. Longifolia, long-leaved. Longipes (3), long-peduncled. Longipetala, long-petated. JjUcida, shining. Ijudovicianus, Ludovicus. Lugens, mourning. Luisana, San Luis Obispo. Lunate, shape of a new moon. Lutea (5), Luteolus (2), yellow, yel- lowish. Lutescens, yellow-growing. Lyallii (3), Lycopsoides (2), lycopus-like. Lyoni (2), Wm. S. Lyon, Los Angeles. Lyrata, Lyrate, lyre -shaped. Macrae! Macrantha (2), large-flowered. M.acrocarpa (3), large-fruited. Macrocera, large-horned. Macrodon, large-toothed. Macrophylla, large-leaved. Macrothecum, large-anthered. Macrosiphon, large-tubed. Macrophyllum (3), large-leaved. Macrostachya, large-spiked. Maculata (2), spotted. Major (3), larger. Malachroides, like Malachra, another Mallows. Malvaeflora, mallows-flowered. Malvaefolia, mallows-leaved. Manzanita, little apple (The Spanish name). Marah, genus name meaning bitter. Maritima (11), maritime, sea-coast. Marmoratus, shining-white. Marshall!! (3), C. C. Marshall, Hum- boldt Bay. Marrubioides, horehound-like. Marveanus, generic name. Maximus, largest. Media (2), medium. Megacephalum, large-headed Melanocarpa, black-fruited. Melanthus, honey-flowered. Millefoliata, thousand-leaved. Mellita, honey-scented. Membranacea, membranaceous. Menziesii (17), Archibald Menzies, a Scotchman who collected in 1792-4. Meroust in composition means parts ; e. g., 5-merous parts in fives. Mersimtes, generic name. Mertensiana (3) (see Index). Meteloides, metel-like. Mexicana (2), Mexican. Michael! (2), G. W. Michael. Michneri, Micrantha (10), small-flowered. Microcarpus, small-podded. Microcephalum, small-headed. Microdon, small-toothed. Micromeres, small (in all its parts). Micropetala, small-petaled. Microstachys, small-spiked. Mildredae, Mildred Holden daughter of the astronomer. Millefolium, generic name meaning thousand-leaved. Millegrana, a thousand grains. Mineata, vermilion-red. Minima (I), smallest. 200 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. Minor, smaller. Minuta, minute. Missouriensis, Missouri. Mitracarpa, miter-podded. Modesta, modest. Monandruxn, one-stamened. Monantha (2), one-flowered. Moniliforrnis, necklace-formed. Monospermum, one-seeded. Montana (7), mountain. Molle (6), soft. Montioides, montia-like. Moschatus (2), musky. Mucronate, Mucronuiate, tipped with a sharp point. Muhlenbergii, Dr. Henry Muhlenburg. Multicaulis, many stemmed. Multifida (3), much-dissected. Multiflora (3), many-flowered. Multinervis, many-nerved. Multivalis, many-valved. Muricata (2), Muricate, rough with short projections. Mnriculatej finely muricate. Muirii, John Muir, geologist, naturalist and author, Alhambra Valley, Solano County. Mutica, Mutilum, cut short. Myriantha, mauy-ilowered. Myrinsites, an old name. Myrtifolia, myrtle-leaved. Myrtilloides. myrtle-like. Myrtillus, generic name. Nana (2), pigmy, dwarf. Namatoides, nama-like. Nasutus, large-nosed. Neniaclada, thread-branched. Nemoralis, sylvan, grove. Nemorosa (2), leafy. Nevadense (5), Sierra Nevaea, Nevada. Neviniana, Rev. J. C. Nevin, Los Angeles. Nervosa, nerved. Newberryi, Dr. J. S. Newberry. Nigellaeformis, nigella-shaped. Niger, (nigra) (3), black. Nigrescens, blackening, becoming black. Nitens, Nitida (3), shining. Nivalis, Nivea, snowy. Node, place on the stem where a leaf, a pair of leaves, or a whorl of leaves grow. Nodlnora, node-flower (the peduncles from the nodes). Nothofulvus, falsely-tawney (soon fad- ing. Nubigena, cloud-born. Nuda, Nudata (2), naked. Nudicaule, naked-stemmed. Nudiflorus, naked-flowered. Nummularia, money-wort. Nutans, nodding. Nuttaliana, Nuttallii (6), Thos. Nut- tall, an eminent ornithologist and botanist, 1835. Nutkanus (2), Nutka or Nootka. Ob, the reverse ; e..g., Obcordate, cordate (leaf, petal, etc.) with the stem at the acute or rounded end of the blade, not in the sinus. Obcordatus, obcordate. Obispoensis, San Luis Obispo. Obicularis, under Psoralea is a mis- print for orbicularis. Oblong, two or three times as long as broad, with parallel edges. Oblonga, oblong. Oblongifolia, oblong-leaved. Obtuse, rounded at the end. Obtusa, Obtusata, obtuse. Obtusiflorum, obtuse-flowered. , Occidentalis (22), occidental, western. Ocellata, eyed (i. e., a pair of spots), spotted. Ochroleuca, Ochroleucous, yellowish- white. Oculata, eyed. Odorata, Odoratissima, sweet-scented and very sweet-scented. Officinale (8), medicinal. Oleracea, edible (the whole plant). Oligosperma, few-seeded. Oliganthum. few-flowered. Olivaceum, olive-green. Onustus, loaded, burdened. Oocarpus, egg-pod. Opulifolia, maple-leaved. Opulus, maple. GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 201 Oppositifolia, opposite-leaved. Orbicularis, Orbicuar, circular. Orcuttiana, Orcuttii, C. R. Orcutt, naturalist, San Diego. Oregana (11), Oregonense (2) Oregon. Oreophylla, oreon-leaf. Origanifolia, origanus-leaved. Ornata (2), Ornatissima, ornate, most ornate. Ornithorhynca, bird-beak. Orthorhyncus, straight-beak. Ovalifolia, oval-leaved. Ovary, the part of a pistil containing ovules. Ovata (5), Ovate, egg-shaped (used to describe flat organs. See Ovoid). Ovatifolia, ovate-leaved. Ovoid, egg-shaped, said of solids, (see Ovate). Oxy, in composition means sharp or sour. Oxycanthoides, like oxycanthus. Oxycarpum, sharp-pod. Oxycarya, sharp-nut. Oxycoccus, sour-berry. Oxynotus, markedly-sharp. Oxypysus, sharp-bladder. Pachylobus, thick-lobed. Pachystachyus, thick-spiked. Pacifica, Pacific Coast. Palida, pale. Palmata, Palmate, leaflets or lobes pointing away from the end of the petiole. Palmer! (7), Dr. Edward Palmer, a noted collector of plants throughout the