BRITISH WILD FLOWERS PLATE I. — POPPIES. Front is him WILD FLOWERS AND HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM AN INTRODUCTION TO THE BRITISH FLORA BY HILDERIC FRIEND AUTHOR OF 'THE FLOWERS AND THEIR STORY,' 'FLOWERS AND FLOWER LORE/ ETC.. ETC. $ 0 It b 0 It CHARLES H. KELLY 25-35 CITY ROAD, AND 26 PATERNOSTER Row, E.G. First Edition, March, 1910 Reprinted June, 1910, March, 1912 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS COLOURED PLATES Plate I. Poppies Frontispiece Facing fingt Water Lilies, Flowering Rush, and Spearwort 1.3 Deadly Nightshade 20 ,, IV. Arum, or Lords and Ladies . . . • 32 BLACK-AND-WHITE ILLUSTRATIONS Page Fig. I. Primrose and Buttercup ..... 8 ,, 2. Mono- and Dicotyledons ..... 9 ,, 3. Disk-florets of Daisy . . . • . . .11 ,, 4. Narcissus 15 ,, 5. Caper-spurge . . . . . . 17 ,, 6. Catkins of Hazel 19 ,, 7. Dodder (Cusctita) 19 ,, 8. Bladderwort (Utriculan'a) 23 ., 9. Butterwort ( Pinguicula) 26 ,, 10. Sundew (Drosera) 26 ,, II. Orchid fertilized by Bees ..... 29 ,, 12. Guelder Rose ( Viburnum} . . . .29 ., 13. Catkins of Willow 31 ,, 14. Foxglove ^Digitalis) . . . . .31 ,, 15. Bluebell (Campanula) .... 34 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Pag? Fig. 1 6. Wild Convolvulus 36 ,, 17. White Water Lily (Nymphaea] . . . .38 ,, 1 8. Willow Herb (Epilobiitnf) 38 ,, 19. Horse Daisy (Chrysanthemum} . . . .40 ,, 20. Flag (Iris) 40 ., 21. Lily of the Valley (Convallaria] . . . -43 ,, 22. Lady's Smock (Cardamine) 43 ,, 23. Gentian (Gentiana) 49 ., 24. Clover and Vetch (Legwninosae). , . -49 ,, 25. Herb Bennet (Geum) 50 ,, 26. Snowberry (Syi)iphoria) . . . . -5° ,, 27. Wood Anemone ....... 55 ,, 28. Enchanter's Nightshade (Circaea) . . -55 ,, 29. Musk Mallow (Malva) 56 ., 30. Dandelion in Fruit 56 ,, 31. Lords and Ladies (Aruiii) 56 THE PLAN As one may reach the heart of a city by many different roads, so the student may find his way into the heart of flower-craft in a variety of ways. Many plans have been adopted to make botany easy. In this little volume we shall endeavour to use all that is best of the different methods. Those who take us for their guide should have a pocket-lens, and should study the plants where they find them growing. It is necessary at the outset to master the four whorls of a blossom. (1) The outer whorl, usually green, is the calyx, and is made up of sepals, either separate or joined together. Examples are the buttercup and primrose (Fig. i). (2) The next whorl, which is usually coloured, is called the corolla. It is made up of petals, which may be either separate or joined together, as in the flowers already named (Fig. i). (3) Inside the petals come the stamens, and it is important to notice where they are situated. In some cases, as in the primrose, they are attached to the petals. In others, as in the buttercup, the stamens remain after the petals and sepals are removed. They are on the receptacle. (4) In the very heart of the flower will be found the pistil, which in the primrose is like 7 , PETALS FIG. i.— BLOSSOMS OF PRIMROSE AND BUTTERCUP, SHOWING PETALS AND CALYX. THE PLAN 9 a pin. It must be noted that some flowers have not all the four sets of organs. The pistils and stamens are of the greatest importance when we come to classification (Fig. 3). The other parts of the flower or plant, such as leaves, prickles, tendrils, bracts, glands, fruits and seeds, are of great value for distinguishing different classes and orders. Our British Wild Flowers chiefly fall into two great groups, known as monocotyledons and dicotyledons ; and they are distinguished as follows : — FIG. 2. —DIAGRAM OF MONO- AND DICOTYLEDON. A. Monocotyledon ; B, Dicotyledon. I. Pistil ; 2. Inner whorl of stamens ; 3. Outer whorl ; 4. Petals ; 5. Calyx. The perianth is made up of 4 and 5. MONOCOTYLEDONS | DICOTYLEDONS Leaves with parallel veins. | with netted veins. Organs of flowers in threes or sixes. in fours or fives. Stem with separable bark. I without separable bark, wood in bundles, not in rings. | wood in annual layers or rings. Seeds with one seed leaf. with two seed leaves. 