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WILD FLOWERS

OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN MOUNTAINS

WILD FLOWERS

OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN
MOUNTAINS

BY

JULIA W. HENSHAW

Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
Honorary Secretary of the Alpine Club of Canada.

NEW YORK

ROBERT M. McBRIDE & COMPANY

1917

19IS

Copyright, 1915, by

JUM A W. H K NSHAVV

Copyright, Canada, 1915
BY Julia W. Henshaw

Second Printing
June, 11^17

Published Xovember, 1915

TO

THEIR ROYAL HIGHNESSES

THE DUKE AND DUCHESS OF CONNAUGHT

this book is, by special permission,
jratefully dedicated in remembrance of days spent by

THEIR ROYAL HIGHNESSES

in the

ROCKY MOUNTAINS

PREFACE

" When the book of Hfe falls open at the page of spring,"
the snow-crowned mountains rule over an enchanting land
of foliage, ferns and fungi, and the alpine meadows are
ablaze with bright-hued flowers that grow luxuriantly be-
neath the Ijroad blue tent of the sky.

Held close in the curved arms of the cliffs, the patches of
verdure, starred with these wondrous-tinted blossoms, are
a re\-elation to the traveller. From the mountains of the
Yukon and Alaska to the hills of X'ova Scotia and Xew
England, in the Rockies, the Selkirks and the mountain
ranges of ^Montana, Dakota, Washington, Oregon, Cali-
fornia and other States, you will find that the same miracle
has l^een wrought. On the lower levels white-flowered,
scarlet-fruited shrubs mingle with the \\'intergreens. Lark-
spurs, Violets and Columbines ; flaming Indian Paint
Brushes, Gentians, Queen-cups and purple Vetches cover
many a slope ; here a \'allev is carpeted with yellow Lilies,
Gaillardias, Arnicas and Golden-rods — a glorious Field-
(jf-the-Cloth-of-Gold — and there some mossy plateau is
gay with arctic-alpine Androsaces, Stonecrops, Everlastings
and the trailing vines of the sweet-scented Northern Twin-
flowers; while in the crannies among the rocks ^loss Cam-
l)ions, Romanzoffias and Saxifrages find a foothold; and
down beside the ice-born streams grow beds of Wild Pars-
ley. Water Willow Herb, Musk Flower, Lobelia and Ladies'
Tresses.

Prcfarc

As the traveller clinihs upward the scene chanj^es among
the barren rocks and frowning precipices, f(jr here Xature
stands revealed in majestic mood, and the lines of the land-
scape are sketched out rugged and severe. Then comes the
sudden turn round the corner of some cliff, the o'ertopping
of some steep st(»iu' ledge, and heheldl before one, in a liigh
alpine nieadnw. lies a garden such as kings might en\v.
lUit lunv describe the ecstasy (^f standing knee-deep in the
fragrance of a thousand flowers? After crossing the bare
bleak rocks it is like a triumphal enlrv into Paradise. Here
are Pink Garlics, Harebells swaying in wild waywardness,
Veronicas and Forget-me-nots looking u]) with wide-open
eyes, Heathers red. rose and while, amethyst Asters,
White (icraniums and Moccasin Mowers, all mingling with
the shining green leaves and waxen ])etals of the Rhododen-
drons and the snowv chalices of the ( Ilobe-flowers and
Anemones.

^J ,]t matters not at what hour one goes to the mountains,
\yhether in the amethyst dawn, when the golden gates of
sunrise fall ajar and the first faint rustle of the leaves stirs
the dreaming world to consciousness, dispersing mists and
dew ; in the brilliant noontide, when life marches on w ith all
her banners unfurled, and every plant is budding and blow-
ing as the sap runs freely, and the sun's rays gild hill and
vale; or in the amlier evening when i)uri)le shadows steal
with phantom feet from clifT to cliff, and down in the dusk
of the forest dewdrops spangle leaf and bloom, as God
lights the star-lamps of His high heaven and i)uts out the
da}'.

Even when we listen to the rhythm of the rain all is beau-
tiful, for the flowers that greeted the dawn with opal hearts
wide-blown; that at noontide were found witli

Preface

" Each atiiuent petal outstretched and uncurled
To the glory and gladness and shine of the world."

and that at evening offered up sweetest fragrance in their
chaHce-cups, are given a new charm by the cool showers
from above.

" The paths, the woods, the fields, the liills.
Are not a world to-day,
But just a place God made for us
In which to play."

So we may wander in search of tlie mountain wild flow-
ers, following the trails which lead to the alpine meadows,
and wrapt in the perfect peace of the hills remember that
we are walking

"In the freedom of the garden wild"
with

" God of the open air."

As this book is intended for the use of the general puljlic
rather tlian for that of botanists, the flowers herein de-
scribed are classified according to colour, and without spe-
cial reference to their scientific relationshijK for the first
attribute of a plant which attracts the traveller's eye is in-
\ariably its colour, his first cjuestion usuallv being: "What
is that red flower?" — or "blue flower," or "yellow
flower." as the case may be. Of Order. Genus and Species
he ])robal)ly knows little, and therefore the de>criptions
gi\cn in this giu'de to mountain wild flowers are so sim])lv
and clearly worded, that any plants indexed may be readily
located in one or other of the Colour Sections, together with
its name and chief characteristics. The general Kcv at the
beginning of the book will be of use to botanists.

The nomenclature followed throughout this work is

Preface

strictly in accordance with the X'ienna Kulcs, in so far as
these have l)een worked out in Canachi.

Plants will be found to vary greatly in size and appear-
ance at various altitudes, becoming smaller and shorter as
the summit of the mountain is api)roached. until at 7.000
or 8,000 feet one will find the tiny leaves of the Moss
Campion and Mountain Saxifrage growing flat upon the
ground, their starry blossoms having no perceptible stalks,
but being set close down into the moss-like plants. The
Speedwell, Mouse-ear Chickweed. Alpine Azalea. Whitlow
Grass, Eriogonum, Androsace, Saxifrage, Gentian and
Stonecrop are all in evidence at verv high elevations, grow-
ing in dwarfed alpine forms, and, together with the Heath,
Heather and Anemone, are amongst the last flowers found
at the edge of ])er])etual snow.

For his \aluable assistance in pre]:)aring this l)Ook I oiler
my sincere thanks to Professor John Macoun, to whom I
owe a debt of gratitude, beyond all repayment, for years
of kindly help and encouragement. To Mr. James M.
Macoun I also offer my hearty thanks for his expert advice
given at all limes with kindest courtesy.

To Sir Thomas G. Shaughnessy I am very deeply indebted
for the interest he has always taken in my work among the
mountains, which has led to the writing of this book.

Julia W. Hexshaw.

January, 191 5.
A'ancouver,
British Columl)ia,
Canada.

Preface

Sidney,

British Columliia,

Canada,
January 30th, 191 5.
Dear ]\rrs. Henshaw :

When you first told me of your intention to write a pop-
ular mountain flora, I assured you that such a work would
not only serve a splendid purpose in attracting attention to
the mountains, l)ut that until the traveller had in his hands
some such book that would enable him to identify the many
flowers that grow there in profusion, he must feel lost
among the unnamed beauties which would surround him.
It was the one book needed.

1'hat the work should have been done as you have done
it, is more than I could have hoped. The beauty of the
])hotographs, the correct grouping of the flowers, the con-
cise and yet complete descriptions make it easy for even the
visitor of a day to identify all. the plants he is likely to see.
^'our choice of English names, when such had not before
been given to our alpine flowers, is excellent. They are
themselves often sufficientlv descriptixe to enable one to
idntify the species.

T am glad to note, too, that the generic names you ha\'e
used are strictly in accordance with the \'ienna Rules, as
are also the specific names so far as these have been worked
out in Canada.

Yours sincerely,

joiix Macoun,

Dominion Xaturalist.

CONTENTS

Page

Letter from Professor John Macoun M. A., F. L. S., F. R.

S. C xi

List of Uncoloured Plates xv

List of Coloured Plates xvii

General Key to the Families i

Section

L Ferns and Fern Allies 47

n. Trees 6i

in. Reeds, Grasses, Sedges and Rushes 8i

IV. White to Green and Brown Flowers 91

V. Pink to Red Flowers 205

\'L Blue to Purple Flowers 257

\'n. Yellow to Orange Flowers 305

Glossary 363

Index to Scientific Names 369

Index to English Names 377

LIST OF UNCOLOURED PLATES

LATE

PAGE

I.

Oak Fern

. Phegopteris Dryopteris

. . 48

II.

Spinulose Shield Fern As[>idium spimilosum zv

;•. dila-

tatuiii ....

• - ■ 54

III.

Lodge Pole Pine .

. Finns coiitorta var. Mm

rayana 64

IV.

Engelmann's Spruce

. Picea Engclmanni

. . 66

V.

Balsam Fir . . .

. Abies lasiocarpa . .

. . 68

VI.

Mountain Hemlock

Tsuga Mcrtcnsiana .

. . 70

VII.

Red Cedar . . .

Thuya plicata . . .

. . 72

VIII.

Hare's Tail . . .

Eriophorum callitrix

. . 84

IX.

Green Lily .

. Zygademis elcgans

• • 93

X.

Indian Hellebore .

I'eratrum viridc . .

• • 95

XI.

Queen-Cup .

. C Unto Ilia uniftora

• • 97

XII.

False Solomon's Seal

. Smilacina ainplcxicanlis

. . 99

XIII.

Star-flowered Solo-

mon's Seal

Smilacina stellata

. . ICX)

XIV.

White Twisted-stalk

Strcptopus ainplcxif alius

. . 103

XV.

White Moccasin

Flower . . .

Cypripcdiuni passciinuin

. . 104

XVI.

White Rein Orchis

Habenaria dilatata

. . 107

XVII.

Northern Rein Orchis Habenaria obtusata .

. . 108

XVIII.

Hooded Ladies' Tresses Spiranthes RomanzofHam

1 . .Ill

XIX.

Early Coral Root .

Corallorhiza trifida

. . 115

XX.

Alpine Bistort .

Polygonum viviparum

. . 119

Glutinous .Asphodel

Toficldia glutiiiosa

. . 119

XXI.

Wind P'lower

.Inemone multifida

. . 127

XXII.

White Globe Flower

Trollius laxus var. albitli

irus . 130

XXIII.

Red Baneberry .

Aciaa rubra . .

. . 13^

XXIV.

Alpine Saxifrage .

Saxifraga nivalis .

. . 141

XXV.

Nancy-over-thc-grounc

\ Tiarclla unifoliata

■ • 143

XXVI.

Oval-leaved Alum Roo

Hcuchcra ovalifolia .

• • 145

XXVII.

Tellima ....

Tclliina grandiflora .

• • 147

XXVIII.

Birch-lcavcd Spir;ca

Spircra lucid a .

. . 151

XXIX.

Goat's I'eard

.Iruiicus syhestcr

• • 153

XXX.

Common Serviceberrj

' .Imclanchicr Horida .

• • 155

XXXI.

Capberry

Rubus parviflorus

• . 157

XXXII.

Wood Nymph . .

Dryas octopctala . .

. . 159

LIST OF UNCOLOl RED PLATES

PLATF.

PAGE

XXXIII.

Lentil Vetch . . .

I'haca (iiiicricaiia ....

. 162

XXXIV.

Canada Violet .

/ ioUi canadensis .

. i6s

XXXV.

Fcrn-lcavcd Lovage

LigiisticuDi apiifoliuin

. 169

XXXVI.

Cow Parsnip

Ileraclcuin lanatuni .

• 171

XXXVII.

lUtncliberry . . . .

Cornus canadensis

■ 173

XXXVIII.

Indian Pipe ....

Monopropa unifiura .

• 177

XXXIX.

.Mountain Rliododcn-

dron

Rhododendron alhifloyum

. i8i

XL.

White Heath . . .

Cassiope Mertcnsiana

. 184

XLI.

Mi.st Maidens

I\o)nanzoffia sitclicnsis .

. 188

XLII.

Contorted Lousewort .

Pedicitlaris con tort a .

. 190

XLIII.

Pink Garlic ....

Allium cernuuni ....

. 206

XLIV.

Fly-spotted Orchis

Orchis rotundifolia .

. 208

XLV.

Moss Campion .

Silcne acaulis

. 212

XLVI.

Red W'intergreen .

Pyrola asarifolia var. incarnata 227

Green-flowered Winter-

green

Pyrola chlorautha .

. 227

XLVII.

Red Mountain Heather

Bryanthus enipetriforniis

• -231

XLVIII.

Red Bearberry .

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi

■ 233

XLIX.

Red Monkey Flower

Mimulus Lezcisii ....

■ 241

L.

Rough Fleabane

Erigeron glabelliis

• 251

LI.

Pink Everlasting

Antennaria rosea ....

. 252

LI I.

Ascending Milk Vetch

Astragalus adsurgcns

. 265

LIII.

Alpine Milk Vetch

Astragalus alpinus

. 266

LIV.

Alpine Oxytrope

Oxytropis riscida

. 268

LV.

Four-parted Gentian .

Gcntiana propinqua .

• 277

LVI.

Harebell

Campanula rotundifolia .

• 293

LVII.

Brook Lobelia .

Lobelia Kalmii ....

• 295

LVIII.

Western Skunk Cal)-

bage

Lysichiion kamtschatc'cnsc .

• 306

LIX.

Mountain Lily . . .

Lilium inontaiium

. 308

LX.

Bladder-pod

Pliysaria didymocarpa

■ 321

LXI.

Silverberry ....

EUcagiius argcnica

• 335

LXIL

Bush Fly Honeysuckle

Lonicera utaliensis

• 345

LXIII.

Field Golden-rod

Solidago dccumbcns .

• 349

LXIV.

Alpine Arnica .

Arnica alpina .....

• 355

LIST OF COLOURED PLATES

Red Indian Paint Brush .... Castilleja iiiiniula . I'^ro.vtispiece
White Indian Paint Brush . . . Castilleja pallida.
Bradbery's Painted Cup .... Castilleja angitstifolia zar. Brad-

burii.

FACING
P.\GE

Tall Eriogonum Eriogoinmt itinbcllatuDi var.

via jus ii6

Chalice Cup Anemone occidentalis . . . 128

Purple Hed\sarum Hedysarum boreale .... 160

White Hedysarum Hedysarum sulphurescens . . 160

W^oolly Labrador Tea Ledum grocnlandicuin . . .178

Wild Heliotrope J'aleriana sitcliensis .... 194

Calypso Calypso bulbosa 210

Western Columbine Aquileyia formosa .... 214

Water Willow-herb Epilobium lati folium . . . 224

Northern Twin Flower .... Liiuuca borealis var. americana 248

Wild Flax Limim Lewisii 272

Mountain Phacelia Phacelia sericea 280

Yellow Adder's Tongue .... Erythronium grandifl.rr.m . . 310

Drummond's Dryas Dryas Drummondii .... 332

Brown-cycd Susan Cailtardia aristata .... ^,^2

Hairy Hawkwccd Hieracium Scoulcri .... 360

WILD FLOWERS

OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN MOUNTAINS

GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES

DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA.

(Ferns and Fern Allies)

Fern-like, rush-like, moss-like or aquatic plants, without true
flowers. Reproduction by spores.

ORDER I. FILICALES

I. POLYPODIACE^. FERN FAMILY

Leafy plants with creeping rhizomes. Spores borne in sporangia
collected in dots, lines or clusters on the backs or margins of the
fronds or their divisions.

I. Phegopteris. (Presl.) Fee.

1. P. polypodioides. Fee. Long Beech Fern.

2. P. alpestris. (Hoppe.) Mett. Tufted Beech Fern.

3. P. Dryopteris. (L.) Fee. Oak Fern.
II, Adi.\ntum. (Tourn.) L.

I. A. pedatum. L. Maidenhair.

III. Pterls. L.

I. P. aquilina var. lanuginosa. Bong. Common Bracken.

IV. Cheilantiies. Sw.

I. C. Feei. Moore. Slender Lip Fern.
V. Pell.ea. Link.

I. P. atr()i)uri)urea. (L.) Link. Furple Cliff Brake.
VI. Cryi'Tocram ma. R. Br.

1. C. acrostichoides. R. Br. Xootka Rock Brake.

2. C. Stelleri. (Gmel.) Prantl. Slender Rock Brake.
VII. Asplenium. L.

1. A. viridc. Muds. Green Spleenii.'ort.

2. A. cyclosorum. Rui)r. Large Lady Fern.

VIII. POLYSTICIIUM. Roth.

I. P. Lonchitis. (L.) Roth. Holly Fern.
1

General Key to the Families

IX. ASI'IDIL'M. S\V.

1. A. iMlix-mas. (L.) S\v. Male Sliichl Fern.

2. A. spinulosum var. dilataluin. (llolTm.) Hook.

Spinulosc Shield Fern.

3. A. Oreopteris. Sw. Scaly Shield Fern.
X. Cystoi'tkris. Bernh.

1. C fragilis. (L.) Bernh. Brittle Fern.

2. C. montana. (Lam.) Ik'riih. Mountain Bladder

Fern.

II. OPHIOGLOSSACE^. ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY

Leafy, flesliy plants; leaves sini])le or branched, fern-like, erect
in vernation, the l)u<l placed either inside the base of the old stalk
or beside it; sporang'ia borne in spikes or panicles formed from the
main tissue of the fruiting- branches.

L BOTRYCniUM. Sw.

1. B. Lunaria. (L.) Sw. Moomvort.

2. B. simplex. E. Small Moomvort.

3. B. virginianum. (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern.

4. B. lanceolatum. (Gmel.) Angstruem. Slender

Moomvort.

ORDER II. EQUISETALES

III. EQUISETACE^. HORSETAIL FAMILY

Rush-like green plants with jointed usually hollow stems from
running rootstocks; the branches verticillate, with toothed sheaths
at the nodes, and when fertile bearing the sporangia beneath the
scales of the terminal cone-shaped spikes.

I. Equisetum. (Tourn.) L.

1. E. arvense. L. Field Horsetail.

2. E. pratensc. Ehrh. Thicket Horsetail.

3. E. sylvaticum. L. Wood Horsetail.

4. E. scirpoides. Michx. Rush Pipes.

5. E. fluviatile. L. Szi'amp Horsetail.

6. E. variegatum. Schleich. Variegated Horsetail.

7. E. hyemale. L. Scouring Rush.

General Key to the Families

ORDER III. LYCOPODIALES

IV. LYCOPODIACE^. CLUB MOSS FAMILY

Low-growing moss-like plants with branching, trailing or erect
stems; leaves small, lanceolate, persistent, entire; sporangia soli-
tary in the axils of the leaves, or on their upper surface. Isopor-
ous.

I. Lycopodium. L.

1. L. annotinum. L. Stiff Club Moss.

2. L. clavatum. L. Creeping Club Moss.

3. L. Selago. L. Fir Club Moss.

4. L. alpinum. L. Alpine Club Moss.

5. L. sitchense. Rupr. Arctic Club Moss.

6. L. complanatum. L. Trailing Christmas Green.

V. SELAGINELLACE^. SELAGINELLA FAMILY

Small, leafy terrestial plants with branching stems ; leaves scale-
like, many-ranked, uniform; sporangia one-celled, solitary, axillary
or borne at the base of the upper surface of the leaf. Heteros-
porous.

I. Selaginella. Beauv.

1. S. selaginoides. (L.) Link. Small Selaginella.

2. S. rupestris. (L.) Spring. Rock Selaginella.

DIVISION 11. SPERMATOPHYTA

(Seed-plants, Phanerogmia, or Flowering Plants)

Flowers with stamens, or pistils, or both. Normal reproduction by
seeds containing an embryo or minute plant.

SUBDIVISION I. gymnosperm;e

ORDER IV. CONIFERALES
VI. TAXACE.ffi:. YEW FAMILY

Trees or shrubs; si)aringly resinous; leaves evergreen or de-
ciduous, linear, spreading in two ranks; flowers dioecious, or rarely

Qcncrtil Key /o I he Jtmii/ics

moncecious, axillary, solitary; fruit a bony-coated seed, or rarely a
cone.

I. Taxus. (Tourn.) L.
^' I. T. brcvifolia. Xutt. Western Yew.

VII. PINACE^. PINE FAMILY

Trees or slirul).s, mostly evergreen; leaves needle-shaped, entire;
flowers moiKtcious or rarely dicrcious. borne in the form of scaly
catkins of which the fertile ones become berry-like or cones; juice
resinous.

I. Pixus. (Tourn.) L.

1. P. albicaulis. Engelm. Jlliite-bark Pine.

2. P. monticola. Dougl. Mountain Fi)ie.

3. P. ponderosa. Dougl. Bull Pine.

4. P. contorta var. ?\Iurrayana. Engelm. Lodge Pole
. Pine.

11. Larix. (Tourn.) Adans. ' .

I. Lyallii. Pari. Lyall's Larch. , .

III. PiCEA. Link.

1. P. canadensis. (Mill.) BSP. White Spruce.

2. P. Engelmanni. Parry. Ejigel}}iann's Spruce.

IV. Abies. (Tourn.) Hill.

I. A. lasiocarpa. (Hook.) Nutt. Balsam Fir.
V. TsuGA. (Endl.) Carr.

1. T. heterophylla. (Raf.) Sarg. JJ'estern Hemlock.

2. T. Mertensiana. (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hoiilock.
VI. PsEUDOTSUGA. Carr.

I. P. taxifolia. Britton. Douglas Fir.
VII. Thuya. L.

I. T. plicata. Donn. Red Cedar.
Vni. JuNiPERUS. (Tourn.) L.

1. J. scopulorum. Sarg. Rocky Mountain Juniper.

2. ]. horizontalis. Moench. Creeping Juniper.

3. J. communis var. montana. Ait. Alpine Juniper.

General Key to the Families

SUBDIVISION II. ANGIOSPERM^
Class I. Monocotyledone.-e

ORDER V. PANDANALES

VIII. TYPHACE^. CAT-TAIL FAMILY

Aquatic or marsh herbs with creeping rootstocks ; leaves nerved,
Hnear, sessile ; flowers monoecious, numerous on a spadix destitute
of proper floral envelope ; fruit nut-like, usually splitting on one
side.

I. Typha. (Tourn.) L.

I. 1". latifolia. L. Broad-lcavcd Cat-tail.

IX. SPARGANIACE.ffi:. BUR-REED FAMILY

Marsh or aquatic herbs with erect or floating stems; leaves
alternate, linear, sessile, two-ranked; flowers monoecious with in-
globular, sessile or pedunculate heads ; fruit nut-like, obovoid or
spindle-shaped.

I. Sparganium. (Tourn.) L.

I. S. simplex. Huds. Sii)iplc-stcminccl Bur-reed.

ORDER VI. NAJADALES

X. NAJADACEiE. PONDWEED FAMILY

Alarsh or innnrrscd acpiatic herbs with slender, jointed, leafy
stems; leaves flat or filiform, sheathing at the base; flowers perfect
or unisexual with a jierianth of four or si.x distinct valvate or
tubular segments; fruit an iiidehiscent berry.

I. PoTAMOcKTOx. (Touru.) L.

1. p. Richardsonii. ( lienn.) Rydli. RicJiardsoii's Poiid-

Ti'('('</.

2. p. lilif(U-mis. ]\^rs. J-iliforin Poiidiceed.

General Key to the Fdiuilws

XL JUNCAGINACE^. ARROW GRASS FAMILY

Herbs with creeping rhizomes and hollow stems, mostly peren-
nial ; leaves alternate, sheathing, channelled or terete ; flowers i)er-
fect. small, spicate, or racemose with six-lobed perianth ; fruit cap-
sular or follicular.

L Triglociiin. L.

I. T. palustris. L. Marsh Arrozv Grass.

ORDER VII. GRAMINALES

XIL GRAMINE^. GRASS FAMILY

Herbs with culms closed at the nodes ; leaves paralleled-veined,
consisting of a sheath and a blade; flowers perfect, very small,
arranged in spikelets ; fruit a caryopsis with starchy endosperm
and a small embryo at the base.

SUBFAMILY P0AC0IDE;E
TRIBE AGROSTIDE.E

L Phleum. L.

I. P. alpinum. L. Alpine Timothy.
II. Calamagrostis. Adans.

I. C. canadensis. (Michx.) Beauv. Blue- joint Grass.

TRIBE FESTUCE^

III. POA. L.

I. P. alpina. L. Alpine Spear Grass.

IV. Festuca. L.

I. F. ovina. L. Sheep's Fescue Grass.
V. Bromus. L.

I. B. Richardsonii var. pallidus. (Hook.) Shear.
Fringed Bromc Grass.

TRIBE HORDE.E

VI. FIoRDEUM. (Tourn.) L.

I. H. jubatum. L. Squirrel-tail Grass.

General Key to the Families

XIII. CYPERACE^. SEDGE FAMILY

Grass-like or rush-lilce herbs with filjrous roots, mostly solid
culms and closed sheaths; flowers spiked in the axils of the imbri-
cated bracts, destitute of any perianth ; fruit an achene.

TRIBE SCIRPE/E

I. Eriophorum. L.

1. E. callitrix. Cham. Hare's Tail.

2. E. angusti folium. Roth. Cotton Grass.

TRIBE CARICE.^

II. KOBRESIA. Willd.

1. K. bipartita. (All.) Britton. Arctic Kobrcsia.

2. K. Bellardi. (All.) C. Koch. Arctic Elyna.
III. C.AREx. (Ruppius.) L.

1. C. f estiva. Dewey Sill. Tussock Sedge.

2. C. pyrenaica. Wahl. Dzuarf Sedge.

3. C. Mertensii. P. Bong. Mcrten's Sedge.

4. C. nigricans. C. A. Meyer. Black Sedge.

5. C. rupestris. All. Rock Sedge.

ORDER VIII. ARALES

XIV. ARACE^. ARUM FAMILY

Perennial herbs with pungent juice and tuberous rootstocks ;
leaves large, veiny, simple or compound, abundant ; flowers
crowded on a spadix which is usually surrounded by a spathe;
fruit usually a berry.

I. LvsiciiiTON. Schott.

I. L. kamtschatcensc. Schntt. U' est em Skitiik Cabbage.

ORDER IX. LILIALES

XV. JUNCACEiE. RUSH FAMILY

Rush-like or grass-like herl)s; leaves alternate, sheathing, chan-
nelled or terete; flowers small, liliaceous in structure, but setlge-

8 Gcfwrdl Kc\ to the I'dnnhcs

like in aspect and texture, regular, hypcjgynuus, jK-rsislent ; fruit
seeds anatropous with a tiny embryo enclosed within the base of

fleshy albumen.

1. J UNCUS. (Tourn.) T..

1. J. Mertensianus. liong. Mcrtcn's Boy Rush.

2. J. triglumis. L. Tlircc-lhnccrcd Bog Rush.

3. J. Drummondii. E. Meyer. Dnimmond's Bog Rush.

4. J. Parryi. Engelm. Parry's Bog Rush.

II. LUZULA. DC.

1. L. parviflora. (Ehrh.) Desv. S)nall-floz>.'crcd Wood

Rush.

2. L. spicata. (L.) DC. Spiked Wood Rush.

XVI. LILIACE^. LILY FAMILY

Herbs or rarely woody plants ; leaves at the base, or in whorls,
or pairs on the stems; flowers borne singly, or in umbels, or
racemes on a usually naked stem ; fruit a seeded pod or berry,
seeds various, winged or wingless.

TRIBE VERATRE.^

I. TOFIELDIA. Huds.

1. T. glutinosa. (Michx.) Pers. Glutinous Asphodel.

2. T. palustris. Huds. Scottish Asphodel.

3. T. occidentalis. Watson Proc. W\^stcrn Asphodel.
II. Stenantpjium. (Gray.) Kunth.

I. S. occidentale. Gray. Bronze Bells.

III. Zygadenus. Michx.

1. Z. elegans. Pursh Fl. Green Lily.

2. Z. venenosus. Wats. Poisonous Green Lily.

IV. Veratrum. (Tourn.) L..

I. V. viride. Ait. Indian Hellebore.

TRIBE ALLIE.E

V. Allium. (Tourn.) L.

1. A. cernuum. Roth. Pi}ik Garlic.

2. A. Schcenoprasum var. sibiricum. (L.) Hartm.

Purple Garlic.

General Key to the Families

TRIBE LILIE.E

VI. LiLiuM. (Tourn.) L.

1. L. niontanum. A. Xels. Mountain Lily.

2. L. columbianum. Hansen, ll'cstcrn Lily.
VII. Fritillaria. L.

I. F. puclica. Yellozv Fritillary.
\"III. Erythronium. L.

1. E. grandiflorum. Pursh. Ycllozu Adder's Tongue.

2. E. grandiflorum var. parviflorum. Watson. Small

Yclloiii Addc/s Tongue.

3. E. montanum. Watson. Mountain Adder's Tongue.
IX. Calochortus. Pursh.

1. C. macrocarpus. Dougl. Green-banded Mariposa.

2. C. Lyallii. Baker. Pale Mariposa.

TRIBE POLYGOXATE.E

X. Clixtoxia. Raf.

I. C. uniflora. Kunth. Queen-cup.
XL S.MiLAcixA. Desf.

1. S. amplexicaulis. Xutt. False Solomon's Seal.

2. S. stellata. Desf. Star-flozvcred Solomon's Seal.
XII. Disporum. Salisb.

1. D. trachycarpum. B. and H. Fairy Bells.

2. D. oreganum. B. and H. Woolly Disporum.

XIII. Streptopus. Michx.

1. S. amplexifolius. (L.) DC. White Tz\.'istcd-stalk.

2. S. roseus. Michx. Pink Tzcisted-stalk.

XIV. Kruhsea.

I. K. streptopoidcs. (Ledeb.) Kearney. Short-stemmed
Tzi.'isted-stalk\

XVII. IRIDACE^. IRIS FAMILY

Herbs with rootstocks, tubers or corms ; leaves equitant, sheath-
ing, linear, two-ranked ; flowers regular or irregular, perfect, from
a spathc of two or more leaves or bracts; fruit three-celled, many-
seeded.

lo General Key to the Families

1. SiSYKINl II IIM. L.

1. S. angustifolium. Mill. Stiff Blue-eyed Grass.

2. S. iclahoense. Bicknell. Tzi'istcd Bluc-cycd Grass.

3. S. scj)tcntrionalc. Ricknell. Small Blue-eyed Grass.

4. S. calif ornicum. Ycllozu Bluc-cycd Grass.

ORDER X. ORCHIDALES

XVIII. ORCHIDACE^. ORCHIS FAMILY

Perennial herbs, often with cornis or tubcroid roots, sometimes
rootless saprophytes; leaves paralleled-nerved, solitary or several,,
alternate; flowers solitary, in racemes or spikes, perfect, zygo-
morphic, gynandrous with the perianth adnate to the one-celled
ovary, one division termed the lip differing from the rest in shape,
and sometimes prolonged into a spur at the base; fruit a one-
celled, three-valved capsule.

TRIBE CYPRIPEDIE.E

I. Cypripedium. L.

1. C. pubescens. (W'illd.) Knight. Large Ycllozv

Lady's Slipper.

2. C. parviflorum. Salisb. Small Yellow Lady's Slip-

per.

3. C. passer inum. Richards. IV kite Moccasin F lower.

TRIBE OPHRYDE.^

II. Orchis. (Tourn.) L.

I. O. rotundifolia. Banks. Fly-spotted Orchis.

III. H.\BENARIA. Willd.

1. H. dilatata. (Pursh.) Gray. White Rein Orchis.

2. H. bracteata, (Willd.) R. Br. Long-hracted Rein

Orchis.

3. H. obtusata. (Pursh.) Richards. Northern Rein

Orchis.

4. H. hyperborea. (L.) R. Br. Leafy Rein Orchis.

5. H. gracilis. 'Wats. Gracefid Rein Orchis.

6. H. orbiculata. (Pursh.) Torr. Round-leaved Rein

Orchis.

General Key to the Families ii

TRIBE NEOTTIE^

IV. Spiranthes. Richards.

I. S. Romanzoffiana. Cham. Hooded Ladies' Tresses.
V. Epipactis. (Haller.) Boehm.

1. E. decipiens. (Hook.) Ames. Sioiit Rattlesnake

Plantain.

2. E. rt'pens. (L.) Crantz. Small Rattlesnake Plan-

tain.
VI. LiSTERA. R. Br.

1. L. cordata. (L.) R. Br. Heart-leaved Tzcayblade.

2. L. convallarioides. (S\v.) Torr. Broad-lipped Tzvay-

blade.

TRIBE EPIDENDRE^

VII. CoRALLORHizA. (Hallcr.) R. Br.

1. C. trifida. Chatelain. Early Coral Root.

2. C. maculata. Raf. Spotted Coral Root.

3. C. striata. Lindl. Striped Coral Root.

4. C. IMertensiana. Bong. Spurred Coral Root.
VIII. Calypso. Salisb.

I. C. bulbosa. (L.) Oakes. Calypso.

Class II. Dicotyledoxe.e
Subclass I. Arcliichlaiiiydccr

ORDER XI. SALICALES

XIX. SALICACE^. WILLOW FAMILY

Trees or sliruhs, the wood soft and light, l)ark bitter; leaves
alternate undivided ; flowers of both kinds in catkins, one to each
bract, without perianth ; fruit a pod bearing numerous seeds fur-
nished with long silky down.

I. Salix. (Tourn.) L.

1. S. Candida. Flugge. Hoary IVillozi'.

2. S. Barclayi. Anders. Barclay's U'illon.'.

3. S. Barrattiana. Barratt's Il'illozc.

12 General Key to the Families

4. S. Ik-l>biana. Sargent. BroiK.'u ll'illozv.

5. S. nivalis. Hook. Alpine IVillotv.

6. S. petrophila. Rydb. Dzvarf Willow.

7. S. vestita. Pur.sh. Hairy Willow.

8. S. sitchcnsis. Sanson. Sittia Willow.

9. S. arctica. Pall. .1 relic irillozv.
II. Foi'ULUS. (Tourn.) L.

1. P. tremuloidcs. Alichx. Aspen Poplar.

2. P. balsamifera. L. Balm of Gilcad.

3. P. trichocarpa. Hook. JVcstcrn Balsam Poplar.

4. P. acuminata. Rydb. Cottomvood.

ORDER XII. FAGALES

XX. BETULACE^ffi. BIRCH FAMILY

Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, straight-veined; flowers
small, appearing with or before the leaves, the sterile in catkins,
the fertile clustered, spiked, or in scaly catkins; fruit a nut len-
ticular, surrounded by a wing.

I. Betula. (Tourn.) L.

1. B. fontinalis. Sarg. Black Birch.

2. B. alba. (L.) var. papyri f era. (]\Iarsh.) Spach.

Paper Birch.

3. B. glandulosa. Michx. Dzearf Birch.
II. Alnus. (Tourn.) Hill.

1. A. sinuata. (Regel.) Rydb. Mountain Alder.

2. A. sitchensis. Nutt. Speckled Alder.

ORDER XIII. URTICALES

XXI. URTICACEJE. NETTLE FAMILY

Herbs rarely shrubs, with watery juice, belonging to a large
family ; leaves alternate or opposite, frequently stipulate, sim])le ;
flowers a small, dioecious, monoecius or polygamous, variously clus-
tered ; fruit an achene.

I. Urtica. (Tourn.) L.

I. U. Lyallii. \\'ats. Common Nettle.

Gc'ficral Key to the Fduiihes 13

ORDER XIV. SANTALALES

XXII. SANTALACE^. SANDALWOOD FAMILY

Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves entire, without stipules; flowers
solitary or clustered, axillary or terminal, calyx valvate in the
bud, its tube adnate to the base of the ovary; fruit a drupe or nut,
the seed solitary, destitute of any proper seed-coat.

I. COMANDRA. Xutt.

1. C. pallida. A. DC. White Comandra.

2. C. livida. Richards. Si^'amp Comandra.

3. C. Richardsiana. Fernald. Green Comandra.

XXIH. LORANTHACE^. MISTLETOE FAMILY

Chiefly shrubby plants parasitic on trees; leaves coriaceous, op-
posite regular, greenish, yellowish or olive-brown ; flowers in
axillary or terminal clusters or solitary; fruit a berry with glu-
tinous pulp.

L Arceuthobium. Bieb.

I. A. americanum. Xutt. Witch's Broom.

ORDER XV. POLYGONALES

XXIV. POLYGONACE^. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY

Herbs, shrubs or trees with stipules in the form of sheaths above
the swollen joints of the stem; leaves simple, entire; flowers mostly
perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx ; fruit an achene.

I. Eriogonu.m. Michx.

1. E. umbellatum. var. majus. Bcnth. 7^(7// Eriogoniim.

2. E. ovali folium. Xutt. Silvery Eriogonum.

3. \\. androsaceum. Renth. Dwarf Eriogo)utm.
n. OxvRiA. Hill.

I. (). digyna. ( L. ) Hill. Monntain Sorrel.

III. RUMEX. L.

1. R. salicifolius. Willoii'-leavcd Dock.

2. R. Acctosa. L. Common Sorrel. (Introduced.)

3. R. Acctosella. L. Field Sorrel. (Introduced.)

14 Gcncrdl Key to the idnnlu-s

IV. J'oi.vcoxi^M. ('I'ourn.) L.

1. 1'. xivipaniin. L. .llpiiic l^islnrf.

2. W l)ist()rloi{lc'.s. Pursh. IJ carllcavcd Bistort.

3. r. Aluhlcnbcrgii. (.Moisn.j Wats. Szuainp Pcrsi-

caria.

ORDER XVI. CHENOPODIALES

XXV. CHENOPODIACE^. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY

Herbs or shrul)S of homely as])cct ; leaves more or less succu-
lent, alternate, without stipules ; flowers minute, with the free calyx
imbricated in the bud. usually in axillary and terminal panicles or
racemes; fruit an achcne or utricle.

I. Chenopodium. (Tourn.) L.

1. C. album. L. Lamb's Quarters. (Introduced.)

2. C. capitatum. (L.) Asch. Straicbcrry Blitc.

ORDER XVII. CARYOPHYLLALES

XXVI. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. PINK FAMILY

Herbs with bland and inert juice, the stems usually swollen at
the nodes; leaves opposite, entire, often united at the base; flow-
ers symmetrical, with or without petals; fruit a capsule opening by
valves at the summit.

I. Arenaria. L.

1. A. lateriflora. L. Bhiut-lcavcd Sarnkvort.

2. A. capillaris var. nardifolia. (Ledeb.) Kegel. Nar-

rozv-lcavcd Sandzvort.
•■ 3- A. verna var. propinqua. (Richards.) Fernald.

Vernal Sandzcort.

4. A. sajanensis. W'illd. Onc-floz^'crcd Saiidzvort.
II. Stellaria. L.

1. S. longipes. Goldie. Long-stalked Stitchzvort.

2. S. borealis. Bigel. Northern Stitchzi'ort.
111. Cerastium. L.

1. C. arvense. L. Field Mouse-ear Chiclczueed.

2. C. alpinum. L. Alpine Mouse-ear Cliickzveed.

General Key to the Families 15

IV. Lychnis. ('J'ourn.) L.

1. L. apetala. L. Nodding Pink.

2. L. Drummondii. (Hook.) Wats. Dntmmond's

Pink.

V. SiLENE. L.

1. S. Macounii. Wats. White Campion.

2. S. Lyallii. Wats. Lyall's Catclifly.

3. S. acaulis. L. AIoss Campion.

XXVII. PORTULACACE^. PURSLANE FAMILY

Insi])id herbs; leaves entire, succulent, simple; flowers axillary
or terminal, essentially regular but unsymmetrical, sepals fewer
than the petals ; fruit a capsule.

L Lewisia. Piirsh.

I. L. rediviva. Pursh. Bitter-root.
IL Oregbrom.a. Howell. Eryth.

I. O. cotyledon. Howell. Striped Orcobroma.
111. Claytonia. (Gronov.) L.

1. C. lanccolata. Pursh. Lance-leaved Spring Beauty.

2. C. megarrhiza. (Gray.) Parry. Alpine Spring

Beauty.

3. C. parvifolia. Dougl. Small-lcai'cd Spring Beauty.

ORDER XVIII. RANUNCULALES
XXVIII. NYMPH^ACE^. WATER LILY FAMILY

Aquatic perennial herbs with horizontal rootstocks ; leaves pel-
tate or (leei)ly cordate, involute from both margins in the bud,
floating or immersed; flowers i)erfect, axillary, solitary on long
peduncles; fruit baccate, with a firm rind.

I. Nv.Mi'ii.KA. (Tourn.) L.

I. N. polysepala. (Engclm.) Greene. Yellow Pond

Lily.

XXIX. RANUNCULACE^. CROWFOOT FAMILY

Herbs or sometimes woody jilants with a cdhnirless usuallv acrid
juice; leaves often dissecUd, (heir stalks dilated at the base, some-

1 6 Gciwral Key to the ffinii/ics

times with sti])ulc-likc appendages, alternate or rarely opposite;
flowers poly])etalous or apetalous with the calyx often coloured like
a corolla, hypogynous; fruit achenes or follicles or baccate.

TRir,l£ ANEMONE/E

I. Ranunculus. (Tourn.) L.

1. R. acris. L. Meadow Ihtttcrcup. (Introduced.)

2. R. Macounii. liritton. Macouu's Ihillcrciip.

3. R. Eschscholtzii. Schlect. Siwxk.< Buttercup.

4. R. Cymbalaria. Pursh. Creeping Crozvfoot.

5. R. aquatilis. (L.) var. ca])illaceus. DC. Water

Crowfoot.

6. R. reptans. (L.) Mcy. Creeping .Spearwort.

7. R. repens. L. )'ell()ie Crowfoot. ( Introduced.)

8. R. pygm;ieus. W'ahl. Pigmy Bntterenp.
II. TiiALRTiu'M. (Tourn.) L.

1. T. occidentale. (Iray. Western Meadow Rue.

2. T. megacarpum. Torr. Veiny M eadoie Rue.

III. Anemone. (Tourn.) L.

1. A. occidentalis. Wats. Chalice Cup.

2. A. multitida. Poir. Wind Flozeer.

3. A. Drummondii. Wats. Alpine Anemone.

4. A. parviflora. Michx. Few-flowered Anemone.

5. A. patens var. Wolfgangiana. (Bess.) Koch. Pas-

que Flower.

TRIBE CLEMATIDE.E

IV. Clematis. L.

1. C. ligusticifolia. Nutt. White Clemati.^.

2. C. Columbiana. (Xutt.) T. and G. Purple Clema-

tis.

TRIBE HELEBORE.E

V. Caltiia. (Rupp.) L.

1. C. leptosepala. DC. Alpine Marsh-marigold.

2. C. palustris. L. }farsh-marigold.
VI. Trollius. L.

I. T. laxus var. albiflorus. Salisb. IFhitc Globe Floiver,

General Key to the Families \J

VII. x\guiLEGiA. (Tourn.j L.

1. A. formosa. Fisch. Western Columbine.

2. A. brevistyla. Hook. Blue Columbine.

3. A. flavescens. Wats. Yellozc Columbine.
VIII. Delphinium. (Tourn.) L.

1. D. Brownii. Rydb. Mountain Larkspur.

2. D. Menziesii. DC. Blue Larkspur.

3. D. bicolor. Niitt. Blue-veined Larkspur.

IX. ACT.EA. L.

1. A. rubra. (Ail.) Willd. Red Baueberry.

2. A. rubra forma ncglecta. (Gillman. ) Robinson.

JVhite Baneherry.

XXX. BERBERIDACE^. BARBERRY FAMILY

Shrubs or herbs; leaves compound or divided, alternate, dilated
at the base; flowers with the sepals and petals both imbricated in
the bud, usually in two rows, the hypogynous stamens as many as
the petals and opposite to them ; fruit a berry or a pod.

I. Berberis. (Tourn.) L.

1. B. repens. Lindl. Roeky Mountai}i Grape.

2. B. aqui folium. Pursh. Oregon Grape.

ORDER XIX. PAPAVERALES

XXXI. PAPAVERACE^. POPPY FAMILY

Herbs with milky or culourrd juice, narcotic or acid: leaves
alternate wilhoul slii)ulcs; llowers regular with the parts in twos
or fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous; fruit a dry pod with
nunuTous seeds.

I. P.M'.WER. ( Tourn.) L.

I. r. ali)iiuun. 1.. .Irelie Poppy.

XXXII. FUMARIACE^. FUMITORY FAMILY

Delicate smooth herbs with w;itery juice; leaves comiiound. dis-
sected, usually alternate; llowers irregular, with four somewhat
united petals, the outer with spreading tips, and one or both oi

1 8 General Key to the Families

tht'iii spurred or saccate at the base, the inner pair narrower, their
callous-crested tips united over the stigma ; fruit a pod containing
one or more seeds.

I. DicEXTKA. Bcnth.

1. D. formosa. DC. Wild Blccding-Jicart.

2. D. uniflora. Kcll. Oiic-flozvcrcd Bleeding-heart.
TT. Corvd.klis. (Dill.) Medic.

I. C aurca. W'illd. Golden Corydalis.

XXXIII. CRUCIFER^. MUSTARD FAMILY

Herbs witli pungent watery juice; leaves alternate; flowers cru-
ciform, tetradynanious, regular, in terminal racemes or corymbs;
fruit a sili([ue or silicle, sometimes nut-like, the pods and seeds
give the chief character of the genera.

TRIBE ALYSSE.E
I. Dr.\b.\. (Dill.) E.

1. D. incana. E. Jl'liile W'hitloiv Grass.

2. D. lonchocarjja. Rydb. Long-podded WhitloiK' Grass.

3. D. pr.xalta. Spring II' hit I oi^' Grass.

4. D. aurca. \"ahl. Golden IVhitloie Grass.

5. D. alpina. L. Alpine ll'Jiitlozc Grass.

6. D. nivalis. Liljb. Arctic ]]'hitlozv Grass.

7. D. glacialis. .Adams. Pale Vellozi.' U'liitloze Grass.

TRIBE PIIYSARIE.E
II. Phys.\ria. Gray.

I. P. didymocarpa. (Hook.) Gray. Bladder-pod.

TRIBE LEPIDIE.E

III. Thlaspi. (Tourn.) L.

I. T. arvense. L. Penny Cress. (Introduced.)

IV. Lepidium. (Tourn.) L.

I. L. apetalum. Willd. Pepper Grass.

TRIBE CAMELINE.E

V. Capsella. Aledic.

I. C. Bursa-pastoris. (L.) Medic. Sliepherd's Purse.
(Introduced.)

General Key to the Families 19

\1. Xeslia. Dcsv.

I. X. paniculata. (L.) Desv. Ncslia. (Introduced.)

TRIBE BRASSICE.E

VII. Brassica. (Tourn.) L.

I. Ij. Sinapistrum. Boiss. Herb of St. Barbara. (In-
troduced. )

TRIBE SISYMBRIE.E

VIII. SiSYMBRiL'M. ('rourn.) L.

1. S. Ilartwegianum. Fourn. Hartz^'cg's Tansy Mus-

tard.

2. S. altissimum. L. Tall Hedge Mustard. (Intro-

duced.)

3. S. canescens. Xutt. Pale Tansy Mustard.

4. S. incisum. Engelm. Western Tansy Mustard.
IX. Braya. Sternb. and Hoppe.

I. B. humilis. (]\Iey.) Robinson. Xorlhern Rock
Cress.
X. Ery.simu.\i. (Tourn.) L.

I. E. parviHoruni. Xutt. Treacle Mustard.

TRIBE ARABIDE.E

XI. Raimcula. (Dill.) Hill.

I. R. Xasturtium-aquaticuni. (L.) Britten and Rendle.
Water Cress. (Introduced.)
XII. CardaiMine. (Tourn.) E.

1. C. pennsylvanica. Muhl. iriiite Bitter Cress.

2. C. bellidifolia. L. .Upine Bitter Cress.
Xlll. Arabis. E.

1. .\. Ilollxx'llii. Ilorncni. Sto>iy Rock Cress.

2. .\. hirsuta. (E.) Scoj). Hairy Rock Cress.

3. .\. Drunimondii. (Iray. Drummond's Rock Cress.

4. .\. txlabra. (E.) lUnlh. Smooth Rock Cress.

5. A. Lyallii. Wats. Lyall's Rock Cress.

2() (J I- nerd I l\i\ t'j I lie Jdiuilit's

ORDER XX. SARRACENIALES

XXXIV. DROSERACE.ffi. SUNDEW FAMILY

Bog-herbs, mostly viscid-glandular; leaves in bud rolled up from
the apex to the base as in ferns, alternate or crowded, entire ; flow-
ers hypogynous, penstamerous, calyx imbricated, petals convolute ;
fruit a cai)sule, seeds numerous, anatropous.

I. Drosera. L.

1. 1). rotundifolia. L. Rouiui-lcorecd Suiidczv.

2. 1). longi folia. L. Lotuj-lcaz'cd Suiidi'ii.'.

ORDER XXI. ROSALES

XXXV. CRASSULACE^. ORPINE FAMILY

.Succulent smooth herbs; leaves simple, alternate, mostly sessile;
flowers usually cymes, small, perfectly symmetrical: fruit a dry
indehiscent pod opening down the ventral suture, many-seeded.

I. Sedum. (Tourn.) L.

1. S. roseum. (I..) Scop. Rosczvort.

2. S. stenopetalum. Pursh. Stoiiccrop.

XXXVI. SAXIFRAGACE^. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs of various aspect, with bland or astringent
juice; leaves alternate, sometimes opposite, or more frequently
basal; flowers perfect, racemose, cymose or paniculate, stamens
and petals nearly always inserted on the calyx; fruit capsular,
usually beaked. .

TRIBE SAXIFRAGE.^

I. Lept.a.rrhen.\. Brown.

I. L. amplexifolia. (Sternb.) ser. DC. Lcptarvhcna.

II. BOYKINIA. Nutt.

I. B. occidentalis. T. and G. Jl'cstcni Boykiiiia.
III. Saxifkaca. (Tourn.) L.

1. S. bronchialis. L. Common Saxifrage.

2. S. cernua. L. Nodding Saxifrage.

General Key to the Families 21

3. S. Lyallii. Enj^lcr. Lyall's Saxifrage.

4. S. nutkana. Moc. Engler. Tall Saxifrage.

5. S. nivalis. L. Alpine Saxifrage.

6. S. Mertensiana. Bong. Spotted Saxifrage.

7. S. aestivalis. Fisch. Piirple-bractcd Saxifrage.

8. S. caespitosa. L. Tufted Saxifrage.

9. S. adscendens. L. Wedge-leaved Saxifrage.

10. S. rivularis. L. Alpine Brook Saxifrage.

11. S. oppositifolia. L. Mountain Saxifrage.

12. S. aizoides. L. Ycllozv Saxifrage.

IV. TiARELLA. L.

I. T. uiiifoliata. Hook. Nancy-ovcr-the-ground.
V. Heuchera. L.

1. H. ovali folia. Xutt. Oval-leaved Alum Root.

2. H. glabra. W'illd. Smooth Alum Root.

3. H. glaljclla. T. and (i. Bristly Alum Root.

VI. LiTilOPHRAGMA. Xutt.

I. L. tenella. Xutt. Woodland Star.
VII. Telli.ma. R. Br.

I. 'V. grandiflora. (Pursh.) Dougl. Tel lima.
VUl. MiTELLA. (Tourn.) L.

1. AI. Brewcri. Gray. Mitreivort.

2. M. nuda. L. Bishop's Cap.

3. M. pentandra. Hook. Five-stamened Mitrezcort.

4. M. trifida. Ciraham. Alpine .]J itrezcort.
IX. Chrysosplenium. (Tourn.) L.

I. C tetrandrnm. l-'rics. Golden Saxifrage.
X. rAKXAssi.\. (Tourn.) L.

1. P. montanensis. Rydb. and I'YTiiald. Marsh Grass of

Parnassus.

2. P. fimbriata. P.anks. fringed Grass of Parnassus.

3. P. parviflora. DC. S)nall Grass of Parnassus.

4. P. Kotzebuei. (bam. Alpine Grass of Parnassus.

TRIUE RIBESIE.E

XI. RiBES. E.

1. R. setosum. Eindl. Bristly Gooseberry.

2. R. lacustrc. (I'crs. ) Poir. Suuimp (Gooseberry.

22 Gcnerdl Key to tlw FdinUics

3. R. luulsoniainini. Richards. Black Currant.

4. R. laxiflonim. Pursh. Skunk Currant.

XXXVII. ROSACEA. ROSE FAMILY

Trees, shrubs or herbs; leaves allcrnale, simiilc or compound,
mostly foliaccous with stipules; flowers perfect or unisexual, reg-
ular in cymes, corymbs, panicles or solitary, with numerous dis-
tinct stamens inserted on the calyx, sepals united at the base, often
appearing double by a row of bractlets outside; fruit seeds, folli-
cles, achenes or dru]iclets, with little or no albumen.

TRIBE SPIR.T.A

I. Spir.ka. (Tourn.) L.

1. S. luci<la. Dougl. Birch-lcai'cd Spircca.

2. S. densiflora. Xutt. Pink Spircca.
II. Aruncus. (L.) Adans.

I. A. Sylvester. (L.) Karst. Goat's Beard.

III. LuTKEA. Bong.

I. L. pectinata. (Pursh.) Kuntze. Alpine Spircca.

TRIBE POME.E

IV. Pyrus. (Tourn.) L.

I. P. sambucifolia. C. and S. JJ'estern Mountain Ash.
V. Amelanciiier. ]\Iedic.

1. A. florida. Lind. Couunon Seri'iceberry.

2. A. Cusickii. Eernald. Tliick-leaved Serriceberry.

TRIBE POTEXTILLE.E

VI. Fragaria. (Tourn.) L.

1. F. glauca. Jllld Strai<.'berry.

2. F. bracteata. Heller. JVood Straicberry.
VII. Sibbaldia. L.

I. S. procumbens. L. Creeping Sibbaldia.
VIII. Potentilla. L.

1. P. Anserina. L. Silver Weed.

2. P. dissecta. Pursh. Common Cinquefoil.

3. P. dissecta var. glaucophylla. Smooth Cinquefoil.

General Key to the Families 23

4. P. dissecta var. multisecla. (Wats.) Rydb. Dis-

sected Cinquefoil.

5. P. dissecta var. pinnatisecta. Leafy Cinquefoil.

6. P. arguta. Pursh. Tall Cinquefoil.

7. P. norvegica. (L.) Rydb. Rough Cinquefoil.

8. P. Hippiana. Lehm. Woolly Cinquefoil.

9. P. gracilis. Dougl. Graceful Cinquefoil.

10. P. nivea. L. Alpine Cinquefoil.

11. P. uniflora. Ledeb. One-floz>.'crcd Cinquefoil.

12. P. fruticosa. L. Shrubby Cinquefoil.

13. P. paliistris. (L.) Scop. Purple Cinquefoil.
IX. Geum. L.

1. G. triflorum. Pursh. Long-plumed Avens.

2. G. strictum. .\it. Yellozv Avens.

3. G. macroi)hyIlum. W'illd. Large-leaved Avens.

TRIBE RUBE.E

X. RuBus. (Toiirn.) L.

1. R. parviflorus. Xutt. Capberry.

2. R. strigosus. Michx. Red Raspberry.

3. R. triflorus. Richards. Dz>.'arf Raspberry.

4. R. pedatus. Smith. Creeping Raspberry.

5. R. arcticus. L. Arctic Raspberry.

6. R. spectabilis. Pursh. Sahno>iberry.

TRII!F. ROSE.E
XI. Dry.vs. L.

1. D. octopctala. L. Wood Xymphs.

2. D. DrumnioncHi. Richards. Drummond's Drxas.
XIT. Rosa. (Tourn.) L.

1. R. acicularis. Lindl. Prickly Rose.

2. R. ]\Iacounii. Macoun's Rose.

3. R. gymiu)carpa. Xutt. Tiny Rose.

TRir,!' rRUXE.E

XIII. Pri-nts. (Tourii.) L.

I. !'. (k'liiissa. (Xutt.) Dietrich. JJ'estern Choke
Cherry.

24 General Key to the hduiilies

XXXVIII. LEGUMINOS^. PULSE FAMILY

A very lars^c family of shrubs, herbs and vines; leaves alternate,
with sliimK's. usually conijjound ; flowers mainly in racemes or
axillary, terminal, solitary or ca])itate, paj)ilionaceous or sometimes
roj>:ular, the single simple free pistil becomins^ a le.ii^'umc in fruit;
fruit seeds solitary or several, without albumen.

SLIll'A.MIl.V PAPILIONOIDE^

I. Lui'iNaTs. (Tourn.) L.

I. L. sul)al])inns. P. and R. Alpine Lupin.
II. Trifolilm. ('J'ourn.) L.

1. T. repens. L. U'Jiitc Clover. (Introduced.)

2. T. hybridum. L. Alsatian Clover. (Introduced.)

3. T. j)ratense. L. Red Clover. (Introduced.)

III. Mklilotl's. (Tourn.) Hill.

I. M. officinalis. (L.) Lam. Yelloi^' Melilot. (Intro-
duced. )

IV. Astragalus. (Tourn.) L.

1. A. aborit^^inorum. Richards. Indian Milk J'elili.

2. A. tenellus. Pursh. Loose-flowered .Milk I'eteli.

3. A. adsurgcns. Pall. Ascending Milb retch.

4. A. hyi)oglottis. L. Purple Milk Vetch.

5. A. alpinus. L. Alpine Milk W^tch.

6. A. Macounii. Macoitn's Milk J'etcli.

7. A. convallarius. (ireene. Slender Milk J'eteli.
V. Phaca. L.

I. P. americana. (Hook.) Rydb. Lentil retch.

VI. OXYTROPIS. DC.

1. O. viscida. Xutt. Alpine Oxytropc.

2. O. splendens. Dougl. SJiozvy Oxytrope.

3. O. deflcxa. Drooping-fruited Ox\trope.

4. O. podocarpa. Gray. Inflated Oxytrope.

5. O. Lamberti. (Pursh.) Kuntze. Locoiceed.

6. O. monticola. Gray. Mountain Oxytrope.
VII. Hedvsarum. (Tourn.) L.

I. H. boreale. Xutt. Purple Lledysarnni.

General Key to the Fain Hies 25

2. II. sulphurcscens. Rydb. IVIiitc Hcdysantin.

3. H. Mackenzii. Richards. Mackensie's Hcdysarum.
VIII. ViciA. Tourn.

1. V. Cracca. L. Cow Vetch. (Introduced.)

2. V. americana. Aluhl. American Vetch.
IX. Lathyrus. L.

1. L. ochroleucus. Hook. White Vetchlincj.

2. L. palustris. L. Marsh Vctcliliny.

ORDER XXII. GERANIALES
XXXIX. LINAGES. FLAX FAMILY

Herbs or more rarely low shrubs; leaves simple, entire, sessile,
alternate, opposite or subverticillate below; flowers cymose, her-
maphrodite, re.^ular, symmetrical, hypogynous, the calyx strongly
imbricated, petals convolute in the bud; fruit a many-seeded pod,
having twice as many cells as there are styles, seeds oily.

I. Lixu.M. (Tourn.) L.

I. L. Lewisii. Pursh. Wild fla.v.

XL. GERANIACE^. GERANIUM FAMILY

Plants with astringent roots; leaves toothed, lobed or divided,
stipulate; flowers hypogynous, perfect, regular, numerous, sepals
imbricated in the bud, persistent ; fruit ovary deeply lobed, carpels
two-ovuled, one-seeded, separating elastically with their long styles
when mature from the elongated axis.

I. Geranium. (Tourn.) P.

1. G. Richardsonii. I', and M. White Geranium.

2. G. carolinianum. L. Carolina Crane's Bill.

3. G. Ricknellii. I'ritton. Bickncll's Geranium.

XLL CALLITRICHACE^. WATER STARWORT FAMILY

Chiefly acpialic herbs, low. slender, usually tufted; leaves entire.
s])atulatc (ir linear; llowers momecious. solitary or a few together
in the axil of the leaf, wholly naked or enclosed by a pair of

26 (jriwriil I\t\ I'j lh(- J'/imi/ii'S

iiicnihranaceoiis l)racts ; fruit nul-likc, coniprcs.scd, suuds pendu-
lous.

I. Callitkiciie. L.

I. C. palustris. L. ll'alcr 1-ciiiid.

ORDER XXIII. SAPINDALES
XLII. EMPETRACE^. CROWBERRY FAMILY

Low evergreen shrubs with the foiia<;e as])ect and compound
pollen of Heaths and drui)aceous fruit. Probably just an apctalous
and degenerate form of Kricacc.e ruid comprising three genera,
only one of which is found within the limits of this book.

I. Empetrum. (Tourn.) T..

I. T'^. nigrum. L. Ciura'bcrry.

XLIII. CELASTRACE^. STAFF TREE FAMILY

Shrubs and shrulibv climbers or trees; leaves simple, evergreen;
flowers perfect, regular, small, the petals as many as the sepals
and alternate with them ; fruit free from the calyx, embryo large
in fleshy albumen, seeds arilled.

I. Pachistima. Raf.

I. P. IMyrsinites. Raf. Mountain Loz'Cr.

XLIV. ACERACE^. MAPLE FAMILY

Trees or shrubs with watery often saccharine sap; leaves oppo-
site, simple, palmately lobed or more rarely pinnately divided;
flowers axillary, terminal, cymose or racemose, small, regular,
mostly polygamous or dioecious, sometimes apetalous ; fruit two
long-winged samaras joined at the base.

I. Acer. (Tourn.) L.

I. A. glabrum. Torr. Dwarf Maple.

XLV. HYPERICACE^. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, entire, with l)lack dots or
lines, mostly sessile, punctate with resinous glands, no stipules;

General Key to the Families 27

flowers solitary or cymosc, regular, hypogynous, the petals mostly
oblique, convolute in the bud; fruit the pod one-celled with two-
five parietal placentc'e, seeds numerous, small, anatropous, with no
albumen.

I. Hypericum. (Tourn.) L.

I. H. Scouleri. Hook. Scolder's St. Johns-wort.

ORDER XXIV. VIOLALES
XLVI. VIOLACE^. VIOLET FAMILY

Herbs perennial or annual ; leaves basal or alternate, simple,
with stipules; flowers axillary, nodding, corolla irregular, one-
spurred or gibbous of five petals imbricated in the bud ; fruit a
capsule, ovoid, seeds with a hard smooth coat.

I. X'lOLA. (Tourn.) L.

1. \'. canadensis. L. Canada Violet.

2. \'. nephrophylla. Greene. Early Violet.

3. V. adunca. Smith. Dog Violet.

4. V. Selkirkii. Pursh. Selkirk's Violet.

5. V. palustris. L. Marsh Violet.

6. V. glabella. Xutt. Ycllozv Violet.

7. \". orbiculata. Geyer. Round-leaved Yellow Violet.

8. V. sempervirens. Greene. Trailing Ycllozv Violet.

ORDER XXV. MYRTALES
XLVIL EL^AGNACE^. OLEASTER FAMILY

Shrubs or small trees; leaves silvery-scurfy or stellate-pubescent,
entire, opposite or alternate; flowers perfect-polygamous or diteci-
ous, clustered in the axils or at the nodes of twigs of the previous
season, rarely solitary; fruit drupe-like, the base of the calyx be-
coming thick and pulpy, strictly inclosing the achene or nut.

I. El.i-:.\gnus. (Tourn.) L.

I. E. argentea. Pursh. Sili-crbcrry.

II. SlIEI'IIERDI.A. Xutt.

I. S. canadensis. ( L. ) Xutt. Canada Biiffaloberry.

28 Gcnrrnl Key to tlw I-tuiiHu's

XLVIII. ONAGRACE^. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY

Herbaceous or shrubby plants; leaves entire or toothed, alternate
or opposite; flowers axillary or in terminal spikes, perfect, sym-
metrical, calyx-tul)e adnate to the ovary, its lobes valvate in the
bud or obsolete, petals convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting;
fruit a many-seeded pod, seeds mostly silky-tufted.

I. Epiloiuum. L.

1. IC. alpiiumi. L. Alpine Willow-herb.

2. E. angusti folium. L. G'-cat IV ill ow -herb.

3. E. latifolium. L. H'alcr ll'illozv-herb.

4. E. anag-allidi folium. Lam. Mountain IVilloiv-herb.

5. E. Horncmanni. Reichenb. Hornemann's Willow-

herb.

6. E. paniculatum. Nutt. Panicled Willozv-herb.

7. E. clavatum. Trel. Fezi'-ilowered Willozv-herb.

8. E. adenocaulon. Haussk. Northern Willozv-herb.

9. E. luteum. Pursh. Yellozv Willozv-herb.
IL CEnotiier.\. L.

I. O. biennis. L. Co)iii)wn Evening Primrose.
III. CiRC.EA. (Tourn.) L.

1. C. pacifica. Asch. and IMag. Pacific Enchanter's

Nightshade.

2. C. alpina. L. Small Enchanter's Nightshade.

XLIX. HALORAGIDACE^. WATER MILFOIL FAMILY

Aquatic or marsh plants; leaves various, crowded, often whorled :
flowers inconspicuous, symmetrical, sessile in the axils of the leaves
or bracts; fruit dry and indehiscent, with a single anatropous seed
suspended from the summit of each cell.

L Myriopiiyllum. (\'aill.) L.

I. M. spicatum. L. Spiked Water Milfoil.
IL HipPURis. L.

I. H. vulgaris. L. Bottle Brush.

?. H. montana. Ledeb. Mountain Marc's Tail.

General Key to the Families 29

ORDER XXVI. UMBELLALES
L. ARALIACE-ffi. GINSENG FAMILY

Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, verticilliate, simple or
compound, without stipules, the petioles thickened and dilated at
the base; flowers umljcllate. paniculate or racemose, the calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary, the petals sometimes cohering together,
epigynous, not inflexed ; fruit a few-celled drupe.

I. Aralia. (Tourn.) L.

I. A. nudicaulis. L. Wild Sarsaparilla.
II. Fatsia. Dene and Planch.

I. F. horrida. (Sm.) B. and H. Devil's Club.

LI. UMBELLIFER^. PARSLEY FAMILY

A large family of herbs, some innocent, others very poisonous;
leaves alternate, mostly compound, the petioles expanded or sheath-
ing at the base ; flowers small in umbels and umbellets, usually sub-
tended by an involucre ; fruit dry. of two mericarps cohering by
their inner face, separating when rii)e, each carpel ribbed length-
wise, the tubes between the ribs containing aromatic coloured oil.

I. OSMORHIZA. Raf.

1. O. obtusa. (C. and R.) Fernald. Crisp-lcavcd

Sweet Ciecly.

2. O. divaricata. Nutt. H'esteni Su'eet Cicely.
II. ZiziA. Koch.

I. Z. cordata. (Walt.) DC. Heart-leirred .lle.va)iders.
ITT. T.i(;usTicuM. L.

1. L. apiifolium. (Iray. Fer)i-leaz'ed Lavage.

2. L. Grayi. C. and R. Gray's Lavage.
W. LOMATIUM. Raf.

1. L. macrocarpum. (Xutt.) C. and R. Large-seeded

Parsley.

2. I^. triternatum. (Pursh.) C". and R. Karraii'-leaved

Parsley.

3. L. Martindalei var. angustatum. C. and K. Martin-

dale's Parsley.

30 Genera/ hey to the Ftnmlies

\' . 1 Iekaci.eum. L.

I. 11. lanatum. Miclix. C'o?».' Parsnip.

VI. LEl'TOT.liiNlA. XuU.

I. L. mullilula. Xull. Cnt-Uai'cd Aiujclica.

LII. CORNACE^. DOGWOOD FAMILY

Shrubs or trees with bitter tunic Ijurk; k-uvub uppuhite or alter-
nate, simple, usually entire, pinnately veined, witlunil stipules ;
flowers perfect, cymose or capitate, rarely solitary, with or with-
out an involucre, petals distinct, as many as the calyx-lobes and
alternate with thcni, inserted on the margin of the epigynous disk;
fruit drupelets covered with the remains of the calyx.

