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Wild Birds in City Parks

Being hints on identifying 200 birds,
prepared primarily for the spring
migration in Lincoln Park, Chicago,
but adapted to other localities

BY

HERBERT EUGENE WALTER
AND

ALICE HALL WALTER

FOURTH ENLARGED REVISION
With Chart and Key

AutTuHors’ EDITION
1910 -

CopyriGHT 1901, 1902, 1904, 1910,
By ALICE HaLLt WALTER,

@ontents.

Page

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Wisscriie snore itds: i652.) 2 bs Gate. 13
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LEAS Olan aCe 2 hale eee a eal ae gee gene CO, Sma eke ge 31
RMU ATCL AICS iu de 1s Saks uae ty alive ae See 53
Table of Occurrence in Lincoln Park, Chicago ...... 60
fiaie. ob, Atrival im. Lincoln Park Chicaco.~..\. 22). 64
faple of Distribution and” Occurrence . ...... ...... =: 71

fadex1]o Common Names... is. oe fe oc Ce eee eee. 89

“The first sparrow of spring! The year beginning with
younger hope than ever! The faint silvery warblings heard
over the partially bare and moist fields from the bluebird,
the song sparrow and the red-wing, as if the last flakes of ©
winter tinkled as they fell.”’

: —Thoreau's Walden.

Note to the Fourth Edition.

A springtime has not yet passed without the arrival
of the migrating birds. Upon this attractive subject an
increasing number of new books appear every year, yet it
seems probable from the way in which successive printings
of this little book have been exhausted that there still ex-
ists a need for a simple, compact field manual at a minimum
price.

The present edition is considerably enlarged by descrip-
tions of over fifty additional birds, a revised key and a
new table of comparative distribution. The entire subject
matter also has undergone a thorough revision with the end
in view of making the book useful in all localities in north-
eastern United States from the Mississippi to the Atlantic
coast.

The authors wish to thank all those who have joined
hands with them in the past and hope in the name of the
birds that the circle may grow still larger in the days to
come.

“All nature is so fullthat that district produces the great-
est variety which is most examined.’’
—Gulbert White, 1768.

Preface.

The object of this little book is to furnish those who may
be interested in making the acquaintance of wild birds with
a simple letter of introduction to 200 birds, the majority of
which are commonly seen during the spring migration.

Complete descriptions have been avoided, in the belief
that the student should rely upon his own observation for
the discovery of minor details. The living bird is the one
important fact which will make the brief hints offered of
value.

Anyone caring to make use of these hints may be assured
that during the migrations of the birds city dwellers have
one of the keenest delights of country life brought to their
very doors, because many birds, migrating largely at night,
are attracted by the lights of the city and stop off in their
long journey to feed, so that a city park often contains a
greater variety of feathered visitors than an equal area in
the country.

We wish to remind those of our friends who have asked
for pictures in a future edition that every springtime this
book is copiously illustrated in our parks and around our
homes by hundreds of living birds and that these illustra-
tions are all life size, absolutely accurate in detail and color-
ed true to nature.

. “Ags for the birds * * * they add immeasurably to the
wholesome beauty of life.’’
—Theodore Roosevelt, in Bird Lore, Vol. II, p. 98.

General Hints.

‘‘A good observer is quick to take a hint and follow it up.’”—ohn
Burroughs.

The identification of birds depends quite as much upon
accurate observation of their size, motions, flight, character-
istic attitudes, manner of feeding, company, song, call-notes
and haunts, as upon details of form and color. Especial
care is necessary to insure correct estimates of size for the
reason that living birds often appear smaller to the unprac-
ticed eye than they actually are. The familiar English
Sparrow is a convenient standard of size because it is usually
at hand either in city or country for instant reference. Re-
membering that it is 6 inches long a practical though rough
division of wild birds may be made as follows :—

1. Birds smaller than the English Sparrow.

2. Birds about the size of the English Sparrow.

3. Birds decidedly larger than the English Sparrow.

If a few general characteristics of the common bird-
families be kept in mind, and these are quickly and almost
unconsciously learned, the identity of a strange bird may
usually be narrowed down to a few possibilities. For ex-
ample:

Woodpeckers climb up and down the trunks of trees bracing
with their tailsand tapping the bark vigorously;

Nuthatches are smaller than woodpeckers and have much
the same habit of climbing up and down tree-
trunks but with a freer wig-wagging motion,
often descending head downward;

9

Flycatchers sit erect with drooping tails, watching alertly
for insect prey upon which they pounce in mid
air, afterwards returning to their perch;

Swallows skim through the air in graceful and long sustained
flights;

Sparrows have stout seed-cracking bills, feed upon the
ground, seldom fly high or far at a time and are
for the most part fine songsters;

Warblers are tiny, tireless, gaily-colored explorers of the
twigs of trees and bushes;

Kinglets are smaller than warblers and quite as restless in
their motions, but arrive earlier in the migra-
tion;

Wrens, with tails erect, slip mouse-like about brush heaps,
crevices and bushes, though often perching in
sight while singing;

Thrushes, who with the exception of the Robin and Bluebird
are very plainly dressed, run about on the
ground stopping suddenly in a listening attitude.
When singing they fly up to some perch, al-
though many of the unrivaled singers of this
family are silent during their brief sojourn in
city parks;

Vireos are most at home on the boughs of trees and sing
freely as they glide in and out among the leaves
to. teed.

Female birds can usually be identified after the adult
males have been seen, although the females and young of
many species are obscurely marked or quite different from
the adult males, a fact especially true of the warblers. Im-
mature birds are not considered in the present scheme of |

10

study since they are a source of confusion to the beginner
and occur in any considerable number only during the fall
migration. :

The time of arrival, that is, when a bird may be expected
during the migration, is a point worthy of particular atten-
tion. Many wild guesses may be avoided by simply noticing
the dates when a bird has been known to arrive in any given
locality from year to year. .

By eliminating all birds whose arrival is decidedly earlier
or later than that of the one in question, the matter is usually
narrowed down to a few species whose _ identification
is thus made much easier.

The safest way, however, is to make careful notes about
a stranger on the spot. Memory is never more treacherous
than in the case of the description of a doubtful bird when
‘ one appeals to some book of reference, a museum collection
or the judgment of others. It is not advisable to attempt
extensive ‘‘field-notes’’ at first but 7 zs essential to keep a
daily, dated list of all identified birds. A blank chart for
this purpose is inserted in the back part of the book.

Never chase birds. Have patience, stand still a great
deal and use your common sense all the time.

Do not make yourself believe that you see a certain bird
because it has been reported by others. Do your own look-
ing and listening and do it well.

If you cannot go birding alone take along as few friends
as possible because birds are suspicious of human beings in
flocks, especially when they move about much.

A pair of field or opera-glassesisa valuableaid, although
practice is necessary in learning to adjust them rapidly and
to fix them instantly upon the bird. Do not feel obliged to
use the glasses when you are near enough to see well without
them.

Keep the sun at your back, otherwise colors will deceive
you.

Remember that birds do not stay ‘‘indoors’’ on account
of rain, clouds or unfavorable weather. Warm spring rains
literally fillthe parks with feathered travelers who often tarry
but a day.

’

11

Particular Hints.

For the convenience of those desiring access to more detailed sources of
information the scientific name of each bird is placed in parenthesis below
its common name, while prefixed to the common name is its number in the
official list of the American Ornithologist’s Union as revised to date.

Following the hints given about each bird are the names (in black-faced
type) of any bird or birds for which it might easily be mistaken.

If information is desired as to the probable date of arrival of any bird
mentioned, reference should be made to the table on page 65.

The table beginning on page 74 indicates the birds which may be expected
in given localities in northeastern United States.

12

Part 1.
WATER AND SHORE BIRDS.

3. HORNED GREBE. 14 in.

(Colymbus auritus.)

Sooty black, extending in narrow line up back of neck;
rest of neck, sides and upper breast rich chestnut; glossy
white below; head and chin black; buffy ‘“‘horns’’ or crests,
slanting backward from the eyes; slender black bill, tipped
with yellow; eye, red; no tail. WuNTER: black parts sooty;
brown replaced by white; grayer below; crests and ruff less
conspicuous. Pied-billed Grebe.

6. PIED-BILLED GREBE. 13% in,
(Podilymbus podiceps.)

Brownish-black, showing gray on head and neck; belly,
dusky white, otherwise brownish below; black throat-patch;
a conspicuous black band across bill. WINTER: throat
whitish; browner below; no band on bill. Horned Grebe.

7. LOON. 33: in.

(Gavia imber.)

Black, showing greenish on head and neck, spotted with
square or oval patches of white on back and wings and striped
with white in front of wings; white below; two conspicuous
white-striped bars acrossthe black neck giving the effect of a
broad black collar; tail, very short; eye, red; large black bill,
long and pointed; dives and sinks like the Grebes; note, an
eerie, prolonged cry.

13

51. HERRING GULL. 24 in.
(Larus argentatus.)

White; wings and back, pearly blue-gray; bill mostly
yellow; outer wing feathers partly black, marked and t1pped
with white; the closed wing shows black towards the end,
marked with a regular line of white spots and tipped with
white at the extreme point; looks large and heavy in flight.
WINTER: Streaked on head and neck with gray. IMMATURE:
Dark, much streaked with brownish; bill darker. Ring-
billed Gull. Kittiwake.

54. RING-BILLED GULL. 19 in.

(Larus delawarensis.)

Similar to 51, but smaller; bill, greenish-yellow, bright
at tip, banded with black around the middle; wing tipped at
extreme point with black; feet greenish-yellow; eyelids ve-r
milion-red. Herring Gull.

60. BONAPARTE GULL. 13 in.
(Larus philadelphia.)

Back and wings, light pearl-gray; head and throat, dark
slate color; back of head, neck, underparts and square tail,
white; wings tipped, and bordered narrowly on the outside edge
with black; feet and legs, red; bill black. WINTER: hood,
grayish white. Common Tern.

70. COMMON TERN. 15 in.

(Sterna hirundo.)

Pearly gray back and wings, whiter on rump; top of head,
shining black; pure white on throat; dusky-white below;
tail forked, outer edge darkest; bill long and red, blackening
towards tip, held at right angles to the body in flight; feet
reddish. WuiNntTEeR: front of head and under-parts, white;
bill nearly black. Bonaparte Gull.

14

129. AMERICAN MERGANSER. 25 in.
(Mergus americanus.)

Black; rump and tail, ashy; head, throat and upper part
of neck, greenish; wing, largely white, edged with black and
crossed by a black bar; white below, showing salmon tinge
in flight; narrow white collar; long red billtipped with black;
eye,red. FEMALE: ashy-gray; head and neck, brown; salmon
or brownish tinge across upper breast; throat, white; wings
dark with a white patch; small crest on back of neck; feet
orange; eye yellow. American Golden-eye. Red-breasted
Merganser.

130. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. 22 in.
(Mergus serrator.)

Long ragged crest; head and neck, black; broad white
collar; broad cinnamon band streaked with black across
breast, otherwise white below, showing salmon tinge in flight;
wing largely white, edged and barred twice with black; eye
and bill, red. FrmMaLe: back and wings dark gray turning
to brown on head and neck; much paler on sides of neck and
throat; gray across breast; crest small; white wing-patch.
American Merganser.

131. HOODED MERGANSER. 18 in.
(Lophodytes cucullatus.)

Black, including throat and neck; large circular crest,
white bordered with black; white below running up in front
of the wings in two points; sides brownish, finely lined with
black; white wing-patch, crossed by black bar; lengthwise
white streaks on end of wings; short black bill; eye yellow.
FEMALE: grayish-brown; throat white; crest small; sides
unmarked. Buffle-head.

132; MALLARD: ') 23 in.
(Anas platyrhynchos.)

Gray-brown head, throat and neck glossy green to blue;
narrow white collar; breast, rich brown; belly, gray lined
with black; tail white, set off by black feathers curling up
from either side of black rump; wing-patch purple, bordered
on either side with a black and then a white bar. FEMALE:
buffy-brown and black; much streaked and speckled; lighter
on throat; shows wing-patch as in male.

15

133. BLACK DUCK. 22in.
(Anas rubripes.)

Dark brown mottled with rusty, lighter below; wing-bar
violet-purple edged with black; throat with few markings;
legs brownish; bill greenish-black; im flight white wing lining
shows; a suspicious pond ai:\d swamp duck often active at
night; call, ‘‘quack’’. Fe 1ale Mallard.

139. GREEN-WINGED TEAL. 14% in.
(Nettion carolinensis.)

Gray, sides and shoulders finely lined with black; white
bar in front of wing; head ani throat brown with a broad
green stripe from eye to back of head ending ina small tuft;
wings, gray-brown with brilliant green and black wing-patch,
buff-bordered; breast, pale chestnut speckled with black;
buffy patches on sides of tail; white belly. FEMALE:
mottled brown; top of head and back of neck dark brown;
sides of head and neck buff, finely streaked; throat buff,
unmarked; no green on head nor white bar in front of wings;
wing-patch as in male but smaller. Blue-winged Teal.

140. BLUE-WINGED TEAL. 15 in.
(Querquedula discors.)

Back and underparts thickly mottled brownish and black,
lightest below; head slaty with purplish gloss; crescent-
shaped white stripe in front of eye; shows blue on bend of wing,
followed by white bar and bright green wing-patch; white
patch on sides of tail; bill black. FEMALE: dusky-brown;
black on top of head; streaked and whitish on neck and sides
of head; throat and about base of bill, white; back and under-
parts mottled and spotted; wing shows blue but no green;
no white stripes on head. Green-winged Teal.

143... PINTAIL.. -27 jin;
(Dafila acuta.)

Head and throat brown, darkest on top; long, swan-like
neck, black above, finely waved white and dusky on back
and sides; long middle tail-feathers, black; white below with
a conspicuous curved white stripe running up sides of neck
to head and ending in a point; bronzy patch on wings.
FEMALE: tail shorter but pointed; dusky, everywhere
streaked; no white stripe on neck; whitish wing-bars; smaller
than male. Old-squaw.

16

144. WOOD DUCK. 18in.
(Aix sponsa.)

Highly variegated; long, glossy crest showing green and
purple, marked by two narrow white parallel lines curving
from bill and behind eye almost to end of crest; throat white
extending irregularly in two stripes, one up behind eye, the
other nearly around neck; breast glossy brown spotted
with white and set off on either side by a conspicuous white
stripe bordered with black; wings highly iridescent, marked
by green patch bordered with white. FrMmaLe: duller,
less conspicuously marked; head brownish-gray, slightly
crested, greenish; throat and line extending from it around
base of bill, with space about eye, white.

. 146. REDHEAD. 20 in.
(Marila americana.)

