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THE GREEN ABALONE
Haliotis fulgens, page 242

West Coast Shells

(Revised Edition)

A DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL MARINE MOLLUSKS
LIVING ON THE WEST COAST OF THE UNITED
STATES, AND OF THE LAND SHELLS
OF THE ADJACENT REGION

By
JOSIAH KEEP, A. M.

PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY
MILLS COLLEGE

Also a Chapter on the Fresh Water Mollusks of the Pacific Slope

By
HAROLD HANNIBAL

OF STANFORD, UNIVERSITY

PULLEY EE EO SE RAL E 2D

SAN FRANCISCO
The TAhitaker & BRay-Wiqgin Company
iOubet

Copyright, 1910

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PREFACE

The last quarter of a century has been an important
period for the science of Conchology. While many
private collectors have been gathering specimens of all
kinds, and incidentally making many new discoveries, the
universities have been establishing seaside laboratories,
the Government sending out exploring vessels, and the
learned societies putting forth many publications. Es-

pecially has the National Museum at Washington been

issuing its valuable bulletins, embodying the conclusions
of its painstaking investigators, and making available the
results of much labor.

This activity has resulted in the accumulation of much
new material, and incidentally the changing of many old
names. The latter work is an ungracious piece of busi-
ness at best, and has seldom been indulged in wantonly.
But new views on the subject of classification, new
researches into former systems of nomenclature, and
an enlarged knowledge of the fossil progenitors of exist-
ing species, have compelled the readjustment of what
before seemed settled.

It is comparatively easy, when collecting in a small
field, to separate the specimens into fixed and definite
groups; but as one’s observations become extended, the
varieties multiply, and increased knowledge of both facts
and records causes embarrassment. The necessary
changes, however, even of familiar names, must not be
too deeply regretted, for they indicate a real advance in
our conception of the great plan of Nature.

+ PREBACE

The kind reception given to my “West Coast Shells,”
and my other efforts to popularize the study of mol-
lusks, led to the publication, late in 1904, of a larger
volume, entitled West American Shells’ Wie sages
conflagration in San Francisco, following the earthquake
of April, 1906, destroyed practically all of the unsold
copies of that last edition, though most of the cuts had
been previously removed to a place of safety. The un-
settled conditions and the increased duties following the
earthquake prevented my rewriting the book until
last summer. It is now to be published under the old
name, as that seems more appropriate.

While it cannot be hoped that it is free from mistakes,
it 1S certain that some of the errors of the lastjediermm
have been corrected, and an honest attempt has been
made to provide a handbook both readable and reliable.

It is not so complete and full as some teachers desire,
and no one feels more deeply than the author our need
of a manual, in which the shells of this region shall be
fully described in scientific language. We have assur-
ances that such a volume or series of volumes will be
published at Washington in due time, and that much
material has already been collected for that purpose.
The work is a great one, however, and years may elapse
before the volumes are issued. Therefore it has not been
thought wise to delay the publication of this handbook,
which was never designed to take the place of an
official manual.

Though much difficulty has sometimes been experi-
enced in deciding between the claims of rival syno-
nyms, the name usually selected has been the latest one
adopted by standard authors, particularly those con-—
nected with the National Museum. In case of real
doubt a conservative course has been followed.

PREACH 5

The chapter on Fresh Water Mollusks was written by
Mr. Harold Hannibal, who is an earnest student in that
interesting field of research; and his conclusions, while
somewhat opposed to past usage, have been adopted by
him after much investigation.

Especial acknowledgments are due to the authorities
of the United States National Museum for permission
to copy figures found in their bulletins. This permission
has been freely used, as the large number of illustrations
marked with an asterisk (*) will testify. Thanks are
also due to Dr. William H. Dall for helpful suggestions,
to Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd for assistance in various
ways, to Professor William J. Raymond of the Uni-
versity of California for help in the study of the Chitons,
and to the many friends who have encouraged the writer
to put forth a substitute for the burned book. Thanks
are due also to the publishers, the Whitaker & Ray-
Wiggin Company, for their patience, for their assistance
in preparing suitable colored illustrations, and for put-
ting the work into so presentable a form.

In conclusion, I would express my growing appreci-
ation of the magnitude of the field which I have attempted
to cover, and my hope that this work may be accepted
by students as a helpful assistance towards obtaining a
complete knowledge of West Coast Shells.

Jos1Am Keep,

Mills College, California,
November 15, 1910.

TABLE, OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

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INDEX

LAMP SHELLS AND THEIR AL-
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CHAMA, CARDIUM, AND VENUS
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UNIVALVE MOLLUSKS

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SUGGESTIONS FOR] BEGINNERS

Whenever you collect shells it is well either to make
a record or write a label stating where and when they
were found. These labels become increasingly valuable
as the years go by. There are a number of things which
you will wish to learn about your specimens, three of
which are as follows: their names, their structure, and
the habits of the animals which constructed them. This
book is designed to enable you to obtain the names, so
that you may be able to speak of your shells intelligently,
and to suggest a proper mode of classification. It also
gives hints concerning the structure and markings of
the shells, and tells you some things about the mollusks
to which they originally belonged.

Very much, however, will depend upon your spirit of
investigation. Never be satisfied to simply know the
name of a shell, but go on to learn all that you can
about the life of its former inhabitant. The more familiar
you become with this book the easier you will find the
work of naming shells. Note carefully the general plan
and the order of the chapters. Study the pictures care-
fully, and you will soon learn the probable place to turn
for the description of an unknown shell. Consult the —
Biographical Index, and get acquainted with the men
who gave names to the shells. Study the Glossary, and
learn the meaning of all the terms used in the descrip-
tions. The general Index will help you in the pronunci-
ation of the Latin names, as the vowel of the syllable to
be accented is designated by a mark. Keep a record-
book for drawings and additional descriptions of your
specimens. Love your work and it will bring you many
hours of real profit and pure pleasure.

MEST COAST SHELLS

CHAPTER I

LAMP-SHELLS AND THEIR ALLIES

Almost everybody knows something about sea-
shells. They are found in nearly every home and
are used for many different purposes. Some hand-
some ones are perched in parlors as choice ornaments,
while round and smooth kinds are given to babies
for playthings. The very common varieties, like
oyster-shells, are pounded up for the chickens to eat,
and by them are converted into the material for egg-
shells, so necessary for the safe handling of an
important article of food. Besides the many forms
from the sea there are others that are frequently
found in lakes, rivers and smaller streams, while
snail-shells are occasionally picked up under old
boards or in the woods, or possibly a live snail is found
“with his house on his back.” The creatures that pro-
duce shells are called Mollusks, which really means
soft animals. This name of course refers to their
bodies, which never have any bones, for the shells
which protect them are often as hard as stones.

Some mollusks, however, never have shells at all,
but, crawl around naked and trust to good luck for
protection. It saves them a lot of work, both in build-
ing shells and carrying them around, and so they
have quite an advantage in some ways over their
better protected neighbors, We commonly call

10 WEST (COASTS S EMIS

these naked mollusks slugs, and most people have
very little love for them, for they have greedy appe-
tites and can destroy young pansies or lettuce plants
in a single night. During the daytime they com-
monly keep out of sight, getting into cracks in the
ground or under old boards, where they may be found
and destroyed. The chief kinds that live in this
region will be described on a later page. There are
some naked slugs in the sea too, but most of the
marine mollusks are provided with strong shells, and
it is the purpose of this book to describe them.

We understand that the first object of these shells
is the protection of the creatures that carry them
around, and it is exceedingly interesting to see how
well they are adapted to this purpose. But as we
wear clothes that are supposed to be somewhat orna-
mental as well as useful, and as we paint and deco-
rate our houses, so many mollusks build very gor-
geous coverings for their bodies, though it is true
that much of the beauty does not appear until after
the death of the humble builder. Of course we know
very little about the motives which impel these crea-
tures to construct their shells, and we can only fall
back on that old word “‘instinct,” which has received
so many different explanations. Perhaps we cannot
do better than to call it the guiding influence of the
great Creative Power that controls all nature.

The material of which shells are made is carbonate
of lime, the basis of all limestone, chalk and marble.
This substance is very widely distributed, though
in some soils and some rivers it is far more abundant
than in others. For this reason land and river shells

ILAIMUZ=SIsailJisy JN ID) Mss SMES) JO

are more common and more heavy in limestone re-
gions than in those provinces where lime 1s deficient
in quantity. Most rivers are constantly carrying
dissolved limestone to the sea, where it is used not
only by mollusks for the making of their shells, but
also in vast quantities by coral animals, crabs, worms,
and many other creatures, as well as by certain forms
of plants. By geological changes the coral reefs and
shell banks may be lifted out of water and trans-
formed again into beds of limestone.

Naturalists do not wholly agree as to the limits
which divide the great class of mollusks from other
animals. Some of the lowest of these creatures have
affinities with the worms and the sea-bottles, but
these matters may be studied more fully by those
who are specially interested in the subject. For the
present we may assume the usual division to be cor-
rect, and will describe the shells to be found on the
seacoast under four heads, namely, the lamp-shells,
the bivalves, the sea-snails and the cuttles, of which
the second and third divisions include the vast ma-
jority of specimens. In fresh water lakes and rivers
there are bivalves and pond-snails, but no lamp-
shells or cuttles, while on the land are found only
air-breathing snails and slugs. ‘Thus we see that
the first and last of the four great divisions are con-
fined to the ocean, the second to water either salt or
fresh, while the snails, also called univalves, are the
most widely distributed of all, living alike in air,
fresh water, and also in the sea.

To be sure the same animal cannot endure a
change from one medium to another, and a trained

12 WES® COAST SHEERS

shell-man, or conchologist, as he is often called, can
quickly tell even from a dead shell the probable sur-
roundings of its dwelling-place. A novice may
make mistakes, even in collecting, for often land
shells get washed into rivers and even into the ocean,
and may be found where they did not grow; but all
this is to be expected and guarded against in the study
of shells. The real test is to find the animals that
make the shells living at home and in natural condi-
tions, and then you are sure that they are where they
ought to be. And so if you find banks of oyster-
shells attached to rocks on some hillside you may
rightly infer that that part of the country was once
under the sea, and not that in olden times oysters
went off on picnics to the mountains.

Sometimes dead shells are found washed up on
a beach a long way from the place where they lived,
having been brought in a ship’s ballast and cast
overboard or else scattered from some collection.
I once had a shell brought to me for identification
which the finder declared he picked up on the Cali-
fornia coast, though I am certain that its home was
in the Atlantic Ocean. Doubtless he was truthful
in his statement, but as the shell was dead the proba-
bility was great that some one had accidentally or
willfully dropped a foreign shell in the water far
from its original home and that the waves had
washed it up along with many native shells. If it
had been alive the case would have been different.
In a much greater degree it is unsafe to buy shells
in stores along the seaside with the thought that
therefore they are certainly natives of that coast.

PAME=SHBEES “ANDY DEER) ALLIES 13

Most shells that are sold in stores come from the
warm waters of the tropics where they grow more
abundantly than along cooler coasts, and as a rule
they are of a more attractive appearance and have
brighter colors than their neighbors which are ex-
posed to a more wintry climate. And so it happens
that though certain species of native shells may be
on sale, it is always best to consult some one who
knows before deciding upon the native locality of
any shell. In far Alaska I once bought a shell as a
native rarity, and afterwards found out that it was
really a Mexican species that had been carried to
that land, to sell to tourists. A little familiarity
with the shells of a coast will often give one a
pretty sure sense of what he ought to expect to
find there and will put him upon his guard against
imported novelties. And now, having given these
warnings against possible deceptions, let us turn to
the description of the chief species of shells which
are known to be true inhabitants of the territory
under consideration.

There are on our northern Pacific coast only a
few species of Lamp-shells, or
Brachiopods, as they are called
in the books. Figure 1 repre-
sents the Snake’s-head Lamp-
shell, Terebratulina caput-ser-
peniis, Linn. You note that
the fraction */s is placed under
the figure; this implies that
its length and breadth are one-
third too great. Sometimes a Fig. 1.x $(*)

* By permission, from Proceedings of United States National Museum.

14 WEST COAST SHELLS

figure is too small instead of too large, but the
proper fraction will inform you of that fact. If
there is no fraction you will take it for granted that
the figure is the same size a5 an ordinary shelljor
that particular species. You notice that after the
name of the shell there is given the authority, as it
is called. In this case the abbreviation “Linn.”
stands for Linné, or Linneus, according to the Latin
form of his name. He was the man who gave the
name, “‘caput-serpentis,”’ to this species, and pub-
lished a description of the same. And so all through
the book you will find the authority after each name.
If you wish to know something about the men who
named the shells you will find short accounts of
their lives in the latter part of this book. After
reading these short accounts you may wish to consult
larger books of reference and learn more about them.
You will also find other helpful lists and tables in
the latter part of this volume.

The Snake’s-head is not a common shell, but is
chiefly obtained by dredging, sometimes from the
depth of half a mile. This species is found in north-
ern waters, both of the Atlantic and the Pacific, and
it also occurs as a fossil in the rocks of Europe.
Externally the shell is ash colored.

Figure 2 represents the Kii Lamp-shell, Terebratu-
lina kiiensis, Dall and Pilsbry. It is so called be-
cause it was named from specimens gathered on the
coast of the province of Kii, in Japan. It is a large
shell, the picture being about the natural size of a
mature specimen. The lower figure gives an end
view, showing its plumpness. This species as well

ILAOMIR-ASISUBIUIES) BUND) AUSURIGR AVE U aS 15

as the last lives in the sea
where the water is cold
and deep. It has a very
wide range, extending
mone on santa Cruz,
Cal., up past Alaska and
down to the Philippine
Islands.. The color is
waxen white, with stains
of brown.

Platidea anominoides,
Sacchi, the Little Lamp-
shell, is not much larger |
than the head of a good
sized pin. It is quite flat,
without distinct sculptur-
me, emeular in outline, RE SANG)
and light brown in color, but
it has a distinctive hole in one
valve. My specimens came
from San Pedro Bay, and
lived under 600 feet of sea-
water. This species is also

Ee) found in the Mediterranean
Sea and other parts of the
ocean.

We have in Figures 3 and
4 two views of another brachi-
opod, Terebratalia occiden-
talts, Dall, the Western Lamp-
shell. The figures are of the
natural size, as is indicated by

16 WEST COAST SHELLS

the omission of a fraction. This shell is not a com-
mon one, but is reported as occurring from Mon-
terey southward. The groundwork of the shell is
white, and there are ribs of carmine.

The appearance of Tere-
bratalia transversa, Sby., the
Red Lamp-shell, is well
shown in Figures 5 and 6.
It is by far the most common
ae species of the brachiopods to

Fig.5,x 2) be found on our coasts. It
attains its highest development in the cool waters
of Puget Sound, where it sometimes grows to a size
much larger than that of the picture. On the east
side of Vancouver Island it
is reported to be found in
thousands, attached to the
rocks. From that point it
extends both northward and
southward, having been found from the frozen Aleu-
tian Islands of the Arctic to the sub-tropical Cata-
lina Island of California. It can sometimes be col-
lected about San Pedro at very low tide. Note that
the central scallop on the edge dips downward in
this shell, while in the last species it bends upward.
The general color is red, though in some specimens
a considerable part of the shell is white. It makes
a very pretty specimen for the cabinet.

Laqueus californicus, Koch, the California Lamp-
shell, Figure 7, is entirely different from the last
species, the shell being very thin, smooth, and free
from wrinkles of any kind. If you turn the figure

Fig. 6, x 3? *)

PANE SHELLS AND) Tibi ALLIS 17

on its side you can readily see
why these shells have been com-
pared to the ancient lamps, such
as are dug out of the ruins of
Pompeii and other Roman cities.
The large valve of the shell an-
swers to the bowl of the lamp,
and at the end is a small hole as
if for the wick. Through this
hole really runs a strong stem,
by which the animal is firmly at- iN
tached to the rock or some other Fig.7
anchorage. ‘The hole in this shell, however, is very
small when compared with that shown in the last
figure. The color is reddish, at least in large speci-
mens, though some of the little ones are brown.
Rich markings of a deeper color sometimes seem to
show through the shell. Most of the specimens are
obtained by dredging or from fishermen’s nets, and
sometimes a whole cluster is pulled up, all of them
attached to some old shell, and looking like a bunch
of plums. They are mostly collected in the vicinity
of the Santa Barbara Channel, though they extend
northward at least to Monterey Bay.

Laqueus jeffrevsi, Dall, Jeffrey’s Lamp-shell, re-
sembles the last species, but lacks the rich, warm,
reddish tints. The shell is heavier, browner, and
foe foramen, or opening, is larger. It is found
farther to the north, and was once called the Van-
couver variety of the last species. They exist side
by side, however, off the coast of California.

Frieleia halli, Dall, the Parrot Lamp-shell, is a

18 WESTCOAST, SHEEES

small brachiopod, which has been
dredged from deep water at vari-
ous stations along the coast. Fig-
ure 8 shows several views of this
little shell, which is thin, trans-
lucent, and of a yellowish-gray
color.

It is hard for us, who live in
the air and the bright sunshine, to
imagine the conditions at the bot-
tom of the ocean, where these
creatures have their home. In the
first place, it is very cold down
there, the temperature! oiereme
water being but little above the freezing point. This
has been proved by sinking self-registering ther-
mometers and pulling them up again. It is very
dark, too, for how can much light struggle down
through thousands of feet of water, even if it is
remarkably clear. There is but little motion, for
the swell of the waves is all far above, and the slow
drift of ocean currents makes but little impression
on the oozy bed of the sea. Dark, cold, still, with- .
out morning or noon, only a gloomy night; how
dismal it seems to us who live on the merry sur-
face of the earth. And yet, countless generations
of these quiet creatures have apparently lived in
comfort down in the depths of the sea. Verily, the
study of any kind of life ought to broaden and
deepen our ideas of the actual and the possible, and —
to show us that our mode of living, splendid though

Fig. 8, x 2 (*)

PAVIP SRPMS AND iret ALLIES 19

it may be, is not the only opportunity for healthful
existence.

The last member of the brachiopod family to be
described is closely related to some of the shells
which are found in the oldest of the fossil-
iferous rocks. Perhaps, therefore, it has a
pedigree reaching back farther than that of
any other shell in the world. Its name is
Glottidea albida, Hinds, the White Tongue-
shell, and it is shown in Figure g. It has
been collected at Monterey, and it extends
to the shores of Lower California. I once
gathered a few specimens from the mud
flats of San Pedro, which were left bare by a low
tide. A friend instructed me to dig where I saw
little marrow slits in the surface of the mud. I
obeyed, and found that the little creatures were
buried in holes, the tips of the shells being just be-
Meagie tne suttace. \A fleshy stem, longer than the
shell, reached down into the mud, and served as an
anchor. In the picture you can see the remnant of
the stem, curled and dry. When the tide returned,
I dare.say the creatures rose a little and began gath-
ering minute particles of food from the water. The
shells are smooth, thin, and when freshly gathered
are more brown than white. Exposed shells, how-
ever, soon bleach. Unfortunately for shell-gatherers,
the old collecting grounds at San Pedro have been
largely spoiled by the dredging operations by which
the shallow bay is being made into a good harbor
for ships.

In olden times the lamp-shells were more abun-

20 WEST -COASa SEIDEUS

dant than they are at present. In some parts of
our country great masses of rock may be found which
are made up almost entirely of these fossil shells.
But now it is different, and so we turn to another
class of animals, which seem to be in their full glory
at the present time. Where we had only half a
dozen species of lamp-shells to describe, we shall
find more than a hundred of the bivalves to claim
our attention.

We call them bivalves because each animal is pro-
tected by two valves, or half shells, which are hinged
together at the top and which open somewhat at the
bottom. Clams, oysters, scallops, and cockles all
belong to this division of the mollusks. Their real
name is Pelecypods, which means _hatchet-footed
creatures, since many of them have a burrowing
organ, or foot, as it used to be called, shaped some-
what like the blade of a hatchet. To be sure some
use this foot to jump with, and others modify it into
a kind of finger, and still others have no foot at all
to speak of, and yet, in their organism they all show
many signs of resemblance and all have the two
shells, a right and a left valve. None of them are -
blessed with a head, a lack of which organ any of
us would find very embarrassing; but not so our
happy clam, for never having possessed a head he
feels no use for one.

So he digs a burrow with his hatchet-shaped foot
and pulls himself down into it and feels reasonably
safe. ‘To be sure he needs food and some kind of
breath, but he is so wonderfully made that he has
little trouble in obtaining either, for in fact they

ILYAIMIDESS SUB ILIES VAINUD) Weta UOILINSS 21

come together. He has two tubes, or siphons, as
they are called, which he pushes up through the bur-
row to the surface of the sand or mud, and then
opens them out in the clear water above. Then he
starts his pump, which is a double-action affair, and
the work begins. Water is sucked down one pipe
and forced up the other, and with the water come
organic particles for food and dissolved air for
breath. His wonderful gills absorb the latter and
gather up the former, which they pass on to the
mouth that 1s waiting to receive the nourishment.

When the tide goes out and the sand is left bare,
our happy clam has just to wait, that is all. But if
you walk along over his hole he may become startled
by your footstep and suddenly pull down his siphons
into his shell. As they are full of water, the result
will be a little fountain which you will see spouting
up for an instant and then disappearing. If you
have a hoe or a shovel you may now dig the poor
fellow out of his revealed burrow, and his fancied
security will prove vain; but if he is a large clam
his burrow may be too deep to be easily explored,
and if he is lively he may dig too.

If you pick up a dead shell and look inside one
of the valves you may see that it is marked some-
what like Figure 57, on a later page, except the
letters will not be there to guide you. The line p. 1.
is called the pallial line, because the pallium, or
mantle, or skin of the animal is attached to the
shell along this line. If the creature lives deep in the
mud and has long siphons there will be quite a notch
at p. s.. which stands for pallial sinus. <A sinus is

22 WESTER ACOASIESEEBIES

a gulf, or bay. If the creature simply lives on the
surface of the mud, or is only partly buried in the
sandy bottom, he will have no need for long pipes,
and the pallial sinus will be omitted.

The two big scars marked a and a’ show where
the adductor muscles are grown to the shell. These
muscles are strong affairs, and enable the creature
to close his doors with a snap and to hold them
closed against most intruders. Sometimes there is
but one adductor, as in the oyster, and then it is situ-
ated near the center of the shell. But when the clam
or the oyster shuts his shell he is obliged to stretch
a thick, heavy spring, which, when it is wet, resem-
bles rubber; though it gets brittle when it is dry.
This spring is marked “l” in the picture, which
stands for ligament. In some species the ligament is
internal instead of external, and in such cases it is
compressed instead of lengthened, when the clam
closes his shells. In either case the elastic ligament
opens the valves as soon as the muscles become re-_
laxed, either by the will of the clam or by his death,
for dead shells are nearly always open.

The ligament also serves to keep the two valves |
from falling apart, and beside it there are more or
less hinge-teeth for the same purpose. The lateral
tooth is marked “‘l. t.”’ in the picture, while the three
cardinal teeth are situated just below the umbo,
which is marked “u.’”? One more mark, namely,
“lu,” signifies lunule. This is a heart-shaped depres-
sion on the outside of the shell, half in each valve,
and is seen best when you look at the end of the shell,
as in Figure 54.

PAVE SEES SAN De EE DR SALE ies 23

It is interesting to capture a healthy clam and put
him in a jar of sea-water with a thick bed of sand
at the bottom, and see him adjust himself to the
changed conditions. He digs with his foot, and he
pumps water through his siphons. His pumps, how-
ever, are invisible, for in reality they consist of in-
numerable little lashing hairs, or cilia, covering the
surface of the gills. A bit of gill may be snipped
off from a freshly-opened oyster or clam and placed
in a drop of sea-water under a microscope, and the
movement can be plainly observed.

Although the clam has no head, the part which
goes down into the burrow first is called the front
end, and the siphons always follow. In the dead
shell the pallial sinus is therefore always at the pos-
terior end. When a shell is in position for describ-
ines sas im the tieure, the ligament is at the top, It
is easy to see that Figure 57 represents a left-hand
valve, for the position of the sinus is plain.

In describing the shells of the pelecypods we shall
have occasion to call attention to all of these fea-
tures, also to the epidermis, or periostracum, which
is a kind of horny covering on the outside of the
shell that is found in some species. It is secreted
by the mantle, somewhat as the shell is formed, but
is composed of a horny material and contains very
little lime, while the shell proper contains a great
deal. With these simple explanations we will pass
on to a description of the species, leaving a fuller
account of the anatomy of the animal to the numer-
ous excellent books on zoology.

The first shell of this great class that we are to

24 WEST “CORXS FSSERSUS

consider is one that very
few of us will ever collect,
for it lives in the ocean
where the water is very
deep, from one to two
miles being recorded by
the steamship “‘Albatross”
at some of the stations
where it was dredged. A
slightly diminished view
is shown in Figure 10. Its
name is Solemya johnsonz,
Dall, which may be trans-
lated into English as John-
son’s Solemya: ~Iteisea
singular shell, with fingers
of epidermis reaching out
nearly an inch beyond the
edge of the firm portion,
as is Shown in the figure.
Fie.10,x$(® The whole shell is about

four and a half inches

long. It has been dredged from deep water off vari-
ous parts of the coast as far north as Puget Sound.
The next shell on our list is named Nuacula cas-
trensts, Hinds, the Camp Nut-shell. It is well
named, for the shell resembles a three-cornered, dark
brown nut, while its sides have sculptured markings,
reminding one of many steep-walled tents. Inter-
nally it is beautifully pearly, and it has about seven —
little hinge-teeth on each side. The whole shell is
wedge-shaped, and is about as large as a good sized

DAVIS tS. AN De Pi “ALEIES ap)

pea, though it sometimes grows a little larger. This
species is seldom found on the shore, but a large
number were dredged off the southern coast of Cali-
fornia a few years ago. The shells are sometimes
thickly coated with fine mud. It has also been
found in Puget Sound, and even farther to the
northward.

Nucula suprastriata, Cpr., the Fine-lined Nut-
shell, has a much smaller shell, and the sculptured
lines are concentric, instead of forming angles. It
probably lives within about the same limits as the
last species. The abbreviation “Cpr.,” printed after
the name of the shell, shows that its name was given
Dytoae creat naturalist, Wr. Philip P. Carpenter,
who lived a generation ago. Let me remind you
again that near the close of this book you will find
a brief biographical list of the principal men whose
names or initials are appended to the Latin names
of the species. It is a goodly list, and is worthy of
being read by every young person who wishes to
honor those who have done so much to make our
present knowledge possible. It makes our shells
seem more alive and interesting if we know who
studied them and gave them their names.

Nucula tenuis, var. lurida, Gould, the Thin Nut-
shell, is the common species found in moderate
depths about Alaska, and in deeper waters farther
south. It has also been known as NW. expansa, Rve.

Nucula carlottensis, Dall, the Charlotte Nut-shell,
is a small species only six mm. long, and was dredged
from deep water off Queen Charlotte’s Islands by
the U. S. Steamer “Albatross.” It has been con-

26 WES@ (CONS SEISIEIeS

founded with WN. extgua, Sby., which is a Panama
shell, smaller, more inflated, and with less conspicu-
ous sculpture. -Ihere are a few other speetesmos
Nucula to which names have been given, but they
are uncommon and difficult to determine, and it
does not seem wise to give them here. The purpose
of this book is to describe all of the species which
the ordinary collector will be likely to find, as well
as most of the conspicuous rare shells. In due time
it 1s hoped that an official book will be published
by the National Museum, giving a complete list of
all the species that have ever been collected on this
coast, with the limits of their locations. The diffi-
culties of making a complete book of this kind are
very great, however, especially since so many species
have received different names at various times, and
only the best informed naturalists are competent to
decide which should be retained as the true ones.
Figure 11 represents, eda aia.
mata, Cpr., the Hooked Leda,
though the picture is nearly three
times as long as the real shell, as is
indicated by the* fractionsa ine
shell is compressed and is of a dark chestnut-brown
color. The specimen was obtained by dredging near
Catalina Island, in about 300 feet of water.
Another species, considerably larger than the last,
but not quite so long as the figure, is Leda faphria,
Dall, the Grooved Leda. The name is taken from
the Greek, and indicates that the shell is full of
ditches or furrows. The shell is as round as a fat
bean, and there are more grooves on the sides than

Fig. 11, x ? (*)

LAUMUPESIGUBILIOS “ANNI IPISUBIUS ZeVIEIUIUS;s, Zi,

in Figure 11, as might be expected by the name,
but the narrow end of the shell is much shorter.
The specimens in my cabinet were obtained from
San Pedro Bay.

At this point it may be well to explain just
what is meant by the locations designated as
“north” and ‘“‘south,’’ also the adjectives ‘“‘northern”’
and “southern.”

Beginning at the southwestern corner of the
United States, the Pacific Ocean forms the western
boundary of California, Oregon, Washington, Brit-
ish Columbia, and Alaska. At San Diego and San
Pedro, which lie on the coast of the southern part of
California, the water is nearly as warm as it is off
the coast of northern Mexico. Near Point Concep-
cion there is a decided change in the temperature,
and many species of mollusks which are freely found
farther south are seldom seen north of that angle in
the coast line.

_ The remaining part of the coast of California,
together with that of Oregon and southern Washing-
ton, forms a “central” region; while Puget Sound
and the adjoining waters may be spoken of as the
northern region, or simply as the north. The
Alaskan waters are still colder, and have their own
inhabitants. By the “south,” or “southern” Cali-
fornia, we refer to the coast south of Point Concep-
cion, and not to any specific section of the State.
The “north” refers to the cooler waters along the
coast of northern Washington and Vancouver Island,
while still more northern coasts are designated as

“Alaskan,”

28 WEST 2COXNSit) SEES

The genus Yo/dta resembles Leda in many re-
spects, but the shells are generally larger and the
posterior end is not so prolonged or distinctly
marked. The hinge-teeth are V-shaped and numer-
ous, sometimes numbering 20 or more on a side.
There are a good many species found along our
coast, but most of them live at a considerable depth,
or in the cold waters of the north.

The largest species is
named Yoldta cooper,
Gabb, Cooper’s Yoldia,
and sometimes it grows to
a length of two or three
inches. The general shape

Fig. 12, x 3 is. shown in, Figure giz

The shell is thin and com-

pressed, while the hinge-teeth are very numerous,

there being about 12 in front and 4o or $0 behind.

The surface has distinct concentric tidsesaaa lias

found as a fossil at San Pedro, and alive off the coast
of central California.

Yoldia montereyenszs, Dall, the Monterey Yol-
dia, has a length of 32 mm. It was dredged in Mon-
terey Bay, from mud where the water was nearly
half a mile deep. The hinge-teeth are about 20 in
number on each side, and the epidermis is green.

The genus Malletia resembles Yoldza, but the
ligament is external, elongated, and prominent,
while in Yoldia it is slight. Malletia faba, Dall,
the Bean Malletia, has an elegant little shell, nearly
an inch long. It is smooth, ovate, inflated, with a

BANE SHBEES) AND? DHBER TALLIES 29

polished epidermis. It has been dredged from deep
water off the coast in various places from British
Columbia to San Diego.

The 4rcidae, though very abundant in some parts
of the world, are but poorly represented on this
coast. In general they prefer warmer waters, being
especially common on the coast of Florida. The
muikswas they are called) have a great number of
small hinge-teeth which are alike in shape, and taken
together they resemble a comb. The shells are gen-
erally strong and well developed.

Arca reticulata, Gmel., the Cross-lined Ark, is
very small, and has been found from San Pedro
southward. Arca mutabilis, Sby., and Arca multi-
costata, Sby., are occasionally found at San Pedro
and vicinity, though really belonging to the fauna
of Mexico.

Glycymerts intermedia, Brod., the Medium Ark-
shell, is round, like a button, and is about half an
inch across. ‘The shell is solid and white, though
tinged with brown, and is marked with many small,
transverse hinge-teeth. It was formerly called 4x:-
nea intermedia.

Figures 13 and 14 represent the outside and inside
of a remarkable shell from northern Alaska. As it
was dredged from pretty deep water, it is probable
that very few of my readers will ever see a specimen;
but it is well to know about some of the rare forms
that live in the sea, even if we never have the privil-
ege of seeing them. The brown epidermis is densely
hairy and the margin of the shell is curiously bent,

30 WEST RCOAS IS SEUSS

making a deep pit be-
hind the hinge. The
name 1s Lemopsis va-
ginaia, Dall, and we
will call it the Beard-
ed Ark-shell.

A remarkable new
shell was obtained a
few years ago by some
fishermen who were
pursuing their calling

——

Fig. 14,x 3 ()

wun
nent
AA

bin amaamO™

OWT
COQASS SS
WARS
VEQAA

Fig. 13, x 3 (*)

on the waters of San
Pedro Bay. From a
depth of 25 fathoms
they hauled up a liv-
ing specimen of a
large shell, sucheeas
had not been) seen
there . before, on. at
least had never been
described. It was sent
by two enthusiastic

conchologists to Washington, where it was named by
Dr. Dall dirina oldroydi, Oldroyd’s Pinna. There
are two large, dark valves, some nine inches long,
broad above and pointed at one end. Externally it
is almost black, but the inside is a dark olive-gray,

with some iridescence.

It is the first Pinna ever

found in this part of the ocean, though in some
other parts of the world these large, thin ‘‘feather-
shells” are common enough. One or two other speci-

PAME-SHBEES AND THEIR ALLIES oi

mens have been reported recently, and if we could
go down into the depths we might find them quite
common in favored spots.

From a very large shell we turn to a very small
one, only one-eighth of an inch in length. It is
white, oval, and shaped like a minute Pinna. It is
named Phzlobrya setosa, Cpr., the Moss-lover. It
occurs from Santa Barbara southward.

Chari Ri

MUSSELS AND PECTENS

The great family of the Mussels have elongated,
dark-colored shells, and most of them spin a byssus
of strong threads by which they anchor themselves
to a place of safety. Where the waves dash over the
rocks and the white foam curls like flowing milk,

there the mussels love to make their home.

Moored

by their strong cables they enjoy the rush of air and
water and fear no danger.
The principal species on our coast is named

Pes 2
Zig tae mit
i,t 1,4 Aer un
Sy Gy Typ
Yy Vip ( f
/ / ((
(AK

tthe

if

a i: — Z,
HK SNS

—

«

(

Mytilus californianus, Conr., the
California Mussel. A very good
picture of an empty shell is
given in Figure 15. This spe-
cies can be easily distinguished
from other mussels by its con-
spicuous ribs, which are never
wholly absent, particularly on
the newest parts of the shell.
The beaks of old specimens are
apt to be much eroded, but the
growing edge is protected by a
glossy epidermis. ‘The general
color of the shell is purple
though the thicker parts of it
are white, and sometimes there
are streaks of brown, which har-

MUSSELS AND PECTENS 33

monize remarkably well with the purple. Occasion-
ally a very large and perfect specimen is polished
on a lapidary’s wheel, and the result is remarkably
pretty. But far more often we see Nature’s method
of bringing out the colors. If you find a little beach
near a mussel ledge you will notice that the sand
contains unnumbered bits of blue and white and
brown, all bright and polished, and forming the most
lovely bed of gaily colored gravel imaginable. If
you examine the pieces you will find that most of
them are nothing but broken mussel-shell, and you
will admire the bright colors that blend so perfectly.
And while we are speaking of colors, let me ask you
to observe the combinations all along the rim of the
ocean. What soft tints of olive green in the sea-
weeds, enlivened by the brilliant red of a starfish or
the bright emerald of a frill of Ulva. How beauti-
fully they harmonize with the gray of the rocks and
the blue of the sea and the sky. What fertile sugges-
tions for an artist who is seeking new patterns for
a fabric or a carpet.

But to return to our mussel, the flesh of which is.
bright orange-colored. Its shell was one of the first
from our coast that received attention in Europe. In
1789 Captain George Dixon published an account of
his voyage around the world, and he speaks of find-
ing this species on the northwest coast of America in
these words:

“We saw, also, on this coast a kind of mussel, in color and
shape much like the common edible mussel of Europe, but dif-

fered in being circularly wrinkled and a great deal larger. One
valve I saw at Queen Charlotte’s Islands measured above nine

34 WESTCOAST SHEEES

inches and a half in length. With pieces of these mussels,
sharpened to an exquisite edge and point, the Indians head their
harpoons and other instruments for fishing; they fasten them on
with a kind of resinous substance.”

Mytilus edulis, Linn., the Edible Mussel, is the
same species that is found on both shores of the
Atlantic. The shell is smooth and regular, and is
covered with a dark, glossy epidermis. The shell of
this species is smaller than that of the last, and it
is more often found living in quiet water. In San
Francisco Bay a variety, glomeratus, Gld., is found
clinging in large groups to posts and wharves. Its
length is seldom more than two inches. It is one of
the few mollusks commonly found for sale in the
San Francisco markets.

There is another mussel, found chiefly in the south,
concerning which there has been much discussion. In
a former volume it was called Mytilus bifurcatus,
Conr., but it seems to have been confounded with
another shell of the same name. In 1808 it was
renamed Myzilus stearnsi, Pils. & Raym., Stearns’
Mussel, in honor of the late veteran conchologist of
this coast,,Dr. Robert E. C. Stearns, and by this
name we trust that it will continue to be known. ©
Externally it greatly resembles Figure 16, though
it is usually considerably smaller. Internally it may —
be distinguished from a Septifer by the
absence of a deck across the point of the
umbo.

Figure 16 is a good picture of the little
shell which resembles the one referred to
above. Its name is Septifer bifurcatus,

Rve, the Branch-ribbed Septifer. Its gen-

MUSSELS AND PECTENS 35

eric name signifies that it is a partition-bearer, and it
was given on account of the fact that a little shelly
deck is stretched across a small part of the interior
of each valve, near the umbo. The shell itself is
strong, has a thick, dark epidermis, and is very
pearly within, where the color varies from white to
dark purple. Outside, the ribs increase in number
towards the edge of the shell, sometimes seeming to
actually fork into two. Sometimes the outside is
exceedingly eroded, and almost all signs of ribs dis-
appear, or the surface may become incrusted with
foreign substances. The Septifer spins a strong
byssus and attaches itself to stones, where it may
dwell in safety. Occasionally a specimen is found
which is nearly twice as long as the picture. On the
whole, this is a very interesting shell, and it should
be sought for, especially in the south.

Closely allied to the common mussels is another
group of shells which for some reason are popularly
known as ‘“‘Horse-mussels.”’ The true name is Modio-
lus, which means a little measure, or drinking cup.
They are usually more solitary in their habits than
the true mussels, and they often spin a kind of cover-
ing, filled with bits of broken shells. Some of them
live in the mud, with only a small part of the shell
above the surface. In all of these shells the umbo
is not the extreme point, as in the mussels, but a part
of the shell projects by the hinge, forming a rounded
lobe.

Of the species found on this coast there is first
Modiolus modiolus, Linn., the Great Horse-mussel,
most abundant in northern waters. In Puget Sound

36 WES DD CONST SHEDES

there have been found specimens nine inches long
and four inches in diameter, standing perpendicu-
larly in the mud. The epidermis is roughly bearded
near the edge of the shell, while the buried parts are
strongly eroded. The Horse-mussels usually grow
rapidly.

Modiolus capax, Conr., is a similar species from
the south, though I have grave doubts whether it is
really distinct from the last species. I have gathered
them abundantly about San Pedro. When the epi-
dermis peels off from the outside of the shell the
latter often appears of a brick-red color.

Modiolus rectus, Conn, eetne
Straight Horse-mussel, is shown in
Figure 17. The shell 1s) lomegamed
"\\ narrow, thin and delicate. The epi-
\\ dermis near the hinge end is dark
|| brown and glossy; in front it is light
i) brown, with numerous chaffy hairs;
internally the shell is white. ‘The
yi] Common length is three or four
| i] ti inches, but a variety, f/abellus, Gld.,
MN Aji! found on the shores of British Co-
ai lumbia and in deep water off the
AN WNRE| coast of California, grows to a much

M\ew larger size.

Modiolus fornicatus, Gld., the
Arched Horse-mussel, has a very
short and full shell, somewhat
wedge-shaped, having a breadth ~
more than half of its length. The naked shell is
white, though somewhat tinted, and it is normally

= =—S-—

SSS

MUSSELS AND! PECTENS 37

covered with a light brown epidermis, especially near
the edges. This shell is sometimes found solitary,
but at other times in large masses, grouped around
’ the base of a seaweed, or in some similarly protected
situation. ‘The common length is about an inch.
Modiolus plicatulus, Lam., the Plaited Horse-
mussel, is really an Atlantic species, being extremely
abundant in sheltered bays around the city of Bos-
ton. It doubtless came to California with seed
oysters, which were planted in San Francisco Bay,
where it may now be found in considerable numbers,
and where it may ultimately become as abundant as
it once was in the celebrated “Back Bay’ of Boston,
a place now converted into solid ground and covered
with fine streets and elegant buildings. It has a
rather pretty shell, about two inches long, covered
with a glossy epidermis. It is marked with a great
number of small but very distinct plaits or ribs,
radiating forward from the umbo. The ligament is
long and strong, and the interior of the shell is tinted
with purple.
It is ex-
tremely in-
teresting to
more the
different habits which members of the same family
now possess, and which they may have acquired long
ago and passed down to posterity. The long, singu-
lar shell shown in Figure 18 is evidently a kind ot
mussel, but its owner prefers a sate, sheltered retreat
to a mere anchoring place on the side of a wave-swept
cliff. The name of this species is 4dula falcata, Gld.,

38 WESD COAST SEES

the Pea-pod Shell. Among the difficult things to
explain is the fact that a mollusk with a thin and
flexible shell can bore a deep hole into hard rock.
But this creature does it, for I found the rocks of
Duxbury Reef at Bolinas almost alive with this and
other borers. It spins a byssus, too, like other mus-
sels, and attaches itself to the sides of its burrow,
though this would seem to be an unnecessary bit of
precaution, inherited from the time when its ances-
tors lived in more exposed situations. The figure
represents a rather large specimen. The inside of the
shell is white and pearly, while the outside is covered
with a dark chestnut epidermis, which has numerous
transverse wrinkles.

Adula stylina, Cpr., the Short Adula, is smaller,
shorter, and has very angular shells, with a brown
epidermis destitute of distinct wrinkles. |

Lithophagus plumula, Wanl., the Rock-eating
Mussel, has a small, cylindrical shell, rounded in front
and tapering behind. It constructs a burrow sometimes
in rocks and sometimes in old shells. It has a light
brown epidermis, and is an inch or two in length.

Modiolaria taylor?, Dall, Taylor’s Modiolaria, is
a little creature hardly a quarter of an inch long, but
shaped like a true Modiolus. It was found in tide-
pools, at Victoria, B. C., by Rev. G. W. Taylor.

Modtolaria vernicosa, Midd., the Varnished Mo-
diolaria, has an oval shell, with beaks near one end.
It is smcoth, reddish-brown, and has a brilliantly
polished epidermis. Its length is 15 mm. It is found
in Alaska, where there are other species of the same
genus, which we will not now describe,

IMDS SIBILIS) PSUNID) Eid ITS IN|S) 39

Crenella decussata, Montagu, the Netted Crenella,
is a little affair, about 3 mm. long, which is circum-
boreal in its range. The valves are rounded and
marked by numerous radiating ribs. The edge of the
shell is crenulated behind the ligament area. While
it 1s Sometimes found in San Pedro Bay its true home
is in the north, where several allied species are also
found.

The Pectens, or
Scallop-shells,
are among the
most _ pleasing
mollusks to be
moumed in the
ocean. Of regu-
Jar shape, bright-
ly colored and
finely sculptured,
it 1S no wonder
that their shells
have been imita-
ted in all sorts of
carved work. And
if one is fortunate enough to become acquainted with
a live specimen, he will be abundantly rewarded by
watching its interesting habits. We have a good
many species on this coast, some of which are not
too distinct from one another.

The first in importance is Pecten circularis, var.
aequisulcatus, Cpr., the Speckled Pecten, a good view
of which is given in Figure 19. This species abounds
in the south, where it may be dredged in large

40 WEST "COAST SErrics

quantities, though good specimens are often found
at low tide. This creature can swim freely by
flapping its broad shells, though it sometimes moors
itself to a piece of seaweed by spinning a byssus
with the aid of a singular little organ shaped like
a finger. You will notice in the picture a little
notch in the back shell, just under the left) eam:
through which the little creature thrusts out this
finger when spinning the threads. In a good speci-
men you will find that this opening is set with little
projections, like the teeth of a comb.

Pecten caurinus, Gld., the Weather-vane Shell, is
a species found in the north, which has very broad,
thin and flat shells, each marked by about twenty
ribs. The edges are thin, the ears small, and the
color is white within and light brown without. Its
diameter 1s sometimes as much as five or six inches.

Pecten dizegensis, Dall, the San Diego Pecten,
sometimes grows nearly as large as the last species,
though it is totally distinct. Its two valves are
dissimilar, the one being nearly flat, while the other
is moderately arched. Both have very large and
distinct ribs, twenty or more in number, with deep
channels between them. The shells vary in color
from dark red on the flat side to yellow on the
curved. It is found living at least as far north as
Monterey, though as its name indicates, its home is
in the south.

Figure 20 represents an exquisitely beautiful spe-
cies which is essentially a northern, deep-water
inhabitant, though it is occasionally found quite far
down the coast. The shell is thin, the ears are very

NUSSHES AND ee GLENS 41

ime qual, and the
edges of the principal
Resa ne cut into
many short and slen- ;
der teeth. The valves ZY Y
differ from each other £
in sculpturing and
color, the under one
having more ribs and
being nearly white,
while the upper one
is richly marked with
concentric bands of
pink. Its name is Pecten hericeus, Gld., the Pink
Pecten.

It has sometimes been mistaken for Pecten hasta-
i7mesoye, the Spear Pecten. Phat mame is now
applied to a similar species, closely allied, found in
deep water off Southern California, the adult shells
Gmiich are about one, and a halt mches across.
The ten very prominent ribs on the back have long-
toothed combs, while the colors are very vivid,
ranging through various tints of red, yellow and
purple.

Pecten rubidus, Hinds, the Red Pecten, is from
the north, and closely resembles the shell shown in
Figure 20, but the ribs are more smooth and even,
and are without the serrations so prominently seen
in that species.

Pecten latiauritus, Conrad, the Broad-eared Pec-
ten, is a southern species, about an inch across, hav-
ing thin valves, with twelve to fifteen squarish,

42 WESD-COASD, SEE EUS

distinct ribs. The ears of the shell, by which we
mean the flattened parts on each side of the umbo,
are broad and pointed. The color is white and
brown.

A variety of this species, known as
var. monotimeris, Conr., is shown 1n
\ Figure 21. It is sometimes described
as a distinct species. Whe Sheleas
very thin and delicate) (emma
rounded and rather faint, and the
ears are smaller than in the last form. The colors
incline to yellow and brown, variously mottled with
zigzag lines of white. I have found this variety
living at San Pedro, and at times it is abundant as
far north as Carmelo Bay, near Monterey. ‘There
are also several other varieties of this species.

Pecten davidsoni, se Ong
Dall, Davidson’s Pec-
ten, is represented in
Figure 22, the form
and sculpture of both
valves being plainly
shown. The left valve has twenty-one rounded ribs,
while the right is nearly smooth. The color is waxen
white. It was dredged from deep water off Alaska,
and in Bering Sea. Very few of us, probably, will
ever have a specimen in our cabinets, but how inter-
esting it is to know what creatures are living at this
moment on the bottom of that cold ocean far to-
wards the North Pole.

Pecten randolphi, Dall, Randolph’s Pecten, was
obtained by the U.S. Fish Commission from deep

Pagu22.c0, ep

MMOS SIZES) NIN ID) Ie CIMaINS) 43

water at various stations extending from Bering Sea
to Mexico. The shell is thin, glossy, and unsculp-
tured, translucent white in color, and measures about
an inch in diameter.

Pecten vancouverensis, Whiteaves, the Vancouver
Pecten, 1s perhaps the smallest member of the genus
to be found on our coast. The little shells are only
Gimam- across, and are very fragile. Form nearly
circular, ribs fine and numerous, color very light
brown. It has been collected on the coast of British
Columbia, also in San Pedro Bay at a depth of two
hundred fathoms.

Pecten ventricosus, Sby., the Bulged Pecten, is
found fossil at San Pedro, and is said to be living
from Santa Barbara southward. “P. aequisulcatus
resembles this species very closely, but is thinner
and flatter and has narrower ribs.” (Arnold).
Diameter, about two inches.

We now come to a not-
able species which differs
from the typical Pectens in
that the valves become un-
symmetrical when they be-
come old. It is called Pec-
ten gtganteus, Gray, the
Purple-hinged Pecten. It
belongs to the division of
the Pecten genus sometimes Yaahease
known as Hénnites. In its ‘Xs
eaniy lite it is a true little
fan-shell, with thin, fine-
ribbed, unequally eared left Fig. 23,3

4
{]
;
f
J
\
>
i
\!
Q,
-,
\
J
Dit
Ve
aA
RAEN
Nan
a
YA Oy
RY
CAS

SSS
7
ti iJ
Eee
itt =
fy I?
asteag:

rf

S
hla Pits set See | 2 S
’ aN Sr: 2 oo, SG)
+ . qi - PAT ITNT ESS qe TE = ie
Ly saat ANNES SSeS
= oa MS =>.
in - wc My

44 WAESAe COVAS I Slelaibits

valves, some white, some yellow, and some red, while
the right valves have about twelve serrated ribs and
are apt to be mottled in color. When the shell is
about an inch long a reddish purple spot begins to
show along the hinge area, inside the valves. The
spot increases with age, and never fades, though the
shell may be sadly worn and broken. Fragments
of shell on the beach show the color distinctly. At
the same time the little creature quits its free life and
settles down in some quiet nook, like the inside of
an old abalone-shell. There it turns over on its left
side and begins to grow, fastening itself firmly to
the nook that it has chosen.

And now, as it is confined, it loses its perfect sym-
metry and grows in whatever direction it has room,
sending out short spines and thorns for defense.
Sometimes it becomes a giant indeed, with thick
shells four or five inches long; but more often it 1s
considerably smaller. The ligament is internal,
lodged in a deep, narrow pit; the central muscle-scar
is smooth and very large. Live specimens are not
common, but dead shells are thrown up all along our
coast. Figure 22 shows the appearance of a long -
and narrow specimen.

At this point we will quote, for our younger
readers, a part of “The Story of the Pecten’@arem
the author’s ‘‘Shells and Sea-Life.”’

THE SLORY OF THE PECTEN

“One bright morning in springtime I found myself
swimming with a number of my brothers and sisters
in a little pool which had been left among the rocks

MUSSELS AND PECTENS 45

when the tide went down. Of course I did not then
understand that there was such a thing as a tide;
the only thing that I did know was that I felt happy,
and that I could snap my two shells together and
make myself dart off through the water at a great
rate.

wouter dome this'a little while 1 felt tired; so} I
just stopped swimming, and found that I slowly set-
tled down upon some sand which lay at the bottom
of the pool. Then I opened my shells and looked
out of the little eyes which are in the margin of my
mantle. I could not see far, but everything about
me looked so fresh and cool that I concluded to go
to sleep for a little while and then wake up and swim
races with my brothers.

“T do not know how long I slept, but after a hazy
dream about nothing, I was awakened by hearing a
rush of water over my head, or over what you, per-
haps would call my head; tor to tell the truth, I
never had a head and never expect to have one.
But a head is not necessary if one has eyes and ears
in other parts of his body, as I have.

“At any rate, I heard a great rushing sound above
me, and J started up in considerable alarm and began
to snap my shells vigorously. I was so light and
agile that my pair of shells served me as well in the
water as a pair of wings serve a bird in the air; so
away I flew towards the surface of the water, which
I soon found was in a state of great commotion.

“The little cove in which I went to sleep was now
all covered, and the waves were whirling and tossing
as if they intended to mix the air and water together

46 WEST “COASt SEES

into a kind of soda-water fizz. I have since learned
that that was just what they were doing, and that
‘air-fizz’ 1s Just what a great many creatures in the
sea are particularly fond of, and that they make
their homes where they will be pretty sure to get
it fresh at least twice a day.

“But I soon saw that this place where the waves
were churning air was no place for me; so with a
few bold snaps I shot off for deeper water. I was
none too quick, for just as I had made up my mind
to move I caught sight of a big-mouthed fish coming
straight towards me. He doubtless knew that the
incoming tide would startle a great many helpless
creatures like myself, and he had come, ready to
swallow us as we were trying to make our escape.

“Luckily for me his attention was turned at that
instant to a fat worm which seemed to be swimming
just in front of me. His mouth closed on the worm,
and in an instant more he was shooting upward as
if he had been pulled by a string, and I never saw
him again. Perhaps some of you may know why he
disappeared so suddenly, and can guess what became
of him.

“T was dreadfully scared, for there were other
fishes all about, and I am sure that some of my poor
brothers did not escape, but I did, and in a few
moments I was down in the deep water where every-
thing is quiet and still.

“That night, before I went to sleep, I spun some
strong, silky thread with my one finger, and fastened
myself to the stem of a great seaweed, so that I
would be safe even if a great storm should arise.

MUSSELS AND PEC ENS 47

You can see the little notch in one of my shells where
I put out my finger and made fast my threads. It
is just under one of the ‘ears’ of the shell, and you
can find it in Figure 21.

“Well, I lived down in the water for a good many
months and I saw many things that you would like
to see. There was a whole bed of my brothers and
sisters around me, and all sorts of funny things
used to come and visit us. Sometimes a big jelly-
fish would swim by, looking for all the world like a
glass umbrella. We seldom spoke to the jellies, for
they seemed rather vain of their long trains, and
we did not care to encourage them.

“Sometimes our visitors would coax us to reach
out our little fingers and untie our cords and take
a swim. We were often willing to do this in fine
weather, and many a famous journey we have taken,
sometimes visiting other species of Pectens that have
their home far out from the shore.

“T grew rapidly, getting my food from little plants
and animals that abound in sea-water, and as I kept
enlarging my pretty shells, they never failed to
cover me when I wished to be alone. J have heard
that our shells have been used for many purposes
by men and women, and of course the children
always love to find them, and use them for spoons
and dishes. The funniest thing of all was told me
by an oyster, who said his grandfather had heard a
fisherman say that sometimes the meats ot oysters
are mixed with cracker-crumbs and butter, and baked
in large scollop-shells, and so when they are brought
to the table they are called escalloped oysters. You

48 WEST COAST SHELLS

know some people call us scallops, though we pre-
fer to be known by our true name, Pectens. And he
said, too, that lately the cooks leave out the shells
(for which I am very thankful), but keep the name,
though somewhat shortened, and so they are called
‘scalloped oysters,’ even if they are baked in an
earthen dish.

“T feel that I am growing old, and that in a little
time nothing but my shells will be left; so I have
been asking carefully about my ancestors and my
kindred, for I want to know who have gone before
me and who will be likely to follow me.

_“T find that my family is a very old one, and that
we have colonies all over the world. Our flesh has
always been esteemed a delicacy, and our shells have
been much admired by men. But, better than that, I
find that we and a very few of our near relatives are
the only bivalves in the ocean that have the power
to swim freely wherever they choose.

‘Some of my relatives have shells that are fully
six inches across, while others are tiny little things
no larger than a dime. But our oddest relative is the
rock-oyster, or winter shell, as some people call him.
Figure 23 shows you how he looks, and he may be
found all along the coast of California.