U. S. and Mex. Palustre (9), s-vamp or marsh. Panicle, a raceme of racemes or spikes. Paniculata (2), Paniculate, bearing pan- icles. Papillosus, papillose. Papilionaceous, butterfly-like, like the flow- er of a pea. Pardalinum, leopard. Parishii, S. B. Parish, San Bernardino. Parted, cut almost to the base or midrib. Parryi (10), C. C. Parry, a noted field botanist and student of western plants. Parviflora (19), small-flowered. Parvifolia (7), small-leaved. Parvula (2), very puny, small. Parvum (2), small. Pastoris, shepherd's. Patagonica, Patagonia. Patula, spreading, broad. Pauciflora (4), few-flowered. Paucisecta, few-lobed. Pectinata, Pectinate, comb-like. Pedata, Pedate, foot-like. Pedicel, the stem of a small flower or a flower in a cluster. Pedicellata, Pedicellate, flowers on ped- icels. Peduncularis (3), Pedunculata (2). Pedunculate, having a Peduncle, stem of a flower. Peltata (2), Peltate, shield-like. Penduliflora, hanging-flowered. Penicillata, Penidllatc, having a brush- like appendage or tail. Pentapetaloides, apparently five-pet- aled. Peramaenus, very-pleasing. Peregrina, exotic, foreign. Perenne (2), Perennial, having a root- stock. Perfoliata (3), Perfoliate, the bases of opposite leaves united. Perigynous, around the pistil on the receptacle. Persistent, remaining longer than is common. Pef.aloid, petal-like. Petiolata, petioled, having a Petiole, the stem of a leaf. Petiolule, a little petiole. Pharnaceoides, pharnaceon-like, like ginseng. Physodes, bladder-like (the calyx). Pickeringii, Dr. Chas. Pickering, Sur- geon, VVilkes' Expedition, 1841. Picta (2), painted, stained. Pilosa (6) Pilose, covered with long distinct hairs. Pilosissima, densely-pilose. Pinetorum, of the pines, in pine forests. Pinnata (2), Pinnate, leaflets on the sides of a common petiole (rachis). 202 GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. Pinnatifida, Pinnatifid, deeply lobed in a pinnate manner. Piperita, pepper-like. Pisocarpa, pea-pod. Placenta, the place where ovules grow. Plantago, generic name. Plattensis, Platt River. Platycarpa, broad-podded. Platycaule, broad -stemmed. Platyloba, broad-lobed. Platyphylla. broad-leaved. Platysperma (2), broad-seeded. Plebeia, low. Plummerae, Mrs. J. G. Lemmon (nee Plummer), an accomplished botanist. Plumosa, Plumose, plume-like. Pluriflora, many-flowered. Portulacastrum, generic name. Polycarpum (2), many-podded. Polygaloides, polygala-like. Polyphyllus (2), many-leaved. Polysepalum, many-sepaled. Polystachya (2); many-spiked. Pome, a fruit like an apple. Pomeridianum, afternoon. Porrifolia, leek-leaved. Posterior, away from the observer and next to the stem, upper. Prsemorsa, bitten into, eaten off. Prenanthoides prenanthus-like. Primuloides, primula-like. Prinrjlei (2), C. G. Pringle. Procera (2), tall. Procumbens, Procumbent, trailing on the ground. Prolifera (2), Proliferous, new branches or cl u sters of flowers arising from old ones. Prostrata (4), Prostrate, lying flat on the ground Propinquus, much like another species. Pruinosus, frost-like, with a white powder. Pseudo-Capsicum, false-pepper. Pubens, juicy, rapid growing. Puberulus, Puberuient, covered with very fine short hairs. Pubescent, covered with soft rather short hairs. Pubescens (3), pubescent, becoming soft hairy. Pudica, modest. Pulchella (5), beautiful. Pulegium, generic name. Pulsiferae (2), .Mrs. Pulsifer Ames. Pulverulenta, dusty, powdery. Pumilla (6), diminutive, little. Punctata, Punctate, dotted. Pungens (3), Pungent, sharp. Purpurascens (6), purple-growing. Purpurea (4), purple. Purshiana, Purshii, Frederick Pursh, (1800-20). Pusilla (7) very small. Pycnostachya, close-spiked. Pycnanth.a, close-flowered. Pygmaea (2), pygmy, dwarf. Pyrolsefolia, pyrola-leaved. Quadrangularis, four-angled. Quadripetalum, four-petaled. Quadrivales, four-valved. Q,uadrivulnera, four-wounds ; i. e., with four red spots. Quercetorum, of the oaks, growing among oaks. Q,uercifolia, oak-leaved. Raceme, a cluster of pedicillate flowers born along the main peduncle. Racemosa (8), Racemose, flowers in racemes. Rachi*, the axis of a raceme or spike ; or of a pinnate leaf. Radians, Radiata, radiating, radiate. Radical, growing from a rootstock. Ramosior, very Ramose, full of branches. Ramosissimus (4), most ramose. Ranunculifolia, ranunculus-leaved. Raphanistrum, old generic name. Rartflorum, rarely -flowering, few flowers. Rattani (6), the compiler of this book. Rawsoniana, Mrs. L. A. Peckenpah (nee Rawson). Receptacle, the end of the peduncle upon which the organs of the flower grow. Recurva, recurved. Rediviva, living again, reviving after apparent death. Reflexa, reflexed. Reniformis, Reniform, kidney-shaped. GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 203 Bepanda. Repand, wavy-margined. Bepens (2), Beptans, creeping. Reticulated, netted-veined. Betrorsa, Retrorse, bending back or point to the base as the lobes of some leaves. Retuse, the apex slightly indented. Revolute, rolled backward. Rh.od.iola, generic name. Bhombipetala. rhombus-petaled. Bhomboides, rhombus- like. Bichardsoni Bigida (7), rigid, stiff. Bivale, brookside, growing along small streams. Bivularis (3), rivulet-side, growing by rills. Boezli. Bomanzoffiana, Bomanzovii, (see Index). Bombifolia (2), rhombus-leaved. Rootstock, the base of a perennial herb. Bosaceus, rose-colored, rose-like. Boscidum, dewy, moist. Bosea (5), rose-colored. Rotate, wheel-shaped. Bothrockii, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Univer- sity of Penn. Botundifolia (8), round-leaved. Bubellus (3), reddish. Bubescens (2), reddening (with age). Bubicuuda, Buber (Rubra, Rubrum), red. Bufescens, slightly reddening in age. Rugose, wrinkled. Runcinate, leaves have coarse teeth or lobes pointing toward the base. Sabinii. Saccata, Saccate, having a sack-like cavity. Sagittate, arrow-shaped. Sambucifolia, elder-leaved. Sanbournii. Sanfordj. Sanguinea (3), blood-red. Santalanoides, santalanus-like. Sarmentosa (2), Sarmentose, bearing slender twigs which coil around objects. Sativa (3), cultivated. Scabrella (2), Scabrous, rough, harsh. Scape, a peduncle arising ' from the ground. Scarious, dry and membranous. Sceptrum, scepter or staff. Scobarium, scurfy. Scoi'pioid, coiled like a scorpion's tail. Sqouleri (5), Prof. Scouler, M. D., who collected before 1840. Scripta, lined, scratched, written upon. Scutellata, saucer-shaped. Secunda (2), Secund, one-sided, bearing organs on one side. Secundiflora, secuiid-flowering. Semibarbata, half-bearded. Sepium, of the hedges. Septicidal dehiscence is the splitting of pods between the carpels. Sericata (2), Sericea (3), Serice.us, silky. Serpyllifolia, thyme-leaved. Serpylloides, thyme-like. Serrata, Serrate, with sharp teeth point- ing toward the apex. Serrulata (2), Serrulate, finely serrate. Sessilis, Sessile, stemless. Sessilifolia (2), sessile-leaved. Setaceous, bearing bristles. Setosa, bristly. Shallon, an Indian name first applied to a genus. Shastensis, Shasta. Sheltonii (2), Rev. Shelton. Siberica, Siberian. Simplex (2), simple, plain. Sinapistrum, generic name. Sinuata, Sinuate. Sinus, space between lobes. Sitchensis (2), Sitka. Smithii, B. H. Smith (?). Soldanella. generic name. Sonomense (3), Sonoma. Sorediatus, granular, with rough spots. Spadix, a fleshy spike of small flowers. Sparsiflora (5) few-flowered. Sparsifolium, few-leaved. Spathe, the leaf enclosing a spadix. Spathulifolium, spatulate -leaved. Spathulata (2), Spathulate, Spatulate, near oblanceolate, with rounded apex 204 GLOSSARY OP SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. and blade abruptly narrowing below the center. Spauldingii. Speciosa (4), showy, beautiful. Spectabilis (3), notable, remarkable. Specularioid.es, specularia-like. Spergulinum, spergu.a-like. Spicata (5), Spicate, flowers in a Spike, a raceme with sessile or short-ped- iceled flowers. Spinosus, spiny. Spinulose, thorny. Spiralis. coiling. Spithamia (2), span-high. Splendens (2), Splendidum, brilliant, shining. Sp^lr, a projecting appendage. Spurium, bastard. Squarrosa (2), Squarrose, spreading widely from the axis (leaves). Stachyoides, stachys-like. Staminea, thready, full of fibers. Staminndia, stamens which have no an- thers. Standard, the upper petal of a papilion- aceous flower. Stanfordiana, Lei and Stanford Jr. Stellaris, Stellate, star-like. Stenantha, short-flowered. Stenocarpum, short-podded. Stenoloba, short-lobed. Stipe, stem of a pistil or of a pod above the receptacle. Stipitata (2), Stipitate, having a stipe. Stipels, the stipules of a leaflet. Stipularis, Stipulate, bearing. Stipules, a pair of appendages at the base of a petiole. Stiveri, Dr. Chas. Stivers, San Francisco. Stolonifera, Stoloniferousl bearing. Stolons, branches which bending down take root. Stramonium, generic name. Striata, Striate, marked with grooves or channels. Stricta (4), Strict, straight and nar- row. Strigosa, Strigose, beset with rigid scale- like appressed hairs. Strigulosa, Strigulosa, finely strigose. Strobiliacea, Strobilina, cone-like, like the cone of a pine. Suaveolens, sweet-scented. Subacaulis, nearly acaulescent. Subcordata (2), nearly cordate. Subglochidiata (4), somewhat glochi- diate. Subinclusa, partly included. Subpinnata, nearly pinnate. Subpinnatifida, nearly pinnatifid. Subspicata, somewhat spicate. Subulata, Subulate, awl-bearing. Subvestitum, partly covered. Succulent, fleshy, juicy. Suffrutescens, (2), Snffrutescent, shrubby at the base. Suffruticosa, Suffruticose, shrubby. Suksdorfii (2), Win. Suksdorf. Sulphurous, sulphur-colored. Sylvatica (2), Sylvester, Silvestris, forest, of the woods. Systyla, close-stemmed. Tagitina, tagites-like, like the French marigold. Tanacetifolia, tansy -leaved. Taraxacifolia, dandelion- leaved. Tatula, generic name. Tenax (2), tenaceous, tough. Tenella (7), Tener, tender, delicate. Tenuiloba (2), narrow-lobed. Tenuiflora (3), slender-flowered. Tenuifolia, narrow-leaved. Teuuis (2), slender. Tenuissimus, very slender. Terete, rounded cylindrically. Ternata, Ternate, in threes. Terrestris, low, on the ground. Tessellata, tessellated, marked in squares (the nutlets). Tetraphyllum (2), four-leaved. Tetragona, four-sided. Texana, Texas. Thapsus, generic name. Theophrasti, Theophrastus. Thurberi, Dr. Geo. Thurber, whose special work was upon grasses. Thyrse, a dense compound raceme. Thyrsiflorus (3), thyrse-flowering. Tinctoria, color-giving. GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. 