^f Y yw Y^*^. WHO WILD'FLOWERS W. I.BEECROFT VUinLib. io.0ept. LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Q. Id . O > DBPT. OF AGRICULTURE OIV. OF AOH'L EDUCATION WHO'S WHO AMONG THE WILD FLOWERS WHO'S WHO AMONG THE WILD FLOWERS COMPILED AND ILLUSTRATED BY W. I. BEECROFT \\ WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY FRANCES DUNCAN NEW YORK MOFFAT, YARD AND COMPANY 1910 Copyright 1910, by MOFFAT, YARD AND COMPANY NEW YORK All Rights Reserved Published January, 1910 INTRODUCTION There may be perverse and misguided folk, who, like myself, have an unaccountable distaste for looking at Mother Nature through the spectacles of Another. One is humbly aware that the "specta- cles" offered by the various writers are admirable; that they clarify and enlarge the vision, place the object in an excellent light and show our much- inspected Mother as wearing the loveliest of com- plexions, and yet — one likes to use his own eye- sight— his own spectacles. To such, this little book will prove a peculiar blessing. It goes no farther than to tell "Who's Who" among the wild flowers, merely giving an introduction and allow- ing one the privilege of making friends with them after the devices of his own heart. Mr. Beecroft believes that a portrait if an ex- cellent likeness and true in all its details will en- able the most unskill'd, unpractised and unbotan- ical person to recognize his new acquaintance more speedily than much writing of many paragraphs. The drawings are supplemented by the briefest of notes on the personal appearance — only enough to identify, and in the blank spaces "remarks" can be made by the reader who is allowed the chance of making a flower book after the devices of his own 201899 INTRODUCTION heart; thus an idler will make it the record of a summer's wanderings and write in bits of verse and prose that fit the subjects; the exact and botanical soul can add descriptions, Bertillon measurements, variations of nomenclature, drawings of parts to heart's content: children will enjoy mounting the flowers they find opposite their pictures. While to the botanist it will be a most convenient field- book, for at the end of the season his various jot- tings will be found already classified and indexed. In arrangement, the excellent method inaugu- rated by Mrs. Parsons, now customary in most non- technical flower-books, has been followed here, that of grouping the flowers according to color. With- in the color-divisions the plants are arranged ac- cording to their time of appearance. The nomenclature is that of the latest edition of Gray's "Manual." The pronunciation is indi- cated, since it sacrificed no space and may be a convenience to children and those of us whose in- stincts about the pronunciation of a botanical name are not always infallible. The common names of plants are legion, of these, the best known and most generally used are in large type, the less important ones in small type and they are given lest some reader look for a flower under the alias by which he knows it, and missing this should think his friend omitted in this "Who's Who." INTRODUCTION It may be well to remind flower-loving folk that some of our plants are in sore need of a little in- telligent affection. Unless speedily befriended, the exquisite Trailing Arbutus will quite vanish from our hillsides, leaving behind only a memory of its loveliness. The cutting of the blossoms would be harmless enough, but it is the ripping up of the creeping, slow-growing root-fibres for con- venient picking which makes the extinction of this darling New-Englander so certain. The bunches for sale in4 the city streets represent the death of millions of little unborn Mayflowers. The next plant to go will be the Mountain Laurel. Other flowers whose existence is in peril are the Fringed Gentian and Hepatica, Orchids, Maiden Hair Fern, Sabatia, Ground Pine or Club Moss and the Hollies. The nature love which manifests itself in a kind of pot-hunter's enthusiasm or sees in each rare flower only a kind of botanical scalp to be added to his belt, is a poor sort of affection, and though perhaps one cannot sing about that Millennium of Flowers when folk will be content to love the wood rose and leave it on its stalk, we may live to see it cut instead of torn from its stem and the last Fringed Gentian respected and left to perpetuate its lovely kind. FRANCES DUNCAN. BROOKLYN, NEW YORK, January, 1910. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION v 1 WHITE AND GREENISH pA(JE BLOODROOT 2 DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES 4 SQUIRREL CORN ... 4 TOOTHWORT ... 6 CUT-LEAVED TOOTHWORT ... 6 PARTRIDGE BERRY 6 FOAM-FLOWER 10 MITREWORT 10 NAKED MITREWORT 10 EARLY SPRING EVERLASTING 12 EARLY SAXIFRAGE 12 RED BANEBERRY 14 WHITE BANEBERRY 14 SOLOMON'S SEAL 16 GREAT SOLOMON'S SEAL 16 RUE ANEMONE 18 WOOD ANEMONE 18 WILD SARSAPARILLA 20 DWARF GINSENG 20 ARROW ARUM 24 WATER ARUM 26 MAIANTHEMUM 26 PAINTED TRILLIUM 28 NODDING TRILLIUM 28 LARGE-FLOWERED TRILLIUM ..... 28 vi CONTENTS PAGE STAR FLOWER ....... 30 GOLDTHREAD 30 FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL . . . 32 STAR-FLOWERED SOLOMON'S SEAL 32 POISON SUMACH 34 POISON IVY 34 BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA 36 SHIN LEAF 38 ROUND-LEAVED PYROLA 38 ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA 38 RED-BERRIED ELDER 40 COMMON ELDER 40 SWEET PEPPERBUSH .40 REIN ORCHIS 42 THIMBLEWEED 44 FIELD CHICKWEED 44 INDIAN PIPE 46 WILD LEEK 46 BLADDER CAMPION .50 WHITE CAMPION 50 MUSK MALLOW 52 COMMON MALLOW 52 CHAMOMILE . 54 BUNCHBERRY 54 DAISY FLEABANE (2) .. . 56 YARROW 58 VIRGIN'S BOWER 60 RAGGED FRINGED ORCHIS 62 RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN ... 62 GREATER GREEN ORCHIS 64 HOOKER'S ORCHIS 64 ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW . 66 LONG-LEAVED SUNDEW .66 SLENDER LADIES' TRESSES .66 THOROUGHWORT . . 68 CONTENTS vii PAGE WHITE SNAKEROOT 68 TURTLEHEAD 70 ARROW-HEAD . 72 ROUGH BEDSTRAW 72 WILD BALSAM-APPLE 76 TALL MEADOW RUE 78 GRASS OF PARNASSUS 80 WATER PLANTAIN 82 COMMON DODDER 84 WOOD SORREL 84 PEARLY EVERLASTING 86 WHITE MELILOT 86 WILD CARROT 88 BUTTONBUSH 90 POKEWEED 92 FLOWERING Moss 94 MAYFLOWER 94 WHITE ADDER'S TONGUE 96 TWINLEAF 96 MAY APPLE 97 SWEET WHITE VIOLET 97 LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET 98 CANADA VIOLET 98 WATER CRESS 99 CREEPING SNOWBERRY 99 NEW JERSEY TEA 100 BLACK SNAKEROOT . 100 CLAMMY AZALEA 100 SHOWY LADY'S SLIPPER 101 LIZARD'S TAIL 101 POKE MILKWEED 102 WATER HEMLOCK 102 WATER PARSNIP 102 DALIBARDA , . . . 103 WATER LILY . 103 viii CONTENTS PAGE WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS 104 PRAIRIE WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS 104 WlNTERGREEN 104 CULVER'S ROOT 105 JIMSON WEED 105 II YELLOW AND ORANGE YELLOW ADDER'S TONGUE 110 MARSH MARIGOLD 112 STAR GRASS 114 CINQUEFOIL 114 GOLDEN ALEXANDERS 116 WILD PARSNIP 116 CLINTONIA 118 INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT 120 OAKESIA 122 LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT 122 BELLWORT 122 YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER 126 SMALL YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER 126 GOLDEN RAGWORT 128 CARRION-FLOWER 130 YELLOW POND LILY 132 WILD YELLOW LILY 134 TURK'S-CAP LILY 134 FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE 136 AGRIMONY 138 CELANDINE 138 LOOSESTRIFE 140 FOUR-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE 140 CONE-FLOWER 142 TALL CONE-FLOWER 142 COMMON MULLEIN) 144 CONTENTS ix PAGE MOTH MULLEIN 144 WILD LETTUCE ............ 146 YELLOW, or HOP CLOVSR 148 LADY'S SORREL 148 BLACK MUSTARD 150 YELLOW ROCKET 150 COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE 154 SUNDROPS 154 SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT 156 PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT 156 COMMON. ST. JOHN'S WORT 158 BUTTER-AND-EGGS 160 YELLOW FRINGED ORCHIS 162 DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE 162 SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE 162 ELECAMPANE 164 PARTRIDGE PEA 166 WILD SENNA 166 FALL DANDELION 166 TANSY 170 ORANGE HAWKWEED 172 CANADA HAWKWEED 172 HAWKWEED 174 HAIRY HAWKWEED 174 RATTLESNAKE- WEED 174 THIN-LEAVED SUNFLOWER 176 LARGER BUR-MARIGOLD 176 GOLDEN CORYDALIS 179 ROUND-LEAVED VIOLET 179 DOWN.Y YELLOW VIOLET 180 GOLDEN CLUB 180 INDIAN POKE 181 YELLOW MELILOT 181 FROSTWEED „ 182 BUTTERFLY WEED 183 x CONTENTS PAGE GINSENG 183 HORSE BALM 184 SNEEZEWEED 184 FERN-LEAVED FALSE FOXGLOVE . . 185 GOLDEN ASTER 185 GOLDEN ROD 185 III RED, PINK, CRIMSON AND MAGENTA SPRING BEAUTY 188 SHOOTING STAR 190 ARETHUSA 190 WAKE ROBIN 192 SESSILE-FLOWERED WAKE ROBIN 192 WILD COLUMBINE 194 WILD PINK 196 MAIDEN PINK 196 DEPTFORD PINK 196 WILD CRANESBILL 198 HERB ROBERT 198 PITCHER-PLANT 202 STEMLESS LADY'S SLIPPER 204 SHOWY ORCHIS . . . . ; ....... 206 WILD AZALEA „ „ . • 208 FRINGED MILKWORT 210 FIELD MILKWORT 210 MOUNTAIN LAUREL 212 TWISTED STALK 214 CLASPING-LEAVED TWISTED-STALK 214 WOOD BETONY 216 BOUNCING BET 216 PALE CORYDALIS 218 SHEEP LAUREL 220 PALE LAUREL 220 CONTENTS xi PAGE GRASS PINK 222 ROSE POGONIA 222 WILD ORANGE -RED LILY 224 SPREADING DOGBANE 226 TWIN-FLOWER 226 MEADOW-SWEET 228 HARDHACK 228 PURPLE FLOWERING RASPBERRY 230 PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS 234 SMALLER PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS 234 PRINCE'S PINE 234 SPOTTED WINTERGREEN 234 COMMON MILKWEED 236 PURPLE MILKWEED 236 HEDGE BINDWEED 238 FIELD BINDWEED 238 LARGE MARSH PINK . . . . 240 BITTER BLOOM 240 SEA PINK . . 240 SLENDER MARSH PINK 240 SWAMP MILKWEED 242 FOUR-LEAVED MILKWEED 242 GREAT WILLOW-HERB 244 CARDINAL FLOWER 244 MEADOW BEAUTY 246 MARYLAND MEADOW BEAUTY 246 OSWEGO TEA 246 PINK KNOTWEED 248 LADY'S THUMB 248 WATER PERSICARIA 248 JOE-PYE WEED 250 RABBIT'S-FOOT CLOVER . 252 LlVE-FOR-EVER 254 GROUND PINK 258 DOWNY PHLOX . 258 xii CONTENTS PAGE VIOLET WOOD SORREL 259 HAIRY BEARD-TONGUE 259 PAINTED CUP 260 QUEEN OF THE PRAIRIE 261 COMMON PASTURE ROSE 262 SWAMP ROSE 262 EARLY ROSE 262 SWEET-BRIER; EGLANTINE 263 WILD BERGAMOT 263 PURPLE CONE-FLOWER 264 CROSS-LEAVED MILKWORT 264 CORN COCKLE 265 SWAMP ROSE MALLOW 265 PURPLE GERARDIA 266 IV BLUE AND PURPLE LlVERLEAF 270 SHARP-LOBED LIVERLEAF 270 BIRD-FOOT VIOLET 272 ROBIN'S PLANTAIN 274 WILD LUPINE 274 BLUETS 276 GlLL-OVER-THE-GllOUND 276 LARGER BLUE FLAG 278 SLENDER BLUE FLAG 278 Cow VETCH 280 AMERICAN VETCH 280 BITTERSWEET; NIGHTSHADE 282 SELF-HEAL 284 BLUE-EYED GRASS 284 BELLFLOWER 286 HAREBELL 286 PALE SPIKED LOBELIA 290 CONTENTS xiii PAGE MOTHERWORT 290 PICKEREL-WEED 292 MONKEY FLOWER 292 MAD-DOG SKULLCAP 294 SKULLCAP 294 BLUE VERVAIN 296 WILD MINT 298 SPEARMINT 298 PEPPERMINT 298 IRONWEED 300 CHICORY .« 302 BLAZING STAR 302 NEW ENGLAND ASTER 304 FRINGED GENTIAN 306 CLOSED GENTIAN 306 VIRGINIAN COWSLIP 310 EARLY BLUE VIOLET 310 ARROW-LEAVED VIOLET 311 DOG VIOLET 311 COMMON VIOLET 312 WILD BLUE PHLOX 312 FORGET-ME-NOT • . 313 SMALLER FORGET-ME-NOT 313 SPIDERWORT 313 BEACH PEA 314 COMMON SPEEDWELL 314 AMERICAN BROOKLIME 315 VIRGINIA DAY-FLOWER 315 BLUE TOADFLAX 316 VIPER'S BUGLOSS 316 TALL WILD LARKSPUR 317 DWARF LARKSPUR 317 PURPLE ORCHIS 317 SEA LAVENDER 318 xiv CONTENTS MISCELLANEOUS PAGE SKUNK CABBAGE 322 WILD GINGER 324 JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT 326 BRANCHING BUR-REED 328 SWEET FLAG 328 PINESAP 330 BEECHDROPS 330 LARGE CORAL ROOT 332 RATTLESNAKE-ROOT 332 GROUNDNUT 334 EARLY MEADOW RUE 338 BLUE COHOSH 338 COMMON, ALUM ROOT «... 339 LARGE TWAYBLADE 340 CUT-TAIL FLAG 341 NARBOW-LEAVED CAT-TAIL FLAG 341 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE BLOODROOT 3 DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES 5 SQUIRREL CORN, 5 TOOTHWORT 7 PARTRIDGE BERRY , 7 FOAM-FLOWER 11 MITREWORT . 11 EARLY EVERLASTING 13 EARLY SAXIFRAGE ... 13 RED BANEBERRY 15 SOLOMON'S SEAL 17 RUE ANEMONE 19 WOOD ANEMONE 19 WILD SARSAPARILLA 21 DWARF GINSENG 21 ARROW ARUM 25 WATER ARUM 27 MAIANTHEMUM 27 PAINTED TRILLIUM 29 STAR FLOWER 31 GOLDTHREAD 31 FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL 33 POISON SUMACH 35 POISON IVY 35 BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA 37 SHIN LEAF 39 RED-BERRIED ELDER 41 SWEET PEPPERBUSH 41 XV xvi ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE REIN ORCHIS (2) i 43 THIMBLEWEED 45 FIELD CHICKWEED 45 INDIAN PIPE 47 WILD LEEK 47 BLADDER CAMPION 51 WHITE CAMPION 51 MUSK MALLOW 53 COMMON MALLOW 53 CHAMOMILE 55 BUNCH BERRY 55 PAISY FLEABANE 57 YARROW 59 VIRGIN'S BOWER 61 RAGGED FRINGED ORCHIS .63 RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN 63 GREATER GREEN ORCHIS 65 ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW 67 LADIES' TRESSES 67 THOROUGHWORT 69 TURTLEHEAD 71 ARROW-HEAD 73 ROUGH BEDSTRAW .... 73 WILD BALSAM-APPLE . 77 TALL MEADOW RUE 79 GRASS OF PARNASSUS ... 81 WATER PLANTAIN .83 DODDER 85 WOOD SORREL 85 PEARLY EVERLASTING 87 WHITE MELILOT 87 WILD CARROT 89 BUTTONBUSH 91 POKEWEED 93 YELLOW ADDER'S TONGUE Ill ILLUSTRATIONS xvii PAGE MARSH MARIGOLD 113 STAR GRASS 115 ClNQUEFOIL 115 GOLDEN ALEXANDERS 11T WILD PARSNIP 117 CLINTONIA 119 INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT 121 OAKESIA 123 LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWOUT 123 BELLWORT 123 YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER 127 GOLDEN RAGWORT 129 CARRION-FLOWER 131 YELLOW POND LILY 133 WILD YELLOW LILY 135 FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE 137 AGRIMONY 139 CELANDINE 139 LOOSESTRIFE 141 FOUR-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE 141 CONE-FLOWER 143 COMMON MULLEIN 145 MOTH MULLEIN 145 WILD LETTUCE 147 YELLOW CLOVER 149 LADY'S SORREL 149 BLACK MUSTARD 151 COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE 153 SUNDROPS 153 SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT 157 COMMON ST. JOHN'S WORT 159 BUTTER-AND-EGGS 161 YELLOW FRINGED ORCHIS 163 DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE 163 ELECAMPANE 165 xviii ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE PARTRIDGE PEA 167 FALL DANDELION 167 TANSY 171 ORANGE HAWKWEED 173 HAWKWEED 175 RATTLESNAKE-WEED 175 THIN-LEAVED SUNFLOWER . 177 LARGER BUR-MARIGOLD , 177 SPRING BEAUTY 189 SHOOTING STAR 191 ARETHUSA 191 WAKE ROBIN 193 WILD COLUMBINE 195 WILD PINK 197 MAIDEN PINK 197 WILD CRANJESBILL 199 HERB ROBERT 199 PITCHER-PLANT 203 STEMLESS LADY'S SLIPPER 205 SHOWY ORCHIS 207 WILD AZALEA 209 FRINGED MILKWORT 211 FIELD MILKWORT . . 211 MOUNTAIN LAUREL 213 TWISTED-STALK 215 WOOD BETONY 217 BOUNCING BET 217 PALE CORYDALIS 219 SHEEP LAUREL 221 GRASS PINK 223 ROSE POGONIA 223 WILD ORANGE-RED LILY 225 SPREADIN/G DOGBANE 227 TWIN-FLOWER 227 HEADOW-SWEET 229 ILLUSTRATIONS xix PAGE HARDBACK 229 PURPLE FLOWERING RASPBERRY 231 PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS 235 PRINCE'S PINE 235 COMMON MILKWEED 237 HEDGE BINDWEED 239 LARGE MARSH PINK 241 SEA PINK 241 SWAMP MILKWEED 243 GREAT WILLOW-HERB 245 CARDINAL FLOWER 245 MEADOW BEAUTY 247 OSWEGO TEA 247 PINK KNOTWEED 249 WATER PERSICARIA 249 JOE-PYE WEED 251 RABBIT'S-FOOT CLOVER 253 LlVE-FOR-EVER 255 LlVEHLEAF 271 BIRD-FOOT VIOLET 273 ROBIN'S PLANTAIN 275 WILD LUPINE 275 BLUETS 277 GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND 277 LARGER BLUE FLAG 279 Cow VETCH 281 BITTERSWEET 283" SELF-HEAL 285 BLUE-EYED GRASS 285 BELLFLOWER 287 HAREBELL 287 PALE SPIKED LOBELIA 291 MOTHERWORT 291 PICKEREL-WEED J . 293 MONKEY FLOWER 293 xx ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE MAD-DOG SKULLCAP 295 SKULLCAP 295 BLUE VERVAIN 297 WILD MINT 299 SPEARMINT 299 PEPPERMINT 299 IRONWEED 301 CHICORY 303 BLAZING STAR 303 NEW ENGLAND ASTER 305 FRINGED GENTIAN 307 CLOSED GENTIAN, 307 SKUNK CABBAGE 323 WILD GINGER 325 JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT 327 BRANCHING BUR-REED 329 SWEET FLAG 329 PINESAP 331 BEECHDROPS 331 CORAL ROOT 333 RATTLESNAKE-ROOT 333 GROUNDNUT . 335 OF THE UNIVERSITY WHITE AND GREENISH 2 WHITE AND GREENISH BLOODROOT: Indian Paint: Red Puccoon. Sanguinaria canadensis. Poppy Family Apr. — May. Found in open woods and borders of wood- lands. Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ne- braska. FLOWERS — Pure white, 8-12 divisions, solitary on stalk 6-12 inches high. LEAVES — Rounded, deeply lobed, springing from thick rootstock. Juice of root orange colored. (See Frontispiece.) NOTES. Bloodroot. 4 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES: Ear-drops: White Hearts: Soldiers' Cap. Dicentra Cucullaria. Fumitory Family. Apr. — May. Found in rich, rocky woods. Nova Scotia to the Carolinas, common westward. FLOWERS — White, tipped with pale yellow, strung on slender stalk 5-10 inches high. LEAVES — Finely cut, from a bulbous root. 2. SQUIRREL CORN: Dicentra canadensis. Fumitory Family. Apr. — May. Found in rich woods. Nova Scotia to Vir- ginia, west to Mississippi. FLOWERS — White, tinged with magenta, fragrant; 4-8 on a stalk 6-12 inches high. LEAVES — Finely cut, from the base. Roots bear small, yellow tubers. NOTES. 1. Dutchman's Breeches. . Squirrel Corn. 6 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. TOOTHWORT; CRINKLE-ROOT: Dentaria diphylla. Mustard Family. Apr. — May. Found in rich woods. Nova Scotia, Maine to Minnesota, south to the Carolinas, west to the Mississippi. FLOWERS — White, 4 divisions, borne in a loose clus- ter terminating a stalk 8-13 inches high. LEAVES — 2 opposite, compound leaves borne on flower stalk, leaves at base larger. Rootstalk long, crinkled, possessing pungent flavor. 2. CUT-LEAVED TOOTHWORT: Pepper-root. D. laciniata. Plant similar to the above. FLOWERS — White or pinkish. LEAVES — Stem leaves in whorls of 3, much di- vided, toothed. Roots tuberous, edible. 3. PARTRIDGE BERRY: Partridge Vine: Twin-berry: Mitchella-vine : Squawberry. Mitchella repens. Madder Family. May — June. Found in woods. Nova Scotia to Gulf of Mexico, westward to Minnesota and Texas. FLOWERS — White, fragrant, in pairs at the tips of the sprays. Berries red, edible. LEAVES — Rounded, evergreen, in pairs on a trail- ing plant. Stems, 6—12 inches long. 1. Toothwort. . Partridge Berry. 8 WHITE AND GREENISH NOTES. WHITE AND GREENISH NOTES. 10 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. FOAM-FLOWER; FALSE MITREWORT: Coolwort : Nancy-over-the-ground. Tiarella cordifolia. Saxifrage Family. Apr. — June. Found in rich woods. Nova Scotia to Geor- gia^ westward to Minnesota and Indiana. FLOWERS — White, small, in clusters on stalk 6—12 inches high. LEAVES — Lobed and toothed. Hairy throughout, springing from the base. 2. MITREWORT; BISHOP'S CAP: Mitella diphylla. Saxifrage Family. Apr. — May. Found in rich woods. Quebec to North Caro- lina, west to Minnesota and Missouri. FLOWERS — White, tiny, on stalk 8-1 6 inches high. LEAVES — Lower leaves coarsely toothed; 2 oppo- site leaves borne halfway up the flower stalk; hairy. 'NAKED MITREWORT: M. Resembles preceding. Flowers greenish and few. No leaves on flower stalk. Found in cool, mossy woods. Labrador to New York, Michigan, Minnesota and northward. NOTES. 