“When his children are young they look ‘like little —
yellow-shelled pectens, and they swim about and
moor themselves as we do. But after a while they
grow weary of a wandering life, and then they settle
down in an old abalone-shell or a hollow place in
some rock, and cement one of their shells to the new
support.

MOSSDIES NDE Ci ENS 49

“As time goes by, they enlarge their shells on
whatever side there is the most room, and so when
they get to be old, some are long and narrow, some
flat and round, while others are cramped or half
doubled up.

‘“‘As soon as they settle down they close up the
finger-hole, for they have no more need to spin an-
chor threads; but you can always see on the shell
the place that used to be open. You can tell their
shells, even if they are old and broken, for they
always color the part next to the hinge with a rich
purple that never fades or washes out.

“But good-bye, now, for I must go, or the tide
will leave me high and dry. When I am dead you
may find my shells washed up on the beach. If you
do find them, please put them in your cabinet with a
proper label; and whenever you look at them, think
of me, and of my little story about the pectens.”’

Lima dehiscens, Conr., the File-shell, is
shown in Figure 24. It resembles a pecten,
Ditetie ears are small. Whe animal can
swim freely. The shell is pure white, deli-
cate, oblique, the valves gaping on one side.
The sculpturing is fine and straight, like
the teeth of a file. It is sometimes thrown up by
storms, and is also found attached to seaweed. Some
specimens grow to a much larger size than is indi-
cated by the figure. It occurs from Monterey south-
ward.

Fig. 24

CHAPTER III
OYSTERS AND SMALL CLAMS

Did you ever wake up very early some fine sum-
mer morning and suddenly remember that you went
to sleep full of a determination to rise with the sun
and go out shell-hunting? And did the tempter say
to you, “It’s really too much work; for is not an
hour of dreaming worth more than a whole bushel
of shells?’ But of course you knew better, and told
him so; for it was not shells alone that you were
seeking, but far more valuable things, such as exer-
cise, health, a good appetite, a cheerful disposition,
and best of all, the inspiration which comes with an
early walk by the seaside.

I do not know where you were sleeping or where
you intended to take your walk. Such things do not
matter so much, provided you go to the shore in-
stead of going to sleep again. It may be that you
live at the mouth of the Columbia, or at Bolinas, or ~
at San Pedro, or at any of a hundred places between;
if you really hear the call of the sea and obey the
summons, you are pretty sure to be rewarded.

My call came while I was sleeping in Pacific
Grove, and it led me along the old “Lighthouse
Road”; it took me past rows of houses where
the lazy smoke was just beginning to curl from
kitchen chimneys, along through the silent pines with
their gray, mossy beards, across the railroad, through |

OYSTERS AND SMALE CEAMS 51

the turnstile into the lighthouse grounds, past the
tower where the lamp had been burning all night,
down through the sandy pasture and on towards the
point of rocks, where the mournful note of the
whistling buoy told of active waves and _ restless
tides. There had been some fog and the trees were
dripping, but now the sun was just breaking through
the clouds in the far east, and the whole morning
was glorious.

A few other early risers were out on the point
before me; some on the beach, some searching for
pretty seaweeds, while others were exploring the
moss-covered rocks for star-fishes, sea-urchins and
other sea-creatures.

The tide was low, and one could easily cross the
sand to the first island, then work his way down and
get to the second without much risk of taking an
involuntary bath. The second island is rather craggy,
and though one could see treasures on the slippery
rocks beyond, still it was not wise to venture much
farther, for the green water was surging in and out
among the rocks and warning you that all things
beyond were strictly “taboo.” All right; there is
enough left any way; and up we clamber to the
highest point of the little island and look off sea-
ward. Whata wonderful view! The ocean is on three
sides of you, blue and white and green; deliberately
active, vigorously quiet; in short, a mighty old giant,
who knows his strength and who wishes you to know
and admire it also.

Out on the distant rocks are flocks of sea-birds,
mingling their morning cries with the sigh of the

a2 WEST (COAST SHETES

surf; nearer, a line of these black-feathered creatures
darts noiselessly by, just over the surface of the
water, reminding one of the motions of the fabled
sea-serpent. On this side are transparent tide-pools
with their living inhabitants; crabs, sea-stars, little
fishes, gay sea-urchins, and a host of minor creatures,
all intent on getting their breakfasts and then set-
tling down for the day’s work. Over there are
rocks, covered with olive-green seaweeds, which for
all the world are almost the same that we find pre-
served in sandstones, a million years old.

But from all this assemblage of beauty, made
more enjoyable by the soft murmur of the waves
and the sweet breath of the morning air, we turn
back to the little beaches that have been left bare by
the retreating tide, and gleefully search for treasures
that may have been left by the truant waren:
Treasures indeed are all about us, though choice
shells may be wholly absent. The white sand is
here, inexpressibly sweet and clean, and multitudes
of fragments are mingled with it, fragments of bright
shells, white, red, purple and blue.

There are grains of pearl, broken but beautiful;
pieces of limpet-shells, turban-shells, mussel-shells
and bright abalones; white crystals of feldspar from
the granite rocks, bits of green glass, worn smooth
from broken bottles; clear quartz sand-grains and
many other things, all ground up together in the
great mill of the sea. Every handful of the sand
contains something of interest, and every quart is
liable to reveal some rare shell, beautifully cleaned
and ready for the cabinet.

OMS en Das MALE CleANDS 53

I lingered till the rising tide told me in no uncer-
tain tones to leave the island immediately if I did
not wish to be marooned there all day. And then
I tramped back, carrying a few good specimens, a
pocketful of pretty fragments, and a heart as light
as ocean foam. I had seen the morning vision, and
it had shown me life and light and beauty, and the
vision had become a part of my being. And you
may see the vision too, though you look from far
different standpoints. There may be sight without
vision, indeed, but happily the vision is waiting for
those who wish to see it.

But leaving visions and
all those immaterial things,
let me remark that on this
walk I found a good many
broken shells, which, when
perfect, resemble Figure
25. This shell is found
along the whole coast, and
its name 1s Monta macro-
schisma, Desh., the Pearly
Monia. It belongs very
closely to the oyster family, but it has decided differ-
ences. You will notice that one of the valves is
much smaller than the other, and that it also has a
large hole in the middle, through which you can see
an oval muscle-scar with lines radiating trom the
center. The small valve is seldom found in the
sands, as it usually adheres to the rock to which the
whole shell is attached, even after the death of the
animal, while the upper valve is torn off by the

54 WES® COAS iS Eales

waves and washed ashore. The outside of this upper
valve is rough, and marked by irregular, radiating
ridges; but the inside is sometimes beautifully pearly,
the green and purple tints being most common.
There are two muscle-scars, the lower one of which
is not shown in the cut, but it is smaller and smoother
than the other. The shell is normally circular, though
it assumes various shapes. The picture represents a
rather small specimen. When the structure and
color of the interior are once known, even a small
fragment of this shell can be readily recognized.

Anomia lampe, Gray, the Lawless Shell. This is
a southern species, similar to the last, but smaller,
the animal having a very thin and delicate shell. It.
also lies upon its right valve, which is concave and
perforated. Through the opening runs a strong
byssal plug, firmly attaching the whole to the sup-
port on which it rests. In color it is yellow and
shining, and the upper valve is marked with four
muscle impressions instead of two, as in the last spe-
cies. It gets its name from its irregular habits of
growth. Some call this shell 4nomia peruviana.

A great many years ago there were plenty of large
oysters living off the coast of a land that was in time
to become the State of California. Some of them
were very large indeed, so big that a ten-year-old
boy would not want to carry one of them far with-
out resting. These shells would be almost as long as
one of his arms and a good deal thicker than his two
fists, and what a time he would have in trying to
open one of them.

OYSTERS AND SMALL CLAMS 55

But all that kind of oysters have been dead for
thousands of years; possibly they were all dead be-
fore there was a man upon the earth. Yet we now
find their shells in the rocks, high up on the Coast
Range of mountains, in the western part of Fresno
County and in other localities. The name given to
these huge creatures is Ostrea tétan.

Long, long ago the ocean waves must have rolled
over these places, for the land was much lower then
than at present. Apparently the big oysters must
have had a comfortable life; but there came a
change, and the ocean beach was slowly lifted
ipeeaad etadually converted imto a «range of
mountains, while the sea swept away to the west-
ward.

Well, after this age of change and disturbance
there came one of comparative quiet, and the oys-
ters of this new age were far smaller than those of
the old one. In fact, they were very little fellows,
with thin shells about as large as the petals of a big
rose. ‘he meats were good eating, however,—Dr.
LeConte says that they were probably much better
flavored than the huge Tertiary oysters,—but so
small that a man needed about a hundred to make
a good meal. These “native oysters’ now live all
along the coast, but those about Puget Sound are
especially good. In some parts of San Francisco
Bay their shells wash up on the shore and are gath-
ered in large quantities. They are sold for making
walks and for feeding to chickens. This native
species is named Ostrea lurida, Cpr., the Lurid
Oyster. There are two fairly distinct varieties,

56 WEST COAS ie SE Pils

expansa, Cpr., which is nearly circular, and is at-
tached by the whole surface of the lower valve, and
rufotdes, Cpr., whose shells are reddish in color, and
often quite oblong in shape.

As soon as the railroad from California to the
East had been built over the mountains and across
the plains there was a chance to bring live oysters
from the Atlantic coast and plant them in the shal-
low parts of San Francisco bay. Young oysters can
be conveniently packed in barrels, and if they are
kept moist and cool, they will live for a week or
more, and that was long enough to bring them on the
cars from one ocean to the other. When they
arrived at Oakland they were at once put upon rafts
and taken to places that had been well fenced in to
keep out the big fishes, which the boys call “sting-
arees, that like oysters as well as we dos) Rnewma
man on the raft would take them up in shovelfuls
and sow them into the water as a man sows wheat in
his field. Jn this manner large spaces were planted
with eastern oysters, mostly Ostrea virginiana, Lis-
ter. After living three or four years in the bay the
little oysters have grown from the size of a dime or
a silver quarter to a length of some four inches.
They are now gathered by tongs, shaped like- two
rakes fastened together, and piled upon rafts. The
larger ones are sent to market, while the smaller ones
are returned to new beds and allowed another year
of peaceful repose.

Among the enemies of the oyster may be men- ~
tioned the Ray fish, already alluded to, the starfish,
which has a bad habit of insinuating its everted

OVS ERS AN Dy SMALE CLAMS 57

stomach between the two shells of its victim and
digesting him alive; various “drills,” or small sea-
snails, which bore their way through the shell and
attack a vital spot; also mud, which may be washed
in in time of freshet and then bury the helpless crea-
tures; also frost, which may occur during cold morn-
ings in the winter when the tide is low and the beds
of oysters are left exposed to the full influence of
the weather. This last enemy is not much feared in
California, but is liable to cause extensive damage
farther to the north.

The native oysters reproduce rapidly, but experi-
ments with the imported species have not been alto-
gether satisfactory. It is certain, however, that some
of their young do survive and grow, and the subject
needs further investigation. Large oysters always
command a high price upon the Pacific coast, and
this fact has led to a great trade in canned oysters,
put up on the other side of the continent. Some at-
tempts have been made to introduce living Japanese
oysters upon the northern coasts of California. The
whole subject is one of great interest, and in a finan-
cial way, is perhaps the most important problem
connected with our study of western mollusks.

We now come to a very different family
of mollusks, and they are far more regular
in shape than those that we have just been
considering. Figure 20 gives a good idea
of the Little Heart-shell, Cardéta subquadrata,
Cpr. The name is very much longer than the shell,
and even the little picture is too large tor ordinary
specimens, It is a firm, hard little shell, however,

Fig. 26

58 WEST -COAS@ SEES

and can easily be identified by the strong ribs which
seem -to radiate from one corner. Whe collengac
brownish-white, the inside being sometimes stained
with purple. It may occasionally be found alive,
attached to stones, while dead specimens are often
washed up with the gravel on the beach.

In Figure 27am
have a picture of the
inside of the right
valve of Calyptogena
pacifica, Dall, the
Pacific Calypto. The
outside of the shell is
nearly smooth, being
marked only by lines
of growth, though the white exterior may be cov-
ered with a thick, greenish epidermis. It was
dredged off Dixon Entrance, Alaska, in 322 fathoms
of water. You will notice in this shell, as meal
belonging to this great family, that the pallial line
is entire, showing that the creatures do not burrow
deeply in the mud at the bottom of the sea.

Figure 28 gives a good ex-
ternal view of Venericardia
alaskana, Dall, the Alaskan
Venus-heart. It was collected
at Nunivak Island, in Bering
Sea. Notice the strong ribs,
the lines of growth, and the
artistic outline of the whole
shell.

Fig. 27 (*)

Fig. 28 (*)

Pe i i i,

paki.»

OVSHERS PAND SMALL CLAMS 59

Figure 29 shows both an inside and an outside
view of Venericardia ventricosa, Gould, the Ventri-

cose Venus-heart. The figures
were made from a specimen
found in Puget Sound. ‘This
species also lives from the
Aleutian Islands in the north
tom Catalma Island in the
south, where it has been
dredged in thirty fathoms of
water.

Venericardta barbarense,
Stearns, the Santa Barbara
Venus-heart, shown in Figure
20, resembles the last species,
but is more circular, has more
ribs and a less prominent beak.

Bigs 295 x1 ()

Dredged off Santa Barbara

Islands in green mud, at 276
fathoms depth.

Fig. 31 (*)

Figure 21 gives an inside
view ot VYenertcardia crassi-

dens, Brod. & Sby., the Heavy-

60 WEST COAST SHELLS

toothed Venus-heart. The figure is of the natural
size, and the specimen from which it was made was
obtained in the vicinity of Icy Cape. Notice the
very heavy hinge-teeth, from which the species re-
ceived its name.

The last member of this family of the Cardztide
to be noticed is named Miélneria minima, Dall, the
Least Milner-shell. It was discovered by Dr. Wm.
H. Dall in 1866, at Monterey, where it was found
nestling on the back of abalones. It is a curious
little bivalve, about as large as a grain of wheat,
light brown in color, very strongly angled, and
marked by numerous lines of growth. It is worth
looking for.

The members of the genus
Astarte have thick shells, cov-
ered with dark, heavy epi-
dermis. Astarte; by tae iwc
was the Syrian Venus, so we
have another mythical name
added to the many which have
gone before. As Venus was
supposed to represent beauty, so the beautiful shells
are appropriately given her various names. Figure
32 represents 4sfarte alaskensis, Dall, the Alaskan
Astarte. The figure is about natural size, and very
plainly shows the peculiarities of the shell. The
epidermis, or periostracum, is very dark, and be-

Fig. 32 (*)

comes black in old shells, while the solid portion

beneath it is white. This species lives in Bering

Sea, and has been found as far south as Puget
Sound,

ee

OMSEERS) AND SALE iCkAMs 61

Astarte polaris, Dall, the
Polar Astarte, is shown,
somewhat enlarged, in
iene 22. This shelll is
more delicate than the
last, with finer and more
numerous ridges; it has a
polished, light brown epi-
dermis. It comes from Bigscex3 ©)

Alaska, near the Shumagin Islands, also from Bat-
fin’s Bay on the Greenland coast.

Figure 34 shows the ap-
pearance of the Esquimalt
Astarte, 4starte esquimalte,
Baird, which may be easily
recognized by its irregular
SeWloninins, oO Clheesellyy
shown in the picture. This
species ranges from the
Aleutian Islands to Puget

Fig. 34, x 3 @) Sends

Astarte vernicosa, Dall, the
Varnished Astarte, Figure 35, is ee
a small species, its shell being del
covered with a yellow-brown WANS
periostracum and brilliantly pol- “SS
ished. It is found in Bering Sea.
There are several other species of
this genus, living in northern waters, which will not
be described in this book.

Crassatella marginata, Cpr., the Margined Crassa-
tella, is a minute, southern shell, about the size of a

7)
i
{

62 WEST COAST SHELLS

large pin-head. Somewhat triangular, yellowish,
marked with brown chevrons.

Chlamydoconcha orcutti, Dall, Orcutt’s Cloak-
shell, is a singular mollusk, which was discovered by
Charles R. Orcutt, in False Bay near San Diego.
It lives under stones. It is a bivalve mollusk, but
the shells, singularly enough, are internal, and very
minute when compared with the size of the body,
which is about an inch long. The animal is shaped
somewhat like a cowry, and the flesh is translucent
and jelly-like.

Under the Leptonide we
have quite a number of shells,
most of them of small size.
Figure 30 gives an enlarged
view of Erycina compressa,

=a Dall, the Compressed Erycina,
Fig. 36, x i (*) which has a delicate, white,
compressed shell, covered with a thin, wrinkled
periostracum. It occurs in Bering Sea and south-
ward as far as Sitka. Erycina is still another name
for Venus.

In Figure 37 we have a singular combination.
The greater part of the picture is a ventral view of
the Mud Prawn, Gebza pugetensis, Dana, which
lives in the waters of Puget Sound, and is very ex-
pert in burrowing in the soft sediment. But attached
to its abdomen is a little mollusk, represented of
natural size, which the prawn carries along wherever
it goes, whether willingly or not I do not know.
This little mollusk 1s named Eryczna rugifera, Cpr.,
the Rough Erycina. It was formerly called Lepion

OMSDER'S AND? SMALE CLAMS 63

rude, Whiteaves. It also
lives on the “Sea Mouse.”

We now come to two lit-
tle shells, very smooth and
pretty, the first of which is
named Kellza laperoust?,
Desh., after the French ex-
Dlorem. ia Perouse: We
will call it the Smooth
Kelly-shell. When living
it is covered with a shining,
light brown epidermis. The
ligament is small and inter-
male diais |) little nestler
inesseim sheltered places,
sucm-as holes in the rocks; ,
often in the deserted homes &&
of the piddocks, or rock-
borers, | once found! a
whole colony of them of
different ages, all living Fig. 37 ()
happily together within the valves of a dead clam.
The shell is somewhat oval in shape, and is about
half an inch in length.

Kellia suborbicularis, Montagu, the Globose
Kelly-shell, is a thin, delicate little bivalve, about
one-third of an inch in length. The little creature
can spin a byssus with its foot and attach itself at
will to any projecting object. It is often found
among the twisted holdfasts of seaweeds. It is an
interesting fact that this species lives not only on
this coast, but is found in European waters as well,

——)

ire
\\ c= .
TEA (/4 = ON eg
ZENG LY $e
= > CA

64 WES COAST TSEHELIES

thus connecting the fauna of the Atlantic and the
Pacific oceans.

The members of the genus /y-
sella are very small creatures,
with thin, sometimes transparent
shells. Figure 38 represents the
inside of a valve of Mysella aleu-
tica, Dall, the Aleutian Mysella.
Its shell is solid, smooth, and white, and it is cov-
ered with a polished, straw-colored epidermis. Its
length is only 4.2 mm.

A closely related shell is the little Lasea rubra,
Montagu, the Red Lasea. As the name indicates,
it is reddish-brown in color. This shell is found
living on the coast of England, as well as on this
coast. It loves to hide in the root-like holdfasts of
seaweeds and in cracks of the rocks. Jeffreys says
that it is viviparous, and that it lives as much out of
the sea as in it.

Another little creature that lives on the shores of
the Atlantic and the Pacific is Turtonia ménuta,
Fabr., which the naturalist, Rev. J. G. Wood, calls
the Little Mullet-shell, because it is often found in
the stomachs of mullets. He advises all zoologists
to examine the stomachs of such fishes as they can
secure, since they often contain objects of much in-
terest. “This little shell,” says he, “is about the
size of a capital O, is exceedingly thin, purple-brown
in hue, dark at the beak. It may be found by look-
ing among the roots of corallines and other Algz.’”
On our side of the world it lives on the coast of
northern Alaska.

Fig. 38, x $ (*)

OVSRERS FAND SMALE CLAMS 65

Turtonia occidentalis, Dall, the Western Mullet-
shell, also lives in Bering Strait and northward. It
is said to be larger, stouter, and shorter than the last
species.

We now come to the great sub-order Lucinacea,
named from the word Lucina, one of the titles of
the goddess Juno, in heathen mythology. The shells
internally are marked with one very long and nar-
row muscle-scar, while the other is nearly round.
The pallial line which joins them has no sinus. Fig-
ure 39 gives two
views of Thya-
stra bisecta,Con- j@a@
rad, the Cleft § AN a
Thyasira, which W\\ \
was found in WW
the deep water
of Puget Sound
bye etoi. ©. B.
Johnson. It has
also been found
in the far north. It is the largest species of the
genus, sometimes measuring two or even three inches
across. ‘The figure plainly shows its peculiarities.

Thyasira barbarensés, Dall, the Barbara Thyasira,
resembles the last, but the beaks are more nearly in
the center. It was formerly known as Crypfodon or
Axinus. It ranges along the coast from Washington
to Mexico. The shell is white and chalky externally,
and measures 17 mm. in length.

Thyasira excavata, Dall, the Sculptured Thyasira,
has a thin, white shell, with a yellowish epidermis.

Fig. 39, x § (*)

66 WHS COASa SS EEBIES

The side of the shell is deeply infolded, making a
sharp excavation. Its length is only 20 mm., less
than an inch. It has been dredged from cold water
off the coast of Oregon, and also in the Gulf of Cali-
fornia.

Axinopsis viridis, Wall, the
Green Axinopsis, 1s shown in Fig-
ure 40. The polished, pale green
periostracum gives the shell its
specific name. It is only a quarter
of an inch across, and so the figure
really looks sixteen times too large.

Fig. 40x37 () This: little mollusk lives in muddy
or sandy bottoms along the coasts from Japan and
Bering Straits down to Catalina Island. How full
of life are the waters of the ocean.

Axinopsis sericatus, Cpr., the Silky Axinopsis, is
very similar to the last, but the outline is less cir-
cular. It comes from Puget Sound, but also from
the coasts of Alaska and California. “Whe veilkg
epidermis suggested its name.

Diplodonta aleutica, Dall, the
Arctic Diplodonta, ranges from the
Pribilof Islands to the Aleutian
chain, and eastward to the Shu-
magin Islands. The picture, Fig-
ure 41, represents a young speci-
men, having a silky, olivaceus epi-
dermis. Other species grow to the length of an inch
or more, and are coarse and chalky. ce

Diplodonta orbella, Gould, the Round Diplo-
donta, is a not uncommon California shell. It is a

Fig. 41, x ? (*)

OYSRERSe ND SMALE CLANS 67

pretty species, smooth and white, and the valves are
so much inflated that small specimens resemble white
marbles. The animal has a habit of forming a pro-
tecting nest of sand, cemented by mucus. This nest
has long, tubular cpenings for the siphons, so that
the inmate is wholly concealed.

In Figure 42 a nearly nat-
ural sized view is given of
both the outside and the in-
side of Phacotdes equizon-
atus, Stearns, the Banded
Lucine, a rare species, speci-
mens of which were dredged
from deep water in the Santa
Barbara Channel. Most of
the shells of the genus Phaco-
ades, which means lentil-like,
were formerly called Lucina,
the goddess of light, a name
applied to one or more of
the mythical beings of the
olden time.

Fig. 42 (*)

Figure 43 represents one of the
most common bivalve shells to be
found along the coast of central
California.” Its name is Phacoddes
californicus, Conr., the California
Lucine. It is pure white in color,
circular in outline, and varies in its
size from that of a dime to that of a half-dollar.
The cardinal hinge-teeth are small, while the lateral
ones are strong. The ligament is external, and the

68 VKIDSIE (COMMS IE “SISNaIEILS

lunule, in this species, belongs wholly to the right
valve, instead of being divided nearly equally be-
tween the two, which is the more common fashion.
As in other species of this genus the forward muscle-
scar 1s long and narrow, and the pallial line is entire.

I have gathered a few living specimens from the
gravel among rocks at Pacific Grove, when the tide
was very low, and have collected many empty, but
really good shells that have been cast up by the
waves. It is one of the shells that you will be sure
to find on the little beaches beyond the lighthouse
at Point Pinos, near which, from the island cliiis;
there is one of the finest sea views to be had any-
where along the coast.

Phacoides nuttallz, Conr., Nuttall’s Lwemeras
similar in shape to the last species, but is much more
highly sculptured. The sharp, fine lines of growth
are crossed by many delicate rays, making its surface
look like fine basket-work. It is somewhat flattened
and is ridged along the hinge-line. Color white,
length an inch or less, southern.

In Figure 44 we
see a drawing of the
inside of a valve of
Phacoides annula-
tus, weeve walle
Ringed Lucine. It
is a large shell, and
it ranges from Sitka
to San Pedro, living
in moderately deep
water. This is the

Fig. 44 (*)

ONSEN SeAUNIDs SVEN ECL AMS 69

species formerly known on this coast as Lucéna bore-
alis, and sometimes as Lucena filosa, Stimp., which,
however, is an Atlantic species. It has also been
called Lucina acutilineata, Conr. The shell is large
and full, and its outside is marked with sharp, con-
centric ridges.

Phacotdes fenuisculptus, Cpr., the Fine-lined Lu-
cine, occurs mostly in the cold waters of the north,
ranging from Puget Sound to Bering Sea, though
it occasionally occurs as far south as Catalina Island.
Alaska dredgings from muddy bottoms yield it
abundantly. The shell is chalky and it is usually
somewhat abraided.

Fig. 45, x } (*)

Still another illustration of a member of this
genus is given in Figure 45, which shows both the
inside and outside of Phacotdes richthofeni, Gabb,
the Heavy Lucine. It is occasionally found at Cata-
lina Island, Long Beach, and southward, though it
ieenever plentiiul. Wt is @ small; heavy shell, the
picture being drawn from a young specimen, very
clearly marked.

CHAPTER IV
CHAMA, CARDIUM AND VENUS

We pass now to some en-
tirely different shells; very
irregular, very rough, and
very firmly fixed in their
places. A picture of one of
these shells is shown in Fig-
ure 46. ‘This specitesmetc
named Chama _ pellucida,
Sby., the Agate Chama.
You notice by the figure
that the inside of the shell is smooth enough, and
that there is a big, oblique hinge-tooth near the upper
right-hand corner. The outside, however, is very
rough, being covered by many close frills, which
are translucent, like agate or chalcedony. Some-
times they are white or almost colorless, and some-
times they are dashed with rosy red. The inside of ©
the shell is lined with a white, opaque layer, which
is beautifully crenulated at the edge. The living
shell is always attached to some firm support, like a
rock or a post. So strong is the adhesion that you
must break off a part of the rock or you will sacri-
fice a part of the shell. It is very easy to overlook
them, as they appear like ragged knobs on the rock,
but when you have collected a good specimen you
will greatly admire its peculiar beauty. Upper

a

AKU

Fig. 46

CHAMA, CARDIUM AND VENUS 71

valves are often torn off by the waves and washed
ashore. They are easily identified, though a novice
often confounds them with limpet-shells. I have
some exceedingly beautiful specimens that were
taken from piles that had been pulled up from a
disused wharf at San Pedro.

Chama exogyra, Conr., the Reversed Chama, has
a coarser, more opaque shell, with but little beauty
of form or color, and is usually of a dirty white
color. The chief difference, however, is determined
by the curve of the umbones. If you stand a speci-
men of this species on its edge, with the beaks upper-
most and curving towards you, the side which was
attached to the rock will be towards your left hand.
But if you place a specimen of fel/ucida in the same
position, the rocky side will be towards your right
hand. I have gathered the two species growing side
by side, and I have never known this rule to fail.
Both of these species live at Monterey.

Chama spinosa, Sby., the Spiny Chama, is a south-
ern species, living mostly along the Mexican coast,
but perhaps reaching as far north as San Diego. It
resembles the first species, but its ridges are broken
into close, short spines.

We now come to the interesting family of the
Heart-shells, or Cockles, as they are called in many
places. There are over two hundred species of them
known in different parts of the world, and they vary
exceedingly in size and appearance. They are all
very decidedly heart-shaped, whether you look at
them from the front or the back of the shell. Most
of them have prominent ribs running from the umbo

42 WESD COAST SEHELES

to the edge of the shell. Internally, there is a central
hinge-tooth, and also strong lateral ones, somewhat
removed to the right and left. The pallial line is
simple, for these creatures do not burrow. They
have a long and strong foot, however, by means of
which they can move rather freely, or even anchor
themselves, if such an operation is necessary.

Figure 47 gives a good
end view of Cardium cor-
bis, Martyn, the Basket
Cockle. This is the most
common species on the
west coast, occurring as
far south as San Diego.
But the true home of this
species is - in the= cold
water of the north. At
Fort Wrangel in Alaska,
I once collected very fine
specimens, one morning
when the tide was low, some of which were as much
as four inches across. JI shall never forget that
strange scene. The little village by the seaside, the
dark forests in the background, the rocks laid bare
by the retreating waters, the olive-green seaweeds
with here and there the big white cockles lying
upon them. On shore was a mixture of the new and
the old; modern houses and ancient totem poles,
white men and native Indians, and all lighted up
by the early sun on that first day of June.

The shell of this cockle, and in fact of most
cockles, is rather brittle, being of an earthen tex-

A xy
y ey
nets cats)
"

|
yy

OES
CoN

Lad aahty

Es

= yy
Lay pp
Dippy

Diy

es J Zi DPs iY Z 7)
Dy bt, Wy
body
wy gy mT ;

Weehh
nf

CGA ¢
A
CLM

Fig. 47

CHAaWAT OX DIONE VAN DS VENUS 73

ture, and specimens are easily broken. Like most
creatures of the sea, the cockles make an excellent
aimee ot food. Whe Basket Cockle lives as far
north as Bering Sea, and follows down the other
coast to Japan. It includes Card¢um nuttalli, Conr.

Cardium californiense, WDesh., the California
@oeckles has a similar range as the last species, but
is reported as far south as Monterey. The ribs on
this species are close and flat, and the margin is
tegular. A variety, comoxense, Dall, is reported
from the boulder clay of Vancouver Island, that has
the ribs so flattened that they are defined only by
the interstitial lines. C. pseudofossile, Rve., and C.
blandum are included in C. caltfornzense.

Cardium fucanum, Dall, the Straits Cockle, was
formerly supposed to be a young form of C. calz-
fornzense. It was given a specific name in 1907.
The shell is small, plump, compact and solid with
about fifty small, low ribs. Most of the specimens
come from the Straits of Fuca, though it has been
dredged at Monterey. It is not a common shell.

Cardium ciliatum, O. Fabr., the Bearded Cockle,
ranges through the boreal seas and descends to Cape
Cod on the eastern, and to Puget Sound on the west-
Emm coast. Dhe shells are small and bearded. There
are many varieties, which have received separate
names. |

Cardium biangulatum, Sby., the Angled Cockle,
is a southern species, being found from the Santa
Barbara Islands to Panama. It has a heavy shell,
40 mm. high, with strong ribs, The interior is red-
dish in color.

74 WEST "COAST SEP EES

Cardium elatum, Sby., the Giant Cockle, is the
largest species of the genus, some specimens being
fully six inches high. Its range is about the same
as that of the last species. It is yellowish externally,
but white inside, and the smooth ribs are very
slightly elevated.

Cardium substriatum, Conr., the
Egg-shell Cockle, is another south-
erner, very much smaller than the
last, for Figure 48 represents an
unusually large specimen. Obscure
ribs are generally visible, and the
shell is mottled, especially inside,
with reddish-brown splashes, like
a sparrow’s egg.

Cardzum quadrigenarium, Conr., the Forty-ribbed
Cockle, is another southern species, and it grows in
deep water to a remarkable size. In spite of its
name the ribs are usually rather more than forty in
number. While the shell is young the ribs are com-
paratively smooth, but when it is older the newer
parts are set with yellow teeth, or short horns, giv-
ing the shell a very peculiar appearance. ‘The strong
crenulations on the edges of the valves are also yel-
low, especially in adult specimens.

Serripes gronlandicus, Gmel., the Greenland
Heart-shell, is an arctic species coming down to
Cape Cod and Puget Sound, like Cardium ciliatum.
Its hinge-teeth are small and almost obsolete, and
the surface is smooth or only slightly radiately
striate.

CHAVA CARDIUMTANDS VENUS 75

Protocardia centifilosa, Cpr., the Hundred-Lined
Cockle, has a small, thin shell, whose surface is
sculptured with very many exceedingly fine lines.
The umbones are prominent, the outline circular,
with a diameter of nearly an inch. It ranges from
British Columbia to San Diego. A variety, rzch-
ardsonti, Whiteaves, reaches from the north to the
coast of Oregon. It is very small, and is rarely
found. |

We now come to the Veneracea, a sub-order in-
cluding many of the most interesting shells to be
found along our coast. The typical genus of this
order is named Venus, after the goddess of beauty,
but the old genus has been divided among many
names. The first shell to be described is Dosénza
ponderosa, Gray, the Heavy Dosinia. Its real home
is near the equator, but it is found from Peru to San
Pedro Bay. ‘The shell is nearly circular, about four
inches in diameter, pure white internally, but creamy
brown on the outside. It is very smooth, save for
concentric lines of growth, and the deep lunule is
heart-shaped. ‘The shells are thin at the edges, but
very thick and heavy in the older parts. The pallial
sinus 18 V-shaped, and the ligament is external.

Transennella tantilla, Gld., the Little Transen-
nella, has a shell ranging from % to % of an inch
in length. It is somewhat triangular, its surface is
very smooth and bright, its external color is white,
or perhaps marked with brown, while internally it is
white with a purple stripe at the posterior end. It
was formerly called Psephis tantélla, and it has also
received various other names. It ranges from Sitka
to Mexico.

76 : WEST ICOAST *SEELES

Figure 49 represents a very large, heavy shell,
probably the largest of all the Venus shells. It is
now known as Tzvela stultorum, Mawe, the Great
Tivela. Of course that is not a correct translation

of the Latin; that you may make for yourselves,
avoiding the joke. It used to be called Pachydesma
crassatellotdes, and it has also had a good many.
other names, all of which have been duly considered
at the Smithsonian Institution, and the one most
entitled to permanence has been selected to remain.
The name Tivela crassatelloides, Conrad, is, how-
ever, now considered to be the correct one.

The specimen figured above was over five inches
in length, and weighed over a pound, without the
animal. ‘The valves are very thick and heavy, even
to their edges, which are smooth and finely rounded.
The hinge-teeth are strong, the heavy ligament ex-

CHAMAS CAR DIUM TAND) VENUS 77

ternal, and the pallial sinus is small. Externally the
shell is smooth, yellowish white, sometimes marked
with conspicuous purple rays, and 1s partly covered
with a glossy epidermis. The inside is white, with
purple muscle-scars. The Tivelas live from Santa
Cruz southward, and they burrow but slightly.
Sometimes at low tide the farmers come down with
a plow and run furrows in the sand, turning out the
mollusks like potatoes. They are highly esteemed
by lovers of a good clam chowder, and occasionally
they get into the city markets, where they are called
Pismo clams.
Amiantis cal-
Llosa .@ om... thre
White Amian-
tisweis shown
im igure so.
This isa beauti-
ful, pure white,
southern shell,
firee Or. four
ime hes 10
Hemeoth: Ihe
walves! are thim at the
edges and thick near the
umbones. Externally
there are no ribs what-
ever, but many concen-
tric, rounded ridges, some
of which divide into two.
Pttarta newcombiana,
Gabb, Newcomb’s Pita- ys

EES ty

Ly

78 WESD tCOASi SEUSS

Fig. 52 (*)

tia, Figure 51, hasbeen
found in moderately deep
water. from Monterey
southward. It is thin and
delicate, with zigzas
brown markings, and a
papery epidermis.
Figure 52 gives a bold
picture of Cytherea ford?,
Yates, Ford’s, Cytherea:

which is found from the Santa Barbara Islands to
Panama. It is very thick and heavy and has a very
deep lunule. It sometimes reaches a length of two

and a half inches.

This is the shell that passed for

years as Venus toreuma, Gld., but that is found to
be a distinct Polynesian species.

CHA (CAR DIUM VAN D VENUS 79

The Saxidomes of this coast have recently been
revised by Dr. Dall, and the numerous names re-
duced to two. The first is Saxtdomus nuttallid,
Conr., Nuttall’s Saxidome,.a good likeness of which
is shown in Figure 53. It includes the old S. aratus,
Gld. The shells are usually marked by rough, con-
centric ridges, as shown in the figure. When young,
there are brownish markings near the beaks, with
a trace of purple internally, on the upper, posterior
margin. ‘The hinge-teeth are strong, and the sinus
deep. This shell sometimes reaches a length of
nearly five inches. It is found from central Cali-
fornia to San Diego.

Saxzdomus giganteus, Desh., the Giant Saxidome,
is the other species. It ranges from the Aleutian
Islands to the Bay of Monterey. It is solid, broad
and heavy, but the concentric structure is much less
pronounced than in the last species. While the
young are yellowish white, and the exterior of older
specimens is sometimes fulvous, the interior is always
white. The adult shell is said to sometimes reach
a length of five inches. J gathered numerous speci-
mens at Sitka, averaging about 3 inches in length
and nearly that in height. They were pure white
inside, and almost glossy, while externally they were
comparatively smooth and quite chalky. This shell
has been confounded with Saxtdomus squalidus, but
that species is found on the coast of South America.
The Giant Saxidomes are sometimes sold in the
markets of Portland, Ore., being brought up from
the coast.

There are three species of Chéone upon the coast,

80 WEST "CONS SEUSS

but they have received, however,
several times three names. Fig-
ure 54 gives an end view of Chi-
one succincta, Val., the Banded
Chione. The cordate lunule is a
prominent mark, while on the
other side of the beaks is the long
and deep escutcheon. Numerous
ribs radiate out from the umbo,
but those in the middle generally
become flattened towards the edge of the shell. The
concentric ridges, as shown in the picture, run around
the shell somewhat like hoops around a barrel. The
interior of the shell is white, while the outside is a
dingy yellow.

Chione undatella, Sby., the Wavy Chione, is a -
species which varies considerably, but it can usually
be told readily by the great number of concentric
lamelle, which are closer together as they come near
the edge of the shell, almost completely concealing
the ribs. The valves are inflated, thick and heavy.
Sometimes the interior is purple around the pallial
sinus. These shells, which are seldom over two
inches long, are found abundantly in southern Cali-
fornia. 7

Chione fluctifraga, Sby., the Smooth Chione, is
about the same size as the others. There is no dis-
tinct lunule, as in the other kinds, and the rib struc-
ture in the middle of the disk becomes fainter with
age, till it sometimes almost disappears near the edge
of the shell. Internally the valves are more or less
purple. All three of these species have strong, heavy

CISUAINEA (CAURIDINOOME JUNI) WIEN MOIS 81

shells, which are marked by fine internal teeth
around the edges. Farther to the south there are
many other species.

Venus Kennicotti, Dall, Kennicott’s Venus, is a
very rare shell which has been found at Neah Bay,
Washington, and off the coast of central California.
It is finely and closely lamellose over the whole sur-
face. It somewhat resembles the common Venus
mercenaria of the Atlantic coast. Its length is two
and a half inches. ;

=

Fig. 55 (*)

Figure 55 represents a fine, large shell, taken alive
at Sitka. A worn valve was found many years ago
at Carmel Bay, near Monterey. Its name is Marcia
kennerley?, Rve., Kennerley’s Marcia. It is nearly
three inches in length, and is grayish white in color.

Marcia subdtaphana, Cpr., the Translucent Mar-
cia, lives in Alaskan waters, and also, in tolerably
deep water, as far south as the Santa Barbara Chan-
nel. The shell is thin, white, with an olive-gray
epidermis, and reaches a length of over two inches.
It was described by Carpenter under the name
Clementia.

82 NV S COAST eSiuWIRIES

Figure 56 represents
one of the commonest
shells to be found on the
western coast. It has re-
ceived quite a variety of
names, but it) fisameny
classed as Paphia stami-
nea, Conr., the Ribbed
Carpet-shell. It is one
of the few mollusks sold freely in the San Fran-
cisco markets, where it is known as the Hard-shelled
Clam. In color it varies from pure white to deep
chocolate, and some of the varieties are prettily
marked with chestnut chevrons. While it occurs all
along the coast, it is most abundant to the north of
San Francisco. The name Paphia relates to the city
of Paphos, one of the haunts of the goddess Venus,
for whom so many shells are named. Among the
numerous varieties of this shell, we mention var.
petiti, Desh., the large, unmarked kind found north
of the Columbia river; var. /aciniata, Cpr., a south-
ern form with beautiful network covering, and many
small prickles; var. ruderata, Desh., which has dis-,
tinct, concentric ridges, sometimes larger than the
ribs; var. orbella, Cpr., which includes swollen and
irregular specimens, living in holes in the rocks,
where they are confined and cramped, while most
members of the species live in coarse gravel and
grow to regular shapes.

Paphia tenerrima, Cpr., the Finest Carpet-shell, is
a rather rare species, very distinct, and very pleasing
in appearance. An inside view of a left-hand valve

CHAMA, CARDIUM AND VENUS 83

acme

MG

EEE OES
Y yf Yy Uy Yi Y NS
YY MAMMA Wy Ys ING ji,
(Reg ele ae LL LMM Uf pte
\ Why yy

Bie O7 ex t

is given in Figure 57, to which reference has already
been made on page 21. The outside of the shell is
marked with many low, concentric ridges, and innu-
merable, minute ribs. The valves are thin and the
color is brownish gray.
3 Figure 58 represents Liocyma
scammoni, Dall, Scammon’s Lio-
cyma, which is found off the
coast of British Columbia. The
shell is dark, solid, with strong
= hinge and Z
Hie .08, 42 ©) ligament.

The pallial sinus is small. f
Liocyma viridis, Dall, the |
Green Liocyma, is a far ‘
northerner, being found in the
neighborhood of Bering Strait.

Fig. 59 (*)

84 WEST COAST VSEBEES

The shell is oval, and when fresh it is of a fine olive-
green color, which bleaches to cream. In each valve
there are three cardinal hinge-teeth, the middle one
being cleft. The form of the shell is shown in Fig-

Venerupis lamellifera, Conr., the

SS Rock-Venus, is shown in Figure 60.
If The shell is white, very irregular, and
~ 1s marked with many thin, concentric
laminae, which sometimes are very
prominent. There may also be a trace of obso-
lete ribs. In habit it is a nestler among rocks. Very
young specimens are often purple tinted. Some speci-
mens are considerably larger than the figure.

Figure 61 gives two good
views of Psephidia lordi,
Baird, Lord’s Pebble-shell, a
plump little bivalve which
lives off the shore, below the
tide line, from Alaska to
southern California. In color it is white or pale
tinted. The figures are much enlarged.

Psephidea ovalis, Dall, the Oval Pebble-shell, is
larger, more oval, and more compressed. The shell
is white and polished. Its range is about the same
as that of the last species. Viviparous.

Gemma gemma, Totten, the Gem-shell, is a very
small bivalve recently introduced into San Francisco
bay; with: seed oysters from the Atlantic® ime
shells are nearly round and are marked with delicate,
concentric ridges. The color is white, or they may |
be tinged with purple. Many specimens are not

Fig. 61, x § (*)

CHAMA, CARDIUM AND VENUS 85

larger than a big pin head. ‘The inflated, trigonal
variety 1s known as var. purpurea, H. C. Lea.

Petricola carditoides, Conr., the Rock-dweller, is a
very variable creature, and often seems to be the vic-
tim of circumstances. Normally the shell is oval,
with radiating ribs; but the creature has the habit of
boring into soft rock, or getting into a hole that was
there before, and then growing to fit the premises.
For this reason it happens that specimens differ much
in external appearance. Sometimes one 1s long and
narrow, while its neighbor is shaped like a fat bean.
The ligament is external, the hinge-teeth strong,
though sometimes they are nearly obsolete, while the
shell becomes thick and rough. The color is dingy
white, and the length is an inch and sometimes even
two inches.

CHAPTER V
OTHER BIVALVE MOLLUSKS

While re-
turning one
morning
from a ram-
ble over the

Ni\ rocks of Pa-
= ZEA yi cific Grove
Be Ze) that had been
2p \ekt bare by
the retreating
tide, I “was
much = sar
prised to see what seemed to be two white worms
moving about in a little hollow between the mossy
rocks, which was filled with sand and sea-water.
They were long and round, and about the size of a
lead pencil. As soon as I disturbed them a little, —
they disappeared beneath the surface of the wet sand.
Suspecting what these singular creatures might be-
long to, I at once began to dig, and soon came upon
a fine clam, with a shell like that which is shown in
Figure 62. |

I was exceedingly glad to make the acquaintance
of a real, live Psammobia californica, Conr., the
California Sunset-shell, for so I learned to call him.
As I wanted to see more of him and become better

INSU TIVE WIE, INMOILILIOISIES) 87

acquainted, I took him home in a large glass jar,
filled with sea-water and sand, and had the pleasure
of seeing him dig a burrow and throw out his beau-
tiful siphons. I kept him thus for several days, but
he could not live comfortably in my very limited
“ocean,’’.and when he had ceased to live at all I pre-
pared his shells for my cabinet, where they remain to
this day.

Within, they are the purest white, resembling fine
porcelain. The pallial sinus is large, the hinge-teeth
small, and behind them is a thickened portion of
shell about half an inch long, which terminates quite
abruptly, exposing part of the ligament. Externally
it is white, with red rays running from the umbones,
while the newer parts are covered with a brown epi-
dermis. My specimen was the same size as the
figure, but sometimes, and especially in the north
they grow considerably larger.

Psammobia edentula, Gabb, the Great Sunset-
shell, is a fine large species resembling the last, but
having the beaks only one third of its length from
the front end of the shell. The posterior portion
are full and broad. The external ligament is very
conspicuous, and the hinge-teeth are present, in spite
of its name, two on the right valve and one on the
left. The specimen before me was dredged in San
Pedro Bay, and measures five inches in length.

Figure 63 is a rather poor picture of
Donax levigata, Desh., the Smooth
Wedge-shell. This species is found ——=
abundantly in southern California, Fig. 63
living just under the surface of the sand. It is short

88 WEST “COASA SEERES

and stumpy, cut nearly short off at one end, and
tapering to a rounded point at the other. The edges
are finely crenulated. In color the shells vary from
white to purple, and are often beautifully striped.
This species is sometimes used for food, in spite of
its small size.

Donax californica, Conr., the California Wedge-
shell, is quite distinct from the last species, and is
easily distinguished by the fact that the shells are
much thinner and lighter. The posterior end is
much more prolonged, bringing the beaks much
nearer the middle of the shell. It is less highly col-
ored than the last. There has been considerable con-
fusion about the names of these species, but the pres-
ent arrangement is believed to be correct. This spe-
cies included Hanley’s Donax navicula.

Heterodonax bimaculatus, dOrb., the Spotted
Heterodonax, differs greatly from the true Wedge-
shell. It is oval in shape, rather flat, thin, and
marked with fine, concentric lines. Its colors are
very diverse, white and purple being the prevailing
tints. This southern shell is usually less than an
inch in length. |

In Figure
64 we have a
good _repre-
sentation of

Fie. 64 Tagelus cali-
fornianus, Conr., the Short Razor-clam. These crea-
tures live in sandy mud in a perpendicular burrow.
They have thin, gray shells, partly covered with a
dull epidermis. It is a southern species, and the com-

OLE R BIVALVE MOLEUSKS 89

mon length of the shell is two or three inches. I once
gathered quite a quantity of them in San Pedro har-
bor, It is said that the wild ducks are particularly
fond of this species, and in one instance, at least,
the quacking of a flock of ducks revealed to a shell
hunter the place to dig for the shells. The variety
subteres, Conr., 1s small, compact, with violet rays
and a very dark epidermis. It occurs with the com-
mon form.

Sanguinolaria nuttalli, Conr., Nuttall’s Sanguino-
laria, is a southern species, having a thin, oval shell,
partly covered with a dark brown epidermis. The
colors of the shell are white and lilac, the latter being
sometimes beautifully rayed. One valve is much
more bulging than the other, and the external liga-
ment, just behind the beaks, is very prominent. The
shell is two or three inches long.

We now come to the Tellens, whose name is de-
rived from a Greek word meaning a certain kind of
mussel; but when we use the term we think of a flat,
thin bivalve shell with very small hinge-teeth and a
deep pallial sinus. Many of the tropical Tellens
are bright and beautiful, while those that live in our
cooler waters are far less ornate. The first species
that we will consider is named Tellina bodegensis,
Hinds, the Bode-
ga Tellen. Fig-
ure 65 shows the
inside appearance
of a right valve.
Externally the
Shell is creamy Fig. 65

90 Wid sib” COVNSID s SisUBILiLS

white in color, smooth, with a polished surface, and
marked with fine, concentric lines. Old specimens
show a marked tendency to thicken the shell from
the inside. This species is found more abundantly
in the north.

Figure 66
gives two
views of
: : Tellina but-

Fig. 66, x 3 (*)’ tont, Wala:
Button’s Tellen, which was formerly known as
Angulus obtusus, Cpr. It may be found from Alaska
to the Gulf of California. In the left-hand figure
an internal, strengthening rib is seen just in front
of the sinus. The shell is thin, white, and polished,
but sometimes it has a greenish periostracum.

Tellina carpenteri, Dall, Carpen-
ter’s Tellen, formerly known as dngu-
lus variegatus, Cpr., resembles Figure
67, but is smaller. Its range is nearly
as great as that of the last species. It

is pink and white, glossy, flat and narrow, hardly
half an inch long. |

Tellina idae,
Dall, Ida’s Tel-
len, is well shown
in Figure es
This rare ame
beautiful shell
was named mm
1891 in honor of
Mrs. Ida Shepard
Fig. 68 (*) Oldroyd. It has

OTAER BIVALVE MOLEUSKS 91

since been collected sparingly at Long Beach, San
Pedro and Catalina Island. The color is white. The
excellent figure represents an unusually large speci-
men.

Tellina meropsis, Dall, the
Pure Tellen, is shown in Figure
69, which is much magnified. The
shell is white, sometimes yellow- {
ish within, thin and _ delicate,
somewhat angled and bent behind
as shown in the cut. It is about
half an inch long, and is found from San Pedro
southward.

Tellina lutea, Gray, the Muddy Tellen, comes
from the very far north, being found in the neighbor-
hood of Bering
eral. welts same
large shell, and its
general appearance is
well shown in the
two parts of Figure
FO

Tellina modesta,
Coreethe modest
Tellen, is shown in
Figure 67, on a pre-
vious page, which is

Fig. 69, x 2? (*)

of the natural size. It

is found in Puget
Sound. The shell is
thin, white and glossy, with a very deep pallial sinus,
and an internal ridge near the forward muscle-scar.

Fig. 70, x & (*)

2 WES i CONS SE rIES

Tellina salmonea, Cpr., the Salmon-colored Tel-
len, is a very distinct little species, variable in color,
but constant in form. The typical shell is quite
thick, about half an inch long, nearly rectangular in
form, the beaks being at one corner and the external
ligament at one end. The surface is very smooth
and glossy, but shows distinct lines of growth. It
is nearly white on the outside, but within it is beau-
tifully salmon-tinted. It is quite often found among
the smaller beach shells at Pacific Grove.

Tellina santarosae,
Dall, the Santagiitesa
(Island) Welllenaiayes
shown in Figure 71. It
considerably resembles
Tellina bodegensis, but
is thinner, flatter, and
has different details of
sculpturing. It is found

as near the Santa Barbara
Fig. 71, x ¢ (*) Islands. |

At various points around San Francisco Bay there
are great heaps of rubbish, which mark the site of
old Indian camping grounds. They are always situ-
ated close to some spring or brook, the presence of
which is now indicated by a growth of willows.
The mounds are of various shapes and sizes, and
often cover as much ground as would suffice for a
good-sized garden. These mounds are largely made _
up of old shells, ashes and charcoal dust. This
shows that the Indians had their fires there, and that
they threw away the rubbish which was left from

OTHER BIVALVE MOLLUSKS 93

their meals, and then repeated the operation on the
slowly rising pile. It has been found that some of
the old shell heaps are now partly under water, indi-
cating that formerly the shore was a little higher
biaMienis at the present time. Large quantities of
the old shells have been removed from time to time
for various purposes, particularly for the use of hens
and chickens in poultry yards. It is quite remark-
able that the refuse of the old Indian feasts should
become the basis for modern enterprise in the way of
producing food. The old clam shells are made to
re-appear in the form of fresh egg shells.

It is interesting
fomexamine these
old “kitchen mid-
dens,” and deter-
mine what species
of shell-fish former-
ly abounded in the
adjacent mud flats.
I have found vari-
ous kinds of shells,
but by far the most abundant ones are those of the
species named Macoma nasuta, Conr., the Bent-
Nosed Macoma, Figure 72. Although so abundant
then, this species seems to be dying out, and its place
is rapidly being taken by the Rhode Island clam,
Mya arenaria, which we will presently consider,
but not a specimen of that shell is found in the
mounds. Macoma nasufa is a common species on
the Coast, reaching from Kamchatka to Mexico. It
inhabits muddy flats, burrowing quite deeply, and

94 WES COAST, SHEEES

reaching the water by its two small, red siphons.
The shell is smooth, flat and thin, rounded in front,
but narrowed and bent to one side behind. The hinge-
teeth are small, and in one valve the pallial sinus
reaches to the forward muscle-scar. The color of
the shell is white, and its common length is two
inches.

Macoma inquinata, Desh., the Polluted Macoma,
is a variable mollusk, resembling a degraded form of
the last species. It can be distinguished, however,
because the pallial sinus does not touch the forward
muscle-scar in either valve. The shell is white, and
it measures about an inch and a half in length. This
species ranges from the far north down to Monterey
on this side of the ocean, and to Japan on the eastern
border.

Macoma balthica, Linn., var. én-
conspicua, Brod. & Sby., the Little
Macoma, is well shown in Figure 73.
The little shell is thin, flat, and either
white or pink. The figure represents
a good-sized specimen, though it sometimes grows to
be still larger. It is a lover of cold water, and is
found on both sides of the Pacific Ocean, and also
in the Atlantic, particularly in the Baltic Sea. On
the California coast it reaches as far south as Mon-
terey.

Macoma inflatula, Dall, the Inflated Macoma,
resembles a young MW. nasuta, but it is thin, rather
inflated, strongly bent, and has a pointed pos-
terior and a greenish epidermis. It is a northern
species, but is found in deep water farther to the
south.

Fig. 73

OTHER BIVALVE MOLLUSKS 95

Fig. 74, x § (*)

Macoma sitkana, Dall, the Sitka Macoma, is
shown in Figure 74. The shell is thin and white,
while the other features are well brought out in the
engravings. As its name indicates, its home is in
Alaska, reaching northward from Sitka.

Vig. 75

Macoma secta, Conrad, the Giant Macoma, is
shown in Figure 75. It is the largest and finest spe-
cies of the whole genus. The general form of the
shell is oval, but the posterior end is suddenly con-
tracted. ‘Thin and glossy, with some epidermis
around the edges. Pallial sinus large, ligament
strong and broad, making a conspicuous external

96 Vissi COAS Ta SEERIES

feature. This noble species reaches from British
Columbia to Mexico.

Macoma indentata, Cpr., the Indented Macoma,
is a southern shell resembling a small specimen of
the last species, but the edge of the shell near the
posterior end is indented and beaked.