10 THE PLAN The crocus, lily, or narcissus (Fig. 4) will represent the monocotyledons ; the primrose, buttercup (Fig. i), or geranium may illustrate the dicotyledons. All our trees and shrubs belong to the di- cotyledons. There is only one exception — the butcher's broom (85).1 As the subject is so large we shall not be able to classify the trees, shrubs, grasses, sedges, rushes and weeds. Our wild flowers may chiefly be studied in three ways: according to (i) the season, (2) the situation, or (3) the structure. I shall give some hints on each of these heads, and follow the suggestions with a list of plants, arranged somewhat on the lines which Linnaeus adopted. This consists in noting the number of stamens and pistils. But, as our plants fall into families or orders, it will be found necessary to blend the natural system with the Linnean. The following Plan will show how the work is arranged, and where to look for any given subject : I. THE FLOWERS IN SEASON (p. 13). II. THE FLOWERS IN SITUATION (p. 16). (1) Hedgerows, banks, and ditches. (2) Meadows and fields. (3) Heaths, downs, and commons. (4) Woodlands and forests. (5) Marshes, fens, and bogs. (6) Lakes, ponds, and rivers. (7) The seashore and estuary. • The numbers in parentheses refer to the list at the end. 12 THE PLAN III. THE STRUCTURE AND HABITS OF FLOWERS (p. 20). (i) General observations. (2)' The blossom. (3) Catkins. (4) Fruits and seeds. (5) Leaves/bracts, and stipules. (6) Stems and outgrowths. (7) Climbing and rambling. (8) Roots and tubers. (9) Aromatics and poisons. (10) Fly catchers. (11) Spurges and orchids. IV. THE CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS (p. 37). GROUP I. II. III. IV. V CHARACTER. 2 stamens, I pistil 3 stamen?, I pistil 4 stamens, I pistil 4 stamens, 2 long, 2 short . 5 stamens free LlNNEAN NAIV Diandria. Trianclria. Tetrandria. Didynamia. Pentandria VI 5 stamens 2 pistils Umbelliferae VII. VIII IX. x 5 stamens, several pistils . . . 5 stamens forming a tube . 6 stamens equal 6 stamens unequal . . . . Pentandria. Syngenesia. Ilexandria. Tetradynamia. XI. XII 8 stamens free Octandria. XIII 10 stamens equal Decandria. XIV. XV 10 stamens, bases joined . . . Monadelphia. XVI. XVII. XVIII. 10 to 20 stamens 20 stamens, more or less . many stamens Dodecandria. Icosandria. Polyandria. V BRITISH WILD FLOWERS AND HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM I. THE FLOWERS IN SEASON EVERY one has observed that when-the spring arrives the flowers appear, and that they become fewer and fewer as winter advances. The best time to begin study is in the New Year, before the flowers bewilder us with their profusion. Spring Blossoms The earliest flowers to appear, if we put aside the daisy, dandelion, groundsel, chickweed, dead nettle, and a few others which often survive the winter, are the following : The celandine (167, ii) with its golden stars, the sweet violet (74), coltsfoot (Group viii), barren strawberry, speedwell, and dog's mercury. In the woods we see the catkins (see p. 25) on the hazel, alder, willow, and other trees, and find the fragrant blossoms on the spurge laurel (113). The primrose (52) is in full flower in March, and soon the hyacinths make their azure carpet 13 14 BRITISH WILD FLOWERS under the trees. On dry walls the tiny whitlow- grass (100) appears, and the adoxa (112) in the hedgerows, where the tall treacle mustard is also flourishing. The buttercups (167) come rapidly forward in April, the anemone (165) flourishes, and the early orchids (see p. 35) appear. May Flowers are almost too numerous to mention. Most of the trees are now gay with colour — crab, haw- thorn, wild rose, elder, guelder rose, and others being in season. The cowslip, lady's smock, herb robert, mallow (175), pansy, scarlet pim- pernel (55), avens, and poppies (Plate I) give beauty to the landscape. Then the Slimmer Blossoms burst upon us in all their glory. It will now be necessary to work hard to keep up with the new treasures which may everywhere be dis- covered. The water lilies (Plate II), pond weeds, iris, purple loosestrife ( 14 1), willowherbs, meadow- sweet (145), and other moisture-lovers adorn the streams and lakes ; heathers and their allies are on the moors ; while the sea holly, horned poppy (160), celery, sea campion, convolvulus (62), and other plants of the sea-shore are at their best. Autumn is the season for all kinds of seeds and fruits, and, as these often afford the best means of identify- FIG. 4.