Puffy head and upper part of neck and throat, bright
reddish-brown; breast and upper part of back with rump,
black; belly white; middle back and sides evenly and finely
waved black and white, which shows gray at a distance. Fr-
MALE: grayish-brown, almost white on throat; head brown;
lighter on neck. Canvas-back.

148. AMERICAN SCAUP DUCK. 18% in.
(Marila marila.)
Similar to 149, but greenish on head; sides faintly barred;
guttural call; less frequent on fresh water than 149. Lesser
Scaup.

149. LESSER SCAUP DUCK. 16 in.
(Marila affinis.)

Head, neck and breast black, showing purple on head;
back black and white, narrowly barred; upper part of wing
dark, finely mottled with white; lower part of wing brownish-
black with small white patch; lower breast and belly white,
sides barred; bill, bluish tipped with black. FEmate:
black replaced by brown, lighter on head; white around
bill. Ring-necked Duck. Female, easily confused with
female Lesser Scaup.

’

151. AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE. 19 in.
(Clangula clangula americana.)

Black, glossed with green; white below, extending around
the neck in a collar; head bunchy, slightly crested and mark-
ed below and just back of eye by a nearly oval white spot;
wings largely white; short bill. FEMALE: brown, snuff-
colored on head; white collar and wing patch; band of bluish-
gray across breast and down sides. American Merganser.

153. BUFFLE-HEAD. 15 in.
(Charitonetta albeola.)

Head, throat and upper neck, iridescent black; black
crest broadly banded with white over head from eye to eye;
back black, ashy on tail; wings black with large white patch;
collar and entire under parts, white. FEMALE: smaller;
brownish, lighter below; no crest; white patch on cheeks
and small white wing-patch. Hooded Merganser.

154. OLD-SQUAW. 21 in.

(Harelda hyemalis)

WINTER PLUMAGE: Back, long tail-feathers and breast
with patch on sides of neck black; throat, upper breast, top
of head, neck and belly white; cheeks grayish-brown; wings
black and gray; bill crossed by yellowish band. FEMALE:
dark brown, lighter on head, grayish on tail; throat, breast
and region about the eye gray-white; below white, brown
on lower part of throat; no long tail-feathers; smaller than
male. SUMMER PLUMAGE: head and neck, dusky black;
grayish-white on sides of head; female shows more brown.
Pintail.

165. WHITE-WINGED SCOTER. 19—20 in.
(Oidemia deglandi.)

Black, brownish below; patch on wing and spot under
eye, white (nearly absent in winter); iris almost white;
upper bill, red-orange on sides, swollen on top; fly high
except in stormy weather. FEMALE: grayish-brown; whit-
ish around upper bill and ears; white wing-patch; iris
black, American and Surf Scoters,

18

/

167. RUDDY DUCK. 15—16 in.
(Erismatura jamaicensis. )

Upper half of head black, cheeks and chin white; else-
where chestnut-red turning grayish; brown on rump and
wings; belly white; tail blackish, stiff (often held
erect by male while swimming); bill broad, short; feet large.
WINTER PLUMAGE AND FEMALE: brown, somewhat mottled;
white stripe below eye; swiit, whirring flight; sink without
diving or dive and swim below water like the grebes.

172. CANADA GOOSE. 40 in.
(Branta canadensis. )

Head and neck, black with white throat-patch extend-
ing up to and just behind eye; brownish-gray marked with
lighter, darkest on back; rump and tail, black above and
white below; fly after a leader in harrow-shaped ranks, often
high up, crying “honk, honk, honk.’’

190. AMERICAN BITTERN. 30 in.
(Botaurus lentiginosus. )

Streaky, tawny and dark-brown, mixed with white and
yellowish below; conspicuous black streak on sides of neck;
short brown tail; breast feathers loose and baggy; yellow eye;
call, loud resounding squawk, or booming notes which have
given it the common name oi “‘stake-driver.’’

Mi” LEAST BITTER. . 13° in:
(Ixobrychus exilis.)

Crown with back, tail and upper half of wings, shining
greenish-black; rest of wing, buff and bright chestnut;
throat and baggy breast, whitish shading into yellowish-
brown on sides of neck and chestnut on back of neck; buffy-
white below; tufts of dark feathers on either side of breast;
yellow eye. Green Heron.

194. GREAT BLUE HERON. 45 in.
(Ardea herodias. )

Slaty-gray; top of head and throat white; long bill yellow
beneath; legs black; bend of wing reddish-brown; blackish
crest; feathers on breast long and streaky; stands on one
leg; flies slowly with neck drawn in and legs extended
behind; hoarse call. Cranes. (Cranes are rare; fly with
necks extended; call, loud and resounding.)

19

201. GREEN HERON. 17 in.
(Butorides virescens. )

Wings and back dark green, latter tinged with blue-gray;
crown greenish-black; neck and _ breast reddish-brown;
throat and line down middle of neck to breast whitish, end-
ing in light streaks on breast; the smallest heron; carries
neck curved in flight; squawking note, “‘scow.’’ Night
Heron.

202. BLACK CROWNED NIGHT HERON. 24 in.
(Nycticorax nycticorax naevius.)

Green-black above; sides of head, throat and lower parts
white; ashy on lower half of wing and tail; neck short and
thick; pointed black bill; legs yellow; nests in flocks; feeds
by night except in nesting season; call, ‘“‘quawk.’’ Im-
MATURE: brown, much streaked and mottled; appear slightly
larger than adult. Little Green Heron.

212. VIRGINIA RAIL. 9¥% in.
(Rallus virginianus. )

Streaked, blackish and olive-brown; back of neck and
top of head plain brown; elsewhere cinnamon-red except
flanks which are heavily barred cross-wise; long feet; short
upturned tail; in fresh or salt marshes; grunting and guttural
calls; one note of female much like sharp “‘click’’ of the Flic-
ker. King Rail. Clapper Rail.

214. SORA. 8¥% in.
(Porzana carolina.)

Olive-brown with lengthwise markings of black and some
white; short tail turned up, showing buffy white underside;
sides barred posteriorly-with white; front of head and throat
black; slaty line over eye; sides of neck and breast grayish-
slate; bill short and yellowish; legs long; very stealthy;
skulks and crouches in grass. Younc: no black; throat
whitish, brown on breast. Virginia Rail.

20

219. FLORIDA GALLINULE,. 13% in.
(Gallinula galeata. )

Bluish-slate, washed with olive-brown on back, rump,
wings and tail; grayish on belly with white streaks along
flanks; under tail-coverts white; brilliant red bill and plate
across forehead; legs green to red; call, ‘“‘chuck’’ or clucking
notes; walks and swims. American Coot.

221., AMERICAN COOT, 15) ia.
(Fulica americana. )

Smooth blackish slate color, hghter below, black on head
and neck; white bill shows dark marks near the tip; turned
up tail; white underneath; wing edged with white; eye red;
young show white below and no marks on bill; tees with
scalloped edges. May be mistaken fora small duck. Flor-
ida Gallinule.

228. AMERICAN WOODCOCK. 10!, in.
(Philohela minor.)

Back, mixed black and rusty slate; below reddish-brown,
no markings; large head with short neck and very long straight
bill; eye set high up and far back; crown barred crosswise with
black and rusty; short tail; burrows in soft mud for earth-
worms; nocturnal. Wilson Snipe.

230. WILSON SNIPE. 10%-—-11% in.
(Gallinago delicata.)

Black and buff, much streaked; wings, dark brown
marked with white; below white, streaked; sides and lining
of wings barred with black; throat white; rusty tinge on breast
and black-barred tail; long, probing bill; usually in fresh-
water marshes or open swamps; flight swift and crooked;
varied notes; call, harsh ‘‘scaipe’’; makesa ‘‘bleating’’ sound
(not vocal.) Woodcock.

2i

239. PECTORAL SANDPIPER. Qin.
(Pisobia maculata. )

Black mottled with rusty; white below, thickly streaked
on breast; upper side of tail black, middle tail-feathers long
and pointed; wet meadows; harsh creaky, whistling note;
mating call musical, repeated eight times by male with
throat greatly inflated. Wilson Snipe. White-rumped
Sandpiper.

242. LEAST SANDPIPER. 5!4
(Pisobia minutilla.)

Blackish edged with reddish brown; light line over eye;
shows whitish wing-bar; outer tail-feathers ash-gray; below
white, finely streaked across breast; call sweet, ‘‘ peep-peep’’;
in flocks along fresh and salt water; the smallest sandpiper.
Semipalmated Sandpiper.

246. SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. 6 in.
(Ereunetes pusillus.)

Grayish-brown, marked with black and buffy; rump very
dark; tail tapering; underparts pure white, slightly tinged
and streaked across breast; white line over eye and dusky
line beneath; note ‘‘peep-peep’’. Other Sandpipers.

248. SANDERLING. 8 in.
(Calidris leucophaea. )

SuMMER: mottled black, white and rusty; white wing-
bar; below white, marked with black and tinged with rusty
on throat and upper breast; lacks the hind toe; feet and
bill black. WuiNTER: Grayish above, pure white below; call,
a shrill whistle; mostly frequents beaches along the coast;
runs rapidly, at times lifting its wings as if about to fly.
Spotted Sandpiper.

254. GREATER YELLOW-LEGS. 15—16in.
(Totanus melanoleucus. )

Black, much speckled with white; head, neck and lower
parts white, streaked and marked with black except on
middle of belly; bill long, black; legs and feet yellow; tail shows
white barred with black; utters whistling call frequently;
found near fresh and salt water. Yellow-legs. Bartram-
ian Sandpiper.

6 in.

22

255. YELLOW-LEGS. 11 in.
(Totanus flavipes.) 5
Similar in plumage and habits to 254, but smaller and
more common; in flocks; most abundant in fall migration;
call, three whistling notes resembling that of 254. Greater

Yellow-legs.
256. SOLITARY SANDPIPER. 87 in.
(Helodromas solitarius.)

Back, dusky olive-brown finely spotted with white, crown
and back of neck showing dark streaks; white below, throat
unmarked; sides of head and neck with breast slightly buffy
and distinctly streaked; sides lightly barred; wings dark
brown with one narrow white wing-bar; outer tail-feathers
white barred with black; note, a soft whistle; frequents fresh
water mostly. Spotted Sandpiper.

261. BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER. 12 in.

(Bartramia longicauda. )

Black edged regularly with buff; neck slender, buff, finely
streaked; tail barred with black; outer wing-feathers show
white barring; below pale buff with arrow-marks of black;
belly lighter with few markings; flute-like call or soft, mourn-
ful note; walks slowly, nodding head; flies high; when alight-
ing ratses wings to full height before folding them; grassy plains
and pastures. Golden Plover.

263. SPOTTEDSANDPIPER. 7% in.
(Actitis macularia)

Greenish-ash marked lightly with black; long white line
over eye; pure white below, adults with dark round spots; wings
brownish, marked broadly with white bar; flies close to the
water, wings full-spread, showing white bar; note, penetrat-
ing ‘‘pee-weet, weet’’; walks with tilting motion. Solitary
Sandpiper.

272. AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER. 10%in.
(Charadrius dominicus.)

SuMMER: black, mottled with yellow; sides of breast
white, otherwise black below; forehead and line over eye,
white; below eye, black; lining of wings ashy. WINTER:
whitish below. Plains and sandy hills or fields; runs swiftly;
melodious whistle; in flocks. Black-bellied Plover.

23

273.:. EILLDEER.: | £0:in:
(Oxyechus vociferus.)

Gray-brown; rump rusty-brown; tail rather long; white
below; white collar followed by a black collar; black band
across breast; forehead, line over eye and wing-bar white;
bill black; runs very swiftly; note, loud and persistent ‘ kill-
dee,’’ often heard high overhead; found mostly inland.

274. SEMI-PALMATED PLOVER. 634 in.
(Aegialitis semipalmata. )

Forchead, throat and collar around neck white, followed
by a black collar broadening across breast; below white;
gray-brown above; in small scattering flocks along beaches
or water-courses; call, very sweet, two or three notes, ascend-
ing; rather silent but not shy. Piping Plover.

24

Part 11.

LAND BIRDS.

289. BOB-WHITE. 10 in.
(Colinus virginianus. )

Mate: reddish-chestnut, much variegated with bla_kand
buff; tail ashy; throat and line over eye white; forehead, line
below eye and band across breast, black; belly white, finely
barred with wavy black lines; spring call of male, ‘ bob-
white’’; varied notes; in flocks except during breeding sea-
son; highly beneficial FEMALE: white markings buffy,
little black on breast.

300. RUFFED GROUSE. 17 in.
(Bonasa umbellus.)

Black and reddish-buff, much barred; below barred with
grayish-white; tail mottled showing broad black bar; black
jeather-tujts on side of neck (longest on male) which form
a ruff; woodland and shrubby pastures; call of male, a re-
markable whirring of the wings described as ‘‘drummuing,”’
call of female ‘‘cluck’’ or a note of distress when young are
disturbed. Canada Grouse. Prairie Hen.

316. MOURNING DOVE. 12 in.
(Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. )

Gray-blue, tinged with brownish; tail broadly tipped with
white, tapering to a narrow point; sides of neck iridescent;
marked with black on wings and sides of head; rapid whist-
ling flight; note, ‘‘coo-oo.’’ Pigeon. Cuckoos.

29

331. MARSH HAWK. 22 in.
(Circus hudsonius. )
Bluish-gray, showing light streaks; gray below, belly
white marked with brown; tail barred; white rump; (female
brown, barred and streaked more heavily); note shrill.

332. SHARP-SHINNED HAWK. 12 in.
(Accipiter velox.)

Slate-gray, crown darker; edge of wing barred with black;
tail long, square, barred broadly, white-tipped; below white
slightly tinged with brown, streaked or faintly barred;
usually silent except at nesting period; soars in narrow
circles; flies swiftly; attacks poultry. Cooper Hawk.

333. COOPER HAWE. °17' in:
(Accipiter cooperi.)

Resembles closely 332, but is larger, crown almost black;
tail rounded and showing more white at tip; flies swiftiy;
attacks poultry; cackling note. Sharp-shinned, Red-
shouldered and Red-tailed Hawks.

337. RED-TAILED HAWK. 19—22 in.
(Buteo borealis.)

Much like 339 above but without shoulder-patch; tazl
rich, red-brown, barred once with black (more or less
completely barred in female and immature); below white;
upper breast and throat streaked (adults show red-brown
tinge on sides); call, a squealing whistle; woodland; bene-
ficial. Red-shouldered and Broad-winged Hawks.

339. RED-SHOULDERED HAWK. 18—20 in.
(Buteo lineatus.)

Dark brown varied with reddish-brown, buffy or gray-
ish; edge of wing barred black and white, showing four
notches in flight; red-brown shoulder-patch; tail blackish,
barred and tipped with white; below reddish-buff, barred
with whitish; (immature streaked below or heavily spotted;
shoulder-patch less showy); note, ‘‘kee-you’’; beneficial,
although commonly known as a hen-hawk. Red-tailed
and Broad-winged Hawks.

26

343. BROADWINGED HAWK. 14~—18in.
(Buteo platypterus.)

Dark brown, slightly mottled with reddish-buff; tail,
broadly barred; edge of wing shows three notches 1n flight,
below white, thickly barred with reddish-brown and finely
jined with blackish; heavy flight; notes, high pitched (one
resembles that of the Wood Pewee). Red-shouldered and
and Red-tailed Hawks.

352. BALD EAGLE. 33 in.
(Haliaetus leucocephalus. )

Dark brown, tail, head and neck white; yellow bill; edge
of wing black; (immature resembles Golden Eagle; adult
plumage appears the third year); usually near water; eats
fish, carrion, and at times water-birds and mammals; call-
notes harsh. Fish Hawk. Golden Eagle.

360. AMERICAN SPARROW HAWK. 10!, in.
(Falco sparverius. )

Reddish-brown, usually barred or spotted with black;
head bluish, marked on sides with black; tail white-tipped with
one broad black bar; below white, more or less spotted; nar-
row pointed wings. FEMALE: much more barred, darker and
streaked below. The smallest hawk.

364. AMERICAN OSPREY. 23 in.
(Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. )

Brown-black, feathers slightly tipped with whitish; head
mottled with white; white below, sometimes faintly spotted;
in flight shows dark above, head and lower parts white; nests
in colonies along coast; fish-eating; dives for prey; call,
a high wailing whistle. Bald Eagle.

336. AMERICAN LONG-EARED OWL. 14% in.
(Asio wilsonianus. )

Very dark brown, lightly mottled with yellowish and
white; wings and tail barred; below, streaked on breast,
thickly mottled and barred elsewhere; long, blackish ear-
tufts with light edges; yellow eyes; barking, whirring call;
wooded swamp land; beneficial. Short-eared Owl. Barred
Owl.

27

367. SHORT-EARED OWL. 14'4—15¥ in.
(Asio flammeus.)

Streaked and mottled dark brown with yellowish; tail
broadly barred, also edge of wing; yellowish-white below
streaked heavily across breast but without bars; ear-tufts
very short; eyes yellow; grassy marshes and rank under-
growth; sometimes feeds by day in cloudy weather; call
shrill; beneficial. Long-eared Owl. Barred Owl.

368. BARRED OWL. 18—20 in.
(Strix varia. )

Conspicuously and regularly barred (more finely on
head) brown and white with slight yellowish tinge; below
white barred across breast, streaked broadly on belly; no ear-
tufts; bill yellow; eyes almost black; woodland; call, a resonant
hoot; beneficial. Short-eared Owl.

372. SAW-WHET OWL. 7!4—8 in.
(Glaux acadica.)

Dark chocolate brown, finely lined on head, spotted on
back; tail slightly barred with white; below white, thickly
streaked; eyes yellow; bill black; uo ear-tufts; the smallest
owl common to northeastern America; call resembles
‘filing a saw’’; flies like a woodcock; thickly wooded areas;
beneficial. Screech Owl.

373. SCREECH OWL. 8—10 in.
(Otus asio.)

Gray to reddish-brown, streaked with black and some-
what mottled; below white, streaked and irregularly barred;
ear-tujts; call, eerie, wailing tremolo; frequents orchards;
beneficial. Saw-whet Owl.

375. GREAT-HORNED OWL. 22 in.
(Bubo virginianus. )

Mottled buff, black and yellow; long ear-tujts; eyes
yellow; below finely barred, patch on throat white; wild forest-
ed country; very loud, varied calls, ‘“‘whoo’’, a scream or
bark; attacks poultry and smaller birds but also destroys
many mice and rabbits.

28

387. YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. 12% in.

(Coccyzus americanus. )

Bronzy olive-gray; white below; lower half of curved bill
yellow tipped with black; outer tail-feathers black tipped
broadly with white; wings show a reddish-brown tinge in
flight; glides stealthily from tree to tree and keeps concealed
among the leaves; slowly droops and raises tail when
perching; song, loud ‘‘kuk-kuk, kuk-kuk’’. Black-billed
Cuckoo. Mourning Dove.

388. BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. 12 in.
(Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. )

Bronzy olive-gray; white below; bill entirely black; only
a little white on tail; movements like those of 387; song,
soft ‘‘coo-coo, coo-coo’’. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Mourning
Dove.

390. BELTED KINGFISHER. 14 in.
(Ceryle alcyon.)

Blue-gray; white collar; bzg, crested head; sits erect watch-
ing for fish and flies near the surface of the water, uttering a
rattling call.

393. HAIRY WOODPECKER. 9 in.
(Dryobates villosus.)

White band down the middle of black back; wings black
spotted with white; beneath white; outer tail-feathers white
not barred; red band on neck of male; large bill; note, sharp
resonant ‘‘plick’’. Downy Woodpecker. Yellow-bellied
Sapsucker.

394c. DOWNY WOODPECKER. 6% in.
(Dryobates pubescens medianus. )

Bill small; closely resembles the Hairy Woodpecker but
is scarcely larger than the English Sparrow and has outer
tail-feathers barred with black. Hairy Woodpecker. Yel-
low-bellied Sapsucker.

29

402. YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER. 8% in.
(Sphyrapicus varius.)

Mixed black and white; vyellowish-white underneath,
streaked on sides; white bar lengthwise the wing; scarlet
patch, bordered with black on crown and throat (throat of
female white); harsh, squealing note. Downy Woodpecker.
Hairy Woodpecker.

406. RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. 9%, in.
(Melanerpes erythrocephalus. )
Black and white, not streaked; entire head, neck and
upper part of breast crimson; pure white belly; note, a loud
‘“‘kr-r-r-r-r’’. Red-bellied Woodpecker.

409. RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER. 9% in.
(Centurus carolinus. )

Black and white, back, wings and tail barred transversely
and very evenly; below grayish-white, tinged with red; top
of head and back of neck crimson. FEMALE: crown gray.
Red-headed Woodpecker. Hairy Woodpecker.

412a. NORTHERN FLICKER. 12% in.
(Colaptes auratus luteus.)

Brown, barred with black; head grayish; back of neck
marked with bright red; black crescent on cinnamon-brown
spotted breast; in flight shows whtte rump and yellow lining
of wings and tail; feeds much on ground, unlike other wood-
peckers; sharp, nasal call-note; mating call, ‘‘flee-ker’’,
repeated. Meadowlark.

417. WHIP-POOR-WILL. 934 in.
(Antrostomus vociferus.)
Mottled, strongly resembling the bark of certain trees;
narrow white band across upper part of breast; big head; in
daytime lies motionless, lengthwise a branch. Nighthawk.

420. NIGHTHAWK. 9¥% in.
(Chordeiles virginianus. )

On the wing overhead after insects just before or at dusk;
long, pointed wings show a white patch; flight resembles that
of Chimney Swift; sharp note, ‘‘skeep’’; often nests on the
flat roofs of city buildings. Whip-poor-will.

30

423. CHIMNEY SWIFT. 5% in.
(Chetura pelagica.)
Dark sooty-gray; bob-tail; long, pointed wings which
often vibrate rapidly in flight; twittering note; never seen
perching like other birds. Swallows.

428. RUBY-THROATED HUMMING-BIRD. 3% in.
(Trochilus colubris.)

Iridescent green and purple; throat of male ruby-red;
frequents flowering shrubs and plants; darts here and there
and poises in mid air with wings vibrating so rapidly that
they make a humming noise; ‘‘squeaky note’’.

444. KINGBIRD. 8% in.
(Tyrannus tyrannus. )

Dusky black; below white; tazl tipped with broad band of
white; fire-red patch on crown, usually concealed; spreads
tail when about to alight; when flying high, may be mistaken
for a Tree Swallow.

452. CRESTED FLYCATCHER. Qin.
(Myiarchus crinitus.)
Olive, showing rusty brown on wings and tail; crested
head; throat and breast, ashy-gray; wing-bars; belly sulphur-
yellow; usually perches high; note, hoarse whistle. Blue

Jay.

456. PHBE. 7 in.
(Sayornis phoebe.)
Dull olive-brown, darker on head and tail; whitish below;
billand feet black; tail drooping but jerking constantly; note,
‘“‘phoe-be.’’ Wood Pewee. Least Flycatcher.

459. OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER. 7% in.
(Nuttallornis borealis.)

Olive-gray, wings and tail darker; throat and a narrow
line along middle of belly white; large, flattened head; bill
heavy, black above, light below; long wings; tail notched;
whitish tufts on flanks; bold, conspicuous; plaintive call or
loud whistle. Crested Flycatcher.

31

461. WOOD PEWEE. 6% in.
(Myiochanes virens.)

Dark olive-brown, brownish-black on wings and tail;
frowzy head; below white, olive tinge on sides; two narrow
white wing-bars; plaintive note repeated slowly and often,
‘““pee-to-way, pee-to-way, hee-rue.’’ Phebe. Least Fly-
catcher.

463. YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. 53% in.
(Empidonax flaviventris. )

Bright olive-green, tail and wings dark brown; yellowish
wing-bars; sulphur-yellow below, brightest between legs; tinged
elsewhere with pale olive; yellow eye-ring; call, a soft, slow
whistle,‘ pee-a.’’ Yellow-throated Vireo. Least Flycatcher.
Pine Warbler.

465. GREEN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER. 534 in.
(Empidonax virescens. )

Olive-green, wings and tail dark; two showy wing-bars;
head broad; below white, pure on throat and middle of belly,
elsewhere palely tinged with greenish-yellow; (immature
brighter); open woods near water; common notes,‘ cheep’’
or a two-syllabled squeak resembling that made by a rubber
doll. Traill, Least and Yellow-bellied Flycatchers.

466. TRAILL FLYCATCHER. 514—6 in.
(Empidonax traillii.)

Olive-green, tinged with brown; whitish below, sides gray-
ish; belly slightly yellow; throat white; dull, narrow wing-
bars; pale eye-ring; bill, black above, light below; prefers
alder growth; a short, soft note, also a longer, sharp, rasp-
ing call, accented on second syllable. Acadian Flycatcher.
Least Flycatcher.

467. LEAST FLYCATCHER. 5% in.
(Empidonax minimus. )

Olive-gray, wings, tail and head darker; two narrow
wing-bars; grayish below, whiter on throat; jerks tts tatl and
utters a sharp, energetic call, ‘‘che-bec.’’ Wood Pewee.
Phoebe.

32

474. HORNED LARK. 734 in.
(Otocoris alpestris. )

Streaked grayish-brown, somewhat tinged with chocolate;
line over eye and throat yellow (paler in summer); breast-patch
and line from bill to and below eye black; feathers on sides of
crown long, black, erectile; tail black, white-edged; ground
feeder; runs; whistling call; in flocks. Vesper Sparrow.
Pipit. Prairie Horned Lark.

476b. PRAIRIE HORNED LARK. 7%, in.
(Otocoris alpestris praticola.)
Similar to 474 but smaller; yellow markings almost white;
formerly confined to prairies, now spreading eastward.
Horned Lark. Vesper Sparrow. Pipit.

477. BLUE-JAY. 11% in.
(Cyanocitta cristata.)
Narrow black collar; crested; wings and tail deep blue,
white-tipped and black-barred; bold; harsh, noisy notes.
Loggerhead Shrike. Kingfisher. Bluebird.

488. AMERICAN CROW. 19 in.
(Corvus brachyrhynchos. )
Entirely black, including bill and feet; often seen in
flocks; wings appear frayed and ragged in flight; note, a lusty
‘“‘caw.’’ Bronzed Grackle.

490. FISH CROW. 16 in.
(Corvus ossifragus. )
Most easily distinguished from the common crow by
smaller size and very nasal note, ‘‘car-car-car;’’ found on the
Atlantic coast northward to Connecticut. Crow.

494. BOBOLINK. 7% in.
(Dolichonyx orizivorus.)
Black with light back, creamy buff on neck; long
merry ‘musical song; open fields; sings on the wing;
FEMALE: sparrow-colored,, streaked above.

33

495. COWBIRD. 8 in.
(Molothrus ater.)
Black, head and neck glossy brown; sparrow-like
bill; fly in flocks, uttering a greasy, squeaking note. FEr-
MALE: brownish. Bronzed Grackle. Rusty Blackbird.

497. YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD. 10% in.
(Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus.)
Black; head, throat and breast yellow; white wing
patch. FrmMavLe: dark brown, yellow markings duller; no
wing patch; smaller than male.

498. RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD. 9% in.
(Agelaius phoeniceus. )

Black showing scarlet shoulder-straps edged with
yellow. Likes marshy places; notes ‘‘quonk-a-ree,’’ met-
allic whistle and chattering. FEMALE: much streaked,
marked with rusty. Cowbird. Rusty Blackbird.

501. MEADOWLARK. 10% in.
(Sturnella magna.)

Streaked; black crescent on a bright yellow breast; outer
tail feathers white; flies straight, hovering as it reaches the
ground; sweet, plaintive song; nasal call-note. Flicker.
Dickcissel.

506. ORCHARD ORIOLE. 7 in.
(Icterus spurius.)

Rich chestnut-brown, head, wings and tail black;
narrow white wing-bar; high trees; loud, clear song.
FEMALE: Olivaceous above, greenish-yellow below with two
white wing-bars; young male like female but with black
throat. Baltimore Oriole.

507. BALTIMORE ORIOLE. 7% in..
(Icterus galbula.)

Bright orange, head, throat, back and wings black; two
white wing-bars; loud call, ‘‘co-weet, co-weet, co-weet;’’
song noteworthy. FEMALE: smaller, brownish-yellow show-
ing little black. Orchard Oriole. Scarlet Tanager.

34

509. RUSTY BLACKBIRD. 9% in.
(Euphagus carolinus. )
Black, uniformly iridescent and more or less rusty; tau!
nearly even. FEMALE: smaller and rustier with pale line
overeye. Bronzed Grackle. Red-wing Blackbird.

511. PURPLE GRACKLE. 13 in.
(Quiscalus quiscula.)
Back purple to greenish otherwise similar to 511b except
that feathers on back, belly and rump show iridescent bars.
Bronzed Grackle. Rusty Grackle. Crow.

5lib. BRONZEDGRACKLE. 13 in.
(Quiscalus quiscula eneus.)
Iridescent black; head steely blue-green or purple; body
distinctly bronzy; tail carried rudderwise in flight; pompous
walk; rusty, grating call. Crow.

oL7. PURPLE FINCH: 624 «in.
(Carpodacus purpureus.)
Not “‘purple,’’ but faded crimson-red, somewhat streaky;
belly whitish; large, heavy bill; noteworthy song. FEMALE:
mottled olive-brown, resembling sparrows.

521. AMERICAN CROSSBILL. 6 in.
(Loxia curvirostra minor.)

Male brickish to bright-red, wings and tail dark brown;
bill crossed and curved at tip; feeds on seeds of cone-bearing
trees; movements sluggish and parrot-like; flight, undulating;
go in small flocks, singing on the wing. FEMALE: dull
olive-green; yellowish rump; belly whitish. White-winged
Crossbill.

528. REDPOLL. 5% in.
(Acanthis linaria.)

Streaked dark brown and white; belly, also bars and
edges of wing white; sides streaked; rump, crown, throat,
breast and sides suffused with rosy-red; blackish throat-
patch; bill sharply pointed; canary-like song; in flocks
about weedy patches. FEMALE: shows red only on crown;
no throat-patch. Purple Finch. Pine Siskin. Tree Spar-
rows,

35

529. AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. 5% in.

, (Astragalinus tristis).
_ Canary-yellow, crown, tail and wings black; white wing-
bars; canary-like song; also sings in its undulating
flight, ‘‘per-chic-o-ree, per-chic-o-ree’’; in flocks. FEMALE:
olive-tinged, without pure black or yellow. Yellow
Warbler.

533. PINE SISKIN. 5 in.
(Spinus pinus.)

Black and buffy-olive, much streaked; below whitish,
streaked; tail notched; slender, pointed bill; wing and tail-
feathers dark-brownish showing yellow edges; whitish wing-
bars; prefers evergreen or in spring, budding trees; pleasing
song. Redpoll. Female Goldfinch.

534. SNOWFLAKE. 7 in.
(Plectrophenax nivalis.)

SUMMER PLuMAGE: male, white, back, part of wing and
inner tail-feathers black; female, entirely streaked with
black above, showing rusty tinge on wings. WINTER
PLUMAGE: similar but male streaked with black on back,
showing rusty brown tinge; a ground-feeder; walker; goes
in flocks; song, sweet and rapid. Horned Lark. Lapland
Longspur.

540. VESPER SPARROW. 6% in.

(Pocecetes gramineus.)
Streaked above and below; underparts whitish, tinged

with buff across breast and on sides; shows two conspicuous
white tail feathers in flight; noteworthy song. Female Purple
Finch.

542a. SAVANNA SPARROW. 5% in.

(Passerculus sandwichensis savanna.)
Much streaked above and below; line over eye and edge

of wing, yellowish; cheek sometimes suffused with yellow
tinge; tail short, feathers pointed; movements stealthy; song,
a weak trill. Henslow Sparrow.

36

546. GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. 5/', in.
(Coturniculus savannarum australis.)

Crown black, divided and bordered by buff lines; back
broadly, neck finely streaked, black, buff and gray; tazl even,
feathers pointed; below bright buff; belly whitish; before eye
orange-buff; edge of wing yellow; weak, grasshopper-like
song, ‘‘chir-r-r-r’’; old fences about dry pastures; skulking,
mouse-like; flies low and not far. Savanna and Henslow
Sparrows.

547. HENSLOW SPARROW. 5 in.
(Cotvrniculus henslowii. )

Back conspicuously marked and streaked, showing much
chestnut; head and neck a peculiar greenish tinge, finely lined
with black; below tinged with buff and finely streaked; dark
stripes and spots on sides of head; sharp tail; hides in the
grass and can be carefully observed only with patience.
Grasshopper Sparrow.

554. WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW. 7 in.
(Zonotrichia leucophrys. )

Ashy-gray; rump, tail and wings brown streaked with
black; crown conspicuously striped with black and white; no
yellow; two white wing-bars; in flocks, often with Whzite-
throated Sparrows; scratches with both feet; song notable.
White-throated Sparrow.

558. WHITE-THROATED SPARROW. 7 in.
(Zonotrichia albicollis. )

White throat and wing-bars; unmarked ashy breast;
whitish on belly; crown striped with black and white; broad
white stripe over the eye shading to yellow in front;
yellow and white markings obscure; in flocks about
shrubbery; clear, sweet whistle, ‘‘pee-bod-dee-dee-dee.’’
IMMATURE: White-crowned Sparrow.

559. -TREE SPARROW. 6% in. ;
(Spizella monticola.)

Streaked, showing much grayish; two showy white wing-
bars; chestnut-brown cap; breast whitish, shading to a dark
spot in the middle; in flocks, often with Juncos; a winter
visitor; pleasing song. Chipping Sparrow. Field Sparrow.

37

560. CHIPPING SPARROW. 534 in.
(Spizella passerina. )
Streaked; plain ashy breast; two narrow white wing-bars;
chestnut-brown cap; whitish line over eye; song, a strong clear
trill. Field Sparrow. Tree Sparrow.

563. FIELD SPARROW. 53% in.
(Spizella pusilla.)

Streaked; crown and Ozll reddish-brown; neck ashy;
brownish-white unspotted breast; two indistinct white wing-
bars; song, ‘‘fe-u, fe-u, fu, fee, fee, fee,’’ beginning slowly
and ending almost in a trill. Chipping Sparrow. Tree
Sparrow.

567 SLATE-COLORED JUNCO 6!, in.
(Junco hyemalis.)

Slate color; blackish bib (female brownish) over a white
belly; ivory bill; two white tail feathers; feeds in flocks on
ground, often in company with other birds; ‘“‘sucks its teeth’’
for a call-note; song, a melodious trill.

581. SONG SPARROW. 67% in.
(Melospiza melodia.)

Reddish-brown, showing black streaks; ashy line over
eye; whitish below with dark brown streaks which form a
spot in the middle of the breast; cheery song, varied. Swamp
Sparrow. Lincoln Sparrow.

583. LINCOLN SPARROW. 534 in.
(Melospiza lincolni.)

Finely streaked with black and brown; white beneath,
with broad buff band across the breast and down the sides;
narrow streaks on throat, upper breast and sides; dark stripe
on each side of throat from corner of mouth; very shy.
Song and Swamp Sparrows.

584. SWAMP SPARROW. 534 in.
(Melospiza georgiana.)

Very darkly colored and heavily streaked; chestnut cap,
sometimes indistinctly streaked; black forehead; plain ashy
breast; shy; frequents bushes along the water’s edge. Song
Sparrow. Lincoln Sparrow.

38

585. FOX SPARROW. 714 in.

(Passarella iliaca.)
Fox-red back and tail; ashy about neck and head; white
breast thickly streaked with dark spots; scratches like a hen;
alert; noteworthy song. Brown Thrasher. Hermit Thrush.

587. TOWHEE. 834 in.
(Pipilo erythrophthalmus. )

Black above and black bib (female rich brown); reddish-
brown sides; white underneath; outer tazl-jeathers white;
scratches about under bushes; brilliant notes, ‘‘tow-hee’’ and
‘‘che-wink .’’ Robin.

593. CARDINAL. 8%4 in.

(Cardinalis cardinalis. ) ’

Bright red, including large blunt bill; crested; black mark-
ings on face and throat; fine songster. FEMALE: olive-
gray, tinged lightly with red and obscurely marked. Tan-
agers.

595. ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. 81% in.
(Zamelodia ludoviciana. )

Black, including throat; white rump and wing-
patches; breast white with a brilliant rose-red blotch; lining of
wings also rose-red; large beak; sluggish; song, a rich
carol. FEMALE: yellowish-brown darkly mottled; no red.

598. INDIGO BUNTING. 534 in.
(Passerina cyanea.)
Indigo blue, wings and tail blackish; in flocks; often feeds
in the grass; noteworthy song. FEMALE: brown. Bluebird.

604. DICKCISSEL. 6 in.
(Spiza americana. )

Streaked; ashy on head and neck; white chin;black throat-
patch; yellow breast; white belly; line over eye, yellow; wings
show chestnut-brown. FEMALE: less yellow; no throat-
patch. Yellow-breasted Chat. Meadowlark.

39

608. SCARLET TANAGER. 7!, in.
(Piranga erythromelas. )
Scarlet; black wings and tail; rather sluggish; note,
‘‘chip, chree;’’ song resembles that of robin. FEMALE:
olive-green; usually near by. Cardinal. Summer Tanager.

610. SUMMER TANAGER, 7!4 in.
(Piranga rubra.)
Vermilion all over; no black. FEMALE: yellowish-olive;
usually near the male. Cardinal.

611. PURPLE MARTIN. 71% in.
(Progne subis. )
Blue-black all over; often nests in bird houses; twitter-
ing song. FEMALE: lighter, streaked with grayish-white
below. Tree Swallow. Chimney Swift.

612. CLIFF SWALLOW. 6 in.
(Petrochelidon lunifrons.)

Steel-blue back and crown; rump, throat and sides of
head chestnut; forehead whitish; belly white, breast brown-
gray marked by steel-blue patch; tazl square; in flocks; nests
in eaves of buildings or under cliffs; twittering call. Barn
and Tree Swallows.

613. BARN SWALLOW. 7 in.
(Hirundo erythrogaster.)
Steel-blue; chestnut shading to white below; forehead

chestnut; deeply forked tail. ImMMaTURE: tail shorter; colors
duller. Cliff Swallow.

614. TREE SWALLOW. 6/4 in.
(Iridoprocne bicolor.)
Metallic blue-green; shining white below; tail appears
nearly square in flight; often seen skimming near the surface
of still water. Barn Swallow. Purple Martin.

40

616. BANK SWALLOW. 5! in.
(Riparia riparia.)

White throat and belly; brownish band across breast, other-
wise dull brown-gray; tail notched; nests in holes near top
of soft banks(usually sand); twittering call; in flocks. Rough-
winged Swallow. Swift.

Ly)

619. CEDAR WAXWING. 7 in.

(Bombycilla cedrorum.)

Smooth snuff-brown; crested; chin and line from bill to
crest, black; end of tail banded with yellow; in small flocks;
‘‘monotonous lisping note.’’

621. NORTHERN SHRIKE. 10!% in.

(Lanius borealis. )

Gray, very light above eyes and on forehead; below
hoary; breast, throat and sides show dusky, wavy, cross-
wise bars; line from bill to eye, continued broadly below eye
back to nape, black; wings and tail black, mostly white-tip-
ped, former marked by white patch; hooked bill; straight
even flight; seeks commanding perch; song, strong, varied,
sometimes mimetic. Loggerhead Shrike. Blue Jay.

622. LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. Qin.

(Lanius ludovicianus. )

Slaty-gray; commonly white beneath, unmarked; wings
and tail black, marked with white; hooked bill; bar through
eye and between foreheadand bill, black; imitates notes of
other birds. Blue Jay. Catbird.

624. RED-EYED VIREO. 6 in.

(Vireosylva olivaceus.)

Olive-green; crown slaty; white below, lightly tinged on
sides; dark line above a white one over eye; clear, persistent
song. Warbling Vireo.

4]

627. WARBLING VIREO. 5% in.
(Vireosylva gilva.)
Mouse-gray; olive rump; white below tinged with green-
ish yellow; creamy-white around eye; song, rippling warble.
Red-eyed Vireo. Least Flycatcher.

628. YELLOW-THROATED VIREO. 5% in.

. (Lanivireo flavifrons. )

Bright olive-green shading to ashy-blue on rump; yellow
throat and breast sharply defined against white belly; line
around eye'and to bill, yellow; two white wing-bars; slow,
distinct song. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Blue-headed
Vireo.

629. BLUE-HEADED VIREO. 5% in.
(Lanivireo solitarius.)
Olive-green; ashy-blue head; pure white below; sides yel-
lowish; line around eye and to bill, white; two white wing-
bars; song, noteworthy. Yellow-throated Vireo.

631. WHITE-EYED VIREO. 5% in.
(Vireo griseus. )

Rich olive-green; two broad vyellowish-white wing-bars;
below white, sides and lower belly bright yellow; white iris;
line from ‘bill to and around eye yellow; thickets and road-
side undergrowth; emphatic call, ‘‘whip-tee-you ;’’ mimics
notes of other birds. Yellow-throated and Blue-headed
Vireos.

636. BLACK AND WHITE CREEPER. 5% in.
(Mniotilta varia.)

Black and white, striped; white belly (female less streaked
below); creeps up and down trees like the Nuthatches; song
rapid, rasping, ‘‘he-ho, he-ho, he-ho.’’ Blackpoll Warbler.

637. PROTHONOTARY WARBLER. 5% in.
(Prothonotaria citrea.)

Entire head, neck and breast, bright orange-yellow; blue-
gray wings, rump and tail; prefers willows near water; strong,
ringing song. FrmMaLe: duller. Blackburnian Warbler.
Summer Warbler.

42

641. BLUE-WINGED WARBLER. 43¢ in.
(Helminthophila pinus. )

Bright olive-green; tail and wings ashy-blue, the latter
with two white bars; top of head, forehead and under parts
bright yellow, unmarked; white tail-spots; narrow black line
through eye; edge of woods and second growth; two character-
istic songs. Golden-winged and Brewster Warblers.

642. GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. 5 in.
(Helminthophila chrysoptera. )
Blue-gray; crown and patch on wing, golden yellow; throat
and stripe through eye, black; white below; song, drawling
‘zee, zee, zee, zee.’’ Blue-winged and Parula Warblers.

645. NASHVILLE WARBLER. 43,4 in.
(Helminthophila rubricapilla.)

Olive-green; head and neck bluish gray; indistinct brown
patch on crown; bright yellow below; no wing-bars; white eye-
ring, song, not loud, ‘“‘wee-see, wee see, wit-a-wit.’’ Ten-
nessee Warbler.

647. TENNESSEE WARBLER. 4! in.
(Helminthophila peregrina.)
Olive-green, brightest on rump; head and neck, blue-gray;
dull white below; faint white line over eye; no wing-bars; song,
shrill and feeble. Nashville Warbler.

648a. NORTHERN PARULA WARBLER. 4% in.
(Compsothlypis americana usneae.)
Grayish-blue, yellowish across the back; throat and breast
yellow, latter crossed by brownish band; wing-bars; peculiar
song. Golden-winged Warbler. |

650. CAPE MAY WARBLER. 5% in.
(Dendroica tigrina. )

Yellowish-olive spotted with black on back; crown very
dark; cheeks yellow with an orange-brown ear-pajch; yellow
below, black streaks on breast; wing-bars; song all on one
note. Black-throated Green Warbler. Magnolia Warbler.

43

652. YELLOW WARBLER. 5 in.
(Dendroica estiva.)

Yellow all over shading to olive on back; wings and tail
darker, showing yellow edgings; orange-brown streaks on
breast; song, penetrating and unceasing; nests often in city |
trees. FEMALE: not so yellow, less streaked. American
Goldfinch.

654. BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER. 5% in.
(Dendroica czrulescens. )

Slaty-blue; below white; black throat and sides; white
patch on wing; hoarse note, “‘kree, kree.’’ FEMALE: grayish;
no black but may be recognized by wing patch. Blue-gray
Gnatcatcher.