A very pretty shell found far to the south is
named Mez¢és alta, Conr., the Yellow Metis, formerly
known as Lutricola alta. The shell is round oval,
wrinkled at the siphon end, and marked with fine but
distinct concentric lines. The ligamentganeaaas
depressed. Externally the color is whitish or brown-
ish, while the inside is glossy white, suffused with
a bright yellow flush in fresh specimens. Its length
is about two inches.

While the last shell was very pretty, we now
have one that far exceeds it in beauty, namely, Se-
mele decisa, Conr., the Clipped Semele, ” Whetunse
name is that of the mythical mother of Bacchus,
while the second refers to the short posterior end,
which looks as if it had been cut off with a pair of
scissors. The shell is nearly round, rather heavy,
the ligament internal and lodged in an oblique pit, -
and the pallial sinus is high and oval. The outside
of the shell is coarsely wrinkled, and is brownish in
color. The interior, where the beauty residesyeis
finely polished, looking like bright porcelain, and is
more or less tinged with purple, particularly around
the edges. Grown specimens are two inches or more ©
in diameter. This shell is found in southern waters,
as might be expected.

Semele rupium, Sby., the Semele-of-the-Rocks, is

OEE RO PI NEVE MOLEUSIKS 97

smaller, nearly circular, white, with a pink hinge
area. I have found pretty specimens as far north
as Monterey.

Semele pulchra, Sby., the Beautiful Semele, has
a small, thin, oval shell, with crowded concentric
sculpture and radiating lines at the sides. This 1s
a southern species, but the variety monterey, Anld.,
is found farther north, as its name indicates. It is
less than an inch in length, oval, thin, ventricose,
the beaks quite posterior to the middle of the shell;
the pallial sinus is very large, being rounded and
expanded interiorly.

Semele californica, Ads., the California Semele, is
a southern species, very rarely found. The shell
is about an inch in length. It is the same as the
yellow Semele flavescens, of Gould.

Semele rubro-picta, Dall, the Rose-painted Se-
mele, is thick, convex, white, with rose rays on the
outside, and marked with heavy, interrupted con-
centric ridges and obsolete radial striation. The
surface is not granular. This is a southern species,
found near San Diego. It is very probable that
there are other species of this difficult genus, that are
not yet described.

Cumingia californica, Conr.,
the California Cuming-shell, is
shown in Figure 76. It is some- ¢
what triangular in outline, with \
the front end rounded and _ the
rear end narrowed and slightly
twisted. The lines of growth are very distinct, form-
ing concentric ridges. The shape of the shell varies

98 WES® “COAST SHELLS

considerably in different specimens. Pallial sinus
large, color white, length about an inch. It lives
from Monterey southward.

Cooperella subdiaphana, Cpr., the White Cooper-
shell. This species has a thin, white, glistening
shell, which appears quite swollen. The hinge-teeth
are central, and the short ligament is situated almost
between the prominent beaks. The length of this
southern shell is about half an inch.

Cooperella scintillaeformis, Cpr., the Thin
Cooper-shell, is another southern species. The
shell is very thin and brittle, about the same length
as that of the last species, but less swollen.

Corbula luteola, Cpr., the Yellow Basket-shell, is
a small species found freely in the vicinity of San
Diego. The whole shell, which is shaped somewhat
like a small Donax, is hardly a quarter of an inch
in length, but it is quite strong and is well marked
with lines of growth. The edges of a full-grown
specimen turn inward like the rim of a paper box.
The color is ashy yellow. The ligament is internal,
lodged in a small pit, the pallial sinus is small, and
the shells are angled at one corner. }

Neera pectinata, Cpr., the Dipper-shell, is a very
small affair, nearly globular, with about twelve
prominent radiating ribs. The posterior end is
drawn out into a small tube, so that each valve looks
like a small dipper. Southern, 6 mm. long.

We now come to the Myacidae, a small family,
but distinguished as containing one of the most im-
portant species on the whole list, if we think of the
mollusks only as food for man. Mya arenaria, Linn.,

OUNBUEIR IRIN AVE NAS, IMKOIEILIWIS |S 99

the Common Mya, or Soft-shelled Clam, was known
in Europe and on the Atlantic Coast long ago, and
was highly esteemed as an article of food, whether
it was fried, steamed, or made the basis of a chow-
der. It was unknown in San Francisco Bay until
the year 1874, when a few specimens were discovered
near Oakland. They were supposed to be novelties
and were named M ya Hemphilli, Newc., in honor of
the veteran collector, Mr. Henry Hemphill. In a
little while, however, its true nature became known
and conchologists realized that the Atlantic Mya
had crossed the continent, doubtless with seed oysters
from Chesapeake Bay, and had settled down in the
western waters. Unlike the aristocratic oyster,
which propagates but slowly with us, the more ple-
beian clam began to fill the mud-flats on both sides
of the bay with its burrows and in a few years its
descendants were numbered by the millions. This
species has been planted at Santa Cruz in the
south, and in Shoalwater Bay in the north, where
it 1s a great success; also in Coos Bay and elsewhere
along the coast of Oregon and Washington.
Although not quite so delicious as the oyster, the
Mya is an excel-
lent food-mollusk,
and great numbers
of these clams are
sold in San Fran-
cisco and Oakland.
Its domains are not
fenced in like the
oyster fields, but it

100 WES@ CORSt SEELES

may be gathered by anyone who will take the
trouble to dig. Figure 77 gives a view von eme
inside of a left valve, showing the spoon-like hinge-
tooth, the muscle-scars, and the pallial sinus. The
valves are rather thin and brittle, gaping at the ends,
and the edges are covered with a gray epidermis. The
common length of grown specimens is three inches.

M ya truncata, Linn., the Blunt Mya resembles the
last, but the siphon end is truncated, as if it had been
chopped off. This species also lives in the northern
Atlantic and is reckoned as circumboreal, coming
down on the west side of the continent as far as
Puget Sound.

Cryptomya caltfornica, Conr., the False Mya, is
found at various places all along the coast. The
shell is elliptical, slightly gaping, nearly smooth,
though sometimes marked with faint lines. The
sinus is small or obsolete, and the right valve is
provided with a large, spoon-shaped hinge-tooth,
on which is the ligament. The shell is rather thin,
whitish, with an ashy
epidermis; its length
is an inch Of agditele
more.

a )\\)\ Figure 78 gives us
: a a good idea of Platyo-
don ° cancetlot as

Fig. 78 Conr., the Tijaie
toothed Clam. It closely resembles the Mya, but its
broad hinge-tooth is not so large; moreover the valves
are much thicker and firmer, and are greatly bulged.
The shell is white or gray, and the length is two or

OPER] BiNVAVE MOLEUSKS 101

three inches. I found them abundant at Bolinas,
and they reach as far south as San Diego.

The shell of the little Saxicava arctica, Linn., the
Arctic Saxicave, is small, thin, wrinkled, and irregu-
lar. The beaks are near the front of the shell, which
is abruptly terminated. Ligament small, external,
behind the beaks. Color ashy white, length from 6
to 12 mm. It is found on the holdfasts of kelp and
in similar situations. By some this form is consid-
ered to be but a variety of S. pholadis, Linn., a small
species which has been dredged in San Pedro Bay.
Saxtcava rugosa, Linn., the Rough Saxicave, occurs

i

») D>

’ aa

' RSS OES
i, \ \

in the far north, and also as far south as San Diego.

I believe all three are but varieties of one species.
Panopea generosa, Gld., the Giant Panopza, is

shown in Figure 79. This huge mollusk, which lives

102 WEST COAS® SHEERS

in northern waters, is the king of all the burrowing
clams. <A pair of shells, kindly sent to me by friends
in the vicinity of Puget Sound, measures seven and a
half inches in length. The creature burrows to a
depth of two feet or more. The valves are oblong,
rather flat, and are marked with decided lines of
growth. ‘They gape widely where the siphons enter.
The left valve has a sharp hinge-tooth, resembling
a short horn. The shells are of a dull white color
without, but are pearly and shining within. In the
north this great creature is sometimes known by its
Indian name, Goeduck.

Panomya ampla, Dall, the Ample Panomya, is an
Alaskan shell, coarse, chalky white in color, with a
black, tarry epidermis which falls off. The shell is
nearly square, and is some three inches across. It
gapes widely and does not fully cover the living
animal.

The mollusks which are now to be considered be-
long to the Solentdz. They include what are popu-
larly known as the Razor-shells, because most of
them are long and narrow and in shape somewhat ~
resemble the handle of a razor. Most of them are
covered with a glossy epidermis, making them look
as if they had received a coat of varnish. Some of
the Latin names that have been given to them refer
to bean-pods, which the shells resemble even more
than they resemble razors.

Stliqua patula, Dixon, the Flat Razor-shell, is
shown in Figure 80. Beautiful examples of this
‘shell are found on the Oregon coast and farther

OTHER BIVALVE MOLLUSKS 103

north, though it is found to some extent much farther
to the south, probably in deeper water. Broken shell
used to be washed up on the Cliff House beach in
San Francisco.

As this shell

re ES
jag at
was first fig- WH = Z
tS oe.

(Woke +i WS
yy WSs ~
RSs

ured long ago (
I will quote
its description
enon) | tie
words of the
GmscOnwe Fer,
Capt. George
Dixon, who wrote an exceedingly interesting book
entitled “A Voyage Round the World,” which was
published in London, A.D. 1780. This extract is
said by Dr. P. P. Carpenter to be probably the “‘first
description on record of mollusks from the Pacific
shores of N. America by the original collector.”

“At the mouth of Cook’s River are many species of shell-fish,
most of them, I presume, nondescript. For a repast our men pre-
ferred a large species of the Solen genus, which they got in
quantity, and were easily discovered by their spouting up the
water as the men walked over the sands where they inhabited:
as I suppose it to be a new kind I have given a figure of it in
the annexed plate. ’Tis a thin brittle shell, smooth within and
without: one valve is furnished with two front and two lateral
teeth; the other has one front and one side tooth, which slip
in between the others in the opposite valve: from the teeth in
each valve proceeds a strong rib, which extends to above half-
way across the shell and gradually loses itself towards the edge,
which is smooth and sharp. The color of the outside is white,
circularly, but faintly zoned with violet, and is covered with a
smooth yellowish-brown epidermis, which appears darkest where
the zones are: the inside is white, slightly zoned, and tinted with

104 WA Sb COAST Sleiwubs

violet and pink. The animal, as in all species of this genus,
protrudes beyond the ends of the shell very much, and is
exceeding good food.”

There are several varieties of this species, includ-
ing var. alta, B. & S., which lives in the far north;
it’ is short and* broad, with a straight mb ae evar
nuttalliz, Conr., is found in Alaska and also in Calli-
fornia as far south as Monterey; the shell is very
straight, brilliantly polished, and has a very oblique
rib.

Séléqua luceda, Conr., the Bright Razor-shell, lives
from Monterey to San Diego. According to Dr.
Dall it was confounded by Carpenter with the young
of the last mentioned variety. The shell is small,
fragile, and has a short, narrow, and nearly perpen-
sicalar mo, Or callins.

Solen stcarius,
Gld., the Blunt
Razor ssiedae
shown in Figure
81, 18, sitouaee
slightly curved,
and truncated in
front as if it had been chopped square off. ‘The
white shell is covered with a glossy, yellowish epi-
dermis. This species ranges from Vancouver Island
to San Pedro; ‘Cal.

Solen rosaceus, Cpr., the Rosy Razor-shell, lives
only in the south. It is two inches long and less than
half an inch wide, and resembles a small flattened
tube. The shell is straight, rosy white in color, and
is covered with a glossy, horn-colored epidermis.

OTHER BIVALVE MOLLUSKS 105

Ensis caltfornicus, Dall, the California Razor-
shell, is a rare species, found from Monterey south-
ward. It is delicate, narrow, slender and curved.
Length, about two inches.

The members of the Mactrid@a, which we are now
to consider, may be distinguished by the triangular
pit for the cartilage, which is situated in the midst
of the hinge-teeth. The shells are mostly quite thin,
with sharp edges, and are often partly or wholly
-covered with a thin epidermis. |

Mactra nasuta, Gld., the
Beaked Mactra, resembles
Figure 82, a figure which
shows the general appear-
ance of several species of
this group. The shell is
of moderate size, and is
scattered widely along the coast.

Mactra californica, Conr., the California Mactra,
has a rather small shell, somewhat depressed behind
the furrowed beaks, which are about midway be-
tween the ends of the shell. It is from an inch to
an inch and a half in length.

Mactra dolabriformis, Conr., the Mattock Mac-
tra, occurs from San Diego southward, and _ so
scarcely comes into our list. The shell is com-
pressed, and is of a polished white under a dull
brown epidermis. In the hinge-area the ligament is
separated from the cartilage pit by a shelly plate.
This fine shell grows to a length of three and a halt
inches.

106 WESTACOASE SEEPS

Spisula polymyma, var. alaskana, Dall, the Alaska
Mactra, resembles Mactra californica, but is larger.
It is found about Icy Cape, but it comes southward
as far as Neah Bay.

Spisula catilliformis, Conr., the Dish-shell, for-
merly known as Standella Californica, is shown 1n
Figure 83. This is the fine large shell which is said
to exist from Neah Bay to San Diego. I have col-
lected large specimens. at Long Beach, Calgygiines
shell itself is thin, whitish, and is covered with a
gray, wrinkled epidermis. The cartilage pit is large
and its shape is triangular. The pallial sinus reaches
nearly to the middle of the shell. These great Dish-
shells sometimes reach a length of over five inches,
and can hardly be mistaken for any other species,
Except the: next

Spisula hemphillz, Dall, Hemphill’s Mactra, is a
rare species occurring in San Pedro Bay and at San
Diego. It resembles the last species, but grows even

OPED Re BINNIE MOLE WSs 107

larger, a specimen before me measuring fully six
inches in length. ‘The white shell is covered with a
brown periostracum, which in young shells is pret-
‘tily lined and almost glossy, while at the posterior
end it is decidedly ridged and wrinkled. The front
end of this shell is narrower than that of the last
species, and the pallial sinus is smaller.

Spisula falcata, Gld., the Falcate Mactra, has a
shell of moderate size, resembling Mactra califor-
nica, but it has a narrower anterior end and a smaller
siaviss Lhe shell is. slossy, thin, and rather flat. It
is found in British Columbia, but it extends far
southward.

Labiosa undulata, Gld., the Wavy Reta, is a very
distinct, though rather rare southern species. The
hinge resembles that of the Mactras and shows the
triangular pit plainly. The outline is not very dif-
ferent from that of Figure 83, but the shell is very
thin, not merely at the edges but throughout its
whole extent, and it is very decidedly marked with
concentric ridges, which even appear on the inner
surface. Most clams as they grow not only add
to the edge of the shell but also thicken the older
parts from the inside, but the Wavy Reta does noth-
ing of the kind, and it is no wonder that good speci-
mens of so large and so thin a shell are quite rare,
Near the beaks it is much inflated. Externally it
is light brown or ashy, and when at all thickened
the interior is white. Three or four inches is the
common length of grown specimens.

The last member of this group has the largest
shell of all, sometimes reaching a remarkable length,

108 WEST COAST SHELES

while specimens of six inches are not uncommon.
Its name is Schizotherus nuttallti, Conr., the Wash-
ington Clam. This huge mollusk burrows deeply in
the mud, and is therefore rather hard to capture. It
makes an excellent chowder, however, and a very
few clams are sufficient for the wants of a large
family.

The shell is more or less oblong, bulged, rather
thin, and it gapes widely at the end where the long
siphons pass out. The sinus, as might be supposed,
is very broad and deep. The hinge-teeth are small,
while the cartilage pit is large and deep. The white
shell is covered with a thin epidermis. ‘This species
delights in muddy bays, and is found along the
whole coast.

Passing now to a very different group of shells
we come first to Thracia curta, Conr., the Short
Thracia. In form and markings this shell resembles
Figure 43, though it is somewhat oblong and also
wrinkled at the rear end of the valves. Ligament
external, hinge-teeth small, sinus shallow, length
from an inch to two inches. Thracia undulata,
Conr., the Wavy Thracia, also called plicata, is a
rare species that is larger
and thinner than the last.

Figure 84 represents the
inside of the left valve of
Pertploma planiscula, Sby.,
the Silver Lantern-shell.
This is a pretty species
easily recognized by its peculiar spoon-like hinge-
teeth, one of which is found in each valve. Oblong,

Fig. 84

ODER IVAN E MOLLUSKS, = 109

beaks near the posterior end, sinus small, right valve
inflated, left valve flattened. The shell is beauti-

fully white and smooth,

with fine lines of growth,

and the interior is shining and silvery. It is a south-

ern species, and it grows

to a length of two inches,

though most specimens are shorter.

Periploma discus,
Stearns, the Round Lan-
tern-shell, is well shown
in Figure 85. This fine
species was discovered at
Long Beach, Cal., not
many years ago, and for
a time specimens were

very rare. Afterwards

a considerable number
were washed up on the
beach, though it is by no
means a common shell.
The valves are white, ex-
ceedingly thin and frag-
lewwalmost, circular in
outline, though with one

fs
AS
\

hyip -s
bigs
WH,
Uy Py rr
Yi GP
My),
a AY
I
k i ,
MN

WY assss s
NN SSSSSS=
ISS Vs

square corner. The diameter of a large specimen 1s

nearly two inches.

A delicate little shell, of
which Figure 86 represents
a large specimen, found at
various points along the
coast and also in San Fran-

cisco Bay, is named Lyonsia caltfornica, Conr., the
California Lyonsia. The shell is bulged at one

110 WEST COAST SHELLS
end, while at the other it is narrow, thin and crooked.
The outer coat shows many concentric strie, but
this is easily rubbed off, revealing the inner layer,
which is quite pearly.
5 Lionsiella alaskana, Dall, the
Alaska Lyonsiella, is shown
in Figure 87. The specimen
here represented was dredged
from deep water in the Gulf
of Alaska. The figure is some-
what enlarged, but it shows
the main external features of
this thin and delicate shell.
As you walk among the rocks when the tide is
out you can often find many strange forms of life.
On the top of the rocks, so as to be exposed to the
sunlight, are masses of seaweed, often harboring
and concealing various living things. In the caves
under the rocks grow quite different animals. Some
of them can walk or crawl, and are comparatively
easy to classify, while others form mats or cushions
and seem to have little in common with ordinary
animal forms. One of these thin mats, often bril-
liantly colored, is really a kind of sponge. Another
and thicker one, yellowish in color, smooth and firm
to the touch, is really a mass of low animal forms
and is known as a compound Ascidian, or group of
Sea-bottles. Imbedded in these strange groups of
creatures may sometimes be found specimens of
Mytilimeria nuttalli, Conr., the Sea-bottle Shell.
In shape it resembles an inflated bladder with the
spiral beaks at one end. The: shell° is very thm

( TECEEE ES
GE EI BEE
WS.
CHLTETE |

Fig. 87, x 3 (*)

OTHER BIVALVE MOLLUSKS 111

white, and covered with a brown epidermis. ‘There
is an oscicle, or little detached piece of shell, under
fiemmmnee, | Ihe greatest diameter of the shell is
about one inch. This is a singular instance of a thin
shell deriving protection from the bodies of the ani-
mals by which it is concealed.

Our next species is named Entodesma saxicola,
Baird, the Rock Entodesma. It is a-singular crea-
ture, living in holes of various shapes and taking
whatever form seems most convenient. The shell is
somewhat oblong or pear-shaped, bulging at the
hinge end, gaping beneath, and prolonged around
the siphons into an irregular process consisting
chiefly of epidermis. Internally the shell is white,
while externally it is very rough and unsightly, being
partly covered with a brown periostracum. When
dry it is usually more or less bent or broken, owing
to the unequal shrinkage of the hard parts and the
covering. A large oscicle covers the hinge internally.
This is especially a northern species.

The southern shell, Entodesma inflata, Conr., the
Pufted Entodesma, resembles the last, but is smaller,
thinner, and more irregular, and is composed largely
of epidermis. It is narrow in front, wider and thin-
ner behind, and is about an inch or less in length.

Verticordia novemcostata, Ad. & Rve., the Nine-
tibbed Verticordia, has a minute shell, only 4 or §
mm. high. In outline it is nearly square, and from
the beak near one corner run about nine prominent
ribs. The shell is pearly within. It is found near
San Pedro. Dr. Carpenter considers it identical
with the Chinese shell; V’. ornata, D’Orb.

12 WES TD YCOAST SHELES

Clidiophora punctata, Cpr., the Dotted Pandora,
is a rare shell of very unusual shape, somewhat ob-
long and beaked. Instead of being inflated it is
very flat and compressed. The valves are thin and
silvery, while within they are marked with many
little pits or dots. It is somewhat over an inch in
length. From Victoria to San Diego.

The last family of the Pelecypods is that of the
Boring-shells, of which there are two divisions.
The first of these include the Piddocks, which force
their way into clay, shell, or rock; while the second
division, the Teredos, work chiefly in wood.

Pholas pacifica, Stearns, the Western Piddock, is
the first species to be mentioned. ‘The shell is thin
and delicate, long and cylindrical, marked with
wavy, concentric ridges and faint radiating lines.
The sculpturing is not sharply divided into two sec-
tions as it is in some of the following species. With-
in each valve, beneath the hinge, is a slender spoon
of shell, very narrow and delicate; its use is not
fully known. On the outside, just above the liga-
ment, is a long protecting plate with straight sides.
This auxiliary valve, as it is called, is -curved=ims
front and straight behind. The valves gape widely
at the ends. The length of the white shells of this
species is about two and a half inches. The creature
burrows in mud and clay. It was first found on the
Alameda side of San Francisco Bay, but has since
been reported from the southern part of California. |

Pholadidea penita, Conr., the Common Piddock,
is shown in Figure 88. While it is often much smal-
ler than the picture, specimens are sometimes found

OTHER BIVALVE MOLLUSKS 113

that are more than twice as long. Like
the other Piddocks, the forward part of
the shell is rounded and _rasp-like,
while the latter part is narrow and
smooth.

A triangular plate covers the hinge-
area, and the valves end in epidermal
flaps or scales. It is commonly found
in burrows which it constructs for itself
in the softer rocks which occur here and there all
along our coast. In young specimens the forward
end gapes widely to allow the strong foot to press
against the side of the burrow and thus assist in
turning the shell, whose sharp points probably wear
into the rock, though just the method by which it
bores is not clearly known. As it grows older it
seems to realize that it has gone far enough, and
closes the front of the opening in the valves with a
wall of shell, making them appear nearly round.

Pholadidea parva, Tryon, the Little Piddock, is
a very small species, which some consider as a re-
duced variety of the last. It*burrows into Haliotis
shells.

Pholadidea ovoidea, Gld., the Oval Piddock, is a
small, oval form, resembling in shape a small Z?r-
phea crispata, whose forward end is filled out with
curved shell.

Pholadidea darwintt, Sby., Darwin’s Piddock, is
a little borer found in rocks. The front of the shell
is open and circular, while the latter part is pro-
longed into a narrow, flattened tube, shaped like a
duck’s bill. The shell is marked with strix, and is

114 WES %COASI) SEHEEES

divided into two parts by a narrow constriction.
The shell is whitish in color like that of all the pid-
docks, and it is only about half an inch long.

Figure 89 gives a”
good idea of the shell
of the Rough Pid-
dock, Zirphaa crés-
pata, Linn. This fine
borer is able to force
a. tunnel imtoo gtue
hardest of blue clay,
doubtless by means of its sharp rasp. There is no
accessory plate over the hinge-area in this species,
but it is protected by a membrane, and in front of
the umbones the valves are reflexed. The shell is
thin, white, and very hard, and its length is from
two to four inches. This species is widely dis-
tributed, being found in both great oceans.

It is said that all of the piddocks give out a phos-
phorescent light when they are alive, and that this
light may be seen by carefully removing specimens
from their homes in the rocks and placing them in
a pan of sea water. Great care is necessary to pre-
vent the creatures* from receiving injury, “ase the
shells are very delicate. Some of my younger
readers may have an opportunity to experiment in
this line and watch in the darkness for signs of light
from the living animals. It is possible, also, that
some one may even detect them in the act of boring
their holes. The sea is very large, and there are op-
portunities for a bright boy or girl to observe much
that is really valuable. ;

OWMENBIR IBIWUAILN IS, MUOQULILIUIS IS, 115

The great California Piddock,
Parapholas californica, Conr., is
represented in Figure go, which
well illustrates its main features.
The upper end of the shell 1s com-
posed mainly of large scales of epi-
dermis. Near the line of union of
the two valves there are accessory
plates, long, straight, and smooth.
The shells are white, rather deli-
cate, and are three or more inches
in length. The rocky dust which
the animal obtains in the process of
excavation he uses in building up
mecmons, conical ‘chimney, which protects the
siphons.

Martesta tntercallata, Cpr., the Shell-boring Pid-
dock, is a very small borer, from the southern fauna,
which is sometimes found in large shells like that of
the Haliotis. Its presence sometimes greatly dis-
turbs the occupant of the shell, especially if its bur-
row has been carried nearly through the pearly lin-
ieee In) that case a knob’ is built up as a defense
against the intruder, and these knobs, or “blisters,”
as they are often called, may be cut out and set as
jewels. Occasionally, however, the borer goes clear
through the shell, and then there is trouble tor all
concerned. The valves of the Shell-boring Piddock
gape widely in front, and the outer entrance to its
burrow is quite small.

There is a very singular and very destructive mol-
lusk, which lives especially in San Francisco Bay,

116 WEST COAST SHELLS

that is known by the name of Xylotria setacea,
Tryon, though it is commonly called the Teredo, or
Ship-worm. Its great end in lite seems to be to bore
as long a hole as possible; not tor the reason that it
desires the wood for food, but simply for the fun of
the boring.

The young of this mollusk, like those of many
others, are free swimmers, quite unlike their adult
parents. After a brief and sportive life in the water
the little creature finds a post or a piece of floating
wood and begins to bore. As he advances, he lines
the hole with a tube of shell, and if he nears another
hole he turns to one side and bores on through un-
disturbed wood. The openings on the outside of the
wood, where the little creature entered, are so small
that they are hardly noticed, and so it often happens
that the timbers of a wharf may appear perfectly
sound, when in fact they are completely honey-
combed.

The valves of the shell are at the very front of
the tube, and are nearly spherical in shape, though
they gape widely at both ends. The front ends of
the shells are very beautifully sculptured, though —
the markings are so fine that a microscope is needed
in examining them. ‘The creature also has two oar-
shaped, shelly appendages, which close the external
opening of the burrow, and perhaps perform other
duties. The globular shell of the Teredo is about
half an inch in diameter, and the pens or oars are
some two inches in length.

To provide against the rapid destruction that is
wrought by the Teredo, many precautions are taken

OMMBUSIR, IBIW IEW IS, MIQUEIEIOISIEGS 10/

by builders. The bottoms of wooden ships are cov-
ered with copper, and the timbers used in building
wharves are either soaked in poison before using or
sheathed with metal. A still better plan is to build
the piers entirely of concrete, or to cover the wooden
piles with a thick coating of cement. Unless some
such precautions are used the woodwork of a wharf
may be ruined in the brief space of one or two years.
Much good, on the other hand, is done by the borers,
for they tend to break up the timbers of old wrecks,
and to cause obstructing ledges of rock to crumble
and disappear.

X ylotria stutchburry?, Jeftt., the Little Teredo, has
a very small shell, of which the valves are white and
triangular, while the pens are minute and club-
shaped.

This closes our description of the two-valved mol-
lusks. Very much concerning the details has been
left unwritten, and for every observer there remain
plenty of interesting facts, which are only waiting
for some patient discoverer.

CHAPTER VI
UNIVALVE MOLLUSKS

A few years ago I visited the pretty little town of
Bolinas, situated on the first bay to the north of the
Golden Gate. From the shore there runs out a ledge
of rock far into the ocean, which is commonly 'known
as Duxbury Reef. One morning when the tide was
low I went far out on this reef and found that it
furnishes an excellent home for many living crea-
tures. ‘Turning back the masses of olive-green sea-
weed I found a considerable number of mollusks
with shells like the one shown in Figure 91. It is not
a very common species for California, but is more
abundant in the north.

The shell of a full grown specimen is an inch and
a half long. It is spindle-shaped, that is, it is largest
in the middle and tapers towards each end. Various
parts of the shell have received names, and as this
is the first species which we are to consider which ~
belongs to the great class of the Gasteropods we will
now notice these names. The Gasteropod shell is
really a long tube, coiled in a spiral form. This
fact may not seem so evident in this species as in
certain others, but it is the plan of the shell neverthe-
less, and a knowledge of this fact will help to an-
swer many troublesome questions.

The opening to this tube is called the aperture,
and it is named ap in the figure. As you face the

UNIVALVE MOLLUSKS 119

shell you notice that this aperture is on the side next
to your right hand. This is true of most shells,
which are therefore called dextral; though a few,
Minicheturn the other way, as in Kigure 102, are
known as left-handed, or sinistral shells.

The upper part of the shell
is known as the spire, marked
sp, of which the very top, a,
is the apex, while each turn of
the spire is a whorl, the larg-
est of which, b. w., is the body
whorl. ‘The spiral groove be-
tween the whorls is the suture,
mance se. Lhe central post,
c, is the columella, while the
central opening, wv, 1s the um-
bilicus. ‘The little open tube
marked ca is called the canal, and the outer edge ot
Eiemaperture, O../., 15 the outer lip: Phe imner lip
in this specimen is grown to the columella and does
not appear, though in some shells, as shown in Fig-
tiem s@, it is very evident. Many shelils have no
canal, and in most instances we judge that the ani-
mal which has such a shell is herbiverous, while those
with canals are carnivorous.

Lines of growth run parallel to the edge of the
outer lip, while spiral lines run around the shell and
cut the lines of growth. Varices are enlarged por-
tions of the shell, parallel to the lines of growth,
while the operculum is a kind of door that the ani-
mal pulls up to the aperture, after he has withdrawn
into his shell. With these few simple definitions,

120 WESt SCOASIERSEERIES

we are ready to describe almost any of the numerous
shells that we are to consider 1 in the remaining part
of the book.

The name of the species whose shell is shown in
Figure 91 1s Chrysodomus dirus, Rve., the Dark
Chrysodome. The clean shell is of a dark liver color,
though this is often obscured by an ashy powder,
giving it a dingy appearance.

As we have considered this type of the uni-
valve shells out of its natural order, we will
now turn our attention to what is properly

Fie.92 our first species of the great class of the Gas-
teropoda, named <Acteon punctocelatus, Cpr.,
the Barrel-shell, shown in Figure 92. It is a pretty
little thing, which is sometimes found washed up on
the beach, and at certain times of the year it may
be found alive in the tide-pools where it has gone to
lay its eggs. Its length is about half an inch. There
is a small fold on the columella and numerous re-
volving ribs. The surface is pure white, with two
series of narrow black bands. I have seen dead
specimens of this shell at Pacific Grove, and have
found it alive on the shores of Dead Man’s Island,
near San Pedro.

Acteon painei, Dall, Paine’s Acteon. This is
one of the new species secured by Lowe and Paine,
while dredging near Avalon, Catalina Island. The
length of the shell is 8 mm., and it may be dis-
tinguished from the last species by its short spire,
stouter form, and the absence of color bands.

Tornatina culcitella, Gld., the Pillow Lathe-shell,
is shown in Figure 93. It has a cylindrical body as

VUNIVALVAE, MOLEUSKS 121

if it had been turned in a lathe, and it cer-
tainly is dainty enough for a fairy’s bolster.
The color is brownish, and fresh specimens
are banded with numerous microscopic striz.
Large specimens are nearly an inch long. Fig. 93

Tornatina harpa, Dall, the Harp Lathe-
shell, is smaller, being about six millimeters in
length. The color is white, and it is easily dis-
tinguished by the presence of longitudinal grooves
and lines on the upper half of the last whorl.

T ornatina eximia, Baird, the Excellent Lathe-shell,
resembles Figure 93, though it is smaller. It differs
in having a more depressed spire, a longer and nar-
rower aperture, and a smaller plait on the colum-
ella. It is found in Puget Sound, and also at San
Diego.

Tornatina cerealis, Gld., the Grain Lathe-shell,
has a minute white shell, less than a quarter of an
inch in length. It is quite solid, and has a spire
rounded at the apex.

Cylichna alba, Brown, the White Cup-shell, is an-
other of these small species of shells which resemble
little rolls of cloth. This species has a white shell,
10 mm. long, which is somewhat cylindrical and
which tapers towards either end. It occurs on the
coast of southern California and also on the Atlantic
shores.

Volvula cylindrica, Cpr., the Roll-shell, resembles
the last species, but is somewhat flattened in the mid-
dle and has an extended umbilical point, “Like a
grain of rice, pointed at one end.’’—Cpr.

The fine shell shown in Figure 94 is named Buw//a

122 WESE COAST SEMBMES

gouldzana, Gould’s Bubble-shell.
It is thin, polished and mottled,
resembling a large bird’s egg. The
spire is depressed, or more properly
speaking, the body-whorl is ele-
vated above the original spire.
This species lives in the south. I
have gathered the shells abun-
dantly at San Pedro, when the tide
was low. ‘The shell is so delicate
that it is almost impossible to re-
move the animal without injuring the inner whorls.
Fortunately, excellent specimens may be found, al-
most fresh, from which every trace of animal matter
has been eaten by little crabs and similar animals.
The shell is sometimes wholly brown in color, but in
the finest specimens it is mottled with white and
yellow clouds. It was named by Prof. Pilsbry.
Haminea vesicula, Gld., the White
Bubble-shell, is shown in Figure 95. The
shell is not strictly white however, unless
it is bleached, but when fresh it is of a
pale greenish yellow. It is very thin
and fragile and can easily be crushed by
the fingers. And yet its inhabitant is
not a strict vegetarian, but he devours small mol-
lusks and crabs that happen to come to his home,
which he locates in a muddy place along the shore
of the ocean near the mouth of some river. His ali-
mentary canal is provided with a powerful gizzard
armed with teeth to crush any hard morsels that he
may have swallowed. The figure represents a rather

UNIVALVE MOLLUSKS 123

large specimen of this shell. You will notice that
the aperture is extremely large, the spire depressed,
and the whole shell quite like a bubble.

Haminea virescens, Sby., the Green Bubble-shell,
is smaller than the last, and has a very short body-
whorl, while the outer lip is greatly extended. The
animal that it is supposed to protect is much larger
than the shell, however, and its delicate, greenish
covering can give it but a scant defense. This spe-
cies is found sparingly upon mossy rocks on the
southern coast.

In 1862 three large specimens of 4 //ysia caltfor-
nica, Cooper, the California Sea-hare, were reported
as found on San Pedro beach after a storm. One
of these was fifteen inches long and five inches wide.
Their stomachs were full of seaweed. ‘The soft
creatures have no visible shell.

Pleurobranchus californicus, Dall, the California
Side-gill, also comes from San Pedro. The animal
is oval and flattened and has a distinct head. The
shell is a thin white scale, concealed in the mantle.
The gill is single, feather-shaped, and is placed on
the right side between the mantle and the foot. The
animal is waxy white in color, about an inch long,
while the little shell is half that length.

Somewhat similar in their anatomy to the last few
species are the Sea-slugs, which form a great group
of naked mollusks. While they have no shells they
are far from being without interest. Their bodies
are often very brilliantly colored, so that when they
are alive and moving they are among the most beau-
tiful objects of the sea. You will find them on sea-

124 WEST J€OASTRSHELES

weed at low water, looking like little lumps of soft
tissue without form or beauty; but when put into
a jar of sea-water they will extend their tentacles and
expand their flower-like gills and display their fine
colors in all their glory. Some are white with scarlet
trimmings, others are yellow with brown rings, while
still others have brilliant fringes of various hues.

They are mostly small, even when extended, and
usually measure but an inch or two in length. As
they cannot be preserved except in alcohol or some
similar fluid by which their beauty is destroyed they
can be satisfactorily studied only at the seaside. We
give a brief description of a very few of the most
common species, referring all who desire to study
the subject farther to the excellent work of Pro-
fessor MacFarland of Stanford University, entitled,
“Opisthobranchiate Mollusca from Monterey Bay.”

Archidorts montereyensts (Cooper), the Monterey
Doris, has a rather large, slug-like body, sometimes
reaching a length of three inches, though commonly
much smaller. The color is pale yellowish, with
scattered dark spots, and the surface is roughly tu-
berculate. The branchial plumes, or gills, form a
crown-shaped expansion on the posterior third of the
back of the animal. The tentacles are flattened and
externally grooved. It may often be found at low
tide, in little pools or among patches of seaweed.
It is said to be especially abundant on the piles of
the wharf at Monterey, where it is found in con-.
nection with the next species.

Antsodoris nobilis (MacFarland), the Noble
Doris, resembles the last species, and was formerly

UNIVALYV MOLLUSKS 125

confounded with it. The Noble Doris, however,
grows to a much greater size, being sometimes as
muehvas six or eight imches in length. Its color is
a brighter yellow, and its tentacles are finger-shaped.
Internally, the differences are still more marked.
Abundant at Monterey.

Triopha carpentert (Stearns), the Clown Sea-
slug. This little creature, seldom more than two
inches in length, is very common on brown kelp and
in tide-pools. ‘The body is soft, almost transparent,
clearly showing the brown liver, and is of a white
color. On it are borne numerous processes which
are tinged with bright orange, and the mantle is also
spotted with the same color. When the animal is
extended the width is about a quarter of the length.
It is interesting to see the creature move in water.
Sometimes it comes to the surface and»walks on the
air, as it were, head down. With its bright dress and
odd pranks it resembles a circus clown.

Triopha maculata, MacFarland, the Blue-spotted
Sea-slug. This pretty sea-slug is about the size of
the last and is found in similar positions, though it
is not quite so common. Its color, however, is a deep
yellowish-brown, thickly set with small, bluish-
white, round or oval spots. It contrasts strongly
with the last species, which has a white background
and brightly colored spots.. The foot of the Blue-
spotted Sea-slug is orange-yellow in color, and
touches of the same shade are seen on various organs
of the body, especially the two club-shaped sense
organs, known as rhinophores, which stand out like
horns.

126 WEST «COAST SHELLS

Hopkinsia rosacea, MacFarland, the Rosy Sea-
slug, is a little oval creature, hardly an inch in length.
Its rosy pink body is covered with slender, pointed
projections of the same color. In fact, it is rosy
throughout, and could not possibly be mistaken for
any other member of this interesting class of sea
animals. It was named in honor of Timothy Hop-
kins, the generous patron of the Seaside Laboratory
at Pacific Grove.

A strange little shell is that shown in

Figure 96, and a fairy tale it could tell of

the life of its tiny inhabitant. Shaped like

the tusk of an elephant, pure white in color

and open at both ends, it differs widely

Fig 9¢ 10m all other kinds of shells. The name of

this species is Dentalium preciosum, Nutt.,

the Precious-Tusk-shell. It has also been called

Dentalium indianorum, and with good reason, for in

former years the Indians used to gather these shells

from the little bays on the west coast of Vancouver

Island and string them for wampum. The Tusk-

shell lives partly buried in the sand, the small end

down. An inch is perhaps an average length for
shells of this species.

Dentalium neohexagonum, 8S. & P., the Hexa-
gonal Tusk-shell is the common species of southern
California. Sometimes the shells are two inches in
length, and, as the name indicates, a cross section
would be six-sided. The shell is thin, white, curved, |
and angled. ?

Dentalium semistriatum, var. semipolitum, Br. &
Sby., the Ornamented Tusk-shell is a small species

UNIVALVE MOLLUSKS 7,

that lives in the south. Its shell is thin, white, and
ornamented with numerous fine ridges running from
the apex two-thirds of the whole length. ‘The aper-
Guiness Circular. ,

Cadulus quadrifissus, Cpr., the Four-slit Tusk-
shell. This very large name belongs to a very small
shell, only half an inch long, which may be easily
distinguished because the small end is cut by a httle
cross, composed of four slits. It has been dredged
off San Pedro by Mr. H. N. Lowe, along with other
rare species of shells.

Cadulus hepburnz, Dall, Hepburn’s Tusk-shell, is
found near the city of Victoria, B. C. It is only 11
mm. in length, and is polished, white, and nearly
straight. Cadulus tolmée?, Dall, Tolmie’s Tusk-
shell, is found with the last species, but it is more
curved, and rapidly tapers. Cadulus aberrans,
Whiteaves, the Wandering Tusk-shell, is the only
other species of this genus found in the same locality
as the last two; its shell is larger and more curved.

The Pteropods are mostly deep sea creatures,
which live near the surface, and they have been well
called Sea-Butterflies. The shells are very light and
Ammyand im modern times at least, they are quite
small. A few have been found on our coast, nota-
bly, Cavolinia tridentata, Forsk., the Trident Sea-
Butterfly. This little shell is thin, hollow, horn-
colored, shaped like a small button with three small
projections or points at one end, of which the middle
one 1s the longest. It has come ashore in southern
California, and perhaps elsewhere.

At this point we will describe a few odd mollusks

128 WHS COASD SHELES

that strictly belong with the air-breathers.
The first one is named Melampus olivaceus,
: Cpr., the Olive Ear-shell. It has a compara-
Fig.97 tively strong shell, with a narrow, ear-shaped
aperture, a short spire, and a pear-shaped
outline. As is shown in Figure 97, there are two
folds on the columella. Dark brown, with lighter
stripes and bands; length, half an inch. ‘This spe-
cies occurs plentifully on salt mud-flats along the
southern coast of California. |

The next species is named Phytia myosotis, Drap.,
the Mouse-ear Alexia. The shell is brown and
spindle-shaped, similar in form and size to a small
grain of wheat. Probably it was imported from
Europe, as it is found around Atlantic sea-ports,
and also near San Francisco.

Carychium extguum, var. occidentale, Pils., the
Western Carychium. Shell minute, distinctly coni-
cal, whitish, with an evident spire of fine rounded
whorls. Aperture nearly circular, columella with
a distinct tooth. From Portland, Oregon. The
shell is about one-sixteenth of an inch in length; it
is found about wharves and on stones which are
sometimes covered with tide-water.

Pedipes untsulcatus, J. G. Cooper, the Furrowed
Pedipes. Spire short, body-whorl large and full,
columella marked with very large and peculiar white
folds. Surface light brown, length one-fourth of an
inch. Southern. .

Siphonaria peltotdes, Cpr., the Shield-like Siphon-
shell, has a limpet-shaped shell, small, thin, and low
arched, with the apex a little to one side of the cen-

UNIVALVE MOLLUSKS 129

ter. The color is light brown with more or less
darker rays, and its length is one-fourth of an inch
or a little more. The interior muscle-scar is divided
on one side by a siphonal groove, but this mark is
not always very distinct. ‘This little mollusk lives
on rocks between tides, and is not found very often.
When disturbed it gives out a milky fluid.

Gadinia reticulata, Sby., the Netted
Button-shell. A rather small specimen
of this pretty shell is shown in Figure
98. It is usually low arched, though it
varies considerably in this respect. There
is a nearly central apex, from which run radial lines
fomeme ede of the shell. Dhese rays are crossed by
deep, circular lines of growth, giving the shell a
netted or reticulated appearance. The color is pure
white and the shell is quite solid. I have found a
few specimens living on mussel-bearing ledges, near
the low water line, but it is not often found alive,
except occasionally in a tide grotto. Dead shells
are frequently washed up from the sea by the waves.
The peculiar markings make them easy to identify.
Sometimes live shells are found, greenish white in
color, quite conical, and nearly smooth.

Fig. 98

CHAPTER VII

MARINE UNIVALVES

Myurella simplex, Cpr., the Simple
Auger-shell, shown in Figure gg, is a
southern mollusk, having a pretty, slender,
conical shell. The spire winds gracefully
upwards and ends in a sharp point at the
apex, while at the other end of the shell :
the aperture is small and ends in a short, ae
recurved canal. Following the sutures is
a spiral thread of beads, which adds much to the at-
tractiveness of the shell. The length is an inch or
more, the whorls are about twelve in number, and
the color is whitish or brown. This shell is our
representative of the genus Terebra, which has a
large number of species of similar form, some of
which are very strong and as long as your hand.

Figure 100 also shows our repre-
sentative of a large genus of shells,
most of which are found in tropical
seas. Its name is Conus californicus,
Hds., the California Cone. While
large and beautiful specimens of the
Cone-shells are found in the warm
waters of the Pacific and” Imdiang
oceans, our little species is very hum-
ble, being about an inch in length, while its surface
is of a sombre chestnut color, though one may be

Fig. 100

MARINE UNIVALVES 131

found occasionally that has a brown, hairy epi-
dermis. Specimens of this shell are most common
on the coast of southern. California.

Figure 101 represents the shell
of the rare and beautiful Bathy-
toma carpentertana, Gabb, Car-
penter’s Turret-shell, (Surcula
carpentertana). This shell is
spindle-shaped, with a conical
spire, sometimes more slender
than is represented in the figure,
which slopes with the utmost
grace to the apex. The aperture
is long and the outer lip sharp
and thin. In perfect specimens
the lip is recurved near the su-
ture, making a small notch, but
this feature is seen better in the
next genus. The shell is marked
with many fine lines of growth,
each of which retains the pecu-
iarecunve or the notch: ) Whe Fig. 101
color is brownish yellow, which
is set off by numerous narrow, revolving stripes of
reddish brown. .The length of a good sized speci-
men is three inches. This species lives along the
coast of California, particularly off the southern
coast, and most of the specimens have been obtained
by dredging. An allied species, Bathytoma stearns?-
ana, Raymond, shorter, smoother, and _ relatively
broader than B. carpenteréana, has been dredged ott
San Diego and in other places off the southern coast.

132 WEST (COAST SHEEES

Bathytoma tryoniana, Gabb, Tryon’s Turret-shell,
resembles the last species, but the whorls are con-
vex, angular, and ornamented by a row of nodes on
the angle. It has been hauled up alive in the fisher-
men’s nets at San Pedro.

_ There are several fossil forms in Oregon and Cali-
fornia which greatly resemble the last three species,
and which seem to indicate that they were all closely
related through their ancient ancestors. Various
names have been given to these old forms, such as
Bathytoma gabbiana, Dall, to a fossil shell found
near Coos Bay, and bathytoma keep, Arnold, to a
form found near Coalinga, which may have been an
ancestor to the recent bathytoma tryoniana. ‘The
study of fossil shells has been an important means of
increasing our knowledge concerning the original
forms of living shells, and sometimes old and cher-
ished names have had to be changed on account of
this knowledge. This is often troublesome, no
doubt, but we may be consoled by the thought that
these changes, sometimes at least, mean that the sci-
ence of Chonchology is alive and not dead.

Figure 102 gives us a magnified view of the shell |
of Turris perversa, the Perverse Turret-shell. It is
called perverse because the whorls revolve from left
to right, instead of in the usual way. It is called
Turris, instead of Plevrotoma, meaning Notch-side,
as it is called in the old edition, because it is found
that TIurris is the older name. In regard to this
change of names Dr. Dall remarks, “It is always
regrettable to part with an old and familiar name,
but in the present case, if the rules of nomenclature

MARINE UNIVALVES 133

be followed, there is absolutely no
escape from the conclusion above in-
dicated.”’ Concerning another change
he remarks, “It would have to come
sooner or later, and it is probably best
to have it over and done with. If we
do not do vse) the eval day is) only
postponed.”

This species is dredged alive off
southern California, and it is also
found in a fossil condition.

Turris vinosa, Dall,
the Tipsy Turret-shell,
, is) shown im) Kicure
Fig. 102,x2() 103. ‘This is a north-
am Seeeies, OMG:

around the Aleu-

tian Islands and in
idoele \arenmney, © Ihe
was described by

Dr. Dall in 1872.

It also has a sinis-

tral shell, though )

it differs materi- Fig. 103,x4@
ally from the last

species in other respects.

Figure 104 introduces us to
another northern shell, 80 mm. in
length. Its home is in Bering
Sea, and its name is Turrés cércin-
ata, Dall, the Girdled Turret-

Fie. 104, x 8 shell. As shown in the figure

134 WES COAST SHEEES

each whorl is ornamented with a raised belt or gir-
dle, from which fact it takes its name. The aper-
ture is large, being half as long as the whole shell.
Several other rare species of this genus are known
to exist either in the cold waters of the north or in
the deep water off the more southern coasts.

Figure 105 represents a very graceful
shell named Turrés ophioderma, Dall, the
Pencilled Drill-shell (Dréllza penicdl-
lata). The spire consists of eight slender
whorls, the aperture is long, and the sur-
face is smooth, brownish, and marked
with delicate cross-lines of color. Tryon
maintained that this species is only a
variety of Dréllia inermis, Hinds. It is
distinctively a southern species. Turrés

Fie.105 = pentctllata, Cpr., 1s a Mexican species,

which was confused with TI. énermis, a
species already mentioned.

Drillia torosa, Cpr., the Knobbed — Drill-shell,
shown in Figure 106, is found somewhat farther to.
the north. It is rather less graceful than its
southern relative, and it is smaller also.
The surface is almost black, but each whorl
is ornamented with a spiral row of lighter
colored knobs.

The third species, Dréllta moesta, Cpr.,
the Doleful Drill-shell, resembles the last
species, but the whorls have cross-ribs in-
stead of knobs. It is a southern shell and is found
under stones between tides. Its color is brown or

Fig. 106

MARINE UNIVALVES peels

olive, and its length is one inch. A variety from
San Pedro is smooth, with fine color lines.

Drillia empyrosta, Dall, the Burnt
Drill-shell, is shown somewhat enlarged
in Figure 107. It has yellowish whorls,
with a burnt sienna brown tint on the
later ones, though a paler band shows
white patches where it crosses the ribs.
It is not found near the shore, but is
dredged from deep water off San Pedro.

Turrés tncésa, Cpr., the Incised Drill-
shell (Dréllia tnctsa), is an inhabitant
of Puget Sound. Its shell is similar in ol
eMaperton igure 1O5, but it is smalileny | ted xs ©
bemenonly a little over an imch in
length. Its surface is ash-colored, with reddish re-
volving lines.

The genus Bela includes a large number of small
shells, most of them from the north, and some of
which are obtained by dredging. They are decidedly
spindle-shaped, and many of them have the charac-
teristic notch in the outer lip near the upper end of
the aperture. On account of their small size or rare oc-
currence they will not be farther described in this book.

Figure 108 gives an enlarged view of the little
Mangilia mertta, Gld., the Ribbed Mangilia. It has
six whorls and the surface is marked by high cross-
ridges and fine spiral lines. It is a whitish
shell, very delicate and pretty, and it is usu-

ally less than half an inch in length. Its

home is on the west coast of Central Ameri-

Fie.193 ©, but it reaches as far north as San Diego.

136

laria

WEST

Fig. 109, x é (*)

COAST SE REES

Mangtlia variegata, Cpr.,
the Variegated Mangilia, has
a shell similar to the last, but
rather more slender, and
marked with more raised
ridges. The shell is thin, yel-
lowish in color, especially
around the aperture, though
the spire is apt to be darker.
Large specimens: neatemeed
length of 1o mm. It is found
on the coast of southern Cali-
fornia.

In Figure 109 we have a
bold picture of the rare and
beautiful shell named Cancel-

coopert, Gabb, Cooper’s

Cancellaria. Fine living speci-
mens are occasionally hauled
up in the nets of the fishermen
or are gathered by the dredge,
but good specimens are still
very valuable, so much so that
I never owned one. The few
that have been found off the
coast of California give us
proof, however, that the
depths of the sea hold many
choice and beautiful treasures,
and as we look over the blue
waves We can in imagination

Fig. 110, x ¥ (*)

MARINE UNIVALVES 137

call up these many and other fairy forms from their
homes below.

Cancellaria crawfordiana, Dall, Crawford’s Can-
cellaria, Figure 110, is another fine species which
has been dredged alive in Drake’s Bay and Monterey
Bay. The surface of the shell is pale brown and
rough, while the throat is pure white. Its length is
about san inch and a hali. It 1s to be hoped’ that
many more specimens of this fine shell may be
brought to the surface by careful dredging.

Another rare shell belonging
to the same genus is shown in
Figure 111. Its name is Cancel-
laria mitddendorffiana, Dall,
Middendorff’s Cancellaria. It
comes from the far north, being
found in Bering Sea and vicin-
ity. Its white shell is only 17.5
mm. in length, and it is covered
with a pale yellow epidermis.

One fine summer morning
some years ago I rose very early,
took my long rubber boots, an old hoe and a basket,
put a few crackers in my pocket, and silently stole
away from the little tent where the rest of my family
were continuing their slumbers. I followed the long
path which led along the cliffs, here coming down
close to the shore and there cutting off a sharp head-
land of rocks, till I reached my destination. This
was a strip of sandy beach from which the water
had all receded, for it was at the very lowest ebb ot
the early tide. I sat down upon a rock, took a

lefege WIS xe Se (Ga)

138 Wasi COVNSIE SIslailil,s

cracker from my pocket, and began to investigate
both it and the prospect. In front of me was the
strip of sand sloping down to the light waves; behind
me was a high bank of earth, and the rocks were on
either side; but no shell was to be found except a few
well-worn specimens which had been tossed up by
some departing wave.

But I was not expecting to find shells in atin
sight, so I cheerfully pulled off my shoes and drew on
those convenient appendages, the long rubber boots.
(Were I to do it again I would go dressed in a
bathing suit and snap my fingers at the waves.) Now
I was ready for work, and taking up my hoe I began
to dig in the sand. There was plenty of sand to dig
in, in fact, too much of it, for it apparently took up
all the room and left no place for the shells.

At length I struck upon a spot where a little
stream of water was oozing out from a bank of sand.
As I scraped away the surface I saw something which
would have made me dance for joy, had
I not been weighted down by the long
boots. For there in very truth was a live
Olive, with its graceful shell shaped like
Figure 112. It had a beautiiul pega
colored body, which it quickly withdrew
into the shell and closed the aperture with
a very insignificant scale, which seemed
to be an apology for an operculum.

I picked up the little creature and mused some-_
what as follows: The name of this mollusk is
Olivella biplicata, Sby., the Purple Olive-shell. It is
about an inch in length, and the shell, while appar-

Fig.112

MARINE UNIVALVES 139

ently smooth and polished, 1s shown under the micro-
scope to have fine and beautiful reticulations. The
spire is short, the aperture long and narrow, the canal
a mere notch, and the outer lip is thin-edged. Upon
the inner wall of the aperture is a lump of white
enamel, and at the base of the columella are two
little folds, which are referred to in the name b7plz-
cata, meaning twice folded. The color of the shell
varies much in different specimens; some are almost
pure white, others are very dark, but most of them
are dove-colored, with purple trimmings. ‘They re-
semble the olives of our orchards in form and size,
so their name has no mystery connected with it, but
it was doubtless chosen by Mr. Swainson, in 1835, on
account of the appearance of the shells. It is only
fair to say, however, that back in 1789 the name
Oliva was applied to the large group of smooth shells
of which our little specimen is a humble representa-
tive. At the present time the genus O//va includes
the larger species, which have no operculum. The
genus O/¢vella, meaning “‘little olive,” includes the
smaller species, among which the specimen that we
are now considering is classed, and which proves its
right to be there by the presence of an operculum, as
we have already indicated. Concerning these shells
Dr. Paul Fischer remarks in his Manuel de Conchy-
liologie, ‘Les coquilles sont de petite taille; l’une
delles (O. béplicata, Sowerby) est recherchée par les
indigenes de Californie, qui la polissent, la percent,
Vemploient comme ornement ou monnaie sous le nom
de Colcol. On en trouve d’assez grandes accumula-
tions dans les tumuli.” From these words I under-

140 WES® COAST <SEELES

stand that our Indians used to value these shells
quite highly, that they used strings of them for orna-
ment or for money, and that they have been fre-
quently found in old mounds and graves. But it is
not necessary for us to read French to learn all about
this primitive money. Go to any good public library
and ask for the Report of the National Museum for
1887 and turn to page 297. There you will find a
delightful article on ‘“Ethno-Conchology,” written by
our own Dr. Stearns, which begins as follows: ““The
study of Nature leads through enchanted fields, full
of new surprises and fresh delights. Whichever path
we pursue, vistas open on either side equally inviting,
with every charm of life and form and color, ever
changing but never old.” * * * “Conchology, or
the study of shells, in itself one of the most delight-
ful studies, in its ethnical aspect is also full of inter-
est.” The article fills about forty pages and has a
number of plates, showing both western and east-
‘ern shells that have been used by the aborigines for
the making of beads and strings of money. There
are many treasures hidden away in these old Govern-
ment reports that ought to be looked up by our
bright boys and girls, who will find them to be a per-
fect mine of information.