1. Foam-flower: False Mitrewort. 2. Mitrewort. 12 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. EARLY SPRING, PLANTAIN-LEAVED, or MOUSE-EAR EVERLASTING; PUS- SY'S TOES: White Plantain, and Ladies To- bacco. Antennaria plant a gini folia. Composite Family. Apr. — June. Found in dry fields and on hillsides. Com- mon in U. S., Labrador to Gulf of Mexico, west to Nebraska. FLOWER-HEADS — Whitish, in small, tight clusters terminating a white- woolly stem, 6—18 inches high. LEAVES — Lower leaves \ road near the tip, 3- ribbed, stalks nearly as long as the leaves ; upper leaves narrow, downy. 2. EARLY SAXIFRAGE: Saxifraga virginiensis. Saxifrage Family. Apr. — June. Found on dry, rocky hillsides. New Bruns- wick to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Ten- nessee. FLOWERS — White, 5 divisions, small, in clusters terminating a downy stalk 4-10 inches high. LEAVES — In a rosette at the base, toothed. NOTES. 1. Early Everlasting. 2. Early Saxifrage. 14 WHITE AND GREENISH RED BANEBERRY; Cohosh: Herb-Christopher. Actaea rubra. Crowfoot Family. Apr. — June. Found in rich woods, an erect, bushy plant 1—2 feet high. Nova Scotia to Georgia and far west. Common northward. FLOWERS — White, small, in short, thick, terminal cluster. Berries red, poisonous. LEAVES — Compound, irregularly toothed and lobed. WHITE BANEBERRY: A. alba. Closely resembles the preceding except that the poisonous berries are white with a black eye. Common. Nova Scotia to Georgia and far west. NOTES. Red Baneberry. 16 WHITE AND GREENISH SOLOMON'S SEAL: Hairy, or True, or Twin Flowered Solomon's Seal. Polygonatum biflorum. Lily Family. Apr. — June. Found in rich woods. A plant 1—3 feet high. New England to Florida, west to Michigan, Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. FLOWERS — Greenish white, cylindrical, usually borne in pairs from the leaf angles. Berries blue-black. LEAVES — Finely hairy beneath, set alternately on stem. Rootstalk jointed, marked with scars of previous years' growths. GREAT SOLOMON'S SEAL: P. commutatum. Found in meadows and along river-banks. A plant 2-7 feet high, resembles preceding, but leaves smooth throughout, partly clasping and flowers are in clusters of 2-8. NOTES. Solomon's Seal. 18 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. RUE ANEMONE: Anemonella thalictroldes. Crowfoot Family. Apr. — June. Found in thin woods, a small plant 5—9 inches high. New England to Minnesota, south to Tennessee. FLOWERS — White, or pink tinged, 5-10 divisions, in clusters of 2-3. LEAVES — In groups of 3, 3-lobed. Roots tuberous. 2. WOOD ANEMONE: Wind-Flower: Anemone quinque folia. Crowfoot Family. Apr. — June. A plant 4—8 inches high. Found in open woods. Canada, south to Georgia, west to Rocky Mountains. FLOWERS — White, or magenta tinged, solitary, 4-9 divisions. LEAVES — In a whorl of 3-5, each leaf variously divided and toothed. NOTES. 1. Rue Anemone. 2. Wood Anemone. 20 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. WILD or FALSE SARSAPARILLA: Aralia nudicaulis. Ginseng Family. May — June. A plant 8-12 inches high. Found in woods. New England to Dakota, south to mountains of Carolina. FLOWERS — Greenish white, tiny, 3—7 clusters. Berries purple-black in clusters. LEAVES — In 3 divisions, each consisting usually of 5 finely toothed leaflets. Roots long, slender, aromatic. 2. DWARF GINSENG: Ground Nut. Panax trifolium. Ginseng Family. May — June. A plant 4—8 inches tall. Found in woods. Canada to the mountains of Georgia. FLOWERS — White, tiny, in small clusters. Berries yellow. LEAVES — In 3 divisions, each consisting of 3-5 toothed leaflets. Root spherical, aromatic. NOTES. 1. Wild Sarsaparilla. 2. Dwarf Ginseng. 22 WHITE AND GREENISH NOTES. WHITE AND GREENISH 23 NOTES. OF THE ( UNIVERSITY ) OF 24 WHITE AND GREENISH ARROW ARUM: Green Arrow Arum. Peltdndra virginica. Arum Family. , May — June. A plant 1-3 feet high. Found growing in clumps in shallow water. Maine to Florida, west to Michigan and Missouri. FLOWERS — Small, borne on club within a fleshy sheath; outer surface of sheath green. Berries green in close cluster. LEAVES — Rich green, large, shaped like an arrow- head. NOTES. Arrow Arum. 26 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. WATER ARUM: Marsh Calla. Cdlla palustris. Arum Family. May — June. A plant 5—10 inches high. Found in cool bogs and swamps. Nova Scotia and south- ward to Virginia, westward to Minnesota, Iowa and Michigan. FLOWERS — Tiny on short, thick club; outer en- velope white above, greenish beneath, opening nearly flat. Berries red, in clusters. LEAVES — Rich green, somewhat heart-shaped, from creeping rootstock. 2. MAIANTHEMUM: Canada Mayflower: Two- leaved Solomon's Seal: False Lily-of-the- Valley. Maidnthemum canadense. Found in rich woods. Labrador to North Carolina, west to Dakota and Manitoba. FLOWERS — White, tiny, in small clusters terminat- ing a stem, 3-6 inches high. Berries brown-spotted, turning red in autumn. LEAVES — 2-3 seated on stem. NOTES. 1. Water Arum, . Maianthemum. 28 WHITE AND GREENISH PAINTED TRILLIUM. Trillium undulatnm. Lily Family. May — June. Found in rich woods. Quebec and Ontario to Georgia, west to Wisconsin and Missouri. FLOWERS — Solitary, 3 wavy-edged, white divisions marked with a crimson V at base. LEAVES — Broad, in a whorl of 3 at the summit of stem, 8-15 inches high. NODDING TRILLIUM: Nodding Wake-Robin. T. cernuum. FLOWERS — White, flower stem recurved so that the blossom hangs beneath the leaves. LARGE-FLOWERED TRILLIUM: Large-flow- ered Wake-Robin or White Wood-Lily. T. grandifldrum. Found in same habitat, Western Vermont and Quebec to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Missouri. FLOWERS — White, turning pink with age, divisions often 2 inches long. NOTES. Painted Trillium. 30 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. STAR FLOWER: Star Anemone: Chick- weed Wintergreen. Trientalis americana. Primrose JFamily. May — June. A plant 3—7 inches high. Found in moist woods. From mountains of Virginia and Illi- nois north to Labrador and Manitoba. FLOWERS — White, on slender stalks, 6-7 pointed divisions. LEAVES — 5-10 in a circle at summit of stem. 2. GOLDTHREAD: Canker-root. Coptis trifolia. Crowfoot Family. May — July. Found both in dry and wet woods. Labrador to Alaska, south to Michigan and mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. FLOWERS — White, 5-9 divisions, solitary, on stalk 3-6 inches high. LEAVES — From the base, dark green, evergreen, finely toothed, divided into 3 leaflets. Rootstock wiry, yellow, bitter. NOTES. 1. Star Flower. . Goldthread. 32 WHITE AND GREENISH FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL: False Spikenard: Solomon's Zig-zag. Smilacina racemosa. Lily Family. May — June. A plant 1—3 feet high. Found in moist woods and borders of woods. Nova Scotia to Geor- gia, westward Minnesota, Arizona and British Columbia. FLOWERS — White, tiny, in clusters terminating plant stem. Berries first brown- spotted, finally red. LEAVES — Alternate, with very short stems if any. STAR-FLOWERED SOLOMON'S SEAL S. stellata. Is a much smaller species. FLOWERS — White, larger and fewer than those of the preceding. Berries black, or green, with black stripes. LEAVES — Partly clasping. NOTES. False Solomon's Seal. 34 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. POISON SUMACH: EUs Vernix. Cashew Family. June.N Shrub 6-15 feet high. Found on wet, low ground. Very poisonous. Western Maine to Ontario and southward. FLOWERS — Small, whitish green in loose clusters from the angles of the leaves. Fruit small, dry, grayish white berries. LEAVES — 7^13 leaflets without teeth. Leaf- stalks red. 2. POISON IVY: Three-Leaved Ivy: Mercury. Rhus Toxicodendron. Cashew Family. June — July. A plant sometimes vine-like in habit, some- times bushy. Found along roadsides, on fences and stone walls, tree-trunks, and run- ning over the ground. Poisonous, and very common. FLOWERS — Tiny, greenish white, in clusters. Fruit dry, grayish white berries. LEAVES — In groups of 3 leaflets (Common Ivy, Virginia Creeper or Woodbine has 5), toothless or irregularly notched. NOTES. 1. Poison Sumach. 2. Poison Ivy. 36 WHITE AND GREENISH BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA: Aralia hispida. Ginseng Family. June — July. Found in rocky woods. A hairy plant 2—3 feet high. Newfoundland to North Carolina, west to Indiana and Minnesota. FLOWERS — Tiny, dull white, in clusters. Berries in clusters, bluish in effect, inedible. LEAVES — Compound, toothed. NOTES. Bristlf Sarsaparilla. 38 WHITE AND GREENISH SHIN LEAF: Pyrola elliptica. Heath Family. June — July. Found in woods. Eastern United States and Quebec to Maryland, west to Rocky mountains. FLOWERS — Greenish white, 5 divisions, fragrant, on stalk 5—10 inches high. LEAVES — From the base, thin, exceeding their stalks in length. ROUND-LEAVED PYROLA: P. americana. FLOWERS — Similar to the preceding. LEAVES — Nearly round, thick, shining green. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA: Moneses uniflora. Bears a single white or pink flower. NOTES. Shin Leaf. 40 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. RED-BERRIED ELDER: Sambucus raccmbsa. Honeysuckle Family. June — July. Found on borders of woods. A shrub 2—12 feet high. New Foundland to British Colum- bia, south to Georgia, Iowa and Colorado. FLOWERS — Dull white, in large cluster, followed by red berries. LEAVES — 5-7 finely-toothed leaflets. COMMON ELDER: Elderberry: American, Sweet, or Black-berried Elder. S. canadensis. FLOWERS — White, in flat clusters; fruit purple- black. 2. SWEET PEPPERBUSH; White Alder: Al- der-leaved Clethra. Clethra alnifolia. Heath Family. July — Aug. Shrub 3-10 feet high. Found in low wood- lands, thickets, chiefly near the Atlantic coast. FLOWERS — White, in narrow clusters, fragrant. LEAVES — Alternate, finely toothed, especially to- ward the tips. NOTES. 1. Red-berried Elder. 2. Sweet Pepperbush. 42 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. REIN ORCHIS: Habenaria bracteata. Orchis Family. June — Aug. Found in damp woods. Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Washington, Minnesota and Pennsylvania. FLOWERS — Greenish, small, in spike terminating stem 6—20 inches high. LEAVES — Long and broad. Long, narrow bracts or leaflets spring from bases of flowers. 2. REIN ORCHIS: Habenaria hyperborea. Orchis Family. June — Aug. Found in wet woods. Newfoundland and Alaska, south to Pennsylvania and Nebraska. FLOWERS — Greenish, in dense, narrow spike ter- minating stem 8-30 inches high. LEAVES — Oblong to lance-shaped. NOTES. 1. Rein Orchis. 8. Rein Orchis. 44 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. THIMBLEWEED: TALL or SUMMER ANEMONE. Anemone virginiana. Crowfoot Family. June — Aug. Found along roadsides and borders of wood- lands. Maine to Minnesota and southward. FLOWERS — White or greenish, 5 divisions, termi- nating stalks 2—3 feet high. Seeds form thimble-shaped burrs. LEAVES — 3 in a whorl, 3-parted, divisions vari- ously lobed and toothed. Later flow- ers bear 2 divided leaves midway of flower stalks. 2. FIELD CHICKWEED: Cerdstium arvense. Pink Family. May — July. Found in dry, rocky land. Common. FLOWERS — White, 5 divisions, divisions 2-lobed, terminating stems 4-10 inches high. LEAVES — Small, narrow. NOTES. 1. Thimbleweed. , Field Chickweed. 46 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. INDIAN PIPE; Corpse Plant: Ice-plant: Ghost-flower. Monotropa uniflora. Heath Family. June — Aug. Found in moist, heavily-shaded woods. Throughout North America, except far south. FLOWERS — Waxy white, solitary, nodding, termi- nating stem 4—10 inches high. LEAVES — None. Plant stem colorless, turning black with age, bearing numerous scales, one or more stems arising from a mass of brittle, fibrous roots. 2. WILD LEEK: Allium tricoccum. Lily Family. June — July. Found in rich woods. New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to North Carolina. FLOWERS — Greenish white, clustered at the end of stalk 4-15 inches high. LEAVES — Two or three leaves 8-10 inches long, which wither before the flowers bloom, arise from a pointed bulb; strongly onion scented. 1. Indian Pipe. 2. Wild Leek. 48 WHITE AND GREENISH. NOTES. WHITE AND GREENISH 49 NOTES. 50 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. BLADDER CAMPION: Silene latifolia. Pink Family. June — Aug. Found in fields, roadsides, waste places. Canada south to New Jersey, Illinois and Iowa. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — White, 5 divisions, divisions deeply 2- lobed, flower cup much inflated; termi- nating branches 8—18 inches high. LEAVES — Opposite, smooth. 2. WHITE CAMPION: Evening Lychnis. Lychnis alba. Pink Family. July — Sept. Plant 1-2 feet high. Found in waste places. Adventive from Old World. FLOWERS — White or pink, fragrant, opening in the evening; divisions 5, deeply cleft, sticky and hairy beneath the flower. Small clusters terminate branches. LEAVES — Opposite, leaves and stems hairy. 1. Bladder Campion. . White Campion. 52 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. MUSK MALLOW: Mdlva moschata. Mallow Family. June — Sept. Found by roadsides and in waste places. Canada, Eastern, Middle and Southern States. Naturalized from Europe. Escaped from cultivation. FLOWERS — White or pink, 5 divisions, in small clus- ter terminating stem, 1—2 feet high. LEAVES — Deeply cut and lobed, faintly musk- scented. 2. COMMON MALLOW; Cheeses. Mdlva rotundifolia. Mallow Family. June — Oct. Found in waste places. Throughout United States. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — White or pinkish, small, on long stalks from leaf angles. LEAVES — Slightly lobed, long stemmed. Plant stem creeping, 4-10 inches long. 1. Musk Mallow. 2. Common Mallow. * 54 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. CHAMOMILE: Mayweed: Dog-fennel: Dill- weed: Pig-sty Daisy: Dog's or Fetid Chamo- mile. Anthemis Cotula. Composite Family. June — Oct. A plant 8-20 inches high. Found by road- sides and in dry waste land. Widely dis- tributed throughout North America. FLOWER-HEADS — Resemble small daisies, the white rays 3-toothed on the tip. LEAVES — Finely dissected, ill-scented. 2. BUNCHBERRY: Low or Dwarf Cornel. Cornus canadensis. Dogwood Family. June — July. Found in woods. Plant 4—8 inches high. Labrador to Alaska, south to West Virginia and Minnesota. FLOWERS — Dull white, tiny, in clusters surrounded by 4 white leaflets simulating petals. Berries red in close cluster, edible. LEAVES — Smooth, oval, pointed, 4-6 in a whorl. Chamomile. 2. Bunchberry. 56 WHITE AND GREENISH DAISY FLE ABANE : Erigeron ramosus. Composite Family. June — Oct. A plant 1-2 feet high* Found in fields, waste lands, roadsides. Nova Scotia to Virginia, and west to Missouri. FLOWER-HEADS — About % inch across, with large, green-yellow disk, rays white, narrow. LEAVES — Narrow, nearly or quite toothless, lower leaves broader at the tip. DAISY FLE ABANE; SWEET SCABIOUS: E. dnnuus. Similar to the preceding, with broader, coarsely-toothed leaves. Rays white or pale lilac. NOTES. Daisy Fleabane. 58 WHITE AND GREENISH YARROW; MILFOIL: Old Man's Pepper; Nose- bleed. Achillea Millefolium. Composite Family. June — Oct. Found on roadsides and in waste places. Common throughout North America. FLOWER-HEADS — Grayish white, sometimes crim- son, small, in flat-topped cluster ter- minating stem, 1—2 feet high. LEAVES — Finely dissected, aromatic. NOTES. Yarrow. 60 WHITE AND GREENISH VIRGIN'S BOWER: Traveller's Joy: Old Man's Beard: Devil's Yarn. Clematis virginiana. Crowfoot Family. July — Aug. A vine 6-12 feet long. Found in rich, damp soil, climbing over fences and shrubs. From Canada south to Georgia and Kansas. FLOWERS — White or greenish, 4 divisions, in loose clusters from the leaf angles. Seeds in plumy masses. LEAVES — Opposite, consisting each of 3 coarsely- toothed leaflets. NOTES. Virgin's Bower. 62 WHITE AND GREENISH > 1. RAGGED FRINGED ORCHIS: Fringed Green Orchis. Habenaria Idcera. Orchis Family. July — Aug. Found in swamps and wet woods from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Mis- souri and Alabama. FLOWERS — Greenish or dingy white, with lower lip cut to thread-like fineness; borne in spike terminating stem, 10-20 inches high. LEAVES — Long and narrow, or oblong. 2. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN: Downy Rat- tlesnake Plantain. Epipdctls pubescens. Orchis Family. July — Aug. Found in dry woods. New England to Flor- ida, west to the Mississippi. FLOWERS — Small, white, numerous on downy stalk 6-18 inches high. LEAVES — Mottled with light and dark green. 1. Ragged Fringed Orchis. 2. Rattlesnake Plantain. 64 WHITE AND GREENISH GEEATER GREEN ORCHIS: Large Round- leaved Orchis. Habenaria orbiculata. Orchis Family. July — Aug. Found in rich woods. Labrador to Alaska, south to South Carolina, Minnesota, and Washington. FLOWERS — Greenish white, on stalk 1-2 feet high. LEAVES — 2 large, broad leaves, shining green above, silvery beneath, lying flat on the ground. One or more tiny leaflets borne on the flower stalk. HOOKER'S ORCHIS: H. Hookeri. Similar to the preceding. Flowers yellowish green. No leaflets on flower stalk. NOTES. Greater Green Orchis. 66 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW: Dew-plant. Drosera rotundifolia. Sundew Family. July — Aug. Found in bogs and sandy marshes. Labrador to the Gulf of Mexico and westward. From Alaska to California. FLOWERS — Small, white, opening one at a time, on stalk 4-10 inches high. LEAVES — Grow in a rosette, round, borne on long stems, and covered with red hairs. LONG-LEAVED SUNDEW: D. longifolia. Leaves widest at the tip, tapering toward the stems. Leaf stems without hairs. 2. LADIES' TRESSES: Spirdnthes cernua. Orchis Family. Aug. — Oct. Found in low meadows and swamps. Newfoundland to Georgia, Minnesota and Nebraska. FLOWERS — Small, white or yellowish, arranged spirally on stem 6—12 inches high. LEAVES — Long and narrow, grass-like. SLENDER LADIES' TRESSES: S. grdcilis. Found in pastures and on dry hillsides. Bears flowers on one side of the stem, or spirally. Basal leaves wither before flowers bloom. Roots tuberous. 1. Round-leaved Sundew. 2. Ladies' Tresses. 68 WHITE AND GREENISH THOROUGHWORT; BONESET: Ague-weed: Indian Sage. Eupatbrium perfoliatum. Composite Family. July — 'Sept. Found in low, wet ground. From Nebraska, Manitoba, New Brunswick, south to the Gulf of Mexico. FLOWER-HEADS — Small, dull white, in large, flat- topped cluster terminating stem 2-5 feet high. LEAVES — Opposite, often united at the base around the stem, wrinkled, toothed. Plant stem and under surface of leaves downy. WHITE SNAKEROOT: White or Indian San- icle : Deerwort Boneset. - E. urticae folium. Found in rich moist woods. A plant 1-4 feet 'high. FLOWER-HEADS — White, resembling the garden Ageratum, in spreading cluster. LEAVES — Nearly heart-shaped, coarsely toothed, long-stemmed. NOTES. Thoroughwort. 70 WHITE AND GREENISH TURTLEHEAD; SALMON Y: Snake-head: Shell-flower: Cod-head. Chelone glabra. Figwort Family. July — Sept. Found in wet ground. Newfoundland to Florida and Texas, west to Mississippi and Minnesota. FLOWERS — White or tinged with pink, terminat- ing stem 1—3 feet high. LEAVES — Opposite, toothed. NOTES. Turtlehead. 72 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. ARROW-HEAD: Sagittaria latifolia. Water Plantain Family. July — Sept. Found in shallow water. From Mexico north- ward throughout North America. FLOWERS — White, divisions 3, in whorls of 3, on stalk 6 inches to 4 feet high. LEAVES — Arrow-head-shaped, exceedingly varia- ble, from short and broad to long and narrow. 2. ROUGH BEDSTRAW: Galium asprellum. Madder Family. June — Aug. A plant 2-4 feet tall. Found in rich, moist ground. Eastern half of United States and Canada. FLOWERS — White, tiny, in airy clusters. Flower stems 2—3 times forked. LEAVES — In whorls of 6 on main stems, prickly- rough on edge and rib. Plant stems rough backwards with hooked prickles. 1. Arrow-head. 2. Rough Bedstraw. 74 WHITE AND GREENISH NOTES. WHITE AND GREENISH 75 NOTES. 76 WHITE AND GREENISH WILD BALSAM-APPLE: Echinocystis lobata. Gourd Family. July — Sept. A rapid climbing vine 10-20 feet long. Found in rich, moist soil, beside streams and in waste places. New Brunswick to Ken- tucky, west to Manitoba and Texas. FLOWERS — Greenish white, small, in loose clusters from the leaf angles. LEAVES — Deeply and sharply 5-lobed. NOTES. Wild Balsam-apple. 78 WHITE AND GREENISH TALL MEADOW RUE: Tlialictrum polygamum Crowfoot F amity. July — Sept. Found in swamps and low meadows. Newfoundland to Ohio and southward. FLOWERS — White or greenish, in plume-like clus- ter terminating stem 3-10 feet high. LEAVES — Compound, the leaflets small, lustreless, lobed. NOTES. Tall Meadow Rue. 80 WHITE AND GREENISH GRASS OF PARNASSUS: Carolina Grass of Parnassus. Parndssia caroliniana. Saxifrage Family. July — Sept. Found in swamps and wet meadows. New Brunswick to Florida, west to Iowa. FLOWERS — Creamy white with greenish veins, di- visions 5, on slender stalks 8-20 inches high. LEAVES — From the base, somewhat heart-shaped, a single leaf clasping the flower stalks. NOTES. Grass of Parnassus. 8a WHITE AND GREENISH WATER PLANTAIN: Alisma Plantago-aqudtica. Water Plantain Family. July — Sept. Found in shallow water. North America, Europe, Asia. FLOWERS — Small, white, in loose, symmetrical cluster, on stalk 1-3 feet high. LEAVES — From the base, variable in shape, broad or narrow. NOTES. Water Plantain. 84 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. COMMON DODDER: Strangle-weed : Love- vine: Angel's Hair. Cuscuta Gronovii. Convolvulus Family. July — Sept. Found in moist soil. Nova Scotia and Minne- sota south to Gulf of Mexico. FLOWERS — Tiny, dull white, 5-lobed, in clusters. LEAVES — None. Stems long, wiry, yellow or orange, twining over vegetation. 2. WOOD SORREL: White or True Wood-sor- rel: Alleluia: Oxalis Acetosella. Wood Sorrel Family. May — July. A plant 3—4 inches tall. Found in cold, damp woods. Nova Scotia and Manitoba, south to North Carolina. FLOWERS — White or pinkish, veined with deep pink lines, 5 divisions. LEAVES — From the base, composed of 3 heart- shaped leaflets. NOTES. 1. Dodder. Wood Sorrel. 86 WHITE AND GREENISH 1. PEARLY, or LARGE-FLOWERED, EVER- LASTING: Immortelle: Silver-leaf: Cotton- weed: Moonshine: None-so-pretty. Andphalis margaritacea. Composite Family. July — Sept. Fourid in dry fields, hillsides. North Caro- lina to Kansas and California, also far north. FLOWER-HEADS — Center yellow surrounded by white scales, the cluster terminating a white-woolly stem 1-3 feet high. LEAVES — Long, narrow, white-woolly. 2. WHITE MELILOT; SWEET CLOVER: Bokhara or Tree Clover: Honey Lotus. Melllotus alba. Pulse Family. June — Aug. Found by roadsides and in waste places. Naturalized from Europe: widespread in United States. FLOWERS — White, small, fragrant, in slender clus- ters terminating branches 3—10 feet high. LEAVES — Compound, consisting of 3 finely- toothed leaflets. J, Pearly Everlasting. $. White Melilot 88 WHITE AND GREENISH WILD CARROT; QUEEN ANNE'S LACE: Bird's Nest. Daucus Carota. Parsley Family. July — Sept. A plant 2-3 feet high. Found in fields, road- sides, waste places. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Eastern half of United States and Canada. FLOWERS — White, tiny, in broad, rather flat clus- ter, curling up later, resembling a bird's nest. LEAVES — Finely dissected. NOTES. Wild Carrot. 90 WHITE AND GREENISH BIJTTONBUSH : Globe-flower : Honey-balls : Button-ball Shrub: River-bush. Cephaldnthus occidentalis. Madder Family. July — Sept. A shrub 3-12 feet high. Found in wet ground and beside ponds and streams. New Brunswick to Florida and Cuba, westward to Arizona and California. FLOWERS — White, small, clustered in round heads. LEAVES — Opposite, or in whorls of 3. NOTES. Buttonbush. 92 WHITE AND GREENISH POKEWEED; PIGEON BERRY: Scoke: Ink- ber*y: Garget. Phytoldcca decdndra. Poke weed Family. July — Sept. A plant 4-10 feet tall. Found by roadsides, in clearings, waste places. Maine and On- tario to Florida and Texas. FLOWERS — Small, with 5 white divisions, pink tinted outside, and a conspicuous green center; borne in loose spikes. Berries dark purple in long drooping clusters. Ripe August — October. LEAVES — Oblong to lance-shaped, tapering at both ends. Plant stems branching, reddening to- ward fall. Root large, poisonous. NOTES. Pokeweed. 94 WHITE AND GREENISH • FLOWERING MOSS; PYXIE: Pine-barren Beauty. Pyxidanthera barbulata. Diapensia Family. Mch. — May. A low plant, growing in mat-like patches, creeping prostrate branches 6-10 inches long. Found in dry, sandy soil, pine barrens. New Jersey to North Carolina. FLOWERS — White, often pink, about 1^ inch across, 5-lobed, numerous. LEAVES — Very small and narrow, seated on stem, crowded toward the ends of the branches, moss-like in appearance. MAYFLOWER ; TRAILING ARBUTUS: Ground Laurel. Epigaea repens. Heath Family. Mch. — May. Found in woodlands or mossy, rocky places. Newfoundland to Florida, west to Kentucky, Minnesota and the Northwest. FLOWERS — White or pink tinted, 5-lobed, fragrant, in clusters at the ends of the woody, creeping branches 6-10 inches long. LEAVES — Oval, rounded at the base, old leaves more or less rusty spotted. WHITE AND GREENISH 95 NOTES. 96 WHITE AND GREENISH WHITE ADDER'S TONGUE: Erythrdmum dlbidum. Lily Family. Mch. — May. Found in rich soil. Common west as far as Texas, Arkansas and Minnesota. Somewhat rare in Eastern States, New York to New Jersey. FLOWERS — Pinkish-white, yellow at the center, purplish-tinged outside, 6 strongly re- curved divisions, terminating stalks 5—8 inches high. LEAVES — 2, from the base, smooth, more or less mottled, from solid bulb. TWINLEAF: Rheumatism Root. Jeffersonia dipJiylla. Barberry Family. Apr. — May. Found in rich, shady woods. New York to Wisconsin, south to Tennessee. FLOWERS — White, 8 divisions, 1 inch broad, soli- tary, on stalk about 7 inches high, twice as tall in seed time. LEAVES — From the root, long-stemmed, parted into 2 divisions. WHITE AND GREENISH 97 MAY APPLE; MANDRAKE: Hog Apple: Wild Lemon. Podophyllum peltatum. Barberry Family. Apr. — May. A plant 12-18 inches high. Found in rich, moist woods. Western Quebec and western New England to Minnesota and southward. FLOWERS — White, 6-9 divisions, solitary, unpleas- antly scented. Fruit, large, edible berry. LEAVES — Those of the flowerless stems termi- nated by a large, rounded, 7— 9~lobed leaf supported by a stem in the mid- dle; those of the flowering stem 2, much lobed, with the nodding flower in the fork. SWEET WHITE VIOLET: Viola pdllens. Violet Family. Apr.— May. Plant 3-5 inches tall. Found in moist, wooded places. Common. FLOWERS — White with purple veins, side divisions usually bearing a small tuft of hairs, slightly fragrant. LEAVES — Round heart-shaped, slightly scal- loped. 98 WHITE AND GREENISH LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET: Viola lanceolata. Violet Family. Apr. — June. Found 'in moist ground. Nova Scotia to Min- nesota and southward. FLOWERS — White, purple veined, side divisions beardless. LEAVES — Long, narrow, indistinctly scalloped, tapering into a long stem. CANADA VIOLET: Viola canadensis. Violet Family. May — July. Found in woodlands, very widely-distributed, mountainous and hilly country chiefly. Easily distinguished from other white violets by its tall leafy stem 6-24 inches high. FLOWERS — White or pale lavender, violet tinged on the outside, side divisions bearded, lower one striped with fine dark lines. LEAVES — Heart-shaped, pointed, toothed. NOTES. WHITE AND GREENISH 99 WATER CRESS: Radicula Nasturtium-aqudticum. Mustard Family. Apr. — Aug. Found in brooks, ditches. Naturalized from Europe. Common. FLOWERS — White, 4 divisions, small, in terminal clusters. LEAVES — Compound, with 3-11 rounded leaflets. Stems spreading and rooting, 4-10 inches high. CREEPING SNOWBERRY: Chiogenes hispidula. Heath Family. May — June. A low, creeping plant. Found in mossy bogs and woods. Canada, south to Minnesota, Michigan and North Carolina. FLOWERS — White, very small, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, solitary, from the leaf angles. Berries white. LEAVES — Evergreen, small, with an abrupt point. Leaves and berries aromatic. NOTES. 100 WHITE AND GREENISH NEW JERSEY TEA; RED-ROOT: Ceandthus amerlcanus. Buckthorn Family. May — July. A shrub 1—4 feet high. Found in dry, open woods. Gulf of Mexico to Ontario. FLOWERS — White, small, in dense, oblong, ter- minal clusters. LEAVES — Long egg-shaped, finely toothed, con- spicuously 3-ribbed. Root reddish. BLACK SNAKEROOT; BLACK COHOSH: Tall Bugbane. Cimicifuga racemosa. Crowfoot Family. June — July. Found in rich woods, hillsides. Southern New England and Wisconsin south to Geor- gia. FLOWERS — White, ill-scented, fuzzy, borne on a long, slender spike terminating stem 3-8 feet high.' LEAVES — Compound, sharply toothed. CLAMMY AZALEA; WHITE SWAMP HON- EYSUCKLE : Rhododendron vlscosum. Heath Family. June — July. A shrub 3-7 feet high, resembling the earlier- blooming Pink Azalea. Found in swamps, generally near the coast. Maine, south and west to Ohio and Arkansas. FLOWERS — White or pink-tinged, 5-lobed; tube longer than the lobes, sticky-hairy out- side. LEAVES — Blunt lance-shaped, margins and mid- rib bristly. WHITE AND GREENISH 101 SHOWY LADY'S SLIPPER: Cypripedium hirsutum. Orchis Family. June — July. Found in wet, mossy woods, swamps. Newfoundland to Georgia, west to Mississippi. FLOWERS — Pouch white, more or less stained with crimson-magenta, similar in shape to the Stemless Lady's Slipper, but differs in the pouch being open but not di- vided; other divisions of the flower white, wide, not longer than the pouch. LEAVES — . Broad, pointed, many ribbed. Plant stem leafy 1-2 feet high. LIZARD'S TAIL: Saururus cernuus. Pepper Family. June — Aug. A plant 2—5 feet high. Found in swamps, shallow water. Rhode Island to Gulf of Mex- ico, west to Minnesota and Texas. FLOWERS — White, fragrant, very small, crowded on slender spikes, nodding at the tip. LEAVES — Heart-shaped, converging ribs, dark green, on stout stems. Plant-stem jointed, sparingly branched, leafy. NOTES. 102 WHITE AND GREENISH POKE or TALL MILKWEED: Asclepias phytolaccoides. Milkweed Family. June — Aug. A plant 3-6 feet high. Found in woodland borders, thickets from Maine to Georgia and far west. FLOWERS — Similar in structure to the Common Milkweed, white and greenish, or ma- genta tinged, drooping, in a loose clus- ter. LEAVES — Bather broad, pointed at each end. WATER HEMLOCK; SPOTTED COW-BANE: Musquash Root: Beaver Poison. Cicuta maculata. Parsley Family. June — Aug. Found in wet meadows, swampy places. A deadly poison contained in its fleshy roots. New Brunswick to Virginia and westward. FLOWERS — White, tiny, in thin, flat clusters termi- nating branches, 3—6 feet high. LEAVES — Compound, leaflets toothed. Plant stem marked with purplish lines. WATER PARSNIP: Hemlock Water Parsnip. Slum cicutaefolium. Is a similar species growing in wet places and also poisonous. It may be found from the Atlantic to the Pacific. FLOWERS — White, in broad clusters. LEAVES — Compound 7-15 sharply toothed leaf* lets, but finely dissected when growing under water. WHITE AND GREENISH 103 DALIBARDA: Creeping Dalibarda. Dalibdrda repens. Rose Family. June — Sept. Found in woodlands. Nova Scotia to Penn- sylvania, west to the Mississippi. FLOWERS — White, solitary, 5 divisions, on stalks 2-5 inches high. LEAVES — From the base, heart-shaped, scallop- toothed; leaves and stems finely hairy. WATER LILY: Pond Lily: Water Nymph: Sweet- scented Water Lily. Castalia odorata. Water Lily Family. June — Sept. Found in shallow water. Common. Nova Scotia to the Gulf of Mexico, west to Missis- sippi. FLOWERS — Pure white, sometimes pink tinged, cen- ter yellow, divisions many. Flower 3—5 inches across, floating, very fra- grant. LEAVES — Floating, mostly oblong in shape, cleft at the base, on long stems. NOTES. 104 WHITE AND GREENISH WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS: Habenaria blephariglottis. Orchis Family. July — Aug. Found in bogs, swamps. Eastern Canada to Michigan, south to Mississippi. FLOWERS — Similar in habit to the Yellow Fringed Orchis, white, fragrant, lip fringed, in spike terminating stem 1—2 feet high. LEAVES — Lance-snaped, parallel veined, clasp- ing stem. PRAIRIE WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS: H. leucophaea. Is similar to the preceding, differing chiefly in having larger white or greenish flowers, lip divided into wedge-shaped segments, deeply fringed. It is more common west, being found in moist, open ground from Western New York to Minnesota and Arkansas. WINTERGREEN; CHECKERBERRY: Par- tridge-berry: Deer, Box, or Spice-berry: Moun- tain or Ground Tea. Gaultheria procumbens. Heath Family. July — Aug. Found in woodlands. Newfoundland to Northern Georgia, west to Minnesota, Mich- gan and Manitoba and far north. FLOWERS — White, small, somewhat bell-shaped, nodding, from the leaf angles. Ber- ries red, edible. LEAVES — Dark green, evergreen, slightly toothed, aromatic, clustered at the top of stem, 2-5 inches high. WHITE AND GREENISH 105 CULVER'S ROOT: Culver's Physic: Veronica virginica. Figwort Family. July — Aug. An erect plant with straight, usually un- branched stem 2-7 feet high. Found in moist woods, meadows. Western Massachusetts and Connecticut to Manitoba and southward. FLOWERS — White or pale lavender, in dense, ter- minal spikes 3—6 inches long. LEAVES — 4—7, in whorls, lance-shaped, pointed, finely toothed. JAMESTOWN or JIMSON WEED: Thorn- apple: Stramonium: Devil's Trumpet. Datura Stramonium. Nightshade Family. July — Sept. A plant 1-5 feet tall. Found in fields, waste land. Nova Scotia to Gulf, west beyond the Mississippi Naturalized from Asia. FLOWERS — White, about 4 inches long, trumpet- shaped, with 5 sharply-pointed lobes. Fruit large, egg-shaped, covered with spines. LEAVES — Coarsely toothed and angled, rank- smelling. ASTERS— See page 304. NOTES. 106 WHITE AND GREENISH NOTES. WHITE AND GREENISH 107 NOTES. 108 WHITE AND GREENISH NOTES. II YELLOW AND ORANGE 110 YELLOW AND ORANGE YELLOW ADDER'S-TONGUE ; DOG'S- TOOTH VIOLET: Trout Lily. Erythronium americanum. Lily Family. Apr. — May. Found in moist woods, brooksides. New Brunswick to Florida, west to Mississippi, Minnesota and Arkansas. FLOWERS — Lily-like, 6 divisions, yellow, more or less tinged with brown-purple on the outside, borne on stalk 6-12 inches high. LEAVES — 2 from the base, green, or mottled with brown-purple. NOTES. Yellow Adder's Tongue. YELLOW AND ORANGE MARSH MARIGOLD: Meadow-gowan: Amer- ican Cowslip. Cdltha palustris. Crowfoot Family. Apr. — May. A plant 8—24 inches high. Found in low, wet meadows. Newfoundland to South Caro- lina, Tennessee, and Nebraska. FLOWERS — Yellow, 5-9 divisions. LEAVES — Mostly from the root, round, kidney or heart-shaped. NOTES. Marsh Marigold. 114 YELLOW AND ORANGE 1. STAR GRASS: Hypoxis hirsuta. Amaryllis Family. Apr. — July, Found in dry, open woods, meadows. Maine to Gulf of Mexico and west to Minnesota, Texas, Kansas. FLOWERS — Yellow inside, greenish and hairy out- side, 6 divisions. LEAVES — Grass-like, 2-6 inches high. 2. CINQUEFOIL: Common Cinquefoil: Five- Finger. Potentilla canadensis. Rose Family. Apr. — Aug. Found in dry fields, roadsides, waste places. Quebec to Georgia, west to Minnesota, Iowa, FLOWERS — Yellow, 5 divisions, growing singly on slender stalks from leaf angles. LEAVES — Composed of 5 toothed leaflets. Plant stems wiry, prostrate, 6—20 inches long. NOTES. I 1. Star Grass. 2. CinquefoiL 116 YELLOW AND ORANGE 1. GOLDEN ALEXANDERS: Early Meadow Parsnip. Zizia aurea. Parsley Family. May — June. Found in meadows and river-banks. From New Brunswick and Dakota to the Gulf States. FLOWERS — Yellow, tiny, in thin, flat clusters ter- minating branches, 8—30 inches high. LEAVES — Compound, generally in 3 divisions, each composed of 3-7 toothed leaflets. 2. WILD PARSNIP; FIELD PARSNIP; Madnep: Tank. Pastlnaca satlva. Parsley Family. June — Sept. A plant 2-5 feet tall, with noticeably grooved stem, found in roadsides, waste places. Com- mon throughout United States and Can- ada. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — Dull yellow, tiny, forming flat clusters terminating branches, 2-5 feet high. LEAVES — Compound, composed of many toothed leaflets. NOTES. 1. Golden Alexanders. 2. Wild Parsnip. 118 YELLOW AND ORANGE CLINTONIA; YELLOW CLINTONIA: Clintdnia borealis. Lily Family. May — June. Found in moist woods. Labrador to North Carolina, west to Manitoba and Minnesota. FLOWERS — Greenish yellow, 6 divisions, lily-like, 3-6 terminating stalk 6-15 inches high. Berries pure blue. LEAVES — Usually 3, from the base, oval or ob- long. NOTES. Clintonia. 120 YELLOW AND ORANGE INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT: Medeola virginiana. Lily Family. May — June. A plant 1-3 feet high, found in rich woods. New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Gulf States. FLOWERS — Greenish yellow, few at summit of stem. Berries purple-black. LEAVES — In 2 whorls ; lower whorl of 5—9 leaves, upper whorl of 3—5 smaller leaves. Rootstock white, with slight cucumber flavor. NOTES. Indian Cucumber-root. YELLOW AND ORANGE 1. OAKESIA: Oakesia sessili folia. Lily Family. May — June. A plant 6-12 inches tall, found in rich woods. New England to Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Arkansas. FLOWERS — Pale yellow, 6 divisions, long and slen- der. Seed capsule 3-sided, resembling a beechnut. LEAVES — Partly clasping, whitish beneath. 2. LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT: Uvularia grandiflora. Lily Family. Apr. — June. Found in rich woods. Western New England to Minnesota and Kansas, south to Georgia. FLOWERS — Larger and more irregular than those of the preceding, pale or greenish yel- low, inner surface smooth. LEAVES — Leaves appear as if perforated by the plant stem. 3. BELLWORT: U. perfoliata. Resembles the preceding but may be distin- guished by the rough inner surface of the flower. Found from Massachusetts to Ontario, Dakota, and southwest. NOTES. 1. Oakesia. 2. Large-flowered Bellwort. 3. Bellwort. l&fc YELLOW AND ORANGE NOTES. YELLOW AND ORANGE 125 NOTES. 126 YELLOW AND ORANGE YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER: Large Yellow Lady's Slipper: Yellow Moccasin Flower: Whippoorwill's Shoe. Cypripedium parviflorum Far. pubescens. Orchis Family. May — July. Found in moist or boggy woods. Nova Sco- tia to Alabama, west to Minnesota, E. Kan- sas and Nebraska. FLOWERS — Solitary, borne at the top of leafy stem 1-2 feet high; pouch golden yellow; other divisions of flower lined and marked with madder-purple. LEAVES — Parallel veined, clasping stem. SMALL YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER: C. parviflorum. Similar but smaller than the preceding, with similar range. Intergrading forms frequent. NOTES. Yellow Lady's Slipper. 128 YELLOW AND ORANGE GOLDEN RAGWORT; Groundsel: Squaw-weed. Senecio aureus. Composite Family. May — July. Found in wet meadows. Newfoundland and Ontario to Gulf of Mexico, west to Missouri. FLOWER-HEADS — Golden yellow, in loose clusters terminating stem, 12-30 inches high. LEAVES — Those from the root round or heart- shaped, long-stemmed, toothed; stem leaves variable, deeply lobed, upper- most clasping. NOTES. Golden Ragwort. 130 YELLOW AND ORANGE CARRION-FLOWER: Smilax herbacea. Lily Family. May — July. A handsome vine growing 4-15 feet long, found in moist soil. Canada to Gulf States, west to Nebraska. FLOWERS — Greenish yellow, in inconspicuous clus- ters, ill-scented. Berries at first green, finally blue-black. LEAVES — Somewhat heart-shaped, parallel veined. NOTES. Carrion-flower. 182 YELLOW AND ORANGE YELLOW POND LILY; COW LILY: Large Yellow Pond or Water Lily: Spatter-dock. Nymphaea ddvena. Water Lily Family. May — Sept. Found in shallow, stagnant water. Nova Scotia to Gulf States, west to Rocky Moun- tains. FLOWERS — Yellow, more or less tinged with green and purple, 6 unequal divisions; flow- ers borne erect on thick stems. LEAVES — Large, deeply cleft at the base, float- ing. NOTES. Yellow Pond Lily. 134 YELLOW AND ORANGE WILD YELLOW LILY: Meadow or Field Lily: Canada Lily. Lilium canadense. Lily Family. June — July. Found in wet meadows and swamps. Nova Scotia to Georgia, west beyond Mississippi, Minnesota and Missouri. FLOWERS — Yellow to orange, with purple-brown spots inside, terminating stems 2—5 feet high. LEAVES — Usually in whorls of 4-10. TURK'S-CAP LILY: Turban Lily. L. superbum. Flowers orange-yellow, half drooping, divi- sions more reflexed than those of the preced- ing, thickly spotted. Upper leaves arranged alternately, lower leaves in whorls. NOTES. Wild Yellow Lily. 136 YELLOW AND ORANGE FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE: Steironema ciliatum. Primrose Family. June — Aug. Found in low ground, thickets. Maine to British Columbia, south to Gulf States. FLOWERS — Yellow, divisions 5, a terra-cotta col- ored ring in the center. LEAVES — Opposite, a fringe of hairs borne on leaf stems. 18-24 inches high. NOTES. Fringed Loosestrife. 138 YELLOW AND ORANGE 1. AGRIMONY: Agrimonia gryposepala, Rose Family. June — Aug. Found in roadsides, borders of woods and fields. Canada to North Carolina, west to California. FLOWERS — Yellow, small, divisions 5, borne on slender spikes terminating branches, 2-4 feet high. LEAVES — Composed of usually 7 toothed leaf- lets, with 1 or more pairs of tiny leaf- lets between; fragrant when crushed. 2. CELANDINE: Greater Celandine: Swallow- wort. Chelidonlum ma jus. Poppy Family. May — Aug. A plant 1-2 feet high, found in roadsides, waste places. Eastern United States. Nat- uralized from Europe. FLOWERS — Yellow, on slender stalks, divisions 4. Seed pods erect, 1—2 inches long. LEAVES — Ornamentally cut and lobed. Stem contains a strong, yellow juice. NOTES. 1. Agrimony. 2. Celandine. 140 YELLOW AND ORANGE 1. LOOSESTRIFE: Lysimachia terrestris, Primrose Family. June — Aug Found in low, wet ground. Newfoundland to Northern Georgia, west to Minnesota, Arkan- sas and Manitoba. FLOWERS — Yellow, with reddish dots near the cen- ter, borne in elongated cluster termi- nating stem, 1—2 feet high. LEAVES — Opposite, tapering at both ends. 2. FOUR-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE; Whorled Loosestrife : Crosswort. Lysimachia quadrifolia. Primrose Family. June — Aug. A slender plant 1—3 feet tall, found in open woods, moist, sandy soil. New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Illinois and Minnesota. FLOWERS — Yellow, dotted around the center or faintly streaked with red, borne on slender stems springing from the leaf angles. LEAVES — In whorls of 3-7, usually 4. NOTES. 1. Loosestrife. 2. Four-leaved Loosestrife. YELLOW AND ORANGE CONE-FLOWER; PURPLE CONE-FLOWER: Black-eyed Susan: Yellow or Ox-eye Daisy: Nigger-head: Golden Jerusalem. Rudbeckia hirta. Composite Family. June — Sept. A plant 1—3 feet tall, found in fields and open, sunny places. New England to Gulf States, Ontario and Northwest to Colorado. FLOWER-HEADS — Rays 10-20, yellow or orange- yellow, surrounding a conical, dark pur- plish-brown disk. LEAVES — Nearly or quite toothless, lower leaves broader at the tip, 3-ribbed. Leaves and stems rough-hairy. TALL CONE-FLOWER: Green-headed Cone- flower: Thimble-weed. R. laciniata. Rays 6-10, yellow, slightly drooping, sur- rounding a greenish yellow disk. Leaves variously divided, lobed and toothed. A plant 3-10 feet tall. Found in moist thick- ets. Quebec to Montana, south to Gulf States. NOTES. Cone-flower. YELLOW AND ORANGE 1. COMMON MULLEIN: Great Mullein: Vel- vet or Flannel Plant: Mullein Dock: Aaron's Rod. Verbdscum Thdpsus. Figwort Family. June — Sept. A plant 2-7 feet tall, found in dry fields, waste places. Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota and Kansas. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — Yellow, 5-parted, in dense, elongated spike. LEAVES — Thick, velvety, in a rosette on the ground, others clasping the plant stem. 2. MOTH MULLEIN: Verbdscum Blattaria. Figwort Family. June — Sept. A plant 2-5 feet tall, found in dry fields, waste places. Fairly common through United States and Canada. Naturalized from Eu- rope. FLOWERS — Yellow, sometimes white, tinged on the back with lavender, fringed in the cen- ter with ruddy hairs; borne in loose spike. LEAVES — Smooth, more or less deeply toothed. NOTES. 1. Common Mullein. 2. Moth Mullein. 146 YELLOW AND ORANGE WILD LETTUCE: Tall Lettuce: Wild Opium: Horse-weed. Lactuca canadensls. Composite Family. June — Sept. Found in roadsides, borders of fields, thick- ets, moist soil. Canada to Georgia, west to Arkansas. FLOWER-HEADS — Pale-yellow, numerous, small, in loose, spreading cluster terminating stem, 4-10 feet high. LEAVES — Lower leaves deeply toothed, often 1 foot long, narrowed toward the base; upper leaves lance-shaped, toothless. NOTES. Wild Lettuce. 148 YELLOW AND ORANGE 1. YELLOW or HOP CLOVER: Trifolium agrarium. Pulse Family. June — Sept. Found in sandy fields, roadsides. Natural- ized from Europe. Virginia to Iowa, far northward. FLOWERS — In heads composed of many tiny, yel- low florets, resembling small, dried hops when withered. LEAVES — In groups of $ leaflets, almost imper- ceptibly toothed. 2. LADY'S SORREL: Yellow Wood-sorrel. Uxalis corniculata. Wood Sorrel Family. May — Sept. Common weed in all situations. Nova Sco- tia to Gulf, west to Dakota. FLOWERS — Yellow, small, 5 divisions. LEAVES — Composed of 3 heart-shaped leaflets. NOTES. 1. Yellow or Hop Clover. 2. Lady's Sorrel. 150 YELLOW AND ORANGE BLACK MUSTARD: Brdssica ntgra. Mustard Family. June — Sept. A plant 2-5 feet high, found in fields and roadsides. Naturalized from Europe. Com- mon throughout United States. FLOWERS — Yellow, 4-parted, in loose clusters ter- minating branches. Seed pods about 1/2 inch long, 4-sided, lying close to the stem. LEAVES — Variously lobed and toothed, terminal lobe largest. YELLOW ROCKET; WINTER CRESS: Herb of St. Barbara: Yellow Bitter, or Rocket Cress. Barbarea vulgaris. Mustard Family. Apr. — June. Flowers similar to those of preceding; seed pods long, curved. Upper leaves stemless, lower leaves usually in 5 divisions, terminal one largest. Lake Superior northward and westward; apparently introduced eastward. NOTES. Black Mustard. 152 YELLOW AND ORANGE NOTES. YELLOW AND ORANGE 153 NOTES. 154 YELLOW AND ORANGE 1. COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE: Even- ing Primrose: Night Willow-herb. Oenothera biennis. Evening Primrose Family. June — Sept. A plant 1-5 feet high, found in fields and roadsides. Labrador to Gulf, west to Rock- ies. FLOWERS — Yellow, 4-parted, 1-2 inches across, in terminal spikes, opening in the even- ing. LEAVES — Alternate, lance-shaped^ mostly seated on stem, obscurely toothed. Plant stem leafy, hairy, more or less branched. 2. SUNDROPS: Common Sundrops: Oenothera frutlcosa. Evening Primrose Family. May — July. Plant 1-3 feet tall, found in fields, roadsides. New England to South Carolina, west to In- diana and Michigan. FLOWERS — Yellow, %— 1 inch across, 4 divisions, terminating stem and from the leaf angles. Seed pods ribbed and winged. LEAVES — Oblong to lance-shaped, minutely toothed. 0. pumila is a similar but smaller species. Leaves toothless, basal leaves broader at the tip. More western in its range. 1 i NOTES. 1. Common Evening Primrose. 2. Sundrops. 156 YELLOW AND ORANGE SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT ; JEWEL- WEED: Silver Cap: Lady's Ear-drop: Snap Weed: Wild Balsam: Wild Lady's Slipper. Impatiens biflora. Touch-me-not Family. June — Sept. A smooth-stemmed, branching plant, 2-5 feet high, found on brooksides and in moist, shady places. Nova Scotia to Oregon, south to Mis- souri and Florida. FLOWERS — Yellow, more or less spotted with red- dish brown; sac longer than it is broad, tapering to an incurved spur. Seed pods burst when touched. LEAVES — Long-stemmed, coarsely toothed. PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT: I. pdllida. Flowers pale yellow, sparingly dotted with reddish brown; sac broader than long with short spur. Most abundant northward. NOTES. Spotted Touch-me-not. 158 YELLOW AND ORANGE COMMON ST. JOHN'S WORT: Hypericum perforation. St. John's-wort Family. June — Sept. A plant 1—2 feet high, found in fields, road- sides. Common throughout the United States. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — Yellow, in clusters terminating the branches; divisions 5, black-dotted along the margins. LEAVES — Small, opposite, oblong, more or less black-dotted. NOTES. Common St. John's-wort. 160 YELLOW AND ORANGE BUTTER-AND-EGGS: Yellow Toad Flax: Flax- weed: Brideweed: Eggs and Bacon. Linaria vulgaris. Figwort Family. June — Oct. A plant 1-3 feet tall, found in fields, road- sides, waste places. Nova Scotia to Virginia, west to Manitoba and Nebraska. Natural- ized from Europe. FLOWERS — Yellow and orange, 2-lipped, with a long spur, borne on terminal spikes. LEAVES — Long, narrow, numerous. NOTES. Butter-and-egga. 162 YELLOW AND ORANGE 1. YELLOW FRINGED ORCHIS: Habenaria ciliaris. Orchis Family. July — Aug. Found in moist meadows, sandy bogs. Ver- mont and Massachusetts to Michigan, Mis- souri, and southward. FLOWERS — Golden or orange-yellow, lower lip fringed, borne in spike terminating a stem, 1—2 feet high. LEAVES — Lance-shaped, clasping. 2. DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE: Gerdrdia flava. Figwort Family. July — Aug. A plant 2-4 feet tall, found in open woods. New England to Gulf States, west to Ontario and Wisconsin, Iowa, Arkansas. FLOWERS — Yellow, trumpet-shaped, 5-lobed. LEAVES — Opposite, lower ones more or less ir- regularly lobed and toothed. Plant stem and leaves downy. SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE : G. virgimca. Flowers slightly larger than those of preced- ing. Lower leaves deeply cut and toothed. Whole plant smooth. NOTES. 1. Yellow Fringed Orchis. 2.. Downy False Foxglove. 164 YELLOW AND ORANGE ELECAMPANE: Horseheal: Yellow Starwort. Inula Helenium. Composite Family. July — Sept. Plant 2-6 feet tall. Found in roadsides, fields, damp pastures. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Minnesota and Missouri east to Nova Scotia, south to South Carolina. FLOWER-HEADS — Yellow, solitary or few, 2-4 inches across, rays long and narrow. LEAVES — Large, white-veined, rough above, woolly beneath, toothed; lower leaves stemmed, upper ones partly clasping plant stem. NOTES. i Elecampane. 166 YELLOW AND ORANGE 1. PARTRIDGE PEA: Large-flowered Sensi- tive Plant: Cassia Chamaecrista. Pulse Family. July — Sept. A plant 1-2 feet tall, found in dry or sandy fields. Massachusetts to Minnesota and south- ward. FLOWERS— -Yellow, 5-parted, about 1 inch across, 2-4 from the bases of the leaves. LEAVES — Composed of 10-15 pairs of leaflets. WILD SENNA: C. marildndica. Flowers yellow, divisions 5, 3 forming an up- per lip, 2 a lower one. Leaflets 5-9 pairs. 3-8 feet high. Moist soil, swamps. New England to Ohio, Tennessee, and North Caro- lina. 2. FALL DANDELION: Autumnal Hawkbit. Leontodon autumnalis. Composite Family. July — Nov. Found in fields, roadsides. Throughout northern United States, south to Ohio and New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWER-HEADS — Yellow, smaller than the com- mon dandelion, on slender, branching stalks, 6-18 inches high. LEAVES — Long, narrow, more or less coarsely toothed. 1. Partridge Pea. . Fall Dandelion. 168 YELLOW AND ORANGE NOTES. YELLOW AND ORANGE 169 NOTES. 170 YELLOW AND ORANGE TANSY: Bitter-buttons. Tanacetum vulgare. Composite Family. July — Sept. Found in roadsides, waste places and around old buildings. Introduced from Europe. Nova Scotia to North Carolina and Missouri, west to Minnesota. FLOWER-HEADS — Yellow, in rather flat clusters ter- minating stem, ll/o—3 feet tall. LEAVES — Deeply cut into narrow, toothed divi- sions, aromatic. NOTES. Tansy, 172 YELLOW AND ORANGE ORANGE or TAWNY HAWKWEED; DEVIL'S PAINT-BRUSH: Grim the Collier. Hieracium aurantlacum. Composite Family. July — Sept. Found in fields, pastures. Naturalized from Europe. Canada south to Pennsylvania and Middle Atlantic States. FLOWER-HEADS — Reddish orange, in a group ter- minating stem, 6—20 inches high. LEAVES — Mostly at the base, blunt, lance-shaped. Whole plant hairy. CANADA HAWKWEED : H. canadense. FLOWERS — Yellow, terminating stem 1-4 feet tall. LEAVES — Seated on stem, coarsely toothed, espe- cially the lower ones. NOTES. Orange Hawkweed. 174 YELLOW AND ORANGE 1. HAWKWEED: Rough Hawkweed. Hieracium scabrum. Composite Family. July — Sept. A plant 1-3 feet high, found in dry woods, pastures. Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Nebraska. FLOWER-HEADS — Yellow, in branching, terminal clusters. LEAVES — Blunt, almost toothless, seated on stem. Whole plant hairy. HAIRY HAWKWEED: H. Gronovii. A similar plant with slender stem, very leafy and hairy below. 2. RATTLESNAKE-WEED: Early or Vein- leaf Hawkweed: Snake or Poor Robin's Plan- tain. Hieracium venosum. Composite Family. June — Sept. Found in dry woods, open, sandy places. At- lantic States to Minnesota and Iowa. FLOWER-HEADS — Yellow, resembling small dande- lions, few on slender, branching stalk, 10-20 inches high. LEAVES — In a rosette, hairy, with purplish veins. NOTES. 1. Hawkweed. 2. Rattlesnake-weed. - 176 YELLOW AND ORANGE 1. THIN-LEAVED or TEN-PETALED SUN- FLOWER: Helidnthus decapetalus. Composite Family. Aug. — Sept. A plant 2—5 feet tall, found in moist woods, beside streams. Eastern United States to Minnesota, Missouri and southward. FLOWER-HEADS — Yellow, 2-3 inches broad, rays about 10. LEAVES — Egg-shaped, pointed, opposite, smooth or slightly rough. Plant stem rough above; smooth below, 2-5 feet tall. 2. LARGER BUR-MARIGOLD: Brook Sun- flower. Bidens laevis. Composite Family. Aug. — Oct. Plant 1—2 feet high, found in swamps, wet places. New England to Minnesota and southward. FLOWER-HEADS — Yellow, 1—21/2 inches across, rays 8—10. Seed vessels with 2—4 prongs. LEAVES — Opposite, toothed, narrow lance-shaped, seated on stem. NOTES. 1. Thin-leaved Sunflower, Larger Bur-Marigold. 178 YELLOW AND ORANGE NOTES. YELLOW AND ORANGE 179 GOLDEN CORYDALIS: Corydalis aurea. Fumitory Family. Mch. — May. A smooth-stemmed, branching plant 6—14 inches high, found in woodlands. Nova Sco- tia to Pennsylvania, west to the Rocky Moun- tains. FLOWERS — Golden yellow, irregular, about ^> inch long, borne in short, terminal clusters. I Seed pods drooping or spreading, \ slightly curved, lumpy. LEAVES — Compound, finely dissected. ROUND-LEAVED, or EARLY YELLOW VIO- LET: Viola rotundifolia. Violet Family. Apr. — May. Found in woodlands. A plant 2-4 inches high. New England to Georgia. FLOWERS — Yellow, with purplish veins, small, side divisions bearded. LEAVES — Round or long heart-shaped, indistinctly toothed. 180 YELLOW AND ORANGE DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET: Viola pubescens. Violet Family. Apr. — May. An erect leafy plant 6-15 inches high, com- mon in dry woodlands. Maine to Ontario, south to Maryland and Kansas. FLOWERS — Golden yellow, with purplish veins, borne on stalks from the leaf angles. LEAVES — Broadly heart-shaped, somewhat toothed. Plant stem and leaves slightly downy. GOLDEN CLUB: Orontlum aqudticum. Arum Family. • Apr. — May. Found in shallow water, swamps, chiefly near the Atlantic coast. New England to Gulf of Mexico. FLOWERS — Yellow, minute, crowded on a club 1-2 inches long, terminating stalk 6—36 inches high; the stalk flattened just be- low the flower cluster. LEAVES — Dark green, oblong, long-stemmed, floating or erect. YELLOW AND ORANGE 181 INDIAN POKE; AMERICAN WHITE HEL- LEBORE: Itch-weed. Veratrum viride. Lily Family. Apr. — June. A plant 2-7 feet high, poisonous throughout; found in low, wet places. Canada to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Tennessee, Min- nesota. FLOWERS — Very small, forming a large, terminal, yellow-green cluster. LEAVES — Large, broad, with an uneven surface, soon turning brown and unsightly. YELLOW MELILOT or SWEET CLOVER: Melildtus officinalis. Pulse Family. June — Aug. Found in waste places. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — Resemble the White Melilot, except in color, yellow, small, in slender spikes terminating branches, 2-4 feet high. LEAVES — Small, in groups of 3, blunt tipped, toothed. 