205 Tolmiei (2), Dr. Wm. F. Tolmie, Vic- toria, who came to the N. W. Coast in Ib33. Tomentella, woolly with fine matted hairs. Tomentosa (5), Tomentose, covered with matted, woolly hairs. Tortuo'sus, twisted. Torulose, swollen at intervals. Torus, an enlarged or broadened receptacle. Torreyana, Torreyi (7), Dr. John Torrey, a chemist and the greatest American botanist of his time. Trachyandra, rough-anther. Trachycarpa, rough- pod or other fruit. Tremuloides, quaking. Tribracteum, three-bracted. Trichantha, hairy-dowered. Trichocalyx, hairy-calyx. Trichocarpa, hairy-fruited. Trichopodus, hairy-stemmed (the pe- duncle). Tricolor (2), three-colored. Tridentata (2), trident, three-toothed. Trifida (4), three-cleft. Triflorum, three-flowered. Trifoliata, Trifoliate, Trifoliolate, bear- ing three leaflets. Trilliifolia (2), trillium-leaved. Triloba, three-iobed, Triphylla (3), three-leaved. Trixago, generic name. Trolliifolium, trollius-leaved (one "i" omitted in text). Truncata (3), Truncate, ending abruptly as though cut off. Tuberosa (2), tuber- bearing. Turbinate, top -shaped. Ulignosa (2), juicy. Umbel, a cluster of flowers having the pedicels all growing from the top of the peduncle. Umbellata (6), umbel-bearing, tfnalaskensis (2), Unalaska. Undulata, undulate. Unguiculata, clawed. Uniflora (6), one-flowered. Unifolia.Unifoliata, one-leaved. Unilateralis, one-sided. Ursinus (2), bear. Urticifolius, nettle-leaved. Usatissimum, most-useful. Utahensis, Utah. Uva-ursi, generic name meaning bear- berrv. Vaccaria (2), generic name. Vagans, wandering. Valerandi. Validum, stout. Variegata, variegated. Variabilis, variable. Variicolor, variously-colored. Veitchianus, Veitch, an English gar- dener. Velutina (3), velvety, fleecy. Venenosus, poisonous. Venusta (3), beautiful. Verecunda, modest. Verna (3), spring, early. Versicolor, variable-colored. Verticillaris, Verticillata, Verticillate, whorled. Vernicosa, varnished. Vesca, weak. Vestita (3), clothed. Victoris, Victor K. Chestnut. Villosa (4), Villoiis, clothed with Ion- hairs. Viminea, willow-like, full of slender, osier-like branches. Violacea, violet. Virescens, green -growing, vigorous. Virga, Virgata (3), Virgate, made up of slender shoots. Virginiana (2), Virginica (3), Virgin- iansis, Virginia. Viride (2), green. Viridescens,* green-growing, Viscida, Viscidula, Viscosum, Vis- cosissimum, viscid, viscous, very sticky. Vitifoliiis, grape- leaved. Volubis, twining. Vulgaris (3), Vulgatum, common. Wallace!, Win. A. Wallace. Washingtonianum, Lady Washington, 20G GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES AND BOTANICAL TERMS. Watsoni (2), Sereno Watson, author of Wings, the side petals of papelionaceous "Botany of the King Exploration," flowers. " Botany of the California Geological Wormskjoldii. Survey, "etc. Wran gelianus, Bar-;- roa Wrangel, Gov. Webberi (2), Dr. D. G. Webber of of Russian possessions, lived at Bodega, Sierra Co. 1829. Weedii. Wrightii, Chas. Wright. Wheeleri, Lieut. Geo. Wheeler, 1871-5. Whipplei. Lieut. A. W. Whipple, 1853. Xanti, Xantiana, L. J. Xantus de Whitlavia, a generic name. Vesey, 1857-59. Willis. msoni, Lieut. R. S. Williamson, Ib53. Ziziphoroides, zizipus-like, like jujube. INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. #% Names given in honor of men are followed by the names of the individuals thus honored. Local names are in italics. When such a name is not given in the text, the number or numbers of the species, or of the section, are given with the generic name in parentheses. Baby Eyes, for example, is a local name applied to the second and third species of Nemophila ; and all the species in Section Two of Calochortus are called Butterfly Lilies. The last page number refers to the Key to Genera and Species; the other number or numbers to the Key to Orders, where new species and corrections are found: Abronia, delicate 69 Acsena 118 Acanth.ominth.a, spiny-mint 172 Acer, sharp or strong 30, 104 Achlys 82 Aconite, Aconitum, the ancient Greek name 82 Actaea, elder-like.. 82 Adenostoma, glandular stoma (leaf openings) 117 Adolphia J02 .ffisculus 39, 104 Agrimonia, prize of the field 118 Agrostemma, crown of the field 25 Alchemilla. the Arabic name 117 Alder 71 Alfalfa (Medicago, 1) 108 Alfilaria (Erodium) 101 Algaroba 32 Ailionia. ALISMACE.E, Alisma, water 72, 174 Allium, hot or burning 74, 180 Allocarya, all the nuts (maturing) 58 Allotropa, turning all ways (the flowers) 139 Aluus, near the river 71 Alsin.anth.ern.urn, grove flow er ' 50 Alsine, Alsinella, grove 25 Alyssum, allaying anger 86 Amelanchier, the French name 118 Ammannia, John Ammann, Russian (Misspelled in the text) 38, 1 '24 Amorpha, formless 35, 110 Ampelopsis, resembling a grape vine 29 C207) 208 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. Amsinckia, Wm. Amsinck, Hamburg 57, 153 AN ACARDIACE.E , 30, 104 Anagallis, cheering 142 Androsace, a shield ' 50 Anemone, wind 17, 79 Anemopsis, anemone-like 71 Antirrhinum, snout-like , 159 Aphyllon, leafless 169 Aplectrum, spurles* 176 APOCYNACE^E, Apocyxmm, dog-bane 50, 142 Aquilegia, eagle (petals like eagle's claws) 81 Arabis, Arabian 87 Aralia . 44 ARALIACE^E 43 Arbutus, the Latin name 137 Arctostaphylos, bear-berry 48, 137 Arenaria. sand-plant " 95 Argemone, eye-cure 20, 83 ARISTOLOCHIACE.E, Aristolochia 68 Armeria, Latin name of a similar plant . 140 Aruncus 115 Asarum 68 ASCLEPIADACE^E, Asclepias, JEscubipius, the Father of Medicine ^ ... 51. 142 Ash .' 71 Astragalus 31,111 Athysanus, without a fringe (otherwise like Thysanocarpus) 90 Audibertia, Audibert, a Frenchman 66, 1 73 Azalea (Rhododendron, 1, 2) 49, 139 Baby Eyes (Nemophila, 2, 3) ...... 150 Baneberry ( Actsea) 82 Barbarea, St. Barbara '. 88 Barberry (Berberis) 82 Bayberry 71 Bed«traw (Galium) 46, 133 Behria, Dr. Behr (see note under Triteleia) 182 Bellardia 64 BERBERIDACE^E '. 18, 82 Berberis -. 82 Bermudiana „ 73 Bergia 98 BETULACE^E 71 Billberry ( Vaccinium, 1 to 7) 137 Birjroot (Megarrhiza) 1 29 Bindweed (Convolvulus, 6) 156 Birch 71 Blackberry 115 Bladderwort , 169 Bleedinq-lieart.. (Dicentra, ] ) 84 Bloomeria, H. G. Bloomer... 