As I proceeded with my hoeing my joy increased,
for I found the pretty shells by the hundred, and I
had gathered about a thousand when the tide came in
so far as to render further work impracticable. They
seemed to lie in groups just under the surface of the
sand, yet wholly concealed from sight. You must go
at the very lowest morning tides, if you wish to

MARINE UNIVALVES 141

gather them, and search till you find the bed; for
they seem to be active burrowers and to move rapidly
from place to place.

I took some of them home and put them in a jar
of beach-sand and sea-water. You will be pleased to
do the same, if you ever have an opportunity, for
their movements are very interesting. You will then
see the plow-shaped foot which quickly digs a hole in
the sand, and the long, breathing-siphon which curls
up through the canal and reaches through the sand
up to the clear water, like the trunk of a swimming
elephant reaching up for air.

To clean the shells it is simply necessary to spread
them in the sunshine for a few hours, when the ani-
mal will be found to be dead and loosened from the
shell. The soft parts can then be easily removed
with a pin. ‘To clean most shells, however, it 1s
necessary to throw them into boiling water. In a
few minutes they can be taken out and the animal
withdrawn by a little hook or piece of bent wire.
Many marine mollusks may be killed readily by
simply putting them into a dish of warm, fresh water
and leaving them there for a little while. This can
be done before boiling them, in any case.

If only a portion of the body of the animal can
be extracted, the shell may be put into a solution of
formaldehyde or some other disinfectant tor a time,
and when dry the aperture may be plugged with cot-
ton, to which the operculum may be attached by a
drop of glue. They will then appear as it they were
living specimens. Much will depend upon one’s time
and taste for this part of the preparation, but the

142 WES? COAST SHELLS

thorough cleansing of the shell is indispensable, and
should be attended to as soon as possible after the
specimens are gathered.

Oltvella pedroana, Conr., the Pedro Olive-
shell, has a more slender shell than that of
the last species, though some specimens are a
little more robust than is indicated by Figure
113. The lip is thin, the spire quite tapering,
while the color is generally brownish or bluish. This
shell, which used to be called O. baefica, 1s sparingly
found all along the coast.

Olivella tntorta, Cpr., the Twisted Olive-shell, has
a small, oval shell, more compact than that of the
last species. The spire is elevated, and the suture is
very distinct. ‘There is a large callus on the upper
part of the inner lip, and there is but one distinct
fold on the columella, instead of two. There are
generally more or less yellow stripes on the surface of
the shell, the greater portion of which is light-col-
ored. The outer lip is more curved at the base than
that of the last species.

A pure white little shell is often found pre
washed up on sandy beaches, where it is i)
found by the children and esteemed quite ‘i /
a prize. An enlarged picture is given in
Figure 114. ‘The little cross beside the
picture indicates the true length and breadth of a
large specimen. Its name is Marginella jewettii,
Cpr., though we will call it the California Rice-shell.
The spire is very short, and there are several folds or
plaits on the columella. The true Rice-shell of the
dealers, which is a little white O/¢vella, pointed at

Fig. 113

y
Fig. 114

MARINE UNIVALVES 143

both ends, does not live on our coast, but is found in
ereat abundance in the West Indies.

Marginella varia, Sby., the Colored Marginella,
has a pretty little shell, about the size and shape of
a fat grain of wheat. It has a very short, rounded
spire, a long aperture, and a plaited columella. Its
surface is very smooth and glossy, and varies in color
from white to brown, the shades being often laid on
in bands and stripes. It is a southern species, and is
often found on rocks between tides. Several other
species of Margénella exist on our coast, but they are
very small. gee

Mitra tda, Melville, Ida’s Miter-shell,
is shown in Figure 115. It is a dusky rela-
tive of the beautiful and brilliant Miter-
shells which are found in the vicinity of
Australia. Our species is by no means
gaudy, either in color or ornamentation, but
it has a plain, smooth shell, which is almost
black, and is wholly devoid of the gay
trimmings of its relatives. The columella
is ridged with three strong, oblique folds, which are
very conspicuous. ‘The cut represents a small speci-
men, but dead shells are not infrequently found that
are fully two inches in length, though they are almost
always somewhat broken. Fresh specimens have a
black epidermis, but worn shells are chestnut-brown
in color, with a whitish interior. A large, perfect
specimen was recently found at Monterey.

There has been much discussion as to the true
name of this species. In most books it has been
called M. maura, Swains. That name was appar-

a

Fig. 115, x §

144

WEST GOAST.SHELIES

ently given to a Peruvian shell in 1835, which the
year before had been called M. oréentalis, Gray.
Another similar shell from the west coast of Mexico
is named M. fultoni, and still another from San
Pedro Bay is called M. /owez, Dall. They all have a
general resemblance and perhaps a common ances-
try. MM. ¢d@ is named for Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd of

Long Beach, who has done so much for the science

Fig. 116, x 7? (@)

otf shells.

Mitromorpha aspera, Cpr., the
Rough Miter-form, Figure 116, 1s
really only five millimeters in
length, but the greatly enlarged pic-
ture brings out the details finely. It
has a brownish surface, and is
marked with a very distinct sieve-
like network of fine lines.

Mitromorpha filosa, Cpr., the
Threaded Miter-form, is shown in
Figure 11g; The? littlem@psieliis

about a quarter of an inch in length,
and it is almost black in color. Very
distinct spiral lines run around it,
giving it a threaded appearance.
Fusinus kobelti, Dall, Kobelt’s
Spindle-shell, is beautifully shown
in Hieure are. it is) very) sracenul
in form, and occasionally it grows
to the size of the picture, though
usually it is not over two inches in
lensth: Sherer aremmive: 0 mist
whorls, with nine elevations on each

Pigs 11%, sey)

MARINE UNIVALVES 145

whorl, crossed by fine, dark spiral
lines, though the main color of
the shell is whitish. In former
editions this shell was~. called
Fusus kobelte.

Fusinus luteopictus, Dall, the
Painted Spindle-shell, Figure 1109,
is really less than an inch ‘long.
The spire is ornamented with nu-
merous ridges, extending up and
down, and there are spiral paint-
ings to be seen, especially inside
the outer lip, the colors being light 7 al
yellow and dark brown. Fig. 118, x $ (*)

This shell is now believed to be identical with
F’. cinereus, Reeve, and should be so labeled.

Fig. 119, x } (*) Fig. 120, x § (*)

146 WES? COAST SHELLS

Figure 120 shows us another fusiform shell
named Fustnus harfordi, Harford’s Spindle-shell. It
is arare shell, a few specimens having been found off
central California. In young shells there is a polished,
ruddy brown epidermis, but in older ones there is a
suspicion of shagginess. The interior of the aper-
ture is white.

And now we will examine a few of the shells from
far-off Alaska; that land of wonderful interest, with
its hills clothed in evergreen, its mountains tipped
with snow, its glaciers and icebergs, its mines and
boundless forests, its numberless islands, bays and
inlets. Whoever has sailed along the coast of Alaska
never forgets its wonderful beauty. In those cold
waters, where salmon jump and whales spout close to
your steamer, and where the busy world seems far
away,—in those polar waters live many mollusks,
quite a number of which are classed under the family
of the Buccinidae.

Fig. 121 (*)

MARINE UNIVALVES 147

Figure 121 represents two specimens of Buccinum
angulatum, Gray, the Angled Whelk. The pictures
are none too large, for the shells are strong and ro-
bust. Both of them represent females, for the shells
of the males of the same species are materially
smaller. ‘This species lives on the shore of the polar
sea, near Bering Strait, and in the Arctic Ocean. It
represents a decidedly frigid type.

Buccinum aleuticum, Dall, the
Aleutian Whelk, Figure 122, has
a thin, six-whorled shell, of a pink-
ish color with a white pillar. It is
covered with a thin epidermis,
somewhat bearded. The sculpture
\\ consists of fine, close-set grooves,
W\ with spaces between them. The fig-
| ure is slightly magnified.

Buccinum percassum, Dall, the
Thick-shelled Whelk, is shown in

Fig.12,x4~) Figure 123. This solid little shell

is found in the waters that bathe

the shores of Bering Island, a name

that makes us think of seal-skins

and refrigerators. The operculum

is remarkably distinct, and the shell
is decidedly thick and solid.

Two specimens of Buccinum cas-
taneum, Dall, the Chestnut Whelk,
aresshown im Pisure. 124: ~The
left-hand figure represents the
normal form of this large shell,
while the other is the form with Fig. 123 (*)

148 WESi COAS@ =SEELES

Fig. 124 (*)

three ridges, which is known
as var. <tricarinatum, Wall
Both shells have a translucent
brown outer coat, and are
marked with fine spiral lines
of sculpture.

Buccinum plectrum, Stimp-
son, the Lyre Whelk, is shown
in, Figure 125.° This tshellane
distinguished by ridges, which
suggest the second name, on
account of their resemblance
| to the strings of a musical in-
wis} strument. This species, which
is not very common, is also
found on the shores of Bering

ima ie, 22) Sea.

MARINE UNIVALVES 149

Buccinum viridum, Dall, the
Green Whelk, shown in Figure
126, which represents it of its
Matubale size, ise not a nWorth-
erner, but was dredged where
the water was half a mile deep,
off the Santa Barbara Islands.
‘Ee shelihis delicate sand thin;
which is apt to be the case
with all shells which live at

Fig. 126 (*) great depths, and it 1s covered

with a fine, greenish epidermis

which easily falls off. The outer lip is thin and is
but slightly reflected. The length is 46 millimeters.

Somewhat similar in shape
to the last is Chrysodomus
amiantus, Dall, the Unspot-
ted Chrysodome, shown in
HMigure 127. This species has
a large, thin, white shell, with
a prominent nucleus at the top,
while it is marked with numer-
ous narrow revolving ridges.
Several specimens of this fine
shell were dredged near the
Santa Barbara Islands.

Chrysodomus ditrus, Rve.,
the Dark Chrysodome, Figure

Q1, was described and figured Fig. 127, x § C9)
ohiva preceding: “page, «It

hardly seems to deserve its ill-omened name, as there
is nothing direful in its appearance, though its color

150 WEST COASH SHEELS

is dark and mournful. An old name for this shell
is Euthria dera.

Chrysodomus liratus, Mart., the Ridged Chryso-
dome, is a large Alaskan species, having a light
brown shell some three inches long, swollen in the
middle and pointed at both ends. The chief feature
is the set of about ten strong ridges, or carinae, which
circle around the shell in a spiral manner, leading
back from the outer lip to the very apex. I once
obtained a fine specimen of this shell on Wrangel
Island.

Figure 128 gives a good idea
of a somewhat similar shell
known as Chrysodomus tabula-
tus, Baird, the Tabled Chryso-
dome. It lives along the coast
of Vancouver Island south-
ward, inhabiting deeper and
deeper water on the way. A
beautiful specimen was re-
® cently dredged in Monterey
Bay. The shell is usually of
a yellowish white color, though
sometimes. darker, and at. eam
be readily identified by the
tabulated whorls, with their
yi flat tops. It is also found as

Fig. 128, x ¢ 4) a fossil.
Chrysodomus kellett,
Forbes, Kellett’s Chrysodome, is one of the largest of
our mollusks. The shell is strong and heavy, and
sometimes measures nearly six inches in length. It

MARINE UNIVALVES 151

has a regular, conical spire, three inches long, marked
with numerous rounded knobs, which are often over-
grown and partially concealed by a stony crust,
which was once the home and protection of numerous
little sea animals. The aperture is pear-shaped, and
the outer lip has many small teeth and internal
ridges, while the canal turns backward. The umbili-
cus 1s large and distinct, while the operculum is dark
and conspicuous. This shell is found chiefly in
southern waters.

Figure 129 gives a view of
Chrysodomus phoeniceus,
Dall, the Purple Chrvsodome.
Its seven whorls are of a pur-
plish brown color. The sculp-
turing is feeble, and the epi-
dermis conforms to the lines of

Fig. 129 (*)

erowth. It was dredged off
British Columbia in 238
fathoms of water.
Chrysodomus magnus,
Dall, the Great Chryso-
dome, Figure 130, grows to S
a length of three inches. Fig. 190, x 8

152 WEST COAS® SSEERES

The shell is rather thin, the
whorls flattened, with a
strong keel at the shoulder,
and there is a thick, bearded
epidermis. ‘his fine shell
was dredged in Bering Sea.
Figure 131 represents a
magnificent shell from the
waters around the Aleutian
Islands and other cold cur-
rents in that vicinity. Its
name 1s beréngzus crebricos-
tatus, Wall,- the Ribbed

Bering-shell. It grows to a

Fig. 131,223)

length of five inches. The color
is white, with a darker flush in
the throat, while the epidermis is
of a bright yellowish tint. Like
many of these northern shells it
will be seen by comparatively
few of our readers, and yet it is
a good thing to know what kind
of creatures have their home at _
the bottom of those apparently
& inhospitable seas. It shows us
Fig. 132, x % that abundance of life is by no

MARINE UNIVALVES 153

means confined to conditions that we ourselves should
consider as congenial.

Beringius frielez, Dall, Figure 1232, is another
large shell of this genus, which bears the name of
the great navigator. Vitus Bering was a Dane by
birth, but he entered the Russian service and made
many discoveries in the northern waters. He was
wrecked on the island that bears his name in 1741,
and there his life was ended. This specific name was
given in honor of a Norwegian gentleman, Mr. Her-
man Friele, of Bergen. This shell is covered with
a persistent, reddish-
brown epidermis, and
it is delicately sculp-
tured. The aperture 1s
snowy white within.

Another magnifi-
cent shell of this series
is shown in Figure
128) Its) mame is be-
ringeus kennicottie,
Dall, Kennicott’s Be-
ring-shell. In spawn-
ing-time is comes into
shallow water on the
coast of Kadiak Island
but afterwards it with-
Graws, to) greater
depths. It has a light
brown covering, under
mich the shell is

Maite Or pun pile, Fig. 133, x 3 @)

154 WES COAST SEES

though. at the aperture it is somewhat pinkish. It
is fully five inches in length.

Three large shells now follow, all of which were
dredged by the United States Steamer “Albatross”

in cold, Alaskan waters.

The first is named Sfrom-

bella fragilis, Dall, the Fragile Strombella, and its

general appearance is
shown in Figure 134.
The shell is thin and in-
flated. Its color is pink-
ish, and it is covered
with a thin epidermis.

Bigs 3px ()

Fig. 134, x 3 ®)

.

_

The outer lip, as may
be seen in the cut, is
widely deflected. The
length of this large shell
is about four inches.
Strombella midden-
dorffi, Wall, Midden-—
dorff’s Strombella, is
shown in Figure 135,

MARINE UNIVALVES 155

This fine, large shell 1s marked with sharp, fine
grooves which run around it spirally. The lip is
reddish-yellow in color, or sometimes brown. It is
a fine, shapely shell, and it reaches a length of 110
millimeters.

Figure 136 shows
the largest shell of
all, its length reach-
ing the remarkable
extent of 137 mmm.;
Witte it is 75 mm.
in breadth. This
splendid shell is
named Strombella
melonis, Dall, the
Melon Strombella.
Although so large
the shell is not very
heavy, for it is quite
thin, like most of
tieyyterue Melon-
eiiells-ae lts)shape is
well shown in the
picture, and its color
is pinkish, or yellow and white.

Tritonofusus rectirostris, Cpr., the Straight-
beaked Spindle-shell is shown in Figure 137. The
picture is considerably magnified, but it represents
the features of the shell very closely. The shell
itself is white, but it has a polished, olive-brown
epidermis. It lives in the waters of Puget Sound
and vicinity.

Fie 1s6y x 4:65)

156 WEST CGASt SHEES

Tritonofusus he-
rendeeni, Dall, the
Nine - whorled
Spindle-shell, is
shown in Figure
138. This species
is an inhabitant of
more northern wa-
i ters, having been
obtained at various
places am the far
north, and it grows
fo a leneth of
nearly three inches. The shell has
about nine whorls and is very sym-

Fig. 137,x2( metrically shaped. Its color is pink-

ish white with a yellowish tinge be-
neath, and over all is a pale olive periostracum.
There are several other species of this genus, and they
all prefer the cold waters of the north to the more
temperate regions farther south.

In Figure 139 we have a natural-sized picture of
the little Macron lividus, A. Ad., the Livid Macron.
The shell is somewhat brownish in color, and when
found living, it will be noticed that it is covered
with a dark brown epidermis, which is laid on in
little ridges, resembling a coating of fine,
soft cloth. Near the top of the white co-
lumella is a sharp ridge. ‘This species 1s.
seldom seen far north of San Diego, while
another shell, Macron Kellettiz, A. Ad.,
Kellett’s Macron, is commonly found on

Fig. 138, x $ ®)

MARINE UNIVALVES 157

the coast of Lower California. This species has a
larger shell than that of the Livid Macron, and it
is also of a darker color. The aperture is very large,
thevouter lip thin, and the canal a mere notch, Its
length is rather more than-an inch.

The large shell shown in
Figure 140 comes from north-
erm Alaska and it has re-
ceived several names. It will
be safe, however, to call it
Volutopstus kobelti, Dall,
Kobelt’s Volutopsius. It is
not a common shell, and the
specimens that are usually
collected Yare ‘oiten “beach-
worn, but the picture repre-
sents the shell in perfection.
Its full length is about four
inches.

Volutopsius castaneus,
Morch, the Chestnut Volutop-
sius, is found more abun-
dantly than the last species.
It lives in shallow water off the Aleutian Islands.
It is of a brownish color and it has no epidermis.
The aperture is large, the surface rough and des-
titute of any spiral sculpturing. It is about the
same size as the last species.

Volutopsius attenuatus, Dall, the Slender Volu-
topsius, shown in Figure 141, comes from Bering
Strait and the adjacent Arctic waters. The shell

Fig. 140, x 2!)

158 WEST “COASD SSEIBIEES

is thin, white and delicately striated. The length
is a little over two inches.

2

Fig. 141 (*) Fig. 142, x ? (*)

Liomesus nux, Dall, the Arctic Nut-shell, shown
in Figure 142, is well named, for it much resembles
a round, well-filled nut. It also comes from far
northern waters, the home of so many species of
mollusks. ‘The shell is dark-colored, with a creamy
white layer above. In life there is a periostracum
which resembles velvet. |

Liomesus canaliculatus, Wall,
the Channelled Nut-shell, is shown
in Figure 143. It is another north-
erner, and its white shell is covered
with a velvety ‘epidenmuseaeine
length is 35 millimeters.

The néxt genus of shellsitwan
, we are to consider has long borne
Fig. 143 @) the name of Nassa, a word which

MARINE UNIVALVES 159

means a net, or more properly, a basket that is used
for taking fish. Most of the members of this genus
are small, and the sides of their shells have a reticu-
lated surface, somewhat like network or the sides of
a basket. Much as we regret it, however, it now seems
as if this good old Lamarckian name would have to
give place to another in the near future. But for the
present we will not anticipate any such change.

Our largest member of the genus is
named Nassa fossata, Gld., the Chan-
neled Nassa, Figure 144. Thespire is
conical and ends in a pointed apex.
ihewsutace on the whole shell is
marked with spiral and transverse
ridges, the former of which appear
also within the outer lip. The thick-
ness of this lip varies much with the
age of the animal, as does the callus
of enamel which is spread over the
columella. This enamel, in mature specimens, is of
a bright orange color, and contrasts finely with the
light ash-color of the general surface of the shell.
The canal is short and abruptly reflected, while just
above it is a deep ditch, or fossa, showing at once
from what fact the specific name is derived. The
use of the canal seems to be to afford space and
protection for a breathing-tube, which projects above
the surface of the mud which the animal is exploring
for his prey.

The Nassas are active mollusks, and are cordially
hated by the oystermen, because they are so prone
to bore holes through the shells of young oysters,

Fig. 144

160 WEST ‘COAST SHELES

eating the contents with as much relish as any other
judges of good living. They bore into various
clams, too, and it is even hinted that they sometimes
attack their own kind. But they are scavengers also,
and consume the flesh of dead crabs and like
animals, which are so liable to be found near the
shore. In turn they are themselves eaten, tor I
have some beautiful specimens of this species which
were taken from the stomach of a large fish—show-
ing that the enemy of other animals is liable to be
swallowed whole when the avenging and hungry
fish comes around.

Nassa tegula, Reeve, the Covered-lip
Nassa, Figure 145, 1s a southern species,
having a strong shell, a small aperture,
andpasrenexed canals. “The miter lipris
covered with a large callus of smooth,
white enamel.
The eco lions
dark gray, and the length is
three-fourths of an inch.

Figure 146 gives us an.
excellent, though greatly
magnified picture of Nassa
ensculpta, Cpr., the Sculp-
tured Nassa. This is a rare
shell, being found in the
south, and collected chiefly
by dredging. It is thick and
solid, the outer tips
strongly reflected, and there
Fig. 146, x 3 (*) \ls no transverse sculpturing

Fig. 145

MARINE UNIVALVES 161

except on the first few whorls. The color is light
brown, but the aperture is white. My largest speci-
men measures 23 mm. in length.

Nassa perpinguis, Gld., the Fat Nassa,
Figure 147, has the prettiest shell of all
of our species of Nassa. The cut does
scant justice to a good specimen, though
it shows that the shell is finely checked,
Bemesecut into a multitude: of little
squares. The whorls are plump and fat, Fie. 47
the shell rather thin, the color whitish or
light brown, with sometimes a dash of orange in-
side, and a spiral stripe of chestnut running around
the middle of each whorl. The outer lip is sharp
and thin. Most specimens are rather smaller than
the figure.

Nassa mendica, Glid., the Lean Nassa,
Figure 148, is a variable species, having a
more slender shell than the last. The sur-
face is marked with numerous fine, spiral
lines, crossed by ridgy varices. The color
is light brown, with a white peristome. It

Fig.148 occurs all along the coast from Puget Sound

to San Diego. There is a variety, named
var. cooperi, Fbs., which has for sculpturing a few
strong transverse ribs and small spiral lines. Fig-
ure 148 resembles this variety.

Nassa caltforniana, Conr., the California Nassa, is
a rare species, sometimes found alive on the coast of
the southern half of California, particularly about
San Pedro. It is as large as Nassa fossata, and it has
the general form and sculpturing of Nassa perpin-

162 Wisi (COAST SHES

guis. It is found fossil in various localities in the
State. Some consider NV. fossata and N. perguznes
as varieties of this species.

Ilyanassa obsoleta, Say, the Worn-out Nassa, is
a very recent comer to this coast. Jt is extmemmaly,
abundant on the Atlantic coast to the south of Cape
Cod, being found especially on mud-flats, when the
tide is low. In those regions the shell always has a
dilapidated appearance, being partly covered with
a dismal, mossy growth, and seldom reaching the
length of an inch. It came to California, however,
probably with young oysters, and settled in San
Francisco Bay, on the Alameda side. As frequently
happens with immigrants it began to spruce up quite
wonderfully. Some specimens were sent me by a
lady in Alameda in 1909, who asked for their name.
They were so clean and bright and large that I hesi-
tated long before I was fully convinced that they
-were the real ‘““Worn-outs,” but such they are now
regarded by collectors. They are about the size and.
shape of Figure 147, but the shell is much thicker
and heavier than those of our NV. perpinguzs. ‘The
exterior is dark, with a greenish tinge, while the
peristome is brown and glossy, with two white, in-
ternal stripes. It would not be strange if they should
increase rapidly and become a very common shell.

CHAPTER VIII

THE SMALLER SEA-SHELLS

When the tide is high the waves often wash up
a great number of little shells into sheltered coves,
and leave them there to be gathered when the water
has ebbed away. It is very pleasant to he down
upon the warm sand on a summer afternoon, and
while the waves are making gentle music at your
feet to look for these beautiful bits of organic struc-
ture. Whenever you find a pretty one you put it
away in a little bag, or what is more likely, you lay
it in the bowl of some large shell that you have
picked up for that purpose.

Among the most abundant of the shells
to be thus found on our coast is the little
Common Dove-shell, Columbella gausa-
pata, Gould, shown somewhat magnified
in Figure 149. The shell is really about
the size of a grain of wheat. The spire is
conical, the lp thickened, and in the variety carénata,
Hinds, there is a distinct keel just below the suture.
The coloring of the shell is chestnut brown and its
surface is polished and glistening, and it is often
mottled with dots and stripes. This little mollusk
lives in great numbers at the roots of the eel-grass,
and dead shells are washed up abundantly upon the
shore. It may also be found alive when the tide
is low.

164 WE StirCONSIe SEEEIES

Columbella aurantiaca, Dall, the Gol-
den Dove-shell, a greatly magnified view
of which is shown in Figure 150, was
found at Monterey many years ago by
Dr. Dall, who gave it the above name.
: It is really a tiny shell, only 5 mm. in
Fig. 150,x¢¢ length, and it varies in the color of its

translucent shell from orange to brown.
It sometimes has zigzag brown markings. It should
be sought for among the rocks at low water.

Columbella tuberosa, Cpr., the Tuberculated
Dove-shell, is another similar species. The shell,
however, has a very slender spire, and the body-
whorl is angulated. The inside of the outer lip bears
a row of little tubercles. The color is brown, and
the length is about a quarter of an inch. It is said
to exist sparingly all along the coast.

Columbella chrysallotdea, Cpr., is the Chrysalis
Dove-shell. This is a southern species, having a
somewhat cylindrical shell like the chrysalis of an
insect. ‘There are six whorls, very slightly convex,
while the surface is marked with delicate spiral
ridges and furrows. The spiral or-
namentation 1s prominent on the
lower part of the columella. The
length is eight millimeters.

Columbella permodesta, Wall,
the Modest Dove-shell, is shown
in a magnified form in Figure 151.
The shell of this species is thin and
polished, of a bluish white color, |
and it is covered with a pale, yel- Fie. 151, x3 )

ANUS, SMOMOILIS Sie Ae Slats) LIES) 165

lowish epidermis. Its real length is 14 mm. It was
dredged from deep water off the Santa Barbara
Islands.

Amphissa versicolor, Dall, the Joseph-
coat Amphissa, Figure 152, 1s a very com-
mon shell along the coast of California.
The drawing gives a very correct idea of
ficeappearance of the shell) though 1t 15 jis 12 «3
considerably enlarged, the common length
bemenerent of ten millimeters. Whe color varies
exceedingly, as the name indicates. Some shells are
reddish, others yellow, while still others are various
shades of gray, and even almost black. A collec-
tion of these shells furnishes a very pretty assort-
ment of tints. Living specimens are not so often
found as dead shells, but at low water they may
often be discovered, clinging to the rocks.

Amphissa corrugata, Rve., the Wrinkled Am-
phissa, is the name of the species which lives chiefly
in northern waters. It was formerly supposed to
include the last species, but it is now believed to be
quite distinct. Its shell is much larger in the first
place, the average length being three-fourths of an
inch. It has a less ventricose body-whorl and rela-
tively finer sculpturing. It is usually of a light
yellowish-brown color.

Amphissa undata, Cpr., the Wavy Amphissa, is
shown greatly magnified in Figure 153. This shell
also has been confounded with 4. versécolor, but it

is really another species, though it is of about the
same size. In the enlarged figure the sculpturing ts
distinctly brought out, though the color pattern is

166 WEST COASa WOEELES

ignored. It~ has been’) tommd
plentifully in mud off Catalina
Island, in 16 fathoms of water.

The Two-tinted Amphissa,
Amphissa bicolor, is shown in
Pre wre 1645)
The shell is 14
mm. in length,
and is of a pale
Sita we color
with a brown-
ish base and a

Bin, 1 4 O brown band.

Specimens were

dredged in various places off the

coast of southern California, in
quite deep water.

We now come to the great family of the Murz-
cide. In the warm waters of the tropical ocean the
members of the Murex family take on very bright
colors and assume very fanciful forms. With us,
however, their representatives are more modest,
though many of them are full of interest to the col-
lector, while some have considerable beauty.

As has been already explained in the Preface the
names of some of the members of this family are still
in a process of adjustment. ‘To prevent confusion,
where a new name has been definitely announced by
the authorities at Washington it will be accepted,
but the old name will also be given in parentheses.
In most cases it is only the first, or generic, name

Fig. 154,x ? ©

ISU; SIMUL, See Slelaiys) 167

that is changed; and while we naturally call the
fecentiy announced mame as a new one, still, in
most cases it is really an older name than the one
that has been in common use for nearly a century.
We may doubt the wisdom of restoring these nearly
forgotten names, but wiser men than we are have
thought differently, and so we bow loyally to their
decision. For those who are learning the names
for the first time the difference will not be appreci-
ated. While acting conservatively in this matter,
it is proper to remark that other names may be
changed, which for the present we have thought it
best to retain.

We begin our descriptions
With a rare species, Murex
carpentert, Dall, Carpenter’s
Murex, shown in Figure 155.
The picture is of about the
natural size of a large speci-
men, and it clearly shows the
main features of the shell.
hie aperture is small.) oval:
and has an elevated rim with-
out denticulations. The color
varies from reddish brown to
a light gray. There are three Fig. 155 (*)
wing-like varices on _ each
whorl, and between them the shell is nearly smooth.
This fine species has been found at Monterey, and
has also been dredged in various places southward
from the Farallone Islands.

The much befrizzled shell shown in Figure 156

168 WEST COAST SHELLS

Fig. 156 (*)

is another of the three-
winged California forms,
and is named Murex petré,
Dall., St. Peter’s Murex. It
was obtained by Mr. and
Mrs. Oldroyd from rather
deep water at San Pedro,
so it doubtless takes its
name from that of the lo-
cality where it was ob-
tained, Pedro's; onmaverers
Bay. The color of the shell
is yellow-brown, mottled
with lighter spots. Its
length is 65 millimeters.

This shell is rough all over, while the last one is
smooth between the varices.

Murex trialatus, Sby., the Three-winged Murex,
has a much smaller shell, with dark brown and white
color bands. The shoulder of the whorls is exca-
vated, the three varices thick and rounded, and the
frills sometimes beautifully recurved. A fine speci-
men was dredged by Mr. H. N. Lowe, off San -

Pedro, in ten fathoms of water.

Murex circumtextus, Stearns, the Cir-
cled Murex, Figure 157 (Ocinebra cir-
cumtexta), has a rather heavy shell,
many low varices, and many very deep
and distinct spiral grooves which give the
outer lip a scalloped appearance. It is
of a reddish color within, but externally

it is whitish, with brown spots arranged in a spiral

THE SMALLER SEA-SHELLS 169

line. In a fully grown specimen there are four or
five white teeth inside the outer lip.

Murex festivus, Hds., the Festive Murex, 1s shown
in Figure 158. I gathered fine
specimens of this grand species at
San Pedro, by going among the
piles of the wharves when the tide
was low, and examining the upper
part of the logs, to which these and
other species of mollusks were
clinging. © Many of them were
somewhat concealed by growths of
seaweed and hanging drift, but
they readily yielded to a careful
search.

The shell is festively ornamented with three re-
flexed frills on each whorl, alternating with rounded
knobs. In perfect specimens there are numerous
fine spiral lines of sculpturing, which are often
covered with foreign substances. The canal is com-
pletely closed, forming a tube, which is bent back
mean its extremity. Ihe color is white or gray,
though the outside is often very dingy. The picture
represents a good sized specimen, though it some-
times grows considerably larger. This species loves
warm water too well to migrate far to the north.

Murex incisus, Brod., the Incised Murex, belongs
to southern waters and is not very common. ‘The
shell has strong, rounded, transverse ridges which
give the spire the appearance of being chopped full
of holes. The color is white with cross stripes of
brown, and its length is an inch and a quarter.

Figure 159 introduces us to another southern

170 WEST GOAS® TSHELLS

shell, Purpura nuttalli, Conr. (Murex nuttalliz and
Cerostoma nuttalliz), Nuttall’s Hornmouth. If you
examine a full grown shell of this
species you will find a sharp tooth,
or horn, near the base of the outer
lip. Some young specimens have
no horn, and they may also have
an open canal instead of a closed
one, which the adult has. Allow-
ance must be made for the age and
development of the specimen in
determining its name. ‘The shell
of an adult of this species is about
two inches long, . and site ismen
a dingy white color, somewhat
marked with brown. On each whorl are three dis-
tinct varices, with rounded knobs between them.
This species seems to be quite closely related to the
next one, so much so that some have considered one
but a variety of the other.

Purpura foliata, Martyn (Murex foltatus), the
Leafy Hornmouth, is a more northern species and
has a larger shell, which is very conspicuously |
marked with its three broad, wing-like varices. They
appear to be made up of overlapping plates, like
shingles on the roof of a house. The canal is con-
spicuously curved backward, and at each period of
definite advance in the growth of the shell the old
canal is left behind and becomes a distinct feature
of the specimen. Strong spiral ridges appear on the
back of the shell, spreading out in a fan-shaped man-
ner upon the varices. A very large specimen dredged
near Monterey measured 87 mm. in length and 63

THEY SMALEER SPA-SHELLS 171

mm. in breadth. The color of all of these shells is
a dull white, somewhat obscured by external stains.
The present name of this shell goes back to 1784,
and has been recently restored by Dr. Dall. The
shells commonly known as Purple-shells will no
longer bear the name Purpura, as will be seen by
fererence toa later page. | Ihe purple dye of the
ancients was obtained from one or more species
of Murex.
Hioupe 100
gives an excellent
idcayn@t a fare
shell named Tro-
phon triangula-
ame pi. the
T hree-cornered
Drophon, The
slnellts ) quite
large, but it is of
light weight, ow-
ing to the extreme
thinness of the
varices. Exter-
nally it is reddish Fie. 160
brown in color,
though nearly white internally. When examined
closely it seems to be almost wholly made up of
wings, and one wonders where the animal found
internal space enough to enable it to carry on busi-
ness. ‘The original young specimen from which the
species was named was dredged from the vicinity of
Catalina Island at a depth of sixty fathoms. It
was less than half an inch long, but adult specimens

172 WES® sCOAST SHELIS

of the size of the cut have been dredged recently,
and sometimes the shell reaches a length of about
four inches. It has been obtained from fishermen
who work in the vicinity of San Pedro in consider-
able numbers, and a few specimens have even been
found on the shore.

Boreotrophon scitulus, Dall,
the Elegant Trophon, Figure 161,
is a type of a large number of spe-
cies which live mostly in northern
waters, and which have been as-
signed to this genus. It is a little
shell, two-thirds of an inch in
length, but it is supplied with an
abundance of frills, as is shown
in the picture. It was first found
in Bering Sea, but like many
others ot the cold water shells it
probably exists in deep water as
far south as the Santa Barbara
Islands.

Boreotrophon stuarti, E. A. Smith, Stuart’s Tro-
phon (Trophon orpheus). This fine shell has from
seven to twelve varices, with the interspaces crossed
by four or five rounded spiral coils. It sometimes
reaches a length of two inches. The sharp, white
varices make a crown at the suture. It ranges from
Alaska to Santa Cruz, seeking deeper water as it
comes southward, doubtless because the deep water _
is colder and more like its Arctic home.

Boreotrophon gracilis, Perry (Trophon multi-
costatus), the Graceful Trophon. This northern

Bae 16liex ¢ (C)

DAES SIVAN R SBA SEIEMIES 7/3)

species has a pear-shaped shell, with several sharp,
frill-like varices. The sutures are deep, and the
few whorls of the spire are very distinct. The color
in small specimens is generally white, though often
the interior 1s somewhat brown. ‘This shell reaches
a length of one inch. There are many other species
of this genus, most of them small, which will not be
described in this book. Anyone who wishes to inves-
tigate the matter will find them properly described
in Volume XXIV of the ‘‘Proceedings of the United
States National Museum.” ‘That book should be
found in all large public libraries. Interesting arti-
cles on shells are to be found in very many of the
volumes of the same series.

We now come to a somewhat puzzling genus of
shells, the Ocinebras. Most of them have small,
fairly strong shells, with moderate apertures and dis-
tinct canals, though the latter are sometimes closed.
By that term we mean that they are tube-like; they
are never closed at the lower end of the shell.

Ocinebra tnterfossa, Cpr., the Sculptured
Ocinebra, shown in Figure 162, has a small,
spindle-shaped shell, marked with spiral
erooves, sharp varices, and deep sutures. It
varies in color through shades of yellow, fig. 162
gray, and brown. ‘The picture gives an ex-
cellent idea of the shell, both as to size and shape.
The color is white within and dull gray without.
The shell is quite rough and rasp-like, owing to the
distinct sculpturing. ‘This species is liable to be
found all along the coast, where there are rocks or

cliffs.

174 WES COASa SEES

Figure 162 gives a fairly good idea of the
most common species of this genus, namely,
M Ocinebra lurida, Midd., the Lurid Ocinebra.
? This pretty little shell is common at Monte-
rey and at other parts of the coast. It is
spindle-shaped in outline, quite strong and
thick for so small a shell, and is distinctly marked
with fine spiral grooves. ‘The aperture is oval, the
canal sometimes open and sometimes tubiform.
While the spiral lines are prominent, the transverse
sculpturing is faint. The color is reddish-yellow,
though sometimes it is nearly white. At low tide I
have found living specimens, the size of the figure
clinging to stones. PB

The southern form of this spe-
cies, known as variety munda,

Fig. 163

Fig. 164, x ? (*)

Cpr., shown in Figure 164,
which is much enlarged, has
low, rounded, transverse ribs,
not varying from suture to-
suture. It is also Managked
with regular spiral lines. Its
Fig. 165, x} length is 16 mm.

DED SMALE Re SP A]SERwrs 7)

Ocinebra michaeli, Ford, Michael’s Ocinebra, two
good views of which are shown in Figures 165 and
166, occurs at Cayucos, San Luis Obispo Co., Cali-
fornia. The color of the shell is light gray, with
a narrow median band of brown. ‘The figures
give excellent details of the
shell, though it must be re-
membered that they are much
enlarged, the real length being
only 16 mm. The shell was
named for Mr. G. W. Mi-
chael, who collected the first
specimens.

Ocinebra poulsoni, Nutt.,
which somewhat resembles
Figure 158, has a strong, spin-
dle-shaped shell, from one to
fvouinches in length. “he
shell is rather more slender
than the figure, and it has a
distinct trace of an umbilicus.
Its surface is strongly marked with knobby varices,
which are crossed by slight spiral ridges and fine, dark
spiral lines. The walls of the aperture in mature
specimens are pure white, and within the outer lips
are five or six little round tubercles, or teeth. The
canal is open and somewhat curved, and the opercu-
lum is a thin, brown scale. The exterior of the shell
is gray, while the inside is white. This fine species
lives in southern waters, and I have collected beauti-
ful specimens at San Pedro.

Urosalpinx cinereus, Say, the Oyster Drill, is an

Fig. 166, x f

176 WEST COAST SHELES

eastern species found in San Francisco Bay, espe-
cially around the oyster beds. It was probably intro-
duced with young oysters from the Atlantic coast as
were so many of the foreign creatures found in that
bay, and it has now become quite common. In size
and appearance it considerably resembles Murex
circumtextus, Figure 157, but the shell is thinner and
the spire longer and more pointed.

In fact, my first knowledge of its existence in San
Francisco Bay was brought by a bright boy who told
me that among the shells he had gathered on the Ala-
meda beach were specimens of Ocinebra circumtexta.
I knew that that species loved the breakers of the sea
too well to flourish in the calm waters of a quiet bay,
and I assured him that he must be mistaken; but he
brought specimens to prove that he really had found
the shells, and then it became evident that an unex-
pected species had appeared.

As the name indicates, the shell is ash-colored,
though it is reddish internally. Specimens may read-
ily be captured at low tide, and often the little egg-
vases may be observed, attached to stones or posts.
This species is not a welcome addition to our western —
fauna, for the “Drill” is a determined enemy of the
oyster, boring holes into the young ones and quickly
destroying them. It is thoroughly detested by the
oystermen, who would be glad to exterminate the
whole species.

Our next species is named Trophon belcheri, Hds., —
Belcher’s Trophon, (Chorus belcheri). This large
mollusk, whose shell is so well shown in Figure 167
is found chiefly on the coast of southern California.

DEE SMALE RAS ACS EMLIES 177

It is one of our largest shells, the picture being much
smaller than the real shell, and specimens have been
found which are fully six inches in length. Its color
is dull white, somewhat
tinged with brown.
Specimens may some-
times be picked up on the
mud-flats, at the time of
low tide. And right
here let me remind you
what a boon to collectors
unemoceam tides “are, “A
large strip of land is fre-
quently laid bare, ena-
bling the seeker after
Shells and other sea-
treasures to walk safely
where a few hours before
the waves had been tumbling over one another.

The shell of this species is pear-shaped, and it
ends in a long canal, to the left of which is a deep,
funnel-shaped umbilicus. The spire is beautifully
crowned with circles of sharp horns, and about the
middle of the outer lip there is a large, pointed tooth.

We now come to the Purples, which received this
name not because the shells are of a purple color
themselves, but because in olden time a purple dye
was prepared from the bodies of similar mollusks.
This was especially true of a small Murex, M. frun-
culus, that lived in the Mediterranean Sea,.and the
inhabitants of ancient Tyre were peculiarly skilful
in preparing the rich ‘““Tyrian Dye.”

Fig. 167

178 WESi CONST SHELES

How beautifully the different sciences are joined
together. The study of conchology calls up pictures
of the long ago, and cities of the Mediterranean
come trooping past us, their inhabitants clothed in
strange garments, which reflect bright colors in the
light of the summer sunshine. Ancient ships again
sail our seas, the shrill cries of the sailors and oars-
men mingling with the whistling of the. winds
through the cordage, and the splashing of the salt
spray against the prows of the triremes. Again with
Saint Paul we listen to the roar of the tempest from
the deck of a stranded vessel that is fast going to
pieces, and with him and all on board we escape to
the shore of the island and enjoy the hospitable care
of its rude but kindly inhabitants. History, geogra-
phy, even religion itself come bringing their treasures
as we blow a blast on a sea-god’s trumpet, and voices
from all around the world, both modern and ancient,
tell us their stories as we hold an empty sea-shell to
our listening ear.

Happy is the child, happy is the man, who sees in
the shells of the seashore far more than lumps of
limestone, far more even than lists of Latin names, —
but to whom they also speak of Nature’s beauty and
of the struggles of humanity. We cannot all be great
scholars, we cannot all be familiar with foreign lan-
guages or the history of distant nations; but to each
one of us the shells of the shore may speak of beauty
and truth, of hopeful trust and providential care, of
duty and loving obedience; and we may go back to
our humdrum work with fresh courage, and take up
our daily duties with a firmer faith that they all

THE SMALLER SEA-SHELLS 179

are needed links in the great chain that binds earth
to heaven.

As already explained the name Purpura is now
applied to certain members of the Murex family.
The familiar shells that formerly bore that name
are now called Thais, a name given by Bolten in
1798. While this will be the Latin name, there is
no objection to calling them Purple-shells as before.

Most of our Purples prefer to live where they will
get frequent changes, for we find them selecting as
a home those rocks that are alternately left bare and
miemecovercd again by the tide. Dhey are’ car-
niverous creatures, and like the Oyster Drill they
can bore through the thin shells of bivalve mollusks,
and then devour the poor inhabitants. We have but
few species on this coast, but some of those furnish
very numerous specimens. ‘The first and most com-
mon kind is named Thats saxicola, Val., the Rock
Purple, (Purpura saxicola), Figure 168. analy
the cut is larger than the average
shell, specimens are sometimes found
that fully equal it in size. The shells
differ much in details, even in speci-
mens living near each other, and it is
no wonder that many different names
have been given to the varieties. In
general the spire is short, the colum-
ella flattened, the outer lip thin, the
aperture large, and the interior of the
shell of a chestnut color. Sometimes the outside is
smooth and almost black, sometimes the shell is light
colored and coronated, but often it is of a dingy

180 WEST COAST SHELLS

white, decorated with double spiral bands of dark
brown, accompanied with spiral grooves. The At-
lantic Purple, T. /apél/us, exhibits similar variations.

T hats lima, Mart., the Grooved Pur-
ple, (Purpura lima), Figure 1609, is
more rarely met with than the last spe-
cies, probably on account of its living
in deeper water. The shell is com-
monly larger than that of the last spe-
cies, while in appearance it is more
smooth and symmetrical. The spire

Fig. 169 consists of four whorls, separated by
distinct sutures. The distinguishing
feature, however, and the one which gives the name
to the shell is the presence of about fifteen spiral
grooves on the whorls, giving its surface somewhat
of the appearance of a coarse file. The operculum,
as in all of the Purples, is thin, horny, and some-
what oval in shape. ‘This is*a very distinct species,
and may be easily recognized by its rounded and
channelled whorls. In northern waters the speci-
mens are somewhat more similar to the last species,
but a little care will easily separate ,
them.

Another Purple, which lives in San
Francisco Bay, but is more highly de-
veloped a few hundred miles to the
northward, is named Thazs lamellosa,
Gmelin, the Wrinkled Purple, (Puwr-
pura crispata). A rather poor figure
of a small specimen is shown in Fig-
ure 170. Specimens from Puget Fi¢.170,x3

IMsUS; SIWUNEILIOIR SBS Sisal 181

Sound are beautifully frilled and richly painted with
brown bands. The shells are strong and heavy, and
they have an average length of an inch and a half
to two inches. Some are nearly smooth, while others
are extremely wrinkled. Though the smooth, white
varieties are very plain in their appearance, some
of the northern beauties, all frilled and banded as if
femattract attention, are worthy of a place in’ any
choice collection of handsome shells.
Closely related to the Purples are the
Unicorn-shells, a small group of mol-
lusks which are almost exclusively con-
Mined tO tie west coast of America.
Their former name referred to the fact
that a little horn is developed on the
edge ot the outer lip, near the canal, as
is well shown in Figure 171, of Mono-
ceros engonatum, Conr., the Angled
Unicorn, now called dcanthina engonata. These
animals. are usually found clinging to rocks under
a heavy growth of seaweed. The shells themselves
are almost the same color as the stones to which they
are attached. The second name of this species was
suggested by the fact that the whorls are sharply
angled, quite in contrast to those of the next species.
Acanthina lapillotdes, Conr., the
Pebbly Unicorn, (Monoceros lapil-
loides), Figure 172, has a very pretty
little ‘shell; about an mech in ‘length,
with a spire of four whorls, a rather
small aperture within which are sev-
Fig. 172 eral knobs or teeth. It is well named,

182 WES®, COASL SHEELS

for it distinctly resembles a rolled pebble of granite,
and the word “‘lapilloides’”? means “like a little
stone.” It might properly be added that this
species is so closely related to the last that it is
sometimes difficult to certainly separate them, in
which case doubtful specimens should properly be
referred to 4. engonata. An orange-colored vari-
ety found on the rocks at San Pedro is called var.
aurantia, Dall. Both of the foregoing species are
now considered as varieties of Acanthina spirata,
Blain.

Acanthina lugubris, Sby., the Sad Unicorn,
(Monoceros lugubre), is found in the extreme limit
of our territory, though its true home is on the west
coast of Mexico. It has a thick, heavy shell, about
an inch long. The wall of the aperture is of a
brown color, and it is marked with several rows of
white tubercles. The little horn near the canal is
very distinct. |

It is now our pleasant task to consider a few spe-
cies of pure white shells, regularly marked with fre-
quent varices. All of them are quite rare, bute
you search along the shore you will probably have —
the good fortune to find one or more of them.

The first one is shown in Figure 173,
and is named E pitonium (Opalia) bore-
alis, Gld., the Northern Opal-shell. It
consists almost wholly of a long spire,
composed of about eight whorls, each
of which is crossed by eight blunt ridges,
or varices. The aperture is entire, and
Fig.173 the rounded lips are sometimes stained

THE SMALLER SEA-SHELLS 183

by the rich purple juices of the animal. The oper-
culum is a brown scale, nearly circular, and show-
ing lines of growth. The color of the shell is white,
and its common length is about an inch.

In Figure 174 is shown the beautiful shell
of Epitonium hinds, Cpr., (Scala hindsi),
the White Wentletrap. It is pure white in
color, very delicate, and is generally less
than an inch in length. The whorls are
very distinct, finely rounded, and each one
is crossed by about twelve thin, sharp ridges. These
shells are so highly prized that they have been worn
as the drops of ear-rings. There is a large Chinese
wentletrap, as all of these white shells are called,
that is so rare and beautiful that it has actually been
sold for a hundred dollars, or even more. And it 1s
even said that the astute Chinaman,—who from the
days of Bret Harte has been called “‘peculiar,’”—it
is said that he used to artificially construct a wentle-
trap from a preparation of rice, which was so natural
that many purchasers were deceived and thought
Micdiemtney. had) securedi:a, valuable treasure. | Nhe
White Wentletrap is found on the southern shores
of California.

Epitonium indianorum, Cpr., (Scala indianorum),
the Indians’ Wentletrap, is a species found more
commonly in the north, especially about Puget
Sound. It has a thicker shell than the last species,
more whorls, more varices, and less prominent su-
tures. The name Wentletrap is derived from a Dan-

184 WEST “COAS! (SHBELS

ish word meaning “a spiral staircase.” It has long
been in use in literature, and it very properly takes
the place of the old name, Ladder-shell, which itself
was derived from the names Scala and Scalaria, both
of which have now been laid aside.

Epitonium bellastriatum, Cpr., (Scala bellastriata),
the Striped Wentletrap, is easily identified from the
fact that between the varices fine spiral ridges may
be seen, winding upward toward the apex. The
spire is short, the last whorl quite large, the varices
very numerous, and the sutures so deep that they
almost entirely separate the round whorls. The
length of a grown specimen is 15 mm. My shells
came from San Pedro, but it is also reported from
Monterey.

Epitonium crebricostatum, Cpr., (Scala crebricos-
tata), the Close-ribbed Wentletrap, has a white, pol-
ished shell, with about fifteen sharp, thin, reflexed
varices to a whorl, which form a kind of crown at
the shoulder. It is about the same size as the last
species, and it is found from Monterey to San Diego.

Epitonium (Arctoscala) greenlandicum, Perry,
the Arctic Wentletrap, has a larger and more solid
shell. A specimen from Wrangel, Alaska, measures
over an inch in length, and is nearly half an inch in
diameter at the base. The shell is dull gray in color,
strongly marked with spiral ridges, while the low,
solid reflexed varices number about nine to the whorl,
and the whorls are as numerous as the varices. )

Out on the wide ocean lives the Violet Snail,
Janthina exigua, Lam. It is kept at the surface by
a singular raft which it secretes, and it feeds upon

THE SMALLER SEA-SHELLS 185

small jelly-fishes. The shell is small, and is shaped
much like that of a land snail. It is thin and deli-
cate samc! has ‘a deep notch in the outer lip, ~ Phe
color is deep violet, quite unlike that of any other
shell. Though it usually lives far out at sea, some
shells get washed to the shore; but they are compara-
tively rare on our coast. Specimens of another spe-
cies of Janthina, J. globosa, Swains, has been found
on our southern shores. They should be carefully
looked for by all collectors.

Eulima micans, Cpr., the Shining Fulima,
comes next on our list. This species has a
beautifully polished and delicately tapering
shell. “The apex is very sharp, and the oval
aperture is somewhat elongated. Large speci-
mens grow to the size indicated by the cross in Figure
175. The color is nearly all white, though the shell
is somewhat dark near the apex. It could hardly be
mistaken for any other species. It is found from
British Columbia to San Diego.

Eulima rutila, Cpr., the Red Eulima, resembles
the last species, but is very small and slender. Its
color is rosy, and the base of the shell is length-
ened. It has been reported from Monterey, and per-
haps from other localities.

There are several other species of Eulima, the
shells of which are small, being only a quarter of an
inch in length or perhaps even less. One of these
is known by several synonyms: FE. déstorta, EF. éncur-
va, and E. falcata. Its shell is curved, as all of these
names indicate. It has a variety with the singular
name of Eulima yod.

186 WEST “COASD (SEBUES

Having studied small
shells for some time we
turn now to a large one,
shown in Figure siargie.
named Scaphella stearnsit,
Dall, Stearns’s Volute. This
great shell, which is nearly
six inches long, comes from
northern Alaska. The inner
layer is purplish, while the
outer, which resembles
porcelain, is bluish white.
Note the distinct folds on
the columella.

Scaphella arnheimi, Riv-
ers, Arnhein’s)¥ olnme:
dredged from Monterey
Bay a number of years ago,
resembles the last species,

Fig. 176, x § (*) but is only half the size.

The color is yellowish, and

the folds on the columella are four in number. It.
is to be hoped that more specimens of this fine species
may yet be obtained from beautiful Monterey Bay.

We are now to consider the Pyramidellidae, a
family of small mollusks, having turreted shells with
a plicate axis. The three principal genera are Pyra-
midella, Turbonilla and Odostomia. Most of the —
shells are too small to attract much notice, except
from experts, and a careful examination of them
must be made with the aid of a microscope if they are

EES MATER SE Ar SEES 187

to be properly classified. Descriptions of a very few
of the larger forms will now be given, and the names
of some others which occur in our territory will be
given in the alphabetical list of shells, near the end
of the book. For a careful study of this family we
are most happy to refer the student to Bulletin 68,
of the United States National Museum, entitled,
“A Monograph of West American Pyramidellid
Meollusks by William Healey Dall and Paul
Bartsch.” It was published at Washington late in
1909, after years of careful research. To learn more
about it write to the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution.

Pyramidella adamsi, Cpr., (P. conica, var.
variegata), the Obelisk-shell. This little
shell is shown in Figure 177. The surface
is marked with fine lines of growth. There
is an external fold on the columella which is
not well shown in the little cut. The shell is brown-
ish in color, somewhat clouded. It is found in south-
ern waters, but it is quite rare even there.

Turbonilla castanea, Keep, the Chestnut
Turbonilla, is shown in Figure 178, the little
cross denoting the true size of the shell. Its
| eight or ten whorls are marked with numer-

Fie. 17g OUuS fine axial ribs, and though it is so small

it 1s a beautiful shell. Its color is chestnut
brown, as might be expected from its name. It is
found at San Pedro and San Diego. The general
shape of all the Turbonillas is shown in this figure,
but they differ much in sculpturing, number of
whorls, and other particulars.