I. CoRNUS. (Tourn.) L.

1. C. canadensis. L. IhtiicJibcryy.

2. C. stolonifera. Michx. Rcd-osicr Dogzcood.

Subclass II. Mctachhnnydcce

ORDER XXVII. ERICALES
LIII. ERICACE^. HEATH FAMILY

A large family of shrubs and herbs ; leaves simple, oblong or
linear, deciduous or evergreen ; flowers racemose, corymbose or
solitary, regular, mostly j^erfect. without stipules, sometimes from
scaly buds; fruit a capsule, berry or drupe.

SUBFAMILY PYROLOIDE^

TRIBE PYROLE^
I. Chimapiiila. Pursh.

1. C. umbellata. (L.) Nutt. Pipsissciva.

2. C. Menziesii. Spreng. Spotted Prince's Pine.
II. MoNESES. Salisb.

I. M. uniflora. (L.) Gray. Onc-flozecrcd IVintcrgrccn.
III. Pyrola. (Tourn.) L.

1. P. chlorantha. Sw. Grcen-floiecred W'intergrccn.

2. P. secunda. L. One-sided IVintcrgrccn.

3. P. minor. L. Small IVintcrgrccn.

General Key to the Families 3 1

4. P. asarifolia. Michx. Dog W'iiitcrgrccn.

5. P. asarifolia var. incarnaia. (Fisch.) Fernald. Red

U'intcrgrccn.

SUBFAMILY MOXOTROPOIDE.E

IV. Allotropa. T. and G.

I. A. virgata. T. and G. Striped Allotropa.

V. MONOTROPA. L.

1. M. uniflora. L. Indian Pipe.

2. M. Hypopitys. L. Pinesap.
VI. Pterospora. Xutt.

I. P. Andromedea. Xutt. Pine Drops.
VII. Xewberrya. Torr.

I. N. congesta. Torr. Nez^'berrya.

SUBFAMILY ERICOIDE^
TRIBE RHOnODEXDRE.E

VIII. Ledum. L.

1. L. grcEnlandicum. Oedcr. Woolly Labrador Tea.

2. L. glandulosuni. Xutt. Sinootli-leaz'ed Labrador Tea.

IX. RnODODEXDRON. L.

I. R. albiflorum. Hook. Mountain Rhododendron.
X. Mexziesia. Sm.

1. M. glabella. Gray. Smooth .Menziesia.

2. M. ferruginea. Smith. Sealy Me)iciesia.
XI. Loiseleuria. Desv.

I. L. procumbcns. (L.) Dcsv. Trailing .llpine Aca-
lea.
XII. K.vlmia. L.

I. K. poli folia. Wang. S^eanip Laurel.

TRiBi-: axdromi:de.h

XIII. Rryantmus. Gmcl.

1. B. cmpctriformis. Gray. Red Mountain Heather.

2. B. glanduliflorus. Gray. White Mountain Heather.

3. B. intermedins. (Hook.) Rydb. Pink Mountain

Heather.

^2 (inuTdl l\i\ t'j t/ic Jami/ii's

\ I \ . C'aSSIOI'E. 1 ). I )()ll.

1. C. Akrlen>-i;m.i. ( I'.oii.i;. ) Ddii. W'lutc llcath.

2. ( ". ictragona. hmi. Iinir-diujlcd JJcdtli.
XV'. GAUi.TiiiiuiA. (Kalin.j L.

1. G. ovatifolia. Gray. Rcd-bcrricd Gciultlicrid.

2. G. humifusa. (Cjrahani.) Kydb. trccpiiuj Caitl-

thcria.

TRIl',1-: ARBUTE.E

X\'I. AlUTOSTAI'IIYLOS. Adaiis.

1. A. Uva-ursi. ( L. ) Sprcng. Red Bcarbcny.

2. A. alpina. (L. ) Sprcng. Alpine Dcarbcrry.

3. A. tomentosa. Dougl. Mauzanita.

SUBI'A.MILV VACCIXOIDE.E

X\'TT. \^\cciNUiUM. L.

1. v. ovali folium. Sm. Oval-lccrccd Blueberry.

2. V. membranaccum. Douirl. Black Blueberry.

3. V. CKspitosum. Michx. Dicarf Bilberry.

4. \'. Mtis-Idiea. L. Mountain Bilberry.

5. \'. erythrococcum. ]\Jichx. Alpine Bilberry.

6. V. Oxycoccus. L. Siniill Cranberry.

ORDER XXVIII. PRIMULALES
LIV. PRIMULACE^. PRIMROSE FAMILY

Herbs; leaves simple, ojiposite or alternate, basal or whorled on
the stem ; flowers racemose or verticillate, sometimes axillary, reg-
ular, perfect, calyx free from the ovary, the stamens as many as
the lobes of the gamopetalous corolla ; fruit a capsule, dehiscent.

I. Primula. L.

1. P. farinosa. L. Bird's Eye Primrose.

2. P. Maccalliana. W'eigand. Diearf Canada Primrose.
II. Androsace. (Tourn.) L.

1. A. chama^jasme. Szccef Androsace.

2. A. septentrionalis. L. Alpine Androsace.

3. A. diffusa. Small. Spreadin(j . Indrosace.

General Key to the Families 33

III. Tkientalis. L.

I. T. arctica. Fisch. Star-flcwcr.

IV. DODECATHEON. L.

I. D. pauciflorum. (Durand.) Greene. Shooting Star.

ORDER XXIX. GENTIANALES

LV. GENTIANACE^. GENTIAN FAMILY

Smooth herbs with a bitter colourless juice; leaves opposite,
sessile, entire, simple, without stipules ; flowers regular, perfect,
in clusters, axillary or solitary at the ends of the stems; fruit
usually a two-valved septicidal many-seeded capsule.

I. Gentian A. (Tourn.) L.

1. G. Macounii. Macoiiii's Gentian.

2. G. Amarclla L. var. acuta. Michx. Xortlicrn Gen-

tian.

3. G. propinqua. Richards. Four-patted Gentian.

4. G. arctophila. Alpine Gentian.

5. G. prostrata. Haenke. Dzvarf Gentian.

6. G. affinis. Griseb. Large Gentian.

7. Gi. g-lauca. Pale Gentian.
II. IIalenia. Borkh.

I. H. deflexa. (Sm.) Griseb. Spurred Gentian.

SUBFAMILY MEXYAXTHOIDE.E

111. Mexyanthes. (Tourn.) L.

I. M. trifoliata. L. Marsh Buekhean.

LVI. APOCYNACE^. DOGBANE FAMILY

Perennial herbs or shrul)S, mostly with milky acrid juice; leaves
entire, opposite or alternate, without stipules; flowers regular, the
lobes of the corolla convolute and often twisted in the bud, calyx
tree from the two ovaries which arc distinct; fruit slender elon-
gated terete seed-pods, seeds often comose.

I. Ar'OcYNUNr. (Tourn.) 1..

I. A. androscemifolium. L. Spreading Dogbane.

34 General Key to the Families

ORDER XXX. POLEMONIALES

LVII. POLEMONIACE^. POLEMONIUM FAMILY

Herbs; leaves alternate or opposite, rej^ular; flowers with per-
sistent calyx, corolla lobes convolute in the bud, a three-celled
ovary, thrce-lobed style ; fruit seeds aniphitropous, the coat f re-

(lucnlly mucila,y:iiu)us wluii moistened and tniitlini^ spiral threads.

I. Phlox. L.

I. P. Douglasii. Hook, /ilpinc Phlox.

H. GiLiA. Kinz and Pav.

I. G. aggregata. Spreng. Scarlet Gilia.
HI. PoLEMONiUM. (Tourn.) L.

1. P. confertuni. ( Iray. Blue Greek Valerian.

2. P. humilc. Willd. Purple Greek Valerian.

LVIII. HYDROPHYLLACE^. WATERLEAF FAMILY

Herbs commonly rough-hairy, with colourless insii)id juice;
leaves mostly alternate, sometimes opposite or basal, round-reni-
form or cordate: llowers regular in spikes, false racemes or scorpi-
oid cymes, curled when in bud and uncoiling as they flower ; fruit
a two-valved many-seeded capsule, the seeds mostly reticulated or
pitted.

I. Phaceli.a. Juss.

1. P. sericea. (Graham.) (iray. Mountain Phaeelia.

2. P. heterophylla. I'ursh. Blue Phaeelia.
H. RoM.\NZOFFi.\. Cham.

I. R. sitchensis. Bong. Mist Maidens.

LIX. BORAGINACE^. BORAGE FAMILY

Chiefly mucilaginous herbs with hairy stems; leaves alternate,
rarely opposite, entire, without stipub's : flowers perfect, symmet-
rical, mostly on one side of the branches in a reduced cyme, occa-
sionally leafy-bracted, imitating a raceme, rolled up from the tip
and straightening out as it flowers: fruit four nutlets, sometimes
armed with barbed prickles, or a drupe.

General Key to the Families 35

TRIBE BORAGIXE.E

I. Lappula. (Rivinius.) Moench.

1. L. floribunda. (Lehm.) Greene. False Forget-me-

not.

2. L. diffusa. (Lehm.) Greene. Rock Stickseed.

3. L. echinata. Gilibert. Bursccd. (Introduced.)
II. ^Iyosotis. (Rupp.) L.

I. M. alpestris. Schmidt. Mountain Forget-me-not.

III. Mertexsia. Roth.

1. M. paniculata. (Ait.) G. Don. Toll LungiK'ort.

2. M. oblongifolia. Don. Blue Lungzuort.

IV. LiTHOSPERMUM. (Touru.) L.

1. L. angustifolium. Michx. Xarroz^.'-lcared Puccoon.

2. L. ruderale. Dougl. Lehm. Hairy Puccoon.

LX. LABIATE. MINT FAMILY

Chiefly herbs with square stems ; leaves simple, opposite, aro-
matic, mostly dotted with small glands containing a volatile oil ;
flowers irregular, perfect, axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, these
often aggregated in terminal spikes or racemes ; fruit four small
smooth seed-like nutlets or achenes, each containing a single erect
seed.

TRIBE ST.\CHYE^

I. Dracocepiialum. (Tourn.) L.

I. D. parviflorum. Xutt. Dragon Head.
IT. Prunella. L.

I. P. vulgaris. L. Heart-of-the-carth.
III. Staciiys. (Tourn.) L.

I. S. palustris. L. Woundwort.

W . MONAUDA. L.

I. M. fistulosa. L. Wild Bcrgamot.
V. Mentha. (Tourn.) L.

1. M. canadensis. L. Canada Mint.

2. M. canadensis var. lanata. Piper. Hairy .\fint.

^6 Gcncrdl Ki\ to tlw I-dtnilws

LXI. SCROPHULARIACE^. FIGWORT FAMILY

Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees, bitterish, occasicjnaliy narcotic-
poisonous; leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules, very vari-
ous; flowers ])erfect, mostly com])lete, irregular, corolla two-lii)|)eil,
inflorescence very various; fruit a two-celled and usually many-
seeded calsule.

SUlil'AMILV AXTiRRlllXUlDK/E
TRIBE CHEL0NE;E

I. COLLINSIA. Xutt.

I. C. tenella. Pursh. BUic-cycd Mary.
II. Penstemon. (Mitchell.) Ait.

1. P. fruticosus. (Pursh.) Greene. Large Purple

Bcard-toiigiic.

2. P. Menziesii. Hook. Sniall-lcai'cd Bcard-tonguc.

3. P. procerus. Dougl. Bine Beard-tongue.

4. P. humilis. Xutt. Slender Beard-tongue.

5. P. confertus. Dougl. Yellow Beard-tongue.

TRIBE GRATI0LE;E

ni. MiMULUS. L.

1. M. Lewisii. Pursh. Red Monkey Flozi'cr.

2. M. Langsdorfii. Donn. Yellozv Monkey Flower.

3. M. moschatus. Dougl. Musk Flower.

4. M. alpinus. Gray. Alpin: Monkey Floz^'er.

SUBFAMILY RHIXAXTHOIDE.E
TRIBE DIGITALE.E

IV. Veronica. (Tourn.) L.

1. V. alpina L. var. unalaschcnsis. C. and S. Alpine

Speedz<'ell.

2. y. humifusa. Dickson. Tliyjue-leaz'ed Speedzeell.

3. \'. americana. Schwein. Water Speedzeell.

General Key to the Families 37

TRIBE EUPHRASIES

V. Castilleja. Mutis.

1. C. miniata. Dougl. Red Indian Paint Brusli.

2. C. pallida. Kunth. IVhitc Indian Paint Brush.

3. C. purpurascens. Greenman. Purple Indian Paint

Brusli.

4. C. lancifolia. Rydb. Lance-lcaz'ed Indian Paint

Brusli.

5. C. angustifolia var. Bradburii. (Xutt.) Fernald.

Bradbury's Painted Cup.

6. C. rupicola. Piper. Bright Painted Cup.

7. C. orcopala. Greenman. Magenta Painted Cup.
VI. Oktiiocarpus. Xutt.

I. O. luteus. Nutt. Pelican Flozver.
\'1I. Pedicularis. (Tourn.) L.

1. P. racemosa. Dougl. IVliite Louseicort.

2. P. contorta. Benth. Contorted Lousewort.

3. P. bracteosa. Benth. Western Wood Betony.

4. P. groenlandica. Elephant's Head.

\'III. RllINANTHUS. L.

I. R. Crista-galli. L. YelUn^ Rattle.

LXII. LENTIBULARIACE^. BLADDERWORT FAMILY

Small wcl-loving herbs, tcrrestial ; lca\es basal, entire, tufted, the
ui);)or surface covered with a viscid secretion when floating, opi)o-
site or verticillate ; flowers solitary or racemose on scapes or scape-
like peduncles, corolla deeply bilabiate, the upper lip usually erect.
concave, spreading or rcflexed, three-lobcd. with a prominent
])alate, spurred at the base in front, the palate usually bearded;
fruit a ca])sule. often irregularly bursting or dehiscent by valves.

I. Utriculari.\. L.

1. U. vulgaris. L. var. aincricana. Gray. Greater

Bladderwort.

2. U. intermedia. Ilayne. Velio:,.- Bladderwort.
II. PiNc.uicui.A. (Tourn.) L.

I. P. vulgaris. L. Btttten\.'ort.

38 General Key to the Families

LXIII. OROBANCHACE^. BROOM-RABE FAMILY

Herbs (root parasites) destitute of green foliage; flowers soli-
tary or spiked, corolla tubular, more or less two-lipped, the lower
three-lobfd ; fruit a capsule one-celled, two-valved, seeds numerous,
niiinite.

1. Orobanche. (Tourn.) L.

1. O. uniflora. L. (htc-flowcrcd Cancer-root.

2. O. fasciculala. Xutl. Xakcd Cancer-root.
11. l)OSCiiNiAKi.\. (iray.

I. 1>. strobilacca. (iray. Bo.sclniiakia.

ORDER XXXI. PLANTAGINALES
LXIV. PLANTAGINACE^. PLANTAIN FAMILY

Chiefly stemless aquatic or terrestrial hcrl)s ; leaves radical,
spreading, ovate or linear, entire; flowers small, regular in bracted
spikes or heads, rarely solitary on scapes or scape-like peduncles;
fruit a pyxis or an indehiscent nutlet.

I. Plantago. (Tourn.) L.

1. P. major. L. Common Plantain.

2. P. major var. asiatica. (L.) Dene. Asiatic Plan-

tain. (Introduced.)

ORDER XXXII. RUBIALES
LXV. RUBIACE^. MADDER FAMILY

Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, entire connected by in-
terposed stipules or in whorls without apparent stipules ; flowers
perfect, regular, but often dimorphous; fruit dry or fleshy, sep-
arating into two carpels.

I. Galium. L.

1. G. borealc. L. Northern Bcclstrazv.

2. G. triflorum. Alichx. Sz^'eet-scented Bedstrazv.

3. G. trifidum. L. Small Bedstrazv.

General Key to the Families 39

LXVI. CAPRIFOLIACE^. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Shrubs, vines or rarely herbs ; leaves opposite ; flowers mostly
cymose and terminal, sometimes axillary, the calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, the corolla tubular or rotate ; fruit a berry, drupe or pod.

TRIBE LONICERE.E

I. LONICERA. L.

1. L. glaucescens. Rydb. Smooth-lcavcd Honeysuckle.

2. L. involucrata. (Richards.) Banks. Involucred

Fly Honeysuckle.

3. L. utahensis. Wats. Bush Fly Honeysuckle.
II. Symphoricarpus. (Dill.) Ludwig.

I. S. racemosus Michx. var. pauciflorus. Robbins.
Snoz^'berry.

III. I.ixx.F.A. ((iroiiov.)

I. L. borealis L. var. americana. (Forbes.) Rchder.
Northern Tii'i)i Floc>.'er.

TRIBE SAMBUCE.E

IV. Viburnum. (Tourn.) L.

I. V. pauciflorum. Raf. Arroz\.'-z>.'ood.
V. Sambucus. (Tourn.) L.

1. S. racemosa. L. Red-berried Elder.

2. S. melanocarpa. Gray. Black-berried Elder.

LXVIL VALERIANACE.ffi:. VALERIAN FAMILY

Herbs with sometimes odorous and antispasmodic roots; leaves
opposite, simple or divided, without stipules ; flowers small, in
j)aniclcs or dichotomous cymes, corolla tubular or funnel-form,
often irregular, the loljcs imbricated in the bud; fruit membranace-
ous or corriaceous, indehiscent.

I. Valeriana. (Tourn.) L.

1. V. septentrionalis. Northern Heliotrope.

2. V. sitchensis. Bong. Jl'ild Heliotrope.

3. V. Scoulcri. Rydb. CtintuUi Heliotrope.

4() General Key to f/ie Families

ORDER XXXIII. CAMPANULALES

LXVIII. CAMPANULACE^. BLUEBELL FAMILY

llcrhs usuall}- witli milky juice; leaves alternate, simple, with-
out stipules; tlowers scattered, i)erfect. the regular iive-lobcd
corolla hell-shaped, valvatc or induplicate in the hud; fruit a small
many-seeded capsule or herry.

I. Campanula. (Tdurn.) L.

1. C. rotundifolia. L. Harebell.

2. C. lasiocarpa. Arctic Harebell.

LXIX. LOBELIACE^. LOBELIA FAMILY

Herbs usually with acrid milky juice; leaves alternate, without
stipules; flowers perfect, scattered in loose bractcd racemes, corolla
irreg'ular, g'amoi)ctalous, five-lobed, somewhat two-lipped ; fruit a
many-seeded pod.

I. Lobelia. (Plumier.) L.

I. L. Kalmii. L. Brook Lobelia.

LXX. COMPOSITE. COMPOSITE FAMILY

The larsj^^est family of jihienogamous plants; herbs, shrubs or
small trees ; leaves various, alternate, opposite or basal ; flowers in
a dense closely involucrate head on a common receptacle, the head
often resembling a single flower, surrounded by an involucre of
few to many bracts in one or more series, the papjnis crown-like
or wanting, heads with ray-flowers are radiate, when without ray-
flowers are discoid; fruit an achene containing a single erect
anatropous seed.

SERIES I. TUBULIFLOR.E
TRIBE ASTERE^

I. Chrysopsis. Xutt.

1. C. villosa. Xutt. Golden Aster.

2. C. hispida. (Hook.) Hairy Golden Aster.

Gen cm/ Key to the Families 41

II. SOLIDAGO. L.

1. S. canadensis. L. Canada Golden-rod.

2. S. decumbens. Greene. Field Golden-rod.

3. S. multiradiata. Gray. Northern Golden-rod.

4. S. missouriensis. Xutt. Mountain Golden-rod.

5. S. nemoralis. Ait. Gray Golden-rod.

6. S. elongata. Xutt. Slender Golden-rod.

III. Aster. (Tourn.) L.

1. A. comniutatus. (T. and G.) Gray. White Aster.

2. A. alpinus. Alpine Aster.

3. A. conspicuous. Lindl. Large Purple Aster.

4. A. Fremonti. (T. and G.) Gray. Fremont's Aster.

5. A. frondeus. (Gray.) Greene. Leafy-hracted As-

ter.

6. A. Engelmanni. Englemann's Aster.

7. A. Lindleyanus. T. and G. Lindley's Aster.

8. A. Ic'evis. L. Smooth Aster.

9. A. Richardsonii. Spreng. Richardson's Aster.

10. A. major. (Hook.) Porter. Great Northern Aster.

11. A. ciliomarginatus. Rydb. Hairy-margined Aster.

12. A. sibiricus. I'iolet Aster.

IV. Erigerox. L.

1. E. aureus. Greene. Ycllozv Flcabane.

2. E. compositus. Pursh. Fern-lcavcd Fleabane.

3. E. multifidus. Rydb. Daisy Flcabane.

4. E. mclanocephalus. Xelson. Black-ivoolly Fleabane.

5. E. Cc-cspitosus. Xutt. Tufted Fleabane.

6. E. glabellus. Xutt. Rough Fleabane.

7. E. acris. L. Blue Flcabane.

8. E. philadelphicus. L. Lavender Fleabane.

9. E. uniflorus. L. Arctic Fleabane.

10. E. lanatus. Hook. Alpine Fleabane.

11. E. sal.suginosus. (Richards.) Gray. Large Purple

Fleabane.

TRHU-: IXULK.E
\". .\\TENN.ARi.\. Gaertn.

I, A. raccmosa. Hook. White Freerlasting.

4-2 General Key to the Idiuilies

2. A. lluwcllii. (jrcL'iic. Muusc-car Evcylastiiig.

3. A. parvifolia. Xutt. Mountain Evcrlastiiiy.

4. A. lanata. (Hook.) Greene. Arctic Evcrlasling.

5. A. pulcherrima. Greene. Tall Everlasting.

6. A. alpina. Gray. Alpine Everlasting.

7. A. media. Greene. Silky Everlasting.

8. A. rosea. Greene. Pink Everlasting.
VI. Anapiialis. DC.

I. A. niargaritacca. (L.) B. and II. Pearly Everlast-
ing.

TRIBE IIJLLIAXTllE.'E

\1I. RUDHECKIA. L.

I. R. hirta. L. Black-eyed Susan.
VIII. IIeliantiius. L.

I. II. giganteous. L. Giant Suntloivcr.

TRIP.E IIELENINE.E

IX. Gaillardia. Foug.

I. G. aristata. Pursh. Brozcn-eyed Siisaii.

TRIBE AXTHEMIDE.^

X. Achillea. (Vaill.) L.

1. A. lanulosa. Xutt. Woolly Yarrozv.

2. A. borealis. Bong. Dark-margined Yarroiv.
XI. Chrysanthemum. (Tourn.) L.

I. C. Leucanthemum. L. Ox-eye Daisy. (Introduced.)
XII. Artemisia. L.

1. A. frigida. Willd. Pasture JJ'or)nieood.

2. A. discolor. Dougl. Green \\'ormi>.<ood.

3. A. biennis. Willd. Bieiiinal U'ormzvood.

TRIBE SEXECIONE^

XIII. Petasites. (Tourn.) Hill.

i P palmatus. (Ait.) Gray. Palm-leaved Coltsfoot,
i P. sagitatus. (Pursh.) Gray. Arroie-leavcd Colts-
foot.
>. P. frigridus. (L.) Fries. Arctic Coltsfoot.

General Key to the Families 43

XI v. Arnica. L.

1. A. cordifolia. Hook. Hcart-lcavcd Arnica.

2. A. lati folia. Bong. Broad-lcavcd Arnica.

3. A. alpina. (L.) Olin. Alpine Arnica.

4. A. Chamissonis. Less. Ckamisso's Arnica.

5. A. Parryi. Gray. Parry's Arnica.

6. A. louiseana. Farr. Schaeffcr's Arnica.

7. A. fulgens. Pursh. Notched Arnica.

8. A. gracilis. Rydb. Slender Arnica.
XV. Senecio. (Tourn.) L.

1. S. BalsamitcE. Muhl. Golden Ragzcort.

2. S. triangularis. Hook. Giant Ragzcort.

3. S. canus. Hook. Silvery Groundsel.

4. S. lugens. Richards. Black-tipped Groundsel.

5. S. pseudaureus. Rydb. Canada Ragzcort.

6. S. discoideus. (Hook.) Britton. Northern Squazv-

zvecd.

7. S. flavovirens. Rydb. J Test em Balsa))i Groundsel.

TRIBE CYNARE/E

XVI. Saussurea.

I. S. densa. Hook. Purple Saussurea.
XVH. Carduus. (Tourn.) L.

1. C. Kelseyi. White Thistle.

2. C. foliosus. Hook. Leafy Thistle.

3. C. undulatus. Xutt. Wavy-leaved Thistle.

SERIES IT. LIGULIFLORA

TRTP.l': CICIIORIE.E

X\'HI. CuiioRir.M. (Tourn.) L.

I. C. Inlybus. L. Chicory.
XIX. Taraxacum. (Ilaller.) Ludwig.

1. T. officinale. Weber. Coniniou Dandelion.

2. T. rupestre. .llpine Dandelion.
XX. SoxciiL's. (Tourn.) L.

I. S. arvensis. L. Sozo 'Thistle.

44 (ii'ncr<il l\t\ to I he /■fimi/ics

XXI. Agoskkis. Raf.

1. A. glauca. (Pursh.) Stcud. Largc-ihnccrcd

False Dandelion.

2. A. gracilens. Gray. Small-lloi^'cred False iJaiide-

liou.

3. A. auraiiliaca. (Hook.) Greene. Cupper I-alsc

Ihnuiclion.
XXTI. Cki-pis. 1..

1. ( '. elegans. Hook. Ma)iy-flozcered Ilaieksbeard.

2. G. nana. Richards. .Upine Hazchsbeard.
XXHI. HiEKAciUM. Crourn.) L.

1. H. Scoulcri. Hook. Hairy Hazukzvecd.

2. H. gracile. Hook. S)nall Hazi'kwecd.

3. H. umbellatum. L. Narrozv-leavcd Hazi'kzueed.

WILD FLOWERS OF THE NORTH
AMERICAN MOUNTAINS

SECTION I

FERNS AND FERN ALLIES

WILD FLOWERS OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN

MOUNTAINS

SECTION I
FERNS AND FERN ALLIES

LONG BEECH FERN

PJicgoptcris polypodioides. Fern Family
Rootstock: slender, creeping. Leaves: triangular, thin, mostly
longer than wide, acuminate at the apex, pubescent; pinnae lance-
olate, sessile, pinnately parted very nearly to the rachis into
oblong, entire segments. Sori: small, borne near the margin.

A common fern on the hillsides, and in moist woods. The
fronds are from six to nine inches long", and the two lowest
pinnic are l)ent downwards and stand forward, a trait which
gives the plant a mo.st distinctive appearance, and by which
it may always he readily recognized.

riicyoptcris alf>cstris, or Tufted I'ecch V^vn, has ol)long-
leaves which tai)er towards the to]).

P/iC(/(>plcris Pryoj-'lcris. or Oak I-'crn, is extremely attrac-
li\'e, and grows \'ery thickly in shady woods. The leaves
are delicate and broadly triangular, the three primary divi-
sions being stalked, and the terminal one slightly the largest.
In Shakespeare's day " fern-seed " as they called the spores

47

PLATE I

Oak Fern

{FItcgoptcris Dryoptcris)

Ferns and Fern Allies 49

were supposed to contain nin-acnlous as well as medicinal
])roperties, and Gadshill in "Henry IV" says: — "We
have the receipt of fern-seed, we walk invisible." But his
faith was qnickly dispelled by the answer : — " Xay, I
think rather you are more beholden to the night than to
fern-seed, for your walking in\-isible."

MAIDENHAIR

Adiantnm pcdatuiii. Fern Family

Rootstock: slender, creeping, cliaffy. Stems: lirown, polished,
forked at the summit. Leaves: obliquely-orbicular in outline; the
])iunules oblong, the terminal one fan-shaped; the lower margin
entire; the upper margin cleft, lobed or dentate, bearing the linear-
(jblong sori.

11iis graceful fern, which is too well-known to need much
(lcscri])tion, owes its specific name to the fact that the root-
stock roots along its whole length. The Maidenhair is
usually found in clefts among the rocks near running water,
where its fragile, feathery fronds and glistening brown or
])lack stalks arc always treasure-trove.

COMMON BRACKEN

Ptcris aqniliua, var. laiuiii'iiiosa. Fern Family

Rootstock: stout, woody, horizontal. Leaves: usually glabrous,
ternate; the upper pinnules undivided; the lower ones more or less

pinnatilid.

The most common of all ferns, this Bracken is rather a
coarse ])lant, usually found growing in open woods and sunny
])laces. In the valleys it attains a height of five to six feet,
but at high altitudes is much smaller and more delicate. In
the s])ring-time the fi'onds are alwa^'s an ex(|uisite pale green.
Init gradualK' turn darker and duller of aspect as the season
advances. What the origin of the scientitic name is, no one

ijO icnis (tiid i \yii Jl/ics

seems to accurately know. Sniiie >ay it is derived from a
fancied resemblance between tlie frdiid and an eagle's wing,
wliile (ithcrs imagine they can trace tlie outline of tlie heraldic
eagle in a cross-secliim <>f the stalk.

SLENDER LIPFERN

Chcliiinlhcs /■iv/. Fern Family

Rootstock: covered willi Ijruwii scales lined with Idack. Stems:
densely tufted. Leaves: ovate-lanceolate in outline, two-pinnate, with
the pinnules piiuiatifid, the upper surface tomentose, the lower densely
matted with whitish-hrown w^oolly hairs.

A small rock-loving fern, which grows in dense mats,
with much-divided leaves, and the fruit dots placed at the
ends of the veins.

PURPLE CLIFF BRAKE

I'clhca afropiirpurrti. I'ern Family

Rootstock: short, densely clothed with rusty hair-like scaler. Stems:
tufted, dark i)ur])le, \eins ohscure, commonly twice-forked. Leaves:
coreacious, lanceolate in outline, simply pinnate, or two-pinnate helow ;
rachis hrown or purple.

A medium-sized fern, whose distinguishing features are
a puri)le stem, and an undivided leaf bordered by bright
brown sporangia. It is usually found growing on lime-
stone rocks, and, unfortunately for the fern-hunter, in very
inaccessible places, where the bushy tufts of its greyish-
green foliage flourish in the crannies among the clifis.

NOOTKA ROCK BRAKE

Cryptogramiiia acrostichoidrs. Fern Family

Rootstock: stout, chaftV, short. Stems: densely tufted, slender.
Leaves: ovate in outline, thin, glabrous, the sterile shorter than the
fertile, the margins involute to the midrib at first, expanded at maturity,
and exposing the sporanges.

Ferns and Fern Allies 51

The two kinds of leaves of this pale green alpine fern are
Acrv distinct, the segments of the sterile ones l)eing mor(
cut and nmcli l)roader than those of the fertile ones, which
latter have almost straight margins that are rolled into the
centre when the plant is young, and flatten out as it matures,
exposing the light brown spore cases with which these fer-
tile leaves are covered. The Nootka Rock Brake was first
found by Dr. Archibald Menzies wdien he came to Van-
C(juver Island with Captain Vancouver in 1790.

Cryptogramma Stcllcri, or Slender Rock Brake, has a
thread-like creeping root, from which the scattered stems
grow \\\) at close interx'als.

GREEN SPLEENWORT

Asflciiium ziridc. Fern Family

Rootstock: stout, creeping, chaffy. Stems: numerous, densely tufted.
Iirownisli below, greenish above. Leaves: linear-lanceolate, herbaceous;
piniKL' ovate, deeply crenate, unequal sided. Sori: oblong, numerous.

The ancient Greek name of this fern has reference to the
fact that it was su])pose(l to be a remedy for certain diseases
of the spleen, ^fhe leaves are pale green and soft, the up])er
edges of the ])inn;c narrowing suddenly at the base, the
lower ones i)cing obliquely truncate, that is ha\-ing the ap-
j)carancc of being cut ofT at the top.

. Isj-'lriiiiiiii cyclosonnii, or Barge Bady Bern, has much
])iggcr and ni<ire llaccid leaves than the (Ireen Spleenwort.
It is fre(|uenlly confused with .Is/'li'iiiuiit Fil{.v-firnii>ia,
the true Bady Fern, from which, howe\er, it is reall\- <|uite
distinct, the coxering of the fruit dots being differently
cur\e(l. J-'ili.v-fa'inina does not occur in the Rocky Mi>ini-
tains. Of all the ferns which lia\e ins])ired poets. ])rol)ably
the Badv I'^ern takes lirsl place, and thougli liie following

:J2 lurtis tiiul i'crn .II/ics

lines l)\- l'".(l\\in Lccs were really penned to llic true Ludy
l'"ern, still tlie\- rire so \-er)' (|uainl and reniiniseent oi mid-
\'icli>rian \er>e, thai I eannni refrain from appendinc,^ iheni
tu this shorl nole on the Large Lady l-'ern.

" When in splendour and beauly all nature is crowned,
The Fern is seen curling half hid in the ground,
But of all the green Brackens that rise by llic burn,
Connnend mc alone to the sweet Lady Fern.

Polypodium indented stands stiff on the rock,
With his sori exposed to the tempest's rough shock;
On the wide, chilly heath Aquilina stands stem,
Not unce to be named with the sweet Lady Fern.

Filix-mas in a circle lifts up his green fronds,
And the Ilealli b'crn d(.lights by the bogs and the ponds;
Tlirougli their shadowy tufts though with pleasure 1 turn,
The pahn nuist still rol with the fair Lady Fern.

Where tlie water is ]iouring forever she sits.
And beside her the Ouzel, the Kingfisher flits;
There, supreme in lier beauty, beside the full urn,
In the shade of the rock stands the tall Lady Fern.

Noon burns up the mountain ; but here by the fall
The Lady Fern tfourishes graceful and tall.
Hours speed as thoughts rise, without any concern,
And float like the spray gliding past the green I'crn."

HOLLY FERN

Polyst'cliiiiii Louchilis. I'ern Family

Rootstock: short, stout, densely chaffy, bearing large brown scales.
Leaves: rigid, leathery, linear-lanceolate in outline, once pinnate, pinnje
broadly lanceolate, scythe-shaped, acute, strongly auricled on the upper
side, spinulose-dentate. Sori: biseriate, at length subconfluent.

The Holly Fern has rigid evergreen leaves, each of the
pinn.T ending in a sharp point, and ha\-ing a rounded lohe

Ferns and Fern Allies 53

on the upper side at the base, the lower side having an ahnust
straight edge. This fern is densely spiney-toothed.

MALE SHIELD FERN

Aspidiuiii Pili.v-iiias. Fern Family

Rootstock: stout, ascending, chaff\-. Leaves: firm, Ijroadly-oblong,
lanceolate, acute at the apex. Sori: large, borne near the mid vein.

11iis fern grows in the woods to a height of three feet.
It is a handsome plant, springing from an ascending root,
and has rather coarse leaves.

Aspid'uiui spinulosiun rar. dihitatum, or S])inn]ose Shield
h'ern, has a stout root, and long, rather thin leaves, the
lower pair of which are triangular in outline.

As/vJiiiiii Orcopfcris, or Scaly Shield Fern, has very
scaly, straw-coloured stems and rachis. The leaves are one
to two feet long, and taper from near the middle to both
ends.

BRITTLE FERN

Cystof'trris fragilis. Fern Family

Rootstock: short. Leaves: thin, oblong-lanceolate, slightly tapering
liclow; pinn;e irregularly pinnatifid, with a broad central space and
toothed segments decurrcnt along the margined or winged rachis, with-
out bull)lets.

A delicate, w^et-loving fern, which uncurls early in the
spring, and soon dies away. It receives its distinguishing
name from the stalks, which are slender and very jjrittle.

Cvstofitcris inoiifinia. or Mountain I'ladder h'ern. has a
slender, wide]\- creeping mot, and lca\es which arc dccjily
tootiied.

PLATR Tl

*-i ^y.

H. ■«

Spinulose Shield Fekx
(Aspidiit))! spinnlosiim lar. dilatatitin)

54

Ferns and Fern Allies

:>:>

LARGE MOONWORT

Botrycliiuiii Lunaria. Adder's Tongue Family

Very fleshy. Leaves: the sterile portion borne at, or above the
middle of the stem, pinnate, with two to eight pairs of lunate lobes,
crenate or entire, fertile portion dense ; bud for the following year en-
closed in the base of the stem.

The Moonworts are extremely curious plants growing
from short, erect rootstocks, and clustered fleshy roots.
I'he name refers to the numerous half -moon-shaped lobes
which grow near the middle of the stem on the sterile por-
tion of the plant. Once upon a time, the ]»^loonwort was
supposed to possess magic properties, and according to
Coles, an old writer on botany, would enable the fortunate
owner of the jjlant to "open the locks wherewith dwelling-
houses are made fast, if it be put into the keyhole." Dray-
icn called it " Lunary," and thus refers to its wonder-
working power :

"Then sprinkled she tlie juice of rue
With nine drops of the midnight dew
From Lunary distilling."

Botrychiuin simplex, or Small Moonwort. is also called
Little Grape Fern, in allusion to its grape-like clusters of
spore cases. It is a graceful, variable plant, and has a single
lobe on the stem, the fertile portion being a spike with spore
cases in rows on either side of its branches.

Botryihimii I'irginianum. or Rattlesnake Fern, is a much
larger, ;uid mure robust plant, with a much-di\-ided sterile
portion, like a fern leaf, its segments more or less toothed.

Botrxchiinii lanceolatiim, or Slender ^b)onwort, has small
fronds, and the sterile segment, which is closely sessile at
the toj) of the long slender stalk, is triangular, ternately

^6 Ferns mill i\rn .lilies

twice pinnatilid. with acute lanceolate lobes that arc incised
or toothed. i he veinlets fork from a continuous niid\ein.

FIELD HORSETAIL

E(jucisliiin arz'i'iisi'. IJorsclail Family

Stems: annual, hollow, jointed, ])rovi(lc(l with scattered stoniata, the
fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile. Leaves: rednced to
sheaths at the joints.

This is a rtish-likc ])lant of a very rank coarse nature,
which i^rows in ditclics and alnng the sandy waysides. The
fertik' stems, whicli a])|)ear in the early spring", grow from
four to ten inches hi^li and are light brown in colour.
1diev are not branched. l)ul tcrnu'nate in a solitary cone-like
spike. The sterile stems, which ai)pcar later on in the sea-
son, are green and rather slender, a\eraging eighteen inches
in height. Thev have numerous verticillate branches, the
sheaths of which are f(»ur-l()()thcd.

Eqiiisctuui pratcnsc, or Thicket Horsetail, has many more
cup-shaped sheaths on the fertile stems (which become
l)ranching when old) than the preceding species; a^so its
branches are more or less horizontal, those of the Field
Horsetail growing upwards.

Equisctuni syk'aficinit. or Wood Horsetail, has furrowed
stems, and compound branches ; the tiny branchlets curving
down^vards.

Equisctuni scirpoidcs, or Rush Pipes, has evergreen, per-
ennial, slender, ftuTowed sterns, which grow^ in tufts from
the subterranean rootstock.

Equisctuni Huviatilc. or Swamp Horsetail, is a large,
coarse plant found, as its name denotes, in very wet places.
It has a big central cavity in the stem, hollow^ branches, and
a hollow rootstock.

Ferns and Fern Allies 57

Eqitisclinii vayiccjaiuin, or Varigated Horsetail, has
rough, perennial, e\'ergreen stems, growing in tufts, and re-
sembles Rush Pipes, being, however, a much taller plant.

Equisctuni hycmale, or Scouring Rush, has stiff, slender
stems, and pointed spikes. Its name denotes that it is used
I)v luiropean peasants for scouring floors.

STIFF CLUB MOSS

Lycopodium aintotimiiii. Club ^loss Family

Stems: much Ijrauchcd, slender, prostrate and creeping, rather stiff,
the branches ascending, sparingly forked. Leaves: uniform, spreading,
five-ranked, rigid, linear-lanceolate, minutely serrulate, nerved below ;
spikes solitary at the ends of the branches, oblong-cylindric, composed
of ovate bracts, each with a sporange in its axil ; spores smooth on the
basal surface.

A moss-like herlj, with numerous tiny leaves completely
covering the short branches, which terminate in dense, ob-
long spikes composed of small bracts, each one with a sac
containing spores in its axil.

Lycopodium clavatum, or Creeping Club Moss, has exten-
sively creeping stems and short, irregular, densely leafy
branches. The leaves are nuich crowded, incurved, and
tipped with tiny bristles, and the spikes grow in clusters of
from one to four on long jieduncles.

Lxcopodiuin Sclago, or l'"ir Chil) Moss, has thick, rigid,
erect stems, the fcjrkcd branches forming level-topped clus-
ters.

Lycopodium alpiuum, or Alpine Clul") Moss, has elon-
gated, creeping stems, from which the densely clustered
l)rancbc's rise. The leaves are closely imbricated, and
four-ranked, and the spikes solitary at the top of the
branches.

Lycopodium silclicnsc, or Arctic Club M(\ns, is found at

5^ Ferns and Fern .lUii-s

\\\'^\\ allitiuk's. like .\li)iiic Clul) .Moss, whic-h it closely re-
sembles.

LycopodiiDu complanatnui, or Trailin.i^ Christmas Green,
is a most fascinatin.^- i)lant, with fan-shajjed branches, which
are forked, and covered with minute leaves with somewhat
spreading- tips: but the chief charm of the Trailing Christ-
mas Green lies in the clusters of upright spikes, borne on
long stalks, and which resemble Christmas candles.

SMALL SELAGINELLA

Scldijiiiclla sclaginoidcs. Sclaginclla Family

A moss-like plant. Leaves: scale-like, many-ranked, nniform, lan-
ceolate, acute, la.\, sprcadini;. Spikes: solitary at the ends of the fertile
branches.

This plant has creeping, sterile branches, and erect, fer-
tile ones with tiny, spreading leaxes. and large, elongated
spikes at their ends.

Schif/inclla riipcstris, or Rock Selaginella. has densely
tufted stems, stiff imbricated leaves, and quadrangular
spikes terminating the ])ranches.

WILD FLOWERS OF THE NORTH
AMERICAN .AIOUXTAIXS

SECTION II
TREES

SECTION II
TREES

YEW

Taxus bycvifolia. Yew Family

A tree twenty to fifty feet high, with slender, spreading or drooping
branches. Leaves: flat, mucronate, acuminate, cuspidate, the margins
revolute, abruptly narrowed at the base into a short petiole. Fruit:
seeds broadly ovate, somewhat flattened.

A heautifiil tree with thin hark, and dark red-jnirple
scales, whose hmi.;" 1)ranehes are tisuany horizontrd. d he
leases are bright yellow-green above, covered with a white
Idoom l)eneath, and are persistent for four or five years.
The fruit is a lovely red, fleshy cup, containing a black,
])iiU}'-coated seed.

WHITE-BARK PINE

Finns albicanlis. Pine i'"aniily

An evergreen tree with rather smooth, light-coloured bark. Leaves:
slender, rigid, with a few rows of dorsal stomata on the inside, cnlirc,
or nearly so. Flowers: scarlet. Fruit: cones maturing the second
year, sessile, horizontal, subtcrminal, oval to globular, purplish-brown;
seeds oval, acute, turgid.

This tree gmws frnm twenty l«> lil'ty feet high, usually at
altitudes between 5.000 and 7.000 feet, and is distinguished
1)V the creamy-white, plate-like scales of the l)ark; very
flexible stout branches: slightly incurved leaves, growing
in bundles of il\e; and liorizontal pin'plishd)rown ctmcs

6 1

62 I'rci's

which ,L;r<>\\ w ilhuiil any .slalk at the ends nf the branches.
'Jhc lar^c, sweet seeds are eaten h\- the Inthans. At \'ery
hit^h altitudes this tree is a luw slniih with .sl)rea(hnL,^ nearly
prostrate branches.

MOUNTAIN PINE

I'iiiHs mo>itiii)la. I'inc l'"aniily

A slender tree fifty to a Iiundrcd feet high, and one to six feet in
diameter. Leaves: in fives, bhic-grecn, glaucous. Flowers: the
staminate ones i)\al. yellow; the pistillate ones oblong, pale purple.
Fruit: jtendnlous cones with thin scales.

The Moimtain Tine is tall and slim, with s])readin.i.; and
somewhat droopin;^- branches. The bark on young trees
is pale ij^ray. and on mature trees is divided into square
plates coNcred by small, dat. ])urple scales. The leaves are
deep blue-green, and coxered with a lovely bloom ; while the
long hanging cones are slightly thickened, and smoothed
towards the top, and terminate in a small, prickly pro-
tuberance.

BULL PINE

Finns f^oiuhvosn. Pine Family

A tree with massive stem. Leaves: tufted at the ends of naked
branches, rigid, in two or three-leaved clusters. Flowers: staminate
yellow, pistillate clustered, dark red. Fruit: oval, nearly sessile, .three
to six inches long, often clustered, green or purple, becoming reddish-
brown, the scales armed with slender prickles.

The Bull Pine grows from one hundred and fifty feet to
two hundred feet high, and has short thick many-forked
branches which are frequently pendulous and turned upward
at tlie ends. The bark is cinnamon-red. brown or nearly
l)lack, broken into rounded ridges and covered with ap-
pressed scales. On the older trees it is deeply and irregu-
larly divided into plates, and separated into thick reddish

Trees 63

scales. The leaves are dark yellow-green, and marked by
rows of stomata on the three faces. They are from five to
eight inches long.

LODGE POLE PINE

Finns contorta var. Murrayuna. Pine Family

A small, slender tree, with very thin bark. Leaves: delicately ser-
rulate. Fruit: cones oblong-cylindrical, slightly obliqne at the base,
tapering towards the apex.

The Lodge Pole Pine, often called Black or Jack Pine,
is very abundant among the mountains, and may always be
recognized by its light orange-brown bark. The branches
are spreading below, growing upwards near the top. and
forming a pvramidal head: while the leaves are light green,
and the small. \ello\\ish-1)r()wn cones are oval and shining.

LYALL'S LARCH

Larix Lyallii. Pine Family

A small tree; branches horizontal and ascending, tlic branchlets
and bud-scales densely pubescent with whitish hairs. Leaves: nar-
rowly linear, without sheaths, in fascicles on short, lateral, scaly bud-
like branchlets, deciduous. Flowers: in aments, short, lateral, monce-
cious, staminate from leafless buds, the fertile buds commonly leafy at
the base, red. Fruit: cones oblong, promptly deciduous.

LvalTs Larch is a verv lovely tree. Tt is not an ever-
green. \n Sc])t ember, ii' \nu look up to where the conifers
greet the edge of the great white ncz'cs. you will see a zone
of glorious flaming yellow foliage adorning the crags and
cliffs, and separating the rich green Hemlock. Spruce, Pine,
and I"ir fnmi llic ])iu'it\- of the per])ctual snc^ws. This yel-
low sheen is the autumn dress of the Lyall's Larches; for
when the brief alpine summer is past the leaves of these
beautiful trees, which grow in clusters out of woody cups.

PLATE [IT

Lodge Pole Pixe
(Piinis contorfa var. Miirrayaiia)

64

Trees 65

and ill July are a tender pale green, turn golden-hned before
they fall.

The cones are small and dainty and soon drop off. It is
\"ery pleasant to pause awhile among'st a grove of these ex-
quisite feathery ajiple-greeii Larches, and recall the words
of one who said :

" Behind me lay the forests Inishcd with sleep ;
Above me in its granite majesty,

Sphinx-like, the peak thro' silent centuries
Met the eternal question of the sky.

Victor at last — throned on the cragged height —
I scan the green steeps cf the mountain side
Where late I toiled. The forest lands stretch wide,

And in deep valleys farms gleam far and wliite,

Vistas of distance break upon my sight.

The peopled plain creeps to the sky's blue rim.
Where r.ew peaks gather substanceless and dim.

As half-remembered dreams at noontime light.

" Between two silences my soul floats still

As any white cloud in this sunny air.

No sound of living breaks upon my ear,
No strain of tliought — no restless human will —

Only the virgin quiet, everywhere —

Earth never seemed so far, or Heaven so near.
In the awed silence of this dim high place

One keeping vigil might not fear, indeed.

If it befell him as that man of old,
\\'ho in the mouiUain met God face to face."

WHITE SPRUCE

Picca civiadiitsis. Pine Family

,'\ tall tree. Leaves: incurved, acute, terminating in rigid callous
lilis. Flowers: staminate pale red, soon appearing yellow from the
thick covering of pollen. Fruit: cones nearly sessile, pendulous, oblong-
cylindrical, obtuse at the apex.

The WTitc Spruce Ii;is unpleasaiU-smclling foliage. The
hrriiichcs sweep out in graceful ciirxcs. and the tree is p\ra-

PLATE IV

Engelmann's Spruce
(Picea Eiigeli)i(Jiiui)

66

Trees 67

iiiidal in (luilinc. The sharp pointed needles, which are
inserted singly, are crowded on the upper side of the
branches hy the twisting of those on the under side, and
are light blue-green or bluish in colour. The pendulous
cones are o1)]ong and green tinged with red, becoming pale
brown and lustrtnis at maturity.

ENGELMANN'S SPRUCE

Picca Lngclniaiuii. Pine Family

An evergreen tree, fifty to one hundred and fifty feet high, two to
five feet in (Hamcter, with spreading branches in regular whorls and
pul)escent branchlets. Leaves: keeled above and beneath, tretragonal,
acute. Flowers: staminate ones dark purple, axillary and terminal
on the previous year's branchlets, oblong-cylindrical ; pistillate aments
l)right scarlet, borne at the ends of the branchlets. Fruit: cones pen-
dulous, seeds imbedded in the membranous base of the wing.

Engelmann's Spruce grows 1 jet ween 5.000 and 7,000 feet
in the mountains, and is a very disagreeable-smelling tree.
It is widely distributed, and has rich cinnamon-coloured
bark, and shar]) ])ointed l)lue-green leaves which are in-
serted singlv and stand out in all directions from the \'igor-
ous branches, that grow in whorls round the stem. ]\[an}'
tinv liranchlcts hang from the main branches. When y<ni
lal<e lioJd of a liranch of this tree the lea\-es feel harsh, and
the ends of them will hurt your hand. The drooping cones
mature the first year, they are green tinged with reddish-
ptirple. and when mature become a light chestnut brown.

BALSAM FIR

/Ihii's hisi(>i\iit^a. Pine Family

.'\n evergreen tree fifty to seventy-five feet high. Leaves: those of
the main iiranches linear, rounded or notched at the apex, those of
the branchlets tlattened, and with long rigid points. Flowers: the
staminate indign-bhu-. from the axils of the previous year's leaves; the

PLATE V

Balsam Fir
(Abies lasiocarpa)

68

Trees 69

I)i>ti]late with vicjlct, nliosate scales, lateral, erect. Fruit: cones erect,
cylindrical to ovoid, their hroad ohtuse scales deciduous from the per-
sistent central axis.

This small conifer has smooth bark divided by shallow
fissures somewhat roughened by cinnamon-red scales, and
(h-<)i)])ing lower l)ranches, the upper ones forming spire-like
heads. If you take hold of a branch it feels cjuite soft in
the hand. The needles which are rounded or shallow-
notched at the apex, are whitisli below with a green midrib
and the two resin-ducts are imbedded in them. The buds
are small, round and gummy.

WESTERN HEMLOCK

TsiKja Iiclcraphylla. P'ine Family

A tall, evergreen tree. Leaves: flat or somewhat angled, linear,
aliruptly petioled, entire or spinulose-scrrate towards the rounded apex.
Flowers: the staniinate ones yellow, a subglobose cluster of stamens
in the axils of last year's leaves; the pistillate ones terminal on the
previous year's branchlets. Fruit: cones pendulous, very small, oblong-
cylindrical, acute, slightly pubescent.

This tree has reddish-brown bark and conspicuously
grooved leaves, which arc rounded at the apex, dark green,
and very lustrous on the to]), and marked below l)v Ijroad
white bands. The f(jliage has a generally feathery appear-
ance, and the C(jnes are very small.

MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK

Tsugii Mcrtriisiaiia. Pine Family

.'\ large, evergreen tree, with slender pubescent branchlets, and dark
green foliage. Leaves: angular, aculish, attenuate at the base, often
curved, stomatose and keeled on both sides, unequal, appearing as if in
fascicles. Flowers: the staniinate ones on very slender drooping stems;
the pistillate ones erect. Fruit: cones oblong-cylindrical, large.

PLATE VI

d ^

t'^

i'^^f.y.

i^jhM

1

/

/^■nJB

W^^'

k

J vW

s^^

1

kI

r

^ , ~-^^^^^

Mountain Hemlock
( Tsiiga Mcrtoisiiuw)

70

Trees 71

This Hemlock has leaves, which are bright green both
above and below, standing out from all sides of the branches,
and cones which are erect when young, and pendulous at

maturity.

DOUGLAS FIR

Pscudotsuga taxifolia. Pine Family

A very large tree, from one lunulreil to three hundred feet high, two
to fifteen feet in diameter. Leaves: linear, obtuse, with two lateral
resin-ducts close to the epidermis of the lower side. Flowers: monce-
cious, from the axils of the previous year's leaves ; the staminate ones
an oblong column surrounded and partly enclosed by numerous con-
spicuous bud-scales ; the pistillate ones with scales much shorter than the
linear, aristate bracts. Fruit: the cones maturing the first year, with
persistent scales and exserted bracts.

This grand tree is one of the glories of the forest, with
its glossy, crowded leaves, which are rounded at the apex,
yelhnvish-green on the top and have a green midner\e be-
neath. Its enormous trunk, covered with rough, brown
l)ark, stands up tall and straiglit like a gigantic ship's mast,
while the cones are pendant on long stout stems, and have
tri(lent-sha])e(l ])racts belnw the scales.

RED CEDAR

Tlniya flicata. I'inc I'"aniily

A tall tree, witli tliin, tiI)rous bark, and scattered branches. Leaves:
opposite, ovate, acuminate, subpungent, adnate, imbricated in four
rows. Flowers: terminal, ihe staminate ones numerous, very small.
Fruit: cones maturing tlie tir>t season, small, soon strongly reflexed.

A tree which grows as high as two hundred and liftv feet,
and has \-ery beautiful, shining cxergrccu foliage. The
cones are ciiuianion-coloured. and ihicklv clustered at the
ends <jf the branchlets, the seeds being compressed, and

PLATF. \'n

^M '^

\}k\>M^

Red Cedar

(Til It y a plica t a)

72

Trees 73

nearly efiually winged. Tlie thin bark is bright cinnamon-
red, and brcjken on the surface into long narrow loose strips.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUNIPER

Jitiiipcnis scopulonnii. Pine Family

A tree ten to fifty feet high. Leaves: opposite in pairs, spiney-topped,
closely appressed, imbricated, fonr-ranked, acute. Fruit: berry-like
cones, glaucous, borne on straight peduncle-like branchlcts.

litis is the Juni])er Tree of the West, whose branches
appear quadrangular owing to the flattened manner in which
the four-ranked leaves grow on the twigs. The berry-like
cones are bright blue, sweet, and covered with a whitish
Ifloom.

Juiiipcrits Jwrioontalis, or Creeping Juniper, is a depressed,
and usually procumbent shrub, seldom growing more than
three feet high. Its leaves are similar to those of the Rocky
Abnmlain [uni])cr, and its frtiil is a blue berry-like cone,
containing one to four seeds, whereas the preceding species
is onl\- one to two seeded.

Jinii/'cnis coiiiiniinis Tar. uionlana. or .\l])ine Juniper, is
a \ery depressed, almost prostrate species of Juniper, which
forms (in the ground large circular patches that sometimes
extend tn ten feet in diameter. It grows at extremely high
allittides. and is (ine of the last signs of \-egetation encoun-
tered near the tree-line. The leaves, which den.sely cover
the branches, are channelled, and sometimes whitened on the
surface; they are set in verticils of three on the twigs. The
cones are berr}'-like, being rounded, smooth, and dark blue.

HOARY WILLOW

Siilix Candida. Willi i\v l-'amily

.An erect siirub. Leaves: persistently wliite-tomentose beneath, green
and loosely tomentose above, oblong-lanceolalc, tiiick, sparingly dentate

74 Trees

or ciilire, acute at hotli ends. Flowers: aincnls expanding before llie
leaves, cylindric. Fruit: a capsule, ovoid-conic, acute, densely tomen-

tosc.

The ])ointcd leaves of the Hoary Willow are extremely
white-woolly, especially heneath, and the red style is lliree
times as lout;' as the sti<^nnas. The older t\vii,^s of this shnih.
which attains a hcii;ht of five or six feet, are red or pnrple,
and the Nomii^cr ones are white-woolly like the leaxes.

Sal'ix Barclayi, or Barclay's Willow, has dark hnnvn
twigs, and oval leaves, which are a pale green beneath, and
darker on the toj). Sometimes you will find on this Willow
a number of curious rose-like arrangements terminating the
branches, these are the result of the work of a species of
gall insect and look exactly like reddish-green roses.

Salix Barrattiana, or Barratt's Willow, is a small tree
growing from ten to fifty feet high, with light gray bark,
and oblong, dark green lea\es, which become rusty beneath
when old. 1 he aments are very densely-flowered, the scales
being black or red at the apex, and woolly with long white
hairs.

Salix Bcbbiaiia, or Brown Willow, is sometimes a shrub,
and sometimes a bushy tree twenty-five feet high. It has
elliptical, pointed, gray-green leaves, often tinged with red
on the upper surface, and woolly underneath.

Salix nivalis, or Alpine Willow, is a small species grow-
ing very high up on the mountains.

Salix pctvopliila, or Dwarf Willow, is a low creeping
shrub, with narrow leaves about an inch long, which ha\e
even edges, and are green on both sides. It grows at very
high altitudes.

Salix vestita, or Hairy Willow, is a low shrub with four-
sided green twigs, and thick, egg-shaped leaves, which ha\e

Trees 75

slightly wavy margins dark green and smooth on the top,
and silky underneath. The aments are stalked, and the
capsules are densely silky-hairy.

Salix silcJicnsis, or Sitka Willow, is a straggling shrub,
or a much-branched tree, w ith reddish-brown bark, slender,
downy branches, and lea\cs wliich are dark green above,
and thickly co\"ercd beneath with lustrous satiny hairs.

Sali.v arctica, or Arctic Willow, is a low branching shrub,
with egg-shaped leaves narrowed at the base, and growing
on long leaf-stalks.

ASPEN POPLAR

Popiilus treiiuiloidcs. Poplar Family

A slender tree with thin, yellowish-brown or pale bark. Leaves:
ovate, short-acuminate at the apex, finely crenulate, rounded or sub-
cordate at the base. Flowers: Aments drooping, dense. Fruit: cap-
sule conic, acute, papillose.

The -Asjien Pojjlar is one of the prettiest trees among the
mountains, and when the wind l)lows its tiny heart-shaped
leaves, growing on yery slender little stalks, tremble with a
soft rattling sound, llie llowers grow in ratlicr stout cat-
kins.

I'of'iiliis balsiiinifcra, or Halm of (iilead, has leaves
rounded at the base and jjoiuted at the a])ex, ilnely tc^x^thed,
and with slighth- re\dlute margins, that are dark green above
and ]iale green and somewhat rust\' lielow. This tree grows
to a humhx'd feet in lieiglil. has stout erect i)ranches, more
or less contorted towards the ends, and brown l)ark tinged
with red, which on older triniks becomes greyish and divided
into broad ridges covered with closely appressed scales.

Popiilus iricJiocarf^a. or Western I'alsam l\iplar. has
smooth ashv-grey b.avk. and stout upright spreading
branches. The large buds are very fragrant and resinous,

76 Trees

and the Icaxes. which t;ro\v on lniij;- stalks, arc cL;iL;-sha|)C(l,
riiicl}- Inotlicd. (lark j^reen on the top and quite pale beneath.
The calkins arc slender.

I'of'iiliis acuminata, or Cottonwood, is a much smaller
tree than the precedini;- si)ecies. It has stout spreadinj^" as-
cending branches formini^ a rounded head, very pointed
leaves \\In\h are toothed except near the a])e\ and base, and
pale grey-brown bark (li\ided into broad llat ridges. The
bark on the young stems and the branches is smooth and
ncarl}- white.

BLACK BIRCH

Bctiila fiiiitiiialis. Ilirch Family

A tree with smooth hronze bark. Leaves: I)roadly ovate, acute,
sharply serrate except at the rounded sul)cor(lalc and often unctiual base.
Flowers: staminate aments clustered with Hght 1)ro\vn scales, pistillate
aments short-stalked, with ovate acute green scales. Fruit: strobiles
cylindrical, pubcrulous, erect or i)cndulous on slender stalks.

The Black Birch is a small tree \vith slender spreading
pendulous branches and lustrous copper or bronze bark.
The leaves are broad, and pointed at the apex, pale green
above, and yellowish with minute glandular dots below\
their short stems often slightly reddened, and they turn com-
pletely yellow in the autumn before falling.

Bet Ilia alha z'ar. papyrifcra, or Paper Birch, is a large
forest tree, with outer lustrous white bark peeling off in
thin layers, and disclosing the inner orange surface. The
leaves are ovate, very pointed, also coarsely double-toothed
all round, and rounded at the base.

Bctula glandulosa, or Dwarf Birch, is a small shrub grow-
ing from one to ti\e feet high, or procumbent at high alti-
tudes, with glandular, warty twigs, and rounded leaves,
bluntlv toothed.

Trees 'J'J

MOUNTAIN ALDER

Ahius sinuata. Birch Family

A small tree or shriil). Leaves: ovate, acuminate, obtuse or crenate
at the base. Flowers: aments of both kinds on long, slender peduncles.

The Alonntain Alder has rather dark Ixark, and 1)right
green lea\-es, which are donljly toothed, thin, and very
gummy when voting. The staminate aments are pendulous,
like catkins, and the pistillate ones are rounded and erect.

Alnus sitclicnsis, or Speckled Alder, has brown bark, and
brnack'r leaxes than the preceding species, these leaves are
acutely doubly-toothed, light green on both sides, and
speckled with white. This tree grows in wet places.

WESTERN MOUNTAIN ASH

Pynis sainbiicifolia. Rose Family

Leaves: alternate, pinnate; leaflets seven to fifteen, lanceolate, short-
pointed at the apex, sharply serrate, glabrous and dark green above, pale
and more or less pubescent beneath. Flowers: white, in terminal com-
pound cymes ; calyx-tube urn-shaped, five-lobed, not bracteolate ; petals
five, spreading, short-clawed. Fruit: a small, red, berry-like pome, bitter.

This is the Rowan Tree of the mountain regions, and a
\-cry handsome shrub or tree it is, sometimes attaining a
height of twenty feet, but usually growing only from six
to fifteen feet high.

The leaves are dark- green on the top and a much paler
hue beueatli. The tlr)wer-buds are a delicate shade of
creamy pink, and turn white when thcv expand in the sun-
shine, the wide-open lolossoms having a darkened appear-
ance in their centres, caused by the numerous stamens.
Tliis shrub is found at great altitudes, growing close to the
vdi^i: of perpetual snow and bearing (|uantities of splendid
foliage and huge clustered cymes of soft-tinted tlowers,
which diffuse an extremely pungent odour.

78 T

rccs

Tlic Rowan Tree is famed in \ersc and Ic.^cnd, l)nl surely
no tendeier ])()eni was e\'er penned in its honuur than the
old inimorlal sonj^:

"O Rowan lix-c! O Rowan tree! thou 'It aye be dear to me;
Entwined thou art wi' mony ties o' hame and infancy.
Thy leaves were aye the first o' spring, thy flowers the simmer's pride ;
There was nae sic a bonnic tree in a' the conntrie side,

O Rowan tree !

" How fair wert thou in simmer time, wi' a' thy clusters white !
How rich and gay thy autumn dress, wi' berries red and briglit !
We sat ancath thy spreading shade ; the bairnies round thee ran ;
They pu'd thy bonnie berries red, and necklaces they Strang,

O Rowan tree ! "

WESTERN CHOKE CHERRY

PruiiHs dcinissa. Rose Family

A small tree or shrul), attaining a hciglit of thirty feet, but usually
smaller. Leaves: ohovate, thick, acute at the apex, shon-serrate.
Flowers: racemes densely-flowered, terminating Icifly liranchcs. Fruit:
a drupe, globose, stone globular.

This Cherry has loni^"-shai)ed ehisters of small white
flowers at tlie ends of the leafy hranehes. and the edihle
fruit is fleshy, dark purple, and sweet, but slightly astringent,
the seed containing prussic acid.

DWARF MAPLE

Acer glabritiit. Maple Family

A small tree or shrub, with a maximum height of thirty-five feet.
Leaves: opposite, simple, palmately lobed, the lobes acute, sharply ser-
rate. Flowers: in numerous small, lateral and terminal sessile, corymb-
like racemes. Fruit: of two long-winged samaras, joined at the base,
one seeded, glabrous, shining, little diverging.

This is the Maple of the mountains, and has lovely foliage,
greenish-yellow flowers, and quantities of long-winged
fruit.

WILD FLOWERS OF THE NORTH
AMERICAN MOUNTAINS

SECTION III
REEDS, GRASSES, SEDGES AND RUSHES

SECTTOX TTI
REEDS, GRASSES. SEDGES AXD RUSHES

BROAD-LEAVED CAT-TAIL

Typlui latifolia. Cat-tail I'aniily

Stems: stout. Leaves: nearly equalling or exceeding the stems,
linear, fiat, ensiform, with sheathing l)ase. Flowers: very numerous in
dense, terminal spikes. Fruit: nut-like, small, usually splitting on one
side.

A common marsli jjlant, with lon^;-, ril)l)on-like leax'cs, and
a tall sU'in >tirm()tintc(l 1)\- a dense, dark-brown llower spike.
The old Italian Masters frequently ])ainted the Cat-tail in
the hand of the Saxionr as a mock-si-eiitre in their pictures
of the Crowm'n^- of the Christ with Thorns. It is often
conftised with the Ihilnish (Seii"])tis).

SIMPLE-STEMMED BUR-REED

S/^argaiiiitm s{iii[<lc.v. Hur-Reed Family

Stems: erect or lloating. Leaves: more or less tricpietrous, linear, al-
ternate. Flowers: dmscly crowded in hlohose heads at llie upper part
of the stem. Fruit: nut-like, one-celled.

hi 1)ol;^. .-ind at the ed.^e oi moniitain jionds and streams,
this common Ihir-reed is \er\- ahnndant. ll ma\- readilv he
recoi^nized, so perleclly dofs its name descrihe its two chief
characteristics, nrunely its hur-like hrownish llower-iieads,
;md rt'i'd like stems.

8i

82 RccJs. (irassi's. Scth/i's nii/I Rks/ics

MARSH ARROW GRASS

I'ri'^loclun pahtstris. Arrow-grass Family

A niarsli In rli. Rootstock: sliort, c)))Ii(|uc, willi slciulcT, fuRacioiis
stolons. Leaves: linear, ^iiortcr than the scapes. Flowers; in raccnifs,
perianth lurhaceons, of three concave sepals and three petals. Fruit:
linear or clavate.

A marsh plant, witli narrow lea\-es tapcrin.c^ to a ])r)int,
and i;rcenish-yellow llowers i;r(n\in,i; in a lonf^-sliaped head.