181 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 209 Blue-curls (Trichostema) 171 Bine-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium, 1 ) 178 Blue-weed (Heliotropium) 153 Boisduvalia, J. H. Bois Duval, a noted French naturalist of the 19th century, 39, 42, 128 Bolandra, Henry N. Bolander, a successful teacher and a noted botanist 120 Bolelia 47 BORRAGINACE^E 57, 152 Borrago 57 Boscimiakia, Boschniaki, a Russian 169 Box-Elder 71 Boykinia, Dr. Boykin of Georgia 37, 120 Brasenia ~ 18, 83 Brassica, Brassic, the Celtic name 88 Brevoortia, J. C. Brevoort of New York 183 Brodieea, Jas. Brodie, a Scotch botanist 74, 181 Brossaea 49 Brunella, from the German name of a disease for which this plant was a remedy. 173 Bryan thus, moss-flower (growing in mossy places) 138 Buckbean (Menyanthes) 105 Buckeye, ^Esculus 104 Buda 25 Bur-clover 108 Burning-bush (Euonymus) 102 Butneria 36 Buttercup (Ranunculus) 80 Butterfly Lily (Calochortus, § 2) , 186 Button-bush 133 CACTACE^ (Cactus) 43. 129 Calamintha, beautiful mint 172 Calandrinia, J. L. Calandrini, an Italian 26, 96 Calochortus, beautiful grass . . 76, 186 Caltha, cup 81 CALYCANTHACE^E, Calycauthus, calyx-flower 36, 1 18 Calypso, the nymph Calypso 176 Calyptridium 26, 97 Camassia, the Indian name Camass « 183 CAMPANULACE^E, Campanula, a bell 48, 135 Canalgre (Rumex) 70 Capnorchis 20 CAPPARIDACE.E 23, 90 CAPRIFOLIACE^E, Caprifolium, goat leaf 45, 131 Capsella, a little box 21 (figured), 23, 89 Cardamine, heart cure. 21 (figured), 86 Carpenteria, Prof. Carpenter of Louisiana 121 Carpet-weed (Mollugo) 130 CARYOPHYLLACE^E 24, 92 Cascara Sagrada, sacred bark 29 Cassiope, the goddess of that name 13S Castilleia, D. Castillejo, a Spanish botanist 64, 16o 210 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. Catchfly (Sileue) 92 Caulanthus, stem-flower (petals stem-like) '.*.".' "23 88 Ceauotlius, old Latin name ' 102 CELASTRACE^E ;....- 29° 102 Centunculus, unknown meaning J42 Cephalanthera (the single anther, like a head, surpasses the stigma) '.'. 177 Cephalanthus, head-flower , '.'.'.'.'. 133 Cerastium, horn plant (the pods like horns) ........ 94 Cerasus, name of the city in Western Asia from which cultivated varieties of cherries were first sent to Europe 35 Cercis, shuttle (the pods like a weaver's shuttle) 35, 1 13 Cercocarpus, tail-pod (see Fig. 79 in Exercises) 115 Cereus, wax or wax-like 130 Chamaebatia, Chamaebatiaria, from the Greek signifying near or on the ground (low or dwarf plants) 115 Ckamisal, Chamise ( Adenostoma) 117 Cheiranthus, hand-flower (?) 23, 88 Chelone, a tortoise or turtle (the flower resembling a turtle's head) 161 Cherry (Cerasus, p. 35, Prunus, 2, 3, 4, 5) 114 Chia ('Salvia, 2) '""• 173 Chickweed (Stellaria, 7) 94 Chimaphila, wiuter-lover 139 Chlorogalum, green milk (greenish white juice) 183 Chorizanthe 70 Chrysosplenium, golden spleen 121 Circaea, Circe the enchantress 128 CISTACE^E. 23, 91 Cladothamnus, branching-bush 139 Clarkia, Gen. Wm. Clarke, who crossed the Rocky Mts. in 1803 with Meri wether Lewis, 39 (figured) 42, 128 Claytonia, Dr. John Clayton, an early botanist of Virginia. (In the figure, p. 26, a is O. exigua; b, C. perfoliata) , 26, 97 Cleavers (Galium) 46, 133 Clematis, vine 79 Cleome 90 Clintonia, Gov. De Witt Clinton of New York 188 Clover (Trifolium) v 31, 33, 107 Cneoridium 101 Coffee Tree (Rhamnus) . : 29 Colliusia, Zaccheus Collins, a botanist of Philadelphia 62, 160 Colloxnia, glue or gluten (seeds mucilaginous) 53 Columbine ( Aquilegia) 81 Comandra, hairy stamens (in the key) 15 COMPOSITE 46 CONVOLVULACE^, Convolvulus, the old Latin name meaning a twiner. 64, 156 Coptis, from a Greek word meaning cut (leaves finely cut) 18, 81 Corallorhiza, coral-root > 176 Cordylanthus, club-flower 168 CORNACE.E, Cornus, horn (wood horn-like) 44, 131 Corn-spurry (Spergula) 95 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 211 Corydalis, the old Greek name 84 Cotton 27 Cottonwood v 71 Cotyledon, the old Greek name 123 Crab-apple (Pirus) 118 Cranesbill (Geranium) 28, 101 CRASSULACE^E 38, 122 Crataegus, strength 118 Cream-cups (Platystemon) 19 (figure), 20, 83 Cranberry (Vaccinium, 9) 137 Cressa, Cretan woman 156 CRUCIFER.E 21, 84 Cryptanthe, hidden flower , . . . . 59 CUCURBITACE^:, Cucurbita, Latin for gourd, the type of the order . .43, 129 Currant (smooth-stemmed species of Ribes) 37, 122 Cuscuta, the Arabic name changed 156 Cypridium, Venus' Slipper '. 177 Cycladenia, circle gland (a ring of glands around the pistil) 142 Cynoglossum, dog's tongue 155 Damasonium 175 Darlingtonia, Dr. Win. Darlington, a noted botanist of Pennsylvania 83 DATISCACE^, Datisca 43, 129 Datura, the Arabic name modified , 157 Death-Camass (Zygadenus, 2) , 188 Delphinium, dolphin (shape of flower) 17, 18, 81 Dendromecon, tree-poppy 84 Dentaria, tooth (the tubers toothed) 86 Dicentra, two spurs 20, 84 Dichelostemma 74 Dichondra, double mass (fruit double) 64 Digitalis, from the Latin for a thimble (the corolla fits the finger) 166 DIPSACACE.E, Dipsacus 46, 134 Dirca (in the Key) 16 Disporum 45 Distigia (Lonicera) two cloaks (the pair of bracts) 75 Dodecatheon, twelve gods 50, 141 Dodder (Cuscuta) 156 Dogwood (Cornus, 1) 131 Downingia, A. J. Downing, author of several works on horticulture 47, 135 Draba, acrid (leaves) 86 Draperia, John W. Draper, historian '. 150 DROSER ACE^E, Drosera, dewy (the leaves exude liquid) 38, 123 Echinocactus, hedge-hog cactus 1-jO Echinospermum, hedge-hog seed 58, 155 ELATINACE.E, Elatine, Greek name of the fir tree ". 26, 98 Elderberry (Sambucus) 45, 132 Ellisia, John Ellis, an English botanist 54, 150 Emmenanthe, persistent flower 152 212 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. Epilobium, violet on a pod 39 (figured), 40, 125 Epipactis, the Greek name 177 EKICACE^ , 48, 136 Eriodictyon, woolly and veiny (the leaves) 56, 152 Eriogonum, woolly joints 70 Eriogynia, woolly pistil 115 Erodium, heron (the fruit like a heron's bill) 29, 101 Erysimum, a cure-all 23, 88 Erythraea, red » , . 