Fig. 177

188 WEST? COAS® SHELES

The Odostomias have polished, white
shells, less slender than those of the last
genus. On the columella is a fold like a
Fie. 79 tooth; as their name indicates. Wherevanea
good many species, most of which are very small.
One of the largest shells is rather poorly shown in
Figure 179. It is known as Odostomia satura, Cpr.,
the Full Odostomia, (O. pupiformis). This shell is
beautifully white, not very thick, with deep sutures

AB and a microscopic net-
are work of extremely fine
lines. It 1s about a quar-
ter of an inch in length,
and it ranges from Neah
Bay to unknown distan-
ces.

Odostomia nuciformis,
Cpr., the Nut-shaped
Odostomia, is also a
northern species, though
it sometimes grows a lit-
tle larger than the shell
last mentioned. It is
rather stout and inflated
and has a large body-
whorl. The shell is white
and solid, and the colu-
mella has a strong fold.

Other species will be.
mentioned in the list, but
it is hoped that these few
Fig. 180 samples will be enough

NOS
NS

;
( lS
_ \
NAAy —
Wi \

THE SMALLER SEA-SHELLS 189

to enable young collectors to determine at least the
generic name of a good many small shells.

Of a shy little Indian girl, in the village of Met-
lakatla, Alaska, I bought the shaggy shell, a drawing
of which is shown in Figure 180. Its name is 4rgo-
buccinum oregonense, Redf., and it is otherwise
known as Triton, Tritonium, and Priene oregonense,
any one of which may mean the Oregon Triton. It is

found in northern
waters and it is a
very unique spe-
cies, easily recog-
nized by its fusi-
form shape, nu-
merous. varices,
diGdeemts hairy,
brownish epider-
mis. The inside of
fimtemsmelil’-is\ pure
white. It has been
fewpolecds as fat
south as Monterey.

Another fine
Triton, a beautiful
picture of which is
shown in Figure
iol, is named
Cymattum corru-
Warum. Var. lrem=
peri, Dall, Trem-
mers Iriton. Phe
shell is spindle-

Fig. 181

190 WEST COAST SHELEUS

shaped, the canal long and somewhat curved back-
ward, and the operculum is oval and horny. There
are large white teeth inside the outer lip. The epi-
dermis is brown, the shell white, and the varices
give the whole a somewhat triangular aspect. Its
length is three and a half inches. It was taken,
October, 1907, in the outer San Pedro Bay, from
water forty feet deep, and it was living when cap-
tured. It greatly resembles Triton corrugatum, Lam.,
which lives in the Mediterranean Sea. It is interest-
ing to know that quite a large number of other shells
from our coast closely resemble Mediterranean spe-
cies. This shell was named in honor of Dr. R. H.
Tremper, of Ontario, Cal., the owner of the unique
specimen, who has kindly deposited the same in the
National Museum.

Another of Dr. Tremper’s rare specimens is Tréton
gibbosus, Brod, the Gibbous Triton. ‘This shell has
five whorls, the suture is extremely deep, the spiral
ridges finely beaded, the aperture nearly circular,
the canal long, nearly closed, and curved backward.
There is no epidermis, the color of the shell is dark,
while the varices are brown and white. Its length
is two and one-fourth inches and its breadth is one
inch less than its length.

Gyrintum californicum, Wds., California Frog-
shell, (Ranella californica), is well represented in
Figure 182. This fine shell is more common in the
south, though some excellent specimens have been col-
lected in Monterey Bay. The shell is very strong and
solid, and on its surface are many knobs and ridges.
It appears to grow forward about half a whorl and

THE SMALEER SEA-SHELES 191

then pause and build up a thick
lip. Leaving this ridge it goes
on and completes the whorl, and
then forms another varix. The @=
result of this singular mode of
building is a shell with two %
ridges extending from the apex
to the canal, on opposite sides of
the whorls, giving the front of
the shell a somewhat flattened
appearance. ‘The external color
is yellowish brown, but within it
is white. The common length of one of these shells is
three inches, though some of them grow to twice
that length, and thus rank among our largest shells.
Figure 183 gives us a somewhat enlarged repre-
sentation of Pedicularia californica, Newc., the Cali-
norma lteedicularia. Im) this shell the aperture- and
| outer lip are greatly extended, and the
spire is completely hidden. The inside of
the shell is smooth and glossy, but the out-
side is slightly roughened. With the aid
of a microscope one may see a fine system
of minute lines and meshes. Its color is peculiar for
a shell, being a rich, rosy pink, very beautiful. These
little shells are found on the stems of sea-fans, popu-
larly known as corals, which are brought up from
tolerably deep water. ‘To these they cling like a
parasitic insect; hence their name, which really
means louse-shell. When fully grown the shell may
be nearly half an inch long, though most specimens
are much smaller.

Fig. 182

Fig. 183

192 WEST COAS ih SHEELS

Another fine shell found on our
southern coast is the one shown in.
Figure 184, and which is named
Cyprea spadicea, Gray, the Nut-
brown Cowry. It is our chief repre-
sentative of the great genus which is
so abundantly developed in the warm-
er oceans. Cowries have smooth, well-

Fig. 184 rounded shells and are great favorites
with the children, who delight to use

them as playthings. In fact, they have a great variety
of uses, taking the place of money among some of the
tribes of Africa, large, mottled ones being used by
old ladies to aid them in darning stockings, while
certain rare and beautiful specimens were formerly
worn by the favored chiefs of cannibal islands as a
token of royalty. Certain it is that large, showy cow-
Ties are now used by the natives of Hawaii as bait
to lure the highly prized octopus to their hooks. In
the cabinet of the naturalist there are few finer collec-
tions than the drawer of choice cowry-shells. When
young, the shells are thin and conical, with a short
spire and a large aperture. As time goes on the outer ~
lip increases in size and thickness, while the spire be-
comes completely hidden under the advancing whorls.

Coming back to our one cowry, we may say that
in color the lips of this shell are white, while on the
back there is a ring of dark brown, with a central
part of a lighter shade of the same color. I have in
my collection an unusually large specimen which is
over two inches in length, but such a size is the excep-
tion. This species is found in the south, but never

DEE SMALE RR SWACSEELIES 193

in great numbers. It has also been found as far north
as Monterey. When taken alive it is one of our most
beautiful shells. Dead specimens, which have been
knocked about and defaced, are far less bright and
glossy.

The little Coffee-bean shell, Trévia
californica, Gray, two views of which are
shown in Figure 185, is eagerly sought by
many children, who search in the sands Fe. 18
for pretty treasures. Like the real coftee-
bean, one side is flat, while the other is rounded and
plump. The surface is marked with a dozen sharp
ribs, and the long, narrow aperture is set with many
small teeth. The general color of the shell is reddish
chocolate, though the interior is white.

Trivia solandri, Gray, Solander’s Trivia, is a
Mexican species, but it reaches as far northward as
Santa Barbara. It resembles the last shell, but is
twice as large, and is marked by a deep, longitudinal
canal on the back of the shell.

Trivia rittert, Raymond, Ritter’s Trivia, has been
dredged at various points along the coast of Califor-
nia, chiefly in the vicinity of Catalina Island. The
shell is small, white, well rounded, and is marked
with about 20 sharp, narrow ridges. Its length is
about ten millimeters.

2

Somewhat like a very long and narrow
cowry 1s our next species, named Ovula de-
fleca, Sby., var. barbarensis, Dall, the Pink
Egg-shell, shown in Figure 186. In appear-
ance it 1s unique, looking more like a roll of
Fig.1g6 Shell than a spiral whorl, and tapering almost

=N

194 WEST COAST :- SHELLS

equally toward either end. The aperture is very long,
the outer lip thickened, the spire concealed, and the
sculpturing microscopic. The color is pink, and the
length is rather less than an inch. It is found spar-
ingly at Monterey, Santa Barbara, and elsewhere.

A, small species, usually of a purple color, is
named Ovula variabilis, C. B. Ad., the Variable
Ovula. It is probable that there are still other
species or varieties of this difficult genus.

We have two other species somewhat re-
sembling the cowries. The first is named
Erato vitellina, Hds., the Veally Erato,
shown in Figure 187. The shell is pear-
shaped, or rather balloon-shaped, and it
is quite smooth. It is of a dark reddish-brown color,
though the toothed margin of the aperture is white.
The ordinary length of the shell is about half an
inch. Really good specimens are not numerous.

Erato columbella, Mke., the Dove Erato,
Figure 188, is very small and delicate, but is )
well worth searching for.. As shown in the
figure it has a visible, but short spire, and a
long aperture with toothed lips. These are white,
but the back is olive-brown. Dead shells may be
rather frequently found, and living specimens have
been obtained at low tide.

Figure 189 gives us an enlarged view of
Cerithiopsis tuberculata, Mont., the Tubercu-
lated Horn-shell. This pretty little species —
¢ has asmall shell, about the length of the cross
Fig.1a9 Shown in the figure. The spire consists of six

Fig. 187

Fig. 188

THE SMALLER SEA-SHELLS 195

or seven whorls, well sculptured, and is of a dark
brown color; the sutures are conspicuous.

There are several other species of these small
shells, one of which, Ceréthiops¢s purpurea, Cpr., the
Purple Cerithiopsis, is reported by Berry as being
rather common at Pacific Grove, though the shells
are dead. The nodules on the shell are fine, and it is
stained with purple, giving rise to the name.

Bittium filosum, Gld., the Threaded Bit-
tium, is shown in Figure 190. ‘This fine
little mollusk may be found in large num-
bers by turning over stones at low tide and
carefully searching for diminutive shells.
It is seldom that a dead shell is found in such a posi-
tion without a tiny hermit-crab inside, and at first
glance it looks as if the shells were running away
without any apparent means of propulsion. ‘The
shell 1s shaped like a short, stout thorn, and it varies
in length from one-fourth to one-half of an inch.
The whitish or brownish whorls are eight or ten in
number, and are marked with slight, spiral grooves.

Bittium esuriens, Cpr., the Hungry Bittium, is
“like a starved filosum, very narrow, the adult
scarcely sculptured.” It is found all along the coast.

bitttum quadrifilatum, Cpr., the Four-lined Bit-
tium, 1s a southern species. In shape it is a regular
but very slender cone, and the whorls are marked
with four equal spiral threads which coil over slight
cross-ribs. There are several other species of this

genus which are occasionally found, and which ditfer
chiefly in the sculpturing of the whorls.

196 WEST COAST SHELLS

Sela assimilis, C. B. Adams, the Threaded Seila,
has a slender shell, ten millimeters in length, con-
sisting of ten whorls, round which run three strong
spiral ridges, winding from the apex to the aperture.
It lives from Monterey southward to Panama.

CHAPTER IX
SHELLS WITHOUT CANALS

It is always pleasant to find a living specimen of
a mollusk about which you have been studying. To
have an empty shell in your cabinet is a satisfaction,
but it is much more satisfying if you can call upon
the creature in his own home, observe his every-day
life, see how he associates with his fellows, find out,
if possible, when he gets up, what he eats for break-
fast, what he is doing when the whistle blows for
noon, whether he indulges in an afternoon nap, and
all the other occupations and habits that he may
choose to display, or that you are able to learn by
watching him on the sly. By getting at these things
you come to really know the animal, so far as such
knowledge is possible.

It is so right through life. The boy or girl who
observes, watches, examines, and gets all there is
out of any subject, is the one who will probably
amount to something when he has become a man or
she has become a woman. It does not matter so
much what the thing is; it may be a shell or a seed;
a sentence, a Latin verb, or a frog pond. It may be
a map, an equation, or a sermon; the thing to do is
to attack it with energy and learn all that you pos-
sibly can from it. And you may be sure that there
are very few things that do not conceal tar more than
is evident on the surface. My advice to every young

198 WiiSTiCOASiy SEIIinS

person who reads these lines is to attack each oppor-
tunity with real enthusiasm, and to learn to get a
tremendous amount of fun out of the most stubborn
and dry looking duty that ever stood in your path-
way. Most good things in life are not like soft
boiled eggs, whose shells you can crack with a tea-
spoon; on the contrary they are like hickory nuts,
that require an anvil and a hammer if you are to get
out the sweet meats, nice and whole. But this little
sermon has led us far afield, so we will now return
to our shells.

My first opportunity to gather any of the shells
mentioned in this book occurred many years ago.
The place was a shallow arm of San Francisco Bay,
and the shell was the one shown in Figure 191.
I shall never forget the pleasure I felt as I saw them
lying by dozens and hundreds on the surface of the
mud, after the tide had gone down. They seemed
to be enjoying the fresh air, and displayed no anxiety
for the return of what we are accustomed to call
their native element. Similar species in other coun-
tries spend so much of their time in the air that they
have been mistaken for land shells. |

The name of this species proved to be Certthidea
californica, Hald., the California
Horn-shell. But I was as ignorant
of the proper care of the shells as
I was of their name; and a pretty
source of trouble they were to me,
for I had not learned how to clean
them correctly, a process that has
been explained on a previous page.

SIBUBUICS WMD slQU Ie (CAINUMES 199

The shell in question is an inch or more in length,
and consists of about ten strongly ribbed whorls.
The outside is dull and black, but the inside is of a
glossy brown. The aperture is entire, that is, it has
no canal, and it is closed by a thin, brown, circular
operculum, This species extends at least as. far
south as San Diego. ‘There are several varieties,
differing somewhat from typical shells, one of which,
var. pullata, Gould, is heavily ribbed; another, var.
hyporhyssa, Berry, 1s unusually smooth and tapering.

Trichotropis borealis, Br. & Sby., the Northern
Hairy-shell. This species has a short spire, strongly
shouldered whorls which are hairy on the ridges, and
a distinct umbilicus. There are many varieties, but
the average length is about one inch. This species
inhabits the Arctic waters on both sides of the
continent.

Trichotropis cancellata, Winds, the Checked
Hairy-shell, has a longer spire than that of the last
species, consisting of about seven whorls. The epi-
dermis, which is somewhat hairy, is light brown or
grayish, and the aperture is
often pink. It ranges from
Alaska southward to Vancou-
ver Island, where it is said to
occur abundantly.

Figure 192 shows us an en-
larged view ot <dAnaplocamus
borealis, Wall, the Northern
Anaplocamus. This singular
shell, which much resembles
some that live in fresh water,

200 WEST COAST (SHELES

comes from considerable depths off the coast of
Alaska. It is bluish white in color, but it has an
olive-brown epidermis.

Caecum californicum, Dall, the California Tube-
Shell, is the next species to be considercd= imu.
singular species differs much from any that have
gone before. The shell is a little white tube, 3 mm.
long, slightly curved, and showing under the micro-
scope that it is made up of many small rings.

Caecum crebricinctum, Cpr., the Close-ringed Tube-
shell, resembles the last species, but it is nearly twice
as large, and it is marked with exceedingly fine
rings, sometimes quite indistinct. Both of these
species are found mostly in the south.

Vermetus lituella, Morch, is the Crooked Worm-
shell. This singular mollusk has an irregular, tubu-
lar shell, which becomes attached to the side of a
stone and twists itself into an ill-shaped, flattened
cone. Several specimens are frequently found near
one another. The shell is often angular and rough-
ened; the aperture is circular, and is only one-eighth
of an inch or less in diameter. The color, as in that
of the following species, is a dingy white. )

Vermetus squamigerus, Cpr., the Scaly Worm-
shell, is a very much larger creature. It is extremely
irregular, many specimens frequently growing to-
gether upon a rock, and looking like a heap of con-
torted snakes. The shell is marked throughout its
length by transverse, scaly ridges. The aperture is _
circular, one-fourth of an inch across. If the tube
were straightened it would measure some four inches
or more in length. The operculum is circular. I once

SIBUS LIES, WIMNaKOWIN (GANGES 201

found a few living specimens at Monterey, but it is
rare so far north. Many of these more uncommon
species may be found by wading into the water at
low tide, and turning up stones or bringing them
out to dry land for closer examination.

Turritella cooperi, Cpr., Cooper’s Tower-
shell, is shown in Figure 193. ‘This south-
eomemspecies, Inas a very slender, many
whorled spire. The sutures are distinct,
fiemaperture circular and) the outer lip
saagorand) thin, Whe color is yellowish,
though it is somewhat spotted with brown.
It can hardly be mistaken for any other
shell. It is found on sandy beaches be-
tween tides.

Tachyrynchus tenutsculptus, Cpr., the
Little Tower-shell, is lke a minute speci-
men of the last, and is found on mud-flats along the
southern coast. The usual length is less than one-
fourth of an inch.

We are now to study the Littorines, or Shore-
shells, for that is what the name means. They are
the first shells that you commonly meet when you go
down to a rocky coast, for they perch high up on the
rocks where they will get only a sprinkle of spray
now and then, when the waves are quite strong.
They do not stay there all of the time, to be sure,
and they are quite at home under water; but as a
general thing they prefer a roosting place where
they will be uncovered most of the time.

In general the littorines have fairly round shells,
about the size of small peas. There is no canal; but

202 WESPiICOAS i 2S EEIeS

the aperture is nearly circular in shape, and it is
closed with a thin, horny operculum. As you find
them perched upon the rocks, quietly resting till the
time of the next high tide, you will note that a little
part of the “foot” of the animal must be outside the
shell, to enable him to cling securely to the rock.
But the portion is very small, and just how the crea-
ture fixes himself so that he will not roll off and at
the same time not dry up is something to be in-
vestigated.

If you brush them off, however, the whole foot is
immediately retracted, and the aperture is securely
closed with the operculum. If you then put them in
a bowl of sea-water or drop them into a_tide-
pool the little black animal quickly emerges from
the shell and begins to rapidly creep along the
smooth surface towards the upper air. Some of them
will live a long time out of water, and can safely be
sent from one port to another.

The food of these little animals is vegetable mat-
ter, especially the minute plants that form the thin
green coatings upon the stones. This is scraped off
by means of the little hooked teeth which grow upon
the tongue, or ribbon, with which the mouth of most
mollusks-is provided. In respect to their food they
present quite a contrast to the purples, nassas and
other mollusks having siphons, that we have been
considering. Those creatures are flesh-eaters, and
they often use their sharp teeth as instruments to
enable them to break into other mollusks’ houses.
And so we have a kindly feeling for the littorines

SIBUTILIES NIMs OUI (CANIN URIL:S) 203

which properly live their quiet lives, without ever
even attempting to murder their neighbors.

Our first species, Lettorina scutulata, Gld.,
the Checkered Littorine, is shown slightly
enlarged in Figure 194. The shell is usually
of a greenish or brownish gray color, with
more or less white bands or checks. Within
the aperture the fresh shell has a decidedly purple
tint. The shells differ greatly in size, young ones
being very small, while you sometimes find old speci-
mens as large as the picture.

Littorina planaxis, Nutt., the Gray Lit-
torine, is well shown in Figure 195. This
species commonly has a somewhat larger
sell Woetn Une leis, lous ie ns easily Gli
tinguished by the fact that it has a flattened
columella, which seems to be dissolved away by the
animal in advance of the growing whorl. The shells
of this species are more rounded and less finely col-
ored than those of the last, but the two are often
found closely associated. Young specimens some-
times have shells banded with white, but there need
be no hesitation in determining the species, for the
flattened columella is a sure mark of identity.

The third littorine, which is found in northern
waters, is named Lé¢forina rudis, Don., the Rough
Littorine. The shell of this bold northerner, in form
and size, resembles a large pea. It is easily distin-
guished from the last species by its rounded colu-
mella, while its general surface, instead of being
nearly smooth as in the last two species, is marked
with a good number of more or less developed spiral

Fig. 194, x 3

=

Fig. 195, x 4

204 Wis Sd COASi SEUSS

ridges. Its color varies from white to black, but it
is usually of a yellowish brown. The edge of the
outer lip is always sharp and thin. I gathered a
bottle of fine specimens at Old Kasaan, that strange
old Indian village in Alaska. This species, which is
also known as L. sttchana, Phil., comes down the
coast as far as Puget Sound, and possibly farther.
The other two are found all along the coast.

Littorina pullata, Cpr., the Dark Littorine. This
little species lives on the Mexican coast, but it has
been found as far north as San Pedro. ‘The shell
resembles that of L. scutulata, but it is of a dark,
reddish brown color, sometimes checked, and there
are numerous very fine spiral lines of sculpture. It
was described in 1864.

Littorina aleutica, Dall, the
Aleutian Littorine, Figure 196,
is found in the far north, as its
name indicates. The bread
pillar, or columella, of the shell
is white, the aperture is dark,
while the outside of the shell is
yellowish brown. An end view

Fie. 196, x5 ® is given in Figure 197. Ihe

pictures are considerably mag-

nified, the real diameter being
about twelve millimeters.

Another shell from the same
locality is shown in Figure
198. It is named Litforina at-
kana, Dall, the Atka Littor-
rine. It is a large shell, 20 mm.

SISUDLIES WAMBO IE (AINVAVESS) 205

high, and its surface is nearly
smooth. Most specimens are
chestnut - brown throughout,
but some have bands, as is
shown in the figure. The colu-
mella is broad.and white.

Closely allied to the litto-
mimes are the little Chink-
shells, a little picture of one
of them being shown in Figure Fig. 198, x 7 (*)

199. Its name is Lacuna uni-
fasceata, Cpr., the One-banded Chink-shell.
It is a very little thing, about one-sixth of an
e mem na densth, and it consists: of but Tew
Fig.199 Whorls. Externally it is brown and glossy,
with the color broken into dots on the keel
of the body-whorl. The aperture is semi-lunar in
shape, and the flattened columella has a small um-
bilical fissure, from which circumstance it receives
its name. It is well worth looking for, and may
often be found on sandy shores, while living speci-
mens may sometimes be gathered at low tide.

Lacuna porrecta, Cpr., the Wide Chink-shell, re-
sembles the last figure, but is broader and more com-
pact. Lhe umbilical chink is laree and the outer
lip is extended. It is found living on kelp.

Lacuna solidula, Lov., the Solid Chink-shell, is a
species found chiefly in the north. It is large, having
a shell nearly half an inch long. There are three or
four whorls, smooth and strong. The umbilicus is
small, the columella white in color, though the gen-
eral surface is brown.

206 WEST COAS? SHELLS

Lacuna variegata, Cpr., is the Striped Chink-shell.
The shell of this species is tall, effuse, and it has a
wide chink. In color it is clouded or has zigzag
stripes. It lives on the coast of British Columbia,
and it may be found on the green Zostera, or Eel-
crass. |

Fossarus (Isapis) obtusus, Cpr., the Obtuse Isapis,
has a roundish little shell, a quarter of an inch long
or less. The aperture is oval, and the outer lip is
diversified by shallow, spiral grooves. There is a
small umbilicus. The spire is small and few-
whorled, and the color is light brown.

Fossarus (Isapis) fenestratus, Cpr., the Windowed
Isapis, resembling the last species, but is marked
with sharp spiral ridges, about twelve of which may
be seen on the body-whorl. The outer lip is thin
and the umbilical chink is small. Its length is 8 mm.
and it is 7 mm. in breadth. .

Truncatella. Californica, Pfr., the California
Looping-snail, lives about salt marshes and upon
seaweeds and stones. The little cylindrical shell is
smooth, ight brown in color, with a horny opercu-
lum, and is less than a quarter of an inch in length. -
The surface is smooth, and there are distinct sutures
between the whorls.

A far different shell is shown in
Figure 200, which gives us an inside
view of the tent-shaped shell of Crz-
cibulum spinosum, Sby., the Cup and
Saucer Limpet. The saucer is more
2 or less deep, brownish in color, and
Fig. 200 set on the outside with numerous

SHDEES WV MEE OU CANALS 207

spines. The cup is small, white and triangular. This
species assumes many forms, and is sometimes almost
white and free from spines. It has been found as far
north as Monterey, but its home is along the southern
coast. ;

Calyptrea mamillaris, Brod., the Chinese Hat,
has a white shell, of a low conical shape, running up
to a point, while inside there is a twisted deck, thin
and sharp, reaching nearly to the margin. Sometimes
this shell has a diameter of an inch or more, though
usually it is considerably smaller. It is said to ex-
tend from Puget Sound to Central America, but it
is not acommon shell on our coasts. It was dredged
by Lowe and Roper off San Pedro. This species is
also known by the name Galerus mamillaris.

There is a large group of mollusks whose shells are
somewhat turtle-shaped, with a floor built over a
part of the lower surface. When turned over they
somewhat resemble a Chinese slipper, with a place
for the toes of the wearer’s foot. So apparent is the
resemblance that they are universally called Slipper-
shells. .

Creprdula adunca, Sby:, the
Hooked Slipper-shell, Figure 201, is
perhaps the commonest species. The
apex is strongly recurved, suggesting rie
the name, and the surface is brown,
though the internal deck is white. Living speci-
mens may often be found growing upon other shells,
and sometimes they are found piled one upon another
three deep. Young shells often have the apical hook
quite pointed. Living specimens are often found

208 WiiS@ COASM=SiELDIEIES

perched upon the shell of the black turban, Tegu/a
funebrale.

Crepidula onyx, Sby., the Onyx Slipper-shell,
somewhat resembles the last species, but in favorable
locations it grows to a much greater size. The sur-
face is somewhat roughened or shaggy, and the apex
is on the very edge of the shell. Beautiful specimens
are found in San Pedro Bay, some of them measuring
fully two inches in length and an inch and a half in
breadth. he imside is a. rich, dark browmjiwen,
glossy, while the deck is as white as the purest mar-
ble. There is another name, C. rugosa, Nutt., which
is applied by some to these, or similar specimens,
while by others rzgosa is considered as a variety of
onyx. Carpenter believed rugosa to be the northern
form of the Mexican species, Crepédula onyx.

Crepidula nivea, Gould, (C. navicel-
lotdes, Nutt.), the White Slipper-shell,
Figure 202, may easily be recognized by
its color, its flattened shape, and by the
thin and delicate deck, which is shown in
the engraving. Sometimes this mollusk
makes its home upon the rock and the
back of his shell becomes rough and discolored;
while again living specimens may be found within
the aperture of a dead spiral shell, and then® the
slipper is smooth, curved, elongated, and almost
transparent. This species is exceedingly variable,
and numerous names have been given to it and its
varieties. Its shell conforms to circumstances in a
remarkable manner, being straight and narrow if it
lives on such a shell as that of Glofttedea albida,

SECS WV OW BOAN AES 209

spiral and thin if found in a dead Tegw/a, and rough
and expanded if exposed to the waves. It may often
betound under stones. Farther to the south it is
sometimes marked with brown. I have chosen the
name vvea, as it conforms to recent usage, though
there is excellent authority for combining this species
with the next.

Crepidula lessoni?, Brod., Lesson’s Slipper-shell,
resembles a long, narrow specimen of the last species.
The shell, however, is thickened by a number of
layers.) Partly detached at their edges. Phe color
is white. ‘There is also a short and heavy variety,
known as var. explanata, Gould, which some con-
sider as a distinct species.

There is a small species of this extensive genus
which has received the name of Crepidula dorsata,
Brod., the Wrinkled Slipper-shell. It is nearly cir-
cular in outline, thin and flat, with a small, curved,
and partially detached deck. This wrinkled brown
and white shell is about half an inch across. It is
found at points all along the coast.

Crepidula aculeata, Gmel., the Prickly Slipper-
shell, is a small southern form. ‘The yellowish-
white shell has a low apex, curved to one side, and
its surface is diversified with many irregular radiat-
ing ribs.

Capulus californicus, Dall, the California Cap-
shell, is a recently discovered species, specimens ot
which are occasionally found in San Pedro Bay,
usually clinging to the outside of a large pecten. In
shape it resembles a very large Crepidula adunca, but
there is no deck inside the shell. Externally it has a

210 Wisi (COASH “SENEIEIES

brown epidermis, somewhat shaggy, while within it
is beautifully white. The length of this fine shell
is an inch and a half.

There is a series of white shells, dead
specimens of which are abundant, which
present a rather puzzling aspect, and
which vary greatly in external appear-
ance. They are not spiral to any extent,
but appear like hollow cones, more or
less flattened, with the apex to one side of the cen-
ter. Some of them are singularly like a horse’s hoof
in shape, while others resemble Figure 202, which
represents the species named Amalthea antiquata,
Linn., the Ancient Hoof-shell, (Hzpponyx antiqua-
tus). Some specimens are less flattened than the
picture, but all are more or less rough and scaly
externally, while within you can see the muscle-scar
in the shape of a horseshoe. The color is white, and
the diameter is about half an inch. Occasionally
living specimens may be found attached to a rock.
They do not roost upon the rock directly, however,
but upon a little shelly plate which the foot of the
animal secretes and fastens firmly to the rock below. -

Amalthea cranioides, Cpr., the Flat Hoof-shell,
resembles the last species, but has a still flatter shell,
with the apex somewhat near the center, instead of
at one side. Dead shells of this species, and even
of the last, are liable to be confounded by the young
collector with the upper valves of the Chama. Both
shells are frequently thrown up by the waves which
sweep over rocky ledges, and they look so much alike
that one might almost be excused for making the

Fig. 203

SIBUAILILS, WIIMIsKOlOe (CAINS, 211

mistake. An examination of the inside of the shell
will quickly put to rest any doubt about the identity
of the species, however, for the Chama has a hinge-
tooth, while the Hoof-shell plainly shows the horse-
shoe shaped muscle-scar. Some consider this species
as only a variety of the last.

Amalthea tumens, Cpr., the Sculptured Hoof-
shell, (Hzpponyx tumens), has a much more regular
shell than either of the others. The apex is recurved,
and the lower part of the shell is somewhat bearded.
Radial lines run from the apex to the edge, and they
are crossed by lines of growth. Some specimens
sreatly resemble a short “horn of plenty.’ The shells
are white in color, while the beard, if present, is
light brown. ‘The shells are seldom over half an
inch in length.

Figure 204 represents a
large shell named Polynices
rms Gild.. ~ Liew iiss
Moon-shell. It is a mem-
ber of the Natica family, 4
all the members of which WW
are distinguished for their \
ferocious nature, so that
they might well be called
snails of prey.

Plowing along through
the wet sand by means of
its enormous foot, it no sooner reaches an unfortu-
nate clam than the flint drill which it carries in its
mouth is stretched out and begins to accomplish its
work of destruction. The helpless clam has no means

Fig. 204

212 WESD ICORSi SEIE BES

of flight from such an enemy, and if its hard shell
is not a protection it isin asadcondition. And indeed
the case is sad, for the limestone shell is no match
for the quartz drill, and when he has reached the
savory meat inside, the robber makes short work of
his victim. A high-handed proceeding, no doubt;
but then, it contrasts rather favorably with our way
of opening clams and oysters.

The size of this shell varies greatly with its age
and condition. Specimens have been found as large
as six-inch globes, but such giants are not common.
They are ordinarily the size of average apples. The
color is yellowish white, the surface nearly smooth,
and the umbilicus is large. To stop the ample aper-
ture there is a broad, horny umbilicus, brownish in
color. The genus Polynices includes those shells
of the Natica family which have horny opercula.

Figure 205 shows us a fair-
sized specimen of Polynices
recluziana, Desh., the South-
ern Moon-shell. This species
is a southern form, more
smooth and less globular than

\ %) the last, and it is easily iden-
Fie. 208 ' . tified by the) ‘thickieayan
patch of enamel which ex-
tends down the columella, and nearly or quite fills
the umbilicus. The shell is very solid and strong.
In color it varies between white and brown. Its
average length is perhaps two inches, though many
specimens are smaller. The large operculum is thin
and horn-like, without any trace of solid shell.

SIBUBLILS) WEIN slQOIk ACAINVAIESS) IMG

Natica clausa, Brod. and Sby., the Closed Natica,
is found on the coast of British Columbia, and in
northern waters generally. It resembles Figure 204,
but it is easily distinguished by its closed umbilicus
and its shelly operculum.

Ampullina purpurea,
Dall, the Purple Moon-
smell Kieure 206, has. a
purplish shell, though the
arenes on enamel near the
aperture are white, while
the periostracum is olive,
Walen@arker ‘streaks, | It
fedaenes a leneth of two
inches and it is found in
MOneMenm waters, as far as
Point Barrow.

Stnum debilis, Gld., the
Frail Sinum, (S2garetus Bie 0G ee)
debilts), has a delicate, pure
white shell, very flat, with
a small spire and a very large aperture. The shell is
beautifully sculptured with fine rays crossing the
lines of growth. Its breadth is an inch or more, and
its home is in the south.

Eunaticina oldroydi, Dall, Oldroyd’s Natica, re-
sembles Figure 204 in shape, and it is marked with
almost microscopic sculpturing. It has been dredged
at several places along the California shore, but is
still a rare species. Compared with Polynices lewést?
its shell seems very thin and delicate, indicating that
it lives in deep and quiet water. The diameter is
about an inch and a half.

214 WEST COAST SSE Es

F elutina levigata, Linn, the Light Vel-
vet-shell, is our next species, and its little
shell is shown in Figure 207. The color is
light brown, and the aperture is nearly cir-
cular. In fresh specimens a velvet-like epidermis
covers the shell. It lives in northern waters.

Lamellaria stearnsit, Dall, Stearns’s Lamel-
laria is rather poorly represented in Figure
208. It is pure white, very thin, and has so
large an aperture that the interior of the shel] Fig. 208
is plainly visible. During the life of the ani-
mal the shell is wholly covered by the white, trans-
lucent soft parts of the living creature. It has been
reported from Monterey and San Pedro.

In Lamellaria diegoensis, Dall, the San Diego La-
mellaria, the soft parts are bright red in color, and
the little shell is 17 mm. in diameter. ‘The animal is
much larger, though it is a comparatively small crea-
bute:

And now we have come to a very important class
of shells, most of which are easily collected and all
of which are interesting. But before describing -
any of them let me have a few words with my
younger readers.

Did you ever go camping in the summer? Did
you and your friends ever get tired of living in
one place all the year, and decide to take a tent and
go out to some shady spot and have fun and
fresh air and freedom for a little while? I hope
so, for there is nothing quite so good as a few days of
tent life to brighten up all the rest of the year.

Perhaps your tent was near a mountain stream,

Fig. 207

SIBUBILILS) VV IMIDIBOUW I (GeINpaess) 215

where you could watch the speckled trout in the deep
holes; perhaps it was in the woods, where there were
great trees watching over you that had been growing
for centuries; perhaps it was by the seashore, where
you could lie awake at night and hear the waves
pounding away on the granite rocks or breaking into
foam on the sandy beach; perhaps it was in a field,
or even in a back yard; but anywhere under a tent
there is a charm which you cannot get anywhere else,
try as hard as you may.

Now there is a whole group of mollusks which live
in tents all their lives, and they always pitch their
tents on the rocks. And each tent is just big enough
for one camper to live in; and if the camper grows
he builds on an addition to the edge of his tent, and
keeps it just big enough to cover him whenever he.
settles down for a good night’s rest.

When you went camping you set up poles and
spread the tent-cloth over them, and fastened all
down with ropes and pins. But our little mollusk
campers make their tents of shell, and they are so stiff
and firm that there is no need of poles and ropes to
keep them spread.

These little campers are called limpets, and their
coverings are sometimes called saucer-shells, for some
of their empty tents when turned over might be used
for little shallow dishes, like very small saucers. On
the coast of Mexico there are some that are large
enough for mush-bowls, but they do not grow so large
in our part of the ocean.

The west coast of America abounds in limpets.
Some species cling to rocks which are seldom covered,

216 WEST GOAST SEHEEUS

others live half of their lives under water, while a few
must be sought at very low tide. Their dead shells
are very common objects along the coast, for they are
liable to fall victims to some wandering crab if they
become washed from their footing. Though they
creep around somewhat they usually return to the
same spot to roost, and the protecting shell is seldom
lifted to any considerable distance above the object
to which they cling, and when they are at all dis-
turbed they close it down with force and rapidity. In
an especial manner these helpless animals must de-
pend on their thick, hard shell to protect them from
injury. |
es Acmea spectrum, Nutt. Sie
Ribbed Limpet, lives tar up on the
rocks where it receives only a few
splashings at high tide. It is gray in
color, much like the granite to which
= it clings. Two views are given of its
Fig. 209 shell, both of which represent unusu-
ally large specimens. Figure 209
gives a good view of the shell as it appears from
above, w Rie the other figure, 210, shows a side a a-
tion of the same. Internally the
shell is chalky-white with various
dark markings, which sometimes
bring out “the owl” very dis-
tinctly. Look for a picture of that bird in various
shells of this class.
Limpets are easily collected if they are suddenly
lifted by means of a broad-bladed knife, but if they
have been previously startled it is best to let them

SHELLS WiHOUl TeANALS 27,

alone, since you will be likely to break the shell if
you persist in your endeavor. In some countries
limpets are eaten, and vast numbers are used by the
fishermen as bait. Notice carefully the broad foot,
the mantle and gills, and the short head with its
mouth and tentacles. If a specimen is dissected the
lingual ribbon may easily be obtained from the
mouth, and with a low power microscope the beauti-
ful rows of teeth may easily be made out. After the
animal has been removed from the shell observe the
horseshoe-shaped muscle-scar.

Acmea patina, Esch., the
late ieimpet, Migure 211, is
one of the most common
kinds. The shell is oval and
flattened, with an indistinct
apex near the center. From this radiate fine striae,
which are often quite indefinite. The shell is also
often partly overlaid with brownish sea-growths.
Young specimens are sometimes prettily checked with
brown and green. Within the shell there are various
markings of brown and bluish-white, with a dark ring
around the edge. The common length of the shell
is from an inch to two inches.

Acmaea pelta, Esch.,
the Shield Limpet, Figure
212, 1s more conical and
> pointed than the last, and
the outside of the shell has
about twenty-five blunt,
radiating ribs. Externally it is gray or striped, and
Is sometimes very beautitul; the inside is mainly

218 ; WEST COAST SHELRES

white, though there is often a dark thread around the
edge, and a brown spot in the center. A strange form
is sometimes found in which the early growth of the
shell seems to have been based on a different plan
from that of the ordinary specimen, for it is smooth,
brown, and has almost perpendicular sides like the
limpets that grow on seaweeds; but after that it sud-
denly changes to the ordinary form. It is probable
that this was caused by a decided change in the abode
of the limpet, perhaps from seaweed to the rock.

A small, black, conical shell, supposed by Carpen-
ter to be an abnormal growth of the young of the last
species, is now known as dcmaea asmi, Midd., the
Black Limpet. It is usually found living on the
shells of the Black Turban, where its dark color keeps
it from being conspicuous. It seems to be quite dis-
tinct from the last species, being only a quarter of an
inch in length, while the ordinary shells of that spe-
cies are fully an inch long, and sometimes more.

Figure 213 shows the shell of a
large Acme@a persona, Esch., the
Mask Limpet. This shell may be |

“Fens distinguished by the position of

the apex, which is situated very

near one end, making nearly all the slope come upon
one side, like the roof of an old-fashioned farm-
house. The ribs on the slope of the shell are promi-
nent but irregular. The outside is gray or mottled,
and the inside has varying amounts of brown and
white. The shell is high arched, but it is always
small and seldom grows to the length of an inch,

SEIDEL S) WiiHOUm "CANALS 219

This species is generally found living where the rocks
are seldom covered with water.

Acmea scabra, Nutt., the File Limpet, is usually
of a light brown color externally, while the inside is
white. Sometimes the external brown is so light that
it is almost yellow, while again the surface may be
quite dark. The arch of the shell is generally low,
like Figure 211, and there are fine, sharp, scaly ridges
radiating from the apex, making the shell feel like
the surface of a fine-cut file. Sometimes it is a little
Giimculico tela shell ot this species from one of
A. patina, but if you can see the animal you will at
once decide, for the head and mantle of the former
are black, while those of the Plate Limpet are always
white. The ordinary length is about an inch, and
the low-arched shell is quite thin. Occasionally very
aged specimens are found which have lost all their
sculpture and have become very thick.. They can
be told, however, by the white appearance of the
interior of the shell, if the fleshy parts have been
removed or are lost.

Acmea mitra, Esch., the White
Cap, Figure 214, generally lives be-
low the tide-mark and is seldom
found living, though I have occasion- =
ally found them at extreme low tide. Sn
The shell is pure white, fairly thick,
and has a very pleasing appearance. Many dead
specimens are washed up by the waves, and they
always find plenty of admirers. Often the outside
of the living shell is covered with a growth of small,
hard seaweeds, making it rough or irregular, but

220 WS) SCOANS Tp SEU IEES

generally it is smooth. The size varies greatly, the
figure representing a fairly large specimen, though
occasionally an’ old one is found) ita:
much) lancer

Acmea incessa, Wds., the Seaweed
Limpet, Figure 215, is a common spe-
cies, and may be found living on the flat
central ribbons of the great seaweeds

Fie.2i5 | Which are so conspicuous along the rocky

coast. The sides of the shell are flat-

tened and nearly smooth, and the apex is rounded.

The shell is of a dark brown color throughout, and

looks as if it were made of horn. It is seldom quite
so large as the picture represents. i

When the tide is low the huge plants to which
these shells are attached lie prone on the rocks, look-
ing like a pile of feather boas. Each one of them
has a very strong central rib, with numerous plumes
on either side. These are mingled with egg-shaped
air bladders, which serve to keep the upper parts of
the plant afloat when the tide is in. It is to this flat
and extremely tough central portion that the little
limpets love to cling, swaying backward and forward |
with the swing of the billows.

There are other seaweeds which help to cover
the rocks, the most common one being a stout, brown-
ish plant, sometimes called kelp, but whose real naine
is Fucus. It is an exceedingly ancient organism, being
but little changed from plants that grew in the ocean
long before the time of man. Then there are others,
some of them red and others green; this one, broad
and strong like a piece of leather, while its neighbor

SHaValIAS WINDS sUNUNES 221

is delicate as a skein of silk. The marine plants are
very interesting, every one of them, and are worthy
of careful study. As we ramble among the rocks
seeking after shells it is pleasant to know and admire
the plants among which they are most likely to be
found.

Acmea instabilis, Gld., the Unstable Seaweed-
Limpet, is larger than the last species. The shell is
more limpet-shaped, but it is narrow and compressed
at the sides; its surface is smooth, and its color is
brown on the outside and white within. Its length is
three-fourths of an inch.

Acmea depicta, Gld., the Painted Limpet, has a
very narrow shell, with straight, flat sides. In color
it 1s nearly white, with fine brown stripes radiating
from the apex. It isa little shell, being only from 6
Lomlenmim in lenstie tis a southern species, and it
may be found at low tide clinging to the tough and
narrow blades of grass which grows in certain
shallow places along the edge of the sea. This so-
called eelgrass is not a true grass at all, but a species
of Zostera, which belongs to the Pondweed family.
But it does produce true flowers and seeds, though
they are not very conspicuous, and that is more than
most of the plants which grow in salt water ever do.
All the seaweeds are mere algae, and they reproduce
by means of spores, which are far simpler objects
than seeds. Moreover they lack certain organs, not-
ably a vascular system, or set of little tubes, which
the higher plants always possess. Cut one of the sea-
weed stalks across and you will see that it is very

222 WEST COAST SHELLS

different from such a stem as a willow possesses, with
pith and rings of minute tubes.

Acmea paleacea, Gld., the Chaffy Limpet, has a
very small shell resembling that of the last species,
but still narrower. It is brownish in color, without
stripes, and an average specimen is 7 mm. long.
Acmaea triangularis, Cpr., is probably a variety of
the same species.

The largest limpet
found on our coast is the
one whose shell is shown
in Figure 216. Its name
is Lottia gigantea, Gray,
and it 1S commonly
known as the Owl-shell.
On the outside it is usu-
ally rough, brown and
unsightly; but within it
is very dark and lustrous,
and it has a bluish-white
center marked) Swank
brown. Jn many specimens the part within the big
muscle-scar greatly resembles a horned owl sitting
upon his perch. ‘The shell is rather flat, and the
apex is near one end. The length of the shell is
sometimes as much as three inches, though commonly
it is much less. When properly polished, these shells
make very pretty bowls for ornamental spoons.

EF

ig. 216

CHAPTER X
TOPS AND TURBANS

We now come to a great group of shells quite
unlike any that we have previously considered. In
the first place the shells of nearly all of these mol-
lusks are lined with a more or less iridescent mother-
of-pearl. In some species the prevailing color of it
is green and in others it is red, while in a few the
shell is nearly white; but in any case if you turn
the shell in the sunlight you will get glimpses of
rainbows with their varying tints, sometimes feeble
but never absent. In most cases this feature of the
inner shell remains not only long after the death of
the animal, but long after the shell itself has crum-
bled into scales and fragments, through exposure to
the weather.

The ordinary colors of shells are usually quite
permanent but they differ materially in certain re-
spects. Some colors are found only on the surface of
the shell, or at most they penetrate but a very little
distance. Others go down deep and seem to be made
by a mixing of the dye with the substance of the
shell, as it is moulded by the mollusk artist. A good
example of this is seen in the Purple-hinged Pecten,
which has been described on a previous page, in
which the rich color remains in the little fragments
of the shell that may be found among the sands of
the beach.

224 WHS COAST SEBEES

But the iridescent colors of mother-of-pearl are
due to quite another cause. There is no dye-stuff
about it; nothing but extremely thin layers of shell
overlapping one another like the shingles of a micro-
scopic roof. But these projecting shingle-ends so
shiver the beams of sunshine into their primary colors
that the white light is sent off in its parts, red, blue,
green and other tints, just as we see them in the
rainbow. And therefore as we turn the shell so as to
bring its surface to the eye at a new angle we get
changes of color, because we get a different reflection.
Many sea-shells are nearly white, some have distinct
but solid colors, but the shells described in this chap-
ter, together with the pearl oysters and a few others
are the true pearl-makers of the world.

Many of the shells of these pearl-makers take the
form of turbans or tops, and each little creature has
a special front door which he closes whenever he par-
ticularly desires to be alone. The apertures of nearly
all of these shells are nearly circular, and are wholly
without canals; which is a pretty good proof that the
inmates should be classed with the vegetarians. The
opercula of a few of our species are solid and shelly,
while in most species they are more like a scale of
horn. We begin our descriptions with those of the
first kind, and it happens that our very first shell is
an exception to the general law, and has a perfectly
white interior, without a rainbow of any kind.

Phastanella compta, Gld., the Pheasant-

a, shell, Figure 217, may sometimes be found
alive on sea-grass, though dead shells are

Fie.217 More common. When alive, there is a dull

TOPS AND TURBANS 225

epidermis which obscures the beauty of the shell,
which is richly painted with little zigzag stripes of
red, brown and white. ‘There is also a little white,
solid operculum, almost hemispherical in shape, the
convex side being outward. The length of the whole
shell is from 3, to 6 millimeters.

Astrea undo-
sa, Wood, (Po-
maulax und o-
sus), the Wavy fis
Topshell, Fig- CH
MCmOte, 1S a .

Vj
(77

southern species, S i RG RWS
which some- ==="

times grows to a
erear size. lhe
almOngls walt e€ Fie. 218

crossed and va-

ried with numerous wavy ridges, and the base is
ornamented with beaded circles. The shell is of
whitish pearl and is covered with a brown, fibrous
epidermis. The operculum is horny within, while
the shelly outer part is strengthened by two heavy,
Gunved ibs. | lhe cut) represents ae amredium sized
specimen, but they are sometimes as much as four
inches in height.

Astrea inequalés, Mart., (Pachypoma ine-
quale), the Red Top-shell, Figure 219, has a big,
strong, brick-red shell, with a hard operculum, some-
what like that of the last species, but lacking the
ribs. Living specimens are seldom found near the
shore, but dead shells, somewhat broken, are often

226 WEST ICOAST (SEBIEES

Fig. 219 (*)

thrown up by the waves, especially around sunken
ledges. It is said to be more abundant in the vicinity
of Vancouver Island, where the Indians formerly
used the white opercula for ornamental purposes.
The base of the shell is marked with deep, concen-
tric furrows. The shells of this species are quite
variable, some specimens lacking the sculptured fillet
shown in the engraving below each suture, while
the form of other specimens is much depressed. The
picture represents an unusually large specimen.
Concerning the name of this species and that of
the last, it is proper to remark that the old names,
which are inclosed within parentheses, can be used
with great. propriety still. The proper name of
the genus is now considered to be 4stre@a, which was
given by Bolten in 1798; while the name Pachy-
poma, given by Gray in 1850, is now reckoned as
the name of a subgenus. Sometimes the names of
both genus and subgenus appear, and Dr. Dall
writes the name of this species “Astrea (Pachypo-

LOLS VAND, TURBANS Z77,

ma) inequale.’ Jf the name of the genus only
appears the name of the species should agree with it
in gender, hence the different endings which may
sometimes be a little confusing to one who is not
familiar with the Latin language.

From a large shell we turn to a very small
one, Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry, the Red
Turban-shell, shown in Figure 220. The fie. 220
whorls of this little shell are few in number,
and they are marked with fine, distinct, spiral ridges.
The little operculum is solid and shelly. ‘The color
is reddish, sometimes distinct and sometimes banded
or faded. This species may be found at low tide,
living upon rocks, but the hermit crabs bring up
many more dead specimens.

Leptothyra baccula, Cpr., the Berry Turban-shell,
is shaped like the last, but it is smaller, being only
one-eighth of an inch in diameter. It is nearly
smooth, dark or ashy in color,. and it is found in the
south, especially around Catalina Island.

Norrista nor-
i. Sy... the
Smooth Turban-
shell Fieure
22, 21s) another
southern species.
Aine sshie Was
quite smooth
and.is of a rich
brown color; the
rim of the um-
bilicus, however,

Fig. 221

228 WESi CONST SERIES

is curiously tinted with a bright green. The brown
operculum is very shaggy, and the animal is beauti-
fully tinged with red. Taken as a whole this is a
very beautiful and interesting species. The figure
represents a comparatively large specimen. One very
small specimen was found by Berry in Monterey Bay
at a depth of twelve fathoms, but I have never seen
it upon the shore so far north.

Some of our choicest shells be-
long to the next genus, and one
of the prettiest of all is amamed
Calliostoma annulatum, Miart.,
the Ring Top-shell. Figure 222
represents a larse specimemmos
this shell, which is thin and del1-
cate, light brown in color, while
the sutures are marked with a rich line of purple,
and the whorls are traced with sculptured points. It
is seldom found on the beach, but is obtained from
the seaweed at some distance from the shore. ‘Too
delicate to bear tie
beating of the surf upon
the rocks, its home is in
deep) jyater snwhenes alt
clings to long seaweeds
near the surface, though
when the weather is
rough it sinks to more
quiet abodes.

Quite similar in gen-
eral form and habits is
the Channeled Top-
shell, Calliostoma ca- Fig. 223 x $(*)

Fig. 222

ROESPAND) TU RB ANS 229

naliculatum, Mart., an enlarged view of which is
shown in Figure 223. The shape of this shell is
strictly conical, and the flattened whorls are girdled
with deep spiral channels, which lie between raised
ridges. The surface is ash-colored, though the shell
is rainbow-tinted within. ‘The thin exterior layers
may very readily be removed by a weak acid if one
wishes to examine the deeper structure of the shell.

Figure 224 presents to us another
shell of this genus, Calléostoma costa- =A
tum, Mart., the Blue Top-shell. This @===2
species is smaller than either of the ©
preceding members of the genus, and it
liivwesm meaner, the shore. “Elemce we wis a
should naturally expect to find that it
hada thicker and stronger shell than the others,
and in this we are not disappointed. It has four
rounded whorls, marked with fine spiral ridges.
The thin, reddish brown outer coat is readily re-
moved, showing the blue pearly layer underneath.
This process is often accomplished naturally, and
broken shells especially show more or less of the
blue coloring, especially round the apex.

I have found very fine living specimens hanging
from the roof and walls of a rock grotto after it had
been left empty of water by the retreat of the early
morning tide. I have also gathered them from the
long seaweeds that grow near the rocky shore. ‘The
length of one of these shells is three-tourths of an

inch. The horny operculum is perfectly circular,
and the aperture of dead shells is often inhabited by
a thin variety of the White Slipper-shell.

230 ESM CONSE? Slslgivils

Calliostoma gemulatum, Cpr., the Gemmed Top-
shell, is of a conical shape, the whorls of the shell be-
ing ornamented with spiral strings of granules or
beads, each whorl having two principal rows, with
several smaller ones. The color of this southern
shell is gray, with some dark cross stripes running
down from the apex. Its height is only 15 mm. or
less and it is seldom found in large numbers.

Calliostoma_ glo-
riosum, Dall, the
Glorious Top-shell,
Figure 225, is tne
name of the fine
species which 1s oc-
casionally found on
the California coast.
The engraving
shows no color
painting, and as it
AN sso much enlarged
/Z9 the granules appear
much too promi-

Fig. 225, x § (*) nent. The color of

specimens found in

Monterey Bay is light salmon, while around the su-

tures and the angle of the lower whorl is a chain

of roundish dark spots, with the lighter spaces be-

tween them. In San Pedro Bay the shells are darker.
The height of a grown specimen is fully an inch.

In the first edition of this book this species was
called C. supragranosum, Cpr. The latter name, how-
ever, proves to belong to a rare species having a much

LORS AND: TURE ANS 743)

smaller shell. It is light chestnut-brown in color,
with a peripheral circle of alternating chestnut and
white spots. It is found in the south, especially on
the breakwater at San Pedro, and may be known
as the Granose Top-shell.
Calliostoma tricolor, Gabb, the
Three-colored Top-shell, is well
shown in Figure 226, while Figure
227 gives a magnified view of another
specimen. The shell is conical, its
five whorls little raised but marked Fig. 226
with delicate spiral sculpturing. The
background of yellowish
gray 1S ornamented with
fine spirals Giieads) om
Gece at color, broken into alter-
egies ca nate joints of purple and
3 white, thus giving it the
three-colored aspect. It
is a southern shell and is

hs
NS ees

Fig: 227, x ¢ (*)

obtained by dredging.
Figure 226 represents
a large specimen.
Calliostoma varie-
gatum, Cpr., the Va-
riegated Top-shel],
Figure 228, was origi-
nally described from a
very small specimen
taken in Puget Sound.

232 WEST (COAST eSEIEEES

Of late years, however, it has been found off San
Pedro, where specimens reach an altitude of over an
inch. The top of the growing shell is rose-colored,
and the rest 1s yellowish white, but as age advances
it gradually loses its brightness and appears of a
yellowish pink, with pearly iridescence showing
through.

Calliostoma platinum,
Dall, the White Top-shell,
is shown, somewhat magni-
hed, in Figure 22950) Whus
fine species was dredged by
the ‘“‘Albatross” expedition
from a depth of about half
a mile of: water=meatesone
Santa Barbara Islands. The
shell is large, very thin, pol-
ished, and of a whitish col-

a or, tinged with green or
blue.

Figure 230 represents an-
other rare shell dredged off the
the coast of southern Califor-
nia. Its name is Calliostoma
turbinum, Dall, the Turbaned
Top-shell. It is a small species,
the shell being only 12 mm.
high. The body of the shell is
waxen, showing nacre, and it 1s
ornamented with certain small
flamules of dark brown not
shown in the engraving. Fig. 230, x § *)

WOES, AUNID) ANUS VAUNES lags)

Calliostoma splendens,
Cpr., the Shining Top-
shell, is shown very
greatly magnified jn Fig-
iinet nis species of
mollusk has a small shell,
about the size of a small
pea. It is of an orange-
chestnut color, with fleshy
onpoluish nacre. It is a
rare shell, found at Mon-
terey and southward and has sometimes been con-
sidered to be only a variety of C. cosiaium.

Turcia caffea, Gabb, the Coffee-brown Top-shell,
(Thaliota caffea). This is a rare shell, resembling
a Calliostoma, but it has two folds on the colu-
mella, which forms a distinguishing mark. The
whorls are flattened, the sutures deep and bearded,
the epidermis coffee-brown in color, and the nacre,
or mother-of-pearl, of a greenish tint. Its greatest
height is 19 mm. Its home is on the California coast.