182 YELLOW AND ORANGE FROSTWEED; ROCKROSE: Frost-flower, Frost-wort: Long-branched Frost-weed: Ca- nadian Rockrose. Helidnthemum canadense. Rockrose Family. June — Aug. Found in sandy soil. New England to South Carolina, west to Wisconsin. FLOWERS — Of 2 kinds: the earlier ones solitary, about 1 inch across, yellow, 5 divisions; later ones small, clustered at the base of the leaves. LEAVES — Lance-oblong, pale beneath, set close to the stem. NOTES. YELLOW AND ORANGE 183 BUTTERFLY WEED; PLEURISY ROOT: Orange-root: Orange Milkweed. Asclepias tuberdsa. Milkweed Family. June — Sept. Found in dry fields. Maine to Gulf States, west to Ontario and Arizona. Common south- ward. FLOWERS — Similar in structure to the Common Milkweed, reddish orange or orange- yellow, in erect clusters terminating stem, 2-3 feet high. LEAVES — Narrow-oblong, or lance-shaped, tooth- less, hairy beneath, nearly or quite stemless. GINSENG: Panax quinque folium. Ginseng Family. July — Aug. Found in rich woods. Quebec to Alabama, west to Nebraska. FLOWERS — Inconspicuous, greenish yellow, in a cluster terminating stem, 8—15 inches high. Berries red in a cluster. LEAVES — Consisting of 3 sets in a whorl, each set composed of 5 somewhat egg-shaped, sharp-pointed, toothed leaflets. 184 YELLOW AND ORANGE HORSE BALM; RICH-WEED: Horse-weed: Stone-root : Citronella. Collinsonia canadensis. Mint Family. July — Sept. A plant 2-4 feet tall, found in rich, moist woods. New England to Florida, Ontario and Wisconsin to Kansas and Missouri. FLOWERS — Pale yellow, about 3/2 inch long, with 3 long, protruding filaments, lemon- scented; 5-lobed, one lobe fringed and much larger than the others; borne in loose, spreading cluster. LEAVES — Oval, toothed. Plant stem branching. SNEEZEWEED; SWAMP SUNFLOWER: Helenium autumnale. Composite Family. Aug. — Sept. A plant 2-6 feet high, found in wet meadows, river banks. Quebec to Florida, west to Ari- zona, Minnesota and northwest. FLOWER-HEADS — Yellow, 1—2 inches across, rays drooping, broad, 3—5 cleft, in terminal clusters. LEAVES — Lance-shaped or oblong, alternate, toothed. YELLOW AND ORANGE 185 FERN-LEAVED FALSE FOXGLOVE: Gerdrdia pedicularia. Figwort Family. Aug. — Sept. A plant 1-3 feet high, found in borders of dry woods, thickets. Maine to Ontario, Minne- sota, and West Virginia. FLOWERS — Yellow, bell-shaped, with 5 spreading, rounded lobes, 1 inch or more across, somewhat finely hairy. LEAVES — Fern-like, deeply cut into many toothed lobes. Plant stem leafy, branching, somewhat sticky-hairy. GOLDEN ASTER: Chrysopsis mariana. Composite Family. Aug. — Oct. Found in dry, sandy soil. Gulf of Mexico, north to Pennsylvania and Long Island. FLOWER-HEADS — Yellow, aster-like, nearly 1 inch across, in loose, spreading clusters. LEAVES — Oblong, seated on stem, toothless. Leaves and plant stem silky-hairy when young, becoming smooth with age. GOLDEN-ROD. The golden-rods are familiar to everyone. They comprise a very extensive group, with many intergrading forms, and none but students care to puzzle out the different spe- cies. 186 YELLOW AND ORANGE NOTES. Ill RED, PINK, CRIMSON AND MAGENTA 188 PINK TO MAGENTA SPRING BEAUTY: Claytonia. Claytoma virgmica. Purslane Family. Mch. — May. A plant 6-12 inches high, found in moist, open woods, low meadows. Common west and south. FLOWERS — White veined with pink, or pink with veins of deeper pink; divisions 5. LEAVES — Long and narrow, width variable. Roots tuberous. C. caroliniana is similar to the preceding, except that the flowers are smaller and fewer, and leaves more oblong. Spring Beauty. 190 PINK TO MAGENTA 1. SHOOTING STAR; AMERICAN COW- SLIP: Pride of Ohio. Dodecatheon Meadia. Primrose Family. Apr. — June. Found in open woods, prairies, moist cliffs. Wisconsin to Pennsylvania, south to Texas and Georgia. FLOWERS — Magenta-pink or white, the 5 divisions turned backward, pendulous, grouped on stalk 8-20 inches high. LEAVES — Oblong, narrowed toward the base. 2. ARETHUSA: Indian Pink. Arethusa bulbosa. Orchis Family. May — June. Found in bogs and swamps. Newfoundland south to South Carolina mountains, west to In- diana and Minnesota. FLOWERS — Magenta-crimson, lower lip spotted with magenta crimson and crested with 3 white or yellow hairy ridges ; solitary, on stalk 5-10 inches high. LEAVES — Long and narrow, solitary, appearing after the flower opens. Root bulbous. 1. Shooting Star. 2. Arethusa. 198 PINK TO MAGENTA WAKE ROBIN: Purple Trillium: Ill-scented Wake Robin: Birthroot. Trillium erectum. Lily Family. Apr. — June. Plant 8-16 inches high, found in rich woods. Eastern Quebec south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Missouri. FLOWERS — Brown-purple, dull pink, white or greenish, divisions 3, on short stalk from junction of leaves. LEAVES — Broad, 3 in a whorl. SESSILE-FLOWERED WAKE ROBIN: Stem- less Trillium. T. sessile. Flowers stemless, dark purplish or greenish. T. recurvatum. Outer divisions of flower reflexed; colored divisions narrowed at the base; leaves narrowed into a stem. NOTES. Wake Robin. 194 PINK TO MAGENTA WILD COLUMBINE: Honeysuckle. Aquilegia canadensis. Crowfoot Family. Apr. — June. A slender plant 1-2 feet high, found in open, rocky woodlands, pastures. Common through- out the United States. FLOWERS — Red outside, yellow within; 5 tubes ter- minating in spurs; borne on slender stalks from the leaf angles. LEAVES — Compound, more or less divided, teeth rounded. NOTES. Wild Columbine \ 196 PINK TO MAGENTA 1. WILD PINK: Catchfly. Silene pennsylvdnica. Pink Family. Apr. — June. Found in gravelly, rocky places. Eastern New England to New York and Kentucky, south to Georgia. FLOWERS — Crimson-pink, divisions 5, somewhat sticky immediately below the flower, in terminal clusters, 4-10 inches high. LEAVES — Blunt lance-shaped, mostly at the base; a few opposite, lanc^shaped leaves seated on the stems. 2. MAIDEN PINK: Didnthus deltoldes. Pink Family. June — Aug. Found in fields, waste places. New England to Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — Crimson-pink or white, 5 toothed divi- sions, blooming singly, terminating slender stems 6-12 inches high. LEAVES — Narrow, erect. DEPTFORD PINK: D. Armeria. Flowers crimson-pink, white-dotted, divisions toothed. Plant stem and leaves finely hairy. Naturalized from Europe. 1. Wild Pink. . Maiden Pink, 198 PINK TO MAGENTA 1. WILD CRANESBILL; WILD or SPOTTED GERANIUM: Geranium maculatum. Geranium Family. Apr. — July. A plant 1—2 feet high, found in open woods, roadsides. Maine to Manitoba and southward. FLOWERS — Pale or deep magenta-pink or lavender, divisions 5. LEAVES — Usually 5-parted variously toothed, stem leaves opposite. Leaves and plant stem hairy. 2. HERB ROBERT: Red Robin: Red Shanks: Dragon's Blood. Geranium Robertianum. Geranium Family. June — Oct. Found in moist, rocky woods. Eastern Que- bec to Minnesota, south to New Jersey and Missouri. FLOWERS — Deep or pale magenta or pink, about 3/2 inch across, divisions 5. LEAVES — 3-5 parted, variously cleft and toothed, strongly scented. Stems spreading, hairy, 6-18 inches high. 1. Wild Cranesbill. . Herb Robert. 200 PINK TO MAGENTA NOTES. PINK TO MAGENTA 201 NOTES. 202 PINK TO MAGENTA PITCHER-PLANT: Indian Dipper: Side-saddle Flower: Huntsman's Cup. Sarracenia purpurea. Pitcher-plant Family. May — June. Found in mossy bogs. Labrador to Minne- sota, Rocky Mountains, southeast of Alle- ghenies to Florida. FLOWERS — Variable in color, the 5 outer divisions greenish to madder purple, inner divi- sions dull pink; solitary, nodding, borne on stalk 1—2 feet high. LEAVES — Hollow, usually green with reddish purple veins. NOTES. Pitcher-plant. 204 PINK TO MAGENTA STEMLESS, PINK, or VENUS' LADY'S SLIP- PER: Moccasin Flower. Cyripedium acaule, Orchis Family. May — June. Found in dry woods. Newfoundland to North Carolina, west to Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota. FLOWERS — Pouch variable crimson, veined with deeper crimson, sometimes white, soli- tary, on stalk 6-12 inches high. LEAVES — 2, from the base, 6—8 inches long. NOTES. Stemless Lady's Slipper, 206 PINK TO MAGENTA SHOWY ORCHIS: Gay, or Spring Orchis. Orchis spectdbilis. Orchis Family. May — June. Found in rich woods. New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri. FLOWERS — Magenta, lower lip almost white, 3—6 borne on stalk 4—12 inches high. LEAVES — 2, broad, shining, from the base. NOTES. 208 PINK TO MAGENTA WILD AZALEA: Pinxter Flower: Wild Honey- suckle: Pink or Purple Azalea. Rhododendron nudiflorum. Heath Family. May — June. A shrub 2-6 feet high, found in open woods, swamps. Massachusetts to Florida, west to Illinois, Missouri, Texas. FLOWERS — Crimson-pink to nearly white, the base of the long, narrow tube deeper in color, divisions 5, 6 long, protruding filaments; flowers borne in small, ter- minal clusters, opening with or before the leaves. LEAVES — Usually clustered, tapering at each end. NOTES. Wild Azalea. £10 PINK TO MAGENTA 1. FRINGED MILKWORT; FLOWERING WINTERGREEN: Gay Wings: Fringed Poly- gala. Poly gala paucifolia. Milkwort Family. May — July. Found in moist woods. Eastern Quebec to Minnesota and Illinois, south in Alleghenies. FLOWERS — Magenta, magenta-crimson, or rarely white, very irregular in form, fringed on the tip. LEAVES — Clustered at the summit of the stem, 3-6 inches high. 2. FIELD MILKWORT: Common or Purple Milkwort: Purple Poly gala. Poly gala sanguinea. Milkwort Family. June — Sept. Found in moist or sandy fields, roadsides. Southern Canada to North Carolina, west to the Mississippi. FLOWERS — Deep or pale magenta, rarely white, tiny, clustered in globular or oblong heads, terminating stems 6-12 inches high. LEAVES — Small, narrow 1. Fringed Milkwort. 2. Field Milkwort, PINK TO MAGENTA MOUNTAIN or AMERICAN LAUREL: Calico Bush: Spoonwood: Calmoun: Broad-leaved Kalmia. Kdlmia latifolia. Heath Family. May — July. Found in rocky woods. Canada and Maine mountains to Gulf of Mexico, west to Ohio and Tennessee. Usually a shrub 3—6 feet high, but in its southern range, often tree- like. FLOWERS — White or pink, bowl-shaped, 5-pointed; 10 filaments spring from the center, their tips lodged in little pockets; flow- ers borne in clusters terminating the branches. LEAVES — Long, evergreen, tapering at both ends. NOTES. Mountain Laurel. 214* PINK TO MAGENTA TWISTED-STALK: Sessile-leaved Twisted Stalk. Streptopus roseus. Lily Family. May — July. A plant l-21/o feet high, found in moist woods. Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Ohio, Pennsylvania, mountains of Georgia. FLOWERS — Bell-shaped, dull, purplish pink, soli- tary, from the axils of the leaves. LEAVES — Alternate, seated on stem. CLASPING-LEAVED TWISTED-STALK: S. ample xi folius. Differs from the preceding in its greenish flowers with widely spreading segments, and whitish bloom on the under side of the leaves. Leaves strongly clasping. NOTES. Twisted-stalk. 216 PINK TO MAGENTA 1. WOOD BETONY; LOUSEWORT: Beefsteak Plant: High Heal-all. Pedlcularis canadensis. Figwort Family. May — July. Found in open woods. Nova Scotia to Flor- ida, west to Manitoba, Kansas, Colorado. FLOWERS — Greenish yellow and purplish red, 2- lipped, in short, dense clusters, termi- nating stems 6-18 inches high. LEAVES — Long, narrow, deeply toothed. 2. BOUNCING BET; SOAP WORT: Hedge Pink: Bruisewort: Old Maid's Pink: Fuller's Herb. Saponaria officinalis. Pink Family. June — Sept. A plant 1—2 feet high, found in roadsides, waste places. Adventive * from Europe. Common, escaped from gardens. FLOWERS — Magenta-pink to white, divisions 5, but often double, borne in terminal clusters. LEAVES — Opposite, toothless, 3— 5-ribbed. Plant stem stout, thick jointed. 1. Wood Betony 2. Bouncing Bet. 218 PINK TO MAGENTA PALE CORYDALIS : Corydalis sempervirens. Fumitory Family. May — Aug. Found in rich, rocky places. Eastern Quebec to Alaska, south to Georgia, Kentucky, and Montana. FLOWERS — Crimson-pink about 3/2 *nch l°ng> *n loose clusters terminating branches, 1—2 feet high. LEAVES — Compound, variously cut and divided. NOTES. / Pale Corydalis. 220 PINK TO MAGENTA SHEEP LAUREL; LAMBKILL: Wicky: Sheep- poison: Calf -kill: Narrow-leaved Laurel. Kdlmia angustifolia. Heath Family. June — July. A shrub 1-3 feet high, found on hillsides and in swamps. Labrador and Ontario to Mich- igan, south to Georgia. FLOWERS — Crimson-pink, in clusters encircling plant stem. LEAVES — Narrow, opposite, or in groups of 3. Stem terminated by the upright newer leaves. PALE LAUREL: Swamp Laurel. K. polifolia. May be distinguished by its flowers terminat- ing the stems, and by its leaves, which are usually set opposite, edges rolled back, whitish beneath. Found in cold bogs and hillside swamps. Labrador to Alaska, south to Penn- sylvania and -Michigan, west to Pacific coast. Sheep Laurel. PINK TO MAGENTA 1. GRASS PINK: Calopogon. Calopogon pulchellus. Orchis Family. June — July. Found in open bogs, meadows. Newfoundland to Florida, west to Minnesota and Missouri. FLOWERS — Magenta-pink, the lip on the upper side of flower densely bearded with yellow and magenta-crimson hairs; 3-12 flow- ers terminate stalk 10-16 inches high. LEAF — Solitary, grass-like, from bulb. 2. ROSE, or SWEET POGONIA; SNAKE MOUTH: Pogdnia ophioglossoides. Orchis Family. June — July. Found in wet meadows, swamps. Newfound- land to Florida, west to Indiana and Minne- sota. FLOWERS — Crimson-pink, crest of lower lip yellow to white, solitary, terminating stem 8- 15 inches high. LEAVES — A small leaflet l>orne just below the flower, and a larger leaf midway of the stem. 1. Grass Pink. 9. Rose Pogonia, 224s PINK TO MAGENTA WILD ORANGE-RED LILY; WOOD LILY; Flame or Philadelphia Lily. Lilium philadelphicum. Lily Family. June — July. Found in dry, sandy soil, woodland borders. New England to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Missouri. FLOWERS — Orange or reddish orange, spotted in- side with purplish brown; 1-3 borne erect at the summit of stem 1-3 feet high. LEAVES — In whorls of 3-8. NOTES. Wild Orange-red Lily. 226 PINK TO MAGENTA 1. SPREADING DOGBANE: Fly-trap Dog- bane: Bitter-root: Honey-bloom: Indian Hemp. Apocynum androsaemifolium. Dogbane Family. June — Aug. Found in open woods, roadsides. Northern Canada to Georgia, west to Nebraska. FLOWERS — Pink tinted, veined inside with deeper pink, bell-shaped with 5 spreading lobes, in loose clusters on the tips of the branches. LEAVES — Opposite, toothless, short-stemmed. Plant stem branching, shrubby, 1— 4 feet high. 2. TWIN-FLOWER: Ground Vine. Linnaea borealis. Honeysuckle Family. June — Aug. A trailing vine, stems 6-20 inches long, found in moist, mossy woods. Labrador to New Jersey and mountains of Maryland, west to Minnesota; also far west. FLOWERS — Whitish, tinged and striped with crim- son-pink, fragrant, slender bell-shaped, 5-lobed, borne in pairs, on stalk 3-4 inches high. LEAVES — Opposite, rounded, scallop-toothed, evergreen. 1. Spreading Dogbane. 2. Twin-flower. 228 PINK TO MAGENTA 1 . MEADOW-SWEET : Queen-of-the-Meadow : Quaker Lady. Spiraea latifolia. Rose Family. June — Aug. A shrubby plant, 2—4 feet high, found in rocky pastures, borders of fields. Newfound- land to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Mis- souri. FLOWER^ — Small, flesh pink or whitish, in dense, terminal clusters. LEAVES — Light green, oval or oblong, rather coarsely toothed. Plant stems red or purplish brown. S. solid folia differs from the preceding in its white flowers, yellowish brown stems, and finely toothed leaves. Chiefly in low ground. 2. HARDHACK; STEEPLE BUSH: Spiraea tomentbsa. Rose Family. July — Sept. A shrubby plant, with erect, woolly stems 2—4 feet high, found in low ground or on hillsides. New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Kansas. FLOWERS — Pink or magenta, rarely white, in dense, steeple-like clusters. LEAVES — Dark green above, whitish-woolly be- neath, toothed. 1. Meadow-sweet. 2. Hardback. 230 PINK TO MAGENTA PURPLE FLOWERING RASPBERRY: Vir- ginia Raspberry. Rubus odoratus. Rose Family. June — Aug. A sprawling shrub, 3-5 feet high, found in rocky woods, shaded roadsides. Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Michigan. FLOWERS — Crimson-pink, fading as they get older, 1-2 inches broad. Fruit a thin, red, scarcely edible berry. LEAVES — Large, lobed and toothed, hairy, similar to those of the maple in shape. Plant stems hairy. NOTES. Purple Flowering Raspberry. 232 PINK TO MAGENTA NOTES. PINK TO MAGENTA NOTES. PINK TO MAGENTA 1. LARGE, or EARLY, PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS: Habenaria fimbriata. Orchis Family. June — Aug. Found in wet woods, swamps. Newfoundland to North Carolina, west to Michigan. FLOWERS — Magenta-pink, varying to almost white, lower lip 3-parted, deeply fringed, in spike terminating stem 1-5 feet high. LEAVES — Lance-shaped above, somewhat oval be- low. SMALLER PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS: H. psycodes. Bears smaller blossoms, less deeply fringed. A plant 1-3 feet high, found in similar situa- tions west to Indiana and Minnesota. 2. PRINCE'S PINE; PIPSISSEWA: Chimdphila umbellata. Heath Family. June — Aug. Found in dry woods. Nova Scotia to Geor- gia, west to Pacific. FLOWERS — Flesh color or pinkish, waxy, 5-parted, in small groups terminating stem 3-10 inches high. LEAVES — Dark, shining green, evergreen, sharp]y toothed, opposite or in whorls. SPOTTED WINTERGREEN: Pipsissewa. C. maculata. Leaves white veined, tapering toward the tip. Found in similar situations west to Minne- sota and Mississippi. 1. Purple Fringed Orchis. 5. Prince's Fi»e. 236 PINK TO MAGENTA COMMON MILKWEED: Silkweed. Asclepias syrlaca. Milkweed Family. June — Aug. A plant 3-5 feet high, found in fields, road- sides, waste places. Common. New Bruns- wick south to North Carolina and Kansas ; also westward. FLOWERS — Variable in color, dull crimson-pink, lilac or yellowish; one or more thick clusters springing from the leaf an- gles. Seed pods large, filled with silky down and flat, overlapping seeds. LEAVES — Opposite, broad oblong, toothless. PURPLE MILKWEED: A. purpurdscens. Similar in habit to the preceding. Found in woods, dry fields. New Hampshire to On- tario, Minnesota, Kansas, and southward. FLOWERS — Crimson or crimson-magenta, in termi- nal clusters. LEAVES — Elliptical or egg-shaped, upper ones taper-pointed, minutely downy be- neath. NOTES. Common Milkweed. PINK TO MAGENTA HEDGE or GREAT BINDWEED; WILD MORNING-GLORY: Bell-bind: Rutland Beauty: Lady's Nightcap. Convolvulus sepium. Convolvulus Family. June — Sept. A vine 3-10 feet long, found in thickets, fields, waysides. North Atlantic States west- ward. FLOWERS — Pink or white, large, bell-shaped, on long stems from leaf angles. LEAVES — Triangular or arrowhead-shaped, long- stemmed. FIELD BINDWEED: C. arvensis. Similar to the preceding, but much smaller. Flowers not over 1 inch long, pinkish or white, often in pairs. Naturalized from Eu- rope. North Atlantic States west to Kansas. NOTES. Hedge Bindweed, 240 PINK TO MAGENTA 1. LARGE MARSH PINK: Sabatia dodecdndra. Gentian Family. July — Aug. A plant 1-2 feet high, found on borders of brackish ponds near the Atlantic coast. Massachusetts to North Carolina. FLOWERS — Crimson-pink, about 2 inches across, 8—12 divisions. LEAVES — Lower leaves blunt-tipped, tapering to- ward the base, upper leaves narrow, lance-shaped. BITTER BLOOM: Rose Pink: Square-stemmed Sabatia: Rose Centaury. S. angularis. Flowers crimson-pink or white, greenish star in the center, 5-parted. Leaves opposite, 5- veined, clasping the square plant stem. Found in rich soil. New York to Florida, west to Indian Territory, Michigan, Ontario. 