144 Erythronium, red (inappropriate) 76, 185 Eschscholtzia, J. F. Eschscholtz, a German naturalist, who visited San Fran- cisco, San Jose, and Monterey in October, 1816 19 (figured), 20, 84 Eucharidium 42, 128 Eulobus, truly a pod (pod 3 or 4 inches long) 41, 126 Eunanus, very charming 63 Euonynms, good name 102 Evening Primrose, (CEnothera, 1) 126 Fatsia 44 FICOIDE^ 43, 130 Filaria or Filaree (Erodium) 101 Flax, (Linum) 100 Floerkia, Floerke, a German botanist 29 Forgetmenot, (Myosotis) 153 Foxglove 166 Fragaria, fragrant (the fruit) 116 FRANKENIACE.E, Frankenia 29, 92 Frasera, John Fraser, an English botanist 144 Fraxinus , , 142 Fremontia, Gen. John C. Fremont 28, 100 Fringe-pod (Thysanocarpus) 21 (figured), 90 Fritillaria, checkered 75, 185 FUMARIACE^ 20, 84 Galium.. ..46, 133 Garrya 131 Gaultheria (Gaulthier), a French physician at Quebec 138 Gayophytum ". 40, 126 GENTIANACE.E, Gentiana 51, 143, 144 GERANIACE.E, Geranium* crane (fruit like the bill of a crane) 28, 101 Geum, good tasting 116 Gilia, Philip Gil or Gilio, a Spanish botanist 52, 145 Githopsis, like Githago 48, 135 Glaux, sea-green 141 Glycyrrhiza, sweet root 110 Godetia, 39 (figured) 42, 127 Goldthread (Coptis) 18, 81 Gomphocarpus, club fruit of peg-pod 51, 143 Goodyeara, John Goodyear 177 Gooseberry (the prickly Ribes) 37, 122 Goosefoot (Potentilla, 2) 116 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 213 Grape 29. 102 Gratiola, herb of grace 166 Ground Cherry, (Physalis) 138 Habenaria, thong (the spur) 72, 1 76 HALORAGE.E , 38, 124 Hastingsia, Judge C. Hastings of San Francisco, who assisted in the publication of the State Botanical Survey Report of Cal 183 Helianthemum, sun flower 91 Heliotropium, sun-turning 153 Hemitotes (N,ewberrya) 49 Hernaria . 25 Herpestis, a creeper 366 Hesperochiron, the western Chiron 152 Hesperoscordum 75 Heterodraba, other or false Draba 90 Heterocodon, bells (flowers) differing 136 Heterogaura, other or false Gaura 128 Heteromeles 118 Heuchera, Dr. fl. Heucher , 121 Hibiscus 1 00 Hippocastenum, horse-chestnut 30 Hippuris, mare's tail 124 Holodiscus, all disk (the flower) .35, 115 Honeysuckle (Lonicera) 45, 132 Hooker a, Sir Josoph Hooker, a noted English botanist 74, 182 fforehound 173 Horkelia 35, 117 Hosackia, Dr. David Hosack, a Philadelphia botanist 31 (figured), 34, 108 Howellia, Joseph and Thos. T. Howell, Oregon, botanists 48 Huckleberry (Vaccinium, 8) 1 36 HYDROPHYLLACE.E, Hvdroph.yllum, water leaf. . . 54, 149 HYPERICACE.E, Hypericum 25, 98 ILLECEBRACE.E ' 25, 96 Ilysanth.es, mud flower ^ 166 Indian Lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata) •, 97 IRIDACE^, Iris, Iris, goddess of the rainbow 73, 178 Isomeris, equal parts 90 Isopyrum, equal wheat 81 Ivesia 35, 117 Jussiaea, A. J. Jussieu, a noted French botanist 39, 125 Kalmia, Peter Kalm, a Swede 138 Kelloggia, Dr. Albert Kellogg, of San Francisco, who was a lifelong student of bur Western plants 1^3 Knotgrass ^ ^ Koelia 66 214 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. Krameria, Kramer (two German brothers) 92 Xrynitzkia, Prof. J. Kryuitzki of Cracow 58, 154 LABIATE 65, 1 70 Lace-pod (Thysanocarpus, 1) 21 (figured), 90 Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium) ' 177 Larkspur (Delphinium) 81 Lathyrus , 112 LAURACE.E (Laurel) , 71 Laurentia, M. A. Laurenti of Bologna (18th Century) 135 Lavatera, Lavater (two brothers, Zurich) , 99 Leduni, the old German name 139 LEGUMINOS^E 30, 1 04 Liemmonia, Prof. J. G. Lemmon, a noted botanist, author of a work on West Coast Conif erse, etc 56 LENNOACE.E 49, 140 LENTIBTJLARIAC&.E 65, 169 Lepidium, a little scale (pods) 21, 90 Lepigonum, scaly joint 25, 95 Lesquerella, Leo Lesquereux, a noted bryologist 25 Leucocrinum, white lily 183 Leu.coth.oe, a mythical goddess (see Lucothoe) 138 Lewisia, Capt. Lewis who crossed the continent with Clarke in 1803-6 98 LILIACE.E , 73, 178 Lilium, Lily 184 Limnanth.es, marsh or mud flower 29, 101 Limodorum, mud lover 73 Limonium, marsh-wort 49 Limosella, little mud plant 166 LINAGES 28, 100 Linanthus, flax-flower (like flax) 52 Linaria, flax-like 61, 159 Linnaea, Carl von Linnaeus, a Swede, the first great systematic naturalist 132 Linum, thread (used to make thread) 28, 100 Lippia, Aug. Lippe, a Frenchman 60, 170 Liguorice, (Glycyrrhiza) , , 109 Listera, Dr. Martin Lister, an Englishman 177 Lithospermum, stone-seed 57, 153 LOASACE^E - 42, 128 LOBELIACE^E, Lobelia, Mathew Lobel, physician to James 1 41, 134 Lceflingia, Lcefling, a botanist of the 18th Century 96 Lonicera, Adam Lonicer, a German 45, 132 Lophanthus, crest-flower 173 Lotus, Latin name for one of its species 34 Lucern (Medicago, 1) 108 Lucothoe, a misprint for Leucothre 138 Ludwigia, Prof. C. D. Ludwig, Leipsic 39, 125 Lupinus, Lupine, wolf 32, 105 Lychnis, a lamp 25, 94 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 215 Lycium, the Greek name 157 Lycopus, wolf-foot 171 Lysimachia, peacemaker .....!.!. 141 LYTHRACE^E, Ly thrum 38? 