Margarites pupilla, Gld., the Little
Margarites, (Margarita pupilla), Figure
232, is a northerner living in Puget Sound,
but sometimes coming further south. It
is yellowish brown or ashen in color, and its four
whorls are marked with spiral ridges. The umbili-
cus 18 distinct, but small, and the aperture is nearly

Sse
Ses

ia, ZSily set (3)

circular. Its height is sometimes as great as half an
inch.

Margarites heltcina, Fabr., the Helix Margarites,
(Margarita helicina), is decidedly arctic in its

234 WEST COAST SHELLS

tastes, living on the shores of northern Europe,
eastern America, and around Bering Strait. The
shell is umbilicate, thin, flesh-colored, polished
and shining. It is a little affaw, its height being
only 6 mm., and its diameter a little more.

Margarites lirulata, Cpr., the Lirulate Marga-
rites, (Margarita lirulata). This very variable spe-
cies has a globose-conical shell, solid, purplish, or
more or less variegated. The surface sometimes
has spiral ridges, or lyrae, though sometimes it is
nearly smooth. ‘The suture is impressed, the body-
whorl convex beneath, the aperture oblique and
very iridescent within. ‘The diameter is 4 or 5
millimeters. This species, which lives chiefly in the
middle north, includes torms which were formerly
known as Gzbbula succincta, Gibbula parcipicta,
and several other species.

Margarites vortecifera,
Dall, the Flattened Marga-
rites, Figure 232, has its
home in Bering Sea and ad-
jacent northern regions.
The shell is decidedly flat-
tened, and is of a salmon-
pink color, very pearly, and
has a diameter of nearly an
inch.

We now come to the ge-
nus Tegu/a, under which is
the subgenus Chlorostoma,
which literally means
Fig. 23, x2 Green-mouth, the reference

POLS. AND] TURBANS 739

being to the pearly tint of the aperture. It is a very
important genus for our coast, some of the species
being represented by innumerable specimens, though
others are comparatively rare. In our description
both the older and the newer name will be given,
so that there will be no confusion.

Tegula funebralis, A. Adams,
(Chlorostoma funebrale), the
Black Turban-shell, Figure 234,
is extremely common on the cen-
fmallemcoase. of Califormia. Its
shell is strong, for it lives on the
rocks midway between high and a
low tides, where it frequently
gets a vigorous lashing by the waves. In some places
it is so abundant that I have seen rocks almost
black with them, all ages and sizes lying close
together.

On my first visit to the seaside I wanted them
all, so I gathered specimens and cleaned shells for
hours. Two very natural results followed: first,
that there remained apparently as many as there
were before I began operations; and second, that on
subsequent visits I gathered few. But whether we
collect them or merely watch their movements and
study their habits, they soon become like old friends
to anyone who has learned the pleasant art of put-
ting himself in sympathy with the lower animals.

The color of the shell is dark purple, almost

black on the outside, and there is a greenish-white
pearly layer beneath. The whorls are four in num-
ber, of which the uppermost one or two are fre-

236 WEST COASR SH ELEUS

quently somewhat eroded. The body-whorl is
puckered near the suture, the umbilicus is nearly
closed, and the columella is set with two little white
knobs near its base. The common length of the
shell is less than an inch, but sometimes old speci-
mens are found which are considerably higher.

The variety swbaperta, Cpr., differs from the regu-
lar form in having more prominent spiral ridges,
which are usually more roughened, and in having
a prominent umbilical pit. It lives in the Vancou-
ver district.

Tegula gallina, Fbs., (Chlorosto-
na gallina), the Speckled Turban-
shell, well shown in Figure 235, 1s
a southern species, with a solid shell,
mostly black in color, but finely mot-
tled with a lighter shade like the
feathers of a speckled henjiasmom
name indicates. Var. ¢éncta, Hemphill, has a streak
of yellow on the base, just below the columellar
teeth.

Tegula brunnea, Phil., (Chlo-
rostoma brunneum), the Brown
Turban-shell, Figure 236, is a fine
species, living on the rocks which
are exposed only at very low tide,
or on the seaweed. It has a hand-
some, rich brown shell, with a por- Hn Ee
tion of white around the aperture.

The lines of growth are very oblique, and are easily
recognized. The figure represents a large specimen,

Fig. 235

TOPS AND TURBANS 25

though occasionally very old specimens are found
Eitaieaie even laren.

Tegula aureotincta, Fbs., (Chlorostoma aureo-
tinctum), the Gilded Turban-shell, is a southern
species with a shell resembling the last figure. There
are however, a few quite prominent spiral ridges with
more or less wavy crossings. ‘The color of the shell
is gray, or sometimes almost black. The distinguish-
ing feature is a large umbilicus, which is marked
with a bright yellow stain, a circumstance which
doubtless suggested the name of the species. The
diameter of the shell is about an inch.

Tegula montereyi, Kien., (Chlorostoma mon-
terey?), the Monterey Turban-shell, was formerly
known as Chlorostoma pfeifferi. The shell of this
rare species is strictly conical, with whorls almost
perfectly flat. The circular base likewise is flat and
nearly smooth, though marked with almost obsolete
spiral lines. ‘The columella does not spread around
the umbilicus, which is funnel-shaped, white within,
and its edges defined by an angle. The color is light
brown or olive, and the height of the shell, which
about equals its diameter, is an inch or more.

Tegula pulligo, Mart., (Chlorostoma pulligo), the
Dusky Turban-shell, much resembles the last species.
Its seven whorls are flattened, its base slightly con-
vex, smooth without lining, obliquely streaked, con-
cave and white around the deep and wide umbilicus,
which gradually expands and is partly covered with
a white callus, and has no spiral ridge within. ‘The
color is dull purplish or brown, often appearing
orange when worn. The height of a large specimen

238 WESd (CONST ESERIES

is 35 mm., and its breadth is 32 mm. Specimens
from Monterey have been found which are distorted
in form and dark red in color. The ordinary form
is found around Vancouver Island, though the spe-
cies seems to have a wide range.

Tequila wiridula, Vata agai,
Mke., (Chlorostoma viridulum), the
Banded ‘Turban-shell, is well shown
in Figure 227. It is the Samemsiell
that was formerly called Omphalius
fuscescens. It has a strong, solid,
turban-shaped shell, whose rusty
brown whorls are banded with raised spiral lines.
These lines are broken or beaded, and sometimes are
dotted with black, giving the shell a very character-
istic appearance. ‘The operculum, as in nearly all
of the species of this group, is thin, horny, and cir-
cular. The umbilicus is large and distinct, while
the lower part of the circular aperture is marked
with rounded knobs.

Solartella peramabilis, Cpr., the Lovely Solariella,
has a small turban-shaped shell which is greatly or-
namented with delicate sculpturings. The aperture
is perfectly round, and the whole Den
shell appears like a growing tube a
coiled around an open umbilicus.
The spiral ridges of the whorls
are crossed by innumerable fine “
lines.) Extennalllage tive ssinelll is
eray, while within it is rainbow
colored. From one-fourth to
one-half of an inch across. It Fig. 298, x 3 (*)

TOMES) MIND) IPORIBVAUINIS. 239

has been dredged in moderately deep water off Cata-
lina Island.

Solariella oxybasis, Dall, the Pointed Solariella,
Figure 238, has an acute spire, a small umbilicus, and
an angulated aperture. Its altitude is 13.5 mm., and
it was dredged off the Santa Barbara Islands.

Turcicula bairdii, Dall, Baird’s
Turban-shell, Figure 239, is one
of the finest deep-water species
that has been discovered re-
cemtlye, lilne shell is large, thin,
somewhat eroded at the apex
and covered elsewhere with a
light yellowish-brown epidermis,
slightly inclined towards green.
Many specimens were obtained Fie. 239 (*)
by the ‘Albatross’ expedition
off San Clemente Island, in water 300 to 400 fathoms
deep. The figure represents a specimen of average
size, but some are quite a little larger.

Gibbula canfield?, Dall, Canfield’s
Turban-shell, Figure 240, is an ex-
tremelyinaressmellk im tact, until re-
cently, only two specimens were
known; one of which was collected

Fie.240,x3¢) at Monterey by Dr. Dall, and the

other by Mr. Button, of Oakland.
It occurs also as a fossil. Possibly some reader ot
this book may discover it anew. ‘The color of the
shell is pearly, with bronze-yellow pencillings ar-
ranged obliquely to the suture. The height is ten
millimeters.

240

Fig. 241, x 7 (*)

and _ lines.

WES? (OAS SEES

Halistylus pupotdes, Dall, the
Pupa Sea-style, Figure 241, is an-
other species that is seldom found in
California, though it is plentiful in
British Columbia. It has a little
shell only 6 mm. long, and its ap-
pearance is well shown in the greatly
magnified engraving.

Liotta fenestrata, Cpr., the Win-

dowed Liota, has a small, flattened,

whitish shell, cut into numerous
square pits by the crossing of ribs

Its diameter is one-eighth of an inch.

Liotia acuticostata, Cpr., the Sharp-ribbed Liotia,
is smaller than the last, less flattened, and is marked
with sharp, spiral ridges, but without cross-lines;
its color is whitish.

Vitrinella williamsoni, Dall,

Williamson’s Vitrinella, Figure
DAP nas yas simallay wvinites'de=
pressed shell, 5.5 mm. in diame-
wen, Iles siinmres 1s jcollisiavees dlc
was found on the beach at San
Pedro, and was named in honor
of Mrs. M. Burton William-
son, of Los Angeles.

Vitrinella oldroydz, Bartsch,
Oldroyd’s Vitrinella, resembles
the last, but is smaller and rela-

Fig. 242, x § ®

tively thicker; it has three and three-fourths whorls.
It has been found at San Diego, San Pedro and

TORS AND DURBANS 241

farther south. It was named in honor of Mrs. T. S.
Oldroyd et Long Beach.

Vitrinella eschnauri, Bartsch, Eschnaur’s Vitrin-
Bllamise About the same size as the) last.” but tlie
whorls stand higher and are thin; it is glassy and
mimose transparent. Lhe diameter is about two
millimeters. It was named for Mrs. Eschnaur, who
dredged it at Terminal Island, though the type was
collected by Mrs. Oldroyd at San Pedro. And so
these three little shells represent three ladies, all of
whom live in Los Angeles or in that vicinity.

CHAPTER Xi
PIERCED SHELLS AND CHITONS

We have now come to the largest and finest shells
on the coast. They are locally known as Abalone-
shells, while the translation of the scientific name
makes them “‘Sea-ears.”’

Fig. 243

Figure 243 represents our most beautiful species,
Haltotis fulgens, Phil., the Green Abalone. The
shells of this genus are truly spiral, but the whorls
are extremely flattened, and the diminutive spire is
almost concealed at one end of the body-whorl, while
the oval aperture is nearly as long and broad as the
shell itself. |

Near one edge of the shell is a series of holes,
which serve as outlets for the water which has passed
over the animal’s gills, together with any waste par-

INE IRGIEID> SisUsILILS) VMN ID) (Cis UOT) 243

ticles which may pass along in the current. As the
shell increases in size some of the holes become
closed from the inside, while new ones are formed
at the edge of the growing shell.

If we look within we shall find the most highly
colored portion of the shell near the center, where
the huge muscle which controls the foot has been
detached. This great foot can cling to a rock with
surprising force, and the animal must be taken una-
Wales) i am easy conquest is expected. In no case
should the fingers be inserted between the shell and
the rock; for though no fatal results might occur,
as are sometimes reported, it 1s true that much pain
and inconvenience would probably be caused.

The internal organs of the abalone are very inter-
esting for dissection, particularly the mouth parts,
Omelceal mass, as these organs are called. ‘where
is a ribbon-like tongue as long as your finger, and it
is thickly set with flinty hooks, sometimes called
teeth. By means of these teeth the animal rasps its
vegetable food into fine shreds fit for swallowing.
Then there are the gills and the mantle, the heart
and the digestive organs; but a very large part of
the animal consists of the great central muscle.

This species is essentially a southerner. I have
seen one living specimen at Monterey and have heard
rumors of another one, but they are seldom found so
far north. All of the abalones are rock-loving ani-
mals, and they must be sought where the clefts of
the ledges afford them an opportunity to hide from
their enemies, at least while they are young. Later
in life they may be found planted upon rocks, their

244 WES® COAST SERBS

backs covered with sea-mosses and other growths,
so that they might easily be overlooked by one who
was unacquainted with their habits of concealment.

The shell of this species is quite thin, and it is
diversified externally by low spiral ridges of a dark
and dull color. Within, a whole rainbow is con-
densed in one of these magnificent shells, though
the shades of green are most conspicuous. The color-
ing of the center is particularly fine, resembling a
peacock’s tail. There are about six open holes near
one side of the shell, and its length is about the same
number of inches.

Var. walallensis, Stearns, occurs at Gualala, a
small seaport in Sonoma Co., Cal. It is more elon-
gate and flattened than the typical form, and it has
a paler nacre. Its length is four mchesseamemmies
breadth is rather less than three. |

H alrowgs
Ful CSCC ae
Swans. stems
| Red Abalone,
8 many §=$1S shown in
Be gee Figure 244.

yy §©=°The beauty of
these shells has

caused them to
be very widely
distributed,
and though their comparative abundance in Califor-
nia makes us somewhat careless of them, still they
are among the most beautiful objects ever gathered
from this coast. The outer layer of the shell pro-

Fig. 244

THE RED ABALONE
Hahotis rufescens, page 244

"©
IPIUBINCIEID) SISUBILIES) WANN Cie UROINS 245

jects over the pearly inner layer, and makes the fine
red edge, so much prized in perfect specimens. ‘The
back is somewhat roughened, and is often overgrown
with vegetation. The holes are large, usually three
in number, and the muscle-scar 1s prominent. ‘The
shell sometimes grows to a length of nine inches, or
more.

All parts of this mollusk are valuable. The
Chinese dry the meat and use it for food, and it must
be confessed that the great muscle makes a most
delicious soup. The shells are sold by the ton, and
are largely exported to Europe, where they are made
into buttons or used for various kinds of inlaid work.
So persistently have these animals been gathered
that they are much more rare than they were a score
of years ago, and laws have been made to protect the
species from extinction.

The Black Aba-
lone, Haliotis cra-
gvenadi., leach,
is shown in Fig-
nem 24s: It 1s
smaller and more
abundant than
ane) last. Species.
The back is quite
smooth, marked
only by lines of growth. ‘The spire is very short,
the holes five to nine in number, though I have seen
a specimen that was without any. The color of the
outside is greenish-black, while the inside is beauti-
fully iridescent, without inclining to any definite

Fig, 245

246 WME SE (COYNS IG Sie aivils

color. Live specimens, varying from one-fourth of
an inch to six inches in length may be found at low
tide, clinging to the rocks, particularly in the most
inaccessible cracks, and under heavy boulders.

When examined in a large jar of sea-water, as all
of these animals should be if there is an opportunity,
a living specimen presents many interesting points
for study, particularly its broad foot, its fringed and
sensitive mantle, its mouth and eyes and slender
tentacles. Care must be taken to change the water
very often, if the animal is to be kept alive any
length of time, as it is very sensitive to confinement
and rapidly uses up the dissolved oxygen in a jar of
water.

Haliotes corrugata, Gray, the Corrugated Aba-
lone, resembles H. rufescens in size and color, but —
the shell is nearly circular, thick, high arched, and
externally corrugated. It has only two or three open
holes, but these are quite large, and the central
muscle impression is wide and very brilliant. It is
a southern species, and it is usually found beneath
the low water mark.

Haltotis assimilis, Dall, the Threaded Abalone,
is now considered to be a distinct species, instead of
a mere variety. It lives in deep water, from Mon-
terey to San Diego. A specimen from the Tather
port measures four inches in length and three and a
quarter in breadth. It has seven open holes, and the
exterior of the shell is marked with many threads,
like tapestry carpeting. There is a moderate fur-
row below the line of holes. The spire is short but
guite distinct, and the body of the shell is high

PERCH Dr SEMIS. Ni Cl hONS 247

arched. Externally the shell is reddish, while the
inside is smooth and silvery, without visible muscle-
scar. The shell is tolerably thick, and appears very
compact and solid.

Quite in contrast with this species is the next,
Haliotis gigantea, Chem., the Japanese Abalone,
which seems to have followed the warm ocean cur-
rent down past the Aleutian Islands, and to have
feached the central part of the California coast;
but it became smaller as it progressed, so that here
it does not deserve its original name, though there
seems to be no sufficient reason for separating it,
even as a variety. My best specimens came from
the west coast of Vancouver Island, the largest meas-
uring five inches in length. In shape it appears long
and narrow when compared with other species. The
shell is thin, the edge sharp, the spire quite prom-
inent, the surface uneven, while the four open holes
are large and surrounded by high walls. The in-
terior is very iridescent, a
light color prevailing, and
the muscle-scar is not dis-
tinct.

miter) the shells” that
have several holes, which
we have just considered,
there come a number hav-
ing only one opening,
which answers the same
purpose, that of allowing
a free outward passage :
from the interior of the Fig. 246 (*)

248 WESTCOAST) SEMDMES

shell. And first we will consider Pzncturella major,
Dall, the Greater Puncturella, shown in Figure 246.
It is not a common shell, but it shows the features
of the genus in a fine manner. Its color is white, its
internal margin is crenulated, and the posterior slope
is Slightly arched. ‘This fine large shell was dredged
in Bering Sea.

Puncturella galeatea, Gould, the Helmet Punctur-
ella, is an inhabitant of Puget Sound and the ad-
jacent waters. It is much smaller than the last
species, having a shell that is conical and elevated,
being about as high as it is broad. The fissure at the
summit 1s narrow, and internally there is a little pit
on each side of the hole-channel. Its color is gray-
ish white, and its length is ten millimeters.

Puncturella cuculata, Gld., the Cap Puncturella,
is found in Puget Sound and also at Monterey. Pre-
sumably it exists at various locations between these
two extremes. The shell is oval, obliquely conical,
ribbed, the wedge-shaped puncture opening towards
the shorter side. “he color~of the shell isnt
though the outside is liable to be somewhat dingy.
My specimen from Monterey measures about an inch
in length and half an inch in height.

Puncturella cooperi, Cpr., Cooper’s Puncturella,
resembles P. galatea, but the internal plate is solid
and plane. The shell is small, being about nine
millimeters in length. It has been found at Cata-
lina Island.

Subemarginula yatesi, Dall, the Monterey
Trough-shell, is an extremely rare shell, two views
of which are shown in Figure 247. A few speci-

IPIUBIRCI8 1D), SIGUBIUILS ~ Unb) (Cis nO UNS 249

mens have been obtained from the Bay of Mon-
terey, but it is found in very few cabinets. The shell

Shi Mi ‘
Bes

hey

ai cnet
S S ip

Fig. 247 (*)

is large, strong, grayish-white in color, and it has
many radiating ribs. Note the trough which extends
from the apex to the margin, and which passes be-
tween the heels of the horseshoe-shaped muscle-scar.
The shell is 51 mm. in length and 12 mm. in height.

Figure 248 represents the
shell of one of our most common
species, Fsssurella volcano, Rve.,
the Volcano-shell. Dead shells
are abundant and attractive, and
living specimens, with yellow
foot and red-striped mantle, may often be found on
the rocks at low tide. The shell is about an inch in
length, and is oblong conical in form; the red stripes
on its sides, running down from the small, oblong

hole at the top, suggests streams ot red-hot lava
issuing from the crater of a volcano. The coloring

250 Wisi sCOASMia SELES

appears plainest on dead: shells; the live ones are
darker, smoother and less brilliant. Var. crucifera,
Dall, is a southern form, found at San Pedro and
San Diego, which has four broad white rays starting
from the apex, the posterior one becoming rapidly
V-shaped. Aine ground color is brownish gray.

See ee: Fissuridea aspera,
Esch., the Rough Key-
hole-limpet, is well
shown in Figure 240.
This shell is quite coni-
cal, with a small, oval
hole at the top) =wemy
different from the nar-
tow, oblong slit of the last species. The edge is
wrinkled, the outside color is gray, with dark, pur-
plish rays running down from the apex, while the
interior 1s white. The common size is rather less
than that of the cut, though some old specimens are
very much larger.

Fissuridea murina, Dall, the White Keyhole-lim-
pet, is the next one of this interesting series that we
are to consider. ‘This species has a much smaller
and more delicate shell than that of the last one,
though in some respects they resemble each other.
The shell is oblong in shape, with curved ends. The
roundish oval hole is one-third of the shell’s length
from one extremity, and there are numerous fine
ribs, checked by concentric ridges. The color is pure ©
white, at least in dead specimens, and the length is
about 15 mm., a little less than the diameter of a
silver dime.

Fie. 249

AUBIN OIWID) SISUIIEIES | ZNINIB): (CleUNilOInrs, 251

Pam euine ait ley) Te-

duced view of EN AQ |

Lucapina crenula- ISS NUM B BZ
| ESSN HWE

ta, Sby., the Great Sa 0 an

Keyhole-limpet, 1s ae >
shown in Figure ggg
Aeris 15. by, J)
far the largest and La,
finest of the Ameri- Fig. 250, x4

can Fissurellide.

Though this shell is often over four inches in length,
the animal is much longer, and somewhat resembles
a brick, both in shape and size. It has a huge yellow
foot, and a black mantle that nearly conceals the
white shell which rests upon the animal’s back. The
edges of the shell are covered by a fold of the man-
tle, and its true size is not shown until this fold
is dissected away.

This fine shell is marked with many radiating ribs
and concentric lines of growth. It has a large, ob-
long hole to one side of the center, around which,
internally, is a thick rim of enamel. The crenulated,
or scalloped, edge of the shell is a marked feature,
and suggested its specific name. Internally the shell
is of a pure glossy white, but the outside is some-
what dingy. This great mollusk is seldom found
near the shore, as it lives below the tide-mark, and

)

X

4
\

it must ordinarily be gathered by dredging.
Lucapinella calliomarginata, Cpr., the Southern
Keyhole-limpet, is a small species, living below tide-
mark, and is occasionally found from San Pedro
southward. ‘The shell is low arched, with a rather

292 MATS CORMSIY Slelsgeies

large, oblong hole, and roughened ribs. The mar-
gin 1s crenulated, the interior white, and the exterior
gray or marked with dark rays; the length is 19
millimeters.

Megatebennus bimaculatus, Dall, the
Spotted Keyhole-limpet, Figure 251, was
formerly called Féssurellidaa bimaculata.
These long names apply to a little shell
which occasionally grows to a length of 16 mm.,
though many specimens are much smaller. The hole
is very large for the size of the shell, and on either
side of it are dark rays, making the two spots, from
which circumstance it 1s named. Sometimes the
whole shell is colored, with darker rays on the sides.
The interior is white, though sometimes the spots
show through. This species is reported from British
Columbia as living on the rootlike holdfasts of the
great seaweed, Macrocystis. It also occurs much
farther southward, though it is a comparatively rare
shell’ The animal is much larger than’ the sell
part of which is concealed by the mantle.

There are very odd creatures living under the
stones which lie along the rim of the ocean. If you.
go down at low tide and turn the rocks over, one by
one, you will be surprised at the number of singular
beings which stare up at you in blank amazement,
and then rush away into obscure places, as fast as
their ten or fourteen legs will carry them. Others
cannot run, but in sheer helplessness wait for your
kind decision to do them no harm, and their very —
inertness appeals to your sympathies. While the
saucy crabs waste no time in ceremonies, and the

IPIUEINCIBID SisUBILILS: WAINID) ClaUNOIN'S 253

sea-worms creep away as fast as possible, the poor
mollusks can only cling to the rock for protection,
or curl themselves up into the smallest space and
the most secure condition which their instinct can
dictate.

When you visit the seaside you will want to ex-
amine all these harmless little inhabitants of the
ocean, and among them you will probably early dis-
cover some specimens of our next group of mollusks,
the Chitons, or sea-cradles, as they are “sometimes
called. The anatomy of these animals is similar to
that of the limpets, but they seem less highly de-
veloped, and are probably descended from a very
ancient race. ‘They are peculiarly sluggish crea-
auteswancy they, live im eracks and cranmies of the
rock or else under stones, away from all scenes of
activity.

But the peculiar feature that distinguishes them
is the fact that the shell of the Chiton consists of
eight parts, instead of a single shield. These parts,
or valves, run across the body and overlap one an-
other, like shingles on a roof. They are highest in
the center, and they end in a leathern mantle which
runs around the body, and which is highly con-
tractile. This being the case, their shells cannot
be preserved with the same ease as those of the lim-
pets, for the mantle must be dried while the valves
are in their natural position.

Probably the best way to prepare fine specimens is
to bind the living animal upon a piece of shingle or
lath as it rests extended in a pan of sea-water. It
can then be placed in warm fresh water, and after

254 WEST COAST SHELLS

the lack of salt has destroyed life and the muscles
have lost their contractility, the animal may be un-
bound, the viscera removed with a sharp knife, and
the parts to be preserved may be placed in a flat
position to dry. Sometimes it is best to fit in a piece
of wood, the size of the parts removed, to prevent
shrinking while the mantle is drying.

There are very many species of Chitons found on
this coast, many of which are seldom collected, and
it is quite beyond the scope of this work to attempt
to describe them all. The best work to consult for
full descriptions is the Manual of Conchology, pub-
lished by the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, Vols. XIV and XV. A score or more of the
most common species will now be mentioned, with
descriptions of the ones that will most likely be col-
lected. It should be remarked that some species are
very small, less than half an inch in length, while
others are two or three inches long, and the giant of
the class is known to attain a length of nearly a foot.
The figures were all drawn so as to represent good-
sized specimens of the species which they illustrate.

Lepidopleurus nexus, Cpr., the Joined Chiton, has
a small, ashen-white shell, with valves gothic arched.
Its length is 7.5 mm., and it was dredged near Cata-
lina Island.

Lepidopleurus internexus, Cpr., the Inter-jained
Chiton, has a shell similar to the last, but it is smal-
ler, and the valves are orange-colored. Its length is |
4.5 mm., and it comes from Santa Barbara.

Tonicella lineata, Wood, the Red-lined Chiton,
is shown in Figure 252. ‘This species is a beautiful

IMNDIRCIED) SIBVBIUILGS ZNINID) ClaQINO\ ts, 253

representative of this great group of
mollusks. The valves are smooth,
moderately arched in the center, and
are chiefly of a light reddish color.
This background of color is crossed
by wavy or: zigzag lines of dark
brown, bordered above with white,
making the fresh specimen an object
of great beauty. The mantle border
is smooth, thin and delicate, and it is of a yellowish-
brown color. The length is about one inch.

Tonicella marmorata, Fabr., the Marbled Chiton,
has an oblong shell with valves elevated and rather
acutely angled. Its color is buff, closely sprinkled
with dark red; surface apparently smooth, but
microscopically granulated; length, 27 to 40 mm.
ins species: lives im the Atlantic and also in’ the
north Pacific.

Tonicella submarmorea, Midd., the Red-spotted
Chiton. Walves rather depressed, apparently smooth
but microscopically full of granules; color, rosy or
yellowish-white, painted with spots and flamules of
red; length, 38 mm. From Fuca Strait past the
Aleutian Islands to Japan.

Trachydermon hartwegtt, Cpr., Hartweg’s Chi-
ton, has a low, oval shell, very closely and micro-

scopically granulated, and sometimes bears wart-like
eranules irregularly scattered over the surface. Ex-
ternally it is of a dull olive-green, while internally
the color is an intense blue-green; the length is about
an inch. It is found along the whole coast, from
Vancouver Island southward.

256 MASS COvauSil SisugIbILS

Chetopleura gemmea, Cpr., the Gem Chiton, is
found at Monterey. The shell is oblong, elevated,
red, olive-ashen, or yellow. The girdle is narrow,
leathery, sparsely clothed with short hairs that are
easily rubbed off, and the valves are not smocth. It
is a little creature, having a length of 16 millimeters.

Ischnochiton magdalenensis,
Hds., the Gray Chiton, is shown
in Figure 253. This large and
very common species may be
found under rocks at low tide,
and it can at once be recognized
by its worn or roughly sculp-
tured, low-arched valves, which
are whitish internally, and gray
or somewhat tinted externally.
The mantle border is darker and
is covered with minute, solid
scales. The foot of the animal
is yellow. When taken from the
rock it has a habit of curling up
into a ball. The figure represents a good-sized
specimen.

Ischnochiton conspicuus, Cpr., the Conspicuous
Chiton, resembles the last species, but is larger, more
richly colored, with pinkish valves; while the man-
tle is densely beset with short bristles, giving it a
velvety appearance. The length of this southern

Fig. 253

species 1s sometimes over go millimeters.
Ischnochiton mertensii, Midd., the Red Chiton,

has an oval, elevated shell, with angular dorsal

ridges and straight side slopes. The color is red,

PINEINCBIDY SIBVVLIES BUN ID) ClelAKOINS, 257

varying in hue from orange to dark red-brown, and
it is sometimes blotched with white. The valves
are richly sculptured and are very beautiful when
examined with a lens. The mantle border is covered
with fine rounded scales; the length of the creature
is from an inch to an inch and a half. It is essen-
tially a northern species, reaching from Sitka to the
middle of California. .

ineimoaniion regulars, Cpr. the
Regular Chiton, is shown in Figure 254.
This is truly a regular structure, for the
constant breadth is half the length, and
ine emds are semicircles. The valves
are sharply arched and are marked with
very fine sculpturing. By the aid of a
lens the border is seen to resemble very
fine beadwork. The outside is olive or
slaty blue, and the interior is light blue; the length
is 35 millimeters.

Callistochiton palmulatus, Cpr., the Palm Chiton,
has small, high arched valves, marked with raised
sculpturing. The anterior valve has eleven ribs,
while the posterior one has seven very strong ones,
bifurcated behind. Its color is dark brown, and its
length is 11mm. It is found at Monterey and Santa
Barbara. ‘The variety mdrabélis, Pils, has the last
valve enormously thickened. The interior ts bluish
white. ‘The variety comes from San Diego.

Calléstochiton, crasstcostatus, Pilsbry, the Thick-
ribbed Chiton, has an elevated, oblong shell, the lus-
terless surface of which is green or brown. The front

valve has seven very strong ribs; the posterior valve

258 WEST COAST SHELES

is also elevated, the hinged area not higher than the
area in front of it. The interior of this shell, which
is found at Monterey, is bluish white in color, and
the length is a trifle less than an inch.

Nuttallina californica, Nutt., the
California Chiton, Figure 255, is a very
common species, living high up on the
rocks which are left bare by the tides,
and hiding in crevices which are ordi-
narily covered by a growth of seaweed.
: The coarse, rough valves are often much

feo eroded, but where the’ surface jissqene

sented it is of a dark color, and is sculp-

tured with fine granules. The girdle is covered with

short, stiff spinelets of a dark color. The foot of

the animal is reddish, and the interior of the valves

is bluish-green. The length of a well grown speci-
men is an inch and a half.

The true Vuttalina scabra, Rve., the Scaly Chiton,
is a southern species, much resembling the last, but
having the individual valves
very much shorter in propor-
tion to their width. The color
of the valves is lighter and
more variegated.

Mopalia muscosa, Gld., the
Mossy Chiton, is shown in
Figure 256. This very vari-
able species extends from the
far north to San Diego. It
may generally be readily rec- ap
ognized by its hairy mantle- fee gee

« i

IZUEIRCIEID) SIsUaiLILS) “AMINUB) (SsaU ONS) 259

border, which resembles a fringe of stiff moss. The
outside of the valves is sculptured, but this fact is
often obscured by growths of seaweed or other organ-
isms. ‘The interior of the valves is of a bluish-green
color, while the outside is dark or grayish. Some
years this species 1s quite common, and good speci-
mens may be found in rocky places between tide-
marks at the time of lowest water.

Mopalia hindsi, Sby., Hinds’s Chiton, is the next
species to be considered. Its shell is much depressed,
and the surface is nearly smooth. The girdle has
only a few short hairs. The color is olive, while the
interior is white, with short crimson rays under the
beaks. Its length is two inches. It is found in San
Francisco Bay and along the coast of central Cali-
fornia. By some of the best authorities this is con-
sidered as only a variety
of the last species.

Mopalia lignosa, Gld.,
the Woody Chiton, is well
shown in Figure 257. This
fine species has its dis-
tinguishing lines clearly
brought out in the figure,
which represents a large
specimen. ‘The valves are
light green in color within,
while on the outside they
vary from almost white to
dark green. They are also
marked with narrow
brown lines, which slant Fig. 257

v

Bes
d=)

ty]

|
if

=

1p =
ies =|

—

4

SE \ See aN
all
Bs

SAS

260 WESD -COAS i SEIEEES

from the apex of each valve. The girdle is generally
quite rough, but sometimes we find it nearly smooth.
This species ranges trom Vancouver Island to Mon-
terey. It should be remarked that specimens have
been found connecting this species with the last two,
so that by Pilsbry it is considered to be only a sub-
species. The difficulty of drawing hard and fast
lines will be appreciated by any one who makes a
study of this group.

Mopala ciliata, Sby., the Hairy Chiton, has also
been sadly confused with other species. It is brighter
colored than M. muscosa. The girdle is wide, yellow
or brown, somewhat clothed with curling, strap-like
brown hairs, which bear near their bases a bunch of
minute, white, acute spines. It extends along the
coast from the far north to Monterey. The variety
wosnessenskit, Midd., has a shell elongated, the back
roundly arched, olive to drab in color, and with faint
sculpture. It has been found at Sitka and Olympia.

From those which it is difficult to
classify we pleasantly turn to a very
distinct species, Plactphorella vela-
ta, Cpr., the Veiled Chiton, shown
in Figure 258. This singular spe-
cies is more nearly circular than any
of its relatives on this coast. At the
anterior end the mantle projects con-
siderably, forming a distinct veil,
which is set with scattering hairs. The valves are low
arched, of a dull reddish color without, but whitish
within. Its length is 30 to so mm., and it is found
from Humboldt Bay southward.

Fig. 258

ANTI RGD) SisVALIES) AND CHITONS 261

Katherina tunicata, Sby., the Black
Chiton, Figure 259, was named in honor
of Lady Katherine Douglass, who first |

SSS
— SF ——————
—

sent a specimen to the British Museum. ‘ nee |
The shell is oblong and elevated, the | ee |
valves being mainly covered by the black, | ie Ty jh

leathery girdle. This singular arrange- \

Memeo the parts is so striking that a
specimen cannot be mistaken for any
other species. Think of a smooth, black skin, rounded
like a whale’s back, and set along the center with
eight little shelly plates, and you will get the idea.
The plates, where they are not exposed, are white;
elsewhere they are dark brown or discolored.

The figure shows the appearance of a small speci-
men, for they sometimes grow to a length of three
inches. This species thrives eee Nes Mac nen kale
north, but it ranges southward as far as Catalina
Island. The soft parts are salmon colored, at least
ieee morthern specimens. It us eaten Taw by the
natives of the northwest coast.

Amicula pallasit, Midd., the Concealed Chiton,
has a shell nearly concealed by the hairy mantle,
which is almost circular, and which covers the back
of the animal except for eight small holes. This
mantle, or girdle, bears unequal bunches of reddish
hairs. Its length is 67 mm., and it lives in far
northern waters.

he, ‘)

ni

We close our description of these creatures with a
few words concerning the largest one of all, named
Cryptochiton stelleri, Midd., the Giant Chiton,
which has already been referred to on a previous

262 WitSt VCOAS iS EnnnIeS

page. Figure 260 repre-
sents only one of the
eight white valves, all of
which are wholly con-
cealed under the hard,
gritty, reddish-brown
mantle. These tsmele
valves are found much
more often than the com-
plete animal, and from
their peculiar shape they are often called Butterfly-
shells. The single valves of other species are often
found too, but none of them begin to be as large as
these. The whole creature is a huge and heavy
affair, six, eight or even ten inches in length. When
properly cleaned and dried the mantle and valves
much resemble a toy boat. ‘The Chinese are pecu-
liarly expert in curing and preparing specimens,
which find a ready sale in the curio stores. They
have even been made into shades for electric lamps,
and are of a rich brown color, quite different from
other materials.

This huge Chiton lives all along the western coast,
ranging from Japan to the Santa Barbara Islands.
Complete specimens are seldom collected from the
shore, for the creature lives just below the lowest
tide-mark.

Fig. 260

CHAPTER XII

AIR-BREATHING SNAILS AND SLUGS

We must now leave the sea and all the plenitude
of life that finds its home along the shores of the
ocean, and search for the molluscan forms that live
upon the dry land. By their very nature, however,
we need not expect to find them where there is no
chance to obtain considerable moisture, for in dry
climates they are liable to perish, even if once intro-
duced. So we will search for them in the shade of
forests, around springs and brooks, in damp, dark
places where the sun seldom shines, and especially
along the borders of the ocean, where there is a great
abundance of foggy weather; for though we some-
times wish that the fog would blow away, we must
remember that the same dripping, heavy fog means
life to the snails, as well as to many plants.

Most snails have an aversion to sunlight, espe-
cially if it 1s bright, and so they come out of their
lurking places and secure their food in the night, and
when morning has come and you go out to look for
them they have disappeared. Perhaps your young
peas and pansies have disappeared also, and nothing
is left but a shining film of dry mucus, which glis-
tens in the morning sunshine and clearly tells you
what has been going on during the hours when you
were asleep in your bed.

All of the snails need air, though not in very large
quantities, for they are proverbially slow in their mo-

264 WES COAST SEtiaibies

tions and were never known to really get out of
breath. But in spite of their deliberation they accom-
plish quite extensive results, if you give them time
enough. It is a favorite joke of the citizens of some
brisk town to declare that the inhabitants of a rival
city do not eat snails because they cannot catch the
pesky creatures, presumably because the snails are
more fleet of foot than the aforesaid neighbors. They
are eaten, however, in some parts of the world, and
are esteemed a great delicacy. Most of the snails
breathe by means of a simple lung, or air-sack, which
opens on the right side of the body, as is plainly
shown in the picture of the yellow slug, Figure 264.

Figure 261 represents the Northern
Selen, Selenttes vancouverensts, lea.
It represents, however, a_ sinistral
form of the shell; but when viewed
in a looking-glass it appears in the more natural
form. This remark will apply to other figures in so
far as one might wish to see how a reverse shell
would look. Nearly all of our univalve shells are
dextral, or right-handed; a few, like the Physas, are
always left-handed, or sinistral. A good many
tropical shells show more diversity in their method
of coiling, and some specimens of the same species
will turn to the right, while others will “per-
versely” roll the other way. In Figure 102 we have
a good example of a sinistral shell.

Some specimens of this Selen grow to a consider-
ably larger size than the figure. The epidermis is
yellowish green, while the interior of the shell is
white. There are five whorls, the last one being flat-

Fig. 261

ROBIN A ELNG SINALES SAND SLUGS 265

tened above, at the aperture, as is shown in the figure.
A dark colored variety is found in Alaska. As the
name indicates, this species makes its home about
Puget Sound, but it also extends down to California,
and eastward to Idaho and Montana. The var.
keept, Hemphill, is a perfect miniature of the type,
and is reckoned as an extremely small variety of
the same. It is sparingly found in the Contra Costa
hills, back of the city of Oakland.

Selenites sportella, Gld., the Sportive Selen, 1s
decidedly smaller than the normal form of the last
eeceicss its color and shape are simular, but it is
marked by sharp growth-striae. The difference is
most plainly seen on the base of the shell, which in
the last species is smooth, while in this it is decidedly
striated. ‘This species lives near the coast, all along
our western border.

Figure 262 shows us a basal view of Se-
lenites voyana, Newc., Voy’s Selen, (Ma-
crocyclis voyana). Notice the wide um-
bilicus and the triangular aperture. The
shell is thin, translucent, very light horn-
colored, and has fine lines of growth. This species
lives along the California coast.

Selenttes hemphilli, W. G. Binney, Hemphill’s
Selen, 1s a small species, half an inch across, thin,
glossy, marked by irregularly impressed lines of
erowth, without any trace of revolving lines. This
shell is also known as Cercénaria hemphilli. Its home
is in Oregon.

Selenttes duranti, Newc., Durant’s Selen, is a lit-
tle affair, only 4 mm. across, widely umbilicated,

Fig. 262

266 WESTCOAST TSERWIrs

flattened, light yellowish-brown, striated. Var.
caelata, Mazyck, is about the same size, but has very
coarse, rough, irregular ribs, best seen from the under
side. It is found on the California coast and islands.

It may be well to remark that all of the Selens are
said to have very vigorous appetites; they should not
be placed with other snails, for if they are thus con-
fined the other snails are apt to mysteriously disap-
pear—all but their shells.

The members of the genus Limax are true slugs;
1. e., they are naked, crawling mollusks, looking like
snails without shells. It is indeed true that they have
rudimentary shells concealed in their mantles, but
these are not easily observed. Several of our species
have come over from Europe, and are settling down
in America more to their satisfaction than to ours.
Among the various species we mention first, Lzmax
maximus, Linn., the Great Limax. Whis “creature
grows to a length of four inches. In color it is light
brown or ashen, with rows of round spots alternating
with black stripes. It has been reported from San
Francisco, Los Angeles, and other coast cities. |

Limax agrestis, Linn., the Field Limax, is another
unwelcome immigrant, now thoroughly naturalized.
Its color varies trom whitish to black, through va-
rious shades of yellow and amber. It is usually about
an inch long, but when fully grown it is nearly twice
that length. ;

The upper side of the animal is marked with.
longitudinal, shallow furrows, darker than the gen-
eral surface, while between these are little tuber-
cles, giving it the appearance of mosaic work. When

AIR-BREATHING =SNAILSZAND SEUGS 267

touched it secretes a glutinous mucus. It is liable to
become a great pest in gardens, doing most of its rav-
ages in the night season.

Limax campestris, Binney, the Lawn Limax, 1s
closely related to the last species, but it 1s smaller,
more semi-transparent, and does not so readily se-
crete mucus. It is about an inch long, the body is
cylindrical, the mantle oval and fleshy, the back
tubercled and furrowed, the foot narrow and whitish.
It has no spots or markings, and it varies in color
from amber to black. I have sometimes seen great
numbers of these little black slugs upon the iawn at
Mills College, especially in the spring time.

Limax hewstoni, J. G. Cooper, Hewston’s Limax,
is found in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and other
places. It is a dark colored slug, two inches long, the
back being strongly ridged and higher than the front
of the body. The height of the body is twice the
width of the foot, the base of which is whitish in
color.

Vitrina pfeiffert, Newc., Pfeifter’s Glass-snail, is a
little mollusk resembling a slug, but with a small,
shining, greenish-white shell of three whorls, 5 mm.
in diameter. The aperture is large, the lip thin, and
the shell too small to admit the whole animal. It is
generally found at high altitudes, in California and
eastward.

Several species of the genus Zon?fes and its allies
now follow in our train of study. They are all
small, having spiral shells, usually with rounded
whorls and an open umbilicus.

Vitrea cellaria, Mull., (Zonétes cellarius), the Cel-

268 WES MCONSM eS EID RIES

lar Zonite, is a European species, but it has become
widely distributed, even on the Pacific Coast. The
shell is very much depressed, thin, fragile, and pellu-
cid; the epidermis is greenish-yellow and _ polished,
and the base is rounded. The little snail that builds
and inhabits this shell is of a light blue color, very
pretty and quite active. It is a snail that follows
civilization, and delights to live in cellars and damp
places about buildings. Most of the snails of the
world resent the intrusion of man into their haunts,
but this one affiliates with him and is pleased to
remain about his habitations. So far as I know it
never does any harm, and it seems to get its living
from the mould that is found in cellars and in wet
places. The diameter of the shell is tromiismesm
twelve millimeters. The larger variety is classed by
some as Vztrea draparnald:, Beck. 7
Zonttes arboreus, Say, the Bush Zonite, has a spire
of four or five whorls, so much flattened that the
shell appears nearly like a circular disk. The shell is
smooth, amber-colored, very thin, and almost trans-
parent. Its diameter is three or four millimeters.
This species, which hides under leaves and among
bushes, inhabits many parts of North America.
Lonitoides pu-
. getensis, Dallicine
A Seattle Zonite, is
4 represented in Fig-
ure 263 very great-.
ly enlarged, for the
real diametemums
Fic. 263, x28 (4) only 1.5 mm. This

i,
/,
|

fire
iN
\

\
vy

LS

> SS
& >-
Zz az
iy

\

AIR-BREATHING SNAILS AND SLUGS 269

little shell was collected under leaves near Seattle
byewir. PB. Randolph. Tt is of a dark, reddish-
brown color, and it has a silky luster.

Pristoloma lansing?, Bland, Lansing’s Zonite, is
found in damp places under leaves, in Oregon and
Washington. The little shell is scarcely 2 mm. in
diameter, but it has five or six whorls, a rather ele-
vated spire, but no umbilicus. The lower end of the
narrow aperture is almost immediately beneath the
apex. In appearance it is shining and dark horn-
colored.

Pristoloma stearnsi, Bland, Stearns’s Zonite, has a
similar range, but also reaches into Alaska. It re-
sembles the last species, but 1s more elevated, more
striate, and it has seven whorls. Its diameter is 4 mm.

During the months when rain falls upon the Pa-
cific Coast a stranger is apt to be startled by meeting
specimens of a yellowish slug of a remarkable size;
but old residents are used to them and are not at all
disturbed, though very few express any appreciation
for the slippery things. In damp and shady places
they are active all of the year, though in the time of
summer drought they are seldom seen in the fields.
A picture of a half-grown specimen is given in

Fig. 264

Figure 264. They frequently reach a length of six
inches or more, and look as if they were exceedingly
well fed. While speaking of food we may remark

270 WES@ COAST SHELES

that they are especially fond of orange peel, and they
will be pretty sure to find it if a piece is left near
their haunts, a fact indicating that they have a keen
sense of smell. It is a common sight to observe three
or four healthy specimens gathering around one piece
of orange peel. They are also fond of milk, and
will be found in the morning gathered around pussy’s
saucer which was left out in the yard over night.

The name of this species is 4réolimax columbia-
nus, Gld., the Great Yellow Slug. Occasionally a
specimen is found that is partly covered with large
dark spots, but at best it is only a spotted form of
the main species. J have seen this spotted variety
near the Russian River, in Sonoma County. A variety
stramineus, Hemphill, of a light straw color is de-
scribed as existing on Santa Cruz Island.

Two other species, Ariolimax californicus, J. G.
Cooper, and 4phallarion buttoni, Pils., & Van., can-
not readily be distinguished from 4. columbianus by
external characteristics, though they differ internally,
particularly in the genetalia.

Ariolimax niger, Cooper, the Black Slug, has a
body long and narrow, blunt in front and tapering
but little behind. When crawling the animal is some
two inches in length, but when at rest, as it may be
found under old boards and similar places, it is so
contracted that it is hardly one inch long. Its color
is quite dark, sometimes being nearly black, espe-
cially on the upper surface of the body; but I have.
found specimens which are very much lighter, almost
an ashy gray. This species is common in central
California.

AIR-BREATHING SNAILS AND SLUGS 271

Ariolimax hemphilli, W. G. Binney, Hemphill’s
Slug, is a small, slender, flesh-colored slug, with a
pointed tail, which was first collected at Niles, Cal.,
though it probably lives in the neighboring parts of
the Santa Clara valley.

Hemphillia glandulosa, Bl. & Bin., the Hemphil-
lia, is a curious little mollusk that lives in Oregon
and Washington. When extended it is an inch or
two long; but on its back is a hump, and on the hump
is a shell, brownish, flattened, and scale-like, one-
fifth of the length of the animal. The color is smoky
white, with dark brown blotches running from the
mantle to the foot.

Binneya notabilis, Cooper, the Binneya, is a curi-
ous Mexican form found on Santa Barbara Island.
The shell is ear-shaped, light, thin, and horn-colored.
It is not large enough to cover the snail-shaped ani-
mal. ‘The shell is from 7 to 14 mm. in length.

Pyramidula asteriscus, Morse, the Star Snail, is a
very small creature, the shell being about one six-
teenth of an inch in diameter. When examined with
a microscope it shows a low spire and a large um-
bilicus, while its four whorls are marked with many
sharp cross-ridges. Its color is brown. It is widely
distributed, living in wet grass, from New England
to California.

Pyramedula lineatus, Say, the Lined Snail, has a
discoidal shell an eighth of an inch across, in which
the four whorls are coiled up almost in the same
plane, with raised lines revolving upon them. It is
found all over the United States.

272 WESD OAS SSEBEES

Oreohelix- strigosa, ‘Glds ime
Mountain Snail, is the most numer-
ous of all the snails found between
the Rocky Mountains and the Sier-
tra Nevada Range. It assumes very
many forms, some of which have been described as
separate species. One of these forms is shown in
Figure 205, which by some would be classed as O.
Haydenz, Gabb. Concerning this point I quote from
Mr. Binney, who says, “I have received from Mr.
Henry Hemphill specimens of Helix Haydeni with
the animal, and so variable that I am convinced of
its being a variety of sfrigosa.’’ Mr. Pilsbry inclines
to a separation of the species, though admitting their
close relationship. As the forms are so difficult of
separation I see no advantage in such a book as this
of trying to distinguish between them. The specimen
for the figure was selected from a large number of
typical shells, because it seemed to or intermediate
between the greatly varying forms.

The Mountain Snail abounds especially in Idaho
and Utah, and some varieties are found far up on
mountain sides, even as high as 8500 feet. The shell —
has a broad umbilicus, a nearly circular aperture, and
a sharp lip. The whorls are about five in number,
and in most specimens the spire is low. The average
diameter is about three-fourths of an inch, though
some varieties are much smaller.

Perhaps no other shell in the country has so many
varieties as this mountain snail. Some of them are
almost smooth, some ribbed spirally, others trans-
versely. Some are nearly white, others are marked

Fig. 265

AIR-BREATHING SNAILS AND SLUGS ZS)

with brown stripes. Very many of the varieties have
received names, such as cooper?, hemphilli, gould,
castanea, and multicostata, but it would be out of
place in this small volume to attempt to describe
them all. If any of my readers have an opportunity
to collect and study these snails, they will have a
very interesting opportunity to compare the different
forms.

One of the most marked varieties,
which we shall even consider as a distinct
species, 1s Oreohelix tdahoensts, Newc., e
the Idaho Snail, a view of which is given _ Fie. 266
immeeisuies 200) Ihe “shell is small,
strong and white. The whorls are crossed by many
blunt ribs. Its diameter is about half an inch.

Oreohelix elrod?, Pilsbry, Elrod’s Snail, is another
of this series, and is found in the Mission Mountains
of Montana. The last whorl of this shell has an acute,
peripheral keel, for which reason it is believed by
some to be identical with the California species,
E’ptphragmo phora circumcarinata, Figure 269. The
shell 1s nearly an inch across.

Patula solttaria, Say, the Solitary Snail, is essen-
tially an eastern species, being particularly abundant
near the Ohio River. Nevertheless it is found in
Idaho, Oregon and Washington. The shell is low,
and has five whorls, a large, circular umbilicus, and
a sharp outer lip. It is of a yellowish brown color,
and the whorls are banded with two dark brown
stripes with a lighter one between them. Its diame-
ter 1s three-fourths of an inch or more.

Punctum conspectum, Bland, is the Dial Dot-

274 WEST COAST) SHEWES

shell. One morning a few years ago I was surprised
to find the marble sun-dial on the lawn all dotted
with little groups of these microscopic snails. I gath-
ered a number, and soon afterwards they disappeared
as suddenly as they had come. I have never seen
them since, though I presume they still live among
the grass roots. Under the microscope the shell is
very pretty, having a moderately elevated spire of
four whorls, which are marked with fine cross ribs.
The umbilicus is large, and the shell when inverted
looks like a shallow bowl. The shell is dark horn-
colored, andis about a large as the head of an ordi-
nary pin. The variety pasadenae, Pilsbry, is widely
umbilicated, and is without the spaced riblets, or has
them very slightly indicated. Its diameter is two
millimeters. It was found in a garden at Pasadena,
and presumably it had gone there to admire the flow-
ers, even as my specimens had climbed the college
dial to find out the time of day.

Punctum randolphii, Dall, Randolph’s Dot-shell,
has a minute, reddish brown shell, with a dull silky
lustre. Its four whorls are quite elevated, and the
umbilicus is small. It is very minute, having a
diameter of less than 2 mm. It is found under leaves,
near the city of Seattle.

Helix aspersa, Mull., the Spotted Snail, is a Euro-
pean species which was introduced into this country
many years ago. It seems to thrive about settle-
ments, quite unlike most of our native species, and in
some places it has already become a source of much
annoyance, eating garden flowers and vegetables al-
together too freely. It is very easy to raise broods of

AIR-BREATHING SNAILS AND SLUGS 275

the young of this species in a snailery, which may be
constructed somewhat like a small hotbed. The old
ones lay eggs freely, the eggs looking like little
pearls, and the young snails feed readily upon lettuce
and cabbage leaves, reaching full size in about two
years. I once reared a large number in this way, but
at length I was obliged to dispose of them for fear
that they would escape and do injury. J am now
trying the experiment with our native Cypress Snail,
Figure 270, and my only fear is that they will not do
well in captivity. Any of these experiments are in-
teresting, however, and I would advise the boys and
girls to try to raise such snails as naturally live in
their neighborhoods, and other harmless species.

The shell of the Spotted Snail is large, about an
inch in diameter, nearly globular, thin, and marked
with wrinkles. The color is brownish gray, with
bands of chestnut and threads of yellow, giving the
shell a spotted appearance, from which fact it takes
its name. ‘This species, as well as some others, is
used for food by the French, and it is not unlikely
that the first ones were brought to this country for
the purpose of propagating them for domestic uses.
It is said that the first colony was established in the
city of San Jose.

We begin our study of a most interesting division
of the old genus He/iéx, which included all of the
common land snails, by examining the picture of a
fine specimen of Epiphragmophora fidelis, Gray, the
Faithful Snail, as shown in Figure 267. The long
name given to this division of snails simply means
“epiphragm-bearer,”’ and the epiphragm which he

276 WESE COASH SEIBIIES

bears 1s the door which the snail constructs across
the entrance to his shell when he goes into retirement,
as many of these creatures do during some part of the
year. In the dry regions it is during the summer,
and in the colder parts of the coast it is during the
time of frost and snow. ‘This epiphragm is not a
permanent affair like an operculum, but it is con-
structed of dried mucus and resembles white blot-
ting paper. Sometimes there are several layers, one
behind the other. When more favorable conditions
for the active life of the snail arrive he loosens these
layers of paper and pushes them out of the way. The
next season he constructs new ones.

The fine species of which
Fisure 207 gives a scoad
idea, lives” mostly sinernlte
north, and is_ especially
abundant in Oregon and
Washington. The shells vary
in size and ‘color, puteatite
larger ones are an inch and
a half in diameter. The color is generally dark be-
neath, but it is lighter and more or less banded above.
Albino specimens have been found. The animal has
a tinge of red in its complexion, and altogether I
know of no more beautiful combination of form and
color than is seen some misty morning in summer,
when this fine snail is found extended on a cushion
of fresh green moss, beneath, the protecting foliage
of an old forest tree. Such a combination I once saw
in one of the parks of the city of Seattle. It is need-
less to say that I did not disturb the beautiful crea-

AIR-BREATHING SNAILS AND SLUGS Zh,

ture, and I hope that he or his descendants are living
there to this day.