ALPINE TIMOTHY

PJilcuin alpiniiiii. (irass Family

Clum: glabrous, erect, simple, sheaths often much shorter than the
internodes, sometimes longer. Leaves: smooth beneath, scabrous above.
Spike: short, ovoid to oblong, cylindric.

A i)crennial grass, with Hat leaves, and numerous dense,
one-flowered spikelets.

CaliuiKu/roslis canadriisis, or Blue-joint Grass, has flat
lea\-es. and o|)en ])anicles of a pin^plish C(jl<nn\ Tt gr(jws
principally in wet meadows.

Poa alpina, or Alpine vSpear Grass, has short, pointed
leaves, and panicles from one to three inches in length.

Fcstnca ovina, or Sheep's Fescue Grass, grows in a tufted
fashion, and has thread-like leaves grown'ng from the hase
of the ])lant. its panicles heing often one-sided and flattened.
It is ahundant in drv meadows, and rocky places.

Broinus Richanlsoiiii, or Fringed Brome Grass, resem-
bles oats, and has wide leaves which are smooth beneath,
an.d rough on the top. Idie ]xmicle is composed of many
branches, each one terminating in spreading or drooping
spikelets, with tinv awns.

Hordcinn jubatuiu, or S([tn'rrel-tail Grass, is one of the
handsomest and most rem.arkable grasses in mountain re-

Reeds, Grasses, Sedges and Rushes 83

giuns. The spikelcts with their slender, rough awns from
an inch to two and a half inches long, resemble barbs, and
these awns turn to a warm, rich reddish hue as the summer
advances, and present a beautiful appearance as thev swing
and sway in the wind.

" In the summer of tlie summer, when the hazy air is sweet
Willi the l)reath of crimson clover, and the day's a-shine with heat,
When the sky is hlue and burning and the clouds a downy mass,
When the breeze is idly dawdling, there is music in the grass —

"Just a thistly, whistly sound
In the tangles near the ground ;
And the Hitting fairies often stop to listen as they pass;
Just a lisping, whisp'ring tune,
Like a liumblebee's bassoon.
In a far-away fantasia, is the music in the grass.

"Would you know what makes the nmsic? On each slender, quivering

blade
There arc notes and chords and phrases liy the bees and crickets

played ;
And the grasshoppers and locusts strive each other to surpass
In their bra\ e interpretation of the music in the grass.

" By the roguish breezes tost
^'ou might think it would get lost,
I'.ut I he careful fairies guard it, watching closely as they pass.
So on every summer day,
Sounding faint and far away.
Is the myslic, nnn-nniring marvel of the music in the grass."

HARE'S TAIL

nrinf^lioniiii callilrix. Sedge Family

Perennial by rootstock. Culm: obtusely triangular, stiff, smooth, slen-
der. Leaves: filiform, channeled; spikclet terminal, solitary, erect;
iiivohicrc noiH'; scales spirally imbricated, ovate-lanceolate, long-acumi-
nate, p^rpli■^lldln)\\n, membranous; bristles numerous, white or sligiitly
yellowish, weak.

I'l.ATK VII

Hare's Tail
(Eriuplioniui caUitri.v)

84 .

Reeds, Grasses, Sedyes and Rushes 85

Close beside the margins of the al[)ine lakes and streams
may this soft fluffy-headed Sedge be found. It has a tall
culm, two or three slender channelled lea\es, and a single
terminal white or cream-coloured head composed of fine
silky bristles.

Eriophornni angiislifoliiiiii, or Cotton Grass, has \'ery
narrow leaves, and is a smaller, more delicate plant than the
])recc(ling species.

ARCTIC KOBRESIA

Kobrcsia biparlitci. Sedge Family

Culms: solitary or tufted, smooth. Leaves: unfolded, shorter than
the culm. Spike: composed of several linear, appressed or ascending
spikelets. Fruit: achcncs sessile.

This slender mountain Sedge has a number of short, nar-
row lea\'es, and flowers growing- in a terminal spike. A
very common plant.

Kobrcsia Bcllardi, or Arctic Elyna, is more densely tufted
than the i)receding species, and the margins of the leaves
are revolute.

TUSSOCK SEDGE

Carcx {estiva. Sedge h'amily

Stems: triangular. Leaves: the upper longest, commonly shorter than
the sit 111. Heads: (lark, ferruginous, spikes ovoid, contiguous in an ob-
long or crowded spherical cluster.

These grass-like Sedges are extremeh- numerous. The
Tussock Sedge has brown-ptirple spikes, and rough-mar-
gined leax'es.

Carcx /\yrcii(iica, or Hwarf .Sedge, is a small species, verv
leafy at the base, and densely-flowered. It grows at high
altitudes.

Carcx Mcrti'iisii. or .\b'rten"s ."^edge, has slender, erect

86 R('('(/.s, (h'dssi's, Si'dfji's (ind RusJics

stems, wliicli rirc nm-li nn llic \ci-y sharp an,i;lcs. 'J'he
leaves are 1)n)a(l and llat. and the spikes drooping on slim
stalks. It grows at the edge of high mountain streams.

Carcx nigricans, or Black wSedge, is leafy at the base, the
leaves terminating in very sharp points. The spikes are al-
most hlack. It grows in wet meadows at liigli elex-ations.

CaViW ntl^cslris. or l\ock- Sedge, has leaves wliicli (jften
cur\e and curl, and a soHlary, terminal spike.

ALPINE BOG RUSH

Jitucits Mcrlciisiaiiiis. Rush Famil}-

Stems: weak from inaUcil rnotstock. Leaves: Hgule, conspicuous.
Flowers: a solitary, many-tlowcrcd Iit-ad, periantli segments dark brown,
ovate-lanceolate, the outer ones aristate-acuminate. Fruit: many-seeded,
apiculate at each end.

A swamp i)lant, with long, grass-like leaves, and a single,
many-llowered head, which is found in wet meadows on
high nioimtains. The pith from the stems of the Junctis
was formerly used as wdcks for the old-fashioned " rush-
lights."

Juncus trigliniiis, or Three-flowered Bog Rush, has all
basal leaves with clasping sheaths, the blades short and blunt.
The three-flowered head grows at the top of the stem.

Jitnciis Pniinnioiulii. or Drummond's Bog Rush, has very
slender tall stems, and sheathing lea\'es. The panicle is
gTeenishd)rown.

Junius Parryi, or Parry's Bog Rush, grows from three to
ten inches high, and has inner leaf-bearing sheaths. The
leaves are grcxned at the base, and much shorter than the
stems ; while the panicle of inconspicuous blossoms is loosely-
flowered, the floral leaves being tinged with brow-n.

Reeds, Grasses, Sedges and Rushes 87

SMALL-FLOWERED WOOD RUSH

Lunula pcirziflora. Rusli Family

Stems: single or few in a tuft, stoloniferous, erect. Leaves: glabrous.
Flowers: liorne singly or sometimes two or three together on the
branches of the inflorescence on slender pedicels. Fruit: seeds narrowly
ol)long.

A perennial plant, with leaves tapering to a sharp point,
and a nodding, decompound, greenish-brown panicle. The
Wood Rushes are rather degenerate, as the scentless, honey-
less, colourless condition of their tiny blossoms evidences,
and they depend altogether upon wind-fertilisation.

Liicula spicafa, or Spiked Wood Rush, has from one to
three grass-like leaves on the stems, and a nodding spike-
like panicle.

WILD FLOWERS OF THE NORTH
AMERICAN :\IOUNTAINS

SECTION IV
WHITE TO GREEN AND BROWN FLOWERS

SECTION IV
WHITE TO GREEN AND BROWN FLOWERS

RICHARDSON'S PONDWEED

Poiamo'^cton Richardsonii. Pondweed Family

A marsh hcrl). Stems: slender, much branched. Leaves: obtuse to
acute, curved inward at the apex, broadly cordate and clasping at the
base. Flowers: small, spicate, green or rarely reddish. Fruit: drupe-
lets, obliquely obovoid, obscurely thrce-carinate on the back, the face
curved outwardly towards the top.

This Pondweed, which flourishes in lakes and streams,
frequently flowers and fruits under water ; its large leaves,
heart-shai)ed at the base, being practically all submerged.

Potamocjcton fiUformis, or Filiform Pondweed, has nu-
merous very narrow leaves, and flowers which grow in tiny
whorls near the top of the slender stems.

GLUTINOUS ASPHODEL

Toficldia glutiiiosa. Lily Family

Stems: viscid-i)ubcscent with l)lack glands, bearing two to four leaves
near the base. Leaves: basal ones tufted. Flowers: terminal racemes
oblong, the upper tlowcrs opening first, becoming longer in fruit : invo-
lucral bracts minute, united at the apices, borne just below the flower;
perianth-segments oblong, obtuse, membranous. Fruit: seeds tailed at
each end.

.A traxi'llcr cannot pick llic long s])ikcs of tiny white 1)los-
soms which belong to this plant withotit at once recognizing
its name by the exceedingly sticky and hairy nature of the
stems, The Latin designation gliitinosa exactly describes

91

92 11 Inti- to Crrccn nii/I liroi^n I- lowers

it. The Asphodel grows along the banks of streams and in
wet ])laces.

Tujuidia palitstris, or Scottish Asphodel, has leafless
stems and tufted lea\es. The greenish-white flowers grow
in a dense oblong cluster.

To field ia ucciih'iilalis. (»r Western Asphodel, has a sttnit
stem one to three feet high and long leaves. It is found in
marshy places.

BRONZE BELLS

Siciiaiithiuut occideiitalc. Lil}- Faniil}-

Bulb: ol)long-ovoi(l, coated. Stems: slender, erect, glabrous.
Leaves: few, linear, lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers: raceme simple,
tlowers campanulate, nodding, segments of the perianth brownish-green ;
bracts somewhat scarious ; pedicels slender, spreading, longer than the
bracts. Fruit: seeds linear, flat, winged.

'1 his plant grows only in shady places and is tall, with
many brownish-green bells nodding on its slender stalks.
Jt has very narrow ribbon-like leaves growing from the
base and also up the stems.

GREEN LILY

Zygadcniis clcgans. Lily Family

Bulb: ovoid, memtiranous, coated. Stems: slender. Leaves: very
glaucous, narrow; bracts long-keeled, lanceolate, rather large. Flowers.
in a single raceme, or a large panicle, its branches slender, ascending,
the perianth adnate to the base of the ovary, its segments broadly
oval, the inner abruptly contracted to a short claw, gland obcordate.
Fruit: seeds oblong, angular.

A tall attractive plant whose [branching stems are covered
by many round creamy flowers splashed with green. These
flowers are six-parted and have a number of brown-tipped
stamens clustered about the large green base of the pistil.
The capsule, or dry fruit, which develops as the floral leaves

PLATE IX

Gkeicn Lily
(Zygaclcinis cicgans)

93

94 U'liitc to (j recti tuitl Ihown F/ou-crs

die and drop off. is ihrcc-lobcd and very large. The lea\es
of the dreen Lily are long and narrow and are covered with
a whitish hlooni.

Zygadcnus vcncnosus, or Poisonous Green Lily, is a
slightly shorter, smaller species of this genus, also fre-
f|uently found in the mountain regions. Its vellowish-green
llowcrs grow closely together and it has rtjughisli leaves.
So poisonous is this plant that animals fre(|ucntly die from
the effects of eating it.

INDIAN HELLEBORE

J'cralntin z'iridc. Lily Family

Stems: stout, tall, very leafy. Leaves: acute, strongly veined, sliort-
petioled, sheathing, the upper ones successively narrower, those of the
inflorescence small. Flowers: panicles long, pubescent, densely many-
flowered, its lower branches spreading.

This is hy far the largest and handsomest green-flowered
plant which grows in the mountains. Its foliage is im-
mense in size, hright green, and the leaves have a peculiar
plaited ajjpearance. In the earK- s])ring the stout solid
spears of the Indian Llellehore push their way up through
the soil and soon begin to unfold with the increasing
warmth of the sun's rays. Then the long stiff spikes and
graceful pendent tassels of flowers commence to lengthen
and unfold, yellowish at first, and later on becoming greener.
The flowers are composed of six petals and have six whitish
stamens.

Burton in his Anatomic of Melancholy refers to the al-
leged curati\'e properties of the Hellebore as an antidote for
madness.

" Borage and hellebore fill two scenes,
Sovereign plants to purge the veins
Of melancholy, and cheer the heart
Of those black fumes which make it sjnart."

PLATE X

Indian Hki.i.f.hoke
{Vcratium viiidc)

95

96 Jl'liilc I'j Civccn (iiid liyrjiiti hloucrs

\\'{ accordino- to the ])rincii)le that those herl)s which cure
may also kill, the Ilellehore is best known to us as a very
poisonous plant.

MOUNTAIN ADDER'S TONGUE

Erytliruiiiuiii iiiontainiiii. l.il^- ]'"aniily

Stems: scale slender, six to ei,u,"Iitccii inches IiIkIi. Leaves: Ijroadly
lanceolate to ovate. Flowers: perianth l)roa(lly fimnelform, of six dis-
tinct broadly lanceolate segments, slenderly acuminate, the inner ones
with small teeth at base. Fruit: capsule membranaceous, obtusely tri-
angular, seeds in two rows in each cell, ascending, with brown or black
rugulose testa somewhat loose at the apex.

This Adder's Tont^ue has loxcly white flowers, the sei^"-
ments of the perianth being more or less re\(jltite. and
orange at the base. The leaves are pale green, and not
mottled, they are oval and abrui)tl\- contracted at the base
into a winged petiole. One to three llowers grow on the
slender stalks that are six to twelve inches high.

GREEN-BANDED MARIPOSA

Calocliorfiis inacrocarl^its. Lily Family

Stems: stout, erect, rigid. Leaves: radical, solitary, deeply channeled,
cauline narrow, convolute. Flowers: sepals lanceolate, acuminate,
petals cuneate-obovate. Fruit: capsule lanceolate, attenuate, upward,
seeds numerous.

The Green-banded Alariposa is a \-ery beautiful perennial
lil}', with one or more flowers growing on a stiff erect stem,
and the single long basal leaf being deeply channeled. The
three narrow pointed sepals are purplish-green with a dark
base inside, sometimes spotted and hairv. and the three
broad, more or less conca^'e petals are pale lilac with a green-
ish line down the centre. The gland is oblong and densely
hairy. This lily gi"ows in very dry places. Its large bulbs

PLATE XT

Queen-Cup

(^CliiiUniia unitloia )

98 // ////(• lo (irc-cn (uul liro-LLfi I'/oiicrs

arc considered a .i;Tcal delicacy 1)y tlic Indians, wlm call tlicni
noonas.

Ciilochorliis Lyallii. or I'ale Maripnsa, grows on the
grassy slopes of In'^li niMtnuain^. It has a --lender stem
bearing three to li\e llo\\ri> in an unihel, each hhjsscjni c<jni-
posed of three greenish-])urple sepals strongly arched below,
the pit thns formed being dark ]iiir])le inside, and the lliree
white, or pale yellow pct.aN. ha\ ing a pnrplish b.-i>e and being
also arched below.

QUEEN-CUP

Cliiitciiia Kiiitlnni. Lil_v Family

Stems: villous-piil)t'scciit. Leaves: few, lanceolate, acute, attenuate
below to a sheathing petir)le. Flowers: solitary, peduncle scape-like,
shorter than the lea\es ; ])iriantli canipanulate, of six segments, while;
style eipialling- the stamens. Fruit: blue herry.

An excpn'site six-parted white flower with a heart of gold,
foinid growing in the shady woods. It^ lea\es fairl\- car])el
the ground in the l(!calities where it abounds: thev are large
and glossy and resemble those of the Lily-of-the-Valley.
The stems, whicb nstialh- bear onlv a single flower, are ^•erv
hairy. Thorean has complained bitterly that this beantifid
dweller of the forest should l)e called a.fter so prosaic an
individual as the riovernor of New York, and soundly be-
rates Gray for tlie fault: but may not Clinton, the man of
affairs, statecraft, and finance, have had an artistic side to
his character ? jNIay he not have lieen a true lover of Nature
and an ardent adnu'rer of the splendid beauties that enrich
with the perfume of their jiresence the land of the alpine
llower-tields?

I feel that a great honour has been conferred upon me in
that I have been permitted to name this lovelv plant —
Queen-cup. Hitherto it has been nameless in the English

PLATE XII

!■ \i -.1-: SiiLDMox's Skai.
{Sinilaciiia aiiif'lcxifaulis)

99

PT,.\TI'. XI IT

Star-floweked Solomon's Seal
{Siiiilaciiui stcllata)

White io Green and Broivn Flowers tot

language, and it seems to me th'it no more fitting title could
be bestowed upon the Clinlonia iiniHora, w ith its great shin-
ing leaves, amongst which are set the ])nre white chalices of
its blossoms, than Oneen-cup, — tlie (|ueen of all the snowy
llowcr-cups of the alpine forests.

FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL

Sinilaciiia amplcxicaiilis. Lily Family

Stems: stout, ascending, leafy. Leaves: oval, clasping, acuminate,
tlicir margins minutely ciliatc. Flowers: ])anicle densely flowered;
pcrianlli-scgments oblong. Fruit: red aromatic berry, flecked with
])nri)lc.

The long leafy wands of the False Solomon's Seal are
exceedinglv attractive, with their handsome terminal clus-
ters of little cream\- blossoms that look like feathery i)lumes
as the\' wave gentlv to and fro in the soft summer breeze
and cast their faint fragrance across the woods. \"ery
handsome, too, are the ka\es of this large plant. Why it
is banned with such a l)ase name as False Solomon's Seal
1 do not know. There is nothing " false" a1)0ut it except
its name; and wink' its luxuriant broad foliage resembles
lliat of botli tlie True Solomon's Seal and tl'e Twisted-stalk,
still its llowcvs are entirelv different, growing in close ter-
minnl ])anick'S. whereas those of the otlicr i)lants mentioned
grow in small in(h\idu;d bi'lk from the axils of the lea\'es.
I |owe\er, l\alse Solomon's Seal is its name, ar.d by such
it is known all o\cr the world.

Sinildciiia stcllala. or Star-llowered .Solomon's .*>e,d. looks
to ordinavN' ex'cs \er\- like a wikl Lily-of-lhe-\'alley. and
grows ne.ar the banks of niotnUain streams and in the moist
meadows. it is a lo\el\- plant, stands up \ery stift and

I02 JJ'hilc to (jfi'tii and Jiroun Floiicrs

slraii^lil out tM" the i;r()Uii(l, and has stout stems wliich arc
leafy all the way from the Ijase to the slender llower
racemes. These racemes are composed of from fixe to fif-
teen little starry blossoms, each one having a white six-
parted perianth. The lea\es are of a whitish-t,ncen hue,
and the fruit is a hri_L;ln red l)t'ir\- cjoilicd witii purpli'.

FAIRY BELLS

Disponiiii tracliycarpuiii. lA\y Family

Leaves: alternate, ovate or oval, acute at the apex, rounded at the
base, tive-to-eleven nerved, sessile. Flowers: terminal, one to three on
long pedicels, greenish-white or grcenish-\ ellnw ; perianth narrowlj- cam-
panulate, its six segments narrowly oblong, acute, little, spreading; sta-
mens six, hypogynous; style slender, three-lobed. Fruit: berry rough-
ened, depressed-globose.

The Fairy Bells have a berrv with a rough coat ; it is
apparently leathery rather than ])ulp\-. and contains from
four to eighteen seeds. This plant is not a real shrul), but
is a s]n-u1)-like herl) with slender rootstocks, and bi-anelu'ng
stems that are scaly below and leafy above. It usually
grows in the dense woods and attains an average height of
two feet. Idle lea\es, which somewhat resemble those of
Strcj^topus am plcxif alius, are oval and strongly ner\ed. \-ery
pointed at the apex and rounded at the base. The Mowers
usuallv grow in twos or threes at the ends of the slender
wand-like Ijranches, wdiere they hang i)en(lent on their
thready stalks. They are creamy or greenish-yellow in
hue, and have a floral cup that is cut into six equal narrow
segments and holds six long stamens, tipped by large oblong
anthers, and a three-lobed style.

Disponnii orcganuui, or Woolly Disporum, is diffusely
branched, the stems being woolly above. The leaves are

PLATE XIV

WiiiTK Twisted-Stalk
(Slrcf'to/^us aiiiplcxifolitis)

1 0.1

PLATE XV

White Moccasin Flower
(Cyprif^cdiuni i^asscriiniiii)

104

JVJiite to Green and Broicn Flowers 105

oblong pointed and heart-shaped at the l)ase, the cream-

colonre

shaped.

coloured flowers are funnel form and the Ijerries are egg-

WHITE TWISTED-STALK

Streptopiis ainplcvifulius. Lily Family

Rootstock short, stout, horizontal, covered with thick fibrous roots.
Stems: glabrous, branching below the middle. Leaves: acuminate at
the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, glaucous beneath. Flowers: one
to two, greenish-white. Fruit: red oval berry, many-seeded.

This Twisted-Stalk is a large plant with many clasping,
pointed lea\-es growing all the way up on both sides of its
long l)ranching stems, with one solitary leaf at the apex.
These leaves are handsome, green and glossy on the top,
with strongly marked veins, and are covered with a whitish
Ijjoom (jn tile underside. Looking at the ])lant from above
it appears to bear no flowers at ;dl, Imt turn over its stems
and you will find beneath each leaf one or two tiny greenish-
white bells, hanging on sharply bent thread-like stalks that
spring from the a.xils of the ]ea\es ; these flowers in time
turn into bright red o\-al berries.

The name Twisted-stalk is derived fnmi its a1)ruptlv bent
flower stems.

WHITE MOCCASIN FLOWER

Cypiipriliiiiii passcriiiiiiii. Orchitl Family

Stems: stout, leafy. Leaves: ovate, acuminate. Flowers: solitary or
two; petals and sepals pale green ; lij) dull white, veined, and with bright
red spots; anther ovate-triangulate, yellow with red spots. Fruit:
capsule drooping.

This is tlic sniall white Lad\-'s ."clipper, and its discox-crv
ill the mountains is <>\ suflicientlv rare occurrence to be
(|uite an event in the history of the day to the ordinary

io6 fr/iif(- fo Green and Brown Flowers

li-;i\ c'IKt. It is iisnalU' in shady places. wIhtc the soil is
nidist and rich, ihal tlu'sc lilllc \-cl\ct_\' orchids are found.
The dull while sacs, hair_\- inside and spotted with hrij^dil
red, are ([uite unmistakahle ; the stalks are leafy and usually
bear only a single terminal llower, though occasionally two
shell-like blooms adorn the fal juicy stem, one at its apex
and the other a cou])le of inches lower down.

There is a rich tro])ical ])eauly about orchids strongly sug-
gestive of the Orient. They do not seem to be at home in
the northern mountain fastnesses, but rather to belong to a
world of cloudless skies and riotous foliage, where exotic
flowers are set like jewels in the lavish luxuriance of the
torrid zone.

WHITE REIN ORCHIS
Habenavia dilatata. Orcliid r'amil}-

Stems: thick, tleshy, one to two feet hit^li. Leaves: lanceolate, obtnsc.
Flowers: spike long, white, very fragrant, bracted; .sepals ovate, obtnse;
lip entire, dilated; anther-sacs parallel; glands close together; stigma
with a trowel-shaped beak.

To walk through the woods, deep and dark, where the
trees and shrtibs grow densely s^ide by side and flowers are
few and far between; and then to suddenly emerge into the
open, where the sun's light is Hooding across the marsh-
lands, carpeted by myriads of tall White Rein Orchis, is a
])leasure so dazzling that, once experienced, it will never be
forgotten.

Fragrant as hvacinths, these exquisite snowy orchids
grow to a great height in the mountain marshes, and so
beautiful and wonderfully delicate are their blossoms that
travellers long to transplant them to some lowland garden,
in order to see their velvety spikes grow and grace civiliza-
tion with a woodland loveliness. But as a rule this expert-

PLATE XVr

Willi I, l\i-.i\ Dki iii>
{II tilu'inirid dilatala)

107

pi.ATK xvn

{Hahcnaria obtiisata)

1 08

fr/iiti' to Green and Broun F loners 109

ment is tried in vain, for few of the orchids will flourish
so far from their native soil.

Words fail to truly descril)e these plants of almost un-
earthly beauty. From their dainty petals

" Odours ascend,
Spreading themselves through the serener air
Where gentle breezes strive to bless,
And all God's world knows happiness."

Those who find them will always love and treasure them.

Ilahenaria bract cafa, or Long-bracted Rein Orchis, is one
of the conspicuous green orchids which grow in great pro-
fusion in the mountain regions. Tt has a stout juicy stem,
broad lea\es, and many long pointed [tracts on its flower-
spike. Usually found in wet jilaces, this Orchis may always
be distinguished by the l<»ng l)racts. from which it derives
its name.

Habcnaria obtiisata, or Northern Rein Orchis, is a deli-
cate green and white Orchis that may always be known by
its single basal leaf. It is very like a white and green Lily-
of-the-Valley, and its flowers grow widely seixirated on the
slender stalks.

Ilahenaria hyf^crhorca, or Leal'x- Rein Orchis, somewhat
resembles //. obhisala, l)ut may easily be distinguished by
the fact that it lias se\eral leaves growing up on and clasp-
ing its stem, whicli is also decidedly stouter than the
steui of the jirecediug s])ecies. The Leafv Rein (Orchis
grows in the open woods, ])i-ef(.'rring a moist spot. It lias
man}- flowers on each stalk, and they grow closely set
together.

f faheiiaria (/racilis. or Oiraceful Rein (Orchis, has a tall
slender stem and long narrow lea\es which are graduall}'
reduced as they grow upwards and eventually pass into the

I lo ir/iifi' to Green anti Ihrjicu I' lowers

bracts of the narrow sp.nrsclx-llowcred spike. The llnwers
are small, greeiiish-}-ell(iw, and ha\e a short spnr.

Habenavia orbiciilala, or Konnd-leaved Rein Orchis, may
readilv l)e recoi^ni/.ed hy its two very larj^^e iL;listenini^ or1)icu-
lar leaves thai s])rcad out (lat ui)on tlie i^Tound, and which
are ^reen and sinning" aho\c and (|uite sihery Ijeneath.
The hiri^e greenish-w Tile- (lowers of this handsome plant
grow in a loose raceme on the slendfr scajjedike stems, and
have a short rounded u])per sepal and s])reading lateral ones,
the entire obtuse white \\\) being longer than the petals.

HOODED LADIES' TRESSES

Spiraiitlirs Romaiizoffiana. Orcliid Family

Root tuI)(M-ons. Stems: glabrous, Icafj' hclow, l)racted above.
Leaves: oblong-lanceolate. Flowers: spike den.sc, in three rows, con-
spicuously bracted ; perianth white, the petals and sei)als all connivant,
lip recurved, ovate-oblong, contracted below the narrower wavy-crcnu-
late summit.

This is the last orchid of the season, found chiellv in wet
marshy places, just when the ])ower of the summer sun
begins to wane. It is a beautiful fragrant flower, growing
in dense snowy spikes, and has long narrow leaves. Con-
sidering that orchids are reckoned as amongst the rarest
and richest treasures of Nature, it is strange how mnny
species of them grow wild in the mountains. Of course
thev are all terrestrial ones; we have none of the kinds
which grow on trees and develop false liullxs.

STOUT RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN

Epit'ciclis dccil^icns. Orchid Family

Stems: scape glandular pubescent. Leaves: blotched with white,
ovate. Flowers: galea concave, ovate, witli a sliort. spreading, re-
curved tip ; anther ovate, pointed on the base of the stigma into a
gland-bearing awl-shaped beak.

PLATE XVI T I

Ili'OIiF.l) l.ADIKS' TkESSF.S

{S/^iiaiillics Roiiuntcoffiaiia)

III

112 U'liitc to Green and liroien Flfjucrs

I'his plant has a cluster of k'a\cs at the hase only; these
arc coxered with a nelwurk ol' white \eins and fix'quently
also ha\e white hlDtches (»n them. 'I'he tlowers <i^row in a
bracted spike, are i^reenisji-white, and have a very hairy
stalk.

Epipaclis rcpcns, or Small Rattlesnake Plantain, has also
peculiar white-\eined lea\es, l)ut in this species the\- i^mw
up the stalk as well as at its hase. The wdiole plant is
smaller than /:. dccil^iciis. and its insignificant flowers grow
only on one side of the stem, which is much bracted and
hairy, ddie name " Rattlesnake " applies to the resem-
blance between the curiously veined leaves and the body of
a snake. This plant frecjuently grow's in decaying wood.

HEART-LEAVED TWAYBLADE

Lislci'a cordata. Orcliid Faiiiil\-

Root: ncshy-fihriMis. Stems: very slender. Leaves: sessile, cordate,
ovate, mucronate. Flowers: in racemes, minute pedicels bracted; sepals
and petals oblong-linear, lip narrow, the segments setaceous and ciliolate.

A small orchid with two large leaves growing midway up
its slender stem, by which it mav always be readily recog-
nized. The flowers are purplish-green, very tinw and are
set in a small raceme at the top of the stalk. It grows in
the cool woods.

Lisfcra convallarioidcs, or Broad-lipped Twayblade, also
has the same tw^o distinguishing stem-leaves, which, how-
ever, are rounder than in the foregoing species, while its
flowers are yellowish-green, fairly large, and possess a
l)road lip with two lobes at the delicate apex.

The Twayblades present a strong contrast to the Coral
Roots. They are conspicuously green and healthy of leaf.

White to Green and Broun Flowers 113

EARLY CORAL ROOT

Corallorhiza irifida. Orchid Family

Root: coralloid, lirancliint?. Stems: glabrous, clothed with closely
sheathing scales. Flowers: in long racemes on short minutely bracted
pedicels; sepals and petals narrow, lip short: spur a sac adnate to the
summit of the ovary. Fruit: capsule oblong.

A plant impossible to mistake, for its roots are exactly
like branches of coral, composed of thick, white, blnnt fibres,
and may be found in moist shady places. The flowers grow
in a raceme on single, thick, fleshy stems, that are clothed
with closely sheathed bracts and are of a queer purplish-
green colour, frequently marked with white. It has no
leaves.

The Coral Root is a saprophyte; that is to say, it lives
upon the dead and decomposing forms of other plants, and
this explains whv it is such a vegetable degenerate of the
beautiful family of orchids. It has lost its leaves, also its
ehlorophxll, or honest green colouring matter, through its
1)ad hjibits, and to-da\' belongs to that pirate tribe which
feeds upon food already assimilated by another, and thereby
inciu^s the displeasure of Nature, whose laws demand honest
conduct in her kingdom as sternly as do those of man; and
so. when the Coral Knot refused to manufactiu^c its own
tipliuilding materials out of the carbon dioxide of the atmos-
plierc, and ]iroceeded to prey u\)(ni decaying matter, Xature
took awav its leaves and chlorof^hyll and onl\- left it sufti-
cicnt branching extensions at the base to seciu^e it in the soil.

CoraUorlii.za inacidata. or Large Coral Root, gnnvs as
high as twcntv inches and has purplish-green flower-stalks
clothed with scales. The numerous llowers are piu'plish-
brown, and tlie lip wliite-s])otted and lined with purple, the

IT4 Jl hiti' to Green rind Broun Flowers

niicldlc lohc livint;- l)nia(lcr llian the lateral ones and the a])ex
curved. The s[)ur is yellowish.

CorallorJiiza striata, or Striped Coral Root, has dark
purplish-brown (lowers with elliptic ])etals, an »»\-al lip, and
no spur.

Corallorhiza Merlcnsiana, or S^jurrcd Coral Root, has
numerous reddish-green flowers, usually a toothed lip nar-
nnved to a claw and a very marked spur.

COMMON NETTLE

Urtica Lyallii. Nctlle I'^amily

A herb with .stinging hairs. Leaves: ovate, acute, coarsely serrate.
Flowers: in loose, spreading, slender panicles. Fruit: an achenc.

ddie Common Nettle is too well known to recpiire any
descrijjtion with its i)anicles of small greenish flowers,
coarselv toothed leaves and (juantitics of stinging hairs.

WHITE COMANDRA

Comaiulra pallida. Sandalwood P^aniily

Stems: glaucous, slender, simple, very leafy. Leaves: linear, acute,
sessile. Flowers: cymes several-flowered, corymbose, clustered at the
summit, peduncles short.

The Comanclra is parasitic on the roots of other plants.
It has pretty little whitish-green flowers, wdiich grow in
clusters and are bulb-shaped at the base, spreading out into
five lobes at the top. The leaves are very narrow and grow-
close to and all the way up the stalk, and the fruit is a nut-
like berry, which retains at its tip the ui)per short part of
the calyx.

Coiitamlra lirida, or Swamp Comandra, differs from the
foregoing species in that it has wider leaves, each one grow-
ing on its own tiny stalk attached to the main stem ; and

PLATE XIX

Early Cokal Root
(Corallorliiza trifida)

"S

ii6 JJ hiii' to (jircn an/J Broun Flowers

whereas the lluwers of the White Comandra grow in chis-
ters at the top of the stems, those of the Swamp Comandra
L;r()\\ in the axils of the leaxes lower down on the stems,
and its fruit is a roundish red and edihle berry. It is a
parasite on the roots of Coniiis Ciiiiadcnsis.

Comandra Ricliardsiana, or Green Comandra, lias verv
leafy branehed stems, obloni^" pointed leaves and greenish-
white or purplish flowers growing in flat-topped chistered
heads and also in the axils of the leaves. "Idie fruit is a
round berry containing a stone. 1"his plant is usually
found in dr}- open i)laces.

WITCH'S BROOM

Arccutliohiuin aiiicricanuiii. Mistletoe Family

Stems: slender, much branched. Flowers: the staminate and pis-
tillate on separate plants, borne on terminal peduncle-like joints. Fruit:
a fleshy, flattened berry borne on a short recurved peduncle.

This fleshy plant is parasitic on Piniis conioria var.
Miirrayana. Tt has four-angled much-jointed branches, and
small scales in the ])lace of lea\'es. 1^he tinv flowers are
yellowish-green and the frtiit is a ptirpli.sh-brown berrv.

TALL ERIOGONUM

Eriogoiiuiii tiiiibclhititiii rar. ma jus. Buckwheat Family

Stems: depressed and shrubby below, mucli branched. Leaves: ob-
long, white tomentose below, green and glabrous above; peduncles six
to lifteen inches high, naked, bearing a simple umbel of three to ten
rays, subtended by a whorl of leaves.

A somewhat rare and most curious plant. In drv stony
places and on rocky slo]:)es yoti will find the long-stalked
blossoms of the Tall Eriogonum, with its handsome flat-
toi)pc(l clusters of cream-coloured flowers, tipped and tinged

<]:«5!if'^

IaI.I. I'^RIOf.ONL-M

(Eriogoiitiiii uiiihcllntuin z\ir. iiuijiir)

JJliitt' to Green and Brown Floicers 117

with \ivid rose pink, that ha\e a peculiar Ijiincli of tiny
narrow leaves set just where the little stems of the indi-
vidual flower-umljels spring from the top of the main stalk.

It is also a most fascinating plant, l)()th by reason of the
fact that its fine cream and rose blossoms grow in barren
localities, and also because its leaves (which are green above
and silvery beneath) grow near to the ground, on slender,
Ijranching, woody stems, while the flower-stalks are ex-
tremely long, often reaching a height of over twelve inches.

Eriogonuin oz'alifoliiim, or Silvery Eriogonum, is a
densely woolly and sihery plant with very short stems and
oval leaves crowded on the numerous branches. The flow-
ers are yellowish-white, tinged with rose-colour, and grow
in a single head on each stalk.

Eriogonum aiuh'osaccinii, or Dwarf Eriogonum, is the
alpine species, and almost an exact reproduction in minia-
ture of its " Tall " relation. The chief difference between
the two ])lants is that the Dwarf Eriogonum is more hairy
and woolly, and generally has cream-coloured flowers with-
out any tingeing of pink. It onlv grows al^out three inches
high, and is found at 7,500 feet.

MOUNTAIN SORREL

O.vyria (lii^yiia. BuckulKal Family

A low fleshy hcrl). Stems: slcmlcr. erect, simple. Leaves: rcniform,
undulate, the basal long-petioled. Flowers: in terminal panicied ra-
ccnics. Fruit: an achene, pointed, smooth, surrounded by a broad mem-
branous wing.

.\ perennial herl) with niostlv basal ki(lne\'-sha]iod lea\"es
on long stalks and clusters of small green flowers. The
leaves are acid.

Ii8 White to Green an J Hroien f lowers

WILLOW-LEAVED DOCK

Ruinc.v sulicifulius. Biickwlieat Faniil}-

Stems: croct, ascending or spreading, simple or Ijranclicd, grooved.
Leaves: lanceolate, acute at bolh ends. Flowers: in dense clusters.
Fruit: the faces of the achcnes concave, smootli, sliinins;, winged.

A large coarse plant growing several feet high, with a
strongly grooved stem, huge long-shaped bluisli-green leaves
that are i)()intcd at both ends, and ])an!clcs of green llowers
set in loose wliorls near the apex of the stalks. These flow-
ers have no petals, but only a green six-parted calyx, the
three outer divisions of which remain unchanged in fruit,
while the three inner sepals develop into wings. The fruit
is dark red.

Riinie.v Acefosa, or Common Sorrel, is a much smaller
jilant, and has arrow-shaped leaves, and green flowers tinged
with red, which deepen in colour to a purple-red as the
season advances. The leaves and juicy stems are slightly
acid, and the root is very astringent, yielding an excellent
red dye. This is an introduced plant.

Rimic.v AcctoscUa, or Field Sorrel, has a creeping root-
stock, and halberd-shaped leaves which are pointed at the
apex. The green flowers are tiny and grow in a loose
raceme. This plant flourishes in the poorest soil, and to-
wards the end of the summer turns a rich red colour. This
is an introduced plant.

ALPINE BISTORT

Polygonum li: ipanmi. lUickwheat Family

Stems: slender, simple. Leaves: ovate, subcordate, attenuate at
base; cauline leaves lanceolate. Flowers: raceme narrowly cylindric,
densely flowered, bearing a number of ovoid-conic bulblets at base.

PLATE XX

AlIMNE I'lSTOKT (Poly^OllUlll i'/x'(/'(Tr»»I )

CIlutinuis Asphodel {'rofii-ldia ^i^Iulinosa)

119

I20 JJhiti' to Green and Broun Flowers

TIk' name Pulyyoiimii comes from the Greek, its meaning
being " many-kneed," and refers to the enlarged joints of
the stems, which are sheathed by the stalks of the long-
shaped leax'es. The Howers are xevy numerons in the
mountains, are white to rose colour, and grow in dense nar-
row^ s])ikes. which have several little bulbs below^ the full-
blown blossoms, "riie seeds are red.

Polygonum histortoides, or Heart-leaved Bistort, is cov-
ered with a white bloom throughout. The root leaves are
oblong, and the stem ones narrow and somewhat heart-
shaped, all with rolled-back margins and cons])icnously
nerved. The elongated flower-clusters are usually white,
rarely jMuk ; they are very dense and are not bulblet-bearing
below\

LAMB'S QUARTERS

Chciiopodiuin album. Goosefoot Family

Stems: slenck^r, erect, commonly much branched. Leaves: rhombic-
ovate, the upper ones lanceolate, obtuse or acute. Flowers: bractlcss,
densely clustered in a compound panicled spike; calyx segments strongly
keeled. Fruit: seed firmly attached to the pericarp.

A weed that abounds near habitation, even in tlie moun-
tain regions. A commonplace plant, and yet one that is not
altogether without beauty, since its foliage is of an un-
usually delicate tender green. The wdiite flowers, which
groW' in dense spikes, are inconspicuous. This is an intro-
duced plant.

Chcnopodiuni capitafmu, or Strawberry Elite, is a very
appropriate name for this plant, wdiich flourishes best in
newdy up-turned or half-cultivated soil, where its pale green
foliage and bright red fruit render it conspicuous. The
leaves are hall)ert-shaped, thin, and pointed both at the apex
and at the ends of the basal lobes, the margins being more

JJliitc to Green and Broiin Flou-ers I2I

or less indented. The flowers are small and greenish, but
the developed frnit is extremely attractive in appearance,
resembling a stra\v1)erry and consisting of a brilliant red
pnlpy berry, which has numerous seeds embedded in its
wrinkled surface, similar to those which cover the exterior
of the Garden Strawberry.

BLUNT-LEAVED SANDWORT

Arciiaria lateriflora. Pink Family

Stems: erect, slender, simple or branched. Leaves: thin, oblong,
obtuse, punctate, hairy on the margin and midrib. Flowers: petals
oblong, obtuse, twice longer than the sepals. Fruit: a capsule.

The Sandworts are rather insignificant plants with more
or less rigid leaves and small white flowers growing in com-
pound clusters or flat heads. The Blunt-leaved Sandwort
is rather hairy and has oblong dotted leaves which terminate
in a rounded apex, and a spherical capsule containing large
smooth seeds.

Arcnaria capillaris var. nardifolia, or Xarrow-leaved
Sandwort, has sharp-pointed leaves grouped in dense clus-
ters at the base of the plant, the few stem lea\es being much
reduced.

Arcnaria I'crna var. propiiiqita, or \'ernal Sandwort, has
densely-tufted flowering stems bearing pairs of tiny leaves
all the way up them.

Arcnaria sajancnsis. or One-flowered Sandwi^rt, has
slender one-flowered stems and narrow leaves.

LONG-STALKED STITCHWORT

Stclhiiia loii'iif'cs. Pink Family

Stems: smooth. Leaves: ascending. lincar-Ianccolate. Flowers:
few, on long slender pedicels; petals two-cleft; sepals ovate. Fruit:
gapsule ovoid. Seeds smooth.

122 iriiilc to Grccii nntJ liroun I'/oucrs

.\ prctly liltlc plant, with whitish-.^rcen leaves, very
pointed al llu' ends, and tin\- white llowers growing at the
apex of the long slender stalks.

Stcllaria borcali.s', or Wjrthern Stitchwort, has weak
mnch-hranched stems and a terminal Icafv flowcrdicad.

FIELD MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED

Ccrastiiiiii arrciisc. Pink Family

Stems: erect, pnljcscciit witli rcllcxtd hairs, cespitose, four to eight
inclies lii.^li. Leaves: linear-oljlcmt;', acute, clasping; hracts small.
Flowers: cymosc, few-tiowered ; petals five, obcordate.

This is quite the prettiest and most attractive of all the
Chickweeds, and will be found growing in profusion on
many a sunny l)ank and dr\' meadow during the luonths of
June and July. It is fre(|uently called " Star of IJethle-
hem," and has five snow-white jjetals, each of which is
dixided at the edge. All the Chickweeds are white. Like
tlie meek the}' certainl}' inherit the earth. In almost e\"ery
part of the world their varying methods of cross and self-
fertilisation have resulted in these little plants following
closely in the footsteps of man's civilization. The follow-
ing story is told by Sir Joseph Hooker; he says: " I'l^on
one occasion landing on a small uninhabited island nearly
at the Antipodes, the first evidence I met with of its having
l)een i)re\iously \-isited bv man \\ as the English Chickweed ;
and this I traced to a mound that marked the grave of a
British sailor, and that was covered with the plant, doubtless
the offspring of seed that had adhered to the spade or mat-
tock with which the grave had been dug."

Ccrastiinii olpinuiii, or Alpine Mouse-ear Chickweed. is
a silky-haired species, with wdiitish leaves, and large wdiite
flowers, When Dr. Sutherland went to Baffin's Bay in

iriiiti' to Green and Broun Floicers 123

185 1 to search for Sir Jdhn Franklin, he found this tiny
plant growing close to the icebergs. He says in his Jour-
nal : " Button Point looked as green as any English
meadow, and the grass upon it was not one whit less lux-
uriant. The Foxtail Grass and the Chickweed (Ccrastiiim
alpinuni ), and hosts of other grasses and herbaceous plants,
grow among the bones of animals, and are stimulated by
the oil and animal matter which they contain, and by the
filth which is inseparal)le from Esquimaux haliitations, to a
degree of luxuriance which no one would be willing to
assign to the 73rd degree of north latitude." The scien-
tific name is derived from Ceras. a horn, in reference to
the shape of the seed-pods of some of the species.

NODDING PINK

Lychnis a[^ctala. Pink Family

Stems: one-flowered. Leaves: linear, sessile. Flowers: nodding,
petals narrow, two-cleft, included in the calyx, calyx inflated, its teeth
triangular-ovate, acute. Fruit: a capsule.

This Pink is an arctic-alpine plant with very narrow
leaves growing in pairs up the stem, and nodding white
llowers which become erect in frtiit. The 'Cwi^ petals are
enclosed and almost hidden within the green intlated calyx
wliich is strongly purjjle-veined, tubular, and sharply
toothed.

Lychnis Druninwndii. or Dniiumond's Pink, is a hairy,
sticky, tall pl.-mt with munerotis erect white, or rareK- ]nir-
plish flowers.

WHITE CAMPION

SUcnc Macouiiii. Pink Family

Stems: slender, from a hranching rootstock, minutely puhcscent.
Leaves: linear-ohlanceolatc. Flowers: few, on pedicels; calyx inflated,

124 If liitc to Green and Hroi^n Flowers

with short ohtiise teeth; petals little exserted, with a broadly-auriclcd
claw, and large, thin quadrate appendages, the llahellate Ijifid blade with
a linear tooth on each side.

Like many of the Campions, this one is \'ery sticky, and
is characterized, in common wiih oihcr memhers of the Pink
Family, by its slender stems hein^;- jointed and the leaves set
in i)airs at the j(jints. It gives out a faint sweet odour, and
is usually found growing among the stones on steep hill-
sides.

Silcnc LyaUii. or Lyall's Catchlh-, has spoon-shaped basal
leaves and long narrow stem leaves. The white flowers
grow on short stalks in loose terminal heads ; the inflated
calyx has ])urple-tipped teeth and the petals are spreading
and two-lobed. The flowers are sometimes pur])lish.

LANCE-LEAVED SPRING BEAUTY

Claytouia laiicculala. Turslane l'"amih-

Stems: weak, from a tuber. Leaves: few, opposite, oblong.
Flowers: in a loose raceme on slender pedicels, nodding, white or pale
pink; veins rose; calyx of two ovate sepals: petals five; style three-
cleft at apex.

Close to the snow, in warm wet \alle\s. when the June
sunshine has awakened the alpine world from its winter
sleep, you will find the Spring Beauty, and as you stoop to
gather it the whole plant (consisting of a tuberous root and
one stalk with two leaves upon it and a cluster of blossoms
at the top) will inevitably come up in your hand, so easily
does it leave the ground. No sooner does this happen than
the petals begin to close, the leaves to droop, and the stem
to grow' limp. Ten minutes afterwards the flower is hope-
lessly wilted. Whether white or delicate pink, the Spring
Beauty is always veined with bright rose colour. There
are few more exquisite wild blossoms on this continent than

White to Green and Broun Flowers 125

" These little dream-ilowcrs found in Spring,"

of wliich Longfellow wrote in "Hiawatha":

" Where the fire had smoked and smouldered,
Saw the earliest flower of Spring-time,
Saw the Beauty of the Spring-time,
Saw the Miskodeed in hlossom."

Miskodccd is the Indian name for the Spring Beauty.

Clayloiiia iiici/arrlii:::a, or Alpine Spring Beauty, has
numerous Avedgc-shaped hasal leaves rounded at the apex
and with a dilated base; the stems not exceeding these leaves
in length. The stem leaves are narrow and the white to
pinkish and yellowish llowers grow in a one-sided cluster.
and ha\-e conspicuous bracts. This plant has a very large
tap-root which penetrates to a great depth in the crevices
among the rocks at high altitudes.

Claytonia panifolia, or Small-leaved Spring Beauty, has
tiny fleshy oval leaves, and white to pinkish loosely-flowered
clusters of blossoms at the ends of the numerous stems. It
propagates freely l)y bullilcls in the axils of the stem leaves,
as well as by seed.

WESTERN MEADOW RUE

Tlialiclntiii occidciitalc. Crowfoot Family-
Stems: slender, one to tlirec feet high. Leaves: tcrnate, the lower
ones pctioled. Flowers: nodding on very slender pedicels in an ample
open panicle; filaments puri)lish-green ; anther linear, cuspidate; caly.x
of four to eight sepals that fall early. Fruit: achenes one to ten in each
head, ril)hed, lanceolate.

A dainty plant, with delicate foliage closelv resembling
robust Maidenhair lA'in. The eye of the traveller is at once
caught by its pretty t;issels. which hang in clusters and are
of a pale green colour. iip[)ed with reddish-purple. It is

126 ll'liiU' lo (jrciii (iiid liro\cn J'loui'rs

frf(nicnll\- fimiul alniiL;' the mar^'ins of al])iiK' streams, I'ein^-
mucli admired in fruit, wlicn it shows numerous secd-lK'ru'-
in^t;' stars, li|)|)cd with thread-like jinints.

'J'liiiliclrniii iiic(jacar/^iiiii, or X'ciny ^Icadow Rue, has
[)ur|)hsh stems, ternate lea\es, purphsh-^reen flowers and
wedi^e-shaped ach.encs taperini^- into a short heak. 'ihe fila-
ments are not so lonj^' as in the ])recedin^' species.

CHALICE CUP

Aiiciiioiic (iCiidcnhilis. Crowfoot Family

Stems: erect, six to eighteen inches iiitiii. Leaves: lar.ii^c, Inng-
petiolcd, biternate and pinnate. Flowers: large, solitary; petals none;
sepals five to seven. Fruit: carpels with long filiform styles that be-
come i)lnmose tails to the achenes.

The Chalice Cup is one of tlie most beautiful of the early
sprint^^ mountain flowers. Its handsome white blossoms,
l)tu-ple-shaded on the outside, may be found growing close
to the retreating line of snow during the months of ]\Iay
and June, and later on in the season its l)ig lluiTy seed-heads
are eagerly gathered by those who delight in artistic things.
Idiis plant, like many others of the Crowfoot I'\amil\-, has
no petals, onU- a lo\ely calyx fashioned into about six se])als,
which do duty instead.

Anrinonc inuUifida, or \\'ind Flower, as this delicate little
Anemone is called, appears on the dry meadows in the
sjjringtime in a \'ast \arietv of hues, with many blossoms
and much fruit. Its colours range from white to red, with
many intermediate shades of yellow, pink, and pur]ile-blue.
It is to Pliny, the famous ancient philosopher, that it owes
its name, for he declared that only the wnnd would cause
Anemones to open ; while a later poet has sung how \^enus
in her grief o\er the death of Adonis " poured out tears

PLATE XX T

(.. liiciiioiic iiniltificia)

128 JJ'hitc to Green antl Ihouu F/oicers

amain,"" and Imw "gentle tlowcrs " were born to Ijloom at
every drop that fell from her lovely eyes:

" W'licrc streams liis hlddd, tlicie hlusliing springs the rose,
And where a tear has dropped, a Wind Flower blows."

Tlie\' are short-lived llowers ; the wind l)l(i\vs them open
and wafts them away. Rapidly the frnit is formed in a
lliinil)le-like head, which presently hursts and is seen to con-
lain many white woolly seeds. The leaves are very deeply
cleft.

Anemone Dniniiiioiidii. or Alpine Anemone, has a larger
flower and thicker stalks than . /. iiiiiltifula ; it also grows
higher np on the mountains, and may be found close to per-
jjctual snow. The leaves are set in a circle round the stalk,
about two inches below the blossom, and also grow up from
the base of the plant. They are not so delicate or deeply
cut as those of A. niiilfificla. The llower is rather like a
white buttercup, and is usually shaded with ])ale blue on the
outside. The centre is yellow^ and green.

Anemone parriHora, or Few-flowered Anemone, the
smallest and most delicate of all the mountain Anemones,
is usually found growing in the thick forests, single and
solitary. The flowers are white, veined and shaded with
blue at the base of the sepals.

WHITE CLEMATIS

Clematis lii^iisticifolia. Crowfoot Family

Stems: somewhat pubescent. Leaves: quinatc to quinate-ternate,
leaflets oblong, acute, incisely lobcd and trifid. Flowers: in paniculate
corymbs. Fruit: achenes pubescent.

The White Clematis has open clusters of rather small
flowers composed of fi\-e thin silky petaloid sepals, oblong
lobed leaves, and handsome plumose seed-heads. This

LiiAi.uh; Ll r
{.hiciiiottc occiJctttiilis)

White to Green and Brown Flowers 129

climbing plant is usually found along the banks of the alpine
streams.

ALPINE MARSH-MARIGOLD

CaltJia Icfloscpala. Crowfoot Family-
Stems: erect. Leaves: oblong-cordate, irregularly cr(.nate-toothed.
Flowers: sepals petaloid, lanceolate, acute.

This plant is found chiefly in moist localities, and often
grows abundantly in the wet alpine meadows at high eleva-
tions, where its white flowers, whose petaloid sepals are
deeply tinged with purplc-lihie on the outside, are extremely
beautiful set among their rich large-leaved foliage. The
stems bear one or two flowers, the lower of which is sub-
tended by a noticeable leaf-like bract.

WHITE GLOBE FLOWER

Trollins la.viis var. albiflonis. Crowfoot Family

Stems: weak, ascending. Leaves: palmately divided, the segments
many-cleft. Flowers: solitary; sepals five to six, white, with a green-
ish tinge outside; petals fifteen to twenty-five, bright yellow, minute,
much shorter than the numerous stamens.

The White Globe Flower is one of the most conspicuous
of rill the early spring mountain plants that grow at very
hiL;h ahittides. Close to the borders of alpine lakes and
streams, and in marshy places where the snow has recently
melted, beds of this beautiful large white flc^wer mav be
found, its brilliant gi»I(len centre gleaming in the sunshine,
and its rich, glossy foliage forming a stiperb setting for its
perfect purity.

Do not confuse it with one of the Anemones. Xote that
its centre is far larger and more golden in hue; also that the
foliage is coarser and thicker. There is ;i bushy circle of
lea\"es set on the stalk about one inch below the bl(~)Ss(im.

TLATF. XXII

White Globe Flower

(Trollius laxiis var. albiflorus)

130

IF /lite to Green and Broun Flowers 131

The \\'hite Globe Flower is frequent]}- found growing up
through the snow.

RED BANEBERRY

.Icicra rubra. Crowfoot Family

Stems: one to six feet liigli from a fascicle of short branching roots.
Leaves: ternate, the divisions pinnate, with the lower uUimate leaflets
sometimes again compound, ovate, sometimes obscurely three-lobed,
toothed. Flowers: in oblong terminal racemes, sometimes divided to-
wards tlie l)ase, loose; petals oblong, obtuse. Fruit: berries red, oval,
many-seeded.

The Red Baneberry is a perennial herb, not a shrub, and
grows to the height of six feet, being a very large bushy
plant. The foliage is abundant and coarsely veined, and
the tiny flowers, which grow in ol^long, close-set, terminal
racemes, are feathery and delicate in a]i]iearance. This
plant usually tlourishes in the dense forest glades, where the
dainty white blosscMus and clusters of bright red berries
adi>rning its slender stnlks render it both attractive and con-
spicuous.

Actcca rubra foniia negJccta, or White Baneberry, is
rather difficult to distinguish from the preceding species
until the fruit ri])ens. when its berries will be fdund to be
nuich larger than those of . Icfcca rubra, a pure, waxy, china-
wiu'te tinged with purple at the end. and growing on long
slender green ])edicels; whereas tlmse of the Red Baneberry
are, as its name denotes, a bright scarlet. The lea\es of the
White l)aneberry are more pointed and more deeply cut than
those of its sister plant, the white petals are square at the
end^, and the lldwers grn\\- iu long-shaped clusters. This
l)lant is the . Icfcca ehiinira ot Rxilberg.

PI.ATF, XXTTI

Red Baneberrv
(Actcca rubra)

132

JVhite to Green and Broun Flowers 133

WHITE WHITLOW GRASS

Draba incana. Mustard Family

Stems: hoary, pubescent. Leaves: oblong-lanceolate, nearly entire.
Flowers: petals notched ; style minute. Fruit: pods acute, twisted wlien
ripe, on short erect pedicels.

A plc'inl partaking of the appearance of a weed, and
closely resembling a white mustard. It has lance-shaped,
toothed leaves, and the petals are notched at the apex.

Draba loncJiocarpa, or Long-podded Whitlow Grass, may
be recognized by its long smooth pods, which are very nar-
row, and more or less twisted. It is a hairy ])lant and grows
on rock ledges at great altitudes.

Pralhi j^rccalla, or .Sjjring Whitlow Grass, is a common
species which grows abundantly l)etween four and six thou-
sand feet.

PENNY CRESS

Thlaspi arvciisc. Mustard Family

Stems: erect, glabrous. Leaves: petioled, oblanceolate, dentate;
stem-leaves oblong. Flowers: white, pedicels spreading or curved up-
ward. Fruit: pods nearly orbicular when ripe, broad, very flat, notched
at the ai)c.\, in long racemes; seeds rugose. Not indigenous.

Penny Cress very nearly resembles Shepherd's Purse, and
the easiest way to distinguish between the two jilants is to
note that while the seed-pods of the latter are triangular in
shape, those of the Penny Cress are nearl\- round, both being
notched at the top. 'riien. also, the leaves differ: those of
the Shei)her(rs Purse are deeply cut, and those of the Penny
Cress are only slightly toothed. This is an introduced
plant.

134 llh'itc to Green and Jhoun Flowers

PEPPER GRASS

Lc Iridium apctaluiii. Mustard Family

Stems: glabrous, wiry. Leaves: the basal ones piimatifid, the upper
ones smaller, dentate. Flowers: in long racemes. Fruit: seeds soli-
tary in each cell, pendulous.

This plant is nearly scentless, and has compound basal
leaves and small-toothed upper ones. The white llowers
i^Tow in long-shaped clusters, and the seed-pods are circular
and minutely wing-margined at the top.

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Caf^scUa Btirsa-pastoris. INTustard Family

Stems: branching. Leaves: mostly runcinate-pinnatifid, cauline, lan-
ceolate, auricled at base. Flowers: small, white, in long loose racemes;
petals four; sepals four. Fruit: pods cuneate-triangular, truncate
above; seeds ten or twelve in each cell. Not indigenous.

This common little white-flowered plant grows all over
the world in temperate zones and at various altitudes. Its
tinv heart-shaped seed-purses have amused the children of
many countries. It is closely related to Candytuft, to
which it bears a strong resemblance. Sir Joseph Hooker
once stated that in his opinion of all the weeds which cling
to the skirts of husl)andry. Shepherd's Purse would be the
hrst to disappear if the soil were suddenly to be left untilled
and deserted by man and beast. The quaint name of
" Pickpocket " frequently applied to this plant betokens the
suspicion that it steals the nutriment the farmer distributes
to his crops. Shepherd's Ptu'se has no scent or honey, and
it fertilizes itself. This is an introduced plant.

iriiite to Greet! and Broun Flou-ers 135

NORTHERN ROCK CRESS

Braya humilis. Mustard Family

Stems: erect, branching below. Leaves: spatulate, the lower ob-
tuse, sharply dentate, the upper smaller and narrower, acute. Flowers:
on ascending pedicels. Fruit: pods terete, glabrous, linear.

This ])lant closely resembles the Tansy ^Iiistards. It has
white, rarely pinkish flowers, and a basal rosette of coarsely
toothed leaves, the upper leaves being narrow and even-
margined.

WATER CRESS

Radicula Nasturthiui-aqnaticiDU. Mustard Family

Aquatic, glabrous; root fibrous. Stems: stout, hollow, rooting at the
decumbent base. Leaves: pinnate, leallets rounded or elongated, the
iiTuiinal ones largest. Flowers: petals white; sepals four, early-falling;
stamens six; style short, thick. Fruit: pods divaricately spreading,
seeds in two rows. Not indigenous.

Surely it is a libel to call this plant Xastiirtiiini. which
signifies " twisted nose," and is given to Water Cress simply
because we are supposed to turn up our noses when we eat
its acrid leaves. Those who go out to gather flowers will
seldom ])au>c to j)ick' this insignilicant plant, ^^•hose ckisters
of small white flowers grow close beside, or acttially in, the
streams and ponds, and whose only claim upon our attention
lies in the ])leasant pungent ilaxour of its leaves. This is
all intr( idiiccd plant.

WHITE BITTER CRESS

Cardaiiiiiic pcniisyli'aiiica. Mustard Family

Stems: glabrous, erect, rather stout. Leaves: pinnatcly divided, the
terminal segment oval and narroweil at (he base, all toothed. Flowers:
in corymbose racemes. Fruit: pods narrowly linear, erect when ma-
ture.

136 ir/iifc to Green aiul Broun Floiiers

'ihis W hite Bitter Cress grows in wet places, and scjnie-
times attains a height of two feet. It is a coarse plant with
compound leaves, small white llowers, and \erv long narrow
seed-pods which hecome erect at maturity.

Cavdauiinc hclUdifolia, or Aljiine Bitter Cress, is a small
plant two to five inches in height, which is found on the
alpine summits. Tt has filjrous roots, little oval leaves
growing on long slender stalks which hranch out from the
main stems, and terminal clusters of inconspicuous white
flowers.

STONY ROCK CRESS

Arabis Holborllii. IMustard Famil}-

Stems: erect, simple. Leaves: si)atnlatt'. petiolccl, entire or sparingly
tootlicd ; stem-leaves erect, clasping. Flowers: white or pinkish.
Fruit: pods linear, drooping.

Growing out of a cluster of long-shaped leaves, the Stony
Rock Cress has a tall stalk, up which many tiny narrow
leaves cling. The flowers are small white, mauve, or pink-
ish bells, growing in a raceme. This ])lant. as its name
indicates, is generally found in very drv stony places. It
grows from eight to eighteen inches high, and has very long
narrow^ seed-pods, which droop downwards.

Arabis hirsufa, or Hairy Rock Cress, is easily distin-
guished from the other Rock Cresses by its hairv stalks and
leaves.

Arabis Dniininondii, or Drummond's Rock Cress, is a
handsome leafy species, with erect flat seed-pods.

Arabis (jiabra, or Smooth Rock Cress, has long toothed
basal leaves, and even-margined stem leaves which are
arrow-shaped at the base. The flowers are deep cream-
colour.

JFhite to Green and Broun Flouers 137

ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW

Droscra rotundifoUa. Sundew Family

Stems: slender, glabrous. Leaves: orbicular, spreading on the
ground. Flowers: in a one-sided raceme, four to twelve flowered.
Fruit: seeds fusiform, pointed at both ends.

This bog-herl) has a quantity of small rotmd leaves that
grow on tiat stalks, and are co\'ered with reddish glandtilar
hairs which secrete a fluid that entraps insects. This fluid
is exuded in tiny drops at the tips of the hairs, so that the
plant always appears to be covered with dew and is very
sticky. The white flowers grow in a one-sided cluster, and
open usually in sunshine, but only during a very few hours
of the day, sometimes not opening at all for several days in
successi(jn. The Sundews grow chiefly in wet places, pref-
erably in sphagnum bogs.

" What's this 1 hear
About the new carnivora?
Can little plants
Eat bugs and ants
And gnats and flies?
A sort of retrograding ;
Surely the fare
Of flowers is air.
Or sunshine sweet;
They shouldn't cat,
Or do aught so degrading."

Tt is perfectlv true that the Simdew not only catches in-
sects with its sticky fluid, so like a lifjuid gum, but also
actually digests and absorbs the nutriment thus derived
from the soft i)arts of its \ictims. When a fly caught by
the glutinous globules touches one of the glandular hairs,
or we might almost call them tentacles, an irritation is sot
up communicable through the leaf substance to the other

13^ JJ hiti- 1(j (jvccn <iu(l liroun I'lowcrs

liairs or tcnl;;ck's. wliicli at (incc l)(.\^in to hend in i)\er the
iinlortunate insect and imprison it within a nct\v<jrk from
whicli escape is impossible. Then the inlands l)ei,Mn to cxnde
an acid digestive llnid. and tlie Snndew proceeds to batten
and fatten nj)on the meat in its larder. Inorganic sub-
stances (with llie exception of those which are rcpiired bv
plants for their sustenance, such as i)hosphate of ammonia,
carbonate of ammonia rmd nitrate of ammonia) do not
affect the Sundew, whicli ])ossesses such extremely delicate
sensibilities that it instantly recognizes the difference be-
tween organic and inorganic matter. Darwin's exjjcri-
ments with this plant have shown us that infinitesimal
l)articles of vegetable or animal substance will cause the
hairs to Ijend oxer, while a grain of sand leaxcs them unin-
fluenced.

Droscra loiK/ifolia, or Long-lea\e(l Sundew, has erect
elongated spatulate leaves narrowed into a long stalk, which
are covered with glandular hairs like the preceding species.
The white flowers grow in a terniinal cluster.

LEPTARRHENA

Lcplarrlicna ainplcxifolia. Saxifrage Family

Stems: six to fifteen inclies high, rigid, witli one or two small leaves
with sheathing petioles. Leaves: obovate coarsely serrate aljove the
middle, attenuate below to a short-winged petiole, which is dilated and
sheathing at the base. Flowers: numerous, in bracted paniculate ra-
cemes; petals five, entire, linear, white; calyx campanulate. Fruit: car-
pels purple-red, divergent.

A very handsome plant, with closely clustered flowcr-
heads and thick glossy leaves. In seed it is remarkable for
its rich purple-red appearance. It grows in quantities near
many alpine streams.

White to Green and Bro-wn Flou-ers 139

WESTERN BOYKINIA

Bnykiiiia uccidciitalis. Saxifrage Family

Stems: slender, erect or declined from a creeping somewhat woody
caudex. Leaves: round-cordate, incisely lobed, on slender petioles with
dilated base. Flowers: in elongated paniculate cymes. Fruit: a cap-
sule.

This plant has a creei)ing woody rootstock, and alternate
leaves which are rounded and heart-shaped at the base.
The flowers grow in l)ranching flat-topped clusters, have a
Ijell-shaped calyx, and five white early deciduous petals
which narrow below to a long claw.

COMMON SAXIFRAGE

Saxifraga hronchialis. Saxifrage Family

Stems: one to six inches high, ascending, slender, producing short
branchlets. Leaves: coriaceous, lanceolate, mucronate, sessile, with a
broad base finely ciliate. Flowers: few, in an open corymb on slender
pedicels ; petals oblong, white, marked with red spots.

Fre(iuently the traveller will find immense rocky slopes
literally covered with the pretty little ijlossoms of this Saxi-
frage, which may easily be recognized by the bright red
spots that mark its fi\e white petals. It is a low-growing
species, the flower-stalks seldom exceeding six inches in
height, and being much branched and reddish in colour.
The tiny narrow lea\-cs are \'ery stiff, — indeed, a noticea-
1)le characteristic of the whole plant is its rigid nature.
The n;une is deriwd f 1-1 mi saxiiiii. "a rock." and franijo,

I 1)reak," and the Germans call it Stcinhrccli, because it
grows so thickly in the crevices of the rocks that it is sup-
posed to disintegrate them by its growth. All the Saxi-
frages are much visited by flies and bees, and

14^^ Jr/iilc to Green n/uJ /iroicn Floui'rs

" Scarce less tlu- clcfl-honi w ild-llow cr seems to enjfjy
Existence, than the winged plunderer
That sucks its sweets."

Saxifniija ccrnna, or Xoddini;" Saxifrage, is a creamy-
white flower, more rare than many of its sister Saxifrages,
and growing from fonr to eight inches higli. 'Hie tra\eller
will at once be struck by the little bright red bulbs tliat grow
in the axils, where each u])per leaf is attached to the stalk;
and by this characteristic, as well as bv its lower palm-like
leaves, the Nodding Saxifrage may be readily known. It
grows among the rocks at very high altitudes.