124 Madrona, the Mexican name of our Arbutus 137 Maianthemum, May-flower 75, 184 Mallows, (Malva) 27, 99 Malus, the Latin name for apple 35 MALVACEAE, Malva, soft 27, 98, 99 Malvastrum, like mallows 27, 99 Malveopsis, mallows-like 28 Mammillaria 130 Manzanita, little apple 137 Maple, (Acer) 104 Marrubium, bitter-juice , < 173 Marsh-mallow 27 Meadia 50 Meconopsis, poppy -like, 19 (figured) 20, 84 Megarrhiza, big-root 129 Melilotus, honey lotus 108 Melissa, bee plant 66 Mentha, Minthe, a mythical personage 65, 171 Mentzelia, C. Mentzel of Brandenburg 42, 128 Menyanth.es, moon-flower 145 Menziesia, Archibald Menzies, who with Vancouver visited the Pacific Coast iu 1791-5 138 Mertensia, F. C. Mertens of Bremen 153 Mesembryanthemum, mid-day flower 130 Mesquit, the Mexican name 32 Micrampelis, small vine 129 Microcala, a little beauty 143 Micromeria, small 66, 172 Mimetanthe, monkey flower 63 MIMOS^E, mimic 30 Mimulus, ape ...63, 163 Mirabilis, wonderful 69 Mitella, little miter (the fruit) 37, 121 Modiola, little cup 28 Mohavea, Mohave > 160 Mollugo 130 Monardella, little Monarda, Dr. N. Monardes 65, 171 Moneses, only one (flower) 139 Monk'* Hood • 82 Monotropa, turned to one side 140 Montia 26, 97 Morning Glory (Convolvulus) 155 Mountain Balm (Eriodictyon) 150 Muilla, anagram of Allium • 181 Mullein (Verbascum) - 158 216 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. Mustard, Brassica 87 Myosotis, mouse ear 153 Myosurus, mouse tail 80 MYRICACE^S 71 Myrica, flowing (grows by rivers) 70 Myriophyllum, a thousand leaves 124 Nama, a spring of water 56, 152 Narthecium, rod or wand 189 Nasturtium, nose twister (pungent odor) 23, 89 Navarritia , 52 Negundo oO, 104 Nemacladus, thread branches 134 Nemophila, grove lover .... t 54, 1 50 Nepeta, Nepet, a Tuscan town 60 Newberrya, Prof. J. S. Newberry, a noted geologist and student of extinct _ plants 49, 140 Nicotiana, John Nicot, who introduced tobacco into France. 158 Nine' Bark, Physocarpus 35, 115 Nuphar, Arabic name of Water Lily 18, 83 Nuttallia, Thos. Nuttall, ornithologist and botanist 35, 114 NYCTAGIN ACV.JE 69 NYMPH^ACEJE, Nymphae, water nymph 18, 82 Oak 71 OBnothera. thirst maker. 41, 126 Odontostomum, toothed mouth 184 OLEACE^E 50, 142 Omphalodes, navel-like 155 ONAGRACE^E 39, 124 Onion (Allium) 180 Opulaster 35 Opuntia, Opuntii, a region in Greece , 1 30 Orchiastrum 73 ORCHIDACE^E 72, 175 Oregon Crab Apple (Pirns) 1 18 Oregon Grape (Berberis, 2) 82 OROBANCHACE^E 05, 169 Orthocarpus, straight pod 64, 167 Osmaronia *. 35 Oso-Berry (Nuttallia) 114 Oxalis, acid 29, 101 Oxys. acid 29 Oxytheca, sharp anther 70 Pachystima 102 Pseonia, Dr. Paeon 82 Palmerella, Dr. Edward Palmer, a field botanist, who has collected extensively in the United States and Mexico 135 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. 217 . (Viola) 91 PAPAVERACEJE, papaver, thick milk 19, 20, 83 Parnassia, Mt. Parnassus .' . 121 Paronychia 25 Pectocarya, comb-nut 156 Pedicularis, a louse 168 Pentacaena 96 Pentstemon, five stamens 62, 161 Peony, Pseouia 82 Petunia, from Petun, the Brazilian name for tobacco, a similar plant 158 Phacelia, a bundle (flowers) * ,55, 150 Phaenicaulis, exposed stems 88 Philadelphia, a friendly brotherhood (of the stamens ?) 121 Philbertia, J. C. Philbert, a French teacher of botany 143 Phlox, a flame (the flowers) , 53, 145 Pholisma, scale (scaly stem) 140 Photinia (Heteromeles, Toyori) 118 Physalis, bladder (the inflated fruiting calyx) 138 Physocarpus, bladder pod 115 Pickeringia, Dr. Chas. Pickering, who botanized from the Columbia by way of Sacramento Valley to San Francisco in 1841 35, 105 Pin-clover (Erodium) 101 Pimpernel (Anagallis) 142 PIPIRACE^: 71 Pipe Vine ( Aristolochia) < 68 Pipsisseiva (Chimaphila) 139 Pirus, old name of the pear 118 Plagiobothrys, side cavity (not appropriate) 15 ) PLANTAGINACE^E, Plantago, sole of the foot (the common species growing on tramped ground 67, 1 74 Plantain (Plantago) 174 Platanus, broad or ample (leaves and branches) 71 Platyspermum, flat seed 86 Platystemon, flat stamen 19 (figured), 20, 83 Platystigma, flat stigma 19 (figured), 20, 83 Plectritis (Valerianella. Suksdorf puts the plants of this genus in four genera, and makes several new species) , 134 Pleuricospora, seed at the side (of the pod) 140 Plum (Prunus, 1) . 1 14 PLUMBAGINACE^E 49, 140 Pogogyne, bearded pistil (style) 172 Poison Oak (Rhus, 1) 30, 104 PoLEMONIACE^E 51, 1 Polemonium, the old Greek name 149 Polycarpon, many pods ; • • • 25) ^ Poly gala, much milk (stimulating secretion of in animals) .J2 POLYGALACE.E 24, 91 POLYGONACE^E, Poly gonum, many joints 69, 70 Poplar (Populus, tree of the people) 71 Poppy (Papaver) ' 20 218 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. PORTTTLACACE^], Portulaca, juice bearer 26, 96 Potentilla, potent (in disease) 35, 169 Poterium, cup 118 Prickly Poppy ( Argemone) 19 (figured), 83 PRIMULACE.E, Primula, first (to bloom) 49, 141 Prince's Pine (Chimaphila) 139 Prosartes, to suspend (flowers pendulous) 75, 187 Prosopis 32 Prunus, Latin name of plum 35, 114 Psoralea, scurfy, glandular 110 Pterospora, winged seed 140 Putty-root ( Aplectrum) „ 176 Pycnanthemum, dense flowered 66, 171 Pyrola, pirus, a pear (leaves like) 139 Qualcing Ash , 71 Radish (Raphanus) 21 (figured), 90 Ramona : . . 66 RANUNCULACE^E, Ranunculus, little frog 17, 79, 80 Raphanus, quick coming (coming up early) 90 Raspberry (Rubus, 2) 115 Rattle-weed (Astragalus, the species with bladder-iike pods, 7 to 19) Ill RHAMNACE^:, Rhamnus 29, 102 Rhododendron, rose tree 49, 139 Rhus, red (the fruit of some species) 30, 104 Ribes 37, 122 Romanzoffia, Nicholas Romanzoff, a Russian nobleman who early in the 19th century sent Kotzebue to this coast, accompanied by the naturalists Chamisso and Eschscholtz ] 52 Romneya 83 Roripa , , 23 ROSACES, Rosa, Rose, red 35, 36, 113, 118 Rotala. 