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UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
WASHINGTON, D. C.

‘

Miscellaneous Publication No. 26

WHY GROW
TIMBER

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1928

FARMER who plants potatoes in the spring feels

reasonably certain that potatoes will still be a
staple article of diet in the fall, and that at the end
of the year he can sell his crop for at least enough
to pay for his own labor. If he chooses to turn to
some other crop, he can do so at the end of any year
without serious loss, because nearly all of his invest-
ment is in the land.

In growing forest trees the situation is different.
An owner can not give up timber growing at will
without considerable loss. More of his investment
is in the trees themselves than in the land, and im-
mature trees can seldom be sold at all. Before
undertaking to grow timber, therefore, it is exceed-
ingly important to have some assurance that timber
will be in demand when the trees are ready for
cutting.

The increasing substitution of other materials for
wood in building and in a multitude of uses, the
apparent rapid decrease in the per capita rate of
timber consumption in the United States during the
last 20 years, the very low per capita consumption
of wood in the older industrial countries of west-
ern Europe—such conditions cause the timberland
owner to wonder whether there is any certainty that
timber will continue to be indispensable, and if it
will not rather come gradually into disuse. It is the
purpose of this publication to present briefly the
reasons for confidence that timber will always be
in great demand, and that it is to-day a profitable
crop to grow.

Washington, D. C. Issued June, 1928

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Why Grow Timber?

By W.N. SpaRHAWE, Forest Economist, Branch of Research, Forest Service

CONTENTS
Page Page
Can we do without timber?_--______ J Modern industry demands ample sup-
Wood is essential to progress_______ 2 PES ee Se eee eatin Se cals la nee wea 7
IMoae @xmicyjole oii Clan 2 | Weecan not depend on other countries_ 8
The United States is the greatest Grow more wood or use less__—-____ 10
WOOC! CoOMmsbyonerr — 6 | We can grow all the timber that we
We shall continue to need wood____ G NCC Css fe eS es Ss Nes 11

CAN WE DO WITHOUT TIMBER?

Ever since man first picked up a wooden club to kill his prey or to
ficht his enemies, wood has constituted one of the principal raw ma-
terials utilized by the human race. As civilization advanced and
man’s wants multiplhed, more and more wood was needed. It is
used to-day in larger quantities and in more ways than during any
previous period in the world’s history.

Wood is consumed, directly or indirectly, every day by every man,
woman, and child in the country. The farmer who grows our food
uses wood for buildings and fences, cultivates and harvests his crops
with tools and implements most of which have wooden parts, and
ships his products to market in wooden boxes, barrels, or baskets,
carried on wagons or trucks built partly of wood, and on railroad
cars which even though made of steel yet contain some wood and run
on rails laid on wooden ties.

Our dwellings are built largely of wood, and wood enters in an
important way into the construction and furnishing of office build-
ings, stores, and factories. All of us are constantly using wooden
furniture, finished with varnish containing turpentine and rosin,
both forest products. Shoes are made on wooden lasts, of leather
tanned by wood or bark. Some of the textiles of which clothing is
made are now manufactured out of wood cellulose. All of them
are woven with wooden shuttles, and rosin is an essential component
of the soap with which many of them are laundered. Wood fuel
cooks the food and heats the homes of millions, and wood is required
in mining the coal and drilling for the oil which furnish heat and
power for our industries and transportation systems.

The automobiles and other vehicles in which we move about and
transport our goods all contain wood, and the metal used in their
construction requires wood for its mining, manufacture, and trans-
portation. Most of our telegraph and telephone lines and a large
proportion of our electric hght and trolley wires are strung on

98911°—28 a

Dy MISC. PUBLICATION 26, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

wooden poles. The paper bags in which we wrap our groceries are
made from wood, our newspapers are printed on paper made from
wood fiber, and the ink used in printing them contains rosin from
pine trees. In short, every important animal, vegetable, or mineral
product consumed by the American people requires wood somewhere

in the processes of production, distribution, or utilization. (Fig. 1.)

WOOD IS ESSENTIAL TO PROGRESS

Of course, it is physically possible to do without timber. It is
also possible to do without wheat, beef, coal, gasoline, cotton, or
steel. For wheat. rice may be substituted; for beef, mutton; hydro-
electric plants or solar energy may replace coal as a source of heat
and power; instead of gasoline we may run our cars with alcohol;
silk or linen may be substituted for cotton; some combination of
aluminum might conceivably take the place of steel.

It is extremely unlikely, however, that any of these substitutions
will be made so long as it is possible to get the raw materials upon
which we now depend. From the beginning of history, progress
in material welfare and betterments in standards of hving have of
necessity been conditioned upon the utilization of an increasing
volume and variety of raw materials. Every addition to the number
of substances that can be used. and every new use to which each

material can be put, marks a step forward. Even to maintain exist-
ing standards as the world’s population increases in density, it
becomes more and more necessary to utilize all the materials that
nature provides. There is no record of an important material be-
coming obsolete, no matter how many substitutes may have been
found for specific uses.

There are peoples, it is true, whose consumption of wood is so small
that they may be said practically to do without. They are either
peoples in a primitive stage of development who use very little, even
though they can get it in “abundance, or peoples who are able to get
only “extremely inadequate quantities. Examples of the first class
are the native tribes of central Africa, the Malay Archipelago, and
the Amazon Basin, who require very little in the way of housing,
almost no fuel, and few wooden articles except primitive tools,
weapons, and canoes. Examples of the second class are peoples
living in countries that were densely settled and in an advanced
stage of culture before the Christian era, and whose forests were
practically all destroyed many centuries ago. Such countries are
portions of Persia, Asia Minor, Turkestan, “India, and China. In
all of these, the history of forest destruction has been much the
same, and its effects upon the economic and social welfare of the
peoples have been strikingly similar.

THE EXAMPLE OF CHINA

A classic example of a people suffering from extreme timber
shortage is furnished by northern China. Abundantly provided
with forests some 2, 500 years ago, the population increased rapidly
and cut timber as it was needed, wastetully and without thought
for the future. The Government seldom or never interfered in
whatever the people were pleased to do, so long as their actions did
not endanger the peace of the country. Land clearing, wasteful

WHY GROW TIMBER? 3

cutting, and repeated fires, continuing through many centuries,
gradually pushed the forests back until now they are practically
confined to the least accessible parts of the mountains. To get

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Fic. 1.—All forest products, from paper shingles to sausage casing

timber down to the principal consuming centers of the country
requires from six months to three years’ time and an enormous
amount of manual labor, because the transportation facilities are
extremely primitive. This puts the cost of timber beyond the

4 MISC. PUBLICATION 26, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

reach of the general public and makes it an article of luxury which
only the comparatively wealthy can afford to use. In many dis-
tricts, timber large enough to make boards is so scarce that prac-
tically none is used except for the manufacture of coffins. (Fig. 2.)

Since wood for building or for fuel can not be obtained, it might
be expected that the Chinese would turn to substitutes, such as coal,
brick, cement, and steel, for the country possesses these and other
mineral resources in abundance. Without timber, however, it is
impossible to utilize the substitutes. The few coal mines that are
developed depend largely upon imported timbers for props, lagging,
and construction material, and the railroads on which the coal 1s
carried run on wooden ties imported from Manchuria, Japan, or
North America. The small native iron foundries use charcoal
brought for many miles by boats and on men’s backs. Domestic
iron and steel, therefore, are produced only in small quantities, and
are so costly that they can hardly compete in the seaport cities with
the iron and steel brought from North America and Europe.

There is no fuel with which to bake bricks; hence millions of
families live in miserable huts of sun-dried or partly baked mud,
with mud floors and roofs thatched with grass or straw and mud.
The mud absorbs vast quantities of water during wet weather, so
that sanitary conditions are exceedingly bad. The winters are long
and cold, and the need for fuel correspondingly great, but the supply
is utterly inadequate, and acute suffering is widespread. Men,
women, and children spend months in the fall patiently gathering
straw, shrubs, leaves, and even grass roots from the mountain sides
for the winter’s fuel. These materials seldom suffice, and in some
regions the dung of domestic animals is dried and burned. Both
practices affect agriculture seriously, for the one removes the vegeta-
tion which helps to bind the soil on the hillsides and the other
deprives the land, already overtaxed by centuries of cultivation, of
its only available source of fertilizer.

Without wood, without adequate transportation, without coal or
other fuel, and with the necessity of importing at high cost not only
machinery but also much raw material for industrial plants, many
of the people of certain districts in China must lead a more or less
hand-to-mouth existence. Depending as they do almost wholly on
manual labor for producing goods as well as for transporting them,
they have never been able to produce the surplus capital upon which
higher standards of living must be based.

It is inconceivable that the United States can ever suffer so acutely
from timber shortage. It is well to reflect, however, that as wood
and its substitutes become more difficult to get, an increasing propor-
tion of our national energy must be expended in satisfying our re-
quirements for these materials. The production of other things must
be correspondingly less, and the ultimate result will be a decrease in
our total national wealth. Itis just as true in this country as in China
that decreasing production of goods and decreasing national wealth,
in the face of an increasing population, must inevitably result in lower
standards of living and general economie and social decadence.

WHY GROW TIMBER?

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F-62816-52816

Fic. 2.—Evidence of exhausted timber supplies. A, Brush gatherers in the moun-
tains of Shen-si, China, each carrying 150 to 200 pounds of brush, to be sold as
fuel. B, Coffin boards brought a week’s journey from remote valleys of North China

Or

6 MISC. PUBLICATION 26, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

THE UNITED STATES IS THE GREATEST WOOD CONSUMER

The timber requirements of the United States are far greater than
those of any other country. Abundant forests, rapid growth of
population, settlement of rich agricultural regions where other build-
ing materials were not available or were more difficult to obtain,
tremendous development of transportation facilities, and expansion
in volume and variety of manufacturing industries, all have con-
tributed toward swelling our timber consumption. The rate of
increase was especially rapid during the 50-year period preceding the
World War. More recently, the growing scarcity and the increasing
cost of timber, the halt in expansion of agriculture, and the cessation
in railroad building have resulted in a decrease in the amount of
timber used. But even though this decrease were to be permanent,
the United States would still be using more saw timber than all other
countries together, and more than two-fifths of the world’s con-
sumption of timber of all kinds.

Seven-tenths of the timber originally within the present bound-
aries of the United States has been consumed or destroyed, and such
growth as has come in on cut-over lands is greatly inferior in quality
to this virgin timber. Regions which were once abundantly sup-
pled, such as the greater part of the Northeastern States, the Lake
States, and parts of the Southeastern States, have been left practi-
cally destitute of high-grade timber. The end of virgin pine in the
Southern States is “definitely in sight, while already the younger
timber is being cut as fast as it grows. Two-thirds of the remain-
Ing virgin timber and approximately one-half of all the merchant-
able timber in the countr y is concentrated in the forests of the Pacific
Northwest, which now supply more than one-third of our entire
lumber cut.

WE SHALL CONTINUE TO NEED WOOD

Of course we can use other materials for many purposes for which
wood is used. We have been doing so for a long time, but especially
during the past few years. Wood “for fuel has been largely replaced
by coal, gas, or ol, except in rural districts remote from these sup-
plies. The use of ‘steel and cement is increasing at an exceedingly
rapid rate. Wooden houses are being torn down and replaced by
brick and concrete. Asbestos, copper, iron, and various other ma-
terials are taking the place ‘of wooden shingles. Steel wire has
almost supplanted wooden rails for fences, and iron and concrete are
encroaching upon the use of wood for posts. Office furniture is being
made of steel. Steel barrels are taking the place of oak for many
purposes. Wooden ships, bridges, and railroad cars are rapidly
becoming obsolete.

Several factors which tend to offset this substitution are, however,
often overlooked. Even if per capita consumption should fall as
low as present European standards, the increase in population which
is hkely to take place during the next 50 years will maintain our
total timber requirements at a level little, if any, below our present
timber consumption.

Then, too, it should be remembered that the production or utiliza-
tion of the substitutes themselves often requires wood. Practically

WHY GROW TIMBER? . 7

every ton of coal mined requires timber in the mines or at the mine
mouth. ‘The coal mines of this country alone consume a billion board
reet of lumber a year. ‘The experience of England during the war
afforded most convincing evidence of the dependence of her indus-
tries upon an adequate supply of timber for her coal mines. Even
the petroleum industry requires a large volume of timber for
derricks. Brick and concrete dwellings as ordinarily constructed
use much lumber for interior work, and a great deal of wood is re-
quired in concrete construction. Cement and steel can not be made
without coal, and hence, indirectly, wood.

Another factor which tends to maintain our timber requirements
at a high level is the constant broadening of the uses for wood.
The manufacture of paper and other products from wood pulp, which
consumed practically no wood 40 years ago, now takes the equivalent
of more than 2,000,000,000 board feet from our own forests, besides
an equal or greater amount in the form of imported wood, pulp, and
paper. (Fig. 3, A.)

As increasing numbers of people become concentrated in urban
industrial centers, and more and more food and other goods have to
be shipped to greater distances, the consumption of wood, either
as boards or staves or in the form of fiber board, for boxes, barrels,
and crates tends to increase. In 1912 more than 5,000,000,000
board feet of saw timber was used for this purpose. (Fig. 3, B, C.)

Fifty years ago no wood was used for telephone poles and but
little for telegraph hnes. The manufacture of carriages and wagons,
which consumed a large volume of wood, has suffered a sharp decline
with the growth of the automobile industry during the last 20 years,
but this decline has not resulted in lowering the consumption of
wood. According to figures compiled in 1912, approximately
750,000,000 board feet of lumber was used in the manufacture of
vehicles, including automobiles; in 1923 it was estimated that the
automobile industry alone consumed well over 1,000,000,000 feet.

MODERN INDUSTRY DEMANDS AMPLE SUPPLIES

Except for regions of exceedingly rapid population growth, such
as portions of the Central States a few years ago, and portions of
the Pacific Coast States, and perhaps Florida at the present time,
the highest per capita rates of lumber consumption prevail in the
more industrialized parts of the country. The rate for Chicago is
reported to be almost twice that for the country as a whole, and
Pittsburgh uses still more. While the per capita consumption of
sawed lumber for the United States apparently decreased from over
500 board feet in 1906 to 300 board feet in 1922, that for New
England has been practically at a level of about 280 board feet for
50 years or more, except for a somewhat higher point just before
the World War, indicating that modern industrial development
is not, as is commonly supposed, normally accompanied by a decline
in the rate of timber consumption.

The low rate in European countries is not the natural result of the
maturity of their civilization, but is rather due to their inability
to obtain sufficient timber at: prices they can afford to pay. Although
timber prices in the European countries are not greatly above those
prevailing in some portions of the United States, they are very much

8 MISC. PUBLICATION 26, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

higher in proportion to what the average person has to spend. In
most of the countries wood consumption has shown a marked increase
during periods of industrial prosperity. Germany’s per capita con-
sumption of saw timber increased 30 per cent in the 15 years pre-
ceding the war, while Great Britain consumed more than three times
as much per person in 1913 as was used 60 years before.

in our own country per capita lumber consumption more than
doubled between 1860 and 1906. Its decline from 1906 to 1922 was
to some extent only temporary, and was due rather to a slowing down
or deferring of expansion than to less need for lumber. The net
increase in railroad mileage in the 12 years 1911-1922 was less than
in any previous decade since 1830. ‘Also, the population increased
more slowly during the last decade than ever before in the history
of the country, and the increase in number of farms for the whole
10-year period was less than the annual increase during the 20 years
preceding.