655. MYRTLE WARBLER. 5% in.
(Dendroica coronata.)
Blue-gray, streaked; crown, rump and spot on each side
of breast yellow; white below, marked on breast and sides
with black; usually in small flocks. Magnolia Warbler.

657. MAGNOLIA WARBLER. 5 in.
(Dendroica magnolia.)

Back and tail black; crown blue-gray; yellow rump; yel-
low below, streaked with black on breast and sides; white
patch on wings; broad white band across tail, seen from be-
low. Myrtle Warbler. Cape May Warbler.

658. CERULEAN WARBLER. 4% in.
(Dendroica cerulea.)

Azure-blue, marked with black on back and sides of head;
white below, streaked with blue; two white wing-bars; fre-
quents tree-tops; song resembles that of Parula. Blue-
gray Gnatcatcher. .

659. CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. 5 in.
(Dendroica pensylvanica.)

Back shows black streaks mixed with olive-green; yellow
cap; white below; chestnut markings on sides of breast; wing-
bars; song, chee, chee, chee, chee-ar.’’ Bay-Breasted Warb-
ler.

44

660. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER. 514 in.
(Dendroica castanea.)

Ashy-brown, black-streaked; black cheeks and forehead;
throat, upper part of breast, sides and crown, rich chestnut-
brown; white wing-bars; song, soft, liquid warble. Chest-
nut-sided Warbler.

661. BLACK-POLL WARBLER. 5% in.

(Dendroica striata. )

Streaked black and white; black crown; white cheeks;
below white with line of black spots down sides; tree-tops;
song, a staccato musical ‘“‘chink’’ repeated rapidly. Black
and White Creeper.

662. BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. 5% in.
(Dendroica blackburnie. )

Black, streaked with white; middle of crown, throat and
sides of head flaming orange; black patch behind eye; white
wing-bars; usually, high up in evergreen trees; shrill song;
FEMALE: duller. Prothonotary Warbler.

667. BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER. 5% in.

(Dendroica virens.)

Olive-green; bright yellow cheeks; throat and upper part of
breast black; tail shows much white; white wing-bars; song,
repeated often and rapidly, ‘‘chee, chee, chee, char, chee.’’
Cape May Warbler. Hooded Warbler.

671. PINE WARBLER. 534 in.

(Dendroica vigorsii. )

Olive-green; yellow breast; sides of head suffused with
yellowish, sometimes forming a yellow line over eye; two dull
white wing-bars; song, a loud, penetrating trill. Yellow-
bellied Flycatcher. Female Maryland Yellow-throat. Female
Wilson Black-cap.

45

672. PALM WARBLER. 5 in.
(Dendroica palmarum.)

Streaky olive-gray; chestnut cap; yellow line over eye;
beneath yellowish (brightest on throat and under tail) streak-
ed with brown; feeds on ground in flocks; fzlts tts tail con- —
stantly. Water-Thrushes. Yellow Palm Warbler.

672a. YELLOW PALM WARBLER. 5% in.

(Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea.)
Similar to 672 but uniform yellow beneath and more
strongly olive above; song, soft, broken trill, ‘‘tzee-tzee’’.
Palm Warbler.

673. PRAIRIE WARBLER. 434 in.
(Dendroica discolor.)

Olive-green, middle of back spotted with chestnut; sides
of head, broad line over eye and under parts, bright yellow;
lines through and below eye with chain of streaks down sides
black; white tatl-spots and yellowish wing-bars; in wild past-
tures; song, thin, ‘‘zee’’, repeated on ascending scale. Mag-
nolia, Canadian, Cape May and Female Black-throated Green
Warblers.

674. OVEN-BIRD. 6% in.
(Seiurus aurocapillus.)

Olive-green showing yellow tinge; below pure white,
thickly spotted; orange-brown cap bordered with black stripes;
scratches like a hen; tilts tail; under shrubbery; note, ‘‘teach-
er’’ repeated rapidly with increasing emphasis. Water-
Thrushes. Wood Thrush.

675. WATER-THRUSH. 6 in.
(Seiurus noveboracensis. )

Plain. olive-brown; below white, tinged with sulphur-
yellow and thickly streaked, finely on chin and throat; belly
plain; short bill, vellowtsh line over eye; wags tatl; noticeable
song, high, ending low. Oven-bird. Other Water-Thrushes.

46

675a. GRINNELL WATER-THRUSH. 534 in.

(Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis.)

Very dark olive-brown; below white, palely tinged with
yellowish, thickly streaked; pale stripe over the eye; skulks
along the very edge of the water; tzlts tazl; brilliant song.
Louisiana Water-Thrush. Oven-bird. Palm Warbler.

676. LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH. 6!% in.

(Seiurus motacilla.)

Olive; white below, buff-tinged and streaked with black;
throat and middle of belly unmarked; white line over eye; loud,
ringing song. Grinnell Water-Thrush. Oven-bird. Palm
Warbler.

678. CONNECTICUT WARBLER. 51% in.

(Oporornis agilis.)

Olive-green; head ashy, throat darker; white ring around
eye; belly yellow; wings long and pointed; low bushes and
swampy places; penetrating song. Mourning Warbler.

679. MOURNING WARBLER. 5% in.
(Oporornis philadelphia.)

Bright olive-green; head, neck, throat and upper part of
breast bluish-ash; yellow belly; black band on breast; about
bushes and in the grass; noteworthy song. Connecticut
Warbler.

681. MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT. 5'% in.
(Geothlypis trichas.)

Olive-green showing brownish tinge; broad, black stripe
across forehead and through eye, bordered with grayish-white;
yellow beneath, lighter on belly; wings short; in low
bushes; song, ‘‘witch-i-ty, witch-i-ty, witch-i-ty.’’ FEr-
MALE: duller, without black stripe and easily confused with
Female Mourning, Connecticut and Pine Warblers. Ken-
tucky and Wilson Warblers.

47

683. YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. 7!'4 in.
(Icteria virens.)

Olive-green; bright yellow below, belly whztte; region
about eye blackish, marked witha white line above eye; white
spot and shorter line below eye; the largest warbler; remark-.
able song. Dickcissel. Maryland Yellow-throat. Yellow-
Throated Vireo.

684. HOODED WARBLER. 5!% in.
(Wilsonia citrina.)

Olive-green; yellow below; head, neck and upper breast
black; yellow ‘‘mask’’ across forehead and cheeks; white spots
on tail; FrmALe: less black. Maryland Yellow-throat.
Wilson Warbler. Canadian Warbler.

685. WILSON WARBLER. 434 in.
(Wilsonia pusilla.)
Bright olive-green; yellow below; black cap; in low bushes.
Pine Warbler. Female Maryland Yellow-throat.

686. CANADIAN WARBLER. 5% in.

(Wilsonia canadensis )
Bluish-lead color; yellow below with a necklace of black
spots; no wing-bars; note-worthy song. Magnolia Warbler.

687. AMERICAN REDSTART. 5% in.
(Setophaga ruticilla.)
Male black, with six flame-colored spots (female olive, with
six yellow spots); spreads tail like a fan; song, ‘“‘chee, chee
chee, chew;’’ darting motions.

697. AMERICAN PIPIT. 6 in.
(Anthus rubescens. )

Streaked grayish-brown; below buff, breast and sides
darkly streaked; tip of wing and outer edge of tatl whitish;
light line above and ring around eye; long hind toe-nail; wag-
ging walk; undulating flight; in flocks; song, soft ‘‘dee-dee’’.
Larks. Water-thrushes.

48

703. MOCKINGBIRD. 10% in.
(Mimus polyglottus. )
Ashy-gray, wings and tail darker; whitish below; wing
shows white patch; outer tail-feathers white; famous for its
song. Catbird. Loggerhead Shrike. Cuckoos.

704. CATBIRD. 834 in.
(Dumatella carolinensis.)
Slate-gray; bill, crown and tail black; chestnut patch under
tail; about shrubbery; willing to be looked at; calls like a cat;
song, greatly varied.

705. BROWN THRASHER. 11% in.
; (Toxostoma rufum.)
Bright rusty-red; white below, much streaked; long bill
and long, sweeping tail; wing-bars; song, loud and varied;
about bushes. Wood Thrush.

718. CAROLINA WREN. 5) in.
(Thryothorus ludovicianus. )

Reddish-brown, brightest on rump; below rusty-buff;
throat and line over eye, whitish; wingsand tail barred, the
latter long and carried erect; ‘‘ quick asa flash,’’ flight jerky;
very loud, ringing song and striking call-notes; near wooded
streams in wild pasture undergrowth. Bewick and Long-
billed Marsh Wrens.

721. HOUSE WREN. 5 in.
(Troglodytes aedon.)
Brown, barred wich darker ; below grayish, tinged with
brown, also barred; rusty-colored tail, two inches long; re-
markable song. Other Wrens.

722. WINTER WREN. 4%/ in.

(Nannus hiemalis. )
Dark tawny-brown, barred on wings and tail; lighter be-
low, barred except on throat and breast; pale line over eye;
stub tail, carried erect; fine songster. Other Wrens.

49

725. LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN. 5% in.
(Telmatodytes palustris. )

Brown, almost black on head, tail and between shoulders,
the latter streaked with white; barred only on wings and tail;
line over eye and middle of breast white; long bill; spluttering
song. Other Wrens.

726. BROWN CREEPER. 5% in.
(Certhia familiaris americana.)

Brown finely streaked with white; silky white below;
long curved bill; flzes to the base of tree-trunks and works up
in spirals bracing with its long pointed tail; calls softly,
‘““screep, screep.’’ Nuthatches.

727. WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH. 534 in.
(Sitta carolinensis. )

Ashy-blue; cap and back of the neck, black; white below;
constantly exploring the bark of trees; does not brace,wood-
pecker fashion, with its tail; note, nasal ‘“‘ yank, yank, yank.’’
Red-breasted Nuthatch. Brown Creeper.

728. RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH. 437 in.
(Sitta canadensis. )

Bluish-gray; crown and stripe through eye, black with a
white line over eye; below rusty-red, throat white; climbs
up and down and around trees; note, ‘‘cark, cark, cark.’’
White-breasted Nuthatch.

731. TUFTED TITMOUSE. 6% in.
(Baeolophus bicolor.)
Ashy-gray; below whitish; sides reddish-brown; head
crested; bill and band above black; loud emphatic song;
whistling call ‘‘peto.’’ “Chickadee. Catbird.

735. CHICKADEE. 5% in.
(Penthestes atricapillus.)
Ashy-gray; black throat and cap; white cheeks; frowzy;
lively; often swings head downward from the tips of twigs;
call-note ‘‘chick-a-dee-dee’’; song musical, ‘‘pewee,’’ con-

fused with note of Phebe.

50

748. GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET. 4 in.
(Regulus satrapa.)

Olivaceous; two whitish wing-bars; orange-yellow stripe
edged with black on crown; restless: oiten seen feeding in ever-
greens; note, rapid ‘‘tzee, tzee, tzee.’’ Ruby-crowned
Kinglet.

749. RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. 41% in.
(Regulus calendula.)

Dark greenish-olive; light underneath; ring about eye and
wing-bars white; male shows at will a brilliant ruby crown-
patch; remarkable song. Golden-crowned Kinglet. War-
blers.

751. BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER. 5. in.
(Polioptila czrulea.)

Blue-gray; white beneath; long tail edged with white;
male has a black line over eye; fidgety, never long in a place;
floating flight; wheezy song. Black-throated Blue Warbler.
Cerulean Warbler.

foo, WOOD THRUSH.” 734 in.
(Hylocichla mustelina. )

Bright brown on head shading to olive-brown on rump and
tail; white beneath with conspicuous round black spots ex-
cept on throat and middle of belly; remarkable song. Other
Thrushes. Fox Sparrow.

756. WILSON THRUSH. 714 in.
(Hylocichla fuscescens.)
Uniform tawny brown; no ring about eye; below white,
faintly tinged and lightly spotted; shy, about bushes; notable
song. Other Thrushes.

757. GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH. 7% in.
(Hylocichla aliciae.)
Uniform olive; below white, very palely suffused with
buff; cheeks gray tinged; breast and sides of throat spotted;
Olive-backed and other Thrushes,

5]

7584, OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. 7% in.
(Hylocichla ustulata.)

Untform dark olive; below white, darker on sides; cheeks,
throat, breast and ring about eye buff; spotted on breast;
song loud and ringing. Gray-cheeked Thrush. Hermit
Thrush, Wilson Thrush.

759b. HERMIT THRUSH. 7% in.
(Hylocichla guttata pallasii.)

Olive-brown; tazl reddish-brown; below dull white tinged
with buff and thickly spotted across the breast; shy, hiding
in bushes; famous for its song but silent during migration.
Other Thrushes,

761. ROBIN. 10 in.
(Planesticus migratorius. )

Dark slate color; black head; yellow bill; throat white
streaked with black; underparts bright chestnut-red; sings
‘“‘cheer-i-ly, cheer-i-ly, cheer-up.’’ ImMaTuRE: spotted
with black. Towhee.

766. BLUEBIRD. 61% in.
(Sialia sialis.)
Sky-blue; brownish-red below; female shows less blue;
usually in pairs; call, ‘‘ pu-ri-ty, pu-ri-ty;’’ often heard before
seen. Blue Jay.

52

Note to Key.

Since no key can make up for inaccurate observation,
it is essential that at least one or two points about an un-
known bird shall have been clearly seen before turning to
any key for aid in identification.

Keep in mind (1) the relative size and (2) see accurately
some one or more distinguishing markings of any bird in
question.

The following key includes the land birds described in the
foregoing pages. These are arranged by number, first in
three groups according to size (using the Robin and English
Sparrow as 10 and 6 inch measures of length respectively)
and second, according to distinguishing colors or markings.

Suppose a bird at least as large asa Robin, i. e., 10 inches
or more in length, is seen, showing white outer tail-feathers
and some yellow beneath. Upon referring to the key only
one number, namely 502, will be found which answers this
description. When more than one number fulfils the con-
ditions of the observation it becomes necessary to compare
descriptions before coming to a decision.

Blackface figures indicate female birds that are notice-
ably unlike the corresponding males.