38, 124 RUBIACELE .45, 133 Rubus, red (the fruit of some species) 115 Rumex 70 RUTACK-E 29, 101 Sacealine 70 Sage ( Audibertia. Garden sage is a Salvia) 173 Sagina, fatness 95 Sagittaria, arrow bearer (the leaf) 175 Salal (Gaultheria, 1) 138 SALICACE^E 71 Salmon Berry (Rubus, 3) 115 Salvia, saving, preserving 66, 173 Sarnbucus, name of musical instrument made of elder . . 45, 132 Samolus, pig's food 142 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OP GENERIC NAMES. 219 Sand-Spurry (Lepigonum) , 95 Sand Verbena (Abronia) . . , 69 Sandwort (Arenaria) „ 95 SAPINDACE^E . .......30, 103 Saponaria, soap 25, 94 SAKACENIACE.E 19, 83 Sarcodes, flesh-like 140 SAXIFRAGACE^E, Saxifraga, Saxifrage, stone breaker .! ... 36, 37, 119 Scniznotus, cleft-back (the hoods of the flower split down the back) 51, 143 Scoliopus, .worm-stem (the scapes) , 124 Screw-pod Mesquit , 32 SCROPHULARIACE^E 60, 158 Scrophularia, scrofula cure 161 Scutellaria, little helmet 173 Sedum, sitting (habit of the plant) 123 Self-heal (Brunella) 173 Senebiera, C. D. Senebier, Geneva 901 Service-berry ( Amelanchier) 118 Sesuvium 130 Sheep-sorrel (Rumex acetosella) 70 Shepherd's purse (Capsella, 2) 21 (figured). 89 Sherardia 46 Shooting Star (Dodecatheon) 50, 141 Sibaldia, Robt. Sibald, Edinburgh 35, 117 Sida 100 Sidalcea 27, 99 Silene, saliva (exudation from some species) „ 24, 92 Silkweed ( Asclepiadacese, all our species) 142 Sisymbrium , 89 Sisyrinchium, pig's snout (the spathe) 73, 178 Skullcap (Scutellaria) ._. 173 Skunk-weed (G-ilia, the fetid species) 52, 145 Smilacina, like Smilax (but" not the so called Smilax of our gardens 75, 184 Smilax, a rare woody climber with small green flowers in umbels (inadvertently omitted) Snow-berry (Syrnphoricarpos) 45, 132 Snow-plant (Sarcodes) 140 Soap-root (Chlorogalum 183 SOLANACE.E, Solanum, the Latin name 60, 157 Solonoa, Solano Co 51 Sorrel, (Oxalis) 101 Specularia, mirror 1 35 Spergula, scatter 95 Sphacele, Greek name of garden Sage 172 Spikenard , 44 Spinach 43 Spiraea, to wind (in wreaths) Spirauthes, spiral of flowers. . 73, 177 Spraguea (Calyptridium) Sprague, a botanical artist, who illustrated Gray's Botanies) 26, 97 220 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENERIC NAMES. Stachys, a spike (the flowers in) 66, 172 Stanfordia, Gov. Leland Stanford 89 Stanleya 88 Staphylea, cluster 104 Star-Flower (Trientalis) • 141 Statice, astringent 49, 140 Stellaria, star-like 94 Stenanthium, narrow-flower 189 STERCUDIACE^E, bad odor, fetid 28, 100 Stonecrop (Sedum) 123 Stramonium ( Datura) 167 Strawberry (Fragaria). 166 Streptanthus, twisted flower (the petals) .22, 87 Streptopus, twisted stalk 187 Stropholirion, (Brodigea 1), twining lily 181 STYRACACE^E, Styrax 50, 142 Subularia, owl (pods owl-like) 89 Suksdorfia, Win. Suksdorf, State of Washington 120 Sulivantia, Wm. S. Sullivant, a noted American bryologist (student of Mosses).. 120 Sundial (Lupinus) ,. 105 Sweet-clover (Melilotus) 108 Sweet-scented Shrub (Calycanthus) 118 Sycamore 71 Symphoricarpos, fruit accumulator 45, 132 Synthyris 166 Tare (Vicia sativa) 112 Tellima, anagram of Mitella 37, 120 Tetragonia, four-angled 43 Thalictrum, green-growing 17, 80 Thelypodium , 22, 88 Thermopsis, Lupine-like 105 Thimble-berry (Rubus, l) 115 Thistle Sage (Salvia, 1) , 173 Thlaspi. 89 Thrift ( Armeria) 140 Thysanocarpus, fringe-pod 21. 90 Tiarella Tiger Lily (Lilium pardalinum, which means Leopard Lily, a better name) 184 Tillsea, M. A. Tilli, art Italian 38, 122 Tissa Toad Flax (Linnaria) 159 Tolfieldia ]&> Tolmiea Tonella. probably meaningless 62, 1 58 Toy on (Heteromeles), pronounce both o's long 117 Trautvetteria, named for a German botanist 80 Trichostema, hair stamens , • « 171 Trientalis, three inches high 50, 141 Trifolium, three-leaf 31, 33, 107 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF GENEEIC NAMES. 2^1 Trillium, parts in threes 188 Triodanis 48- Triteleia ! 74, 182 Tropidocarpum 21 (figured), 22, 89 Twayblade (Listera) 177 UMBELLIFER^; 44 Umbellularia 71 Unifolium. one leaf 75 Utricularia, little bladders 169 Vaccaria 25 Vaccinium 137 Vagnera 75 VALERIANACE^E, Valeriana, Valerianella, Valerian, King Valerius 46, 133, 134 Vancouveria, Capt. Geo. Vancouver, who explored the Pacific Coast in 1792-5. . 18, 82 Veratrum, true black 188 Verbascum, beard , 159 VERBENACE^E, Verbena, old Celtic name modified 67, 170 Veronica, St. Veronica (?) 166 Vesicaria, blister (pods inflated) 23. 89 Vibernum, tie (used to make withes) 132 Vicia, bind 34, 112 Vine-Maple (Acer, 2) 104 VIOLACEJE, Viola, Violet, the old Latin name 23, 91 Virgins Bower (Clematis) 79 VITACE.E, Vitis, the best 29, 103 Wale-Robin (Trillium) 188 Wall-flower (Cheiranthus 23, 88 Walnut 7J Water- Plantain ( Alisma) 1 75 Water-Lily (Nuphar) 18, 83 Water-Shield (Brasenia) 18, 83 Whipplea, Lieut. A. W. Whipple, who was in command of a Government Survey Party, on the Pacific Coast in 1853-54 121 Willow 72 Willow-h<>r!> (Epilobium) 125 Wood A nemone (Anemone, 3) 79 Xylothermia 35 Xerophyllum, dry leaf 189 Yerba Buena (Micromeria, 1) 172 Yerba Mansa ( Anemopsis) 71 Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon) 56, 152 Yucca 184 Zauschneria, M. Zauschner, a Bohemian botanist 39, 125 Zizyphus Zygadenus, yoked glands (on the petals) 188 RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS • 2-month loans may be renewed by calling (510)642-6753 • 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF • Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date. DUE AS STAMPED BELOW MOV U i 2000 SUBJEU I I u RECALL IMMEDIATELY DUE REC'D BIOS RSC'D BIOS JAN 05 fC3"2pj>pM 12,000(11/95) General Library LD 21-40m-10,'65 University of California (F7763slO)476 Berkeley U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES