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Rt rata . i e ai tut tt Mt “ yea, pital it Hf he 4 SAH Se Rt ‘ania f “2 y ie { ‘ ' RBA HR oO AW} Metadata re ie a oe pit aH cy Bia : ’ P hy yu ' ‘ A H f i ead vay ae r AY ret pi ihe ia weds H lap nt ‘ i 4 nu 4 J ‘ 4 rp 44) ¥ i ie a“ Faia pais we RAVI A SPIN Conary ih de Peart inate SORT Os A it Foti Mi j tt ‘>? i ie whale ett de "4 i aah tie a Det rele sc he \hy } ion i ui Hh ¢* wisi nit ia foe Ris “ii nif aA tam v4 be se 709) anit itn eatin \) 4 * my i ah iis aa cn nt oo a = ‘ ! at ath Ng Be a ) a“ ‘ po Lae if “ a ; 4 i ‘ ot ‘ Pi tACGHLM ued sale , te ae SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES Bulletin No. 13 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY - THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS By Cleaplins © O'Hara; Ph.D LD President and Professor of Geology - South Dakota State School of Mines , F & f \* / oe % se MAY - 91921 *} Ie IO43/ - io BR043/ ania Insti. ™ son SOY Rapid City, South Dakota November, 1920 9 ie BG620O 326us [G20 SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES’ VPA ~ Bulletin No. 13 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY > THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS By Cleophas C. O’Harra, Ph. D., i. By: President and Professor of Geology South Dakota State School of Mines is ~. «gonial inst: > RS % 2 te MAY - 91921 *} 252043 National mused ~ Rapid City, South Dakota November, 1920 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS (A revised reprint of South Dakota State School of Mines Bulletin No. 9, The Badland Formations of the Black Hills Region) Publication authorized by Regents of Education, October 2, 1919. Members at date of authorization: T. W. Dwight, President J. W. Campbell August Frieberg F. A. Spafford The picture which geology holds up to our view of North America during the Tertiary ages are in all respects, but one, more attractive and interesting than could be drawn from its present aspects. Then a warm and genial climate prevailed from the Gulf to the Arctic Sea; the Canadian highlands were higher, but the Rocky Mountains lower and less broad. Most of the continent exhibited an undulating sur- face, rounded hills and broad valleys covered with forests grander than any of the present day, or wide expanses of rich savannah, over which roamed countless herds of animals, many of gigantic size, of which our present meager fauna retains but a few dwarfed represen- tatives. Noble rivers flowed through plains and valleys, and sea-like lakes, broader and more numerous than those the continent now bears, diversified the scenery. Through unnumbered ages the seasons ran their ceaseless course, the sun rose and set, moons waxed and waned over this fair land, but no human eye was there to mark its beauty, nor human intellect to control and use its exuberant fertility. Flowers opened their many-colored petals on meadow and hill-side, and filled the air with their perfumes, but only for the delectation of the wandering bee. Fruits ripened in the sun, but there was no hand there to pluck, nor any speaking tongue to taste. Birds sang in the trees, but for no ears but their own. The surface of lake or river whitened by no sail, nor furrowed by any prow but the beast — of the water-foul; and the far-reaching shores echoed no sound but the dash of the waves and the lowing of the herds that slacked their thirst in the crystal waters. J. S. NEWBERRY. PREFACE Is it of interest to you that the White River Badlands are the most famous deposits of the kind in the world? Do you know that aside from their picturesque topography they tell a marvelous nature story; a story of strange climate, strange geography, and strange animals; of jungles, and marshes, and tranquil rivers, of fierce contests for food, and life, and supremacy; of a varied series of events through ages and ages of time showing the working-out of well-laid plans with no human being to help or interfere? Most peo- ple know something of these things but generally it is in an indefinite piecemeal way. Except to scientific men the Badlands, instead of affording the intellectual delight that they should, are commonly little else than a sterile wonder. This book is written in order that the intellectually alert, the indifferent thinker, the old and the young, irre- spective of educational advantage or technical training may have opportunity to get a clearer and more comprehensive idea of this wonderful part of nature’s handiwork. The landscape views given herein, have never been sur- passed, it is believed, for clearness of expression or for de- tail of configuration and the reproductions of the animals, made by the best vertebrate paleontologists of America, are marvels of beauty and accuracy. Among the pictures of | animals both in fossil form and restored to life and activity as they were in their ancient White river home are: Bronto- therium, the huge thunderbeast; Metamynodon, the bulky rhinoceros; Moropus, the grotesque chalicothere; Mesohip- pus, the three toed horse; Oreodon, the ruminating hog; Poebrotherium, the ancestral camel; Protoceras, the six- horned herbivore; Hoplophoneus, the savage-tooth tiger; Stylemys, the large dry land tortoise; Crocodilus, the old- time crocodile; and many others long since vanished from earth’s activity. The book indicates why the camel of that time had no pads on his feet and the deer no antlers on his head, why the saber-tooth had his enormously vicious teeth, why dogs had retractile claws like the cat, why the horse — Pe ae had three toes on each foot instead of one, and many other things of like kind. Geologists and paleontologists have been engaged for three-quarters of a century in unravelling the intricate story of these strange lands and I have drawn liberally from the published works of these men. My gratitude for this material is hereby most gratefully acknowledged. Some of the more important publications consulted are listed under the heading, Bibliography. Those wishing a more complete record of papers with annotations on the same should consult my Bibliography of the Geology and Mining Interests of the Black Hills Region, published as South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 11, 1917. I have endeavored in the text or in the figures and plate descrip- tions to indicate in proper way the source of material used. It is an especial pleasure to record here the favors ex- tended by Professor Henry F. Osborn of the American Museum of Natural History, by Professor W. B. Scott of Princeton University, and by The Macmillan Company of New York City in permitting the use of many excellent figures and plates from the two great books, Osborn’s Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia, and North America, and Scott’s History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemis- phere. These books deserve a large audience. They should be consulted by all who wish acquaintance with mammalian progress, and. particularly by those interested in our White River Badlands, the classic vertebrate fossil ground of America. The subject is of absorbing interest but I have en- deavored to treat it without exaggeration, sensation or cheapness. The present book while following somewhat closely the plan and wording of the earlier publication is arranged with a little more consideration for the general reader. The revised form freed from technical references and faunal lists in the body of the book and with a more generous use of figures and plates should be readily and entirely assimilated. It is believed especially that the gen- eral reader and teachers and high school students interested in natural history subjects should find the information val- uable and inspirational. CLEOPHAS C. O?HARRA. November 4, 1920. CONTENTS Page Importance and Distribution of the Badlands .......... 19 PeEE CRE EURIOLO LION. fio ile eins ede ee ta eee kee eee Zs Classification and Correlation of the Deposits .......... 31 ReCeMIRE Ube -LICHOSIGS, .7. v'o's <6 ss o's ws es kc ew een eaeee 36 ee 2 Sc aa oh has Ae MERU tad A A oe 38 MeO nadron FOrmation: . 4 occ sen tea eens 38 SPE Ue FE OFUIALION,, 6 soc to,:0 lac te oserersso uw 01s We! eielwlielae's 38 ier Greodon Beds iy eels de oe dele ss eae cece 40 me Protoceras Beds 2.005 2 se Seek cee cone 42 SCE ED cope. 15-54 la \avateroyeno joie Dalaba eee hake «6 42 mo urrikarce Formation, .... 0 seis dee cence tee eae 42 ie Monroe, Creek, Beds, we. o0 sis/s bc cide bce 44 ihe Pelarrison Beds, ciccuicicwwaee OLE 44 ree EROGE UIE DCUS ek 0b is peld besa c!e.w, cpolace cle ele dig wb s'ss 45 PUNE HICSS rm cc cae dele cas eleuwsewecs 47 fe sneep Creek Beds ... 2... ccc ee ec wie cle eens 47 DPMMPMR BNE M i eS Ae Sula aie a's 0 aia aielaislaletae'se'é ¢ 47 Seem Orasicd: BENS) i). )s fe ks Se ec ks oh cn cee ee ees 47 a tea ese a eee wes eis oO wd win Seis ke 47 emer WICNOSILION O50 os etek ea che dup aes canaebecae 49 ee REPO ERE TE SLO coco 6 ons ah alo 0 sige eye 6d 8 Laer eave a ei od oe was 50 memstorraphic Development ... 02.2566 cece s te ncces 51 Concretions, Sand crystals, Dikes, Veins and Geodes.... 56 Devils Corkscrews (Daemonelix) .................... 59 meemomic WMineral Products 26.266 6. cc ee dace e ness 61 eM ei ec ata sk wt) Ure ara eng eligi ees ahd a) ich, dw ‘a 64 Extinction, Evolution and Distribution of Animals .... 65 Collecting and Mounting of Fossil Bones .............. 70 Classification and Naming of Extinct Animals ........ (2 LISLE DIES oh Si ee oe 2) Re te 17 RTE TE RS Gh) gi 78 ETL T SVE AINE I nee Get CLO A ee 78 ae eC eee eh is eine eRe I Od oo sg 83 DUMSEC HOS oie ey os ak Se ee ie Sas aad bee 87 OSE TE ey ere Ne Me hee kg bale ae « 88 NNN es ee ae StS eae ene Sa ie hee e154 ssh 6 ga 8S 88 Ungulates (Herbivores) .oc.:.500 050. 63.0% oe se vee ee 90 Perissodactyls oo. ak ee ee 90 Rhinocerotoidea . oo... 6 es cis a nue ots oe 91 Lophiodontidae .........0 2... 0cje2 es pee 96 Chalicotheridae .0.00..6..5.60.4 05 2. eee 96 Tapiridae oc eke oa ne eee Rr 99 Equidae i ee 100 Titanotheridae : 2.000.300 0..0. 00 [3 110 ATTIOGACEYIS \ .)6 5 a's dsb of oe 0) 5 ce oslo clot tee 118 Elotheridae and Dicotylidae ................. 118 Anthracotheridae 2. 005). .02 0). u22 Oreodontidae (1... 66k eee eb ee o's « bel 123 Hypertragulidae, .). .06.66 0d sis elses oe ee ee 128 Camelidae ).. oo.) aos. ok 132 Cervidae isis od VA ee eee eee 138 Remains of Animals other than Mammals ............. 139 Turtles) (0% eke Le Ue ee a ales, S aiersun eieiie alesse een 140 Grocodiles 2b yes 8 ees OO 142 Birds Begs eee ee Ce see Aa ek Ske Sao or 143 Badland Life of Today . 5.0.0. 000.000... a. oe 144 Recent History 0.0 oo cis ates i seeie ew ci vie cr ee 145 How to see the Badlands | .......0.202 0.0... ..o eee 147 List of the Fossil Mammals Found in the Badlands .... 149 Names of Vertebrates other than Mammals ............ 160 Bibliography oo. oo oe ae eee eee 161 INGO 2 es Ma SIS 175 FIGurE 1. ILLUSTRATIONS The first fossil discovered in the White River Badlands. The earliest Badland fossil described by Joseph Leidy. . The White River Badland formations as exposed in South Dakota, Northwestern Nebraska and Eastern Wyoming. The Agate Spring fossil quarries. Paleogeography of North America during Pierre deposition. North America in the Tertiary period. The Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Pleistocene formations of the western states. The Tertiary formations of the Rocky Mountain Region. Birds-eye view of the Big Badlands. Section from Round Top to Adelia (Nebraska). Section along the Nebraska-Wyoming line. Section from Hat Creek to Wind Springs. Section from Porcupine Butte toward White River. Section showing the conjectural Daemonelix series. Steneofiber barbouri in daemonelix rhizome. Land areas of the world during Late Cretaceous and Basal Eocene time. Land areas of the world during Oligocene time. Land areas of the world during Miocene time. Land areas of the world during Pliocene time. Group of Promerycochoerus skeletons as found. Fine group of ancestral camels as found in the Carnegie Museum Stenomylus quarry. Skeleton of Hyaenodon cruentus. Hind foot and fore foot of Daphoenodon superbus. Skull of Daphoenodon superbus. Skeleton of Daphoenodon superbus. Skull of Cynodictis gregarius. Skeleton of Cynodictis gregarius. Skull of Dinictis squalidens. Heads of Dinictis squalidens and Hoplophoneus primaevus showing manner of attack. Fore foot and hind foot of Hoplophoneus primaevus. Skeleton of Hoplophoneus primaevus. Skeleton of Dinictis squalidens. Skeleton of Steneofiber fossor. Skull of Metamynodon planifrons. Skull of Caenopus tridactylus. Skeleton of Hyracodon nebrascensis. Skeleton of Metamynodon planifrons. Skeleton of Caenopus tridactylus. Skeleton of Moropus cooki. Skeleton of Mesohippus bairdi. FIGURE 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74, 15. EMD awit Skeleton of Neohipparion whitneyi. Hind foot and fore foot of Mesohippus intermedius. Evolution of the foot in the Horse family. Fore foot of the earliest known one-toed horse. Skull of Parahippus nebrascensis. Skull of Pliohippus lullianus. Phylogeny of the Horses. Evolution of the Horse. Skull of Megacerops marshi. Skull of Brontotherium platyceras. Male and female skulls of Titanotherium elatum. Skeleton of Megacerops robustus. Skeleton of Titanotherium prouti. First and last known stages in the evolution of the Titan- otheres. Skull and lower jaws of Dinohyus hollandi. Palatal view of skull of Dinohyus hollandi. Skeleton of Elotherium (Entelodon) ingens. Skeleton of Dinohyus hollandi. Upper and lower jaws of Desmathyus (Thinohyus) Siouz- ensis. Skull of Hyopotamus (Ancodus) brachyrhynchus. Skeleton of Hyopotamus (Ancodus) brachyrhynchus. Skeleton of Agriochoerus latifrons. Skeleton of Promerycochoerus carrikeri. Skeleton of Leptauchenia decora. Skeleton of Leptomeryx evansi. Fore and hind foot of Protoceras. Skull of Syndyoceras cooki. Skull of Poebrotherium wilsoni. Skeleton of Oxydactylus longipes. Phylogeny of the Camels. The Evolution of the Camel. Skeleton of Blastomeryx advena. Head of Stylemys nebrascensis. Part of the head of Crocodilus prenasalis. Head of Caimanoides visheri. The Gateway, School of Mines Canyon. Map of the White River Badland Formations of the Black Hills Region. Columnar section of the Black Hills Region. Earliest published view of the White River Badlands. Hayden’s early view of the Big Badlands. Hayden’s earliest geological map of the Upper Missouri country. Hayden’s second geological map of the Upper Missouri country. e “é ue 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Some of the men who have studied the White River Badlands. Section showing divisions of the Age of Mammals. and B. Rock slabs showing fossil bones in place. . Head of Hoplophoneus primaevus. Head of Syndyoceras cooki. . Restoration of head of Megacerops. . Restoration of head of Smilodon. . Head of Daphoenus felinus. . Heads of fossil rodents. Head of Hyracodon nebrascensis. Head of Protapirus validus. Skull of Caenopus (Aceratherium) occidentalis. . Head of Mesohippus bairdi. . Head of Mesohippus bairdi compared with that of Equus- caballus. . Right hind foot of Moropus elatus. . Fore foot of Moropus elatus. . Right hind foot of Titanothere. . Right fore foot of Titanothere. Right hind leg of Titanothere. . Upper teeth of Titanothere. Lower jaw of Titanothere. Skull of Titanotherium ingens. - Head of Merycoidodon (Oreodon) gracile. . Head of Merycoidodon (Oreodon) culbertsoni. . Skull of Eporeodon major. . Left half of skull of Hporeodon major. Right half of skull of Eporeodon major. Head of Protoceras celer. . Skull of Protoceras celer (From above). Skull of Protoceras celer (From below). Skeleton of Neohipparion whitney. . Skeleton of Merycoidodon (Oredon) culbertsoni. . Restoration of Hyaenodon. . Animals of the Fayum, Egypt. . Restoration of Diceratherium cooki. . Restoration of Daphoenodon superbus. Skeleton of Hoplophoneus primaevus. Restoration of Hoplophoneus primaevus. Restoration of Metamynodon planifrons. Group restoration of Metamynodon, Hydracodon, and Dinictis. A. Skeleton of Hyracodon nebrascensis. B. Restoration of Moropus cooki. Restoration of Moropus LHlatus. Restoration of Mesohippus bairdi. Restoration of Neohipparion whitney. Restoration of Titanotherium (Brontops). Restoration of Brontotherium gigas. WP ho > b> Wd b> p> WrOnhPi> wp Dri PW bOnPamt> > Pirate 37. A. Restoration of Archaeotherium ingens. B. Restoration of Dinohyus hollandi. « 88. Restoration of Hlotherium (Entelodon) imperator. « 39. Skeleton of Merycoidodon (Oreodon) gracilis. “« 40. Restoration of Merycoidodon (Oreodon) culbertsonti. « 41. A. Restoration of Agriochoerus antiquus. B. Restoration of Leptauchenia nitida. «42. b> EPO b> OP bb bib i > 4 1 I ‘ ; nt } ‘ ’ . Bek i " Fy ‘ejoyeq yo, ‘AjuNOH uUuoJsUIUUIg ‘UIBJUNOJ deeysg Jo eseq JSeMI}IOU Ye ‘UOAUD SOUT JO [OOYOE ‘AVMO}eH OULL "6061 ‘Bile H.O AQ ydeizso0i0ud ‘'T ‘ON 91¥Id ‘ST ‘ON Ul}OTING SOUIJA JO [OOYOS vIOyYVG YINOS The White River Badlands THEIR IMPORTANCE AND DISTRIBUTION The White River Badlands constitute the most im- portant badland area of the world. They lie chiefly in southwestern South Dakota but a prominent arm known as Pine Ridge extends through northwestern Nebraska into eastern Wyoming. Most of the drainage is by way of White river, hence the name. The area is very irregular and there are many outliers particularly to the west and northwest of the central portion. Southward geological formations similar to those of White river extend over much of Ne- braska and eastern Colorado but here, except along the forks of the Platte the badland feature is not prominent. Originally the badland formations made up a vast earth blanket stretching for hundreds of miles north and south along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountain front. Their greatest plainsward extension cannot now be definitely de- termined, but in South Dakota they reach beyond the Mis- souri to near the James river valley. They seem to have en- tirely surrounded the Black Hills and of this uplift only the higher portions remained uncovered. From these re- stricted areas and from the rising Rocky Mountains detrital materials had opportunity throughout a long period to add their volume to the deposits of the bordering lowlands. Later this vast series of sediments was elevated and was gradually trenched by innumerable streams and most of the material washed away. Along with these changes the bad- land topography developed and has continued to develop to the present time. The Badlands do not readily lend themselves to ac- curate definition nor to brief description. They are in con- sequence a much misunderstood portion of American terri- tory. The name is a literal translation of the Mauvaises Terres of the early French Canadian trappers who had in turn appropriated the still earlier Mako Sica (mako, land; sicha, bad) of the Dakota Indians. It signifies a country difficult to travel through chiefly because of the rugged sur- 20 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS face features and the general lack of good water. The term is unduly detractive although apt enough in frontier days when hardships of travel were rigorous even under the best of circumstances. | Much the greater portion of the area within the badiand region ag commonly understood is level and fertile and is covered with rich wild grasses and recent occupation by thousands of settlers has brought out the fact that over large tracts, especially on the higher tables, good refreshing water may be obtained by sinking shallow wells in the soil and gravel mantle that lies rather widespread on the sur- face. The country has in years gone by been of much value as an open range for the grazing of cattle and horses. Now that it has been made accessible by railway the land has largely passed from the government to private ownership and farming and dairying on an extensive scale are being carried on. Within little more than a stone’s throw of where the early explorers spoke of the region as an inferno for heat and drought men have built homes for themselves and their families and are now raising good crops of vegetables, tame grasses and staple grains. But the purpose of this book is more particularly to indicate the value of the Badlands as an educational asset. Nowhere in the world can the influences of erosion be more advantageously studied or more certainly or quickly under- stood. Nowhere does the progress of mammalian life reveal itself with greater impressiveness or clearness. Nowhere do long ago days connect themselves more intimately with the present or leave more helpful answers to our wondering questions as to the nature and import of the earth’s later development. | The most picturesque portion of the White River Bad- lands lies between White river and Cheyenne river south- east of the Black Hills. This is known as the Big Badlands, and the chief topographic features, Sheep Mountain and the Great Wall, high remnants of an extensive tableland now reduced to a narrow watershed, are flanked by a marvelous network of rounded hillocks, wedge slopes, grassy flats, and sheer declivites. (For illustrations of these see the views in the plate section). The Great Wall viewed from White river valley presents a particularly rugged aspect and, like the great wall that it is, stretches for many miles in a nearly SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 21 east-west direction, disclosing for much of the distance a continuous serrated skyline series of towers, pinnacles and precipitous gulches. Sheep Mountain, the cedar covered top of which overlooks all of the surrounding country, presents a view that is hopelessly indescribable. One side leads gently down to a high intricately etched grass-covered flat covering a few cramped square miles. In all other direc- tions everything is strange and wierd in the extreme. Far away cattle or horses may be seen feeding on levels of green and here and there distant dots in ruffled squares indicate the abodes of happy homesteaders. Immediately about all is still. Until recently the sharp eye could occasionally detect a remnant bunch of mountain sheep, once numerous in this locality, but quickly and quietly they would steal to cover among the intricate recesses of the crumbling preci- pices. Song birds are present but they are prone to respect the solitude. Only an occasional eagle screams out a word of curiosity or defiance as he sails majestically across the maze of projecting points and bottomless pits. Magnificent ruins of a great silent city painted in delicate shades of cream and pink and buff and green! Domes, towers, min- arets, and spires decorate gorgeous cathedrals and palaces and present dimensions little dreamed of by the architects of the ancients. At first as one looks over the strange landscape there may come a feeling of the incongruous or grotesque but studying more closely the meaning of every feature the spirit of this marvelous handiwork of the Great Creator develops and vistas of beauty appear. Here on Sheep Mountain or on the higher points of the Great Wall the contemplative mind weaves its way into the long geologic ages. There are visions of Cretaceous time. A vast salt sea stretches as a broad band from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic regions and slowly deposits sediments that are des- tined to form much of the great western plains of the con- tinent. Strange reptiles sport along the shores of this sea and myriads of beautiful shellfish live and die in its mud laden rush-fringed bays. Changes recur, the salt becomes less pronounced, the sea shallows, brackish conditions pre- vail but the animals and plants with many alterations and much advancement live on. Deep rumblings in the neighbor- ing Black Hills and in the Rocky Mountains with accom- 22 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS panying intrusions of igneous rocks portend widespread changes, the shallowing sea slips away and fresh water marsh-lands and deltas prevail. The Tertiary comes and with the close of its earlier divisions the White River bad- land formations begin to be deposited. Barriers somewhere are let down and a great horde of animals higher in type than any known before begins to appear. Here in the fore- ground gently flowing streams push their muddy way through reedy marshlands and vigorous forests and furnish a lazy playground for countless turtles and occasional crocodiles. In favored recesses groups of rhinoceroses may be seen, some heavy of bulk and water loving, others grace- ful and preferring dry land. Little fleet-footed ancestral horses with names as long as their legs nibble the grasg on the hillsides or, by means of their spreading three-toed feet, trot unhindered across the muddy flats, the nearest restrain- ing rider being more than a million years away. Here and there we see a group of predaceous dogs and not infrequent- ly do we get a glimpse of a ferocious tiger-like cat. On the higher ridges, even far within the distant hills and moun- tains six horned herbivores reveal their inquisitive pose and perhaps anon, like the antelope, show their puffs of white as they scamper from the nearing presence of some stealthy foe. But the “reigning plutocrat” igs the titan- othere. In great numbers we see his majestice form as he moves among his kin and crops at his leisure the coarse grasses of the lowlands. Here and there are beavers and gophers and squirrels busy with their toil and their play, and hedgehogs and moles and swine and deer and tapirs and camels, and many other creatures too strange to mention without definition. Although the Badlands as we now know them were until recently little frequented by man ex- cept in favored places, do not think the country was in the ages gone by a barren waste or a place of solitude. To all these animals it was home. Here they fought for food and life and supremacy. To them the sun shone, the showers came, the birds sang, the flowers bloomed, and stately trees gave convenient shade to the rollicking young of many a creature. But “everlasting hills’ have their day and rivers do not flow on forever. These animals, under a Guiding Provi- dence, having inherited the more essential characters of SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 23 their ancestors, in turn transmitted to later individuals the features best fitted to serve their purpose in the winning of life’s great race. One by one, group by group, they died, the bodies of most of them quickly feeding the surrounding elements but a chosen few, tucked away by the kindly hand of nature, remaining as unique monuments of the dawning time of the great mammalian races, are now being revealed as gently by nature again in these the days of man. HISTORY OF EXPLORATION Our first knowledge of the White River badlands worthy of record dates from 1847. Early in this year Dr. Hiram A. Prout of St. Louis described in the American Figure 1—Fragment of the lower jaw of a Titanothere, the first fossil discovered in the Big Badlands. Described by Dr. H. A. Prout of St. Louis, 1846-47. Journal of Science a fragment of the lower jaw of the great Titanothere, he calling it a Paleotherium. A few months later Dr. Joseph Leidy described in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia a fairly well preserved head of what he termed a Poebrotherium. The name implies belief in the ruminating nature of the animal and later investigation, strange as it may seem, showed it to be an ancestral camel. The two specimens referred to were obtained from representatives of the American Fur Com- pany. Their exact locality is not known but it is believed to be somewhere between the present towns of Scenic and Wall. 24 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS The descriptions of these specimens aroused much in- terest among men of science and in 1849, Dr. John Evans in the employ of the government under the direction of David Dale Owen of the Owen Geological Survey, visited the region for the purpose of studying its peculiar features and of collecting additional fossils in order to determine the age of the strata. This visit was of the greatest importance and the results were early published in a most careful scientific manner. The report, chiefly the work of Dr. Leidy, who described the fossils and Mr. Evans who through Mr. Owen reported upon the geography and geology, gave to the world the first authentic description of the nature of the badland country. (Plate 4). Thaddeus A. Culbertson visited the region during the following year, 1850, and obtained at the request of the Smithsonian Institution a small but import- Figure 2—Head of an ancestral camel, Poebrotherium, the earliest aera fossil described by Dr. Joseph Leidy, of Philadelphia, ant series of specimens. FE. V. Hayden (Plate 8) of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories made several explanatory trips particularly in 1853, ’55, ’57 and 66. Often in grave danger and hindered by varied hardships he nevertheless succeeded in unraveling in large measure the main geologic features of the country. Plates 5, 6 and 7). All of these parties collected vertebrate fossils of the greatest scientific value and Dr. Leidy (Plate 8) whom I have already mentioned, being recognized as the best fitted man in America to determine the nature of such fossils, was called upon to write their description. Important papers rapidly issued from his pen and each new description served to point out the need of further exploration. He pub- lished in 1869 in the Journal of the Academy of Natural a yuth Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No, 13. Plate No, 2. STATE SCHOOL OF MINES MAP OF THE BLACK HILLS REGION Arranged by Cleophas C. O’Harra Rapid City, South Dakota June, 1918 SCALE OF MILES - * Tl } I 4 Yj i I aia A PRELIMINARY MAP OF THE BADLAND FORMATIONS OF THE BLACK HILLS REGION Chiefly from the Survey of Darton (1905) a» Modified by Matthew and Thomson (1906-07) Mostly Lower Miocene. Known to contain also some Middle Miocene, Upper Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleis- Middle and Upper Oligocene. Brule Formation (Oreodon tocene and Protoceras Beds). —— ; -———J Lower Oligocene. Chadron Formation (Titanotherium Non-differentiated Oligocene (Chiefly Chadron formation). ——— Beds). —s SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 25 Sciences of Philadelphia his monumental work “The Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska.” In this large volume he brought together the accumulated information of more than twenty years and in consummate manner estab- lished the White River badlands as one of the great fossil vertebrate repositories of the world. A new epoch in the investigation followed. New men entered the field and institutions not hitherto represented began to send out exploratory and collecting expeditions. Among the institutions were Yale University, University of Princeton, United States Geological Survey, American Museum of Natural History, University of Nebraska, Uni- versity of South Dakota, Carnegie Museum, Amherst Col- lege, Field Columbian Museum and the South Dakota State School of Mines. The first Yale party, under direction of Professor O. C. Marsh (Plate 8) visited the region in 1870. Professor Marsh, not satisfied with the crude methods of collecting with which the earliest investigators had to content themselves, under- took extensive quarrying for the fossils, and developed also more refined methods of utilizing detached and broken pieces. In this way a number of well-preserved, complete, or nearly complete, skeletons were obtained where before the material was weathered and fragmentary. Complete re- storations of skeletons disclose structural features much more readily than detached bones and imperfect fragments, and Prof. Marsh first extensively developed this feature for the fossil vertebrates of the White River and other western badlands.. He was thus able to emphasize more easily the nature of these animals and to point out more clearly their profoundly significant relation to present-day life. Prof. Marsh continued field work for many years, the collecting being done sometimes by expeditions directly from Yale, some times by collectors hired for the purpose. Following the first Yale expedition of 1870, other Yale expeditions were in the region in 1871, ’73, ’74 and hired collectors in 1886, 87, °88, ’89, 790, ’94, ’95, ’97, 98. The institution was repre- sented in northwestern Nebraska also in 1908. In this connection it may be stated that during the years 1886-90, much of the field work directed by Professor Marsh was done under the auspices of the United States Geological Survey, the materials collected being later trans- 26 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS ferred to the National Museum. Much of this collecting, particularly during the years 1886, ’87, ’88, was in imme- diate charge of Mr. J. B. Hatcher, one of the most original and successful collectors that has ever worked in the bad- lands. | The University of Princeton was first represented by an expedition under direction of Professor W. B. Scott in 1882. Another expedition directed by Prof. Scott came in 1890. A third came in 18938, directed as before by Prof. Scott, with | whom was associated Mr. J. B. Hatcher. A fourth party came in 1894, this time under the full direction of Mr. Hatcher. (Plate 8). The results of these expeditions were of very great importance. The abundant fossil remains collected enabled Prof. Scott to describe in most complete manner a number of the more noted extinct animals and to indicate with more certainty their proper classification and rela- tionship. The American Museum of Natural History entering the field in 1892, was favored from the very first by important discoveries. Since the first expedition, several parties have- Figure 3—Areal distribution of Oligocene and Miocene exposures in South Dakota, Northwestern Nebraska, and Eastern Wyoming. N. H. Darton, modified by Matthew and Thomson, 1909. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 27 represented this institution in its field investigations. Backed by abundant means and made up of capable investi- gators, they have been able to carry home a large amount of extraordinarily valuable material. This has given op- portunity to establish more accurately the details of stratigraphy and correlation and to indicate with greater certainty the characteristics and habits of the various animals while in the living state. The years in which par- ties have been in the field, either in South Dakota or north- western Nebraska are 1892, ’93, ’94, ’97, ’03, ’06, ’08, 711, 712, 718, 714, 716. Under the direction of Prof. H. F. Osborn, (Plate 8), Curator of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, earlier a co-worker with Prof. Scott in the Princeton investi- gations, many of the best preserved skeletons complete in practically every detail and mounted with the greatest skill, have been clothed with flesh, life and activity. Reproduc- tions of a number of these, reference to which is made on other pages, are given in this book. The University of Nebraska sent expeditions into the field, the parties being under direction of Prof. E. H. Bar- bour in 1892, ’94, ’95, and ’97, ’05, ’07, ’08 and later. Much of their collecting was done in northwestern Nebraska, but a considerable part of it in South Dakota and Wyoming. Prof. J. EK. Todd of the University of South Dakota, spent a brief time in the field in 1894. He made a second visit, accom- panied by several students in 1896. The University has more recently carried on additional investigations but the publications issued have been largely in connection with the fauna and flora of the present day. New impetus was given the geological and paleontolo- gical work, particularly among the Miocene formations of northwestern Nebraska and eastern Wyoming, by the in- auguration in 1902 of explorations by the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburg. This has continued to the present time. Mr. Hatcher directed much of the earlier work, while later, Mr. O. A. Peterson has had charge of it. This museum, as in the case of the American Museum, has been particularly success- ful, and many new and strange species have been discovered and described. A discovery of special note is that of the rich and important bone deposits near Agate Springs found in 1904. 28 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Amherst College sent a party into the region under directon of Prof. F. B. Loomis in 1903 and another in 1907. Field Columbian Museum was represented by a party under Curator O. C. Farrington in 1904. The United States Geolo- gical Survey renewing its investigations in 1897 under Mr. N. H. Darton continued work in the region for several years, the chief purpose being to study the various geological for- mations with reference to underground water resources. Reference has been made to the fact that the South Dakota badlands extend across the southern boundary of the state through northwestern Nebraska into eastern Wyom- ing. The northwestern Nebraska area has in recent years Figure 4—-The Agate Spring fossil quarries, Sioux county, Nebraska, and their related topography. Holland and Peterson, 1914. A, First excavation, B, Carnegie hill, C, University hill. Amherst hill lies about two miles east of this. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 29 attracted much attention, due in large measure to the extra- ordinary deposits found on the James Cook ranch near Agate Springs on the Niobrara river approximately forty miles south of Ardmore, South Dakota. Osborn states that they are the most remarkable deposits of mamalian remains of Tertiary age that have ever been found in any part of the world. It is in connection with these deposits that most of the later White River badland work of the museums and other educational institutions has been done. The bones are not only extremely abundant and well preserved but complete or nearly complete skeletons are fairly common and in several instances considerable groups of good skele- tons have been found in little disturbed condition. Three small hills in which quarries have been worked in the search for bones have been designated as Carnegie Hill, University Hill and Amherst Hill, these having been first opened, in the order given, by representatives of the respec- tive institutions, Carnegie Museum, University of Nebraska, and Amherst College. The South Dakota State School of Mines has nearly every year, beginning with 1899, sent a party into the bad- lands either to Sheep Mountain or to some place along the Great Wall. Aside from the publication by the institution in 1910 of a summary description under the title “The Bad- land Formations of the Black Hills Region” the chief pur- pose of these visits, covering generally only a few days, has been to give students an opportunity to study physiographic processes and topographic types. The visits have served to give name to what is perhaps the ruggedest drainage feature of all the White River badlands, namely, School of Mines canyon. (See Plates 1, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, and others). This cuts a deep gash into the highest part of Sheep Mountain and connects through a picturesque gateway with Indian creek an affluent of Cheyenne river. In addition to the expeditions equipped by the several institutions, private collectors have obtained large quantities of valuable material and these specimens, either directly or through dealers, have found their way into the best mus- eums, both at home and abroad. Now that access to every part of the White River badlands is readily gained, investi- gators are constantly visiting the region and activity in the development of knowledge concerning these wonderful de- 30 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS posits has perhaps never been more vigorous nor better planned than it is at the present time. Each succeeding year enhances the quality and importance of the investiga- tion and doubtless this will continue for many years to come. : YY i IT) WAT . VES \ ~ Yi Seth: N a t SE WS S . SS WS oe os BEDS ES gene ee Hi ites pe \ Wee 4 C&L “Ls Ba q TN \ ‘ \ HK NS WA Ins Jn. ie N Mus “, i ie: es Tilsen ‘i SS NORTH AMERICAN PALEOGEOGRAPHY io, ¥ oy Ae YY41 L Z CMLL, ls Figure 5—North America during the time when the Pierre (Cretac- eous) shales in the form of mud were being laid down in the sea. Schuchert, 1908. White represents land areas; diagonal lines Pacific and Atlantic ocean areas; horizontal lines Arctic conditions; vertical lines Gulf conditions; black represents for- mation outcrops. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 31 CLASSIFICATION AND CORRELATION OF THE DEPOSITS The history of the earth since the advent of life on its surface is commonly divided into certain time-divisions called eras. Beginning with the oldest, these are the Archeozoic, the Proterozoic, the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Cenozoic.* Each of these eras is divided into shorter time-divisions known as periods, varying somewhat among authors. For example the Paleozoic may be divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississipian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian periods; the Mesozoic into Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous; the Cenozoic into the Tertiary and Quaternary. The periods may in turn be divided into epochs, as for example, the Tertiary into the Paleocene, the Eocene, the Oligocene, the Miocene, and the Pliocene epochs; the Quaternary into the Pleistocene, or Glacial epoch, and the Recent or Human epoch. The rocks laid down during the various epochs or periods are spoken of as being grouped into formations (not to be confused with the ill-defined expressions often used for any natural oddity) the name of each formation being usually derived from some town, stream, tribe of people, or other feature of local interest where the formation was first carefully studied and described. The Black Hills and the Badlands together form a nearly continuous series from very old rocks to the very youngest. The following section in order of deposi- tion, the oldest being at the bottom shows the various for- mations of this part of the country: *T regret the apparent advisability of following conservative classification rather than joining present events with anticipated con- ditions and adding the beautifully expressive term ‘‘Psychozoic Era,”’ the Age of Man, introduced by Prof. Joseph LeConte many years ago and used by him in the various editions of his elements of Geology. 32 . THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Table of Geologic Divisions for Western South Dakota Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Proterozoic Archeozoic Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Carboniferous Permian Pennsylvanian Mississippian Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian (Saratogan) Algonkian {Recent alluvial (flood | plain) deposits. Older high - level | gravels, sands and lL elays. (Pliocene {Not geuP- Nebraska Beds | Sheep Creek | Beds | Arikaree Oligocene } rea | Hocene | Hee ? Lance Formation Miocene Laramie Niobrara Carlile Greenhorn Graneros Dakota Fuson Minnewasta Lakota ? | Morrison ? Unkpapa 9 Sundance ? Spearfish ; Minnekahta Opeche Minnelusa Pahasapa | Englewood [Not represented?] [Not represented?7] Whitewood Deadwood Not yet differentiated [Not represented ] Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 3. South Dakota School of Mines FORMATION PRODUCTS GOLD, TIN, CLAY I iti rahul IEA rLA ran : Ail i THUR HHL HTH i ee a ah CC GANTT: ae : BNE iti Hi MT AN Ss . as ae wt i - AAG ane RRTRTNAIVA REE HALA PR ale Z : ay Mi lt (ZAS 6 alate i: LOSS ee at eZ eau - Cet hi GOLD, SILVER, TUNGSTEN, MICA, LITHIA,GRAPHITE + FULLERS EARTH LEAD, LIME . LEAD, TUNGSTEN \ GOLD,SILVER,LEAD, {\ mA it ===| VOLCANIC ASH [| - Li > if ys ra] a ra) o inn I === VOLCANIC ASH ‘ \ ‘ COLUMNAR SECTION MIOCENE OLIGOCENE PAHASAPA ENGLEWOOD WHITE WOOD ALGONKIAN -BLACKHILLS REGION & DEADWOOD Oo South Dakota School of Mines FORMATION PLEISTOCENE MIOCENE OLIGOCENE Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 3. LARAMIE FOX HILLS NIOBRARA CARLILE GREENHORN GRANEROS MORRISON UNKPAPA SUNDANCE SPEARFISH MINNEKAHTA OPECHE MINNELUSA PAHASAPA ENGLEWOOD WHITEWOOD: DEADWOOD ALGONKIAN PRODUCTS GOLD, TIN,CLAY VOLCANIC ASH FULLERS EARTH VOLCANIC ASH LIGNITE PETROLEUM BUILDINGSTONE FIRE CLAY BUILDING STONE, COAL BUILDING STONE: GYPSUM LIME, CEMENT GOLD, SILVER, LEAD, LIME GOLD, SILVER, LEAD, TUNGSTEN ] GOLDSILVER,LEAD,| { TIN,COPPER, IRON, TUNGSTEN.MICA, LITHIA,GRAPHITE COLUMNAR SEGTION OF THE a ee bIEBBE ROX HITTe: — a ear SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 33 The rock formations of the White River badlands repre- sent a late time in geologic history. From the earliest days of their exploration they have been recognized as of Tertiary age and of non-marine character. The particular horizon within the Tertiary to which the various subdivisions should be referred have been less easy to determine. Leidy in his ie { WAS it MN : oe), ‘> 4) , ak SO eae ee, ~ (} D [Saas St a G =e ——————S ae ———SEE ee = S ‘ ——_— eee or , —SEE SS SE O———EX ———————— af — 7 — EEE ed $$ $ 7 SSS See eS dt . ——————————————— ~ r aa ee Se SSS ee $5 $$ EE ee yh = eT See ee ee ——— ee ee —————— SS —————SE=S=E ESS EES SSS ii rs EEE EE ee Eee ee = . v LEE _EEESS — EEE I —————————————————————— = ee 77 * ———— a ——— 7 —— ——— J ——— Saas SSE Z an Sa > — “= 5 —<—=— z LSE EEE SS Figure 6—Map of North America in the Tertiary period, Black areas represent known exposures of marine Tertiary; lined areas, sea; dotted areas, non marine formations. Scott. earliest studies of the extinct animals considered the beds as Eocene. Fuller study indicated to him and others a wider range in age than was first suspected and many fea- tures showed a later Tertiary character. As a result they became designated as Miocene and Pliocene, then as Lower Miocene and Pliocene, the Miocene (or lower Miocene) be- 34 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS ing often referred to as the White River group. Later as the methods of correlation became more refined and as representative fossils came more abundantly and in better condition from the hands of the collectors, giving better opportunity for comparison with similiar fossils in other parts of the world, the lower beds were found to be equi- valent to the Oligocene and the upper beds to the Miocene, chiefly Lower Miocene. This is now the accepted correla- tion. Pliocene deposits are know to occur along and to the GREAT PLAINS. SECTION |r PHATRIE TE SS ‘ERE 6685 Re OREGQN, SECTION... i TAS A >) iil IPROMERYCOCHIERUS—_] = /— aS Aa ey Se OS a A a a ed [—__DICERATHE Rittit——~* a I wee = RE Po A ee 8 WYOMING SECTION Se Oe oe A Sy Figure 7—-Diagram showing the chronological and stratigraphic suc- cession of the Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Pleistocene formations of the western states, in which fossil mammals are found. Osborn. 1907. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 35 south of the South Dakota-Nebraska boundary line and Pleistocene gravels are found in occasional places. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BASIN GREAT PLAINS ZONES DEPOSITS DEPOSITS OREGON Glyptotherium PLIO- CENE Ticholeptus MIOCENE OLIGOCENE 3% Faunal Period HUERFANO PARK (COLO) SAN JUAN PARK (NEW MEXICO) ‘EOCENE FORT UNION UPPER CRETACEOUS CLOSE OF THE-AGE OF REPTILES | EXTINCTION OF DINOSAURS Figure 8—Diagram showing the successive and overlapping Tertiary formations of the Rocky Mountain region, with names of the im- portant life zones. Osborn. 1909. An important work of investigators has been to further subdivide the deposits and to correlate in so far as possible the resulting subdivisions. Hayden early attempted a sub- 36 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS division and with marked success so far as information then at hand would allow. Later workers with better means at their command have made corrections and added new features until now the main history is fairly well outlined. The present classification shown of some local and con- flicting peculiarities is given herewith and this is followed by an idealized birdseye view of the Big Badlands by Os- born in which the thickness of the beds and the chief char- acteristics are given. GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC SECTION OF WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Pliocene Little White River Beds Hipparion Zone Upper Miocene— 50-200 ft. Nebraska Beds Procamelus Zone Middle Miocene— ft. Sheep Creek Beds Merycochoerus Zone Harrison Beds with Daemonelix ; Sandstone. Lower SOUR Arikaree 600-900 ft. Formation Chiefly Promerycoch- Monroe Creek Beds {oerus Zone with Gering Sandstone. Leptauchenia Zone | Gains fauna) with Upper Oligocene— ) Protoceras Beds , Protoceras sandstone 150-250 ft. | (Forest and Fluviatile | Brule { fauna) Formation Ran nea eT ie: ene ees - auna) wi etamyno- | Oreodon Beds don sandstone (Forest L and Fluviatile fauna.) Lower Oligocene Chadron Titanotherium Beds Titanotherium Zone 0-180 ft. Formation NATURE OF THE DEPOSITS The rock materials of the White River badlands vary in different localities and in the different beds. The older de- posits are chiefly fine partially consolidated clays interlaid with occasional irregular beds of coarse argillaceous sands and gravels. Concretions are abundant and they often grade into fairly continuous sandstone. Clay dikes occur frequently and are widely distributed. In certain localities thin veins of hard bluish-gray chalacedony check the softer sediments in great profusion. Limestones are not common but among some of the marginal outcrops particularly those toward the Black Hills they reach importance. Likewise near the Black Hills conglomerates are occasionally of con- SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 37 Porcupine Butte je A t Asawa He PF Steneoftber Promerycocherus ‘y Oe Verb Nath PY pny, Sasa Lok 4 nat ' Pi: a ris Hees m ch ad Sa wen Fie, «ARLEN Lg ACAI, Apes % .. “% %s ; : uy as Wee . 3! Port gl : < aie “iC he , shea? PIT eae a ee TBS AGS A NWS hee teen ee GG fu 4, | Y Pes. k Wess f h Aaleey in “UR } ae . oe i a: Liot' a & Br Leptauchenia B i t An Tre as oh : Brg wy ba a FS i ej BS : Pete A ia | e Protoceras Ne ff ey ce! e \ LOWER MIOCENE | pee ee eee 2, eas) : ny yer.) hin ae So ld =| =) o a , 50- 752 OLIGOCENE (Tower) Titanotherium (upper) Titanotheriam CHADRON Titanotherium ( lower) 0 100 200 300 400 FEET Figure 9—lIdealized birds-eye view of the Big Badlands, showing channel and overflow deposits in the Oligocene and Lower Mio- cene. Looking southeast from the Black Hills. Osborn, 1909. 38 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS sequence. Volcanic ash occurs at certain horizons and one or two beds in the later formations cover considerable areas. The several geological formations have particular char- acteristics that serve to distinguish them in the field. In > view of the importance of these formations the makeup of each is here described in some detail beginning with the Chadron which is the oldest. The others follow in the order of their age. OLIGOCENE The Chadron Formation The Chadron formation, better known by the much older term, the Titanotherium beds, from the name of the large extinct animals, whose bones occur in it so abundantly, receives its name from the town of Chadron in northwestern Nebraska. The formation is best developed and has been | most studied in and near the Big Badlands of South Dakota, but is of importance along the northerly facing escarpment of Pine Ridge in South Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming. Owing to the slight dip of the strata away from the Black Hills, the Pine Ridge outcrop, lying as it does at the base of the high escarpment, passes quickly beneath younger for- mations and leaves only a long narrow east-west band for observation. In and near the Big Badlands the White and Cheyenne rivers and their tributaries have cut deeply into and across the deposits, and there the Chadron is exposed over a large territory. The beds are known to underlie an extensive area of later formations within and beyond the Black Hills region and are well exposed in the valley of © North Platte river in western Nebraska, and of South Platte river in northeastern Colorado. The formation is made up chiefly of a sandy clay of light greenish-gray color, with generally coarser sandy ma- terials at or near the bottom, including sometimes deposits of gravel or conglomerate several feet thick. The beds im- mediately above the gravels are often of a yellowish, pinkish, reddish, or brownish color, and Mr. Darton states that in northwestern Nebraska, near Adelia, the red color is espe- cially prominent. Aside from this the color in the main is a greenish white, the green showing as a very delicate tinge on weathered slopes, but a distinctly deeper olive green in fresh exposures. The clays sometimes partake of the nature SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 39 of fullers’ earth, but generally they contain more or less sand. In most of the beds little cementing material is pres- ent, although the clays are often quite compact. Occasion- ally thin persistent bands of knotty, grayish limestone or lime clay concretions are found. These weather to a chalky white, and although seldom prominent individual bands may sometimes be traced over considerable areas. Concerning the sandy layers within the Big Badlands, Hatcher says: “The sandstones are never entirely continuous, and never more than a few feet thick. They present every de- gree of compactness, from loose beds of sand to the most solid sandstones. They are composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and are evidently of granitic origin. When soli- dified the cementing substance is carbonate of lime. “The conglomerates, like the sandstones, are not con- stant, are of very limited vertical extent, never more than a few feet thick. They are usually quite hard, being firmly held together by carbonate of lime. A section of the beds taken at any point and showing the relative position and thickness of the sandstones, clays and conglomerates is of little value, since these vary much at different and quite adjacent localities.’’* The total thickness of the formation within the Big Badlands is approximately 180 feet. Hatcher and others subdivide the formation in that locality as follows: Lower, 50 feet; Middle, 100 feet; Upper, 30 feet. The sub-divisions are based on the nature of the Titanotheres found at the various horizons. Along Pine Ridge the formation is much thinner. Darton gives it as approximately 30 to 60 feet. THE BRULE FORMATION The Brule formation, like the underlying Chadron for- mation, outcrops chiefly in the Big Badlands and along the northward facing escarpment of Pine Ridge. AS now com- monly understood, it may for the Big Badlands be best con- sidered under its two subdivisions, namely, the Oreodon Beds, constituting the lower part, and the Protoceras Beds, constituting the upper part. *Hatcher, J. B. The Titanotherium Beds. Am. Nat., Vol. 27, 1893, pp. 204-221. 40 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS vane - 4528" CT SCIONS iy 5 fe tee ta (oiehelae love Loose gray sands with gray Gray sands with pipy con- : and pebbly streaks ..... Stratified and cross-bedded SAMS evn eee tle velista iela te toes Volcanic ase ie ae ial ei. CLE VIS 3 te dec Ue ie eae eee Voleanic ash i.e o 6 sels 8 eas eee Light buff-gray shales SanadstOmes ils dies caus elewalene CLAYS ie iedin te eu sine eid Ue Greenish sands .......... Pierre: shale? ti. 3c ee wae Figure 10—Section from Round Top to Adelia, Sioux county, Ne- braska. Above the Pierre shale to 3725 is Chadron formation, 3725 to 4275 is Brule, 4275 to 4390 is Gering, 4390 to 4525 is Arikaree. Darton, 1905. The Oreodon Beds. The Oreodon beds, so named be- cause of the abundant remains of Oreodons found in them, are made up chiefly of massive arenaceous clays, lenticular sandstones, and thin layers of nodules. A particular feature of the beds is the color banding. The general color is a gray or faint yellow, but this is often much obliterated by hori- zontal bands showing some shade of pink, red or brown. They are present in greater or less prominence over large areas, particularly in the Big Badlands, and in places be- SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 41 come a rather striking feature. Their thickness varies from an inch or less to occasionally several feet. Sometimes they are repeated in rapid succession without great contrasts in color. More often a few bands stand out with prominence, especially if moistened by recent rains and,seen from some commanding point, may be traced for long distances. The sandstones being of a lenticular nature are often absent or of little consequence, but in many localities they reach considerable thicknesses. One series near the middle of the bed is of particular importance. It reaches in the Big Badlands a thickness of twenty feet or more, and ac- cording to Wortman, covers an area approximately twelve miles in length and a mile or a mile and a half in width. It contains fossil remains in abundance of the ancestral rhinoceros, Metamynodon, hence is commonly known as the Metamynodon sandstone. Of the nodular layers, one just above the Metamynodon sandstone is of paramount importance. For description of this I quote from Mr. Wortman, 1893: “There is one layer found in the Oreodon Beds which is highly characteristic and is perhaps more constant and widely distributed than any other single stratum in the whole White River (Oligocene) formation. This is a buff-colored clay carrying numerous calcareous nodules in which are imbedded remains of turtles and oreodons. The fossils are almost invariably covered with a scale of ferruginous oxide when first removed from the matrix, and are of decidedly reddish cast. Upon this account this stratum is known to the collector as the ‘red- layer.’ It is situated somewhere between 40 and 50 feet above the top of the Titanotherium beds and can almost always be easily identified. It varies in thickness from 10 to 20 feet, and in some rare instances it is replaced by sand- stone. I have also found it without the nodules in plaees, but this is also quite a rare occurrence.” Another tolerably constant fossiliferous nodular layer occurs at from 75 to 100 feet above the nodular layer just described. This higher horizon was provisionally con- sidered as marking the top of the Oreodon beds. The pres- ent tendency is to extend the Oreodon beds upward so as to include the series of non-fossiliferous clays about 100 feet thick, lying just above the upper nodular layer. The total thickness of the beds in the vicinity of Sheep Mountain is 42 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS from 250 to 300 feet. The stratigraphy in Pine Ridge dif- fers in some important respects lithologically from that of the Big Badlands and the exact equivalent there of the Oreodon beds does not yet seem clear. The Protoceras Beds. The Protoceras beds, earlier con- sidered as part of the Oreodon beds, were first differen- tiated by J. L. Wortman as a result of field work done during the summer of 1892 for the American Museum of Natural History. The name is derived from the character- istic and highly interesting extinct animal, the Protoceras, which occurs in the sandstones of these beds in considerable abundance. Lithologically the beds are made up of isolated patches of coarse, lenticular sandstones, fine-grained clays, and nodular layers. The sandstones occur in different levels and are usually fossiliferous. They are seldom continuous for any great distance and often change abruptly into fine- grained barren clays. Immediately overlying the sand- stones there is a pinkish colored nodule-bearing clay, con- taining abundant remains of Lepthauchenia and other forms, hence the name Leptauchenia zone often used in connection with these beds. The Protoceras beds have been clearly differentiated only in the Big Badlands. Elsewhere the lithologic conditions do not generally serve to indicate their presence, hence if they occur outside of the Big Badlands, the determination of their areal distribution must in a large measure await the study of the paleontologist.. The total thickness of the beds, including with them the Leptauchenia clays, is approximately 150 to 175 feet. LOWER MIOCENE The Arikaree Formation The Arikaree formation, first designated as such by Darton, receives its name from the Arikaree Indians, who were at one time identified with the area in which it is most largely developed. Its greatest development is in Pine Ridge and southward. It is of Lower Miocene age and lies uncomformably on the Brule and in places overlaps the margins of that formation. The Arikaree is largely a soft sandstone, varying in color from white to light gray. Calcareous concretions occur throughout the formation in abundance. They are usually of cylindrical form and are often more or less con- SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 43 nected into irregular sheets. It is to this feature especially that the Pine Ridge escarpment and other prominent topo- graphic features of that part of the country are due. For the manner of development of these concretionary forms, the reader is referred to the discussion of concretions and sand- calcite crystals elsewhere in this paper. oY SPOON BUTTE Sioux County, Nebr Wyo. Laramie Coun Hard pink sandSt5 the lower Miocene). Sioux County, Nebr Niobrara River (Running Water) SQUAW BUTTE (The northern limit of [aa Toe A =| HARRISON oS: -Fine-grained incoherent sandstones (== == THOLOGICAL SIMILARITY AND CONTINUITY. oO, Sguaw Creek Figure 11—Diagramatic section of the Arikaree on the Nebraska- Wyoming line west of Harrison. Osborn, modified from Peter- son, 1906-09. The Arikaree has not been carefully defined for all the area where it has been found, and owing to the variable nature of the formation in different localities a number of terms in this connection need to be referred to and defined. Darton in his studies in western Nebraska some years ago, differentiated certain sands and standstones, lying below the Arikaree deposits, as the Gering formation. More re- cent study seems to show that much of this material is little more than non-continuous river sandstones and conglomer- ates that traverse the lower Arikaree clays and occupy in places irregular channels in the partly eroded upper Brule formation, the relation to the Arikaree clays being in such places much as that of the Titanotherium, Metamynodon and Protoceras sandstones to the clays in which they severally occur. The general tendency at present seems to be to consider them as a special depositional phase of the lower part of the Arikaree. According to Hatcher, the Arikaree in Sioux County, Nebraska, and Converse County, Wyoming, is lithologically and faunally divisible into two easily distinguishable horizons, namely, the Monroe Creek beds, below, and the Harrison beds above. 44 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS The Monroe Creek Beds. The Monroe Creek beds, Hatcher states, are well shown in the northern face of Pine Ridge at the mouth of Monroe Creek Canyon, five miles north of Harrison, where they overlie the Gering sand- stones, and are composed of 300 feet of very light colored, fine-grained, not very hard, but firm and massive sandstones. The thickness decreases rapidly to the east and increases to the west. The beds are generally non-fossiliferous, though remains of Promerycochoerus are found in it, hence the name Promerycochoerus zone. The Harrison Beds. The Harrison beds receive their name from Harrison, in the vicinity of which town the beds are well exposed. As stated by Hatcher, they are composed of about 200 feet of fine-grained, rather incoherent sand- stones, permeated by great numbers of siliceous tubes ar- ranged vertically rather than horizontally. They are further characterized by the presence, often in great abundance, of y Partly Pleistocene « Stratigraphi¢ unconformity Snake Creek Beds . Sheep Creek Beds ante Pr. eS ‘a eS ~ v a - oO -_ ws q “2 White River Valley Niobrara River Valle owe Sheep Creek Beds wee~ Whistle Creek Valley Sheep Creek Beds ““-"4 Snake Creek Beds A 2: Sand Hills ------ Wind Springs ~~ Figure 12—-Section from Hat creek south through Sioux county to Wind Springs, a distance of approximately fifty miles. Cook, 1915. those peculiar and interesting, but as yet not well under- stood, fossils known as Daemonelix, (hence called Dae- monelix beds by Barbour, who first studied them), and by a considerable variety of fossil mammals belonging toe characteristic Miocene genera. Later investigation has shown that in some places the division is not readily made on lithologic features alone, but that the formation can in all places be separated faunistically into lower and upper levels as indicated. The section by Osborn, modified from Peterson, shows the rela- SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 45 tions of the Nebraska-Wyoming line west of Harrison. (Figure 15). The Rosebud Beds. The Arikaree has been studied with much care near Porcupine Butte and farther east on White river by representatives of the American Museum of Natural History. Matthew and Gidley, who first collected fossils there, designated the series of strata as the Rosebud beds. These beds are believed to be approximately equi- valent to the Arikaree formation as the latter is now coming to be understood, but exact relations have not yet been fully determined over any very large section of the country. Matthew describes the beds in their typical eastern locality as follows: “The western part of the formation attains a thickness estimated at 500 feet on Por- cupine creek, a southern tributary of White river. The base is taken at a heavy white stratum which appears to be identical with the stratum capping the White River for- mation on Sheep Mountain in the Big Badlands. This stratum can be seen extending interruptedly across the river to Sheep Mountain, about twenty miles distant, capping several intervening buttes and projecting points of the underlying formation. The Rosebud beds at the bottom approximate the rather hard clays of the upper Leptauchenia beds, but become progressively softer and sandier towards the top, and are capped at Porcupine Butte by a layer of hard quarzitic sandstone. Several white flinty, calcareous layers cover the beds, one of which, about half way up, was used to divide them into Upper and Lower. The strati- fication is very variable and inconstant, lenses and beds of soft fine-grained sandstone and harder and softer clayey layers alternating with frequent channels filled with sand- stones and mud-conglomerates, all very irregular and of limited extent. The hard calcareous layers are more con- stant. A bed of volcanic ash lies near the top of the for- mation, and there may be a considerable percentage of vol- canic material in some of the layers further down. These volcanic ash beds should in theory be of wide extent, and may be of considerable use in the correlation of the scattered exposures on the heads of the different creeks—a very dif- ficult matter without their aid. 46 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS ==5) Porcupine Butte Volcanic’ ash layer Blastomeryx Forahippus Cynodesmus Phiaocyon Gia egalictis psoas eaters Oxydacty/us Desmathyus Protomeryx Merycocheerus Merychyus (abundant) Aelurocyon Arctoryctis Entoptychus Lepus LOWER MIOCENE :\Calear'eous shaly ROSEBUD _ ae SG ee hae aee 2 - Re “ Poe - ar Peet aes a ott 4 FPromerycocharus DR Sener savour wine Quip rere e 2.5) Promery- (very abundant i eS eS SS eS SS a cocheerus and characteristic) ARIKAREE. FORMATION DUR ae eae se ero Diceratherium erecta do ica eT oe Llotherium Stencofiber Hypertragulus Parahippus (smell sp) Leptauchenia (rear base) Nimravus ei Upnateets Caio on oan ae cee ee amen eee Moropus Patten araiart mmr Cl a eee UPPER-OLIGOCENE ~ f === === = eplanchenie 20 =e '4.OLIG. | | | | | | Figure 13—-Columnar section from Porcupine Butte northward to- ward White river as observed by Matthew and Thomson in 1906. Osborn, 1912. The beds form the upper part of the series of bluffs south of White river on the Pine Ridge and Rosebud Reser- vations, and are exposed in the upper part of the various tributary creeks.”* For a section of these beds see Figure 13, from U. S. Geol. Survey Bulletin No. 361, p. 70, Cenozoic Mammal Horizons of Western North America, etc., by Osborn and Matthew. *Matthew, W. D. A Lower Miocene Fauna from South Dakota. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., Vol. 23, 1907, pp. 169-219. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 47 MIDDLE MIOCENE The Middle Miocene, so far as I am aware, has not been identified within the area covered by the Black Hills map, except in the southern part, chiefly in Nebraska. Strata of this age have been studied fifteen or twenty miles south- southwest of Agate Springs, and they have there yielded a limited fauna. Matthew and Cook designate them as the Sheep Creek beds, and describe them briefly, as follows: “They consist of soft fine-grained sandy ‘clays’ of a light buff color, free from pebbles, and containing harder cal- careous layers. Their thickness is estimated at 100 feet. Near the top is a layer of dark-gray volcanic ash, two feet thick.” UPPER MIOCENE The Nebraska Beds. The Nebraska beds, Nebraska formation as designated by Scott, are represented in various areas not yet carefully mapped along the Niobrara river, where, aS widely scattered river channel and flood plain deposits, they immediately overlie the Harrison beds. Fur- ther south they pass beneath or blend into the Oglalla for- mation, which covers so much of western and southwestern Nebraska. They have been studied by Hatcher and by Peterson. Hatcher describes them as consisting of a series of buff colored sandstones of varying degrees of hardness and unknown thickness, with occasional layers of siliceous grits, which protrude as hard undulating or shelving masses from the underlying and overlying softer materials. Peter- son states that the thickness cannot be greater than 150 or 200 feet, and he gives a section near the Nebraska-Wyoming line showing only 70 feet. The beds have afforded many in- teresting fossils of vertebrates, some of which are described elsewhere in this publication. PLIOCENE Pliocene strata are found irregularly distributed on the eroded surfaces of Upper Miocene beds bordering Little White river valley and the valley of the Niobrara. They contain important fossils but the beds have not been care- fully mapped. As a consequence local names have been used to designate the beds in the several localities where fossil hunting has been carried on. Among these names 48 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS are Snake Creek, Oak Creek, Little White River, Niobrara River and Spoon Butte. The beds are of Lower Pliocene age and are of especial stratigraphic value in that Pliocene mammals are not well known in North America and the mammalian fauna which the beds have yielded has helped materially in filling in the gap. GEOLOGIC SECTION OF THE BIG BADLANDS Approximate estimate thick- Characteristic Species and General ness of the beds Nature of the Rock Leptauchenia layer; nodule-bearing, 100 feet DUE Solored clays widely distribu- ed. Protoceras Beds 4 50-75 feet NNR sandstones, occupying different levels, not continuous. 100 feet Light colored clays. Few fossils. { Nodulous clay stratum. Bones white. 15-100 feet | Sandstones and clays. Bones rusty colored. constant and widely distributed. Nu- merous Oreodons and turtles im- bedded in nodules. Bones always covered with scale of ferruginous oxide. “Red layer” of collectors. 10-20 feet be layer; nodule-bearing, very Oreodon Beds u { wretamynodon layer; sandstones, some- times replaced by light colored bar- ren clays. Bones usually rusty col- 70 feet ored. Reddish gritty clay, sometimes bluish, Bones white. 30 feet Clays, sandstones and conglomerates. (Clays, toward the base often reddish, or variegated. The prevailing color, however, is a delicate greenish white. Bones are always light col- ored or white, sometimes rusty. Clays and sands, sometimes fullers earth. Titanotherium 100 feet | Beds | 50 feet SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 49 MANNER OF DEPOSITION Geologists who first studied the badland formations of the western plains early formulated the theory that the deposits were collected by streams from the highlands of the Rocky Mountains and the Black Hills and were laid down as sediment in great fresh water lakes. These lakes were thought to have varied in position and extent in the different periods of time during which the several forma- tions were being deposited. They were believed in general to have had their origin in certain structural changes, either a slight depression along the western side or the elevation of some drainage barrier on the east, and to have been obliterated by the development of new drainage chan- nels accompanied possibly by general uplift, and by the progressive aridity of the climate. More recently doubts began to be entertained as to the accuracy of this attractive lacustrine theory, more detailed study disclosing many facts at variance with the usual conditions of lake deposition, both with reference to the physical character of the deposits and to the nature, con- dition, and distribution of the fossil remains found in them. There now seems to be abundant evidence for the belief that the deposits were of combined lagoon, fluviatile, floodplain and possibly eolian origin instead of having been laid down over the bottom of great and continuous bodies of standing water as was first supposed. The lacustrine theory originated in the earlier accepted idea that all horizontally bedded sedimentary rocks were deposited in bodies of comparatively still water, either marine, brackish, or fresh. It was believed that the fine- grained banded clays were deposited in the quiet deeper waters of the lake, that the sandstones and conglomerates were deposited along the shores and about the mouths of tributary streams, and that the wide distribution of the animals now found as fossils was accomplished by the drift- ing about in the lake of the decaying bodies washed down by the inflowing streams. The fossils obtained by the earlier students of the region showed a general lack of an aquatic fauna. As a result the idea developed that the waters of this great lake: although receiving the drifting bodies of land animals were themselves of such a saline or alkaline nature that they were incapable of supporting life. 50 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS It has more recently been shown that the waters were not only not saline, but that they were eminently fitted for the support of aquatic life and in fact in some localities did support such life, both plant and animal in great abundance. It seems that the topography of the plains region dur- ing deposition of the badland materials was nearly level, the slope then as now being very gentle from the -Rocky Mountains and the Black Hills. Broad streams found their way slowly across this great tract and developed upon it a net work of changing channels, backwaters, lagoons and shallow lakes interspread here and there with reed- bearing marshes and grass-covered flats. Climatic changes gradually brought about conditions of aridity, the rivers and other water bodies dwindled and wind-driven materials be- gan to assert their prominence. Thus the clays, sandstones, conglomerates, fullers earth, eolian-sands and even the voleanic dust, wind-borne from far away craters in the Rocky Mountains or the Black Hills, are all accounted for and the life conditions of the time are in reasonable measure made plain. | GEOLOGIC HISTORY The rocks of the earth’s crust retain to a marked ex- tent a record of their history. Sometimes this is indicated by composition, sometimes by manner of erosion, some- times by relation to one another, sometimes by fossil con- tents, et cetera. Often several such characters are avail- able in the same formation. In such cases the history may be unraveled with much fulness. A detailed history of the Tertiary of the Black Hills region may not be entered upon here, but a brief review of the general physical changes is desirable in order that the setting of conditions and activities discussed elsewhere may be better understood. Preceding the deposition of the Tertiary rocks, that is during the Cretaceous period, the Black Hills region had for a long time been surrounded and largely if not wholly covered by a great sea. In this sea countless marine or- ganisms flourished and died. The sea from time to time, and particularly near the close of the period, tended through a brackish to a fresh water nature. Approximately coincident with the full development of fresh water con- © ditions the Black Hills region was subjected to disturbance, SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 51 profound elevation took place and a more active erosion was inaugurated. The history here for a time is not well disclosed but beginning with the Oligocene the conditions become more evident. By that time the streams had be- come sluggish and muddy and by meandering had developed vast flood plains across which they shifted their lazy way and deposited and redeposited the debris obtained from the higher lands to the west- Following the Oligocene there was further uplifting and erosion was correspondingly quick- ened but the general history continued much as before. The climate for a considerable time in the history of the deposition seems to have been moist to a marked degree. Later a more arid condition prevailed and it was then that transportation and deposition by wind became a feature of importance. : The great disturbances in the early part of the Tertiary resulting in the pronounced doming of the Black Hills region and the uplifting of the Rocky Mountain front were accompanied and followed by profound igneous intrusion. The White River region was influenced only in a general way by the disturbances and no volcanic outbursts occurred there. However some of the igneous material within the Rockies and possibly some also in the northern Black Hills connecting with the throats of vigorous volcanoes was from time to time hurled high above the surface. Here favorable winds, catching up the finely divided fragments, bore them far to the eastward and there gently dropped them as thin widespread ashen blankets to become an integral and in- teresting portion of the general badland deposits. Subsequent to the Pleiocene the history of the White River badlands is largely one of rapid weathering and vigorous erosion. PHYSIOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT The White River badlands are the result of erosion, controlled in part by climatic conditions and in part by the stratigraphic and lithologic nature of the deposits. There is a too frequent lack of appreciation of the work of com- mon disintegrating and carrying agents and many an in- dividual speculates upon the mighty upheavals and the terrific volcanic forces that to him have produced the won- derful ruggedness of the badlands, when the real work, so 52 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS far at least as immediate topography is concerned, wholly apart from the forces of vulcanism, have been performed under a kindly sun and through benevolent combination by ordinary winds and frosts and rains, and to a lesser degree by plants and animals. What the earliest beginning may have been is not known. Suffice it to say that then, as now, the sun shone, the winds blew, and the rains came, and such irregularities as may have existed influenced in some de- gree the earliest run off. Season by season the elements weakened the uplifted sediments, and little by little the srowing streams cut the yielding surface. In time lateral tributaries pushed their way into the interstream areas and these tributaries in turn developed smaller branches, the series continuing with ever increasing complexity to the delicate etching at the very top of the highest levels. All the important streams give indications of an eventful his- tory, but for this there is little opportunity for discussion here. Cheyenne river and White river are the chief factors today in the production and continuation of the badland features, and of these, White river clings most closely to its task. The Cheyenne has already cleared its valley of the badland deposits except in the important locality southeast of the Black Hills and in the western Pine Ridge area be- youd the headwaters of White river and even in these areas the main stream has cut entirely through the formations and in most places deeply into the underlying black Cre-— taceous shales. White river, on the other hand, for more than fifty miles of its middle course, meanders across a wide alluvial bottom, underlain by badland sediments, while its many branched head and all of the larger tributaries from the south and many from the north continue to gnaw vig- orously into deposits that retain much of their original thickness. Among the innumerable tributaries within the badlands proper, few are of great length, but many are of note in the physiography of the region, in the history of early day travel, and in the yielding of important specimens to the fossil hunter. Of those leading from the Badlands to the Cheyenne river, the following are important and often referred to in the scientific literature: Bull creek, Crooked creek, Sage creek, Hay creek, Bear creek, Spring crek, In- dian creek, Little Corral draw, Big Corral draw, Quinn SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 53 draw, and Cedar draw. Nearer the head of the river are Hat creek, Old Woman creek, Lance creek, and others. Three streams rising east of the Big Badlands and north of the Great Wall flow eastward between Cheyenne river and “White river and form the head of Bad river. These are Cottonwood, White Water and Buffalo creeks. The White river tributaries from the north are short, and of these Cain -ereek, Cottonwood creek, and Spring creek rising near the heart of the Big Badlands are the most important. The White river tributaries on the south are numerous, and of considerable size. Well known ones within the Pine Ridge Indian reservation, are: Pass creek, Eagle Nest creek, Bear in the Ledge creek, Corn creek, Pumpkin creek, Yel- low Medicine creek, Medicine Root creek, Porcupine creek, Wounded Knee creek, and White Clay creek. Little White river is the most important of all the streams flowing into White river. It rises west of Manderson in the southern part of Pine Ridge reservation and flows eastward and northward into and through the Rosebud Indian reserva- tion. Many valuable fossils have been found among the outcrops exposed along its valley. The southern slopes of Pine Ridge are drained by Nio- brara river. This river rises in Wyoming and flowing east- ward approximately parallels Pine Ridge and the South Dakota-Nebraska state line. It may for our purpose here serve to mark the southern limit of the area described. In addition to the streams certain features need men- tion because of their commanding position. These are Pine Ridge, Porcupine Butte, Eagle Nest Butte, Sheep Mountain, and The Wall,“ the latter being more fully designated by the various local names: Sage creek wall, White Water wall, and Big Foot wall. Besides these, the following passes or natural roadways, well known to all the travelers within the Big Badlands, are of historic importance and of physi- ographic significance: Sage Creek pass, Big Foot pass, Cedar pass, Chamberlain pass, et cetera. Less noted in the literature, but of much importance, are the numerous mesas or tables. They stand at various heights up to three hundred feet or more above the basins or valleys. Some of these are of i: “ge size and those east of the Cheyenne river have been given individual names by the 54 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS people who have settled upon them. The larger ones are Sheep Mountain table, about six miles south-southwest of Scenic; Hart table, between Indian creek and Spring creek; Kube table, between Spring creek and Bear creek; Seventy-one table, between Bear creek and Hay creek; Quinn table, between Hay creek and Sage creek; Crooked Creek table, between Sage creek and Bull creek; Lake Flat between Bull creek and the headwaters of Cottonwood creek; White River table, at head of Quinn draw. The last named lies within the Pine Ridge Indian reservation and is of historic interest in that it was used as a fortress by the Indians dur- ing the Indian outbreak of 1891. The chief factors in badland development are these: first, a climate with a low rainfall more or less concen- trated into heavy showers; second, scarcity of deep rooted vegetation; third, slightly consolidated nearly homogenous fine-grained sediments lying at a considerable height above the main drainage channels, the occasional hard layers or beds that may be present being thin and in horizontal posi- tion. All of these favor rapid, steep, and diversified sculp- turing. Ag already stated, the White and the Cheyenne rivers, not far separated from each other, serve as the main drainage channels for the Badlands and, having cut far be- low the topmost mesas or tables, afford abundant oppor- tunity for rapid run off. The vegetation is scanty. Rich, short grasses are abundant over large areas, but these have not sufficient root-strength to prevent cutting. The gnarled cedars of the higher points also lack such strength, for even these often wage a losing fight and especially in the elongat- ing gulches and on the narrowing tables they progress to- ward inevitable destruction. The rock material is largely an excessively fine clay, not thoroughly indurated, sometimes massive, sometimes laminated. Sandstones occur locally in some abundance, especially in the upper beds, but never of great thickness and seldom of much lateral extent. Concretions are com- mon and these as well as the sandstones accentuate the irregularity of erosion. The bare clay slopes under the influence of occasional rains and the beating suns, generally show a spongy surface, the loosening porous clay often ex- tending to a depth of several inches. This feature is com- SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 55 mon on the sloping surface of the Oreodon beds and is especially characteristic of the rounded hillocks of the Titanotherium beds. This preliminary loosening of the clay, explains perhaps more than any other one feature, the surpassing ease with which the countless tiny channels are formed and how it is that the streams become turbid with every passing shower. Any hard layer that may be present tends to resist erosion and this at once initiates surface irregularities. The unconsolidated clays being more rapidly removed, the harder stratum soon stands out in distinct relief and later by undercutting, a precipice develops. Joints often ac- celerate the erosion along certain vertical planes and the result is the development sometimes of cave-like excavations and sometimes of columnar masses. Columns are likely to develop also in connection with hard strata made up of concretionary masses. They are especially abundant in the Protoceras beds, where concretionary masses and jointed sandstones are both abundant. Generally the transportation lags perceptibly behind the disintegration and as a consequence a thin fan of sedi- ment clings to the base of every pillar, mound or table. The full extent of these alluvial fans is often not fully dis- cerned. Being formed by the conjoint action of many little streams and made up of excessively fine sediment, their surface slope is low and one readily confuses the alluvial materials with the undisturbed beds on which they lie. As may be readily inferred, there is much transient carry- ing of sediments and much meandering of maturer streams. A single season or even a single freshet often makes im- portant changes in a stream’s position and there is a de cided tendency in the medium sized streams to quickly develop box-like trenches. Cheyenne river and White river are active throughout the year, and during the rainy season they flow in large volume, but the tributary streams coming from the badlands are dry much of the time. Some are able to struggle along in continuous flow for a little while after the rainy reason, but later in most of them little is left but dusty sands and stingy pools of water, the latter clear if strongly alkaline, otherwise turbid to the consistency of mud porridge. 56 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS CONCRETIONS, SAND CRYSTALS, DIKES, VEINS AND GEODES Concretions. A concretion is a spherical, cylindrical, elliptical, or nodular body produced by the tendency of cer- tain mineral constituents to orderly aggregate about a common center within an embedding rock mass. The dis- covery in the White River badlands several years ago of what are known as sand or sand-calcite crystals has added much to our knowledge of concretionary development and has served well to indicate the local conditions with refer- ence to these abundant and interesting forms. Concretions vary greatly in size, shape, composition, manner of distribution and method of growth. They are common in the Great plains formations. In some of the Cretaceous and Tertiary beds they may be found in prodi- gious numbers. They occur in many places and in various horizons and of all sizes up to several feet in diameter. Any horizon which contains the concretions at all is likely to contain many of them and often they coalesce horizontally and form continuous strata. More frequently they are separate and, being harder than the surrounding material, they often tend under the influence of erosion to become the caps of earth pillars. The material of which they are made is generally an arenaceous clay with calcium car- bonate as a cementing material, but iron oxide is often times present in considerable quantity. Sand Crystals. The sand crystals are made up of ap- proximately sixty per cent of sand and about forty per cent of calcium carbonate. The former occurs as an in- clusion, while the latter, the mineralizing agent, is the crystal proper. The size varies in length from a quarter of an inch or less to fifteen inches. They occur chiefly in the Arikaree formation, which is largely a soft sandstone. Much of the rock is concretionary, and not a little of it is in cylindrical or pipe-like masses, often many feet or yards in length. These often disclose evidence of some internal molecular or crystalline arrangement and weathered speci- mens not infrequently show a radiate or rosetted structure, due to the tendency of lime-salts to crystallize according to the laws governing calcite as far as the interference in the part of the sand grains will allow. (Plate 52). SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 57 The first discovered and most noted locality is on Pine Ridge Reservation at Devils Hill, near Corn creek, about twenty miles south of White river. Concerning their oc- currence here, Prof. Barbour, who has visited the locality, says: “The mode of occurrence of these crystals seems most unusual and remarkable. In a bed of sand scarcely three feet thick, and so soft as to resemble the sand on the sea- shore, occur these crystals in numbers which can best be figured in tons. We dug them out with our bare hands. They are mostly single crystals, with numerous doublets, triplets, quadruplets and multiplets. In other words every form from solitary crystals to crowded bunches and per- fect radiating concretions were obtained. It was a matter of special interest in the field to note that at the bottom of the layer the bulk of these sand-lime crystals are solitary; one foot higher there is an evident doubling of the crystals, until within another foot they are in loosely crowded clusters, a little higher in closely crowded continuous clusters, pried out in blocks with difficulty; still higher they occur in closely crowded concretions in contact with one another, making nearly a solid rock. A little higher this mineralizing process culminates in pipes, compound pipes and solid rocks composed wholly of crystals but so solidified that their identity is lost, and is detected only by a certain reflection of light, which differentiates the otherwise invisible units by showing glistening hexagonal sections. There could not have been a more gradual and beautiful transition, and all confined to a bed six or eight feet in thickness.” The relation of the crystals to concretions, as indicated above, discloses an important step in the development of concretions in general, and doubtless to some such cause as this crystallographic tendency is due the development of all of the concretions of the Badland strata. Dikes and Veins. Dikes and veins are ordinarily elongate, vertical, or nearly vertical rock or mineral masses occupying fissures in a pre-existing rock. The filling body, if intruded as an igneous rock while in the molten condi- tion, is commonly referred to as a dike. If filled in by a slow process of deposition from aqueous solution it is known as a vein. It is now recognized that fissures sometimes become filled with broken (clastic) material derived from 58 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS adjacent or nearby rock masses without any immediate in- iluence either of heat or of solvent action. These clastic bodies are known as dikes also. Many writers have commented upon the nature and abundance of the dikes and veins in the Badlands. AI- though constituting minor features of the landscape they are nevertheless extremely abundant in places and not infrequently they display themselves in an interesting and complicated manner. The dikes are made up generally of a soft greenish sand or sandy clay. This usually wears away a little more readily than the enclosing strata but sometimes it resists weathering better and then the dike projects above the general surface. The prevailing attitude is nearly perpendicular and the dike outcropping in a straight line may occasionally be traced across gulches and draws and over ridge and pinnacle and mound for a mile or more. The thickness igs commonly not more than a few inches but it sometimes reaches two or three feet. The dikes are supposed to occupy preexisting cracks, the ma- terial having been forced in from below by hydrostatic pressure or by the weight of the superincumbent strata. It ig possible that in some cases the material may have come from above. The veins are chiefly chalcedony. They resemble the dikes so far as concerns position and form and, aside from the fact that they were deposited from solution, are believed to have much the same history. They average thinner than the dikes, are much harder, and are in many places more abundant. They resist weathering much better than the enclosing clays, hence commonly present a jagged line above the surface. As the supporting clay becomes loosened and is carried away the thin chalcedony breaks into platy angular fragments and these falling upon the surrounding surface protect it from further erosion much as would a shingle roof. Geodes. Geodes are spheroidal masses of mineral mat- ter formed by deposition of crystals from some mineral solution on the walls of a rock cavity. The growth is con- stantly inward toward the center. If the process of deposi- tion has continued sufficiently long, the crystals reach across the depositional space, interlock with each other, and the geode becomes solid. Often the crystals project only SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 59 part way, leaving a considerable cavity and then the geode when broken presents a crystal lining of much beauty and interest. Commonly the geodes are more or less siliceous, especially in the outer portions and, resisting weathering better than the enclosing rock mass, may often be found freed from the matrix lying on the disintegrating surface. Not infrequently crystal fragments become detached within the shell, and these, striking against the inner walls when the geode is shaken, serve to make a sound. for this reason the geodes are often referred to locally as rattle stones. Many geodes have been collected from the Big Bad- lands. The diameter varies from one inch or less to several inches. The prettiest ones of rather small size are found near Imlay. They have commonly an irregular shell of chalcedony more or less filled with bright clear-cut white or colorless quartz crystals, the latter varying from micro- scopic size to one-half inch or more in length. The finer white crystals much resemble white sugar, hence the name sugar geodes. Selenite (crystalized gypsum) is occasion- ally present. The origin of the geodes is doubtless closely connected with the origin of the chalcedony veins described above. DEVIL’S CORKSCREWS (Daemoneliz) Among the interesting materials of the badland de posits few have given rise to more speculations as to their origin than what are known as the Devil’s Corkscrews of the Harrison beds. Devil’s Corkscrews, or Daemonelix, as they are technically called, have been known by the early residents of northwestern Nebraska for many years but it was not until 1891 when Prof. Barbour made a collecting trip to Harrison and the Badlands that these strange ob- jects were brought to the attention of scientific men. What they really represent or how they were formed is still a matter of conjecture. The more typical forms are upright tapering spirals and they twist to the right or to the left indiscriminately. The spiral sometimes encloses a cylin- drical body known as the axis but it is more often without the axis. Sometimes the spiral ends abruptly below but more often there projects from the lower part one or two obliquely ascending bodies placed much as the rhizomes of certain plants. The size of the well developed form varies 60 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS considerably. The height of the corkscrew portion often exceeds the height of a man while the rhizome portion is ordinarily about the size of one’s body. They are known to occur especially between the head waters of White and Niobrara rivers chiefly in Sioux county, Nebraska, but extend westward to Lusk, Wyoming, and eastward to Eagle Nest Butte, South Dakota. The vertical range of strata carrying them is approximately 200 feet. In certain localities they are found in the greatest profusion, sometimes stretching like a forest over many. acres and sometimes so closely placed that they are inex- tricably entangled and fused together. (Plate 47). Daemonelix regular. 40 to 45 meters, Daemonelix irregular, 6 to 8 meters. Daemonelix cigars or fingers, 6 to 8 meters and upward. Daemonelix balls, 8 meters. Daemonelix cakes. 8 meters. Daemonelix fibers. Figure 14—Diagramatic section showing the relative positions of the several forms in the Daemonelix series according to Barbour, 1896. Prof. Barbour who has given these interesting forms most study considers them as representing some kind of plant life and has apparently found much to corroborate this view. Some have considered that they represent low plant organisms such as algae, others that they may be remains of higher plants, in which all has decayed away ex- cept the cortical layer. Still others and these with much reason have considered them as casts of well preserved burrows of animals. Among the earliest to suggest the latter idea were Dr. Theodore Fuchs of Germany and Prof. Cope. More recently Mr. O. A. Peterson emphasized the latter view as a result of the finding of numerous fossils of bur- SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 61 rowing rodents within the corkscrews. (See Figures 15 and 53). Figure 15—Field sketch of a weathered rhizome containing the type specimen of the burrowing rodent, Steneofiber barbouri. Peter- son, 1905. ECONOMIC MINERAL PRODUCTS The White River badlands have not attracted par- ticular attention as a source of mineral wealth. Sand- stones and limestones are found in various places but they seldom meet the requirements of a high grade building stone. They are nearly always thin-bedded and generally are more or less argillaceous. The sandstones are often of coarse or irregular texture and poorly cemented. Clays occur in unlimited abundance and analyses show that they could be utilized if desired, in various ways, par- ticularly in the manufacture of brick and cement. Some of the clays especially those near the bottom of the Titan- otherium beds have the property of decolorizing or clarify- ing oils, hence are known as fullers earth. Prof. Heinrich Ries of Cornell University, gives the following analyses for the localities mentioned, analyses 1, 2, 3, 6 being of material from near Fairburn, and analyses 4 and 5 of material from near Argyle. 62 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Analyses of Fullers’ Earth From the Titanotherium Beds. Constituent 1 | 2 | 3 | | | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent Silica (SiO, ) BL ay AG ROR ik aye A met ULE) 68.23 60.16 56.18 Alumina (ALO,) DNA A Ms stare AN 14.93 10.38 20.20 Merrous oxide «(ReO))) oc ee ee als 3. Lb 14.87 ‘ja (R26 PANIES MCCAY ee ed cee we) catelne ye 2298 4.96 5.88 Maemesiia i CNIS O)) tiki ld coe cite ieee noone 0.87 p aay (al 3.29 TOSS OR PISMICION | eI elias ice or og bowers | 6.20 7.20 |b 11.45 PEL OiGealil, WaiWai We SUS Ay it ae a trea eae | 96.31 99.28 101.29 a—Fe,0, b—H,0. | | Constituent | 4 5 6 | Per cent | Per cent {| Per cent Silica (SiO, ) LRA pees OPER SAT Ei Aa) anc. 55.45 57.00 58.72 Alumina (AL.O,) Bee aay clea et eee ees 18.58 g eee 7 16.90 Ferrous oxide (FeO) ............ 3.82 2.63 4.00 aime hCCAO) ea BS Ae eee eee 3.40 3.00 4.06 Magnesia (CMO) ot 6 teas 3.50 3.03 2.56 LOSS) OW TE MUGIOM A Es oo ka eee 8.80 9.50 8.10 Wola tile nee ek) OS og! baa ee a 5.35 5.85) |e eee PAE eet a Da ar pe ee ee CTR MP Rng Se IL Ua | coe eh ly Re Gale ee 2211 MOIStume: Bie ice itin! gusiis aus te aelelieker eet eae | i plarte ase lovee ciketiae A 2.30 Hf Do), A2 1 aa Rann a RE ISR AtRL NAS GeL Ie 3 98.90 98.35 98.45 Volcanic ash has been mentioned in the description of the deposits. It occurs rather widely distributed over the country. A prominent bed lies near the top of Sheep mountain and extends outward from it for many miles along the walls and the remnant buttes that are high enough to retain it. Other beds are found near. and within the neighboring Black Hills and here some effort has been made to place the material upon the market. MDeposits of a Similar nature in Nebraska have been worked for many years. The ash when not mingled with other sediment is nothing more than minute angular fragments of natural glass and these having sharp cutting edges give to the ash a value as a polishing powder or in the prepared state ig an important constitutent of abrasive soaps. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 63 The fossil bones found in the badland deposits, like the bones of present day animals, generally contain much phosphate. There ig little reason, however, to believe that the phosphate can be utilized commercially. Men speak of the abundance of the fossil bones, but it should be stated that this is more particularly from the viewpoint of the scientist interested in their educational value rather than that of the manufacturer of commercial bone products. There seems never to have been any very great tendency for the phosphate to leach out from the bones and concentrate into beds. For those interested in the chemical nature of the bones, I give the following analyses made many years ago by Dr. Francis V. Greene from material collected by the Owen Survey and published in the American Journal of Science, 1858, also analyses made recently in the State School of Mines laboratories by Mr. George Enos. Analyses of Badland Fossils (Greene) Constituent | 1 2 | 3 | 4 | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent Phosphoric Acid (P,0O.) 33.98 39.25 35.97 31.19 Silica (SiO, ) Beara ail tod 0.09 0.48 0.79 0.26 Ferric Oxide (Fe,0,) | TAL aied et cetatioe oh lente! ate oI) ef ok, le Wes oS ooSa Wh oe Minorine (EF) «...86... 0.40 0.04 1.42 2.46 Magnesia (MgO) ...... 0.35 0.22 0.53 1.14 rme (CAO) is sec ee 49.77 51.80 51.23 50..83 Potash (K,0) mOele ahobedotc 0.31 0.24 0.23 0.28 Soda (Na,O) BRM N ater bahi 1.13 1.28 0.75 oF Baryta: CBaO)): ese wae. (Dag Ek a SCS Ne Og Uae Rena reg 1.10 Chlorine, (Cl) i ..8 5. 6 4 Si Beatie EMRE ALAS Sen | Scan Oe RE ae 0.02 Sulphuric Anhydride | i (SO,) Bh oaenenieaenant 0.88 1.01 | 1.51 | 2.19 Carbonic Acid (CO,) 4.08 3.17 2.83 2.77 Water (H,O) Sis ss Maen hs Wl Ua 2.04 | 0.62 | 2.10 L297 Organic Matter ....... 5.67 2.54 | 2.66 4.09 +1 C5 6 RR ne PO a | 100.81 | 100.55 | 100.02 99.87 In the above anaylses, No. 1 is that of a Titanothere bone, No. 2 of a Titanothere tooth (enamel), No. 3 of a Titanothere tooth (dentine), No. 4 of an Archaeotherium (Elotherium) bone. 64 ; THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Analyses of Badland Fossils (Enos) Per cent | Per cent Composition | 1 | 2 3 4 | Per cent | Per cent Silica (SiO, ) AES 8.96 2.10 23.78 71.80 Phosphoric Anhydride | | (P,O,) BN Mota cog | 46.30 | 33.40 | 20.00 4.34 Iron and Aluminum ORME eae ee, | 1.97 2.80 5.00 18 MMe | CCAO Ye aie ye easels is 2 AT 20.00 24.10 8.80 Magnesia (MgO) ...... .50 32.36 1.44 3.22 Soda (Na,O) Ayana etait s 6.08 14 04 2.80 Potash (K,O) pe nares eH 65 80 72 1.16 Baryta (Ba). ok. | 08 SEG tee ade 3.80: (See Chlorine (Cl) ........ | TYACE) [see foe's oe el 6 oie: cl 0) 5 al eile BMIlworine CE) cise cic se [is ee oe ope oo ile ey apie Vole lo eiilint © ont oe elena ene Sulphuric Anhydride | (SO. ) Sy EN RSA RS | .56 97 42 25 Carbon Dioxide (CO,)..| 4.65 5.90 18.70 7.19 Water at 110°C ....... 1.40 1.32 2.04. lS seers Organic Matter ....... | a Lea We 4 | Perr ere TOCA aie re ies ole lela s | 99.49 | 99.79 | 100.04 99.74 Remarks :— No. 1 is part of the upper tooth of a brontothere. No. 2 is part of lower tooth of a young titanothere. No. 3 is part of lower jaw with teeth (oreodon) and matrix. No. 4 is a coarse sandstone with clay pebbles and bone frag- ments from Protoceras beds. The above specimens are all from the Big Badlands of South Dakota. FOSSILS Fossils as generally understood are the parts of ani- mals and plants living before the present era that have been buried in the rocks and preserved by natural causes. The manner and degree of preservation vary greatly. The essential thing is the sealing up of the remains in the rocks so that destruction and decay may be prevented. Animals such as the ice-entombed mammals of Siberia and the amber enclosed insects of the Baltic, are practically perfect as the day they were buried, but they are exceptional. Gen- erally only the hard parts, such as bones or teeth, or shells remain. Not infrequently these are replaced particle by SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 65 particle by new mineral matter of some kind, particularly silica or pyrite, then they become petrifactions. Sometimes only the form, or the impression of the original parts are preserved, hence the terms molds and casts. Occasionally the relics are limited to footprints, or trails, or burrows, or borings or eggs. Animals living in the water or frequenting marshy places for food and drink are more easily and more quickly buried beneath sediments, hence their fossils are usually more abundant. The bodies of dry land animals are subjected to the vicissitudes of sun and rain and wind, and frost, and are often feasted upon by scavenger birds and beasts and insects. Furthermore their burial is commonly brought about only during flood season. All of these tend to the destruction or dismemberment of the various parts. Again, even if once nicely buried, they may later be obliterated by metamorphism or be destroyed by disintegrating and de- nuding agencies. As a result of all this, the history of cer- tain groups of animals is meagre in the extreme and doubt- less hordes of species have left no worthy evidence of their ever having lived. EXTINCTION, EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS The progress of animal organisms is constantly directed toward the goal of perfection. Each individual shares in the improvement but the perfection to be attained consists not so much in the exquisite relation the various organs bear to one another as it does in the harmony that the ani- mal in all its characters shows to its environment. When life began, and how, no one knows. It is evident that in the beginning it was represented by very simple forms. These, because of varying conditions, were followed in orderly sequence by creatures of growing complexity. All animals pass through innumerable vicissitudes and existence is a constant struggle. Those best fitted to meet difficulties tend to survive and leave posterity. It thus happens that advantageous variations are perpetuated and those of less use are eliminated. In this way changes oc- cur, characters are modified, and life forms sooner or later take on an appearance and a nature quite different from their ancestors. 66 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Just as individuals suffer distress and destruction so, sometimes, entire animal groups battling for position in life’s long race and gaining for a time supremacy in their field are in turn oppressed and in the end obliterated by the contending forces. Of the animals described in this book several groups are wholly extinct, no relatives of any rea- sonable nearness being found living today. Notable among such are the Titanotheres, the Oreodons and the Moropus. Reference to the extinction of others is given in connection with their description. Often extinction is apparent rather than real and the seeming obliteration may be only the normal expression of constant change. For example, in the horse, camel, rhin- oceros and other families the consecutive changes may be traced through a long continued series of replacements by the process of gradual development. Again the seeming extinction may be only a migration from the locality in Figure 16—-Land areas of the world during Late Cretaceous and Basal Eocene time. Period of extinction of the great Reptilia. A time of elevation, favoring an interchange of archaic life be- tween South and North America, also between North America and Europe. South America probably united with Australia via Antarctica, allowing an interchange of carnivorous and herbi- vorous marsupials. A partial community of fauna between North America and Eurasia with Africa. Rearranged from W. D. Matthew, 1908. H. F. Osborn: The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia, and North America, 1910. Published by The Mac- millan Company. Reprinted by permission. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 67 question and in the new environment activity may continue as favorable as before. In case of actual extinction it is often not possible to ascertain the immediate causes. Sometimes the extinction is due wholly to conditions external to the animals them- selves, such as unfavorable climate, alteration of food sup- —— eee Clee alli il Dy Figure 17—Land areas of the world during Oligocene time. A period of continental elevation and reunion followed by the reestablish- ment of connections between the life of the New and Old Worlds. Central Europe submerged or partly archipelagic. African mam- mals and birds partly similar to those of Europe. Madigascar united with Africa. South America entirely separated, its mam- mals developing independently. Australia entirely separated. Closing the Oligocene, another long interval of separation be- tween North America and Europe. Rearranged after W. D. Matthew, 1908. H. F. Osborn. The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia and North America, 1910. Published by the Macmillan Company. Reprinted by permission. ply, ravages of disease, encroachment of hostile species, in- Sect pests, et cetera. Again extinction may be due largely to lack of internal adaption or adaptability, for example, the teeth may be fitted for too little variation of food, or the brain may be deficient in size or quality so that the animal lacks resourcefulness, alertness and enterprise. 68 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS The distribution of animals is closely related to their development and has been in large measure controlled by geographical conditions. A study of paleogeography shows that the several continents have had a varied career. Changes have taken place in them through all the ages and migration roads and barriers, in long procession, have (() el A oT i ° il Ws MIOCENE __ Figure 18—Land areas of the world during Miocene time. fi 2 a PLIOCENE Figure 19—Land areas of the world during Pliocene time. A period of continued continental elevation especially in Europe and East- ern North America. Seasons of aridity or summer drought, in- creased aridity of the Great Plains of North America. South America connected with North America by migration routes which allowed free interchange of mammals. Australia still united with New Guinea and Tasmania, MRearranged after Mat- thew, 1909. H. F. Osborn. The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia and North America, 1910. Published by The Macmillan Company. Reprinted by permission. 70 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS THE COLLECTING AND MOUNTING OF FOSSIL BONES In the earliest explorations in the Badlands little care- ful effort was made to secure complete skeletons, the ex- plorer apparently contenting himself with securing only the better heads or other fragments lying on or near the surface. Later extensive digging was resorted to, but for some years this was done in a crude way. The bones are generally more or less broken and disarticulated and when once the fragments become separated the proper assembling of the pieces again becomes a difficult task. In course of time a method of bandaging developed. Now the fragments Figure 20—Group of three Promerycochoerus carrikeri skeletons in position as found. Showing the disturbed conditions of the specimens even when the bones are well preserved and the skele- tons fairly complete. Peterson, 1914. while being excavated are kept together by laying on with fiour paste strips of muslin or burlap or other coarse, loose- woven cloth. Plaster of paris may also be used especially where heavy pieces are involved or where extreme care is necessary. Soft bones are treated with some preparation of shellac or gum to harden them for transportation: Exact location of the skeleton and the relative position of every bone in the skeleton is of the greatest importance. Sketches and photographs are made as the work progresses and all pieces removed are carefully labelled. A knowledge of the stratigraphical horizon is essential to determining much of the relationship and life history of the animal and the proper location of each bone with reference to neighboring bones of the same excavation may serve greatly in the SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES PELE eae eB ig aman BEE srarie oe cee eee riptleg Ann mame ae LT COCO aa ee eae ere EO TRA aa a ie i eli tas : choc eee cl rites Ire Ree a : Cee CCC SU S087. 7 eee Lee See Se COC CC THEI Gean ea ee Meso Cee CLEC MLM welt tT Fi ev fas ECHR ECR IDS oe eee ii ted Sioux f com- (Bach square represents one square Figure 21—Plan of the Carnegie Museum Stenomylus quarry, keletons of ancestral camels excava 1911. county, Nebraska, showing the remarkably fine array 0 Peterson, plete or nearly complete s there. foot. ) 72 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS mounting of the. restored skeleton. Often considerable masses of the enclosing earth or stone are quarried out and shipped to the museum where time and proper instruments will permit a more satisfactory extraction of the bones. (See Plate 10 and Figures 20 and 21). Reaching the preparator’s laboratory the bandages are carefully removed, all useless matrix cleared away and the bone fragments assembled and cemented together. Injured bones are then repaired and missing bones reproduced in some suitable artificial preparation. The mounting is often facilitated by study of the living relatives of the fossil form. Where there is no living animal nearly related, recourse is had to the studies of the rugosities of the bones where the main muscles were attached in life, the facettes of the joints and the general shape and character of the various bones. All this work, if properly done, requires much patience and skill in manipulation as well as intelligent insight into the general nature of the animal to be mounted. Many weeks or months may be required in the laboratory work alone, the expense of preparation usually far exceeding the time and money spent in collecting the specimens in the field. It may be readily inferred that the money value, to say nothing of the educational importance of the completed skeleton, particularly if it is the type specimen of a new series, is often very great. (Plate 50). | THE CLASSIFICATION AND NAMING OF EXTINCT ANIMALS The naming of animals, both living and extinct is closely interwoven with their classification. Classification is a process of comparison. Its object is to bring together the like forms and to separate the unlike. This is best ac- complished by comparing the various characters which are the most constant. The natural result is the arrangement of groups within groups in a continuous manner, the various groups being given particular names, as, Kingdom, Sub- kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, et cetera. The scientific name by which any animal is indicated is formed by combining the generic and specific names much as we combine our own family and Christian name except that in the scientific nomenclature the specific term comes last. To illustrate: The scientific name of the domestic SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 73 dog is Canis familiaris Linnaeus, Canis being the name of the genus and familiaris the name of the species. The third non-italicized portion may be considered a part of the name although this really refers only to the naturalist who first carefully described and properly named the creature. It is often omitted, especially in the case of fairly common or well known animals or where there is no mistaking the in- dividual who gave the name. In scientific literature, how- ever, and particularly in paleontology where, on account of imperfect material, there is liability of error in determina- tion thig is usually given as it not infrequently becomes _ essential for clearness in referring to the species. Omitting it from the name for the time being, the complete classifica- tion of the dog may be represented as follows: Kingdom, Animalia. Sub-kingdom, Vertebrata. Class, Mammalia. Sub-class, Eutheria. Infra-class, Monodelphia. Cohort, Unguiculata. Order, Carnivora. Sub-order, Fissipedia. Family, Canidae. Genus, Canis. Species, Familiaris. Variety, “Shepherd.” Individual, ‘Shep.” Continuing the illustration the scientific name of the tiger is Felis tigris Linnaeus; of the ox, Bos tawrus Linnaeus; of man, Homo sapiens Linnaeus. These names are simple enough when once understood and indeed many names we now look upon as common have been transferred bodily from the scientific generic nomenclature, as for example, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, bison, and mastodon. It is well known that the common names by which ani- mals now living are designated are often not sufficiently accurate. The name in order to be properly useful must be sufficiently distinctive to indicate clearly the animal to which reference is made. For example, there are five existing species of rhinoceroses, the clear definition of which by com- mon names is perhaps difficult enough, to say nothing of the 74 5 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS score or more of fossil forms besides a still larger number of extinct animals closely allied to the rhinoceroses and _ falling under the general Class, Rhinocerotoidae. Again sometimes the common name is deceptive. For example the well known pronghorn antelope, Antilocapra americana, of our western plains is considered by some zoologists as not being an antelope at all. On the other hand our Rocky Mountain goat Oreanus Montanus is a member of the true antelope family. True antelopes at the present day inhabit chiefly Europe, Asia and Africa. They include many species, the better known ones being designated in common speech as hartebeests, gnus, elands, gazelles, klipspringers, gemsbocks, springboks, waterbucks, duickerboks, saigas, etc. Several of these are subdivided. For example the duickerboks alone are credited with thirty-eight species. If, therefore, we are going to name animals in conformity with their recognized distinctions, and for clearness of concep- tion there is generally no alternative, then the various duickerbok species must each be given a name—thirty-eight in all. Thus antelope being in reality a misnomer here in this country and losing much of its distinctive significance even in the old world, becomes little more than a loose ex- pression for a great group of animals, some of them no larger than a jack-rabbit, and others comparable in size to a horse. Generally, in designating the species, the words of the scientific name refer to some important character, or they express some relationship or resemblance, or indicate some fact of distribution or discovery. Sometimes the meaning is obscure in which case it may be necessary to consult the work of the original author for the interpretation. Often, however, the name needs little explanation other than that given by a good comprehensive. dictionary. The generic names are usually of classic origin, most of them being Latinized forms of Greek names. They may be either simple or compound words and they often have modifying or descriptive prefixes or suffixes. The specific names show a somewhat wider latitude of origin than the generic names. Sometimes they are geographical, sometimes personal, oftentimes descriptive. The following names of badland fossils may serve to illustrate the principle: Procamelus occidentalis Leidy, an ancestral camel of the SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 75 new world, described by Leidy; Magacerops brachycephalus Osborn, a short headed animal with a great-horned appear- ance, described by Osborn; Neohipparion whitneyi Gidley, a new world, small horse described by Gidley and named in. honor of W. C. Whitney; Protoceras celer Marsh, a fleet- footed first-horned animal described by Marsh; Protosoresx crassus Scott, a large sized primitive shrew, described by Scott. : It would lead us too far away to go into the full details of this nomenclature. One additional feature, however, de- serves notice in view of its not infrequent perplexity. The individual who first describes a new species is supposed to give it a name which must not conflict with any name used previously for another species. According to the rules gov- erning the matter the name by reason of its priority can not be changed subsequently except for cause. Often in paleon- tological work where poor or insufficient or aberrant ma- terial has been first studied later discoveries have shown errors of description or improper identification in which case a new name may become necessary. The new name, if properly given becomes the accepted name while the old name is referred to as a Synonymn. In not a few cases there are several synonyms and not infrequently it is a matter of some conjecture as to just which is the most appropriate under the circumstances. With rare exceptions the animal life of the White River badlands is restricted to the Vertebrata—the back- boned animals. Aside from turtles of which there are many, and a few crocodiles, lizards, and birds eggs, all of the fossil remains of the vertebrates thus far found within the area belong to the great class “Mammalia.” The term “Mammalia” includes all hair-clad, vertebrated animals, the females of which are provided with glands for secreting milk for the early nourishment of the offspring. They are the highest of the vertebrates, possessing that happy com- bination of anatomical and physiological simplicity and complexity tending toward highest efficiency as organisms. They are not only the most important animals of today, but they have been the rulers of the animal world since early Tertiary time. Continuing back in geological history with ever increasing simplicity toward a generalized, omni- vorous, allotherian ancestry they may be traced with cer- 76 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS tainty to Triassic time. Since their beginning multitudinous changes have taken place in the structure and activity of the many species that have originated, developed and died and, as a result, the expression of relationship must often be indefinite or uncertain. . Following the custom of many authors three main subclasses of the Mammalia may be recognized, namely, the ~ Prototheria or primitive mammals, the Metatheria or pouched mammals and the Eutheria or perfect mammals. The. Prototherian mammals are restricted to a few simple forms such as the Echidna (Australian Ant Eater) and the Ornithorynchus (Duck-billed Platypus) which lay large yolked eggs much after the fashion of reptiles and birds. They are not represented in the White River bad- lands either living or fossil, hence need no further consider- ation here. The Metatheria are those intermediate, marsupial mammals which, having only a rudimentary or primitive placental structure, bring forth their young in a very im- mature state and carry them for a considerable time in a pouch provided for the purpose. The opossum, the kanga- roo and the Tasmanian ‘wolf’ are well known representa- tives. Like the Prototheria the Metatheria are not found in the White River badlands. The Eutheria include a vast assemblage of forms of all sorts of perfection of development from lowly primitive creatures to man. These are grouped somewhat differently by different authors but all of the fossil forms obtained from the region under discussion fall naturally into four main divisions, namely, the Insectivora (insect eaters) the Carnivora (flesh eaters), the Rodentia ( gnawers), and the Ungulata (hoofed mammals), the Ungulata (Herbivora) being represented by two orders, the Perissodactyla (evens A. toed Gnanunals) and the Artiodactyla (odd.- -toed mammals). The Insectivores include moles, hedgehogs, shrews and other small animals of antiquated structure. They are generally plantigrade (walking upon the sole of the foot), the snout is often prolonged into a short proboscis, and their chief food is insects. The Carnivores include animals whose chief food is flesh. They may be terrestrial, arboreal, SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES Cie or aquatic. They have a simple stomach, a well developed brain, toes provided usually with long, sharp claws, and generally they have a body capable of much agility in the capture of prey. They walk either upon the entire sole of the foot or upon the under surface of the toes but never upon the tips of the toes as do the Ungulata. The carni- vorous structure is common to all of the class but the carnivorous habit, though general is not universal. Living representatives vary in size from the little active ermine to the powerful grizzly bear. The Rodents include a group of small to moderately large animals the most prominent and universal character of which is their dentition. Canine teeth are absent. The deeply set incisors, separated by a considerable vacant interval from the molars, are long and flat edged and are of paramount importance. Since they lengthen by persistent growth they serve admirably for vigorous chisel-like cutting of hard materials, hence the name “gnawers.” The animals are usually plantigrade, often burrowing, not infrequently arboreal, and occasionally acquatic. They are today represented by the squirrels, prairie dogs, rabbits, rats, mice, beavers, porcupines, and a host of others. The Ungulates (Herbivores) are plant- feeding animals with hoofs rather than claws or nails, and with limbs perfected for running and not for climbing and grasping. Viewed from the point of usefulness to man they are the most important of all animals in that they furnish him with food, clothing and working assistance. CARNIVORES The Carnivora may be conveniently divided into three sub-divisions (sub-orders), namely, the Creodonta or primi- tive carnivores, the Fissipedia or true carnivores, and the Pinnipedia or aquatic carnivores. Of these the Creodonts are found only in the fossil state; the Fissipedes include our common carnivorous animals such as the Canidae (dogs or dog-like creatures) and the Felidae (cat family), and are both fossil and living. They are found in large numbers among the fossils of the badlands. The Pinnipedes include the aberrant animals, the seals and walruses. The Creodonts are represented in the White River badlands by but one family, the Hyaenodonts. The Pinnipedes are not found there at all. 78 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS CREODONTA The Cerodonts originated in the earliest Tertiary and were evidently the predatory flesh eaters of their time. They were the primitive ancestors of the true carnivores and they held a position relative to contemporary animals similar to that which the true carnivores hold among the animals of today. 09 VERA SR ak ~ \ heap * Q N WY a Figure 22—Skeleton of the Oligocene creodont Hyaenodon cruentus Scott. 1895. There were numerous families but of all these only the Hyaenodons, the latest and most specialized are found in the White River badlands. (See Plate 25). The indi- vidual fossils are not abundant although several species are represented. The skull of the largest Hyaendon horridus in- dicates an animal of wolf-like appearance approaching in size the present day black bear. The life habits of these animals are not entirely clear. It is not even known whether they were digitigrade or plantigrade. They may have been semi-plantigrade. It has been suggested that they were semi-acquatic but this is quite uncertain. The Hyaenodons, unlike most of the class, seem to have lived on carrion. CANIDAE The Canidae are abundantly represented in the White River badlands. More than twenty species are known. The earliest North American Canidae recognized as such are found in the Upper Eocene. They first appeared in Europe SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 79 at about this time also and were abundant in both Europe and North America during Oligocene and Miocene times. They are known to have reached India by the early part of the Pliocene and seem to have migrated along the Isthmus of Panama to South America as soon as it emerged from the sea at the dawn of Pliocene time. It is of interest to note in this connection that the nearest living allies of the Figure 23—Dorsal view of the hind foot and the fore foot of Daphoenodon superbus. Peterson, 1910. White River Oligocene and Miocene forms are certain foxes now inhabiting South America. According to Cope, the Canidae, so far as concerns structure, occupy a position intermediate between the gen- eralized carnivores, such as the raccoons, and the highest specialized forms, the cats; but in brain character they dis- play superiority to all of the other carnivore families. The 80 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS chief difference between the Tertiary and the living forms lie in the higher specialization of the latter, particularly as regards foot structure and brain character. . The Canidae seem almost certainly to have descended directly from the early Eocene Creodonta, but so undoubt- edly did the Felidae. During the Oligocene time the two families were much generalized and had many characters in i nO oo”, aR PIAA = = - Figure 24—Skull of Daphoenodon superbus. Peterson, 1906. 81 SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES ‘OIE ‘Uosta}eg ‘snquadns uopousoydng ‘Bop 1veq eued08I1O 94} JO WO]OYS—Gs ons aa Cc) = s f Ss Paty: a =~ — “re ~ NS < iN SS A Ss CG A Sh x soo" yy /] = . rm 4; LY, ; Zs % — 82 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS common, particularly in the dentition, the structure of the skull, the vertebrae, the limbs, and the feet. One feature of surprising interest, first indicated by Prof. Scott, is that some at least of the Canidae had sharp pointed, high, com- pressed, hooded claws, as in the cats, instead of curved, cylindrical cones, as in the dogs, and had the unmistakable ability of retracting the claws to a greater or less extent. Figure 26—Skull of Cynodictis gregarius. Scott, 1898. Although many specimens of the Canidae have been found in the White River badlands, few complete skeletons have been obtained. Until recent years little had been col- lected but heads. Of the several species Cynodictis gregar- wus, Daphoenus felinus and Daphoenus superbus are the best known. Oynodictis gregarius was most abundant and as the name implies seems to have roved the country in packs. It was smaller than the common red fox of the eastern states. Daphoenus felinus reached approximately the size of the coyote, while Daphoenus superbus was as large as a full grown gray wolf. (See Plate 26). One species, Ischyrocyon hyaenodus, includes individuals of larger size. Partial remains of a young individual seem to indicate that the full grown animal would compare favor- ably with the modern grizzly bear. Daphoenus seems to represent in pretty fair manner the ancestral stage of the present-day wolf. Cynodictis has many characters resembling those of the modern fox but close relationship has not been proven. A small brain was characteristic of all of the Canidae and this was particu- larly true of Daphoenus. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 83 Figure 27—Skeleton of the Oligocene dog, Cynodictis gregarius. Matthew, 1901. FELIDAE The cat family is well represented in fossil form in the White River region, although neither the species nor the individuals were so numerous as were the Canidae. Two genera are of particular prominence, namely, Hoplophoneus and Dinictis. These are early forms of what are commonly known as saber-tooth cats or tigers (Machaerodonts), a name given them by reason of two great sword or saber-like canine teeth of the upper jaw. They were not so large as certain later forms of this great group, nevertheless they were vicious creatures and Hoplophoneus, the larger of the Figure 28—Skull of the Saber-tooth tiger, Dinictis squalidens. Matthew, 1905. 84 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS two, was doubtless fully as large as the present day leopard and apparently much more powerful. (Plates 27 and 28). The two represent well separated stages in the evolution of saber-tooth cats, und while Dinictis seems to have reached as high a stage of specialization as Hoplophoneus, it was evi- dently fitted to a somewhat different life. An important feature of the lower jaw is the extreme downward projection of its anterior portion. This seems to be a co-incident feature necessitated by the unprecedented development of the powerful canine teeth already mentioned. : cor p2 pS p4 oss Figure 29—Heads of White River Saber-tooth tigers showing open jaws ready for attack. (a) Hoplophoneus primaevus (b) Dinictis squalidens. Matthew. These upper canine teeth curve forward and downward nearly parallel with each other, and passing behind the much smaller lower canines, continue approximately to the lowest portion of the anterior downward prolongation of the chin. In general they are laterally compressed and the edges are more or less serrulated. They are implanted by a strong fang and reach two and one-half or three inches in length. In Hoplophoneus, these fangs were very long and slender and the protecting jaw flange was correspondingly deep. Dinictis had shorter canines and a less prominent jaw flange. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 85 The cause of the development of the abnormally power- ful upper canines and the uses to which they were put have been the cause of much speculation. (Plates 11 and 12.) W. D. Matthew of the American Museum of Natural His- tory in discussing this indicates that in his opinion there is definite evidence of the adaptation of the canines to a particular method of attack. The head is so shaped that good attachment is allowed for strong muscles, en- abling the animal to strike downward. with its saber teeth with enormous power and the changes in the cranial por- Figure 30—Dorsal view of the fore foot and the hind foot of Hop- lophoneus primaevus. Adams 1896. tion allowing for the attachment for the increasingly pow- erful muscles were in strict correlation with the develop- ment of the saber-teeth. Along with these changes was the degeneration and change in shape of the lower jaw, allowing the mouth to be opened to an unusual extent so as to give greatest freedom to the saber-teeth in stabbing the prey. Hoplophoneus in addition to his terrible teeth had a strong body, stout neck and legs and highly developed strong retractile claws. His food must have been in large measure the thick skinned rhinoceroses, elotheres, oreodonts, and other similar animals of the time. The lighter proportioned 86 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS -tooth tiger Hoplophoneus Figure 31—Skeleton of the Oligocene Saber Scott and Osborn, 1887. primaevus. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 87 Dinictis, with its less powerful canines, doubtless preyed more successfully on the smaller swift-footed animals, the securing of which demanded superior speed and endurance. x “ia x Ce" we Ne PAST b Ps SA os hy / Mi Figure 32—Skeleton of the Oligocene’ saber-tooth tiger Dinictis squalidens. Matthew, 1901. The White River badlands furnished the earliest dis- covered remains of Saber-tooth cats in America. Leidy who described the first species gave it the name Machaerodus primaevus. Later this was changed to Depranodon prim- aevus, and still later to Hoplophoneus primaevus, the name it now bears. From time to time other species have been discovered until now about a dozen are known. They were all most terrible beasts of prey and one of them Husmilus da- kotensis, approaching the size of the African lion was the largest carnivore of its time. MUSTELIDAE The Mustelidae of the present day include such animals as the badgers, minks, martens, weasels, ermines, skunks, otters, and ratels: Fossil members of the family have been found in some abundance. The more ancestral forms con- tinue back to Eocene time, but no clearly defined species have as yet been identified in the White River badlands in rocks older than the Miocene. None of the remains discovered are complete, and nearly all are more or less mutilated. Those of Megalictis feroz, however, are sufficiently characteristic to indicate much of the nature of the animal. They represent a very large mus- teline. The head is short, wide, and massive, brain small, 88 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS tail long and powerful, limbs short and stout, feet planti- grade, number of toes five, claws large and non-retractile. The animal is characterized as a gigantic wolverine, equal- ling a jaguar or a black bear in size, but in proportion more like the ratel. It was evidently predaceous like the wolver- ine, but seems to have been to some degree of burrowing dis- position. INSECTIVORES Remains of insectivorous animals are recognized as far back as earliest Tertiary time, but the fossils are not abundant. The White River badlands have yielded several species, but they are fragmentary. They belong to several families, particularly the hedgehogs, the shrews and the golden moles. The identification of fossil remains of the golden mole in South Dakota brought up certain important questions and speculations. True moles (Talpidae) are now found in the subarctic or temperate zones of all the northern continents, but not in or south of the tropics. However, in the south temperate zone, there are animals which have adopted mole-like habits and superficially resemble the true moles to a greater or less degree. The Chrysochloridae or golden moles of South Africa are of this nature. A similar animal in fossil form hag been found in the Upper Miocene of southern South America. The peculiar geographical dis- tribution of certain animals and plants of southern lands has long been a source of speculation and study and this finding of a fossil golden mole in South Dakota so far re- moved from its present day and fossil relatives, adds a new feature of interest. RODENTS The rodents or gnawers as regards numbers are over- whelmingly predominant among living mammals. Their most prominent and universal character, the dentition, shows the absence of canine teeth and the paramount importance of front teeth or incisors. They appear to have originated in North America in early Eocene time and to have been rather rapidly distributed to the other great land masses of the earth. In the White River region they appear first in the Middle Oligocene, ancestral squirrels, rabbits, beavers, and rats, being represented. The beavers or beaver-like SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 89 animals continue into the Upper Oligocene, the Lower Mio- cene and the Upper Miocene. They are particularly abundant in the Lower Miocene. Rabbits occur also in the Lower Miocene as well as certain poorly preserved forms supposed to be related to pocket gophers. The number of specimens found indicates a consider- able abundance of rodents in the region during Tertiary time, and the number of species adds emphasis to this. It happens, however, that but few complete skeletons have been obtained, the best material consisting largely of skulls and lower jaws, and in several of the species named, the description has been based on still more fragmentary ma- terial. The earliest ‘specimens of the rodents obtained were found by Hayden in the Big Badlands, and described by Leidy. With the exception of two other species described many years ago by Cope, little further information became available until the last few years, during which time Mr. Peterson of the Carnegie Museum, and Mr. Matthew of the American Museum of Natural History, each described a number of species. The Carnegie Museum material has come chiefly from northwestern Nebraska and eastern Wyom- ing, the American Museum material from Little White river. Figure 33—Skeleton of the Lower Miocene burrowing rodent Steneo- fiber fossor. Peterson, 1905. The commonest fossil is Steneofiber. This is especially abundant in the Lower Rosebud beds of Little White river and in the Harrison (Daemonelix) beds in northwestern Nebraska and in eastern Wyoming. lEntoptychus, the gopher-like rodent, seems to be fairly common in the Little White river area also. Peterson found many specimens of 90 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Steneofiber fossor in close association with the Devil’s Cork- screws of the Harrison beds and, as referred to elsewhere, suggests the reason for the association. This animal was smaller generally than the present day beaver. Its skull is comparatively large, the lower jaws heavy, neck short, limbs and feet powerful, tail round, rather heavy and of moderate length. Peterson states that the limb presents a striking similiarity to that of other burrowing rodents and ap- proaches that of the mole in its position. The elongated and narrow scapula of the mole, the heavy clavicle, the strongly built humerus, and the broad foot with the long and power- ful unguals, is rather suggestive of the habits of this animal, which was probably burrowing to a considerable degree. The animal is related to the beaver, but is evidently not in the direct line of ancestry. UNGULATES The order Ungulata (Herbivores) as now constituted in- cludes the mammals once loosely classed as Ruminants, and Pachyderms. The earliest known forms much resemble the primitive Carnivores. The ancestors of both seem to have been omnivorous. For some reason there appeared very early among the Ungulates a tendency to develop the herbivorous type of tooth and the digitigrade foot (walking upon the tips of the toes). The change in the foot from the five toed plantigrade form progressed along two different lines and thus there were produced two very different types, ,namely, the odd-toed type and the even-toed type. In the odd-toed type the axis of the foot is in the third or middle digit (mesaxonic). Animals of this type are known as Perissodactyls. In the even-toed types the axis of the foot is between the third and fourth digits (paraxonic). Animals of this type are known as Artiodactyls. The horse, the tapir, and the rhinoceros are well known representatives of the perissodactyls. Among Artiodactyls are the camel, lama, deer, giraffe, antelope, ox, sheep, goat, and bison. PERISSODACTYLS Perissodactyls, as above stated, have the axis of the foot in the third or middle digit. They are generally odd toed, the third toe being the largest and sometimes the only func- SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 91 tional one. The tapir, an anatomically unprogressive crea- ture, is a partial exception in that it has four toes on the front foot and three toes on the hind foot. Similar excep- tions or seeming exceptions occasionally existed in the evolu- tionary development of other perissodactyls, nevertheless the bisection of the third toe by the median plane of the foot early asserted itself and has continued with firm persistence. Existing perissodactyls include animals of greatly dif- fering appearance and habits but their skeletal characters indicate with certaintly their relationship and_ skeletal characters indicate also the wide gap between them and other hoof-bearing creatures. The perissodactyls constitute a restricted group and although many prehistoric forms are known—in all about five hundred species—living species are confined to the three well known families, rhinoceroses, tapirs, and horses. Of fossil forms the following families are represented in the White river badlands: Titanotheridae, Equidae, Tapiridae, Lophiodontidae, Hyracodontidae, Amynodontidae, and Rhin- ocerotidae. The living forms so far as concerns their present natural habitat, with the exception of the American tapirs, are all confined to the Old World. Gidley calls attention to the fact that this is the more interesting since North America seems to have been the birth place or at least the stage for the development, not only of the early representatives of all the living Perissodactyls, but of most of the extinct groups of the order as well and that half the total number of perissodactyl species described have been founded on speci- mens from the Tertiary and Quaternary formations of this country. RHINOCEROTOIDEA The finding of fossil bones of true rhinoceroses in the Big Badlands by Alexander Culbertson in 1850, and their prompt and accurate identification by Leidy, constitute one of the most interesting, unexpected, and instructive paleon- tological discoveries of America. Existing rhinoceroses are confined to Africa, the Indian Archipelago and the southern parts of Asia. These form but a small representation of the numerous ancestry that abounded in North America from Middle Eocene to late 92 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Figure 34—Skull of Metamynodon planifrons. Osborn, 1896. Miocene time and in Europe from Eocene to Pliocene time. There is much reason for believing that the’ rhinoceros family originated in North America and subsequently spread to the old world but this has not as yet been proven. All rhinoceroses, living and extinct, are divided by Os- born into three subdivisions, as follows. The Hyracodonti- dae or cursorial (upland) rhinoceroses; the Amynodontidae (aquatic) rhinoceroses, and the Rhinocerotidae or true (low- land) rhinoceroses. Of these the first two are found only in- Figure 35—Skull of Caenopus tridactylus. Osborn, 1898. Nope eye a SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 93 the fossil state, the third is found both fossil and living. In America, the cursorial rhinoceroses are found first in the Middle Eocene, the aquatic rhinoceroses in the Upper Eocene, and the true rhinoceroses in the Lower Oligocene. The first two became extinct here in the Oligocene, but the true rhinoceroses endured until after the close of the Mio- cene. All three occur in fossil form within the area described in this paper, the cursorial and aquatic species in the Oligo- cene, chiefly in the Middle Oligocene, the true rhinoceroses throughout both the Oligocene and the Miocene. The three families differed greatly from one another, both in exterior form and in dental and skeletal structure. The Hyracodonts were small, light chested, swift footed, » ‘ Sees a iX UK o> , . E , i. j 2 Sy 1 : BGG -_* ae = — a awe t ¢@ bi Figure 54—-First and last known stages in the evolution of the Titan- otheres. (a) Eotitanops. (b) Brontops robustus. Believed to be the most accurately restored Titanotheres published. Osborn, 1914. Titanothere remains are abundant and several hundred heads have been found but complete skeletons are rare. Hatcher in 1902, gives the total number in the whole country as four, as follows: One in the Carnegie Museum, from War Bonnet creek, northwestern Nebraska one at Yale Univer- sity, from near Chadron; one in the American Museum of Natural History, from the Big Badlands; and one in Prince- ton Museum from the Big Badlands. Of these the Carnegie Museum skeleton is from the Lower Titanotherium beds, the other three from the Upper Titanotherium beds. 118 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS ARTIODACTYLS As previously indicated the artiodactyls include those herbivores in which the axis of the foot is between the third and fourth digits. They nearly always have an even number of toes on each foot, either two or four. None have less than two. Occasionally three or five are present but this is dis- tinctly exceptional. Artiodactyls have a long time constituted the domin- ant ungulate order. They include a great assemblage of crea- tures of many types but with marked unity of structure, the size varying from the little chevrotain to the huge hippopo- tamus. They have always been most abundant in the old world, nevertheless they have had from near their beginning a good representation in North America and the White River badlands have disclosed a remarkably interesting series. Practically all of these White River forms are described in the following pages. ELOTHERIDAE AND DICOTYLIDAE Few fossil animals of the White River badlands have afforded more real puzzling features than the ancestral swine (giant pigs). Several genera and a number of species have been identified, including several classed as ancestral pec- caries, but usually the material is fragmentary and con- fined mostly to the head and lower jaws. Elotherium is the best known genus, its skeleton being represented by consider- able material. It was evidently a very grotesque animal. Figure 55—Skull and lower jaws of Dinohyus hollandi. Peterson, 1906. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 119 Considered as indirectly ancestral to present day swine, it nevertheless showed few of the distinct suilline characters. In not a few respects it resembled the hippopotamus. Its Size varied considerably, ranging in some species to near the Figure 56—Palatal view of skull of Dinohyus hollandi. Peterson, 1906 size of the present day rhinoceros, the head alone reaching sometimes more than three feet in length. Dinohyus hol- landi, a nearly related genus, had a skull whose length, ac- cording to Peterson, reached more than thirty-five inches. (Plates 37 and 39). The Elothere skull is remarkable in many ways. The muzzle is long and slender, the eyes Ne Figure 57—Skeleton of the giant Oligocene pig Elotherium (Entelodon) ingens. Peterson, 1909. THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS 120 = Sa “s i ‘6061L ‘UOsi10}J0g ‘~punjjoy snfiyowq said eus00IfT JeMOT OY} JO UOJOTOHSG—gRQ oINFIy SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES £20 shifted far back, the cranium short, brain cavity absurdly small, the sagittal crest high and thin and the zygo- matic arches enormously developed. Other odd _ fea- tures are the pendant compressed plates given off from the ventral surface of the jugals and two pairs of knob- like processes on the ventral borders of the lower jaw. In young individuals the knob-like processes are only rough elevations, in some adults, especially the smaller species, they are little more than rounded knobs, but in the larger forms they become greatly elongated and club-shaped. Their use seems to be wholly unknown. The dentition above and be- low on each side is as follows: Incisors, three; canines, one; ih fs Eh, 5 al Or a Figure 59—Anterior portions of the upper and lower jaws of the ancestral peccary. Desmathyus (Thinohyus) Siouxensis. Peter- son, 1905. premolars, four; molars, three; total, fourty-four. The canines both above and below are large and powerful. They do not appear to be of any sexual significance as the females developed them as fully as the males. Their use seems to have been that of digging up roots, in view of the fact that certain well preserved specimens show deep grooves on the posterior side of the lower teeth near the gums, grooves that could not have been caused by the attrition of the other teeth. The neck is short and massive and well arranged for the attachment of strong muscles necessitated by the great length and weight of the head. The limbs are long, par- 122 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS ticularly the fore limb, and this in connection with the high shoulder prominence, gives to the animal a peculiar stilted appearance. The foot, fore and hind, has two functional toes corresponding to the third and fourth of five toed animals. The second and fifth are present, but only in rudimentary form. Much that has been said in regard to the structural features of the Elotheres applies also in a general way to the Dicotylidae, but the latter represent a later development and tend more definitely toward the modern peccaries. Figure 60—Skull of Hyopotamus (Ancodus) brachyrhynchus. Scott, 1895. Concerning all of the forms, it may be said that they with the Suidae were apparently derived from a common Kocene ancestry. According to Matthew and Gidley the peccaries originated in the new world and have always re- mained here, while the true pigs (suinae) originated in the old world and never of their own accord reached the new world, their presence here now of the latter being due solely to introduction by man since the discovery of America by Columbus. ANTHRACOTHERIDAE The Anthracotheridae include species of an extinct family of stoutly built, generalized, primitive animals, evi- dently resembling to some extent the present day pig but having some characters possessed by the hippopotamus. Their nearest important relatives of White River time were ap- parently the Oreodontidae. These they resembled very closely. Scott states that the likeness as shown in the skull, SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 123 teeth, vertebrae, limbs, and feet, is fundamental and indi- cates a common pentadactyl ancestry of perhaps middle Eocene time. Fossils representing various species of the family are widely distributed over the earth, more particularly in the old world. The name Anthracotherium (Coal-beast) arises from the fact that their remains were first discovered in coal a d Wi 4 WW ; F) oy ty . A AS ae: Py > \ Gh: BHA XY \ A \\ tk hi: 7° BA i ; ee A 4 i] PF ai \ 4 j Ai 1h * , ) ‘ai | Y A A wii i = A ii BK Hi i \ — Me A ZA Figure 61—Skeleton of the Oligocene Anthracothere, Hyopotamus (Ancodus) brachyrhynchus. Scott, 1895. deposits,—the brown-coal deposits of Savoy. A few nearly complete skeletons of Bothriodon the commonest Oligocene form have been obtained from the channel sandstones of the Big badlands. OREODONTIDAE The Oreodontidae include the commonest fossil mam- mals of the White River badlands. Representatives of the family are found only in North America. They originated in the Eocene, ranged through the Oligocene and Miocene and became extinct in Lower Pliocene. They are dis- tinguished by many primitive characters and according to Cope they constitute one of the best marked types of Mam- malia the world has seen. They occupy a position some- what intermediate between the ruminants (cud-chewing animals) and the suilline pachyderms (pig-like thick- skinned animals). 124 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS The skull has to some extent the form of the present day peccary. The cranial portion is much like that of the camel. The skeleton as a whole more nearly resembles that of the pig, but the number, general proportions, relative position and plan of construction of the teeth are more nearly those of the ruminants and it is this relationship to the ruminants that has governed the classification of the family. Leidy in his description of the Oreodon suggested that it might very appropriately be called a “ruminating hog.”” One remarkable feature is the highly developed canine teeth in both jaws. These teeth or tusks are three sided with round borders, the upper pair curving forward, downward and slightly outward, the lower pair nearly or quite straight and pointing upward, forward and outward. They give to the jaws something of the appearance of the wolf’s jaws but it is only a resemblance and does not indi- cate any close relationship. (Plates 21 and 22). As in the pigs the eyes were small, the neck and legs short. With the exception of the older forms all of the Oreodontidae had four toes on each foot. These represent the second, third, fourth, and fifth of five toed animals. Agriochoerus and the ie peieheke Th He \\ ame De. rs =a) NN ger ERS (e* | . Ih Figure 62—Skeleton of the Oligocene Oreodont, Agriochoerus latifrons. Wortman, 1896. far commoner Oreodon had five on the front feet. The tail was long and slender. The animals varied considerably in size but the common forms were about the size of the peccary. Promerycochoerus, the largest, was about the size of the wild boar. Of the several genera, Oreodon, Leptauchena, Agrio- choerus, and Promerycochoerus are the best known. Oreo- don is by far the most abundant but the others are found in considerable numbers. (Plates 40 and 41). They seem to SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 125 Figure 63—Skeleton of the Lower Miocene Oreodont, Promerycochoerus carrikeri. Peterson, 1906. 126 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS have ranged in great herds over the Oligocene and Mio- cene lands of South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana and North Dakota. It is interesting in this con- nection to note that the Oreodontidae, in addition to giving their name to the Oreodon beds of the Middle Oligo- cene furnished names also for three of the zones above the Middle Oligocene, namely, the Laptauchenia zone, the Promerychocrus zone, and the Merycochoerus zone. Leptauchenia was founded on fossil remains obtained by Prof. Hayden in 1855 from near Eagle Nest butte. This ani- mal is of interest in that its structure seems to indicate an acquatic habit. (Plate 42). The teeth resemble somewhat those of the llama (Auchenia) hence the name Leptauchenia. Agriochoerus, is remarkable in that its toes were apparently armed with claws instead of hoofs and the first toe (thumb) of the fore foot seems to have been opposable. Aside from its foot structure the animal was much like the Oreodon. (Plate 42). It was approximately three feet long not includ- ing the rather long tail. Mesoreodon is likewise remarkable in that the thyroid cartilage of the larynx was ossified much as in the howling monkey and according to Prof. Scott it must have had most unusual powers of voice. Promerycochoerus, a larger and heavier animal than those of the earlier genera, has been found in considerable numbers in northwestern Nebraska and eastern Wyoming. The restored skeleton of Promerycochoerus carrikeri is more than five and one-half feet long and evidently indicates a large bodied slow moving animal, the habits of which as has been suggested were perhaps somewhat the same as those of the hippopotamus. Peterson described the animal briefly as having a massive head, a short, robust neck, dorsal vertebrae, provided with prominent spines, lumbar vertebrae heavy, thoracic cavity capacious, and the feet large. (Plate 38). The Oreodons are found in the Lower and Middle Oli- gocene and are particularly common in what is known as the “lower nodular layer” (red layer) of the Middle Oligo- cene fifteen or twenty feet above the Titanotherium beds. It is on account of the abundance of these fossils and their early discovery in the Middle Oligocene that this division of the badland formations was by Hayden given the name of Oreodon beds. Leidy tells us that as early as 1869 he 127 SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES “OT6T ‘Ile[oUulsg ‘pLovep DUaYyoNDIdaT ‘yUOPOsIO SUBD0TIN JOMOTT OY} JO WOJTOAS—P9I oInsty 128 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS had observed fossils of approximately five hundred indi- viduals among the collections sent him for study. Few general badland collections fail to show specimens of these interesting creatures, but most of the material is made up of skulls and detached bones. Few complete skeletons have been obtained and until recent years little attempt was made at restoration. The dentition is remarkably complete, the total number of permanent teeth being forty-four arranged in nearly unbroken series in both jaws. Of the Oreodons Oreodon clubertsoni is by far the most common. Leidy says that of the five hundred he had observed about four hundred and fifty were of this species. Oreodon gracilis, about two- thirds as large as Oreodon culbertsoni was perhaps the next in abundance. Its skull was about the size of the red fox and a skeleton mounted by Mr. C. W. Gilmore of the U. S. National Museum measured twenty-seven inches in length and is twelve and one-half inches high at the shoulders. Eporeodon major, earlier called Oreodon major is still rarer. It is about one-fifth larger than Oreodon culbertsom or nearly twice as large as Oreodon gracilis. HYPERTRAGULIDAE The Hypertragulidae include some of the most interest- ing fossil mammals ever discovered. They are ancient selenodonts (ruminants) resembling in a way the little chevrotain or ‘“deerlet” of India and the musk deer of the Asiatic highlands but they are in reality not closely related to either. They seem to represent an independent offshoot of the primitive ruminant stock but near relatives, either ancestral or descendent are not known. They are distinguished from all other American rumin- ants by the combination of functionally tetradactyl front feet with didactyl hind feet. Of the seven genera thus far recognized from the White River region, Protoceras is the most interesting and the best known. (Plate 43). It is found only in the Upper Oligocene and because of its importance the strata containing it are known as the Protoceras beds. Of the other genera Leptomeryx has been most carefully de- scribed but with the exception of one find of twenty-six skeletons in one associated group and described by Riggs, Bull. G. S. A., vol. 25, p. 145, the materials available have not been so abundant nor so complete as in the case of Protoceras. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 129 The first Protoceras specimen was obtained by Mr. J. B. Hatcher in 1890. It, like all subsequent material of this kind, was found near the highest part of the Big Badlands, where the Protoceras beds are well exposed. In January, 1891, Prof. Marsh described the animal in the American Journal of Science under the name Protoceras celer in al- lusion to the early appearance of horns in this fleet-footed group of artiodactyls. Before this discovery no horned artiodactyls were known to have lived earlier than Pliocene time. Marsh states it as an important fact that while all existing mammals with horns in pairs are artiodactyls and none of the recent perissodactyls are thus provided, the re- verse of this was true among the early forms of these groups. The head is especially unique. (Plate 23). It displays in many ways the modernized type of structure, and shows SA we My 4 y, Ho a iw Figure 65—Skeleton of the Oligocene ruminant, Leptomeryx evansi. Scott, 1891. sexual differences unparalleled among the ancient artio- dactyls. The most obvious characters are the bony protu- berances from various parts of the head in the male. In the female these are only faintly indicated. In the male a pair of protuberances project upwards from the rear part of the head in much the same position as the horns of the present day pronghorn antelope. Near the anterior end of the face there is a second pair, laterally compressed and more prominent than the first pair. Over 130 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS the eyes there is a third pair serving as a sort of pro- tective awning for the eyes. In front of these and slightly nearer the median line of the face there is a fourth pair. These are much less prominent than the others mentioned but their presence is clearly indicated. Finally a fifth pair, slightly more prominent than the last, but less promin- ent and especially less horn-like than the others, is placed at the side of the face nearly above the anterior molar tooth. (Be ~- y Figure 66—Fore and hind foot of Protoceras, the six-horned ruminant of the Upper Oligocene, Scott, 1895. The head is long and narrow, tapering rapidly toward the anterior end, where the muzzle becomes extremely Slender. The cranium is capacious and well formed. The brain case is of good size and indicates a brain fairly well convoluted, in fact the brain development of Protoceras Seems to have been more advanced than any other animals SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 131 of the time. The nasals are remarkable in that they indi- cate a long flexible nose if not a true proboscis. Among recent ruminants such a proboscidiform muzzle is found only in the saiga antelope and to a less extent in the moose. The four toes of the front foot are functional and corre- spond to thé second, third, fourth, and fifth, of five-toed animals. The hind foot shows only two toes, the third and fourth. Small short splint-like processes disclose, however, the rudimentary second and fifth. The hind limb compared with the fore limb, is large and long. The tail is larger and better developed than in the present day deer. Figure 67—Skull of the ruminant Syndyoceras cooki of the Lower Miocene. Barbour, 1905. The size of Protoceras is practically that of the sheep, but the general build seems to have corresponded more nearly to that of the pronghorn antelope. (Plate 44). The animal is, however, not very closely related to either. Syndyoceras had a head that in the male was as fantastic as that of Protoceras. There were two pairs of horns or horn- like outgrowths,—one pair situated above the eyes and curving toward each other, like those of the present day cow and one pair arising anteriorily nearly midway between the eyes and nostrils and curving outward away from each other. (Plate 45. 