— A STUDY OF NARCISSUS BLOOMS (see Group ix, p. 51), l6 IJRITISII WILD FLOWERS ing plants, they should be carefully studied. The composites and umbels are mostly in evi- dence now, but a number of hardy plants, such as appear in spring and summer, still linger. Among these are different members of the buttercup and mint families (Group iv), some crucifers (Group x), polygonums, and the like. The pretty grass of Parnassus (79), the stately foxglove (40), and the bell-flowers (59) are also to be found. As the year approaches its close, the ivy (72) and a few other plants come into bloom, and the fruits glitter in the hedgerows. II. THE FLOWERS IN SITUATION It is often easy to decide what a flower is by means of its habitat. Some plants can only live in water, others only by the seashore. It is always well to begin study near home, and as most of the young people who will use this little volume live in the country, we may take them, first, to look for the flowers which grow in i. Hedgerows^ Banks, and Ditclies Sweet violets appear early, as well as the celandine (167). Dead nettle, treacle mustard, adoxa (112), avens follow. Then come the barren strawberry and the real strawberry, the little geranium (131) known as herb robert, the campion, stitchwort, various plants called umbels (Group vi) because their flowers spread FIG. 5.— CAPER-SPURGE. 1 8 15RITISH WILD FLOWERS out like an umbrella, the bedstraws, agrimony (142), and mallow (175), to mention no others. In 2. The Meadows and Fields we find buttercups and daisies, cowslips (52), geraniums (131), saffron, orchids (8) of different kinds, eycbright, various sorts of thistles, and many weeds. On 3. HeatJis, Dozvns, and Commons the foxglove (40) flourishes, the whortleberry and heather abound, the golden potentillas (147) arc common. Many plants which grow freely in hedgerows belong also to 4. Woodland and Forest Here we get various shrubs and climbing plants growing among the trees. Honeysuckle, bryony, deadly nightshade or Belladonna (Plate III), and the spurge laurel (113) are found. The curious spurges (Fig. 5, No. 144), several orchids (8), the hyacinth, foxglove, and giant bell-flower (59) also occur. Woodruff, madder, herb pan's (in), and many other curious plants also haunt these sites. In the 5. Marshes y Fens, and Bogs one is bewildered with riches. The marsh marigold (168), globe-flower (169), valerian, orchids, bog bean (60), bog myrtle, mealy prim- 20 BRITISH WILD FLOWERS rose (52), grass of Parnassus (79), sundew (82), bog asphodel (93), yellow and purple loose- strifes, water violet (53), frog-bit (116), water lily (Fig. 17), cotton grass, water crowfoot, marsh cinquefoil (148), and gipsy wort are but a few. 6. Lakes, Ponds, and Rivers yield some of the foregoing, along with others, such as the lobelia, flowering rush (Plate 1 1), pond weeds, marestail, and others. 7. TJie SeasJiore and Estuary have a delightful flora of their own. It is usually somewhat late, but includes sea holly, horned poppy (160), viper's bugloss (51), sea convolvulus (62), thrift, sea heath, campion, sam- phire, aster, some beautiful thistles, the pretty sea lavender (80), and the lovely little burnet rose (151). This must suffice as a general guide to the situations in which plants may be found. We turn now to the important subject of structure. III. THE STRUCTURE AND HABITS OF FLOWERS I. General Observations Flowers differ in many ways, and it is by Knki'f observing their differences of form, colour, habit, and structure that we are able to arrange them PLATE III. — DEADLY NIGHTSHADE. BRITISH WILD FLOWERS 21 in families and orders. If we look at the shapes of the blossoms we find some are like a bell and others like an insect. This one is round, or salver-shaped, and that is fashioned like a thimble. When we study the colours we observe that there is the same infinite variety. We have the peculiar yellow of the primrose (Fig. i) and the scarlet of the pimpernel (55). The flaming colour of the poppy (Plate I) is opposed to the dazzling whiteness of the water lily (Plate II). We have large numbers of yellow, white, and blue flowers ; but even greater numbers are marked with variations in patches, spots, lines, and patterns. Some plants creep, or send out suckers or stolons ; while others have tendrils, hooks, and feelers, by means of which they climb and ramble. If we dig up specimens we observe that some have corms, tubers, and rhizomes, while others