2. SEA or MARSH PINK: Rose of Plymouth. Sabatia stellaris. Gentian Family. July — Sept. Found along the Atlantic coast. FLOWERS — Crimson-pink, about 1 inch across. LEAVES — Upper leaves narrow, widening as they approach the root. SLENDER MARSH PINK: -, S. grdcilis. Resembles the Sea Pink, but stems are more slender, leaves narrower. 1. Large Marsh Pink. 2. Sea Pink. PINK TO MAGENTA SWAMP MILKWEED: Asclepias incarnata. Milkweed Family. July — Aug. Found in swampy places. New Brunswick, west and southwest. FLOWERS — Dull crimson or crimson-pink, in clus- ters, terminating stem 2—4 feet high. LEAVES — Narrow, lance-shaped, short-stemmed; 2 downy lines on stems below flower clusters. FOUR-LEAVED MILKWEED: A. quadri folia. Bears 1—2 whorls of 4 leaves each near the middle of plant stem. Flowers pinkish and white. New Hampshire to North Carolina, Ontario to Arkansas. NOTES. Swamp Milkweed, PINK TO MAGENTA 1. GREAT or SPIKED WILLOW-HERB; FIREWEED: Epilobium an gusti folium. Evening Primrose Family. July — Aug. Found in dry soil, clearings, newly burnt land. New England to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Kansas, and, with few excep- tions, to the Pacific. FLOWERS — Magenta, rarely white, divisions 4, in spike terminating stem 2—8 feet high. LEAVES — Narrow, quite toothless, tapering. 2. CARDINAL FLOWER: Lobelia cardinalis. Lobelia Family. Aug. — Sept. Found in low, moist ground. New Brunswick to Ontario and southward. FLOWERS — Rich, deep red, lower lip 3-lobed, in somewhat 1 -sided spike terminating stem 2-4< feet high. LEAVES — Dark green, oblong to lance-shaped, slightly toothed, upper leaves stemless. 1. Great Willow-herb. 2. Cardinal Flower. 246 PINK TO MAGENTA 1. MEADOW BEAUTY; DEER-GRASS: Rhexia virginica. Meadow Beauty Family. July — Sept. A square-stemmed plant 10-18 inches high, found in sandy marshes or near water. Maine to Florida, Ontario to Iowa and southward. FLOWERS — Magenta or purplish, division 4, 8 prominent, golden yellow, floral organs. LEAVES — Opposite, mostly 5 -veined, toothed, seated on stem. MARYLAND MEADOW BEAUTY: R. mariana. May be distinguished from the preceding by its round stems and short-stemmed leaves. Found south of New Jersey. 2. OSWEGO TEA; BEE BALM: Mondrda didyma. Mint Family. July — Sept. A square-stemmed plant 2-3 feet high, found in moist ground, especially near streams, from New England west and south; also cultivated in gardens. FLOWERS — Scarlet, 2-lipped, clustered in terminal heads, with a number of leaflets below. LEAVES — Opposite, toothed, dark green, aromatic. Plant stem hairy. 1. Meadow Beauty. 2. Oswego Tea. PINK TO MAGENTA 1. PINK KNOTWEED; SMARTWEED: Com- mon Persicaria: Jointweed. Polygonum pennsylvdnicum. Buckwheat Family. July — Sept. A plant of sprawling, branching habit, 1-3 feet high, common in waste places, moist soil. FLOWERS — Pink or greenish, small, crowded on short, narrow, terminal spikes. LEAVES — Long, narrow, toothless, tapering to- ward the tip. Plant stems enlarged at the joints. LADY'S THUMB: ' P. Persicaria. Is a similar species, leaves usually marked with a dark triangle. Found throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe. 2. WATER PERSICARIA: Polygonum amphibium. Buckwheat Family. July — Aug. Found in shallow water. Quebec to New Jersey, west to Pacific. FLOWERS- — Pink, small, in short, dense, terminal clusters. LEAVES — Usually floating, smooth, shining above, elliptical or oblong. 1. Pink Knotwefd. 2. Water Persicaria. 250 PINK TO MAGENTA JOE-PYE WEED: Trumpet Weed: Gravel or Kidney-root: Purple Thoroughwort : Tall or Purple Boneset. Eupatorium purpureum. Composite Family. Aug. — Sept. A tall plant 3-10 feet high, common in low, swampy places. New England to the Gulf of Mexico and westward. FLOWER-HEADS — Dull magenta or magenta-crim- son, in broad, terminal cluster. LEAVES — Lance-shaped, toothed, in whorls of 3-6. Plant stem green or purplish. NOTES. Joe-Pye Weed. 252 PINK TO MAGENTA RABBIT'S-FOOT, OLD-FIELD, PUSSY, or STONE CLOVER: Trifolium arvense. Pulse Family. Aug. — Sept. A plant 4-10 inches high, with branching stem, found in fields, waste places, dry soil. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — In soft, fuzzy heads, gray or gray- pink in effect. LEAVES — In groups of 3 leaflets, widest toward the tip. NOTES. Rabbit's-foot Clover. 254 PINK TO MAGENTA LIVE-FOR-EVER; GARDEN ORPINE: Mid- summer-men: Pudding-bag Plant: Live-long: Witches' Money: Garden-stonecrop. Sedum purpureum. Orpine Family. Aug. — Sept. Found in fields, waysides. Quebec to Mary- land, Michigan and westward. Introduced from Europe. FLOWERS — Small, dull garnet red or reddish pur- ple, in thick, terminal clusters. LEAVES — Thick, smooth, toothed, seated on stem 10-20 inches high. NOTES Live-for-ever. 256 PINK TO MAGENTA NOTES. PINK TO MAGENTA 257 NOTES. 258 PINK TO MAGENTA GROUND or MOSS PINK: Phlox subulata. Polemonium Family. Apr. — June. A low plant, forming moss-like mats, some- times carpeting the ground. Found in rocky ground, hillsides. Southern New York to Michigan, south to Florida and Kentucky. FLOWERS — Crimson-pink, magenta to white, 5- parted, divisions usually notched on the tip, borne in small clusters terminating the stems. LEAVES — Small, narrow, about ^> inch long, growing in tufts at the joints of the plant stems, which are 2-5 inches long. DOWNY PHLOX: Phlox pilosa. Polemonium Family. May — June. A downy-stemmed plant 1—2 feet high, found in dry, sandy soil. Ontario to Manitoba, New Jersey, Florida, Arkansas and Texas. FLOWERS — Borne in terminal clusters, crimson- pink, purplish or white, 5-parted; some- what sticky immediately beneath the flower. LEAVES — Narrow or lance-shaped, toothless, stemless. PINK TO MAGENTA 259 VIOLET WOOD SORREL: tixalis violacea. Wood Sorrel Family. May — June. Found in rocky places, open woods. Massa- chusetts to Minnesota and southward. FLOWERS — Pale magenta, sometimes white, 5 di- visions, borne in clusters of 3-12 ter- minating a slender stalk 4-8 inches high. LEAVES — Composed of 3 clover-like leaflets borne on slender stems springing from the root. HAIRY BEARD-TONGUE: Pentstemon hirsutus. Figwort Family. May — July. A plant 1-3 feet high, found in dry, rocky ground. Maine to Georgia, westward to Wis- consin and Missouri. FLOWERS — Dull magenta or white, tubular, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, throat nearly closed by a hairy palate on the lower lip; flowers borne in loose spike. LEAVES — Oblong to lance-shaped, slightly toothed, upper leaves stemless, lower leaves stemmed. 260 PINK TO MAGENTA PAINTED CUP: Scarlet Painted Cup: Indian Paint-brush. Castilleja coccinea. Figwort Family. May — July. Found in wet meadows, moist, sandy soil. Massachusetts to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Tennessee and Texas. FLOWERS — Small, greenish yellow, quite eclipsed by the 3-cleft floral leaves which are generally tipped with brilliant scar- let; flowers borne in clusters terminat- ing stem 8—10 inches high. LEAVES — Lower leaves oblong, clustered, undi- vided; upper ones generally deeply 3-5 cleft, stemless, stained on the tip with scarlet. PINK TO MAGENTA 261 QUEEN OF THE PRAIRIE: Filipendula rubra. Rose Family. June — July. A tall, smooth-stemmed, branching plant, 2-8 feet high, found in meadows, prairies. Pennsylvania to Michigan, Iowa, Kentucky and Georgia. FLOWERS — Deep pink, fragrant, 5 divisions, borne in large clusters. LEAVES — - Compound 7-9-parted, terminal leaflet largest, lobed and toothed. 262 PINK TO MAGENTA COMMON PASTURE, or DWARF, WILD ROSE : Rosa virginiana. Rose Family. June — July. A shrub 1—5 feet high, found on margins of swamps, rocky shores. Newfoundland to New York and Eastern Pennsylvania. FLOWERS — Crimson-pink, 5 divisions, outer divi- sions often with 1-2 small lobes. LEAVES — Compound, usually 7 toothed leaflets, leaf-surface smooth and often shining above. Stipules (leafy formations at the bases of the leaves) more or less dilated. Prickles hooked. SWAMP ROSE: R. Carolina. A straight-stemmed shrub 2—7 feet high, found along borders of swamps and streams. Nova Scotia to Florida, westward to Minne- sota and Mississippi. Leaflets 5—9, finely toothed, acute at each end, usually downy be- neath. Stipules long and very narrow. SMOOTH, EARLY or MEADOW ROSE: R. bldnda. A bush 2— 4 feet high, found in rocky, moist ground. Newfoundland to New England and westward. Outer divisions of the flowers cov- ered with bristly hairs. Leaflets 5—7, toothed. Stipules dilated, usually toothless. Prickles usually conspicuous by their absence. PINK TO MAGENTA 263 PASTURE ROSE R. humilis — Outer divisions of the flower al- ways more or less lobed. Leaflets usually 7, smooth and often shining, toothed. Stipules usually narrow. Stems generally low, bear- ing straight, slender prickles. Nova Scotia to Florida, westward to Minnesota, Missouri and Louisiana. SWEETBRIER; EGLANTINE: R. rubigindsa. Readily known by the aromatic odor of its leaves when crushed. Introduced from Eu- rope. WILD BERGAMONT: Mondrda fistulosa. Mint Family. July — Aug. A plant 2-3 feet high, found in open woods, dry, rocky soil. Maine to Ontario, southward to Tennessee. FLOWERS — Purplish, magenta, pink or whitish, tu- bular, 1—11/2 inch long; upper lip erect, toothed, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed; clustered in a solitary, terminal head. LEAVES — Opposite, In nee-shaped, toothed, upper leaves whitish or the color of the flow- ers. PINK TO MAGENTA PURPLE CONE-FLOWER: Brauneria purptirea. Composite Family. July — Sept. Found in rich soil. Western Pennsylvania and Virginia to Michigan, Iowa and south- ward. FLOWER-HEADS — 15-20 magenta colored, drooping rays, disk madder purple, terminating stem 2-3 feet high. LEAVES — More or less toothed, lower ones 5- ribbed, long-stemmed, upper ones 3- veined, stemless. B. pdllida. Flowers similar to those of the preceding. Rays slender, drooping. Leaves lance-shaped, rough, narrowed at each end, 3- ribbed, toothless. Michigan and Illinois to Alabama and Texas. CROSS-LEAVED MILKWORT: Marsh Milk- wort. Poly gala cruciata. Milkwort Family. July- — Sept. A plant 3—12 inches high, found on margins of swamps, in low ground. Maine to South Carolina, and from Michigan to Minnesota and Nebraska. FLOWERS — Magenta, white or greenish, tiny, borne in terminal, clover-like heads. LEAVES — Generally in whorls of 4. Plant stems square, branching. PINK TO MAGENTA 265 CORN COCKLE; CORN ROSE: Corn or Red Campion: Crown of the Field. Agrostemma Githago. Pink Family. July — Sept. Found in grain fields, dry, waste places throughout the United States. Introduced from Europe. FLOWERS — Magenta, 5 divisions, the narrow lobes of the outer divisions exceeding the inner ones in length; solitary, terminat- ing stems 1—3 feet high. LEAVES — Opposite, seated on stem, long, narrow, erect. Plant stem covered with fine, silky hairs. SWAMP ROSE MALLOW; MALLOW ROSE. Hibiscus Moscheiitos. Mallow Family. July — Sept. A shrub-like plant 4-6 feet high, found in marshes, on lake-shores, river-banks. Massa- chusetts and southward ; usually near the coast ; locally in the interior. FLOWERS — Pink or white, 4—7 inches across, 5 di- visions, conspicuously veined; flowers borne singly, or in scant clusters at the summit of the stems. LEAVES — Egg-shaped, pointed, toothed, densely white-woolly beneath. Lower leaves and sometimes the upper ones 3-lobed. 266 PINK TO MAGENTA PURPLE GERARDIA: Large Purple Gerardia. Gerdrdia purpurea. Figwort Family. Aug. — Sept. Found in low fields, moist, sandy soil. Massa- chusetts to Florida and Texas near the coast, westward along the Great Lakes to Wisconsin. FLOWERS — Purplish, magenta to whitish, cup- shaped, with 5 flaring lobes, downy. LEAVES — Opposite, small, narrow. Plant stem somewhat angled, with spreading branches. NOTES. PINK TO MAGENTA 267 NOTES. 268 PINK TO MAGENTA NOTES. IV BLUE AND PURPLE 270 BLUE AND PURPLE LIVERLEAF; HEPATICA: LIVERWORT: Round-lobed or Kidney Liverleaf : Noble Liver- wort: Squirrel Cup. Hepdtica triloba. Crowfoot Family. Mch. — May. Found in open woods. Nova Scotia to Flor- ida, Missouri and Minnesota. FLOWERS — Variable in color, blue-violet to white, 6—12 divisions, borne on hairy stems 4—6 inches high. LEAVES — From the root, with S rounded lobes, green or reddish purple, new leaves appearing after the flowers bloom. SHARP-LOBED LIVERLEAF: H. acutiloba. Differs from the preceding in that the 3 leaf- lets just beneath the flower, and lobes of the leaves are more acute at the tips. Leaves sometimes 5-lobed. More common westward. Liverleaf. BLUE AND PURPLE BIRD-FOOT VIOLET: Viola pedata. Violet Family. Apr. — June. Found in open, sunny fields and slopes. Massachusetts to Minnesota and southward. FLOWERS— Largest of all the violets, blue-violet or lilac, orange center conspicuous, borne on stalk 4-10 inches high. LEAVES — Variously divided and- toothed. Bird-foot Violet. BLUE AND PURPLE 1. ROBIN'S PLANTAIN: Poor Robin's or Rob- ert's Plantain: Blue Spring Daisy. Erigeron pulchellus. Composite Family. Apr. — June. An erect, hairy-stemmed plant 10—20 inches high, found in fields, copses, along road- sides. Maine to Ontario, Minnesota and southward. • FLOWER-HEADS — Rays lilac or pale violet, disk greenish yellow, borne in small ter- minal groups. LEAVES — Lower leaves broad near the tip, slightly toothed, upper leaves lance- shaped. 2. WILD LUPINE: Old Maid's Bonnets: Wild Pea: Sun Dial. Lupinus perennis. Pulse Family. May — June. An erect, branching, leafy plant, found in dry, sandy places. New England to Minne- sota, southward to the Gulf of Mexico. FLOWERS — Violet-blue, blossoms pea-like in long clusters. LEAVES — Compound, 7—11 long, narrow leaflets radiating from a common center. 1. Robin's Plantain . Wild Lupine. 276 BLUE AND PURPLE 1. BLUETS; INNOCENCE: Quaker Ladies: Quaker Bonnets: Venus Pride: Houstonia. Houstbnia caerulea. Madder Family. Apr. — July. A delicate little plant found in patches, al- most carpeting moist, grassy places. Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, southward to Georgia and Alabama. FLOWERS — Pale violet, lilac or white, center yel- low, about l/2% inch across, 4-lobed, on slender stems 3—6 inches high. LEAVES — Opposite, seated on stem, lower ones broader near the tip. H. purpurea is a southern species. Flowers deep or pale lilac, in small clusters. Leaves broad or lance-shaped, 3-5 ribbed. Plant stems smooth or hairy. Maryland to Iowa and southwest. 2. GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND: Ground Ivy or Joy: Creeping Charlie: Field Balm. Nepeta hederacea. Mint Family. Apr. — July. A plant with creeping stem, 6-18 inches long, found in damp, shady places. Eastern half of United States and Canada, south to Kan- sas and Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — Small, pale purple, spotted darker near the throat; 2 -lipped, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed; growing from leaf angles. LEAVES — Rounded, heart-shaped, scallop toothed. 1. Bluets. 2. Gill-over-the-Ground. 278 BLUE AND PURPLE LARGER BLUE FLAG; FLEUR-DE-LIS: Blue Iris: Flower-de-luce. Iris versicolor. Iris Family. May — July. Found in swamps, on margins of ponds and streams. Newfoundland to Manitoba and southward. FLOWERS — Violet-blue, the 3 outer divisions re- curved, yellow at the base, veined with purple; 1 or more flowers borne on stem 2—3 feet high. LEAVES — Erect, sword-shaped. SLENDER BLUE FLAG: I. prismdtica. Flowers smaller than those of the preceding, borne on slender stems. Leaves narrow, grass-like. Marshes near the coast. Nova Scotia to Georgia. NOTES. Larger Blue Flag. 280 BLUE AND PURPLE COW VETCH; TARE: Blue or Tufted Vetch: Cat Peas: Tinegrass. Vicia Crdcca. Pulse Family. June — Aug. Found in fields, waste land. Newfoundland to New Jersey, westward to Kentucky, Iowa and Minnesota. FLOWERS — Small, violet-blue, closely set on a 1 -sided spike. Fruit a small pod. LEAVES — Tendril-bearing, divided into 18-24 narrow leaflets with bristle-like points. AMERICAN VETCH: Tare or Pea Vine. V. americana. Flowers 3—9, slightly larger than those of the preceding. Leaflets 8-14, blunt; distinctly veined. Found in moist places. New York to Virginia and westward. NOTES. Cow Vetch. BLUE AND PURPLE BITTERSWEET; NIGHTSHADE: Blue Bind- weed: Felonwort: Scarlet or Snakeberry: Poison Flower: Woody Nightshade. Solatium Dulcamara. Nightshade Family. June — Sept. A climbing or straggling, shrubby plant, stems 2—8 feet long, found in moist thickets. Eastern United States. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — Violet or purple, with yellow conic cen- ter, 5 reflexed divisions, in loose clus- ters. Berries inedible, successively green, yellow, orange, then red; appear at the same time with flowers. LEAVES — Toothless, variable, some bearing 2 leaflets at the base. NOTES. Bittersweet. 284 BLUE AND PURPLE 1. SELF-HEAL; HEAL-ALL: Blue Curls: Heart-of-the-Earth: Bnmella. Prunella vulgaris. Mint Family. June — Sept. Found in fields, waste places, along road- sides, throughout the United States. Natu- ralized from Europe. FLOWERS — Tiny, purple, varying to white, lower lip slightly fringed, borne in a dense head, terminating stem 6-12 inches high. LEAVES — Opposite, oblong, narrowed toward the tip, slightly toothed. 2. BLUE-EYED GRASS: Eye-bright: Blue Star. Sisyrinchium an gusti folium. Iris Family. May — July. Found in moist fields, meadows. Newfound- land to the far West, southward to Virginia. FLOWERS — Deep violet-blue with a yellow center, the 6 divisions tipped with a point; flowers borne erect on flat stems 6-14 inches high. LEAVES — Grass-like. 1. Self-heal. 2. Blue-eyed Grass, 286 BLUE AND PURPLE 1. BELLFLOWER: Rampion, European, or Creeping Bellflower. Campanula rapunculoides. Bluebell Family. July — Aug. A sturdy plant 1-3 feet high, found along roadsides and in waste places. New Bruns- wick to Ontario, Pennsylvania and Ohio. Introduced from Europe and Asia. Escaped from gardens. FLOWERS — Purple-blue, bell-shaped, 5-lobed, hang- ing down mostly on one side of the stem. LEAVES — Lower leaves arrowhead-shaped, with a heart-shaped base; upper leaves broad lance-shaped, short-stemmed, toothed. 2. HAREBELL; BLUEBELL: Bluebells of Scotland: Lady's Thimble. Campanula rotundifolia. Bluebell Family. June — Sept. Found on dry or moist rocky cliffs, in mead- ows, along margins of ponds. Arctic regions south to New Jersey and westward. FLOWERS — Violet-blue, bell-shaped, 5-lobed, termi- nating exquisitely slender stalks 6-18 inches high. LEAVES — Lower leaves nearly round, usually withered before flowering time; stem leaves narrow, seated on stem. 1. Bellflower. 