132 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS CAMELIDAE The camel originated in North America. The earliest and most primitive ancestors are found here and the eyvi- dence shows that the family had traveled far on its road to- ward modern camels before conditions became favorable for their migation to other continents. At present the family consists of but two phyla, Camelus and Llama. Of the camels proper there are but two species, Camelus dromedarius or Arabian (one-hump- ed) camel, and Camelus bactrianus or Bactrian (two- humped) camel. They inhabit the desert regions of North- ern Africa, Arabia, and Central Asia. The llamas, includ- ing alpacas, guanacos, and vicunas, live only in the arid highlands of South America. Figure 68—Skull of the Oligocene camel, Poebrotherium wilsoni. - Wortman, 1898. The camels are among the earliest domesticated ani- mals of which we have knowledge and since the dawn of human history they seem not to have been known in the truly wild state. We lose ourselves in meditation as we think of the position these stupid ungainly creatures have made for themselves in the history of old world transporta- tion but let us not fail to reflect that their earliest ancestral history lies at our own door-way. Ages before Joseph was sold by his brethren to the Ishmaelitic caravan from Gilead the forerunners of these useful beasts of burden were roam- ing in great numbers the wilds of what we now know as South Dakota and neighboring states seeking the comforts of a primitive living and looking forward in some mysterious way to the convenience of elastic pads for their feet, fleshy humps for their backs and water pockets for their stomachs. Concerning their distribution Scott says: 133 SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES ‘PO6T ‘U08.10}0q ‘sad 16U0] snjhjopphxo ‘OUD SBD0{ MOT 94} JO UOJOTOYG—~Kg aInSty 134 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS “Under modern conditions, no mammals could seem more completely foreign to North America than those of the camel family, which, now restricted to two well-defined genera, inhabit central Asia and the colder parts of South America. Yet, as a matter of fact, this family passed through nearly the whole of its development in North America and did not emigrate to the other continents be- fore the late Miocene or early Pliocene, and it is this North American origin of the family which explains its otherwise ~ inexplicable distribution at the present time. To all appear- ances, the whole family had completely disappeared from this continent in the later Pleistocene, but in the middle and earlier portions of that epoch both true camels and large llama-like animals were very abundant. * * * “The most ancient known camels of the Old World are found in the Pliocene of India, and the first llamas recorded in South America are also Pliocene. Since both camels and llamas existed together in North America, it may be reason- ably asked why only one phylum migrated to Asia and only the other to South America. Why did not each con- tinent receive migrants of both kinds? Without knowing more than we are ever likely to learn about the details of these migrations, it will not be possible to answer these questions, though plausible solutions of the problem suggest themselves. It is to be noted, in the first place, that a mi- gration from the central portion of North America to Asia was by way of the far north and thus involved very different climatic conditions from those which must have been en- countered in passing through the tropics to South America. It is perfectly possible that animals which lived together in temperate North America should have had very different powers of adaptation to heat and cold respectively, and the northern route may have been impassable to one and the southern route to the other. To this it might perhaps be objected that llamas are cold-country animals, but this is true only of the existing species, for fossil forms are found abundantly in the Pleistocene of Ecuador, Brazil and Ar- gentina. Another possibility is that both phyla did actually migrate to both continents and that only the camels suc- ceeded in permanently establishing themselves in Asia and only the llamas in South America, though for this solution the fossils afford no evidence.” SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 135 Within the area described in this book, a number of ancestral species have been identified, some from the Oligo- cene and some from the Miocene. These are preceded else- where by still older forms, the oldest of all so far as yet known being Protylopus petersoni a little four toed creature scarcely larger than a jackrabbit, found a few years ago in the Upper Eocene beds of the Washaki basin, Wyoming, and Camelus Auclhenia Asia South America RECENT Extinct Eschatius Extinct PLEISTO- CENE Cainelus w = lw re) ° 2 Pliauchenia a Extinct $| (Giraffe-camels) wl] Alticamelus Procamelus rT c ZI) Extinct z Oxydactylus Protomeryr (Gazelle-camel) 4 Stenomylus w a Paratylopus Gomphotherium 2) = > Poébretherium ce ee: a Protylopus nt Zz w oO oO wh Figure 70—Phylogeny of the Camels. R.S. Lull; Organic Evolution, 1917. Published by the Macmillan Company. Reprinted by permission. described by Mr. W. B. Matthew of the American Museum of Natural History. The best known South Dakota species, the one first dis- covered, and the one that has received the most merited recognition is Poebrotherium wilson. (Plate 46). The col- lection of Big Badland material given by Mr. Alexander Cul- 136 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS bertson in 1847 to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phil- adelphia contained a broken skull of this animal and Dr. Leidy in describing the specimen, the first of the many South Dakota badland fossible vertebrates studied by him, gave it the name it bears. (See Figure 2). He first regarded the animal as allied to the musk deer but later indicated its cameloid nature. Since the description of this earliest Poebrotherium skull abundant other remains have been found but generally they have not been complete. In 1890 the Princeton expedition was fortunate in securing a very excellent skeleton of Poebrotherium wilsoni almost entire and Prof. Scott has described this in a most careful man- ner. It is not possible, nor would it be profitable to go into the details of this description here. Briefly it may be said _ that the animal was a lightly built, graceful creature with apparently some external likeness to the Nama but of about the size and build of the existing gazelle. It shows its relationship in many features of its skeleton but as in many extinct animals the bones show a primitive or generalized nature, and its connection with the llamas is perhaps as close as with the true camels. The eyes are farther back than in the present day camel, the ribs are more slender, and the foot, armed with small pointed hoofs was apparently without a pad. Like the existing camel the foot has only two toes, the third and fourth, but traces of the second and fifth remain as evidenced by the metapodial nodules. The metatarsal bones are separate but pressed closely together and plainly anticipate the definite union into a “cannon bone” during the subsequent Miocene. The animals varied considerably in size, the larger indi- viduals reaching a height of twenty-four inches. Among the Miocene forms Procamelus has long been known. This genus is of interest in that the camels and llamas of today seem to have descended directly from it. The gazelle camel, Stenomylus, and the giraffe camel, Oxy- dactylus, were discovered later but they have received full description. Their remains have been found in particular abundance in northwestern Nebraska. Several dozen skele- tons of Stenomylus, were obtained from one excavation near Agate Springs. Peterson says it is seldom that the complete knowledge of the osteology of a genus has been acquired so rapidly after its discovery as that of Stenomylus and that SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 137 EVOLUTION OF THE CAMELS § = S a < & 3S & of Mammals Age or Tertiary Mesozoic or Age of Reptiles Hypothetical five-toed Ancestor Figure 71—The evolution of the camel as indicated by the skull, feet and teeth. (Modified from Scott) R. S. Lull: Organic Evolution, 1817. Published by The Macmillan Company. Reprinted by permission. 138 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS more complete remains of this genus have been found than that of any other Miocene camel. The accompanying sketch by Peterson, page 71, shows a number of the skeletons as they were found in the quarry. These graceful llama-like little camels lived apparently in herds in an upland country where hard grasses constituted their chief food. In general it may be said that the Miocene forms became increasingly more cameloid in that they are larger, the side toes disappear, the metatarsal bones become more fully united and rugosi- ties of the hoof bones indicate the presence of a small foot pad. With the close of the Miocene important geographical changes came about including the raising of the isthmus of Panama above sea level and the forming of a land connec- tion across Behring Strait. In this way widespread migra- tion became possible. The camels during and immediately subsequent to the development of these land bridges were especially abundant and diversified throughout North America, hence readily took advantage of the opportunity to enter South America in the one direction and Asia and thence to Europe and Africa in the other. Later during Pleistocene time by reason of unfavorable climate or other conditions the North American branches of the family all died out while some at least of the more favorably situated foreign members lived on. Thus in the light of their an- cestral history the wide separation of such nearly related animals as the camel and the llama, so long a perplexing question, is readily understood. CERVIDAE Until 1904 nothing was known of the ancestral deer within the region of the White River badlands. In that year Mr. Matthew described a fragmentary jaw, Blasto- meryx wellsi from the Upper Miocene. Since then several other species have been noted. The earliest material obtained gave little information as to the definite relation of Blastomeryx to present rumin- ants but in the study of the later collections Mr. Matthew discovered it to be a primitive deer approximately ances- tral to the American Cervidae and derivable in its turn from the Oligocene genus Leptomeryx whose relation to the Cervidae had not before been suspected. Its nearest relative SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 139 structurally among the present day Cervidae is the musk deer. The general proportion of the skull is much as in the musk deer and like that animal it has no trace of horns or antlers such as gradually developed in later times and the upper canines are in the form of long, slender, recurved tusks. The skeleton as a whole has many primitive char- acters but the various species all show the general cervid affinities. The animal in life stood from one to one and a half feet high at the shoulders. Figure 72—Skeleton of the primitive Lower Miocene deer, Blasio- meryx advena. Matthew, 1908. REMAINS OF ANIMALS OTHER THAN MAMMALS As indicated elsewhere fossil remains of backboned animals other than mammals in the Badlands are in genera] of little numerical consequence. Only in the case of tur- tles is there a decided exception. Occasional fragmentary remains of lizards and crocodiles are found and a few petri- fied birds eggs have been picked up but these are all that are worthy of mention. Shelled animals lived in the region but their remains are generally rare and of little conse- quence except from the standpoint of refined science. The beautiful and well known invertebrate shells from south- western South Dakota so often seen in museums are from older geological formations. Coming chiefly from the Chey- enne river and its tributaries they are erroneously supposed by many to be of the same age as the mammal-bearing beds of the Tertiary. 140 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Interest naturally attaches to the turtles, crocodiles and birds eggs, the first because of their size and abundance, - and the second because of their having lived in this latitude and the third because of the general rarity of fossil eggs. These may be briefly described. TURTLES Few Badland fossils are more abundant or more widely distributed or better preserved than the turtles. The size of the individuals varies from a few inches in length to more than two feet. Specimens three feet long are oc- casionally observed. These large sized Tertiary forms should not be confused with the far larger Cretaceous tur- tles found in the black Pierre shales near the Big Badlands. These Cretaceous turtles became veritable monsters and reached a greater size than any others yet found anywhere in the world, either living or fossil. The type specimen, found near Railroad Buttes, southeast of the Black Hills and described by Mr. Wieland in 1896, had a total length of approximately eleven feet, and fragmentary portions of a still larger individual showed a length of forty inches for the head alone. From the various Badland formations in the White River region ten species of turtles have been described. Of all these only Stylemys nebrascensis occurs in abundance. (Plate 48). So far as I have learned each of the other species is known by only one or two specimens. Published reference to these latter is meagre and confined in the main to brief scientific description. Stylemys nebrascensis, the common form, was first de- scribed in 1851 by Dr. Joseph Leidy, and is the earliest dis- covered fossil turtle in America. The first specimens were obtained by Dr. John Evans of the Owen Geological Survey in 1849 and since then hundreds of specimens have found their way into the museums of the world. The visitor in the Badlands can scarcely fail to find them if he walks along the outcrops of the containing strata and in favorable localities he may see them with surprising frequency. I myself have observed many dozens of them in a few hours walk in Indian draw and there are other places where they seem to be as abundant. They are found particularly in the Oreodon beds but occur in the Protoceras beds also. As yet none have been found in the Titanotherium beds. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 141 The shell body is often preserved with remarkable per- fection but owing to the fact that weathering readily sep- arates the bones, specimens exposed on the surface are usually more or less disintegrated. The head and feet are rarely found. Dr. Leidy, who first described the species stated that he had seen hundreds of shells but no skull. Even today there is record of only two skulls. One of these in the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburg is accompanied by the shell. The other is in the Princeton Museum but the body to which it belonged was not found. The general absence of the head is due perhaps to the fact that Stylemys was a dry land tortoise and any freshet that might be able to carry or roll the heavy decaying body into water where deposition was taking place would wrench the head away. This, separate from the body, would be inconspicuous and hence fail of ready detection. Several fossil turtle eggs have been found in the Bad- lands and they are regarded as belonging to the common Figure 73—-Head of the abundant Oligocene dryland _ tortoise, Stylemys nebrascensis. Natural size, (a) view of right side; (b) view from above; (c) view from below. Hay, 1906. species just described. Hay states that they are slightly elongated but he indicates that this is perhaps due to de- formation by pressure from an original globular form. They 142 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS ' are a little less than two inches in diameter. They were formerly in the James Hall collection but are now in the American Museum of Natural History. CROCODILES Two species of crocodiles have been described from the White River badlands. These were found near Sheep mountain. Fragments of others have been obtained from the Finney breaks near Folsom. All of the specimens are from the Titanotherium beds. Besides other parts each species is represented by a considerable portion of the head. Figure 74—-Anterior portion of head of the Oligocene crocodile, Crocodilus prenasalis found in Indian draw, (a) view from above; (b) view from below. Loomis, 1904. The author found the first of these, Crocodilus pre- nasalis, in 1899. (Plate 47). In this the nasal opening is placed forward hence the specific name. The part of the head that is preserved is broad and short and contains the root portions of eighteen teeth, two of which retain the nearly complete crowns. These are conical and slightly recurved and the longest is approximately one half inch in length. The portion of the head preserved shows a width of Figure 75—Head of the Oligocene crocodile Caimanoides visheri. Mehl, 1916. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 143 two and five-eights inches within two inches of the nasal end. The animal in life was perhaps six feet long. The second species, Caimanoidea visheri, found in 1911, shows characters tending toward the alligators. Its length in life was about five and one half feet. These fossils are of interest in showing in striking manner the Floridian character of the climate in the White River region during early Oligocene time and they add to other evidence that the country was then a land of inunda- tion. BIRDS EGGS Several fossil birds eggs have been found in or near the Big Badlands. Unlike eggs found elsewhere as fossils the badland birds eggs are distinctly petrified, that is they show a practically complete replacement of the original matter by mineral material. Soft animal tissues quickly decay and only exceptional conditions allow for their preservation or petrefaction. Turtle eggs are occasionally found filled with hardened mud and eggs of certain extinct birds have been preserved by reason of the thickness of their shells but the Badland birds eggs show not only the thickness of the original shell but apparently also the position of the white and the yolk of the egg. One of the Badland eggs found by Mr. Kelly Robinson in 1896 has been carefully described by Dr. O. C. Farring- ton of the Field Museum. The shell portion is made up of dark colored chalcedony, the color being due to organic matter. The portion representing the white of the egg is gray translucent chalcedony with occasional black blotches the exact nature of which was not determined. The yolk is replaced by opal in two portions of about equal size but with different texture. The egg measures 2.03 inches by 1.49 inches, long and short diameters, conforming in size and general shape to that of the present day Florida duck (Anas fulvigula). Plate 48.) Since the publication of the paper by Mr. Farrington other birds eggs from the Badlands, perfect in outline and Similar in size and shape to the one described have been found. One of these is now in the geological museum of the South Dakota State School of Mines. 144 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS THE BADLAND LIFE OF TODAY Conditions for present day animal and plant life in the Badlands are fairly favorable. The average annual rainfall . is approximately seventeen inches. Of this amount about thirteen inches comes during the five crop growing months, April, May, June, July and August. The average annual temperature is about 44 deg. Fahrenheit. The soil varies considerably. Much of the flatter coun- try is covered by a silty or sandy loam which nourishes rich, native grasses and it has proven under cultivation to be favorable for the growing of vegetables and grains. The native plants incline toward the hardy semi-arid types. Annuals are conspicuous in many places especially where moisture lingers longest. Pubescent-leaved peren- nials with their well-anchored roots are widely distributed. There is a surprising abundance of flowers and they appear in tenaceous succession through the summer. Grasses are the predominant plants over much of the country. Chief among the many species are buffalo grass, grama grass, wheat grass, needle or spear grass, blue stem and wire grass. Of these the buffalo grass and grama grass have been of the greatest value in making of the region a great cattle range. Cacti and yuccas among the gorgeously blooming plants and sage brush among the woody shrubs are abundant and conspicuous but they are by no means uniformly distributed. The chief wild fruits are plums, chokecherries, sandcherries, buffalo berries, gooseberries, currants, wild grapes, raspberries and service berries. Trees are abundant in places but well wooded areas are greatly restricted. Cottonwoods are common along some of the alluvial flats and red cedar and the western yellow pine form considerable of a forest growth among the higher breaks. Pine Ridge, a prominent irregularly etched escarpment and an integral part of the area under discus- sion owes much of its picturesque nature to the presence of the pines and cedars scattered so promiscuously among its otherwise nearly bare slopes and precipices. In addition to these there are in much less abundance the box elder, ash, elm, hackberry, stunted oak, and willow. There are or were until recently more than forty native mammals frequenting the Badlands. Approximately three SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 145 hundred species of birds have also been found visiting or making their homes in the region. The commonest of the birds are the cliff swallow, the rock wren, the meadow lark and the chikadee but others may be found in considerable numbers. Mammals once occupying the country in an in- portant manner but now nearly or wholly dispersed are the bison, elk, deer, bear, antelope, mountain sheep and puma. Among those that are yet to be found in abundance or in considerable numbers are the following: Coyote, gray wolf, gopher, jack rabbit, cottontail rabbit, prairie dog, badger, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, bobcat, kitfox, weasel, mice and shrews. RECENT HISTORY The history of the White River Badlands in so far as it relates to man before the advent of the white settler has to do chiefly with the Teton Indians. When white men first penetrated the region they found Indians frequenting the country and calling it a part of their possessions. In the earliest days the Crows, (Absarokas) controlled the coun- try and later the Cheyennes but sometime before the close of the eighteenth century the lands passed into the possession of the Tetons of the Dakota Sioux. The claims of the sev- eral Teton tribes shifted from time to time, the Brules and the Minneconjous for a while occupying much of the country but later the Oglalas assumed a large control. (Plate 49). The earliest white men to see the Badlands were traders and trappers in search of furs. Their coming led in due course to military and exploratory expeditions. Conflicts of diverse kinds occurred between the Indians and the new- comers and for a number of years an irritating warfare pre- vailed. However, most of the actual fighting took place - outside the region under consideration. The severest con- flict in the Badlands proper occurred during the Messiah Craze of 1890. This is commonly known as the Wounded Knee affair. It was an unfortunate clash between federal troops and the Indians in which 200 Indians, men, women, and children, and sixty soldiers were killed. During the last quarter of a century, with the growing preponderance of white people the Indians have progressed toward civilization and many of their homes show semblance of comfort, stability and wealth. The traveller finds them 146 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS today kind and considerate and many a white settler has reason to rejoice in their friendship. The fathers and mothers, notwithstanding their disadvantages, have gen- erally a fair knowledge of English and most of the children are receiving training in good elementary and industrial schools. The expansive reservations established years ago have nearly disappeared. In opening up these reservations the Indians first receive liberal individual allotments of land, then that which remains is available for settlement by the whites. Opportunity for good financial returns from a large part of the Badlands, notwithstanding their detractive name, has been abundantly proven and with better under- standing of conditions, the wealth of the region will greatly increase. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 147 HOW TO SEE THE BADLANDS The White River Badlands are readily accessible. Many of their features may be observed with pleasure and satisfaction from a Pullman window. Well-travelled wagon roads connect the better known passes and these give opportunity through much of the year for delightful auto- mobile drives. Off-the-road places may be reached by saddle or in pedestrian boots. Railroads cross the country in several places and give abundant opportunity to visit almost any desired locality. The Pierre, Rapid City and Northwestern railroad now merged with the Chicago and Northwestern system, going up Bad River valley and thence over into the Cheyenne valley crosses a narrow northerly projecting arm at the town of Wall, South Dakota. The Chicago and Northwestern railroad from Omaha crosses Pine Ridge from southeast to northwest at Chadron, Nebraska. The connecting Chadron- Lander line, following up the head of White River cuts Pine Ridge from northeast to southwest near Crawford and again farther west in a nearly east-west direction in Con- verse county (now Converse and Albany counties) Wyom- ing. The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad from Lincoln traverses the Crawford locality from southeast to northwest, it being nearly at right angles to the Chadron- Lander connection of the Chicago and Northwestern. The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad gives to the car window sightseer the best and most abundant op- portunity to view the general ruggedness of the Badlands and affords also a very good opportunity to study close at hand, though in hasty manner, many things of interest. For many miles this railroad winds its way up White River valley along the southern face of the Great Wall, then plunges into the very heart of the picturesque Big Badlands the culminating feature of all the area included under the name, White River Badlands. From near Kadoka to Scenic there is a never ceasing array of those topographic pecular- ities that make the region famous and, in the Big Badlands, they are placed together in most fantastic manner. Sheep Mountain (Cedar Point), the most famous locality of all 148 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS this wonderful country lies a few miles south of Scenic. It may be seen from the car window but its strange grandeur can be understood only by a special visit and its chief fea- ture—School of Mines canyon—should be traversed only with proper equipment and guide. Those wishing to study the Great Wall will find it accessible from any of the near- by railway towns. Interior is the largest and in some fre- spects the most convenient place from which to drive or walk but there are facilities at every station and at some of them they are nearly or quite as good as at Interior. Those desiring to visit remote areas either in south- western South Dakota, northwestern Nebraska or south- eastern Wyoming will have little difficulty in obtaining direction and suggestion. The people generally will be found accommodating to the point of urgent hospitality. One needs of course to bear in mind that much of the coun- try is still sparsely settled and that as in any other place annoying weather conditions may at times prevail but the real lover of the great out-of-doors, man or woman, will usually find little of real hardship. He who has oppor- tunity to ramble over this strange country in the bright mornings of early summer when the short grasses are bril- liant green or who in the on-coming autumn can camp near some good spring and enjoy the beauty of the prairie even- ing and the stillness of the arid night is blest with a golden privilege. The Badlands are strange, and inspirational and good. For many years only those technically trained in nature’s ways could appreciate them but now in these days of wider opportunity with railway facilities, good roads, numerous settlers and the omnipresent automobile every one can cultivate a growing comprehension of their meaning. Even the name is rapidly losing its forbidding aspect. Until recently the country was to the causal visitor but a gro- tesque quarry for dry bones. It should be to all men a _ living storehouse of wonderful works. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 149 A List of the Fossil Mammals Found in the White River Badlands* LOWER OLIGOCENE (TITANOTHERIUM ZONE.) Carnivora (Fissipedia). Canidae. Daphoenus dodgei Scott. Am. Phil. Soc., Trans., vol. 19, 1898, p. 362. Nw. Neb. Felidae. Dinicitis fortis Adams. Perissodactyla. Rhinocerotidae. Trigonias obsborni Lucas. U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 23, 1900, pp. 221-223. So. Dak. Leptaceratherium trigondum Osborn and Wortman. Am. Mus. Nat. His., Bull., vol. 6, 1894, pp. 201-203, (Acera- therium). So. Dak. Caenopus cf. platycephalus Osborn and Wortman. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 6, 1894, p. 206, (Aceratherium). So. Dak. Caenopus mitis Cope. Lophiodontidae. Colodon (Mesotapirus) occidentalis Leidy. Equidae. Mesohippus proteulophus Osborn. Mesohippus hypostylus. Mesohippus celer Marsh. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 7, 1874, p. 251, (Anchitherium). Nw. Neb. Titanotheridae (Brontotheridae). Titanotherium prouti Leidy. Titanotherium helocerus (Cope). Titanotherium trigonoceras (Cope). Megacerops dispar (Marsh). Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 34, 1887, p. 328, (Brontops). So. Dak. *Fossil forms too poorly preserved to admit of careful description and naming have been omitted from this list. In compiling the list I have made extensive use of Matthew’s Faunal Lists of the Tertiary Mammalia of the West as given in U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin No. 361, 1909. I have made no effort on my own part to indicate the relative value of Synonyms where synonyms exist, but have endeavored to follow closely the nomenclature as given by Matthew and by later authors. For addi- tional convenient helpful literature the reader is referred to Hay’s Biblio- graphy and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, U. S Geological Survey Bulletin No. 179, 1902, and to Palmer’s Index Generum Mammalium; a list of the Genera and Families of Mammals, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, Division of Biological Survey, 1904. Effort has been made to indicate the scientific paper in which each form was first described and named, its year of publication, also the ap- proximate locality within the area covered by the accompanying map of the Black Hills region where the earliest or type specimen was found. Such reference is omitted in a few instances where I have not had op- portunity to examine the original publication. In a few instances fossils found south of the Niobrara-Platte river divide and fossils found near and to the east of Ft. Niobrara are included but generally such forms are not considered as coming within the scope of this paper. So. Dak| means in all cases the southwestern part of the state. Mauv. Terres where used corresponds fairly well to the Big Badlands, hence refers gen- erally to fossils from South Dakota. 150 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Megacerops tichoceras Scott and Osborn. Mus. Comp. Zool., Bull., vol. 13, 1887, pp. 159-160, (Menodus). So. Dak. Megacerops robustus (Marsh). Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 34, 1887, pp. 326-327, (Brontops). Nw. Neb. Megacerops brachycephalus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 16, 1902, pp. 97-98. So. Dak.? Megacerops bicornutus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., Vols #6,)/1902,.p: (99. 2 Se; Dale? Megacerops marshi Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 16, 1902, pp. 100-101. So. Dak.? Allops serotinus Marsh. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 34, 1887, p. 331. So. Dak. Allops crassicornis Marsh. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 42, 1891, pp. 268-269. So. Dak. Allops amplus (Marsh). Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 39, 1890, pp. 523-524, (Diploclonus). So. Dak. Symborodon montanus (Marsh). Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 9, 1875, p. 246, (Anisacodon). Nw. Neb. Symborodon copei Osborn, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, _ 1908, pp. 616-617. So. Dak. Brontotherium ramosum (Osborn). Brontotherium dolichoceras (Scott and Osborn). Mus. Comp. Zool., Bull., vol. 138, 1887, pp. 160-161, (Menodus). So. Dak. Brontotherium leidyi Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 16, 1902, pp. 105-106. So. Dak. Brontotherium hatcheri Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 24, 1908, pp. 615-616. So. Dak. Artiodactyla. Elotheridae (Entelodontidae). Elotherium (Entelodon) crassum Marsh. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 5, 1873, pp. 487-488. Anthracotheridae. Hyopotamus (Ancodon) americanus Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proe:, vol: 38, ‘1896; p 58. (S50. bake Oreodontidae (Agriochoeridae). Oreodon (Merycoidodon) hybridus Leidy. Ext. Mam. of Dak. and Neb., 1869, pp. 105-106. Mauv. Terres. Oreodon (Merycoidodon) affinis Leidy. Ext. Mam. of Dak. and Neb., 1869, p. 105. Mauv. Terres. Oreodon (Merycoidodon) bullatus Leidy. Ext. Mam. of Dak. and Neb., 1869, p. 106. Mauv. Terres. Hypertragulidae. 2 Heteromeryx dispar Matthew. MIDDLE OLIGOCENE (OREODON ZONE.) Carnivora (Creodonta). Hyaenodontidae. Hyaenodon horridus Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 6, 1853, pp. 392-393. Mauv. Terres. Hyaenodon cruentus Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 6, 1853, p. 393. Mauv. Terres. Hyaenodon crucians Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc. vol. 6, 1858, p. 393. Mauv. Terres. Hyaenodon paucidens Osborn and Wortman. Am. Mus. Nat Hist., Bull., vol. 6, 1894, pp. 223-224. So. Dak. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 151 Hyaenodon leptocephalus Scott and Osborn. Mus. Comp. Zool., Bull., vol. 13, 1887, p. 152. Hyaenodon mustelinus Scott. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Jour., . vol. 9, 1894, pp. 499-500. So. Dak. Carnivora (Fissipedia). Canidae. .Daphoenus vetus Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 6, 1853, p. 393, Mauv. Terres. Daphoenus hartshornianus (Cope). Daphoenus felinus Scott. Am. Philos. Soc., Trans., vol. 19, 1898, pp. 361-362. Nw. Neb. Daphoenus nebrascensis (Hatcher). Carnegie Mus., Mem., vol. 1, 1902, pp. 95-99, (Proamphicyon). Nw. Neb. Daphoenus inflatus (Hatcher). Carnegie Mus., Mem., vol. 1, 1902, pp. 99-104, (Protemnocyon). Nw. Neb. Cynodictis gregarius (Cope). Cynodictis lippincottianus (Cope). Felidae. Dinictis felina Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 8, 1856, p. 91, Mauv. Terres. Dinictis squalidens (Cope). Dinictis paucidens Riggs. Hoplophoneus primaevus (Leidy). Hoplophoneus occidentalis (Leidy). Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Jour., vol. 7, 1869, pp. 63-64, (Depranodon). Mauv. Terres. é Hoplophoneus oreodontis Cope. Hoplophoneus marshi Thorpe. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 50, 1920, pp. 211-214. Nw. Neb. Hoplophoneus molossus Thorpe. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 50, 1920, pp. 220-224. Nw. Neb. Insectivora. Hrinaceidae. Proterix loomisi Matthew. Leptictidae. Leptictis haydeni Leidy. Ictops dakotensis Leidy. Ictops bullatus Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 12, 1899, p. 55. So. Dak. Ictops porcinus (Leidy). - Soricidae. Protosorex crassus Scott. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., 1894, pp. 446-448. So. Dak. Rodentia. - Castoridae. Eutypomys thomsoni Matthew. Ischyromyidae. Ischyromys typus Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 8, 1856, p. 89, Mauv. Terres. Muridae. Eumys elegans Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 8, 1856, p. 90, Mauv. Terres. Leporidae. Palaeolagus haydeni Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 8, 1856, pp. 89-90, Mauv. Terres. Palaeolagus turgidus Cope. 152 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Perissodactyla. Hyracodontidae. Hyracodon nebrascensis Leidy. Hyracodon major Scott and Osborn. Mus. Comp. Zool., Bull., vol. 18, 1887, p. 170. So. Dak.? Amynodontidae. Metamynodon planifrons Scott and Osborn. Mus. Comp. Zool., Bull., vol. 13, 1887, pp. 165-169. So. Dak. Rhinocerotidae. Caenopus (Subhyracodon) occidentalis Leidy. Caenopus (Subhyracodon) copei Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Mem., vol. 1, 1898, pp. 146-150, (Aceratherium). So. Dak. ; Caenopus (Subhyracodon) simplicidens Cope. Leptaceratherium trigonodum (Osborn and Wortman). ‘“‘Hyracodon” planiceps Scott and Osborn. Mus. Comp. Zool., Bull., vol. 18, 1887, pp. 170-171. So. Dak. 'Lophiodontidae. Colodon (Mesotapirus) procuspidatus Osborn and Wortman. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 7, 1895, pp. 362-364. So. Dak. Colodon (Mesotapirus) dakotensis Osborn and Wortman. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 7, 1895, pp. 362-364. So. Dak. Colodon (Mesotapirus) longipes Osborn and Wortman. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 7, 1895, p. 366. So. Dak. Tapiridae. Protapirus simplex Wortman and Earle. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 5, 1893, pp. 168-169. So. Dak. Equidae. Mesohippus bairdi Leidy. Mesohippus obliquidens Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 20, 1904, p. 173. So. Dak. Mesohippus trigonostylus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Mem., vol. 2, pt. 1, (new series) 1918, pp. 47-48. So. Dak. Artiodactyla. Elotheridae (Entelodontidae). Elotherium (Enteloden) mortoni Leidy. Elotherium (Entelodon) ingens Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 8, 1856, pp. 164-165. Mauv. Terres. Dicotylidae (Tagassuidae). Perchoerus probus Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 8, 1856, p. 165. Mauv. Terres. Perchoerus nanus (Marsh). Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 48, 1894, p. 271, (Thinohyus). So. Dak. Anthracotheridae. Anthracotherium curtum (Marsh). Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 47, 1894, p. 409, Heptacodon. So. Dak. Hyopotamus (Ancodon) rostratus Scott. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Jour., vol. 9, 1894, Appendix, p. 536. ‘So. Dak. Leptochoeridae. Leptochoerus spectabilis Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 8, 1856, p. 88. Mauv. Terres. Lepthochoerus "gracilis Marsh. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 48, 1894, pp. 271-273. So. Dak. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 153 Stibarus quadricuspis (Hatcher). Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 1, 1901, pp. 131-134, (Leptochoerus). Oreodontidae (Agriochoeridae). Agriochoerus antiquus Leidy. Agriochoerus latifrons Leidy. Ext. Mam. of Dak. and Neb., 1869, pp. 135-141. Mauv. Terres. Oreodon (Merycoidodon) culbertsoni (Leidy). Oreodon (Merycoidodon) gracilis Leidy. Oreodon (Merycoidodon) sp. cf. bullatus Leidy. Hypertragulidae. Hypertragulus calcaratus Cope. Leptomeryx evansi Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 6, 1853, p. 394. Mauv. Terres. Hypisodus minimus Cope. Hypisodus alacer Troxell. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 49, 1920, pp. 393-396. Camelidae. Poebrotherium wilsoni Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 3, 1847, pp. 322-326. Mauv. Terres. Poebrotherium labiatum Cope. Poebrotherium eximium Hay. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. No. 179, 1902, p. 67. This was first described by Wortman as Poebrotherium wilsoni Leidy. See Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 10, 1898, pp. 111-112. So. Dak. Poebrotherium andersoni Troxell. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, 1917, pp. 381-389. Paratylopus primaevus Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 20, 1904, pp. 211-213. So. Dak. UPPER OLIGOCENE (Protoceras and Lower Leptauchenia Zones.) Carnivora (Fissipedia). Canidae. Cynodictis temnodon Wortman and Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 12, 1899, p. 130. Felidae. Dinictis bombifrons Adams. Hoplophoneus insolens Adams. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, 1896, p. 429. So. Dak. EHusmilus dakotensis Hatcher. Am. Nat., vol. 29, 1895, pp. 1091-1093. So. Dak. Rodentia. Castoridae. Steneofiber nebrascensis (Leidy). Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 8, p. 89. Mauv. Terres. Perissodactyla. Rhinocerotidae. Caenopus tridactylus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 5, 1893, pp. 85-89, (Aceratherium). So. Dak. Caenopus platycephalus Osborn and Wortman. Tapiridae. Protapirus obliquidens Wortman and Earle. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 5, 1893, pp. 162-169. So. Dak. Protapirus validus Hatcher. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, 1896, pp. 162-168. So. Dak. 154 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Hquidae. Mesohippus intermedius Osborn and Wortman. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 7, 1895, pp. 334-356. So. Dak. Mesohippus meteulophus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull.,. vol. 20, 1904, pp. 174-175. So. Dak. Mesohippus brachystylus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,. Bull., vol. 20, 1904, pp. 175-176. So. Dak. Miohippus validus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol.. 20, 1904, p. 177. So. Dak. Miohippus gidleyi Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20,. 1904, p. 178. So. Dak. Miohippus crassicuspis Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bul.,. vol. 20, 1904, pp. 178-179. So. Dak. Colodon copei Osborn and Wortman. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,. Bull., vol. 7, pp. 356-358, 1895. So. Dak. Parahippus cognatus Leidy. Acd. Nat. Sci., Phila., Jour.,. vol. 7, p. 314, 1869. Nw. Neb. Artiodactyla. Hlotheridae (Entelodontidae). Elotherium (Entelodon) cf. ingens Leidy. Elotherium (Entelodon)? crassus Marsh. Elotherium (Entelodon) bathrodon Marsh. Am. Jour. Sci.,. vol. 7, 1874, p. 534. So. Dak. Dicotylidae (Tagassuidae). Perchoerus robustus (Marsh). Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 48,. 1894, p. 94, (Thinohyus). Perchoerus platyops (Cope). Hayden Surv., Bull., vol. 6,. pp. 174-175, (Palaeochoerus). So. Dak. Anthracotheridae. Anthracotherium karense Osborn and Wortman. Am. Mus.. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 6, 1894, pp. 222-223. ‘So. Dak. Hyopotamus (Ancodon) brachyrhynchus Osborn and Wort-- man. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 6, 1894, pp. 220- 221. So. Dak. Oreodontidae (Agriochoeridae). Agriochoerus major Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc.,. vol. 8, 1856, p. 164. Mauv. Terres. Agriochoerus gaudryi (Osborn and Wortman). Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 5, 1893, pp. 5-13, (Artionyx). So. Dak. Agriochoerus migrans (Marsh). Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 48, 1894, pp. 270-271, (Agriomeryx). So. Dak. Eporeodon (?Eucrotaphus) major (Leidy). Smithson. Contr. to Knowl., vol. 6, p. 55, (Oreodon). So. Dak. Eucrotaphus jacksoni Leidy. Hypertragulidae. 81-82. So. Dak. Protoceras comptus Marsh. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 48, 1894, pp. 938-94. So. Dak. Protoceras nasutus Marsh. Calops cristatus Marsh. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 48, 1894, p. 94. So. Dak. Calops consors March. Camelidae. Pseudolabis dakotensis Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 20, 1904, p. 211. So. Dak. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 155 LOWER MIOCENE. Carnivora. Canidae. Nothocyon gregorii Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, p. 183. “So. Dak. Nothocyon vulpinus Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, pp. 183-184. So. Dak. Nothocyon annectens Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 4, 1908, pp. 53-54. Nw. Neb. Nothocyon? lemur Cope. Daphoenodon superbus' Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Ann. vol. 4, 1908, pp. 51-53. Nw. Neb. Daphoenodon periculosus Cook. Neb. Geol. Surv., vol. 3, 1909, pp. 268-270. Nw. Neb. Mesocyon robustus Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 28, 1907, p. 185. So. Dak. Enhydrocyon crassidens Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 28, 1907, pp. 190-193. So. Dak. Cynodesmus thomsoni Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, pp. 186-188. So. Dak. Cynodesmus minor Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull., vol. 23, 1907, p. 189. So. Dak. Temnocyon venator Cook. Neb. Geol. Surv., vol. 3, 1909, pp. 262-266. Nw. Neb. Temnocyon percussor Cook. Neb. Geol. Surv., vol. 3, 1909, p. 266. Nw. Neb. Borocyon robustum Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Mem., vol. 4, 1910, pp. 263-267. Nw. Neb. Paroligobunis simplicidens Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Mem., vol. 4, 1910, pp. 269-278. Nw. Neb. Mustelidae. ?Brachypsalis simplicidens Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 4, 1908, pp. 44-46. Nw. Neb. Oligobunis lepidus Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, pp. 194-195. So. Dak. Megalictis ferox Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, pp. 197-204. So. Dak. Aelurocyon brevifacies Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 4, 1908, 68-72. Nw. Neb. Felidae. Nimravus sectator Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 238, 1907, pp. 204-205. So. Dak. Insectivora. Chrysochloridae. Arctoryctes terrenus Matthew. Rodentia. Castoridae. EHuhapsis brachyceps Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Mem., vol. 2, 1905, pp. 179-184, (platyceps). Nw. Neb. Euhapsis gaulodon Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, pp. 208-210. So. Dak. Steneofiber? pansus Cope. Steneofiber fossor Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Mem., vol. 2, 1905, pp. 140-166. Nw. Neb. Steneofiber barbouri Peterson. Carnegie Mus. Mem., vol. 2, 1905, pp. 166-171. Nw. Neb. 156 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Steneofiber simplicidens Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, pp. 205-207. So. Dak. Steneofiber sciuroides Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, p. 207. So: Dak. 'Steneofiber brachyceps Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, p. 208. So. Dak. Geomyidae. - Entoptychus formosus Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, pp. 212-213. So. Dak. Entoptychus curtus Matthew. Anm. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, pp. 213-214. So. Dak. Leporidae. Lepus primigenius Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 28, 1907, p. 216. So. Dak. Lepus macrocephalus Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 23, 1907, pp. 214-216. So. Dak. Perissodactyla. Rhinocerotidae. Diceratherium cooki Peterson. Science, vol. 24, 1906, pp. 282-283. Nw. Neb. Diceratherium niobrarense Peterson. Science, vol. 24, 1906, pp. 281-282. Nw. Neb. Diceratherium arikarense Barbour. Diceratherium petersoni Loomis, Diceratherium schiffi Loomis. Metacaenopus egregius Cook. Neb. Geol. Surv., vol. pp. 245-247. Nw. Neb. Metacaenopus stigeri Loomis. Epaiphelops virgasectus Cook. 1908, pp. 245-247. Nw. Neb. Chalicotheridae. 3, Moropus? elatus Marsh. Am. Jour., Sci., vol. 14, 1877, pp. 250-251. So. Dak. Moropus cooki Barbour. Neb. Geol. Surv., vol. 3, 1908, (Considered by Holland and Peterson as Moropus elatus). Nw. Neb. Moropus petersoni Holland. Science, vol. 28, 1908, p. 810. Nw. Neb. Moropus hollandi Peterson. Science, vol. 38, 1913, p. 678. Nw. Neb. Moropus matthewi Holland and Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Mem., vol. 3, 1914, pp. 230-231. Ne. Colo. Moropus parvus Barbour. Equidae. Miohippus equinanus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Mem., vol. 2, pt. 1 (new series), 1918, pp. 65-66. So. Dak. Miohippus gemmarosae Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Mem. vol. 2, pt. 1 (new series), 1918, pp. 66-68. So. Dak. Parahippus pristinus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Men. vol. 2, pt. 1 (mew series), 1918, pp. 76-77. So. Dak. Parahippus pawniensis atavus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Mem. vol. 2, pt. 1 (new series), 1918, pp. 79-80. Nw. Neb. Nat. Hist., Mem. vol. 2, pt. 1 (new series), 1918, pp. 80-82. Parahippus nebrascensis primus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nw. Neb. Parahippus aff crenidens Scott. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 157 Parahippus nebrascensis Peterson. Carnegie Mus. Ann., vol. 4, 1908, pp. 57-60. Nw. Neb. Parahippus tyleri Loomis. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 26, 1908, pp. 163-164. Nw. Neb. Kalobatippus agatensis Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Mem. vol. 2, pt. 1 (new series), 1918, pp. 71-73. Nw. Neb. Proboscidea. Gomphotherium conodon Cook. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 28, 1909, pp. 183-184. Nw. Neb. Artiodactyla. Elotheridae, (Entelodontidae). Dinohyus hollandi Peterson. Science, vol. 22, 1905, pp. 211-212. Dicotylidae (Tagassuidae). Desmathyus siouxensis (Peterson). Carnegie Mus., Mem., vol. 2, 1906, pp. 308-320, (Thinohyus). Nw. Neb. Desmathyus pinensis Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 28, 1907, pp. 217-218. Anthracotheridae. Ancondon (?Bothodon) leptodus Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 26, pp. 1-7. So. Dak. Oreodontidae, (Agriochoeridae). Mesoreodon megalodon Peterson. Carnegie Mus. Ann., vol. 4, 1908, pp. 24-26. Nw. Neb. Promerychochoerus carrikeri Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 4, 1908, pp. 26-29. Nw. Neb. Promerychochoerus vantasselensis Peterson. Carnegie Mus. Ann., vol. 4, 1908, pp. 36-37. Nw. Neb. Phenacocoelus typus Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 4, 1908, pp. 29-32. Nw. Neb. ‘‘Merychyus elegans Leidy.”’ “‘Merychyus”’ harrisonensis Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 4, 1908, pp. 37-40. Converse Co., Wyo. Merychyus minimus Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 4, 1908, pp. 41-44. Nw. Neb. Leptauchenia decora Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 8, 1856, p. 88. So. Dak. Leptauchenia major Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 8, 1856, pp. 163-164. Mauv. Terres. Leptauchenia nitida Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Jour., vol. 7, 1869, pp. 129-131. So. Dak. Camelidae. Stenomylus gracilis Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 4, 1908, pp. 41-44. Nw. Neb. Stenomylus hitchcocki Loomis. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 29, 1910, pp. 298-318. Nw. Neb. Stenomylus crassipes Loomis. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 29, 1910, pp. 319-323. Nw. Neb. Protomeryx halli Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 8, 1856. py 164. So.) Dak Protomeryx leonardi Loomis. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 31, 1911, pp. 68-70. S. E. Wyo. Protomeryx?cedrensis Matthew. Oxydactylus longipes Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 2, 1904, pp. 434-468. Nw. Neb. 158 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Oxydactylus brachyceps eterson. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 2, 1904, pp. 469-471, (brachyodontus). Nw. Neb. Oxydactylus longirostris Peterson. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 7, 1911, pp. 260-266. Nw. Neb. Oxydactylus lulli Loomis. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. pp. 66-68. S. EH. Wyo. Oxydactylus gibbi Loomis Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 31, 1911, pp. 67-68. S. E. Wyo. Oxydactylus campestris Cook, Am. Nat., vol. 43, 1909, pp. 188-189. Oxydactylus brachyodontus Peterson. Hypertragulidae. Syndyoceras cooki Barbour. Science, 1905, vol. 33, pp. 797- 798. Hypertragulus ‘‘calcaratus Cope.’’ Cervidae. Blastomeryx advena Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., Vou Za, 2907, p: 219. Yoowalk Blastomeryx primus Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 24, 1908, p. 548. So. Dak. Blastomeryx olcotti Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 24, 1908, p. 548. So. Dak. UPPER MIOCENE a1, i544, Carnivora. Canidae. Aelurodon saevus (Leidy). Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., 1858, p. 21. Nw. Neb. Aelurodon haydeni (Leidy). Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., 1858, p. 21. Nw. Neb. Ischyrocyon hyaendus Matthew. Am. -Mus. Nat. BisES Bull., vol. 20, 1904, pp. 246-249. So. Dak. Mustelidae. Potamotherium lacota Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 20, 1904, pp. 254-255. So. Dak. Lutra pristina Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 20, 1904, pp. 256-257. So. Dak. Rodentia. Castoridae. Eucastor (Dipoides) tortus Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., 1858, p. 23. Nw. Neb. Mylagaulidae. Mylagaulus monodon Cope. Perissodactyla. Rhinocerotidae. ?Aphelops brachyodus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 20, 1904, p. 322. So. Dak. Equidae. Hypohippus affinis Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., 1858, p. 26. Nw. Neb. Protohippus perditus Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., 1858, p. 26. Nw. Neb. Protohippus placidus Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Jour., vol. 7, 1869, pp. 277-279. Nw. Neb. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 159 Protohippus supremus Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Jour., vol. 7, 1869, p. 328. Nw. Neb. Protohippus pernix (Marsh). Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 7, 1874, pp. 252-253. Nw. Neb. Protohippus simus Gidley. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 22, 1906, pp. 139-140. Neohipparion whitneyi Gidley. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 19, 1903, pp. 467-476. So. Dak. Neohipparion occidentale (Leidy). Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 8, 1856, p. 59, (Hipparion). So. Dak. Neohipparion dolichops Gidley. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 22, 1906, pp. 148-151. So. Dak. Artiodactyla. Dicotylidae (Tagassuidae). Prosthemnops crassigenis Gidley. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 20, 1904, pp. 265-267. So. Dak. Camelidae. Procamelus occidentalis Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., 1858, pp. 23-24. Nw. Neb. Procamelus robustus Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., 1858, p. 89. Nw. Neb. Cervidae. Blastomeryx wellsi Matthew. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 20, 1904, pp. 125-126. So. Dak. Blastomeryx marshi Lull. Am. Jour., Sci., vol. 50. 1920, pp. 125-130. Nw. Neb. Aletomeryx gracilis Lull. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 50, 1920. pp. 85-124. Nw. Neb. PLIOCENE* Perissodactyla. Equidae. Pliohippus lullianus Troxell. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 24, 1916, pp. 335-348. So. Dak. Pliohippus pernix Marsh. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 7, 1874, pp. 252-253. Nw. Neb. Pliohippus robustus Marsh. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 7, 1874, p. 253. Nw. Neb. Pliohippus leidyanus Osborn. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Mem., vol. 2, pt. 1 (new series), 1918, p. 162. Nw. Neb. *For a faunal list of beds of this age found in Southern Sioux County, Nebraska, see: Matthew, W. D. and Cook, H. J. A Pliocene Fauna from Western Nebraska. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 26, pp. 361-414, 1909. 160 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS A List of Fossil Vertebrates Other Than Mammals Found in the White River Badlands. TURTLES* LOWER OLIGOCENE Graptemys inornata Loomis. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 18, 1904, p. 429. So. Dak. Testudo brontops Marsh. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 40, 1890, p. 179. So. Dak. Xenochelys formosa Hay. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 22, 1906, p. 29. So. Dak. MIDDLE AND UPPER OLIGOCENE Stylemys nebrascensis Leidy Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., vol. 5, 1851, p. 172. So. Dak. Testudo laticunea Cope. Testudo thomsoni Hay. Hay’s Fossil Turtles of North America, 1908, pp. 400-401. So. Dak. LOWER MIOCENE Testudo arenivaga Hay. Carnegie Mus. Ann., vol. 4, 1906, pp. 16-17, Nw. Neb. Testudo emiliae Hay. MHay’s Fossil Turtles of North America, 1908, pp. 419-420. So. Dak. UPPER MIOCENE Testudo edae Hay. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 4, 1906, p. 19. Nw. Neb. Testudo hollandi Hay. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 4, 1906, p. 18. Nw. Neb. Testudo niobrarensis Leidy. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc., 1858, p. 29, Nw. Neb. LIZARDS Aciprion formosum Cope. Rhineura hatcheri Bauer. Am. Nat., vol. 27, 1893, p. 998. Hyporhina antigua Bauer. Am. Nat., vol. 27, 1893, p. 998. CROCODILES Crocodilus prenasalis Loomis. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 18, 1904, pp. 427- 429. lL. Olig. of So. Dak. Caimanoidea visheri Mehl Jour. Geol., vol. 24, 1916, pp. 47-56. So. Dak. BIRDS Birds egg (Anatidae?) Farrington. Field Mus., Geol. Ser., vol. 1, 1899, pp. 193-200. L. Olig. of So. Dak. *The nomenclature here given for the turtles is that of O. P. Hay in his work, The Fossil Turtles of North America, 1908. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 161 BIBLIOGRAPHY Prout, HirAM A. A Description of a Fossil Maxillary Bone of Paleotherium from near White River. Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 3, 1847, pp. 248-250. (See also a brief earlier note in Am. Jour. Sci., 1846. ) LEIDY, JOSEPH. On a New Genus and Species of Fossil Ruminantia: Poebrotherium Wilsoni. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., Proc., vol. 3, 1847, pp. 322-326. CULBERTSON, THADDEUS A. Journal of an Expedition to the Mauvaises Terres and the Upper Missouri in 1850. Smithsonian Institution, Fifth Ann. Rept. 1851, pp. 84-145. LemDY, JOSEPH. Description of the Remains of Extinct Mammalia and Chelonia from Nebraska Territory, Collected During the Geological Survey under the Direction of Dr. David Dale Owen. 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Surv., Bull. No. 2, 1898, pp. 117-135, 4 pls. OsporN, H. F. The Extinct Rhinoceroses. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Mem., vol. 1, 1898, pp. 75-164, 9 pls. WorTMAN, J. L. The Extinct Camelidae of North Am- erica and some Associated Forms. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 10, 1898, pp. 98-142, 1 pl. FARRINGTON, O. C. A Fossil Egg from South Dakota. Field Mus., Geol. Surv., vol. 1, 1899, pp. 193-200, 2 pls. MaTTHEW, W. D. Is the White River Tertiary an Aeolian Formation? Am. Nat., vol. 33, 1899, pp. 403-408. MATTHEW, W. D. A Provisional Classificaton of the Fresh Water Tertiary of the West. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull, vol. 12, 1899, pp. 19-77. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 167 Davis, W. M. Continental Deposits of the Rocky Moun- tain Region. Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 11, 1900, pp. 596-604. Davis, W. M. The Fresh Water Tertiary Formations of the Rocky Mountain Region. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc., vol. 35, 1900, pp. 345-373. OsporRN, H. F. Faunal Relations of Europe and America during the Tertiary Period and Theory of the Successive In- vasion of an African Fauna in Europe. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 13, 1900, pp. 45-64. Science, vol. 11, 1900, pp. 561-574, 4 charts. Osporn, H. F. Correlation between Tertiary Mammal Horizons of Europe and America. An Introduction to the more Exact Investigation of Tertiary Zoogeography. Pre- liminary Study with Third Trial Sheet. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 18, 1900, pp. 1-72. PENFIELD, S. L. and Forp, W. E. Silicious Calcites from the Badlands, Washington County, South Dakota. Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 9, 1900, pp. 352-354, 1 pl. Barsour, E. H. Sand Crystals and Their Relation to Certain Concretionary Forms. Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 12, 1901, pp. 165-172, 6 pls. DarTon, N. H. Preliminary Description of the Geology and Water Resources of the Southern Half of the Black Hills and Adjoining Regions in South Dakota and Wyom- ing. U.S. Geol. Surv., 21st. Ann. Rept., pt. IV, 1901, pp. 489-599. Lucas, F. A. Animals of the Past. New York, 1901, small 8 vo., pp. 20-258. MATTHEW, W. D. Fossil Mammals of the Tertiary of Northeastern Colorado. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Mem., vol. 1, 1901, pp. 355-447. OSBORN, H. F. Prof. Fraas on the Aqueous vs. Aeolian Deposition of the White River Oligocene of South Dakota. Science, vol. 14, 1901, pp. 210-212. Barzsour, E. H. and FisHmr, C. A. A New Form of Calcite Sand Crystal. Am. Jour. Sci. 4th ser., vol. 14, 1902, pp. 451-454. 168 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS HATCHER, J. B. Oligocene Canidae. Carnegie Mus., Mem., vol., 1, 1902, pp. 65-108, 7 pls. HATCHER, J. B. A Mounted Skeleton of Titanotherium Dispar Marsh. Carnegie Mus., Annals., vol. 1, 1902, pp. 347-355, 2 pls. HatcHeEr, J. B. Origin of the Oligocene and Miocene Deposits of the Great Plains. Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. 41, 1902, pp. 113-1381. : Lucas, F. A. Animals Before Man in North America. New York, 1902, small 8 vo., 291 pp. OsporN, H. F. The Four Phyla of Oligocene Titano- theres. Titanothere Contribution No. 4. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull, vol. 16, 1902, pp. 91-109. BARBOUR, ERWIN H. Present Knowledge of the Dis- tribution of Daemonelix. Science, vol. 18, 1903, pp. 504- 505. BARBOUR, ERWIN H. Report of the State Geologist, (of Nebraska). Neb. Geol. Surv., vol. 1, 1903, 8 vo., 258 pp. DarTON, N. H. Preliminary Report of the Geology and Water Resources of Nebraska West of the One Hundred Third Meridian. U.S. Geol. Surv., 19th Ann. Rept., pt. IV, pp. 719-784, pls. 74-118 Prof. Paper, No. 17, 1908, 69 pp. 42 pls. MaTTHEW, W. D. Concerning the Ancestry of the Dogs. Science, vol. 17, 1903, pp. 912-918. GRANT, MADISON. The Origin and Relationship of the Large Mammals of North America. New York Zool. Soc., 8th Ann. Rept., 1904, pp. 182-207. Loomis, F. B. On Some Marine Fossils in the Titano- there Beds. Science, vol. 19, p. 254, 1904. MERRILL, G. P. Contributions to the History of Am- erican Geology. U.S. Nat. Mus., Rept., 1904, pp. 189-734. (Pub. 1906). OsBorN, H. F. The Evolution of the Horse in America (Fossil Wonders of the West). Century Magazine, vol. 69, Nov., 1904, pp. 3-17. | SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 169 OsporN, H. F. Ten Years, Progress in the Mammalian Paleontology of North America. Am. Geol., vol. 36, 1905, pp. 199-229. Reprinted from the Comte-Rendu of the Inter- national Congress of Zoology, held at Berne, Switzerland, 1904. PETERSON, O. A. Osteology of Oxydactylus. Carnegie Mus. Ann., vol. 2, 1904, pp. 434-476, pls. IV-XV. DarRTON, N. H. Preliminary Report on the Geology and Underground Water Resourees of the Central Great Plains. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper, No. 32, 1905, 433 pp., 72 pls. including maps. Osporn, H. F. Western Explorations for Fossil Verte- brates. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 67, 1905, pp. 561-568. OsporN, H. F. Present Problems of Paleontology. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 66, 1905, pp. 226-242. PETERSON, O. A. Description of New Rodents and Dis- cussion of the Origin of Daemonelix. Carnegie Mus., Mem., vol. 2, 1905, pp. 139-202, pls. X VII-XXI. REAGAN, A. B. Some Geological Observations on the Central Part of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota. Am. Geol., vol. 36, 1905, pp. 229-243, 1 map. MATTHEW, W. D. Hypothetical Outline of the Contin- ents in Tertiary Times. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 22, 1906, pp. 353-883, 7 pls. MATTHEW, W. D. and GIDLEY, J. W. New or Little Known Mammals from the Miocene of South Dakota. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, 1906, pp. 135-153. MERRILL, G. P. Contributions to the History of Am- erican Geology. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ann. Rept., 1904, pp. 189-733, 37 pls. (Pub. 1906). OsBorn, H. F. The Causes of Extinction of Mammalia. Am. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, pp. 769-795 and 829-859. PETERSON, O. A. The Agate Spring Fossil Quarry. Carnegie Mus., Ann., vol. 3, 1906, pp. 487-494, 1 pl. GIDLEY, JAMES W. Revision of the Miocene and Plio- cene Equidae of North America. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, pp. 875-934. 170 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS LULL, RicHARD 8. The Evolution of the Horse Family, as Illustrated in the Yale Collections. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 23, 1907, pp. 161-182. MatTrHEew, W. D. A Lower Miocene Fauna from South Dakota. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, 1907, pp. 169- 219. Hay, O. P. The Fossil Turtles of North America. Car- negie Inst. of Wash., 1908, pp. LIV, 1-568, 113 pls. LEONARD, A. G. Geology of Southwestern North Da- kota. N. Dak. Geol. Surv., Fifth Biennial Rept., 1908, pp. 29-114. Loomis, F. B. Rhinocerotidae of the Lower Miocene. Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 26, 1908, pp. 51-64. MATTHEW, W. D. Osteology of Blastomeryx and Phylogeny of the American Cervidae. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 24, 1908, pp. 535-562. MATTHEW, W. D. Mammalian Migrations Between Europe and America. Am. Jour. Sci., 4th. ser., vol. 25, 1908, pp. 68-70. PETERSON, O. A. The Miocene of Western Nebraska and Eastern Wyoming and Their Vetebrate Fauna. Car- negie Mus., Ann., vol. 4, 1908, pp. 21-72, pls. [X-XIX. Darton, N. H. Geology and Water Resources of the Northern Portion of the Black Hills and Adjoining Regions in South Dakota and Wyoming. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 65, 1909, 105 pp., 24 pls. including maps. Darton, N. H. Geology and Underground Waters of South Dakota. U.S. Geol. Surv., Water Supply Paper 227, 1909, 156 pp., 15 pls. including maps. DarTON, N. H. The Big Badlands. Scribners Mag., vol. 46, 1909, pp. 303-310. Day, P. C. Summary of the Climatological Data for the United States by Sections. Section 33, Western South Dakota. 7 pp., 1909. HERMAN, A. Modern Laboratory Methods in Verte- brate Paleontology. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull. vol. 26, 1909, pp. 288-331, 6 pls. SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES 171 O’HaArRA, C. C. The Badlands and Their Wonderful Fos- sils. So. Dak. Educator, vol. 22, May, 1909, pp. 11-15. OsporN, H. F. and MATTHEW, W. D. Cenozoic Mam- mal Horizons of Western North America by Henry Fair- filed Osborn with Faunal Lists of the Tertiary Mammalia of the West by William Diller Matthew. U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull., 361, 1909, 138 pp. PETERSON, O. A. A. Revision of the Entelodontidae. Carnegie Mus. Mem., vol. 4, pp. 41-156, 80 figs, pls. 54-59, 1909. Loomis, F. B. Osteology and Affinities of the Genus Stenomylus. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 29, pp. 297-323, 30 figs., 1910. MATTHEW, W. D. The Phylogeny of the Felidae. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 28, pp. 289-316, 15 figs., 1910. O’HaArRRA, CLEOPHAS C. The Badland Formations of the Black Hills Region. So. Dak. State Sch. of Mines, Bull. No. 9, 152 pp., 20 figs., 50 pls., 1910. OsBorRN, H. F. Correlation of the Cenozoic Through Its Mammalian Life. Jour. of Geol., vol. 18, 1910, pp. 201-215. OsBoRN, H. F. The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia, and North America. 8 vo., 635 pp. 220 figs., New York, 1910. OsporN, H. F. Correlation of the Cenozoic Through Its Mammalian Life. Jour. of Geol., vol. 18, pp. 201-215, 4 figs., 1910. PETERSON, VU. A. Description of New Carnivores From the Miocene of Western Nebraska. Carnegie Mus. Mem., vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 205-278, 69 fig., 12 pls., 1910. 3 BASSLER, R. S. (Secretary). Symposium on Ten Years Progress in Vertebrate Paleontology. Geol. Soc. Am., Bull, vol. 23, pp. 155-266, 1912. Cook, H. J. Faunal Lists of the Tertiary Formations of Sioux County, Nebraska. Neb. Geol. Surv., vol. 7, pt. 5, pp. 33-45, 1912. KNIPE, HENRY R. Evolution in the Past. 242 pp., many plates, London, 1912. 172 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS PERISHO, E. C. and FisHeR, 8. S. A Preliminary Re- port Upon the Geography, Geology, and Biology of Mellette, Washabaugh, Bennett, and Todd Counties, South Dakota. So. Dak. State Geol. and Biol. Survey. Bull. No. 5, 152 pp., 00 pls., and maps, 1912. O’HARRA, CLEOPHAS C. O’Harra’s Handbook of the Black Hills, 159 pp. Many illustrations, Rapid City, So. Dak., 1918. | Scott, W. B. . 2-<\. fuse e 61 Bull ereekey ices erase 52, 54 Cc Caenopus.. 95, 96, 149, 152, 153 Caimanoides. (esieo8 vies a 143, 160 CAI, (ORCC Ky en dace ha el al Some ase? 6 53 CalOpseir spe isateve Saw acy aieotar 154 Camieldyenie es ea os, 132-137 thes 154. 157.159 Camels) oP yee Gat 22, T1, 1382-137 Caniddescr. Sitslees of ats 77, 78-82 149, 151, 158, 155, 158 Carnesie: Hille. ee eee 5 due 88 29 Carnegie Museum ...... 25 2 #15, 895, 98, 117; 24k 176 Page Carnryores)) oi: Tes TIRE TS 98 249 e POO! Ae ena 4 eo Case AOL ei teu ere ae 165, 166 Castoridae...151, 1538, 155, 158 Causes of badlands ....... 54 Cedar drawe i) wees tars eres 53 CECA Ha SS ok We ie ayedete neon Bis CGEGanr HB OMDE Le Soe a iiler veal oes 147 CEM BOZO Michael ek We i) gaa ce Sto ee Cervidae. ss. 2. 138-139, 5158, 159 Chadron (Neb (Ys .06, LL; 247 Chadron formation ..... 2, .06 38, 40 Chalcedony viens ...... GLO Mee Chalicotheridae ...... 