Soxifraga Lyallii, or Lyall's Saxifrage, has a creeping
caudex and is sparinglv branched. There are two tall \ery
branching white Saxifrages which to the ordinary eye
closely resemble one another, namely, Lyall's Saxifrage and
Tall Saxifrage, and a careful reference to the descriptions
of each should be made in determining a particuLnr plant.

Lyall's Saxifrage is the smaller of the two plants, and is
less branching; its leaves grow in a cluster at the l)ase. are
rounded, deeply toothed, and often tinged and streaked with
red. The flowers, which are very numerous, are white.
A special distinguishing feature is the seed-pods, three or
four in number, which develop in the centre of each flower
in a cluster, and are red, with very pointed erect beaks.

Saxifraga nutkana, or Tall Saxifrage, grows erect from
a fleshy caudex. The Tall Saxifrage is a larger and hand-
somer plant than Lyall's species. It is also more branching,
growing from six to eighteen inches high, and covered with
many tiny white blossoms, each with a bright orange or red
spot at the base of the blade. The leaves grow in a cluster
at the base, from the centre of which the flower-stalks

PLATE XXIV

Alpine S.xxirRAfiE
( Sa.vifra^ci n ii ■alis )

141

142 White to Gri't'/i mill Ihoi^n h loners

spriiii;-; they arc liair\-, liin^-sha])C(l. and sharph' iDothcd.
\\)U can Ijcst distinguish the 'I'all Saxifrage frtMii Lyall's
species hy the ]ea\es, which in tlie former ;ire s])atulate and
long-shaped and in the latter rounded. The Tall Saxifrage
also generally has small hulhlets growing below the fl(3wers.

Saxifraija nirnlis, or Aljiine Saxifrage, is a plant which
grows at extremelv high allitttdes, as well as oti the lower
mountain slopes. It, too, has a cluster of leaves at the l)ase,
rounded and toothed at the to]) and narrowing down sharply
towards tlie ro()t. Idie lloNxers grow in handsome com])act
heads, and the stalks, usually cjuite bare of leaves, are red-
dish and not straight. The seed-pods are purple-red and
spreading.

Saxifraga Mcrlciisiaiia, or Spotted Saxifrage, has a Ijulb-
like rootstock, and propagates by bulljlets in the axils of
the lea\es which latter are rounded, hcart-shaiied at the
base, lobcd and toothed, being \er}- large and Ijroad. The
white ];etals of the llowers have two }-ellow spots near the
base and the capsule is oval and inllated.

Saxifraga (rsliialis, or Purple-l^racted Saxifrage, has
kidney-shaped leaves which are deeply cordate at the base
and coarsely toothed, ddie white flowers grow in a loose
open panicle, and the bracts on the stalks are quite pur])lish.

Saxifraga cccs/^ilosa, or Tufted Saxifrage, has slender
running stems and short branchlets. It forms dense tufts
as large as eighteen inches in diameter on the ground. The
leaves are pale yellowish-green, thin, fan-shaped and deeply
three-to-five cleft. The white flowers are large in compari-
son with the size of the plant and the narrow entire bracts
and three-lobed lea\'es grow on the flowering stalks.

Saxifraga adsccndcns, or Wedge-leaved Saxifrage, has
wedge-shaped three-toothed lea\es growing in basal rosettes,

PLATE XXV

NaN(V-(:\ EK-THE-GROUND

{'J'iiirclhi iiiiifoliata)

143

1^4 11 hill' to Grt'cn and liroun Floivers

and brainliiii^ stalks. The while petals ai'c alsD wedge-
shaped.

Saxifnuja rii'iiliiris, or .\lpiiie IJrook SaxifraL;e, has kid-
ne}'-sha]ied I)asal lea\es which are three-to-h\e l(il)e(k and
narrow npper lea\es. The llowers which terminate the
slender stalks are erect. This jjlant is found on the alpine
summits and near running water.

NANCY-OVER-THE-GROUND

Tiarclla unijuiHila. Saxifrage l-'ainily

Stems: sIcikUt, spreading from nnining rootstocks. Leaves: simple,
cordate, acute, ol)scurely ti\ c-to-.so\ en lobcd on long line ])Cliolc.s.
Flowers: numerous, in a narrow panicle; calyx cleft to near the base;
petals five, filiform; stamens ten.

The tiny feathery flowers of this plant are found in great
quantities in the mountains. Their large heart-shaped
leaves appear to carpet the ground about three inches a])o\'e
the soil in the localities where they abound, and their white
masses of delicate bloom have earned for them the name of
" Foam-Flower." The Latin name Tiarclla means " a lit-
tle tiara." and refers to the shape of the capsule, while
unifoliata refers to the one leaf on the flower-stalk.

OVAL-LEAVED ALUM ROOT

Ilcnchcra ovalifolia. Saxifrage Family

Stems: six to eighteen inches high, leafless. Leaves: ovate, cordate,
crenate. Flowers: a greenish-cream, small, in terminal panicles, spike-
like, cylindrical, two to four inches long; calyx campanulate; petals
filiform or none. Fruit: seeds hispid.

This plant is usually found in very dry stony places,
aiuoug the rocks or on gravellv slopes. It is reiuarkalile for
its tall stift" stalks, wdiich are leafless and end in a dense
spike of closely-set creamy flowers, The leaves are green

PLATE XXVI

OVAL-LEAVEU AlAM RoOT

{Hcuchcra ovalifolin )

145

146 JVhite to Green and Brown Flowers

and reddish, round, and willi wavy margin>. Il i> a pc-
culiar hut not an attractive phint.

Ilcuclicra (jlabni, or Smooth Alum Root, has roundish
lohed leaves which are douhly toothed; the cream-coloured
llowers £^i-o\v in a loose hranching cluster and the style is
much cxserted.

llciicJicya glabella, or Bristly Alum Root, differs from

the foregoini^- species in having leathery round-toothed

leaves, the tcetli of which are hristi}- at the apex and ha\e

marginal hairs. The white llowers are small and grow in

a loose hranching spike, each l)ranch hcing sulitended Iw a

hairy l)ristl\- l)ract.

TELLIMA

TcJVima graiidifiora. Saxifrage Famil\-

Stems: hispid-pubescent, from short tufted rootstocks. Leaves:
round-C(irdate, three-to-nine lobed, coarsely toothed, on long petioles.
Flowers: cream-colour, with rose-pink margins, on very short reflexed
pedicels; caly.x thick, cylindraceous, with turbinate tube ar.d short,
triangular, erect lobes, inflated : jietals laciniately cut into fdiform seg-
ments, narrowed below to a short claw.

A plant that is easily recognized hy means of its long

stalks, hearing numerotis rotmd cream-coloured or green

hlossoms. wh.ich arc set closely against it, their edges rose

colour and deeply fringed. It grows from one to two feet

high and has quantities of foliage, the leaves heing large,

rounded, and lohcd, with fine white hairs standing up all

over them.

MITREWORT

Mifclla Brczccri. Saxifrage Family

Stems: puliescent with brownish hairs. Leaves: round-cordate,
three-to-five lobed, toothed. Flowers: small, green, in simple spicate
racemes ; calyx short, campanulate ; petals pectinately pinnate, with fili-
form ])inncTa.

PLATE X.WII

Teluma -
(^Tcllima grandiHora)

147

I4<^ /f /ii/c to Green and Hroicn Floucrs

The Alitrcwort is one of the few absolutely green llowers
tliat grow in ihe niounlains; il derives its name of Milclla,
or Bishop's Cap, from the form of the seed-pod. It differs
from Nancv-over-the-gromid, first, in tliat its blossoms are
niiicli nmre fragile and green, and secundly. in that it is
more leafy and is covered w itli tin\- hairs.

Mitclla niida, or Bishop's Cap, has a stoloniferous stem.
The lea\es are circular and deeply cordate at the l)ase, bluntly
toothed at the edge, and covered on both sides with scat-
tered hairs. The greenish flowers are similar to those of
the preceding species.

Mitclla pcntandra, or Fi\-e-stamenc(l Mitrewort, has
leaves which are circular in outline. l)ut usuallv three-to-five
lobed and unequally toothed at the edge. The flowers ha\-e
a bell-shaped calyx with very short lobes and comj)oun(l
petals. The five stamens are placed opposite the petals.

Mitclla trijida, or /Vlpine Alitrewort, is siiaringiy covered
with coarse white hairs, and the flowers grow in a one-sided
cluster, each tiny stalk being subtended by a white bract.
Both the bell-shaped calyx and the three-toothed petals are
white.

MARSH GRASS OF PARNASSUS

Paniassia iiwntancnsis. Saxifrage Family

Stems: bearing one clasping ovate leaf. Leaves: ovate, petioled,
obtuse at the apex, cordate at the l)ase. Flowers: elliptic, few-veined;
petals five ; stamens numerous, in clusters at the base of each petal.

Why "Grass," and why "of Parnassus"? Assuredly
the traveller will be surprised when he finds what kind of
flower bears this exceedingly unsuitable name, for the Grass
of Parnassus is like a delicate wdiite buttercup, the veins in
its petals being strongly marked, and numerous stamens

fr/iite to Green and Broun Flou-ers 149

i^Towiiig at the base of every blade. Each stalk is clasped
by a single little round leaf, and a mass of smooth glossy
foliage grows close to the ground. These basal leaves are
much curled up, and in low-lying marshes and other wet
places you will find them in profusion during the month of
July. Perhaps it was the vel\-etv petals of the Grass of
Parnassus that caused Emerson to ask :

" Why Nature lo\es the number five,
And why the star-form she repeats?"

Eor in this particular mountain wild flower the five petals
and the star-form are both especially conspicuous.

raniassia finibriata, or Fringed Grass of Parnassus, is
also very common in moist jjlaccs among the mountains. It
closely resembles the plant already described, but may be
clearly distinguished from it, because the petals are con-
spicuously fringed towards the base and have fine marginal
hairs.

Paniassia parviflova, or Small Grass of Parnassus, re-
sembles the mountain species, but has smaller flowers, and
may alwavs l)e distinguished l)v the fact that the Itasal leaves
are oval, and not heart-shaped, but narrowed into a slender
stalk.

Paniassia Kotrjcburi. or Alpine Grass of Parnassus, is a
tinv species, onlv a few inches high, and is found at great
altitudes.

BRISTLY GOOSEBERRY

Ribi'S sctosiiDi. Saxifrage Family

Stems: with infra-axillary spines, slender, spreading, sometimes
none; hristles usually numerous, scattered. Leaves: slender-petioled,
broadly ov.ate in outline, five-lobed, (be lobes ineised-dentate. Flowers:
greenisb-wbite; calyx-lube cylindric. longer than the oblong lobes;

150 11 Inti' to Orccn and Broun Flowers

stamens not cxscrlcd. Fruit: a gloljose pnrplc berry, puli)y, the calyx
persistent on its sununil, sparingly bristly or often glabrous.

The bush on wliicli this liristly Gooseberry grows is found
in the sliady woods, and attains an average height of three
lect. Tlic llowers are greenish-white and very insignificant,
and tlie fruit consists of a small piu-plc pulpy berry, which is
sweet to the taste.

Rihes laciisfrc, or Swamp (looscl)errv, has branches cov-
ered with slender s])ines. The leaves are nearly circular in
oullinc, heart-slia])e(l. deeply live-to-seven lobed, and toothed
at the edges; while the green or purplish flowers grow in
loose racemes. The fruit is a purplish-black berry covered
with \\-eak 1)ristles.

Ribcs Iiiidsoiiianuiii. or Black Currant, has smooth erect
branches, and lea\es which are round-cordate, three-to-five
lobed, coarsely toothed, and resinous-dotted beneath. The
racemes of white llowers are dense, and the fruit is a smooth
black berry.

BIRCH-LEAVED SPIR^A

Spii'cra hicida. Rose Family

Stems: erect, reddish, woody, one to two feet high. Leaves: lower
ones small, obovate ; upper ones oval, acutish, unequally serrate on short
petioles. Flowers: cream-colour in compound corymbs; i)etals five,
rounded.

A small bushy shrub with woody stems bearing large
showy. Huffy flower-heads, flattened on the top and formed
of numerous tiny cream-coloured blossoms tinged with pink.

It frequently grows by the side of mountain roads and at
the edge of trails, wdiere the bright sunshine brings it out to
perfection. The red woody stems break off with a sharp
snap, and the scent of the flowers is extremely sweet.

PLATE XXVIII

BlRCH-I.EAVED SpiR.KA
( -V/'j/'a-a lucid a)

151

152

11 '/till' to Green anJ Brown Flou-ers

GOAT'S BEARD

Anincns sylvcslcr. Rose Family

Stems: erect, l)racted. Leaves: long-petioled, pinnate, three-to-
seven foliolale ; leaflets ovate, lanceolate, thin, acute at the apex,
rounded at the base, sharply doubly serrate. Flowers: in long, slender,
panicled spikes, erect or spreading.

This l;ill, shriil)-likc, perennial herb is quite unmistakable,
as it grows from three to ten feet high in the rich soil of
the wet valleys, and bears ntimerous long showy plumes of
closely clustered, minute, creamy llowers rising above its
masses of luxuriant strongly veined foliage. Thus the
Goat's Beard is both decorative and conspicuous. The tiny
flowers are formed of a fi\-e-lobed calyx and fi\e petals, and
the seeds are very small and shining.

ALPINE SPIR^A

Liitkca pcct'viata. Rose Family

Stems: cespitose, creeping, very leafy; flowering stems erect.
Leaves: trifoliolate, persistent; leaflets deeply lobed. Flowers: in
short terminal racemes ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, equalling the tube ;
petals obovate.

iV lovelv trailing plant, its flowers growing to an average
height of four inches, in elongated heads, each individual
tinv blossom having six white petals and a numl)er of yellow
stamens. The leaves grow close to the ground, resem1)ling
a large moss, and are deeply fringed and fern-like. The
shoots of the plant run along the groimd ; the stems of the
flowers are l)rittle and woody.

COMMON SERVICEBERRY

jimclanchicr florida. Rose Family

A shrub three to six feet high, more or less tomentose-pubescent when
young, at length glabrate throughout and 'somewhat glaucous. Leaves:

PLATE XXTX

Goat's IIeaud

(.Ininciis sylzcstcr)

153

154 flhiti' to Green (ind lironn I'/oucrs

thick, l)i(i;ully elliptic or orbicular, very obiusc, ami often truncate at the
apex, rounded or subcordatc at the base, coarsely dentate above the mid-
dle. Flowers: white, in short racemes, rather dense; petals five, oblan-
ceolate, cuncatc. Fruit: a globose pome, purple with a bloom, sweet.

Tliis is the low pcarly-llowcrcd slinil) whicli i^rows nn ihe
sand)- banks and Hats, and wliich the Inchans call Saskatoon,
inv its sweet pm'i)le berries form a st;i|)le article of food
^\ ilh tiiem durinj^ the months of Jul\- and .\nL;vist. It some-
what resembles the W'eslern Choke Cherry, bnl its greenish-
white blossoms are larger and have long narrow petals; also
its leaves are oval, with flattened ends, and are very coarsely
toothed abo\e the middle, wliereas those of the W'estern
Choke Clierrv are oblong, pointed, and fineh- toothed all
ronnd the edges. The bark of the little branches of the
Serviceberry is reddish, and the young leaves are fpiite pale
and downy underneath.

Aiiiclaiichier C'lisickii, or Thick-leaved Serviceherrv.
grows on stony hillsides, and has, as its name denotes,
thicker leaves than the preceding species.

WILD STRAWBERRY

rragaria glauca. Rose Family

Stems: running, and forming new plants. Leaves: tufted fmni the
root, villous-pubesccnt with spreading hairs, long-petioled, palmately-
trifoliatc ; leaflets oval, obtuse, dentate, the terminal one cuneate.
Flowers: of five petals, cyniose ; scape with appressed pubescent and
ger.erally glaucous leaves. Fruit: red, ovoid.

Nearly every one will easily recognize the blossoms of the
Wild Strawberry ])lant. " Doubtless God conld have made
a better berry, but doubtless God never did." This is
ecjually true of the fragrant scarlet fruits on the mountain
side as of their cultixated cousins in the garden.

Fragaria hractcata, or \\^ood Strawberry, is a small

PLATE XXX

Com mon Skuvu kiierky
{.liiicltiuchicr fh>i ida)

155

156 11 liitc to GrciU (lud liroiiii 1- lowers

species, marked l)y cunspicuous bracts, which grmvs on the
forested hillsides.

TALL CINQUEFOIL

Potciitilhi argnta. Rose Family

Stems: erect, stout, simple below. Leaves: seven-to-eleven foliolate;
leaflets ovale, obtuse at the apex, — tlie terminal one cuneate, the others
rounded at the l)ase. Flowers: cyme strict, close; calyx densely
pubescent.

Cinque foils are very nunicrotis in the mountain regions,
and somewhat resemble buttercups. The Tall Cinquefoil is
a fine showy plant, its white llowers growing in a cluster
and having h\e petals ; the stalks are hairy and have many
leaves growing up them. All the other Cinquefoils have
yellow llowers except P. paliistris. which has purple ones.

CAPBERRY

Ritbus pan ificrns. Rose Family

Erect, branched, very slightly bristly. Leaves: petioled, simple, cor-
date at the base, three-to-five lobed, the lo!)es acute, the middle one
slii^htly longer than the oth.ers, all coarsely and unequally serrate.
Flowers: white, few, corymbose, terminal; calyx-lobes tipped with a
long slender appendage. Fruit: depressed-hemispheric, edible, red
when ripe.

The five snow-white crinkled petals of the Capberry
look \ery frail and pretty when seen amid the dense coarse
foliage of this large bushv shruli. The flower is formed
like a miniature white rose, and has numerous tiny stamens
set around the convex receptacle in which are inserted the
carpels that ultimately ripen into drupelets and form an
aggregate red fruit.

The Capberrv grows abundantlv in the

" High-wooded hollows, where serenely rest
The lazy clouds, like giants in repose."

PLATE XXXI

C.MMtKRK

{Riihits f'ciiri/ionis )
157

158 II hiti' I0 (jrci'fi aii/I Ihoun Flowers

Riibiis stn'(/()siis, or Red l\as])l)erry. has shrul)l)v stems
usually (leusely co\-ere(l with weak i^landular ])rislles, ihc
older ones bearing small hooked prickles. The leaves are
three-to-five lobed, rounded at the base and sharply toothed.
The white flowers grow in a loose raceme and the fruit is
sweet, red and \er\- juicy.

Riibiis trillonis, or Dwarf Raspberry, has spineless stems
growing from six to eighteen inches high, and trifoliate
leaves the segments of which are nearly smooth and
pointed, tlie ternu'nal one l)eing wedge-shaped. The white
flowers usually grow in clusters of three on a slender stalk
and the fruit is a purplish-red berry.

Niibiis pcdatiis, or Creei^ing Rasp])erry, is a charming
little vine that trails over the rocks and creeps along the
ground, gemming the moss with its starry five-petalled white
flowers, in the centre of each of which grow manv fine yel-
low-tipped stamens. The lea\-cs are divided into three (or
very rarely five) leaflets, which are coarsely toothed at the
edges. The fruit consists of a cluster of from three to six
red juicy globules, pressed together and held in a cup of
tiny green leaves. The long lithe strands of this ])retty,
delicate vine are most decorative, as many white fl(jwers and
scarlet fruits may be gathered at the same time upon a single
trailing branch.

WOOD NYMPH

Dryas octopctala. Rose Family

Stems: prostrate, woody at the base, branched. Leaves: oblong-
ovate, coarsely crenate-toothed, obtuse at each end, green and glabrous
above, densely white-canescent beneath, the veins prominent. Flowers:
white. Fruit: plumose, conspicuous.

These beautiful white-cupped flowers grow close to the
ground, generally in dry sandy or rocky places. They do

PT.ATE XXXII

159

i6() U'liitc to Green and Broun Flowers

not al\\a}-s ha\c' ciiL;lil jjctals, as tlu'ir name would inilicale,
hut ina\' l)c fonnd willi from six to twelve (jn a single
llower. The name Dryas is from the Latin, sij^nifying "a.
wood-nymph," and certainly the velvety jjctals of this
daint\' ])lant, i^rowin^' amid a mass of sil\er-backed leaves,
are sutiicienlU- ex(|uisite to warrant the a])])ellation.

WHITE CLOVER

Trifoliuin rcpciis. Pea Family

Perennial, brandling at the base, rooting at the nodes. Leaves:
long-petiolcd ; stipules narrow, lanceolate; leaflets obcordate, denticulate.
Flowers: white or pinkish, in loose, glol)Ose long-peduncled lieads ;
calyx teeth acuminate. Fruit: ])ods four-seeded. Not indigenous.

This Common or Honeysuckle Clover is widely dis-
tributed. It may be quickly recognized l)y the fact that the
leaves all grow on long stalks directly from the root. This
is an introduced plant.

Trifoliuin hxhridiiui, or Alsatian Clover, is much taller
and has numerous leaves growing up on its flower-stalks.
The latter species is frequently pinkish in hue.

Clovers have a very close association with our childhood,
those happy bygone days when w^e plucked out single flowers
from the rounded heads and sucked the slender ttil)es of
nectar; and always the sweet scent of the Clover blossoms
recalls to us the well-remembered fields where

" South winds jostle them,
Bumble-bees come.
Hover, hesitate,
Drink, and are gone."

This is an introduced plant.

I'lui'i.K 1 Ikydsari'm ( lli'dysanoii Iwrcalc)
W'lini 1 Ikvi>s.\ki"m ( I IrJysiiniiii sulf'luiri'scrns)

White to Green and Broun Floicers i6i

INDIAN MILK VETCH

Astrci'^ahis aborigiiwruDi. Pea Family

Stems: finely glabrate, erect, branched. Leaves: leaflets linear, ob-
tuse; stipules ovate, acute, foliaceous. Flowers: white, tinged with
mauve in loose racemes ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; calyx black-
ish-pubescent, its teeth subulate. Fruit: pods semi-elliptic.

One of the least attractive of the Vetches. 1 1 has a long
yellow root which is collected in the spring by the Stony
and Cree Indians as an article of food. The leaves are
whitish and rather silky, and the flowers are chiefly notice-
able by reason of their (l;irk-lnied hairy calyx.

Astragalus tencllus, or Loose-flowered ]\Iilk Vetcli, has
ascending stems and thin oblong pale green leaflets, which
are blunt at the apex and narrowed at the base. The flow-
ers are yellowish-white, sometimes tinged with pink, and
grow in loose spike-like racemes. The pod is stalked.
papery and pointed at both ends.

LENTIL VETCH

Pluica iiiitericaiia. ' Pea Family

Stems: erect, nearly simple, tall, leafy, subglabrous. Leaves: leaf-
lets seven-to-nine paired, ovate, and elliptic-oblong; peduncles equal-
ling the leaves. Flowers: white, in a loose raceme. Fruit: pods ob-
long, acute at each eml, black-liairy.

A handsome plant, growing one to two feet high, with
manv leaves, and big while-flowered heads. It has no ten-
drils, but grows \ery stiflb- with tliick upright stalks,

WHITE HEDYSARUM
nrdysiinim sulf^hurcscrns. Pea Family

This is .'i white species of //. horcale, a full description
of which will be found in the r.liu' to Purple Section.

PLATE XXXTTT

Lentil Vetch
(Pliaca americana)

162

White to Green and Brown Flowers 163

WHITE VETCHLING

Lathynis oclirolcucns. Pea Family

Stems: slender, trailing. Leaves: leaflets in three to four pairs,
ovate, distinctly pelioled ; stipules semi-cordate, entire. Flowers: scven-
to-ten Hovvered, ochroleucus ; tendrils branched. Fruit: pods oblong-
linear, sessile, glabrous.

No one wandering- in the summer woods can mistake this
dainty, deHcate White V^etchhng. which trails along the
ground, climbs mer fallen trees, and twines its tiny branch-
ing tendrils about the shrubs beside wliich it grows. The
llowers resemble those of the common garden green pea.

WHITE GERANIUM

<

Gcraiiiuin liichanlsoiiii. (jcranium Family

Stems: erect with slender branches, one to three feel high. Leaves:
deeply five-to-seven-cleft, lobes sharply incised. Flowers: petals entire,
hirsute at base; sepals glandular, pilose.

This (ieranium is almost in\ariablv white, but \ery occa-
sionally it is piu-ple-red. The plant is a handsome one, tall,
with rich foliage and fine flowers.

WATER FENNEL

Callitrichc paliistris. Water Starwort Family

An a(iualic herb. Stems: submerged ones linear, bifid at the apex;
floating ones obovate, obtuse, dotted with stellate scales. Fruit: com-
pressed, lobed, winged only towards the apex, separated by a deep
groove.

'ibis plant is tnutid chicll\- in running water, (^r growing
in tlie mud. It has minute llowers and a lobed winged
fruit.

164 fr/iifi' to Green and Brown Flowers

MOUNTAIN LOVER

Pacliistiiiia Myrsiiiitcs. Staff Tree Family

Stems: densely I)rancliecl. Leaves: opposite, ovate or lanceolate,
cuiicate at the base, the upper half serrate. Flowers: in axillary cymes.

A low evergreen shrub wilh numerous l^ranches and very
pretty foliage. The leaves arc smooth and oblong, and the
tiny greenish-brown llowers grow in the axils of the leaves.

CANADA VIOLET

Viola canadensis. Violet Family

Stems: Rlal)rous, six inches to two feet liisli. Leaves: cordate,
pointid. serrate; stipules entire. Flowers: petals white, tinged and
veined witli i)ur])lc, sometimes nearly mauve-pink; spur very short;
stigma beakless.

One of the most beautiful of the many violets which grow
in the mountains, its lovelv white ]:)etals, ])uri)lc-shadcd on
the l)ack, giving forth a delicate fragrance, and its tall leafy
stems bearing aloft many blossoms. Usually it is found in
the moist mossy woods, where it flourishes luxuriantly : but
it also grows on the open alpine meadows, though here its
stalks are not so tall, nor its flowers so large, as thev are in
the shade of the pines and firs. The Canada A^iolet con-
tinues to bloom from June until Septemljer.

ALPINE WILLOW-HERB

Efilohiiim alpiiiuiii. Evening Primose Family

Stems: erect with elongated internodcs. Leaves: ellipical, petioled,
slightly repand-denticulate, obtuse. Flowers: terminal in the upper
axils. Fruit: a slender many-seeded capsule.

This small A\'ill(^w-herb, which grows at the high alti-
tudes, is almost in\-ariablv white, though very rarely it has
pinkish flowers. The leaves are pale green and the green

"I^

PLATE XXXIV

^

Canada Vidlet
(I^iola raitadciisis)

165

1 66 While to Green and Brown Flowers

seed-pods arc linL;cd with led, while the snujcjth seeds are
tufted with 1<mi^- liairs at the ends.

PACIFIC ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE

Circcra pacifica. Evening Primrose Family

Stems: !?l;iI)rons, simple. Leaves: ovate, rounded or cordate at the
base, acute, repandly-denticulatc. Flowers: calyx with a very short
tube. Fruit: capsule obovale, two-valvcd, v/ith a simple erect seed in
each cell.

This Pacific Coast species of Cifca^a is a perennial herb,
and grows from six to twelve inches hi.i^h from a small
tnl)er. It has thin, broad leaves, and the small white llow-
ers s^row in racemes without bracts. The seeds are hispid
with hooked hairs.

Circcca alpina, or Small Enchanter's Nii^htshade, has
weak. biTtnching' stems, and smrill w/hite or reddish llowers
growing in a slender raceme subtended by minute bracts.
The leaves are heart-shaped, shining and coarselv toothed,
and the bur-like fruit is covered with weak hooked hairs.
The names of these plants are somewhat misleading; they
neither resemble the Nightshades, nor do they suggest en-
chantment. Many hundred years ago Dioscorides de-
scribed a plant named after Circe, the enchantress so skilled
in the use of poisonous herbs, and that name was accidentally
transferred to these rather insignificant little flowers which
grow in the dense forests.

SPIKED WATER MILFOIL

}[yriopliyliiiiii spicatuui. Water Milfoil Family

Submerged leaves: in whorls of fours and fives, dissected into capil-
lary divisions. Floral leaves: ovate, entire or serrate, usually shorter
than the flowers, or sometimes none. Flowers: white, in spikes; petals
four; stamens eight. Fruit: splitt'ng at maturity into four bony, one-

fr/iife to Green and Brown Flowers 167

seeded, indehiscent carpels, wliicli are rounded on the back, with a deep
wide groove l)et\veen thcni, smooth, or very rarely slightly rugose.

Tin's is an aquatic herb, with su1)merged, spreading,
thready leaves set in whorls of four or five round the thick
stems. Sometimes it has floral leaves that are very small
and usually shorter than the blossoms. The name Myrio-
phxUujii is from the Greek and means " myriad-leaved."
The flowers are minute and white-petalled and grow in tiny
interrujjtcd spikes.

BOTTLE BRUSH

Iliffiiris 7'iilgaris. Water ^Milfoil Family

Stems: slender, glabrous. Leaves: linear or lanceolate, acute, ses-
sile, in crowded verticles of six to twelve, more or less sphacelate at the
apex. Flowers: small, axillary; calyx-limb minute, entire; petals none;
stamen one, with a short thick filament and comparatively large two-
celled anther deliiscent by lateral slits. Fruit: a small, one-celled, one-
seeded drupe.

This is also an aquatic herb, with slender erect stems,
bearing circles of from six to twelve narrow lea^•es iu the
axils, and curintis tiu\- flowers which ha\-e no petals and only
one stamen inserted on the margin of the cal}'x. The plant
grows from eight to twcnt\' inches high.

JIif'>lviris inoiilaiid. or Mimntain Mare's Tail, is a tiny
species growing onl\- twn to four inches high, and has nar-
row pointt'<l lea\"es in whorls and an o\al fniit.

WILD SARSAPARILLA

.Iralia iiitdiciiiilis. Ciinseng Family

Stems: scarcely rising out of the ground, smooth. I.,eaves: com-
piiuud, Icallets oblong-ovate, iiointed. serrate. Flowers: ii. umbels.

IMie somewhat wdocK stems of this plant are extremely
short and lia\c a single long-stalked compound leaf, and a

1 68 IF /lite to Green and Btoq.cn Flout'fs

^hi>ricr naked llowcr-stalk bearing;" u>iiall\- three umbels of
nunierdiis little t^reenisli llinvers. The lont; horizf^ntal root
is very aromatic, and is often sold as a stibstitute for the
.e^enuine Sarsaparilla ; while the fruit is dark purple and
berr\'-like.

DEVIL'S CLUB

Fatsia horrida. Ginseng Family

Stems: stout, two to twelve feet high, dccinnljent at the base,
leafy at the summit, \ ery prickly throughout. Leaves: palmately lobed.
Flowers: the greenish-white capitate umbels in a long dense raceme;
calyx-teeth ojjsolete : petals five, valvate in the Inid ; stamens five, alter-
nate with the petals; filaments filiform. Fruit: drupaceous.

A tall shrub coiisistinf^ of a single stout stem covered with
long sharp si)ines. which are extremely poisonous. It
usually grows al)Out six or eight feet high, and has huge
palm-like leaves, which are also prickly. The flowers grow
in a dense chister at the top of the stem, rmd in time ttirn
into bright red l)erries.

This plant should be care full v avoided in the forests. It
has been rightl\' named " Devil's Club," since no hutnan
being may touch it with impunity.

CRISP-LEAVED SWEET CICELY

Osmorltiza obtiisa. Parsley Family

Stems: glabrous. Leaves: ternately compound, leaflets ovate, acumi-
nate, tlie teeth mucronate. Flowers: in few-rayed umbels. Fruit:
with prominent caudate attenuation at base, ribs equal.

This plant has pretty fern-like leaves, thick anise-scented
roots which are edible, and very ephemeral flowers, whose
white wistful faces look up at one from the flat-topped
clusters.

OsinorJiica diraricata, or \\''estern Sweet Cicelv. is a

PLATE XXXV

I'"i;i<x-i.r..\\Ki) I.(iv.\(,K
(Liiiiisticiiiii a f'ii folium )

169

\yo iriiiti' to Green and Broun Flouers

taller plant with ninic spreading umlicls. Txitli of these
Sweet C'icel_\'s ,L;'rt'W in the ei mi lernus lnrests.

FERN-LEAVED LOVAGE

Ligiisliiiiin iifiiifoliitin. Parsley Family

Roots large, aromatic. Stems: thick. Leaves: radical, ternate, or
biternate, then once or twice pinnate, the segments ovate, laciniatcly
l)imiaufi(l. Flowers: in imil)e]s of numerous rays, with involucre of
linear bracts : ca]yx-lol)es ol)solete.

A heautifnl j)lant. having- hne white lluwer-heads and
decorative fern-like foliage.

Ligiisticum Grayi, or Gray's Lovage, has leaves which
are nearly all radical, and umbels of numerous rays with
involucels of several narrow elongated bractlets. The fruit
is oblong, with short conical stxlopodia, and narrow promi-
nent almost winged ribs.

LARGE-SEEDED PARSLEY

Loiiiatiu:ii niacrocarpitm. Parsley Family

Stems: nearly stcniless. Leaves: compound, leaflets pinnately in-
cised, on rather short petioles. Flowers: in a somewhat unequally
three-to-ten-rayed umbel. Fruit: llattened dorsally, oblong, laterally
winged.

.\ hairy Parsley much branched at the base from a thick-
elongated root. The lea\es are com])ound, and the short
stalks of the leaflets are purplish at the base. The white
flow^ers grow in flat umbels.

COW PARSNIP

Hcraclcutji lanatum. Parsley Family

Stems: very stout, tomentose-pubescent, rigid. Leaves: petioled, ter-
nately divided, the segments broadly ovate, cordate, stalked, lobed and
sharply serrate; petioles much inflated. Flowers: umbels many-
raved.

PLATE XXXVI

{Hcraclcum laiiatiiiii )
171

172 JJhitc to Green and Broicn Flowers

I Icriulcuui, from llic (Ircck nrime (jf Ilcrcules, is an ex-
ccllcnl designation \uv this Inline Cow Parsnip, which anKjnt^-
phmts is certainly a vcritaljlc hero for strength and size,
frequently growing to a height of eight feet. Its huge
leaves and great clusters of wliitc llowers, (jften measuring
a foot across, are \ery slicjwy, and once seen will al\\a}'s be
remembered. The plant has an extremely nast\- smell.

BUNCHBERRY

Coniiis caiuitli-iisis. DoLiwood Family

Stems: i.rcct. Leaves: vcrticillalc at the summit of tlie stem,
sessile, dval, i)iiinalcly veined, acute at each end, entire; bracts in-
volucral, wliitc. Flowers: greenish, cai^itale. Fruit: red, glnbose.

A slender tough stem l^earing a circle of four or fi\-e oval,
pointed lea\'es at its sumnut, out of the midst of which
grows a cluster of inconspicu(3us tiny green llowers, sur-
rounded bv four beautiful while bracts, — such is the Pjunch-
bcrry, or Pigeonberry, which we find ever}-where in the
forests. It will sm^iirisc man}- trawUers to learn that th.c
lo\'ely white leaves are not the petals, but only the bracts
encircling the wee green dowers in the centre.

\\ hen these white bracts have fallen off, each flowerdiead
develops into a Ijunch of small scarlet berries, from which
the species derives its common name.

Coniiis stolonifcra, or Red-osier Dogwood, is a hand-
some shrub, with bright red stems and numerous flat-topped
clusters of prettv little greenish-white flowers, which have
a verv fragrant odour. The Western Indians call it Kinni-
kiiiic, and dry and use the inner bark in place of tobacco;
while the half-breeds of the i)lains call it Haroiigc, signi-
fying " a red switch." The fruit is a cluster of round dark
blue berries.

PLATE XXXVTI

{Cornus canadensis)

173

174 I r hit I' to Green and Brown Flowers

ONE-FLOWERED WINTERGREEN

Moiicscs iiiii/lora. llcaili l-'aniily

Stems: bearing three whorls of leaves at the base, continued above
into a bracted scape. Leaves: orbicular, pctioled, serrulate. Flowers:
solitary, drooping; petals five, widely spreading, sessile; style straight;
stigma peltate, large, conspicuous, with five narrow lobes.

Asa Gray has called this fragrant flower a " single de-
light." and certainly it is a joy to the traveller to find its
solitary droo])ing blossoms l)ent close down upon the soft
green carpet of the July woods. In the deep shade of the
conifers beds of these exquisite waxen Wintergreens grow
in profusion, each flower hanging its head and resembling a
sinning star. 1\n-n its face upwards, however, and you
will find its white petals have ten yellow-tipped stamens
l)laced at their base, and that the style, which is very large
and long, projecting from a conspictious round green ovary,
is crowned b\' a fi\e-lobed stigma. I'hc leaves are set in
three circles on the stem, close to the ground, and are dark
green, smooth-surfaced, and have serrated margins.

The One-flowered W'intergreen is a dweller in the dark-
est corners of the woods, where

" Tliat (U-licate forest flower,
With scented l^reath, and look so like a smile.
Seems, as it issues from the shapeless mould,
An emanation from the indwelling life."

GREEN-FLOWERED WINTERGREEN

Pyrola clilorantlia. Heath Family

Stems: three-to-ten flowered. Leaves: small, orbicular, coriaceous,
not shining. Flowers: nodding; calyx-lobes short, ovate, acute; petals
very obtuse ; stamens declined ; anthers distinctly contracted lielow tlie
openings, with beaked tips; style declined, and curved upwards to-
wards the apex, longer than the petals.

White to Green and Broun Flowers 175

This Lily-v)f-tlie-Valley-like ])kiiit is found in the dry
woods among the moss, and always in the shade. On a tall,
slender, single-bracted stalk grow numerous little nodding
greenish-white bells, five-lobed, with yellow-brown stamens
and a long, protruding, green style that is curved upwards
at the apex and tipped by a large five-parted stigma. The
leaves, round and small, grow in a cluster at the base of the
plant, which springs from running roots. It has a slight
sweet odour, and, in common with all the Pyrolas, is an
evergreen.

Pyrola scciinda, or One-sided W^intergreen, has erect
stems when young, but as the days pass and the little buds
open, the weight of the secund raceme bends it over until it
droops gracefully downwards. The flowers, which all
grow on one side of the stem, are greenish-w'hite in hue, and
the long style protrudes far beyond the petals. The leaves
grow at the base of the plant and are oval, their niargins
being serrated ; they extend a short way up the stem, which
is frequently bracted al)o\c.

Pyrola lu'uior, or Small W'intcrgrcen, is a smaller, more

delicate species found ])rincipally near running water, and

which has whiter bells than either of the two preceding

forms. It mav always be distinguished from other Pyrolas,

even in bud. l)y the fact that it has a short st\le, which does

not protrude bc}dnd tlie petals of the globular l)lossoms. A

slight fragrant scent emanates from its waxen bells. The

lca\'es are oval with small rounded teeth and the flowers are

nodiling.

STRIPED ALLOTROPA

AUoln't^a viiijata. llcatli I'amily

Stems: scxiral from a dcop-scatcd perennial rnotstix'k. Leaves:
none, luacts scal\-. Flowers: CDrolla nunc, caly.x of five rounded sepals,

176 ir/ilte to Green and Brown Flowers

croscly dcntalc. Fruit: capsule glohosc, seeds niiiuite, sc(^l)ilili>riii, the
loose coal produced at both ends.

There is only one kncnvn species of this curious parasitic
plant, which is deep cream-ccjlourcd with red stri])es. "J'he
iuiincr<nis lin\' llowcrs grow in a w and-sh.'ipcd spil<c, and
the ovate, scaly bracts are closely set at llic l)a>e of the thick
stems, 1)ecnniin<j^ fewer al)o\e, and i^rachially passing into
llic narrciw bracts of the man^'-llowcred spike. The little
pedicels are erect or s[)reading, and two-bracted, while the
several stems grow from six to twelve inches high from a
deep-seated, perennial rootstock.

INDIAN PIPE

Moiiotropa uiiifJora. Heath Family

Stems: smooth, lleshy, scaly. Leaves: none. Flowers: ol)t)ng, hell-
shaped, nodding', two to four sepals, four to hve scale-like petals.
Fruit: capsule erect, many seeded.

This waxy, cold and clammv ]dant is white throughout —
stalks, scales, and flowers — -only the eight or ten yellowish
stamens giving a faint touch of colour to its ghost-like ap-
pearance. \'erv rarelv the Indian Pipe is rose-colour, and
always it turns blackish when dying. Of all ghoulish para-
sites the Monotropas are among the worst, their matted,
brittle, fibrous roots preying on the juices of other plants, or
on dead and decaying matter. The single, bell-sha])C(l
flower hangs its head at the top of each scaly stalk, but wdien
the numerous seeds begin to form it raises its head erect.

Monotrol^a Hypopitys. or Pinesap, has white, tawny or
rose-coloured flow-ers that are very fragrant, and oblong-
bell-shaped, borne in a one-sided, terminal, drooping raceme,
and, like the Indian Pipe, becoming erect at maturity. The
scaly-bracted scapes rise in clusters from a mass of fleshy,

PLATE XXXMTI

liNUiAN I'll'K
{Mciiotrnf^d uitifiora)

^77

178 IF /lite to Green and Broun Flowers

fihroiis roots, llic l)racts very denselx' iml)n'critc*(l at tlie base
of the peduncles, and, together with the precechng species,
the Pinesap is Ijranded as a parasite by the loss of all leaves
and chlorophyll.

PINE DROPS

Pterospora Andromcdca. llealh Family

Stems: scape bractcd, grooved, densely covered with viscid hairs.
Leaves: none, l)racts lanceolate or linear, very nnmerous, crowded at
the I)asc. Flowers: numerous, racemose. Fruit: capsule globose-
ovoid, tapering, witli a reticulated broad wing.

The roots of this parasitic plant are extremely astringent
and form a thick fibrous mass, often two feet in diameter.
The scape is lirownish or i)urplish, grooved, and thickly
co^•ered with stickv hairs. It stands from six inches to two
feet high, and the white, bell-shaped, nodding flowers grow
in a long, terminal, bracted raceme. The narrow bracts
are verv crowded at the base of the scapes, and the whole
plant is clammv and glutinous.

NEWBERRYA

Nnvhcrrya coitgcsta. Heath Family

Stems: scapes four to eight inches high. Leaves: none, scales
crowded or loosely imbricated, obtuse. Flowers: greenish, brownish,'
reddish, in a terminal cluster. Fruit: ovary ovate, contracted at the
apex into a long style, stigma depressed-capitate, umliilicate.

An erect, low, fleshy, parasitic plant, with greenish,
brownish or reddish flowers growing in a terminal raceme.
The calvx is incomplete, of two bract-like, entire se])als. and
the corolla is tubular-urceolate. four to five lobed and per-
sistent. The whole plant is brownish and stands four to
eight inches high. The scales are thin, with slightly erose

WiK)LLY Labrador Tea
( Ledum (voculandtcum )

■iS-V ■=*

J J kite to Green and Broun Flowers 179

margins, the upper ones forming the Ijracts of the densely-
crowded, compact fiower-chisters.

WOOLLY LABRADOR TEA

Ledum grocnlandiciDii. Heath Family

Stems: erect or ascending, the bractlets rusty-tomentose. Leaves:
oblong, obtuse, green and slightly rugose above, densely tomentose
beneath, the wool soon ferruginous, and the margins strongly revolute.
Flowers: umbellate or corymbose, numerous, terminal; petals five,
spreading; pedicels brown-cancscent, recurved in fruit.

This lo\-ely ilovvering shrul) thri\es chiefly on low-lying
flats and in wet marshy places, where its large terminal clus-
ters of snow-white hlossoms grow abundantly from sticky
scaly buds on the low bushes. The foliage of the Woolly
Labrador Tea is strictly characteristic, for the leaves are
long-shaped, with rexolute margins, green and slightly
wrinkled on the top and densely woolly imderneath. the wool
in the developed foliage being the colour of iron rust. This
thick woolly growth is probably designed for the express
purpose of protecting the pores of the leaves from becoming
clogged by the moist vajxjurs that must necessarily rise
r<mnd a1)niu tlieni, owing to the extremelv wet ground in
which the shrubs flourish. Plants that grow in very damp
localities arc speciallv de])endent upon the free perspiration
of their lea\es to tlirow i»tT the \ast (luantities of moisture
the\' absorb through tlieir roots and stems; conseqtiently
such marsh shrubs as the Labrador Teas are forced Xo adopt
a regidar system in order to prevent the pores of their leaves
from becoming so congested with moisture Irom outside
that thev t-aunoi ])erform their legitimate function of throw-
ing off the moi>tiu\' from within. The small branches are
also co\ered with red. rusl\'. wool-like hairs.

l8o JJliitt' to Grrcn and Brown Flowers

The llowcr-clustcrs arc \crv beautiful, each iu(hvi(hial
l)lossoni eonsistin^i;- of Ihe ])ure while petals, with a lar_£,^e
green ovary set in the centre ; the style and numerous lung
stamens are very conspicuous. Both the flowers and leaves
ha\e a strong aromatic fragrance.

Lnliiiii ijhtndulosum, or Smooth-leaved Labrador Tea,
has also long-shaped, thick, leatherv leaves of a brownish-
green hue, l)ut they are not woolly underneath, being f|uitc
smooth on both sides, though sliglillv white and resinous
below. Idle llower-clusters closely resemble those of L.
ynvnkindicum.

The name Labrador 1\\'i is derixed from the fact that
many old settlers, and also campers and lumbermen in the
backwoods, formerly used in place of tea a decoction brewed
from the aromatic leaves of this shrub.

MOUNTAIN RHODODENDRON

Rhododendron albifioruni. Heath Family

Leaves: membranaceous, oblong, oljscurely undulate. Flowers: from
separate one-to-three llo\vere<l, lateral, scaly, cone-like buds below the
leaves; calyx five-parted, the divisions more or less foliaceous; corolla
five-lohed ; filaments bearded at the base, open-campanulate ; stamens
ten ; style peltate, five-lobed.

Idiis is one of the most beautiful llowering shrubs found-
growing on the highest mountains.

" Oh, tlie windings up and down
That the dizzy pathway took !
Now along the craggy bed
Of a sun-dried mountain brook ;
Now along a ledge that led
By a chasm's crumbling brink,
Dropping deep and sheer away
Til rough the golden Syrian day
To the dreamy blur of ])ink

PLATE XXXTX

jMuumain Rhododexdron
(Rliodndciidroii alhiflontm)

l8l

182 frill fc fo Green anrl Brown Floiccrs

Tliat tlic okanders niailc, —
Here in sun, and tluTc in sliadc.
Up, and up, and uj) wo went.
While, a spacious azure tent,
Arabesqued with morn, the sky
Hung above us radiantly."

Had tlie pod who ])cnnc(l these lo\eh- h'ncs referred to

. . . the creamy blur of white
That the rhododendrons made,

his \-erses would as fitly have descrihed the fiiidinn' of the
cx(|nisite waxen bells of the Mountain Rhododendron as
that of

" The dreamy blur of pink
That the oleanders made,"

for it is on the most inaccessible ledges, and close to the
great slopes of eternal snow, tliat the oblong" glossy green
leaves of this alpine shrub gleam brightly in the sunshine of
the July days, and the slim, stiff, brown stems bear aloft
clustering circles of pure white flowers, holding \\ ithin their
chalice-cups the ten pale yellow stamens and the st}'le. The
edges of the foliage are slightly wavy, the calyx is five-
parted, each division resembling a small leaf, and the corolla
is bell-shaped and cut into five rounded lobes. The buds
are scaly and cone-like.

WHITE MOUNTAIN HEATHER

Bryaiitlnis glaudiiliflonts. Ileath Family

Stems: rigid, fastigiately branched. Leaves: numerous, crowded, but
somewhat spreading, linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base to a
short petiole. Flowers: corolla short-lobed, glabrous.

The flowers of the White Mountain Heather are like little
fat cream-coloured bulbs, with a tinv opening that is lobed.

Halite to Green and Broicn Flowers 183

Its leaves are Ioniser and more si)reacling than those of the
Heath, near which it nsuanv ctows.

WHITE HEATH

Cassiol^e Mcrtcnsiana. Heath Family

Stems: rather stout, rigid, ascending with fastigiate branches, low-
growing. Leaves: glabrous, carinate, and not furrowed on the back,
imbricated in four ranks; corolla five-lobed.

Tlie heantiful white mountain Heath grows abundantly at
high altitudes and is much prized by travellers. Its
branches ai)pear four-sided by reason of the manner in
which the tiny leaves grow on them, and from these
branches slender stalks are sent forth bearing at their tips
waxen nodding bells, each composed of a five-lobed corolla
with a small green calyx.

" Aleck dwellers mid yon terror-stricken cliffs.
With brows so pure, and incense-breathing lips,
Whence are ye ? Did some white-winged messenger,
On Mercy's missions, trust your timid germ.
To the cold cradle of eternal snows ;
Or, breathing on the callous icicles.
Bid them with tear-drops nurse ye?"

Cassiope tctragona, or Four-angled Heath, is a very rare
plant. It has ascending branches, and the leaves which are
closely a])]')ressed and channeled on the back are imbricated
in four rows winch makes the branches appear four-sided.
The llowcrs greatly re>emble those of the preceding species.

RED-BERRIED GAULTHERIA

GaitUhciia oi'iilifnliti. Heath I'limily

Stems: depressed, trailing, with ascending branches. Leaves:
broadly ovate, serrulate. Flowers: on short solitary pedicels in the
axils of the leaves. Fruit: a berry.

PLATE XL

White Heath

(Cassiopc Mcrtcnsiana)
184

JFhite to Green and Broivn Flowers 185

The Ijright scarlet berries of this i)lant, funned of the
calyx, are extremely attractive and aromatic. The egg-
shaped lea\'es are evergreen, dark and sliining above and a
lighter colour Ijeneath, and have blunt-toothed margins.
The white or pale pink flowers are campanulate with re-
curved lobes.

Gaiiltheria huinifiisa, or Creeping Gaultheria, is a tufted
species with flowering branches one to five inches long and
small oval lea\-es. The i)inkish-white flowers are depressed-
campanulate, little exceeding tlie calyx in length, and the
fruit resem1)les that of the preceding species. These plants
are named after Ungues Gaultier, a naturalist and court-
])hysician at (Juebec in the middle of the i8th century.

SWEET ANDROSACE

.■Indrosacc Cluiuiccjasmc. Primrose Family

Stems: slender. Leaves: in more or less open rosulate tnfts, one-
nerved, ovate. Flowers: in capitate nml)els.

The sweet smell of these delicate little clustered blossoms,
that grow from one to three inches above the soil and fill the
air with fragrance, is most attractive. Their primrose-like
]ietals, of creamy or pinkish hue, look up with yellow eyes
to greet each passer-b}-, while rosulate tufts of tin}- narrow
leaves are set about the slender stems.

Androsace septcntrionalis, or Alpine Androsacc. is a \'ery
different species from the foregoing c^ne. having much-
branched thread-like stems bearing utimerous tiny white
flowers. The leaves are lance-shaiied and rosulate.

Androsacc diffusa, or Spreading .\ndrosace, is more or
less hairv and has narrow rosulate lea\es which are s|iar-
inglv toothed. The scapes are erect, spreading and often
diffusely branched, and the pinkish-white flowers have a

1 86 fr/iifi' to (jrccn and Brown Flowers

cnr(ill;i wliiil) c(jiials llie tips nf the calyx scgnicnls in

lcn,L;lli.

STAR-FLOWER

I'riciihilis arctica. Primrose Family

Rootstock creeping, seiuling up many stem-like branches, which are
naked below, the leaves all in a verticil of five to ten at the snmmit.
Leaves: membranous, lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, sessile.
Flowers: solitary or few; calyx usually of seven sepals; corolla wheel-
shaped, of seven petal-like segments.

'Jlie prcttv l)lo.ssoms of this Star-flower are j^enerally
white, thoti.^h soiiietiiiies tinned with iiiaii\ish-])ink-. and so
i^racefnlly are they poised on slender stalks ahovc a whorl ot'
pointed lea\es that e\"ery puff of wind hlows theni gentlx- to
and fro. The nuniher se\'en recurs with marked frequency
in this particular plant, — the calyx is seven-parted, the
corolla segments are seven, and the stamens seven, while the
leaves of the whorl also are usually seven in number, some
being large and some small.

Bryant writes of the alpine meadows,

" Where star-flowers strew the rivulet's side,"

but as a matter of fact it is generally in the shady woods,
near the foot of some large forest tree, that these dainty
little flowers are found.

MARSH BUCKBEAN

Mcjiyaiiilics trifoliata. Gentian Family

Rootstock: thick, scaly, marked by the scars of bases of former peti-
oles. Leaves: trifoliate, leaflets oblong, entire, obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed to the sessile base. Flowers: in a raceme borne on a long,
scape-like, naked peduncle ; calyx short ; corolla funnel-form, five-cleft,
its lobes bearded within.

This is a perennial swamp herb whose lovely white flow-
ers and triple leaves are the glory of many a secluded moun-

JVhite to Green and Broicn Flowers 187

tain marsh. The face of the five white or inirph'sh-])ink
(hvisions of the corolla are covered with soft hairs, which
s^ive the flowers a dainty feathery appearance, and inside
tlie tul^e are placed the five stamens, while the style is long
and projects heyond them.

MIST MAIDENS

RoDuuizoifia silchciisis. Water-leaf Family

Stems: slender, scape-like, ascending or spreading. Leaves: rnund-
reniform, tiiree-to-seven lobed on slender petioles. Flowers: in a
loose terminal raceme ; corolla funnel-form, the broad lobes rounded.

One of the most exquisite fragrant alpine plants, that
grows

" Where the sunliglit fills the hours.
Dissolves the crust, displays the flowers."

At high altitudes, when the warmth of July has melted
the snow and set the flowers free, you will find the creamy
blossoms of these Mist Maidens in many a nook amongst
the forbidding rocks, their corollas shimmering like pearls
in the green setting of their round scalloped leaves. The
texture of these flowers is simplv marvellous, for they have
a bloom upon them so beautiful that it resembles noth-
ing less than riclicst white \-el\ct. while in their centres a
few pale yellow stamens give to each blossom a heart of
gold.

Mist Maidens are seldom found below an altitude of
6000 feet, and where the cliffs rise bleak and barren, where
the ways are ice bound and the rocks are bare, there it is a
joy to find this lovelv plant snuglv ensconced in some tiny
cleft that is watered b\ tlic melting snows. Only those who
ha\e toiled and I'b'nibed in search of ii can know the lull
delii-ht < if its (lisco\erv.

PLAIE XLJ

Ifliite to Green and Brown Flowers 189

WHITE LOUSEWORT

Pedicularis racemosa. Figwort Family

Stems: glabrous, leafy to the top. Leaves: all cauline, lanceolate, un-
divided, finely serrulate. Flowers: few, in short leafy racemes; calyx
oblique, deeper cleft before than behind, the lobes abruptly acuminate ;
galea produced into an incurved beak, nearly as long as the broad lower
lip, hamate-deflexed.

The (lull w liite or very pale yellow beaked flowers of the
White Lonsewort are set in a close cluster at the top of the
stalks, and are embedded amongst small deeply- fringed
leaves.

The repellent common name of this plant is derived di-
rectly from the Latin one, which was bestowed upon it be-
cause once upon a time farmers believed that when their
flocks fed upon these flowers the sheep were liable to be
attacked by certain tiny lice, called pcdicnlns.

Pedicularis contorta, or Contorted Lousewort, is very like
the White Lousewort but has cream-coloured flowers set
singly all the way up on the slender stalks. Its foliage is
fern-like and often tinged with reddish-brown; long leaves
grow out from the base, and small ones are interspersed
with the numerous blossoms on the stems.

The Contorted Lousewort grows at \cry high altitudes,
being usually found at 7000 feet.

COMMON PLANTAIN

Plaitta:^o )iiajor. Plantain Faniilj-

Rootstock short, thick, erect. Leaves: spreading, ovate, entire; spike
dense, obtuse at ape.x. Flowers: perfect, protcrogynous ; sepals broadly
ovate, scarious on the margins. Fruit: pyxis seeded, circunisessile near
the middle.

PLATE XI. II

G'MiiKIJ-.H LOUSEWOKT

(Pediciilaris coiitorta)

Uliife to Green and Broun Flouers 191

The Common Plantain is so familiar to travellers that it
calls for no special description. It has greenish flower-
spikes and reddish seeds.

Plantago major var. asiatica, or Asiatic Plantain, has
oval several-ribbed leaves, the base abruptly contracted into
a petiole, and longer less dense spikes of greenish flowers
than the preceding species. Kalm says that in the United
States Plantains were formerly called " Englishman's
Foot," because it was believed that wherever a Britisher
went these plants always followed in his steps. This is an
introduced plant.

NORTHERN BEDSTRAW >

Galium borealc. Madder Faniily

Stems: smooth, branched, leafy. Leaves: m fours, linear, acute.
Flowers: in terminal panicles, dense, many-flowered in small compact
cymes. Fruit: Iiispid.

The Northern Bedstraw may be distinguished by the fact
that its tiny narrow leaves grow in circles of four round
the stems. It is a plant bearing many small white flowers
in clusters, and the seeds are twin burs, covered with numer-
ous hooked bristles, b}^ means of which they cling to the
clothing of the passer-by and the fur of animals.

Sir John I'Yanklin in his book TJie Polar Seas describes
this plant as being used by the Indians as a vegetable dye.
They call it Sa^eoyan, and after boiling the roots they mix
the li(|uid with the juice of strawberries and cranberries,
and thus obtain a beautiful scarlet dye.

Galium trifloruDi, or Sweet-scented Bedstraw. always
grows in threes, or on three-branched stems, as might lie
inferred from the name tritlontm. The leaves are a trifle
broader than those of (/. boreale, but the flowers of both

\()2 Jfliitc to Green and Brown Floicers

have a foiir-lnhcd white C(jrolla. At all times, but espe-
cially when dried, this plant has a sweet odcjur resembling
that of vanilla. Its seeds are two-lobed and are covered
with tiny hooked hairs, which have earned for it the de-
scriptive name of " Cleaver," for verily its burs cleave fast
to anythin.i; with which they come in contact.

Galiiiin Irifidniii, or Small Hedstraw, has slender weak
four-angled stems, very freel\- intertangled. and forms dense
mats on the grtjimd. The narrow spatulate primarv leaves
are usually in fours and the pale flowers are solitary on
long stalks and grow in pairs at the nodes. It is a wet-
loving plant.

SNOWBERRY

Syiiiphoricarpus laccnwsus var. paiiciflonis. Honeysuckle Family

Leaves: opposite, broadly oval, entire, soflly pubescent. Flowers:
solitary in the upper axils, and two or three in the terminal spike ;
corolla campanulate, five-lobcd, bearded within; stamens and style in-
cluded. Fruit: a white berry.

When in tlower this low spreading shrul) bears its small
white or ])inkish bells in tiny clusters at the ends of the
numerous ui)right branches, and also singly in the upper
axils of the leaves. When in fruit the pretty, white, waxen
berries render the Syiii/^horicarpiis both conspicuous and at-
tractive. These berries are oval in the early stages of de-
velopment, when with their snowy weight they bend down
the flexible branches, and become rounded at maturity.
They contain two brown bony seeds, embedded in the granu-
lar cellular pulp. The dark green leaves are broadly oval
in shape and have smooth margins.

The Snowberry is frequently cultivated in gardens as an
ornamental shrub.

JJ'Jiite to Green and Brown Flowers 193

ARROW-WOOD

Viburnum pauciHorum. Honeysuckle Family

Leaves: broadly oval, obovate, with three rather shallow lobes above
the middle, coarsely and unequally dentate, glabrous above, more or
less pubescent beneath. Flowers: white, in compound cymes, all perfect
and small; corolla campanulate, five-lobed. Fruit: drupes globose,
bright red, acid.

A straggling shrnl) growing from two to six feet high
and hearing many small clusters of tiny white and pinkish
flowers, whose bell-shaped corollas are divided into five
lobes above the middle and are pointed and coarsely toothed.

RED-EERRIED ELDER

Samhucus racetiiosa. Honeysuckle Family

Stems: woody. Leaves: pinnately compound; leaflets lanceolate, acu-
minate at the apex, sharply serrate. Flowers: in thyrsoid cymes, white
to yellowish. Fruit: small, scarlet.

This shrub, which grows from ten to thirty feet high and
has spreading branches and ample foliage, is widely dis-
triliuted over the continent. In fields and forests, by the
roadsides and in neglected gardens, vou will find it spring-
ing up and thriving with undaunted hardihood amid the
most barren surroundings. It also grows at many eleva-
tions, being seen in quantities at the sea level and also
flourishing abundantly at an altitude of 6000 and 7000
feet. The leaves are divided into from five to seven leaf-
lets, and the creamy fragrant flowers grow in elongated
clusters at the ends of the branches. The fruit is a bright
scarlet drupe, with a pungent acid flavour.

Saiiibiii'iis Diclanocarpa, or Rlack-berried Elder, docs not
grow finite so luxuriantly as the preceding species, yet its
sweet-scented mistv clusters adurn many a patch and thicket.

194 Jfhiti' to Green and Brown Flowers

The fruit, as llic name denotes, is a ricli hlue-hlack colour
and \'cry juicy. It is from llii> >lunil) that I'dderherrv wine
is made.

NORTHERN HELIOTROPE

J'alcriaihi scfylciitrioiialis. VakTiaii I'aniily

Stems: creel from ereepiiig rootstoeks. Leaves: basal, olilong, entire;
stem-leaves petioled, three-to-seven foliolate, the divisions entire. Flow-
ers: cymose, panieiilate, more or less dimorphous; corolla funnel- form,
rive-lol)ed.

So sweet is the smell of the Northern Heliotrope that few
can mistake it. The flowers are very handsome, white
tinged with mau\e or pink, and grow in l)ig clusters on the
top of juicy stalks from eight to eighteen inches high, and
in two small axillary clusters a few inches below the termi-
nal cyme. The foliage of this plant is handsome, the leaves
being strongly veined, glossy, and of a beautiful bright
green colour.

The margins of these leaves are entire, — that is, not cut
or toothed, — and herein lies the diiference between this
plant and ralcrimia sitclicnsis, or Wild Heliotrope, which
can only be readilv distinguished from it by the fact that
the latter's leaves are coarsely dentate, the flowers of both
species being almost identical. A very noticeable feature of
the Valerians is their extremelv long stamens, and their
roots have a very strong" and disagreeable odour, which is
a curious contrast to the delicious fragrance of the flowers.

WHITE ASTER

Aslcr cflimiiufatus. Composite Family

Stems: bushy, branched. Leaves: rigid, linear, entire, obtuse, sessile,
uppermost passing into involucral bracts. Flowers: in densely crowded
heads.

W'll.l) I 1 KLIOTROPE

{ralcriiiihi silchcnsis)

iv

fr/iifi' to Gri'cu and Broun Flou'crs 195

These charinino little Asters, with their white rays and
yellow centres, are quite unmistakable, and though each in-
(li\ idual (lower is small, yet they grcnv in such large densely-
llmvercd wands that they present a very handsome appear-
ance. The stiff narrow leaves grow all the way up the
stalks among the blossoms. The flower is usually found in
very dry sandy places.

.Istcr alf'iuus, or Alpine Aster, is another species very
aliundant in the mountains. It grows at great altitudes and
has fluffy whitish leaves and white or pale pink flov.-ers.

FERN-LEAVED FLEABANE

Erigcroii coiii/^ositiis. Composite Family-
Stems: sliort, densely leafy. Leaves: fan-shaped in outline, parted
intn linear s])alnlatc lohes on long petioles; herbage hirsute and rather
vi^cidulous. Flowers: rays forty to sixty, white; disk-flowers yellow.

This Fleabane is very like a large common daisv, for it
has many white rays and a big yellow centre. Most of its
leaves grow out from the base, and are much cut and quite
fern-like. It is found at an altitude of 7000 feet, and espe-
ciall\ ailing the edge of glacial streams, thimgh it grows
also on the lower al|)ine meadows.

The most conspicuous difference between Asters and
Fleabanes is that the latter have very numerous narnnv ravs,
while the rays of the former are slightly bmader and much
fewer in number.

I:ri(/rr<>ii iiiiillifuhis. or Daisy Fleabane. ha-^ numerous
-KihKt hairy stems and lea\'es crowded on the crowns of
llie caudex, t\\ ice-ternately parted into narrow lobes. The
lliiwi-rs are soIii;iry at the ends of the nearlv leafless stems;
tlic\' are usually white, but occasionalK' \iolet.

I'.r'uicrou nirhniccrf-'luiliis. or i'l'ick-wnolly I'leab.ane. has

ic/> ir/iite to Green and Brown Flowers

stems c()\ere(l \\\[h ])nr|)lish-l)lack hairs. Tlic lower leaves
arc numerous clli])tic and nearly smooth, while the stem
leaves are very hairy. The involucre is thickly covered with
])ur|)lish-black wool and the fifty to sixty rays are white or
])inkish.

Eriycron cccspitosus, or Tufted {'""leabane, has very tufted
-white-haired stems i^rowiuL;' from a deep root. The leaves
are also white-hair}- narrow and ha\e e\-en margins, the
iuNolucre is liemispheric, its ])racts narrow pointed and
w hite-hair_\'. and the forty to sixty rays are white or pinkish.

WHITE EVERLASTING

Aulciiiutria facciiiosa. C"niiii)')silc' Iviniily

Freely surculosc by Imit;', slender, sparsely-leafy stolons, lightly woolly.
Stems: hearing nnmerous racemosely-disposed heads. Leaves: broadly
oval, acute at each end, densely tomentose beneath, green and glabrous
above; involucre campanulatc; bracts green. Flowers: staminatc and
pistillate heads white-tipped.

Every traveller will recognize the Everlastings at a
glance, with their dry. crackling little flowers and partially,
if not entirely, silky whitish leaves; the only difficulty lies
in deciding to a\ hat species any particular plant belongs.

The easiest way to distinguish the White Everlasting is
by the loose separate fashion in which its flower-heads grow,
just a few on each little stalk and none of them bunched to-
gether.

Anfciiiiaria HoivcUii, or ]\Iouse-ear Everlasting, differs
from the preceding species in having very closely clustered
flower-heads and much more silky leaves. The leaves of
both these plants are woolly and white underneath and
smooth and green on the top. The fertile plants are taller
than the sterile plants, and the little heads of fertile florets

JJliite to Green and Brown Flowers 197

are set in green cups, their snow-white silky tufts gleaming
in the sunshine, wliile the staminate florets have rounder,
whiter scales.

Antennaria parrifoUa, or Mountain Everlasting, has
leaves that are white and woolly on both sides, and its
florets are perfectly round in shape.

Antennaria lanata, or Arctic Everlasting, is a dwarf
species growing close to perpetual snow, and is found at
the great altitude of 8000 feet. Tt has very white and
woolly stalks and many tiny leaves which are white and
woolly also.

This plant somewhat resembles tlie Edch^'ciss of the Alps,
and is the nearest approach to that famous flower to be
found on this continent. The name .'Infriiiiaria refers to
the long brown anthers, which resemble the antennae of some
insect.

Antennaria pulcherrima, or Tall Everlasting, is white-
woolly throughout. The leaves are narrow spatulate
pointed and ner\-ed, while the flnwer heads are numerous in
a close capitate cluster, the outer bracts of the involucre
being straw-coloured rounded and often notched at the apex,
and the inner ones white.

Antennaria alpina, or Al])ine Everlasting, has woolly
stems, a number (d' spatulate tufted basal leaves which are
sib'cry-woolly on both sides and a few small stem leaves.
The (lower heads grow in a ternu'nal cluster and the bracts
of the fertile ones are brownish-green, those of the sterile
ones being ligbtrr and broader.

Anleniiiirid media, or Silky lAxrlasting, is a very silky-
wooll\' jilaui with stems from one to six inches high. The
radical leaws are obo\ale and tlie cauliue ones narrow.
Tlu' llower heads are lew, the pistillate ones grow in a close

198 J J' kite to Green and Broivn Flowers

clnskT, while the staniiiuitc ones are panicled and have
bracts with scarious white tips.

PEARLY EVERLASTING

Ainapluilis Diari^arilacca. Composite I'amily

Stems: floccosc, woolly, corymbosely branched at tlie summit, leafy.
Leaves: linear, lanceolate, green pubescent above, woolly below. Flow-
ers: in luuncrous heads; involucre canipanulate, its bracts ovate, obtuse,
finely stricate.

This is tlie finest of all the Everlastings, and if picked and
carefully kept in a \ase, will remain fresh looking for
months. Its flowers are large, shghtly sweet scented, and
pearly white, and are often used for funeral wreaths; as if
to say :

"They are love's best gift,
Bring llowers — pale llowers."

YARROW

Achillea laiiulosa. Conii)Osite Family

Stems: simple, or corymbosely branched above. Leaves: narrowly
oblong, bipinnately dissected into numerous small linear divisicjns.
Flowers: in numerous heads crowded in a fastigiate cyme.

A plant, or rather weed, so common that every child
knows its large white and pinkish flower-heads and recog-
nizes the disagreeable pungent odour of its lace-like leaves.
It is often called " Milfoil " from the abundance of its
fringed foliage.

This species may readily be distinguished by its densely
woolly character, and the fact that none of its bracts are
dark-margined.

The Yarrow must unquestionably be of ancient origin,
for it derives its name Achillea from Achilles, who is sup-

irhi'te to Green and Broivn Floivers 199

posed to ha\-e made an ointment from it wherewith to heal
his wounded warriors after the siege of Troy.

Achillea horcalis, or Dark-margined Yarrow, is not so
tall or so woolly as the preceding species, the corymbs are
smaller and the bracts are all dark-margined.

OX-EYE DAISY

Clirysaiithoiiuiii Lciicaiitlioiiimi. Composite Family

Stems: glaljrous, simple, the branches nearly erect. Leaves: obo.vate,
oblong, coarsely dentate; stem-leaves sessile, partly clasping, linear, pin-
nately incised, the uppermost very small, nearly entire. Flowers: soli-
tary, or few, on long peduncles ; rays twenty to thirty. Xot indigenous.

ITow many poets ha\'e sung the praise of the Daisy, from
Robert Ikirns, who described the little English blossom that
grows close to the turf as a

" Wee, modest, crimson-tipped flower,"

to Bliss Carman, the clever Canadian writer, who tells how

" Over the shoulders and slopes of the dune

I saw the white daisies go down to the sea —
A host in the sunshine, a snow-drift in June,

The pcni)lc God sends us to set our hearts free,"

and in doing so describes the big wild Ox-eye Daisies which
mantle the alpine meadows with their showy white petals
and golden hearts.

This is an introduced ])l;ml.

PASTURE WORMWOOD

.■IrlCDiisiii frii:i(la. Composite Family

Stems: simple or branching, silky-canescent and sihery all over, herlia-
ceous from a suffrutescent base. Leaves: twice tcrnately t)r (luinately
divided into linear crowded lobes. Flowers: numerous racemosely dis-
posed heads in an <ipcn iiauicic, gloludar.

200 IF /life to Green and Brown Flowers

All ihc Wormwoods possess a very stroniL^ odour, by
means of which they may be easily reco^^nizcd. This species
has tiny greenish-yellow flowers growling profusely on its
leafy, silky stems, while the whole plant is silvery white and
co\'ere(l \\\{\\ softest down.

.Irlciiiisia discolor, or Green ^^^ormwood, has green foli-
age and brownish-green florets, having the same pungent
aromatic smell as the silvery species.

.Irtciiiisia biciuiis. or liiennial A\^ormwood, has also green
foliage, and its numerous greenish florets grow in clusters
in the axils, where the leaves join the main flower-stalk.

PALM-LEAVED COLTSFOOT

I'ctasilcs paliiuitiis. Comix >>itc Family

Stems: scaly, stout. Leaves: orlncular in outline, deeply seven-to-
eleven cleft, green and glabrous above, densely wbite tomcntose beneatb.
Flowers: in a fastigiate panicle.

The chief distinction l)ctween the dift'erent species of
Coltsfoot lies in the shape of their respective leaves. Those
of the Palm-leaf Coltsfoot are exacth' like a large palm leaf,
while its blossoms are white and very fragrant. The flower-
stalks are thick and juicy and covered with small narrow^
leaves. It has silky-haired seeds like a dandelion.

Petasites sagitfatus, or Arrow-leaved Coltsfoot, has huge
leaves with two very marked pointed lobes at the base. Its
flower-heads grow compactly at the top of stout stalks, and
are ^\•hite and fragrant.

Petasites frigidus, or Arctic Coltsfoot, has few blossoms,
a scalv stem, and very irregularly lobed leaves. The foliage
of all the Coltsfoots is green and smooth on the top. and
white and woolly underneath. They are coarse uninterest-
ing plants.

White to Green and Brown Flowers 201

WHITE THISTLE

Cardmis Kclscyi. Composite Family.

Stems: tall, striate. Leaves: alternate, linear, sinuately toothed.
Flowers: heads in a leafy spike subtended by linear, cut, bristly-fringed,
cobweb-hairy leaves. Fruit: pap])us of long plumose bristles.

The stems of this Tall Thistle ai"e very cobweb-woolly,
and the leaxcs are toothed and fringed with weak spines,
being green above and cobweb-hairy beneath. The cream-
coloured flower heads grow several together in a leafy spike.

Canlus foliosiis, or Leafy Thistle, has erect robust stems,
and is very leafy up to the few somewhat woolly flower
heads, which have a pale corolla with lobes equalling the
throat. The leaves are elongated, toothed with rigid
prickles and cobweb-woolly beneath.

WILD FLOWERS OF THE XORTH
AMERICAN MOUNTAINS

SECTION V
PINK TO RED FLOWERS

SECTION V
PINK TO RED ELOWERS

PINK GARLIC

Allium ccniuuiii. Lily Family

Bulbs clustered on a sliort rootstock, narrowly ovoid, with a long
neck. Stems: scape slender. Leaves: linear, channeled, or nearly flat.
Flowers: umbel many-flowered, nodding, subtended by two short decid-
uous bracts; perianth segments ovate, acute; stamens and style exserted.

These clusters of tiny pink flowers, which grow on long
slender stalks that bend over abruptly at the top are charac-
teristically odorous, as may be readil\- understood, since
alliiini is the Eatin for " garlic." heroin ten to forty flowers
form the uniljel upon each stalk, and both the awl-shaped
stamens and the style protrude far beyond the segments of
the ])erianth.

The leaves are long and extremely narrow, in fact, grass-
like, l)eing channeled or flat and terminating either in a
blunt or a line point.

PINK TWISTED-STALK

Slrcplof^iis roscus. Lily Family

Stems: from a short stout rootstock covered with fibrous roots, simple
or sparingly branched. Leaves: lanceolate to ovate, abruptly acuminate,
sessile by a broad, rounded, clasping base, the margins finely ciliatc.
Flowers: pcduncled, segments of the perianth lanceolate, the tips spread-
ing. Fruit: a red oval berry.

Thi> plant is a near relation of .S\ ainplcxifoVuts described
in the White to Green Section. It differs from the fore-

^05

PLATE Xr.Hl

Pink Garlic
{Allium ceniuum)

ZQ^

Pink to Red Flou-ers 207

going. h(»\vc\cr, in several essential particulars. In the first
place, it is a smaller plant, has dull purple-pink pendent bells,
and is nearly always one-flowered. Then, too, the tiny
peduncles are not sharply twisted as in ^. aiiiplc.vifoliits, but
bend downwards in a graceful curve. The rosy-hued bells
are quite hidden beneath the leaves and may be seen only
when the long stems are turned over. These bells are
streaked outside and lined inside with deep rose colour.

SHORT-STEMMED TWISTED-STALK

Krulisca strcptopoidcs. Lily Family

Stems: smooth, simple, from an extensively creeping rhizome with
a few fibrous roots at each node. Leaves: ovate-lanceolate, acute, the
upper sessile, the lower clasping at the base. Flowers: stellate, solitary
on curved stalks in the axils at the backs of the upper leaves. Fruit:
a globose red berry.

The stems of this plant grow four to eight inches high
from a creeping rhizome. The leaves are narrowlv tgg-
sha])cd, ])right green and shining on l)oth sides, and the little
dark rose-coloured flowers grow on curved thread-like stalks
at the backs of the upper leaves. The tiny sepals and petals
are both wine-coloured at the base, the petals having yel-
lowish-green reflexed tips. 1 he berries are rounded and
bright red. The Short-stemmed Twisted-stalk closely re-
sembles the Pink Twisted-stalk. Init differs from it in having
a much more slender rootstock and shorter stems.

FLY-SPOTTED ORCHIS

Orchis rotuudifolia. Orchid I""amily

Stems: slcncKr. Leaves: Icit' solitary, orbicular to oval, with one or
two sheathing scales below il. Flowers: si)ike two-to-ten flowered, sub-
tended by small bracts; sepals lateral ones spreading; petals .similar to
the sepals ; lip longer than the petals, thrce-lobcd, the middle lobe larger,
dilated, notched at the apex; spur slender, shorter than the lip.

PLATE XLIV

Fly-spotted Orchis

{Orchis rotundifoUa)

;2oa

Pink to Red Flou-ers 209

A lovely pale pink orchis, with a single roundish leaf
growing at the base and roots composed of fleshy fibres.
The clusters of flowers are slightly fragrant. Each blos-
som has a large, protruding, flat lip of palest pink, spotted
with rose or purple, and divided into three lobes, the centre
one being notched. A wing-like sepal stands out on either
side, and the small petals and sepals are all pink, the arched
petal that is bent down over the stamens being spotted with
rose-purple like the lip. It is found in moist places and
grows to full perfection where very wet ground combined
with a full exposure to the sun is possible.

CALYPSO

Cdlypso hiilbosa. Orcliid Family

Stems: with two or three mcmljranaceous sheaths, and a linear hract
at the summit. Leaves: leaf solitary, broadly ovate, petioled. Flowers:
drooping, pedicelled ; sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, long lip
inflated, saccate, with two short spurs below the apex.

A solid bulb and coralloid roots, a single stem sheathed
by two or three loose brow^nish-green scales and surmounted
by a single narrow bract, a solitary liroad leaf at the base,
and a single lovely mauvish-jjink orchid l)looming at the
summit, — such is the Calyi)so.

The sepals and petals of this dainty flower are like fairy
wings, its large sac, striped and mottled with deep rose
colour and variegated with yellow spots, tufted by fine white
hairs, resembling the body of some gay insect ; thus the blos-
som appears to be poised lightK- upon its stem like a beautiful
butterfly ready to flutter away at our approach. This effect
is licigbtcned by the fact that it grows in the deep cool
forests, where its exquisite fragrant flowers form the only
sjjots of \-i\i(l Colour and where it is sheltered l)v the \ines

2IO Pink to Red F/oucrs

and iiKisses that cluster together in those dainj) sliaclv places
that are the favourite haunts of this orchid.
When Airs. Hemans wrote

" There's not a flower but shows some touch,
In freckle, freck, or stain,
Of His unrivalled pencil,"

she must ha\'e had in mind the marvellous painted slij^per of
the Calypso, for its delicate \einings in finely pencilled pat-
tern are surely the wonderful work of the Great Master-
hand.

The name C"aly]iso denotes that the plant is dedicated to
the ancient goddess of that name.

SWAMP PERSICARIA

Polys^oiiuiii MithJcnbcrgii. Buckwheat Familj-.

An aquatic herl), perennial by long creeping or horizontal rootstocks.
Stems: erect, commonly simple, channelled, enlarged at the nodes.
Leaves: oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or
cordate at the base, ocrere cylindric. Flowers: small, in a terminal
raceme, calyx rose-colour. Fruit: achenes lenticular, broadly obovoid,
very convex, l^lack, smooth, shining.

The dense rose-coloured spikes of the Swamp Persicaria
may frequently he seen rising ahove the surface of some
forest pool, or fringing its borders. As Emerson has so
aptly described it.

" Ros}' Polygonum, lake-margin's pride,"

is one of the prettiest aquatic plants amongst the mountains.
The stems are channeled and enlarged at the points from
which the leaves grow ; sometimes thev float, and sometimes
they are immersed beneath the waters. The leaves are
long-shaped and smooth.

Cai.vpso
(Crt/.v/'jo hulbosa)

Pink to Red Floicers 211

MOSS CAMPION

Silcuc acaulis. Pink Family

Closely csespitosc, one to two inches high. Leaves: linear, crowded.
Flowers: small, solitary, subsessile or slightly raised on naked curved
peduncles; calyx narrowly campanulate ; petals pink, purple or white,
oljcordate.

The Moss Campion will be found by those who climb
to great altitudes, for it ^rows near the highest sum-
mits of the mountains and has been discovered at the im-
mense elevation of 10,000 feet. It is a dwarf arctic-alpine
])lant. The tiny leaves, which are very numerous and ex-
tremely narrow^ and pointed, distinguish it from Saxifraga
oppositifolict, or Alountain Saxifrage, which has similar
llowers but distinctly broader leaves.

Close to the eternal snows, where the last line of vege-
tation grows prostrate upon the earth, so rare the air, so
scarce and poor the soil,

" There, cleaving to the ground, it lies
With multitude of purple eyes
Spangling a cushion green like moss."

Surely Wordsworth must have found the Moss Campion
amongst his beloved Grasmere Hills, otherwise he could
not ha\-e penned so perfect a description of its starry llow-
ers with their li\e ])ink. piu-ple or very occasionally white
petals wide-blown 1)\- the UKJuntain breeze.

The Moss Campion has a very large tap-root, and spring-
ing from it are the slender branching stems, which form
dense tufts from six to twent\- inches in diameter and re-
semble a coarse moss. Down into these tufts the llowers
are closely set.

PLATE XLV

5'. %

212

Pink to Red F/oucrs 213

BITTER-ROOT

Lezcisia rcdiviva. Purslane Family

Stems: scape short, jointed, bracteolate near the middle. Leaves:
linear-oblong, subterete, smooth, glaucous. Flowers: sepals six to eight,
distinct, broadly ovate, unequal, partly scarious, petals eight to sixteen,
narrowly oblong. Fruit: capsule circumsessile at the base, then bursting

irregularly, seeds numerous, black, shining.

The large showy rose-pink flowers of this LciK.'isia are
\ery lovely. T\\t oblong, narrow leaves, which are crowded
at the crown of the thick candex, are smooth and covered
with a whitish bloom : while from a ileshy root grow the
(jne-flowered buff-coloured scapes that are jointed and have
buff bractlets near the middle.

STRIPED OREOBROMA

Orcobro)na colylcdun. Pur^la^L' Family

Stems: scapose, stout, from a fleshy root. Leaves: ilat, spatulate to
oblanceolate. Flowers: in a short cymose panicle, sepals two, persistent,
petals five to ten, oblanceolate. Fruit: capsule obscurely two to four
valved, many-seeded.

The flowers of this Oreobroma. which are deep rose-
colour with an orange stripe in the centre of each petal,
grow in short cymose panicles, terminating the rather stout
stems, which latter are six to twehc inches high, jointed at
the base, and usually have two pairs of bracts below the
inflorescence. The leaves, which are flat and spatulate or
oblanceolate. are imbricated in a dense rosulate tuft. The
roots of this perennial ])l;mt are thick and fleshy.

WESTERN COLUMBINE

.■lijuilcnid foniiosa. Crowfoot l'"amily

Stems: branching from a simple, Ileshy, fusiform root. Leaves: lower
ones triternate on long petioles, upper ones sessile or reduced to simple

2 14 Pink to Red Flowers

bracts; Icallcts broadly cuncatc, ihrcc-clcft. Flowers: red, ijcnduluu.^ in
anthesis ; sepals spreading or reflexed, abruptly narrowed to a short
claw ; spurs same length as sepals.

A lari^e gaudy flower of wliich it has been said :

"The graceful colunibim-, all lilu>liini^ red,
Bends to the earth her crown
Of honey-laden bells."

The Western Cokimbine does not seek the Hght dry soil
amongst the rocks, as do its sisters, the Yehow and tlie Bhie
Columbines, ])ut prefers a moist habitat, where its Ijrilliant
pendulous l)lossoms make the \alleys gay.

It has l)right red and gold petals, growing alternately
witli its five red sepals. These petals, shai)ed like inverted
cornucopias, are usually edged as well as lined with yellow,
their upper ends being narrowed to terminal tul)ular spurs.
Linuicus gave this plant its generic name, derived from the
Latin aqiiila, owing to the fancied resemljlance of its spurs
to the claws of an eagle; while Columbine is taken from
coliiiiiba, " a dove," and refers to the resemblance of its
nectaries to a circle of doves in a ring around a dish, which
was a favourite device amongst sculptors and painters in
ancient times. The numerous stamens and long slender
styles of the pistils protrude like pretty golden tassels from
each flower. The foliage of this tall plant, which usually
grows from two to three feet high, is very abundant and
fern-like ; dark green on the top, and pale and whitish under-
neath. The larger leaves grow on long foot-stalks and are
divided into three leaflets, which in their turn are three-to-
five lobed and have unecjually toothed edges.

There are not very many really red mountain wild flow-
ers, and therefore the traveller takes an especial delight in
finding the Western Columbine, since, like Eugene Field, he

WeSTKKX Col-LMniXE

(.■U]t(ili-gia formosd )

Pink to Red Flowers 215

loves a blossom of " any colour at all so long as it's red."
It is a plant extremely attractive to bees, butterflies, and
birds, which come to sip its sweets.

WILD BLEEDING-HEART

Dicentra fonitosa. Fumitory Family

Stems: from the apex of thick, ahnost naked, creeping rootstocks.
Leaves: twice or thrice ternaloly compound, the ultimate divisions nar-
row and incisely pinnatifid. Flowers: pale magenta, in compound ra-
cemes at summit of scapes ; corolla ovate-cordate, with connivent spurs ;
petals united up to and ahove the middle.

This plant resembles, in miniature, the lovely pink and
white Bleeding-heart so popular in old-fashioned gardens;
but its dull magenta-pink liowers are not nearly so attrac-
tive in appearance as those of its beautiful cultivated cousin.
The only charm of the wild species lies in the grace of its
slender stems, which bear numerous pendent heart-shaped
blossoms along tlieir drooping lengths, and its hnely dis-
sected foliage.

Dicentra uniflora, or One-flowered Bleeding-heart, has
soft green leaves which are ternately divided, the three to
seven divisions pinnatifld into a few spatulate lobes. The
scapes grow only three to five inches high from a close bun-
dle of spindle-sha])e(l and ])erpen(licular lleshy tubers; they
are bracted. and one, or rarely two-flowered. The creamy
pink flowers have two small scale-like sepals, and the two
outer ])etals are gibbous-saccate at the base, their recurving
tips much longer than the body, while the small hollowed
tips of the two inner spoon-shaped petals are united at the
aj)ex. and form the cavity containing the anthers and stigma.

2i6 l^ink to Red I' /oners

LYALL'S ROCK CRESS

Arabis Lyallii. Mustard Family

Stems: simple, more or less stellate-pubescent, from a branched peren-
nial caudex. Leaves: ilie lower spatulate, the stem leaves lanceolate.
Flowers: in rosc-mauve racemes. Fruit: seeds orbicular, narrowly
wiui^ed in one row.

The se\'cral stems grow from the same root and the lower
lca\'es are s])atiilate, those on the stems 1)eing narrow and
sh'ghtly lo1)ed at the base. The rose-mam-e flowers are very
]iretty growing in an elongated scattered cluster, and the
pods are erect, slender and straight. This i)lant is fonnd
at high altitndes.

ROSEWORT

Scduin rnsriim. Orpine Family

Stems: erect, simple, glabrous. Leaves: oval, obtuse at the apex, den-
tate. Flowers: cyme terminal dense; petals longer than the oblong nar-
row sepals ; staminate flowers with eight stamens, the pistillate ones with
four carpels.

The small pnrplish-red flowers of this short thick plant
are set in a cluster at the top of the stems, which are covered
with manv small leaves. It grows in the crannies between
the rocks and on stony slopes.

WOODLAND STAR

Lithof^Iiragiiia fciiclUi. Saxifrage Family

Stems: slitihtly glandular-pubescent. Leaves: trifoliolate, leaflets
two to tliree iiarted, two to three lolied segments cuneiform. Flowers:
few in a capitate bulblet-bearing raceme. Fruit: seeds short-oblong,
rough-tulierculate.

The slender stems of this Lithopliraguia which branch
from the liase are slightly roughened by minute hairs. The
leaves are trifoliolate, and the pale pink flowers grow in a

Pink to Red Flowers 217

ca])itate or somewhat elongated cluster which is frequently
biilblet-bearing.

SKUNK CURRANT

Ribcs laxithiriiui. Saxifrage Family

Stems: ca:spitose, erect or ascending. Leaves: triangular, truncate or
cordate at the base, deeply five-lobed, doubly serrate. Flowers: five to
fifteen flowered, raceme finely pubescent, calyx rotate, lobes broadly spat-
ulate. Fruit: a birry.

The stems of this Currant arc siiineless. and the leaxes are
deei)ly live-lobed, doubly toothed and frequently resinous-
dotted Ijeneath, they grow on long stalks abruptly dilated at
the base. The dull ])inkish-red tlowers have a rotate calyx
with broad spatulate lobes and narrow spatulate petals, and
the fruit is a purple-black bcrrv coxered with a whitish
bloom. Altogether this plant, which grows in wet shady
places, is a handsome species, and it is, moreover, well
named, Ijecause if you bruise the stems or leaves they emit
a strong skunk-like odour, while the berries themselves are
also extremely nasty to the taste.

PINK SPIR-EA

Sfircca dcusillora. Rose Family

Stems: reddisb-brown. Leaves: ovate to elliptic, serrulate at the
apex, entire below, narrowed lu a very short petiole. Flowers: small
in dense leafy-bracted corymbs terminating the branches. Fruit: five
carpels distinct, not inflated, seeds small linear with thin membranaceous
testa.

The reddisli lin iwn stems of this S])ir;i'a, which are e.x-
trcnu'K' brittle, ^hcd ihcir thin b;irk annually. The elliptical
leaxes are dark green on both sides, minutely toothed at the
apex and e\en-margined towards the base which is nar-
rowed into a short stalk. The tiny rose-red flowers are

2i8 Pink fo R,J I-'/ourrs

cl(jscl\' crt)\\(k'(l in r(»un<lish Icafy-ljraclcd llal-luppcd clus-
ters at the ends of the nian\- liranches.

LONG-PLUMED AVENS

GcHin tiiflonim. Rose Family

Stems: scape simple, tlircc-nowered at tlie summit. Leaves: Iia--al
ones tufted, petioled, interruptedly pinnate, with many small ieatlels
interspersed among the numerous obovate larger ones ; leaves of the
scape two opposite, small, sessile pairs. Flowers: of five pale purplish-
pink petals surrounded by a persistent red calyx, five-bracteolate and five
lobcd ; bractlets linear, slightly longer than the lanceolate, acute, erect
lobes. Fruit: head sessile; style filiform and strongly plumose.

A \cv\ curious plant. Its i^cncral appearance is that of
])carini2,' three lart^e dull red huds on a three-branched red
stem, with a number of little red bracts clustered at the
fork; for the ])ale pink or yellowish petals are so snu.^h' hid-
den awav within the calyx that you do not observe them at a
casual glance. The closed calyx forms these fat l)uds, which
have five slender reflexed bracts set between their lobes, and
from their pointed tips protrude a number of yellow stamens.

When the petals and sepals fall off the long plumose tails
that adorn the ripened heads of the Avens are exceedingly
attractive. J\Iany long finely cut leaves grow at the base of
this plant.

ARCTIC RASPBERRY

Ruhits arctlcus. Rose Family

Stems: erect, branched at base. Leaves: trifoliolate; leaflets sessile,
rhombic-ovate, uneeiually serrate. Flowers: solitary; sepals acute,
equalling the obovate entire petals. Fruit: light red, of several drupe-
lets, edible.

A dwarf alpine Raspberry, about six inches high, that
grows at an altitude of 8000 feet. It has a few large three-
parted leaves and one or two rose-pink flowers composed of

Pink to Red Fi oners 219

six long, widel}- separated petals. The long thin roots
strike straight down into the earth, and therefore when you
attempt to pick one of these little plants it usually comes
up altogether out of the ground in your hand. The Arctic
Raspherry has no prickles.

Riibiis spccfabilis, or Salmonberry. has shrul)l)y branch-
ing stems, yellowish shreddy bark, and is copiously armed
when young with straight stout prickles. The leaves are
usually trifoliolate, the leaflets being deeply toothed, and
the pinkish-red flowers are nearly always solitary, large and
showy. The Indians are very fond of the sweet juicy red
or vellow berries.

PRICKLY ROSE

Rosa acicularis. Rose Family

Stems: densely prickly. Leaves: i)innate : leaflets large, five to seven,
oval-lanceolate, coarselj' toothed. Flowers: solitary; petals pink,
broadly obovate ; sepals entire, acuminate, persistent and erect upon
the fruit. Fruit: globose, glabrous.

The bush on which this Rose grows is about three feet
high and bears lo\ely, fragrant, pale pink flowers. The
leaves are large and very dark green, and the stems arc cov-
ered with main- tiny, fine, straight prickdes. All the wild
Reuses displa\- a preference for tlie number fne. ha\ing fi\e
petals and five sej^als.

No flower in the world has been so famous in p(KHr\- and
song as the Rose. Its beaut\- and fragrance ha\e won for it
an honoured place in the annals of history, in classic lore,
and in the glowing pages of romance.

"Was ever bliis-mn lovelier than the rose?"

Surelv not. Xor can we agree with Juliet when she savs:

220 Pink to Rid lloui-rs

" riiat which wc call a rose
By all}' other name ucnilil smell as sweet."

I'^ir lo US llie Rose synilxilizcs those thinjj^s which arc tender
and e\(|uisite in hfc, and the sweet wild dweller in the forest
is the fairest llower of them all.

"If June were mine, I'd weave for you —
Of roses red and skie^ of hhu-,

Of golden .sun and orchard sheen,
Of blossom-fretted damascene —
A veil of c\ery pctal-hluc.

"And from the morning mists of dew
Distil a fairy stream, that through

The woods should wend a way serene,
If June were mine.

" And, ere the purple dusk anew

The curtains of the sunset drew,

Adown the river's dream demesne,

I'd paint a path incarnadine,

And drift into the dawn with you.

If June were mine."

Rosa Macoiinii, or Alacoun's Rose, is another species
which growls among the mountains. Note that it has small
leaves, and that on its stems grow a few large, widely sepa-
rated, hooked thorns. Otherwise it resembles R. aciciilaris,
and the flowers of the two bushes are almost identically'
alike. When

" The last rose of summer,
Left blooming alone,"

hangs on the bush surrounded by the fallen petals of her
companions, then

" Scarlet berries tell where bloomed the sweet wild rose,"

and Nature spreads a feast of ripe red fruit for the birds of
the air.

Pink to Red Flou-ers 221

I cannot refrain from closing this brief mention of the
Rose with a quotation from a poem by Isabella X'alancy
Crawford, the sweetest singer of songs Canada ever knew :

" The rose was given to Man for this :
He, sudden seeing it in later years,
Should swift remember Love's first lingering kiss,
And Grief's last lingering tears.

" Or, being blind, should feel its yearning soul
Knit all its piercing perfume round his own,
Till he should see on Memory's ample scroll
All roses he had known."

Rosa gymnocarpa, or Tiny Rose, has rather weak stems
with straight, slender, scattered spines on a prickly rachis,
and five to nine toothed leaflets. The pale pink flowers are
very tiny and sweet-smelling, and the fruit is oblong and
smooth.

RED CLOVER

Trifolium pratensc. Pea Family

Stems: ascending, somewhat hairy; pistules broadly lanceolate, mem-
branaceous, nerved, setaceously acuminate. Leaves: leaflets obcordate,
nearly entire. Flowers: heads ovate, dense, nearly sessile, bracteate:
teeth of the calyx setaceous, hairy, the lower one much longer than the
other four ; petals purple-red, all united into a tube at the base. Not
indigenous.

Thorcau sj^eaks of the fields blushing with Red Clover
" as the western sky at exening." ICvery one knows the
Clover. I'Lvery one has walked ankle-deep in meadows rich
w ith its red llowers. Some of us are e\en fortunate enough
to " live in clover," — l)iU not all! It is a quaint conceit of
the Red Clover to fold its leaves in sleep each night, the two
side leaflets drooping downwards together and the terminal
one bowed over them.

22 2 Pink to Re J f'/oiccrs

Tlic name ("l<i\cr |)ro1)ably comes from ihc Latin clai'ii,
meaning- " club,"" and refers to the possiljle resemblance
between the trefoil leaf and the three-headed club of 1 lercu-
les. ddie "■ clubs " on playing cards are. ncj doubt, also an
imitation of the clover leaf.

The Clo\-er is belie\ed b}- many i)eople to be the ancient
" shamrag" " of Ireland, though others — with ])erhaps equal
authority — claim that the National Flower of the Emerald
Isle, chosen by St. Patrick to illustrate the doctrine of the
Trinil}', was originall}' the W'ood-sorrel ( O.ralis .Iccfosclla)
whose quaint name of Allelujah refers to the religious sig-
nificance of its triple leaf. This is an introduced plant.

MACKENZIE'S HEDYSARUM

Hcdysantiii Mackcncii. Pea I'^amily

Stems: subercct, simple or branclicd, minutely pubescent. Leaves:
five lo eight pairs, oblong. Flowers: seven to thirty, loosely flowered;
bracts subulate ; teeth of the calyx as long as the tube.

A briglit rose-magenta wild Pea that grows to a height of
two feet in the mountain meadows. It is a large, spreading,
handsome plant.

CAROLINA CRANE'S BILL

Geranium ctu-nliuiamiiii. Geranium F.-unily

Stems: erect, much l)ranched from the liase. Leaves: petioled, reni-
form-orbicular in outline, deeply cleft into five to nine oblong, cuncate,
lobed segments. Flowers: in compact clusters; petals pink, obcordate,
equalling the awned sepals.

This ^^■ild Geranium is very like the Herb Robert, and has
the same dull pink flowers veined with deep rose. The
Greek name of the plant means " a crane," and the common
name Crane's Bill denotes the long grooved beak composed
of five styles that cohere at the top. The calyx is formed of

Pink to Red Flowers 223

five pointed sepals, and the corolla of five indented petals.
The whole plant is covered with fine gray hairs and has an
extremely strong smell, caused by a resinous secretion. Its
leaves are roundish in form and deeply cleft ; the long stalks
are brittle and (piite red where exposed to the sunlight.
Sometimes the flowers are white.

Gcraniuui Bickncllii, or Bicknell's Geranium, resembles
the preceding species, but is a taller, more slender plant.
The leaves are angulate in outline, the segments being nar-
rowly oblong and deeply cleft. The pale pinkish flowers
grow in loose clusters, and the beaks are not so long-pointed
as those of the Carolina Crane's Bill.

GREAT WILLOW-HERB

Epilohiiim angiislifoliiim. Evening Primrose Family

Stems: erect, simple or Ijranched, glabrous. Leaves: alternate, lan-
ceolate, entire, pale beneath, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base,
thin. Flowers: magenta, in terminal spike-like racemes; petals four,
entire, spreading.

The tall strong stems of this striking plant rise to an
average height of three feet, though frequently taller, and
terminate in long racemes of l)right purplish flowers, in
which the number fom^ is conspicuous, each one ha\-ing a
very long calyx-tul)e divided into four segments and four
large, rounded, wide-open petals. The four-cleft stigma
at the ai)ex of the long sl\le is extremely jirominent. The
luid-ribs of the lea\es, the stems, the buds, and the cahx-
tubes are all a dull red; and when the seed ripens the long
narrow vessels burst open lengthwise and send afloat in the
air clouds of while silk\- tufts, to each of which is attached
a .seed that ultimately t'alls to earth seeking some new s|)ot
favoiuMble to its development.

224 Pink to Red J'lowers

The naiiK' Ji/vlohiiiiii si,L;nilics " ii])()n <i pml," and iimb-
al)ly i-cfers Id the fad thai llic ll(j\vers j^row uii the eii.l> nf
the loll;;- ])()(Is. Wihowdierh refers to the fact that the
leax'cs resenihle tliose of the W'illdW.

Wild I'^ire. or I'dre Weed, is another common name for
this ])lant, and a \ery ajjjjropriate one, too. for it is mar-
vellous how (|uickly these stately, handsome llnwcrs will
cover over and heantifv those tracts of country that have
been charred and desolated by forest fires.

" Strange flower, thy purple making haste
To glorify each blackened waste

Of fire-swept land
Is with a blessed meaning fraught,
And we — ^ wlicn pain hath fully wrought —
Shall understand."

Epilobiuin latifoliiini, or Water Willow-herb, is a very
handsome species which grows in wet places and marshes,
or near water. It mav alwavs be recognized In- its large
bright magenta flowers and the glaucous appearance of the
stems and leaves, — that is to say, by the whitish bloom
which covers them. The leaves are also thick and very
soft, entire, sessile and narrow.

Epiloh'uuu anagalUdifoliuiu, or Mountain Willow-herb,
is a tiny dwarf plant, from two to six inches high, growing
on lofty summits. It has small magenta or sometimes white
flowers, which nod at the top of the slender single stems,
up which a few^ pairs of little oblong leaves grow. It has
been found at the immense altitude of 10.000 feet.

EpUobium Honiciiiauui. or Hornemann's Willow-herb,
is a common species which grows about eight inches high,
bears small purplish-pink or white flowers that are strongly
veined, and has very long slender capsules, or seed vessels.

WaTUR W'll.l.nW -llKKlt

{Epilobium latifolium )

Pink to Red Floicers 225

on its reddish stalks. The pretty httle blossoms are sur-
rounded by a green calyx and surmount the narrow cap-
sules, which are usually from an inch to two inches long.
The leaves are short-stalked, ovate, blunt at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, and nearly even-margined.

Epilobiuiu paniculatuni, or Panicled \\^illow-herb, has
stems loosely forked in pairs, and the leaves are chiefly
alternate, narrow, clustered in the axils, sparingly toothed,
pointed and tapering into a slender winged stalk. They
are frecjuently folded along the midrib. The mauve flow-
ers arc scattered towards the ends of the erect stems.

Epilohiuin clarafuin, or Few-flowered Willow-herb, is
taller than the [)receding species, and the leaves are broadly
ovate, very blunt at the apex and rounded at the base. The
rose-coloured flowers grow nearly erect and the capsules
are an inch long.

EpUohiuiu adcnocaiilon, or Northern \\'illo\v-herb, is
much branched and bushv and has lance-shapcd, sparingly
toothed, leaves, both the stems and leaves frequently being
l)urplish. The somewliat nodding pinkish flowers are nu-
merous and grow in the axils of the leaves.

PIPSISSEWA

Cliinipalpliila iimbcUata. Heath Family

Stems: extensively traillin.u, horizontally suhtcrranean. Leaves:
spatulate, sharply serrate. Flowers: several, umhellale or suhcorym-
bo,se. Fruit: an erect globose caiisnie.

The Iraibng steins of ihe Tijisissewa, or Prince's Pine,
run III >riz(>ntall\- under the earth and ha\e tin\- roots. The
bright shining c\ crgreen leaves are spatulate and verv
sharply toothed, while the pinkish flowers, which grow in

226 Pink t'j Red i'loiicfs

a spreadiiii^ chislc-r, arc small and marked with a deep pink
ring. 'Idle lilaments are f ringed will: nLarL^inal hairs.

Chiiiiapliila Mciirjicsii, or Spotted I'rinee's i'ine. is not
quite so tall as the preceding species. It has small ol)long-
leaves, pointed at both ends, and sharply toothed, the upper
surface being usually sjjotled or niotlled with white. The
peduncle bears one to three llowers. whicli latter are a dull
pinkish creamy-white.

BOG WINTERGREEN

Pyrola asarifolia. Jlcatli I'^amily

Stems: scape six-to-twelve flowered. Leaves: coriaceous, sliining
above, renifonu, wider than long, crcnulatc. Flowers: racemose, nod-
ding; petals five, obtuse; calyx five-parted, persistent, the lobes tri-
angular-lanceolate; stamens declined; style declined and cxserted.

The tall red stalk of this W'intergrecn. with its numerous
nodding rosy blossotns, is exceedingly attractive, especially
as it grows in the deep moist w^oods, where few flowers
flourish owdng to the absence of all sunlight. Ver\- fra-
grant also is this cpiaint plant, to w^hich the name of Winter-
green has been given on account of its evergreen foliage.
The long out-curved style, which protrudes far beyond the
floral cup, is green, and has a dull red stigma, while the ten
stamens are tipped by dark, slightly beaked anther-sacs.
The calyx is entirely of a deep red hue, and the petals are
bright-coloured at the outer edges, shading into palest pink
in the centre. The leaves grow in a cluster at the ba.se and
are thick, tough, and glossy. A few narrow little liracts
cling to the flower-stalks.

Sheltered- from the wind and the sun, half hidden by
mosses and tangled undergrowth, but always preferring a

PLATE XL VI

Rkii \\'i\ti:kc;ui;en {Pyi'oUi iisaril'oliiJ zar, incuiiuita)
Green -KU)\\EKi:i) Wintergreen (Pyrola chloianUia)

227

22

8 Pink Uj Rill Flowers

damp sjjot to a drx' one, the Hug W'intergreen grcjws in close
companionship with the lovely One-flowered Wintergreen,
the Long-hracted Orchis, and the lUitterwort ; and if you
kn(t\v the

" Secret paths tliat thread the forest land,"

you may find them in profitsion, mingled at your feet by
happy chances. — a gay holiday throng.

Pyrola asari folia I'ar. iiicarnata, or Red ^^'intergrecn,
has broadly oval leaves, rounded at the base, which are dull,
thick and ])litnt at both ends. The rose-red jflowers nod in
a slender raceme and the style and stamens are declined.
The chief difference between this si)ecies and Pyrola asari-
folia is that its leaves are Cjuite dull, almost leathery, while
those of the Red Wintergreen are polished and shining.

SMOOTH MENZIESIA

Mciiciesia glabella. Heath Family

Leaves: alternate, ohovate, ohtuse and glandular-mucronate at the
apex, pale glaucous and glaljrous heneath, sparingly pubescent above,
the margins entire, crenulate, ciliolate. Flowers: one to five in um-
bels, cream and pink, spreading, becoming erect; calyx five-lobed;
corolla urn-shaped, four toothed; stamens eight, included. Fruit: seeds
long-appendaged at each end.

If you wish to be quite certain that the shrub before you
is reallv Mciizicsia glabella, jttst break off a l)ranch atid
smell it. and you will at once perceive the peculiar pungent
odour of the skunk emanating from its stetns and foliage.
The Inish grows erect to the height of six feet and bears
abundant foliage. The leaves are small, oval, and pale
green, and have even wavy hairy margins. The flowers are
little roundish pink and creamy urn-shaped bells, which ter-
minate the long slender stalks, and are four-lobed. having

Pink to Red Flou-ers 229

eight stamens within their cups. They grow in umbels at
the ends of the twigs, and also encircle the stems just below
the topmost clusters of leaves. When in fruit the seeds are
characterized b}- long appendages at each end.

Mcnzicsia fcrruginca, or Scaly ^lenziesia, differs from
the preceding species in having strigose chaffy ferruginous
scales on the young parts of the straggling branches, while
the somewhat egg-shaped leaves are thickly covered with
rusty appressed straight stiff hairs above, and are pale
green and smooth beneath. The flowers are very like those
of the Smooth Menziesia. Archil)ald Menzies, after whom
the plants are named, brought the original species from the
North \\'est Pacific Coast when he sailed there with Captain
Vancou\er on his famous voyage of discovery in 1790.

TRAILING ALPINE AZALEA

Loiselcuria prociDiibcns. Heath Family

Stems: tufted, much l)ranchcd, diffuse. Leaves: mostly opposite,
linear-oblong, crowded, entire, the margins strongly revolute. Flow-
ers: one to five from terminal coriaceous buds. Fruit: a capsule, sub-
globose.

The Trailing Al]iinc Azalea is a xavy attractive though
rather rare plant among the mountains. It has lovely little
pink bells with purplish sepals growing on erect stalks at
the ends of the branches, and crowded dark green leaves
which are a ])alcr cnjour l)cneath. and ha\e rolled back mar-
gins and a \crv i^romincnt midrib on the under side.
There are many botanical romances and interesting geo-
graphical sup])ositions connected with the history oi the
Heath I'amily. the jiresence of some of whose members in
Irelantl. Cornwall, the Spanish Peninsula and the .\zores
point to a confirmation of the belief of ancient chroniclers

230 l^iuk lo Red l-'lou-crs

ill the existence of Atlantis and J^Nuncsse, those threat sub-
merged continents which \\erc perhaps the original home of

tlie I leaths.

SWAMP LAUREL

Kahnia polijoUa. IKatli l<\'nnily

Brandies glalirous, ascending. Leaves: opposite, nearly sessile,
linear-oblong, margins strongly rcvolutc. Flowers: in simple terminal
umbels; bracts large; sejials ovate, mucli imbricated, persistent.

Growing usually ahoiit a foot high, though frequently
only a few inches tall, it hears at the ends of its slender
hranches large chisters of bright rose-red or magenta flow-
ers, which have a five-lobed corolla and ten stamens, whose
filaments are slightly cur\-ed, Ijv reason of the red-l)rown
anthers l)eing caught in the ten pouches which are placed
below the liml)s, or expanded lolx's of the corolla. If von
t]ip the outer edge of the Swam]) Laurel gently with your
finger, you will see the little stamens spring upright, sending
forth a sh<:)wer of pollen from their anthers in the process.
The heart of the flower is usually pale green. Its ever-
green foliage is dark green above and covered with a \\ bite
bloom l)eneath. The Swamp Laurel, as its common name
implies, grows in marsliv ground.

RED MOUNTAIN HEATHER

Bryaiitlius cin/'ctrifoiiiiis. Heath Family

Densely miicli I)ranclicd from the base. Leaves: strongly revolute,
thickened and rnugh marLiins. Flowers: nmlxdlatc, subtended by folia-
ccnus and rigid bracts ; corolla deep rose colour, campanulate, five-
lobed.

The Mountain Heathers — there are no true Heathers
indigenous to this continent — are low branching shrubs.
Bryajithus cnipctrifonnis grows abundantly in the moun-

PLATE XL\'II

l\i.i) .Mm .\ 1 Ai.N 1 li.Ariii.K

{Bryaiithus oiifctriformis)

231

232 rink lo Rid Flowers

tains, and at \cry liii;h altitudes. It is a wonderful sii^ht
to see acre uixm acre covered with its l)eautiful l)ell>. until
the slopes of the hills and the alpine meadows seem to be
literally clothed with a glorious robe of rose-red Heather,
whose border is eml)roidered with the White ^Mountain
IlcatluT and White lleath, the blue S]:)eedwell and the yel-
low Anu'ca.

.Man_\- a traveller kn<nvs how true arc the lines:

" W'licn summer comes, llic heather bell
Sliall tempt thy feet to rove " ;

and many a man has echoed in his heart :

"Here's to the heath, tlie hill, ami the heather,
The bonnet, the plaidie, the kilt, and the feather ;
Here's to the heroes that Scotland can boast,
]\lay their names never die — that's a Highlandman's toast!"

Truly a love for the Heath and the Heather is common
to all nations, and is the especial trait of all mountain
clim])ers.

Ih-yaiitliiis iiifcniicdiiis, or Pink ^fountain Heather, is a
much rarer plant and is fotmd in comparatively few locali-
ties. I first reported it from the Selkirk ^Mountains in
T90T, though it had previously been reported from the
Rockies by ]\Iacoun. Drummond, and Dawson.

It is easily known to travellers by means of its lovely pale
pink bells. The foliage is precisely similar to that of B.
cinpcfrifoniiis, but the flower differs in a few very minor
particulars. This plant is ])robal)ly a h}-l)rid.

RED BEARBERRY

Arctostapliylos Uz'a-iirsi. Heath Family

Diffusely much branched, and rooting at the nodes. Leaves: oblong-
spatulate, obtuse, tapering into a short petiole. Flowers: few, in short

PLATE XLVIII

•^^s N

'^ "^i

Kl-i' r.liAKliLKUV

(.lrctt)slaf>hylus i'va-iirsi)
233

234 Pink to Red Flouers

racciiK's ; corolla ovoid, constricted at tlie tlir(jal. Fruit: globose, drupe
red, glaI)rous, containing five coalesccnt nutlets.

A trailing;' sliriil) wliich is cxcecdini^l)- liandsoinc ; it ,c,n'()ws
ill depressed patches several feet in diameter, from a sini^le
main root. It is usually found creeping o\-er dry graxclly
places, and coxering the rocks with its hright little e\er-
green lea\es. In the autumn these leaves turn hron/e, and
lovely scarlet, dr}', berrydik-e fruits gem the spreading
branches.

White tlushed with rose colom" are these tiny rr)unded
flowers, constricted at the throat, and gi\'ing forth a faint
sweet odour.

'■ Oh ! to l)c friends with tlie lichens, the low, creeping vines
and the niosse^,

There close to lie ;
Gazing aloft at each pine-])luine that airily, playfully tosses
'Neath the ]>lne sky."

Doubtless the name r.earl)erry is derixed from the fact
that I'ruin is yery fond of the fnn't of the .Ircfosfa/^lixlos.
though with small game birds, and especially grouse, it is
also a favourite article of food. This is the true Kiuiii-
kiiiic of tlie Indians who ])rize it for its astringent proper-
ties, using it as a medicine and also in the " curing '" of
animal skins.

Arctostaphylos al/^iiia, or .Vlpine Bearberry, is a \ery tiny
species, from two to foiu" inches long, and is found growing
on mountain summits as high as 7000 feet. It is usually
prostrate, with thin' conspicuously veined leaves, a few jiale
])ink or \\hite flowers, and bright red juicy berries. This
is also a shrub and in spite of its small size has shreddy
bark.

ArctostapJiylos toiiwnfosa, or jManzanita, is tomentose

Pink to Red F/oiccrs 235

and setosc-liispid throui^iioiit. 1lie densely-woolly leaves
are olilong and tipped with a sharp point, and the bracts
are leaflike. The flowers g-row in short clustered racemes..

OVAL-LEAVED BLUEBERRY

Vacciniuin ovalifoliuni. Huckleberry Family

Leaves: alternate, oval, short-petioled, glabrous on both sides,
rfHuuIed at both ends or somewhat narrowed at the base, thin, entire.
Flowers: white and pink, commonly solitary in the axils on rather short
recurved pedicels; caly.x-limb slightly toothed; corolla globose-ovoid,
toothed; stamens ten. Fruit: a many seeded blue berry with a bloom,
acid.

Hiere are in the mountain regions many species of J\k-
cinium that bear edible berries, but the 0\'al-leaved Blueberry
and the Black Ijlueberry are the most conspicuous in fruit,
the former ha\"ing IjIuc l)erries cox'ered with a rich soft bloom
and possessing an acid tliough not unpalatable flavour, and
the latter having purj)lish-black berries that are quite sweet
and pleasant to the taste.

The Oval-leaved Blueberry is a branching shrub, growing
from three to ten feet high, and has smooth twigs that are
sharply angled at the joints. The leaves are oval, green
al)ove and covered with a wlu'lisli bloom bcnealli. The
small ])ink and wliilc flowers are formed like tin\- toothed
bells, and grow singly at the ends of the slender recurved
stalks, which causes them to droop downwards. The ber-
ries also are pendent.

I'acc'uiUim inciiihranaccuni, or Black Blueberry, is not so
tall as tlie preceding species, seldom attaining a height of
six feet. The leaves are larger than those of the (^val-
leaved Blueberry, and are green on both sides and finely
edged with \ery tin\- teeth. The flowers are globular, and
from their roinided corollas the long style protrudes. The

236 Pink to Red I-'Ioucrs

rccurxccl axillary stalks, which bear the bl(jssonis, become
n])ri,<i^ht in fruit and thus hold erect the large, sweet, purple-
l)]aci< berries, which ha\e no bloom.

yacciniuui cccspitosuui, or Dwarf Bilberry, grows only
from three to seven inches high, and lias many Httle fine
l)ranclics thickly cox'ered with leaves, wliich are obovate,
blunt, thickl)- serrulate and bright green on both sides.
The stem-branches bear numerous tiny, bell-shaped, pinkish
or white Howers. with the calyx five-toothed and about ten
stamens. These in time turn to sweet blue berries, covered
with a rich bloom, and so large as to be out of all propor-
tion to the plant.

J\icciniuiu I'ilis-Idcca, or ]\b)untain I'ilberry, has crowded
oval emarginate leaves. The most remarkable feature of
this low, creeping, evergreen shrul) is that it has numerous
l)lack Ijristly dots beneath the leaves. The clusters of tiny,
waxen, ])ink bells grow on erect branches, which spring
from the creeping stems and attain to a height of al)OUt
eight inches. The berries are dark red and very acid.

J'acciniuin crytlirococcnui, or Alpine Bilberry, has erect
stems with numerous slender strict branches and branchlets.
The leaves are ovate or oval and a lovely bright green, while
the pink fi\-e-lobed flowers are solitary in the axils of the
leaves. The berries are small and bright red. Vacciniuin
is the name by w hich classical writers have referred to some
plant whose identity is lost to us, and even when it was
given to the present genus of this name there is reason to
believe that it was originally spelt Baccin'mm, meaning a
plant which produces berries. Bilberry was no doul)t for-
merly Bellberry or Hillberry, just as Blaeberry is only the
Scottish pronunciation of Blueberry.

Vacciniuin O.vycocciis, or Small Cranberry, is a creeping

Pink to Red Flou-ers 237

shrub, with alternate ovate entire leaves that are dark green
above and white beneath and have revolute margins. It is
very dehcately formed and resembles a slender trailing vine
far more than a shrub, which latter word we are accustomed
by common usage to apply only to tall, stout, or bushy
plants. The four or five tiny, narrow, pink divisions of
the nodding corolla are spread wide open and reveal the
anthers converging into a cone, which is extremely promi-
nent when the flower is expanded. The fruit is a round
red juicy acid many-seeded berry. This Cranberry grows
chiefly in marshy places and swamps, also along the margins
of lakes and pools.

BIRD'S EYE PRIMROSE

I'riiiniLi farinosa. Priniroe Family

Leaves: oblong, olnuse at tlic apex, narrowed at the base, tapering
into petioles, the margins crenulate. Flowers: umbellate; bracts of the
involucre acute; calyx-lobes acute, often mealy; corolla salver-form, five-
cleft; stamens five included filaments; anthers very short, oblong, obtuse.

A tall s])ecies of Primrose, with pink, lilac, or very occa-
sionally white flowers, which grow in a cluster at the top
of the long stalks and are salver-shaped : that is to say, the
divisions of the corolla spread nut llat at the top of the
tube and disclose a yellow eye with five stamens forming
a dark " pupil " in the centre of it. Hence the name of
Bird's ICyc. The leaves are long-shaped, being usually
mealy white beneath, as denoted in the term fari)UKUi. and
all grow in a tuft at the base of the plant, surrounding the
long l)are flower-stalk, on the top of which a few small
bracts will be foimd just below the blossoms.

rriiiiiila Maccalliaiia. or Dwarf Canada Primrose, is sim-
ilar to the preceding species, but much smaller, growing only
to an average height of four inches, whereas /'. farinosa is

2-^8 Pink /o Rr,l hlou'crs

usuall}' aboiil ten inches tall. 1 he liny lca\cs are all sel in
a tuft close to the ii;roun(l, and are rarely mealy underneath;
while the tlowers are pale mauvish-pink in colour. I^oth
these Primroses grow in \ery wet ])laces. The generic
name, Primula, refers to their earl\- season of blossoming,
for, as the poet says :

" Primroses, the sprint; may lo\'e them,
Summer knows 1)Ut little of them."

SHOOTING STAR

Dodccatlu'on luuuitJontiii. Primrose Family

Stems: scape glahroiis. Leaves: lanceolate, entire. Flowers: seg-
ments of the corolla rich purple-pink, the undivided part yellow, with
a scalloped ring of deep purple midway between the base of the seg-
ments and the stamen-tube; stamcn-tul)e yellow; anthers purple.

From two to eight of these quaint purple-pink flowers,
each one on its own individual tiny stem, grow at the ends
of the stout main stalks of the ]ilant. Sexeral of these
stalks grow up from every root. With their rellexcd
petals resembling those of the Cyclamen (which also be-
longs to the Primrose Family), and their queer little
pointed noses, the Shooting Stars are rather remarkable-
looking flowers. They remind one of some bright-winged
butterfly poised on the a])ex of a scape. The leaves all
grow^ in a cluster at the foot of the plant and are long-
shaped and tapering towards the base. Very occasionally
the flowers are white. The scientific name is derived from
the Greek dodcka, '" twelve," and fhcos, " god," thus signi-
fying " twelve gods." Its application is not very clear,
though Linna?us imagined he saw in its umbels of bright
crowned flowers a little congress of divinities, and hence
pamed it for an Olympian gathering of the gods.

Pink to Red F/ouers 239

SPREADING DOGBANE

Al^ocyunui aiidrosaniifoliuin. Dogbane Family

Stems: one to three feet high, branches broadly spreading, smooth.
Leaves: ovate or oval, opposite, entire, smooth above, nsually hairy be-
neath. Flowers: open-campanulate, five-parted, lobes revolute. Fruit:
slender elongated terete seed pods, usually in pairs.

A plant with ((iiantities of little s])readini^ branches bear-
ing o\al si)ine-ti])pc(l leaves and numerous pink flowers,
veined witli a deeper red. in loose terminal and axillary
convex clusters. The plant is full of a milky juice.

ALPINE PHLOX

Phlox Doiii^lasii. Polemonium Family

Stems: rather slender, ascending or erect. Leaves: acerose to linear-
subulate, pubescent to nearly glabrous, often ciliate near the base,
loosely imbricated. Flowers: sessile or short-peduncled. Fruit: cap-
sule ovoid, three valvcd.

The plants of the .\l])ine Phlox form cushion-like tufts
on the rocky slo]ies of the mountains, where their ])retty
little pink, lilac or white dowers, that terminate the l)ranch-
lets. are usually sessile. The corolla is salver-form with
a fn-e-liibcd border, and there are five stamens on its tube.
The leaves are needle-like, riij^id. looselv imbricated, and
often clustered at the nodes.

SCARLET GILIA

Cilia aggrciiiita. Polemonium Family

Stems: erect, leafy, simple or sometimes loosely branched. Leaves:
pinnalely parted into narrowly linear segments, mucronulate. Flowers:
calyx glandular, tube campannlate, as long as the subulate teeth, corolla
tubular-tiuuu'ifnrni, the lobes ovate or lanceolate, acuminate. Fruit;
^ceds developing nnicilage and spiral thrcails when welted.

240 Pink fo Rrd iloucrs

The scarlet llowers of this plant arc spotted with white,
and grow in a narrow, loose, cylindrical panicle, thev are
sessile in small short-stalked clusters, and tlie tul)ular-
funneliforni corolla has ovate, ])ointed lobes that are widely
spreading and soon recur\ed. The stamens are inserted
in the throat or ])elo\v the sinuses of the corolla. Tlie
ihickish lea\es of this tall biennial (lilia are com])ound and
mostly petioled, being- pinnately parted into narrow, jKjinted
segments. The seeds dexclop mucilage and spiral threads
w'hen wetted. The plant has a very disagreeable smell.

WILD BERGAMOT

Moiiarcla fistulosa. Mini I'^aniily

Stems: l)ranclK<l, rough-hairy. Leaves: ovate-hmceolatc, serrate,
pu])csc(.'nl, especially beneath. Flowers: calyx slightly curved, very
hairy in tlie throat, corolla elongated, two li])iietl, lii)s linear, somewhat
equal, the upper erect, entire or slightly notched, the lower spreading,
three lohed at the apex, its lateral lobes ovate, obtuse, the middle one
narrowed and slightly notched.

Idle Wild Bergamot is an aromatic ])lant with thin, ovate-
lanceolate, pointed leaves, toothed at the edges and rounded
at the base. The dense flower clusters which are magenta,
purplish, lavender, whitish or yellow, are all terminal and
solitary, and have often purplish bracts that are quite con-
spicuous. The tubular calyx is erect, and hairy in the
throat, and the two lipped corolla has two protruding
antherd3earing stamens. A few Howers only open at a
time, which leaves much of the rounded heads of the hairy
calyces exposed.

RED MONKEY FLOWER

Miimiliis Lcrcisii. Figwort Family
Stems: numerous, pubescent, viscid. Leaves: oblong-ovate to lanceo-
late, denticulate, acute. Flowers: peduncles longer than the leaves;

PLATE XLIX

(}[iiiiii!us /.(Ti'iV/i)
241

242 Pink to Rid 1-lfjuers

calyx liiiiu, caiiiiiaiiulati-, its triangular tcclh very acute; cordlla with
broad throat and hilahiatc linih, lobes of the upper lip obcordate, of the
lower lip obovatc.

A tall handsome plant, with am])lc f(ilia,L;c. The leaves
are sharply toothed at the ed[;es and very ])ointe(l at the
apex; they grow in pairs, clasping the stem, and from their
axils spring the slender flower-stalks bearing brilliant ma-
genta blossoms. Each of these blossoms has a l<ing green
calyx, from out of which comes the richl}' coloured tube,
that spreads open into two lips, the upper one being reflexed
and two-lobed and the lower one spreading and three-loljed.
The throat has two yellow patches inside and is covered
with white hairs; indeed, the whole plant is extremeh' hairy
and sticky, and has a sweet sickly smell.

The favourite haunt of the Red ]\b)nkey Flower is some
damp hollow, either in marshy ground or on the banks of
an alpine stream. Though never actuall}' growing in the
water, it may frequently l)e found flourishing luxuriantly
on those little islands so common in the midst of mountain
rivers, where, sheltered by other large moisture-lo\ing
herbs, it attains a height of from one to two feet.

Mimulus is the diminutive of the Latin mimus, meaning
" a mimic actor," and alludes to the laughing face of the
flower, which appears to shoot out its ripe red lips in mock-
ery at the traveller as he passes by, opening its mouth in a
droll grimace that displays its yellow throat. Hence also
the common name Monkey Flower, given in allusion to the
ape-like pertness of the plant's appearance. Thus man has
set a " cap and bells " upon the Mimulus and appointed it
buffoon to the Court of Nature.

Pink to Red Floicers 243

RED INDIAN PAINT BRUSH

CastiUcja miniata. Figwort Family

Stems: numerous and tufted on a short rootstock, mostly simple and
strict. Leaves: lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire. Flowers:
spikes short and dense; corolla long; galea exserted, longer than the
tube, the short lower lip protuberant and callous with short, ovate,
involute teeth.

This flower, thotigh actually of a pale greenish-yellow
colour, is almost entirely enfolded in a long, ttibular, green-
ish calyx, so that it is chiefly conspicuous by reason of its
large gorgeously coloured bracts of pink, rose, scarlet,
crimson, or orange (and sometimes white), and therefore
T have placed it in the Pink to Red Section, for it is here
that most peo])lc will look for it, as only botanists are ever
likely to guess that it is not in reality a gaudy flower.

The Red Indian Paint Prush is the only alpine wild
flower which really rivals the scarlet geranium of our culti-
\atcd gardens, and no grander sight may be seen by travel-
lers than where from " tree-line," close to the edge of the
eternal snows, down into the deep green heart of the valleys,
the slopes and steeps are clothed with a marvellous mantle
of \crniiliou and golden Casfillr/as. As the sunlight
flames across these ro}-al-rol)ed hills e\'ery blossom blooms
and burns with effulgent glory, until

" Farth's crammed witli Heaven,
And every common hush atirc with God."

No words can docribe tlic brillianl beauty of such a
scene, far from uncommon at llie higher altitudes, where
man\' species of Lastillcja thrive abundantlx', and you may
walk for miles across meadows and banl-cs whereon the
Paint I'.nisiies and i'ainted Cups (or I'lame-tlowers, as they

244 Pink to Ri'/l F/owcts

are sonieliincs called) run riot in iiia^nirKciU jjrofnsion.
Every colour, cx'cry shade fn»iii coral pink to cardinal, from
canary tint to tangerine, is growing and hlowini; on cither
hand, with here and there a single snow}- spike to emphasize
the splendid conflagration of colour.

It is wonderful to note that all this carmine and L^old is
not lavished on the corolla of the flower, but chieily on the
bracts, which are set below each insignificant blossom, from
whose cleft tube the long pistil protrudes. The plant grows
from six inches to two feet high and the lea\cs are pointed
and have even margins.

The Castillcjas are parasitic on the roots of other ])lants ;
that is to say, they sometimes fasten their roots upon those
of their neighbours and thus prev upon juices alread\' par-
tially assimilated. They have not, however, as yet become
hardened thieves; if they had, thev would have lost their
leaves and green colouring matter (chloroph}dn. for every
plant that turns pirate is punished by Nature, and branded
for all the world to see, by being gradually deprived of its
foliage and its honest hue. But 'the Casfillcja is onlv guilty
of petty larceny, being but a partial parasite, and so far it
is the botanist, and not Nature, who has denounced its back-
sliding.

Casfillcja pallida, or AMiite Indian Paint Brush, much
resembles the preceding species, l)ut its flowers and bracts
are always greenish-wdiite, cream colour, or palest yellow.
It is a small, short plant, with slender stems and tiny nar-
row leaves, and it only grows at very high altitudes.

Though this species properly belongs in the White to
Green Section, it is placed here for greater convenience.

Casfillcja purpurasccns, or Purple Indian Paint Brush, is
more or less dark purplish-red throughout, and has narrow

Pink to Red Flouers 245

clasping lea\es with smooth e\"en edges. Ihe intloresccnce
is hairy, the bracts being rarely cleft and usually of a deep
crimson hue or s(jmetimes red to rose-colour, while the
fiowers are greenish-yellow with red margins. This plant
is found in abundance in the lower valleys.

Castillcja lancifoUa, or Lance-leaved Indian Paint Brush,
has numerous long narrow leaves terminating in sharp
points. These leaves are rather stifT and three-veined.
The flowers have a crimson calyx with a green base, a
yellowish-green corolla and bright red bracts.

Castillcja angustifolia var. Bradhiirii, or Bradbury's
Painted Cup, may be recognized by its leaves, which are
large and cleft above the middle into three or five unequal
lobes, the centre one being oblong and rounded at the apex,
and the lateral ones narrower.

" Flowers that with one scarlet gleam
Cover a hundred leagues, and seem
To set tlie hills on fire."'

Thoreau speaks thus of the prairie species:

"The Painted Cup is in its prime. It reddens the meadow, — Painted
Cup meadow. It is a splendid show of brilliant scarlet, the colour of
the Cardinal Flowers, and surpassing it in mass and profusion. I do
not like the name. It does not remind me of a cup, rather of a flame
when it first appears. It might be called Flame Flower, or Scarlet-
ti]i. litre is a large meadow full of it, and yet very few in the town
have ever seen it. It is startling to see a leaf thus brilliantly painted,
as if its tip were dipped into some scarlet tincture surpassing most
flowers in intensitj' of colour."

These words arc c(|uallv a])|)]icable to the mountain Cas-
fiUrjas. Truly the glorious llower-spikes of the Paint
I'ru^hcs and Painted (^lps are like tongues of tlamc that
run biu-ning thvdiiL:]! the herbage nf the hillsides.

246 Pink to Rid Flow ITS

" SciiIl-I tnl'ls
Are ylfjwini; in the greLii like Hakes of fire."

And when \vc sec ihcni in their royal radiance we remem-
ber how the ancients once \vorshi]i])ed the God of h'ire —
and understand.

Castillc/a ni/vcola, or Bright Painted Cnp, is a hairy
])lant with tufted stems growing from a multicipital caudex.
The herbage is often purplish and the leaves are narrow
deeply cleft into three to seven lol)cs. while the broad-lol)cd
bracts are tinged with l)right scarlet and the llowers, grow-
ing in a short raceme, are of the same \i\id hue.

Castillcja orcopala, or Magenta Painted Cup, has erect
stem.s which are somewhat furrowed by the inconspicuous
decurrence of the narrow sessile leaves that have one or
two pairs of spreading lobes. The bracts are three-cleft to
the middle and their lobes, as well as the calyx, are usually
a rich magenta or rose-pur])le hue, rarely crimson or white.
This plant grows at very high altitudes.

WESTERN WOOD BETONY

Prdicularis hfactcosa. Figwort Family

Stems: stout, high, erect, simple. Leaves: linear in outline, the
radical ones petioled, pinnate, the oblong leaflets pinnately parted, the
segments incisely dentate, canline broader in outline; bracts ovate,
shorter than the flowers. Flowers: spike cylindrical, very dense;
calyx sparsely pilose; corolla ochrolcucous, the tube equalling the
calyx ; galea longer and larger than the lower lip, its cucullate summit
slightly produced at the entire cndentulate oriiice, but not beaked.

A tall coarse plant, with handsome, green, fern-like foli-
age, but clumsy uninteresting flowers. On the top of the
stout reddish stems grow^ large, hairy, bracted spikes, with
many small dull red flowers, w^hich resemble a parrot's beak,
with their raised hooded upper lips and small lower ones.

Pink to Red Flowers 247

These llowers are sul)lended by conspicuous bracts, hence
the name bracieosa.

The Romans had a proverb, " Sell your coat and buy
Betony," and another old saying was, " May you have more
virtues than Betony." Antoninus Musa, physician to the
Emi)eror Augustus, wrote in high praise of its powers, stat-
ing that it would cure forty-seven of the ills to which human
flesh is heir.

Franzins, in his History of Brutes, alludes to its healing
virtues for animals. He says of the stag, " When he is
wounded w ith a dart, the onlv cure he hath is to eate some
of the herbe called Betony, which helpeth both to draw out
the dart and to heale the wound."

Sir William Hooker is our autliDrity for saying that the
common name is a corruption of Bentonic. ben meaning
" head," and ton " good " or " tonic."

Pedieularis groenlandica, or Elephant's Head, is so-called
from the close resem])lance of its blossoms to a miniature
ele])hant's head, the flat forehead, long drooping ears and
curving trunk being all perfectly outlined.

This Pedieularis has slender, rather brittle, red stalks,
win'ch are clotlied with many small, fern-like, reddish
leaves, and a group of tall fringed foliage grows up ab(~)ut
it from the ground. It is a tall plant, often attaining a
height of eighteen inches, and its terminal spikes are long
and densely flowered with tiny dull red blossoms, which
ha\e a tdnihcd calyx that is nearlv as long as the tc^oth of
the C(»n»lla. The corolla is two-lijipcd, the upper lip, or
galea, being concaxe and h.'ixing a li 'Ug tlu^eaddikc beak,
while the lower one is thrce-lobed.

248 Pink to Red Flou^ers

SMOOTH-LEAVED HONEYSUCKLE

Lonicera glauccsccns. Honeysuckle l-aniily

Twining, the branches glabrous. Leaves: chartaceous-margincd, not
ciliate, only the upper pair connate-perfoliate. Flowers: verlicillate in
a short, terminal, interrupted spike; corolla yellow changing to red, the
tube strongly gibbous at the base, the two-lipped limb shorter than the
tube ; stamens and style exserted.

A climbing" vine, with pairs of smooth leaves covered
with a delicate bloom, growing along its branches, onlv the
upper ones joined together runnd the stem, which bears at
its apex a cluster of red and gold flowers. These bfossoms
are trumpet-shaped, and the five stamens and style project
beyond the corolla, which is vermilion outside and yellow
within. The l)erry is soft and juicy. Sometimes this vine
is called W oodbine, and Shakespeare in his excjuisite ro-
mance of A Midsuinmcr Xight's Dream refers to this fact
when he makes Queen Titania say to Bottom the Weaver,
with whom the Fairy King (Jberon has caused her by means
of a love philter to fall in love:

" Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms.
So doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle

Gently entwist."

Milton in Lycidas speaks of " the well-attir'd woodbine,"
and truly, for no " gadding" vine " was ever graced with
finer or more fragrant flowers.

Spenser calls it by the older name of Caprifolc, or Goat-
leaf, because, like the mountain goat, it climbs over almost
inaccessible crags ; the French and Italian names are also
similar, being respectively ClicTrc-fcuillc and Capvifoglio.

y. ~

Pink to Red Flou-crs 249

NORTHERN TWIN FLOWER

Liniicca horcalis var. aincricana. Honeysuckle Family

Branches slender, trailing. Leaves: obscurely crenate, thick, some-
times wider than long. Flowers: two-tlowered, nodding; peduncles
slender, erect, two-bracted at the summit ; calyx-tube five-lobed ; corolla
tubular-campanulate, five-lobed.

This lovely fragrant plant, called after the great Lin-
naeus, the Father of Botany, is a

" Monument of the Man of Flowers,"

who loved its exquisite pink bells above all else in Nature,
and who sealed his preference by adopting it as his crest.

There is no more charming spot in the mountains than
some sequestered nook or shady 1)ank carpeted and adorned
by the delicate trailing branches of the Northern Twin
Flower, its glossy green leaves mingling witli the moss, and
its ])ale pink pairs of bells, veined and lined with rose col-
our, growing in lavish profusion and " gently to the passing
breeze diffusing fragrance." The slender stalks of this
vine stand u]) erect, and, forking near the summit, bear on
either side twin-born jjcndent l)loss(^ms of rare loveliness.

Seeking the shade and moisture, this plant avoids exposed
or sunny places, for

" Beneath dim aisles, in odorous beds,
The slight Linna'a hangs its twin-born heads,"

and reminds us as we gather its graceful perfumed bells
that " sweetest of all things is wild-flower air."

It is widely distribtited throughout UK^st northern coiui-
tries, and is found e\en within the limits of the .\rctic
Circle.

2^o Pink to Rid Flowers

CANADA HELIOTROPE

ralniaiui Scoiilcri. X'alcrian Family

Stems: stout. Leaves: tlic basal on long petiole^, oblong, tlircc-
lobetl, tapering to both ends, the lateral lanceolate; stem leaves two to
four pairs, piiinatcly parted in five to seven segments, lanceolate, acute,
entire or undnialc. Flowers: ccjrolla long, funnel-form, stamens and
style cxscried.

.•\ smooth ])lant witli ()l)l()n,<4' thrcc-lohed liasal leaves
growing on long stalks, the centre lobe being \-cry much the
largest of the three. The stem leaves are |)innately parted,
narrow and ])ointed. and have entire or rarely undulated
margins, while the pink flowers grow in a flat cymose pani-
cle and ha\e a fimnel-form corolla. The roots have a most
disagreeable and very strong odour.

ROUGH FLEABANE

Erigcroii glabclhis. Composite Family

Perennial by a wnoily root. Stems: simple or branched above, some-
times hirsute. Leaves: puliescent, entire, the basal ones spatulate;
stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute. Flo'.vers: heads sev-
eral or solitary, involucre hemispheric, hirsute; rays very narrow,

about one hundred or more.

This charming Fleabane grows in dry soil and bears flow-
ers of many hues, — pink, mauve, cream, and white. It has
long narrow leaves, which, together with the stalks, are
hairy.

PINK EVERLASTING

Aiitcinwria rosea. Composite Family

Floccose-woolly, surcnlose, forming broad patches. Leaves: basal
ones spatulate or obovate, white-canescent on both sides : stem-leaves
linear, sessile. Flowers: liead? in a terminal capitate or corymbose
cluster.

PLATE L

Roi'Gii Flf.arake
{Brigcroh glabcllus)

23 1

I'LATIi LI

Pink Everlasting
(,Antcnnaria rosea)

Fink to Red Flowers 253

The Pink Everlasting is so conspicuous by reason of its
rosy crackling flowers, with their white silky centres and
white woolly stems and leaves, that it requires little definite
description for identification. It has a tuft of procumbent
foliage at the base, and all the way up the stem tliere cling
man}^ tiny narrow leaves. Growing from two to twelve
inches high, this plant will be found in the same localities
as the white species.

WILD FLOWERS OF THE NORTH
AMERICAN MOUNTAINS

SECTIOX M
BLUE TO PURPLE FLOWERS

SECTION' M
BLUE TO PURPLE FLOWERS

PURPLE GARLIC

Allium Schacnoprasuiii var. sibiriciiiii. Lily Family

Bulbs narrowly ovoid, clustered. Stems: scape rather stout, bearing
below tlie middle one or two elongated, linear, terete, hollow leaves;
other leaves basal; bracts of the umbel two, broadly ovate. Flowers:
in umbels, capitate; perianth of six equal, distinct, lanceolate, one-
nerved segments.

This handsome Purple GarHc witli its large dense flower-
heads and long hollow leaves is not at all common in the
monntains, Init is frec[uently ciilti\atcd in cottage-gardens
for the sake of its beautifully coloured blossoms. Like all
the Garlics, it has a very ]ningent odour.

STIFF BLUE-EYED GRASS

Sisyriiicliiiiiii angiistifolium. Iris Family

Stems: two-edged, slender, erect, rigid. Leaves: commonly all basal,
liiuar, rigid, almost setaceous, bracts two, very unequal, erect, the
liiwtr one twice as long as the upper one. Flowers: si.x segments of
llie jirriantli spreading, aristulatc.

" For the sun is no sooner risen with a burning heat,
But it withered the grass,
And the flower thereof falletli,
y\nd the grace of the fashion of it pcrishetli."

Was it of this tiny yet brilliant purple-blue flower that
the Apostle Saint James wrote the above verse? Did he
csi)y it. as he walked abroad, nestling amongst the sedges

2 1^8 lUiii' to Purple Floucrs

that fringed the streams? It is a very fra,i;ik- lillle bl(js-
som, and as it resents licint;- picked to tlic cxicni (if imme-
diately slirivellinL;' ii|) .and dyin,L;', lra\-ellers had belter be
content to admire it where it nourishes in the moist low-
lying meadows, and refrain from all attempts to gather it.
This "little sister of the slalely blue Idag " only blooms
for a single d[iy, and each morning new buds open to re-
place the fallen petals of yesterday. Its llowcrs consist
of six translucent purplish-blue segments, \eined with a
darker hue and tipped by a bristle from a notch. These
grow on thread-like stalks between two xqvx long narrow
bracts, the lower one of which is usually twice as long as
the upper one. In the centre of each blossom is a small
patch of yellow, and the style, which is long and protruding,
is tipped by a conspicuous three-cleft stigma.

The name Blue-eyed Grass is most appropriate to this
plant, for its leaves are certainly quite grass-like, being long
and slender, and nearly all spring up from the densely
tufted base, together with the stems, which latter are flat-
tened on both sides. The llowers are very like soft pur-
plish-blue eyes with their dilated yellow " pupils," as they

" Gcntb' gaze toward tlic sky,
Answering the azure lilue on liigli."

. Another poet sings thus of the lUue-eyed Grass:

" Blue-eyed grass in the meadow,
And yarrow blooms on the hill,
Cat-tails that rustle and whisper,
And winds that are never still ;

" Blue-eyed grass in the meadow,
A linnefs nest near h\.
Blackbirds carolling clearly

Somewhere between earth and sky.

Blue to Purple Flowers 259

" Blue-eyed grass in the meadow,
And the laden bee's low hum,
Milkweeds all by the roadside,
To tell us summer is come."

Sisyrinchiuui idahocnsc, or Twisted Blue-eyed Grass, has
erect stems which are usually twisted. The leaves are thin
and somewhat lax and the spathes are often deflexed long
and narrow, the outer one longer than the inner one. The
flowers grow on erect stalks and are deep violet-blue with
a small yellow eye. The capsule is globose.

Sisyrinchium scpfentrionalc, or Small Blue-eyed Grass,
is a low plant growing in small tufts and the leaves are
stiff erect and mostly setaceous. The rose-violet flowers
are very small and arise from between the short, partly
double, spathes and the closely-subtending slenderly pro-
longed outer bract. The segments of the perianth are
acuminate and short-aristate. not retuse.

PASQUE FLOWER

Aitcnioiie patois var. H'olfi^angiaua. Crowfoot Family

Stems: erect, villous with long silky hairs. Leaves: ternately di-
vided, the lateral divisions two-parted, the middle one stalked and three-
parted, the segments deeply cleft into linear acute lobes. Flowers:
developed before the leaves; sepals five to seven; petals none. Fruit:
achenes compressed, pointed, ending in long feathery tails.

The most remarkable feature of this large purple
Anemone is tliat it 1)lossoms before its foliage is developed.
Frequently }()u will find lovely specimens of these flowers
in full bloom, standing up very straight on their thick
downy stalks, while the leaxcs, which are linel\- dissected,
arc still folded up in soft silkiness about the base of the
plant. The ti\c to se\en sepals are pale purple outside, but
almost while inside, and are extremelv soft and silkv. while

260 Blue to Pur pi I' F lowers

l)ul()W lluni (111 llic slalk i^rows a circle of \crv liair\- Icatlets.
Inside tile tloral cuj) are nunieri)us x-ellow stamens clustered
close together round the green carpels.

As time passes the stalks elongate, the pur])le lluwers tall
off, and the seeds are formed. Then the heads present a
loN'ely plumose api)earance. for to each seed is attached
a long silky tail, the whole forming a ])retty fccathery tuft.

PURPLE CLEMATIS

Clematis roliiiiihiana. Crowfoot I'amily

A trailing and partly clinil)ing vine. Leaves: tril'oliolatc ; leaflets
thin, ovate, acute, more or less cordate, slightly tnoilud or entire;
petioles slender. Flowers: solitary; sepals thin and translucent,
strongly veined, silky along the margins and the veins ; petals spatulate ;
styles persistent, ])luniose ihrougliout.

The large lovely flowers of the Purple Clematis are at-
tractive by reason of their four or five big jiurple-hlue
sepals, for their jietals are \-erv small and inconspicuous,
surrounding the numerous yellow stamens. WHien in fruit
this plant is also interesting, as the fine feathery styles form
silvery heads, the long plumes of which are delicately en-
twined.

Its slender leaf-stalks are the means hy which the
Clematis climbs and clings to bushes, trees, and rocks, fes-
tooning with graceful garlands everything that comes in its
w^ay and delighting the traveller's eye with its wide-spread,
semi-transparent, prominently veined flowers. The leaves
are formed of three small, deeply veined leaflets, which
grow on slim, rather woody stems.

This plant is a constant ornament to the alpine woods
during the summer months, for when its true flowering
season is past the pretty green foliage and large tufts of
feathery seeds still render it an object of admiration.

Blue to Purple Flowers 261

BLUE COLUMBINE

Aquilcgia brcz'istyla. Crowfoot Family

Stems: slender, erect, l)ranching. Leaves: basal ones 1)iternate, lobed
and crenate; stem-leaves few, nearly sessile. Flowers: small, nodding,
blue and white ; spurs short.

The smallest of the mountain Columbines, it may easily
be recognized by its mauvish-blue and creamy blossoms and
its very short styles. It is a more compact and therefore
less graceful flower than A. formosa or A. flavcsccns.

The Columbine was first introduced into England from
the Virginia Colony in the reign of Charles I, when a young
l)()tanisl sent it as a gift to the great Tradescant. gardener
and herbalist to the King.

MOUNTAIN LARKSPUR

Dclpliiniuin Brovnii. Crowfoot Family

Stems: tall from a fascicle of thick roots. Leaves: nnmcrons, mostly
orbicular in outline, iive-to-seven parted, the lower into cuneate and
the upper into narrower-cleft and laciniate divisions, petioled. Flow-
ers: racemes many-flowered on short erect pedicels.

The tall Mountain Larkspur is a very handsome plant.
It is nearly always a rich purple hue, but very occasionally
it bears white or ])inki.sh-niau\-e blossoms. Standing from
one to four feet liigh, these Ih'l/'liiniinns (so called from
their fancied resenil)lance to a dol])hiu ) may l)e found in
immense (piantities in the higii alpine meadows, their long
flower racemes towering up abo\e a mass of deeply cleft
(larl< green foliage. I*'ach tlower grows on a liny tipright
stalk allaclied to the main stem, and has four small whitish
])etals, the ui)])er pair smooth and dexeloped backwards, antl
enclosed in the sjiur of the calyx, and the two lower ones
det'pK- notched and \ er\- hair}'. The srpals .ai'e li\e in num-

262 Blur lo Piirp/t' I'/o-irc'rs

l)ei" and nt a liAcly inlcn^c blue colour; ihc to]) one is pro-
longed al the hack into a hollow spur, and the others are
])lain.

This plant is also called Monkshood, the reason wherefor
may readily he seen.

Dclphiniu})} Mcn.zicsi'i, or Ulue Larkspur, is a smaller
species growing only from six to eighteen inches high and
having few leaves and fewer flowers on its hairy sterns.
Though usually

" Blue as the licavcn it gazes at,"

this Larkspur has sometimes white blossoms marked witli,
purple veins.

Dclpliiniinn bicolor, or Blue-veined Larkspur, is a small
species which grows six to ten inches high from fasicled
and deep descending roots. It is a stout, ]xi1)cscent plant.
with thickish lea\"es, the lower ones orbicular in outline, and
all deeply cleft into narrow, obtuse segments. The flow-
ers grow in sc.antv racemes, and have pale yellowish or
whitish petals, which are cons])icuouslv blue-\'eine(l. This
species is found in drv places among the mountains.

MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE

Sa.rifraga opposititolia. Saxifrage Family

Stems: prostrate, densely leafy. Leaves: sessile, ovate, nearly or-
bicular, persistent, keeled, fleshy, opposite or imbricated in four rows,
the margins ciliate. Flowers: solitary, nearly sessile; calyx-lobes
obtuse, much siiorter than the ol^ovate purple petals.

The simple description of Silrnc acaulis. or ^.loss Cam-
pion, given on page 211, is applicable in several particulars
to this Alountain Saxifrage, which is also a dwarf arctic-
alpine flower and only grows at great altitudes. The chief
difference between the two plants lies in the leaves, which

Blue to Purple Floicers 263

in the Campion are extremely fine and narrow and in the
Saxifrage are egg-shaped and thickish, with a strongly
marked keel and hairy margins. The stems of the Saxi-
frage are prostrate and very leafy, and the flowers are pur-
ple and grow almost flat upon the ground.

It was John Kel)le who first drew our attention to the
fact that they are

" Tlie loveliest flowers that closest cling to earth."

It was also evidently to some such prostrate alpine ])lant as
the Moimtain Saxifrage that he referred when he wrote:

" Bloom on then in your shade, contented bloom,
Sweet flowers, nor deem yourselves to all unknown.
Heaven knows you, by whose gales and dews ye thrive;
They know, who one day for their altered doom
Shall thank you, taught by you to abase themselves and live."

PURPLE CINQUEFOIL

Potcntilla pulustris. Rose Family

Stems: stout, ascending from a decumbent .rooting perennial base.
Leaves: pinnate, oblong, serrate. Flowers: few in an open cyme.
Fruit: achcnes glabrous, hairy receptacle becoming large and spongy.

Idiis Purple Cin(|ucf()il is a marsh ])lant with a decum-
bent root and a somewhat woody base. The leaves are \\\q
to seven foliolate, the lower ones long-stalked and the upper
ones nearly sessile, the leaflets being oblong, toothed, blunt
at the apex and narrowed at the base. The showv flowers,
which grow in an ojicn cyme, have a large calyx which is
dark purple within and much exceeds the small purple
petals. The numerous stamens are inserted on the pu-
bescent receptacle which becomes s])ong\- in fruit.

264 Blue to Purple Flowers

ALPINE LUPIN

Liif^iiiHS snhiilti"iis. Pulse Family

Stems: simple, leafy. Leaves: palmately divided, leaflets spatulate-
oblaiiccolatc, obtuse, villous beneath, glabrous above. Flowers: in a
terminal raceme, keel glabrous. Fruit: pod linear-oblong, obliquely
pointed, seven to nine seeded.

The showy blue 1)lo.ssoms of the Alpine T.iipin, which are
found at high altitudes, grow in many-flowered terminal
racemes borne on a stoutish stalk. 1"he indi\i(hial tlowcr-
stalks arc slender, the leaflets are broad at the base and
somewhat rounded at the top.

ASCENDING MILK VETCH

Astragalus adsitrgcns. Pea Family

Stems: rather stout, ascending or decumbent. Leaves: odd-pinnate;
leaflets oval to linear-oblong, obtuse, fifteen to twenty-five, peduncles
exceeding the leaves. Flowers: erect, in short dense spikes; tube of
the calyx long-campanulate, twice as long as the setaceous teeth, sub-
villous with partly black hairs; petals clawed; standard erect, ovate;
wings oblong; keel obtuse. Fruit: pods erect, sessile, coriaceous.

This is a common species of purple Vetch in the moun-
tain regions. It has much foliage, composed of from fif-
teen to twenty-five tiny oblong leaflets borne on each of the
leaf-stalks, which branch from the main stems. The flow-
ers grow in dense roundish heads, and the little leaflets are
rounded and entire at the apex.

Each individual flower, like many of those of the Pea
Family, is composed of five irregular petals, the large upper
one, called the standard, being turned backwards when in
full bloom, and the two side ones forming wings, while the
two lower ones are united to form a kind of pouch, called
the keel, which encloses the stamens and style.

The traveller will note that an easv w^av to distinguish

PLATE LII

AsiKNllINC MlI.K \'i:t(. H
(.Islragalus adsuri^ciis)

265

PLAIH LI 1 1
I.

;-^

2 -'*^' '

<0-

^

Alpixe Milk Vetch
{Astragalus alpiiius)

266

Blue to Purple Flou-ers 267

Astragalus adsurgcns from Oxytropis zHscida (whicli it
much resembles) is by observing two things. In the first
place, the flower-stalks of the Astragalus branch out from
all |)arts of the main stems of the plant, together with the
leaf-stalks; whereas the flower-stalks of the Oxytropis are
naked and grow directly up from the base of the plant. In
the second place, the keel of the Astragalus flower is
rounded, whereas that of the Oxytropis is very pointed.

Astragalus hypoglottis, or Purple '\l\]k Vetch, very
closely resembles the preceding species, but may be distin-
guished from it by the fact that its leaflets are indented or
notched at the tips, whereas those of the Ascending Milk
Vetch are slightly rounded and perfectly entire.

Astragalus alpinus, or Alpine Milk Vetch, is a dainty
pale mau\e species, with small loosely flowered heads and
delicate foliage. It is frefiuently found at very high alti-
tudes.

Astragalus Macouuii, or Macoun's Alilk Vetch, is a tall
plant with s]iarse foliage and a few long loosely flowered
heads of pale mauve, or white tinged and edged with mauve.
The stems grow very erect and are cjuite slender. It usu-
ally is found in rocky places.

Astragalus conz'alhwius. or Slender Milk \"ctch. is a

lovely fragile species, quite unmistakable by reason of its

very fine grass-like stems, tiny, narrow, silky leaflets, and

little, scanty, ])inkisli-mau\e blossoms, that grow far apart

in long slender racemes, giving the plant a beautiful feathery

appearance.

ALPINE OXYTROPE

O.vyti'Df'is fisciihi. IV;i l-";nnily

Stems: viscid-puhcscciit. Leaves: odd-iiimi.itc : Icatlcts in minicrous
pairs, oblong-lanccolatf, s(Miic\vliat acute. Flowers: peduncles longer

PLATE LIV

Alpine Oxytrope

(O.vytropis viscida)

268

Blue to Purple Flowers 269

than the leaves; spikes subcylindrical ; teeth of the calyx subulate, about
the length of the tube ; legumes short, terete, acuminate.

As remarked before, Oxytropis differs from Astragalus
in having flowers with very pointed keels and long naked
llowcr-stalks that grow up directly from the base of the
l)lant ; also its flower-spikes are more elongated than those
of the Ascending and Purple ]\Iilk Vetches, which are
roundish. 1lic Aljjine Oxytrope is a hairy, rather sticky
plant, and bears blossoms of many shades of gray-blue,
\ iolet, mauve, purple, and creamy white.

Oxytropis splendcns, or Showy Oxytrope, is rightly
named, for its handsome bright purple-blue or purjile-pink
tlowers, growing in dense spikes on the top of the long
straight stalks, and its quantity of silvery silky foliage
render it a remarka1)ly handsoiue member of the Pea Fam-
ily. The whole plant, including the stalks, leaves, and
calyx, is extremely woolly.

Oxytropis deflcxa, or Droo]iing- fruited Oxytrope, is a
soft pubescent or silky plant with leaves bearing twelve to
sixteen pairs of narrow pointed leaflets. The small pale
purple flowers grow in slender spikes on stalks which far
exceed the leaves in length. The calyx is nearly as long
as the corolla and is covered with short black and longer
white hairs. l"he fruit is the most remarkable feature of
this j)lant. it is very strongly deflexed.

Oxytropis poclocarpa, or Inflated Oxytrope, is an arctic
and alpine i)lant, which grows only from one to f(^ur inches
high and has \ iolet llowers and tiny verv hairy stalks and
leaves. The main stems grow partlv underground and are
inil)iicated. — ihal is to say, they are covered with numer-
ous small overlapping leaves; but the pods are the most
noticeable feature, being abnormally large and inflated.

270 lUuc to Piiypii' I'loucrs

This plant is frequently found growing flat upon the

gmund.

PURPLE HEDYSARUM

Ilcdysantin Imrcalc. Pea Family

Stems: erect, glabrous, generally simple. Leaves: ndd-pinnatc, short-
])t'ti()lc(l : leailcts oblong, obtuse, and often mucronale at the apex.
Flowers: in long loose racemes, dctlexcd.

This is a tall handsome plant very common among the
mountains. The leaves are slmrt-stalked and have eleven
to twenty-one oblong leailcts w liich are rounded at the base.
The stiff erect racemes of dcncxed \iolct-])uri)le flowers are
longer than the leaves and the pods are drooping and have
three to five oval strongly reticulated joints.

The white or cream-coloured species, Hcdysaruui siil-
pJuirum, is described in the White to CJreen Section.

COW VETCH

]"icia Cracca. Pea Family

Stems: tufted, slender, weak, climbing or trailing. Leaves: pinnate,
tentlril-bearing, nearly sessile; leaflets eighteen to twenty-four, linear,
obtuse, mucronate; peduncles axillary. Flowers: in spike-like dense
racemes, retlexed. Not indigenous.

A lovely climbing or trailing Vetch, with dense spike-like
racemes or deep purple-blue flowers and quantities of deli-
cate foliage; the lea\es, which are pinnately divided into
numerous tiny leaflets, having thread-like tendrils at their
tips.

J'icia anicvicana, or Americaii A'etch, has the same
nearly sessile pinnate leaves and slender weak stems as the
preceding species. It also climbs and trails over every bush
and shrub in its vicinity, clinging to them by means of its
tiny tendrils: but it differs entirely from V. Cracca in its

Blue to Purple F loners 271

tlowcrs, which are larger, more mauve in hue, and grow-
in a scanty, very loose fashion, as opposed to the dense
spike-like racemes of the Cow Vetch.

To see the mountain woods blued by these two graceful
plants recalls Emerson's reference to how

" The million-handed Painter pours
Opal hues and purple dje "

out upon the flowers of the forest.

Tlie , Istrch/aliis, O.vyfrof^is. Ilrdysaniin, and Jlcia all
belong to the Pea Family, and therefore their flowers are
all papilionaceous ; that is to say, they have irregular butter-
fly-shaped blossoms.

MARSH VETCHLING

Latliynis palustris. Pea Family

Stems: angled, winged, slender. Leaves: leaflets two to four pairs,
lanceolate, oblong, pointed at the apex, rounded at the base. Flowers:
style dilated and flattened above, hairy along the inner side. Fruit:
pod flat, seeds globular.

The purple flowers of this plant grow in loose-headed

racemes where the groimd is moist. The slender stems are

angled and winged, the three or four pairs of leaflets are

oblong and pointed, and tlic tendrils terminating the stalks

are Ijranched.

WILD FLAX

Liiniin Lczi'isii. Flax Family

Stems: slender, erect. Leaves: crowded, sessile, oval-linear, acute.
Flowers: on long pedicels; sepals oval, obtuse; petals five, large, blue,
fugacious.

A slender dainty plant, which bonds nnd bows to everv
passing breeze, and bears terminal clusters as well as
racemes of lovelv cerulean flowers.

272 lUuf /o Pur pi I' I'lourrs

" liluc were her eyes as tlie fairy llax,"

wrote T.onii^fcllow, and if \(ni once sec ihc wonderful blue
of these l)los.s()ms you will well understand the er)ni])linient
intended, for the_\' are a niar\cllous cnldur, and >o frail and
translueent that the\- wither at a single touch, while the deli-
cately veined petals fall almost as soon as they dc\clo]) into
the perfect flowers; the stems, on the contrarx, though slim.
are remarkahh' toui^h. A reall\- blue Hower is a rarity in
the mountains, d'here are manv mau\c<, lK'lintr()])cs, vio-
lets, purjiles, .and lilacs, hut few true hlues.

The word liiiiiiii comes from the Celtic word ////, mean-*
ing " thread." and from it also is derixed the I'Jiglish word
" linen." together with all its variations. The seeds of the
Flax contain oil.

CROWBERRY
Eiiipctntiii )ii:^niiii. Cniwberry P'aniily

Much hranched, the lM-anclics spreading, densely leafy. Leaves:
linear-ohlonff, crowded, thick. ol)tuse, the strongly revolute margins
roughisli. Flowers: very small, jmrplish, solitary in the upper axils;
sepals and petals mostly three. Fruit: a black drupe, containing six to
nine nutlets.

This blackd)erried herbaceous shrub resembles a TIeath,

and grows in large dense mats on the mountain sides at

high altitudes. The numerous short branches are thickly

covered wnth tiny narrow leaves; the ])iu-])lish flowers are

inconspictious, and the berries, which are large, round, and

of a dull black colour, are a favourite fruit with the alpine

birds.

EARLY VIOLET

Jlola ucphroi^liylla. Violet Family

Acaulesccnt. Rootstocks short and thick. Leaves: long-petioled,
cordate, with a broad sinus, the early ones reniform, the latter ones

Wild Flax

Blue to Purple Flowers 273

acute or acuniinatf, crcnately tootlied. Flowers: large; petals villous
at base ; spur saccate.

This large Early Violet is really of a true violet colour;
it grows most luxuriantly in very moist ground, usually on
the knv banks uf streams or in the marshes, for it is there
that

" The purple violets lurk,
With all the lovely children of the shade."

Poets ha^■e ever lo\ed and praised tlie Violet. The Bard
of Avon sang of how

" Violets blue.
And lady-smocks all silver white.
And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue
Do paint the meadows with delight";

later causing Ol)eron to relate:

" I know a bank wlicreon the wild tliynie I)lows,
W'licrc (3.\-Hi)s and ihc nodding violet grows."

]\Ii]ton told of the

" N'ioli't embroidered vale" ;
and ScoU claimed that

" The violet in her greenwood bower.

Where birchen boughs with hazd mingle,
May boast herself the fairest flower
In forest glade or copsewood dingle."

Long before Shakespeare's day. howe\er. the ancient
Arabians sang its praise. Tt was the favourite flower of
Mahomet, just as il was thai of Xapolcon in modern times,
and has since 1)Ccome the emblem of the P>onapartists. who
still wear it as a token of tlicir dcNdtion to a lost cause,
rcmcmlicring. perhaps. Shakespeare's ])roverb that

"Violet is for faitlifnlness."
Xo legitimist in I'rance will cxer wear these flowers.

274 f^^'i'' i'' Piirpli' i'loxicrs

Tlic l'"arly \ii)lel has five lar.ijc j^ctals that are hairv at
ihr hasc, ihe Inwer one ])c\\v^ marked with a tin\-, dark-
veined yelknvish-white patch on its face, and protruding at
the back into a small rounded spur. The leaves are broad
and consiMcuously veined, many of them being folded in-
wards when young.

J^iola adunca, or Dog Violet, is a smaller dark purple or
white species which grows on dry ground and sends out
runners tliat bear many l)lossoms. The low stems brancli
out from the l)ase. the leaves are ovate and somewhat cor-
date, and the spur is rather slender and curved.

/ "lola Sclkirkii, or Selkirk's Violet, has dark green or-
bicular, deeply cord.ale, crenate leaves, whose upi)er surface
is sparingly beset with short hairs near the margin. 1'lie
pale violet flowers have an obtuse spur and are beard-
less.

Viola paliistris, or ]\Iarsh Violet, has leaf and flower
stalks arising from a very slender creeping rootstock. The
flower stalks are longer than the leaf stalks. Hie leaves
are thin cordate, broadlv o\ate and crenulate, the ]^etals are
pale lilac streaked \\ itii darker veins or sometimes nearly
white, the flower is slightly bearded, the spur is short and
the stigma not l)earded but somewhat beaked. This is not
a common sjjecies.

CUT-LEAVED ANGELICA

Lcf^totcrnia iiiullifida. Par^Ky Family

Stems: from a large fusiform rootstock. Leaves: pinnately decom-
pound. Flowers: in large umbels. Fruit: oblong-elliptical, carpel
with dorsal and intermediate ril)s.

The stems of this handsome Angelica grow from one to
three feet high and are Aery leafy at the base. The seg-

Blue to Purple FloiL'ers 275

nients of the ternate nnd pinnate leaves are finely cut, and
the small bro\\nish-]xn-j)le flowers grow in round umbels
three to four inches in diameter, usually without an involu-
cre. The lateral wings of the fruit are broad, very thick
and corky, and the seeds are flat, the seed-face being con-
cave. The oil-tubes are obsolete.

MACOUN'S GENTIAN

Gentiana Macoiiuii. Gentian Family

Stems: slender, sinijile. Leaves: linear. Flowers: solitary at the
ends of elongated erect peduncles ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate,
their mid-ribs decurrent on the tube ; corolla narrowly-campanulate, its
lobes spatulate-oblong, fringed on both sides, and almost toothed around
the apex.

A lox'ely deep blue Gentian, found in moist places. l)ut not
very common. \\'hen the days begin to shorten and the
earth is flooded with the final glory of those scarlets and
yellows that precede and presage decay, then like a beautiful
benediction the Gentians, " coloured with Heaven's own
IjIuc." are spread al)road, opening their petals to the sun-
shine at midday and closing them again suddenly at the
first touch of the chill winds that blow off the ice-fields.

In the early fall of the }ear,

" Then doth thy sweet and quiet eye
Look through its fringes to the sky,
Blue, blue, as if that sky let fall
A tlower from its cerulean wall."

There lies at all times a ciu'ious siKcrv tinge tijion the
exterior of the four large fringed lobes of the corolla, which
are delicatelv and darkly veined, 'i'he two outer calyx-
lobes are longer and narrower than the two inner ones, and
the buds are \ erv long and pointed. \\ hene\er vou tr\- to

Blue fo Purple Flowers

pick one of these (icntians. you will find tlirit tlie whole
l)lant comes up out of the .i;rouu(l at the sli.L^htest ]inll. Thev
are extreuiely elusive Howcrs, seldoui reap])earin,o- in the
same place for two consecutive years, since, being annuals,
and iheretore ])erpetuated 1)\- seed alone, their reappearance
the followM'ng season depends altogether upon the direction
of the wind which blows the httle hairy scales hither and
thither, and by good fortune deposits a few wdiere the moist
earth enal)les them to germinate.

Gentiana AinarcUa var. acuta, or Northern Gentian, may
readily be distinguished by the fringed crown set within
the throat of the corolla-tulje. The flowers are fjuite numer-
ous, growing in clusters on short stiff stalks that spring out
of the main stem ; they are usually pinkish-pur])le, l)ut some-
times white. The traveller should s]iccially note that the
corolla is dixlded into fi\-e lobes at the top. and that the
tiny roots grow close to the surface of the soil and arc very
easily pulled up.

Gentiana propinqua, or Four-parted Gentian, is some-
what like the preceding species, but has larger, brighter blue
flowers, which are not nearly so closely clustered together ;
and it is a much more graceful plant. The corolla is four-
parted, or cut into four lo1)es. as the name implies, and the
calyx is also four-cleft. These Gentians are occasionally
white.

Gctiiiana arctophila, or Alpine Gentian, is a tinv dwarf
species resembling G. propinqua. It is found at immense
altitudes.

Gentiana prostrata, or Dwarf Gentian, has very weak and
often procumbent stems. The leaves are covered with a
soft white bloom and have white hairy margins, while the
flowers are solitarv and of a lovelv azure-blue colour, also

PLATE LV

FOLR-IWRTED GeNTIAN

{Gcii liana f^iDf^iiuiua)

27H ' /?///(' to Piirp/t' F I oners

\cY\ ()ccasi(inall\- wliile. 1 1 is an excecdin.i;ly liny plant,
and has l)cen fi mnd al an cdewalion of 10,000 feet.

Gciitiaiia a/'/tiiis. or Large Gentian, has oblong obtuse
leaves. In this tall handsome Gentian there is a very beau-
tiful contrast between the rich green foliage and the azure-
blue flowers. Hiese flowers grow in dense clusters among
the leaves on the top of the stems; each one has a large,
gray, greenish-blue corolla, divided into five spreading
lobes, whicli are of a wonderful cerulean hue inside, marked
and spotted with white. The tips of these lobes are \'ery
pointed, and sometimes the green calyx-lol)es equal them in
length, showing between their divisions, while at other times
they are (juite minute.

Gentiana glauca, or Pale Gentian, is a small low-growing
plant with tiny oval basal leaves forming a rosette, and a
few green-blue flowers, subtended Ijy a pair of bracts, at the
top of the short stalks which are onl_\- two to four indies
high. The calyx is campanulate, and the corolla tube is
cylindrical with ovate obtuse lobes.

SPURRED GENTIAN

Ilah'iiia dcHcxa. Gentian Family

Stems: single or branched, slender, erect. Leaves: the basal ones'
obovate or spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into petioles, the stem ones
ovate, acute sessile, the uppermost smaller. Flowers: terminal and
axillary. Fmit: capsule narrowly oblong, two-valved, seeds globose-
ovoid, smooth.

A plant much resembling a Gentian, with tall erect stiff
stems bearing pairs of ovate leaves up them, and having a
ttift of larger ones at the base. The dull greenish-purple,
rarelv white, terminal and axillary flowers are most curi-
ouslv shaped, having a campanulate corolla four to five cleft

Blue to Purple Floicers 279

with the loljes convolute in the bud, and each with a hollow
detlexed spur or projection l)elow.

BLUE GREEK VALERIAN

Polciiioiiiuiii confcrtum. Polcnioniuni Famil}-

Stems: from a tufted rootstock. Leaves: alternate, leaflets mostly
two to three divided, the divisions from round-oval to oblong-linear.
Flowers: dense, corolla with rounded lobes. Fruit: ovules three in
eacii cell.

This species of Greek Valerian grows at high altitudes,
the bright blue flowers being erect, fragrant, and growing
in densely congested heads. The plant is hairy, the petioles
of the radical lea\-cs are cons]iicuouslv scarious-dilated and
sheathing at the base, and the leaflets are very small, and so
crowded that they appear to be growing in fascicles or
whorls.

Polcnioiiiuiu liiiuiilc, or Purple Greek Valerian, has
shorter, stouter stems than the preceding species, and is
much branched. The leaflets are mostly oblong, and the
purplish flow^ers grow in llat-topped clusters, the ample.
rotindcd lol)es of the corolla being much longer than the
ttibe. The seeds are one or two in each cell. This is almost
an arctic-alpine plant.

MOUNTAIN PHACELIA

Pliacclia scricca. Water-leaf l-"amily

Stems: simple, virs^ate, canesccnt, leafy to the top. Leaves: pinnatcly
parli'd into numerous linear and ajjain pinnatitid divisions, silky-canes-
cent. Flowers: in short spikes, crowded in a naked spike-like thyrsus;
calyx-lobes linear; corolla very open-campauulatc, cleft to the middle;
stamens long cxscrtcd.

.\ glorious plant, with rich ])tu-plo-blue ll(nvers clustered
in huge long spike-like panicles, and handsome deeply cleft

280 Bin I' to Purple I-'lo-ut'rs

foliai^v, which is coxcred willi a soft white diiwn. The
1(111,^" 1)11 itnuliii!^' stamens give a feathery appearance to the
open hell-shaped hlossoms, and as it grows at extremely high
altitudes, where flowers of any kind are rather rare and
large showy (mes almost unknown, the Mountain Phacelia
is a real treasure-troye to the traveller. It has a very strong
disagreeahle odoiu*.

Fhacclia hcfcropliylla, or Blue Phacelia, has stout rough-
hairy stems, and lanceolate entire pointed silky white-hairy
leaves, pinuatch- and ohli(|uel\- \eiued, the lower one taper-
ing into a stalk and usually having a pair of lateral leallets.
The hluish-purple flowers grow in a short dense terminal
sfiike and smaller axillary s])ikes. and the filaments are
much exserted and sparingly bearded.

FALSE FORGET-ME-NOT

Lappiila floribunda. Borage Family

Stems: soft-liirsiite, rather strict. Leaves: oblong to linear entire,
sessile. Flowers: in numerous racemes, nearly erect, densely flowered;
corolla funnel-form, five-lobed. Fruit: nutlets keeled, papillose-tubercu-
late on the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat subulate
prickles.

There have probably been more arguments between travel-
lers over these Bowers than over any other plant that grows
in the mountain regions. Ninety-nine persons out of every
hundred w ill gather the lovely sky-ljlue blossoms, delighting
in their beauty and inhaling with joy the delicate fragrance
of their perfume, under the firm conyiction that it is the
true Forget-me-not they are picking; whereas — alas for
the shattering of a pretty romance! — it is only the sweet-
scented blossoms of the False Forget-me-not they are gath-
ering, ^yhich have as usual practised a successful deception
upon the unwary.

.MlllMAl.N I'llAl l-.LIA

(Pluuclia scricca)

■•..- Vj

Blui' to Purple Flowers 281^

The False Forget-me-not may, in realit}', be easily distin-
guished from the true species by a very simple fact, which,
once understood and noted, will never again be overlooked.
When in fruit the " False " species bears numerous nutlets
covered with ])rick:les, in fact tiny burs, which give it the
common name of Stickseed, and certainly these little seeds do
stick, and stick very fast indeed, to the clothing of persons
and the fur of passing animals. The true Forget-me-not
has no burs.

The stems and long narrow leaves of the Lappula Uori-
bunda are covered with a slight soft down. It grows very
tall under faxourablc circumstances, such as near water and
on the open sunshiny slopes, and its flowers, blue as heaven
itself, or very occasionally white, are funnel-form, the tube
being very short and having its throat nearly closed by five
flat lol:)es, which form a circular arching crest in the centre.
The tiny stamens, and the style with its minute capitate
stigma, are set inside this bright yellow circle, or " eye."

It matters little, after all, w^hether these flowers are
" False " or true; they are ])cautiful to look upon, and very
fragrant, as thev hold their

" Festival
Of brcakin.u; hiid and sconlt-cl breath" ••

high up in some al])ine meadow, where the air is fresh and
wholesome and where the whole world seems full of won-
derful possibilities.

Lapl^ula diffusa, or Rock Stickseed, is somewhat like the
preceding species, but not so tall, and has wider and more
pointed leaves. The blue flowers, too, are larger, though
fewer in number, and the extremely prickly nutlets have
stalks more than a ((uarter of an inch long.

Laj^j^iila cch'uiata. or iUu'>eed, has nuich smaller leaves

282 lUiic lo Purple 1- loners

and \ery tin}- hright l)luc flowers, each indixidual ])loss()m
being little larger than a jiin's head. Idiesc flowers grow in
close leafy-bracted racemes, which are more or less one-
sided, and when in fruit the plant bears innumeral)le tiny
burs. This is an introduced plant.

MOUNTAIN FORGET-ME-NOT

Myosotis al/'cslris. liorage I'amily

Stems: erect, tufted. Leaves: oblong, linear. Flowers: in dense
racemes; calyx five-parted, hirsute; corolla salver-form, the throat with
small blunt crests at the base of the rounded lobes.

This is the real true Forget-me-not. It grows from
about four to six inches high and is found only at high
altitudes. Its tiny tunpioise flowers are verv fragrant.
Cnlike the prickly burs of the " False " species, the nutlets of
the true Forget-me-not are quite smooth.

There are innumerable stories told concerning these blue-
eyed flowers, which are the em1)Iems of undving lo\-e and
are identified with our most romantic sentiments. One of
the most charming legends about them runs thus :

" When to the flowers so beautiful
The Father gave a name.
There came a little blue-eyed one
(All timidly it came).
And, standing at the Father's feet,
And gazing in His face.
It said, in low and trembling tones.
Yet with a gentle grace :
' Dear Lord, the name Thou gavest me,
Alas ! I have forgot ' ;
Kindly the Father looked Him down
And said, ' Forget Me not.' "

Blue to Purple Floicers - 283

TALL LUNGWORT

Mcrtriisiii t^auiculata. Borage Family

Rough-pubescent. Stems: erect, branched above, the branches slen-
der. Leaves: thin, pinnatcly veined, those of the stem ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate; basal leaves ovate, rounded. Flowers: several-flowered in
loose terminal panicles calyx-lobes acute; corolla funnel-form, crested

in the throat.

The Tall Lungwort grows from one to three feet high,
and is one of the handsomest members of a family of coarse
and hairy plants. It has very showy blue flowers, their
tubes crested in the throat and the lobes only slightly spread-
ing-. These grow in loose terminal clusters.

Probably it is because there are so few really blue moun-
tain wild flow^ers that we specially prize this striking plant.
On every hand wc see various shades of purple, mauve, vio-
let, and heliotroi)e, — but very rarely of blue.

" Blue ! 'Tis the life of heaven, the domain
Of Cynthia, the wide palace of the sun.
The tent of Hesperus, and all his train.
The bosomer of clouds, gold, gray, and
Blue ! "Tis the life of waters, ocean
And all its liasal streams.
Blue ! Gentle cousin of the forest green,

Married to green in all Uic sweetest flowers."

«

Mcrtcnsia oblongifolia, or Bhie Lungwort, is not so tall
as the preceding species, growing only from four to eight
inches higli, the stems usually solitary from the short, thick,
corn-like root. The leaves are oblong, and rounded at the
apex, the lower ones being smaller than these at the middle
of the stem. The \cr\- bright clear blue flowers are numer-
ous in a close terminal cluster, the narrow lol)cs of the \o\\r-
parted calyx are nu'nulcly hairy, and the ftmnelform corolla
has an al)ruptly dilated thro;il with pubescent crests at its

284 l^lui- t'j Purple Ploucrs

base on a line with the stamens. Tlie nutlets are dull and
uitli obtuse anj^les, they are wrinkled at maturity. This
plant grows in moist places.

DRAGON HEAD

Dracocc[>JialHm parvifloniiii. 'SWni Family

Stems: erect, leafy. Leaves: ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed.
Flowers: in whorls, crowdcil in a terminal s])ike.

The leafy erect stems of this plant are crowned with dense
whorled spikes of small purpled)lue llowers, the upper lip of
the small slender corolla is arched and notched, the low^er
one being three-cleft, with the large middle lobe again two-
cleft or notched at the end. The lea\'es are long-shaped and
very sharply toothed, the lower ones being petioled and the
upper sessile.

HEART OF THE EARTH

P.runcUa vulgaris. Mint Family

Stems: numerous, slender, erect or procumbent, usually simple.
Leaves: lliin, ovate or ol)long, obtuse, entire or crenate. Flowers: in
dense, hractcd, terminal and axillary spikes; calyx cylindraceous, with
hirsute teeth; con)lla-tul)e inllated, bilabiate, the upper lip entire,
arched, the lower lip spreading, ihree-lobed.

The dense purple spikes of the Prunella are very common
beside alpine streams and in the grassv meadows. This
plant, which was called Prunella by Linnanis, is more sig-
nificantly named Bruiiclla, because it is supposed to contain
a remedy for die Briiune, or the quinsy, and hence some
ancient German l^otanist originally called it Brunellen.

It is not an attractixe flower, for its elongated spikes, cov-
ered with dark reddish bracts, have usually only a few scat-
tered blossoms on them, and e\en these are insignificant.

Blue to Purple Flouers , 285

The leaves grow in pairs up the stems, and are frequently
marked with reddish patches.

WOUNDWORT

Stachys palustris. I\Iint Family

Stems: erect, strict, simple, retrorse-hispid on the angles. Leaves:
firm, lanceolate, oblong, almost sessile, acute at the apex, subcordate at
the base, dentate. Flowers: in clusters, forming an elongated inter-
rupted spike.

The Woundwort has from six to ten reddish-purple flow-
ers in each of the whorls that encircle its stem at intervals,
and also bears a terminal cluster at the top. Stachys means
" a spike," and refers to its elongated flower-spikes, while
palustris signifies " growing in swamps," and is therefore
peculiarly appropriate to this plant, which frequents very
moist places. Probaljly it is sometimes called Hedge Xettle
because the leaves resemble those of the trtie Xettle, but
without the stinging properties of the latter. Stachys is a
very hairy plant, its leaves and stems being all covered with
(|uantities of fine hairs, and Gerade claims to have cured
wounds by binding it over the cuts, and in olden days these
plants were fre(iuently cmphjyed to stop bleeding, hence the
name of Woundwort.

CANADA MINT

Mciilha caiunh'iisis. Mint Family

Stems: erect, simple or liranchcd. Leaves: ol)long, acute, sharply
serrate. Flowers: all in short and dense, sessile, a.xillarj- glomerules ;
calyx ohlong-campanulate, pubescent, five-toothed ; corolla irregularly
four-cicft.

'ihe traveller has only to pick a spray of this plant to
know its name, ]\Iint, from ^^linlhc. a lovely nymph whom

286 Blue to Purple Flowers

the jealous I'rnscr])inL' cliaui^cd into a tlowcr so that >lic
mii^iit Hot win ilic admiration of I 'Into, ln-r lord and nia-^tcr.
At least the memory of tlu- ill-fated beauty is k'ept fore\er
green and fragrant, for the leaves of the Mint Cfjntain
numerous tiny glands in whieh is secreted a volatile oil that
has an excessix'ely strong odour and t1a\i»ur.

The tlcjwers, which are either [jinkish-purple or purplish-
pink, and \-ery occasionall}- white, grow in dense little clus-
ters in the axils of the leaves.

Mentha canadensis rar. lunula, or Hairy Mint, closely re-
sembles the preceding species, but has densely tomentose or
lanate stems and under surfaces of leaves.

BLUE-EYED MARY

Colliitsia tciiclla. l-\'j,\\ort Family

Stems: \ci"y slender and weak. Leaves: (iI)]<)nL;- or lanceolate, mostly
obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the base, entire or sparingly toothed,
the lower ones opposite, the upper ones in whorls. Flowers: on long
pedicels; corolla variegated blue and white, the throat longer than the
limb, which is two-lipped, the upper lip two-cleft, its lobes recurved, the
lower lip larger and three-lobed.

A pretty, fragile, little plant, with numerous variegated
blue and white blossoms. It grows thickly in moist places,
seldom attaining more than eight inches in height. It is no.t
unlike a very tiny Lobelia.

LARGE PURPLE BEARD-TONGUE

Pcnstcmon fniticosus. Figwort Family

Stems: decumbent, defusely spreading, woody at the Ikisc. Leaves:
ovate or lanceolate, serrulate or entire. Flowers: in glandular hairy
terminal racemes, calyx five-parted, corolla tubular, moderately bilabiate,
the upper lip two-lobed, the lower lip three-lobed and bearded within.
Fruit: seeds numerous, angled but not winged.

Blue to Purple Floiicrs I'^'J

These handsome purple and pinkish flowers are an inch
or more in length and form large mats of brilliant colour
upon the rocks at very high elevations. The plant grows
low ui)on the ground and lias numerous short erect shoots,
bearing the Ijlossoms, wdiich are tubular in shape and have
two lips, the lower one being thickly l)earded with soft white
hairs. Pcnstcmou comes from the Greek pcntc, " five," and
stcmon, " a stamen," and refers to the large fifth sterile
stamen, which is simply a filament without an anther and is
densely hairy like the lower lip. It is to this pert little
l)earded tongue, which projects far beyond the other four
fertile stamens, that the flower owes its common name.

Pcnstcmon Mnizicsii, or Small-leaved Beard-tongue, is
a densely matted prostrate shrub with lateral leafy branches
which Ijcar erect flowering shoots two to six inches high.
The leaves are small thick oval more or less dentate, most
of the petioles and the flowering stems bearing several pairs
of oblong leaf-like ])racts. The purple corolla is tubular-
funnel- form and bilabiate, the lower lip being bearded
within, and the sterile filament is densely bearded.

rcnstciuon procerus, or Blue Beard-tongue, has smooth,
slender stems and lanceolate, entire leaves. The flowers are
bright blue or \iolet, and are set in dense \;erticillate clusters
round the stem, and in a more or less elongated head. The
calyx is glandular-liairy and deeply cleft, and the funnel-
form corolla is half to tlu'ee ([uarters of an inch in length
and slightlv hairy, the lower lip being bearded within.

Pensteuion Iniiiiilis. or Slender Beard-tongue, has numer-
ous stems growing from a woody base. The basal leaves
are spatulate or oblanceolate and short-petioled. and the
upper ones arc linear and sessile, also somewhat clasping.

288 Blur to Piirpli' F/o-urrs

they arc all entire or occasionally scrrnlate. The blue llow-
ers grow in an upright, lotjse ])anicle, the corolla is tubnlar-
funnelform rmd bilabiate within. The intloi-escence is
slie^htlv viscid-] )ubescent.

ALPINE SPEEDWELL

J'cronica alfiiia z'lir. uiiaUiscliciisis. Figwort Family

Stems: erect, slender, usual!}' simple. Leaves: ohlong, ovate, ses-
sile, mostly rounded at both ends, nearly entire. Flowers: in a short
narrow raceme ; corolla rotate, its tube very short, deeply four-lobed,
the lower lobe the narrowest.

These small azurc-bhie blossoms win the love of many a
traveller by reason of the fact that they are among the last
flowers he sees growing in the crc\'ices of the great moraines
below the glaciers, and arc frc(|ticntly the first ones to
meet his eyes as he comes off the snowy ice-fields after mak-
ing some arduous ascent.

"The little spcedwcirs darlint; blue"

renders it conspictious. though its flowers are very small
indeed, being clustered together at the tops of the stems.
One marked peculiarity of the Speedwells is that the blos-
soms, which are cleft into four lobes, usually have the lower
segment narrower than the rest. The Dutch call this plant
" Honour and Praise," because it was once u])on a time
believed to contain Aaluable medicinal properties. Man}-
claimed it to be an excellent remedy for scrofula, and it was
the great Linnaeus himself who grouped it, together with
all its relatives, under the family name of Scrophulariacccc,
or Figwort.

The term Veronica suggests far more beautiful associ-
ations. Here the plant is named after Saint A^eronica, who
in her turn was thus canonized because, according to an an-

Blue to Purple Flou-ers 289

cient tradition, she wiped the drops of agony from our
Saviour's face when on His way to Calvary, and ever after-
wards her kerchief bore the vera iconica, " the true hkeness,"
of His sacred features.

Veronica huinifusa, or Thyme-leaved Speedwell, may be
recognized by its decumljent branching stems ; that is to say,
the stems are curved near the base and lie partly on the
ground, rooting where the joints touch the earth. Usually
these stems grow in pairs and bear at their upper ends spikes
of pale gray-blue blossoms striped with dark blue, the tiny
flowers also growing at close intervals lower down on the
stalks. The small oblong leaves grow in opposite pairs.
Occasionally the flowers are white.

Veronica aincricana, or Water Speedwell, is perennial by
stolons, or leafy shoots developed in the autumn. The
stems are stout, often rooting at the nodes, and usually
branched. The leaves are lanceolate, acute, serrulate or
entire and short-petioled. The peduncled racemes are borne
in the axils of the leaves, and the flowers are pale blue with
purplish stripes.

BUTTERWORT

Piiii^tticuhi z'iil,Ku>is. P.ladderwort Family

Stems: scape glabrous, tall. Leaves: frcnii three to seven in a rosette
at the base of the scape, entire, ovate, obtuse. Flowers: one-tlowercd :
calyx five-parted; corolla bilabiate, the upper lip two-cleft, the lower
one three-cleft, base of the corolla saccate and contracted into a nectar-
iferous, acute, nearly straifjht spur.

At first sight the I'uUcrwort looks like a lovely large pur-
ple violet, but a second glance reveals its rosette of very
pale green leaves, with their involute margins, and the
traveller at once recognizes the Pimjuicula, its name being
derived from the Latin pinijuis, " fat," and referring to the

290 lUin' to Pur pi I' J^'/ourrs

horrible slimy ,L;rt'as\- secretion with which its leax'es are
coated, and which renders them most re])nlsi\e to the touch.

The Ihitterwort is earnixorous lil-:e the Sundew, and hy
means of the colourless lluid secreted by the glandular hairs
co\ering the leaves it catches insects and the irritation
thereby set up causes the glands to exude an increased sup-
ply which becomes very acid and capable of digesting the
animal matter entra])ped. Later the dissolved nitrogenous
matter is absorbed and assimilated by the i)lant. ^Idie P.ut-
terwort resorts to these evil insectix'orous practices in order
to obtain sufficient nitrogen for its nutriiuent, as it usually
grows in places where the soil is deficient in this respect.

The dowers are of a rich purple colour, and are two-lipped,
the upper lip being cleft into two and the lower lijj into three
lobes. These lobes are delicately veined and the lower ones
are covered w'ith white hairs. The corolla terminates be-
hind in a long straight spur. Idie r>utterwort always grows
near water, and usually in swam|)s or other very moist places.

ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT

Orobaiiilic uiiiflora. Broom-rape Faniil}-

Stems: one inch long, subterranean or nearly so. Leaves: none.
Flowers: solitary, without hracts, corolla with a long curved tube
spreading into two lips, five lobed, yellow bearded within. Fruit:
capsule elongated, egg-shaped, seeds numerous.

The Orohanchcs are l^eautiful root-parasites, whom Na-
ture has rendered destitute of green fohage as a punishment
for their thievish ways of imbedding their roots in those of
honest plants, and thereby drawing nourishment from their
neighbours, instead of manufacturing it for themselves.
The One-flowered Cancer-root is stamped as a pirate by its
short scaly subterranean stem and l^rowm'sh scape-like

Blue to Purple Flowers . 291

peduncles, on which the soHtary violet tlowers are borne.
Orubanchc fasciculata, or Naked Cancer-root, has scaly
stems which are thickened and knotty below, and bear on
their summits one or more clustered peduncles, and at the
end of each of the latter is a solitary, purplish or yellowish
flower. The calyx is five-toothed, and the corolla tubular,
oxer an inch long, with five spreading lobes and soiuewhat
bilabiate. This Cancer-root is parasitic on the roots of
.Artemisia, Eriogonum and other plants growing in sandy
soil.

BOSCHNIAKIA

Bosclntiakia slrobilucca. Broom-rape Family

Stems: four to twelve inches high. Leaves: none. Flowers: calj-x
sliort with two setaceous bractlets at base, irregular, the teetli subulate
from a broad base, corolla ventricon, upper lip erect. Fruit: capsule
globose, seeds light-coloured, with a spongy coat.

Boschniakia is a parasitic herb, and has stout, thick, pur-
plish-brown clustered stems, the dense scales being much
imljricated. It llowers from near the ground in cone-like
spikes, and the l)ilabiate corolla has an entire upper lip, its
margins inxolute. and a naked two-lobed lower lip, the sta-
mens being densely woolly at the base. Its common host
plants are (iaultheria and Arctostaphylos. *

HAREBELL

Ctiiiipaiiiila rotundifolia. Campanula Family
Stems: slender, erect, simple or branched. Leaves: basal ones orbic-
ular or broadly ovate to cordate: cauline ones sessile, linear. Flowers:
buds erect on slender pedicels, tlowers drooping or spreading; corolla
campanulate, five-lobcd.

These l)ells of brilliant ]nu'ple-bhio are familiar t(^ c\'cry
Iraxeller in the temperate zone, for from " Bonnie Scot-

292 Blue to Purple Flowers

land "' to the PaciHc Slope the Harebell graces man}' a hill

and dale.

Poets in every age have sung of this flower, which is the

real Bluebell of Scotland, the favourite floral emblem of the

" Land o' cakes and brither Scots," for, as the old song

says :

" Let the proud Indian boast of his jessamine bowers,
His pastures of perfume, and rose-coloured dells,
While humbly I sing of those wild little flowers.
The blueliells of Scotland, the Scottish bluebells."

The name rotiuulifoiia refers to the rnnndish heart-
shaped basal leaves of the ])lant wliicli wither early, while
the stem-leaves, which arc numerous, narrow and ])ointC(l,
remain. A marked characteristic of these flowers is that,
although the buds grow erect on their slender stalks, the full-
blown blossoms droop or are horizontal in order to protect
their pollen from the rain. The name TTarebell refers to the
hair-like stems of the plant, and the common term Bluebell
is usually reserved for the Wild Hyacinth, which is a very
different flower, having thick juicy stalks and resemljling
the garden species.

The Harebell is extremely hardy and may Ije found in the
crevices of the cliffs, defying the fierce alpine storms or
growing on dry wind-swept meadows, or striking its roots
into the tiniest patch of soil, so as to gain a foothold on the
edge of some terrific precipice, where its delicate bells, so
" darkly, deeply, beautifully blue," bend l)ut never break be-
fore the Ijlustering gale. This wonderful \italitv of the
Campanula is commemorated l)y Sir \\'alter Scott when, de-
scribing Ellen in TJic Lady of tJic Lake, he says :

" E'en the light harebell raised its head
Elastic from her airv tread."

PLATE LVI

H.VREREI.L

{Caiiifoiiula rotuiidifolia)

-'93

294 BliiL' to Purple Flowers

Camf^amila lasiocarpa, or Arclic I larehcll. is a lnw-c^row-
in<:; species willi linear acute sessile, nsiiall\- entire n])])er
leaves, the lower ones being spatnlate and narrowed into
petioles, while the bright blue flowers are nearly erect and
solitary on the short stalks. Tliis Harebell grows <jn the
alpine summits.

BROOK LOBELIA

Lobelia Kaliiiii. Lobelia I'^amils-

Stems: k-afy, glabrous, paniculately branched. Leaves: lower ones
spatulate, obtuse, almost entire ; upper ones sessile, linear, acute. Flow-
ers: in loose racemes; calyx-tube turbinate, hemispheric, lobes lance-
olate; corolla-tube straight, oblique, divided to the base on one side,
two-lipped, irregularly five-lobed.

Those who are familiar with the cultivated garden species
of Lobelia will easily recognize the mountain Brook Lobelia,
which usually grows at the extreme edge of a stream, or
half immersed in some warm wet swamp, where its grass-
like stems bearing their racemes of sky-blue blossoms, spring
uj) in little companies amongst the water-w^eeds, the Butter-
worts, and the Fly-spotted Orchis.

LARGE PURPLE ASTER

Aster couspicitits. Composite Family

Stems: stout, rigid. Leaves: ovate, oblong, acute, serrate, veiny.
Flowers: in numerous corymbosely cymose heads; involucre broadly
campanulate, its bracts in several scries ; rays in a single series, not
very numerous ; disk-flowers tubular, perfect.

Li August or September the mountain meadows and for-
ests teem with manv of these flowers, for then

" Everywhere the purple asters nod.
And bend, and wave, and flit."

They are the pretty heralds of Autumn, some of them tall,
handsome, and stately, like the Large Purple Aster; some

PLATE LVIl

I. Km IK l.cr.Kl.lA

( l.nhclia Ktilniii)
295

296 Blue to Purple Flowers

(luilc small, some l)i<;' and liraiu-hini;". and others ai^ain
straigiit and slender, bnt rdl len(lin<^ to f^lorifv the earth.
The Aster conspicuus is tiie largest and liandsomest of all
its tribe, as its name suggests. It is verv branching and has
large leaves that are sharply toothed; while the involucre,
or green cup which holds the flower, is curiously formed by
several series of tiny narrow-pointed bracts, which stand out
horizontally and give it a fringed appearance. The rays of
this /Vstcr are a lo\ely bright pur])lc, and the disk-flowers in
the centre are golden yellow.

.ister Fremonti, or Fremont's iVster, is a \Trv common
species. It also has purple rays, but rather brownish-yellow
disk-flowers. All the Asters consist of numerous, tinv,
tulnilar disk-flowers crowded together in a close cluster and
surrounded by the rays, or ray-flowers, which are strap-
shaped, the whole being held together in a green cup. or
involucre, of bracts. The leaves of bVemont's Aster are
quite smooth at the edges.

The Asters are much-]:)rizc(l flowers, l^ecause thev come
to us at a season when the whole world is walking in russet
garb along a penitential l)athwa^■ that leads to winter's
prison. Only the Golden-rods and Asters are left to
linger through the soft gray days of late autumn, and \\ hat
could be more beautiful than these blossoms of pur])le
and gold, which, where the sun strikes light with his ru(ld\-
lances, bejewel the burnished lustre of bare branches and
brown fallen leaves ?

Aster frondeus, or Leafy-bracted Aster, is a stout-
stemmed erect species, with violet, purple, or white rays.
It has many flowers growing on short stalks, which spring
out at intervals from the axils of the clas]Ting smooth-
edged leaves, all the way up the long main stems ; and the

Blue to Purple^ Ftouers 297

bracts of the green imolucre are very conspicuous, espe-
cially the outer and hnver series, which spread forth hori-
zontally and are almost like tiny leaves. This Aster usually
grows near water.

Aster Engebnanni, or Engelmann's Aster, is a rather tall
robust plant, of coarse appearance, with clusters of purple
flowers, each one growing on its own individual axillary
stalk, or else in a terminal cyme.

A common English name for Asters is ^Michaelmas

Daisies, because they bloom at the feast of Saint Michael.

according to

" Tlie calendar,
Faithful through a thousand years
Of the painted race of flowers,
Exact to days, exact to hours."

Aster Lijidleyamis, or Lindley's Aster, has tall stout
stems branched above, thick glabrous leaves, the lower ones
cordate at the Ijase, shar])ly serrate and acute, and the upper
ones ovate, nearly entire and sessile. The violet-blue flow-
ers are not numerous, and the ten to twenty rays are a
(|uarler In half an inch long.

. /.s-/(';- hciis. or Smooth Aster, has thick, usually entire,
rough-margined leaves, the ui)per ones sessile and strongly
cordate-clas])ing, the basal and lower ones gradually nar-
rowed into winged ])etioles. The ])iu"])le-bhie tlower heads
are numerous, the involucre being campanulate, its bracts
rigid acute ai)pressed and imbricated in several series. The
ravs number fifteen to thirty.

Asirr h'ichardsdiiii. or Richardson's Aster, is hairy and
much branched from the base. 1"he leaves are oblong spatu-
late .and serrate. 1'he violet-purple flower heads are soli-
tary, terminating the branches, and the involucre is brc)adly

298 Blue to Piirp/c Flfj-ucrs

cainijaiiulalc, llic l)racls hcing narrowly lanceolate w ilh acute
loose herhacenus tips.

Aster major, or Great Northern Aster, has tall stems
which are leafy to the summit and very hairy. The leaves
are lanceolate, partly clasping" by a narrowed base, acuminate
at the apex, sharply serrate, dark j^reen above and rather
paler beneath. The purjjle llower heads are usually solitary
at the ends of short branches. The rays number thirty to
forty-five.

Aster eilioiiiarginatus, or Hairy-margined Aster, has tall
round stems tinged with red. The basal leaves are smooth
with hairy-fringed margins, serrate, and tapering into wing-
margined petioles, the ui)])er leaves are o1)l()ng and sessile.
The light blue flow^er heads are few in an open panicle, ami
the linear involucral bracts are fringed with hairs on the
margins.

Aster sihirieiis. or \"iolet Aster, has broadly lanceolate
leaves, and solitary violet flowers terminating the corymbi-
form branches. The in^•olucre is short, its bracts narrowly
lanceolate with acute loose herljaceous tips.

BLUE FLEABANE

Erigcron acris. Composite I'^amily

Stems: hirsute-pubescent, slender, simple or branched. Leaves:
pubescent, entire, the lower ones spatulate, the upper ones oblong, ses-
sile; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, hirsute. Flowers: rays
numerous, tubular; pistillate flowers filiform; pappus simple, copious.

A very common species of Fleabane, which has numerous
small flowers growing in a cluster at the top of each slender
stem, and also a few solitary axillary blossoms lower down.
The whole plant is hairy, the lower leaves being si)atulate
and the upper ones oblong, all with smooth perfect margins.

Blue to Purple ,Floicers 299

The ITeabanes differ from the Asters in one very essen-
tial particular, namely, that the rays of the former are much
narrower and \cry much more numerous than those of the
latter, forming a thick fine fringe round the edge of the
flowers. Also the Fleabanes bloom earlier in the season.
They are extremely prolific.

Erigeron pkiladclphicus, or Lavender Fleabane. has a
thick, finely cut lavender fringe encircling its yellow disk of
tiny tubular florets. The leaves are very clasping and
toothed, and the rays often numl^er one hundred and twenty.

Erigeron itniHonis, or Arctic Fleabane, is a tiny dwarf
plant, growing from one to six inches high, and found
only on the loftiest mountain summits. It has a single
slender stem, whicli is clotlicd at the base by a small cluster
of smooth-margined hairy leaves; a few' little narrow leaves
also grow higher up. At the top is a solitary purplish
flower. The whole plant is very hairy and woolly.

Erigeron laiiatits. or Aljiinc Fleabane, is also a species
which grows at great elevations. It has both purple and
white flowers, and is covered with a soft, whitish, woolly
coating.

Erigeron salsuginosns. or Large Purple Fleabane. is the
king of its tribe. It has very large and lovely purple flow-
ers, with big yellow disks and a few small, thick, smooth
leaves clinging to its stout downy stems. The rays number
from fifty to seventy, and the bracts of the involucre are
narrow and spreading. This particular Fleabane is quite
unmistakable, for it is much larger and handsomer than any
of the other moiuitain species, and makes the alpine meadows
and slopes quite gay during its flowering season, which is
in the early autumn.

300 Blue t() Purple Flowers

PURPLE SAUSSUREA

Saussitrca dcnsa. Composite Family

Stems: nearly smooth willi a decumbent base. Leaves: tliin, oblong,
lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate-dentate. Flowers: several in a corymb.

This plant grows chiefly on stony slopes and in other dry
places among the motmtains. The dark purple flower heads
arc (juitc handsome and grow in a compact terminal corymb.

WAVY-LEAVED THISTLE

Carduiis itinhiliitiis. Composite Family

Persistently wliite-tomentosc throu.^iiout. Stems: stout, leafy.
Leaves: lanceolate in outline, acute, sessile, undulate, lobed, the lobes
dentate, triangular, very prickly. Flowers: solitary at the ends of the
branches.

11] is reddish-purple Thistle grows from one to three feet
high and is a fine handsome ])lant with large long leaves,
whose edges are wa\-}' and triangularly I()l)e(l, the lobes being
sharply toothed and \cry ])rickly. The big flower-heads
grow at the ends of the branches and arc surrounded by
large involucres of prickly bracts.

Every traveller knows that tlie Thistle is the national
floral emljlem of Scotland, and has been e\"cr since that day
when a barefoot Danish soldier, stepping inadvertently upon
its spines, gave a cry of pain which aroused the sleeping
Scottish camp and saved Scotland. The motto which Scots-
men afiix to this flower is " Nemo me impune lacessit " (No
one touches me with impunity), or in the vernacular, "Ye
maun't meddle wi' me." And assuredly we are quite con-
tent to leave it alone in its prickl}- glor}-, onlv pausing a
moment in passing to admire its fine richly coloured flowers.

Blue to Purple ^Flouers 301

CHICORY

Cichnrhim Infybiis. Composite Family

Stems: branching. Leaves: stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly
clasping, the lower spatulate. Flowers: sessile, axillary or terminal.
Fruit: achenes striate, pappus of numerous small chaffy scales, forming
a short crown. Not indigenous.

The Chicory, or Succory, is a common flower, whose
long, deep tap-root is dried, roasted, ground and used so
much as an adulterant of coffee. The name Chicory is of
Arabian origin, the French call a salad made of its blanched
leaves " Barbe de Capucin," and children look for the " Blue
Sailors " by the roadside, while Emerson has written of

" Succory to match the sky."

The grey-blue, and sometimes pinkish or white flowers,
grow close against the tall branching stalks, sometimes sin-
gly and sometimes in clusters, and are composed only of
ray flowers, five-toothed at the edge and set in a flat green
receptacle. The base leaves are spatulate and usually
strongly incised, the upper ones being reduced to oblong
bracts. This is an introduced plant.

WILD FLOWERS OF THE NORTH
AMERICAN MOUNTAINS

SECTION VII
YELLOW TO ORANGE FLOWERS •

SECTION VII
YELLOW TO ORANGE FLOWERS

WESTERN SKUNK CABBAGE

Lysichiton kamtschatcciisc. Arum Familj-

Rootstock: horizontal, thick. Leaves: oblong, acute. Flowers: per-
fect, crowded, covering the spadix, spathe with a broad acute blade nar-
rowed to a sheathing petiole. Fruit: tleshy berries immersed in the
spongy axis of the spadix, seeds large.

This evil-smelling marsh herb has such handsome foliage
and glorious' lemon-yellow spathes enveloping the fleshy
spikes of tiny flowers, that it always attracts the eye of the
traveller. It resembles a huge Arum Lily, with the differ-
ence that in the \\'estern Skunk Cabbage the spathe is erect
and pointed, extends somewhat over the flower spike, and
is not curled back at the top, as in the case of the white
.\rum Lily.

MOUNTAIN LILY
Liliuin montniinm. Lily Family

Bull) composed of narrow, jointed, fleshy stales. Stems: tall, leafy.
Leaves: lanceolate, acute at both ends, all verticillate, the margins
fuu ly roughened. Flowers: erect, periantli reddish-orange, of six
spreading segments, each one gradually narrowed into a claw, purple-
spotted below.

Lilies grow in many climes and are o\ di\ers hues.
White and yellow, orange and red. tall and stately, they
floiu'ish consi)icuouslv in the \alleys and t)n tiie mountain
tops, beneath blazing tropical stins and close l)eside the eter-
nal snows.

305

PLATE L\I1I

•J. <^

-~)

306

Yellow to Orduge^FloiLers 307

The Mountain Lily is one of the handsomest of the al-
pine flowers, and early in July its red-tinted tawny bells
render the woods attracti\el\- gay. As if conscious of their
glory, the large bright blossoms grow erect on tall stems,
round which circling clusters of dark green narrow-pointed
leaves arc set at intervals; the outer surface of the segments
is pale orange, while the open bells are of a vivid reddish
hue within, and spotted with purplish-brown. Large an-
thers crown the six long stamens, and the stigma is three-
lobed.

This Lily does not fear the drought of long summer days,
but grows in stately splendour in the driest thickets. It has
assumed a gorgeous garb of flaming orange in order to at-
tract those insects that pollcnize its flowers: for while the
brilliant colour quickly attracts the bees, the purplish. spots
and lines unerringly point out to them the most direct route
to their desired goal, namely, those nectar grooves which lie
at the base of each segment.

Truly was it said that " e\-en Solomon in all his glory was

not arrayed like one of these " ; for the wild orange-red

Mountain Lilies shine with a beauty uneciualled in the alpine

forests.

WESTERN LILX

Liliuiii coluiiil'unniin. Lily Family

I'nII), with lanccojalc, acute, clo>cly appressed scales. Stems: slemler.
Leaves: in whorls, scattered above and below, narrowly lanceolate,
shari)Iy acuminate, thin, glabrous. Flowers: racemose, or in whorls on
stout pedicels, six segments of the perianth revolute.

This \\cstcrn Lil\- snmewhat resembles the Turk's-cap
1j1\-. for its head is dro()])ed and its tloral leaves are re\o-
lute. or rolled backwards, being bright orange in colour and
thickly spotted with purple on the inside. It h;is six \ery

PLATE LTX

Mountain Lily
{LUiiim montanum)

308

Yell QIC to Orarfge Flowers 309

long stamens, which terminate in large, oblong, yellow an-
thers ; the segments of the perianth are not clawed, as in the
Aloiintain Lily, but are joined together at the base, forming
a perfect l^ell.

As in all the species of Liliuiu, the bulb consists of a large
number of overlapping scales, which are merely thickened,
undeveloped leaves, serving as storehouses for the starchy
wealth of the plant. Any one of these scales, if separated
from the mass, will develop into a tiny bulb.

\^ery radiant are these clustered Western Lilies, which
Ijurn like torches in the green alpine meadows at

" The time when lilies blow,
And clouds are highest in tlie air."

YELLOW FRITILLARY

frilillarid f^tidica. Lily Family

Stems: simple, leafy. Leaves: linear, scattered or verticillate.
Flowers: usually solitary, nodding, narrow-campanulate. Fruit: cap-
sule nieml)ranaceous, oblong to subglobose, seeds numerous, horizontal,
Hat, in two rows in cacli cell.

The Fritillary is too well known to require much descrip-
tion, and this mountain species is particularly attractive with
its large orange -yellow, nodding flowers, that are sometimes
purplish, growing s(»litary at tlic top of the Icafv stems,
which spring from a scaly bulb. ^Phe leaves are flat, long
and narrow, and the segments of the narrow-campanulate
pcriruith are oblong-spatulale. o1)tusc and somewhat spread-
ing. Tliis is one of the earliest flowers to blix^m in the
spring.

YELLOW ADDER'S TONGUE
I'.iylhroniioii i^ruiuiiflonnii. Lily Family

Stems: scape stout. Leaves: broadly lanceolate, acute, pale green.
Flowers: one to several in a tei;minal raceme; perianth broadly funnel-

3IO YcUoii to OrdiKji- I- loners

form, uf .six di.sliiicl .scj^nicnts : (inter ones lanceolate, ohtiise ; inner
ones narrower, acuminate, with four stout hyaline teeth at hase, all
strongly rcvolntc.

A lovely yellow flower, frequently called " Snow Lily,"
from the fact that it grows in such close proximity to the
great alpine uctcs. " Dog-tooth X'iolet '" is \et another
name for this ])lant, and refers more particularly to the
white hiilh, which is supjjosed to resemble the canine teeth
of a dog.

Adder's l^)ngue probal)!}- refers to the poiiued antlicrs,
which are six in number and extremely conspicuous; but
" Snow Lily " is by far the more appropriate designation for
a blossom which appears at the edge of the avalanches and
follows the retreating line of the snow when the warm
spring sunshine melts the great white masses in the \alleys
and sets the flowers free. At high altitudes you will often
see numbers of pale green pointed leaves forcing their wa}'
up through the soft covering, and myriads of bright yellow
blossoms rising but a few inches above the thin carpet of
frozen crystals. From between two or three of these large
leaves (somewhat like those of the Lily-of-the-\"alley )
springs the slender stalk, which terminates in a single bud,
or occasionally in a small raceme of drooping golden bells.
Soon the six pointed segments of the perianth unfold and
expand, gradtially rolling backwards until they Ijecome com-
pletely recurved, *lea\ing the whole length of the stamens
exposed. These segments, or floral leaves, are an exquisite
shade of yellow, softening to cream colour at the base in the
centre. The style bears at its summit a deeply three-cleft
stigma, each division thereof being also recurved.

Great colonies of Yellow .Adder's Tongues grow in the
mountains, where their faint fragrance scents the air with a

Yellow Auutks Tonove
(Hrylliroininn gmudiftorum )

Yelloii' to Orange Floiiers" 31 1

licicms perfume. Late at evening, when beneath the star-

\vn |)ur])]e of the sky you return from making some alpine

ent, the pure flames of these wild Lilies gleam in their

l|ify setting with a ])ale golden light, and illuminate the

een brink of your i)ath ; and when the noonday is glori-
t|d, and the flag of the sun floats top-masted in the skies,

in

" ^'ou see gems in yellow
Xodding, each one, to his fellow,
Strewing all the country lanes
With divinely builded fanes,
Where the benisons are breathed l)ul never spoken."

Erytliroiiiiiiii (jraiKhlloniiii I'cir. pavTitJoniui, or Small Yel-
liv Adder's Tongue, is not so tall as the preceding species,
1 has rather narrower lea\'cs and smaller flowers.

YELLOW BLUE-EYED GRASS

Sisyriiicliiuiii califoniiciim. iris l-'aniily

terns: scapes broadly winged. Leaves: nnicii shorter than the
sdjies, l)racts of the spalhc more or less une(|ual, the longer about
e( ailing liie pedicels. Flowers: briglit yellow, segments of the per-
il obtuse or acutish, style cleft to below tiie middle. Fruit: capsule
vate-nblong.

rhis jilant has a name which is rather an anomaly. The

, brnadl\-\vinge(l sca])es are two-edged, and liave a soli-

y, sessile spathe, while the leaves are shortish and nar-

The bright yellow flowers are extremelv attractive.

LARGE YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER

Cyfriprdiiini f^iihrsiciis. Orchid I'amily
ems: leafy. Leaves: oval or ellii)tic, acuie. Flowers: scpaN
e-lanceolate, longer tlian the lip, yellowish-green strii)ed wit!) iiurple ;
Is very narrow and twisted, li]) nnich inllated, bright yellow with
nisji-pin-iilr lines, a mt't nf white i'liiUrd ii.iirs at thf top of the
i'lr; stamen sterile, triangular; stigma thick, incurved.

312 Yellow to Ornnr/i' F lowers

In tlic dry sun-warnicd forests, where the liirds trill their
sweet antiphons and the smooth surface of the pools reflects
with steadfast truth the concdadcn hranrhcs of fir ami i)inc
and the lleecy clouds that lloat across the azure sky. — tlu-rc.
unafraid, rejoicing- in its weird, almost unearthly heauty. the
Large Yellow Lady's Slipper Haunts its gaudy flowers.

At the first sight of these exquisite orchids, wliich also
grow on the open arid moraines close to the glaciers, n-ou
catch your hreath, and a thrill runs through all your veins;
there the)- stand, goldcn-hright, surrounded hv a halo of
romance and mystery.

There is little need to describe this Cypripedium, for its
showy inflated sac, flanked by long spiral petals and j^urplish-
green sepals, distinguishes it at once, e\en to the unprac-
tised eye. The leaves of the Large Yellow Lady's Slipper
grow alternately on the slender hairy stems, and are large,
long-shaped, pointed, many-nerved, and plaited. The name
Cypripedium is deri\e(l from the (Ireek, and means \'enus's
sock or buskin.

Cypripedium panifloruiu. or Small Yellow Lady's Slip-
per, much resembles the preceding" species, but may be easily
distinguished by means of its smaller flowers, the inflated
sacs of which are of a much deeper, richer shade of yellow,
and are often marked with reddish-purple spots and lines,
and also bv its wider oval-shaped leaves and thicker stems.

In July, that exquisite month which lies within the very
heart of summer, should you wander amid the mountains
when dawn trumpets forth the glittering rise of day, then
pause beside some sluggish alpine stream, which lies coiled
in sleepy curves, for there, far removed from the haunts of
men, you may be fortunate enough to find the fragrant little
Cypripedium parviflorum.

Yd low to Orange Flouers 313

L'nlike the Large species, this Small Yellow Lady's Slip-
per usually seeks the seclusion of the hazy hollows and the
moist misty woods. Rightly have these lovely sweet-
scented flowers been proclaimed

" Golden slippers meet for fairies' feet."

YELLOW POND LILY

Nyinphcra polyscf^ala. Water-Lily Family

Leaves: all floating, eight to fourteen inches in diameter, broad-ovate,
thick, deeply cordate, on stout half-cylindrical petioles. Flowers: two
to five inches in diameter ; sepals eight to twelve, unequal, concave and
roundish : petals eleven to eighteen, dilated, truncate, shorter than the
stamens. Fruit: globose, indehiscent.

This Pond Lily has numerous rounded concave sepals,
which are of a deep orange-yellow colour inside and usually
streaked and blotched with purple-red on the outside, and
assume the function of petals; for the real petals of this
plant, though very numerous, are inconspicuous and resem-
ble the stamens, being thick, short, and fleshy.

The Yellow Pond Lily is not so beautiful as its cousin,
the White Water-lily, yet the golden-hucd mountain species
is very fragrant ; it has handsome floating foliage, and flow-
ers which poets have not disdained to praise.

Longfellow described Hiawatha's canoe as floating

" Upon the river
Like a yellow leaf in autumn,
Like a yellow water-lily."

This I'ond Lily grows in still waters and slow streams,
where, springing from thick, horizontal, deeplv submerged
rootstocks. the long stalks, which are flattened on the inner
side and rounded on the outer side, u])hol(! the gleaming
floral cups. In many an alpine lake

314 Yellow to Orr'nr/i- hloucrs

" I lie lirii;lit Xyiiij'lucd Imf-- in ]:i\u.
And spreads her golden orbs along tlie dimpling wave."

Nymphcca signifies " a water-nymph," and the botanical
family to which this Yellow Pond Lily belongs is called in
the Latin X yitipJucacccc, or Water-lily Family.

MEADOW BUTTERCUP

Ranunculus acris. Crowfoot Family

Stems: erect, hairy, Ijranchcd above, roots fibrous. Leaves: basal
ones tufted, petioled, three-lo-scven parted, the divisions sessile and
cleft into numerous narrow acute lobes; upper leaves three-parted.
Flowers: niunerous; petals five, 3'cllow, conspicuous. Not indigenous.

Every child knows and loves the bright yellow llowcrs of
the common Buttercup. E\erv child has sung of

" Buttercups and daisies,

And all the pretty fiowers,
Growing in the sunshine
To tell of happy hours."

Yet the Ronunciiliis acris is the enemy of tlie farmer.
Cattle will not eat of its acrid lea\es. and e^■en the hands of
man are frequently scarred and blistered by the caustic
juices contained in the stalks and leaves of this plant. High
up in the mountains, however, where the

" Buds of yellow hue

Do paint the meadows with delight,"

we welcome these brilliant Buttercups ; there they can harm
no one. but onlv please the eye with their finely dissected
foliage and tall-stemed golden flowers.

If vou cut verticallv tlirough the middle of this Ranuncu-
lus, vou will find that its receptacle is a long cone, from
which the five green sepals, the five yellow petals, the numer-
ous stamens, and the carpels all spread out successively.

Yelloic to Orc-tujc Flouers 315

Care must be taken not to confuse the Ranunculi with the
Potcnfillas, whicli latter belong to the Rose Family and are
also described in this Section, for the blossoms of the two
plants somewhat resemble each other, though a close inspec-
tion and comparison of them, together with their stems and
leaves, will always serve to plainly demonstrate at once the
differences which exist between them. One point of vari-
ance which may be specially noted is that the Ranunculus
usuallv has simple lobed, or divided or dissected leaves,
whereas the Potcnfilla usually has compound leaves; that is
to say, tlie Rauiiiiculus has. in most cases, leaves that are
much cut up and lobed. but the Potcnfilla, as a rule, has
leaves formed of sexeral entirely separate leaflets. This
distinction is. however, not arbitrary, tliough it exists in the
majority of cases. Also each petal of the Ranunculus has
a tiny pit, or spot, covered by a scale, on the inside of the
claw, near the base. This spot is absent in all the Potcn-
tillas. The Meadow lUittercup has fibrous roots. This is
an introduced plant.

Ranunculus Macounii, or ]\Iacotm's Buttercup, is an erect,
very hairy plant, growing from one to two feet high, and has
yellow flowers.

Ranunculus Eschscholtzii, or Spow Buttercup, grows at
very high altitudes, close to the snow and always near water.
A cluster of much-divided leaves grows up from the base
of the plant on long slender stems, and half-wav up the
flower-stalk there is a circle of narrowlv lobed leaves, and
also, frefiucntly, a single bud. The large yellowish calyx,
which is coxercd with l)ro\\n h.'iirs on the (nitside. gives the
flower almost a double appearance. The iicad of the fruit
is oblong.

Ranunculus Cynibalaria, or Creeping Crowfoot, as its

3l6 Yi'Ilou- lo Ordiu/i- Ihjiicrs

name deiKJles, is a small crcc])in.q- plant, havini^ numerous
runners wiiieh root at the joints, whence sprin.iL;' u]) little
clusters of leaves. The flowers are yellow .and \erv tiny.

Rannncuhts oquafilis var. caf^illacriis. or Water Crow-
foot, has tiny white and }ellow llowers. The line thread-
like lea\es are entirely suhnier^ed under the surface of the
alpine lakes and pools, where the plant grows ahundantly,
while the broader three-lohed leaves float u])on the face of
the waters. These thread-like leaxes are common to several
kinds of afpiatic plants, and such minute di\"ision enal)les
them without a large expenditure of material to exjxjse a
large surface to the carljonic acid gas dissolved in the water.

Raiiiiuciiliis rcptaiis, or Creeping Spearwort. has small
yellow- flowers with from four to seven petals, trailing stems
that root at the joints, and extremely narrow grass-like
leaves. The flowers are borne in the axils of the prostrate
creeping stems.

Ranunculus rcpens, or Yellow Crowfoot, is a hairy plant,
which spreads by means of its runners and forms large
patches upon the ground; it has leaves which are divided
into three parts, each one of which is lobed and toothed.
The flower-stalk is grooved, the sepals are widely spread,
and the petals are half-erect. This is an introduced ])lant.

Ranunculus pyijuiccus, or Pigmy Buttercup, is a very tiny
plant growing only one to three inches high on the alpine
summits. It h^s deeply three to five lobed basal leaves with
slender stalks, and similar sessile stem leaves. The petals
of the wee yellow flowers slightly exceed the sepals and the
fruit heads are short-oblong.

Yellow to Ornni/c Flouers 317

MARSH-MARIGOLD

Caltha pains Iris. Crowfoot Family

Stems: erect, one-to-two flowered, the lower flower subtended by a
petaloid lanceolate bract. Leaves: roundish to oblong-cordate, longer
than wide, irregularly crenate-toothed. Flowers: yellow; sepals petal-
oid, lanceolate, acute ; petals none ; stamens and pistils numerous.

This is a splendid-looking" marsh plant, with large round-
ish glossy leaves of a deep Ijriglit green, and fine yellow
blossoms that are tinged with purple on the outside. It re-
seml)les a large Buttercup. The name Marigold is a cor-
ruption of " Alary's gold," for this flower was dedicated to
the Ploly Virgin in the Middle Ages, a fact to which Shake-
speare refers in Cyinbclinc, when he causes the musicians
to sing:

" Hark, hark ! the lark at heaven's gate sings,

And Phoebus 'gins arise.
His steeds to water at those springs

On chalic'd flowers that lies ;
And winking Mary-buds begin

To ope their golden eyes."

The Marsh-marigold has no petals, but its fi\'c or move
])etal()i(l se])als do duty instead. The leaves of this ex-
tremely succulent jilant are mostly heart-shaped at the base.

and just below the llower is bornc«a petal-like l()ng-sha])ed
bract.

()fttimes auiid the mountains vnu will see llat moist
UK'adows literalK abla/e with these show \- blossoms, which
turn the marshes into a \eritable I'ield of the Cloth of (lold.

YELLOW COLUMBINE

.IquUcsiia flarcsccns. Crowfoot Family

Stems: smooth. Leaves: ternatc: leaflets round-conl.ite. three-
parted, the segments coarsely toothed. Flowers: yellow, pendulous;

3i8 Yellow to Orarifje Flowers

petals five, willi short spreading lips, and produced backwards into long
tubular spurs ; sepals rellexed, longer tban the spurs.

This Columbine grows at great altitudes, and may be
found amongst the rocks at a height of 8000 feet, where
the soil is so h'glu ;ni(l sparse lliat there seems to 1)C no foot-
hold for any x'cgetation at all. much less for such tall and
graceful plants as these .■l(inilc(jias. which stand from one
to three feet high and ])car alnmdant blossoms of pale yel-
low, pcndcnl on their l)rittle stalks.

The foliage of the Yellow Columbine is much smaller and
more delicate than that of A. foniiosa ; but it is ecjually dark
green abo\'e and pale green beneath. No prettier sight can
be seen than clusters of these wild elfin flowers growing at
the edge of some barren clifT, their fragile loveliness shining
against a sombre background of stony walls, from the height
of whose overhanging ledges the blossoms nod down at
the traveller, as they sway and swing at the bidding of the
breeze.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN GRAPE

Bcrbcris rc/'ciis. Barberry Family

A low glabrous shrub. Leaves: petiolcd, pinnate, the leaflets three to
seven, ovate, obtuse, truncate at the base, sessile, thick, finely relriculated,
dentate with spine-bearing teeth. Flowers: in short racemes, the clus-
ters terminal and axillary, many-flowered, yellow. Fruit: a globose
dark lilue berry.

This shrub, -which is exceedingly ornamental, has yellow
wood and ])right green foliage, which turns to a lovely red-
dish colour in the autumn. The tiny vivid yellow flowers
grow in short thick clusters ; they have six bracted sepals.
with six petals opposite them, also six stamens.

Bcrbcris aqitifoliinii. or Oregon Grape, is a taller shrul)
than the preceding species, with five to nine oblong-ovate,

Yelloic to Ornnge Floicers 319

pointed, pinnate leaves, which are spiny-toothed and very
green and shining on the upper surface. The bud scales are
triangular, and the tiny yellow flowers grow in terminal and
axillary clusters.

ARCTIC POPPY

Papaver alpiuum. Poppy Family

Stems: scape erect, hirsute. Leaves: all basal, pinnately lobed or
cleft, the lobes linear, acute. Flowers: solitary. Fruit: capsule
obovoid, densely beset with erect bristly hairs.

This is c|uite an alpine-arctic plant and grows only on the
high summits. It has a flower varying in colour from
yellow to reddisli-orange, which grows on the top of a
slender, very erect stalk, and is formed like a common
Poppy, but has only four petals. All the leaves grow at the
base of the plant and are long-shaped and lobed.

GOLDEN CORYDALIS

Corydalis aurca. I'umitory Family

Commonly low and spreading. Leaves: finely dissected into oblong-
obovatc segments. Flowers: in short spicate racemes; corolla tubular,
irregular; petals four, one of the outer pair spurred at the base, the
interior ones narrow, keeled on the back ; spur half the length of the
body of the corolla. Fruit: pods spreading.

This plant generally grows low upon the ground, the very
finely dissected foliage spreading out into large patches that
are gcninicd b\ ihc clusters of golden-yellow flowers, whose
form at once suggests that of the Wild Bleeding-heart.
W'licn the ri])e pods si)lit open they disclose and scatter nu-
merous 1)right shining seeds.

-720 Yellow lo Orcn/jt' I' lowers

GOLDEN WHITLOW GRASS

Draba uiirca. Mustard I-ainily

Stems: Ijrancliiiig, pubescent, leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves:
basal ones in tufts, spatulate, obtuse, slightly dentate; stem-leaves ob-
long, acute. Flowers: yellow, petals twice the length of the caly.x, en-
tire. Fruit: jiods acute, at length slightly twisted.

A plant tlial rcscml)k's a Treacle .Muslard. but is nnich
smaller and h;is a rosulate tuft of leaves at the base. Tiny
sini;le leaves also grow up on the branching stems, and the
Httle deep yellow flowers grow in close clusters.

Dniha alpina, or Alpine Whitlow Grass, is a tiny species
found at extremely high altitudes. The leaves are all basal
and grow in a dense tuft, while the tiny clusters of little
yellow ilowers are set on the top of short naked stalks.
The whole plant is hairy and seldom exceeds four inches
in height.

Draba nivalis, or Arctic Whitlow CIrass, has numerous
slender matted branches, and lance-shaped hairy leaves
which have a strongly marked mid-nerve. The Ilowers are
yellow and inconspicuous, and the whole plant is covered
with tiny hairs and a whitish bloom. It grows at high
altitudes.

Draba (jlacialis, or Pale Yellow Whitlow Grass, grows on
the summits of many mountains. It has strongly keeled
leaves and the petals are pale yellow, becoming darker at
the base.

BLADDER-POD

Physaria didyiiiocarpii. Mustard Family

Stems: decuml)ent or ascending, slender, simple. Leaves: spatulate,
the basal ones obtuse, entire, narrowed into margined petioles ; stem-
leaves nearly sessile, acute, much smaller. Flowers: yellow, in ter-

PLATE LX

C-,

3-' I

322 Yi'llow to Oraufje Flowers

niiiial raceuKs. Fruit: pnds didyiiioiis, variable, with large, strongly
inilatod cavities, eniarj^inalc at base and summit.

A most curious and ink'reslin.i;' ])]ant, which gfows on
high rocky slopes and forms patches upon the ground by
means of its rosettes of pale green leaves and decumbent
stems. The little yellow llowers are cruciform and incon-
spicuous, and grow in clusters at the ends of the long
slender stalks which spring out from below the central
rosettes of lea\'es, while an irregular circle of outer leaves
grows beyond them again, ll is the large inllated pods,
of a delicate gray-green hue, which give this plant its com-
mon name and constitute its greatest attraction. They are
really exquisitely cjuaint, and so unusual a;s to always attract
the notice of the i)assing tra\eller. llie leaves are s])atu-
late and small. The name Pliysoria is derived from the
Greek, signifying " bellows," and refers to the inflated fruit.

NESLIA

Ncslia pajiiciilata. jMustard Family

Stems: slender, l)ranched above. Leaves: lanceolate, acute, entire,
sagittate-clasping at tlie base. Flowers: racemose. Fruit: silicles
small, globose, wingless, reticulated, indeiiisccnt. Xot indigenous.

This herb is usually one to two feet high and has lance-
shaped leaves with even margins, which are arrow-head-
shaped and clasping at the base, and grow all up the slender
stems. The small ascending yellow flowers form elongated
racemes. This is an introduced ])lant.

HERB OF ST. BARBARA

Brassica Siiiapistniiii. Mustard Family

Stems: erect, hispid, with scattered stiff hairs. Leaves: oval, coarsely
dentate, the basal ones pinnatifid. Flowers: showy, yellow, in elongated

Yelloii- to Oranfe Flowers 323

racemes. Fruit: the siliques elongated, sessile, tipped with a flattened
conic beak. Not indigenous.

A handsome species Ijearing showy yellow flowers in ter-
minal racemes, and h.'uing large oval leaves that are very
coarsely toothed, rough to the touch, and conspicuously
veined. The basal leaves are lobed. Like all the [Mus-
tards, it has four cruciform petals. This is an introduced
plant.

HARTWEG'S TANSY MUSTARD
Sisymbriitiii IIarlicci;.ianuii!. Mustard Family

Stems: slender. Leaves: pinnate: leaflets lanceolate, obtuse and
acutely toothed. Flowers: small, yellow. Fruit: the siliques erect on
ascending pedicels, linear, elongated.

A coarse uninteresting ])lant, with pinnately cut leaves,
the tiny leaflets l)eing sharply toothed. The flowers are
small and yellow and the pods long and narrow.

Sisymbrium altissimiim, or Tall Hedge jNIustard, has tall
freely-branching stems and lower leaves which are runci-
nate-pinnatifld, the narrow lobes often auriculate. and
smaller, very dee])ly cut upi)er leaves. The pale yellow
flowers are inconspicuous. 1"he pods are rigid, verv long,
divergent and liardly thicker than the short pedicels. This
is an introduced plant. *

Sisymbrium cancsccns. or T\ale Tansy Mustard, is a soft-
hairy s]iecies with long deeply ctit leax'es growing out almost
at right angles from the stem ; very small yellowish flowers
and pods in long racemes.

Sisyml)riu)ii iucisuiii, or Western Tansy Mustard, is a
similar plant to the Tale Tansy Mustard, but is greener and
less hairy, and has longer more slender pods and one-ranked
seeds. The lea\es ha\e not such ;i fringed appearance as
those of Sisymbrium cuuiwwus.

324 Yellow to Or/in//r Floiicrs

TREACLE MUSTARD

Erysimum parvifloruui. Mustard Familj-

Stems: erect, simple. Leaves: oblanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire
or dentate, tlie upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled. Flowers:
pale yellow. Fruit: tlic siliques elongated, linear, four-angled, valves
strongly kcclrd liy a prominent mid-vein.

Tliis conuiKiii Treacle Miistafd has very small pale yellow
flowers and rather \\hiti>h leaves, whicli latter i^row in a
tuft at the hase of the plant and also alternately all the way
np the stiff erect stems. The flowers have four tinv green
sepals and four \-ell()w petals, which latter are cruciate, or
set in the form of a cross. The Treacle ^Mustard helongs
to the Cnicifcrcr, or Mustard [-"amily. all of whose memhers
have four cruciform petals.

STONECROP

Si'diiiii sfcitopctaliiDi. Orjiine Family

Flowering brandies erect. Leaves: alternate, crowded, but scarcely
imbricated except on the sterile shoots, sessile, linear, entire. Flowers:
in a three-to-scven forked cyme, compact ; petals narrowly lanceolate,
very acute, much exceeding the calyx-lobes.

This plant is well named Scdiim, from sedere " to sit,"
for it sits very happily, and in lowly fashion, upon the bleak-
bald hills at high altitudes. It is a most uncanny plant.
The tiny, pale green, juicy leaves, crowded on the thick-
short stems, are, like human flesh, easilv bruised; and each
of the bright yellow flowers, which grow in dense clusters,
has four or five narrow pointed petals. There are ten
stamens, the alternate ones being attached to the petals.
The five erect carpels are tipped with long conspicuous and
divergent styles, crowned by fat stigmas.

The smooth clammy foliage of the Stonecrop reminds the

Yellow to Orange 'Flowers 325

traveller forcibly of the narrijw gap which lies between the
Animal and the Vegetable Kingdoms, for the touch of its
lleshy leaves is most repulsive, resembling that of some cold
moist body. Fortunately, however, it is redeemed from
being entirely objectionable by the twinkling little golden
blossoms, which are as healthy and natural in their appear-
ance as the foliage is the very reverse.

" Flower in the crannied wall,
I pluck you out of the crannies.
I hold you here, root and all, in my hand.
Little flower — hut if I could understand
What you are, root and all, and all in all,
I should know what God and man is."

" No deeper thought was ever uttered by poet/' says John
Fiske, in his beautiful work, TliroiKili Xafiirc to God ; " for
in this world of plants, which, with its magician, chloro-
])by]l, conjuring with suulicams, is ceaselesslv at work
bringing life out (jf death — in this quiet vegetable world
we may find the elementary principles of all life in almost
visible operation."

Care must be taken not to confuse the Yellow Saxifrage
with the Stonecrop. 'I'lie former has tiny, thin, ordinary
leaves, while the latter has leaves that are thick, fleshv, and
\ery juicy. This ])ccu]iar fdliagc of the Stonecrop enables
it to retain a fpiantity of moisture during the dry season,
an attribute which proves extremely useful, since it grows
in crevices and crannies between the rocks, where the sparse
dry soil alTorcN little or no sustenance to the roots; hence
its abilitv lo imbibe and retain moisture throtigh its leaves
renders it lit to lloiirish on these sandy and stonv slojies.

326 Yellow to Ornnr/t' F/oui'ts

YELLOW SAXIFRAGE

Saxifraiiu aicaidcs. Saxifrage Family

Stems: leafy. Leaves: alternate, linear, tliick, fleshy, miicronate-
tippcd, narrowed at tlie base, sessile, the margins sparingly ciliate.
Flowers: several, corymbose; petals five, oblong, yellow, usually spotted
with orange; calyx fivc-loljcd, base of the capsule adnate to the calyx;
stamens ten, inserted with the petals. Fruit: ovary two-celled, two-
lol)ed at the summit; styles short; stigmas capitate.

This N'cllow Saxifrai;"c j^rows amoiii^- tlic wet rocks at
high aUiliidcs. Tt has slender stems, adorned willi al-
ternate leaves, which are long and narrow and edged with
a few fine hairs. The flowers grow erect and open out very
wide, their })etals being usually spotted with orange. The
ten stamens are conspicuous, and so is the large two-celled
ovary, while the styles are short and tipped with roundish
stigmas. This plant grows in dense tufted chisters from
two to six inches high, and niav be found in the nmst sun-
forsaken crannies, where the icv breezes blow acro>s the
snow-fields.

GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE
ChrysDSplcniiDii tcfraiidniiit. Saxifrage Family

Stems: erect, branclied above. Leaves: alternate, reniform-cordate,
doul)ly crenate or somewhat lobed. Flowers: corymbose, axillarv
Fruit: capside membranous, sliort, inversely cordate.

A marsh plant, or growing in the moist shade, from two
to six inches high w^ith alternate rounded blunt-toothed
leaves, and orange-yellow flowers that ustially have four
calvx lobes, coloured w ithin, the four to eight stamens being
inserted on the margin of a disk.

Yellow to Orange F^ou-ers 327

CREEPING SIBBALDIA

Sibbaldia procumbens. Saxifrage Family

Stems: woody, decumbent or creeping. Leaves: three-foliolate,
leaflets obovate, cuneate at the base, three to five toothed at the apex.
Flowers: numerous, petals oblong, very small, calyx-lobes oblong-
ovate, longer and broader than the bractlets.

This depressed shni1)1)y plant is found as high as ten
thousand feet. It has three-foholate leaves, the segments
of which are wedge-shaped and three-toothed at the apex.
Tlie greenish-yellow flowers have very small petals and
large broad calyx lobes with pointed tips.

SILVER WEED

PotentiUa Anscriiia. Rose Family

Stems: tufted, spreading by slender runners. Leaves: petioled, pin-
nate, leatlcts seven to twenty-five, oblong, oblanceolalc, obtuse, the lower
generally smaller, sharply serrate, smooth above, silky-pubescent below.
Flowers: petals broadly oval, entire, exceeding the ovate acute calyx-
lobes and oval bractlets. Fruit: receptacle villous, achenes glabrous.

The Silver Weed is a tufted plant, with elongated pinnate

leaves composed of from seven to seventeen leaflets, which

are sharply toothed, green, and smooth on the top, and very

silky and whitish underneath. A characteristic feature of

the Silver Weed is the minute pairs o^ leaflets which grow

between the real leaflets, but are merely tiny pointed

growths. The yellow flowers, which are typical of the

whole genus and haxc fl\e l)racts, fi\e sepals, five petals, and

numerous stamens, grow on slender naked stalks that spring

from the axils of the leaves. The flowers are very pretty

.and velvety, and commonly grow in the moist meadows, for

there

" The Silver Weed with yellow flowers.
Half hidden by the leaf of gray,

328 Yelloic to Oratujc Flowers

liliioms on the hank iif that clear Ijrouk
Whose music cliccrs my lonely way."

The Silver Weed creeps along the ground bv means of
slender many-jointed rnimers, and its stems are usually
curved and winding-. When the fruit ripens it consists of
a head formed of several little achenes, or nutlets. The
PoicntiUas are very numerous in the mountain regions.

Potcntillo dissccfa, or Common rinquefoil. is a low al-
pine plant, more or less silky and hairy, and has a vellow
flower with a five-lohed calyx and li\e roimdish ])etals. It
resembles a miniature rose. The foliage consists of from
five to seven toothed leaflets on each stem, the terminal
leaflet being three-lobed at the apex.

There are several varieties of this species: PotcntUla
dissccta var. glaucophylla, or Smooth Cincpiefoil, has
smooth green leaves; PotcntUla dissccta var. miiltisccfa. or
Dissected Cinquefoil, has whitish silky foliage, each leaflet
being long and narrow ; and PotcntUla dissccta var. pinnaii-
secta, or Leafy Cinquefoil, has more numerous leaflets and
a one-flowered stem, which grows onh- about three inches
high, the whole plant being smooth, with the exception of
the hairy calyx and tufted apices of the leaves.

Many of the Cinquefoils (cinque, "five"; fciiiUcs,
"leaves") have five-parted leaves, hence their common
name.

PotcntUla norvcgica, or Rough Cinquefoil, is a coarse
weed-like plant, with leaves that are divided into three leaf-
lets, and yellow flowers that grow in rather close leafy
clusters.

PotcntUla Hippiana, or Woolly Cinquefoil, is a stout
plant, with quantities of densely floccose and silky foliage.
The leaflets are whitish and woollv on both sides, and deeply

Yellow to Oranfje Flowers 329

dentaled. The flowers are bright yellow, and grow in
graceful terminal clusters.

Potcntilla gracilis, or Small Cinqucfoil. has very small
leaves, heart-shaped in outline and composed of from three
to seven leaflets, which are white and woolly beneath and
green and silky on the top. The little flowers are yellow.

Potcntilla nirca, or Alpine Cinqucfoil, grows at great
altitudes and is found at 8500 feet. It is a tiny plant, with
small trifoliate white and woolly leaves and wee terminal
yellow^ flowers.

In studying the Potcntillas it is wise to refer to the
Ranunculi, also recorded in this Section, and note the close
reseml)lance yet distinct variations which exist between the
two genera. The difi'erences between the foliage of the
Potcntillas and that of the Ranunculi have already been
referred to in the description of the latter plants, but it may
be further noted here that the stamens of the Ranunculi are
hypog}mous, or borne at the base or l)cl()w the ovar)-, while
those of the Potcntillas are perigynous, or borne on the
perianth around the o\'ary.

Potcntilla uniHora, or One-flowered Cinqucfoil, is densely
caespitose, from a woody base, and has small closely tufted
leaves palmately divided, the leaflets Joeing deeply cut and
very white-woollv on both sides, llie bright yellow flow-
ers are solitary on short stalks and the petals arc broad,
notched at the apex, and much longer than the narrow,
densely hairy sepals.

Potcntilla fruiicosa, or Shrubl)y Cin(|uefoil, renders the
(lr\' sunn\- alpine meadows very gav in July and August
with its lovelv bright yellow flowers, which resemble large
buttercui)s and grow on low bushy shrubs, amid much
silvery foliage, composed of tiny compound leaxes covered

330 Yellow to OraiKje Flowers

willi a soft silky down. The bark on the slender stems is
extremely shreddy.

YELLOW AVENS

Gcum strict Hill. Rose Family

Stems: ascending, pubescent, branched above. Leaves: basal ones
lyratc-pinnate ; leaflets five to seven, obovate, cnneate, dentate, with a
few smaller ones interspersed, the terminal one largest; stem-leaves
sessile, with three to five ovate acute segments. Flowers: several, ter-
minal, of five petals.

^riiis is a common plant, with bright yellow five-petallcd
flowers and large foliage. Each leaf is pinnately divided
and has one big terminal segment and from four to six
smaller leaflets. inters])erscd with some very tinv ones.
The most noticeable feature is the fruit, which consists of
a ball of seeds, each one terminating in an elongated l^arbed
style.

Gcimi inacrof^hylliDii. or Large-leaved .Vvens, is ^•erv like
the preceding species, but it has much larger, coarser foli-
age. It also has bright yellow flowers and a bur-like head
of seeds, each one of wliich terminates in the same slender,
jointed, hooked style wliich is a distinguishing character-
istic of this genus of plants.

Both the Yellow .Vvens and the Large-leaved Avens have
lobed and toothed leaves and small clove-scented flowers.
They are rough hairy plants and resemble weeds.

Unattracrive as is the coarse foliage of the Gcitins, vet
their primrose-tinted blossoms gleam like jewels of pale
gold amidst the dark green leaves, and these redeem the
plants from utter ugliness.

Yellow to Orange Flowers 331

DRUMMOND'S DRYAS

Dryas Dnimmondii. Rose Family

Low, tufted, herbaceous shrubs. Stems: woody at the base. Leaves:
oval, crenate-dentate, green and glabrous above, white-canescent be-
neath. Flowers: yellow, solitary; calyx persistent, its tube concave,
hirsute lobed ; petals numerous ; style elongated and plumose in fruit.

This insignificant little yellow flower, which meekly
droops its head as if conscious of its lack of good looks,
has the most loA'ely plumose seed-heads imaginable ; and
there are few prettier sights in the mountains than that of
some low-lying alpine meadow literally covered with these
frail feathery tufts, rising uji on their long, slender, woody
stems several inches above the prostrate foliage, half of
which is curled over to show its silvery lining; for all the
leaves of Drummond's Dryas are green and shining on the
top and white and silky underneath. The flower consists
of numerous small yellow petals enclosed in a short, hairy,
green calyx ; but as soon as these die and fall off, the stalk
elongates and the seed-head quickly develops. This plant
will grow in the poorest soil, and is most frequently found
on arid gravel beds and in the gravelly battures of the alpine
streams.

YELLOW MELILOT

Mclilotiis ofliciiialis. Pea Family

Stems: ascending, one to four feet high, branching. Leaves: tri-
foliolate, petiolcd, rather distant ; leaflets oblong, serrate, narrowed at
the base, rounded at the apc.x. Flowers: in slender racemes; standard
equalling the wings aiul keel. Xot indigenous.

The ^'cll()w Mclilot, or Sweet Clover, closelv resembles
ihc W bite Sweet Clover. It has spike-like racemes of tinv
clustered llowers, which arc fragrant and extremelv deli-

332 I'i'/lou- to ()r/in//i- I'/oiicrs

catc both in shape and !mc, and arc borne on tall branch-
ini;- slcnis, wliich hwiuently attain a hci.^hl of three or e\en
lour feet. The leaves are trit"o]iolate and smell \ery sweet
when dried. They droop in a iK'culiar fashion at night-
time, the up])er leaflet and one side leaflet closing together.
until the vertical stn'face of each comes in contact with that
of the other, while the third leaflet is left alone, exposed
to the chills and rains of the hours of darkness. This is
an introduced plant.

LOCOWEED

Oxyl)\>pis Laiiibcrli. Pea Family

Silky-pubescent witli apprcsscd liairs, aculcsceiU, tufted. Leaves:
odd-pinnate ; leaflets linear, oblong, acute : peduncles longer than the
leaves. Flowers: in large dense heads, or spikes. Fruit: pods incom-
pletely two-celled, coriaceous, sessile, erect, ovoid-cylindric, long-acum-
inate.

A handsome rich cream-coloured or yellowish species of
O.vyfrof^is, with soft whitish silky foliage and \-erv fine
large tlower-spikes. It usually grows on the dry ali)ine
meadows.

O.vyti'o/^is inonticola. or }*lountain Oxytroj^e, is silvery-
pubescent throughout with very fine hairs. The leaflets are
oblong and pointed, sometimes rather blunt at the apex, and
the flowers are pale yellow and grow in dense heads on
long stalks. The calyx is covered with long white and
short black hairs. This species grows in tlie high alpine
meadows.

SCOULER'S ST. JOHN'S-WORT

Hypericum Scoiilcri. St. John's-wort Family

Stems: simple or sparingly branched above, often with small branch-
lets growing from running rootstocks. Leaves: opposite, obtuse, clasp-

DrUMMoNd's iJkVAS

(Dryas Dniiitiiioudii)

Yc'lloii- to OraiKjt Flou-crs 333

ing, entire. Flowers: in paniclcd cymes, stamens numerous, in three
fascicles. Fruit: capsule conical to globose, one to five celled.

A handsome ])lanl i^rowing from one to two feet high,
having clasping entire leaves which are usually black-dotted
along the margins, and bright yellow rosin-scented flowers
growing in an open branched cluster. There are many
quaint superstitions connected with this plant. It was for-
merly believed to be a safeguard against the evil spirits who
walked abroad on St. John's Eve, and was gathered by the
countrv pco])le with great ceremony, and hung up over their
doors to a\'ert thunder and lightning; while its ancient name
of Balm-of-the-\\'arrior's-\\'ound denotes that its healing
properties were much prized. It was also called Fuga
D.cmonum l)ccause it was beliexed to be a so\'ereign remedy
to cui'e melancholia, a fact Huxford refers to:

" So then about her brow
Tliey bound Hypericum, whose potent leaves
Have sovereign power o'er all the sullen fits
And cheerless fancies that besiege the mind ;
Banishing ever, to their native night,
Dark thoughts, and causing to spring up within
The heart distress'd, a glow of gladdening hope,
And rainbow visions of kind destiny."

YELLOW VIOLET

I'idla i^lal'dla. \'io!ct Family

Stems: glal)rous, slender, from a short lleslij' horizontal rhizome.
Leaves: radical ones on long petioles, tlie upper short-potioled. rcnilorm-
cordatc, crenatcly toothed. Flowers: bright yellow.

This is a small plint wbicli blooms close to he ground,
and is fmind chiclly al high alliludcs.

" W'licii beechen buds begin to swell,

.And woods the bluebird's warble know,
The yellow violet's modest bell

Peeps from llie last year's leaves below,"

334 Yi'l/oic lo Orruif/i' r/ouers

lis 1)n\i^hl i^fjlden llowcrs arc finclv pencilled in ihc centre
with l)l;uk lines, and i^row on short slender stalks amid a
mass of small roundish leaves.

I'inla orhiculata, or l^Jounddeaved ^'ellcjw Violet, has a
thick rootstock with a few lihrous rootlets, mostly rounded,
heart-shaped, crcnulatc hasal leaxx's, sli.L;]ul\- hair\- on llie
upper surface; and yellow petals, the lower one being
purple-veined. The spurs are short and saccate.

Viola sciiif'crzirciis, or Trailing Yellow Violet, has weak,
decunihent stems, and si)reads by means of long, slender
rootstocks. 1die leaves are mostly basal, and are rounded,
cordate at the base and finely round-toothed at the edges.
The yellow flowers grow on long stalks, and their ])etals
are sparingly veined with brown near the l)ase, the spur
being short and like a sac. This species grows chiefl}- in
burnt woods.

SILVERBERRY

Elcragnits argciitca. Oleaster Family

Stoloniferous, silvery-scaly, much liranclied. Leaves: alternate, ob-
long, ovate, densely silvery-scurfy on both sides, acute or obtuse.
Flowers: one to three in the axils, pedicelled, fragrant: perianth silvery
without, yellow within, tubular below, the upper part campanulate, four-
lobed, the lobes ovate. Fruit: oval, silvery.

A most extraordinary and attractive shrub, growing
from two to twelve feet high and entirely covered with a
lovely silver coating. The leaves are small and very
crinkled and wavy, and the flowers quite tiny, their bell-
shaped four-lobed corollas being silvery on the outside and
pale yellow within. The stems, liranches. leaves, and fruit
are completely silvered over and thus mav be readilv dis-
tinguished.

PLATK LXl

SlI.VKKr.KKKY

( lilccai/iius ati/culca)

335

-^36 YcU'j-lc to Ovdntjc ilfjucrs

CANADA BUFFALOBERRY

Slicflicrdia caihulciisis. Dleaslcr Family

Leaves: ovate or oval, obtuse at the ai)c.\, rounded or narrinved at
the base, green and sparingly .stellate-scurfy abo\c, densely silvery stel-
late-scurfy beneath, some of the scurf brown. Flowers: in short spikes

at the nodes of the twi.us, yellowish, buds globose; perianth ffnu'-lobed.
Fruit: oval, drupe-like, red or yellow.

This shrill) somewlial rcsenil)les Ehcagnus ar</cntca, but
is IK it ncarl\- so sihcry in a])])C'arance. the stems Ijcin,^" cox'-
cred willi a 1)r()\vn scurf and llic leaves heinf,^ i^recu and
sliojitly hrowii-scurf}- on the to]) and sil\'er-C(ialed only
miderneath. The \ell()\\ llowers are small and or,,\v in
short spikes at the joints of the twii^s; the fruit consists of
a bright scarlet or yellow berry, the flesh of which i> edible.
though very insipid, and contains a tiny smooth nut.

ddie Canada Buffaloberrv grows from four to eight feet
high, usuallv near water, and when in fruit is extremely
ornamental.

YELLOW WILLOW-HERB

Epilobiutn luieiim. Evening Primrose Family

Stems: slender, nearly simple. Leaves: ovate, acute, sinuate-toothed,
sessile. Flowers: from the axils of the upper somewhat crowded leaves;
corolla funnel-form, rarely expanding, the lobes deeply notched ; ca-lyx
short and deeply cleft.

The pale lemon-coloured flowers of the ^>llow Willow-
herb grow in cjuantities near running water, or in the deep
moist valleys where the rushes whisper in their husky
throats and the moss weaves lace-like patterns to cover the
ground. The plant stands from six inches to two feet high,
and has large, conspicuously veined lea\-es, with wavy mar-
gins, which are very sharply toothed. The flowers are
e?itremely pretty and delicate in hue; their four petals,

Yellow to Orange ^lou-ers 337

folded in funnel-form, rarely ex])and, and are held u\) in
green calyx-cups, which in their turn are cleft into four
narrijw slender (li\isions.

COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE

CEiiothcra biennis. Evening Primrose Family

Stems: erect, stout, wand-like. Leaves: lanceolate, acute, narrowed
and sessile at the base, repand-denticulate. Flowers: spicate, terminal,
leafy-])racted ; calyx-tube slender, the lobes linear, reflexed.

The Evening Primrose, whose Ijright yellow blossoms
open in the twilight, somewhat resembles the Yellow Wil-
low-herb, whose ])aler llowers bloom at the bidding of the
sunshine. Seen in the daytime, the Evening Primrose ap-
pears faded and uninteresting; but \'iewed at night, its
fragrant llowers are exceedingly attractixe. The plant
grows to an average height of three feet, and has alternate
lance-shaped leaves and erect buds. Xo sooner has the stm
set than the buds begin to expand, the closely closed calyx
suddenly bursting o])en with a loud pop, and then one by
one the petals slowlv unfold, until the whole sulphur-col-
oiu"ed flower is wide-blown .'uid sends forth its sweet fra-
grance to scent the e\ening air.

" .\ tufl (if evcniuff primroses
V *

O'er which the mind might hover till it dozes,

But that it's ever startled by the leap

Of buds into ripe flowers."

A single summer night sulVices t(^ consuuie the vitality
and l)eautv of this llower, which at evening is fresh and
fair and ne\\l\- blown, and b\- noon looks faded and most
dejected. It is strange how \ery fragrant and lovely are
many of these " llowers that blow when the heal of the day
is o'er." such, for instance. ;is the Xight-bloomiug le^^amine.

338 Yellow to Orange Flowers

the Ni.^ht-hlooniinq" Ccrcns. and tlic Xi^hl-l)lo()min^- Cactus.
The }'clli)W petals of the l^vcnin.L;' I'n'mrdse shine sn luiiii-
noiisly in the dnsk ihat ihcv easily attract the crepuscular
moths, which fcrlili/c the plants by carryini^ the abundant
sticky pollen from one tlower to another. The number
four is conspicuous in this llower. wln'cli has four petals, a
four-parted calyx, eij^ht stamens, a four-celled ovary, and
a four-cleft stit^ma. When tlie corolla fades, after its sin-
gle night of re\elry. il soon shrixels and drops off, and then
the ()l)long capsule containing tlie seeds f|uickl}- matures

HEART-LEAVED ALEXANDERS

Zi::ia cordata. Parsley Family

Stems: erect, branched. Leaves: upper stem-leaves compound, short-
petioled, ternate, the segments ovate, crenate-dentate : basal leaves long-
petiolcd, sometimes undivided. Flowers: in mnhels, cight-to-t\velve
rayed. Fruit: slnliose-ovoid.

The ])right shining green leaves of this Parsnip and its
l)rilliant golden um])els of mintite dowers combine to render
it one of the manv handsome plants that deck the damp
alpine meadows. It has stout hollow stalks and very glossy
foliage, the leaves being ternate, or arranged in threes, with
l)r()ad, wa\'v-margined, sliarply toothed leaflets. It has a
most disagreeable odour.

NARROW-LEAVED PARSLEY

Loinaliiiiii triicnuttuni. Parsley Family

Stems: from a deep-seated elongated fusiform root. Leaves: hiter-
nate or tritcruate, the leaflets narrow, linear. Flowers: in an unc(iual
umbel of five to eigiiteen rays with slender bracts.

The _\-ellow flowers of this tall Parslc}' ha\'e no involucre.
The stems are purplish at the base and the leaves are deeply
cut into narrow leaflets. "Jdie fruit is narrowly oblong with

Yell OIL' to Orange Flowers 339

_ ^

narrow wings, and the oil tu1)es are very large and solitary
in the intervals between the dorsal and intermediate ribs.

Loiiiafiinii Martindalci var. angiisfafinn. or Martindale's
Parsley, is caulescent and branching with elongated pe-
duncles. The leaves are pinnate or bipinnate with toothed
segments. The flowers are yellow, and the fruit has broad
wings and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; the oil
tul^ies are solitarv in the intervals, and the seed-face is con-
cave with a central longitudinal ridge.

NARROW-LEAVED PUCCOON

Lithospcniium angustifoUum. Borage Family

Stems: branched, erect or ascending. Leaves: linear, sessile, acute.
Flowers: of two kinds, in terminal leafy racemes; corolla of the earlier
ones salver-form, bright yellow, five-lobed, the lobes erose-denticulate,
the throat crested ; later flowers much smaller and pale yellow, cleistog-
amous, abundantly fertile, their pedicels recurved in fruit. Fruit:
nutlets white, smooth, shining, ovoid, more or less pitted, keeled on the
inner side.

The French call this Puccoon Plant c aux Pcrlcs. because

of the hard stony seeds that mature in the calyx, and which,

though at first soft and green, gradually become hard,

white, and shining. It is on account of these nutlets that

the plant is named from the Greek lithos, " a stone," and

s/^cnii, "a seed." The tlowcrs arc a pretty lemon colour,

the earlier ones being of a much deeper shade and larger in

size than those which appear later in the summer. They

grow in close leafy clusters, and have a long, salver-form.

Ii\c-clefl corolla. The stems and lea\-es are quite downy.

This I'uccoon grows in small Itil'ls or mats, from six to ten

ini-hes higli, ;md is usually found on the (lr\- ojien bunls,

where its

" Leaves and branches, crossed and linked,
Cling like children and embr.ace."

340 YeUow 1o Oranqe Floicers

LilliosjhTiiiiim nulrralc, or I lairy Puccoon, has numer-
ous sofl-hair}-, \cry leafy stems growing- from a crown of
thick roots. 1'he leaves are narrow and ta])ering, and the
yellow^ flowers are densely crowded in a leafy thyrsus.
The narrow sejjals are hairw and the eani])auulate-funnel-
form corolla is twice as long as the calyx, and silky outside.
The white hony nutlets are ovate, pf)inted and polished.
Both these Puccoons have a sweet smell.

YELLOW BEARD-TONGUE

Pcnstcmoit confer Ins. r"ig\vf)rl Family

Stems: skndcr. Leaves: lower ones lanceolate, attenuate below to
narrow petioles, mostly entire, the cauline sessile by a broad base.
Flowers: thyrsus spiciform, interrupted, dense, many-flowered clusters;
corolla vcr}' narrow, lower lip consi)icuously l)carded within.

The Yellow Beard-tongue grows high np on the moun-
tains. The flowers, which vary in hue from yellow to
cream colour, are set in several dense clusters round ahout
tlie stem, encircling it at intervals.

YELLOW MONKEY-FLOWER

Miiinihis Laiigsdorfii. Figwort Family

Stems: erect. Leaves: ovate, sessile, denticulate. Flowers: terminal;
calyx ventricose-campanulate ; corolla-tube cylindric, its limb bilabiate,
the upper lip erect, two-lobed, the lower lip spreading, three-lobed.

A small plant I)earing almormallv large quaint flowers,
hright yellow in colour and usually spotted with hrownish-
red inside the corolla. The low^er three-cleft \\\) is heavily
hearded within hy soft fine hairs, and so tiny are the little
roundish leaves, and so slim the short stems, that the l)ig
bright l)lossoms appear rather top-heavv for so small a
plant. Not actually growing in the water, but rather on

Yellow to Orange J^loivers 341

those k>\v marshy iskuuls so frequently set in the middle of
the alpine streams, yoti will find myriads of these Yellow
Monkey-flowers nestlini,^ amid the mosses and reeds which
spring up so luxuriantly l)etween the stones hy the river's
hrink.

M'uiuilus iiioscliatiis, or Musk Flower, is hairy and very
sweet-smelling. The stems are creeping or ascending, and
the slender branches are six to twelve inches high. The
ovate pointed toothed short-stalked leaves are rounded at the
base, and the bright yellow flowers, growing on a short stalk,
have a funnel-form corolla with a spreading limb.

Miiiiiihis alpinus, or Alpine Monkey Flower, is a densely
matted plant, perennial by stolons, and found growing at
high altitudes. The leaves are o\-al, and the solitary yellow
llowers terminate the short stems.

PELICAN FLOWER

Orthocarpiis lutciis. Figwort Family

Stems: strict, erect, branched above, densely leafy. Leaves: ascend-
insr, linear, entire or sometimes three-cleft, sessile, long-acuminate;
bracts of the dense spike lanceolate. Flowers: in dense spikes, yellow;
calyx tubular, with acute teeth ; corolla-tube slender, the limb two-lipped,
tlie upper lip ovate, obtuse, the lower lip saccate, three-toothed.

An uninteresting meml)er of the ntwnerous Figwort Fam-
ily. It has dense, slender, erect spikes, covered with tiny
leaves and bracts, and numerous bright vellow flowers.
These flowers have a single tijjper lip and a three-toothed
lower lip; they are very fragrant, and the large pouch and
queer slender beak suggest the name of j'elican Flower.
This plant is usually found in dry Miil.

342 Yi'llou- to OrdtKje Flowers

YELLOW RATTLE

Rhinanthus Crislci-^alli. Figwort Family

Stems: slender. Leaves: lanceolate, sessile, coarsely serrate-dentate,
acute, bracts ovate, incised-dentate, the teeth acuminate. Flowers: in
terminal, one-sided, Icafy-bracted spikes, and solitary in the upper a.xils;
calyx much inflated, conspicuously veiny in fruit; corolla very irregu-
lar, two-lipped : the galea compressed, arcliL-d, minutely two-toothed
below tlic entire apex, the lower lip three-Iobed, spreading.

I'lie name ^'ellow Rattle has been i,nven to this plant on
account of the way in which the ripened seeds, which lie
loose in the capsules, rattle whenever the wind shakes them
to and fro. It is a firm erect plant, usually growing from
six to ten inches high, and chiefly conspicuous Ijy reason of
its inflated green flower-cups and bright yellow bl(jssoms,
the lips of which frequently are spotted with purple.

GREATER BLADDERWORT

I'tricularia I'ltlgaris rar. aiiicricaiia. Bladdcrwort Family

Stems: immersed, scape stout, naketl, three to four inches high, with a
few scales. Leaves: two to three pinnately many-parted, capillary,
bearing many bladders. Flowers: three to twenty in a raceme on short
pedicels, the sides of the lips reflexed, spur conical, slender, rather acute.
Fruit: capsule many seeded.

The Greater Bladderwort is a very curious plant which
grows in shallow pools and ponds, and has yellow flowers
similar in structure to those of the Butterwort. The leaves,
usually much crowded on the floating branches, are divided
into thread-like segments bearing the numerous, velvety-
looking, little air bladders. In the autumn, buds termi-
nating the stems fall off, and are buried in the mud at the
bottom of pools until springtime, when they root, and the
new bladders, at first filled with water, soon fill with air.
and the plant, leaving the mud, rises to the surface of the

Yellow to Orange Flowers 343

pool and tlowers, the bladders feedini^" it Ijy means of their
trapping. The i)ale green bladders are, however, its most
interesting feature, for having no roots the plant floats sub-
merged by means of these tiny inflated balloons, whose
bristle-like appendages give them the appearance of crus-
taceans. Tliese bladders ha\"e an opening closed by a valve
and furnished with a few projecting bristles that guide in-
sects to the aperture, which they enter by pressing against
the lid. Inside the bladder is covered with glandular proc-
esses that seem to absorb tlie fluid prcjducts of decay, but do
not, like the Butterwort and Sundew, digest the trapped
victim and absorb the animal matter. The yellow flowers
grow in racemes of three to twenty at the top of the stalks
on pedicels whicli are recurved in fruit. They have a two-
lipped corolla with an erect, entire upper lip, and a broad
three-lobed lower lip that has a large palate, and a conic
spur nearly as long as the lip to which it is appressed.

I'friaihiria intcnucdia, or \'ellow r)la(I(ler\v()rt, has also
a naked scape bearing one to fn-e yellow tlowers, the upper
lip of whose corolla is much longer than the palate, the
acute spur being appressed to. and as long as the verv broad
lower \\\). The slender pedicels are erect in fruit. The
branches arc lloaling, and the lea\-es more or less scattered,
with linear. Hat segments and l)ristle-toothed margins.
The bladders are. with rare exceptions, borne on leafless
brandies.

INVOLUCRED FLY HONEYSUCKLE

I.onici-ra in: olKcralu. lIoiuy^uckK' I'amily

Leaves: ovali' or o\al, acute or acuiiiiiiatc at llio :i\K\, narrowed at
tin- liasc; ludniu'lcs axill.'iry; l)r;icts foliaccoiis, o\ato'. liractlcts also
large, at length snrronnding the fruit. Flowers: in pairs, yellow:
corolla pnhescent. funnel-form, the limb five-loheti, the lobes short, little

344 Yellow to Oraiu/i' I- lowers

spreading; -taiiiens ami <iy\c .sliylill}- exscrtcd. Fruit: berries iiearlv
I. lack.

This is (Hie of the small-flowered Honeysuckles which
grow in the form of a bushy shrub. It bears yellow funnel-
form twin I)Iossoms, terminating the long slender peduncles
whirli spring from llic axils of the leaves. These blossoms
are cons])icuously involucred (hence the common name) by
large broad leaf-like bracts, wliich are green in the flower-
ing season and turn a warm reddish colour in autumn, when
surrounding the fruit. The \\\q stamens protrude slightly
beyond the corolla, but the style is much exserted, and is
tipped by a large anther.

The hnolucred Fly Honexsuckle is a straggling shrub,
growing from two to six feet high; the leaves are long-
shaped and have hairy margins, and when in fruit the red-
dish-black berries are joined together in pairs. It is not a
plant that is likely to attract the traveller's interest, for it is
noticeable only by reason of its rich luxuriant foliage, since
the flowers are small and the berries quite dark in hue.

Loniccra utalicnsis, or liush bdy Honeysuckle, grows
from three to five feet high, and is l)ranching and very
bushy. The leaves are oblong and bright green and have
wavy smooth margins. The pale yellow flowers, whose
corollas are cleft into two lips, grow in pairs (m long slen-
der ])eduncles from the axils of the leaves, and are sub-
tended by small bracts, in which latter respect they differ
materially from the Involucred Fly Honeysuckle, which has
very large broad l)racts. The fruit consists of egg-shaped
-berries, which are more or less joined together and are of
a lovely translucent scarlet colour, —

" Like a double cherrj-, seeming parted."

PLATE LXII

Bush I'i.v Honeysitckle
{Loiticcra ittaliciisis)

345

34^) Yi'lloic to OraiKjc Floucrs

GOLDEN ASTER

Chrysopsis inllosa. Composite Family

Stems: villous. Leaves: alternate, oblong, obtuse, tlie upper ones
sessile, the lower ones narrowed into a petiole, pale, canescent with
appressed hairs. Flowers: lieads few, terminating tiie short branches;
rays oblong-linear; involucre hemispheric. Fruit: achenes obovate.

The yellow Aster is a \-er}- hair_\- plant, it affects dry or
sandy soil, and grows from six to eighteen inches iiigh. The
stems are simple, and near the summit short branches spread
ont, terminating in the solitary heads, which are composed of
both tubular and radiate llowers. These bright golden
flowers are enclosed in an invohicre, which is formed of
several series of tiny green l)racts. The name Chi'xsopsis,
from chrysos, " gold," and apsis, "^ aspect." is peculiarlv aj)-
plicable to these gay yellow blossoms, which glorify the dry
waste places with their shining splendour.

Chrysopsis Jiispido. or Hairy Golden Aster, is a lower
plant than the preceding species and has numerous stems
growing from a woody rootstock. It is hispid or rough-
hairy throughout. The leaves are spatulate entire and
spreading, obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the base into
long petioles. The tlower heads are numerous and l)right
yellow, and the in\olucre has lanceolate hirsute bracts.

CANADA GOLDEN-ROD

Solidago canadensis. Composite Family

Stems: stout, little branched, puberulcnt. Leaves: alternate, lance-
olate, triple-nerved, acute at each end, the lower ones sharply serrate and
petioled, the upper ones smaller, entire, sessile. Flowers: heads numer-
ous, of both tubular and radiate flowers, on the spreading or recurving
branches of the large and dense panicles ; involucre campanulate, the
bracts linear, imbricated in several series; rays in one series, pistillate;
(iisk-flowers nearly all perfect ; corolla tubular, five-cleft.

Yellou- to Orange -Flouers 347

'Ihe Golden-rods, many species of which grow aljun-
dantly in the mountain districts, are, together with the
Asters, the handsomest of the kite autumn flowers. Re-
taining the rich glow of the summer sun in their ripe yellow
blossoms, they brighten the slopes and border the trails with
a reflected glory. For the Golden-rod is at home in all
kinds (>{ places : by the dusty wayside and in the deep green
forests; close to the borders of the ice-born streams, and
out in the open meadows, w'here the rays of light at noon-
tide shine strongest. In each of these localities the tall
wands, bearing their wealth of golden florets, wave gently
to and fro, and never can we mistake the feathery plumes
of the larger species, or the straight woody stems of the
smaller ones, which are so thickly crowned by the tiny radi-
ant flowers of this cpeen of Nature's garden.

It is a more difficult matter, however, to differentiate
between the many species of Golden-rod that grow^ at high
altitudes. 1"he Canada Golden-rod is perhaps the easiest
one to recognize, since it is the largest as well as the hand-
somest of its tribe, and has big branching panicles of close-
clustered blossoms, very long, narrow, pointed leaves of a
dull grayish-green hue. and stout woody stems, which have
a cottony appearance and attain an average height of three
feet.

So numerous arc the Golden-rods on this continent that
it is possible to note only a few of the more conspicuous
species which the traveller is likely to find and gather in the
course of his wanderings amid the great hills, where

" AlonjT the ro.Klsido. like tlie IIonscis of .yoM
That tawny Iiicas for tlicir pardiiis wrought,
Heavy with sunshine droops tlic G<>lden-rod."

34^ Yellow to OrtltKIC I'loWiTS

Solidcu/o (h'ciiinhcns, or Field Golden-rod, has tall, stiff,
wand-like stems, wliieli terminate in dense eom])aet panicles
of llowei's. and sparse, long, narrow leaxes. willi e\en mar-
gins. It is \ery ])eantifnl to walk across the alpine fields,
where

"The Golden-rod lights slowly
Its torch for the Autumn Ijlaze,"

and where the other fall llowers tinite to celebrate the pass-
ing of summer in a riotous splendoin- of scarlet, purple, and
gold.

SoUdatjo muliiradiaia. or Northern Golden-rod, is a
coarser species with small loose clusters of rather large deep
yellow llowers, which terminate the leafy downy stems.

"How deepening bright, like niduntain flame, dnth burn
The Golden-rod upon a thousand hills.
This is the Autumn's flower, and to my soul
A token fresh of beauty and of life,
And life's supreme dcliffht."

Solidago iiiissoiiricnsis, or Mountain Golden-rod, has a
perfectly smooth slender stem and short, broad, branching
panicles of yellow llowers. 1 he leaves are thick and lance-
shaped, with entire rough margins. It grows in dry soil
and rears its clusters of golden bloom where the sunlight
and shade interlace at the edge of the forests.

Solidago ncmoralis, or Gray Golden-rod, is so called on
account of its gray-green cottony stems and leaves. The
latter are lance-shaped and sharply toothed.

Thus we see that the Golden-rods grow everywhere,
from the high hill-crests to the deep sweet valleys ; that
some species attain to a height of six feet under certain
very favoiirable conditions, while others grow in dw^arf

PLATE LXIII

Field Goldf.x-R(iii
(Solidti!:;o dciuiiihciis)

349

350 Yellow to OraiKji- h lowers

al[)ine foniis. wcll-niqh ])ro.stratc u])i)n tlie j^round ; some
arc slendcr-stciniiR'd, soiiu' lia\e stnul woody su])])ort; some
bear big branching panicles of abundant bloom, wliilc others
again have but few 1)lossoms closely clustered ab(jut their
erect stalks. \'el in spile of all these differences between
the \arious species, the Golden-rods are cpiilc unmis-
takable as a genus.

Solidago clonyata, or Slender Golden-rod, has smooth
slender stems and lanceolate leaves pointed at both ends and
sparingK- toothed. The llowers grow in an elongated nar-
rowly pyramidal cluster, and the bracts of the involucre are
linear, the yellow rays being small and slender. The
achenes are puljescent.

YELLOW FLEABANE

Erigcron aureus. Composite Family

Stems: from a tufted caudcx, cinereoiis-puljcs^ccnt, the involucre lanu-
ginose-tomentose. Leaves: radical ones obovate or spatulate, contracted
into a slender petiole; cauline ones few, sparse, small. Flowers: in
heads of radiate and disk-flowers ; rays eight to twelve, ligulatc, pistillate,
oblong; disk corollas perfect, dilated towards the summit, deeply five-
toothed. Fruit: achenes oblong-turbinate, densely silky villous.

This is a dwarf herbaceous plant, with a tuft of tiny
green leaves at the base and one or two minute ones clinging
to its stems. It grows onlv from three to six inches high,
and is found on lofty summits at 8000 and 9000 feet.
The flowers resemble bright yellow daisies, and are rather
ragged looking. At times, as the traveller stands upon
some mountain top, where the earth seems very close to the
sky of perfect blue, the gamboge blossoms of the Yellow
Fleabane, covering the ground with a torrent of bloom,
seem to surge across the alpine plateaux in a succession of
golden waves.

Yellow to OrniKfT Flo'iicrs 351

BLACK-EYED SUSAN

Riidbcckia Itirta. Composite Family

Stems: simple or sparingly branched, often tufted. Leaves: thick,
serrate with low teetli or entire, lanceolate, the lower and basal ones
petioled, the upper ones narrow, sessile, acute. Flowers: heads few or
solitary. Fruit: achcncs four-angled, obtuse or truncate at the apex,
pappus none.

This plant has inaiu' names, and among them that of
Golden Jertisalem possil)ly fits it best, since it has truly
shining" orange-yellow Mowers. It is hairy throughout,
with thick lance-shaped, almost entire leaves, striking flower
heads of ten to t\\entv bright ra}-s, and a dark purple-brown
globose disk that is extremely prominent.

GIANT SUNFLOWER

Ifcliaiitluts i^ii^cnitcus. Composite Family

Perennial by fieshy roots and creeping roolstocks. Stems: erect, his-
pid, branched near the summit. Leaves: lanceolate, very rough above,
pubescent beneath, serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base.
Flowers: rays spreadin'g, entire; disk-flowers perfect, fertile; corolla
tubular, tlie tube short, the limb five-lobed ; involucre hci.iisphcric,
liirsu'.e.

Wdiat the cultivated Sunflower, is to the other dwellers
in old-fashioned gardens the wild Giant Sunflower is to the
other dwellers in the w o( idlands. It is the gorgeous orna-
ment and lord of the localit\'. one of the nu^st conspicuous
of the many flowers that might fairl}- be designated by
the term lirlios. " the sun," and aiitlios, " a flt)\ver "; for the
yellow Asters. Gaillardias. Arnicas, .and Ragworts are realh"
all ecpially ;uneuabk' to this title.

1die Giant ."-^un flower has large blossoms, composed of
numer(_)tis l)right yellow rays and a disk of perfect fertile

^:;2 Yi'lhjw lo OrtuK/c i loiters

llorcls. The Kti\cs are lancc-sliai)C(l and very roiiiih to the
touch.

The In'sli poet, Moore, referrint^ to this ilower as an
emhleni of constancy, lias suni; that

" The Sunllower turns on her god when he sets
The same look which she turn'd when he rose."

TUit fact, unfortunately, refuses to corrohorate his romantic
fancy for alas! the IJcliantliiis does udt turn its big golden
flower- face from east to west to follow the course of the sun
god, but, on the contrary, remains in the same position all
day long.

In olden days, in Peru and ^lexico, this flower occupied
an important place both in the mythology and in the scul])ture
of the country, and also was employed as a mystic and sacred
emblem by the inhabitants. The maidens who waited upon
the sun god in the temple wore on their breasts representa-
tions of it executed in beaten gold, and it also was ex-
tensively cultivated in the gardens of the priests.

The ancient Greeks believed that the Ilcliaiitliiis was the
incarnation of the nymph Clytie, who by reason of her great
love for Apollo sat for nine days ujion the ground intently
gapping at the orb of day. until at length she became rooted
to the earth and her face was transformed into the shining-
disk of the Sunflower.

All these legends tend, perhaps, to increase our interest in
this handsome plant, whose l)rilliant-hued blossoms l)urn
with a golden light in the mountain thickets and whose
leaves make a waving of slight shadows across the land.

BrOWN-EVKD SlSAN

{Gailhniiti uristuta)

Yellow to Orange^Flo'wers 3^3

BROWN-EYED SUSAN

Gaillardia aristata. Composite Family

Stems: simple, or little branched, hirsute with jointed hairs. Leaves:
firm, densely pubescent, the lower and basal ones petioled, oblong, lacin-
iate, pinnatifid or entire ; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, entire or den-
tate. Flowers: large-peduncled, heads of tubular and radiate flowers;
rays cuneate, three-toothed; bracts of the involucre hirsute.

A gorgeous radiant Ijlossom. with numerous l)right golden
rays, which are three-loljed at the apex, and having also a
big, fringed, globose, reddish-brown centre, composed of
many minute disk-flowers. The leaves are coarse, the larger
ones being toothed half-way in the middle.

There are meadows in the mountains rendered more
beautiful than any others by reason of these great showy
Gaillardias.

Gaillardia Land! It lies far from the busy marts of men.
Blue heavens above, and golden flowers about your feet, and
all the world full of a very abandon of colour. Here

" A thousand odours rise.
Breathed up from blossoms of a thousand dyes."

W'ays of ])eace lead over the fields of rest, and whosoever
wanders therein finds food for dreams, and gladness all the
way.

" Blue of a burning, boundless sky,
Gold of a boundless, splendid sod;
Prodigal noontide, far and nigh.

Blue and gold on the plains of God."

HEART-LEAVED ARNICA

/Iruica cnrdifolln. Compo>itc Family

Stems: simple, or sparingly I)ranclied. Leaves: basal and lower ones
ovate, obtuse and deeply cordate .il the base, dentate; stem-leaves in
pairs, ovate, sessile, small. Flowers: large long-pcduncled heads of

3 '54 Yc'IIoil to Or/ififji' I' lowers

l)ulli tubular and radiale llowcrs ; receptacle Hat; rays slightly toothed
at tile apex.

This is the most common species of Arnica in the moun-
tains, and is a handsome plant, standing from one to two
feet high. It has pale green hairy leaves, which are
markedly heart-shaped at the hase. and many attractive IjIos-
soms composed of light golden rays, their deep yellow cen-
tres consisting of numerous disk-flowers. These hlossoms,
which are enclosed in a hairy inxolucre. formed hy a series
of narrow green hracts, grow singly or in pairs at the ends
of the long slender stalks. The pappus is white.

Arnica latifolia, or Broad-leaved Arnica, has rather
slender stems and radical cordate pctioled leaves, the u])per
ones being in two or three pairs, o\-al, usually sharply
toothed, and closely sessile l)y a l)road or contracted base.
The llower heads grow on long slender hairy stalks in the
axils of the u])per lea\es, the vellow rays have two notches
at the apex, and the bracts of the involucre are oblong with
a wide base and pointed apex, llie pappus is white.

Arnica alpina, or Alpine Arnica, is a graceful delicately
formed plant, with long, narrow, toothed leaves, and a single
flower with ten to fifteen rays, twice notched at the apex,
terminating each stem. It also frecpiently has two addi-
tional flowers springing from the axils of the ui)per leaves.
Se\"eral ])airs of sessile leaves grow on the stems, and alto-
gether the plant presents a more slender, refined appearance
than do either of the two. preceding species.

. I mica Chainissouis, or Chamisso's Arnica, is an ex-
tremely hairy species usually found near water. The leaves
are \er)- long, narrow and slightly toothed, the lower ones
tapering into a marginal stalk and the upper ones 1)eing
broad at the l)ase and somewhat clasi)ing. The flowers are

PLATE LXIV

Ali-i.n-k Amnua
(Arnica alpiua)

355

35^ Yell QIC io Orange Flowers

snialicr than ihosc of the 1 Icart-lcaNcd Arnica, and llie jjalc
yellow ra_\s ha\e a sin.^le notch at the apex. The ])a|)])ns is
tawny.

Arnica J'arryi. or Parry's .\rnica. hears a curions Hower
with no ra}s at all, hut only a receptacle of disk-llowers en-
closed in a green in\olucre. 1 hese ilower-heads usually
grow in threes at the summit of the three short-branched
stems. Tiie\- appear to ha\e sini])ly lost their ra\s in the
early stage of decMniposition. hut such is not the .case ; they
never had an}-.

Arnica loiiiscami, or I^chaeffer's Arnica, is a slender hairy
])lant with nodding llower iieads of eight to ten noticeahly
pale lemon-xellow rays, and usually three ])airs of leaves, the
lower ones at the base of the stem being elliptical, entire or
denticulate. The bracts of the cani])anulate brownish-
purple involucre are lanceolate, acute and densely glandular-
hairy at the base. The ])appus is tawny.

.-Irnica fiih/cns, or Notched Arnica, has ol)long lanceolate
pointed lea\'es. the lower ones l)eing toothed and stalked,
and the u])per ones sessile and entire. The flower heads
grow on long slender hair}^ stalks, and the involucre is cam-
panulate, its bracts being pointed and covered with long
white hairs. The l)right vcllow rays are twice notched at
the apex and the pappus is white.

Arnica gracilis, or Slender Arnica, is a smooth slender
branched plant with slightly hairy leaves, the basal ones be-
ing broadly ovate, stalked, toothed and three-ribbed, as are
also the two pair of stem-leaves, but the top pair are sessile.
The flower heads have long narrow bright yellow rays with
a single notch at the apex, and the twelve to fifteen invo-
lucral bracts are lanceolate acuminate and hairy, as are also
the seeds. The pappus is white.

Yellou- to Orange Floivers 357

GOLDEN RAGWORT

Senccio Balsainitcc. Composite Family

Perennial, often tufted. Stems: slender, woolly at the base and in the
axils of the lower leaves. Leaves: basal ones slender-petioled, oblong,
very obtuse, crenate ; stem-leaves pinnatifid, sessile, small. Flowers: in
corymbose many-flowered heads of both tubular and ray-flowers.

This is a very common |)lant in the motmtains. It has
bright yellow tiowers, which when in seed resemble small
thistles. The rich loose clusters of the Golden Ragwort
grow to an average height of eighteen inches. The basal
leaves have long stalks and are rounded or oblong, with
scalloped edges, while the stem-leaves are long, narrow, and
slender, and very deeplv cut. The name Senccio is from
scnex, " an old man," and refers to the hoary-headed ap-
pearance of the plant wdien in seed, which is supposed to re-
seml)le the silky while hair of the patriarch.

Different species of Ragworts are quite numerous at high
altitudes. They all ha\e yellow tiowers of various hues,
shading from primrose to am])er and orange; but the Golden
Ragwort is the most abundant of them all. It is principally
by their widely diverse foliage that the Scnccios must be
distinguished.

So bright and gay are these flowe/s, and all their fellows
of golden mean, that we are compelled to wonder what
caused Wordsworth, gentlest of poets and truest of Nature
lovers, to write :

" 111 befall the yellow flowers.
Children of the flarinj:; hours."

What would the meadows be without the nandeli(Mis, the
Suntlowers, the Golden-rods, and the .\rnicas? The land
woidd lose much of its charm in Autumn did not these bril-

-^^8 Yellow to Orange Flowers

liant hlossonis l)la/j>n l);n"k the hcaiiis n\ ihc (k-t-linini; >un.

Scnccio triiiiti/iilans, or (liant Ra^'w nrt, is a larj^c coarse
species with closely set Mower-heads and numerous long
triangular leaves, strongly veined, and sharply toothed at
the edges.

Scnccio caiiiis, or SiKcrv Groundsel, is exactly described
hv its name, for it has white silky stems and leaves and pale
yellow llowers. It is a small plant and grows on the dry
open meadows. The l)asal leaves are oblong aird have even
margins, while the tiny stem-leaves are slightly toothed.

Scnccio lugcns, or Black-tipped Groundsel, is so called on
account of tlie conspicuous little black tips distinguishing
the bracts of its involucres, or green cups, which hold up the
deep amber-coloured flowers. The basal leaves are very
long and toothed ; the upper leaves cling closely to the stem,
and are small, bract-like, and smooth.

Scnccio pscudaurcus, or Canada Ragwort, grows from
one to two feet high from a creeping rootstock. The basal
leaves are broadlv ovate, somewhat cordate and serrate, and
have long stalks, while the lower stem leaves are more or
less lobed and the upper stem leaves are sessile. The rays
are orange-yellow.

Scnccio discoidcus, or Northern Squaw-weed, is smooth
excei)t for small tufts of wool in the axils of the lower
leaves. The stem is stout and the basal leaves are oval
obtuse, thin, sharply toothed and abruptly narrowed into
stalks longer than the blade ; the stem leaves are few, small
and more or less cut into narrow lobes. The flower heads
grow in a loose flat-topped cluster and the rays are very
short or none.

Scnccio Havovircns, or Western Balsam Groundsel, is a
slender pale yellow-green plant with tufts of wool at the

Yellow to Orange Flowers 359

l)ase (jf the lea\es. which are Ijroadly oval, oljluse, crenate
and tai)er into the stalks. The lower stem leaves are
lanceolate in outline and the upper ones linear sessile and
deeply pinnatilid. The flower heads have linear acute bracts
with brownish tips and the rays are pale yellow or often
lacking.

COMMON DANDELION

Taraxacum ofUciualc. Composite Family

Scapes and leaves from the crown of a thick vertical root. Leaves:
lanceolate in ontline, and from irregularly dentate to runcinate-pinnatifid.
Flowers: in solitary- heads at the summit of the hollow scapes; rays
numerous ; involucre a single series of nearly equal narrow bracts, and
several calyculate ones, the outer refle.xed, all acute. Not indigenous.

" Common " as this Dandelion is named, and common as
it is in all the mountain re<^ions, yet it is far from being an
ugly or even an uninteresting plant. On the contrary, its
gorgeous golden blossoms render it extremely attractive.
These blossoms consist of from one to two hundred strap-
shajied rays, their blunt tips notched into five teeth, which
remind us that each ray-flower was once composed of five
])ctals. The leaves are boldly cut into jagged lobes (stip-
posed to resemble the teeth of a lion, hence the common
name Dandelion, derived from the French Dcnt-dc-lion),
and tliese lobes are again cut into secondav}- ])oints.

As the Dandelion grows old the rays fall off, and it l)ends
downwards until the seed matures; then, elevating its head
once more, it expands into a beautiful, snow-white, airy
secd-l);dl. whose ])lumcs blow aw.ay at the slightest puff
ruid float off to And a new resting-place. This is an intnv
duced plant.

Taraxacum nil^csirc. or Alpine Dandelion, is a tiny
slender plant with liuely cut lea\cs and small tlowers. which

360 Yellow io Oranfje F I outers

seldmii i^rows more than Imir or li\e incho liij^Ii. l'r(jni llic
l(i\\lan(l> to the hii^hest le\'els this

" Dear common flower that grows beside the way,
Friiisiing the dusty road with harmU-ss gold,''

is to be found.

SOW THISTLE

Soiifhus iin'ciisis. Composite Faniil_v

Perennial ])y deep roots and creeping rootstocks. Sterrrs: leafy below,
paniciilately branched and nearly naked above. Leaves: lower and basal
runcinate-pinnatifid, spiniilose-dentate. Flowers: heads several, corym-
bose-paniculate, bright yellow, very showy. Fruit: achenes oblong, com-
pressed, with about ten rugose longitudinal ribs. Not indigenous.

E\erv tra\eller will easil}- recoj^nizc this common Sow
Thistle, with its yellow or yellowish flowers and its very
prickly leaves. Sometimes it is called Milk Thistle, on ac-
count of the milky juices contained in the stems. Like
manv of the meml)ers of the great family of Composites,
the Sow Thistle has an involucre of green bracts, a flat
naked receptacle, and numerous strap-shaped rays, which
arc truncate and finely toothed. It is a coarse showy weed,
and opens its flowers earlv in the day. closing them again
soon after noon. This is an introduced ])lant.

LARGE-FLOWERED FALSE DANDELION

Agoscris glaiica. Composite Family

Stems: scape naked, slender, pubescent. Leaves: all l)asal,- linear,
lanceolate, crenulate, acuminate at tlie apex. Flowers: heads solitary,
yellow ; rays truncate, five-toothed.

A flower very like a real Dandelion, but with totally dif-
ferent foliage. The False Dandelion may always be distin-
guished by its long ribbon-like leaves, which grow up from
the base of the plant and have slightlv wavy margins.

IIaIKV ll.WVKUEED

(ilicriuiuiii Scotilcri)

Yellow to Oraiuje Elouers 361

.Igoscris gracilcns, or Small-flowered False Dandelion,
has lanceolate entire acute leaves and slender scapes ten to
eighteen inches hi_^h which are woolly at the summit. The
hracts of the involucre are narrow and smooth with hairy-
fringed margins, and the flow^ers are a beautiful deep
orange.

Agoscris aurantiaca, or Copper False Dandelion, has
deep cop])er-coloured flowers, which are occasionally pur-
plish, otherwise it closely resembles the preceding species.

MANY-FLOWERED HAWKSBEARD

Crcpis desmans. Composite L^iniih-

Stems: many from a lap-root, diffusely branclied. Leaves: entire, or
nearly so, radical ones spatulate, cauline ones lanceolate to linear.
Flowers: in small numerous-clustered heads. Fruit: achencs linear-
fusiform, minutely scabrous on equal narrow ribs, attenuate into a short
slender I)cak ; pappus copious of very slender white bristles.

The Hawksheards are all yellow, and their rays are
squared and finely toothed at the tips, a characteristic which
enables the traveller to at once distinguish them from the
^Arnicas, to which they bear a strong resemblance.

The Hawksbeards are not very pretty or very interesting
llowcrs, vet thev contribute their share of golden strands to
Nature's summer carpet. *

Crcpis nana, or Alpine Ilawksbeard, is a small alpine
species that grows at an altitude of 8000 feet, on barren
rockv ground. It is a tin\- plant, forming tufts and bearing
man\- clusters of small flowers.

HAIRY HAWKWEED

Uictdcium Scoulcri. Compo^^ite Family

Pubescent willi lontj crisp hairs, pale green. Stems: one to two feet
high, very leafy. Leaves: lanceolate, sessile. Flowers: in a loose ir-

362 Yl'IIoic to OvaiKjc ihjiLcrs

regular panicle; iiivolucral bracts imbricated in two or three series; rays
truncate, five-loothed at tlic apex.

A ]()\(.1\ plant I The pale green stems, leaves, and buds,
thickly clothed with line silvery hairs, and the brilliant
golden llowers form an ex(|nisitc contrast, delighting the
eye of the tra\eller. This llawkweed is c(jnii)aratively
rare in the mountains.

Hicracimii (jracilc, or Small llawkweed. has tiny yellow
or white llowers borne at the end of the long, slender,
branching stems. They resemble miniature Dandelions and
are very abundant. Like the llawksbeards, the rays of the
TIawkwceds are truncate, or cut off squarely at the ends,
and finely toothed.

Ilicraciiini iiiiibcllahnu. or Xarrow-leaved Hawkweed,
has a tall, simple leafy stem an<l lanceolate, acute, usually
entire, but occasionally toothed or lobed leaves narrowing
to a sessile base, smooth above and hairy below, and fringed
with marginal hairs. The few yellow flower heads are
usually an inch broad and sub-umbellate.

GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

The object of these pages is to give as briefly as possible a simple
explanation of those botanical terms most frequently used in describing
plants.

THE ROOT
Rootstock: a creeping stem growing below the surface of the ground.
Tuber: a thick portion of a rootstock, usually possessing eyes like a

potato.
Conn: the thick fleshy base of a stem.
Bulb: an underground stem covered with scales.
Stolon: a basal branch, rooting at the nodes.

THE STEM
Erect: upright.
Simple: not branched.

Decumbent: horizontal on tlie ground, l)Ut vertical at the end.
Procumbent: flat on the ground.

Creeping: running along the earth and rooting at the joints.
Scape: the leafless flower-stalk of a stemless plant.

Node: the junction of two portions of the stem, often hard and swollen,
at which leaves are usually borne.

THE LEAF

Bract: a leaf subtending a flower.

Involucre: a circle of bracts round a flower, as in the Sunflower.

liutirc: one the edge of which is not cut or lobed.

Simple: one which is not divided into leaflets.

Compound: one which is divided into leaflets.

Alternate: when one leaf grows just above the other on another side

of the stem.
Opposite: when two appear at each joint, having the semicircle of the

stem between them.
U'liorled: when they grow in a circle round the stem.
Cordate : heart-shaped.
Obcordatc: invcrsclv heart-shaped.

365

366 Glossary

Linear: very narrow, like grass.

Lanccohilc: narrow, tapering towards the tup.

Oblanccolatc: inversely lanceolate.

Ovate: egg-shaped, broader at the bottom.

Obovate: egg-shaped, broader at the top.

Elliptical: oblong, narrowed at the top and bottom.

Oval: broadly elliptical.

Spatiilatc: roundtd at liie top and narrow at the base.

Orbicular: round.

Reniform: nearly round, with a deep indentation at the stalk.

Aurictilate: having two rounded lubes at the base.

Sagittate: having two pointed lobes at tiic base.

Undulate: with wavy margins.

Crcnate: with rounded teeth on margins.

Serrate: with sharp teeth on margins.

Incised: with deep jagged teeth.

Lobed: witli divisions cut to al)OUt the middle.

Cleft: with divisions cut more than halfway into the leaf.

Dizidcd: cleft to the midrib.

Pubescent: covered with fine hairs.

Glabrous: without any hairs, smooth.

Glaucous: covered witli a bloom, as on the plum.

Mucronate : with a short sharp tip.

THE FLOWER

Calyx: the outer lower set of leaves at the base of the flower. Usually
green, but sometimes bright coloured.

Sepals: the leaves of the calyx when it is divided to the base.

Corolla: the inner set of leaves of the flower.

Petals: the leaves of the corolla when it is divided to the Ijase.

Perianth: said of a flower having only one set of floral leaves.

Pedicel: the small individual stalk of a flower borne in a cluster.

Peduncle: the main flower-stalk.

Sessile: said of flowers that grow close to the stem and have no pedicels.

Raceme: a long-shaped flower-head formed by numerous flowers grow-
ing on pedicles along the sides of a common stalk.

Spike: a raceme with sessile flowers.

Head: a dense spike, globular in shape, like a Clover.

Corymb: a raceme with the lower flowers on longer stalks, so that the
cluster is almost flat on the top, as in the Yarrow.

Umbel: like a corymb, but witli the pedicels all branching from a
central point.

Glossary 367

Axillary: growing from the axil, or angle, formed by the leaf and

the stem.
Stamens: composed of
Filament: the stalk to uphold the anther.
Anther: a tiny box containing the pollen.
Pollen: the fertilizing powder of the plant.
Pistil: composed of

Ovary: containing the ovules, or undeveloped seeds.
Style: a slender stalk surmounting the ovary.

Stigma: a variously formed tip of the style, wliich has a rough moist
surface to catch the pollen that fertilizes the seeds by means of
minute tubes that penetrate the style and convey the pollen from
the stigma to the ovules.
Spadix: a fleshy spike, as in the Arum Lily.
Spa the: the concave bract enveloping a spike.

THE FRUIT

AcJiene: a dry one-seeded fruit.

Berry: a pulpy fruit.

Capsule: a dry fruit with two or more carpels.

Drupe: a single fruit, \v\t\\ a fleshy outer wall and a bonj' inner wall.

Plumose: resembling a plume, like the Clematis in seed.

Sterile: without seed.

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Abies lasiocarpa, 67

Acer glabrum, 78

Achillea Iwrealis, 199

Achillea lanulosa, 198

Actaea rubra, 131

Actsea rubra forma neglecta, 131

Adiantum pedatum, 49

Agoseris aurantiaca, 360

Agoseris glauca, 360

Agoseris gracilens, 360

Allium cernuum, 205

Allium Schoenoprasum var. si-

biricum, 257
Allotropa virgata, 175
Alnus sinuata, T/
Alnus sitchensis, "j"]
Amelanchicr Cusickii, 154
Amelanchier florida, 152
Anaplialis margarilacea, 198
Androsace chamajjasmc, 185
Androsace diffusa, 185
Androsace septentrionalis, 185
Anemone Drummondii, 128
Anemone multifida, 126
Anemone occidentalis, 126
Anemone parviflora, 128
Anemone patens var. Wolfgan-

giana, 259
Antennaria alpina, 197
Antennaria Ilowellii, 196
Antennaria lanata, 197
Antennaria media, 197
Antennaria parvifolia, 197
Antennaria pulcherrima, 197
Antennaria raccmosa, 196
Antennaria rosea, 250
Apocynum androsa^mi folium, 239
Aquilcgia brcvistyla, 261

Aquilegia flavescens, 317
Aquilegia formosa, 213
Arabis Drummondii, 136
Arabis hirsuta, 136
Arabis Hobcellii, 136
AralMS glabra, 136
Arabis Lyallii, 216
Aralia nudicaulis, 167
Arceuthobium americanum, 116
Arctostaphylos alpina, 234
Arctostaphylos tomentosa, 234
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, 232
Arenaria capillaris var. nardifolia,

121
Arenaria lateriflora, 121
Arenaria sajanensis, 121
Arenaria verna var. propinqua,

121
Arnica alpina, 354
Arnica Chamissonis, 354
Arnica cordifolia, 353
Arnica fulgens, 356
Arnica gracilis, 356
Arnica latifolia, 354
Arnica louiseana, 356
Arnica Parryi, 356
Artemisia biennis, 200
Artemisia discolor, 200
Artemisia frigida, 199
Aruncus Sylvester, 152
Aspidium Filix-mas, 53
Aspidium Oreopteris, 53
Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatata,

53
Asplcnium cyclosorum, 51
Asplcninni viride, 51
Aster alpinus, 193
Aster ciliomarginatus, 298

369

370

Index to Scientific Ncniies

Aster commutatus, 194
Aster conspicuous, 294, 296
Aster Engclmanni, 297
Aster Fremonti, 296
Aster frondous, 296
Aster laevis, 297
Aster Lindleyanus, 297
Aster major, 298
Aster Ricliardsonii, 297
Aster sibiricus, 298
Astragalus ahorigiiinrum, \()i
Astragalus adsurgens, 264
Astragalus alpinus, 267
Astragalus convallarius, 267
Astragalus hypoglottis, 267
Astragalus Macounii, 267
Astragalus tcncllus, 161

Berberis aquifoliuin, 318
Berberis repens, 318
Betula alba. var. papyri f era, 76
Betula fontinalis, 76
Betula glandulosa, 76
Boschniakia strobilacea, 291
Botrycbium lanceolatiun, 55
Botrychium Lunaria, 55
Botrycbium simplex, 55
Botrychium virginianum, 55
Boykinia occidentalis, 139
Brassica Sinapistrum, 322
Braya humilis, 135
Bromus Richardsonii var. palli-

dus, 82
Bryanthus empetriformis, 230
Bryanthus glanduliflorus, 182
Bryanthus intermedius, 232

Calamagrostis canadensis, 82
Callitriche palustris, 163
Calochortus Lyallii, 98
Calochortus macrocarpus, 96
Caltha leptosepala, 129
Caltha palustris, 317
Calypso bulbosa, 209
Campanula lasiocarpa, 294

Campanula rotundi folia, 291

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 134

Cardamine bellidifolia, 136

Cardamine pennsylvanica, 135

Carduus foliosus, 201

Carduus Kclseyi, 201

Carduus undulatus, 300

Carex festiva, 85

Carex Mertensii, 85

Carex nigricans, 86

Carex pyrenaica, 85

Carc.x rupestris, 86

Cassiope Mertensiana, 183

Cassiope tetragona, 183

Castilleja angustifolia var. Brad-

burii, 245
Castilleja lancifolia, 245
Castilleja miniata, 243
Castilleja oreopala, 246
Castilleja pallida, 244
Castilleja purpurascens, 244
Castilleja rupicola, 246
Cerastium alpinum, 122
Ccrastium arvense, 122
Cheilanthes Feci, 50
Chenopodium album, 120
Chcnopodium capitatum, 120
Cliimaphila Menziesii, 226
Ciiimaphila uml)ellata, 225
Chrysanthemum Lcucanthemum,

199
Chrysopsis hispida, 346
Clirysopsis villosa, 346
Chrysosplenium tetrandrum, 326
Cichorium Intybus, 301
Circaea alpina, 166
Circaea pacifica, 166
Claytonia lanceolata, 124
Claytonia megarrhiza, 125
Claytonia parvifolia, 125
Clematis columbiana, 260
Clematis ligusticifolia, 128
Clintonia uniflora, 98
Collinsia tenella, 286
Comandra livida, 114
Comandra pallida, 114

Index to Scientific Names

3,7^

Comandra Richardsiana, Ii6
Corallorhiza maculata, 113
Corallorhiza Mertensiana, 114
Corallorhiza striata, 114
Corallorhiza trifida, 113
Cornus canadensis, 172
Cornus stolonifera, 172
Corydalis aurea, 319
Crepis elegans, 361
Crepis nana, 361

Cryptogramma acrostichoides, 50
Cryptogramnia Stclleri, 51
Cypripcdium parviflorum, 312
Cypripedium passerinum, 105
Cypripediiim pubescens, 311
Cystopteris fragilis, 53
Cystoptcris montana, 53

Delphinium l)icolor, 262
Delpliinium Brownii, 261
Deli)liinium Menziesii, 262
Dicentra formosa, 215
Dicentra iiniflora, 215
Dispornm oregannm, 102
Dispornm trachycarpum, 102
Dodecathcon panciflornm, 238
Draba alpina, 320
Draba aurea, 320
Draba glacialis, 320
Draba incana, 133
Draba lonchocarpa, 133
Draba nivalis, 320
Draba prsealta, 133
Dracocc'phaluin parvinorum, 284
Drosera longi folia. 138
Drosera rotundifolia, 137
Dryas Drumniondii, 331
Dryas octopetala, 158

F.lacagnus argcntca, 334
I'jnpctrum nigrum, 272
l'4)ili)l)inm adenocaulon, 225
l''l)il()bium alpinum. 1(14
Epilobinm anagailidifnliinn, 224
Epilobium angustifolium, 22^
Epilobium clavatum, 225

Epilobium Ilornemanni, 224
Epilobium latifolium, 224
Epilobium luteum, 336
Epilobium paniculatum, 225
Epipactis dccipiens, no
Epipactis repens, 112
Equisetum arvense, 56
Equisetum fluviatile, 56
Equisetum hycmale, 57
Equisetum pratense, 56
Equisetum scirpoides, 56
Equisetum sylvaticum, 56
Equisetum variegatum, 57
Erigeron acris, 298
Erigeron aureus, 350
Erigeron casspitosus, 196
Erigeron compositus, 195
Erigeron glabellus, 250
Erigeron lanatus, 299
Erigeron melanoccphalus, 195
Erigeron multifidus, 195
Erigeron philadelphicus, 299
Erigeron salsuginosus, 299
Erigeron uniflorus, 299
Eriogonum androsaceum, 117
Eriogonum ovalifolium, 117
Eriogonum umbellatum, 116
Eriophorum angustifolium, 85
Eriophorum callitrix, 83
Erysimum parviflorum, 324
Erythronium grandiflorum, 309
Erythronium granditlorum var.

parvitlorum, 311
Erythronium montanum, 96

Fatsia horrida, 168
Festuca ovina, 9>2
Fragaria bracteata, 154
I'ragaria glauca, 154
Fritillaria pudica, 309

riaillardia aristata. 353
rialium borealc, loi
(ialium trifidum, 192
Galium tritlorum, igi
Caultheria humifusa, 183

Xl^

Index to Scii'nti/ic A c/zz/fj

Gaulthcria ovati folia, 183
GciUiaiia aflinis, 278
Gentiana Amarella, var. acuta, 276
Gcntiaiia arctophila, 276
Gentiana glauca, 278
Gentiana Macounii, 275
Gentiana propinqua, 276
Gentiana prostrata, 276
Geranium Bicknellii, 223
Geranium carolinianum, 222
Geranium Richardsoiiii, 163
Geum macrophj-llum, 330
Geum strictum, 330
Geum triflorum, 218
Gilia aggregata, 239

Habenaria bracteata, log
Habenaria dilatata, 106
Habenaria gracilis, 109
Habenaria hyperborea, 109
Habenaria obtusata, 109
Habenaria orbiculata, no
Halcnia dellexa, 278
Hedysarum borcale, 270
Hedysarum Mackenzii, 222
Hedysarum sulpburescens, 161
Helianthus giganteus, 351
Heracleum lanatum, 170
Heuchera glabella, 146
Heucbera glabra, 146
Heuchera ovalifolia, 144
Hieracium gracile, 361
Hieracium Scouleri, 361
Hieracium umbellatum, 361
Hippuris montana, 167
Hippuris vulgaris, 167
Hordeum jubatum, 82
Hypericum Scouleri, ^^2

Juncus Drummondii, 86
Juncus j\Iertensianus, 86
Juncus Parryi, 86
Juncus triglumis, 86
Juniperus communis var. mon-
tana, 73
Juniperus horizontalis, 73

Juniperus scopulorum, 73

Kalmia polifolia, 230
Kobresia Bcllardi, 85
Kobrcsia bipartita, 85
Kruhsea streptopoides, 207

Lappula diffusa, 281
Lappula echinata, 281
Lappula floribunda, 280
Larix Lyallii, 63
Lathyrus ochrolcucus, 163
Lathyrus palustris, 271
Ledum glandulosum, 180
Ledum groenlandicum, 179
Lepidium apetalum, 134
Leptarrhcna amplexifolia, 128
Leptotaenia multifida, 274
Ligusticum apiifolium, 170
Ligusticum Grayi, 170
Lilium columbianum, 307
Lilium montanum, 305
Linnaea borealis var. amcricana,

•349
Linum Lcwisii, 271
Listera convallarioides, 112
Listera cordata, 112
Lithophragma tenella, 216
Lithospermum angustifolium, 339
Lithospermum ruderale, 340
Lobelia Kalmii, 294
Loiseleuria procumbens, 229
Lomatium macrocarpum, 170
Lomatium Martindalei var. an-

gustatum, 339
Lomatium triternatum, 338
Lonicera glaucescens, 248
Lonicera involucrata, 343
Lonicera utahensis, 344
Lupinus subalpinus, 264
Lutkea pectinata, 152
Luzula parviflora, 87
Luzula spicata, 87
Lychnis apetala, 123
Lychnis Drummondii, 123
Lycopodium alpinum, 57

Index to Scientific Names

37:

L}copodiuin aiinotiiuiin, 57
Lycopodiuin clavatum, 57
Lycopoclinm complanatiini, 58
L3xopodiiim Selago, 57
L\TOpo(liuni sitchensc, 57
Lysicliiton kamtschatcense, 305

Melilotus officinalis, 331
^Mentha canadensis, 285
Mentha canadensis var. lanata, 286
Alenyanthes trifoliata, 186
Menziesia ferruginea, 229
Menziesia glabella, 228
Mertensia oblongifolia, 283
Mertensia paniculata, 283
Mimulus alpina, 341
Mimulus Langsdorfii, 340
Mimulus Lewisii, 240
Mimulus moschatus, 341
Mitella Breweri, 146
Mitella nuda, 148
Mitella pentandra, 148
Mitella trifida, 148
Monoarda fistulosa, 240
Moneses uniflora, 174
Monotropa Hypopitys, 176
Monotropa uniflora, 176
Myosotis alpestris, 282
Myriophyllum spicatum, 166

Neslia paniculata, 322
Ncwberrya congesta, 178
Nymphaea polyscpala, 313

Oenothera biennis, 2>?i7
Orchis rotundi folia, 207
Orobanche fascicnlata, 291
Orobanchc uniflora, 290
Ortluxrarpus luteus, 341
Osniorliiza divaricata, 168
Osniorhiza obtnsa, if)8
Oxyria digyna, 117
Oxytropis deflexa, 269
Oxytropis Laniberti, t,t,2
Oxytropis inonlicola, ?,},2
Oxytropis podocarpa, 269

Oxytropis splendcns, 269
Oxytropis viscida, 267

Pachistima ]\Iyrsinites, 164
Papaver alpinum, 319
Parnassia finibriata, 149 *■

Parnassia Kotzebuei, 149
Parnassia monianensis, 148
Parnassia parviflora, 149
Pedicularis bracteosa, 246
Pedicnlaris conlorta, 189
Pedicularis grcenlandica, 247
Pedicularis racemosa, 189
Pellsea atropurpurea, 50
Penstemon ccnfertus, 340
Penstemon fruticosus, 286
Penstemon liumilis, 287
Penstemon Menziesii, 287
Penstemon procerus, 287
Petasites frigidus, 200
Petasites palmatus, 200
Petasites sagitatus, 200
Phaca americana, 161
Phacelia heterophylla, 280
Phacelia sericea, 279
Phegopteris alpestris, 47
Phegopteris Dryopteris, 47
Phegopteris polypodioides, 47
Phleum alpinum, 82
Phlox Douglasii, 239
Physaria didymocarpa, 320
Picea canadensis, 65
Picca Engelmanni, 67
Pinguicula vulgaris, 289
Pinus albicaulis, 61
Pinus contorta var. Murrayana,

63, 116
Pinus monticola, 62
Pinus ponderosa, 62
Plantago major, 189
Plantago major var. asiatica, 191
Poa a]i)ina, ^2
Polcmonium confcrtum, 279
Polcmonium himiile, 2y^)
Pdlygonnm bisttirtoides, 120
Polygonum Muhlcnbcrgii, 210

374

Index to Srwnli/ic Xamcs

Polygonum viviparum, iiS
Polysticlnim Loncliilis, 52
Populus acuminata, 76
Populus halsamifcra, 75
Populus tremuloidcs, 75
Populus trichocarpa, 75
Potamogcton filiformis, gt
Polamogfton Riciiardsonii, (ji
Potcntilla Anscrina, 2>-7
Potentilla arguta, 156
Potentilla dissecta, 328
Potcntilla dissecta var. glau-

copliylla, 328
Potentilla dissecta var. mullisccta,

328
Potentilla dissecta var. pinnati-

secta, 328
Potentilla fruticosa, 329
Potentilla gracilis, 329
Potentilla liippiana, 328
Potentilla nivea, 329
Potentilla norvcgica, 328
Potentilla p;dustris, 156, 263
Potentilla unitlora, 329
Primula farinosa, 237
Primula Maccalliana, 237
Prunella vulgaris, 284
Prunus demissa, 78
Pseudotsuga taxifolia, 71
Pteris aquilina var. lanuginosa, 49
Pterospora andromedea, 178
Pyrola asari folia, 226
Pyrola asarifolia var. incarnata,

228
Pyrola chlorantha, 174
Pyrola minor, 175
Pyrola secumda, 175
Pyrus samlmcifolia, jy

Radicula Nasturtium-nquaticum,

135
Ranunculus acris, 314
Ranunculus aquatilis, 316
Ranunculus Cymbalaria, 315
Ranunculus Eschscholtzii, 315
Ranunculus Macounii, 315

Ranunculus pj'gmaeus, 316
Ranunculus repens, 316
Ranunculus reptans, 316
Rliinanthus Crista-galli, 342
Rhododendron alhiflorum, 180
Riljcs hudsonianum, 150
Rihes lacustre, 150
j'iihes laxiHorum, 217
Ribes setosuni, 149
Romanzoffia sitchensis, 187
Rosa acicularis, 219
Rosa gynmocarpa, 221
Rosa Alacounii, 220
Rubus arcticus, 218
Rubus parviflorus, 156
Rul)us pedatus, 158
Rubus spectabilis, 219
Ruljus strigosus, 158
Rubus tritlorus, 158
Rudbeckia hirta, 351
Rumex Acetosa, 118
Rumex Acetosella, 118
Rumex salicifolius, 118

Salix arctica, 75
Salix Barclayi, 74
Salix Barrattiana, 74
Salix Bebbiana, 74
Salix Candida, ~i
Salix nivalis, 74
Salix pelrophila, 74
Salix sitchensis, 75
Salix vestita, 74
Sambucus melanocarpa, 193
Sambucus raccmosa, 193
Saussurea densa, 300
Saxifraga adscendens, 142
Saxifraga aestivalis, 143
Saxifraga aizoides, 326
Saxifraga bronchialis, 139
Saxifraga czespitosa, 142
Saxifraga cernua, 140
Saxifraga Lyallii, 140
Saxifraga Alertensiana, 143
Saxifraga nivalis, 142
Saxifraga nutkana, 140

Index to Scientific Names

?>7^

Saxifraga oppositi folia, 211, 262
Saxifraga rivularis, 144
Sedum roseum, 216
Sediim stcnopetalum, 324
Selaginella rupestris, 58
Selaginella selaginoides, 58
Senecio Balsamita;, 357
Senecio canns, 358
Senecio discoidcus, 358
Senecio flavovirens, 358
Senecio lugens, 358
Senecio psendaureus, 358
Senecio triangularis, 358
Shepberdia canadensis, 336
Sibhaldia procumbens, T)2y
Silene acaulis, 211, 262
Silene Lyallii, 124
Silene Macounii, 123
Sisymbrium altissimum, 323
Sisymbrium canescens, 323
SisymJjrium Hartwegianum, 2)-i
Sisymbrium incisum, 323
Sisyrinchium angusti folium, 257
Sisyrinchium californicum, 311
Sisyrincbium idaboense, 259
Sisyrincbium septentrionale, 259
Smilacina amplexicaulis, lOi
Smilacina stellata, loi
Solidago canadensis, 346
Solidago decumbens, 348
Solidago elongata, 350
Solidago missouriensis, 348
Solidago multiradiata, 348
Solidago nemoralis, 348
Soncbus arvensis, 360
Sparganium simplex, 81
Spiraea densiflora, 217
Spiraea lucida, 150
Spirantbes RomanzolTiana, no
Stacliys palustris, 285
Stellaria bonalis, I2J
Stellaria longipcs, 121
Stenanlbiinn (Kcidcntale, 92
Strcplopus amplcxifolius, 102, 105,

207
Strcptopus roseus, 205

Sympboricarpus racemosus van
paucifiorus, 192

Taraxacum officinale, 359
Taraxacum rupestre, 359
Taxus brevifolia, 61
Tcllima granditlora, 146
Tbalictrum megacarpum, 126
Tbalictrum occidentale, 125
Thlaspi arvense, 133
Thuya, plicata, 71
Tiarella unifoliata, 144
Tofieldia glutinosa, 91
Tofieldia occidentalis, 91
Tofieldia palustris, 91
Trientalis arctica, 186
Trifolium bybridum, 160
Trifolium pratense, 221
Trifolium repens, 160
Triglocbin palustris, 82
Trollius laxus var. albiflorus, 129
Tsuga heteropbylla, 69
Tsuga Mertensiana, 69
Typha latifolia, 81

Urtica Lyallii, 114
Utricularia intermedia, 343
Utricularia vulgaris, 342

Vaccinium caespitosum, 236
Vaccinium erytbrococcum, 236
Vaccinium membranaceum, 235
Vaccinium ovalifolium, 235
Vaccinium Oxycoccus, 236
Vaccinium Vitis-ida:a, 236
Valeriana Scouleri, 250
Valeriana scptentrionalis, 194
Valeriana sitcbensis, 194
\'eratrum viride, 94
Veronica alpina var. unalascbcn-

sis, 2S8
\'cronica amcricana, 289
\'oronica liumifusa, 289
\'iburnuni paucitlorum, 193
Vicia americana, 270
Vicia Cracca, 270

376

Index to S(ii'nli/ic }\ ami's

Viola admica, 274
Viola canadensis, 1C4
Viola glabella, 333
Viola nephrophylla, 272
Viola orhiculata, 334
Viola palubtris, 274

Viola Selkirkii, 274
Viola scmpervirens, 334

Zizia cordata, 338
Zygadenus elcgans, 92
Zygadenus venenosus, 94

INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES

Adder's Tongue, Mountain, q6
Adder's Tongue, Small Yellow,

311
Adder's Tongue, Yellow, 30(j, 310
Alder, Mountain, "j"]
Alder, Speckled, ~~
Alexanders, Heart-leaved, 338
Allotropa, Striped, 175
Alum-root, Bristly, 146
Alum-root, Oval-leaved, 144
Alum-root, Smooth, 146
Androsace, Alpine, 185
Androsace, Spreading, 185
Androsace, Sweet, 185
Anemone, Alpine, 128
Anemone, Few-flowered, 128
Angelica, Cut-leaved, 274
Arnica, Alpine, 354
Arnica, Broad-leaved, 354
Arnica, Chamisso's, 354
Arnica, Heart-leaved, 353
Arnica, Notched, 357
y\rnica. Parry's, 357
Arnica, Schaeffer's, 357
Arnica, Slender, 357
Arrow-wood, 193
Asphodel, Glutinous, qi
Asphodel, Scottish, gi
Asphodel, Western, 91
Aster, Alpine, 193
Aster, Engelmann's, 297
Aster, Fremont's, 296
Aster, Golden, 346
Aster, Golden Hairy, 346
Aster, Great Northern, 208
Aster, Hairy-margined. 298
Aster, Farge Purple, 294
Aster, Feafv-liracted, 21/1

Aster, Lindley's, 297
Aster, Richardson's, 297
Aster, Smooth, 297
Aster, Violet, 298
Aster, White, 194
Avens, Large-leaved, 330
Avens, Long-plumed, 218
Avens, Yellow, 330
Azalea, Trailing Alpine, 229

Balm of Gilead, 75
Baneberry, Red, 131
Baneberry, White, 131
Bearberry, Alpine, 234
Bearberry, Red, 131, 232
Beard-tongue, Blue, 287
Beard-tongue, Large Purple, 286
Beard-tongue, Slender, 287
Beard-tongue, Small-leaved, 287
Beard-tongue, Yellow, 340
Bedstraw, Northern, 191
Bedstraw, Small, 192
Bedstraw, Sweet-scented, 191
Bergamot, Wild, 240
Betony, Western Wood, 246
Bilberry, Alpine, 236
Bilberry, Dwarf, 236
Bilberry, Mountain, 236
Birch, Black, 76
Birch, Dwarf, 76
Birch, Paper, 76
Bishop's Cap, 14S
Bistort, Alpine, 1 18
Bistort, Heart-leaved, 120
Bitter- root, 213
Black-eyed Susan, 351
Bladdor-pod. 320
r.ladiKrwort. Greater, 342

37;

378

Index to Enr/lish Names

Blacklcrwort, Yellow, 343
F.lccding-licart, One-nowered, 215
Blccding-hcart, Wild, 215
lUucberry, Black, 235
Blueberry, Oval-leaved, 235
Blue-eyed Grass, Small, 259
lilue-eyed Grass, Stiff, 257, 258
Blue-cycd Grass, Twisted, 259
Blue-eyed Grass, Yellow, 311
Blue-eyed Mary, 286
Boschniakia, 291
Bottle Brush, 167
Boykinia, Western, 139
Bracken, Common, 49
Brake, Purple Cliff, 50
Brake, Nootka Rock, 50
Brake, Slender Rock, 51
Bronze Bells, 92
Brown-eyed Susan, 333
Buck])ean, Marsh, 186
Buffaloberry, Canada, 336
Bunchberry, 172
Bur-reed, Simplc-steninicd, 81
Burseed, 281

Buttercup, Macoun's, 315
Buttercup, Meadow, 314
Buttercup, Pigmy, 316
Buttercup, Snow, 315
Buttcrwort, 289, 290

Calypso, 209

Campion, ]\Ioss, 211, 262

Campion, White, 123

Cancer-root, Naked, 291

Cancer-root, One-flowered, 290

Capberry, 156

Catchfly, Lyall's, 124

Cat-tail, Broad-leaved, 81

Cedar, Red, 71

Chalice Cup, 126

Cherry, Western Choke, 78, 154

Chickweed, Alpine Mouse-ear, 122

Chickweed, Field Mouse-ear, 122

Chicory, 301

Christmas Green, Trailing, 58

Cinqucfoil, Alpine, 329

Cinquefoil, Common, 328
Cinqucfoil, Dissected, 328
Cinquefoil, Graceful, 329
Cinquefoil, Leafy, 328
Cinquefoil, One-flowered, 329
Cinquefoil, Purple, 263
Cinquefoil, Rough, 328
Cinquefoil, Shrubby, 329
Cinqucfoil, Smooth, 328
Cinquefoil, Tall, 156
Cinquefoil, Woolly, 328
Clematis, Purple, 260
Clematis, White, 128
Clover, Alsatian, 160
Clover, Red, 221
Clover, White, 160
Club ]\Ioss, Alpine, 57
Club Moss, Arctic, 57
Club Moss, Creeping, 57
Club AIoss, Fir, 57
Club Moss, Stifi^, 57
Cohunbine, Blue, 261
Columbine, Western, 213, 214
Columbine, Yellow, 317, 318
Coltsfoot, Arctic, 200
Coltsfoot, Arrow-leaved, 200
Coltsfoot, Palm-leaved, 200
Comandra, Green, 116
Comandra, Swamp, 114
Comandra, White, 114
Coral Root, Early, 113
Coral Root, Spotted, 114
Coral Root, Spurred, 114
Coral Root, Striped, 114
Corydalis, Golden, 319
Cottonwood, 76
Cranberry, Small, 236
Crane's Bill, Carolina, 222
Cress, Drummond's Rock, 136
Cress, Hairy Rock, 136
Cress, Lyall's Rock, 216
Cress, Northern Rock, 135
Cress, Smooth Rock, 136
Cress, Stony Rock, 136
Cress, Alpine Bitter, 136
Cress, Penny, 133

Index to English Names

.179

Cress, Water, 135
Cress, White Bitter, 135, 136
Crowberry, 272
Crowfoot, Creeping, 315
Crowfoot, Water, 316
Crowfoot, Yellow, 316
Currant, Black, 150
Currant, Skunk, 217

Daisy, Ox-eye, 199
Dandelion, Alpine, 359
Dandelion, Common, 359
Dandelion, Copper False, 361
Dandelion, Largc-llowcred False,

360
Dandelion, Small-llowered False,

361
Devil's Club, 168
Disporum, Woolly, 102
Dock, Willow-leaved, 118
Dogljane, Spreading, 239
Dogwood, Red-osier, 172
Dragon 1 lead, 284
Dryas, Dnunmond's, 331

F.ldcr, Black-berried, 193

Filler, Ke(l-l)erried, 193

Flephant's Head, 247

Elyna, Arctic, 85

Enchanter's Nightshade, Pacific,

166
Enchanter's Nightshade, Small,

166
Eriogonum, Dwarf, 117
Eriogonum, Silvery, 117
h'riogonnm. Tall, iiO
Evening Primrose, Common, 337
Everlasting, Alpine, 197
Everlasting, Arctic, 197
Everlasting, Mountain, 197
Everlasting, Mouse-ear, 196
Everlasting, Pearly, 198
Everlasting, Pink, 230
Everlasting, Silky, 197
Everlasting, Tall, i()7
Everlasting, Wliite, \(p

Fairy Bells, 102
Fennel, Water, 163
Fern, Brittle, 53
Fern, Holly, 52
Fern, Large Lady, 51
Fern, Long Beech, 47
Fern, Male Shield, 53
Fern, ^^lountain Bladder, 53
Fern, Oak, 47
Fern, Rattlesnake, 55
Fern, Scaly Shield, 53
Fern, Slender Lip, 50
Fern, Spinulose Shield, 53
Fern, Tufted Beech, 47
Fir, Balsam, 67
Fir, Douglas, 71
Flax, Wild, 271
Fleabane, Alpine, 299
Fleabane, Arctic, 299
Fleabane, Black-woolly, 195
Fleabane, Blue, 298
Fleabane, Daisy, 195
Fleabane, Fern-leaved, 195
Fleabane, Large Purple, 299
Fleabane, Lavender, 299
Fleabane, Rough, 250
Fleabane, Tufted, 196
Fleabane, Yellow, 350
Forget-me-not, False, 280
Forget-me-not, Mountain, 282
Fritillary. Yellow, 309

Carlic, i'ink, 205
Garlic, Purple, 237
Caultheria, Creeping, 185
Gaultheria, Red-berried, 183
Gentian, Alpine, 276
Gentian, Dwarf, 27(1
Gentian, Four-parted, 276
Gentian, Large, 2j'!^
Gentian, Macoun's, 273
Gentian, Northern, 270
fientian. Pale, 278
(Jentian, Spurred, 27S
Geranium, Bicknell's, 22^
Geranium, While, i()3

380

Iiidi'x lo Klujiisli Names

Gilia, Scarlet, 239
Globe Flower, White, 129
Goat's Beard, 152
Goklen-rod, Canada, 34(^1, 347
Golden-rod, Field, 348
Golden-rod, Gray, 348
Golden-rod, Mountain, 348
Golden-rod, Northern, 348
Golden-rod, Slender, 350
Gooseberry, Bristly, 149
Gooseberry, Swamp, 150
Grape, Oregon, 318
Grape, Rocky Mountain, 318
Grass, Alpine Spear, 82
Grass, Blue-joint, 82
Grass, Cotton, 85
Grass, Fringed Brome, 82
Grass, Alarsh Arrow, 82
Grass, Pepper, 134
Grass, Siieep's Fescue, 82
Grass, Squirrel-tail, 82
Grass, Alpine Whitlow, 320
Grass, Arctic WlTitlow, 320
Grass, Golden Whitlow, 320
Grass, Long-podded Whitlow,
Grass, Pale Yellow Whitlow,
Grass, Spring Whitlow, 133
Grass, White Wliitlow, 133
Grass of Parnassus, Alpine,
Grass of Parnassus, Fringed,
Grass of Parnassus, Marsh,
Grass of Parnassus, Small,
Greek Valerian, Blue, 279
Greek Valerian, Purple, 27J
Groundsel, Black-tipped, 3^8
Groundsel, Silvery, 358
Groundsel, Western i'alsam,

320

I-I9

148
T4'J

.^5-^

1 1 are's Tail, 83
1 larebcll, 291, 292
Harebell, Arctic, 294
Hawksbeard, Alpine, 361
Hawksbeard, Many-l1owered, 361
Hawkwecd, Hairy, 361
Hawkweed, Narrow-leaved, 362
Hawkwecd. Small, 362

Hoart-of-thc-earth, 284
Heath, White, 183
Heath, l"'our-angled, 183
Heather, Pink Mountain, 232
Heather, Red Mountain, 230
Heather, White Mountain, 182
Hedysarilm, Mackenzie's, 222
lledysarum, Purple, 270
Jledysaruni, White, 161
Heliotrope, Canada, 250, 253
Heliotrope, Northern, 194
Heliotrope, Wild, 194
llellebore, Indian, 94
Hemlock, Mountain, 69
Hemlock, Western, 69
Herb of St. Barbara, 322
Honeysuckle, Smooth-leaved, 248
Honeysuckle, Bush Fly, 344
Honeysuckle, Involucred Fly, 343,

344
Horsetail, Field, 56
1 lorsetail, Swamp, 56
Horsetail, Thicket, 56
Horsetail, Wariegated, 57
J lorsetail. Wood, 56

Indian Pipe, 176

Juniper, Alpine, "/t,
Juniper, Creeping, yj,
Juniper, Rocky Mountain, ~2

Kobresia, Arctic, 85

Labrador Tea, Smootb-lcavcd, 180
Labrador Tea, Woolly, 179
Ladies Tresses, Hooded, no
Lady's Slipper, Large Yellow, 311,

31-'
Lady's Slipper, Small Yellow, 312
Lamia's Quarters, 120
Larch, Lyall's, 63
Larkspur, Blue, 262
Liirkspur, Blue-veined, 262
Larkspur, ?kIountain, 261
Laurel, Swamp, 230

Index to English Names

381

Leptarrhcna, 138
Lily, Green, 92
Lily, Mountain, 305
Lily, Poisonous Green, 94
Lily, Western, 307
LoJjelia, Brook, 294
Loco weed, 332
Lousewort, Contorted, 189
Lousewort, White, 189
Lovage, Fern-leaved, 170
Lovage, Gray's, 170
Lungwort, Blue, 283
Lungwort, Tall, 283
Lupin, Alpine, 264

i\L'iidcnhair, 49
Manzanita, 234
Maple, Dwarf, 78
Mare's Tail, ^Mountain, 167
Mariposa, Green-banded, 96
Mariposa, Pale, 98
Marsh-marigold, 317
^larsh-niarigold, Alpine, 129
Meadow Rue, Veiny, 126
Meadow Rue, Western, 125
Melilot, Yellow, 331
]\lenziesia. Scaly, 229
Mcnziesia, Smooth, 228
Milfoil, Spiked Water, 166
Mint, Canada, 285
i\Iint, Hairy, 286
Mist Maidens, 187
Mitrewort, 146, 148
Mitrewort, Alpine, 148
Mitrewort, Five-staniencd, 148
Moccasin Flower, White, 105
Monkey Flow'er, Alpine, 341
Monkey hlower, Red, 240, 242
Monkey I-Mower, Yellow, 340
Moonwort, 55
Moonwort, Slender, 55
Moonwort, Small, 53
Mountain Ash, Western, 77
Mountain Lover, 164
Musk Flower. 341
Mustard. T;.ll I'iedge. 323

Mustard, Hartweg's Tansy, t,2t,
Mustard, Tall Tansy, z^i
Mustard, Treacle, 324
Mustard, Western Tansy, 323

Nancy-over-the-ground, 144, 148
Neslia, 322
Nettle, Common, 114
Newberrya, 178

Orcliis, Fly-spotted, 207
Orchis, Graceful Rein, 109
Orchis, Leafy Rein, 109
Orchis, Long-bracted Rein, 109
Orchis, Northern Rein, 109
Orchis, Round-leaved Rein, no
Orchis, White Rein, 106
Oreobroma, Striped, 213
Oxytrope, Alpine, 267
Oxytrope, Drooping-fruited, 269
Oxytrope, Inflated, 269
Oxytrope, Mountain, 332
Oxytrope, Showy, 269

Paint Brush, Lance-leaved Indian,

245
Paint Brusii, Purple Indian. .'44
Paint Brush, Red Indian, 243
Paint Brush, White Indian, 244
Painted Cup, Bradbury's, 245
Painted* Cup, Bright, 246
Painted Cup, Magenta, 246
Parsley, Large-seeded, 170
Parsley, Martindale's, 339
Parsley, Xarrow-leaved, 338
Parsnip, Cow, 170
Pasque Flower, 259
Pelican Flower. 341
Persicaria, Swamp, 210
Phacelia. Blue. 280
Phacelia. Mountain, 279
I'hlox, Alpine. 2^,1.)
Pine, Bull, 02
Pine, Lodge Pole, 63
Pine, Mountain, U2
I'inr. \\ hite-bark. ()I

.^82

luili'x to Kntjlish Names

Pino ]^ro]is, 178

Pinesap, 176

Pink, Drnmmond's, 123

Pink, Nodding, 123

Pipsisscwa, 225

Plantain, Asiatic, 191

Plantain, Common, icSg

Plantain, Stout Rattlesnake, no

Plantain, Small Rattlesnake, 1 u

Pond Lily, Yellow, 313

Pond weed. Filiform, gi

Pondwced, Richardson's, 91

Poplar, Aspen, 75

Poplar, Western Balsam, y^

Poppy, Arctic, 319

Primrose, Bird's Eye, 237

Primrose, Dwarf Canada, 237

Prince's Pine, Spotted, 226

Puccoon, Hairy, 340

Puccoon, Narrow-leaved, 339

Queen Cup, 98

Ragwort, Canada, 358
Ragwort, Giant, 358
Ragwort, Golden, 357
Rattle, Yellow, 342
Ras])l)erry, Arctic, 218
Raspberry, Creeping, 158
Raspberry, Dwarf, 158
Raspberry, Red, 15S
Rhododendron, Mountain, 180
Rose, Macoun's, 220
Rose, Prickly, 219
Rose, Tiny, 221
Rose wort, 216
Rush, Drnmmond's Bog, 86
Rush, Merten's Bog, 86
Rush, Parry's Bog, 86
Rush, Three-flowered Bog, 86
Rush, Small-flowered Wood, 87
Rush, Spiked Wood, 87
Rush, Scouring, 57
Rush Pipes, 56

St. John's-wort, Scouler's, ;i;i2

Salmonberry, 219
Sandwort, Blunt-leaved, 121
Sandwort, Narrow-leaved, 121
Sandwort, One-flowered, ur
Sandwort, Vernal, 121
Sarsaparilla, Wild, 167
Saussurea, Purple, 300
Saxifrage, Alpine, 142
Saxifrage, Alpine Brook, 144
Saxifrage, Common, 139
Saxifrage, Golden, 326
Saxifrage, Lyall's, 140
Saxifrage, Mountain, 211, 262
Saxifrage, Nodding, 140
Saxifrage, Purple-bracted, 142
Saxifrage, Spotted, 142
Saxifrage, Tall, 140
Saxifrage, Tufted, 142
Saxifrage, Wedge-leaved, 142
Saxifrage, Y'ellow, 325, 326
Sedge, Black, 86
Sedge, Dwarf, 85
Sedge, ]\Ierten's, 85
Sedge, Rock, 86
Sedge, Tussock, 85
Selaginella, Rock, 58
Selaginella, Small, 58
Serviceberry, Common, 152
Serviceberry, Thick-leaved, 154
Shepherd's Purse, 133, 134
Shooting Star, 238
Sil)I)aldia, Creeping, 327
Silverberry, 334
Silver Weed, S-7
Skunk Cabbage, Western, 305
Snowberry, 192
Solomon's Seal, False, lor
Solomon's Seal, Star-flowered, loi
Sorrel, Common, 118
Sorrel, Field, 118
Sorrel, Mountain, 117
Spearwort, Creeping, 316
Speedwell, Alpine, 288
Speedwell, Thyme-leaved, 289
Speedwell, Water, 289
Spiraea, Alpine, 152

Index to English Names

.183

Spinnea, Birch-leaved, 150
Spirrea, Pink, 217
Spleenwort, Green, 51
Spring Beauty, Alpine, 125
Spring Beauty, Lance-leaved, 124
Spring Beauty, Small-leaved, 125
Spruce, Engelmann's, 67
Spruce, White, 65
Squaw Weed, Northern, 358
Star Flower, 186
Sticksecd, Rock, 281
Stitcliwort, Long-stalked, 121
Stitchwort, Northern, 122
Stonecrop, 324, 325
Strawberry, Wild, 154
Strawlierry, Wood, 154
Strawberry Blite, 120
Sundew, Long-leaved, 138
Simdew, Round-leaved, 137
Sunflower, Giant, 351
Sweet Cicely, Crisp-leaved, 168
Sweet Cicely, Western, 168

Tcllima, 146
Tiniotiiy, Alpine, 82
Thistle, Leafy, 201
Thistle, Sow, 360
Thistle, Wavy-leaved, 300
Thistle, White, 201
Twayblade, Broad-lipped, 112
Twayblade, Heart-leaved, 112
Twin Flower, Northern, 249
Twisted-stalk, Pink, 205
Twisted-stalk, Short-stemmed. 207
Twisted-stalk, White, 105

Vetch, American, 270
Vetch, Cow, 270
Vetch, Lentil, 161
Vetch, Alpine Milk, 267
Vetch, Ascending Milk. 264
Vetch, Indian Milk. 161
X'ctch, Loosc-llowered Milk, 161
\'etch, Macoun's Milk, 2U7
Vetch. T^n-ple Milk. 267
Vetch, Slender Milk, 2(7

\'etchling. Marsh, 271
Vetchling, White, 163
Violet, Canada, 164
Violet, Dog, 274
Violet, Early, 272, 2~Ti, 274
Violet, Marsh, 274
Violet, Round-leaved, 334
Violet, Selkirk's, 274
\'iolet. Trailing Yellow, 334
Violet, Yellow, T,T,i

Willow, Alpine, 74
Willow, Arctic, 75
Willow, Barclay's, 74
Willow, Barratt's, 74
Willow, Brown, 74
Willow, Dwarf, 74
Willow, Hairy, 74
Willow, Hoary, JT)
Willow, Sitka, 75
Willow-herb, Alpine, 164
Willow-herb, Few-flowered, 225
Willow-herb, Great, 223
Willow-herb, Hornemann's, 224
Willow-herb, .Mountain, 224
Willow-herb, Northern, 225
Willow-herb, Panicled, 225
Willow-herb, Water, 224
Willow-herl), Yellow, 336, 2)2>7
Wind Flower, 126
Wintergreen, Bog, 226
Wintergreen, Green-flowered, 174
Wintergreen, One-flowered, 174
Wintergreen, One-sided, 175
Wintergreen, Red. 228
Wintergreen, Small, 175
Witch's Broom, 116
Wood Nymphs, 158
Woodland Star, 216
Wormwood, Biennial, 200
Wormwood, Green. 200
Wdrmwood, Pasture, log
Wounilwort, 285

Yarrow, Dark-margined, 199
Yarrow, Woolly. 198
Yew, Western, 61

Date Due

■t.pn J

(i 1071 '

NOV 11

n7«

Hrn ]

\i 19/ L.

( APr; - o

APN 1

y 1971

^^^JUU

'^ .i/0

YORK

MAY 4 igh^

^.Mv ^^

fOf^

NOV 1 1

«

CAT. NO. 23 233 PRINTE

D IN U.S.A.

107662