Besides this temporary slackening in requirements, the rising
cost of timber, increasing at times more rapidly than the buying
power of the American people, has led to a further decline in the
rate of consumption. This has gradually resulted in lowered stand-
ards of housing, with attendant overcrowding, and an increased
cost of housing, which takes a considerably larger proportion of the
average family’s income than was required 20 years ago. In 1900
31.7 per cent of all familes owned their homes free of incumbrance.
In 1910 the percentage had decreased to 30.8, and during the next
10 years it fell three times as fast, to 28.2 per cent. Since 1922 the
per capita consumption of sawed lumber has risen from a little over
300 to approximately 325 board feet, giving further indication of the
somewhat temporary nature of the rapid decline since 1906. The
increase that may be expected in the buying power of the people,
together with the economic pressure that will be exerted by such
unsatisfactory conditions as that of lower housing standards, may
be counted upon for some time to maintain our total demands for
lumber and other wood products at a level above that of 1922.

WE CAN NOT DEPEND ON OTHER COUNTRIES

Heretofore, when one timber region was cut out, all that was
necessary was to move on to a new one. Now, this is no longer
possible without going outside the United States. Jt is true that
there are extensive forests and large supplies of timber in Canada,
Siberia, and the Tropics of both hemispheres. It is exceedingly
doubtful, however, whether they will ever supply a considerable
proportion of our requirements.

Canada’s timber consumption is growing steadily; her eastern
forests are in little or no better condition than our own, and those
in the western Provinces are being drawn upon already to supply
the needs of other parts of the British Empire. Timber export to
the United States is more likely to decrease than to increase.
Siberia’s forest resources, even if they are as extensive as has been
estimated, can be developed only slowly, while her growing local
needs may be expected to take a large share of the output. What-
ever surplus there may be will lie so much closer to the populous,
timber-poor countries of Asia that very little of it will ever reach

WHY GROW TIMBER? 9

American markets. With one exception these are the only impor-
tant reserves of the softwood timber that comprises more than two-

F-173942-30927-47096A

ic. 3.—If the mills are to be kept going timber must be grown. Supplies for the
hungry pulp mill, A, and the voracious sawmill, B, must be obtained sooner or
later from forests so managed, C, as to produce regular crops

thirds of our present consumption. That exception is northern
Europe, whose surplus is all needed by the wood-hungry countries
of southern and western Europe.

10 MISC. PUBLICATION 26, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

The tropical forests of the East Indies, central Africa, and the
Amazon will undoubtedly furnish us large quantities of timber, but
mainly to replace our hardwoods in various industrial uses. While
they contain timber suitable for general-construction purposes, it is
generally scattered through the forest and seldom in extensive,
fairly homogeneous stands comparable to the conifer forests which
furnish the building material and pulp wood of the northern coun-
tries. Moreover, the timber needs of the tropical countries themselves
are increasing rapidly as the other resources are developed under the
stimulus of white settlement. Their accessible forests in most cases
are being destroyed as recklessly as our own.

GROW MORE WOOD OR USE LESS

We must, therefore, depend largely upon our own resources.
Unless we produce more timber we shall be obliged to consume less.

The drain on our forests may be reduced in two ways. Im the
first place, we can eliminate a large part of the waste that now
takes place. In addition to the 53,000,000,000 board feet taken each
year from the forest for use, there is more than 7,000,000,000 feet of
standing timber destroyed by fires, storms, and widespread fungous
and insect attacks. Much of this great waste could be retrieved
and would have the effect of increasing the net yield. Outside of
the 7,000,000,000 feet of known waste are the scattered normal losses
of single trees killed by insects, fungi, or overcrowding, and the
deterioration in living trees due to the same causes. These amount
to a very large volume in the aggregate. More careful utilization
of the trees that are cut will allow us to cut 7,000,000,000 or 8,000,-
000,000 board feet less, without diminishing the present rate of con-
sumption. We utilize a much larger proportion of the wood in the
tree now than was used 20 years ago, and elimination of waste by
still more careful utilization and by preservative treatment of vari-
ous sorts will undoubtedly go much further. Ail of these savings
together can prolong by several decades the duration of the timber
supply.