96-98 156 Ghamberiain’ pass ........... 53 Cheyenne river ........ 20,, 29 Bes 2, peg.) DO Chrysechtond@dae <5... . 88, 155 Classification of animals. ..72-76 Classification of formations. 31 CEN ies 12) nae 36 ASO urs. chs eho we ib 8 a6, 42, . 61 OMAtS! Suh e se isbee Se 6s 50, 51, 144 ISR E NR heie dk » ene 70-72 COLORS 3 pei. ou oe 149, 152, 154 Cele DBaANGINe un eink ee 40 IRM tie eis elec a es dpe OO Concretions. .36, 42, 43, 54, 56 COBETOMErAHES: -.). ce Nie sess 36 Continental outlines. (See Paleogeography.) OP SOLAISIS S STS A a Pa ae 29, 44 Ae OS. Pee TT, a2 Caos) | FANER «oh yeas Lie 29 OEE Seb OHA © YUMA a ates ap ae 60, 79 102, 123, 163 ern OTeek och. is ee Sie Oa CAC AT AWN bei i vhnsdi ew. stn wie ie (See Little Corral draw and Big Corral draw.) ETE TOMIONN .hehehws eos lees‘) ders 31 Cottonwood creek ...... 53, 54 PAW TOT CINE.) eh. se alate os 147 Greodomtay; 655.3% Mh > eee Os LEB Cretaceous 20, 50, 66 BTU CDUIIES shuie rs ei seliote Soe Za, 139 140, 142-143, 160 ORETG GAC) 6 GD hoa Oe es ae aS 142, 160 CROOKEG) JETEOR oo oo ee ste 52 Crooked creek table ...... 54 Omibertson: Alex... . Os Oe (SHPBERTSOR a ALN oo 24, 161 3s DA art ARN OP cP 102 CPG UGS Sts UL |S re 46, 155 Cynodictis.; ..'. Bis) Sag ae eS THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS D age Daemonelix ........ 44, 59, 60 Daemonelix beds ....36, 44, 89 Dairying 3) See 20 Dall, Wis Heo. Oe eee 164 Daphoenus ........ 82, 149, 151 Daphoenodon... 79, 80, 81, 155 Darton} N25 Se ae 26, 28, 2ae 39, 40, 42-48, 167, 168, 169 170, 173 Davis, W.) M..<... 20 2 167 Day, Pi C: .. 20. 4. 170 Derg oe ues Dee 28, 138-139 Deposition: ... ...\. Gee 22 Depranodon | .:... . i.e 87, £52 Desmathyus ....... 46, 121, 157 Devils Corkscrews ...... 59, 90 Devils Hill .....2: 202 57 Diceratheres ......./cs ae 94 Diceratherium.......46, 96, 156 Dicotylidae...152, 154, 157 159 Dies i. 0. Rie 57, 758 Dinictis .....4).c oe Sa 83, 84 87, 149, 151, 1538 Dinohyus..46, 118, 119, 120, 157 Dipoides .. . 0 63.22 a 158 Distribution of animals....65-69 DOS 3. 6. 2s oe een 22 Diploclonus |. .-.. .).. eee 150 E Eagle Nest butte....53, 60, 126 Eagle Nest creek ......... 53 Karly explorers ......... 25 20 Earth pillars ..-. >a 36 Economic mineral products... 61 Edentates Eggs Birds. ...... . 3. tee 143 Turtles... isc 141 HMiotheres ......... + eee 118-122 Elotheridae ...... 118-122, 150 152, 154, 157 Elotherium....46, 63, 118, 119 150, 154 Enhydrocyon .... . 2am 15% Enos, George ...,.\.<. ueen 63, 64 150, 152, 154 .. 118-133, 150 152; 154, 157 Hntelodon...119, Entelodontidae .. Bntoptyehus >see 46, 89, 156 Mipceneiis es OE aoee 31, S2p5eae Hohippus °s 22 .ise@ - See 100 Holian: soni ee ee 50 Hotitanops ~...!2 .). 2.) 117 Bpaiphelops. |...) < Js naeeeee 156 Hporeod ons bss... Ses eee 128, 154 Hi@was 30 SS OO. See 110 Coat 100-110 arte tee ea BA meee ee ... 158 RC aso oss . 154 ORE EES ae 155 2 RG ea 151 OSS ra ae 87, 153 “le ahah Rae eee 76 ‘npr ae 151 ae es 24, 140 Se as 65, 109, 137 BP Sn 20, . 23 ee 65, 66 ao ee moe ee beer 61 Ss ee aes Dither o.7 V2.0 2 SS Arsen 101, 165 28, 143,.166 i ihe ie 77, 80, 83-87 a 149, ee 153, 155 1a Columbian Museum. 25 , 28, 143 veeeeess149-160 ; os Earth ...39, 48, 61, 62 += ea a ee 58, 59 (See Peete ete. 32 pia tae are 50 Ge ated 2s 36 mses ere ah oata 156 ering formation. .36, 40, 43 44 eee ee ee ese ee ee @ @ @ seer ee ee ee BP oO eee epee s ee e@ eeesee ese eeeer eevee ee eesoeeeseseerese ee @ LOCC OR Set Fa) Mt oe ee ee ee eB @ sesoe ev et ee ee fo eee 184, 156, 158, 159° pe eT SY | Hypertragulidae .......128- 150, 153, 154, 158 Hypertragulus .46, 153, 158 THY PISOGUS oe as ee iis Hypohippus:=.). 224s se nd EO) 28 HY POT RIMa so oer ee 160 Eyre COUone sien oS ee 93, 152 Hyracodontidae ........ 91 9m, 93, 94, 152° PiyTACOCHEFES ree Sk oe ee ek 103 EEVT ACOGHETHUIM ©. cid ook os 100 I 3 Tetons; oaks Vics UFR a Shs oa 151 TINY Pee ace es Sha See 59 Grasses ..... hah Bawh eae 9 loch Eom PAVCIS AG ie 6 eit ah kee Fe Ge CARE VA 1 eee ee A Fe ee eee “Great Plains deposits... ..5. ap. = Great Wall eo ee ae 20s. Ake 29, 53, 147, 148 — Grecne hs Vilas Fae Ree fos Pee Sal She H : ix Hail, Prot James oo ccs ave 142 Harrison, (NeEbs). “e563 .3 44, 45. FIAT LISD DEES wv aie Oe 36, 45:5 44, 47, 59, 89, 90, 98 Parte EDIE tiis poate, exave austen wpece 54 ELACCWORS Oi. Se 505 eke at, 39, 5 4s. 44 PATS JELE, LEO ° PER AS 164, 165, 168 Hatyereek a oe ds Rene eee 53 AW Or Pex ob 3 aia enacts 149, 170 Hay; Revert. 5.0%. 0s. eh are 164 Hay ereéek nas y, es PP PER etal 52, 54 VACHS HV as Yow: susete eho 24, 89 126, 161, 162, .163 PLEO LCWOSS Fs. coe te neers cael oke 22 Heilprin, - Angelo. sac. ee 165 FICDLACOO ON is ors casia oa cre ace 1522 Herbivores i 3356.32" 716;°: 7%, -sSGEx Eres ne Aes iets eae eek etie ts LIS HeleromeryR oooh sie ace ewes 150 EVTIVOAPIODN % xe oe a eee LB Hippariod | Zone) 2s ties. G sae 36 History, Geologic 6... ss 31 History of exploration ..... 23 Holland’ We tsa." ee 28, 98, 172 ~ Homesteaders Sasi gets aetna 21° = Hoplophoneus ......... 83, 84 85, 86, 87, 151 | Horses vee cs 22, 91, 100-110 Huxley, Profs Thos.).)...0%.2. 102 Hyaenodon..... CCS; 158 et Hyacnodontidac: = sie oe 150 Hyopotamus' 3-34.05" Dt Seas 150,152, 154 131 ie Steet ree + h = ) 4 > a. ca 4 so | aa : \ eens 178 Page INGIANS 8 eee es 145, 146 Indian creek 3352343 ZO ayn Oe Thdian:: OTA Wiese eo eee 142 Indian outbreak ....... 54, 145 Indian reservations ... 146 ENPCTIORS Wiss Oe wee es Oe ces 148 Insectivores ....76, 88, 151, 155 Ischyrocyon? 23 Seek ie Ss 82, 158 FSCHY TOMI CH ciao x cc co Res Sta ee nbs TSGRYTONIVS ei ake ees i oe £51 J PEDNECY SAN eA el Ss cae cee. ae 163 K Mada ee ci ws © Gtke ee ele ak 147 FALOD Atl PUS * 2605 ead soos. 6 ae Lo’ Knipe, “Hentye Re soe. WOWAlEVSK Vo arte eas ont 102 denber tales yuk eS see ae cero xe 54 L Lacustrine theory ........ 49 LEW eke 1 he Cog i te te cn ee ec ema 54 TGATECR 2ORCC le eri ie een, ose See 53 Le Conte, Joseph ........ ae Leidy, Joseph ......... 20,24 30, 99, 91, TEL, 124,°128, 136 140, 141, 161, 162, 163 TCOMATC ARE Me gonty meee ae 170 TWGPOLridae er Ae ee 151, 156 Leptaceratherium ...... 149, 152 Heptaveheniae=, seis 2k 42, 46 1240 126 0127, lou Leptauchenia beds ..45, 46, 48 Leptauchenia zone ..... Boe ore 42.46; 126,158 TEPtIC tilda ooo Ve ee kets Goes 151 PIOOUICTISE ® ose ae hee aie a ee 151 Leptochoeridae. .......... 152 THEpEOCHOCIUS: 20 606% uke ae ae 152 Leptomeryx..128, 129, 138, 158 EDS es ee oe Gas na ene Wee eat 46, 156 Thecor LOCA Yack oe aoa 144-145 TPiIMESEONES 2 Cac ieiic e eae es 36 Little Corral draw ....... 52 Little White ‘river .2.5.:. 47, 48 53, 89; 105, 110 Little White river beds.... 36 LA ZAE OS: ooo eo See 139, 160 RR AMPAG er ters Soo Se erie TS, .4,.4 2.2469 60 Ltr i ee ee ee 158 M : Macmillan’ Company. .vicgscs 8 Machaerodonts: .......% ves 83-87 — Machaerodus= <6 One eee 87 Macrotherium ......... 96, 98 Mammalia 22. Sete 1555 Mammals (present day). .144- 145 Manderson 4-5. 1.005 eee ys Manner of deposition ...... 49 Marsh, "OO? -G:- 22 Saee 25,-102 104, 105, 129, 163, 164, 166 Matthew, W. Diese 26, 45 46, 47, 66, 67, 68, 69, 83, 84 85, 89; 103, 109, .8227 820 138, 1389, 149, 159, 166, 168 169, 170; tA Mauvaises Terres ...... 19, 149 Medicine Root creek ...... 53 Meégacerops <<. coe Lik, a3 114, 149, 150 Megalietisi: 5 eis 46, 87, 155 Mehl], M: GG... Sa i 142 Menodtis, *.ci Soaks See 1t1,. 268 Merrill, S:. -P.- eee 168, 169 Merychyus 0) oo eee 46, 157 Merycochoerus.. =. <2. 46 Merycochoerus zone 36; ian 46, 126 Merycoidodon .......+..L50;)490 Mesas 3 20. o. ... 2 eee 26,5 2 31, 32,38, 20.00ee Miohippus: 40.0 5-0 7 eee 154, 156 Mission, Si sDe.& eee 107 MOleS eSBs lt aoe Se 22 Monroe Creek beds..36, 438, 44 Page ; $. .46, 66, 97, 98, 99 "Mountain Behe 35 rs = x = punting of skeletons furidae ; ie - Nebraska (Northwestern).. 27 “ rt 28, 38, 43, 59, 60, 71, 89, 94 = gs. oe kts 197, 126, 136 = 148, 147 _ Nebraska beds ..... 32, 36, ° 47 Neohipparion 102, 110, 159 Newberry, J. S.......... 5, 162 a rr 163 rn 46, 155 a 29, 47 —"- 48, 53, 60, 105 _ Nodular layer ...... 41, 42, 126 MMMIMOMIGCAACUFe .........--. 75 CVO .............-- 155 at > Oo SS) re 48 | Ogiala formation ......... 47 weepeaatta, © C.....171, 172, 173 » Old Woman creek -....... 53 7 - Oligobunis : a ees: 46, 155 pe aupocene.26, 31, 32, 34,51, 67 remem PEGS .......... <1 hae 39, 40, 41, 48, 55, 150 BeeeasmeeOg@Ons -.....-....... 40. 64 a. . 66, 123-128, 153, 154 Seeureodontidac .......... 123-128 pan 150, 152, 154, 157 0 SS 8, 27, 329 " £34, 35, 36, 37, 44, 46. 66, 68 _ 69. 86, 92,°93, 94, 95, 99, 102 “ie 103, 104, 106, 107, 111, 112 =< pee bit, 196." 317, 164, 165 166, 167. 168, 169, 171, 173 ee@won DD. .....:.... 24, 161 _ Owen Gelog. Survey, 24, 63, 140 : Seayuaeryius .......2... 46, 133 136, 157, 158 ly Ee ee err ae $0 oo re 154 oemeCOlarus .......0....-- 151 _ Paleogeography ........ 33, 66 “Sz 67, 68, 69, 138 pamucotherium .......... 23, 111 wememer TT. S> .. 2.0... 149, 173 oe SU 46, 106 110, 154, 156, 157 SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES Page 156 21 Siem sh O-92 151 Bes _ Naming of extinct animals, 72-76 Page POLLAN — =< 2-6 es Soon wee 153 PR AARIMIE, -Sot 2.6-> eee $0 Paronrobunig 2...) ke 2s 155 Poet ereek a SS ae 53 aI ee ee ae au Sorc eee 53 Peabody Museum ..:....... 102 PINION ire en oe se oe 122 Penfield; Si cb... os ons Sey 167 PGRECNNGTES £2050 as a 153, 154 POriGnes Mis ©. tse ta wie a 172 Perissedactyls ...... 76, 90, 91 149, 152, 153;- 156, - 158, 358 Peterson, Ov Ans. 3-6 Fa 27 20, *: 44; = 47, °-$0,- 635270 71,79, -80,= 81, -35,.._ 38, aa 418, 119, 120, 121, 125,. 126 $33;- 136,169, 270-1727 Phenacocoelus ...........- 157 Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. (See Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.) PRIBOSECTOR: -2 <5 0 3 - at ee oe 46 PROspHAaLS Foo ae ae ee 63 Phyloreny-) sos 2.4 108, 135 Physiographic development.. 51 Pierre shales 35h ts 6 oe 30 Pine Ridge ........ 135+ 38,;<"S9 42, 43, 44, 46, 52, 53, 144, 147 Pine Ridge Indian Reserva- HOH “on CUS eee 5a, < ae Pinnipedin «2 S23 te a ee 77 Plants (present day) ...... 144 Platte river 22224 2s5>..0 38 Pliocene. .31, 32, 33, 47, 69, 159 Phohippus <->... <% 105, 107, 159 Pockel eaplers so <5 6 25458 89 Poebrotherium ......... 2a, 132 135, 136, 353 Porcupine buite ..37, 45, 46, 53 Porcupine creek ....... 45, 53 Potamotherium® --.0o 2 2 60.5 we % 158 Princeton Museum 117, 141 Princeton University ....25, 26 27, 136 Proboseidea <5.) 5 o5u oe 157 Procamelus: =. 24... 3. 136, 159 Procamelus zone .......... 36 Promerycochoerus ...... 44, 46 70, 124, 125, 126, 157 Promerycochoerus zone ... 36 37, 44, 46, 126 Presthenmons oo 35... is 159 Protapirus ....... 100, 152;-153 PRETER P56 ae ee ee 151 Peetoqetns se so kk ee 128, 129 130, 131, 154 180 Page Protoceras beds..... SOs atk oo 42, 43, 48, 54, 64, 128, 129 PYroOlLOCeras: “ZONE ies wie 8 1p 5584 Protohippus ...... 110, 158, 159 Protomerymic ie: Gist soa 46, 157 PTOLOSOTOR face oes oe a sie a 151 PrOCOGMCELA ie oa Bae oe eos 76 Pr GEy LODUS Oe Ota e cee eG ates 135 POE SEP Ae ces 23, 110, 161 IPSOMGOIADIS et 5c) ee ioe eee 154 Punipkin ereek oe oe gc ee 03 Q Ouinn draw ass eel oe. 52, 54 Own tale ee ee 54 R PAULO GS oe cerns A we ay ee 147 Railroad -buttes 2.6. 336.0.% 140 1 AYES aT) EH Choe SRR nea ens ee I 144 PLCAP Ae AIS era ph aly 169 Recent history ......... 145-146 WEG Vayers ose es 41, 48, 126 FULEUIR ONIN tes ck tes ee are cies cota 160 Rhinoceroses ..... 22, 74, 91-96 Rhinocerotidae .........91, 92 149, 152, 153, 156, 158 Rhinocerotoidea ......... 91-96 RULES KP EACH EY. vere chee Ne wb ele 61, 166 PRLS Der esis tanh: oneyen iene 128 RO AAS ace a Seke cc atk “a Mangnt eho a eg 147 Robinson: Kelly ot. ee oc 143 Rocky Mountains ....... 19, 21 49, 50, 51 WUOGENUS acute Cree tess TG rT 88-90 Rodentia....151, 153, 155, 158 Rosebud beds ......... 45, 46 Rosebud Indian Reserva- tion ....46, 538, 105, 106, 107 EE OMMG AT ODs is sai yo bate eae se 4) UMMINAN TS eee Se es 90 S Sabertooth tiger ......... 83-87 Bake CTOCK a otc pokes 52, 54 Sage Creek pass ......... 53 Sage Creek wall ......... 53 Sand-calcite crystals -48, 56 Sandstones ....36, 41, 42, 54 SCOHIG ME ci. 28, 54, 147, 148 SCHIGSSOI So si on ee ss 102 School of Mines ....25, 29, 63 School of Mines canyon. .29, 148 Schuchert, Charles COLLIN (Oe. 28, 26,027. 83, 4 82, 86, 100, 102, 107,115, 122 1235) 126, 129, 180,: 132,186 1387, 164, 165, 166, 172, 173 THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Sections (Geologic) ....34, 35 36, 37, 40, 48, 44, 46, 48 ‘Seeing the Badlands....147-148 Settlers © ss ose see se eee 146 Seventy-one table ........ 54 Sheep Creek beds...32, 36, 47 Sheep: Mountain... ..5 27 20, 21 29, 41, 45, 53, 625 142,57 Sheep Mountain table .... 54 Sinclair; - W.. J.: 3. 2s 127 Sioux county, Neb....40, 43, 44 smith, U. S. TH ot. eee 173 Smithsonian Institution ... 24 Snake creek... .2 one 48 SO: ssa Ces Sees ee 144 Soricidae. ws 2. 2 ae ae Rae § Spoon “putte ...... ss see 48 Spring: creek <.. 22 eee 52, 54 Squirrels’ 0) ee 22 Steneofiber ............ 37, 46 61, 89-90, iba 155, 156 Stenomylus: 75. See 136,°to7 Stenomylus quarry ....... 71 mlibarues = 00.0.5 2a. eee 152 Stylemys) o's = Saya 140, 141, 160 Subhyracodon > 2% <.ceeeee 152 Suidae ss se. Sos 5 eee re ae 122 SWING 4) 6h isso ee 22, 122 Symborodon’ =... 3.23.2 150 Syndyoceras ©... is. . aoe 131,7136 T Table of geologic divisions Si baie OW OLS! alte Mets ae 32, 36 Tables (Mesas) .....ceece 53 Tagassuidae..152, 154, 157, 159 Tapiridae..91, 99-100, 152, 153 PA DUS eis see Seis Saas 22, 91, 99-100 Temnocyon.... ....<6.2 eee 155 Tertiary 2.5. /s hs See 31, 33 Testudo.. oo... 1aes eee ee 160 Thinohyus...121, 152, 154, 157 Thomson, Albert -..c235 26, 46. Titanotheres: ».2.J.3 22; 20; see 66, 110-117 Titanotheridae.91, 110-117, 149 Titanotherium «sw 0 ee Geen 111, 112, 115, 149 Titanotherium beds..36, 37, 38 89, 43, 48, 55, 61.) 6o.9mee Titanotherium zone ....... 149 Todd. di Ha ae 27, 165, 166 TOPOZTADWY & <.owcesetvne Meera 205° ae Tortoise (See turtles) Tr@@S 308 So Ceo le 144 Trigonias 32.0.5 ene eee 96, 149 Troxell, BE. L. ...'. 105, 20, ie eo) eee ee ss: Sea SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES Page Turtles...22, 139, 140-102, 160 PP EIC SOLES. ow oc ewe wes 141, 1438 U MMe UIAtOS Sos. see ees Maxton AO Rimayersity Hill... wm. ewe ee 29 University of Nebraska..25, 27 University of South Da- MMM Aire eines ics ee ees 25; 727 Upper Miocene....47, 158, 160 Upper Oligocene.......153, 160 U. S. Geological Survey..25, 28 U. S. National Museum..26, 128 V CLALION ib. es eee ss 54, 144 tS ae es ee 57,58 0 75 ME SE ee kk we lee 172 Volcanic ash. .38, 40, 45, 46, 62 Ww MTN) sw: oe eo Srvc daewoo 23 alle Tne great ... 0... sees 20 War Bonnet creek ....... gO iy Bepaewene (Cut. ~..00s 3 ee ce 8 162 ME oe fase Soe we ss 110 White Clay creek ........ 53 Whitney, W. C. MAMIE CIV OR! ce on ae £5, he, oo (Bos. Daa sOus White River formation group) White River creek White River table White River wall Wieland, Geo. R. Wild fruits Wind Springs Wortman,. Sz bh... .. 41,42; LOS 7113, obs PIS ee 164, 165, Wounded Knee affair Wounded Knee creek Wyoming (Southeastern).. 20... 485° 60," 39> L263) £47; “see es 8 ® © © ee 8 F @ © ose ee 8 @ POS SR Oy TD 45/8 v8) 46) Ve OLS Ser ws “oe e 8 © Xenochelys Yale Scientific expedition.. Yale University ...25, 102, Yellow Medicine creek Hipple Printing Co., Pierre, S. D. ‘ZGQT ‘A9AING “BOTOOy UOMO ‘GPST ‘PIOY 94} UL SUPA UYOL ‘Iq Aq poyojJoyg ‘spuel_ped A9ATY 9}IGM 9} JO MOTA peysiqnd 4soerlj1eq ec SOS me Se ae a ‘y ‘ON 93¥%[d “gf ‘ON UreTING SOUT JO [OOYDS vJoyRG YyINoS ‘28RT “I@N “uy ‘UopAeTHT ‘A ‘We ‘aq Aq spuvlpeg Siq oy} JO SMOIA A[AVO OY} JO OUO JO UOTJONpoAdory ‘'¢ ‘ON 91¥%Id ‘ST ‘ON uljeTINg SOUT JO [OOYOS vowed YINoS South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 6. ee f - : Renitlicn x > or NEBRASK - CGR Warren Top! ing : EES ME end One UMMA S. Bp : moe tn aes Se wee ators the Sixeuurl Hives tram Bouton 0 ihe Pale Hires < Brite ral - “ 4 9 Sbxenie x & = & : Of feu Mite epccss$ Sites or502 These teseh Reproduction of Hayden’s Harliest Geological Map of the Upper Missouri country. The original map is colored to show the several rock divi- sions as then known. Note the erroneous extension of the Black Hills to the Yellowstone river, Hayden, 1857. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin ie), Ut, JelAyte ING. 7: TE Ao es . 6S Retin rine ie : 3 Reproduction of Hayden’s second Geological Map of the Upper Missouri country. This map is the first ever published showing any details of the geology of the Black Hills. The geology of the surrounding country, including the Badlands, is more fully indicated than in Hayden’s earlier map. Hayden, 1858. 8. No. 13. Plate No. Bulletin South Dakota School of Mines 5 wd ud a = = fF O \i) HATCHER HAYDEN OSBORN lling the in unrave 2 Some of the men who have done noteworthy work k f their wor ion oO t 1p For descr Badlands history of the White River see the text pages. South Dakota School of Mines ~ Bulletin No, 18. Plate No: -9. ~ a ERM : R TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY. a HE AGE OF MAMMALS. I Guanactenistic MAMMALS” | N/A en We WIL) RNS IME, REMalN ° On THE BES ates ANE / Wa, Tie) 44) i INMAG eihrmneih (ELEPHANTS. Last (4 Bt ER SLT va Vy) PRM, ae VE 1 ROUNDS! SLE ELS ee TG eh HA Th Tait MASTODONS HABE HORE AMINUCERESES. 1400), WEL RELY Es aR 1H i Hee meh, HAE SD EAN NEEM WHR RN Ke j ee WHIM aslogyn ona Se Mech Kip Oh ALE Wee Bi WH HE he inane Aa FLORES, Meh i AYA ee Hii PORT UYE, OR fi} ty) HINT OE AS, Sey Wa Be ak YIN Tea eM, HM iH Wid aistaa) AA UA SE es 1 AV Lh ye i A HA CERES NOE NTA, LNG VV AMOT ARES, UnK OR CMT eswoKnd | Tras TRUE WORWLESS ANINOCEROSES Lenni Bh Mi) ibiih sabi Hit jd TP RARATIVE AKIMUCLROSE oy AMY NODONTS CTTANOTHERES EUOTHERES, creanants Ke) RTA) AT SEE ROM TH, TAN HHS PONE TO NOES, SELB, Wha AND MIM TATHERES cin ihe danaoamrs lai UST ATT HE Be Sa, TVTAMOTHERES Tessie Tearoom VORIITINE HHINOCERDSES (MT RACKYUS! Tiper euineHes (ACHEN ORION! pagal SAROE CREO DUNTS (MESONYX | ia LiKE PATRNIPELTS) af GOB UNE tancis: conan wny LE NHOS ARTUORE TIS BUMAC ODOR |) ica ey WAGE MOP PR ae 1 | + SSS SSS SES SSS SS SSS SS SESS i | LAST PRIMITIVE GROUND SLOTHS VRMARTES NOGERAS HOE LAST TUL ODONTS last TORYPHODONS, FIRST UINTATHERES Hy BOG HS! HAMOTHERES, Lag CONDYLARTHS i iil) WAL Ais ars (SUT OR EAN PE PRUASTER LOnFOnINT’, HODENTS, BAIS TILLODONTS AMBLYPODS (CORYPHOOON, CONOWLARTHS (PHENACOOUS, FIR PAU TOT HUNSES [MeRAL OTHE PI ia Rapihies BYSTE MOO! VGH AE THOU ARLE oy CLOVER AODFED ANIMAL oe: LOM EN fy LeU TREOHONT be PHIM TIVE, cannovones Divisions of the Age of Mammals. Characteristic fossil mammals, and the geological formations in which they are found. Matthew, 1903. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 10. A. Matrix contains skeletons of one adult and four young individuals of Merycochoerus proprius. Matthew, 1901. B. Bones are chiefly those of Diceratherium, Moropus, Dinohyus, and Dinocyon. Barbour, 1909. Rock slabs showing abundance and arrangement of fossil bones as found in the quarry and indicating some of the difficulties of restoration. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13: Plate No: LE ra Head of Hoplophoneus primaevus, Leidy 1869. B. Head of Syndyoceras Cooki. Barbour. 1905. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 12. A. Restoration of head of the Titanothere Megacerops. Lull, 1905. B. Outline restoration of head of the Saber-tooth tiger, Smilodon, to show the wide open jaw and the opportunity the animal had of us- ing the great canine fangs for stabbing and ripping its prey.. Matthew, 1905. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 13. A. Head of Daphoenus felinus. Hatcher, 1902. B. Fossil rodents from the Harrison Beds. (Upper Miocene). Peterson, 1905. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 14. A. Head of Hyrocodon nebrascensis. An oligocene rhinoceros. Scott, 1896. B. Head of the White River tapir, Protapirus validus. Restored from a skull in the museum of Princeton University. W. B. Scott, A His- tory of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere, 19138. Pub- lished by the Macmillan Company. Reprinted by permission. ae . Gs 1a Arc Fi South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 15. orien / oe Skull of White River rhinoceros, Caenopus (Aceratherium) occidentalis. Upper view, side view, and palatal view. Osborn, 1898. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 16. A. Head of Mesohippus bairdi. Scott, 1891. B. Head of the Oligocene three toed horse, Mesohippus bairdi compared with that of the present day horse Equus caballus. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 17. A. Right hind foot of Moropus elatus 1. External view. 2. Anterior view. Holland and Peterson, 1914. B. Fore foot of Moropus elatus. 1. Ulnar view. 2. Anterior view. Hol- land and Peterson, 1914. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 18. (B) A. Right hind foot of Titanothere, Marsh, 1876. B. Right fore foot of Titanothere, Marsh, 1876. C. Right hind limb of Titanothere (Megacerops), Lull, 1905. ‘VW UY} OLOUL poonpet ST { “poonpel Yonw soindsy Yo OST ‘YSadeyT ‘otoyjourzL, Jo Mel JoMO'T “AG ‘O)8T ‘YSav “oLoyjouRzLL, JO Y}00} teddy “Vv ‘6. ‘ON 91¥1d ‘ST ‘ON UTj9TING SOUT, JO [OOYOS BVjJOyMeqG YINOG South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate’ No, 20: { Skull of Titanotherium ingens viewed from above. The anterior end is toward the top of the plate. Marsh, 1874. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 21. So A. Head of Merycoidodon (Oreodon) gracile. Leidy, 1869. B. Head of Merycoidodon (Oreodon) culbertsoni. Leidy, 1869. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 22. A. Skull of Eporeodon major. Leidy, 1869. B. Left half of skull of Eporeodon major, as seen from above. Leidy, 1869. C. Right half of skull of Eporeodon major, as seen from below, Leidy, 1869. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 23. A. Head of Protoceras celer. Marsh, 1897. B. Skull of Protoceras celer as seen from above. Marsh, 1897. C. Skull of Protoceras celer as seen from below. Marsh, 1897. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 24. A. Skeleton of the Upper Miocene three toed horse Neohipparion whitney. Osborn. Copyrighted by the American Museum of Natural History. Reprinted by permission. B. Skeleton of the primitive antiodactyl Merycoidodon (Oreodon) cul- bertsoni of the Oligocene. Osborn. Copyrighted by the American Museum of Natural History. Reprinted by permission. “HOISSIUL -1ed Aq pojUuLtdey ‘Auvdwmopn wUuvi[Iwmory, oy} AQ Pousilqnd ‘“OL6T ‘Voltomy YIAION pur vISy ‘edoinm url sreurUey, Jo osy oy, ‘UL0OGSO “I ‘H ‘uopoiei1g yuopoestg oy} AQ poyorz}e ‘UOISSIUAOd Aq WNMOYOUISIW ‘“SpUeTPe| AOAIY OWYA oO} poyurtdey “op pue jued “WM ‘f£ Aq poysitqnd JO osoy} YIM SNoouRIodurezu0d AToOJVUIXOIdde "GO6T ‘UPI 0} BINGON ‘odiuyy “YUH ‘oeuscs03 . “dASq ‘WNnART OY} JO STVUMIUe JO UOIVIOJSOY “_ “110 94} JO 9LOATUIB JUOPOOID wv “UOpouUSPAH “V ar GZ “ON 93¥Id “&T “ON UT}OTING SOUITA JO [OOYOS BvIOyNRG YoY South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 26. A. The small paired-horned rhinoceros, Diceratherium cooki of the Lower Miocene. Restored from a skeleton in the Carnegie Museum, Pitts- burgh, W. B. Scott. A History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere, 1913. Published by The Macmillan Company. Reprint- ed by permission. es AORIFAL B. The Lower Miocene bear dog Daphoenodon superbus. Restored from a skeleton in the Carnegie Museum. Pittsburgh. W. B. Scott. A History of the Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere, 1913. Published by The Macmillan Company. Reprinted by permission. "UOISSIUIOd AQ pojJUlAdey “AAOISIFL [VANJeN JO Wihosnf, UvolIouWy oy} A powyst1AdoQ “UIOGSQ ‘asUs0083I[O 9} JO Snaanuiud snauoydo]doH 1981} Y00}-19qes A[IV9 BY} JO UOJ[IYS apnaoninas | i ® e rece ‘LZ ‘ON ®¥Id ‘ST ‘ON uNeTing SeUIW JO [OOYDS vIONeG YW!OS ‘UOISSIUIEd AQ poJULIdey ‘“AIOISTET [RINJeN JO Winesnf UvolIoULy 9y} Aq poIystsAdop ‘UIOgSQ ‘snaanwUiud snauoydo)/doH ‘10811 YJO0}-1oqes VUsD0SI[O 9} JO UOTI¥.10;SEY ‘UOIssItUdod Aq poyutidey “ALOISTFT TeunjyeN Jo wnoesny, Uvolsoury oy Aq po ystrsdoH ‘ULOGSO “SuUdufiUnId UOPOUAWMojaW ‘SOLODOUIYA OLZeNDe OUBDOSI[O OUL, [ooyos Boyd YINOS ‘66 ‘ON O78Id ‘ET ON UPOTINg SOUTIN JO f= Plate No. 30. INOn ihe Bulletin South Dakota School of Mines Hyracodon and the _ saber-tooth Published by J. M. 16 = So — a aus = Se I co oD (Sh 2 os Z, :% [ Gee S orm ; Oo — & oH = ® pc mals in the Western Hemisphere, 1913. Published by The Macmillan Company. Poebrotherium labiatum, A White River camel of the Middle Oligocene, Restored from a skeleton in the museum of Princeton Un South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 47. ot A. Daemonelix or “Devils corkscrews” in the Daemonelix beds near Harrison, Sioux county, Nebraska. Photograph by Barbour. B. Anterior portion of head of the Oligocene crocodile, Crocodilus pre- nasalis found in Indian draw, 1899. = South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 48. A. Petrified egg of a supposed anatine (duck like) bird of Oligocene age. Farrington, 1899. B. Stylemys nebrascensis, the commonest fossil turtle of the Big Bad- lands, Leidy, 1853. 49. Plate No. 13. No. Bulletin South Dakota School of Mines pati Per ri he es ihe Me ag Badlands before the coming Good types of Sioux Indians who controlled the White River of white settlers. From the Indian Craftsman, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. OpIMy “SHI “Wy “Sspuer[p' SI¥} UL Sesvo oy} Jo AUP va "€06L “JOTJVO'T IOAIY OVUM OYJ Wor susttoeds jURJIOdUIT ATYSIY ULe}UOD WOOL dI[qnd oY} 0} SUOTJOOT[OD 97VIGEIOA [ISSO} SUIJIGIYXe JO JouUUPUI 94} SMOYS “AO YOK MON ‘ALOISIH, [BINION JO Whosn|L URolIoury oY} JO STRUM, [ISSO JO TIPH OUL ‘0G ‘ON S3¥Id ‘ST ‘ON UTEIING ¢ SOUITA JO [OOD vJOyeq YING f. V ps = ait } 3 = Bi . ; = ‘0261 ‘Spurlpeq SIq ey} Jo s[TeWIUe Jo sjopow SOUT, JO [OOYDIG 93e%1S vIOYeQ YIN, oy} Jo Whesnf [VOTSOTOey OU, puUv STISSOJ OAI}JVAIISNITL SUTRIUOD ty S came maecamaiieaiamaemaal ‘TS “ON 938Id “§T ‘ON UljOTING Soul JO [OOYOS vIOyYeqC YOY 13. Plate No. No. Bulletin South Dakota School of Mines Foote Mineral ill ils H iocene of Dev Philadelphia M Sand-Calcite Crystals from the Co; South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 53. Photograph by O’Harra, 1909. A. White River at wagon bridge near Interior. Photograph by O’Harra, 1899. B. Cheyenne River near mouth of Sage Creek. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 54. Photograph by O’Harra, 1909. A. Sun-cracked surface of an alluvial flat showing loosening and curling of the drying mud. Photograph by Todd. B. Spongy surface of disintegrating 'Titanotherium clay. The gumbo lily, as here shown, not infrequently finds root in the porous material. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No, 132 Plate wNos 55. CS es - ods a S sd eee ae Me ee Ber, : om ae Seite kx é : : S é en cd —— EE MD, ne gl ae = i . er ga Pee ENTER ICR - BAD LANDS SD. ila S: A. The old postoffice of Interior on White River in the heart of the Badlands before the coming of the railroads and the days of the automobile. B. A cowboy home in Corral Draw in the early days of Badlands settlement. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 56. Photograph by O’Harra, 1911. A. A new ranch home near the Great Wall north of Interior. Photograph by O’Harra, 1911. B. The beginning of a farm near the Great Wall northwest of Interior. Newly plowed sod in the foreground. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 57. # Photograph by O’Harra, 1911. A. Detail of the Great Wall north of Interior. Photograph by O’Harra, 1912. B. The Great Wall at Cedar Pass northeast of Interior. A roadway suit- able for automobiles winds up this slope and reaches the top at the lowest skyline depression to the left of the center. See Plate 88. : ial Ff fi ee ! . > i ae are 7 ‘ South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 58. A. Cattle descending from grass-covered table land to grass-covered valley below. Ricard Art Co., Quinn, S. D. B. The 6L Ranch near Imlay showing success in soil cultivation. McNamara’s Book Store, Rapid City. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 59. A. Geology class of South Dakota State School of Mines in Indian Creek Basin, 1900. Photograph by O’Harra. B. Geology class of South Dakota State School of Mines at top of Sheep Mountain (Cedar Point) the highest part of the Big Badlands. ‘OUT[AYS JOT oY} UO UU oY} JO oINSy [ews oy} ‘uosves Alp 9y} SULINp JUeUIdINdDS s,.10}09T[00 9J0N ‘OIUe0g JO YMo ‘yours SoUIF, VET o9TqGQeI ay} Jo Jed [eIJUESSe UR ST WedUGO 10]2M VW uleyunoy;, deeysg jo odo[s Usey.Iou oy} dn Suro” — Se RE = co =“ Bal : : Se . S OE es ery = ‘09 ON 97¥®Id ‘ET ‘ON UT}eTING SOUIPT JO JOOYOS v}JOyVq YW WNoS t ‘uULeJUNOW, deosys «zevou sjovuurd uolso1s uy “g ‘spurlpeg SIq oY} UL 9YIp AIO JURISISeEL V ‘'V ‘TI9 ‘ON 93¥[d. ‘Sf ‘ON urljerIng SOUT JO [OOYOS vJoyVq YINOg -uleyUNnOW, deseyg Jo sseq aveu uodUeD Soul JO [OOS UL soulfy Jo [ooyos ‘T6 FIP[d 99§ 9121S BVIOYed YO oy} jo ssejlo ABSOlOs+ ‘UOAULD SOUT JO [OOYDS UMop AVMPII “CGT6L “RP4URH,O AQ Ydeiso0,OUd “GI6L ‘“BlteH,.O Aq YdeiSoj0yug . AN ye M& ‘39 “ON 93¥Id “ST “ON ulJOTING SOUT JO [OOYDg vIOYVd yINog > 5 v * ieee ‘ . 1 yt _ Sy & Ret t y } = e 7 ‘GI6L ‘B1IVH.O Aq sydeasojoyg ‘sseg 100q SIq “IOATY OUTM PIVMO4 SUTYOOT ‘uleJUNOo| deeyg jo epis Ivau [[V@M 3YeIIH oy. Jo [req uIeJUNO|, deeyg Jo opis y wos Ulojsee UO WOAUBD pelTeM doeqS “€9 ON 9178Td “€T “ON UTJOT[I NG SoUuI JO JOoYOS vyoyeq YyINoS : edie ye ‘3 t ey 1 af 2 Uh a i al ete \ South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 64. Photograph by O’Harra, 1899. A. Rugged wall approximately 350 feet high separating the grassy valley of Indian Draw from the grass covered flat known as Sheep Moun- tain Table. Site of the School of Mines camp in the early overland trips of the Geology class to the Big Badlands. For a more general view see Plate 87. oe Photograph by C. A. Best, 1920.- B. South D3kota State School of Mines students on Sheep Mountain Table. A short distance from the edge of the Wall shown in A. he South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 65. A. Balanced rock on Great Wall near Big Foot Pass. Photograph by O’Harra. B. Balanced rock near head of Indian Draw. he South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 66. Photograph by O’Harra, 1910. A. Oreodon Beds near Big Foot Pass showing coler bands. Photograph by O’Harra, 1912. B. Erosion forms near head of Corral Draw. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 67. Phorocraph by O’Harra, 1909. A. Erosion detail of Titanotherium Beds near Big Foot Pass. Photograph by O’Harra, 1899. B. Erosion detail of Oreodon Beds in the valley of Indian Creek. ; - € 5 on i , é oe ) ‘ South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 68. Photograph by O’Harra, 1910. A. Hrosion forms north of the Great Wall near Cedar Pass. Photograph by O’Harra, 1910. B. Erosion forms north of the Great Wall near Big Foot Pass. The flat remnants are protected by a thin covering of well-rooted grasses. ae if i 1 ay f Ba ike ® ead. Tes le a i tea) i Uh ih r r | i a5 aby ed = ty . ae Li oar . aft 1 fe . i i st i % * t South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 69. Photograph by O’Harra, 1899. A. Looking southeast toward Sheep Mountain from Valley of Indian Creek. Photograph by O’Harra, 1912. B. Erosion forms in Corral Draw. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 70. Photograph by O’Harra, 1910. A. Detail of Great Wall north of Interior chiefly Protoceras Beds. Photograph by O’Harra, 1910. B. Detail of Great Wall north of Interior chiefly Protoceras Beds. “Ny South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 71. Photograph by O’Harra, 1909. A. Clay balls in bed of little ravine near Big Foot Pass. Photograph by O’Harra, 1899. B. Conglomerate dike in valley of Indian Creek. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 72. Photograph by O’Harra, 1899. A. General view of Titanotherium Beds, Valley of Indian Creek. Photograph by O’Harra, 1899. ‘iB. Oreodon Beds. Valley of Indian Creek. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate -No. 73: Photograph by O’Harra, 1899. A. Protoceras Beds near top of Sheep Mountain. Photograph by O’Harra, 1899. B. Protoceras Beds near top of Sheep Mountain. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 74. Photograph by O’Harra, 1912. A. Oreodon Beds along the Indian Draw—Corral Draw divide. Photograph by Best, 1920. B. Erosion detail of the wall of School of Mines Canyon. > Bulletin No. South Dakota School of Mines Ui - He a 7 i iy — i ae a ae i Mi 7 j / i ae A. Agate Springs Fossil Quarries looking Southeast. the left; Carnegie Hill on the right. 35 IPilewte hi, 14) University Hill on Photographs by Cook, 1915. B. Stenomylus quarry of Amherst Hill, one of the Agate Springs fossil quarries. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin) No, 13. Plate No. 76: Photograph by O’Harra, 1918. Wty A. General view of Slim Buttes, Perkins county, South Dakota, capped by White River Tertiary deposits. Photograph by O’Harra, 1918. B. Detail of the southern end of South Cave Hills, Harding county, South Dakota. Shows Fort Union sandstone of earlier Tertiary age than the White River Beds. . Plate No. 77. 13. Bulletin No. South Dakota School of Mines Photograph by HH. H. Barbour. Bad- Arikaree in the left foreground. 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Plate No. 93. Photograph by O’Harra, 1910. Details of Great Wall north of Interior. Chiefly Protoceras Beds. South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 94. ai 7m aa 41 ae Pn, = #2 ee Sete Photograph by O’Harra, 1915. Protoceras Beds and Oredon Beds of School of Mines Canyon. South Dakota School of Mines Photograph by O’Harra, A Geological party 1915. descending Bulletin No, l3neelate No: 9b: Cs 7 +, Poe z ps ete School of Mines Canyon. ———— South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin No. 13. Plate No. 96. Photograph by O’Harra, 1920. A Guardian of the Gateway, School of Mines Canyon. NT 3 7215-