53

BRIGHT COLORS. Showine Biwe 2°... ee eee eee

DISTINCTIVE MARKINGS
Rump patch white, yellow or brown............
On back of neck, between shoulders or middle of

@ 8» © Viwie « 0) saya © 6 6) 6.6 <6) a) 8 We: « sis, oie se =) Pele

STREAKED, Showing Repe fo. dc cee ee ee ee oe eee
BARRED Showing. YELLOW sn. ss Ses oe Ree ee eee
or
SPOTTED Showing BLACK . 2.5 ods see eee eee
ShowingaBROWN’ o. Hs-4(Se 64 Sah osha ea. fe ee eee
BRIGHT COLORS. Showine BLUE 2 ot Aes ees eee © eis Geshe vos eee
NEVER
STREAKED, SHOWINE VED. Boek es bo cele bce oh 4 eee ee
BARRED SHOWdNE VEELOW GC acn as ck oe eee eRe SMe a.
or
SPOTTED Showing BEACK# i Wate ecissdkk SOE CEES Deere
Showing BROWN, soso shies See eee
IRIDESCENT COLORS: [2 sn hee was ee cies Oe eee atte ieee eee
DULL COLORS Few MARKINGS
Sharply detined 200...) ac. we ce eee
Obscure 12 Yeo ae Soe See ee
ING! MARKINGS: £ 3050S ioe Sn ere eee a Oe eee
BACK STREAKED
Entirely streaked or mottled, no'distinct cap....
Rump plain; cap orstrpedicrown-. os. +5262 55"
Gray or ashy about head or neck... -2.5.. 45. ee
BARRED AND SPOTTED
Barred, including wings. 722224408 ae eee
Black and white, wings barred or spotted........
No MarkINGS
Back and ‘wings:ahike: .)..<co.)n..%.n 6 op eee eee
back

54

10 inches or more! Between 6 and 10 inches.
° 1A hee eae [een gag ea tae
Pe T6L. 406, 409, 517, 521, 595.....
Riga SOL, ... 2... Ay eee oA eI
360, 412a, 477, 501,/406, 409, 493, 494, 534, 604,
289, 331, 339, 343,585, 755, 756, 759b.........
2 Pe eg nee Mw Re
Re. TAGE EN OHTA ah
Ee enn se ae 3 498. 593, 608) 610): 766.....!
SV dy er 298. 507619, G83... (2/8
488, 490, 497....... 444, 495, 498, 509, 611, 613,
MPS Se ae Miia ay he tant so pa
Pe eA oe 1495, 506, 587, 619, 766......
Big sia. SItb..... 493, 495, 509, 611, 612, 613,
‘ona: 4 aon AY dedi) Doe ea eetel ere
Cie ee 417, 444, 567, 622, 704......
364, 387, 388, 497, 456, 459, 461
oO eee GORY GIS Gade sec we
ee A ee 456, 495, 509, 610, 611......
SiC) 2 ee 373, 417, 420, 494, 517, 540,
Rae RW 08) mash eepmsdnid) pec haite Tiel aie

Pe cece a 7 A SERED (LH

Bey) a es. ee. (S52 6550 SES G04:
BeOea00, 360.368.1372: 409: o0uc..s een oon
DG ee rn i ee ee ee Pere e ron Re
a ss ee FON 903) Goad apa evil
316, 387, 388, 488, |456, 495, 567, 611, 624, 674,
mane rat. 8. 676, 683, 756; 757, 7582...
BatrAtoa.-) si0 7: CTE 6 ee eee ae ORR ere
0 353) 304c; 402) 4002240)! ik

Less than 6 inches.

Se ean W'S om es: om felicia @ aice iss ale aie. m ae

1428, 528, 687
650, 652, 655,
'672a, 681 686,
533, 650, 655,
(667, 686, 687
598, 659, 660,

ays (se) a's 8 = iol aue/@) ele els &

elatalla! ise "e.ie0 0. ele ie\-a \eiat a iene

w 8) d 8) ee el eg ce, bie fe) oe! we wl'syie e)(6) a tele m ee

wo = eyes. (sie) 0 oe) ve we) ee) es fee eevee (a ©

'529, 628, 637, 642, 648a, 671, 678
679, 681, 684, 685

ee ue) oe em ee) ay ele te
mv eile bee) a! e's), 0) as a ai'.e se) © a? em lellasm
els} a jel me \a) 07 «wl a: ie <n, 0) (© le! Sy.0) e) (eal) myn) (ol aire es Ola! Im

ap 0),o, pF eye je) a) a oie el & mire..0" plo, 6/), in Ue, ae! ie) wi

463, 683, 735, 748, 749

, 495, 509, 593466, 467, 529, 598, 627, 647, 749..

Phat Gus torah cinch a) Nain elin ey etoile) iC avenueltel (aise fey ore a

ORME! | RET a eS) eR ee Rh
1533, 542a, 546, 547, 583, 636, 650,

ele ene ts shale afie| fens fe, eee ie, 6!.6 eo) eee) eve ©
afer wee) © de ele4s a) ene eyet ete eS

wie) wie sis) im: elo) eh 9 0.8) 6. mi (8s ebay na) e
ele) mie) «6 a6, 9116 0) 0'.6),0) 6 el of) oye) wa, ae eye) si ale (es

do 4.50 le wile, sie co) ©! we. .e) @20).8 Seal erere ee eS

423, 627, 645, 647, 675a, 678, 679,

681, 684, 685, 686, 728, 735......
G50) GSS, (G5 iedZ so stenks detain oe
BET GAR. GIS Geen das aie Samo: sia

55

UNDER PARTS

HEAD

No Marxincs—Pure white, yellow or ashy............

Dull colors indistinctly shaded: “355... eee see
Few, IF ANY MARKINGS
Distinctive red, yellow or brown breast..........
BELLY white or yellow, sharply contrasting with
DLeaS tax, v4 is.0/5:5.45 WS Se aso oe Cee
DISTINCTIVE MARKINGS
A line of streaks down sides or across breast......
Spotted or finely streaked with throat and middle
oftbelly plains. 52.5 fs bass tae eee

Bib; collar or band across breast... oes ae ee
Spot or patch on throat, sides, breast or sides of

TINGED
Noticeably with yellow, red, buff or brownish ....

Top
Crested or red crown-patch displayed at will ..
Crown conspicuously, striped. . 0. .-eeee lee
Distinct cap, no line over eye........

Distinct cap, with line over, through or back of

Forehead showing black, sometimes with bar
Phroigh: Ce: 2.5 oc, seeisinnc se oo cele eee

SIDES
| 72a 1g ih aN on A Dinmei int 4,5 O03 beac ©
Conspicuous line over or through eye......

Inconspicuous but distinctive line over eye......
Conspicuous eye-ring or, black or yellow mask...
Distinctly marked or, colored on cheeks or sides

OF Head ee ee Spe ce coarthasetalte ohenmrmovenedeee

Neck Band aiies trek sue Be Mave bie elektro otel ee ebens ote tele

BILL,
Hooked, or noticeably long, sometimes curved, ..

Large and stout, or noticeably short and thick....
Used for hammeningsonase eee eee eee

56

10 inches or more.

ts

Misfeielals 4.6 © 0 6 816 © 6 ¢ «\=

Mie a taleyial a © ate) 2 (6) (o's
Sita! e tale iu mes, 6 occ «0 ¢ « *

ale, sieves e816) n° ©
Sel@iwisle/ .= (ee) a s) 6 ¢ 6.0/2

Silelist site (alle) cee .0 « -© (a \0,(* @ (0's
muevelai a's) =) sie .@ s: « ©) 6.0) ¢:'0'
Wiwltat wieilo mle elie 6 6.6 «0,0 8 ©

evel aoe) ee) 7 =e

Guaretiujlia)'s «| we 0 @ «se « « ¢ 0 '¢
SiieMelale e.6 @\sple-s = 0 @) 66 «

MEwietial es elel@ie s = « ¢ ws 6 ©

TS NEES | 0. i

Miied.s s\isiieln = 0 6 0 (6:0: «, «©
pws ie, bl ps) wee 6) @ (6 © 6.0 6: 4

aisle! af s/h ellea’ o 6° 6 6 © 6 «6s
Riwietie mie «) 6. 0).6 © 6 2, 6 6) a\s)=

Piiemeleln 662, 6)'s (0\¢.0. 9,08 © <<

Siul elm es, ew = s'0

Ptr C RO ae ee
MEMi\ejiulie¢)e)(s)e)<, ee = « s «) =
me wie(e la) 8) 8) Coe axe) ene = >

= ————

Between 6 and 10 inches.

.|393, 394a, 406, 444, 461, 463

DOA WO lA O24. nOO cl orciereis ele oe

a eee ee) me. a «Ce 10) m6 (6 @ 6 e\\e) 6 (6) eee

Deere! celal Shaye bh

456, 461, 506, 507,509, 622,
G3 VOSS OOo mati ec sine
452, 567, 587, 604, 612, 683,
AOD S'S Orisa teat eerie Creo eI: «
417, 420, 567, 587, 655, 676,
Beeson OlON rae merc surroTevene |
402, 474, 558, 559, 581, 595,
GOA Ol Qtr eye tee ac ieake orks
402. 4098-452.) Slit) (Od lol
HSCEI Sen Suh ae at BF EE a baer att
AOD 4447452 593. 0195 131,
BS eA OSs Olas a oceans
AO9s OAS ee EL ie oaerc oe
EO Jake liek ale eg tend
8 FSF Cat (0 ie hea wl aban a Rae cl Tal oe be

393, 394c, 474, 474b, 558
604; 6225 675; Gvi6) 683).\..-..
509, 624, 675a
683, 758a

sist Sm) eyalie; wile.) 2/6) (ee) (6015) 9

PPpiehe aw ele ie) e)s)e wile le)» =i[ls 6 cin = = wun = w= (6.6; le d oe 6 6)\.0)'0 2 00) 's

SiMe enieeiial (el mile) (sim @ a6 oes «fie « sos 6 © #6) 6 00) 8 @ ¢ 6 wy el.e «010 2 &

3a1, 360, 387, 388, |521, 622
621, 705

Ce be ee ae ee? Cate hee eur

AGE SG 599) O95. aes cle
393, 394c, 402, 406, 409, 412a

of

Less than 6 inches.

316, 466, 546, 563, 584, 627, 629,

641, 642, 645, 658, 678,726, 727,
Ui Diliekt alehcyer a cictstoel=temetere sicley she) etsie #1=
467, 563, 584, 647, 725, 735, 748,
TAO Nd Silla oh ca-vevers/specshereas otsie cel st ons oie
628, 637, 645, 671, 681, 684, 685,
625; 631, G54, 675) 610"... Say. a.
|

655, 657, 658, 659, 661, 662, 673
Oleh eleectas teencrmry 2a5.c, eeICwa.o ooh hE OMe
547, 583, 648a, 654, 658, 660, 667,
OBA o eesia ks) uchous ie ats) cst ot asave ah ol Sean
es}; COLO hesacucdaamgsn nc oocs
A28. 528; 642, 679; G89, 735.0 ..5%
463, 528, 547, 563, 583, 629, 671,

OU ZO Za 122. ID Ban ey. incheree

636, 748
641, 657, 660, 661, 685, 729

563, 642, 655, 659, 672, 728

660; 681, 7Sia<s'6s TaOOe
Cail 6195, GS Aes a sais ale ni =

628, 641, 642, 650, 657, 667, 671,
Ode. Otway 218) 725; #51
542a, 647, 658, 672, 697
463, 749, 681, 628, 645, 629, 684
678, 631

see eeeee

./547, 583, 642, 650, 658, 660, 661,

662, 667, 735

Welle. ia sie: =) mo) ™ wi (6!) Se Gye; mrala 6 ele 5) 0).a))e 0) o

a alee sees, «ers ef @ pe) & Ss © Se

Om ele, 8) 08 Le) «oe we) wee (6) a ee.

wi aieiminialves: hela ls, e) ea aim te (ea fe mila om) ers 0/6. e, 8 ewe ele) Ws) © a6) 6) e660 rls) @, Cem Oe Be S88) 9) (eo) M8

529, 598

Meat ev emite) jade.) s) tel, wh ey pe. aim eer em mie je reese eee

WINGS Showing notches in flight. 72.72. o>. 2) oe
Longand pointed 22..4ec 2 24s ene Ce Oe ee
One or two conspicuous wing-bars.........

Spots, patches or bright markings...............

TAIL MARKINGS
Outer feathers conspicuously white or spotted... ..

Reddish brown or, tipped with white or yellow...

Barred or, banded with black or white..........
SIZE

Very long, sometimes keeled or forked...........

Very short. 0% 3.505 2sh oe ede Cor eee
| MOVEMENTS

Used! for bracing: ..36 sjsns scene oe ee eee eee

Jerking or tilting motions. .....- . 22s < oe
SHAPE

SCULAEE I sects ss | dyorss, sol i ekske eS SI ee Pare Eh

ROUTE ER. oa ce cos eels o(cte Ree ee ee Sate

Notched 23)! 23 aca. 26 See ae oe eee

Narrow.and pointed: 75... ....+ some ee ee

58

10 inches or more.

BO SAO) AOO. sia oe -

PIE ene Dude, aeons «
393, 497, 621,703,
387, 390, 501, 703,
UES
S65 2832, 333, 337,
339; 360, 387, 477
S00; 331, 332; 360;
CA Cbs her aih 0 ape
316, 387, 388, 511b,
OS RIE ia 3 yw. ¥ ore.

aie’ @) 0) S\a) lee /6) je, © © 0.0 oe 0

Cs i CR ae eT ee}

Between 6 and 10 inches.

SEG Sala! a ale) male, emi gio ele aiae mw he eve

417, 420, 611, 613, 614
452, 461, 506, 507, 554, 559

444, 452, 585, 619, 759b....

394c, 402, 409

by mis (0s) ae) wise how, fea ©) ae vel. e.19' ve
ore, obey a) a) sie! a 2 ia ne) oof (olcn elm ,0) 0) je.et

393, 394c, 402, 406, 409.....
450) O04. 67 5510798. ONOso: 2:

ae eel 6) eerie e; 65 6 ea) ee eats
ut fo} lee WO iellers) =) 6 © = is! 5 » \el ele, 6) ate) 6) sis
pa 2s & Pee of he ales

shee ale we @) eine me 6) ovela «= Vella) py ote. ia

59

Le}s than 6 inches.

463, 465, 467, 528, 529, 628, 629
631, 641, 648a, 658, 659, 660, 661,
667, 671; 673; 726; 749
642, 654, 655, 657, 687

655, 658, 660, 667, 671, 672, 687..
697, 751

fe: a) [ep w Le 6/0) (el Wile! (ere Bile ve) ofin ee al sie

By a) 1a) (6 6) eye! 6 (a = 06) die. Oj) ie! we, 2 (eo eee wm asim ole) w

i e.e 6 0)e) 5) ©) ele) ea ee) ©:

S) Oh eis, euetiela Jot effelie wc is, ace cal waif) js) s\iaue els le leqa te

Fed, ola wie, «ells rw! @_s\iet'm a &) © a) ee) eles, 610) ss

0 Slee a a we eee) mis. wife ate (olin ale ie) se wee mis

Table of @ccurrence.

In this table the birds observed by the authors in Lincoln
Park, Chicago, are arranged according to the order of their
comparative frequency. The abundance of the birds, that
‘is, the number of individual birds of different species, is in
no wise shown but simply the relative representation of each
species. For instance, out of a total of 454 mornings cover-
ing observations during six years, the Robin was seen on 383
different mornings. The record for 1902, during the absence
of the authors, was made by Mr. H. V. Bozell.