The other way to lessen the drain on the forests is to consume less
wood. Because it has been so abundant and cheap, Americans have
been exceedingly prodigal in their use of timber. Not only have
they used it carelessly and wastefully, but it has been used in much
ereater quantities than was necessary, and for purposes where other
materials would have given better service. Where England, France,
and Germany use yearly from 150 to 200 board feet per capita of
timber of saw-log size (including sawed lumber and other material),
the United States used about 700 board feet 20 years ago, and still
uses close to 500 board feet. As timber has become scarcer and more
costly, there has been a tendency to use it more carefully and to sub-
stitute other materials where practicable, but, as has already been
shown, the normal growth of population in this country will easily
absorb what may be saved by more economical use even down to the
standard of use prevailing in Europe. What we can save in eliminat-
ing waste and extravagant use will help us to tide over a temporary
shortage of supplies but can not offer any permanent solution of the
problem.

€:

WHY GROW TIMBER? lek:

WE CAN GROW ALL THE TIMBER THAT WE NEED

| The amount of food that a given number of people can consume is
subject to fairly definite physiological limitations, no matter how low

F-47893-45543A

Fic. 4.—Waste land and salvaged land. The denuded and eroded land in Tennessee,
A, and the Nebraska sand dunes planted with young pine, B, are suggestive of
approaching dearth and the manner in which the timber needs of future genera-
tions will be met

its cost and no matter how high the standard of living. This fact,
together with the present trend toward more intensive agriculture
and greater production from the best soils, renders it exceedingly

i MISC. PUBLICATION 26, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

unlikely that any considerable portion of the lands now classed as
forest land in the United States will be needed for producing food or
forage crops for many decades, if ever.

Upwards of 80,000,000 acres of land in this country—an area
almost as large as the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois com-
bined—once covered with forests and now denuded, is capable of
producing valuable timber crops when we are ready to expend the
necessary sums for planting them. (Fig. 4.) But far more promis-
ing is the 250,000,000 acres of cut-over land more or less stocked
with second-growth or culled forests, some in excellent condition.
At present this land, almost equal in area to all the land devoted
to cereal and cotton crops, is producing only a fraction of the
timber that might be grown upon it. under proper management. The
practice of intensive forestry on this land will result, within a few
decades, in the production of full timber crops.

The rest of our forest area still bears the stored-up growth of old
timber; 1f this is cut according to approved methods, and the cut-over
land given proper attention, the result will be that timber crops will
be grown on that land also in perpetuity.

If the entire forest area of the United States, approximately
470,000,000 acres, were producing wood at the same rate as the
250,000,000 acres which are now partially productive, it would
supply about one-half of our present requirements for all wood,
and three-tenths of our need for saw timber. If a fairly intensive
practice of forestry were applied to this area, the maximum growth
that could be expected would be a little more than our present con-
sumption. Such a maximum production could hardly be attained,
however, within less than 50 years and would likely require a much
longer time, even if the entire forest area could be put under intensive
management at an early date. How far our timber consumption
may meanwhile have to be reduced will depend upon the action that is
taken in the next few years, before our remaining forests are cut off.
A permanent reduction far below the present standards can be
avoided if our forest lands are put to work without further delay.

Every day that this task is postponed means an added burden on
the American people in increased costs of forest products. In the
short period from 1914 to 1923 the annual expenditure for such
products increased by approximately $2,000,000,000, with no increase
in quantity. This sum is as great as the entire cost. of the Federal
Government in 1923 (exclusive of interest on the public debt).
Directly or indirectly, this extra burden adds to the cost of living of
every citizen, and if it continues to pile up the consequences may be
disastrous. In so far as the increased cost has resulted from inade-
quacy of local supplies, it is an unnecessary burden, for we can readily
produce adequate supplies if we choose.

The question, “ Why grow timber?” is answered first of all by
the many indications that our need for timber is not likely to de-
crease. As the virgin forests are more and more depleted the very
factors that might cause us to use less will tend to insure prices
sufficient to make timber growing a profitable undertaking.