2. Harebell. 288 BLUE AND PURPLE NOTES. BLUE AND PURPLE 289 NOTES. 290 BLUE AND PURPLE 1. PALE SPIKED LOBELIA: Lobelia spicata, Lobelia Family. July — Aug. Found in dry, sandy soil, meadows. Prince Edward Island to Ontario, westward and southwest. FLOWERS — Pale bluish violet, upper lip of 2 nar- row, erect lobes, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed; flowers borne in loose spikes, terminating stem 1-4 feet high. LEAVES — Lower leaves oblong, obtuse, upper leaves narrow, slightly toothed. 2. MOTHERWORT: Leonurus Cardiaca. Mint Family. June — Aug. An erect, branched plant 2-4 feet high, found in waste places, generally near dwellings. Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Nebraska. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — Pale lilac or white, small, upper lip bearded, clustered in the axils of the upper leaves. LEAVES — Opposite, long-stemmed, lower leaves variously cut and toothed, upper leaves 3-cleft. 1. Pale Spiked Lobelia. 2. Motherwort BLUE AND PURPLE 1. PICKEREL- WEED: Pontederia cordata. Pickerel-weed Family. July — Sept. An erect, stout, fleshy plant 1-3 feet high, found in shallow water. Nova Scotia to On- tario, Minnesota and Texas. FLOWERS — Violet-blue, 2-lipped, upper lip 3-lobed, with 2 yellowish spots within; lower lip of 3 spreading lobes; flowers borne on thick spike. LEAVES — One large leaf shaped like an arrow- head, is borne midway of the flower stalk. 2. MONKEY FLOWER: Mimulus ringens. Figwort Family. June — Sept. A square-stemmed plant 1-3 feet high, found beside brooks and streams, swamps. New Brunswick to Manitoba and southward. FLOWERS — Purple, with 2 yellow spots near the throat; 2 -lipped, upper lip 2-lobed, erect; lower lip 3-lobed, spreading; flowers borne on slender stalks from the leaf angles. LEAVES — Opposite, oblong or lance-shaped, toothed, clasping stem by a heart- shaped base. 1. Pickerel-weed. 2. Monkey Flower. 294 BLUE AND PURPLE 1. MAD-DOG SKULLCAP: Helmet Flower: Madweed: Hoodwort. Scutellarla lateriflora. Mint Family. July — Sept. A plant 1-2 feet high, found in damp, shady places throughout the United States and northward. FLOWERS — Blue or purple, varying to whitish, small, about 1^ inch long, growing in 1 -sided spikes from the angles of the upper leaves. LEAVES — Opposite, pointed, rounded at the base, coarsely toothed. 1-2 feet high. 2. SKULLCAP: Larger or Hyssop Skullcap. Scutellaria integrifolia. Mint Family. May — Aug. Found in borders of fields and woods. Massachusetts to Florida and Texas, chiefly near the coast. FLOWERS — Blue, about 1 inch long, opposite each other at the top of a stem 6-20 inches high. LEAVES — Oblong or narrower, mostly toothless. Plant stem and leaves covered with a fine down. 1. Mad-dog Skullcap. 2. Skullcap. 296 BLUE AND PURPLE BLUE VERVAIN: Wild Hyssop: Simpler's Joy. Verbena hastata. Vervain Family. July — Sept. A plant 3—7 feet high, found in fields, waste places, along roadsides. Common in the United States and Canada. FLOWERS — Purple or violet, small, 5-lobed, blos- soming in circles from the base of the flower spikes upward. LEAVES — Opposite, stemmed, lance-shaped, toothed, rough; lower leaves more or less lobed. NOTES. Blue Vervain. 298 BLUE AND PURPLE 1. WILD MINT: Mentha arvensis var. canadensis. Mint Family. July — Sept. Found in wet places. New Brunswick to Cali- fornia. FLOWERS — Purplish to white, tiny in whorls at the angles of the leaves. LEAVES — Tapering from the center toward each end, toothed, hairy throughout, aro- matic odor like pennyroyal. Plant stems branching, 10—24 inches high. 2. SPEARMINT: Garden or Mackerel Mint. Mentha spicata. Mint Family. July — Sept. Found in wet places. Eastern half of United States and Canada. Naturalized from Eu- rope. FLOWERS — Purplish, variable in depth of color, in narrow, acute, usually interrupted ter- minal spikes. LEAVES — Aromatic, opposite, narrowly oblong, acute, sharply toothed, stemless or short-stemmed. 3. PEPPERMINT: M. piperita. Flowers purplish, in dense or interrupted, blunt, terminal spikes. Leaves egg-shaped, smooth, toothed, acute, very pungent tasting. Plant stem purplish, 18—36 inches high. Naturalized from Europe. 1 U'H 3 1. Wild Mint. 3. Peppermint. 2. Spearmint. 300 BLUE AND PURPLE IRONWEED: Flat Top. Vernbnia noveboracensis. Composite Family. July — Sept. Found in moist soil, meadows. Massachusetts to Virginia and Mississippi; usually near the coast. FLOWER-HEADS — Reddish purple, the brownish purple scales bristle tipped, in broad, flat clusters terminating stem 3-9 feet high. LEAVES — Long lance-shaped, toothed. NOTES. Ironweed. 302 BLUE AND PURPLE 1. CHICORY; SUCCORY: Blue Sailors: Bunk: Cichorium Intybus. Composite Famity. July — Oct. Found in fields, waste places, along roadsides. Newfoundland to Minnesota and southward. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWER-HEADS — Blue, violet-blue, lavender, rays finely toothed on the tips; flowers borne at intervals on branching stems 1-3 feet high. LEAVES — Oblong or lance-shaped, coarsely toothed, partly clasping. 2. BLAZING STAR: Button Snakeroot: Gay Feather. Liatris scariosa. Composite Family. Aug. — Sept. Found in fields, along roadsides, dry soil. Maine to Ontario, Nebraska and southward. FLOWER-HEADS — Variable purple, borne in a spike terminating stem 2—6 feet high. LEAVES — Narrow lance-shaped. 1. Chicory. Blazing Star. 304 BLUE AND PURPLE NEW ENGLAND ASTER: Starwort. Aster novae-dngliae. Composite Family. Aug. — Oct. Most striking of the asters; found in swamps, roadsides, moist ground. Maine, westward and southwest. Like the golden- rods, the number of different species of asters, with their intergrading forms, is so great as to render their identification difficult, even for the experienced botanist. FLOWER-HEADS — Rays 40-50, light purple or vio- let, disk yellow. LEAVES — Lance-shaped, toothless, clasping stem by a broad base. Plant stem stout, branched, rough. New England Aster. 306 BLUE AND PURPLE 1. FRINGED GENTIAN: Gentiana crinlta. Gentian Family. Sept. — Oct. Found in moist meadows, woods. Maine to Quebec, south to Georgia and westward. FLOWERS — Pale or deep violet-blue, erect, tubular, with 4< spreading, fringed lobes. LEAVES — Opposite, acute at the tip, widening to a rounded base, seated on stem. Plant stem branching, erect, each bear- ing a single terminal flower, 1-3 feet high. 2. CLOSED GENTIAN: Blind or Bottle Gen- tian. Gentiana AndrewsiL Gentian Family. Aug. — Oct. A plant 1—2 feet high, found in woodland borders, moist soil. Maine to Manitoba and southward. FLOWERS — Tightly closed, deep violet blue at the apex, white at the base, in terminal clus- ters from the leaf angles. LEAVES — Opposite, smooth, pointed at the tip, narrowed at the base. 1. Fringed Gentian. 2. Closed Gentian. 308 BLUE AND PURPLE NOTES. BLUE AND PURPLE 309 NOTES. 310 BLUE AND PURPLE VIRGINIAN COWSLIP: Bluebells: Tree or Smooth Lungwort. Mertensia virginica. Borage Family. Apr. — May. A plant 1—2 feet high, found in low meadows,, along streams. New York and Ontario to Nebraska, and southward. FLOWERS — Pinkish in the bud, afterward violet, trumpet-shaped, 5-lobed, about 1 inch long, borne in loose clusters which are rolled up at the tip and straighten as the flowers expand. LEAVES — Veiny, toothless, upper leaves seated on stem, lower ones long-stemmed. EARLY BLUE VIOLET: Viola palmata. Violet Family. Apr. — May. Found in dry ground, chiefly woodlands. Massachusetts to Minnesota, and southward. FLOWERS — Light or deep violet. LEAVES — Heart-shaped, first leaves of spring sometimes undivided, later ones 5-9- lobed, the segments variously toothed or cleft, middle segment usually the largest. BLUE AND PURPLE 311 ARROW-LEAVED VIOLET: Viola sagittata. Violet Family. Apr. — May. Plant 2—8 inches high; found in wet weadows, dry borders. Massachusetts to Minnesota and southward. FLOWERS — Light or deep violet, upper and side di- visions bearded, lower one veined. LEAVES — Arrowhead-shaped, often toothless above the middle, slightly lobed below. DOG VIOLET: Running Violet. Viola conspersa. Violet Family. Apr. — June. Plant 2—6 inches high, found in low, shaded ground. Eastern Quebec to Minnesota and southward. FLOWERS — Pale purple, sometimes white, raised above the leaves on stems from the leaf angles, pansy-fashion. LEAVES — Round heart-shaped, with barely no- ticeable scallops. Plant stems ascend- ing. 312 BLUE AND PURPLE COMMON VIOLET: Purple, Meadow or Hooded Blue Violet. Viola papilionacea. Violet Family. Apr. — June. Plant 3—7 inches high, found in low ground. Massachusetts to Minnesota and southward. FLOWERS — Light purple, variable, divisions yellow- ish or white at the base. LEAVES — Heart-shaped, scallop-toothed. WILD BLUE PHLOX: Phlox dwaricata. Polemonium Family. May — June. Plant 1-2 feet high, easily recognized by its likeness to the cultivated Phloxes; found in moist, thin woods. Western Quebec to Minne- sota and southward. FLOWERS — Pale violet or lilac, in loose, spreading clusters, 5 lobes, notched at the tips. LEAVES — Those of flowering stem opposite, ob- long, tapering to a point; those of sterile shoots oblong or egg-shaped, not pointed. Plant stem finely coated with rather sticky hairs. BLUE AND PURPLE 313 FORGET-ME-NOT: Mouse-ear: Snake Grass: Scorpion Grass : Love Me : Myosotis scorpioides. Borage Family. May — July. Escaped from gardens; a plant with leafy, branching, half-reclining stems 6—15 inches high, found in wet ground. Newfoundland to Pennsylvania and beyond. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — Small, light blue, with a golden eye, 5- lobed, in small clusters. LEAVES — Oblong or lance-shaped, seated on stem ; leaves and stem hairy. SMALLER FORGET-ME-NOT: M. Idxa. A native species, found in wet ground from Newfoundland to Ontario and southward. FLOWERS — Light blue, on long stems, loosely clus- tered; lobes of the flower cup as long as the flower tube. LEAVES — Blunt, oblong. SPIDERWORT: Widow's or Job's Tears. Tradescdntia virginiana. Spiderwort Family. May — Aug. Found in rich, moist woods, thickets. Con- necticut to South Carolina; also introduced northwestward. FLOWERS — Purplish blue, 1-2 inches broad, clus- tered and seated upon the end of stem between blade-like leaflets, 3 parted. LEAVES — Long, narrow, sheathing at the base. Plant stem erect, leafy, mucilaginous, 8-36 inches high. 314 BLUE AND PURPLE BEACH PEA: Seaside, Sea, or Everlasting Pea. .Ldthyrus maritimus. Pulse Family. May — Aug. Found chiefly near seashores from New Jer- sey and Oregon to the Arctic Sea; also shores of Great Lakes. FLOWERS — Purple, about 1 inch long or less, 5-12 in short clusters on stalk springing from the leaf angles. LEAVES — Compound, consisting of 6-10 leaflets. A pair of arrowhead-shaped leaflets are borne at the base of the compound leaves. Plant stem stout, reclining, 1-2 feet long. COMMON SPEEDWELL: Fluellin: Paul's Be- tony: Ground-hele. Veronica officinalis* Figwort Family. May — Aug. A low growing plant, with downy, prostrate stem 3—10 inches long, found in dry fields, open woods. Newfoundland to Ontario, Mich- igan, and southward. FLOWERS — Small, light lavender in color, with darker lines, 4 unequal divisions, borne in slender spikes from the leaf angles, held erect from the hairy, prostrate stem. LEAVES — Oval, toothed, rounded at the tip, taper- ing at the base into a short stem. BLUE AND PURPLE 315 AMERICAN BROOKLIME: Veronica americana. Figwort Family. May — Sept. A smooth-stemmed plant, 6-15 inches high, its stem lying partly on the ground, rooting from lower joints; found on borders of brooks, ponds, damp places. Newfoundland to Alaska and southward to Virginia. FLOWERS — Small, quickly fading; in color laven- der-blue, with slightly darker mark- ings, 4-lobed, the lower lobe narrower than the others; borne in loose, termi- nal clusters. LEAVES — Opposite, long oval or oblong lance- shaped, toothed, short-stemmed. VIRGINIA, or COMMON, DAY-FLOWER: Commelma virginica. Spiderwort Family. June — Sept. A plant with smooth, branched stems 18-36 inches high, found in moist, shady places. New York to Florida, west to Michigan, Kan- sas and Texas. FLOWERS — Violet-blue, about 1 inch broad, of 3 divisions, one of which is small and in- conspicuous. LEAVES — Lance-shaped, sheathing. A small leaf more or less encloses flower cluster. C. hirtella is similar to the preceding, but may be distinguished by its leaves, which are brown-bearded where they sheath the flower stem. 316 BLUE AND PURPLE BLUE TOADFLAX: Wild Toadflax: Blue Li- naria. Linaria canadensis. Figwort Family. June — Sept. A slender plant, 5-30 inches high, found in dry, sandy places. New England westward and southwest. FLOWERS — Pale violet or lavender, small, in slen- der spikes; upper lip with 2 acute di- visions, lower lip larger, 3-lobed, white at the throat. LEAVES — Narrow, toothless. VIPER'S BUGLOSS; BLUE-WEED: Viper's Herb or Grass: Blue Thistle: Snake-flower: Blue Devil. Echium vulgare. Borage Family. June — Sept. A plant 12-30 inches high, with bristly, hairy, spotted stem, found in fields, waste places, along roadsides. Naturalized from Europe. FLOWERS — Variable purple, pink in the bud, 5 un- equal lobes, borne on a 1 -sided spike, which is coiled at first, unrolling as the flowers expand. LEAVES — Lance-shaped, hairy, mostly stemless. BLUE AND PURPLE 317 TALL WILD LARKSPUR: Delphinium exaltatum. Crowfoot Family. July — Aug. A plant 2-6 feet high, found in rich woods. Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Nebraska and southward. FLOWERS — Light purple, irregular, borne in long, slender spikes. LEAVES — Deeply 3-5-cleft, divisions narrowly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft at the apex. DWARF LARKSPUR: Stagger WTeed. D. tricorne. A plant 2-3 feet high, appearing earlier in the season; leaves deeply 5-parted, their divisions unequally 3-5-cleft; root a tuberous cluster. PURPLE ORCHIS: Fringeless Purple Orchis. Habenaria peramoena. Orchis Family. July — Aug. Found in moist meadows. Pennsylvania and New Jersey to Illinois, and southward. FLOWERS — Purple, clustered in dense spike termi- nating stem 12—30 inches high; lower lip fan-shaped, toothed. LEAVES — Oblong to lance-shaped. 318 BLUE AND PURPLE SEA LAVENDER; MARSH ROSEMARY: Canker-root: Ink-root. Limonium carolinianum. Leadwort Family. July — Sept. A plant 1-2 feet high, with much-branched stems, found in salt marshes. Labrador to Texas. FLOWERS — Lavender, very tiny, borne in sprays on upper side of branches. LEAVES — From the root, oblong, or blunt lance- shaped, midrib prominent. NOTES. BLUE AND PURPLE 319 NOTES. 320 BLUE AND PURPLE NOTES. V MISCELLANEOUS MISCELLANEOUS SKUNK CABBAGE : Swamp Cabbage. Symplocdrpus foetidus. Arum Family. Mch. — Apr. An unmistakably ill-scented plant, found in low, wet ground. Nova Scotia to North Caro- lina, westward to Ontario, Minnesota and Iowa. FLOWERS — Minute, scattered over a thick, fleshy club within its flower envelope, which is variously streaked with greenish yel- low and madder purple, and appears just above the ground. LEAVES — From the base, large, often 1 foot across, strongly veined. NOTES. Skunk Cabbage. 324 MISCELLANEOUS WILD GINGER: Canada Snakeroot: Asarabacca. Asarum canadense. Birth wort Family. Apr. — May. Found in rich woods. North Carolina, Mis- souri and Kansas, northward to New Bruns- wick and Manitoba. FLOWERS — Brownish purple, with 3 long-pointed divisions, borne on short stem close to the ground, often hidden under the leaves. LEAVES — 2, broadly heart-shaped, leaf stems hairy, 6-12 inches high, from aromatic rootstock. NOTES. 326 MISCELLANEOUS JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT; INDIAN TURNIP: Arisaema tripliyllum. Arum Family. Apr. — June. A plant 10—30 inches high, springing from an acrid bulb, found in moist, shady woods. Nova Scotia, westward to Minnesota, and southward to the Gulf States. FLOWERS — Minute, clustered at the base of the smooth club within the flower envelope; latter pale green or marked with pur- plish stripes, variable in depth of color. Berries red, clustered in a head. LEAVES — 1-2, long-stemmed, smooth, divided into 3 large leaflets. NOTES. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. 328 MISCELLANEOUS 1. BRANCHING BUR-REED: Sparganium americanum. Bur-reed Family. June — Aug. Plant 1-2 feet high, stem having 1-2 branches, found on borders of ponds and streams. Newfoundland to Minnesota, south- ward to Missouri and Florida. FLOWERS — Of 2 kinds, the upper ones in downy heads, lower ones round, bur-like, borne on stalks from the leaf angles. LEAVES — Long, narrow. 2. SWEET FLAG: A corns Calamus. Arum Family. June — Aug. Found in wet, swampy places. Maine, south and west to Minnesota, Iowa, and Kansas. FLOWERS — Tiny, compactly covering a long, slen- der, greenish club, which grows from the side of a two-edged stem. LEAVES — Long, narrow, sword-like. Rootstock aromatic. 1. Branching Bur-reed 2. Sweet Flag. 330 MISCELLANEOUS 1. PINESAP; FALSE BEECHDROPS: Yellow Bird's-nest. Monotropa Hypopitys. Heath Family. June — Sept. Found in dry woods. Florida and Arizona, northward into British Possessions. FLOWERS — Crimson and yellow, somewhat variable, about 1/2 inch long, slightly fragrant, borne in drooping clusters (which be- come erect later), terminating stem 4—12 inches high. LEAVES — None. Stems clustered, scaly, arising from a mass of fibrous roots. 2. BEECHDROPS: Cancer-root. Epifagus virginiana. Broom-rape Family. Aug. — Oct. Found usually under beech trees. New Brunswick to Ontario, Wisconsin, and south- ward. FLOWERS — Light yellow or brownish, purple- striped, scattered along the branches. LEAVES — None. Plant stem brownish or red- dish tinged, arising from brittle, fibrous roots, 6-20 inches high. 1. Pinesap. Beechdrops. 332 MISCELLANEOUS 1. LARGE CORAL ROOT: Corallorrhlza maculata. Orchis Family. July — Aug. Found in dry woods. Nova Scotia, westward to British Columbia, south to Florida, Mis- souri, and California. FLOWERS — Light yellow, more or less purplish- stained; lower lip white with purplish spots and lines, 3-lobed; borne on spike terminating stem 8—20 inches high. LEAVES — None. Plant stem madder-purple or yellowish. 2. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT: Wild Lettuce: Can- ker-weed: Lion's Foot. Prendnthes altissima. Composite Family. July — Sept. Plant 3-6 feet high, found in woodlands, thickets. Newfoundland to Manitoba, south- ward to Georgia and Tennessee. FLOWER-HEADS — Inner divisions inconspicuous, whitish, pendulous in loose terminal cluster, with small clusters from the leaf angles. LEAVES — Long-stemmed, variously shaped, toothed, and cleft. 