60

ee eee ene ee A Se eet oe be

NUMBER OF MORNINGS SEEN
IN LINCOLN PARK, CHICAGO

DRO ae a sp a ae
SCOMWNIANPWNKP OU MANIA UP WN

NNN YN ND LO
NTA MN WD

Wd bd
oOo 0 7

WwW Ww
WON &

WwW
on

36
37

Robin.. AL Reenter
Beek Crabs. RU SARNIA Hes
ANS item iayaeieec hetara) oh eescasueneeaee
(Crongiil O8bn 6 Mepat ne eter nce eee ae Sake,

SonpaspaLlowsc. ants e-
tele tye a eee ee eva
Ruby-crowned Kinglet.....
White-throated Sparrow....
[SES] Oris Rees A Ee eae
Wilson Thrush. . ee
Yellow-bellied eaten ud
Wellowal Warbler. ico455 -.
Belted! Kinghsher.. 5+ 555.
Redheaded Woodpecker...
MoaymtlenVW ar DleGs ssl <i) o12
Brown Thrasher.... .

Brown Creeper..... ans
GabiirGers dt ater, eared:

Golden-crowned Kinglet....|

Chipping Sparrow... ...4)..

American Goldfinch........ |

Rees owallOwWrs © staeis are tie
American Redstart........
Barn Swallow......

HOxsSPaLrOWA see cl btisc ei
Chimney Swift.... At
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.....
White-crowned Sparrow....
Palm) Warbler... a...004 -.
iermith hints kine pas sere see
Black and White Creeper...
east Plyecatcher as-is se oe
Magnolia Warbler.........
B’k-throated Blue Warbler

~ Olive-backed Thrush.......

38 ? Phoebe cy a Aree Sie ee ey AiR ge
39 § Baltimore Oriole. .........

40

Grinnell Water-Thrush.....
41

Ww
rs
Ww
on
bo
w
bo
—
—
—
bdo
(o)
_
Hq
r=

NUMBER OF MORNINGS SEEN
IN LINCOLN PARK, CHICAGO

Chestnut-sided Warbler. .
Oven-bird . ef

W hite- pinciud ‘Nethaben..
Maryland Yellow-throat. . .
Wood Pewee.. es
Downy Waid. Ps
Mouse Witentpe meres
Red-eyed sVineo. 6. aco se
Loggerhead Shrike........ :
Indigo Biinting 2) aoe
Bl’k-throated Green Warbler
Blackburnian Warbler. ....
Black-poll Warbler........
Kein ei LGo cee incre e Aca ee ae
Scarlet lanagceniin pseie ee
Ruby-thr. Humming-bird. .
Mourning Dove..2.2......
Rose-breasted Grosbeak... .
Tiree, SpatiOw: ane eee
Winter, Wreitye ik kaw
Meadowlark. i. tyienees ae
Purple Martinis seeacan ees.
Cape May Warbler........
Wrarbling Vireo... j222 145.
Mourning Warbler........
Wilson Black-cap Warbler.
Yellow-billed Cuckoo......
Crested Flycatcher... B
1S {ojovol bial ee ag ASL EA ae
Canadian Warbler.........
Red-winged Blackbird. ....
WoodDhrushi-en 4...
Orchard’ @niole-.- see
Red-breasted Nuthatch. ...
Marsh Plaiwikie seems nicttee
Hairy Woodpecker. .......
Bay-breasted Warbler.....
PastilaiWarblerises. aoeane

Henslow Sparrow..........
Nashville Warbler.........

Pe) ron Oo a nN i)
sy AM Ses ed, eee eee ae
a “4 — “4 “= =: a
11 ie tak Pam ol Te 66
rT dae Wai TL as a oe: sa 65
12 eae 7 A ae | 6 2 64
£30) 77) / 40 8 3 45 61
fo.) 4a 9 6 Tas 61
14 7 4 Bol ae ls te 60
ge oe Me Ad eas th ee 59
13.1 | 40 5 6 6| 16 5G
5 i Baa fa Mie: Zl aes 55
13.) 29 2 6 Bulbs aie 53
4 9 4 9 sags 44
11 4 9 7 5 6 42
6 i 8 3 2 as 42
8 1 5 3 67 1 Me 40
7 3 7 4 3] 10 34
7 9 4 3 i oe 34
5 3 6; 40 2 8 34
5 2 6 8 6 alla:
oat. 10 3°) a2 8 33
3 Ch A fe ME, a a 3) 40 32
3 1 i) Vs 5 4 32
1 he 6 4] 20 31
3 2 9 2 6 717 4°98
7 1 4 3 4|/ 10 29
5 8 2 4 4 5 28
9 1 3 2 5 8 28
8 7 1 3 1 ‘| 27
5 Daley oie 9 27
2 9} 10 1 4 26
8 3 6 4 1 4 26
7 Kea Beart as 3 7 24
8 2 5 3 3 22
4 3 5 1 1 6 20
Ee 10 3 7 20
feral ih 1 8 5 4 20
3 1 a ee 4 | 19
1 1 2 1 A £90 19
6 hy 2 9 2 19
3 7 8 athe 18
ae 3 1 5 9 18
3 2 1 2 3 6 17
1 1 4 Ait cere 9 16
2 2 2 3 7 16
62

NUMBER OF MORNINGS SEEN

IN LINCOLN PARK, CHICAGO

1898

87
88
89
90
ot
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114

Cedar wWarxwitt ss. eee

Purple Finch
Wespen SpankOwe-iei ss aan
Blue-headed Vireo..........
Gray-cheeked Thrush.......

3} 1s fei mye. s) ol eve (sl, » eke

American Sparrow Hawk....

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. ..
Naehthawileen: she ..0 04 nant
Lincoln Sparrow
Black-billed Cuckoo........
Rustwblackbinrd. 52%... -:
Yellow-breasted Chat.......
Long-billed Marsh Wren.... .
Louisiana Water-Thrush....
Prothonotary Warbler......
Savanna Oparrow. 0.0.3...
Blue Golden-winged Warb..
Wihitp-poor-will. sca ss2. en, 8
Connecticut Warbler....... :
Wick cissel wy oe eee ee
Tennessee Warbler..........
Mockingbird... 84. on. 0.
Cerulean Warbleta..- 5. 66 5.
Summer Tanager......

Cardinale csc actMen eee es
Red-bellied Woodpecker.....
oodedaWarbler oo. saa.
Yellow-headed Blackbird....

Total number of days......

Av’ge No. of kinds seen daily

18.83

63

a

9

a

NN le Saree

+

6

2

U(r eee

5

2 1

is 1

1 Z
2

2, 5p

ate 1
1

i 1
1

ns 1

1 a

1

a3 74

12.75]14.59

5 N ibp) 3
Bel ee: Ieee
— = = al
1 Dy 1 15
1 5 14
mide 4 3 13
1 6 4 -13
Ate 3 10 13
4 2 4 12
We 2 4 41
1 ae 7 ital
aS 1 8 ru)
2 2 2 9
3 5% 2 7
1 6 7
ae 3 6
3 2 6
3 1 5
ae se 5 5
1 1 yA 4
1 1 4
er oe 3 3
ii 2 3
ae 2
2 an 2
1 2
1
1
rs 1
sis 1 1
1 1
78 E| 87 454
16 s23 ie adie ae

Cable of Arrival.

Note:—The following table gives the average date of
the first arrival of each bird together with the data from
which it was reckoned, forthe seven years from 1897 to 1903
inclusive, as observed in Lincoln Park, Chicago, by the au-
thors. The record for 1902, in the absence of the authors,
was kept by Mr. Harold V. Bozell.

Attention is called to the fact that many birds which are
common in the neighboring country are rare in the Park.
Among these may be mentioned the Red-winged Blackbird,
Bobolink, Warbling Vireo, Prairie Horned Lark and Tufted
Titmouse.

64

a a a
CT LI 91 CT 6 Ol ee ) ei tei tayi|to. cece] @rtten| (a Seten [aim el| er fw sel Ble . Gil AR a fe Sa “Spicy iat eh ip ua 76; Jb: rol (Guinn, ‘elebten Mulch a) alae patqsuturun Fy poze o144-Aqnry
. AVAITIHOOUL Attwe yg
¢ . IT *e. if * TZ LL og ee o¢ . 672 [Judy SEA Ee Se ew SS. Cer ye ee ee, ere ewer e Sar te @_ihe "ate a rintts iar JIMS ADUUIYD
| AVAICGOdOUOIN Atiwe
STISTISTIETOI . . . “Tor 3 Git FERIA SAREE TAs Ss Si Selaae cise ae aay YMEYIY SIN
Li ae 6 ee ve 1Z . oa o¢ . rai AP che it te BLA) OC! LC TON Suc FY eat ual IC Er We, Pat Yat 1 Cit by eC TOY oot ier ye ya (ieul 10% Gee RC DMT) [[}4-100d -dry
AVAIOTOWINd VS) Atm J
. oe ee. rey) oe L Il . Gal QLiPZ (ore, oa) ns16 rahe . TG YoIeyy, | oa s) @ 6). 6-16! (0) 0 ewig ee 8 Le bower ais perce Ue 6s eye (etl 6. Nia se cee 6) ele 19 YoY
Crea} (ye) ee 9 we ae BZ LOLZ|" . 82 671972 “he w © oe |: . wf oe w* 62 [udy . 193990 poo peprey -par
we oe ct o-* we CCl Che! oe oe. Yen Tow * rit es a8 . . ..* sap . GE APT ©) 10) Gr ies 0) @ 0: "e" 0" a) (6) a) Bi a) ahg ie Lowen es Ome ne abe 6 ole tax99d poo AA P2TTT9q-por
Bee ee leak lite 3): so let: tleal'-“Weleq i's |-loel> piety) occ 72 ee oan ese joyonsdeg potjaq-mojyas
. ry K} oe nae ee . oe ols, Ce * g L 9 OT by se ) ene LG Pe . o¢ Yoleyy B58) (OCOe. 8 een gees fee) 6 ahwre e, Bte ee) ao eure) se "*** “tax9ed poo M AUMOG
tact -* oe e @ FZ . . . ee 61 “* Il CG 9 SZ oe oe rnin . “TAT [Udy Or 18. 8 Ee Oe 8 elie a Ce ree einer ewe far Gites pe, Ne tw Ghee eo 1ax99d poo AIL TY
| AVAIOld Ayrme y
. Ot jee . Ol . 97 o- ZZ SZISZ aT [udy Ris, Wee Nemee el Nr ishew lat oe : Groce) 16i,'r6; “Wee raAiA (6. wl hb) s)iiedinitw, (eel jae Iaysysuryy peed
| | | “AVCINIGAOTY Ayime yg
zrotlstictiezl::| , ae AC" RRR nec | ooxong parfiq-yourg
Bueroue lee | : Pie crs le ee eos o0xaND payfiG-aorya.e
| | AVGITNINS Alrwe y
C0 || cn) ire agi! O€|" '|* |8tisz | TOP 5) (eee ean aiiea take cn hr
ef * ee . eas es ele I LG Gn Gels Seale “Oar EO ieme res bre, Se ak tet Fas es Maat TCU la Ay) Wey Bn pe Re ply) HME Ysie yy
| | AVAINOOIVA Atiwme
|" "|6 T 9201/9 becfeeleale leg Sit i ky ae ac EC ce ies ach aaog Surusnoyy
| | | AVGIGWNTOO Alrwe 7
Slalolsisisis 3/S/5/S/2 e|s| 5 S'5|5/5|212 | .ueresady
WIN! R1O] 0 oo}~z7]] Gl] ple el al ip far ff stg
AVN Tad | HOUVI esvIOAY

oe

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69

Hotes,

70

Table of Distribution and Occurrence.

The following table has been compiled in the hope that
wherever the bird student may be in the northern states,
east of the Mississippi river, he may have at hand for com-
parison the results of some reliable observer in the same or
a nearby area. No better method of gaining a clear idea
of the movements of birds can be suggested than to study
carefully their distribution and occurrence within related
areas. In order to do this understandingly, the main topo-
graphic features, taken as a whole or state by state, should
be considered. The bird population of any region will be
found to be closely related to its mountains, river basins,
prairies, forests and wet or dry areas.

Attention is called to the meeting and intermingling
of the Carolinian and Alleghenian faunal areas in these
northeastern states. The teacher of geography as well as
the bird student will find great interest in following out the
limits of life conditions in these areas.

The table contains in addition to the 200 species already
described, 148 species of frequent but rarer occurrence
throughout the area covered. It should be said that con-
siderable difficulty lies in the way of reducing to a few
arbitrary symbols the notes of several ornithologists whose
data are not equally complete and who may not use the
same descriptive terms, or who may attach a different sigifi-
cance to the same terms. The authors nevertheless have
earnestly tried to interpret correctly each authority cited
and trust that the useful features of the result will outweigh
its shortcomings.

The varying dates of the pubished lists forthe different
localities given should be kept constantly in mind in making

71

comparisons with new lists, because the bird population of

any locality is as truly changeable, although for different

reasons, as its human population.

The data given have been compiled from the following

published lists :—

1. Maine. Knight, O. W., Birds of Maine. 1908.

2. New Hampshire. Allen, Glover M., A List of the Birds
of New Hampshire. 1903.

3. Vermont. Perkins, G. H., and Howe, C. D., A Prelim-
inary List of the Birds found in Vermont.
1901.

4. Massachusetts. Brewster, Wm., The Birds of the Cam-
bridge Region of Massachusetts. 1906.

5. Massachusetts. Clarke, H. L., The Birds of Amherst
and Vicinity, 2nd edition. 1906.

6. Rhode Island. Howe, R. H. Jr., and Sturtevant E.,
The Birds of Rhode Island. 1899.
Supplement, 1903.

7. Long Island. Braislin, W. C., A List of the Birds of
Long Island, N. Y. 1907.

8. New York City. Chapman, F. M., The Birds of the
Vicinity of New York City. 1906.

9. Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Stone, Witmer, The Birds
of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
1894.

10. Ohio. Jones, Lynds., The Birds of Ohio. 1903.

11. Indiana. Butler, A. W., The Birds of Indiana. 1897.

12. Illinois. Woodruff, F. M., The Birds of the Chicago
Area. 1907.

13. Missouri. Widmann, Oito, A Preliminary Catalog of
the Birds of Missouri. 1907.

72

KEY TO TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE.
Pes:

1. a sabundant,
Zt Sea: common or very common.
F.......frequent, rather common, not uncommon,
f........infrequent, not common, rather rare, uncommon,
Cranes te we rare,
Number ae very rare or casual.
> ee Ae accidental, out of normal range.
| i........irregular, from year to year common, rare or
| absent.
(blank), .no record.
led ae oe doubtful, records scanty or incomplete.