have scales or fibres. We are struck by the varying number of sepals and petals, of stamens and pistils, the solitary blossom here, the mass of flowers there. Some droop, others are erect ; these are in broad umbels, those in spikes, tassels, clusters, or panicles. While the larger number of flowers open by day, some are most conspicuous at night, and many open and close at regular hours. The goat's-beard, pimpernel (55) or poor man's weather-glass, and evening campion are well- 22 BRITISH WILD FLOWERS known illustrations. We are struck by the fact that some plants are fleshy, others are dry. These have edible fruits ; those have seeds, with down or wings, and others possess vessels which jerk their seeds from them. Such matters as these it is of the first import- ance to study. Mere classification, while it enables us to identify a plant by means of its organs, teaches us little of its wonderful history, and the chief end of our study is to teach us this. As an aid and supplement to the follow- ing classification, we will now study some of the many points of structure. 2. The Blossom is usually the first thing to arrest our attention. We first note its colour. It may be all of one hue, as in the buttercup ; or variegated, as in many of the orchids. The blossoms may be regular or irregular, with the sepals and petals separate or conjoined. Flowers which belong to one Natural Order (N.O.) are usually very much alike, although there are important ex- ceptions. We find, for example, a great simi- larity between all the umbels (Group vi), the labiates or lip-flowers (Group iv), the orchids, the roses and buttercups, and other plants. But differences often exist. The columbine and monkshood (173) do not look much like butter- cups, though they belong to the same family. FTG. 8. — BLADUEKWORT Utricularia). 24 BRITISH WILD FLOWERS There are many plants among the rose family (Group xvii) which look very much like butter- cups (Group xviii) ; but if we study the explanations attached to these two groups, we shall at once see how widely they differ. We ought here specially to note the following : COMPOSITES (Group viii). Example: Daisy. Plants whose flowers are compound. Each of the perfect flowers has five stamens, the anthers of which form a tube. See Horse Daisy, Fig. 19. LABIATES (Group iv). Example : Mint. Flowers lip-shaped, four stamens, and four seeds or nutlets in an open receptacle. LEGUMES (Group xv). Example : Pea. Flowers butterfly -shaped, stamens ten, seeds usually in pods. A few plants, such as fumitory and the little blue milkwort, the butterwort and bladderwort, somewhat resemble labiates and legumes, as do also some of the Broomrapes and Scrophulariaceae (Group iv), Fig. 24. CRUCIFERS (Group x). Example : Wall- flower. There are four petals and six stamens. They can easily be distinguished from other plants with six stamens (Group ix) by the number of petals and the shapes of the leaves (Fig. 22). UMBELS (Group vi). Example : Carrot. Flowers spreading like an umbrella, nearly always white. BRITISH WILD FLOWERS 25 3. Catkins (Fig. 6) In many instances the flowers take the form of tassels, some of which are regular catkins, while others only loosely resemble these. Many of our native trees bear genuine catkins, and may be easily recognized thereby. The catkins of hazel and birch appear in winter. Those of the willow are large, and are often called palms. The alder, poplar, sweet gale (21), and other shrubs and trees also bear them. In the oak they are loose, and are not unlike the tassels found in dog's mercury (115), nettle (17), and elsewhere. 4. Fruits and Seeds We generally think of fruits as "sweet and edible, while seeds are for sowing. That is not the true difference, but it will suffice for us at present. Fleshy fruits are found on many kinds of plants, both herbaceous and shrubby. The N.O. Rosaceae (Group xvii) is the chief fruit- bearing family. Fruits vary in colour. We have one white berry, that of the mistletoe. Another is often found in hedges and gardens, but it (Fig. 26) is a foreigner (snowberry, Symphorid). A large number are crimson, scarlet, or some other shade of red. Among the herbs we find red berries on lily of valley, asparagus, straw- berry, arum, bryony, and bittersweet ; while the holly, yew, honeysuckle, rowan, guelder 26 BRITISH WILD FLOWERS 27 rose, butcher's broom, arbutus, cranberry, rose, bramble, hawthorn, sea buckthorn, cherry, and raspberry are a few of the shrubs and trees whose fruits are red. Fruits of a deeper hue are found on the blackthorn, bilberry, elder, juniper, privet, buckthorn, ivy, crowberry, deadly nightshade (Plate III), and other plants. Seeds are of many kinds, and are dispersed in various ways. We have pappus attached to the seeds of many composites (Group viii), such as the thistles and dandelion (Fig. 30), as well as to those of the willow, the willow-herb (Fig. 18), the valerian, and a few others. Hooked seeds, which can lay hold of the hair of animals or the dress of pedestrians, are found on avens (Fig. 25), goosegrass, hound's-tongue, \voodrufT, corn crow- foot, burdock, some trefoils, and other plants. A few plants eject their seeds in different ways, and the geraniums (Group xiv), gorse, broom, violet, and impatient bittercress are specially interesting in this connexion. Others, like the ash, maple, and elm, the lime and fir, have samarae, or winged seeds, which float on the breeze. The fruits or seeds of the different umbels, geraniums, legumes, crucifers, and buttercups are of great value as means by which to distinguish one species from another. 5. Leaves, Bracts, and Stipules Many plants can be identified at once by 28 BRITISH WILD FLOWERS their leaves alone, and all can be arranged under two headings. Those with parallel veins are monocotyledons (Group ix), those whose veins are netted are dicotyledons. A very few leaves are round, as in pennywort ; others are heart- or spear-shaped, oval, oblong, or palmate. We must observe whether they are opposite to each other or alternate, whether they are in whorls or scattered, simple or compound, entire or cut into segments, with plain edges or notched. Thus the umbels (Group vi) almost all have much-divided leaves ; in the labiates (Group iv) they are opposite, frequently on a square stem, and the lip-shaped flowers have four stamens. Sometimes the leaves are modified and form bracts or stipules, and the presence or absence of these is of great importance. A few plants seem to have no leaves. The coltsfoot and saffron (86) bear flowers and leaves at different seasons. In the butcher's broom (85) the leaves are replaced by phyllodes, which carry the flowers. 6. Stems and Outgrowths The stems may be smooth or rough, and the roughness may be due to stings, as in the nettle, hairs of different kinds, hooks, prickles, thorns, tendrils and other outgrowths. These all have their uses, chiefly to protect the plants from their foes, or to enable them to secure a suitable 20 30 BRITISH WILD FLOWERS hold and sufficient air and sunshine. Hairs may keep insects from climbing to the honey-pots and stealing the nectar ; they may prevent rain and dew from lodging on the plant and causing decay, or may serve to check evapora- tion. Nature reaches her ends by many means. Sometimes a smooth, glossy surface keeps off the dangerous moisture, as in the leaves of holly and most evergreens, the celandine, marsh mari- gold, bog bean and water lily ; while at other times hairs serve the same end. The prickles of the rose grow from the bark ; the spines of the white and black thorn are woody. In the holly, butcher's broom, gorse, and other plants, the thorns and prickles are formed by the hardening of the leaf portions. 7. Climbing and Rambling Many plants may be recognized by their habits. Some stand upright, others trail on the ground, and others use various means for reaching a height. Hooks and prickles, or stiff bristles, are used by brambles, roses, goosegrass, and a few other plants. The convolvulus, hop, honeysuckle, dodder (Fig. 7), bindweed, twine round and round ; while vetches, white fumitory, and others throw out tendrils. 8. Roots and Tubers Many of the monocotyledons (Group ix) have 32 BRITISH WILD FLOWERS bulbous roots, which are made up of layers of fleshy leaves. If we find a bulbous plant with six petals and stamens, and the veins of the leaves parallel, we may be sure it belongs to this group. Other plants have corms or tubers, as many of the orchids (p. 35), the pig-nut, bulbous crowfoot, arum (Plate IV), and moschatel. Some of the umbels and crucifcrs lay up much material in their roots, and by encouraging this habit we get our garden carrot and parsnip, radish and turnip. So starch is obtained from the arum (176) and potato, which is represented in our flora by the bittersweet (68). 