Epiphragmophora infumata, Gld., the Smoky
Snail, is commonly reckoned as a variety of the last
species, but it is so different that I prefer to consider
it as distinct. It lives along the northern coast region
of California, and is said to be found in the canyons
lpemethe buckeye trees. In size it is/similar to /.
fidelzs, but the shell is much depressed and flattened,
and the body-whorl has a sharp, angular edge, or
keel. The shell has a peculiar cloth-like surface, and
is of a nearly black color throughout. The umbilicus
is distinct, and the aperture very oblique.

Epiphragmophora mormo-
num, Pfr., the Mormon Island
Snail is shown in Figure 268.
Miewsinelle is larse and vde-
pressed, the surface glossy, Fig. 268
and the brown edge is girdled
with white. There is a large umbilicus, and the lip is
recurved. This species lives in the Sierra Nevada
Mountains, and was first named from specimens
taken on Mormon Island in the American River. It
does not live in Utah, as one would at first suppose.

There are several varieties. Var. cala, Pils., is
smaller and less depressed. It is dark reddish-brown
inmcolot she wtypessare irom the Calaveras: Bic
Trees. Var. buttonz, Pils., resembles the last in color,
but the shell is more depressed, and the surface is
set with little prominences that bear golden brown
hairs. Var. héllebrand?, Newc., is sometimes reck-

ARS
MSS

278 Wisi COS me SENSES

oned as a distinct species. ‘The shell is yellowish
horn-colored, with a chestnut band bordered with
white. In fresh specimens the shell is hirsute. ‘This
variety also comes from the mountain region.
Epiphragmophora circumeari-

rs nata, Stearns, the Keeled-Snail,
é QM N\ \\ \ NNN : ra . 5 eee .
Lu» is shown in. various aspects im
SSS yr DY hs . ° .
=f Wy) i Figure 269. This species was
Ge /42-77, described by Dr. Stearns as a
Ni ie S. variety of E. mormonum, but it

seems too distinct to remain as
such. The shell is widely um-
bilicated, flattened, angulated,
and it bears a peripheral keel.
Besides this there are many
cross-ribs, parallel with the lines
of growth. It is a raresspeenes
from Tuolumne Co., Cal., possi-
bly identical with Oreohelix el-
rod?, from Montana.

Cypress Point is a projection
of land, a few miles south of
Monterey, which looks out boldly |
upon the broad Pacific Ocean.
The huge waves come rolling in
| and beat themselves into spray
against its rugged cliffs, and the sweet breath of the
ocean pours over the flattened treetops and then
rushes on across the hills, carrying health and vigor
to the parched interior ‘of the State. ‘There iste
more delightful spot on this beautiful earth than this
same ‘“‘Point of the Cypress Trees,” and whoever

N AK \ \WW) LZ / | ] p

SSS

ATR-EBREATEING SNAILS AND SLUGS 279

visits it carries away a picture of mingled wildness,
sublimity, and beauty.

It is well named; for here, within the compass of
a few score acres, is the diminishing home of the
cypress trees of California. From this little spot
came the seeds which have developed into hundreds
of miles of verdant hedges, and tens of thousands of
beautiful trees. |

The parent trees are venerable specimens, blown
by the strong sea-breezes into the most fantastic
forms. Here is one on the very edge of the bluff;
its trunk is horizontal, and its thick leaved top slants
up from the ground like the moss-covered roof of an
ancient farmhouse. Here stands another, grim and
solitary, with a gnarled and twisted trunk, uphold-
ing a close reefed sail of bright green foliage. And
there is a little group of them, kneeling together to-
wards the east, like pious pilgrims; yet showing by
their defiant limbs, which are bent and knotted like
the arms of wrestling giants, that though the proud
west wind has brought them to their knees, still their
spirit is not broken, and that they continually throw
back his challenge, and that they will never yield
their ground till the last green leaf has withered on
‘their scant and flattened tops.

In the midst of all this mingling of the beautiful
and the picturesque is the home of a very humble
but very interesting mollusk, named Epéphragmo-
phora dupetithouars?, Desh., the Cypress Snail,
shown in Figure 270. During the summer months

have found them quiétly sleeping under old logs,

280 Wit Si ICONS eS EIDIRES

behind pieces of loose bark, among the twigs forming
a wood-rat’s nest, and in other out of the way places.
Many empty shells I also found, to my great regret,
for each had a hole in the side or near the apex,
showing that the owner’s life had been violently
taken away. For this act of vandalism the blue jays
were evidently responsible to a large extent, and even
while I was collecting my few specimens, these
saucy birds stormed and scolded in the trees, as if I
was the real robber and not they themselves. I verily
fear that these reckless marauders, combined with
their confederates, the ground squirrels, will speedily
rob Cypress Point of one of its chiefest attrac-
tions.

However, I took
away a: numbenmaon
: specimens of the dor-

Fig. 270 mant snail, as well as
a good many of the
best shells which the jays had dared to desecrate,
and after their long summer’s sleep I placed some
of the former in a fernery and sprinkled them with
water. After a few hours they slowly pushed them--
selves out into the open world and became quite
lively for snails, and seemed to enjoy their state of
captivity to a reasonable degree. One of these cap-
tives posed for his picture one fine day, and you see
the result in the engraving.

The shell is umbilicated and seven-whorled; the |
spire 1s low conical, and the outer lip is but slightly
thickened. The peristome is whitish, but the shell
is dark chestnut, with a still darker band, which is

IRB REATEAUNG SNAILS AND SLUGS 281

edged with equal stripes of light yellow. The ani-
mal is slate-colored, and its surface is covered with
numerous little elevations. The diameter of the shell
is about three-fourth of an inch, though specimens
are occasionally found that are somewhat larger.
During the past summer a box of fine live specimens
was given me by a lady in Pacific Grove, who had
found a fine colony of them in her garden. I have
placed these in a snailery, and hope to induce them
to live and multiply. }

Epiphragmophora sequotcola, Cooper, 1s the Red-
wood Snail. This species resembles the last in size
and general form, but it has a more elevated spire.
The surface of the shell is not smooth, but is some-
what roughened by cross lines, while the upper
whorls have many crowded granulations. It is found
in wooded regions in the vicinity of the coast, near
Santa Cruz.

Epiphragmophora traskii, Newc., Trask’s Snail,
comes from the coastal regions of southern Cali-
ronda) It has) a small umbilicus, sxe whorls not
creatly elevated, which are dark horn-colored, and
bear a chestnut band that is edged on both sides with
white or yellow. ‘The surface is marked with micro-
scopic striae. The diameter of the shell is usually
less than an inch. There are several varieties.

LE piphragmophora carpenier?, Newc., Carpenter’s
Snail, comes from San Diego and Mexico. It resem-
bles the last species, but has a more delicate shell. It
is a decidedly southern form of snail.

Ei piphragmophora coloradoensis, Stearns, the
Colorado Snail, was originally found near the Grand

282

Fig. 271, x 2 (*)

WEST COAS® “SHELES

Canyon of the Colorado, oppo-
site the Kaibab plateau, at an
elevation of 3500 feet. The
views of the shell given in Fig-
ure 271 are magnified to twice
their real diameter, but they
give the form with great detail.
The shell is rather fragile, and
varies from pale horn-color to
white, with a reddish brown
band.

Epiphragmophora exarata,
Pfr., the Furrowed Snail, is a
species which resembles a small
specimen of the next species.
The shell is yellowish in color,
with a narrow band of chest-
nut, and the surface is decid-
edly plowed up with fine trans-
verse furrows. There are seven
whorls, ending in a_ white,
slightly reflected lip. This spe-
cies is from the coast region of ©

California, both north and south of San Francisco.
Its diameter is about an inch.

Epiphragmophora arrosa,
Glid: the 4 Wented? vsnail:

shown in Figure 272, has a

fine, large, and rather solid (eee

shell. ) Thes seven
which are yellowish-brown
in color, are banded with a

whorls,

AIR-BREATHING SNAILS AND SLUGS 283

dark stripe, sometimes wider than is represented in
the cut. The shell is quite rough, with furrows and
hammer marks, and the umbilicus is distinct, though
partly covered with the reflexed peristome. The
home of this species is along the coast of central
California, especially in Marin County. I found
several fine specimens there in the summer-time by
turning over the dry leaves under the buckeye trees.

Epiphragmophora caltfornien- 3
Wieeiea the Calitormia Snail, is
shown in Figure 273. The origi-
nal specimens of this much dis-
puted species came from Monte-
rey, and that is where it now
Etows, to pertection. It loves
sand and sea-air and Astragalus leaves, and in sum-
mer it may be found near Point Pinos, buried in the
sandy soil, underneath the abundant clumps of Rat-
tleweed. The figure represents an unusually large
specimen. The shell is thin, delicate, and almost
elobular in form; it is of a light horn-color, with a
dark band.

While the shell just described is almost spherical,
a number of varieties exist which diverge from the
typical shape very materially. In fact, it has been
a disputed point whether they are at all related, but
as the general trend of modern research inclines in
the direction of unity, they will be so classified in
this book. If anyone prefers to consider them as
distinct species he will have many good reasons for
his opnion.

Var. néckliniana, Lea. Shell minutely umbilica-

Fig. 273

284 Wisi CONST PSiiiries

ted, rather thin, faintly indented and granulated;
ash-yellow with a chestnut band, lip white, reflexed
at the base. Whorls six, spire moderately elevated,
diameter one inch. It lives near the coast of central
California. |

Var. ramentosa, Gld. The surface of the shell is
cut up into innumerable checks, which are shown by
a lens to consist of little oblong grains, arranged
parallel to the lines of growth. The epidermis of
the young ones is studded with little bristles.
Diameter about three-fourths of an inch. This
form is found in Alameda Co., Cal., and in adjacent
regions.

Var. dzabloensis, J. G. Cooper, has a flattened
shell, umbilicated and thin, with regular mallea-
tions arranged in revolving series, like dents caused
by the blows of a small hammer. Diameter rather
less than an inch. From the Coast Mountains of
central California, being named from its occurrence
near Mt. Diablo.

Var. contracostae, Pils., is smaller than the last
variety, yellowish straw-colored, only slightly mal-
leated, outer lip thickened. From Byron Hot
Springs, Contra Costa Co., Cal.

Epiphragmophora ayresiana, Newc., Ayer’s
Snail, is a species from the islands of Santa Rosa,
San Miguel and Santa Cruz. ‘The shell is quite
strong, six-whorled, and it has a considerably ele- -
vated spire and a distinct umbilicus. Microscopic
striae may be traced upon the shell. It is¥omua
brown or chestnut color, and it is usually girdled

AIR-BREATHING SNAILS AND SLUGS 285

with a broad, dark band. Its diameter is three-
fourths of an inch.

Epiphragmophora tudiculata, Binney, the
Bruised Snail, has a large shell, rather thin, marked
with numerous indentations; umbilicus nearly or
completely closed, peristome white, and thickened
near the umbilicus. The six whorls are of an olive
brown color, and a rather wide band with a lighter
space above and below it encircles the body-whorl.
Kiewcianmeter is upwards of an inch. This is a
southern species, being found about San Diego, also
ranging through Tulare and adjacent counties to
the Sierras. Var. wmbilicata, Pils., shell smoothish,
malleation weak, umbilicus widely open, diameter
27mm trom, San ius Obispo Co-, Calt

Epiphragmophora gabbi, Newc., Gabb’s Snail,
comes from San Clemente Island. The shells are
about the size of large peas, thin, light horn-colored,
with a dark band. Var. facta, Newc., is more solid
and compact; shell, whitish, peristome yellowish,
thick and reflected. From Santa Barbara and San
Nicolas Islands.

Epiphragmophora rufocincta, Newc., the Red-
banded Snail, is a small species from Catalina Is-
land. ‘The shell is smooth, thin, with a low spire.
Horn-colored, with the ever present band of chestnut
which marks so many of the California snail shells.
The diameter is 17 mm.

Epiphragmo phora intercisa, W. G. B., the Horse-
shoe Snail, has a shell strong, solid, with lines of
growth distinct and crossed by spiral lines cutting
the surface into little blocks. The aperture is oblique
and shaped like a horseshoe. The color is white or

286 WEST (COAS@® SHELES

brown, sometimes obscurely banded; diameter 22
mm. From San Clemente and Santa Cruz Islands.

E piphragmophora tryoni, Newc.,
Tryon’s Snail, is shown in Figure
274. The shell is strong and solid,
globose conical, with a rounded
apex and five regular whorls. The
surface is reticulated, or cut into
fine checks by the crossing of spiral
threads and the lines of growth. The color varies
from white to brown and the whorls are often
banded, while the upper half of each whorl is usu-
ally darker than the corresponding lower half. The
animal is said to be black. Chiefly from Santa
Barbara Island.

Epiphragmophora kelletti?, ¥bs., Kellett’s Snail.
The shell consists of six whorls, the spire is rather
low, and the umbilicus is nearly closed. Sheil
smooth, color varying from whitish to brown, usu-
ally mottled, with a dark ring around the center of
the body-whorl. Diameter about an inch. From
Catalina Island, where it is reported as plentiful on
and under old cactus branches.

Epiphragmophora stearnstana, Gabb, Stearns’s
Snail, is sometimes called a variety of the last spe-
cies. The shell is narrowly umbilicated, solid, with
fine incremental striz. Whitish, with ash-colored
spots and a brown band. Found on the seaward
side of Point Loma, San Diego, where most of the
specimens are dead, and in Lower California. :

Epiphragmophora arnhetmi, Dall, Arnheim’s
Snail. This small snail is found in Contra Costa
Co., Cal., near San Pablo. Its diameter is 18 mm.

AIR-BREATHING SNAILS AND SLUGS 287

The suture is deep, also the umbilicus, while the lip
is unusually thick for the size of the shell.
Glyptostoma newberryanum, W.
G. Binney, Newberry’s Snail, is a
weny distinct species, found’ in
southern California, particularly
around San Diego. A basal view
of a small specimen is shown in
Figure 275, but large ones grow
Mecaiamercrot an imch and a hala. Phe spire is
flattened, and the umbilicus is very large, distinctly
showing the coil of rounded whorls. The lip of the
aperture is thin and acute, the whorls are six in num-
ber, and the color of the shell is dark brown, some-
times almost black. . It is quite distinct from any

other shell.

Polygyra townsendiana,
lea, Rownsend?s snail: Eins
distinct species, whose fine
large shell is shown in Figure
276, is a true northerner, be-
ing found mostly in Oregon,
Washington, and even much
farther to the north. The shell is strong, the spire
but little elevated, the color yellowish or brownish,
sometimes mottled. Peristome lke a white horse-
shoe, umbilicus large and distinct. The surface is
marked with many microscopic spiral lines, which
are crossed by roughened ridges. War. ptychophora,
A. D. Brown, is found in Idaho and eastern Oregon.
The shell is nearly smooth and is of a light horn-
color, but it has the regular markings, and the broad,

Fig. 276

288 WEST sCOASD SSEIEIEIES

white peristome of the typical specimens; diameter,
20 mm.

Polygyra columbiana, Wea nails
Columbia Snail, Figure 277, is a spe-
cies which extends trom Alaska south-
ward into California. Whorls six, um-
bilicus small, peristome reflected, aper-
ture ear-shaped. In some varieties, as shown in the
cut, there 1s a small white tooth on the inner wall
of the aperture. Ihe figure is of the natunaleeime:
The shell is light horn-colored, and the epidermis
on the upper whorls is set with short, stiff, muicro-
scopic hairs. Var. armzgera, Ancey, is smaller, more
globose and convex beneath, and more beset with
hairs, which are arranged in very oblique rows. Var.
labiosa, Gld., has a nearly circular aperture and
widely reflected peristome.

Polygyra devia, Gld., the Devious Snail, is a spe-
cies which lives in. Oregon; it has also crossed the
Cascade Mountains and entered Idaho. The shell
is horn-colored or brown, solid and six-whorled. The
peristome is white, wide, and bent back at right
angles to the wall of the aperture. There is a dis-
tinct white tooth on the inner wall of the aperture,
and sometimes one or more waves on the peristome.
There are several varieties which range from half an
inch to a whole one in diameter.

Polygyra mullani, Bland, Mullan’s Snail, was at
one time considered as a small variety of the last —
species, but it is now believed to be distinct. The
shell is shining, with a thin epidermis covered with
minute spiral lines and tubercles. The aperture 1s

JOR EIBIRIS ANISTON, SINUEIUUS) yAINID) SIELOKG'S; 289

three-lobed, and the umbilicus is partly covered by
the lip. The shell is dark horn-colored, and the
diameter is half an inch. This species is especially
found in eastern Washington and Idaho.

Polygyra loricata, Gld., the Mailed Snail, has a
hittlersnelllronly. a quarter of an inch im diameter,
but its five and a half whorls are very distinct. The
umbilicus is small but deep, and the spire is low and
dome-shaped. Aperture irregular, with white tooth
on the columella and two thickened spots on the
outer lip; surface horn-colored. Found in California
near San Francisco, and also in the Sierras.

Imo Wowna wear ls? 0, Wall:
Mearns’s Snail, is shown in Figure
2785) Wins shell “is of a pinkish=
brown color, and the details of its
structure are well brought out in
fitemennee) meures. Its diameter 1s
about half an inch. It is found in
Arizona and New Mexico.

Vallonia pulchella, Mull., the
Beautiful Vallonia, is a little mol-
lusk whose shell consists of four
rounded whorls arranged in a flat-
tened spiral form. The umbilicus 7
is large and open, the aperture Fig. 273,.3@
nearly circular, the peristome white,
reflected, and forming a nearly complete circle.
The shell is whitish, thin, and in our variety is usu-
ally marked by cross-ribs. Its diameter is barely an
eighth of an inch. This species is very widely dis-
tributed. A few years ago it suddenly appeared in

290 WEST COAST SSHEIEES

Los Angeles; in the yard of Dr. Steams] )lituias
been reported from Oakland and many other locali-
ties in California, also from Utah and adjacent
states.

Vallonia costata, Mull, the Ribbed Vallonia, is
another very small species, the shell being only 2.5
mm. in diameter. Horn-colored, nearly fiat, um-
bilicated, with regularly set membranous ribs, and
fine strie between them. It has about the same
range as the last species.

A genus of medium sized mollusks living chiefly
in New Mexico was named by Professor Pilsbry
Ashmunella, in honor of the late Rev. E. H. Ash-
mun, of happy memory, who united with his clerical
duties the enthusiasm of the naturalist. The shells
in general are about half an inch across, horn-col-
ored, with five or six whorls, a small but distinct
umbilicus, and a white, reflexed outer lip. Some of
them were formerly referred to the genus Polygyra.
In this book I shall not attempt to name them all,
but will mention a few, specimens of most of which
were sent me by Mr. Ashmun him-
self. :

Ashmunella rhyssa, Dall, the
Wrinkled Snail, is shown in Fig-
ure 279. The shell consists of six
rounded, yellowish whorls, which
are crossed by very numerous
wrinkles. The reflected peristome
is white, and immediately behind
\ it the shell is considerably con-
Fie, 279.x2® stricted. It was collected mii

AIR-BREATHING SNAILS

White Mountains of New Mex-
ico by Rev. E. H. Ashmun.
The diameter is 17 millimeters.
Some of the specimens of this
species have a white tooth on
the columella, as is shown in
fe meure; in others it 1s very
small or absent altogether.
Ashmunella pseudodonta,
Dall, the False-toothed Snail.
Figure 280 gives us two en-
larged views of this shell. I
have a specimen which ts nearly
three-
fourths

Ee

x Ml ; ny we
si ay iN WWW =

AND

SLUGS 291

Fig. 280, x 7 (*)

of an inch across in its largest
diameter. It is distinctly horn-
colored, but is nearly smooth,
showing lines of growth but no
ridges. It has a very faint be-

Fig. 281, x ? (*)

Anas “Or eB wOOUN — Ohne
SDECIMENS™ sALensmmallilens cnc
more nearly resemble the figure.

Ashmunella ashmuni, Dall,
Ashmun’s Snail. Three en-
larged views of this pretty little
shell are given in Figure 281.
The diameter is 14 millimeters.
The horn-colored whorls are
crossed by a great number of
very fine lines of growth. One
of my specimens shows a very

292 WESTEUCOASI SEEIELS

small elevation on the columella, as if it were the
beginning of a tooth. The reflected peristome is
not pure white, but partakes of the shade of the
shell. . Altogether it is'a very pretty species: yale
well defined umbilicus, the distinct and clearly de-
fined whorls, and the rich color making it one of the
most attractive of our smaller snails. It comes from
Bland, New Mexico, at an elevation of 8,000 feet
above the level of the sea.

Ashmunella levettei, Bland, lLevette’s Snail,
(Polygvra levette:), has a shell that is umbilicated,
thin, shining, translucent, obliquely striated, with
seven whorls. Aperture with a transverse parietal
tooth, with teeth on the lip also. Peristome pale
chestnut-colored, diameter 17 mm. It is found near
Santa le, IN; M/.

Ashmunella chiricahuana,
Dall, the Chiricahuana Snail,
(Polygyra chiricahuana), 1s
shown in a magnified form in
Figure 282. The shell is de-
pressed, thin, polished, and of |
a dark brownish color. “The lip
is strongly reflected and the
aperture is destitute of teeth;
diameter 18 mm.; from Ari-
zona and New Mexico.

Cochlicopa lubrica, Mull,
the Brilliant, (Perussacta sub- |
cylindrica), is shown in Figure
283. The little creatupegies
Fie. 282, x2) which this shell belongs lives

AIR-BREATHING SNAILS AND SLUGS 293

chiefly in forests, concealing itself under
leaves and the bark of dead trees. It 1s about | A
the size and shape of a grain of wheat, thin, 3
dark horn-colored, very bright and glistening.
This species lives in Europe, where it is
known in France as “‘la brillante,’’ also in the East-
ern states, Alaska, Oregon, and Utah, and it has
even beem, collected ‘on Grizzly Peak, back of the
University of California.

The members of the old genus Puwpa are
me mostly very small, though some of them grow
to a fairly good size. The shell shown in
Figure 284 is a representative of this great
division of land shells. The picture is small enough,
but even the little cross beside it is too large for
truth. The name is Vertigo californica, Rowell, the
California Pupa. ‘The shell is brown, and on the
sides of the aperture are four tiny white teeth. It
lives in various parts of California on the mainland,

Fig. 283

Fig. 284

and two varieties live on Catalina Island.

The Pupas belong to a very ancient family, as we
know from the fact that a little fossil shell belong-
ing to this genus was found in a coal mine in Nova
Scotia, and is reckoned as the oldest land shell ever
discovered. They take their name apparently from
their resemblance to the cocoon of an insect, which
in turn is supposed to resemble a doll. Many of
these shells are exceedingly minute, measuring less
than two millimeters in length. They are usually
found in lowly positions, such as among grass roots,
under old cacti, in river dritt and similar positions.

294 WiHSls COAST | SEDIsIES

The shells are so very small that only a few of them
will be mentioned.

Holos pira arizonensts,
Stearns, the Arizona Pupa, 1s
shown in a magnified form in
Figure 285. The (sheliiaas
really but half an inch long;
the figure, however, brings
out the details of its struc-
ture. In color it vames aroma
dingy-white to paie-horn. It
was collected at Dos Cabezas,

Fig. 285, x f (*) Arizona.

Some of the species of the
old genus Puvpa are now known as béfidarta, among
which we may mention b7zfidaria armifera, Say, the
Armored Pupa. This species is found all through
the East; it has also been collected in New Mexico.
It is relatively quite large, being from 2 to 4 mm.
in length. It resembles Figure 284, but has six or
seven whorls, and the aperture is almost filled with
projecting teeth.

Figure 286 gives a view of the shell of
Succtnea ovalis, var. haydent, W. G. B.,
Hayden’s Amber-snail. In general it may
be said that the Amber-snails are rather
small mollusks, which love moisture, though
they do not often enter the water. The yel- Fig. 286
lowish shell of this species is long, thin, and .
few-whorled. The aperture is very large and from
its base you can look inside the shell to its very apex.
The spire is small and consists of three delicate

RSD ed Aw iNGe SNA IE SAND SUGGS 295

whorls. The length of the whole shell is three-
fourths of an inch. The specimen from which the
drawing was made was collected near Salt Lake,
Utah.

Succinea avara, Say, the Greedy Amber-
snail, Figure 287, has a smaller shell than
the last species. It is delicate and horn-
colored, and the figure 1s rather larger than
the real shell.. This species is reported from
Idaho and southern California. Several varieties of
this species live on the Santa Barbara Islands.

Succinea rustica, Gld., the Rustic Amber-snail, is
found in Oregon, California, and Nevada. The
shell is thin and fragile, of a pale greenish horn-
color; surface rough and without luster, spire acute,
length half an inch.

Succinea oregonensis, Lea, the Oregon Amber-
snail. Shell one-fourth of an inch in length, though
sometimes longer, thin, yellow, rather coarsely stri-
ated, with an aperture two-thirds the length of the
shell.

Onchidella carpenter?, W. G. Binney, Carpenter’s
Onchidella. ‘This is a little creature shaped like a
short, fat Limax, with the ends rounded and the
upper surface arched. The coriaceous mantle over-
hangs the locomotive disk. The body is smoke-
colored, and its length is one-fitth of an inch. It
lives near the water, and is found from the Straits
of Fuca to Mexico.

Onchidella borealis, Dall, the Northern Onchi-
della, is but little larger than the last species. The
surface of the creature is black, with dots and

Fig. 287

296 WitSit COASD SSE EELS

streaks of yellowish-white; its foot is light-colored,
also the muzzle and tentacles. It is found at Sitka,
and on Vancouver Island.

CEPHALOPODS

At this point we will briefly consider our members
of the highest class of mollusks, the Cephalopods.
They are rather poorly represented on our coast,
though one species at least exists in great numbers.
Shells of a Paper Nautilus, drgonauta pacifica, Dall,
are sometimes washed ashore on the Santa Barbara
Islands. They are white, thin and delicate, and are
very different from ordinary shells. A much more
common species of this class is the Octopus, or Devil-
fish, or Cuttle, of our coast, Polypus punctatus,
Gabb, small specimens of which are frequently cap-
tured alive in little tide-pools, though in the open
sea it grows to startling dimensions.

The Octopus is one of the most remarkable crea-
tures of the sea, and many are the tales, true and
otherwise, which have been told of his structure and
his actions. He has eight long, active legs, without
bones or stiffness, which are arranged like the rays
of astarfish. Above the center of the star is the bag-
shaped body, and near the junction of the body and
legs is the head, with its two staring eyes, its parrot-
like beak, and its siphon pipe, by means of which
the creature can propel himself backward through
the water.

It is an active animal at times, creeping briskly —
over the stones at the bottom of the water, or swim-
ming rapidly with its legs trailing behind. It has

AIR-BREATHING SNAILS AND SLUGS 297

the power of changing its complexion at will, looking
pale and ash-colored when it is near sand, flushed
and angry when among red seaweeds, and dark and
bluish whenever such a color will best serve its pur-
pose of concealment. There is no magic in his trans-
fomm@ations, either, for he is only controlling the
multitudes of little paint bags that le in his skin,
and making any desired tint prominent, or conceal-
ing them all. At any rate, there are few more inter-
esting creatures to watch in an aquarium, or even in
a jar of sea-water, than a young cuttle. Small speci-
mens have legs some two or three inches long, while
large ones weigh a hundred pounds or more.

The true scientific names of the next two species
are at present quite uncertain, though it is probable
that both species will be placed in the genus Lo/iqo,
and that other changes may be found necessary. The
names used in a former edition are, however, pro-
visionally retained.

Ommastrephes tryoni, Gabb, is the common Squid
of Monterey and other fishing ports. They used to
be caught in vast numbers by the Chinese fishermen
of the above named city, and the houses and boats
belonging to the fishing village were a very pictur-
esque addition to the sights of the coast. The men
went out at night, when the bay was quiet, some ot
their boats bearing huge torches, while the others
were provided with scoop-nets. The silly squids rise
to the surface to see the light and are easily captured.
Next day they are spread out to dry, some of the best
on racks, but most of them on the parched grass ot
a field. From time to time they are turned, and

298 WHS COAST SEE BES

when thoroughly cured they are packed in huge bales
and sent to China for food. The average length of
the common squid is about eight inches. It differs
trom the Octopus by having shorter legs, and a long,
straight body, with an arrow-shaped tail. It is this
long body that contains the white muscle which is so
highly prized as food.

Another squid, Ommastrephes gigas, d’Orb., 1s
occasionally taken at Monterey, which measures fully
a yard in length. Its body is stiffened by a trans-
parent ‘“‘pen,” shaped somewhat like a large feather.
Other cuttles contain the “‘cuttle bones’ which we
feed to our canary birds; they also have bags of ink,
or sepia, and so the Cephalopods are sometimes called
the “Literary Family of the Sea.”

-

CHAPTER XIII
SHELLS OF LAKES AND STREAMS

By Harold Hannebal

The fresh-water mollusks include both Gastero-
pods and Pelecypods. They may be distinguished
from most other shells by having a greenish or
brownish horny epidermis covering the shell, to pro-
tect it from the corrosive acids in the waters in which
they live. Unlike the land and marine shells, they
have been little studied, and many interesting
things can be learned by anyone who takes the
trouble to observe them. Most of the species are
not common or are found at but few localities. For
this reason the writer has selected for description
only some of the more wide-spread and particularly
interesting forms, but representing nearly all the
genera. ,

For convenience the distribution is given by drain-
age basins or systems. The Columbia System in-
cludes the entire Columbia, Fraser, and Umpqua
Basins. The Utah System includes the eastern por-
tion of the Great Basin which drains into the former
Lake Bonneville. ‘The Nevada System includes the
western portion of the Great Basin draining into
the former Lake Lahontan, and the Owens Basin and
Mojave Desert in Calitornia. The Klamath System
includes the Klamath and Rogue Basins, the Sierras

300 W Poi TEONSITE SS EIDIIES

north of Yosemite Valley, and the Coast Ranges
south to San Francisco Bay. The Coast Range
System includes the coastal drainage south to Point
Conception, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley,
and the west slope of the southern Sierra Nevadas.
The Los Angeles System includes the coastal drain-
age of southern California south to the San Pedro
Martir Mountains in Baja California. The Colo-
rado System includes the drainage of the Colorado
River above The Needles. The Arizona System
includes the Gila and Salton Basins and the Colo-
rado Delta.

THE NAIADS OR RIVER MUSSELS
(Unonide )

In almost any large perennial stream or lake are
to be found members of this interesting group. They
are especially abundant both in species and indi-
viduals in the tributaries of the Mississippi River, for
those streams flow over limestone which dissolves and
forms abundant material for their shells. They
often attain a large size; some species are as big as
this book. Of late years an enormous industry has
developed of collecting these shells for the purpose
of making pearl buttons and as a result their num-
bers have been terribly depleted and laws are being
enacted to protect them. Since only large, heavy
shells are used, collectors on this coast need not
worry, for our species are too few in numbers, too
small, and too fragile. Pearls are often found in
these mussels; the writer has obtained them in both

SIBUEILIES: Ol IANS UND) SAM RIS SUMS 301

Gonidea and Margaritana. They are seldom of
value however.

The Naiads have a very interesting life history.
The young, called glochidia, after being hatched in
the parents’ gills are thrown out into the water in
vast numbers. The glochidium is a minute, curious
creature, armed with hooks, and hangs suspended by
a byssus from some aquatic plant. An unwary fish
bumps against it; immediately the glochidium clings
to it by its hooks. It remains attached about three
months when it has grown a shell and become so
heavy that it falls to the bottom. Then it grows
into an Anodonta or whatever its parents were.
Many die to one which survives, but the Naiads are
prolific and keep up the species while this peculiar
method serves to distribute them.

One warm day while on a collecting trip, I stopped
at the bridge over the San Lorenzo River below
Felton, Cal., and prepared to investigate the clammy
mysremes of the river. his) river is a splendid
stream, broad and clear, running between high banks
lined with willows, alders, and other water-loving
trees. After the dusty road it felt good to wade
along in the cool water and feel the clean sand-grains
sift across one’s toes. Whoop! A startled bluejay
flew screaming from a neighboring tree where he
had been suspiciously eyeing me. I bared my arm,
reached into the water, and picked up a dark object
partly buried in the bottom. Shaking the sand off
I held up a fine specimen of Margarttana margarité-
jera, Linne, the Pearly Naiad, Plate I, Fig. 4. It

302 WES CONStia SED IgIES

was covered with a glossy mahogany epidermis ex-
cept at the umbos, where the sand grains had worn
nearly through the stout shell. Opening it with my
knife, I beheld a lining of an orange as brilliant as
an Eschscholtzia. Dropping it into my bag I con-
tinued my wading. Another! Opening this I found
it a beautiful royal purple. A third was an exquisite
pale blue; a blue no artist might duplicatesmescm!
look at the faded shells now I think how elusive is
nature and how impossible to more than imitate her.

The shell is elliptical with one central tooth at
the umbo in the right valve, and two in the left.
In some specimens these are small, in others large
and! there is a trace of lateral teeth. Iittisqehnexomly,
species on the Pacific Slope that has more than a
suggestion of teeth. The pearly interior is purple,
orange, blue, pink, or green. The color is very fugi-
tive. The shells of this and other Naiads should be
rubbed with a very little vaseline and wiped dry
with a bit of cotton. This will prevent them from
cracking and preserve the color in a measure if kept
in the dark. |

This species delights in clear, swift streams where
it lies partly buried in the gravel or sand bottom.
Found in the Columbia, Klamath, Utah, Nevada,
and a few places in the Coast Range System, also in
New England, Europe and Asia.

Anodonta cygnea, Linné (4. oregonensis), the
Swan Naiad, Plate I, Fig. 7, with its numerous
forms, is one of the most common, widely dis-
tributed, and variable river mussels, which is saying

SIBNEILIES) QUE IbvANISIES) NINDS INTIS UMES) 303

a good deal. Hence it has been described on this
Coast and Europe under over a hundred names.
The American varieties are discussed by the writer
elsewhere and the three best marked retained; these
are the typical form, 4. ¢. beringiana, Midd., and
A.c. impura, Say.

The typical shell is buff or green-brown, inflated,
sub-elliptical, with low umbos, and a straight, nar-
row, toothless hinge-line. Within it is iridescent
blue or pearly-white. This form is the common one
in Eurasia and the Columbia and Klamath Systems.
It is found occasionally farther south.

The common southern form, Anodonta cygnea
impura, Say (A. wahlamatensis, A. nuttalliana, A.
californiensis), the Winged Naiad, Figure 288, is

Fig. 288

304 WEST COAS#* SHELES

disco-triangular, flattened, light green or brown out-
side, iridescent or pearly within, and has a pro-
nounced posterior wing. It inhabits streams and
lakes in the Utah, Nevada, Coast Range, Los An-
geles and Arizona Systems, also the western drain-
age of Mexico. It is found less commonly as far
north as British Columbia.

A species resembling an <dnodonta and long

Fig. 289

classed with them is Gonidea angulata, Lea, the
Pacific Naiad, Figure 289. This lacks the hinge-
teeth except as rudiments, is rather pointed in front, —
somewhat triangular, and is unequally divided
by a carina or angle extending from the umbo
to the lower posterior corner of the shell. Pearly
within, nacre blue, pink, or yellow brown. Speci-
mens with ova are a brilliant copper color which,
however, soon fades after death.

Found in the Columbia, Klamath, and Coast
Range Systems, usually in clay banks or beds of
streams.

SIBUSZILILS Oi) ILYNISIES UND) SIRE INES 305
THE SPHERE AND PEA SHELLS
(Spheride )

In springs, lakes, and streams having a mud bot-
tom are found small shells distantly related to the
Cardiums of the ocean. They are curious little fel-
lows and have interesting habits and peculiarities of
distribution.

Ome or the larcest em the Pacific Slope is
Spherium dentatum, Haldeman, the Harrowed
Spiere-smell, Plate Il, Fie:5. lit is'moderately in-
flated, oblong-elliptical, with low umbos set some-
what forward. The shell is covered with low
growth ridges. It lives in lakes and streams in the
Columbia, Klamath, and Nevada Systems.

Muscultum resembles Sphertum but the shells are
thin, light colored, and usually have a little cap or
calycule on each umbo.

One June day, while on a collecting trip near Te-
hama, in northern California, I called to my friend,
an odd little German, to stop as we came to a large
pool at the roadside. Unhooking my net, I jumped
off my wheel to collect a few shells. The net con-
sisted of a heavy wire ring about six inches across
with a piece of burlap sewed into it forming a shal-
low bag. A smaller loop of the wire an inch or two
across served to hold it by, and made it convenient
to carry on the handle-bars of my wheel. Scooping
the net full of mud, I shook it carefully under the
water, picking sticks, leaves, and gravel out by hand
while the mud washed through, leaving only fine

306 WEST ICOASa SERS S

sand and grit. Lifting the net out, I was surprised
to find a common Eastern Musculium, /. partu-
metum, Say, Pl. 1, Fig. 5, among the spoils. This
was a find and IJ gathered many specimens, dumping
them into a tobacco-tin along with grit, ete., to be
sorted out on my return, when dry.

This species appears to be an old settler for it has
turned up since at a number of places on the coast.
The shape is nearly circular, except it 1s squared off
posteriorly. It is not generally very inflated and
the umbos are low. Found in pools and iakes prob-
ably all over northern and central United States
and southern Canada.

Raymond’s Calycule shell, Muscultum raymondz,
J. G. Cooper, Pl. I, Fig. 3, differs from the preced=
ing by its trigonal shape and high inflated umbos.
Its habits are similar and it is found in the Colum-
bia, Klamath, Nevada and Coast Range Systems.
Its identity has been suggested with M. rhykolti, a
European species which is said also to occur in the
Eastern States.

Pistdium abditum, Haldeman, the Hidden Pea-
shell; Plate I, Fig.-1, is a tiny fellow fomndiim
springs, quiet streams, and ponds all over North
America. Like most widely distributed species it
is rather variable and has been given a number of
names. It is rather small for the genus, ovate,
rather inflated, with low nearly central umbos, and
it 1s usually brown in color.

Pistdium compressum, Prime, the Trigonal Pea-
shell, Pl. I, Fig. 2, differs in being very inflated and
trigonal, with high umbos. It is yellow or brown

SNAILS OM MAIS, AUN ID), (SIA WES 307

i color and has similar habits to the last. Found
over most of North America.

There are numerous other species in this family on
the Pacific Slope but they are only known from a few
localities.

THE POND SNAILS
(H ygrophila)

This is the best represented group on the coast
and contains many species. All have thin horny
shells and differ from the Pleuroceride and sueceed-
ing families by breathing by lungs instead of gills
adeby, the absence. of an operculum. Dhey are
found in lakes and streams as well as ponds.

(Lymneide )

The largest of this group is Lymnaea stagnalis,
Linné, the Pond Lymneza, Figure 290. This species
is distinguished by its long slender
spire and large body whorl. All the
members of this genus and especially
this species live in quiet streams or
Fakes = Hound) in astern ~ “North
America, Eurasia, and the Colum-
bia. Wiamath INevada, and “Wetah
Systems.

The Marsh Lymnea, L. palustris,
Miller, Figure 291, is one of the most
abundant and widespread of the pul-
monates. It occurs in Europe, Northern Asia and all
over North America from the Yukon tundras nearly
to Mexico. It does not occur in the Los Angeles

Fig. 290

308 WES COASH | SEMBIBIES

or Arizona System but is found in all the
others. It is rather variable but can usu-
ally be easily recognized. It is large, with
the length of the aperture about equal to
the height of the spire, which is not so
slender as that of L. stagnalis. The shell
is often marked by fine spiral lines and

ZB

Fig.291 again by malleations giving it an appear-
ance of mosaic. It is dark horn-color.

Lymnea obrussa, Say, the Narrow-mouth Lym-
nea, Pl. Wd, Fig..7, resembles small -specimensmon
the last but has a narrower aperture, thinner shell
and lacks the spiral lines. It is found on conferve
in rapid streams, ponds and often in merely moist
places, in the United States and southern Canada.
On the west coast it occurs as far south as the Colo-
rado, Utah, Nevada, and Coast Range Systems.

Lymnea cubensis, Pteifter, the Cuban Lymnea,
Pl. III, Fig. 4, and its several varieties are among
our most common shells, but are usually overlooked
as they are seldom found in the water, but usually
near it or on floating alge. They have a straight
reflexed pillar; some are stubby and some are slen-
der; some have a nearly closed umbilicus and some
a wide open one. The following table will perhaps
explain their relations better than a lengthy descrip-
tion. In general the forms with an open umbilicus
are not found north of the Coast Range System,
while the forms with a closed umbilicus do not
range south of it. Inhabits the Antilles, Florida,
Mexico, and nearly the whole United States west
of the Mississippi River, replacing Lymnaea caperata
of the Eastern States.

SIGNZILIES Ol IIIS) ONID) SIN aS) 309

Umesiticus Nearty Cuosep, | UmMBILicus OPEN, SHELL Usu-
SHELL Horny, NorTHERN ALLY PORCELLAINOUS,
IN DISTRIBUTION SOUTHERN IN DISTRIBUTION

var. sancti-josepii, Hannibal, | var. bryanti, Baker, Pl. ILI,
heii srtioaGOn San jose Fig. 3, Walker’s Lymnea.
Lymneza.

&@| var. sonomacnsis, Pilsbry, | var. cockerelli, Pilsbry, Pl.
S| Pl We ie &, Semen | 100 Ig) 2, Coclensitts
a Lymnea. Lymnea.

L. c. bulimoides, Lea, Pl. IU, | L. cubensis, Pfeiffer, Pl. II,

Fig. 1, Bulimus Lymnea. Fig. 4, Cuban Lymnea.

fa

a

a

ea)

=|

Vi

(Planorbide )

In the hills east of Madrone, Cal., are two pretty
little lakes of great depth set end to end on top of
a high ridge. About them is a dense growth of oaks
and other trees. It is an ideal place to go and spend
the day alone with nature, lounging in the shade,
listening to the birds and myriad insect life, and
watching the ever-changing colors of the forest. One
wonders at the hurry and worry of life. Oh, to live
like the lotus-eaters! Suddenly the fickle sun sets in
a blaze of glory behind the Santa Cruz Mountains.
Five miles to the depot and no supper till you get
home.

In these Twin Lakes occur fine specimens of P/an-
orbis trivolvis, Say, the Three-whorled Planorbis,
Figures 292 and 293, a common species found all
over North America. The shell grows about itself
in a horizontal coil with a flat
umbilicus and depressed spire. It
is over an inch across and marked
by fine growth ridges. Found in
quiet streams, ditches, and lakes.
There are a large number of so- Fig. 292, x 3

310 WiESAE CORSE SEIS

called species including P. ammon,
based on physiological deformations
of this; Fig. 203 is a famly momar
specimen while Fig. 292 is a common
deformation. |

Planorbts opercularis, Gould, the Operculum-like
Planorbis, Plate Il, Figs. 8, 12, is a smalllspemee
with a flat spire, deep narrow umbilicus, and a keel
at the edge of the flattened upper surface. In var.
planulatus, WW. Cooper, Pl. Il, Fig. to; thetkeelars
more blunt and medial. Var. centervillensis, Tryon,
Plate Il, Fig. 9, lacks the keel, but thetsiellijeam
be distinguished from the next species by its deeper
whorls and narrow umbilicus. Found in the Colum-
bia, Klamath, Utah, Nevada, and Coast Range
Systems in streams and lakes.

Planorbis parvus, Say, the Dwarf Planorbis, PI.
If, Fig. 11, is about the same size as, the Vastu
is saucer-shaped, has very compressed whorls, and a
broad umbilicus. Found among alge and roots in
streams and lakes over North America, north of
Mexico.

Fig. 293

(Ancylidea)

Ancylus (Lanx) patelloides, Lea, the Mottled
River-limpet, Pl. II, Fig. 1, (including L. altus and
A. newberryi) is elliptical with a moderately ele-
vated, nearly central apex. It is albino, reddish-
brown, or with radiating markings within. Lives
on rocks and other shells in rapid streams and lakes”
in the Klamath System.

Ancylus fragilis, Tryon, the Fragile River-limpet,

SIGVEIEILS OUP IBA) BUN ID! SID 1e AUIS 311

Pl. II, Fig. 2, is a very small species living on stems
of water plants in the Coast Range System. It is
elliptical, black, and has a high apex at one end.
A distorted second year growth has been called
Gundlachia californica.

Vingyias cautions. Cooper, ily Ty Bist 2siis a
small, elliptical species living in the Columbia Sys-
fcemieele nas been contused with ithe last but’ the
apex 1s not so high and is more central; color hght
or dark, shell glossy.

Newberry’s Keel-shell, Carinifex new-
berry, Lea, Figure 294, is a peculiar Plan-
Orpis-linke species related to the next. Iit
has a nearly flat spire with flat topped
whorls, keeled at the edge. The aperture
is triangular and the umbilicus funnel-shaped. It
grows to over twice the size of the figure. Lives in
lakes and streams in the Utah, Nevada, and Kla-
math Systems.

The Puft-bubble, Pompholyx effusa, Lea, Pl. II,
Mig. 4 hasa thin shell, very low spire, closed or
nearly closed umbilicus and is not carinate. It has
several doubtful varieties which are probably physi-
ological. Inhabits streams and lakes in the Colum-
bia, Klamath, Utah, and Nevada Systems.

Fig. 294, x 3

(Physide )

The genus Physa is one of the most puzzling
of our shells. A great many species have been de-
scribed, and a number are usually recognized. The
writer has recently studied a large series of specimens
trom all over the United States and has decided

S127 WEST ACONS IS ieitinies

that there is but one species, Physa heterostropha,
Say, the American Pocket-shell, Fig. 295, which

, has slightly impressed sutures and a
curved pillar, In the south Giieeme
placed by P. h. osculans, Haldeman,
the Southern Physa, Pl. MG Wiese
which has a straight pillar and im-
pressed sutures. here “are Wagener
many forms some of which are shown in PI. I, Fig.
5, and Pl. ML, Fig. 16, 18. They are die*togaliyer
ological causes. In general specimens from streams
are Slender, while those from lakes usually have a
shorter spire and more inflated whorls. They are
also liable to be distorted and develop shouldering,
irregularities of the whorls, and vertical coste. The
thickness of the shell varies a great deal, for it
depends on whether the snail obtains sufficient lime.
This species is found from Alaska to Central Mexico.
Heterostropha is found in the Columbia, Colorado,
Utah, Nevada and Klamath Systems, while osculans
occurs in the Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and Klamath
Systems, and farther south. Occasionally gece it:

Fig. 295

of each are found beyond their range.

A plexa hypnorum, Linne, the Moss Physa, Fig-
ure 296, differs from the true Physas mostly
in anatomy. The shell is heavy and glossy,
with the spire equal in length to the aper-
ture, and the sutures not impressed. ‘This
is a boreal species, occurring in Eurasia and
Canada and the Columbia, Utah, and
Colorado Systems.

evar, Ile

Fig. 1. Pisidium abditum, Haldeman, (x 2), MReadville,
IMIASS., js aUO,

Fig. 2. Pisidiuim compressum, Prime, (x 2), Mohawk, N. Y.,
p. 306.

Fig. 3. Musculium raymond, J. B. Cooper, (x 2), Likely,
IPine Iie Wellies. (Callen jos silo.

Fig. 4. Margaritana margaritifera, Linné, (x 24), San Lo-
Grenzomiriver,, Kelton, Cal p. 301. .

Fig. 5. Musculium partumeimm, Say, (x 2), Staten Island,
IN, Ws j0s S05: :

Fig. 6. Physa heterostropha, Say, (form known as P. lord),
(X 1), Chelsea, Quebec Province, Canada, p. 312.

PEALE I

ILA, JU

MicwleAnenius (Lana) patellowdes, wea, Gal), Pitt River
above Copper City, Cal. p. 310.

Mice Anavius raciisn ryon, (G92), San Mrancisquito
Creek, Stanford University, Cal., p. 310.

Fig. 3. Ancylus caninus, W. Cooper, (x 2), Umpqua River,
Piktom Ores, pre oil:

Fig. 4. Pompholys effusa, Lea, (x 1), Link River, Klamath
Balllis, Osre.5 js Slate

Fig. 5. Spherium dentatum, Hald., (x 1), Susan Creek,
llomey, Wake Valley, “Cal. p. 305.

Big. 6. Valvata humerahs, Say, (x 2), Wewitte, Honey
Lake Walley, Calls D. S16.

Fig. 7. Anodonta cygnea, Linné, (x 1), Dalles, Columbia
River Orse., p. 302.

Fig. 8. Planorbis opercularis, Gould, (x 2), Mountain Lake,
Saul cameisco, Call p. 309)

Fie. 9 Planorbis opercularis var. centervillensis, ‘Tryon,
Ga) Pesan Milipe, San’ Benton Valley, «Cale, py sl0!

Fig. 10. Planorbis opercularis var. planulatus, Cooper, (x 2),
EreeponimnVasiie ap. oO!

Bic, ll. Planorbis paruuws, Say, (x 1), Artesian Belt near
Same wiose) Cale ap. 310!

Fig. 12. Planorbis opercularis, Gould, (x 2), Mountain Lake,
Sail Iieameiseo, Cel, wo. SiO:

PLAGE, EF

ILA, U0,

Fig. 1. Lymnea cubensis bulimoides, Lea, (x */2), Berke-
lieyy, (Cail qo, si09),

Fig 2. Lymnea cubensis var. cockerell1, Pilsbry, (x */2),
Lake on Cinder Cone, Susanville Road, Lassen National Forest,
Cally pp. 309:

Fig. 3. Lymnea cubensis var. bryjanti, Baker, (x */2), Bards-
dale SantasClara River VialileyaiCal)..p. 309:

Fig. 4. Lymnea cubensis, Pfeiffer, (x °/2), Bardsdale, Cal.,
p. 308.

Fig. 5. Lymnea cubensis var. sonomaensis, Pilsbry, (x */2),
CGimtmatiure specimen) mear Eames Creek, Rocky Plains, Cal.
p. 309.

Fig. 6. Lymnea cubensis var. sancti-josepbm, Wannibal,
(Gue/2)) (type), Artesian Belt; near San Jose, Cali; p. 309:

Fig. 7. Lymnea obrussa, Say, (x */2), Wrights, Santa Cruz
WitisemC@ale, py o08.

Fig, 8 Vivipara malleatus, Reeve, (x 1), Artesian Belt,
Calls (0. GIA

Fig. 9. Goniobasis plicifera, Lea, (physiological form called
G. acutifilosa) (x 1), Springs, upper Willow Creek, near Eagle
iLalke, (Ceillay Sls.

Fig. 10. Gomntobasis plicifera, Lea, (normal form) (x1),
Pames Creel, IR@Clsy Illa, Cell, fo, Sse

Fig. ll. Paludestrina longinqua, Gould, (x2), old gold
Miimes Cuyamacan its. Cale paroles

Fig. 12. Flummnicola seminalis, Hinds, (x1), Klamath River,
Keno Ores) p. 315:

Fig. 13. Ammnicola micrococcus, Pilsbry, (x 2), Fletcher’s
Spring, near Goose Lake> Cal., p. 314.

Fig. 14, 15. Paludestrina protea, Gould, (X 2) (Fig. 14
TOmMal) window Colorado: DWesest. Cal, p. dlls:

Fig. 16. Physa heterostropha osculans, Hald. (physiologi-
cal form called P. humerosa) (x 1), Indio, Colorado Desert,
Cally, We HL

Fig. 17. Physa_ heterostropha osculans, Hald. (normal
form) (x 1) ditches, Artesian Belt, near San Jose, Cal., p. 312.

Pig. 18. Physa heterostropha osculans, Wald., (lake form)
(Gal) ee @intamOcn Gallas pee:

PLATE Il

SIFNEILIGS OR Ie aS) JAINID) Sees 313

THE BROOK SHELLS
(Pleuroceride )

This group, distantly related to the Cerithiums of
the ocean, is found only in North America. Their
creat center is in the Tennessee and Alabama River
Systems where several genera and a great number
of species are found. One genus, Goniobasis, 1s
represented by two species on the Pacific Slope, of
which one is common and widespread.

Gontobasis plicifera, Lea, the Western Brook-
Sigleimes ee tic. 1) is father thin. slender sreen,
brown, or black, with shallow sutures. When per-
fect it is nearly two inches in length, but the spire
is nearly always gone and the hole plugged up so
fenaowGuite a Stumpy appearance. In the normal
form the shell has smooth rounded whorls, but there
are a number of forms decidedly different in appear-
ance which have long passed as distinct species. All
of these the writer has found to be abnormal, due
KOm@nemmresence, Of peertaim mineral salts im ‘the
marenein wihichs they, lives) the: ditterent
forms being due to different salt constitu-
ents. Two of the most striking are figured
imericure 2974 and Pl: Til, Pic. 9:. Phere
are several others. This species includes
G. bulbosa, G. rubiginosa, G. acutifilosa,
G. nigrina, G. draytoni, G. circumlineata,
G. occata, and several others.

Fig. 297

G. plicefera lives in swift streams and springs in
the Columbia and Klamath Systems. Protessor
Keep says, “Their inhabitants are dark-skinned,

314 WESTCOAST =SEIEMIES

happy creatures that love to live im cool@clear
water, where the green alge grow and the banks
are edged with ferns and water-weeds. I gath-
ered them in abundance from a little stream of
most delicious water that bursts out from the base
of a dry hill, just north of the village of Sisson in
northern California. Evidently there are concealed
passages leading from the dry hill up to the great
snow-fields on the flanks of Mount Shasta, for after
you have climbed far up beyond the timber-line and
are walking over the great expanses of white you
can hear the gurgling of little streams under your
feet and you know that the melting drifts are sinking
down into the bosom of the mountain to reappear
among the groves and meadows that mark the boun-
daries of the Upper Sacramento.”

THE LAKE AND FLOOD SHELLS
(dmnicolidea )

These tiny fellows are operculate as are also the
Pleuroceride and succeeding families. They have
a closed or nearly closed umbilicus and are usually
greenish or brownish. Some live in streams and
some in lakes and springs.

Amnicola micrococcus, Pilsbry, the Desert Amni-
cola, Pl. INI, Fig. 12, 1s a small species of thesdeseme
region. It has a chunky green-brown shell with
inflated whorls and a closed umbilicus. It is about
the size of a capital O» Found! in springsampies
Nevada System.

Paludestrina longinqua, Gould, the Western Palu-
destrina, ‘Pl. JI], Fig. 11, 1s. about the sizeqenes

SHeUe ILI) OUI IES) INA) TS ADI AILS) 315

small o and has a more elevated spire than the pre-
ceding; sutures impressed. It lives in springs, lakes
and mountain streams in the Klamath, Nevada,
Utah, Coast Range, Los Angeles and Arizona Sys-
femiss ley stearnscana and ?mztalor, are identical.
They were founded on live specimens while P. /on-
génqua was described from bleached specimens from
the Colorado Desert, possibly distorted by alkali
waters.

Paludestrina protea, Gould, the Variable Palu-
desma, el Iii, Figs: 14 and 15, is well named.
It is about the same size but always more slender
than the last, sometimes attenuate. It is normally
smooth, but forms from alkaline springs and lakes
are often spirally ridged, vertically plaited or both.
On the Colorado Desert in Southern California, the
white bleached shells of this species blow before the
wind in countless millions. In former times this
desert was the bed of a large lake. The species must
have swarmed in it. Found in lakes and hot springs
in the Utah, Nevada, and Arizona Systems, also
Mexico and New Mexico.