R.......Permanent Resident.(May be partially migratory,
increasing in number during the spring or fall
or both; or within the limits of a single state
withdrawing largely to the north in summer
and to the south in winter in search of special
breeding and feeding areas.)

RY Spaces Permanent Resident most abundant in winter.
fee eg Winter Resident.

2 Ue. Sie, Winter Resident with a few in summer.

SOR ome .Summer Resident.

Sh Sh 2 Summer Resident with a few in winter.
V.......Winter Visitant.

Wee 2 Winter Visitant with a few in surnmer.

VA. waa Summer Visitant.
Column II T.......Regular Transient, a spring and fall migrant.

environments. (r. g. swamps dry pasture,
second growth, etc.,) or, general, butfor no
apparent reason absent from many localities

Status [eee coe .Regular Transient, most abundant in fall,
eee -Regular Transient most abundant in spring.
ld a Regular Fall Transient, not recorded in Spring.
I........Regular Transient with some wintering locally.
| 2 De Regular Transient with some summering, or
breeding locally.
iE Og Regular Transient with a few winter and summer,
IV......Regular Transient frequent or common in winter,
infrequent or rare in summer.
X.......Regular Transient frequent or common in sum-
mer, rare in winter.
C6 La ~ doubtful, may occur or probably occurs.
?.... ..no record within recent years.(usually indicates
species formerly common),
{| D.......an introduced species.
eee here general throughout area cited.
L.......not general, confined mostly or entirely to par-
ticular regions within area cited.
| l........general, but restricted to particular breeding

Column III throughout area cited, hence local.
Distribution 1 C-------: found on the coast. :
ORF oe found largely on the coast, a few inland.
ae at found largely inland, a few on the coast.
1a eee inland.
50 1 ede eae .confined mostly to mountains (High altitudes
are equivalent to northern latitudes).
?........distribution doubtful.
i.......-irregular, or erratic, likely to occur at any point.
( (Usually applies to species going in flocks),

Figures in any column indicate number of recorded instances of
rare species.

Symbols are occasionally placed without reference to the column-title in
order to express the data given.

73

Btal,,stteti &

O oul voeweoon

PP Seam aoetetee

pp> BBs bax
v ool
> ne Be ape ne

eelOureles Ce vonee
RR ApS ni Hh ebm e

e

119 Cormorant... .._.-
120 Double-created Cormorant

a,
}

aeEEee
elma l=-!

ih

SS-hee|

Be Beet | |

a o|
Lee x

125 American White Pelican

Pee

——

= — am
eee

129 fetisen M.
i

. oe - 2) eee ee - we
on BREE ES

eke Rime n>> EPP eR EeRER nn| >| |Feannrene| nhl © Bed
oe = bs me bE me eel l

3
moun, |B eRRRERCE RD e eS RRR AER EEAE

Res = rt) Gus és
wows, | RARE aRher Renee « ee a em BaMaR eehe lee
Late b eer te es bee
2 - |-

BRBRGRERSSEHP Re Phere we RE Brateees [b=
simi in tet Le bi hea | EL
BedeunO Udvuwuunfecoo OF =Un0Un une
Reb Mab are Beer er emer eR om Rakbrreer|~
Sealllest

ee og
Peeb ibis eee P ork FO BREEE | xn aol ehee
qnpnabhesinat Ball Back aatal er} ttn Lan)
* ey vue ” .
eeemeiee > pppp>EeB> e = FR i~x

pee leimisalenhetllase- |i benel— u

Un- ue Int 0 Ov CULUOUI~

Pe GEebeh nahn cane Babe peur
. ‘

Ran baw

Re shRXerr

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eer eee soe eee)

smite Lm Nee | Bee A tet be | Be em A

76

ae wu =
BI ELAR Re dmbRREER BERREEHERER EEO
atl saleetel

Sh oie

°

BERR eREEHERE EERE sab abe

Matha L htt idee & lene slit
ae

- e eg Aw = «©

GE dhe B web ARERR HER ebb

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oa) Cy)

= e
wee BHekeb BEERES~ ehaebo

BaP Dh =— smth 1 |e etal tm
meeUU OOO OOULKOUOUUFY -~oMboE

BERG 6RES eR GRRE A bESR Ra ebm
Be fe eechel leet! ete ad
°

ro} euou ul iu
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we fateh gate El tee | hg | |
Ae LOD WO YObe = wu

BRR eG KE RoR REEEBER ARE Re ehe EERE

3C;-T Cf Te

= 1 cr
lished and stocked,

Plo:

ig Plover

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rations estab

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Ree

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= fave
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mi lala-eo—eda— | imu! | he

euHPO Ov VoL — fe oO |OuLd
HP Renee ekebe te Beebe | ohne

cat eS ee ae

Sandpiper.

Ee
Western
fares Curlew.
ftouraine Bore

265
266 |
ais
316

== ue | eee * ux |
eRe Bote | oe

Oar oe ee sts pa)

= oamae

Meteo tatcten | ww | aXEPe Eur | a=

pie - tt | eel oeete Fal al te
= SS - ae

pe | ote meme | ww luo Rot Kez! we
JB a telat lat | ae

we tl o |oul— a ==
ooh [tut | aml ant ef = 1)
ga Ban! ae

a

Koha abit | we [Hote clown | ew
aa a | ahgts |<h<l ow
2
2
<a ax
BERP Mee ew wake xR e cote, ahh En aon
nimnmt bbs

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ter vee |e | a MRK
ang tel
laatal! seas
! oa
BkKP EAS enbe ae

we [OBE Ramla] eo] ol] wont
atlas nme gel ah small §

heverneren an|Kot - 5H

ae
Rn Re | we | AE

mectpenatn> | we | one xy wl eile |= SH
Sf [beh beeen) Be eee bd st} a} 18,
—_ —me mw |e =
MEMES eer hame| | Moimepcicttin> al «| ones
“i Bin beens al al nat)
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ale :\3|3| 25
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Pre rn etree week F

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ly

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aclall wtlaann-alaigd

Staantiaaginan y =
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: LS 4 a aim na Renan siememeieemnens (3
whee=e lS o eAetet arnt ote}
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Seatlett te «aa, Wang

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fan |e e dene
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‘arble
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forthern Pai
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Black-threated Blue W
Myrtle Warbler ss Varin

4
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wee Be we ete] [ae Sen
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= Lit 9S oh ie sh
—— = w- = ae =)

Fab Ranteenbhe

Bem aBertes | ate BPs | mist aBrees at.
== 2 we

eet anen ee ehae

aearenbne

Deakin ae

= oA
ema ew le

wnenneae

Sm anamh¢

§ssela~isis}
2

4 Sat) a!

Pa
wee | GEEEHEH
nah ame bata

BER) REE GR ee!
att | ads tt a!

-| =e
mee eee EEXH|

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aa =|=

a Peele & BRAK

ah aanl ps
=

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Meee fee lee BEER K

shia [etn lon an nste
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uta aall am a sat~

arr)

oo

eek) an & wee

‘billed Marsh Wren.
filled Marsh Wren...

:
LE

726

40,

Nuthatch... -

us White breasted Nuthatch...

abemo.

88

Jndex of Common Mames

iIbittern: AImMenGan, .... 2.2256

Yellow-headed... ...
Bluebird

attesheads spies yctew tere ecve. comes
Buantine. Indigo: ..../. 2. sepomtere «
‘CENRChTIT eee Ra IPRAL ted tht oS 6 ee
Catbird
Chat, Yellow-breasted..........
Sie kadeen avs see eb SeRIaGle
BGO ANTS TCA a es <5 s1c ei oxcusherener el
Creep orate Men eh aoe me Conta aes cinae ee ioes

@rossbill, Americany.¢ 3.56002 -.
CGR ee re ite ee tee

Cuckoo, Black-billed...........
Yellow-billed........
WBiciccisse lm oA ie ocean.

Bi tplen Baldy 3. skanyaseaaeio k's
nets VPA plet ..: ..)sioerateminisictet ==
Be KCET ores. hee jana kw ee owes
Hinecatcher, Crested..cceeace---
Green-crested. .. as ueneee oe
WEA St 5 a 250. ahs ee es
Olive-stded.. iy. ees
Aig] S aereeee tetra’, eee
Wellow-bellied: ..cac. .02d--
Galliniule WMlorida: ...0.. ce a6 oss
Gnat-catcher, Blue-gray........
Golden-eye, American..........
Goldfinch, American...........
(oose w@anadate, Segoe Aes ae
Grackle Branzed:,..°s5\..asewess

Pied-billed = See eseae...

Grouse) Riuiieds: coon.
Grosbeak, Rose-breasted.......
Call sblernn gy. 4: ast); Ae oe
Bonapartes eee. ee
Rin's= billed. 2 ys ect oe
Hawk, American Sparrow......
Broad=win ged! Seu. eee e-
CoOpetse.5. 42a aa ee
Marsh nia ge a eo RS > ae
Red-tasledt 3. Ssh ee
Red-shouldered...........
Sharp-shinned .42..). sees

Heron, Black-crowned Night...
Great Bie. oiij25.0e eter

Rime inden jctae ace cere eee
Kingfisher Belted... .yias/5%
Kinglet, Golden-crowned.......

Raiby-crownedse eee ae
bank Eloreéd:...- 5 Jeia sive 0

Prairie. Hormedsy4-eee eee
Woon! Mayvied cee ROE Ree
Malar ds. .t2k ocncee coe es cee
Martini. Panples.... cence scree e
Meadowilarkia, . yee o ate cee
Merganser, American...........

Higodedie <1 taka oo ene wake
Moclsine pind: 2. A2:3. 52 eee onc
Night awit eos cous s, noes Sep ren aie
Nuthatch, Red-breasted........

Wihntite=breastedas ule reer
OldaSatawiyys-.sekeis. eee reel
@riole* Baltimorey. ssc oa

Orchards scree eee s
Osprey. Americans elo slo. 2) -
(OAs Ovid Mae Aue ital a ae

Jndex of Common Names—Continued

Owl, American Long-eared..... 27
1B tne 216 A a RR eA Ars ope 28
Great JHorned..4. es ee ee 28
SAWeWwhetcvcmos esses 25
Screech. 6.6.;.2G2KNS eee 28
Short-earedthic mae | oes

Pewee, Wood... .csaeeeenese 32

IRHOE DEH Gis cihd stein t lee Oe oe od

Paatanlyh ee ono a aearede ents eto 16

Plover, American Golden.... 23
Semi-palmated....... 24

Pipi Ame RiCa i Siw speycteneucd eee > 48

Rail Wareiniah« <5) oe k secu eres 20

PeGe ead yn 2 rvs lain ick ee ies eee iy

Rea poll): crc Skis Maree tes etuees te 35

Redstart, American..... . 48

I Obinsee sa k< eer ite eee eee 52.

Si a6 one] o 5 3 2 ee RR oe ieee oe 22

Sandpiper, Bartramians.s.. )... 23
Teasers ire ek iai.c taser eiberomicne 22
Pectoral icc ccicitiac snake eee 22
Semipalmated cece. seen
SOlLILATY= 5. % Obi c hic oll cucmen pee 23
Spotted). 62 See omer 23

Sapsucker. Yellow-bellied....... 30

Scoter, White-winged.,........ 18

Shrike, Loggerhead............ 41
INOrthern.. 36. cece eee cel

SISK Pine’. coe ae eee a 36

SV0) 52S a A Ee Se Sk aise 2 20

MEE w WalSON hs cis 5 erste epee 21

Snowilake.......... Aa ay Ph trac 36

Sparrow, Chipping... see oS
Mela. Ue icra: soe eae S
OK Haste)
Grasshoppercmcaccte ties bee's oH
Henslowees.e occ s oe aalee es 37
}rhateolns Pnsen Margene i morse 38
Savanna, 36
SONG: \s1cc teeters < 38
Swamp 38
EPEC. co Ge. e fhe Ee eee ete 37
WESper:: Ae acos ieee eres: 36
W hite-crowned...... Pei
White-throated........ weir

Swallow: wbanka seen vies ree 41
Barns «ac . 40

90

CUTE iepesieeism to ee 40
METES Ais sik eoeeer et See ee 40
Swit, Chimneys waa. os Pest
anager (Scarlettensn ee 40
Stimmer, El 6 Iss. ee 40
Teal, Blue-winged............. AGen
Green-winged............. 16
era (Common..ee ese eee 14
Thrasher VBrowit oon. eee 49
Thrush, Gray-cheeked.......... Sil
Hermits. h..55 aoe eee
Olive=baeked yo .5.:5.... setae
Wialseat "0 624s hc bee 51
Wioodt 2, ysRaee ci ee Sit
‘Titmouse 'T utted:....<....... eee ese
owhees ii )i/. oo: bc oe eee 39
Vireo, Blue-headed............ 42
Red-eyedian tata eo Al eee
Warbliag. 3... . kee 42
Wihitte-eyedue saison 4.0 eee 42
Yellow-throated........... 42
Warbler, Bay-breasted......... 45
Blackburniann...0 eee 45
Black-poll..; 2s. eee 45
Black-throated, Blue...... 44
Black-throated, Green..... 45
Blue Golden-winged.... ... 43
Blue-wingedss as... see 43
Canadians®, op ke st Sees
Cape (Mayo. fies Sone 43
Gerulean, Daas ae hoor 44
Chestnut-sided:.. . oo tealee 44
Connecticut..... AT,
Flooded’. eee os ee een 48
Magnolia, een... sen 44
Mourning....... 5 AL
Myatless:<:. <eeete, « s) ener 44
Nashville..... » 43
Palin st cbennine +o oR 46
Northern Parla... see 43
PRAIMIE. 2 )4).05 Gaede ok eRe 46
Pine Aso oe eee 45
Prothonotaryene: - 2m nee 42
TRENNESSEE MUN Std See 43
Wilson, Black-cap...:....- 48
Yellow: ois sks eee, Shee 44
Vellow Palm..2. 2.5. . 46

Index of Common Names—Continued

Water bhrugh: 20.62... . 46
Gratin) bl Rta a ee ae i es ee 47
WOUISIAN Asn s soe trans eee 47

Waxwing: (Cedar. sccscccs des es 4H

Wihip-poor-will..5.......2sc+.+ 30

Woodcock, American.......... 21

Woodpecker, Downy........... 29
Leary arya irene) bic etels eter cet ae 29
Red=bellied .-sscipe ve sede 30

9]

Red=headedvsca4 45 don 2s
Wiren::Caxoliniazr cea. cesta ue otis
TROUSER NM ie etal svelte
Long-billed) Marsh s\.4... -
A strah fehek SANee, Beet yk Oe ER IME
MWellawaless: diac sede ow hererere
Greater senha rere ura
Yellow-throat, Maryland.......

——

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