It was not voluntary curtailment of her requirements for wood
or the introduction of substitutes that brought China to the present
low level of timber consumption. It was the destruction of her

WHY GROW TIMBER? 13

forests. Yet this destruction was wholly unnecessary, and it would
not have taken place had the Chinese people understood the role
that forests play in the economic life of a nation. For the United
States to follow in China’s footsteps in this respect would be an
inexcusable crime against future generations. Tor, unlike coal, iron,
and most minerals, timber can be renewed like any other crop after
the original supply has been consumed. Moreover, it is renewed
largely by natural forces which in proportion to the effort expended
produce greater values than any other use of many million acres of
land. Promptness in utilizing these forces will prevent the con-
version into idle, nonproductive wastes of great areas capable of
yielding continuous crops of timber.

We must grow timber because nature unaided will not grow it
for us in sufficient quantities, nor can the deficiency in our supplies be
made up from sources outside our country. It is immediately urgent
that full timber crops be grown wherever cut-over land is available
for this purpose. It is of vital interest, not only to the landowner,
the timber operator, or the manufacturer of forest products, but to
every citizen who in one way or another has already felt the first
effects of the timber shortage which improvident and unregulated
exploitation of our forest resources is bringing upon us.

ORGANIZATION OF THE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

June 1, 1298

SECTELALYROfmeAGMUCULULUT Cx ta eee W. M. JARDINE.
ARSSUStOALES CONCLO MY == = as = = ee ee R. W. DUNLAP.
Directommofes cvenit{icWiorkas == 2 ees ae A. F. Woops.
Directorroje eG ulatoryaW Ofk22 222 ee Water G. CAMPBELL.
IDERAGROP OF) AOSD SO ee C. W. WARBURTON.
Director of Personnel and Business Adminis-

ER OELOTE ee a BE Ree Soi i en ES W. W. StTocKBERGER.
Directors of InfOnmaunonea = NELSON ANTRIM CRAWFORD.
SS OLUCULO R= eee Sa cat enna 2-28 ete yay a ae ey 27S R. W. WILLIAMS.

Wieather DUncate= 2 22 ie ees See tee Se CuarLes F. Marvin, Chief.
BuUneauzoj-Antmal LnGusity == ee JOHN R. MouueEr, Chief.

PB UureG Ue Of) CE eet CSU ne L. A. Rogsrs, Acting Chief.
BUTeGUsO| Lan elena USUI =e ae ee WiuiraAm A. Taytor, Chief.
TL ORESUS CU UC Cran Sasa an eye eee eee ae Rog soTUART. Onze.

Bureau of Chemisiryand Sovls.-—2 == 22 = | H. G. Knieut, Chief.
BUrea Of; Li MLOMOLOGY ers ee = os ee C. L. Maruatt, Chief.
Bureau. 0jebtOlogvecal SUreyna= = ee Paut G. Repineton, Chief.
Buncatroj; Lublice oad ss == mm = eee Toomas H. MacDonatp, Chief.
Bureau of Agricultural Economics_-_-_------- Luoyp 8. Trenny, Chief.
Bureaucoj-HomesHeonomics= == 2225 = ss a= Louise STaNueEy, Chief.
HederaleHorticultunal board =. 22 5= === C. L. Maruatt, Chairman.
GratneHulures-AGMiUntsiation= = — == a= a ee J: W2T. Duvut, Chef:

Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration__ WALTER G. CAMPBELL, Director of
Regulatory Work, in Charge.

Office of Experrment Stations. .--==_---___= E. W. ALLEN, Chief.
Office of Cooperative Extension Work_____-_- C. B. Smita, Chief.
TADROTY Se a Oe es oe enna eae ee CLARIBEL R. BARNETT, Librarian.

This publication is a contribution from

LOVES TAS CIO UCE Res Bee Sie ee ee oe ee eae RooY2 SRUART= Chic.
Branch Of eiceSCGr Cha aia ase ane ee EARLE H. Crapp, Assistant Forester,
in Charge.
OfiGe=0;, COnOniCsS== = R. E. MarsH, in Charge.
14

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