9. Aroma tics and Poisons Some plants are harmless, others useful, and others poisonous. It is well to remember a few general facts. Nearly all the crucifers (Group x) are safe, and, if boiled, may be eaten as vege- tables, even when found in a wild state. Culti- vated, they yield cress and mustard, cabbage and cauliflower, radish and turnip, horse-radish and watercress. Most of the labiates (Group iv) are aromatic, and from them we obtain mint and thyme, sage, pennyroyal, and balm. The umbels (Group vi) are also inclined to be aromatic, but are often very poisonous. The order contains the deadly hemlock, but under cultivation we get from it celery, carrots and parsnips, fennel and samphire, as well as caraway PLATE IV. — ARUM. BRITISH WILD FLOWERS 33 seeds, and a substitute for anise from sweet cicely. The rose family (Group xvii) yields many valuable fruits, the buttercups (Group xviii) such useful medicines as aconite, the poppies (Plate I) opium and laudanum, the composites (Group viii) the lettuce, chicory, tansy, chamomile, and other useful herbs and roots. IO. Fly Catchers A few plants get their living, in whole or part, by trapping insects and living things. One family known as bladderworts (5) lives in ditches and sluggish water. There are three species, with yellow blossoms, and bladders on the leaves (Fig. 8), which float in the water, and are cut into many segments. Closely related, although very different in appearance and habit, are the four buttefworts (4), with single violet flowers and greasy, glandular leaves, which curl their edges and so capture their prey (Fig. 9). Then we have the three sundews (82), with their red leaves covered with dewy glands (Fig. 10). Among the pink family we also find some plants known as catchfly (126), on account of the viscid hairs with which they are covered, and to which insects are often to be seen adhering. The curious tooth wort (45) and teasel (10) are also guilty. 3 FIG. 15.— CAMPANULA, OK BLUKBICLL. 34 BRITISH WILD FLOWERS 35 II. Spurges and OrcJiids There are two groups of plants which are so peculiar in their structure that beginners may be excused if they find it difficult to classify them. As they cannot very well be placed in any of the groups which follow, I must draw attention to them here. The spurges (Fig. 5) will be best recognized by their caper-like fruits, and their acrid, milky juice (see Group xvi). There are a few other plants which yield a similar juice, as the dandelion, lettuce, greater celandine (161), and poppy, but these all belong to the compo- sites (Group viii), or to the plants with open blossoms and many stamens (Group xviii). There are about a dozen spurges, and, like the umbels and composites, they must be set aside till the student has gained a considerable knowledge of other plants. There are about fifty orchids (8) in the British flora, and the group includes the most curious and interesting flowers in the world. They assume the shapes of bees, flies, spiders, insects, animals, and other living things, and are worth our best attention. One or two common kinds (Fig. 11) are found in our meadows, and if these are carefully studied it will be easy to recognize the others. They belong to the monocotyledons, but cannot be placed in the same group (ix) because they have not six FIG. f6. -WILD CONVOLVULUS. BRITISH WILD FLOWERS 37 stamens. Their fleshy leaves, with parallel veins, strange shapes; and absence of stamens, will be sufficient guides for their identification. IV. THE CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS Plants have been classified in various ways. Some writers have divided them into trees, shrubs, and herbs ; others have arranged them according to the colour of the flowers, the shape of the fruit, or the nature of the root. Linnaeus taught us to count the stamens and pistils. But in all these methods the real and natural resemblances were often overlooked. The apple is a tree, the rose a shrub, the strawberry a herb, and the fruits differ, yet their family relation- ships are strong. They each have five sepals, five petals, and many stamens. The stamens, too, are attached to the petals and sepals, and not, as in the buttercups, to the receptacle. So they all belong to one family, which has been named the Rosaceous family, N.O. Rosaceae. But the beginner has to find out what forms a family or Natural Order (N.O.) ; and he must have a guide. I have therefore adopted the method of Linnaeus, and adapted it to the natural system. The stamens are the first and most important organs in the following method. The young botanist, when he has counted the stamens, will turn to the classification. He FIG. 17.