1. Coral Root. 2. Rattlesnake-root. 334 MISCELLANEOUS GROUNDNUT: Wild Bean. Apios tuberosa. Pulse Family. July — Sept. A climbing vine, 3—6 feet high, found in low, moist ground. New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisiana, and Kansas. FLOWERS — Maroon and pale brown-lilac, fragrant, borne in short, thick clusters from the leaf angles. LEAVES — Compound, 3—7 oval leaflets. Roetstock bears edible, tuberous en- largements. NOTES. Groundnut, 336 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. MISCELLANEOUS 337 338 MISCELLANEOUS EARLY MEADOW RUE: Thalictrum dioicum. Crowfoot Family. Apr. — May. Plant 1-2 feet high, found in thin woods. Maine, westward and southward. FLOWERS — Small, tassel-like, in airy clusters, green, or purplish in effect. LEAVES — Compound, leaflets small, lustreless, 3-7-lobed. BLUE COHOSH: Pappoose Root. Caulophyllum thalictroldes. Barberry Family. Apr.— May. Plant 1-3 feet high, found in rich woods. New Brunswick to Manitoba and southward. FLOWERS — Greenish yellow, more or less tinged with the bluish color of the plant; flowers about 1/2 inch across, 6 divi- sions, borne in small clusters, which appear before the leaves are fully ex- panded. Seeds blue. LEAVES — Compound, leaflets lobed. Whole plant covered with a whitish bloom when young. MISCELLANEOUS 339 COMMON ALUM ROOT: Heuchera americana. Saxifrage Family. May — Aug. Found in dry and rocky woods. Connecticut to North Carolina, westward to Minnesota, Kansas, and Mississippi. FLOWERS — Greenish or purplish, 5-cleft, with sev- eral orange-tipped filaments protrud- ing; borne in a long, narrow cluster on a more or less hairy stem, 2-3 feet high. LEAVES — Heart-shaped, with rounded lobes and teeth. NOTES. 340 MISCELLANEOUS LARGE TWAYBLADE: Liparis liUifdlia. Orchis Family. June — July. Found in woodlands. New Hampshire to Minnesota, Missouri, and Alabama. FLOWERS — Madder-purple or greenish, lip broad, translucent, other divisions exceedingly narrow; 5—15 flowers borne on stem 4—9 inches high. LEAVES — 2, from the base, broad, shining. NOTES. MISCELLANEOUS CUT-TAIL FLAG: Typha latifolia. Bur-reed family. June — July. Found in swamps throughout temperate North America. FLOWERS — Borne in a dense, cylindrical head ter- minating stem 4—8 feet high. LEAVES — Long, narrow, usually exceeding the flower stem in height. NARROW-LEAVED CAT-TAIL: T. angustifolia. Leaves narrower than those of the preceding, and the 2 parts of the flower-head are usually separated by a short gap. Plant 4-9 feet high. Maine to North Carolina and west- ward, mainly near the coast. NOTES. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. MISCELLANEOUS 343 NOTES. 344* MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. INDEX PAGE Achillea Millefolium 58 Acorus Calamus 328 Actaea alba 14 Actaea rubra 14 Adder's Tongue, White 96 Adder's Tongue, Yellow 110 Agrimonia giyposepala 138 Agrimony 138 Agrostemma Githago 265 Alder, White . . 40 Alisma Plantago-aquatica 82 Allium tricoccum 46 Alum Root, Common 339 Anaphalis margaritacea 86 Anemone quinquefolia 18 Anemone, Rue 18 Anemone, Fall or Summer 44 Anemone virginiana 44 Anemone, Wood 18 Anemonella thalictroides 18 Antennaria plantagini folia 12 Anthemis Cotula 54 Apios tuberosa 334 Apocynum androsaemifolium 226 Aquilegia canadensis 194 Aralia hispida 36 Aralia nudicaulis 20 Arbutus, Trailing 94 Arethusa bulbosa 190 Arisaema triphyllum 326 Arrow-head 72 Arum, Green Arrow . 24 Arum, Water 26 Asarum canadense 324 345 346 INDEX PAGE Asclepias incarnata 242 Asclepias phytolaccoides 102 Asclepias purpurascens 236 Asclepias quadrifolia 242 Asclepias syriaca 236 Asclepias tuberosa 183 Aster, Golden 185 Aster, New England 304 Aster novae-angliae \. 304 Azalea, Clammy 100 Azalea, Wild or Pink 208 Balmony . 70 Balsam-apple, Wild 76 Baneberry, Red 14 Baneberry, White 14 Barbarea vulgaris 150 Beard-tongue, Hairy 259 Bee Balm 246 Bedstraw, Rough 72 Beechdrops 330 Beechdrops, False 330 Bellflower 286 Bellwort 122 Bellwort, Large-flowered 122 Bergamot, Wild 263 Betony, Wood 216 Bidens laevis 176 Bindweed, Field .238 Bindweed, Hedge 238 Bird's Nest 88 Birthroot 192 Bishop's Cap 10 Bitter Bloom 240 Bittersweet 282 Black-eyed Susan 142 Blazing Star 302 Bloodroot 2 Bluebell 286 Bluets 276 Blue-weed 316 Boneset 68 Bouncing Bet 216 Brassica nigra 150 INDEX 347 Brauneria pallida 264 Brauneria purpurea 264 Brooklime, American 315 Bugloss, Viper's 316 Bunchberry 54 Bur-marigold, Larger 176 Bur-reed, Branching 328 Butter-and-Eggs 160 Butterfly Weed 183 Buttonbush 90 Calico Bush 212 Calla, Marsh 26 Calla palustris 26 Calopogon pulchellus .... * 222 Caltha palustris 112 Campanula rapunculoides 286 Campanula rotundifolia 286 Campion, Bladder 50 Campion, White 50 Cancer-root 330 Canker-root 30 Cardinal Flower 244 Carrion-flower 130 Carrot, Wild 88 Cassia Chamaecrista 166 Cassia marilandica 166 Castalia odorata 103 Castilleja coccinea 260 Caulophyllum thalictroides 338 Ceanothus americanus 100 Celandine 138 Cephalanthus occidentalis 90 Cerastium arvense 44 Chamomile 54 Checkerberry 104 Cheeses 52 Chelidonium majus 138 Chelone glabra 70 Chickweed, Field 44 Chicory 302 Chimaphila maculata . . 234 Chimaphila umbellata . 234 Chiogenes hispidula 99 348 INDEX Chrysopsis mariana ........... 185 Cichorium Intybus ........... 302 Cicuta maculata ............ 102 Cimicifuga racemosa .......... 100 Cinquefoil ............. 114 Claytonia caroliniana .......... 188 Claytonia virginica ...... ..... 188 Clematis virginiana . . . . ....... 60 Clethra alnifolia ........... 40 Clintonia borealis ........... 118 Clintonia, Yellow ........... 118 Clover, Sweet ........... 86-181 Clover, Rabbit's-foot .......... 252 Clover, Yellow or Hop ......... 148 Cohosh, Black ............ 100 Cohosh, Blue ........... .338 Collinsonia canadensis ......... 184 Columbine, Wild ........ ... 194 Commelina virginica .......... 315 Cone-flower .......... ... 142 Cone-flower, Purple ........ 142-264 Cone-flower, Tall ..... ...... 142 Convolvulus arvensis .......... 238 Convolvulus sepium .......... 238 Coptis trifolia ............ 30 Coral Root, Large ........... 332 Corallorrhiza maculata ......... 332 Corn Cockle ........... . . 265 Cornel, Dwarf ............ 54 Corn Rose .......... . . . 265 Cornus canadensis ........... 54 Corpse plant ............. 46 Corydalis aurea ............ 179 Corydalis, Golden ........... 179 Corydalis, Pale ............ 218 Corydalis sempervirens ......... 218 Cowbane, Spotted ........... 102 Cowslip, American ... ........ 190 Cowslip, Virginian ........... 310 Cranesbill, Wild . . . . ....... 198 Cress, Water ..... ....... 99 Cress, Winter ..... ....... 150 Crinkle-root ............. 6 Cucumber-root, Indian ......... 120 INDEX 349 PAGE Culver's Root 105 Cuscuta Gronovii 84 Cypripedium acaule 204 Cypripedium hirsutum 101 Cypripedium parviflorum 126 Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens . . . 126 Dalibarda repens 103 Dandelion, Fall .166 Datura Stramonium 105 Daucus Carota 88 Day-flower, Virginia 315 Deer-grass 246 Delphinium exaltatum 317 Delphinium tricorne 317 Dentaria diphylla 6 Dentaria laciniata . 6 Devil's Paint-brush 172 Dianthus Armeria 196 Dianthus deltoides 196 Dicentra canadensis 4 Dicentra Cucullaria 4 Dodder, Common 84 Dodecatheon Meadia 190 Dogbane, Spreading 226 Drosera longi folia 66 Drosera rotundifolia 66 Dutchman's Breeches . 4 Echinocystis lobata 76 Echium vulgare 316 Eglantine 263 Elder, Black-berried 40 Elder, Common «... 40 Elder, Red-berried 40 Elecampane 164 Epifagus virginiana 330 Epigaea repens 94 Epilobium angustifolium 244 Epipactis pubescens 62 Erigeron annuus 56 Erigeron pulchellus 274 Erigeron ramosus 56 Erythronium albidum 96 350 INDEX PAGE Erythronium americanum 110 Eupatorium perfoliatum 68 Eupatorium purpureum . 250 Eupatorium urticaefolium 68 Everlasting, Early Spring 12 Everlasting, Pearly 86 Everlasting, Plantain-leaved . 12 Filipendula rubra 261 Fireweed 244 Flag, Cat-tail 341 Flag, Larger Blue 278 Flag, Narrow-leaved Cat-tail 341 Flag, Slender Blue 278 Flag, Sweet 328 Fleabane, Daisy 56 Fleur-de-lis 278 Flower-de-luce 278 Foam-flower 10 Forget-me-not 313 Forget-me-not, Smaller 313 Foxglove, Downy False 162 Foxglove, Fern-leaved False . . '. ...... 185 Foxglove, Smooth False 162 Frostweed 182 Galium asprellum 72 Gaultheria procumbens 104 Gentian, Closed 306 Gentian, Fringed 306 Gentiana Andrewsii « 306 Gentiana crinita . . . . 306 Geranium maculatum 198 Geranium Robertianum 198 Geranium, Wild 198 Gerardia flava 162 Gerardia pedicularia 185 Gerardia purpurea 266 Gerardia, Purple . . 266 Gerardia virginica ... 162 Gill-over-the-Ground 276 Ginger, Wild 324 Ginseng - 183 Ginseng, Dwarf • • 20 INDEX 351 PAGE Globe-flower 90 Golden Alexanders 116 Golden Club 180 Golden-rod 185 Goldthread 30 Grass, Blue-eyed 284 Grass of Parnassus 80 Groundnut 334 Habenaria blephariglottis 104 Habenaria bracteata 42 Habenaria ciliaris 162 Habenaria fimbriata 234 Habenaria Hookeri 64 Habenaria hyperborea 42 Habenaria lacera 62 Habenaria leucophaea 104 Habenaria orbiculata 64 Habenaria peramoena 317 Habenaria psycodes 234 Hardback 228 Harebell 286 Hawkweed, Canada 172 Hawkweed, Hairy 174 Hawkweed, Orange or Tawny 172 Hawkweed, Rough 174 Heal-all . . 284 Helenium autumnale 184 Helianthemum canadense 182 Helianthus decapetalus 176 Hellebore, American White 181 Hemlock, Water 102 Hepatica acutiloba 270 Hepatica triloba 270 Herb Robert 198 Heuchera americana 339 Hibiscus Moscheutos 265 Hieracium aurantiacum 172 Hieracium canadense 172 Hieracium Gronovii 174 Hieracium scabrum 174 Hieracium venosum 174 Honeysuckle 194 Honeysuckle, White Swamp 1QO 352 INDEX PAGE Horse Balm 184 Houstonia caerulea 276 Houstoma purpurea 276 Hypericum perforatum 158 Hypoxis hirsuta 114 Impatiens biflora 156 Impatiens pallida 156 Indian Hemp 226 Indian Pipe 46 Indian Poke 181 Indian Turnip 326 Innocence 276 Inula Helenium 164 Iris prismatica 278 Iris versicolor 278 Ironweed 300 Ivy, Poison 34 Jack-in-the-Pulpit 326 Jamestown or Jimson Weed 105 Jeffersonia diphylla 96 Jewel-weed 156 Joe-Pye Weed 250 Kalmia angustifolia 220 Kalmia latifolia 212 Kalmia polifolia 220 Knotweed, Pink 248 Lactuca canadensis 146 Ladies' Tresses 66 Ladies' Tresses, Slender 66 Lady's Slipper, Large Yellow 126 Lady's Slipper, Showy 101 Lady's Slipper, Small Yellow 126 Lady's Slipper, Stemless or Pink 204 Lady's Thumb 248 Lanibkill 220 Larkspur, Dwarf . . » 317 Larkspur, Tall Wild . . . 317 Lathyrus maritimus 314 Laurel, Mountain . 212 Laurel, Pale 220 INDEX 353 PAGE Laurel, Sheep . . . 220 Lavender, Sea ... ........ 318 Leek, Wild 46 Leontodon autumnalis 166 Leonurus Cardiaca 290 Lettuce, Wild 146 Liatris scariosa 302 Lilium canadense \ 134 Lilium philadelphicum 224 Lilium superbum 134 Lily, Cow 132 Lily, Meadow or Field 134 Lily, Turk's Cap 134 Lily, White Water 103 Lily, Wild Orange-red 224 Lily, Wild Yellow 134 Lily, Wood 224 Lily, Yellow Pond 132 Limonium carolinianum 318 Linaria canadensis 316 Linaria vulgaris 160 Linnaea borealis 226 Liparis liliifolia 340 Live-for-ever 254 Liverleaf 270 Liverleaf, Sharp-lobed 270 Liverwort 270 Lizard's Tail 101 Lobelia cardinalis 244 Lobelia, Pale Spiked . 290 Lobelia spicata 290 Loosestrife 140 Loosestrife, Four-leaved 140 Loosestrife, Fringed 136 Lousewort 216 Lupine, Wild 274 Lupinus perennis 274 Lychnis alba 50 Lychnis, Evening 50 Lysimachia quadrifolia 140 Lysimachia terrestris 140 Maianthemum canadense 26 Mallow, Common 52 354 INDEX PAGE Mallow, Musk 52 Mallow Rose .... 265 Mallow, Swamp Rose 265 Malva moschata 52 Malva rotundi folia 52 Mandrake 97 Marigold, Marsh 112 May Apple 97 Mayflower 94 Meadow Beauty 246 Meadow Beauty, Maryland 246 Meadow Rue, Early 338 Meadow Rue, Tall 78 Meadow-sweet 228 Medeola virginiana 120 Melilot, White 86 Melilot, Yellow 181 Melilotus alba 86 Melilotus officinalis 181 Mentha arvensis var. canadensis 298 Mentha piperita 298 Mentha spicata 298 Mercury 34 Mertensia virginica . . .310 Milfoil 58 Milkweed, Common 236 Milkweed, Four-leaved 242 Milkweed, Poke or Tall 102 Milkweed, Purple r . . 236 Milkweed, Swamp 242 Milkwort, Cross-leaved 264 Milkwort, Field «... 210 Milkwort, Fringed 210 Mimulus ringens 292 Mint, Wild 298 Mitchella repens 6 Mitella diphylla 10 Mitella nuda 10 Mitrewort 10 Mitrewort, False 10 Mitrewort, Naked 10 Moccasin Flower 204 Monarda didyma 246 Monarda fistulosa 263 INDEX 855 Moneses uniflora 38 Monkey Flower 292 Monotropa Hypopitys 330 Monotropa uniflora 46 Morning-glory, Wild 238 Moss, Flowering 94 Motherwort 290 Mullein, Common 144 Mullein, Moth 144 Mustard, Black 150 Myosotis laxa 313 Myosotis scorpioides 313 Nepeta hederacea 276 New Jersey Tea 100 Nightshade 282 Nymphaea advena 132 Oakesia sessilifolia 122 Oenbthera biennis 154 Oenothera fruticosa 154 Oenothera pumila 154 Orchis, Greater Green 64 Orchis, Hooker's 64 Orchis, Large Round-leaved 64 Orchis, Large Purple Fringed 234 Orchis, Prairie White Fringed 104 Orchis, Purple 317 Orchis, Ragged Fringed 62 Orchis, Rein 42 Orchis, Showy 206 Orchis, Smaller Purple Fringed ....... 234 Orchis spectabilis 206 Orchis, White Fringed 104 Orchis, Yellow Fringed 162 Orontium aquaticum 180 Orpine, Garden 254 Oswego Tea 246 Oxalis Acetosella 84 Oxalis corniculata 148 Oxalis violacea . 259 Painted Cup 260 Panax quinquefoliuin 183 356 INDEX PAGE Panax trifolium . 20 Parnassia caroliniana 80 Parsnip, Early Meadow 116 Parsnip, Water 102 Parsnip, Wild or Field 116 Partridge Berry 6 Pastinaca sativa 116 Pea, Beach 314 Pea, Partridge 166 Pedicularis canadensis 216 Peltandra virginica 24 Pentstemon hirsutus 259 Pepperbush, Sweet 40 Peppermint 298 Persicaria, Water 248 Phlox divaricata 312 Phlox, Downy 258 Phlox pilosa 258 Phlox subulata 258 Phlox, Wild Blue 312 Phytolacca decandra 92 Pickerel-weed 292 Pigeon Berry 92 Pinesap 330 Pink, Deptford .196 Pink, Grass 222 Pink, Ground or Moss 258 Pink, Indian 190 Pink, Large Marsh 240 Pink, Maiden 196 Pink, Sea 240 Pink, Slender Marsh . . . . 240 Pink, Wild 196 Pinxter Flower 208 Pipsissewa 234 Pitcher-plant 202 Plantain, Robin's 274 Plantain, Water 82 Pleurisy Root 183 Podophyllum peltatum 97 Pogonia ophioglossoides 222 Pogona, Rose or Sweet 222 Pokeweed .92 Polygala cruciata 264 INDEX 357 Polygala, Field . . . . . ....... 210 Polygala, Fringed . . ......... 210 Polygala paucifolia .......... 210 Polygala sanguinea ........... 210 Polygonatum biflorum .......... 16 Polygonatum commutatum ........ 16 Polygonum amphibium ......... 248 Polygonum pennsylvanicum ........ 248 Polygonum Persicaria ..... ..... 248 Pontederia cordata ........... 292 Potentilla canadensis .......... 114 Prenanthes altissima .......... 332 Primrose, Common Evening ........ 154 Prince's Pine ............ 234 Prunella vulgaris ........... 284 Pussy's Toes ............. 12 Pyrola americana ........... 38 Pyrola elliptica ............ 38 Pyrola, One-flowered .......... 38 Pyrola, Round-leaved .......... 38 Pyxidanthera barbulata . ....... 94 Pyxie ............... 94 Queen Anne's Lace ........... 88 Queen of the Prairie .......... 261 Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum ....... 99 Ragwort, Golden ........... 128 Raspberry, Purple Flowering ....... 230 Rattlesnake Plantain, Downy ....... 62 Rattlesnake-root ........... 332 Rattlesnake- weed ........... 174 Red-root .............. 100 Rheumatism Root ........... 96 Rhexia mariana ............ 246 Rhexia virginica ............ 246 Rhododendron nudiflorum ......... 208 Rhododendron viscosum ......... 100 Rhus Toxicodendron . ...... 34 Rhus Vernix ............. 34 Rich-weed ............. 184 Rocket, Yellow ............ 150 Rockrose ...... . ....... 182 Rosa blanda ............. 262 358 INDEX PAGE Rosa Carolina 262 Rosa humilis 263 Rosa rubiginosa 263 Rosa virginiana 262 Rose, Pasture or Dwarf 262 Rose, Smooth 262 Rose, Swamp 262 Rosemary, Marsh 318 Rubus odoratus 230 Rudbeckia hirta 142 Rudbeckia laciniata . 142 Sabatia angularis 240 Sabatia dodecandra 240 Sabatia gracilis 240 Sabatia stellaris 240 Sagittaria latifolia 72 Sambucus canadensis 40 Sambucus racemosa 40 Sanguinaria canadensis 2 Saponaria officinalis 216 Sarracenia purpurea 202 Sarsaparilla, Bristly 36 Sarsaparilla, False or Wild 20 Saururus cernuus 101 Saxifraga virginiensis 12 Saxifrage, Early 12 Scabious, Sweet 56 Scutellaria in tegri folia 294 Scutellaria lateriflora 294 Sedum purpureum 254 Self-heal . . . 284 Senecio aureus 128 Senna, Wild 166 Shin Leaf 38 Shooting Star 190 Silene latifolia 50 Silene pennsylvanica 196 Sisyrmchium angusti folium 284 Sium cicutaefolium 102 Skullcap 294 Skullcap, Mad-dog 294 Skunk Cabbage 322 Smartweed 248 INDEX 359 PAGE Smilacina racemosa 32 Smilacina stellata 32 Smilax herbacea 130 Snake Mouth 222 Snakeroot, Black .100 Snakeroot, White 68 Sneezeweed 184 bnowberry, Creeping 99 Soapwort 216 Solanum Dulcamara 282 Solomon's Seal 16 Solomon's Seal, False 32 Solomon's Seal, Great 16 Solomon's Seal, Star-flowered 32 Sorrel, Lady's 148 Sorrel, Violet Wood 259 Sorrel, Wood 84 Sparganium americanum 328 Spatter-dock - 132 Spearmint 298 Speedwell, Common 314 Spiderwort 313 Spikenard, False 32 Spiraea latifolia 228 Spiraea tomentosa 228 Spiranthes cernua "66 Spiranthes gracilis 66 Spring Beauty 188 Squirrel Corn 4 Star Flower 30 Star Grass 114 Steeple Bush 228 Steironema ciliatum 136 St. John's Wort, Common 158 Streptopus amplexifolius 214 Streptopus roseus 214 Succory 302 Sumach, Poison 34 Sundew, Long-leaved . 66 Sundew, Round-leaved . 66 Sundrops 154 Sunflower, Swamp ... 184 Sunflower, Thin-leaved . 176 Sweetbrier • . . . 263 360 INDEX Symplocarpus foetidus Tanacetum vulgare 170 Tansy 170 Thalictrum dioicum 338 Thalictrum polygamum 78 Thimbleweed . 44 Tnoroughwort 68 Tiarella cordifolia 10 Toadflax, Blue 316 Toadflax, Yellow 160 Toothwort 6 Touch-me-not, Pale 156 Touch-me-not, Spotted 156 Tradescantia virginiana 313 Trientalis americana 30 Trifolium agrarium 148 Trifolium arvense 252 Trillium cernuum 28 Trillium erectum 192 Trillium grandiflorum 28 Trillium, Large-flowered 28 Trillium, Nodding 28 Trillium, Painted 28 Trillium, Purple 192 Trillium recurvatum 192 Trillium sessile 192 Trillium, Stemless 192 Trillium undulatum 28 Turtlehead 70 Twayblade, Large 340 Twin-flower 226 Twinleaf 96 Twisted-stalk 214 Twisted-stalk, Clasping-leaved 214 Typha angustifolia .... 341 Typha latifolia 341 Uvularia grandiflora 122 Uvularia perfoliata 122 Veratrum viride Verbascum Blattaria 144 Verbascum Thapsus 144 INDEX 361 PAGE Verbena hastata 296 Vernonia noveboracensis 300 Veronica americana 315 Veronica officinalis ' . . . . 314 Veronica virginica 105 Vervain, Blue 296 Vetch, American 280 Vetch, Cow 280 Vicia americana 280 Vicia Cracca 280 Viola canadensis 98 Viola conspersa 311 Viola lanceolata 98 Viola pallens 97 Viola palmata 310 Viola papilionacea 312 Viola pedata 272 Viola pubescens • 180 Viola rotundi folia 179 Viola sagittata 311 Violet, Arrow-leaved 311 Violet, Bird-foot 272 Violet, Canada . 98 Violet, Common 312 Violet, Dog 311 Violet, Dog's-tooth .110 Violet, Downy Yellow 180 Violet, Early Blue 310 Violet, Early Yellow 179 Violet, Lance-leaved ..98 Violet, Round-leaved 179 Violet, Sweet White 97 Virgin's Bower 60 Wake Robin 98-192 Widow's or Job's Tears 313 Willow-herb, Great 244 Wind-flower 18 WintergTeen 104 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