The Tawny Flood-shell, Flaménicola
fusca, Hald., Figure 298, is about the size
oi a-pea. It has a short spire and the
Shell is quite solid and a dark bluish black. 5;,. a6
Found in streams in the Utah System.

Fluminicola seminalis, Hinds, the Brown Flood-
shell, Pl. II], Fig. 12, is a thinner green-brown spe-
cies found in similar situations in the Klamath
System. It has a more elevated spire.

Figure 299 represents Fluminicola nuttalliana,

316 WES COASi SSE EES

Lea, Nuttall’s Flood-shell. It is a more
slender species than either of (tne some
ceding; yellow-brown or dark colored.
Fie.g99 ‘Edabitat similar; found in the Columbia
System.

THE VALVE SHELLS
(Valvatide )

This group contains the single genus Valvata.
They have small, umbilicate shells with rounded or
angular whorls of a green, pellucid, or brown color
and live in lakes and ponds.

Valvata virens, Tryon, the Green Val-
vata, Figure 200, is a species found in the
Coast, Mange ‘System. It is light tov dank
green with a fairly high spire and a deep _
rather narrow umbilicus. The whorls are” **
rounded and smooth.

Valvata humeralis, Say, the Western Valvata,
Pl. II, Fig. 6, is blue-green or brown. It is smooth,
somewhat flattened beneath, has a broad umbilicus
and a flat-topped somewhat elevated spire. Found
all over the West Coast and in Mexico. According
to Dr. Pilsbry the form on the Pacific Coast south
to Sonora should be known as Valvata humerales
californica, Pils.

THE VIVIPAROUS SHELLS
(Viviparide )
This group of large shells is not native on the

Pacific Slope, but is found in the Eastern States
and Eurasia, and one species has been introduced.

SJEUBILILS OUP IL NISIES AUNED) SIRI A UME oil7)

The young are born alive as in the Spheride instead
of developing from eggs.

Vivipara malleatus, Reeve, the Four-lined Vivi-
Barae or Japanese Wice-snail, Pl. 1M, Fie. 8, is a
large species which has been planted for food,
at many places where there are Asiatic settlements
on the Coast. Its flourishing progeny are by birth
American citizens, and so we must consider them.
The shell has green or brown inflated whorls, marked
by four revolving lines of minute punctures, two
above, one at, and one below the suture. In juvenile
specimens the whorls are carinate but in adults they
are rounded. It is known so far in ditches and
streams in the Coast Range System but has been
reported from the markets of Victoria, B. C. Japan.

FALSE SHELLS

Among the material gathered by young collectors
are often small bivalve crustacea, Phyllopods and
Copepods which when dead greatly resemble Spheeri-
de. To see them swimming around when alive will
soon convince one they are not mollusks. The shells
are very thin and made of chitin which will burn
readily. This is a simple way to distinguish them.
Caddice-fly larve often make spiral nests of sand
grains. The great Doctor Lea once described one
ot these as V’alvata arenifera.

This closes the descriptions of the most puzzling
of our West American shells. To some they may
not be of interest because they are so plain, so vari-
able, so near at hand, and so little known; but to

318 WEST COAST ]SlBLiES

those who have the true scientific spirit they are just
as interesting as the marine and land forms and
more is to be learned about them. The writer will
be glad to undertake to identify material sent to him
at Stanford University, Cal.

Plate I is from drawings by the writer. Plates
II and III are trom photographs by Mr. John
Howard Paine, who made a number of fine concho-
logical finds while dredging in San Pedro Harbor.
They speak for themselves. The writer would ac-
knowledge his indebtedness to Protessor Keep for
the privilege of contributing to his excellent book.

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

Apams, ArtHUR (A. Ad.). A _ distinguished
English student and writer. One of the authors of
the celebrated work on “Genera of Recent Mol-
lusca,” published about fifty years ago.

ApaMs, Pror. Cuarves B. (C. B. Ad.). 1814-
1863. Professor of Natural History in Amherst Col-
lege, Mass. He was an extraordinary worker, and
collected a very fine cabinet of shells, still preserved
at that college. He wrote chiefly on the shells of
Panama, which region he carefully explored.

ARNOLD, RaipH, 1875—. A California geologist
who has written extensively on fossil and recent
shells.

BartscuH, Paur, 1871—. A writer upon modern
shells, mostly the smaller species. He is connected
with the National Museum at Washington, D. C.

Binney, Amos, 1803-1847. He was a native of
Boston, but died in Rome. He was a successful
merchant and an ardent lover of nature. He wrote
chiefly on the Land Shells of the United States, and
left money for the publication and distribution of his
unfinished works, which were completed by Dr.
Gould.

Binney, W.G., (W. G. B.). Son of the above,

and author of a volume on ‘American Land

Shells.”’

320 BIOGRAPPUCATE UNDIiEN

Buianp, THomas. A _ naturalist of New York,
who gave much attention to species of land mol-
lusks.

Broperip, Wo. J., (Brod.). An English natural-
ist who published several popular works on Zodlogy,
from: S47 fo) 1857.

Button, Frep. L., 1856—. An Oakland, Cal.,
lawyer, who is much interested in Conchology, and
who has a very fine cabinet of shells.

CaRPENTER, Puitip P., (Cpr.) 1819-1877. A
very distinguished English conchologist who spent
considerable time in America. He studied the shells
of the West Coast, and made careful reports to the
British Association, one of which was reprinted by
the Smithsonian Institution in 1872.

CHemnitz, (Chem.). A German naturalist of
the 18th century.

CocxkERELL, T. D. A., 1866—. An enthusiastic
naturalist; born in England; now a professor in the
University of Colorado.

Conrap, Timorny A.; 1803-1877. — A a@ie
tinguished American writer upon recent and fossil ©
shells. He was born in New Jersey.

Cooper, Dr. J. G., 1831-1902. A noted Cali-
fornia conchologist and writer who made a particu-
lar study of land mollusks.

Dati, Wo. H., 1845—. One of the foremost of
American naturalists. He has long been at the .
head of the Department of Mollusks in the U. S.
National Museum.

DesHayes, GERARD P., (Desh.), 1796-1875. <A

BIOGR Me EMC ANE EN Dix 321

French naturalist whose publications date from 1835
onward.

Dixon, Carr. Gro, An English sea captain,
who published in 1789 an account of his voyage
around the world.

D’Orsicny, (D’Ors.), 1802-1857. <A French
naturalist and writer upon mollusks.

Donovan, Epwarp, (Don.). A very volumi-
Hows nelish writer on imsects, ‘shells, ete. He
lived in the early part of the last century.

DraPpaRNaupD, Pror. Jagurs, (Drap.), 1772-
1806. His writings were chiefly upon the land and
fresh-water mollusks of France.

Ductos, (Ducl.). A French naturalist who flour-
ished in the middle of the 19th century.

EscuscHoutz, (Esch.). The distinguished nat-
uralist who accompanied the Russian explorer, Otto
von Kotzebue, from 1815 to 1826. He visited this
coast and collected valuable scientific material.

Forses, Pror. Epwarp, (Fbs.), 1815-1854. An
English scholar and writer. With Hanley, he pub-
lished in 1853 the ‘History of British Mollusks.”

Gass, W. M., 1839-1878. A noted American
naturalist; at one time paleontologist for the Cali-
fornia State Geological Survey.

GMELIN, JOHANN F., (Gmel.), 1709-1755. A
German professor at Tubingen. He edited an edi-
tion of Linné’s Systema Nature.

Gou tp, Dr. A. A., (Gld.), 1805-1866. He was
a native of New Hampshire, but spent most of his
life in Boston, in the practice of his profession, yet

322 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

he tound time to write much upon Natural History,
particularly upon mollusks. His advice to a young
naturalist who had more enthusiasm than riches is
full of golden thoughts: ““You must go ahead and
earn your living, and use your leisure for study,
as I have done, only don’t wait for the leisure to be
greater; do something, if but little every day; other-
wise, when wealth or age give you greater leisure,
your interest will have faded and your opportunity
will be gone.”

Gray, JoHNn E., 1800-1875. For nearly fifty
years he was connected with the British Museum,
and finally became its keeper. He wrote valuable
catalogues of the same.

Hatpeman, Pror. 8. S., .(Hald.). Boma
Penn. in 1812. He became a distinguished writer
and teacher. His writings on mollusks refer chiefiy
to fresh-water species. He wrote also upon philol-
ogy.

Han tey, Sytvanus, (Hanl.). An English nat-
uralist, associated with Prof. Forbes.

Hempuiti, Henry, 1830—. A student and col-—
lector of mollusks, particularly of this coast and of
Florida. He has probably collected more speci-
mens than any other man now living. He is spend-
ing his old age with his daughter, in Oakland.

Hinps, Ricuarp B., (Hds.). The English nat-
uralist, who accompanied Sir Edward Belcher on
his voyage round the world, in “H. M. S. Sulphur,”
from 1836 to 1842.

IncERsOLL, Ernest. Naturalist of the U. S.

BlO GRAM ERIC Aly GN Di 323

Geological Survey of the Territories, under Prof.
Hayden.

Peay save, Wl) D2)1702-1886. Dr. ea‘s an-
cestors came over from England with William
Penn. Most of his life was spent in Philadelphia,
where he was connected with a large publishing
house. His writings are very voluminous, relating
chiefly to the Unzonzda, or River Mussels. |

Lracu, Dr. Wm. E.~ Curator of the Natural
History Department of the British Museum, during
the early part of the last century.

Linne, or Linnarus, Carr von, (Linn.), 1707-
1778. The great Swedish naturalist and author of
the modern system of scientific nomenclature. His
early life was full of difficulties, but when he became
professor of Botany at the University of Upsal, his
department soon became filled with eager students.
He wrote many valuable works, and received great
honors.

MacFarranp, Frank M., 1869—. A profes-
sor in Stantord University, whose special work upon
mollusks is with the sea-slugs, or Nudibranchs.

Meek, F. B., 1817-1876. A naturalist whose
work was largely with fossil shells, especially those
of California.

Merriam, Pror. Joun C., 1869—. A dis-
tinguished geologist and teacher, connected with the
University of California. His special work is with
vertebrate fossils.

Mippenporr, Dr. A. Tu. v., (Midd.), 1815-
1894. An early scientific writer upon the shells

324 BLO GRAPH GAs NED ISX

of this coast. His reports were published in St.
Petersburg, from 1847 onward.

Morcu, Orro A. L., 1828-1878. Part oigis
writings, on the Vermet?d@, were published in Lon-
don in 1861.

Morst, Pror. Epwarp 8. A _ distinguished
Eastern writer upon Zodlogy. He was born in
Maine, in 1838. |

Newcoms, Dr. Westey, (Newc.), 1808-1892.
An American naturalist and collector of one of the
finest cabinets of shells in the country. It is now
at Cornell University. He once lived and explored
in the Hawaiian Islands and in California.

Nutrat1, Pror. Tuos., (Nutt.), 1786-1850
His birth and death both occurred in England, but
he spent most of his life in America, being Professor
of Natural History in Harvard College from 1822
to 1834. Many shells were named for him by his
contemporary, Timothy A. Conrad.

Oxrproyp, Mr. and Mrs. T.S. Noted concholog-
ical collectors and students, living at Long Beach,
Cal. Their beautiful collection of shells will be —
permanently located in Los Angeles.

Orcutt, Cuas. R. A naturalist and writer, who
has studied extensively in the vicinity of San Diego
and northern Mexico.

PFeIFFER, Louis, (Pfr.). A German concholo-
gist of note, author of numerous works published
from 1847 onward.

Puitippr, R. A., 1808-1904. Another German
naturalist, who lived to a great age.

© Gike lhe Avera Np) xe 325

Pinspry, Henry A., 1862—. An eminent
conchologist, connected with the Academy of Na-
tural Sciences in Philadelphia, and living author of
the ‘““Manual of Conchology,”
Tryon.

Prime, Temprie. An American naturalist who
studied the smaller fresh-water bivalve mollusks.
His chief work was published by the Smithsonian
Institution in 1860.

Raymonp, Pror. Wm. J., 1865—. A teacher
of Physics in the University of California, who is
also an authority on the mollusks of this coast.

Reeve, Lovett A., (Rve.), 1808-1865. A Lon-
don author and publisher of extensive and beautiful
conchological works.

Rowe tt, Rev. JosepH. An aged clergyman of
San Francisco, who has described several new
species, and who has collected a fine cabinet of shells.

Say, [Homas, 1787-1843. One of the earliest
and most distinguished of American naturalists, a
native of Philadelphia. His work had a most health-
ful influence on the cause of scientific investigation.

STEARNS, Rost. E. C., 1827-1909. <A noted
conchologist, spending his early lite in Boston, but
most of his mature years in California. | He wrote
many articles upon shells, and continued his interest
in the subject to the close of his life.

Sow ERBY, Gro. B., (Sby. or Sowb.). Three genera-
tions of English conchologists and conchological ar-

which was begun by

tists bore this name. They were born respectively

iN 1763, 1812, and 1843.

326 BIOGRAT EM CATE, aiNIDE

Swainson, Witriiam. An. English naturalist,
author of ‘Exotic Conchology,” published in Lon-
don, 1821-1835.

Tryon, Geo. W. Jr., 1838-1888. An American
conchologist, author of the first few volumes of the
“Manual of Conchology,” and of other important
works. He lived in Philadelphia, and was a
prominent member of the Academy of Natural
Sciences.

VALENCIENNES, (Val.). A French naturalist,
living during the first half of the last century.

Woop, Witiiam. A London author and Natural
History. book-seller. He published many books on
shells, from 1818 onward.

GLOSSARY

Pace
AppuctTor, a muscle to draw shells together ... 22
APERTURE, the opening of a univalve shell..... 119
ivy, 4 mollusk with two shells........... 20
BracHiopop, a peculiar animal with two shells,
sometimes classed with the molliisks.).:..-. 12
DR eNeHIAT. Telatine to the gills 3.3.0... ...... Da
Byssus, a bundle of fibers, for anchoring....... 28
Canute channel or tube of a shellte 2... 2: 119
CaARNIVEROUS, flesh-eating, like the Murex..... 119
Cuiton (ki-ton), a flat mollusk having eight
Binns arn Oh aah eG e MN Smee ag 252
Conumpuna. the central post of ashelly.)). . 119
CORALLINE, a small, stony seaweed, resembling
OMe eta A HATIAS, AEs cng. heme in URN Noe, ql
CorpaTE, heart-shaped, like the Cardium..... 72
Wormcrous, touch and leathery. .90.. 0.0.07. 295
CorRvicATEDimMarked witli nid esi. isu. sos 4) 105
‘CRENULATED, marked with small scallops..... oc
DiEeiRan, Openines onthe ment side. . 2... 0. 119
EPIDERMIS, the outside coating of a shell...... 22
Escurcueron, the depression behind the beaks
GHeCent aimolvaueseunn cc Line GAR LRT So
HONMALDEHYDE, apreservative uid... ...... 141
FusirorM, spindle-shaped, pointed at both ends. 119
GAS TEROPOD. a-cnall=likemolluski. wo. ke. 11s

Gio Nisa) ar OUto) Oi simmillleir Ss PeOIES a cia. uk ie 60

328 GLOSSARY

Grozose, round and tulll, like a globe) se 55
GLocuipiuM, the young stage of a river-mussel . 301
GROWTH-STRIAE, lines of growth on the shell. . .205
HerBIvERous, vegetable-eating, like the com-

mon snail) w.0e8 2s... 4). ee 119
HINGE-TEETH, interlocking projections on cer-

tain’ bivalveshells. |... ... 0. =e 22,
Ho prast, the root-like parts of a seaweed....101

IRIDESCENT, showing the colors of the rainbow. 224
LicaMENT, the elastic tissue at the hinge, which

holds bivalve shells together: >. 7 =. saan 22
Lunvures, a heart-shaped depression...) ae 22
Mo tusk, one of a great class of invertebrate

animnaalise ly a CS ee 9
Nacrg, iridescent shell, like mother-of-pearl. . .232
Nut ipore, a kind of small, stony seaweed... .219
NvupIBRANCH, a mollusk with naked gills...... 123
OpercuLuM, the door of a univalve shell...... Pio,
Paviium, the skin, or mantle, of aanollusk=eeeee
Prevecypop, a bivalve mollusk, with ribbon-like

gills, a lamellibranch<:. 22: 2.4 727 eee 20
PERIOSTRACUM, the outer coating of a shell.... 23
PERIsTOME, the tim of a shell’s aperture) yee 287
RETICULATED, marked with net-work......... 129
RuHINOPHORES, certain sense-organs, probably of

smell ~ oo). 1 Tle eee ela Se 5 125
SERRATIONS, ridges resembling saw-teeth..... 41
DINISTRAE, Openmeon the leitside.. aaa 264.
SINUS, andunwarndeurve.Ob bay... 1) ae 2
SipHON, the breathing tube of a mollusk...... 2A

SPECIES, a distinct type of organisms.,,...... 14

GLOSS ARN 329

DSEMEROIDAL, somewhat like a sphere......... 283
SHRCAE me Parallel limes or turrows.......... 144
SuTurRg, the angular meeting line of two whorls. 119
TENTACLES, the two feelers of a mollusk...... 125
Umgpiticus, the hole round which the whorls of
mnuigzalvenshelll TevOlVes. ac. ede ace. 119
Wmso, the beak of a bivalve shell..... Teh eae pie)
Wires. amollusk with ome shell:......... 118
WAI SUDCIVISION OF a/SPECIES............ 283
VarIx, a periodically formed ridge or variation. 191
VENTRICOSE, Swollen, well developed......... Q7

Wampum, shell-money, used by the Indians. . . 126
WHor1L, one complete turn around a shell..... 119

APPENDIX

Note. This d/phabetical List contains the
names of small or uncommon shells which occur on
this Coast, most of which are not described in this
edition of West Coast Shells. It was chiefly com-
piled by Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd.

Acanthochiton diegensis, Pils.
Acmea patina, var. nuttallina
ochracea, Dall.
pintadina, Gld.
scutum, Esch.
Acmea pelta, var. elevata
COGKOS, JOSEN
hybrida, Hemphill
nacellotdes, Dall.
Acmea scabra, var. limatula, Cpr.
morchz, Dall
pecta, Hemphill
Acteon painet, Dall |
Adeomelon stearnsi?, Dall
“Esopus myrmecoon, Dall.
Alabina californica, Dall and Bartsch
certthotdea, Dall
tenurscul pta, Cpr.
tenursculpta, var. déegensis, Bartsch
Alexia setifer, Cpr.
Alvania purpurea, Dall
Amphisphyra subquadrata, Cpr.

332 APPEND EX

Amophithalamus inclusus, Cpr.
Ancylus newberr yt
Asthenotherus villostor, Cpr.
Bythinella nuclea, Lea
Bitteum acicula, Stimp.
armillatum, var. ornatisstmum, Bartsch
esuriens, var. multifilosa, Bartsch
Omar, Gore
munitum, var. munitoides, Bartsch
oldroydi, Bartsch
Boreotrophon bentley, Dall
Caecum cooper, Cpr.
hemphdllz, Stearns
magnum, Stearns
Callistochtton decoratus, Cpr.
Cerithiopsis carpenter?, Bartsch
connexa, Cpr.
cosmia, Bartsch
metaxe@, Cooper
pedroana, Bartsch
stephans?, Bartsch
Cardium fucanum, Dall
Circenarta transfuga, Hemp.
affinis, Dall
Clathurella canfieldz, Dall
sculpta, Dall
Clestaxts polystrigma, Dall
Columbella carinata, var. hindsiz, Rve.
petravis, Dall
Conulus fulvus, Muller
Crassatella fluctuata, Cpr.

ie lela JN IDID< 333

Crenella affinis, Dall
Crepidula nivea, var. glottidiarum, Dall
Cry ptobranchia concentrica, Midd. |
Cuspidaria obesa, Lov. —
pectinata, Cpr.
striata, Jeff.
Cyclostrema diegensis, Bartsch
Cyclostremella californica, Bartsch
Cythara densestriosa, Cpr.
fusconotata, Cpr.
Daphnella fuscoligata, Dall
Dentalium carpenterianum, Dall
| megathyris, Dall
valicolens, Raymond
Diaphana californica, Dall
Descinisca strigata, Brod.
Epitonium acrostephanus, Dall
cataline, Dall
Erato mangeria, Mke.
Eulima lowana, Dall
randolphi, Van.
solitaria, C.B.Ad.
Gtbbula optabilis, Cpr.
Gontobasis silicula, Gld.
Heltcella ventricosa, Drap.
Ischnochiton béiarcuatus, Dall
scabricosta, Cpr.
Kennerlia filosa, Cpr.
Lacuna unifasciata, var. aurantica, Cpr.
Lasaea rubra, var. subviridés, Cpr.
Leda cuneata, Hanley

334 APPENDIX

Lepidopleurus nexus, Cpr.
oldroydz, Bartsch
Leptothyra paucicostata, var. rubra, Dall
Limnea atkana, Dall
desidtosa, Say
Lithophagus attenuatus, Desh.
Littorina grandis, Midd.
Liostraca varians, Sby.
Lunatia draconis, Dall
pallida, Brod. & Sby.
Lyonsia inflata, Conr.
nitida, Conr.
Mangilia painez, Dall
fanchere, Datl
Malletia californica, Dall
Margarita lirulata, var. subelevata, Cpr.
pupilla, var. salmonea, Cpr.
Menetus opercularis, Gld.
Metaxta diadema, Bartsch
Mitra dolorosa, Dall
lowei, Dall
Microphysa tngersolli, Bland
Mtralda californica, D. & B.
Modiolus demtssus, Dillwyn
Mopalia imporcata, var. lowe?, Bartsch
muscosa, var. acuta, Cpr.
Murex painez, Dall
Myoforceps aristatus, Dillwyn
Odostomia atossa, Dall
(Miralda) armata, Cpr.
(Chrysallida) cincta, Cpr.

APPENDIX

oldroydi, D. & B.
inflexa, D. & B.
Parthenia quinguecincta, Cpr.
Patula cronkhitez, Newc.
chiricahuana, var. ashmuni, Dall
Pedzpes liratus, Binney
Periploma sulcata, Dall
Pecten whiteavesi, Dall
Physa sparststriata, Tryon
bardi
traskt, Tryon
virgata, Gld.
Pholadidea sagittata, Stearns
Pesedtum equilateratus, Prime
Phastanella compta, var., producta, Cpr.
Planorbis borealis
deflectus, Say
executus, Say
oregonensis, Lea
Polygyra sanborni
devius, var. binominatus, Tryon
blandi, Hemp.
calus, Hemp.
cognatus, Hemp.
navadensis, Stearns
Psephidia salmonea, Cpr.
Pupa columbiana, Sterki
Rissotna exilés, Tryon
oldroydt, Dall
Rochefortia tumida, Cpr.
Scésstlabra dalli, Bartsch

335

336 APPENDIX

Scala berry2z, Dall
clathratula, Ad.
sawine, Dall
Sela montereyensis, Bartsch
Serridens oblongus, Cpr.
Semele incongrua, Cpr.
S¢phonaria vernalis, Dall
Solariella unda, Dall
Sphenia californica, Conr.
Spisula alaskana, Dall
Styliferina acicula, Stimp.
tenuisculpta, Cpr.
Tachyrynchus californicus, Cpr.
Terebratalia obsoleta, Dall
Thracia plicata, Conrad
Tornatina recta, D’Orb.
Trachydermon flectens, var. montereyensis, Bartsch
Trichotropis kelsey, Dall
Tritonofusus kelsey?, Dall
Turbonilla auricoma D. & B.
crebrifiliata, Cpr.
gracilior, C. B. Ad.
lowei, D. & B.
morchi, D. & B.
‘kelseyi, D. & B.
panamensis, C. B. Ad.
serre, DD. & B.
stearnstt, D. & B.
simpsoni, D. & B.
tenuicula, Gld.

APPENDIX

Turris catalina, Raymond
diaulax Dall
halcyonis, Dall
rhines, Dall
Valvata mergella, Westerlund
Vermetus squamigerus, var. pennatus, Morch
Vitrea arborea, Say
Vitrinella alaskensis, Bartsch
berry?, Bartsch
complanata, Cpr.
Stearns?, Bartsch
Yoldia ensifera, var. plena, Dall
Zonites lansing?, Bland
shepard?, Hemphill

stearnsi, Bland

337

PREATMUMIDA ps. o-s--
cngonata ......
lapilloides .....

lugubris

Sweaty | ss 8s
INGieae. 2 2. eso
2Siiiih aaa ee
@epicta 6.5...
MMECESS Ae oe ekg ss
MMS HOTS p ee.
TOC: eee eae

DErSOmel © Seema s X
SGairan hee
Specumtiiia 4.5...

triangularis

PMGUCCOME 2 he oe ws
DAMMNEH «oc. es) sss

punctocelatus

Agia (= ame
Heaicevtal 2. eye:
Steyalitian cl. ee

PN esata eek ck ieee.

Aimalitiear 0 0. 2:
Zliol{CUGHLUNAS Wala pial
GuaMlOlGdes, wa ana.
(rGinaverme! Sig ely a alate

/A\ ai AOS ee Ce
eallOSar Bernese nts

/NTTUICCTRUE a oe aes
AUS II, Seles hale

AomMiCOla, aden as

micrococcus

PAWMIpINNSSay ei ciereine
DLCOlOT sie.
COU cata eee
uC tetas cre Nauta
WEKSIGOLOM ac ok

Ampullina

DUGOUner eM walS

Anaplocamus

INDEX

DORIS cooseoo
INMEMMUS: 556605505
Al HU Si ways tis Sse:
CABINS sc oc000
HPACINS. Son 6 oe

newberryi
patelloides

INTERMOS 34 noe 50 Be
ODEWStIS ya aes

Anisodoris

MOONS coodpbos
IMBOGONE) Saeegoce

beringiana

californiénsis
QUE. AoSoeooe
TIN OWEEEL G5 08000

nuttalliana
oregonésis

wahlameténsis
JNIMOMONA, oslo coo0n0 00
HATADES eine iseieees

peruviana
Aphallarion

DUttOniN sees
PSDIES AN, plecb nase chee

hypnorum

Aplysia; mises

cealif6rnica

ING Gacy Case ee eet cic

multicostata

mutabilis
reticulata
Archidoris

montereyensis

Arctoscala

Argobuccinum

oregonénse
Argonauta

DaACIICd, Sages tan 2
DMin(oOlbhen se hae a oe

californicus

columbianus

hemphilli

TMGEL. tyne

Ashmunélla ..... (

ASIMGMNM cooogce :
Chitaicaliimancane:
Levictiein aan nee
pseudodonta ..
PMGVSSA Sdbcenoe
INS tainbeNy tits ene
AIASIKEMISIS ce eos
SSaitimnmallitsiae ree
DOA GSEaee ne
GEIMICOS, coccoc
JENSSBS2 Oe na OAM na ap a
Ince GtlalliiSh eee ae
INGOSA so onoscs
pA Lee ee
OllchtOyGlit boec se
Axtiea ee
intermédia ...
ITMOPSIS eee
SemlGAuu SNe
WAN CiIGU IS eos tomy at
YN SSTTARCIC MS trie ee ed
Batulayconanes sre.
carpenteriana

GAOT, cao se 132
Keepy Sickran cues 132
Steammsiania: sre

AVON), Gs. ‘
Belial a. .erciarecnaees
Benimoaisy loose

crebricostatus

HRIGLET. cee

kennicottli .....
lsrintéehet Pe ore ce. 2

armiufera
Binme ya. ode. ess

TMOLADNIS = ee welsh
Bitaiinmiacnn < «eke

GSUMIENS cc en cn

HIGS Ut << etn

quadrifilatum
Boreotrophon

340
SACHS aes eee NZ
SEMAN TIS Ns aa ee 72
SIUIAREIS wave cateaes 72
Baccimuani = 23s ane 147
Neieaehiad 44 4 - 147
oullenioiimn 45 «2: 147
castaneum ..... 147
percrassum 147
PICCHU ae ee 148
tricarinatum .148
Wiheolenan 2 4b |) 149
Bulan ser ee WZ
Souldianad per 5. 122
Gadultiss = eee 27
aDeLLaAnisy) = eee 127
Me pl tite Waser 127
quadrifissus m7,
tOlimiet As a 27,
CGzectinn i 4. ceive! 200
californicum . 200
crebricinctum ..200
Galiistochitoneems .257
ChaSsiCOsStauliswen 1257,
ramos: 5 5 bees 257,
palmulatus n257)
Gallvostoma sae" 228
annulatum .228
canaliculatum ..229
COStAGui He aeee 229
gemulatum 1230
COmOSvieN 4.64 - 230
Plating ge 232
Splenaenmciee: wee 233

supragranosum. . 230

ticolOt, eo eewree aay
(iblielorhcnebaa). 4 5 455 2 252
variegatum Zoi
Calyptogena 2s 58
PAciiCa sen ete 58
Cally pticeay ei ae 207
agewaawlllevens 6. =o. 207
Cancellaria — 22a: 136
COOPER Wa ee 136
Ceawiordiana, 5.137
middendorffiana.137
Capuiltis ewe Buse 209
californicus 209
Gardimmine seer ID
biangulatum 73
bland: 7. 4. e 718)

{NVEX

californiénse

183
Cilitatuaais 5 eee 73
comoxeénse 5 IS
COMRDIS) wit de WE
SlAtutiie bates ee 74
HUCamni oe. ae 73
imomeMlt - 40954. TS;
pseudofossile .. 73

quadrigenarium. 74

Gareaittas ies ae 57
subquadrata 57
Cariniiex: — 45 pe Sila
Mew DErnyiny se Silat
Cary chitin ue 128
Sx Mt: ee 128
occidentale =~... 1128
Gavolinian ta 127,
idem tale sees 127,
Cenithidea es. 198
californica 198
hyporhyssa 199
pull aia eee 199
Cenitmopsicn sane. 194
HuLpUneagle ee 195
tuberculata . 194
Genostoma eae 170
Cheetopletrae. 44. 256
Semimedy aes 256
Gham wel. 70
SxO Myra eee 71
pellucida ia. 70
SPM OSar ne eee 7A
Ghione Wo Hepes 3 79
MCHC ee 80
SUCEINCtalal fae 8)
undatella 4.0.5.4 80
Chlamydoché neh. 6?
ORC Ube: Se 62
Chilotrostoma, 254:
Chrysodomus ....120
A mtantuasd os. 149
GataS5 fn Bias ols 149
Welinettris cinta a hs 150
icatus ae ees 150
fat AOU Se |e eee esl
DlaGeniceits =... - 15
Cigeinania, se ee 265
Clementiae 2a aene. 81
CGhdiophoray woe. 112
PUNCHAtae see h2

Cochlicopa, aaaae 292
lubrica’ 2: eee 292
Columbellaai=aaeee 163
AU bailtldCl 164
Carinata ee 163
chrysalloidea 164
Salisapata eee 163
permodeésta 164
tuberosaupee eer 164
Conus: 2 sae 130
californicus . 130
Cooperellaa 98
scintilleférmis.. 98
subdiaphana ... 98
Corbula” 5 ae 98
luiteola.“.-- aaa 98
Crassatella: sss 61
Mareinac= ae 61
Crenéllas = 23a 39
decussatas ee 39
Crepidulay 2a 207
aculeata eee 209
aduncas _ ee 207
dorsatal ee 209
lesson) eee 209
navicelloides ...207
nivea oe 207
onyx. \. eee 207
fug@Sa =e 207
Cricibultin’ : eee 206
SPiNOStHt. —4e ee 206
Cryptochiton .261
stéllern Shee 261
Cryptodon)) =e 65
Cryptomyane eee 100°
caliionnicalaaeee 100

. Cimingiay eee 97
Calitornicayeee 97
Cylichna: =e 121
alba! .\.oe ee 121
Cymatitnie: ae 189
corrugatum 189
tremperl eee 189
Cyprea’ eee 192
spadicea a aaeee 192
Cytheréa. <. eee 78
ford! 2: 78
Dentalinm: Sones 126
indianorum ...126

neohexagonum .126

tN DEX 341

preciosum ..... WG? rmendSkity, yan BM eCWICGIEN, See ee 129
Scmmmonium~: 221220 ~ lryonl 2.2.-4.). P26r \GAleruisy ay iiaae a: 207
semistriatum ..126 UGH, esa PGi" Gini, esa here 84
Diplodonta ...... 66 tim tlicatia Zoo Semin ee tee a4
Mlewitica: ©... 22: Go) pitominm sate [S27 ee PUlMnea, evr 85
Crea. oe. 66 © wellascaaiisa 14 Gilolowlley oe ce5 co 6 234
Doma 86.5.3, 7, = MO RealiGn eee IS2 Carmela wees cs. 239
californica ..... V7 Che iRiCOstattiian mlS4s epak clpleta yan 234
levaieata... +... C7 JahanGl Hit lao to mone 1A? SUCCIACE ban ote 234
IDOSiiiz) ee 7 NG Lan Otte Sole ClOuLidea asi: 19
pomlderosa ..... 75 AL Ow. Mn aoe 194 ZNO 5 bs oltcene 19
IDicilia,) ae 14 eecoltmbella a eeelO4 Gly cymierisn saaeer 29
empyrosia ..... 135 WAneelibomMal es a he 194 interméedia .... 29
isa ee (25 VE ry. ciiaumemaeery 62ZiGilyprostoman yaa Zor,
iimemnais: 82... 134 COMMDGESSE 6 400% 62 newberryanum. .287
MMOCStae 245. n60. 134 OGM eo diolo.o x 62 (GOmGiA 5esncac6- 304
pemicililata +... SA adenine tee eee 185. araeqnlleta 255 oe 304
OOSAM Me Sho 134 GUSWOIREA, 5 secs 1S5 Gomoowasis . 25.5318
RWSIS: 7 heen LOSteemetalleatan cee WSs > aceKamlosey 5 65. ols
Calmniognietis: 9.4105. incurva ....... ISS lowllbOSe! Go c6566 313
Emtodésma ....... 111 MUMCATNS. « By sw eo. 185 circumlineata ..313
Mittens Shee ws ltl Tetulea Lee oe 5 Glrakyaromin Ss b.doe 3 313
SaxMCOla wo. <6, LUO Ray Glin rons een ISG. y MSM koa be oe SI)
Bpiplicacmophora. 2/5 Eunaticina ...-... DNB BrOCeatan 5 ee Sule
Mein 8... ZS Oe Oldion: cit ee ZIGe eplichtera. eet 313
AIPOSE ae eee 237 eetssacia ier ZO7 a atl ieinOSameaneee 313
aye ctatia, |... 4... Zod ee stibeyiinditcae a2 207 Gamdlachitalysaase. 311
MI EONIy Pac ciea ce - Dy7 Wises o.oo 6 6 DEO) Gallinkonenl@a 305 3 311
Calla >. pss Seana GG SNM 5 bao 250). (Gayieinmcevan Yes coe 190
californiénsis ..283 WOMCETO oso nos o 249 californicum ...190
Gaipentenh ..... Zr iEiscunellideeal wee eae blialtotis: ..sa0 nee
Gincuimeakinata .278 Eissuridea ~...-. 250 ASSimanlhiy Gs oa an 6 246
GoHoOradoensisy ..Z2ol, aspera’ es... ...- DO) Corbet Boss. 246
COmenadlcostce y2oo |. MlUGiNan ese ook 250 cracherdédii ....245
diabloensis’ ....284 Fluminicola ..... 315 NKR MY MA Ree wed
TUMeMeno tans e279) MhiSCamus poy. solo Siw@antea ..o4ss. 247
Sia ei. 1. aeecol MUthAllianaeee osoLo FUESCeNS” ©. sue 244
TANG La eee ae 285 Semuimalise manne volo walallénsis ....244
HMGEIHSY aos yess 2) IRORSENIDIS. . an wo ek 2G lllallicny lisse 240
SIIB) Mee ROS nee Zoo elenestrauuisy as ne0o” pupoldes) sac 240)
Rilebrandin meert7 ObLUSUS Uos.o.. AUG? Eleimimear ns «Geen eee
Mutat. os DE 7e MO Rleleiay © 08 ance. 17 vwesicula ..<...5. 122
MEET CISA) soe eee Paimallt See dasa 7 virescens ...... 123
IReUIEttIO A ocak PS OMMLOUSimUSH mee Gas [A efelise eens ote
MOvMOnUMn Aner 7 | MMCIMEGCUS ©. enon. 14S eeasSpensue <.. aes 27
GUOCMMAias win eoon TemMarrOrdin co. sis. 146 Hemphillia ...... 27
BUMOCIICiE a aecr soo EINODGIEN gen ck. 144° slandulésa ....37/1
TeMUeMUOSE « wok 284 luteopictus ....145 Heterodonax 8s
sequoicola ..... Bol anUStS ss eee wok 145 bimaculatus .... 8&8
Sheagnciaia w.ecO uGadinia. sccwouden: LAS) VELINRITGS) ocwecs s « 43

342 INDEX

Elipponyx {foe PAO! ALMOOSIS ees ers o 30 Lyonsiella ae
Holospira—. 2 DOA evyacaiataress ese 30 alaskana
arizonénsis ....294 Lidcyma De ane et 83. Macomals ase
Etopisinstas ee ae 126 Scammoni...... 83 balthicag ae
FOSAceal lel as 126 _ viridis ........ 83 inconspicua .
Ilyandssa ........ 162 Liomésus weenie 158 indentata ......
BISON oo 162 canaliculatus ..158 inflatula .......
leipiss os. eee 206 _ MUX ........... 158 inquindta ......
Ischnochiton ....256 Liotia ........... 240 nastta, -oaeee
conspicuus ..... 256 acuticostata ....240 sécta ..........
magdalenénsis .256 eschnauri ...... 241 citkana)
IeTLeNSsi eee 256 Oldroydi ...... 240 Macrocyclis) = eee
Regt laisse 257 _ “alliamsoni ..--240 Viacron =
Janthina 14 Lithophagus ..... 38 kelléttii= 7 aeeee
exignale ewe 184 _plumula ....... 38 lividus eae sae
slobasa’| eee 15) Weimar ee vies 266 Mactral ee
Koatherina seer 261 agrestis ....... 266 califérnica .....
HORE, soc suo 261 campestris ....267 — dolabriformis .
Reelin a ee, 63 _ hewstoni ...... 26/7 — ‘nastta ae
laperotsii ..... 63 Littorina sa eae 203. Malléta.. eee
suborbicularis .. 63 @letitica ........ 204 faba Brees!
IDBINGS4. oa bo so cok 107, atkanay 22 eee 204 Margarites ......
TiniGlilataye ee 107 Planaxis .....: 203° fielicinas see
IEaAcunay eee oe 205) bullara ee: 204 ~ lirulita. eee
PORkeCtau see eee 205 +=rudis pnts Battle 203 | pupilla
Sollidullalger cee 205 scutulata ...... 203 vorticifera
lumifasciata 1. 205 | )sitchana: ee 204 Marginélla ......
Vatiesata | +. 206) oligo re eae. 297 | Sewer eee
lamelilattay sea DAP Meicapinal ee ee 251 “varia @- =n
diegoénsis ..... ZA eetemil ata geet 251 Martésia see
StCATMSi 2/2 sre 214 Lucapinélla ...... 251 —intercallata
Taxa tise eee es 310 ~=calliomarginata. 251 Megatebénnus
Waquetise eee LG Jewcinial we eee 76 bimaculatus
californicus, 2... 16 -acutilineata .+.69 Miclampuss=eeeeer
fehineysity vicsee 7, -Siborealis, moore 69 olivaceus Saaaeer
[sascah. west ee OA eNO Samy AL oe 69 Métis <2) 7eeeee
iGIOl O} Ce eeeeegrpe kate Of ntricolayes. A. see 96 _alta = eee
Meda sn Bee 26 Neyannicea, ae aaa 307 Milnéria, Seca
hasmatas Sacc.ce: ZO) eine berce See 309 minima See eee
taphria ...:.2.. 20 “bulimoides =). 309° Mitray eee
Lepidopleurus<-..254. “‘caperata 42.2... 308 = fultoni [Seer
internéxus ....254 cockerélli ...... 309 idae .4 Sa3eeeee
MCRUIS# 5 aoe 254 eibensis se) eee 308. léwel 322.535
Béepton 2.20. 62 “obriissa ...2-2.308 aMmatira eee
THUG C 4 pres oon G3) ee paltistmic ae ere 307 ~~ orientalis’ S258
Weptothyral 2 227 — sancti-josephi ..309 Mitromorpha
baccilas | se oe 227 ‘somomacisis ...309 aspera, "== see
Gapentent wees: 22/7 staenalis ..°..<-307 filésa =2=eeeeee
[eiridiagy. .& ne AD SEyoOnsta ae eee eee 109 Modiolaria ......

dehiscens ...... 49 calttoricas. o.5 109 © taylori {eee

MEGMIGOSA. «546. SISenINBISCE) a Ge kts Beco s
Modiolus... SOM Ca lio tata nay ie
CAD DS 9a ae bale oe 367 “ee COOpenl Oia.
flabéllus ....... 36 WOSGANE, “soc cacoe
fOmmMTCAtUS! 4...) SOM enISCtilin cake sere
MOGONIS “Sonaee 35. wnSaGhGa so oece!
pltcacuiluisy | 2. 37 DODACI 55 a4
Mirae = a eee SS Ceol ius aera
maciosemsoma.. 99 Natica ./5..4....
WMiomoGenos .....- 181 GIAUGA Fechecaue
engonatum HSI Nesta > guk 5 Ses
apullloides 452). hee pecuinavan weer
aeaibre 2... 6%: MSZ) INOMMSIA 1 beac oes
Momaliay ka... DS Si) Me MOmMuStiuys sche
Gilifaitae 2222... AGO) INU Lbboccaces
lags ee 259 —scarilotténsis
inemmosalas.. 1; 259) castensis ese:
MNUISCOSA 522. 3 DOS anemia ies
mosmessenski . 200) . expansa =.5!...
IMGs See SZ em liteiclar ene se
Canpentert! ... «. 67 isuprastyiatal mee
circumtéxta DIGS) fenuiss 1s ose
TOStIVUS (0.250. OD INatcalllliinaeees ae
HOMMAGUST) onc. 170 californica .....
TMCISUISI We es se 169 SCADA
anenceNubo oe Se IWC @cnébral sec.
pétri Rees rN eh 168 {ite LlOSS ame
IAUIAGUS) sss. 168 Titian ea cee
IMngcullibhaa S5 anes 305 mankelaeelil © Sng ncec
abditum ne. HtgtOLO 305 munda hi SEES dle
compressum ...305 poulsoni ......-
paseumeium! -..305 Octopus 00... 0.-
raymondi Ricien okens 305 Odostomia ent.
rhykolti Novonsteneus 305 nuciformis
Mya PV heen tai tarcctie) ie) eat ies 98 pupiformis
EuRelicieigen lle siee OS. ieechintae tees te
hemphillt ..0... 99" Ollinellan wes
tepUIOGaualy cs «cles NOOW WH heetica tes! us
Mysella Recrretheh cme alis 64 biplicata Ete me a
AICI Gael 6 64 ARCATA eet
Mytiliméria nilanceetvens 110 pedroana Mee BES:
Tacuba scenes 110 Ommastrephes
Mytilus Men eensrane 32 gigas rs (AES eo Rat ee ee
bitiincattisy: so... Oa) PM invomae cdecw ais.
californianus 32 Omphalius
SUUUGS: were kde ek 34 fuscéscens
glomeratus 34 Onchidélla ......
SUAS 56 yonac G4: “"Horealis lke:
INivitrelllae wikis < 130 carpentéri .....
cVheelolichs) Baca ae ISO M@palianweacusens a

159
161

227,

258

Oreohélix
castanea
cooperi
elrodi
haydeni
hemphilli
idahoénsis
SOWAGI Eee ee ele:
multicostata
strigosa

Ostrea eee
expansa
lurida
rufoides
titan
virginiana

Ovula
barbarénsis
defléxa
variabilis

Pachydésma
crassatelloides ..

Pachypoma

Paludéstrina
imitator
longinqua
protea
stearnsiana

Panopeza
ampla
generosa

Paphia
laciniata
orbélla
pétiti
ruderata
staminea
tenérrima

Parapholas
californica

Patula
solitaria

Pécten
cequisulcatus
caurinus
circularis
davidsoni
diegensis
giganteus
hastatus

oe ee eo oo

eee ee ee

2-2 ee we oo

eee ee eo

eo eee

0/090 0 OG 0 O-0

ee ee ew ew wo

ee ieielre

cece e eee

ejeiemeriavre

SNOICE O90 OTOP DAG

0 nD oO O-aG oO

e) e),ee)e

apie’ cot Jame emeiveuer

do OL oO OOo

ROY A Ca

a area ee

eee; oe) @) Qe) 4) 6

eee ee ©

yew L way Cen WC ley AS

erate 1a 8".

344

hericeus
latiauritus
monotimeris
randolphi
rubidus
vancouverénsis..
ventricosus
Pedicularia
californica
Pédipes
unisulcatus
Periploma
discus
planiscula
Petricola pee
carditoides
Phacoides
equizonatus
annulatus :
calitornicusear.-
ruttalli
richthoféni 3
tenuisculptus ..
Phasianéila
COMmptia Sven:
Philobrya
setosa
Pholadidea
darwinii
ovoidea

o's ‘a =) alae
2. aye. oem) oleae

«) 3) olfs Le ene

pacifica
Physa
heterostropha ..
osculans
Phytia
myosotis
Pitaria
newcombiana
Placiphoreélla
velata
Planorbis
ammon
centervillénsis.
opercularis
parvus
planulatus
trivolvis

ofa; @ lena) =; (a) 2) ee=

eee eee

ee ee ere

Py Sec

41
At

. 42

42
41
43

. 43

108
109

224
224
31

INDEX

Piatided 228 ee 15
enominoides 5
Platyodon 100
cancellatus 100
Pleurobranchus 123
caliiornicus, ....123
Rlenrotonim jes 132
moOlyeyta, . Lee 287
armigera ......288
columbiana ....288
EVA a Leis rue 288
letbitesan.- 2g sere 288
loca ee eee 289
mearnsii 289
till Arai Beet oe 288
ptvchophora 287
townse1ndiana ..287
Rolyaicest sae eae
(EWASIL =e Ree Zell
FECMIZiAnam - ot 22 212
Poly push pee eee 296
pUnNctalts. 5.5.2 296
Pomatlax 225
Pompholyx ..... 311
Giisal “Shae 311
Pierce: eer sae 1&9
Prstolonias. ase 269
dansiniod Caw 269
Steatnist | soe 269
Protocardia, peeace W5
centinlesatwejs. 75
richardsonii 75
Bsamimobia oes 86
californica 86
e@entiula = iss. hee 87
Beeplaidia’ -.: 23.84 84
VOR CR eer oe &4
OL Se eae ae oe 84
Pcephis. seco Sects vhs)
Petanilde, 221s oe ES
Paoctinie ee s273
conspéctum ....273
pasadente ee see 274
randolphi ..... 274
Puncturellas)242- 248
COOPEE) He Fieseine 248
Cucnlata: “pisos 248
Galeaia: <2 * secs 248
IMAjOie eA 248
PUpa eee. weet 293

Purpura
crispata
foliata
lima. ..222eee
nuttallii
saxicola

Pyramidélla
¢edamsi
cOllica, SL aaa
variegata

Pyramidutla
asteriscus
lineatus

Ranella, ~ eee

Sanguinolaria
nuttallii

Saxidomus
giganteus
nuttallii
squalidus

Saxicava
arctica
pholadis
rugosa

Scala

Scalaria

Scaphélla
arnhéimi
stearnsil

Schizothzrus
nuttallii

Seila
assimilis

Selenites
celata
duranti

om ay eee

5) alae ee

Se)

@ she reys wit

oie: pte) eae

6)" Ve .,0 aria ier

» eee aelte

6.6 6s © 2 Ae ese oe

ajeyey Sela ae

hemphilla ea Z

keepi
sporteélla
vancouverénsis
voyana
Sémele
californica
decisa
flavéscens
pulchra
tubro-picta
rupium
Séptifer
bifurcatus

eee iene

os 0 ote ae

Semiipes: ....5.... 74
gronlandicus .../74
SHPMREHIS 2... 5s 3 213
Sulqas 2... ee 102
ZK) ee 104
horeidiay 2. 2s 104
ratte) Wey ee 104
DENNEN aa 102
Siskin” 3a 213
Geloilise as... 3 a 23
Siplonaria, ~..... 128
peltoides ...:.. 128
Solariella ........ 238
OxVWASIS ...... «. 239
peramabilis .238
Sollenmya 3.3 wack 24
FOUMMSOMM |... =. 24
SOIC: eae 104
MOSACEHS. .65%.. 104
sicarius . 104
Spleesium” .).... 305
Genmtabiunns «54... 305
Spiswlay 2.50.3. o: 106
alaskanda ...... 106
catilliformis . 106
AGA AN 3.6. seose« 107
hemphillit ....: 106
POlyiMya os... 106
Standelila ....... 106
Strombella ...... 154
AeCMNISE sn... «ws 154
MmelOMIS ........ 155
middendorfh ...154
Subemargintla ..248
WALES aaa 248
SUMCCIMEA A... 4. 294
2) VIC ale 295
MAN GLENI. 424. 0 294
oregonénsis ....295
OVA = Sine nee 294
GUSEICAy |). 4). 4 ce 295
SCA a cea 131
carpenteriana ..131
Tachyrynchus p20
tenuisculptus ..201
RACES) arcs cs 8&8
californianus ...88
SUDTEReS; 6 dees 89
MEGS Nea k casa on 234
aureotincta S2Oe

INDEX
Ditinneam ee te 236
funebralis) 255. 235
Salllinariee ae ae 236
Iigulata eee 238
monteréyi ..... 237,
PLCHE TI GPs: 237,
DOUINKGO ssdccenc 237
Subapentamee tr 236
(NCS So ae obo 236
WANIGKBN, nooo os 238

tieblitan. Hahaha ae 89
bodegénsis ..... 89
bitttonim eee 90
CARDS “soe o0e 90
TCG Sie te al Me 90
litea Saxe weeneren 91
TNEHOOSS cosccce 91
MOGEStAee ns ee 9]
Sallimoteame eee: 92
Saimban@scen ee ne 92

Terebratalia ...... 15
occidentalis 15
transversa ..... 16

Terebratulina 13
caput-serpéntis .13
OOS, Nsoesancs 14

ais pee eee a 179
laimelllosameen ce 180
imate se ee 180
SaxcOlasa eee 179

aialto tae eee 233

abiicactaaenay arate 108
Glitta, soe 108
plicatay’ Sas &: 108
Ubavahbileyee) 6 Ae 108

dbhin7als tical ote: 65
banbanensigue. . 65
BiSeC tale wees ties 65
(SRCAWAI, abode 65

Miele Se fe eae, 76
crassatelloides ..76
Sewilitonrbba sa neae 76

ADGhaMeIwiMne Sa aawee 120
GEC aL Su ci. 121
Gullcitelay® 62.05, 120
@xcihinlay eee sues he
Wye ad rear Gen ei eat

Tonicella. <.. 02... 204
lineata. . o..c.. 204
marmorata 255

submarmorea ...
Trachydérmon
hartwéeli
Transenélla
epiatillae eeee
Trichotropis
borealis
cancellata
UMOONE Senos ss
carpentéri
maculata
GION sone Bee oe
corrugatum
gibbosus
Acconci) see
Tritonoftsus
herendeéni
rectirostris
Al Galvan mes eet aera
californica
WGUCEL» east cee
solandri
Trophon
belcherin a...
multicostatus
Orpheus
triangulatus
Truncatélla
californica
Turbonilla
castanea
Turcia
caffea
Turcicula
bairdii
Turris
circinata
incisa
inérmis
ophidérma
penicillata
perversa
vinosa
Turritélla
cooperi
Turtonia
minuta
occidentalis
Urosalpinx
cinereus

ee ee we

ae) (es) (e110) fo;

Silene ieaie! (elie:

‘ey 8) ele) 0 « «

Selemetertes ene, .e

25a
233

ae) ee LSS

346

Vallonia
costata
pulchélla

Valvata
californica
humeralis
virens

Velutina
leevigata

ee

Venericardia

alaskana
barbarénse
crassidens
ventricosa
Venerupis
lamellifera
Vénus
kennicottil

=e felis

O O06

cre 0.0.10, Oo

eee eee ee eee

ce eee

ay

INDEX
mercenaria, 2... 81
COREUIMNA’ kate te 78
Wermettis: .<.s2ae: 200
Hitec ee 200
squamigerus ...200
Merticordia <3 5: 11
novemcostata 1h
ornata pelelell
METHISO: = ere. oe 293
californica 293
Vitrea 6/7)
cellaria S26)
draparnaldi 268
Wa tiitiay, Ps) i eee 267
Diether (ree e ae 267
Wiyipaialn ae Sil)
anrenihera, sac sols
imaleatus, meee 317
ADDITIONAL NOTE

Volutopsits, fees 157
attenuatus 157
castaneus bey
kobélt 2.335 3s £57

Volvula “23352 121

_cylindrica Fane 121

Xylotria .116
setacea aaa 116
stutchburryi 117

Yoldia. 2. aaa 28
cooperi one
montereyénsis ..28

Zitphe2al eee 114
crispata.. eee 114

Zonites- »s=. Eee 267
arboreus ease 268
pugeténsis ..... 268

The Cephalopeds of this coast are now being studied by

Seo! .Beriave

report.

least a dozen species.

of Stanford University,
He states, Dec., 1910, that there will probably be at

who wili publish a

Ommastrephes gigas, page 298, should be Dosidicus gigas,

D’Orb.

West Coast Shell

Collection

Prepared by Ward’s Natural Science Establishment
for Whitaker & Ray-Wiggin Co.

In preparing this collection the aim has been
to furnish at small cost a number of West Coast
Mollusca so selected as to represent the principal
families found in this region. ‘This collection
contains forty specimens, representing twenty-
four families and thirty-seven genera. Every
specimen is numbered and placed in a special
compartment. With the collection there is a
bulletin giving the name anda minute descrip-
tion of each specimen. ‘These descriptions are
written in a popular rather than a scientific man-
ner and treating almost entirely of the shell
rather than the animal inhabiting it

It 1s hoped by means of this cabinet to arouse
interest so that it will serve as a nucleus for a
larger and more complete collection.

Packed in strong box conplete with indi-

. . ih
vidual specimen trays, d4.00.

Whitaker & KRay-Miggin Cu., San Fraucisen

West Coast Mineral Collection

Prepared by Ward’s Natural Science Establishment
for Whitaker & Ray-Wiggin Co.

For this collection forty varieties of West
Coast Minerals have been represented by fair-
sized specimens. Special care has been taken
to include the more useful minerals, and each
collection contains good specimens of the precious
ores as well as of the commoner metals. ‘This is
an admirable selection to acquaint a class with
the more important minerals of the Western Coast
and to lead to the building of a more complete
collection.

A carefully prepared guide giving descrip-
tion, composition, etc., of the specimens accom-
panies each collection.

Price, complete in strong box with tndividuat
specimen trays, $4.00.

Whitaker & Ray-Wigain Cu., Sau Francisca

‘

‘del. to Cat. Div.

i