— WHITE WATER LILY (Nymphaea alba]. FlG. l8. — ROSEBAY WlLLOW-IIERIi. BRITISH WILD FLOWERS 39 will find that in the monocotyledons the stamens are three (Triandria) or six (Hexandria); while in the dicotyledons they vary. But a dicoty- ledon may have six stamens. What is then to be done ? It will be seen that plants with six stamens fall into two groups. In one the stamens are equal, and in the other there are four long and two short ones, and only four petals. These plants all have a strong family likeness, and owing to the arrangement of the petals they have been placed in the N.O. Cruci- ferae, Group x (Fig. 22). Again, very many plants have five stamens, but in some cases they are free, while in others the anthers form a tube. In the latter case the flowers are compound, and so we have (Fig. 19) Group viii, N.O. Compositae, which corresponds with the Syngenesia of Linnaeus. The arrange- ment, therefore, is the simplest possible. There are very few plants with one stamen only, and these will not be found by the beginner, so I start with the plants which have two stamens and one pistil (or more). This forms the second class in the Linnean system, known as Di- andria. The term andria in all these expressions means stamen, or male organ. No system will include all the plants, because Nature refuses to be bound by rules laid down by man. But, once we have got a good hold of the great laws, the exceptions may be easily mastered. 40 BRITISH WILD FLOWERS .§ .'.§ 'S 5o.2i SS V 1 I1! ^ 0 '£ 8 0 x "§ "2 o 1 i °| 111 tfi t ^ "S 3 .c"3 "^ *S I ^ 1 0-^ b I rt £ "O C Q_, 3 o '5 rt - ' I'Srf -S 82 1 1 '•§ .S g | ^Jc^.Ol I 'S ._r'^O § £ 1 0 •o 85S 1 ex s 53 ^ « 8 g j^ 17^^ E< J5 O *^ a * « 7-f g ^ rt ]s J£ — ^ ^ fcfl/^ c x 3 ^ 2^ *^3 -4-t *"* -•— *" O ^ O ^ '^ . o "~ £ * k^r ^ ^ '^ rt-'-j^^^X'-tcu < 13 o- a Pi ^ O c/} c " ^^ ^ ^ U-. yZ r* O ? «SP. ^^ Q > J2 V3 •" "" ^! ^ c . r- •• n 5 «S J C3 t/j ,-C Q ^S c!o> ;jr5'rt'g s 2 !5 S P S "wi ^^5J&^-J^rt!jj (^ "* O S« 1 £ ^•^'T^ s jr. ^s sS 1 111 1 slll'&l ^ § if Lo PH M ;q c/) £^#£^E^H !il .2 • ' • g ' „ g g o ^ rt ti "§ ^ "5 *'alditi^B^ 5 £ rt 2 ^^^ CJ ^ ^ ^*5 & W3 „ i T t^ ^ i HT'i t "It, i- ^ I8. C C Q_ rf rt I—! tfi ^ ^<;S S <^ S H->>— vt>-i"S (< <5 fes PH ^ ~~^ « CO *-. 5 ^S O ^ l""1 * '• Hi | ^ g S ti ^ > % >-> 9 • w ^ rt £ i> ? CO ~3 S ' n 13 ^ i | Jc'S S -g U 5 T3 >~, ^_. |2 o x £ J •a -£f £L § S OH £XU PQ Su OJ C u _._ OT rt pj . . • . . en a E ^ ^-^ ^ i *O t-> '5 Botanical N; Iff fill iii •M ££>J co Oai 1 O- 1 0 d M N CO ^t" 1^1VO *">• CO O^ .2 fc H BRITISH WILD FLOWERS ^s *p O C -3 o t3 £ x g •wSxe»S^-p -r -•fin g si i ill-? *nr o ~ —• l-i'l x c cT rt D H Cj ?• .•£ QJ W It) H 'L' ^S tJ3^-? 7: « 2 JJ * £T C **" ^ tn 3 || j| | J J 3 « S Jill I ! liffl! O « N f o m ro 0 8 J2 ^ "5 O BRITISH WILD FLOWERS >, g l|l ^ C/2 O W3 W3 Q ^C S: ^ cj P. *^ «rt ,^- Pffjif ?^|i?e:r| S«l?rS^ Ig^ssl^^ '• «» S 45 S -3 ^ C3 t£ QJ > -S x 1 1 | 8 g -e -s s ^ p - .^ - H 3 S. >,5 I E .SP o g § £••« J 2 !S M W > O t-5 fe PH en E- ^ >*1S « I fs'ai^^il-a:. v/l\Q r^-OO ON C "-" o rf v/l\Q r^-OO <; ro ro fO ro fO 46 op ^r ijj U O ^ M M tn ill i BRITISH WILD FLOWERS -§ ti c a . «-> "S > •"•" fl IffltiH-.y us t/3 O 5 2 U'S^S'IJ I HIM ll|l|l|il||flll ^.lii^iuljpfiui-:! ISslaSra-^S^SuS-ilE^slS? .* 43 l-1 "3 ^- a II !§ c^ e >> B c Hj „ "I tf eg C/5 .'£ rt "" ^ ^ ,?-^ s " o rt ,15 ^ ^-J3 '^ 11111 &II& O .- O > .s t « '^ g . S jr « ? 49 BRITISH WILD FLOWERS 3^5 1-1 « rt .ti H, "" - 5. 5*8 ^ 0 __ _ — -n ^ - =« S •^ 2 ^ o 'I f « £ B'S-.S lls. ill Si.2 PI u. ^H H OJ tfl "S > J3 an 'S^"^1 1 1 .5 I o o cu-1-1 « M § . "S2 C ||g,2 =5^^^ >^feU^ C o M-3 ^ s ^ i « ! c1 . 2 "f3 P P uSow^l « fcn C 0 •a^.s ^ c o ' u A S ' -S • !•- rj- OO BRITISH WILD FLOWERS c "^ ^ .5255 3 33 <" rt j= "rt 5 a^H ^ 3 t;^. ( l?l n^-1 .s 2L /-V ^ ii N «5 N^ -2 5 Si y „; S3 " S .; d S Structure and Habit. Yellow flowers, leaves on stems arrow-s White flowers, large flat pouches. 3 sp One of the commonest of our weeds. Leaves forming a rosette on the ground. White flowers, fleshy plant, pods globos Often only I inch high, early flowering. Rich yellow flowers, pods large on stalk Lilac, I or 2 feet high, bulbiferous, rare Lilac blossoms, often called cuckoo-flov\ White, anthers violet (C. amara, L.) (F White, pods snap when ripe and scatter Yellow, with short pod thicker than stal Flowers yellow, smaller than garden for Yellow, pods spreading and knotty. C White or yellow, pods long and large. . 01 o ^ Jn (/$ i 01 tn ty ^ r—J [/j y, J5 O _(-; [/3 0 f/] t/J 1 £E rt gj cs ^ ^u O oj rt Q LH ^- "l> ^ • ^ >Cti)rt">>:>>C, 0 i 3^ ^ T*^ ^ T*^ l"^^^>^ ^ ^ •— ' « 1 >-,'C ~ Cu i la .ill '1 'SaJ fc ^ ""* TJpLn^.'r ^tiSJig ^1 g 01 o3 ^^o^i^-^t;0'^'^ £ v c S4 'o.S'l-S'S'o'^ o.'ul 1^5 6 Q (^ c^ -=c^^ ^U J K hS i^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ g rt - rt.g -^ g rtl .g § C/3 (/5 G, Si]"rt£c 'H -|'5rt"cL c§ ^^ rt ajoi-rtiJ cj rt — .;: rt U HUQuQ U PSUcn^ 0 y. 8* O"* cS 0^*000 o oooo WILD FLOWERS 53 s < Pw c /-A ° |l 1 rt f! C ^ ^ J^ .ti ^ QJ ^ 1 *^ 1/3 S c/: M ^ • ri ^ C o •s . 3 £> I"! .2 •" E qj ^3 g t/3 1 -s| i; 2 u O^fe B rt — ^ i^ rt t/3 rt rt 1 1 "3 £ l 7 o CQ ffi 6 ^ i-O VO BRITISH WILD FLOWERS o |f vp-S . 2 s~\ c3 S •£ ^^ x ^ ^ i •^ ^_, o iH HH 0 7 1st I >l'5-3 §E w fc « $ 8 g c rt i l&^|lc| • I ^ o ? i * ^ £ S ^5 g^ 'o rt Ji_rt ,„ PC * CQ o 1^,00 ^ O ^ N <*O ^ *f*>\o r^.00 55 BRITISH WILD FLOWERS ^H ffi ^ ^rt 'o .S (U X -5 OH -" rt p O t/J t« S r^ o • S v ^ I ! OJ Ul d & I S 11 •S Q Is S. ^2 « « — '•S (U ^ rt '^ I 1 I t/j rt c P •*"" rt 04^ ^H JJ .r-t o yT^ ** OJ ^? 3 > •J. 1 C § .1 It 111 to b o ___« •> ^ 'rt 0_ (U 'D.'^ x ^ ^ rt S o If ^ § « | c rt E 51 'S £ ^ SS o "*"* r7"1 3 I •• i»s rt o o o "S rt "rt rt > PS ^E ^^^ "a, tJ5 XX ti) tJ3 bi) 333 1 C/2 ^ ^ ^ 1 i 1 t— , II t— ^ 111 I rt ^ u tn fc 3 U u ^ °^"^ 0 "b T3 r* -5 "^ | rt § 11 'r; 'c ~ S -jr o & U S ^s Hc^c/5 i «l.i S « ils ' £ S 2 ^ rt 3 c jjj c a * *c3 3 rt <^- £* o ^ S .§ •1 ^ "^5 *3 OJ ^ ^S •^ > f* >-i B o W o M N ro ro BRITISH WILD FLOWERS r-X '2 J5 S S 7 r c s s UJ > PQ 6 I ro 3j • ^ rTO < BRITISH WILD FLOWERS 59 X O .a £ rCl *•' £ T3 _X ?J 2 * O >, tfl r< C rt 3 £ -* S o, £ « 4J. W S * ^ Sj -C ^ «J o « « "2 J'S •c C 'rt ? 8 -tf C • K. 73 U) t/3 O ^ - « ° C S ^ S - £ 5 '— C rt '^ w ^^ .T: 1^1 *^* -*-> .2 w C, 3 N ° S. a S i .1 t: .a o a, £ c ^, o „, lit! •B S 4i S 8 O rt u o ^ . >- -r'S-^.-S '1=1 ** *o c D OT Ct, H H U •S c w S^ 2 s. 6o BRITISH WILD FLOWERS $ s s £» .£ >; ^ rt %S - g S «-• ° o d S •* .fi.fi . Zl a> M -2 ^ -d 5 5 .5 ^ HJ .-. OJ *-• t/3 •S §° .-i 2 §• 1 § ^ ^ S 4-. 0 O S 1 2 f 1 ti» • a &i *C *j ^ pq S ffi K P^SuS tO ^ 0 r- r^ e .2 ^5 ,2 •£ g g -S Is Ci „ o •- ° -2 tJ) r^1 "^ >-x >-> ti) >-, >% tJQ tJC rv, H ^ e -s- r§, E ! | 3 h^c/^ ^^-^^^^-^C/) rf S" >» JS "SP * . ? JtlllH S en 1 IIIII1I.IH 0 -5 rt S a rt g ti d S o » s I V ~ I .f § I -s 1 i J •£ & 1 § p< £ fc z . £ o B ^ . §' • PC p- g«2 D ^ PS 0) ^ c « S « S -5 ^ W ^J C3 r— E o | |lll1|-||||> 5 <3 "J ~" «T ^ *o « S 9 3 « § u § < u S (/; pa a5 <;'» J j o 5 S ^ N < o -2 'S b S 05 CX 73 'O ^ i-i • Q tf « S « 9 a . «r_ . , .-g| .« ^ $ § x rt S S — c-- ;^.-z: § -2 . . c ° ^ ^ s is : fe.s^- •1 g gC-g rt «. 3 rt J'^'g^S e^ S 2 ! §,£ g 1 'B..3 o c rS' J J ti § _o 5 ^ K CO O CH U * r- 1 r— i << C/2 ^ in in in in in FIG. 31. — ARUM SPATHE AND SPADIX. (p) Palisade to keep insects inside the flower. (See Group xviii). 6l 62 BRITISH \VILD FLOWERS fill ° >-. • s art ll 11* " J ^ 8 J o c J I o, o d, A £ ^ QJ i, , " O K g s=Sb* | s u l£, ° S2 « £f ILs . I to ? |l|||fl JlrEHl I . o ox** 2 ^ ^ ;: «" .a s £ ^ .i ? °°, vrf £ ^ J= " Kn ^ w -M S3 -5 2 ^ t/i 9^^S sl-sl-sf i|is:t° I loll I «•£ P „ ' CflJ O OCNlr-*1^ - - _ „ O -§s§-^ "3 "3 f, .S .t! .tJ .IS .ti ^ ^ o ^ -S ,^ 0.0-^3333 3' — — — ^— .5 ° CL, qj"1-10 M tJ5 tJO >,>,>,> 53 "3 "3 "3*3 Iffc'j -S S 55g tg B t: ^ — ^ <5 <5 i^; <^ <; i^; J^ C ^ C 3333 •SS2c^ - 3 S O ^ C0,o « o rt C WUUS O S3 U n3 S I g G^ ^c^_^ ^5 g -3 ^ 3 5 s< a^ HU c^ c/3*5 5^ iiaiii « C O 3 ^ £• §-2.Sfi % = 1 ll'ltsl OO ON VO VO Piinted by the ''Southampton Times" Company, Limited, 70 Above Bar, Southampton. vO •H •P C (D TD •H O •P O CO •H t-t JH TJ O H H •H W W Q) £ f§ UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY DO NOT REMOVE THE CARD FROM THIS POCKET